HOTEL ETROPOLE NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE Axn Whitehall ."Place, Trafalgar Square. LONDON, ENGLAND, IS ONE OF TIIK LARGEST IN EUROPE, all that Modern Improvements can the Comfort and Convenience of Guest PARIS, 12 Boulevard des Capucines, CAREFULLY REORGANIZED BY THE NEW MANAGEMENT. ELECTRIC LIGHT, WINTER GARDEN. 7OO Rooms and Saloons, from. 5 franco. REDUCED TARIFF. BREAKFASTS from 11 to 1 o'clock, 5 francs ; Wine, Coffee, and Liqueur-Brandy included. CONCERT DINNERS At 6.30 o'clock, 8 francs; Wine Included. CAFI': AND RESTAURANT. WITH OPEN TF.RltACE. CAFE-DIVAN'. BILLIARDS. SMOKING-ROOM ; FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS ; I'OST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE: TICKET OFFICE FOR RE- H:KYI:D SKATS FOR ALL TIIKATUKS; BATHS; LIFT. ADVANTAGEOUS CONDITIONS FOR A LONG STAY. ' The CAVKS HI' CHANT) HOTEL (Wine Collars), at V2 Boulevard des Capucinps. under tin- Hotel. (-(mstitntP 01 i most ivlhililo wiin- traKK I>IKM. W. B, Wedding Breakfasts, Regimental and Private Dinners, All communications, &c., to be n tractive as tine paper and skilful print- iniT can make it. There is nothing cheap about it but its price. Remittance- should be made by Post-< >ftkv Money Orier or Draft, to avoid /',,. Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. b / til. & -^zx^- * ! *J < THE AMERICAN TRAVELLER'S GUIDE. HARPER'S HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELLERS IN EUROPE AND THE EAST: BEING A GUIDE THROUGH GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, FRANCE, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, ITALY, EGYPT, SYRIA, TURKEY, GREECE, SWITZERLAND, TYROL, DEN- MARK, NORWAY, SWEDEN, RUSSIA, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. BY W. PEMBROKE FETRIDGE, M.S.G., AUTHOR OF "THE EISB AJSD FALL OF THB PARIS COMMTTNE," "UABPER'S MEASE-BOOK,'' ETC. WITH ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN MAPS AND PLANS OF CITIES, IN THREE VOLUMES. VOLUME II. GKRHAXY, AUSTRIA, ITALY, EGYPT, SYRIA, TURKEY, A>D GREECE. TWENTY -FOURTH YEAR. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. PARIS: LANEE, 8 RUE DE LA PAIX. GALIGNANT & CO., 254 RUE RIVOLI. W. W. }. ADAMS & SOXS, 59 FLEET STREET.-SAMPSOX LOW, MARSTON, & CO. Flortnce, (JOODBAJI. Rome, PIALE. Frankfort, UMITRSAL RKISK-BI-BSAU. Vienna, GKKOLD & Co. Berlin, ASHZK & Co. 1885. THE Author of "Harper's Hand-books" wishes to inform all Hotel-keepers that favorable notices of their houses can not be obtained by purchase ; that complaints of dishonesty or inattention, properly substantiated, will cause their houses to be stricken from the list of good establishments. Favors from Travelers. Although the Author of "Harper's Hand-books" has made arrangements to keep it as perfect as possible, and purposes devoting his time to that purpose, he would still be under many obligations to Travelers if they personally note any inaccuracies or omissions, and transmit them to him, at 13 Arenue du Bois de Boulogne, Paris. iST Advertisers wishing to discontinue their advertisements must inform the Publishers on or before the 1st of January in each year, that the necessary altera- tions may be made in time for the New Edition. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. STACK ANNQt ID PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FOURTH YEAR. THE success of "Harper's Hand-books" for over twenty- years has stimulated the author and publishers to renewed exer- tions to make it the most correct and useful work of the kind published. The author, who resides in Europe, spent most of the year 1884 in Great Britain, Ireland, France, and Spain, 1883 in Italy and the East, and 1882 in Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, Great Britain, and France. All of these countries have been entirely rewritten, :is well as the whole of Vol. II., contain- ing Germany, Austria, Italy, and the East, while most important additions and corrections have been made in the descriptions of other countries, which will be found to vary materially from the edition of 1884. The vast amount of matter now collected has made it necessary to divide the woi'k into three volumes, the carrying of which will be found more convenient to the tourist. The corrections are all brought down to January, 1885, which is several years later than the date of any European Hand-book of travel. The advantages of this are evident. New lines of railway are constantly opened, bringing desirable places of resort into easy communication with each other, which before were sep- arated by days of uncomfortable posting. While every effort has been made to secure absolute correct- ness in the work, the author is fully aware of the difficulty of at- taining perfection in this respect. As the London Spectator, in its review of the edition of 1871, justly observed, "The labor and incessant attention required to mark the changes of every year must be a severe strain on any man's faculties." The corrections and additions amount to several thousand every year; but the author is confident that no important errors have escaped his ob- servation, and that the information gathered with so much labor MO PREFACE. will be found to be correct in every essential particular. An ex- cellent new map of Switzerland has been expressly engraved, with sixty-nine different routes marked thereon ; also four smaller maps of Switzerland. A large map of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, with numerous plans of cities, added last year, have been supple- mented by a similar map of England, one of Scotland, and one of Ireland ; also a large map of France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, with two hundred and thirty-four routes marked thereon, making in all four hundred and thirty-nine routes, with time and expense given, some general information on the United States of America not included. Plans are given of all the principal cities in these countries. A new general map of Europe has been substituted for the old one. The Hand-books now contain one hundred and twenty maps, plans, and diagrams of countries, cities, routes, and objects of interest three times as many as are given in any other Hand- book of travel. W. P. F. PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FOURTH YEAR'S ISSUE OF "HARPER'S HAND- BOOKS FOR TRAVELERS IN EUROPE AND THE EAST." THE remarkable success of "Harper's Hand-book, "first published in 1862, has fully realized the expectations of both author and publishers, the instance being very rare where a traveler has crossed the Atlantic without a copy in his possession or in that of one of his party. The reason of this great success is very evident ; it is not compiled from hearsay and books which are out of date, and of no possible use to the traveler, but prepared by the author every year from his personal expe- rience up to the moment of going to press, his time in Europe being wholly devoted to that purpose. The greater portion of these volumes is entirely new, and dis- tinct from the last year's edition, while the residue has been revised and corrected up to the present moment. To travel without a guide-book in any part of Europe is utterly impossible ; a man without one being like a ship at sea without a compass dragged round the country by a courier, and touching only at such points as it is the courier's interest to touch. You should purchase guide-books or remain at home. The great objection to foreign guide-books is their number. To make the tour of Europe (even a short one of a few months), the traveler has formerly been com- pelled to purchase some twenty-five or thirty volumes if published in the English language, at a cost of sixty or seventy dollars, and suffer the inconvenience of carrying some twenty-five pounds of extra baggage, and over one hundred vol- umes if in the French language, one house alone in Paris publishing one hundred and twenty volumes. As the majority of American travelers do not re- main over six months on the Continent, they dislike to be compelled to carry about a small library, when with the aid of a good Railway Guide and the present volumes all their wants may be supplied. The intention of the author of " Harper's Hand-books " is to give a distinct and clear description of the best manner of visiting the principal cities and loading places of interest in France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Syria. Palestine, Switzerland, Tyrol, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, and Ireland; to give the modes and cost of traveling the different routes by land and water, and which lines are to be preferred ; the precautions to be taken to insure comfort and security ; names and charges of the leading hotels ; the most responsible houses from 542 PREFACE. which to make purchases ; all the items in reference to the transportation of bag- gage, and the innumerable number of small charges which tend to swell the ac- count of traveling expenses. By a careful attention to the tariff in such cases, the traveler will find himself the gainer by fifty per cent. The author also intends to give the names of the principal works of art by the leading masters in all the different European galleries, with the fees expected by the custodians. In short, he intends to place before the traveler a good net-work of historical and other facts, pointing out where the reader may obtain fuller in- formation if he desire it. Of course it is impossible for perfect accuracy to be obtained in a work of this description ; for while the author is watching the completion of the beautiful mosque of Mehemet AH in Cairo, or the exquisite restorations that are being made at the Alhambra in Granada, a new bridge may be erected at St. Peters- burg, or a new hotel opened at Constantinople; but- to keep the information con- tained herein as nearly accurate as possible, the author, in addition to having made arrangements in the different cities to keep him acquainted with any im- portant changes that may be made, requests that all mistakes or omissions noticed by travelers may be transmitted to 13 Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Paris, for which he will be extremely thankful. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. For full Particulars of Routes, Historical Sketches, Excursions, small Cities, Towns, etc^ see General Index at the End of this Volume. EMPIRE OF GERMANY Page 547 Berliu,561; Potsdam, 573 ; Hildesheim, 577; Hanover, 577 ; Minden,579; Rebmee, 680; Oberhutisen, 5SO: Wesel, 681 ; Diisseldorf, 581 ; Cologne, 682; Aix-la-Chapelle, 685; Brandenburg, 5S7 ; Magdeburg, 5S7; Duchy of Brunswick, 5SS; Her/berg, 5<-2; Steiuheim, 593 ; Hamburg, 606; L'ibeck, 596; SchleswiL', 598 ; Schwerin, 599 ; Bremen, 601 ; Stettin, 603 : Danzig, 604; Kunigsberg, 607 ; Frankfort. COS ; Bres- lau, 609 ; Route No. 156, 610 ; Route No. 157, 612 : Route No. 15S, 614 ; Wittenberg, 616; Dessau, 617; Leipzig, 61U; Weimar, tj-J-_'; Gotha, 623: Frankfort, 625; Hom- burg, 627; Ratisbon, 030; Saxony, C3-.' : Dresden, 633 ; Kis^iiigeu, 641 ; Nurem- berg, 643 : Munich, 648; Stuttgart, MB ; Btraabnrg, 870 ; Constance, 73 ; Worth, 675; Saarbruck, 677 ; Bonn, 680 ; Cobleutz, 6S3 ; Mayeuce, 692 ; Darmstadt, 696 ; Baden-Baden, 700 ; Wildbad, 703. AUSTRIA 704 Vienna, 708 ; Prague, 722 ; Salzburg, 729 ; Trieste, 731 ; Presburg, 734 ; Pesth, 735; Varna, 738 ; Baths of Gleicheuberg, 740. ITALY 741 Rentes and Passes into Italy, 741 ; Venice, 757 ; Padua, 771 ; Verona, 773 ; Milan, 780 ; Como, 787 ; Turin, 792 ; Genoa, 799 ; Mantua, 805 ; Pisa, 809 ; Bologna, 815 ; Ancoua, 822; Florence, 826; Civita Vecchia, 842; Rome, 846; Naples, Si5; Pses- tum, 883 ; Vesuvius, 884 ; Pompeii, 886 ; Ischia, 891 ; Mileto, 893 ; Scylla, 893 ; Taranto, 894. SICILY AND MALTA 895 Sicily, 895; Palermo, 897; Syracuse, 901 ; Messina, 903; Catania, 904; Malta, 906; Valetta, 910; Catacombs of St. Paul, 915. EGYPT 916 The Nile, 917 ; Alexandria, 919 ; Cairo, 921 ; The Pyramids, 926 : Instructions for a Voyage to Upper Egypt, 930 ; BeiiiBOoef, 935 ; Thebes, 939 ; Edfoo, 941 ; Phils, 943 ; Aboo-Simbel, 944. THE DESERT 945 Suez, 945 ; Tours from Cairo, 946. SYRIA AND PALESTINE 953 Jaffa, 955 ; Jerusalem, 956 ; Bethlehem, 967 ; Dead Sea, 969 ; Nazareth, 973 ; Damas- cus, 976 ; Tyre, 979 ; Cyprus, 981 ; Ephesns, 982. TURKEY AND GREECE 983 Smyrna, 9S3; Constantinople, 984; Isles of Greece, 990 ; Athens, 993; ^Egina,995; Coriuth, 997 ; Mount Parnassus, 999 ; Tripolitza, 1000 ; Pylos, 1002. TABLE OF COINS 1003 INDEX. MAPS AND PLANS OF CITIES IN VOL. II. Ancona, 822. Augsburg, 663. Austria, 704. Berlin, 861. Bologna, 816. Bonn, CSO. Cairo, 921. Carlsruhe, TOO. Coblentz, 684. Cologne, 582. Dresden, 633. Egypt and Northern Nubia, 916. Europe, in Cover. Ferrara, 807. Florence, 826. the Ufflzi Gallery, 831. Frankfort, 626. Genoa, 799. Germany, General Map, in Cover, and p. 548. Greece and the Ionian Islands, 990. Hamburg, 595. Harwich Route, 647. Harz Mountains, 591. Hessische Ludwigsbahn, 695. Italian Lakes, 788. Italy, General Map of, in Cover. Jerusalem, 956. Plan of the Holy Sepulchre, 962. Mayence, 692. Mantua, 805. Mediterranean, the, and its Coasts, 884. VOL. II. A 2 Metz, 676. Milan, 730. Moselle, from Treves to Coblentz, 685. Munich, 649. Naples, 875. Museo Natiouale, 879. Environs of, 882. North Western of Austria Railway, 724. Nuremberg, 643. Palermo, 896. Palestine, 953. Pesth andOfen,735. Pisa, 810. Pompeii, 8SC. Potsdam, the Emperor's Garden, 574 Prague, 720. Rhine, the, from Basle to Baden, 679. from Baden to Coblentz, 684. from Coblentz to Diisseldorf, 681. Rome, 846. Ancient, 852. the Forum, 850. the Vatican, 860. Strasburg, 670. Thebes, 939. Trieste, 731. Turin, 792. Turkey in Asia, 984. in Europe, 984 Venice, 758. Verona, 773. Vienna, 708. THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] POLITICAL DIVISIONS. The startling events produced by tlio Austrian and Prussian War of 1866, and still later by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and 1871, have realized the fondest dreams of German -writers and German politicians, that of a common nationality. The wildest hopes of Prussia have been realized, and not only is Germany to-day united (with the exception of that portion which belongs to the Austrian Empire), but two of France's most populous provinces, viz., Alsace and Lorraine, comprising 5665 square miles (nearly one thousand square miles larger than the State of Connecti- cut), and containing over one and a half million of inhabitants, have been added to its territory. In addition to the territorial conquest, France has been compelled to pay live milliards of francs as a war in- demnity, or enough to cancel all the regu- lar debts of the empire (viz., 544,600,000 thalers), and the entire railroad debt of the country, amounting to 576,000,000, leav- ing a surplus in the treasury of nearly 236,000,000 dollars. The modern German Empire was found- ed on the basis of treaties concluded be- tween the North German Confederation and, 1st, the Grand-Duchy of Baden and of Hesse, the loth of November, 1870; 2d, the Kingdom of Bavaria, the 23d of Novem- ber, 1870; 3d, the Kingdom of Wurtem- berg, the 25th of November, 1870. The ratification of these treaties was exchanged at Berlin on the 26th of January, 1871, and adopted by decree of the 16th of April, 1871, and the Constitution of the United German Empire was first put in force May 4th, 1871. The presidency of the empire belongs to the crown of Prussia, and is hereditary ; King William I., of Prussia, accepted it at Versailles, January 18, 1871, and issued an address to the German peo- ple to that effect. The imperial power is restrained in cer- tain functions by the Reichstag (represent- atives'), freely elected by the German peo- ple. The Confederation of States form the Empire, the fundamental points of which are based on the Constitution of the North German Confederation. The imperial power exercises the exclusive right of leg- islation on all military and marine affairs, on the finances, commerce, post, railroads, telegraph, and all interior matters con- nected with the surveillance and inspec- tion of the empire ; on all foreign and in- ternational affairs, the right to declare war and conclude peace in the name of the empire ; to conclude alliances and oth- er treaties with foreign powers ; to ac- credit and receive all foreign representa- tives ; to settle all subjects of dispute be- I tween the federal states ; to have jurisdic- tion over consuls, and in cases of high treason. The Federal States reserve to themselves the right of issuing and regulating mon- ey, weights, and measures ; of citizens to change their domicile; the organization of railroads, of municipal and commercial legislation ; the right of procedure in crim- inal and civil affairs ; of copyrights and patents ; all matters connected with the liberty of the public press and the right of public meetings. The army of the empire on a peace footing is 427,274 men, and 81,629 horses, of which there are 274,602 infantry, 65,512 cavalry, the remainder being composed of other branches of the service ; on a war footing there are 1,278,619 men, 31,646 officers, and 300,206 horses, the emperor being commander -in -chief. Each sepa- rate state of the confederation furnishes its respective quota of men and horses for the imperial army. The navy comprises 55 vessels of vari- ous sizes (8 of which are not yet com- pleted), 42 steam and 5 sail, carrying 484 guns of different calibre. The receipts and expenses of the gov- ernment are a little over $148,000,000 per annum. The following states compose the Ger. man Empire, with their population in 1873 547 POLITICAL DIVISIONS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] Arm in Enjrlish sq. Miles. Population. Prussia and Lauenburg. Bavaria 159,875 29,628 7,053 5,918 5,776 4,345 3,761 '2,4-21 1,531 1,419 971 799 707 510 461 448 433 1,017 331 327 207 144 151 127 106 5,665 27,278,911 5,254,778 1,971,118 1,570,196 2,972,805 557,877 85-2,894 312,596 311,764 2S6,lS'j 187,607 174,339 86,982 142,123 56,224 89,032 111,353 203,437 75,523 60,191 32,053 45,094 : 338,074 52,158 122,402 1,510,738 4S,622 2,054 Wiirtemberg Baden Saxony Mecklenburg-Schwerin. . Hesse Oldenburg Brunswick 1 Saxe-Weimtir S;ixp-Meiniiigen Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Mecklenburg-Strelitz Saxe-Altenburg Waldeck Reuss (Younger) Lippe-Detmold Anhalt- Dessau Schwarzb.-Rudolstadt. . . Schwarzburg - Sonders- hausen Lippe-Scbaumburg Reuss (Elder) Hamburg (free city) Lubeck Bremen Alsace and Lorraine. Troops in garrisons . . Sailors Total 235,301 45,194,172 These states extend over a large area of Central Europe, between the Baltic Sea on the north, and Austria and Switzerland on the south; from the Netherlands and the North Sea on the west, to Austria and Russia on the east, embracing nearly a quarter of a million square miles. Within this extensive range the people are nearly throughout German, and, with some minor modifications, the language, customs, usages, and manners are the same. It is in regard to religious and social in- stitutions that the chief differences are to be noted. These different states, while possessing many characteristics of climate and natu- ral productions in common, have, at least so far as the larger of them are concerned, some features which are peculiar to each. The German provinces of Austria and Prussia embrace about three fifths of the entire extent of German}- ; the remaining two fifths are included in the above table. About twenty-six millions of the popula- tion of the empire are Protestants, and six- teen millions Roman Catholics ; a little over two thirds of Prussia belong to the Prot- estantfaith, while three fourths of the King- dom of Bavaria are firm adherents of the 548 RIVERS, ETC. ! Papal Church. A little over half a million inhabitants are Israelites. The northern portion of Germany, to- ward the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic, is a level plain, although the great- er portion is of mountainous aspect ; the high grounds lie to the south and south- west, and the entire country, as shown by the course of its rivers, slo'pes to the eas't and north. The rivers of Germany are some of the principal in Europe ; the Mine and Danube, in the south and west of the country, being two of the greatest importance in the world, although the latter flows mostly through Austrian territory. Rising on the eastern | slopes of the Black Forest, crossing the Ba- varian plains after passing through a por- tion of Austria and Hungary, it empties its waters into the Black Sea. The Rhine, taking its source from the higher Alps, del scends with great rapidity through a wine- growing valley of supreme loveliness into the flats of Holland, and* discharges its wa- ters into the North Sea. On its banks are built the cities of Basle, Mannheim, May- I ence, Coblentz, Bonn, Cologne, and Dus- , seldorf. Germany's other principal rivers, i which flow into the North Sea, are the Elbe, \ Weser, and Ems. The former, after pass- : ing through a portion of the Austrian ter- i ritory, divides the ranges of the Riesen- Gebirge and Erz-Gebirge, and continues its course in a northwesterly direction to its outlet. On its banks are built the i cities of Hamburg, Magdeburg, and Dres- I den. The Werra and Fulda, the first draw- j ing its waters from the Thuringian Forest, the latter from the Rhon-Gebirge, unite to | form the Weser, on the banks of which ) are built the cities of Bremen and Minden. I The Oder flows directly north, the whole i of its course being through the Prussian dominions, and discharges its stream in the North Sea. There are also the rivers Niemen and Vistula, streams of considera- ble importance. The mountains of Germany are numer- ous, but not of great altitude, averaging only two thousand feet above the sea lev- el, although there are some peaks double that height. Toward the centre are the Erz - Gebirge and Riesen - Gebirge, on the borders of Bohemia and Saxony ; the Schwarz-Wald, or Black Forest,"in the southwest; the Fitchel-Gebirge and Sttiger GER IS Grave par J. Ceisendorfer, 2 r. d<3texier-ef Paris. Harper's nA-Books MINERALS, ETC. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] RAILWAYa Wold; the Thuringer Wald and Oden- Wald; the Spessart Rhon-Gebiryf, Vogels- Gebirge; the Taunus, Elbe-Gebirge, Harz, and numerous others of lesser importance. The Harz is the most northerly range in Germany, being principally located in Hanover, and particularly rich in lead and silver mines, which form the chief product of the Kingdom of Hanover. The mineral productions of Germany are exceedingly rich and numerous. The Erz- Gebirge, on the borders of Saxony and Ba- varia, produce iron, lead, nickel, zinc, sul- phur, and arsenic, and other minerals rich in value and in great abundance. The Harz mountains produce lead, silver, iron, copper, zinc, and small quantities of gold. Nickel is largely produced, and is employed in the manufacture of German silver, and as a substitute for bronze in forming casts of sculpture, being much cheaper and pos- sessing all the requisite durability ; it is also susceptible of receiving a fine metallic surface, closely resembling bronze. Ger- many exports large quantities of stone, used especially by lithographers in all countries ; it is found in Solenhofen, Ba- varia. Coal is found in large quantities, the basin of the Sarre a tributary of the Moselle being exceedingly rich in that mineral. Precious stones, such as topaz, amethyst, opal, turquois, agate, jasper, and rock-crystal, are found in abundance. The climate of Germany is generally healthy and temperate ; the southern states are warm and sheltered, but toward the Baltic the winters are severe, the weath- er raw, changeable, and foggy. The soil is generally productive, especially that bor- dering on the rivers ; that of the north, being heavy, is better adapted for corn ; in the middle districts, between the sandy plains of the north and the mountains of the south, the soil is best. In the south, the soil being light, is more suited to the growth of the vine, particularly that bor- dering on the east bank of the Rhine, be- longing to the states of Baden, Hesse, and the former state of Nassau, which has a warmer climate and richer soil than any other portion of Germany. Here grapes of the finest quality are grown. There are extensive forests in all parts of Germany, which alternate in the north with marshy and heath-covered districts. Wild animals are numerous ; among them, the boar, the wild stag, and fox. The game birds are the geese, bustards, ducks, grouse, black-cocks, and woodcocks. The railways of Germany have been rapidly increasing during the last twenty years, and a glance at our new map of Germany, just engraved (1876), will show to what an extent they have attained. There is now 11,000 miles in running order, having cost four milliard two hundred millions of marks, which is double the number in running order at the close of the French war. In 1870 Prussia possessed a German mile of railway to every 15, 000 in- habitants, now (January, 1876) the propor- tion has risen to one mile (4f- English miles) to every 10,805. Fifty pounds of baggage is the weight allowed free ; all over that must be paid extra. On each article is pasted a numbered ticket, a corresponding number is given to the owner, which must be produced at the end of the journey to reclaim the baggage. It is well to ask when the number is being affixed to the different pieces if it be the same as that given you, as sometimes in haste the por- ters paste on the wrong number, when much annoyance is created, especially if the destination of both parties be not the same. Few Germans ride in first-class car- riages ; and it is an old saying that only "princes, Americans, and fools ride first- class ;" but it is a saying mostly in the mouths of stingy people. If the American can afford it, there is no position in which he can be placed where he will enjoy the luxury of money more ; if on a long jour- ney you may have the compartment all to yourself, instead of being crowded in with seven others during a warm day or night, suffocated with pipe-smoke or bad cigars. " Hendschell's Eisenbahn Telegraph" contains the time-tables of all the Ger- man lines, and is most admirably arranged. Ladies' cars are attached to all the trains, and on the principal lines one of " Mann's elegant boudoir sleeping-cars." Travel- ers not speaking the German language, and not traveling with a courier, should by all means provide themselves with one of Harper's Phrase - books before leaving America, otherwise they will find con- siderable difficulty in getting along, and must expect occasionally to be the victims 549 MONEY. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HISTORY. of cab-drivers, waiters, and commission- aires, although in nearly all the hotels rec- ommended in this work they will find persons speaking the English or French language. The German Customs League. Former- ly every different state in Germany had its own custom-houses, its own tariff and revenue laws, which frequently dif- fered very widely from those of its neigh- bors. Each petty state endeavored to pro- cure a revenue for itself, or to advance its own industry by taxing or prohibiting the productions of those by which it was sur- rounded, and customs' officers and lines of custom-houses were spread over the coun- try, instead of being reciprocal and depend- ent. Now, throughout the whole extent of this immense country, there is nothing to prevent the freedom of commerce. A commodity, whether for consumption or transit, that has once passed the frontier of the League, may be subsequently con- veyed without let or hinderance through- out its whole extent. Money. Nearly throughout the entire empire the old coinage of thaler and florin has disappeared, and the mark and pfennig are the legal coins of the realm. The dec- imal system was adopted by law in 1871, and is applied to weights and measures as well as to money. Accounts are now kept in marks, groschens, and pfennigs : 1 mark =10 groschens = 100 pfennigs. The mark is nearly equal to our 25-cent piece, or our English shilling the exchange will make it cost that and is a handsome coin. The gold coins are 20 marks = $5, and 10 marks = $2 50. On one side they bear the imperial eagle, with the words " Deutsches Reich" (German Empire), the reverse va- rying according to the state which coins the piece. As the old coin, the thaler, has not en- tirely disappeared, the traveler will re- member that that coin about equals 75 cents ; its third, 25 cents, or 1 mark ; its sixth, 12^ cents ; and its 2| groschen pieces 6J cents. By noticing these pieces a few times their relative value will become ap- parent. Length. The metre is the same as the French, or 39^ 5 6 ff 8 i7 American inches, the standard of linear measure intended to be the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, as as- .550 certained by actual measurement of an arc of the meridian. The centimetre is one- hundredth part of the metre, and the kilo- metre equals one thousand metres ; 7000 metres = one German mile, which is about if- English miles. In surface measurement the square metre is the basis, and in capacity the cubic me- tre. The litre is the unit, and is the TcfeiT P art of *^ e cubic metre. In weight the kilogramme is the unit. This equals one thousand grammes, or about 2.67951 pounds troy, or 2.20485 avoirdupois. It is by law equal to the weight of a cubic de- cimetre of distilled water, at the tempera- ture of maximum density, or 39 Fahr. Germany with the ancients, Germania ; in German, "Deutschland." From 1815 until 1866 the denomination Germany re- ferred more particularly to the parts be- longing to the German Confederation. Thus determined, Germany consisted of 35 states of very unequal extent, whose population amounted to about 44,000,000 inhabitants. After the treaty of Prague Germany was divided into two parts : 1st. The Confederation of the North, composed of 22 states, namely : The Kingdom of Prussia, whose head is President of the Confederation. The Kingdom of Saxony. The grand-duchies of Saxe- Weimar, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, of Oldenburg, and of Hesse-Darm- stadt, mostly lying north of the Main. The duchies of Brunswick, of Saxe- Meiningen, of Saxe-Altenburg, of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, and of Anhalt. The principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudol- stadt, of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, of Lippe, of Waldeck, of Reuss (elder branch), of Reuss (younger branch), and of Schaum- burg-Lippe. The free towns of Bremen, Lubeck, and Hamburg. 2d. The kingdoms of Bavaria and Wiir- temberg. The grand-duchies of Baden and Hesse- Darmstadt, mostly lying south of the Main. The principality of Lichtenstein. For a long time known under the name of Germany, this vast country was, after, the invasion of the barbarians, divided [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HlSTui-.Y. among numerous independent tribes, up to the period when Charlemagne subdued and annexed them to his empire. After the death of the Conqueror (814), how- ever, these various elements, compulsive- ly united, soon tended to separate again : and the treaty of Verdun, signed (843) by the sons of Louis le Debonnaire, gave birth to the kingdom of Germany (which ac- knowledged for its sovereign Louis, sur- mmed the Germanic, the third son of Louis le Debonnaire), as well as to those of Alemannia and Bavaria, which shortly after blended with the above mentioned under the name of Germany. Definitively separated from France and Italy after the deposition of Charles le Gross, 887, Germany was still for some time governed by Carlovingian princes Arnold of Carinthia, and Louis IV., sur- named V Enfant, 887-911. This family being extinct, the mon- archy became elective. The crown was then bestowed on Conrad I., duke of Franconia. Henri I., 1'Oiseleur, succeeded him in 919, and was the head of the house of Saxony, which gave Germany five sov- ereigns, and nearly restored in the person of Otho the Great the empire of Charle- magne, 962-973. From this reign the imperial crown, which had alternately devolved on French, German, and Italian kings, began exclu- sively to belong to Germany, which then assumed the title of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. The house of Sax- ony annexed to the empire Lotharingia, Bohemia, and Germany. To the house of Saxony succeeded that of Franconia, 1024-1125, which added to the dominions of the empire the kingdom of Aries, and was noted for its differences with the Holy See. The house of Suabia, or Hohenstaufen, next ascended the throne : two sovereigns of this house, Conrad III. and Frederick Barbarossa, brought to its highest degree the imperial power, 1138-1190 ; but their successors, attacked both by their vassals and the popes, and frequently deposed, sunk into most ignominious helplessness. Their reigns were disturbed by the inces- sant strifes of the Gnelfs and Ghibellines. On the death of Conrad IV. begins a protracted interregnum, 1254-1273, during which German}'- fell a prey to anarchy. HISTORY. The authority of the imperial crown was somewhat restored by the valor of Ru- dolph of Hapsburg, 1273^1291 ; but under his immediate successors and the princes of Bavaria and Luxemburg the power of the great feudatories and the electors of the empire was seen daily to increase. Their rights were publicly sanctioned by the far-famed " Golden Bull," the edict of Charles IV., 1356. In 1438 Albert of Hapsburg was elected emperor, and became the head of the cele- brated house of Austria. Charles V., fourth sovereign of this house, elected 1519, gloriously revived the power of the em- perors ; his arms were successful against Francis I., and he gave for a time the pre- ponderance to Germany ; but was power- less against the Reformation. Ferdinand I., Charles's brother, reigned wisely ; and after him no important change took place in Germany until the accession of Ferdinand II., under whom began the "Thirty -years War," 1618-1648, which ended in the Peace of Westphalia, and whose result was a decrease in the power of Germany, the supremacy of France, and confirmation of the Lutheran religion. The reigns of Leopold I., of Joseph I., and of Charles VI. were filled up by pro- tracted wars against Louis XIV. and Louis XV. The demise of Charles VI. was the oc- casion of the war for the "succession of Austria," which gave the crown to the husband of Maria-Theresa, Charles VI.'s daughter, and thus established on the throne the House of Lorraine in the per- son of Francis I. Finally, in 1806, the German Empire ceased to exist, in consequence of the ab- dication of the Emperor Francis II., who henceforth only reigned over his heredi- tary states with the title of Emperor of Austria. Most of the small states which before composed the Empire of Germany then united under the name of " Confederation of the Rhine " and the protectorate of Na- poleon. These were : The kingdoms of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Saxony, Westphalia. The grand-duchies of Frankfort, Ba- den, Berg and Cleves, Hesse-Darmstadt, Wurtzburg, Saxe-Weimar. The duchies of Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Mein- 551 CONSTITUTION. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] GOVERNMENT. ingen, Saxe-Hildburghausen, Saxe- Co- burg - Saalfeld, Mecklenburg - Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The principalities of Nassau - U singen, Nassau -Weilburg, Hohenzollern - Hechin- gen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Isenburg- Birstein, Lichtenstein, La Laj'en, Anhalt- Bernburg, Anhalt-Kb'then, Anhalt-Dessau, Lippe-Detmold, Lippe-Schaumburg, Reuss- Ebersdorf, Reuss-Greitz, Reuss-Lobenstein, Reuss-Schleitz, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg - Sondersbausen, Waldeck, Lubeck,with the Duchy of Holstein-Olden- burg. The events of 1815 further modified this state of things. To the "Confederation of the Rhine" was substituted the ' : Confederation Ger- manique," but on the same plan, the pro- tectorate of which was again bestowed on the Emperor of Austria, but without the title of emperor. In the years 1848-49 it was attempted to constitute a Military Germany ; a National Assembly was called together at Frank- fort to replace the Diet of former times ; the old order of things was restored in 1850; but Prussia, victorious at Sadowa (July 3, 1866), constituted Germany as it at present is, Austria being excluded from it. The Constitution of the Empire. The Em- pire of Germany had been under the Car- lovingians an hereditary monarch}'. When, after them, the sovereignty became elect- ive, the election at first devolved upon the universality of the six nations forming the Germanic body (Franks, Suabians, Ba- varians, Saxons, Lotharingians, Prisons). It became at a later period the exclusive privilege of princes or great feudatories (1156); it then concentrated, first from mere custom, but afterwards by virtue of the " Golden Bull," into the hands of seven electors. The pope used originally to anoint and crown the emperor; but Louis the Bavarian declared, in 1338, that this ceremony was superfluous, and that the emperor, elected by a majority, was legit- imate emperor by virtue of this election. The emperors, in order to secure the hereditament of the crown in their houses, had their successors crowned in their own lifetime ; the heir apparent assuming the title of King of the Romans. The first King of the Romans was Henri, the son of the Emperor Frederick II., 1228. 552 The coronation of the emperors general- ly took place at Frankfort-on-the-Main, when the elected emperor signed a ca- pitulation determining and limiting his rights. He was bound to convoke the States-General, or the Diet, not only for the making of laws, but likewise for the dispatch of the affairs of the empire in general; viz., dec-hiring war or negotiat- ing peace ; sending or receiving ambassa- dors ; he even required the consent of the Diet in matters of collation of benefices or important fiefs, and especially for the rais- ing of taxes. The composition of the states was as follows : 1st. Ecclesiastical members viz., the ecclesiastical princes, electors ; the arch- bishops and bishops, the priors, the abbots, the Grand -master of the Teutonic Order and that of the Order of St. John. 2d. Secular members viz., the secular princes, electors ; the dukes, the princes, the landgraves, margraves, burgraves, the counts, and finally the imperial towns. Business was transacted in three col- leges : 1st, The college of the princes, elect- ors ; 2d, that of the princes ; 3d, that of the imperial towns. Each college deliber- ated separately, and the unanimity of their votes was requisite to impart legal force to their decisions, which received then the de- nomination of Recess of the Empire. The establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine, while bringing the old em- pire to an end, destroyed at the same time its constitution. Each of the principalities of which it was composed became wholly independent as to its interior government ; and the unity of Germany was henceforth confined to the relations of the country with foreign powers. The Confederation Germanique was es- tablished on the same principle (1815). The functions of the Diet were restricted to three principal points : 1st, The uphold- ing of the Federal States' independence or exterior security ; 2d, the preservation of peace among the Federal States, or interior security ; 3d, intervention for the restoring of peace and quiet among the Federal States. Affairs were transacted in a Diet sitting at Frankfort. The powers there represent- ed were granted a number of votes in keep- ing with their respective importance. The now organization does not interfere with SOVEREIGNS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] SOVEREIGN^ the autonomy of the southern states, and forms a Confederation of the North, includ- ing three powers : the Presidency, which belongs to Prussia ; the Federal Council, composed of the representatives of the mem- bers of the Confederation (43 votes) ; and the Reichstag, or Parliament, whose mem- bers are returned by means of universal and direct elections. SOVEREIGNS OF GERMANY. CAKLOVINGIAN8. A.D. Charlemagne, emperor 800-814 Louis le Uiibonnaire, emperor 814-840 Lothair I., associated with the em- pire 817 ; emperor 840-855 Louis II., king of Germany, 843; emperor 855-876 Charles the Bald, emperor S76-87T Carlomau, king of Bavaria 876-880 Louis III., the Saxon, king of Ger- many 876-881 Charles le Grots king of Alemanniu, or Germany, 876; emperor and king of Germany 8S1-8S7 Arnold (a natural son of Carloman), king of Germany, 8S7 ; emperor. 890-899 Louis IV., 1'Eufaut, king of Ger- many 899-911 IIOUSE OF FUANCONIA. Conrad I., of Franconia, king 912-918 HOUSE OF SAXONY. Henri I. , 1'Oiseleur, king. 919-936 Otho I., the Great, king, 936 ; em- peror 962-973 Otho II., king, 962 ; emperor. 973-983 Otho III., king, 983; emperor 996-1002 Henri II., le Saint, emperor 1002-1024 HOUSE OF VBANCONIA. Conrad II., le Salique, emperor. . .1024-1039 Henri III., emperor 1039-1056 Henri IV., emperor 1056-1106 Rudolph of Rheinfelden, anti-em- peror 1077-10SO Hermann of Luxemburg, anti-em- peror 1081-lOa? Conrad, king of Germany 1087-1099 Henri V., king of Germany, 1099 ; emperor 1106-1125 HOUSE OF BAXONY. Lothair II., of Supplingburg, king, 1125; emperor 1133-1137 HOUSE OF SUABIA, OB HOHENSTAUFEN. Conrad III., emperor 1138-1152 Frederick I., Barbarossa, emper- or 1152-1190 Henri VI., emperor 1190-1 197 Phillip, emperor 1198-1208 Otho IV., of Brunswick, anti-em- peror, 1198-1203; emperor 1208-1218 Frederick II., emperor. 1218-1250 Henri/, the Jtaspon, of Thurinyia, emperor 1246 Conrad IV. , emperor 1250-1254 GBEAT INTERREGNUM. William of Holland 1247-1256 liicliard of Cormcall 1257-1272 A Ifonso of Castile 1257-1273 HOUSE OF UAPSIiUBG, OB AUSTRIA. Rudolph I., emperor 1273-1291 Adolph of Nassau, emperor 1292-1298 Albert I., of Austria, emperor 1298-1308 HOUSE OF LUXEMBUBG AND UAVABIA. Henri VII., of Luxemburg, em- peror 1308-1313 Louis V., of Bavaria, emperor. . . .1314-1347 Frederick III., le Bel, anti-emper- or 1314-1330 Charles IV., of Luxemburg, em- peror 1347-1378 Wenceslas of Luxemburg, emperor. 1378-1400 Robert of Bavaria, emperor 1400-1410 Josee, of Moravia, emperor 1410-1411 Sigismund of Luxemburg, emper- or. 1411-1437 HOUSE OF AUSTBIA. Albert II., emperor 1438-1439 Frederick III., emperor, 1440-1493 Maximilian I., emperor. 1493-1519 Charles V., emperor 1519-1556 Ferdinand I., emperor 1556-1564 Maximilian II., emperor 1564-1576 Rudolph II., emperor. 1576-1612 Matliias, emperor. 1612-1619 Ferdinand II., emperor 1619-1637 Ferdinand III., emperor 1637-1657 Leopold I., emperor 1658-1706 Joseph I. , emperor 1705-1711 Charles VI., emperor 1711-1740 HOUSE OF BAVARIA. Charles VII. (after an interreg-) num), emperor 1742-1745 HOUSE OF AU8TBIA-1.OBBAINE. Francis I., husband to Maria-The- resa, emperor 17-45-1765 Joseph II., emperor. 1765-1790 Leopold II., emperor 1790-1792 Francis II., emperor 1792-1806 The Kingdom of Prussia, the king of which has just been intrusted with the im- perial crown, was previous to 1866 one of the principal states of Europe, and was formed of two distinct parts, separated one from the other by foreign countries (Han- over, the higher Hesse, Nassau, etc.) : the one, Prussia proper, eastward; the other, smaller, which was called Rhenish Prussia, not taking into account a part of the King- dom of Wurtemberg, the Principality of Hohenzollern, ceded to the King of Prussia in 1840. Since 1866 Prussia forms (if we except a few states inclosed by it, which are as well as herself included in the Con- federation of the North : the Duchy of Brunswick, that of Oldenburg, etc.) a com- 653 PROVINCES. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HISTORY. pact state, whose boundaries are : on the north the German Ocean, Denmark, the Grand-Duchy of Mecklenburg, the Baltic Sea ; on the east Russia and Poland ; on the south the Empire of Austria, the King- dom and duchies of Saxony, the Kingdom of Wiirtemberg, the grand-duchies of Ba- den and Hesse ; on the west France and Holland. Her present population is about 24,000,000 inhabitants, of which more than 13,000,000 are Protestants. The Prussian states consist of ten ex- tensive provinces, subdivided into govern- orships and regencies, the governmental districts of Eesse-Cassel and Wiesbaden, and the Principality of Hohenzollern. The governorships all go by the names of their chief towns. The capital is Berlin. PBOVINCES. GOVERNORSHIPS. x itz, Aix-la-Chapelle. (Hanover, Hildesheim, Lu- . < neburg, Stade, Oanabruck, ( Auvich. Brandenburg.. .. Pomerania ....... Stettin, Stralsund, Kii.-lin. Silesia ........... Breslau, Liegnitz, Oppelu. Posnania ........ Posen, Bromberg. Prussia nroner i Konigaberg, Gumbinnen, a proper. . . j Da ntzic, Mariemverder. (Magdeburg, Mereeburg, Er- 8axon y .......... \ flirt. Westphalia ...... {*?*' MindeD ' A a ' Rhenish Province. | Cologne, Dusseldorf, Cob- Hanover, Sleswig-Holstein.. Kiel, Sleawig. Governmental districts of Cassel and Wiesba- den ; Principality of Hohenzollern. To Prussia belong very remote and di- verse countries. In Silesia, in Saxony, and toward the Rhine are numerous mount- ains (the Sudete, Carpathes, Harz, Thur- inger Wald, Teutoburger Wald, etc.) ; the other parts offer an immense extent of plains. The sea washes about 400 miles of Prussian coast. Numerous railroads, most of which centre in Berlin, facilitate communica- tion. The principal rivers that water this kingdom are the Rhine, the Weser, the Elbe, the Oder, and the Vistula. There are, and more particularly in the eastern parts, many lakes and ponds, and two vast lagoons, respectively called Kurische Haff and Preussische Haff. Various canals serve to connect the rivers Elbe, Oder, and Vis- tula. The climate, varying according to latitude, is very cold and damp in the north- ern parts. Silesia and the provinces west 554 of the Weser are very fruitful, but the soil of Brandenburg is extremely poor. About twelve million acres are covered with for- ests. The principal productions are : grains, vegetables, flax, hemp, saffron, tobacco, hops ; on the banks of the Rhine, wine, honey, silk, iron, copper, pewter, lead, alum, saltpetre, lime, alabaster, kaolin, jasper, onyx, and other precious stones. On the coasts of the Baltic, yellow amber. Mineral waters at Aix-la-Chapelle, Warm- brunn, Hirschberg, etc. Active industry in cloth, linen, silk, saddlery, coach-making, hats, paper, carpets, clock and watch mak- ing, brewing, tanning, Prussian blue, iron- melting. Trade, rather flourishing, particularly west of the Weser, is greatly facilitated by the association of customs, known by the name of Zollverein, and which ex- tends almost over the whole of Germany. The government is monarchical and rep- resentative. The reigning house is the younger branch of the Hohenzollern. Liberty of conscience is unlimited. Al- though a large majority of the population are Lutherans, the Catholics have two archbishops (Gnesen, Cologne), and eight bishops (Breslau, Culm, Ermeland, Mttn- ster, Paderborn, Treves, Hildesheim, and Osnabruck). Public instruction is very forward : there are six universities, viz., Berlin, Konigs- berg, Halle, Breslau, Greifswalde, and Bonn. The army is very strong ; composed of both regular troops and a national militia called Landwehr: it amounts to more than 600,000 men. The Prussian monarchy, which belonged to the Germanic Confederation with Posen and Prussia proper (admitted into it in 1848), belongs nowadays integrally to the Confederation of the North, and is intrust- ed with the presidence of it, and the com- mand of the armies of the Confederation. Out of the 43 votes of the Federal Council she is entitled to 17, and her preponderance secures for her almost all the rest. IIISTOKY OF PRUSSIA. The Prussian monarchy consisting of various parts but very recently united, this account will principally refer to the successive accruments which have formed HISTORY. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] IIlSTOBT. this power, and be confined to the recalling of the chief events of the Prussian states since the loth century, when their reunion began to take place. 1st. A Count of Hohenzollern, Conrad Stein, of the house of Brandenburg, came, as early as 1164, into possession of the Burgraviate of Nuremberg, which unin- terruptedly belonged to this house up to the year 1801. 2(1. From 1248 to 1331 his successors became possessed among other places of Anspach, Culmbach, and Bayreuth ; in fact, the whole of Franconia, or nearly so, belonged toward that time to the above- mentioned house ; but these possessions were, at the beginning of the loth century, divided between the two sons of Frederick V. of Hohenzollern (John III., the elder, and Frederick). 3d. In 1415 the Margraviatc of Branden- burg, which had successively belonged to the Ascaniaii house, and to that of Bavaria and Luxemburg, was bought, with the title of Elector which was inherent in it, by Fred- erick VI. of Hohenzollern, who assumed the title of Frederick of Brandenburg. Frederick II., surnamed Iron-Tooth, soon added to it the New Mark (1445). These possessions, which had been divided on the death of Frederick I. (1440), were again united by Albert, the Achilles (1471), on the demise of Frederick II. 4th. By the Treaty of Xanten (1614), and that'of Dusseldorf (1624), John Sigis- mund annexed to his states the half of the Juliers' succession (i. e., Cleves, the Mark, and Ravensberg). 5th. In 1618 the same John Sigismund annexed to his states the Duchy of Prus- sia, or Ducal Prussia, as son-in-law to the last duke, Albert II., who was himself a Hohenzollern, but of the Anspach and Bayreuth line. This same Ducal Prussia, which was at the time of the annexation a Polish fief, became altogether a sovereign state by the Act of Labian in 1656, and by the Treaty of Wehlan in 1657. 6th. In 1648, by the Treaty of West- phalia, Frederick William, called the Great Elector, acquired Eastern Pomerania, the secularised archbishoprics and bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Minden, and Caiuin, and the County of Hohenstein. 7th. After the institution as king of Frederick, under the name of Frederick I. (1701), the following states were annexed: Mors, 1702 ; Tecklenbourg, Vallengin, and Neuchatel, 1707 ; part of the Guelders (Peace of Utrecht, 1713), Wollin, Usedom, Stettin, and half Upper Pomerania (Peace of Stockholm, 1720). 8th. Frederick II. conquered from Aus- tria nearly the whole of Silesia, the pos- session of which was confirmed to him by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, and that of Hubertsburg, 1763. He had, more- over (1743) inherited Eastern Frisia. 9th. The same Frederick obtained for bis share in the first dismemberment of Poland (1772-73) Polish Prussia, except Dantzic and Thorn ; to which Frederick William II. added, 1793, these two towns and the whole of Great Poland, under the name of Eastern Prussia ; and in 1795 Bialy- stok, Plock, etc., under that of New East- ern Prussia. This Prince had besides ob- tained (1791) the cession of the Anspach and Bayreuth margraviates. 10th. After losing, during the wars of the French Revolution, her possessions west of the Rhine, Prussia had received advanta- geous compensations in the east in Sax- ony and Westphalia, added to which Han- over had been ceded to her by Napoleon in 1806 ; but war having broken out a few years after, her forces had been driven out of Hanover; and the Treaty of Tilsit, 1807, took from her all her possessions in West- phalia and F.ranconia, as well as Great Po- land, which became the Grand-Duchy of Warsaw. Driven back to the Oder, she was on the brink of complete annihilation, when Napoleon's downfall suddenly saved her. She recovered in 1814 and 1815 about one-fourth part of Great Poland, and all her other possessions (except Anspach and Bay- reuth) ; she obtained besides Swedish Pom- erania, nearly half the Kingdom of Sax- ony, and both east and west of the Rhine numerous territories which formed Rhenish Prussia, otherwise the great duchy of Low- er Rhine. llth. Finally, in 1849, the sovereign prin- ces of Hohenzollern-Hechingen andHohen- zollern-Sigmaringen ceded their principal- ities to Frederick William IV. for an an- nuity, not giving up, however, their rights to the succession to the throne of Prussia. The capital events in the history of Prussia since the acquisition of Branden- burg by the houso of Hohenzollern (1415) 555 HISTORY. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HlSTORT. are : the important part played by the Electors Frederick II. and Albert the Achilles, during the Hussite wars in af- fording help to the Emperor Frederick III. (1440-1486); the introduction of Lu- theranism into Brandenburg and Prussia (1521 and subsequent years) ; the secular- ization of Eastern Prussia, 1525, under Al- bert of Brandenburg, Grand-master of the Teutonic Order; the influence gained, as early as 1577, by the Electors of Branden- burg over Prussia, of which they ultimate- ly became masters (1618) ; the glorious and useful reign of the Great Elector Frederick William, who was the real founder of the Kingdom of Prussia, and materially in- creased the population of his states by opening them to the French refugees after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ; the transformation of the Duchy into the King- dom of Prussia under Frederick I. (1701), and the participation of this prince in the great war in the North (1701 and subsequent- ly) a war which by the Peace of Stock- holm still added to his dominions; the reign of Frederick II. the Great, who, casting in the shade all his predecessors, was for for- ty years the most influential prince in Eu- rope, added to his states Silesia and West- ern Prussia, withstood almost single-handed a most fearful coalition (the Seven-years' War, 1756-63), prevented Austria from seizing on Bavaria (1777), and made Prus- sia balance the power of Austria ; the part which his two successors took in the Eu- ropean struggle against France ; the over- running of Champagne by the Prussians (1792) ; the Peace of Basle (1795) ; the campaigns of 1806 and 1807, signalized by the defeat of Jena, the occupation of Ber- lin, and the loss of one half of the Prussian states, and brought to a close (1807) by the Peace of Tilsit ; the coalition of Prussia and Russia after the Moscow disaster (1812) ; the entering of the Prussians into France after the battle of Leipsic, and their reintegra- tion with important additions into the prov- inces of which the}' had been deprived ; Frederick William III. ; provincial assem- blies, having consultative power (1820). In 1847 Frederick William IV. granted the united Diet, where the members of the provincial assemblies were called together. Consequent upon the revolution which had broken out in Fraiice (1848), a new constitution was sworn by the king (Feb- 556 ruary 6th, 1850) : it instituted two assem- blies that of the Lords, and that of the Deputies, the voting of taxes and laws by these two Houses, and the responsibility of ministers. His successor, William -Louis (1861), had at first again to contend about the constitution ; but, seconded by an able minister, M. de Bismarck, he caused his people's ideas to enter a different channel. Thanks to easy successes gained over Denmark (1864), and a war no less for- tunate than venturous against Austria, who was vanquished at Sadowa (July 3d, 1866), William-Louis annexed to his king- dom Holstein, Sleswig, Lauenburg, Han- over, both Electoral and Higher Hesse, Nassau, Homburg, and Frankfort, and ex- cluded Austria from Germany, which he organized anew, arrogating to himself the Presidency of the Confederation of the North. The following is the series of the sov- ereigns of Prussia since the annexation of Brandenburg : 1. MARGRAVES, ELECTORS OF BRANDENBURG. Frederick 1 1415 Frederick II., Iron-tooth 1440 Albert, the Achilles 14T1 John, the Cicero I486 Joachim I., the Nestor 1499 Joachim II., the Hector 1534 John George 15T1 Joachim Frederick 1598 John Sigismund 1008 George William 1619 Frederick William, Great Elector 1640 Frederick III 16S8 2. KINGS OP PRUSSIA. Frederick I. (?ame as Frederick III.). . 1701 Frederick William L 1713 Frederick II., the Great 1T40 Frederick William II 1786 Frederick William III 1797 Frederick William IV 1S40 Frederick, William the First, Louis, Em- peror of German}', King of Prussia, etc., born March 22, 1797, son of King Frederick William III. and of Queen Louisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia, daughter to Charlet Louis Frederick, Grand-Duke of Mecklen- burg - Strelitz ; regent, October 9, 1858 ; succeeded his brother, King Frederick Will- iam IV. ; crowned October 18, 1861. Em- peror of Germany, January 18, 1871 ; mar- ried, June 11, 1829, to Maria Louisa Augusta Catherine, Empress of Germany, Queen of Prussia, born September 30, 1811, daughter to the late Charles Frederick, Grand-Duko HISTORY. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ROUTE& of Saxe- Weimar, Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Grenadiers of the Guard No. 4, " Queen." Children: I.Frederick William Nicolas Charles, Prince Imperial of the German Em- pire ; Crown-Prince of Prussia, born Octo- ber 18, 1831 ; General Field-Marshal ; In- spector-general of the Fourth Inspection of the Army of the German Empire ; Russian General Field-Marshal ; President of the Commission for the Defense of the Coun- try ; Colonel of the First Regiment of East- ern Prussia's Grenadiers No. 1, " Crown- Prince ;" and of the Fifth Regiment of the Westphalian Infantry No. 53 ; and of the Second Regiment of the Silesian Dragoons No. 8 ; attached to the First Regiment of the Foot-Guard, and the Second Regiment of the Silesian Grenadiers No. 11 ; Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the First Regiment of the Landwchr Guard ; Governor of Poinera- nia ; Colonel of the Russian Husssrs No. 11, " Isum;" Owner of the Regiment of Austrian Infantry No. 20, and of the Regi- ment of Bavarian Lancers No. 1 ; married in London, January 25, 1858, to Victoria Adelaide Maria Louisa, Princess Imperial of the German Empire ; Princess Royal of Prussia ; Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, Duchess of Saxony, born November 21, 1840; Second Chief of the Second Regiment of Hussars (of the Guard) No. 2. Children: 1. Prince Frederick William Victor Albert, born in Berlin, January 27, 1859; Sub -Lieutenant in the First Regi- ment of the Foot-Guard ; attached to the first battalion (Berlin) of the Second Land- ivi'hr Regiment of the Guard, and attached to the First Regiment of the Pomeranian Grenadiers No. 2, "King Frederick Will- iam IV.;" Russian Sub-Lieutenant; at- tached to the Regiment of Grenadiers of the Guard, "King Frederick William III." 2. Princess Victoria Elizabeth Augusta Charlotte, born at Potsdam, July 24, 1860. 3. Prince Albert William Henry, born at Potsdam, August 14, 1862; Lieutenant in the First Regiment of the Foot - Guard ; Lieutenant in the Navy ; attached to the Landwehr Foot-Guard, and to the Russian Hussar Regiment No. 11, " Isum." 4. Princess Frederica Amelia Wilhelmi- n;i Victoria, born at Potsdam, April 12, 1866. 5. Prince Joachim Frederick Ernest Wal- demar, born in Berlin, February 10, 1868. 6. Princess Sophia Dorothea Ulrica Alice, born at Potsdam, June 14, 1870. 7. Princess Margaret Beatrice Feodora, born at Potsdam, April 22, 1872. 2d. Princess Louisa Maria Elizabeth, born December 3, 1838 ; married Septem- ber 28, 1856, to the reigning Grand-Duke of Baden, Frederick William Louis of Ba- den. The Emperor has a brother, Prince Fred- erick Charles Alexander, born June 29, 1801 ; married May 26, 1827, to Princess Mary Louisa Alexandrina, born February 3, 1808, daughter of the late Charles Frederick, Grand-Duke of Saxe- Weimar. Their eldest son is Prince Frederick Charles Nicolas, cousin to the Crown-Prince, born March 20, 1828 ; generally called the " Red Prince," and noted in the late war. ROUTES. Berlin, page 561. ROUTE 145 (see page 576). Berlin to Paris, via Stendal, Hanover, Minden. Diis- seldorf, Cologne, and Aix-la-Chapelle. ROUTE 146 (see page 587). Berlin to Co- logne, via Magde'mrg. Elherfeld, and Deutz. ROUTE 147 (see page 595). Berlin to Hamburg and Sfestrig, via Wittenborge, Hagenow, and Buchen. ROUTE 148 (see page 599). Hamburg to Strakund, via Lubeck and Rostock. ROUTE 150 (see page 601). Berlin to Bremen, via Stendal and Ulzen. ROUTE 151 (see page 603). Berlin to Dantzic, via Stettin. ROUTE 152 (see page 605). Stettin to fitrahund, via Pasewalk (Baths of Putbus). ROUTE 153 (see page 606). Berlin to Dntt-.ic, via Ciistrin, Schiifidcmuhl, and Konitz, or via Bromberg (from Dirschau to Konigsberg). 657 ROUTES. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ROUTES. ROUTE 154 (see page 608). Berlin to Tilsit, via Frankfort-on-tbe-Oder, Posen, Thorn, and Insterberg. ROUTE 155 (see page 609). Stettin to Breslau, via Posen. ROUTE 156 (see page 610). Breslau to Cracow, via Oppeln and Cosel. ROUTE 157 (see page 612). Cracow to Warsaw. ROUTE 158 (see page 614). Cracow to Vienna, via Oderberg, Prerau, Bisenz, and Lundenberg. ROUTE 159 (see page 614). Dusseldorfto Bremen, via Miinster and Osnabriick (rail- way in progress between Osnabriick and Bremen), Miinster to Emden. ROUTE 160 (see page 615). Berlin to Leipzig, via Wittenberg. ROUTE 161 (see page 617). Berlin to Diisseldorf, via Halle, Eisleben, Nordhau- sen, Cassel, and Elberfeld. ROUTE 162 (see page 619). Dresden to Frankfort-on-the-Main, via Leipzig, Wei- mar, Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach, Fulda, and Friedberg. ROUTE 163 (see page 625). Frankfort to Cassel, via Friedberg and Giessen. ROUTE 164 (see page 629). Berlin to Breslau,via Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Guben, Sagan, and Glogau. ROUTE 165 (see page 629). Leipzig to .Munich, via Eger (Junction lor Fnmzens- i>ad and Carlsbad, and for Marienbad and Vienna), and Regensburg. ROUTE 166 (see page 632). Berlin to Dresden. ROUTE 167 (see page 639). Dresden to Carlsbad, via Bodenbach. ROUTE 168 (see page 640). Hanover to Hamburg, via Celle, Uelzen, and Lune- burg. 558 ROUTE 169 (see page 641). Frankfort to Berlin, via Wiirzburg, Bamberg, Neuen- markt, Hof, and Leipzig. ROUTE 170 (see page 643). Frankfort to Prague, via Wiirzburg, Nuremberg, Schwarzenfeld, Pilsen, and Prague. ROUTE 171 (see page 646). Dresden to Schwarzenburff,viaFieibeTg, Chemnitz, and Zwickau. ROUTE 172 (see page 647). Berlin to Gdrlitz, via Cottbus. Munich, description, page 649. ROUTE 173 (see page 663). Munich to Paris, via Augsburg, Ulm, Stuttgart, and Strasburg. ROUTE 174 (see page 666). Munich to Frankfort, via Gunzenhausen, Anspach, and Wiirzburg. ROUTE 175 (see page 667). Lindau to Augsburg and Wiirzburg. ROUTE 176 (see page 668). Munich to Lindau (the most direct route to Switzer- land). ROUTE 177 (see page 668). Ulm to Friedrichshafen, on Lake Constance. ROUTE 178 (see page 669). Ulm to Xchiiffhausen, via Immendingen. ROUTE 179 (see page 669). Siultgart to Schajfhausen, via Tubingen and Immendin- gen. ROUTE 180 (see page 670). Stuttgart to Heidelberg, via Heilbronn. ROUTE 181 (see page 670). Strasburg to Basle and Constance, via Freiburg. ROUTE 182 (see page 674). Strasburg to Cologne, via Saarbruck,Treves, Hillesheim, and Diiren. A. Saarbruck to Mainz, via Spires and Worms. B. Saarbruck to Mainz, via Ludwigsha- fen. ROUTES. ROUTE 183 (see page G7ty.Strai,bury to Basle, via Colmar and Miiulhausen. ROUTE 184 (see page 080). The tour of the Rhinr from Cologne /o Strasburg, via Bonn, CobUntz (excursion up the Moselle to Treves), Bingen (excursion to Saarbruck r/'i KIT iixii :ich), Mayence, Wiesbaden (ex- cursion to Ems riu Schwalbach and Nas- sau), Frankfort, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Heidd'uerg, Cai'hruhe, and Baden-Baden. ATSTRIAN ROUTES. ROUTE 185 (see page 719). Vienna to Dresden, ri i Bodenbach, Prague, Pardu- bitz, and Brlinn. ROUTE 186 (see page 724). Vienna to /'f'tijite, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg, via Zni'un and Lissa, by Northern of Austria Railway (sleepiny-car route). [Excursion to the Riesengebirge.~\ ROUTE 187 (see page 725). Vienna tc Eger and Carlsbad, vin Egensburg and Budweis. ROUTE 188 (see page 725). Vienna to Prague, via Tabor. ROUTE 189 (sec page 72G). Vimna to Munich, ritt Linz, Wels, Attnang (junction for Gmunden,Ebensee,andIschl), Salzburg, and Ri)senheim (hence to Innsbruck ami arross the Brenner Pass to Verona), or from Vienna to Munich (mail route) ria Linz, Neumarkt. and Semp.-u-h. (At Nounuirkt a road to the right leads to Frankfort, tli Katisbon and Nuremberg.) ROUTE 190 (see page 730). Vienna to Venice (direct route) and Trieste, via Briick, Gratz, Laibach, and Adelsberg. (At Bruck junction carriages are changed, travelers to Venice direct continue, while those to Trieste turn to the left.) ROUTE 191 (see page 732). Villach to Brirtn, by the Pusterthal and Villach to Bruck. ROUTE 192 (see page 733). Gratz to Linz, riti Bruck. Steyer, and Enns. ROUTE 193 (see page 733). Trieste to Venice, ria Tdine and Treviso (rail), and by steamer direct. ROUTE 194 (see page 734). Vienna to VOL. II. B [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ROUTES. Constantinople, via Presburg, Pesth, and Varna (Danube steamers to Rustchuk, rail to Varna, and steamer to Constantino- ple). ROUTE 195 (see page 739). Pesth to Pragerhof, via Boglar and the Plattensee. ROUTE 196 (see page 739). Vienna to Fiume, via Steinamanger, Agram, and Karlstadt (Agram to Steinbruck). ROUTE 197 (see page 739). Vienna to Pesth, via Bruck, Raab, and Stuhlweissen- burg. ROUTE 198 (see page 740). Pesth to Gratz, via Stuhlweissenburg, Kormond, Steinamauger, and Felbach (railway lin- ished). ROUTE 199 (see pages 751, 757). Italy, description. ITALY ROUTES. ROUTE 200 (see page 770). Venice to Milan, via Padua, Lake Garda, Verona, Brescia, and Bergamo. ROUTE 201 (see page 787). Verona to Innsbruck, via Trent, Botzen, and the Bren- ner Pass. ROUTE 202 (see page 787). Milan to Coma and Lake Como. ROUTE 203 (see page 790). Como to Lake Maggiore, via Lake Lugano, and re- turn to Milan by Novara. ROUTE 204 (see page 791). Milan to Turin, via Novara. ROUTE 205 (see page 796). Turin to Aosta, via Ivrea. ROUTE 206 (see page 797). Turin to Nice., via Cuneo and the Col di Tendo. 559 ROUTES. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ROUTES. ROUTE 207 (see page 797). Aronu to Genoa, via Alessandria. ROUTE 208 (see page 803). Milan to Genoa, via Pavia. ROUTE 209 (see page 804). Brescia to Pavia, via Cremona. ROUTE 210 (see page 805). Brest-iu to Tirana and the Baths of Boruiio, by the Bonnio Pass to Bregenz (see Route 55, Switzerland, vol. iii.), Lago d'Iseo. ROUTE 211 (see page 805). Verona to Modena, via Mantua. ROUTE 212 (see page 807). Padua to Bologna, via Ferrara. ROUTE 213 (see page Nice, via the Riviera. -Genoa to ROUTE 214 (see page 808). Genoa to Florence, via Spezia and Pisa. ROUTE 215 (see page 812). Milan to Florence, via Piacenza, Parma, Modena, Bologna, and Pistoia. ROUTE 216 (see page 819). Milan to Brindisi, via Bologna, Ravenna, Rimini, Ancona, and Foggia. Turin to Brindisi, and Genoa to Brindisi. ROUTE 217 (see page 825). Pisa to Flor- ence, via the Baths of Lucca and Pistoia. ROUTE 218 (see page 838). (Florence and its environs), Florence to Rome (the most direct line), via Arezzo, Perugia, Foligna, Spello, and Terni. ROUTE 219 (see page 842). Florence to Rome, via Empoli, Pisa, Leghorn, Cecina, Follonica, Grosseto, and Civita Vecchia. ROUTE 220 (see page 843). Florence to Rome, via Empoli, Siena, and Orvieto. ROUTE 221 (see page 845). Fano to Perugia, via Fossombrone, Urbino, and Gubbio. Rome and its Environs. Rome (excur- sions in vicinitv of), page 846. 560 * ROUTE 222 (see page 871). Rome to Naples (railway), via Albano, Villetii, Frosinone, Ceprano, Caserta, and Cancello. ROUTE 223 (see page 872). Rome to Na- pUs,via the Pontinc Marshes and Terracina. ROUTE 224 (see page 873). Naples to Fogyia, via Benevento. Naples and its excursions, page 875. ROUTE 225 (see page 874). Ancona to Naples, via Pescara, Sulmona, and Iscr- ROUTE 226 (see page 891). Naples to Regrjio, via Salerno, Eboli, Cassano, Co- senza, Catanzaro, and Monteleone. ROUTE 227 (see page 893). Naples to Taranto, via Potenza and Matera. (Kail- way in progress from Eboli to Taranto.) ROUTE 228 (see page 894). Taranto to Reggio by the eastern coast. (Railway finished the greater part of the distance.) ROUTE 229 (see page 894). Naples to the ruins of P cesium. Sici'y. History, etc., page 895. Naples to Palermo. Palermo and excur- sions, page 895. ROUTE 230 (see page 899). Palermo to Girgenti. ROUTE 231 (see page 900). Palermo to Trapani, Marsala, and Castelvetrano. ROUTE 232 (see page 900). Girgenti to Syracuse, via Licata, Terranova, Modica, and Palazzolo. Palermo to Missina by steamer, page 902. ROUTE 233 (see page 902). Palermo to ' Messina, via Termini, Patti, and Milazzo. ROUTE 234 (see page 904). Messina to Syracuse, via Acireale and Catania, Catania and Mt. Etna and Lipari Islands. (Steam- ers twice a week from Mcstina to Malta.) B E. -,/> /XT' fr>- 4--. .'i-ntf I-ri&b-.ti l-r: li ..'/ M> A'i'iie 17 .!>,-, !! Per, Jam 20 >/V-/ Palaces !'_> - .Jlbrecht as Harper' L I N ijitd Ke/or-mrr 5S 50 fun.trauxstellung pan Casertie .trtivUa 06 51 .V,^, Theater 58 2 fardt friedr-tc/t ftVAffn^r 59 (7ue>, JCai.n-r- f't VpernJiaiu 61 s/nf^^ 2^3 " -,' "- 66^, g_r ' / * //////J% f V *''- v " i ' > -**^7 /, I Book liKKI.IX. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN. BERLIN. On arriving at the station at Berlin, a controller will be found at the door who distributes metallic tickets which corre- spond with the number of the cab to which the traveler is entitled. There are two classes of cabs; ask for "Erste Classe," or " Zweite Classe;" and if not familiar enough with the language to call out the number, give it to a porter, who will de- posit your small parcels therein. The out- side porter, however, has nothing to do with carrying out your baggage, and must be paid separately. Berlin, the capital of Prussia, contains l.l-'-2,3GO inhabitants. Principal hotels, Grand Central Hotel, the Kttiserhf, and Hotel de Rome. The Grand Central Ho- tel, one of the most magnificent houses in Germany, was opened in 1881 ; it has 700 rooms, beautiful winter -garden, etc. It is on the Friedrichstrasse, opposite the Stadt-Bahnhof. The Kaiserhof is a mag- nificent, palatial building on the Zi< th< n- platz, greatly frequented by English and Americans. It does a large wine and ex- portation business with America. Hotel de Rome, a new and magnificent building, con- taining 200 rooms and saloons, is situated on the Unter den Linden, the most fashiona- ble thoroughfare, in the immediate vicin- ity of the King's Palace, Royal Museum, and Picture-Gallery. The cooking here is admirable, prices reasonable, and the land- lord (Mr. Miihling) very attentive to his guests. Berlin is situated on the River Spree, a small sluggish stream, and is ordinarily the residence of the monarch. It is one of the largest and handsomest cities in Europe, being about twelve miles in cir- cumference. It lias a garrison of 20,000 soldiers. The Spree intersects the city, insulating one of its quarters, and is cross- ed by more than fifty bridges in various parts of the city. The Spree is navigable for barges, and is connected by means of canals with the Oder, as well as the Elbe, so that the water communication of Berlin is very extensive. The most prominent objects of attraction to the stranger are the splendid palaces and other buildings found upon either side of the principal street, called Unttr den Linden, from its magnificent avenue of limes. At one extremity of this street Is the Brandenburg gate, which forms the principal entrance to the city, and is sur- mounted by a magnificent triumphal arch, erected in 1789. It is a copy of the Pro- pylaeum at Athens. The Car of Victory on the top was taken to Paris by Napoleon as a trophy, but was returned after the battle of Waterloo. Most of the other streets are plain and without ornament; but there are some extensive open spaces or places adorned with statues. The colossal equestrian statue of Fred- erick the Great is one of the most magnifi- cent monuments in Europe; covering the sides of a pedestal of granite, twenty-five feet high, are bronze groups, size of life, of all the leading generals and statesmen during the Seven Years' War, amounting in all to thirty-one persons; chief among these are four of his generals : the Duke of Brunswick, Prince Heinrich of Prus- sia, General Seydlitz, and General Zie- then. At each corner of the pedestal, above the groups, are figures of Justice, Prudence, Fortitude, and Temperance ; be- tween these are bass-reliefs representing different periods in the life of Frederick : the Muse teaching him history; Mercury giving him a sword ; walking in the gar- dens of his palace, surrounded by his fa- vorite companions, greyhounds ; playing on his flute; in the weaver's hut; draw- ing the plan of a battle after his defeat at Rollin. On the front tablet is the follow- ing inscription : " To Frederick the Great. Frederick William III., 1840, completed by Frederick William IV., 1851." The equestrian statue is seventeen feet high, and most perfect in all its proportions ; a mantle hangs from the monarch's shoul- ders, his stick hanging from his wrist ; all is most perfect and true to life. It is the production of Ranch. Berlin owes much to the taste and mu- nificence of its sovereigns. The quarter called the New Stadt was built by the great elector, Frederick William, in the middle of the 17th centurv. He also planned 561 BKRLIX. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN. Unter don Linden Street, and otherwise greatly enlarged and beautified the city. The succeeding monarchs, especially Fred- erick I., Frederick the Great, and the late monarch, have added many new streets, squares, and suburbs, and have embellish- ed the city with many splendid buildings and monuments. The long bridge of stone which crosses the Spree has a fine eques- trian bronze statue of the great elector, Frederick William, and is considered a work of great merit. Opposite the Guard- house stands the bronze statue of Blucher, and on each side stand the marble st:itues of Generals Bulow and Scharnhorst, all by Rauch. The Unter den Linden is considered one of the finest streets in Europe. It is about one mile long, from the ro} r al palace to the Brandenburg gate. The fine avenues in the centre are composed of chestnut, linden, plantain, acacia, and afpen trees, whose various foliage contrasts beautifully with the elegant palaces and public build- ings that line each side of the street. Here are the palaces of the Emperor; that of the Prince Imperial Frederick William of Prussia (son-in-law to Queen Victoria), of the Queen of Holland, the Academy of Fine Arts, the Opera-house, the Arsenal, and the Seminaries of the Artillery and Engineers. Here the fashionable and wealthy exhibit themselves and their splendid equipages. Berlin is the first city in Germany for the variety of its manufacturing works. The principal are those of cloths, linen, car- pets, silks, ribbons, and printed cottons, Berlin jewelry, paper, porcelain, and music- al instruments. It is the great centre of instruction and intellectual development in Northern Germany. Its libraries are large, and its educational establishments very numerous. Its University, founded in 1808, comprising schools of jurisprudence, medicine, and philosophy, has nearly two thousand scholars. It has an Academy of Fine Arts, an Academy of Sciences, an Academy for the Encouragement of Indus- try, and an Academy of Music, a Geo- g -aphical Society, and Society of Natural History, a Theologies! Seminar}', Schools of Artillery, Military Engineering, Archi- tecture, Sculpture, Painting, and Music. The fixtures which strike the eye in the streets of Hcrlin are vast fronts of build- OG2 ing?, ornaments, statues, inscriptions, a profusion of gilding, guard-houses, sentry- bones ; the movables are sentries present- ing arms every minute, officers with feath- ers and orders passing unceasingly, hack- ney droskies rattling about, and numbers of well-dressed people. The streets are spacious and straight, with broad margins on each side for foot-passengers, and a band of plain flag-stones on these margins make them much more walkable than the streets of most Continental towns. The German capital has numerous res- taurants and cafes in fact, they are to be seen at every turning. Hitler's Restaurant, 62, 63 Unter den Linden, can be specially recommended as enjoying the very highest reputation for excellence and elegance. Genuine Bavarian beer may be found at Wagner's, 48 Charlottenstrasse, and at Olbrich's, 83 Friedrichstrasse. Tea and coffee constitute the favorite beverages of the higher classes; and the latter, when they can afford it, is popular with all ranks. The gin-palaces are su- perior to those of London, and more fre- quented, dram-drinking being very preva- lent in Berlin. The droskies, or cabs, are open and shut, and of two classes. The drivers of the first-class are known by a white band which they wear on their hats. They are very good, but of limited number; their fare for one or two persons, one and half miles, is 1 mark. Three or four persons, 1 mark 50 pfennigs. The second-class droskies charge for the same distance, one or two persons, 50 pfennigs; for three or four persons, 75 pfennigs. These prices are augmented 25 pfennigs coming from or going to the stations, and are doubled be- tween midnight and 7 A.M. For longer courses than one and half miles a bargain should be made. The driver is compelled to show you his tariff of prices when asked for. Very good carriages may be had for 15 marks per day, 1 mark pourboire. The price is higher on Sundays and fete days. American tramway (1'ferde-Eisenbahn) to Charlottenburg and West-end every 10 minutes. Omnibuses traverse the city in every di- rection. Steamers on the Spree leave the bridge Jaiinowitz every half hour for Stralau, BERLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BKRLIN. Treptow, Eirhaeuschen, Neuerkrug, Se- dan, Sadowa, and Kopnick. Jiailif ;.'/ S(a>in.f. Tlicre :ire eight dif- ferent railway stations in Berlin. For Leipzig. Dn-Mli'ii. Prague, Vienna, Halle, and Frankfort, the Anfiul? Station. For Potsdam. Magdeburg, and Brunswick, the ; Station. For Frankfort-on-the- Oder, Posen. Breslau, and Vienna, the '>rl Station. For Stettin, Stratum', Pomerania. and Dantzic, the Stettin Station. For Ciistrin, D.mtzie, and Kiinigsberg, ,i Station. For Hamburg, Mecklen- burg, and Holstein, the Hamburg Station. For Riesen-Gebirga, the Gorlitz Station. For Hanover, Bremen, and Cologne, the Lehrte Station. !--aj>h. The central office is in the FranzOsischestrasae, but there are nearly twenty other offices. At the present time (1879) a message to New York costs forty marks ; this price is liable to change. To France and Switzerland, 3 marks '20 pfen- nigs ; England, 5 in. Go pf.: Holland, 2 m.; Italv. 5 m. The branch offices are open from 8 A.M. to 9 P.M.; the central office all night. Post-ojfict '. The central office is in the Leipzi/ where the traveler must apply for any special information. The office is open from 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. On Sundays it is closed from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Letters to America, France, and Italy, 30 pfennigs: England. 23 pf.; Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland, 20 pf. THEATRES. The Opera-hrmse is one of the finest in Europe, and few cities on the Continent can boast such an opera company and such a corps de ballet under one roof. There is no city where music is more universally patronized, or where the opera is better performed or more heartily appreciated than in Berlin. Mr. Strang says, ''It is not fashion, but a passion for the art that prompts the crowd of admiring listeners to congregate in the Opera-house listeners whose judicious applause is at once illus- trative of their taste for and knowledge of good music." The house holds 2000 spectators. The opera begins at 6.30 (near- ly all the theatres commence at this hour) and is over at 10. The best places are Loge des Etranyers. price 10 marks ; Atant Scene, 7 m. ; First Ba'cony, 5J m. The Dentscher Theater, similar to the Theatre I-'ranyii* of Paris, was opened in 1883. The \etc Theatre, built by Schinkel, is ornamented with a good deal of sculpture. This theatre is dedicated to the regular drama, and is generally well attended. The German and French company play alternate nights. The pieces are splendid- ly put upon the stage. The prices are, Loge des Et rangers, oi- m. ; Avant Scene and Fir.it Ba'cony, 4 m. This theatre commences at six o'clock, and is oft -n visited by the emperor and imperial faiiu i]y. There is a fine marble statue of Schil- ler in front of the house. There is at- tached to it subscription -rooms for balls and concerts, which are frequently attend- ed by the court. The concert-room is of beautiful architectural proportions, and is capable of holding 1200 persons. There are also the Victoria Theatre, 'Friedrich Wilhelmstaltei' Theatre, Wallner Theatre, If,//'. r*lorf Theatre, Residenz Theatre. \u- (ional Theatre, Variete Theatre, Belle Alli- ance Theatre, and a circus during a short season. The Orpheum is a ball-room where the lower classes dance and the higher classes look on. The sights seen here are often very amusing. The condiltoris are much frequented by the upper classes. They resemble our confectioners' shops, but are far more spacious, and fitted up with great- er attention to comfort and elegance. In addition to refreshments of all kinds, they are supplied with foreign and domestic newspapers, and literary and scientific journals. There is a Sing-Academie, an amateur musical association of male and female performers, mostly belonging to the high- er classes, who meet weekly for practice, and give several delightful concerts every year, to which the public are freely admit- ted. The performance of sacred vocal mu- sic is carried to a high state of perfection. Concerts. The Kroll concerts, in the Thiergarten, are given in a magnificent saloon lighted by six hundred gas-burn- ers, and are much frequented. On Sun- days a grand table d'hote is served at 2 o'clock for two marks. Behind Kroll's is another establishment called TentfS : farther on in the same direc- tion is the palace of Beltevue, the residence of Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 563 BKRLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN. which contains some good pictures : the park is open to the public. All these gardens and parks are thronged with vis- itors during Sundays and holidays. SIGHTS OF BERLIN. The best distribution of time may be made brconsultiiiitthe //otel-Zcituiiy, as the hours of admission to the different objects of inter- est are continually being changed. Daily. Royal Museum of Pictures and Sculptures and New Museum, every day between 10 and 4, Sundays and fete days excepted ; Royal Palace, 10 to 4 ; Royal Library, 10 to 1, Sundays and fete days exeepted ; National Gallery, 11 to 2, fete days excepted ; Historical Museum, 10 to 5; Raczynski Picture - Gallery, 11 to 3 ; Exposition of Artists, 10 to 4, Sundays and fete days, 11 to 3 ; Zoological Garden, from 9A.M.; Charlottenburg, all day ; Chang- ing Guard and Military Band opposite the Court House, 11 A.M. ; Palace of the Em- peror and Prince Imperial, in their absence; Exchange and Rathhaus, 12 to 2 ; Reichs- tag, on the days when there is no sitting. Sunday: Water -works at Sans Souci, Potsdam, 12 to dusk; Hotel de Ville, 11 to 4 ; Museum of Mines, 8 to 3. Monday : Hotel de Ville, 11 to 4 ; Royal Museums arc closed. Tuesday: Beuth - Schinkel's Museum, 11 to 1 ; Gallery Ravene, 11 to 2 ; Serres Borsig, all day ; Museum of Mines, 8 to 3 ; Zoological Museum, 12 to 2; Cabinet of Mineralogy, 12 to 2 ; Royal Mint, by per- mission. Wednesday : Anatomical Museum, 2 to 4 ; Observatory, 9 to 11 ; Mineralogical Cabinet, 12 to 2; Arsenal, 2 to 4 ; Hotel de Ville, 11 to 4 ; Aquarium, after dark up to P.M. lighted with gas. Thursday : Water-works at Sans Souci, (Grand Fountain) afternoon ; Museum of Mines, 8 to 3 ; Models of Fortresses. Friday : Museum of Schinkel, 11 to 1 ; Gallery Ravene, 11 to 2 ; Serres Borsig, all day. Saturday: Museum of Mines, 8 to 3; Observatory, 9 to 11 A.M. ; Ai>enal, '2 to 4; Gewerbe- Academy (models), 10 to 12 A.M. ; Aquarium, from dusk to t) P.M. The Museum of Berlin stands unrivaled in Europe, that is, if taken as a whole. As a building, there are few that can surpass it : the splendid marble columns and stair- 5G4 cases, the cleanliness and order with which ever}- thing is arranged, renders the effect truly magnificent. Its picture-gallery may be surpassed by the picture-gallery at Dresden, or the Uffizi Gallery or Pitti Pal- ace at Florence ; but they have not its Mu- seum of Antiquities nor historical relics. On the ground floor is the Museum of Antiquities, on the first the Sculpture-Gal- lery, and on the second the Picturf-Gal- lery. In the rear of the Old Museum, and connected with it by a covered arcade, stands the New Museum, a splendid build- ing, rich in antiquities, Egyptian and Northern, as well as historical and ethno- logical collections. In front of the Old Museum is the Lustgartcn, in the centre of which stands the equestrian statue of Friedrich Wilhelm III., by Wolff, erected in 1871. On the other two sides of the (larten arc the Palace and Cathedral. Here may be seen the enormous vase of polished granite, 6G feet in circumference, the larg- est in the world. The block out of which it was made was brought from Fiirsten- wald, a distance of 32 miles, by floating it down the Spree. It was polished by steam - engines, and placed where it now stands with incredible labor and expense. On the right of the staircase stands the celebrated group in bronze of a mounted Amazon repelling the attack of a tiger, by Kiss. On the left is a young horseman launching his spear at an overthrown lion, by Wolff. Under the portico are marble statues of four of Prussia's greatest artists and an- tiquarians : that of Schinkel, by Tieck ; Rauch, by Wichmann ; Winckelmann, by Drake; and Scbadow, by Hagen. The front walls of the colonnade are adorned with frescoes executed under the direction of Cornelius from the designs of Schinkel. They are allegorical representa- tions of the creation of the universe and the civilization of mankind, and are much admired. On the left is the Dance of the Constellations : Jupiter organizes the new course of the world ; Saturn ani the Titans, having withdrawn into the shades of the past. I'rometheus steals the heavenly fire from the Dioscuri to give light to the earth ; Luna drives her chariot to illuminate the night ; Night unfolds her mantle, dis- playing her sleeping children ; War still slumbers ; Maternal love ; Peace ; the BERLIN. [THE Muse ; a Child waters the earth w rain; the Sun in his chariot rising froi. the sea surrounded by tlie Graces, while^ a choir of harp.'rs herald his coming. On the right is the Morning of life ; con- test of Shepherds : the Muse and Psyche; Summer and Noon : Harvest and its joys ; Pegasus on the heights of Helicon, under hoof springs the fountain of imag- ination : Music of the forest : Nymphs pour water into the fountain from which the poet draws inspiration; Evening and Autumn ; Sculpture ; Architecture : the leaves of the Acanthus suggest the idea of the Corinthian capital : Warrior's return home: Festival of the wine-press; Age rejoices at the visit of the Muses : the wise man contemplating thc stars ; Luna j descends into the sea; Commencement of the new day. Beneath the frescoes are smaller paint- ings, those on the right representing the Myth of Theseus, those on the left of Her- cules. A double staircase leads directly to the gallery of the rotunda througli which the Picture-* iallery is entered ; on the staircase is a copy of the celebrated Warwick Vase, also busts of Huml)oldt and Altenstein. There are some tine frescoes designed by Schinkel at the entrance to the ro- tunda, representing the struggle of civ- ilization against the barbarians and thc elements. Sculpture-Gallery. The entrance to this gallery is through a grand circular hall called the rotunda, rising the whole height of the building, in the centre of which is a statue in bronze of Frederick William III. in the garb of a Roman emperor, by Kiss. Between the columns which support the dome are placed eighteen ancient statues. Above these is the celebrated Gobelins tap- estry worked from the cartoons of Raphael for Henry VIII. at Arras; purchased by the Duke of Alba at the sale of the ef- fects of Charles I., and bought by Fred- erick William IV. in 1*11. The Sculpture -Gallery is indebted for its origin to Frederick fie Great, and is principally composed of the collection of Cardinal Polignac. It comprises over one thousand pieces of ordinary merit. From the rotunda the visitor enters into the gallery of Gods and Heroes. The gem of this collection is the Boy Praying ; it is GERMANY j BERLIN, ' the history of mankind. First, the Fall of Babel, and the Dispersion of the Na- ! tions. In the foreground the division of j s *he tribes. Second, the Prosperity of , )v '-eece. Homer approaching its shores. likciH-G 0( te of Olympus in a rainbow above. no en is 1)t ' strllction of Jerusalem by Titus. duction. r re S round the High-priest killing ' A stairwa - Ahasuerus, the Wan- rotunda into i flecin f- A Christian family roes descends t f v, "hile four prophets above Antiquarium. whX? tlon - . ^urth, the Battle lection of medals, r? m . e . !" the ^ckground. h of hlm .. cabinet of medals con hleld . sand specimens, and is a?,/ thc * S<*h*- Here may be seen the llon " lth u h ' s Cru ' " Hildesheimer Silberscha, , Slx | h > A S e of at Hildesheim. ten feet belol 10 altar ls 8een of the soil, in 1868. It consist. rround , ed b >' plate (embossed silver) of the ti?. nd Bu g en - gustus. lumerous The Picturt-Callfry. There is 'u . cele " oat.iloguc published of this collection,' 1 U addition to which each room contains catalogue of the pictures therein, whicl?" renders it unnecessary to give the num- bers in this guide. The gallery is di- vided into thirty -seven rooms, each distin- guished by a number over the entrance. The passage conducts the visitor into room No. 4; by turning to the right and proceeding through four rooms he will commence at No. 1. the beginning of the Italian school : returning through Nos. 2, 3, and 4, he will continue to his left, visiting in succession thc Italian. French, and Span- ish schools ; then retracing his steps to where he commenced, he will continue to the right through the Flemish and Ger- man schools. The collection of pictures here has been much augmented by the removal from the palace of Sans Souci, in Potsdam, and different royal palaces in Berlin, the principal works of art con- tained therein, which has been done with the permission of the king. The formation epoch, or Venetian school, as shown in room No. 1, commenced about H30. Notice No. _'. dma, the Vir-in with Saint; ; No. '2*. .\fnntegna. the body of Christ carried by two Angels. Room two contains some fine specimens of the ear- ly Florentine school. Notice the Virgin adoring the infant Christ. No. t',9, by Filip- po Lippi ; and the Annunciation, by Pal- 565 BERLIX. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN. lajuolo. In the third room notice a Leo- nardo da Vinci, a Virgin with the Child. In room fifth there are several fine paint- ings by Francesco Francia ; No. 135, Ra- phael, Christ at the Tomb; No. 140, Gio- eanni Santi, father of Raphael, an altar- piece ; No 150, Adoration of the Magi, by Giovanni lo Spagno, wrongly attributed to Raphael. Room sixth contains several works by Titian : among others his own portrait, also that of his daughter Lavinia ; No. 180, a Venus, by Bordone ; and the Washing the Feet, by Pordenone. Room seventh con- tains another fine picture by this artist, No. 190, the Woman taken in Adultery. In room eighth are two pictures by Cor- reggio lo and the Cloud, and Leda and the Swan well worth examination, not only as works of art, and for the celebrity of the master, but on account of the inci- dents connected with them. They were formerly in the gallery of Philippe, duke of Orleans, while Regent of France, and were considered the most precious gems there. After his death they descended to his son, Louis, duke of Orleans, who was renowned for his piety. From motives of false delicacy, he cut out the heads of lo and Leda, and burned them. He also cut the picture of Leda to pieces, but by acci- dent the pieces were not destroyed. Both pictures were purchased by Frederick the Great. The head of lo was replaced by a French artist, and that of Leda by a German. You can hardly discover that they have ever suffered from any ill treat- ment. Room ninth contains some fine speci- mens of the Florentine, Roman, Bologna, and Ferrara schools ; among others, notice No. 141, R'iph-iel, the Virgin reading ; No. 247,_.gag&ifl, tUe_Virgin with the Saviour "and St. John, in the artist's first style, pur- chased at Naples for $33,375 ; No. '248, Raphu'l, th" %l Madonna di Casa Colonna," so called after tne palace where "it was found this was purchased for $15,000; No. 249, Fra Eartolomeo, the Assumption of the Virgin. In the eleventh room are several por- traits by Tintoretto ; notice No. 300, by the same artist ; in the next room. No. 316, Tintoretto, St. Mark, and three Pro- curators ; No. 326, Paul Veronese, Jupiter, Juno, Cvbele, and Neptune. 566 In the fourteenth room. No. 365, Cura- vaggio, St. Matthew; and No. 359, the same, Mount of Olives ; No. 385, the Del- uge, by Doinenich'mo. The fifteenth room contains a fine Carlo Dolci, No. 423 ; and a Holy Family, by Mengs, No. 483. The next room contains several works by Raphael Mengs ; and a Madonna, by Van der Verff. The seventeenth room, admirably light- ed from the top, contains some fine speci- mens of the French and Spanish schools. There are several Murillos. No. 408, a pen- itent Magdalene, and No. 414, St. Antonio of Padua and the infant Jesus ; No. 428, a Landscape, by Claude Lorraine ; No. 431 , Shipwreck, by Salcator Rosa ; No. 463, Landscape, by JV. Poussin ; No. 369, Love, by Caravaggio ; No. 471, the Family of M. Jabach, of Cologne ; No. 468, the Pleasures of French Comedy, by Watteau. The visitor will now retrace his steps to the fifth room on the right of the entrance, where the Dutch and German pictures commence, and here in the first room he will find twelve pictures, the gems of the collection, from Nos. 512 to 525. These paintings, which are on six panels, are by John and Hub. van Eyck. There were orig- inalty thirteen panels, which formed the wings of the celebrated altar-piece known as the " Worship of the Spotless Lamb," in St. Bevon's Church at Ghent; they were carried off by the French, and six fell into the hands of a dealer when Paris was taken in 1815, and sold to an Englishman by the name of Solly for 100,000 francs, who again sold them to the Museum for 375fOOO francs. Four of the others are still at Ghent, two at Brussels, and the third has disappeared. Every three days the pictures are turned that the reverse sides may be seen. They represent the 1 Just Judges. The old man on the hand- some gray horse is a portrait of the painter Hub. van Eyck : the black figure looking ! round is his brother John. The second, Champions of Christ; third and fourth, singingand playing Angels; fifth. Hermits; and sixth. Pilgrims. On the reverse are John the Baptist; Burgomaster of Ghent; Annunciation ; and the Angel Gabriel and the Virgin ; portrait of the wife of Jodocii* Vyts, the burgomaster, as St. Elizabeth . : and St. John the F.vangelist. BERLIN. In the same room arc copies of the pan- els at Ghent : also No. . r .:j:',. Klijah IVd by AngfK l>y Mfmliny; audfi.U. l>.-.-'><'>. l'< Msants in an Ale -house; 884, Sea-piece, by Ruysdntl ; 888, a Storm, by Backkui/srn ; 973. Bear-hunt, by Snyders, one of the finest pictures in the gallery ; inptation of St. Anthony, by Tenters, a most humorous production. The figures are portraits : the artist as the saint : his wife has a small portion of the devil's tail sticking out from under her dress, while the representative of that unfortunate class of humanity, the mother-in-law, is repre- sented as a mo>t decided devil. Two por- trait- of old people by Denntr. most re- markable productions, and very highly val- ued, copies of which are to be seen in every direction. In the rear of the Old Museum there is -age to the .\V / Mut.iint. a bridge supported by columns. This beautiful building was completed in 1855, after de- signs by Xti'fter, and is internally the most elegantly decorated building in Berlin. The ground floor contains the Egyptian Musi-urn, the Ethnological Collection, and the \orthern A niiquities. On the first floor are Casts of Sculpture, and on the upper floor the Historical Collection. Architectural Models, and Cabinet of Engraving?. In the centre of the building is th.' noble staircase, which forms a single flight from the ground floor to the top of the building. It is one hundred and thirty- two feet high, and its walls are decorated with Kaulbaeh's magnificent paintings in water-rolor. by a new process, called " \Va<- serglass-Malerei," a stereo-cromic process, which consists in first preparing the sur- face with a solution of silica and alkali. then using the ordinary colors in distem- per, covering the whole with the first preparation, which forms a coat of thin glass resisting the action of the acids. The frescoes are divided into six sec- tions, and represent important events in VOL. II. B 2 |THK EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN, the history of mankind. First, the Fall of Babel, and the Dispersion of the Na- tions. In the foreground the division of the tribes. Second, the Prosperity of Greece. Homer approaching its snores. The Gods of Olympus in a rainbow above. Third, Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. In the foreground the High-priest killing himself and family. Ahasuerus, the Wan- dering Jew, fleeing. A Christian family leaving the city, while four prophets above predict its destruction. Fourth, the Battle of the Huns. Rome in the background. Attila borne on a shield ; in front of him stands Theodoric, king of the Visigoths. Fifth, Godfrey de Bouillon with his Cru- saders before Jerusalem. Sixth, Age of the Reformation. Before the altar is seen Luther, holding up a Bible, surrounded by Calvin, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Bugen- hagen, while sitting around are numerous i early Reformers, and on either side cele- brated monarchs, philosophers, artists, au- ' thors, and generals. Around the entire hall is a frieze representing the develop- ment of mankind. The Egyptian Museum is situated on the ground floor of the building. In one of the halls there is an Egyptian temple, sur- rounded with pillars, and inclosing statues of deities and kings. The whole collec- tion is one of the most complete in Europe. ! Here are the ancient Egyptians' weapons 1 of offense and defense, implements used in the various arts, articles of dress, medicine- chests, cooking-utensils, instruments used in embalming, such as brass hooks for drawing the brain through the nostrils, mummies of sacred animals they wor- shiped, the contents of the tomb of a high- priest brought from Thebes, viz., 2 mod- els of such vessels as navigated the Nile in former days, completely rigged, with figures of a dead body and party of mourn- ers on board ; a priest's wand, the leg and skull-bone of an ox. These antiquities fill five different apartments, and are most- ly the collections of M. Lipsius, General Minutoli, and M. Passalacqua. The Berlin Museum is rich in its Histor- ical Collections and works of art. and i situated on the second floor of the Museum. Among the latter is the Life of Christ, carved in wood, an ivory crucifix by Mi- chael Angelo, a head carved in wood by Albert Dilrer.an ornamented cabinet made 567 BERLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] for Philip II., duke of Pomerania. The principal relics are the decorations and or- ders of the Emperor Napoleon, presented by the different sovereigns of Europe, also his hat, all of which were found in his traveling-carriage at Waterloo, from which he escaped so narrowly ; a miniature wind- mill made by Peter the Great while learn- ing the trade of shipwright at the docks of the East India Company at Amsterdam, i wax figure of Frederick the Great, in the same uniform he wore the day of his death, surrounded by his books, walking - cane, flute, a cast taken of his face after death, the ball with which he was wounded at the battle of Rossbach, etc. Here are also two cannon-balls, both flattened on one side. It is said they met in the air at the siege of Magdeburg. There are also nu- merous relics of the father of Frederick the Great, prominent among which are his to- bacco-pipes, a gaudy white dress that be- longed to Murat, and a thousand other things our space will not permit us to mention. The Ethnological Collection comprises numerous articles of dress and weapons, and implements of foreign nations. It is contained in thirty-four large glass cases. In the American collection is a mantle of red and yellow feathers, presented to Fred- erick William III. by the King of the Sandwich Islands. The Collection of Engravings, 500,000 in number, is placed on the second floor of the building. It is only open to the pub- lic on Sundays. There are also 20,000 drawings and etchings. The Collection of Casts occupies the whole of the first floor of the New Museum, and is contained in twelve saloons. It is con- sidered the richest and best-arranged col- lection of copies, illustrating chronological- ly the history of sculpture by its most cel- ebrated works. The most ancient produc- tions of sculpture are placed in the North Court. Then, entering the first room to the right of the grand staircase, the ear- liest specimens of Greek art will be seen. Passing through an anteroom, where there is a copy of the celebrated Laocoon at Rome, the Apollo Saloon is entered. Here the principal object of attraction is an admirable reproduction of the great Far- nese Bull, the largest marble group of an- tiquity. The next room contains Ajax with the bod}' of Achilles. 568 BERLIN. In the Saloon of the Niobides may be seen a reproduction of that celebrated group of Niobe now in the Uffizi Gallon- at Florence. The figures once stood in j the tympanum of a temple of Apollo. | Here^also is the Dying Gladiator. In saloon eight, called the Saloon of Bacchus, are small casts, mostly taken from objects found at Pompeii; one of the principal is a sitting she-wolf. In the Roman Saloon arc casts of the principal Venuses of the world : Venus de Medici, Venus of Milo, Venus Callipy- gos, Capitoline Venus, Dancing Faun, etc. The Cupola Saloon, or No. ten, contains three large mural paintings, viz., Christi- anity constituting the religion of the state, by Slilke. Wittekind submitting to Charle- magne, copied from Kaulbach. Inaugura- tion of the Church of St. Sophia by the Emperor Justinian, by Schroder. In the centre is a copy of the Medici Vase. The Mediaeval Saloon contains decora, tions of French, English, and German churches. The last saloon is called the Hall of Modern Art, and contains Michael Angelo's Monuments of the Medici, Ghiberti's Doors of the Baptistery at Florence, Canova's Lion, and the Mercury of Giovanni da Bologna. It would be well to employ a valet de place the first daj r the traveler vi-dts the Gallery and Museum, after that he can go alone. National Gallery a very handsome structure, finished in 1876. It is situated at one side of the New Museum, and con- tains, first, the celebrated collection of Wagner, who was a banker, and one of the first collectors of Germany, and who be- queathed this selection to the city for the purpose of forming a nucleus for a National Gallery. The pictures are mostly modern, by artists of the school of Munich and Dusseldorf, and were formerly placed in the Academy < if Fine Arts. Mr. Wagner died in 1861. The collection contained 340 pictures. Among the number are works by Achenbach. Meyer of Bremen, Meyerheim, Hildebrandt, Schadow, Corne- lius, Steinbruck, and numerous others of the first artists of Germany, whose pro- ductions may lie bought at Lepke's gal- lery in the Unter den Linden any day. The traveler has a longing, naturally, to BERLIN [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN possess all beautiful works of art which he sees ; but nearly always the artist is dead, and the works he leaves behind are only within the reach of governments ; here one can see the style he likes, and purchase pictures by the same artist. In this gal- lery the great progress of German art can be seen. A commission of the Academies of Berlin, Dusseldorf, and Konigsberg de- cides each year on the new purchases to be made. An exhibition takes place during the last months of every year. A cata- logue is being prepared this year (1&76). Post-office. A curious museum was open- ed in 1875. containing models of the prin- cipal post-houses in Germany. Wax fig- ures of the size of life represent postilions in dress and undress uniform ; there is a large number of models of carriages and post-wagons with their internal arrange- ments ; maps and geographical drawings, with a collection of 2500 postage-stamps of all countries in the world. The University is a large and magnifi- ' cent building, and ranks, as an educational establishment, second to none in Germany. In its left wing is the Museum of Natural History, op-.-n on Tuesdays and Fridays from \'l ti '_'. Tickets of admission are given out the day previous by the directors. On , the right wing uf the building is the Ana- tomical Museum, one of the most valuable in Europe. It is open every Wednesday and Saturday, from 4 to 6 in the summer, and from 2 to 4 in the winter. The Royal Library is a very indifferent- ' looking building, but it contains, in addi- tion to a large number of valuable relics and curiosities, over 500,000 volumes and 5000 MSS. There is also a public reading- room and a private reading-room, where may be seen all the reviews and journals of the day. One of the most intere>ting curiosities in the library is an album, with six very beautiful miniature portraits by Lucas Cranaeh ; Luther's Bible, from which he made his translation ; his translation of the Psalms; Gutenberg's Bible, the first book printed with movable types (1450) ; also the prayer-book which Charles I. car- : ried to the scaffold : the two hemispheres of metal by which < )tto Guericke discovered the principles of the air-pump, and numer- ous other articles of great interest to the scientific traveler. The Royal Palace is a building of im- mense size, built of brick and covered with stucco. At the gate stand the bronze horses, with grooms, copied from the "Monte Cavallo" horses at Rome a gift from the Emperor Nicholas. The sumptuous furniture, the grandeur of the apartments, and the historic interest which liaiiL:~ about this palace, render it an ob- ject of more than ordinary importance. The royal chapel is quite modern in its fit- tings, paintings, and decorations; it con- tains numerous modern pictures and por- traits. The White Hall is the most mag- nificent apartment in Berlin; it contains statues of the Brandenburg Electors and allegorical figures. The Knights' Hall, or throne -room, is sumptuously decorated. Frederick the Great's rooms will be ex- amined with much interest. It is said this palace was formerly haunted by a white lad;/, who appeared only to announce the death of a member of the royal family. The Schlosslrficke is ornamented with eight groups of marble statuary, very fine- ly executed. The Arsenal, on Unter den Linden Street, is a very beautiful building. It contains over 100,000 stand of arms, and numerous warlike relics, such as samples of all the weapons of war used by the dif- ferent nations of Europe : the keys of nu- merous fortresses captured by the Prus- sians ; cannons, guns, colors, etc., etc. The Palace of thf Emperor, an interest- ing residence, is situated on the Linden, facing the statue of Frederick the Great. It may be visited in the absence of the emperor, which is indicated by the flag not being hoisted. The Palace of the Prince Imperial, Fred- erick William, on the Linden, in front of the Arsenal, was at one time the residence of Frederick the Great ; and here King Frederick William III. lived and died. It is shown in the absence of the family. The Palace of Prince Charles, situated on the Wilht-lmsplatz. contains a fine col- lection of armor. Admission daily, from 10 to 5. It is rich in works of Italian mas- ters. Address the Haushofmeister. No. 8. The churches of Berlin are not of much importance. The principal is the Cuthe- ilral. situated on the eastern side of the Lustgarten, between the Museum and Pal- ace. It was founded about the middle of the last century, and is celebrated for be- ing the burial-place of some of the ances- BERLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN. tors of the royal family. It contains the coffin of Frederick William, the great elect- or, and Frederick I., king of Prussia. It also contains statues of various electors, and a mosaic of St. Peter, presented to the late king by Pope Pius VII. The " Men- delssohn's Choir" chant every Sunday at 10 A.M. Adjoining the Cathedral there is a Campo Santo, or royal burial-ground. The other churches are the Church of Friedrichswerder, St. Peter's, St. Nicholas this last contains the tomb of Pufendorf and St. Iledicig. St. Michael's Roman Cath- olic Church, finished in 1856, is a great beaut}'. It was erected by Seller. The statue of the Archangel Michael is by Kiss. In Konigsplatz, No. 2, is situated the Gallery Raczynski, a fine collection of mod- ern pictures, visible from 11 to 3 every day (catalogue, 7-| groschens). On the stair- case is the Ganymede, by Tliortcaldsen. No. 1, Christ in Hades, by Cornelius; 3, Kaulbach's Battle of the Huns, as seen on the grand staircase of the New Museum ; 14, Adam and Eve, by Deger; 21, Daugh- ter of Herodias, by Schadow ; 37, Edward's Children, by HUdebmndt; 38, Breakfast, by Prfyer ; 58, Two Leonoras, by Sohn ; 115, Pilgrims at Rome, by Paul Delaroche ; 142, the Count Raczynski, by Madrazo. In the centre of the Platz on which stands the above gallery may be seen the new Monument of Victory (SiegesdenkmaT), constructed after the plans of Strack, a pupil of Schinkel. It was unveiled Sep- tember 2, 1873, in presence of the Emperor William, although the mosaic cartoons were still unfinished. The monument was originally intended to commemorate the wars with Denmark and Austria, but the original design was changed to combine the Franco-German War of 1870-71 as well. The substructure is of square granite blocks, on which rests an enormous square base, with bass-reliefs by Siemering, destined to perpetuate the late Prussian campaigns, especially that of 1870-71 with France. The base is surmounted by a portico, sur- rounded by Doric columns, forming a tem- ple, or Siegeshalle, with the names of the battles and generals. Above the roof of the temple, which is supported by sixteen columns, rises a sandstone shaft with an interior staircase. This shaft is divided into three sections : the first containing twenty Danish cannons, taken in battle these sur- 570 round the column ; next above are twenty Austrian and above these twenty French guns, the whole terminating with a capital formed of eagles, and surrounded by a gilt balustrade. This is crowned by a bronze figure of Victory, by Drake, 43 feet high. The reliefs represent on the east the at- tack of a Danish fort at the battle of Kiinigs- berg. On the north side the king decorat- ing the crown-prince after the battle of Sa- dowa. That on the west the delivery of the letter of Napoleon III. to the King of Prussia during the battle of Sedan. On the south side is represented the triumphal entrance of the troops into Berlin, June, 1871, with the words: "A grateful nation to the victorious army." The allegorical cartoons are by Salvati. The total height of the monument is 58 metres 189 feet. A bronze monument, erected to Baron von Stein, the eminent Prussian statesman, in the Donhofsplatz, was unveiled October 27, 1875, in presence of the crown-prince, who attended as the representative of the Emperor William, the crown-princess, the Prince and Princess Charles of Prussia, | Prince Frederick Charles, the Ministers, j many generals and members of the Ger- man Reichsrath and Prussian Diet, the University professors, the clergy, the town council, and municipal council of Berlin. The Jtavene Collection is situated in \ Wallstrasse, Nos. 92 and 93, and is open on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 2. En- | trance, No. 92. Ring the first-floor bell. This is a small but very choice collection of modern German and French pictures. Among the best is a Knaus, A Peasant- Girl gathering Flower.-;, No. 1)7. Bohemian Musicians, by Galltiit, No. 22. The Pleas- : ures of Winter, by JJildebrandt. No. 4 6. No. 47, by the same. Massacre of the Jews in London, by Robert Fleury, No. 142. Land- scape with Animals, by Auguste and liosa Bonheur, No. 14. Sea-piece, by Andreas Achenbach. The Gallery of Count Redern contains a collection of ancient and modern pictures, visible every day from 3 to 5, with permis- \ sion. The palace contains several statues by Ranch and Schwanthnler. The Blankensee Gallery is situated at No. 70 Unter den Linden. It can lie visit- ed any day from 12 to 2, by special permis- sion. It contains over two hundred an- cient and modern pictures. BERLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. BEBUX. The Academy of Architecture contains on the upper floor the tfchinkel Museum. which is open to the public from 12 to 2 on Tuesdays ami Fridays. In it is a large number of architectural drawings, sketch- es, etc. : also the original designs of the frescoes in the Museum. The Museum if Jidtich, situated in the j Lagerhaus, 7G Klo>t>-r-n-u--;>, contains a collection of the works of that celebrated sculptor. The Hotel de Ville is an imposing struct- ure, recently constructed of granite and brick. Its size is 3-22 feet by 286. The in- terior is to be seen every day gratis, from 11 to 4, except Thursdays and Fridays. To ascend the tower, a ticket must be pro- cured from the porter, for which half a murk is demanded. The staircase and the Banqueting and Municipal Halls are most magnificently decorated. The Iinyi.d foundry is situated in the In- validenstr.isse, and may be seen daily (half a mark fee). It contains a museum of castings. The Hospital for old soldiers is adjoining, in the centre of which stands a monument erected to the memory of sol- diers who fell in lsi<. Opposite the Museum, on the other side of the Spree, is situated the Bourse, or Ex- ch'Aii'if, a handsome building, 2GO feet long bv 2tin wide, built in the Renaissance style of architecture, by Hitzig, and completed in 1863. The principal facade, which faces the river on Btirgstrasse, is ornamented with a double colonnade, surmounted in the centre by a group in terra-cotta. represent- ing Prussia protecting agriculture and commerce, by Begas ; and on the wings are smaller groups allegorical figures of the different commercial cities in the world. The principal hall is the largest in Berlin, 221 by 72 feet, divided into a Money and Corn Exchange. It is beautifully 1'iv. coed by Klilber. The hours of the Bourse are from 12 to 2, when strangers are admit- ted into the gallery. Enter from Ncue Friedrichstrasse, the first door to the right, and, mounting one flight, turn to the left. ' The Merchants' Club is situated over the Exchange, to which your banker can in- troduce you. To the northwest of the Exchange is the public garden of the Chateau Monbi- jou, at present inhabited by the Princes* Louise, daughter of Prince Charles. It ia visiMe from 10 too, and contains an Histori- cal Museum composed of relics of Branden- burg and Prussia. One of the saloons is exclusively devoted to Frederick the Great, the Great Elector of Brandenburg, Fred- crick I., and Frederick William I. A visit should be paid to Boraigs's En- gine-Factory, situated outside the Oranien- burger gate ; three thousand men are here employed. The Industrial Museum is open to visitors every day except Monday from 10 to 2. Here may be seen an immense collection of articles in all the various branches of industry. The Statues of Berlin are quite numer- ous, in addition to that of Frederick the Great, already described. There is on the long bridge leading from the Konigstrasse toSchlossplatx. the equestrian statue of the Great Flu-tor. Frederick \\1Uiam. The work is in bronze, and designed by Schlu- ter. Opposite the Guard-house is a bronze statue of Blucher, and on either side are marble statues of Seharnhorst and Billow von Dennewitz, both by Ranch. Behind the Guard-house are cannons and mortars brought from Paris after its capt- ure by the allied armies. N- ir the Potsdam gate are statues of the heroes of the Seven-vears' War. Berlin is celebrated for works of fine art, and the best German artists live here. Mr. N. L. Lepke, No. 4 A Unter den Linden, has generally on exhibition paint- ings by Ludwig Knaus. Andreas and Os- wald Aehenbach. Meyer von Bremen, Ed. Meyerheim. Ch. Hoguet, Carl Graeb, W. Am'berg, Carl Becker. W. Kiefstahl. C. F. Lessing. B. Vautier. Ed. Hildebrandt, F. Kraus. and of all the best German, French, Dutch, and Belgian painters. This exhi- bition is recommended to strangers as the most interesting in the town. The gold and silver manufactures of Berlin are unsurpassed. In the manu- facture of carrnl furniture and fancy articles, among which are wrir'ng - desks, easy - chairs, card - cases, portfolios, clock- BMM, wardrobes, sideboards, etc. Berlin 571 BERLIN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERMN". also excels, and in. no other city in Europe are these articles carved finer or sold cheap- er. Of the Embroidery Manufactories, the greatest is B. Somerfeld's, No. 42 Leip- zig.'i-strassu, who keeps the principal store- house of finished and unfinished embroid- eries. Grand Restaurant Strub. This first-class and elegant restaurant is situated at No. 33 Unter den Linden, and enjoys the high- est reputation among the grand monde of Berlin. A rich assortment of statues, groups of figures, fountains, etc., is kept at the Foundry for Objects of Art, A. Castner (late M. Geiss), No. 25 Chausseestrasse. Among the monumental productions of this establishment, the first of its kind, may be mentioned the colossal group of the Amazon, after Kiss, which was pur- chased \>y the United States government for Washington. Important to English and A merican Trav- elers on the Continent. Charles Riesel, 42 Jerusalemstrasse, Berlin, S.W., Tourist Of- fice (Cook's style). General information. Reduced-price tickets for the most impor- tant places in Europe : Brussels, Paris, London, St. Petersburg, Bonn, Naples, Co- penhagen, and for New York, Sidney. Mel- bourne, etc. Best guide-books and time tables. Mr. Riesel's Lexicon for Travelers. Money changer. Sale of hotel coupons: breakfast, dinner, and apartments, 8 frs. per day. Arrangements for traveling par- ties. Special trains to the most inter- esting places on the Continent. Office of Publicity. Chief Office, 42 Jerusalem- strasse ; Branch Office, Central Hotel, Friedrichstrasse, and Georgenstrasse. Berlin to Paris (sleeping-car from Co- logne), see Route 145. Berlin to Frunk- fort-on-the-Mnin, fin Halle ; time, 11 h. (sleeping-car, 8 marks, 8 P.M.) ; fare, 48 marks 90 pf. ; via Nordhausen ; time, 11 h. ; fare, 48 marks 90 pf. (sleeping-car, at 7.30 P.M., 8 marks). Berlin to Munich; time, 17 h. (sleeping- 572 car, 2.30 P.M., 12 marks); fare, Co marks 70 pf. ; to Vanovie, 17^ h. (sleeping-car, 11.15 P.M.); fare, C marks; to Vienna (sleeping-car, rin Dresden, 5.17 P.M.), 15 h. 12 in. ; 71 marks (see Route 186). Environs of Berlin. The Brandenburg Gate, erected in 1792 at a cost of $375,000. This structure was built to imitate the Propylaeum at Athens. It is surmounted by a car of victory, by Schadotr, which was carried to Paris in 1806 by Napoleon I., but recovered by the Prussians when Paris was captured by the allies in 1814. Passing through this gate, which is the terminus of Berlin's principal street,! 'liter den Linden, the Thiergarten is entered. This artificial park is about two miles long by one wide, and is filled with magnificent trees, small lakes, and canals, and is inter- spersed with fine shrubberies ; the most beautiful part of the park is the most dis- tant from the city. It is separated into two parts by a wide avenue ; here all the world of Berlin may be seen in fine weather. The lakes and canals are much used in winter by skaters. Kroll's Winterg-irten is situated here, also the places of amuse- ment called the Tentes; the chateau of Belleruf, more distant. At the extremity of the park are situated the Zoological Gardens, about twenty minutes' drive from the Brandenburg Gate ; it contains the Menagerie formerly at Potsdam, and is much frequented in the afternoons by the Berliners. Concerts often take place here. There is a good restaurant. Near the Louisen-Insel, on the borders of a canal, is the monument of Frederick William ///., erected in 1849 by the in- habitants of Berlin. The statue is by Drake, executed in marble, placed on a fine pedestal highly or (lamented; the reliefs representing the blessings of peace. It is covered in winter to protect it from the inclemency of the weather. The avenue which divides the Thier- :SIONS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] POTSDAM. half an Abo I'otxla inml.i conser scale. garten into two parts leads directly to Clinr- lottenburg. An American tramway leaves the Kupfergraben (behind the Arsenal j every 10 minute's for that town. Time, half an hour: faiv. . About one and a half miles from the Gate arc situated the Botanical -. which well deserve a visit. Its conservatories arc on a most extensive scale, containing some twenty thousand different plants. Some of the palms and cactuses are enormous. Berlin can now boast of a winter-garden superior to almost any thing of the kind in Europe. It is called the Flora, and is situated at the extremity of the city, in Louisenplatz. Outside the Konigsthor is situated the park of Friedrickihain-, and contiguous to I it is a very pretty cemetery. r the Halle Gate, in the Belle Alli- ance Platz, rises the granite monument, surmounted !>ya figure of Victor}', erected by Ranch in l*4o to commemorate a peace which had lasted twenty-live years. Half a mile beyond the Halle Gate stands the Volks-Denkmal (People's Monu- ment). It consists of a Gothic cross, erect- ed on a sand-hill, sixty-four feet high. It was designed by Schiitkd. and thf statues in the niches are by Rauch and TtC'-k. It was erected in 1S21 by Frederick William III., in memory of Prussia's recovered in- dependence from the French. Excursions in the riciniti/ of Berlin: 1st. The most important, and which should on no account be omitted, is that to Potsdam, the Versailles of Berlin. 2d. To rhaiintti-iibury. to visit the monu- ment of the late King and Queen of Prus- sia. :!d. Tegel. the late residence of William and Alexander von Humboldt. This last can only be made by carriage, and is nine and a half miles from the city. The cha- teau was built by Schinkel in 1822, in the style of a Roman villa, and contains nu- merous works of art. In the park are the tom!)> of William (1>3,V) and Alexander They consist of a granite column with a copy of Hope by Tlwriraldsen. Kxcitrsion to Ch-irlotteitburg to see the palace built by the queen of Frederick I., and the monuments of the late King and Queen of Prussia. By the American tramway or public voiture. The first class costs, for one or two persons, 1J marks ; for three or four persons, 2^ marks, with pourboire. Queen Ix>uisa, who was considered the most beautiful and amiable prince.-s of her day, is buried here in a small Doric temple. Her monument, that all travelers visit, is considered the mas- terpiece of the sculptor Rauch. Chariot- ten burg has been rapidly increasing in growth and beauty, and now numbers 21.210 inhabitants. It is the summer resi- dence of many of the richer class, and the holiday resort of the humbler ; it origi- nally bore the name of Leitzen. In 1699, Sophia Charlotte, queen of Frederick I., built the Schloss. It was erected from de- signs by Schluter, and contains some very fine works of art. The gardens are open to the public, who throng here on Sundays, when the weather is fine, for the purpose of seeing the carp fed, and feeding them. These are of great age and size, and are very numerous in the Spree, which winds through the gardens. When the bell rings they collect in shoals, and rush forward to be fed. Passing through the Orangerie, and along the alley of pine-trees, in about ten minutes the monument of the beautiful I.oiii-e, queen of Prussia, and her husband is readied. The temple is in the Doric style of architecture, and was designed by Sc/t i nktl at the request of Frederick William III., husband of Louise. The figure of the queen is a masterpiece of Rauch ; it reposes on a marble sarcophagus, the hands folded on the breast. The figure of her husband, buried thirty years later (1840), is also by Rauch, and lies by the side of his queen. At the feet of the group is the heart of Frederick William IV., brother of the present emperor, inclosed in a marble casket. He died 1861. On either side is a white marble candelabrum ; that to the right is by Rauch, and represents the Three Fates ; that to the left is by Tieck, and represents the Three Muses. The eruci.ix is by Achtermannof Rome. Anniversary services are performed on the 7th of June and 19th of July. Escursion to Potsdam. Several train? daily, in 30 minutes : fare, first class. 21 g. ; second class, 10 g. The fountains play, in summer, every Sunday from 12 o'clock to dark ; on Thurs- day, the grand fountain only. A whole 573 POTSDAM. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] POTSDAM. day should be devoted to this excursion, starting early in the morning from the Potsdamer Bahnhof, and taking a car- riage, on the arrival of the train, for the whole day, as the different objects of in- terest are not by any means contiguous. A carriage will cost 12 marks, and some- times more, exclusive of pourboire. Take a valet-de-place with you by all means, and make a bargain with your driver. The pourboire given to the domestics who show the palaces, etc., is usually, for one person, H marks ; for a party, 3 marks. The following order should be adopted for visiting the different sights : Freundschnfts- Tempel, Palace of Sans Souci, Windmill, Sicilian Gardens, New Palace, Temple of Friendship, Charlottenhnf, Japanese House, Neptune's Grotto, Pftngstberg, Marble Palace, Brauhausberg, and the Castle of Babelsberg. The town contains 43,784 inhabitants, with a garrison of 7000 men. It is a great sta- tion for the Prussian army, and is alto- gether military in its aspect. It is beau- tifully situated on the River Havel, sur- rounded by groves and rivulets, streams and forests, meadows and gardens, and every thing to make a landscape lovely, mountains alone excepted. The archi- tecture of the houses is admirable. There are five royal residences in and about it the palace of Sans Souci, the Roy- al Palace, the New Palace, the Marble Palace, and Babelsberg. The town was founded by the Great Elector of Branden- burg, but owes its splendor principally to Frederick the Great. The principal hotels arc the Einsiedler and Deutsches Haus. To the south of the long bridge over which the visitor passes in coming from the station to the town is the Lustgarten, inclosed by a double colonnade. Near the grand basin are fourteen busts of impor- tant personages in the war of independ- ence ; they are principally by Rauch. The military band plays here on Sundays at 11 o'clock. Contiguous is the old pal- ace, or Residenz, erected toward the close of the 17th century. It contains nothing of importance except the furniture used by Frederick the Great, the covering of which was nearly all torn off by the claws of his dogs ; his writing-table, covered with ink ; his library tilled with French books ; music composed by himself, etc. The apart- ments are kept nearly in the same manner 574 ' as when he was alive. Adjoining his bed- room there is a small cabinet where he used to dine alone, or with a friend, with- out any attendance, every thing coming through the floor in a dumb-waiter, he placing the dishes on the table himself. The apartments of Frederick William III.. with some pictures, standards, etc., also those of his queen, Louise, remain intact, as do those of Frederick William IV., which contain some modern pictures. The Tabacks-Colleyium, or smoking-club, where i Frederick's father used to hold his boister- ous meetings and deliver his smoking lect- ures, is bordering on the basin of the lake. Opposite the Royal Palace is the Xicholai- kirche, built by Sch'nkcl and Persius, sur- mounted by a splendid dome, 75 feet in di- ameter, by Staler and Prufer. The front ! of the portico is ornamented with a bass- : relief of li the Sermon on the Mount, 7 ' by j Kiss. The interior is magnificently dec- orated. To obtain admission address the custodian at the side of the church. In j the Garnisonskirchf, in the town, lie the remains of Frederick the Great. They are contained in a plain sarcophagus, and lie above the ground. He requested to be buried with his favorite dogs and war- horse in the garden of Sans Souci, but his request was not complied with. Napoleon I. carried off his sword, which formerly laid upon the top of his coffin. The pulpit and walls are adorned with French stand- ards and eagles, also with others captured in the war of 1870-71. The vault con- tains the marble sarcophagus of William I., father to Frederick the Great. There are also numerous Austrian flags captured in the war of 1866. Behind the pulpit are the uniforms the three allied monarchs wore during the wars of 1813-14-15. Around the walls are tablets with the names of the brave soldiers who distin- guished themselves during the war of in- dependence. Wilhelmsplatz is decorated with the bron ze statue of Frederick William III., by Kiss, with the inscription " To the Father of his | Country." William was born in Potsdam. The Hotel de Ville is built on the model | of that of Amsterdam, and is surmounted with an immense Atlas carrying the globe. By the side of this latter is the Palace Barberini, with large halls of reunion for the artistic and scientific societies. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] POTSDAM. Sans Souci was built by Frederick the Great on heights planted with vines, olives, and orange-trees. It is a series of low and unpretending buildings, but has a tine colonnade. The principal objects of in- terest are the apartments in which the Great Frederick died, it being the perma- nent and almost exclusive residence of that prince. They contain the clock he used to wind up with his own hand, and which stopped just at the moment he died, twenty minutes past two. His portrait by Feme is the only one for which he sat. At the ends of the terrace are the graves of his horse and dogs. The Picture-Gallery contains some fine pictures, the most celebrated being a Christ's Head, by Raphael, for which Frederick the Great paid 30,000 ducats. Voltaire's apartment is shown close to that of his royal host, its walls are covered with caricatures illustrating the French philoso- pher's habits and character. Contiguous to Sans Souci stands the fa- mous historical windmill. Frederick the Great desired to purchase it, that he might pull it down for the purpose of extending his gardens in that direction ; the miller re- fused, and the king brought a suit against him, but was beaten in the court. He then erected for the miller the present large mill, as a monument of Prussian justice. Some years since, the owner, having met with re- verses, offered to sell the mill to the king. who immediately settled enough on the miller to defray his debts, saying the mill belonged to Prussian history, and should not be removed. In the grounds of Sans Souci stands the villa of Charlottenhof, built by Frederick William ; it is in imita- tion of a Pompeian dwelling, with a bath. fountains, statues, and bronzes, taken from the ruins of Pompeii. A little to the west of the palace is the Orangeri", nearly 1000 feet long, construct- ed in the Florentine style of architecture. In the niches outside are some fine statues in marble. In the vestibule there is one of Frederick William IV., by Bldser. The principal portion of the building is a long saloon on the ground floor, in which ;iro contained !."> copies of Raphaeft pictures. There is a ' Salle de Malachite " which is very beautiful, and contains, with other rooms, some fine pieces of sculpture. Among which are the Head of an Adonis, POTSDAM. by Thorwaldsen ; an Amour and Psyche, by Hasenpflurj ; Hebe and the Eagle, by Voss, etc. There are also some fine views in the Holy Land, by }ftld;liraniJt, and por- traits of celebrated Prussians, by Begas. On the terrace is a reproduction of the Farnese Bull. At the entrance into the park of Sans Souci is situated the Friedenskirche (Church of Peace), erected from designs of Per- sius. It is a model of St. Clement's Church at Rome, and has a detached tower 130 feet high. It contains, among other objects of interest, Ranch's last work, Mo- ses, supported by Aaron and Hur, praying for victory over the Amalekites. Opposite to which are a Pieta, by Rietschel ; an an- cient Mosaic from the church of St. Cypri- an, at Murano; and a reproduction of the Resurrection of Christ, by Thorwaldsen. Near the last church (in the park) is situated the Grand Fountain, which throws a stream of water 115 feet high, and gen- | erally plays during the summer on Sun- ! days and Thursdays. It is surrounded by 12 statues, among which is a Venus, by Pigalle. To the south is a reproduction ! of the celebrated statue of Frederick the Great, in Carrara marble. It is the work of an Italian artist. The porphyry bust situated at the north of the fountain is that of Paolo Giordano, duke of Bracciano : it was purchased by Frederick the Great at a cost of 815,000. An avenue over one mile in length in- tersects the park of Sans Souci. and leads to the Obelisk ; in the opposite direction is the Welnbergs-Thor, erected to commemo- rate the safe return of the Prince of Prussia from the campaign against the Baden in- surgents. To the north of the celebrated windmill is Ruinenberg, with artificial ruins which conceal the fountains, and to the west are the Sicilian Gardens, the Chinese Tower, and the Btlviderc which commands a pan- orama of the surrounding country the (irutto ofXeptune, and the temple " des An- tiques." About two and a half miles from Potsdam stands the .Vt-' PaJnce. erected by Frederick the Great in 1 70S, after the Seven -years' War. at an enormous expense, to show his ; enemies the extent of his finances : some of j the apartments are beyond description in the profusion and richness of the marble 575 POTSDAM. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BERLIN TO PARIS. used ; one room is entirely lined with shells and minerals stuck on the walls to repre- sent a grotto. There are some very good paintings here. There are also a theatre capable of containing GOO persons, a grand ball-room, and a marlile saloon. In a small library, for Frederick's private use, there is a copy of the king's own works, with notes and criticisms in the handwriting of Voltaire. The palace is now used as the summer residence of the prince imperial. Facing the palace is an immense building called the Communs, used as a barrack for trained infantry : a draft is made every [ year from each Prussian regiment to prac- : tice uniformit}- in the regulation and drill. In a small temple near the palace is a beau- tiful statue of Louisa, queen of Prussia, by : Rauch ; it is of life-size, and represents her asleep. About one mile southeast of the New Palace stands the Italian villa of Charlnt- tenhnf, reconstructed by Schinkel in 1826. In the vestibule is a bust of Schinkel by Rauch ; in the dining-room is a Ganymede by Wrtdow and a David by Wolff. Two of the rooms were set apart for the use of Alexander von Humboldt, who was a na- tive of Potsdam. In the gardens there is a Pompeian bath beautifully decorated with frescoes, with numerous fountains and stat- ues, and with bronzes brought from Pom- peii and Herculaneum. About two miles' drive from Potsdam is one of the prettiest spots in Prussia, or per- haps in Germany Babelsberg, the coun- try residence of the present empsror when Prince Regent of Prussia. It is a modern castle designed by Schinkel. The house is beautifully furnished, and the grounds laid out with exquisite taste. It contains portraits of the royal family of England, and some fine specimens of the princess imperial's pencil, with numerous pictures by Hildebramlt. Mover von Bremen, and other modern artists. Visitors arc freely ad- mitted. The housekeeper expects a fee of a franc from each person. You arc obliged to register your name in the visitors' book before you leave. About fifteen minutes' drive from Babels- berg is the Marmor- Palais or Marble Pal- ace, commenced by Frederick William II. in 1786, and finished by Frederick William IV. It is beautifully situated on a small lake called the Heiligen-See, and filled with 57G works of art, mostly by modern artists ; among the number (in the colonnade) are landscapes by Lompeck, with views of the principal cities of Kliineland, Aix-la- Chapclle, Spires, Troves. Mctz, Cologne, Urachenfels, etc. : on the Danube, Vienna, Biula-Pesth, etc. In the interior are nu- merous Egyptian and Greek landscapes, with modern sculpture by Canova, Thor- waldsen, Drake, etc., and portraits by Be- gus of eminent writers and composers, etc., such as Humboldt, Meyerbeer. Men- delssohn, Rauch, Schinkel, etc. The kitch- en, which is some distance from the palace, is built to resemble a temple, and is con- nected with the main building by a sub- terranean passage. The Pjinfi.-'tlii r/V Church. The lloland's Column, and an old palace of Henry the ' Fowler (now an inn), and two old irate- ire the- only objects worthy of not; 1 . Stendal was the birthplace of the archseol- o.'i.-f \\'inckelniann. who was innrdered at Tric-t:- in 17'J*. A statue has been erect- ed to him. Diligences leave three times a day for T'iritfi rmi'tit'lf, situated on the banks of the \en miles distant. It contains 4000 inhabitants, and has a most interesting Rathhans. Pas.-ing Obiffelde station and Lherte, where branch lines run to Hambiu Cil'i'. ami In Hl!d- ah<:im on the south. [From Lherte to Ilildesheim. time, 40 minutes : fare. lir>t class. -J marks ; sec- j ond class, 1^ marks. f/ildfshtim is an old city of 21,000 in- habitants. Ilijtel d'Angleterre. It was the capital of an ancient Episcopal See founded in *!">, and remained a free city until 1803. It po-sesses many curious old houses with fine wood carvings. The principal object of attraction is the Dom or Cathedral, a fine old specimen of the Romanesque style, erected between 10JO and 1150. Its inte- rior style was completely disfigured in re- pairing it in the l*th century. Notice at the entrance to the choir a colored ala- baster pillar called the Irm< nsaulf ; it is said to have l-een an idol of the Saxons, and was brought from Corvey. The bronze bronze font, and gilt shrine are all deserving particular attention. St. Michael's Church, erected at the com- encement of the llth century, has a fine ; the walls of the choir are orna- mented with figures of the apostle?; the paintings on the ceilings date from the iL'th century. St. Martin's Church has been trans- formed into a museum, and posse- good collection of objects of the Middle It wa* near Ilildesheim that a tine col- lection of Roman plate was found (de- scribed in the Berlin Museum)]. nn id HANOVER. The kingdom of Hanover, now a prov- ince of Prussia, occupies a large part of North western Germany. Its northern boundary is the North Sea; on the south it is bounded by the Prussian dominions; on the east by Prussia and the course of the River Elbe, which divides it from Mecklenburg and Holstein ; and on the west by Holland. A small detached por- tion of Hanover is separated from the rest of the kingdom by the little territory of Brunswick. In the detached part of Han- over, to the southeast, is the metalliferous group of the Hart/. Mountains ; their high- est summit, the Brocken, is famous for its spectral appearances a gigantic reproduc- tion of the figures of the spectator and of surrounding objects upon the white veil of mist which envelops the mountain at ear- ly dawn. The late reigning family derived its ori- gin from the union of the Marquis d'Este, in the eleventh century, with a wealthy princess of Bavaria, the issue of which received the surname of Guelph from his maternal ancestors, and inherited the dukedom of Bavaria. Henry the Proud, third in descent from him last mentioned, married Gertrude, the ruling princess of Brunswick. Their son. well known in the history of the Crusades as Henry the Lion (born 11-20 i, was the tirst (fUeipk Duke of Brunswick. He married a daughter of Hen- ry II., king of England, and from this mar- riage both the houses of Brunswick and Luneburg are descended. The Reformation numbered the princes of Brunswick among its most zealous supporters, and their snb- Vcts, during the thirty-years' war, warmly seconded their anti-papal efforts. Ernest of Zell, the reigning duke, was one of the most eloquent defenders of Luther at the Diet of Worms. His endeavors to improve the people, by establishing clerical and gener- al schools, when learning was esteemed only by the few, show him to be a man of enlightened views. His grandson. Ern.->t Augustus, married Sophia, granddaughter of James I. of England (by his daughter Elizabeth, the wife of the Elector-Palatine), and on this marriage was founded the claim of the elder branch of the house of Bruns- wick to the English crown, acknowledged 577 HANOVER. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HANOVER. by Parliament in 1701. George Louis was issue of this marriage, and became king of England in 1714, from which time till 1837, at the death of William IV., both England and Hanover have had the same sovereign. The Salic law, which is in force in Hanover, by which the crown does not pass to the female line, then conferred the Hanoverian crown on Ernest, duke of Cumberland, fifth, but eldest surviving son of George III. In 1804 Prussia took possession of Han- over, but ceded it in the same year to the French, who constituted it a part of the kingdom of Westphalia, established in 1808 to make a kingdom for Jerome Bona- parte. At the peace of 1813, the King of Great Britain reclaimed his rightful do- minions, which were much enlarged by the stipulations of the treaty of Vienna, and formed into a kingdom, nntil absorbed in 1866 by the King of Prussia. King George protested against the annexation of his territory at Vienna, in September, 1866. Hanover, the capital of the Prussian province of Hanover, and previous to June, 1866, of the kingdom of the same name, is beautifully situated in the midst i of a plain, upon the banks of the swift- flowing Leine, an affluent of the Weser. A large and picturesque forest, which con tains the Zoological Gardens and numer ous romantic drives and walks, is situated on the northern border, stretching its arnip into the city, and protecting it against the cold north wind. Population, with its sub- urb, Linden, 140,000 ; city proper, 126,000. Hotels: Royal Hotel, for many years a fa- vorite resort of English and Americans. Continental Hotel, a magnificent new house, with lift, near the Royal Theatre. Han- over is much resorted to by English and Americans on account of the purity with which the German language is spoken. Between the station and hotel there is a fine equestrian bronze statue of Ernest Augustus. The streets of the new town are lined with handsome houses, particular- ly George Street and Frederick Street, opening on Waterlooplatz, which serves 578 for a parade-ground. It is adorned with a handsome monumental rotunda of Leib- nitz, the philosopher and mathematician. On the south side of the square stands the Waterloo column, 156 feet high, sur- mounted by a figure of Victory, sacred to the memory of the Hanoverians who fell in the. battle of Waterloo. On the north side of the square stands a statue of General Alten, commander of the Han- overian legion in Spain. The principal public buildings are the royal palace, or Schloss, of very good exterior, and beauti- fully fitted up within. Visible every day from 9 to 5. The Rittersaal, or Knights' Hall, is splendidly furnished, and contains some very fine portraits. Among the best are Napoleon, Wellington, George I., II., III., and IV. of England. The Opera-house is a very handsome building; also the Mint, Arsenal, and viceroy's palace. Opposite the theatre is the Polytechnic School, which contains nearly 300 pupils. The royal sta- bles, where the well-known breed of black and cream-colored Hanoverian horses are kept, are well worth a visit. This is the same stock that draws the state carriage of the Queen of England. The Schloss- kirche is one of the handsomest churches in the city; it contains the remains of the Electress Sophia and her son, George I., king of England. In the picture-gallery of Baurath Hausman there are some very fine pictures. On the Place George is erected a colos- sal statue of Schiller, by Engelhard. The Museum is situated No. 2 Sophien- strasse. It is open even' day except Fri- days (fee, half mark) from 11 to 2 ; Wed- nesdays, 2 to 4 ; on Sundays, entrance free. The Museum comprises a gallery of paint- ings and sculptures, an historical collection, and a cabinet of natural history. It also contains a reproduction of the J/ildesheim Plate, by Christolfe, now in the Berlin Museum. The collection of pictures formerly in the chateau of George V. is now to be seen at No. 13 Landschaftsstrasse, every day. A small fee is expected. The guardian lives in a court to the right. On the first floor there are a few good modern pictures ; on the second floor are the ancient masters, specimens of Van Dj'ck, Teniers, Paul Ve- ronese, Rembrandt, Rubens, Caraeci, etc. A visit should be paid to the Old Tenon HANOVER. to sec the old Hotel de Ville, erected about the middle of the 15th century. In front of tliis latter is the Market Church of near- ly a century curlier date; restored in 1855. The Royal Theatre is one of the largest in German}-, and contains the celebrated curtain painted by liumslerg. Tlu! Royal Library is open every day, with the exception of Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 12 to 1, and on those days from 12 to 2 ; it contains 200,000 vols. uirl :>f his life in Hanover. His house and the room where he died are to be seen. There are numerous excursions in the vicinity of Hanover, which will be pointed out by the hotel proprietor if making a lengthened stay. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. ] MlNDEJJ. /'mm Umiorer to Hamburg. Time, 3 h. 45 m.; fare, first class, 17i marks; second class, 13 marks 10 pf. from Hanover to Cologne. Time, 5 h. 15 m. ; fare, first class, 30 marks 30 pf. ; second class, 22 marks 50 pf. From li\inover to Bremen. Time, 3 h. 8 m. ; fare, first class, 10 marks 20 pf. ; second class, 7 marks 60 pf. From Hanover to Berlin, via Magde- burg and Brunswick. Time, 4 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 23 marks 20 pf. ; second class, 17 marks 20 pf. from Hanover to Mindm. Time, 1 h. 12 m. ; fare, first class, 5 marks 2 g. ; sec- ond class, 3 marks 9 g, In twelve minutes from Hanover the station of Buckeburg is passed. This is the principal town of the small principal- ity of Schaumburg-Lippe. Hotel, Deut- sches Haus. The town contains 4500 in- habitants ; but there is nothing of interest to see except the palace gardens of the prince. The palace is any thing but mag- nificent. In one hour Minden, a strongly fortified town on the River Weser, is reached: it contains 17,000 inhabitants. Hotels, Eisenbahn-Gasthof and Twietmeyer. The new barracks and cathedral are its principal buildings. The last named is a Gothic structure, dating from the 13th century. The six windows in the aisle are noted for their beautiful tracery. Under the altar-piece, at the southern entrance, is a painting by All?- grever of the meeting of the Saxon duke Witikind with Charlemagne. The last has some very pretty windows. The for- tifications were blown up by Frederick the Great at the end of the Seven-years' War, but have since been rebuilt. A lit- tle north of the town lies the field where the battle of Minden was fought in 1759, where Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick de- feated the French. The Weser is here crossed by a fine stone bridge 600 fee-/ Ilni/ul, near the station, is very good. There is nothing of interest to detain the traveler. For the remainder of this route to Rot- terdam and Amsterdam, see Route 144, Vol. I.] Fifteen minutes from Oberhausen on the route to Cologne and Duisburffis reached. This is a manufact- uring town of 31,000 inhabitants ; the cen- tre of a most important coal district, and rapidly improving in wealth and population. A short branrli railway leads to the im- portant manufacturing town of , noted especially for the celebrated Kmpp Steel Foundry. It contains 51,500 inhabitants, and was a free city down to 15ti:.i, when it was placed under the protec- tion of an abbess. The Miinsterkircke, which dates from the 10th century, was founded by the Emperor Otho III. Its cloisters and altar-piece were restored in 1850. It contains a most curious old candelabrum presented to the church in 098 by the Abbess Alhaidis, daughter of Otho II.. and a M.S. of the Gospels executed in 1060. The Sled Factory of Hfrr Krupp is the largest in the world, covering ne.irly 5u(t acres, and occupying 7000 men ; -2 it) steam- engines are continually running, employing a force of 8500 horses. There are 50 steam- hammers and 240 furnaces, using annually 78,000 tons of coal. The steel guns of Krupp were first used by the Viceroy of Egypt, and by the Ger- mans during the last war with France. Strangers are not admitted to see the works. Dusseldorf. one of the prettiest and best- built cities of the Rhenish provinces, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Rhine at the junction of the river Diissel. from which it takes its name. (The Rhine is here crossed by a bridge of boats.) It contains 69,500 inhabitants. Principal ho- tel, Breidenbnchcr ; much enlarged in 1875, and one of the best in Germany ; admira- bly conducted by Herr Mann. Dussel- dorf was the capital of the duchy of Berg until the commencement of the 18th cen- tury : for one hundred years more, of the Princes Palatine ; when they removed to Mannheim, and afterward to Munich. Un- til the peace of Luneville, Dusseldorf was a fortitieu iown. some remains of the defenses being still visible ; but at the present time it is surrounded by gardens and pleasant walks. The Hofgarten, in which is situ- ated the residence of the Prince Hohen- zollern, cousin to the Emperor William, abounds with beautifully shaded walks. It extends from the Grand Allee down to the Rhine, and is the place of general re- sort for the inhabitants of this famed little city, which contains at present nothing worthy of notice save the school of its liv- ing artists (and a very popular school it is among American art-lovers). They for- merly occupied the palace near the Rhine built by the Elector John William, whose bronze equestrian statue stands in the market-place. The palace was partially destroyed by fire in 1872, since which time the collection is in the Tonhalle in Scha- dowstrasse. The main portion of the edi- fice was destroyed by the bombardment of the French in 1794. It was here, up to 1805, the famous collection of pictures now of world-wide celebrity, and known as the Munich Gallery was to be seen. All were at that time removed save one large painting of inferior quality, '-The Ascen- sion of the Virgin,'' said to be, by Rubens, which was left behind. There is a most remarkable collection of drawings by tin- old masters nearly 15,000 in number, including several by Raphael, A. Montagua, (itiido, Romano, Domeni- 681 DfSSELDORF. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COLOGNE. chino, Michael Angel o, Titian, etc., etc. ; also about 380 water- color copies of the most remarkable paintings of the Italian school from the fourth century, by Rantoul. Below this gallerv is the public library. The modern school of Diisseldorf artists, which has, most curiously, risen up since the removal of the old picture - gallery, was only originated in 1828, under the direction of the great Cornelius (a native of the town), in whose studio most of the distinguished artists of this school first dis- played their now acknowledged talents. The artists in 1860 purchased the celebra- ted residence of the poet Jacoby, and there established their club, known as the " Mal- kasten " (Painters' box). Strangers can easily procure admission thereto by intro- duction of any artist, and then can have the proud privilege of roaming through the gardens where Goethe, Schiller, Lessing (the poet), and all the most celebrated men of their time were wont to congregate. The Hofkirche contains some monu- ments of former princes and some modern pictures by Dusseldorf artists. Diisseldorf is the residence of up- ward of 200 artists, who mostly exhibit iheir works at the general and perma- nent exhibition of Mr. Schulte. This es- tablishment has on exhibition and for sale not only paintings by all eminent artists of the Dusseldorf school, such as Andreas and Oswald Achenbach, Knauss, Yautier. Defregger, Diicker, Preyer. Oeder, Meyer von Bremen. Rotta, Fritz Aug. Kaul- bach, von Bachmann, Kiesel, Karl Lohn Kowalski, and others, but also works of other German and foreign schools. There is an English Church service on Sundays at the German Protestant Tem- ple, Bergerstrasse, at 1H A.M. A most noteworthy fact is the establish- ment in this city of the celebrated Dr. Mooren, the oculist, who. to aid the poor, lias given up a most lucrative practice to take the management of the Ophthalmic Institution of this town. Thousands of cases yearly are either cured or their suf- ferings alleviated by this most worthy ben- efactor of the human race. Parties from 582 all parts of the world flock to this young man from China. India, Africa, America, England nay. it would be difficult to state from whence they come not; and though large sums are frequently offered to secure his services, yet the poor are the first to meet attention at his hands. About three miles from Dusseldorf is Diisselthal, an old abbey converted into an asylum for destitute children. Cologne is situated on the left side of the 1 Rhine, and contains 144,751 inhabitants. Its suburb, Deutz, with which it is connect- ed by a bridge of boats, also by an iron ' bridge, contains 11,881. There is also a garrison of 7000 men. The entire popula- tion is therefore 148,132. Cologne is the capital of the province, and is the third city I of importance in the Prussian kingdom. It is built in the form of a crescent close by the water, and is strongly fortified, the walls forming a circuit of nearly seven i miles. The magnificent iron bridge, fin- ished in 1859, is 1397 feet in length, resting on three piers; part of it is used for the railway, the remaining parts for ordinary ; traffic. Above the portal at the Cologne ' end is the equestrian statue of the late king 'Frederick William IV., and at the Deutz ! end another of the present emperor. The principal hotel is the Hotel du Nord, which is an elegant, first-class house, con- taining over 300 rooms and saloons, near the Cathedral and Rhine and Central sta- tions, with large garden and every comfort. Post, telegraph, and railway ticket-offices in the hotel, and luggage checked to any destination. Is under the able manage- ment of the proprietor, Mr. Friedrich, who is also purveyor in Rhine wines to the Emperor of Germany and other mem- bers of reigning families. An immense garden - terrace, dining 300 people, and an elegant English chapel, have been added. Cologne is a place oT great antiquity, and was of considerable importance dur- ing the Roman period. A Roman colony was planted in it by Agrippina, daughter of the Emperor Germanicus, who was born CO 1 JUerfuxliaen- (bpette, 2 Bank, '* Rurger Jfaspiial/ 5 ihsuia 6 fZLsernen. 7 8 -ffiorama. 15 Gwxcnicii ifaufhaus) 30 16 Cymnasiujn.lFrH'UAeim.) 31 ^.CaoUiaaf. 1 7 Cumnasium (Je&uUen t 32 18 HauptXDCLcht! 20 Jesuiten Juncfa 21 Justin Palais 22 Museum 24 Fbstanvt, 25 ft*iester- Seminar 26 SalMaas 33 S* Cumber* 35 ^Geor-g 36 S^e.^Sm. 37 J^ *>ann Baptists 38 S* Martin HahitenTUor SchflfenThe Harpei GNE 39 S? Maria an Lifskirchrn 45 S*Jfinorvten iO S'Jduia. int. (hpitvl Mi Sf/tuitaleon Xlbna~aiaJSai*Be '*1 & filter- a Hotel Dux*. Hold (Zement H G&-IIUUI Haf Bof Ptu'iserHof 1 Jioiinisch, fbst/ut id-book COLOGNE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COLOGNE. here, and from its privileges as a Roman colony (Colonia Agrippina) the modern name of the city is derived. During the Middle Ages, and for a lengthened period of time, it was one of the most populous and important cities in Europe. It was also one of the chief cities of the Hauseatic League, and had its principal depot at the (iuildhall, London. In 1212 it became a free town of the empire. The archbishops continually tried to assert their authority over the citizens ; but they were always thwarted, and were finally compelled to re- tire to Briihl, and afterward to Bonn. In 1370 feuds between the nobles and citizens occasioned the expulsion of the whole body of weavers, and also of the Protestants in liio.x, who settled at Dusseldorf, Miilheim, ( 'refold, etc., to the great injury of the city. In 1794 it lost its privileges as a free city by the occupation of the French, having become subject to that nation by the peace of Campo Formio in 1787. In 1802 its monasteries were seized and converted into lay and national property bv the French. January 14, 1814, the Russians took the place, after which, and since, the town has remained Prussian. The chief glory of Cologne is its mag- nificent Cathedral, or Minster of St. Peter, which is one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in the world. It was commenced in the year 1248, and finished in 1880. Its length is about 500 feet, which is to be the height of its two towers when finished; its width 230, and height of choir 161. Behind the higli altar is the chapel of the Magi, or the three kings f Cologne. The custodian will tell you that the silver case contains the bones of the three wise men who came from the East to Bethlehem to present their presents to the infant Christ, and that the case, which is ornamented with precious stones, and the surrounding valuables in the chap- el, are worth $2,000,000. These remains were presented to the Archbishop of Co- logne by the Emperor Barbarossa when he VOL. II. C captured the city of Milan, which at that time possessed these valuable relics. The skulls of the Magi, crowned with diamonds, with their names written in rubies, are shown to the curious on payment of 4 marks 5 g. for a party ; on Sundays and festivals gratis. Near this chapel, or shrine, repose the remains of the electors of the house of Bavaria, and in front, be- neath a slab without an inscription, the heart of Maria do' Medici. Avoid obtru- sive valets-de-place, they are of no use. The nave and stained windows are open all the day. During the hours of service, viz., 7 to 8, 9 to 10, 3 to 4, the church is open, but not shown. At other hours the beadle gives tickets to one or five persons for 1^ marks to visit the choir and outer galleries. The choir consists of five aisles, and is beauti- ful beyond description. Against the col- umns stand fourteen statues of the Saviour, Virgin, and twelve apostles, dating from the 14th century. There are nine frescoes by Steinle, and tapestry illustrating the creed promulgated at Nice, all of which was worked by ladies of Cologne, and merits close inspection. The stalls were carved in the 14th century. Among the numerous relics in the sacristy is a bone of St. Matthew. In the chapel of St. Agnes there are some very fine paintings ; among others, St. Ursula and her 11,000 virgins. The church of St. Mary is remarkable for its antiquity : said to have been built on the site of the Roman capitol by Plec- trudis in the year 700. Plectrudis was the wife of Pepin, whom she abandoned on account of his attachment for Alpais, the mother of the famous Charles Martel. There is an effigy of her let into the wall outside of the choir. The church contains several fine pictures, frescoes in the choir, and a spacious cn'pt. The church of &t. Peter will be visited with interest, as it contains not only the font in which Rubens was baptized he was born in Cologne but also one of his masterpieces, the Crucifixion of St. Peter, which Rubens in his letters to Gildorp de- scribes as the best picture he ever painted. St. Peter beingcrucilied with his head down- ward, the subject was considered most diffi- cult. Rubens presented it to the church in which he was baptized a short time before his death. It in used as an altar-piece. On 583 COLOGNE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COLOGNE. the outside of the shutter is a copy ; the original will be shown for 1^ marks. The church of St. Ursula is one of the most remarkable sights in Cologne. The tradition of St. Ursula is this : She was the daughter of the King of Brittany, who sailed up the Rhine as far us Basle, accompanied by 11,000 virgins, to make a pilgrimage to Rome ; from Basle she traveled on foot, and was received at the Holy City by the Pope with great hon- ors. On her return the whole party was barbarously murdered by the Huns, oe- cause they refused to break their vows of chastity. St. Ursula was accompanied by her lover Conan and an escort of knights. St. Ursula and Conan suffered death in the camp of the Emperor Maximin. Ursula was placed in the Calendar as the patron saint of Chastity ; and the bones of all the attendant virgins were gathered together, and the present church erected to contain the sacred relics. On every side you turn, skulls, arm and leg bones meet your eye, piled on shelves built in the walls. In ev- en' direction these hideous relics stare you in the face. Hood says it is the chastest kind of architecture. St. Ursula herself is exhibited in a coffin which is surrounded by the skulls of a few of her favorite at- tendants. The room in which she is laid contains numerous other relics; among these are the chains with which St. Peter was bound, and one of the clay vessels used by the Saviour at the marriage in Cana. St. Gereon, a church dedicated to the memory of 408 martyrs of the Theban le- gion, who with their captains, Gereon and Gregory, perished under the persecution of Diocletian ; they became patron saints of Cologne. A large number of the skulls are arranged around the choir. A short dis- tance east of this church is the archiepis- copal palace, in front of which stands the Mariensiiule, a monument to the Virgin, erected in 1858 to commemorate the pro- mulgation of the doctrine of the Immacu- late Conception. Apostles' 1 Church is a very fine structure, situated in the Neumarkt, erected in the 12th century when the Romanesque style had attained its perfection. The Jesuits' Church, erected at the com- mencement of the 17th century. It is rich in decorations, marbles, and sculpture. It contains the rosary of St. Ignatius Loyola 584 and the crosier of St. Francis Xavier. The bells of the church were cast from cannon taken by Tilly at Magdeburg. There are several other churches well worth a visit should you make any stay, viz., St. Pantaleon, Gross St. ^fartin, etc. A visit should be made to No. 10 Ster- nengasse. It is not only historically in- teresting as the house in which Rubens was born in 1577, but where Maria de' Me- dici breathed her last in 1(5-12; her head was buried in the cathedral, ;iud her body conveyed to France. The well-known liquid which bears the name of the city (eau de Cologne) is an im- portant production of the place, and is ex- ported in very large quantities. John Maria Farina, opposite Jiilichsplatz, manufactures the genuine Cologne, to which was awarded the prize-medals of the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, an honorable mention in Paris. 1855, and prize-medals in Paris, 1867, and Vienna, 1873; established in 1709. The Julichsplatz is but two minutes' walk from the principal thoroughfare, the Hochstrassa, and the building easily recognized. Museum (Wallraf"- Richartz). This handsome Gothic edifice (with its contents) owes its existence to the munificence of two citizens of Cologne. The building was constructed in 1861 by M. Richartz at an expense of $150,000, and its contents are the legacy of M. Wallraf. They consist of objects of Roman antiquities, pictures of the old school of Cologne, some 400 in num- ber, consisting of specimens of Rubens, Hol- bein, Cranach, Dilrer, and Van Dyck. One of the wings is devoted to modern paintings. The exterior is decorated with statues of noted citizens, and the staircase with frescoes by Steinle. On the ground floor there are three rooms devoted to an expo- sition of pictures by Cologne artists. In the Museumplatz, No. 16 Richartz- strasse. first story, is a branch of Mr. Schulte's celebrated picture collection, filled with works by the best Diisseldorf artists. The Rathhaus, or Town-hall, fronts on the Altenmarkt. It dates from the thir- teenth century, and was rebuilt in 1549. The Hansa-Saal. which at one time held the meetings of citizens who controlled the commerce of the world, dates from the fourteenth century. It has recently been restored. COLOGNE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] AIX-I.A-CHAPELLE. To the south of the Rathhaus is situated the Gurzenich, so called from the name of the person who gave the ground ; it is the most imposing of the ancient monuments of Cologne. It was commenced in 1441, and finished in 1474 ; it was restored in Itf59. Several Diets of the empire were held here, and numerous German emperors here en- tertained the magnates of the city. The large balls, concerts, and other entertain- ments are given here. Over the eastern door are the statues of Agrippa and Mursi- lius, the founders and defenders of the city in the time of the Romans. The Casino is a handsome building with ball and reading room. The Chamber of Commerce and Exchange is situated in a house belonging to tin- Templars, which dates from the twelfth century. It was enlarged and repaired in 1840. The Zoological and Botanical Gardens are situated a short distance down the river, and are much resorted to by the cit- izens. The wild animals are very line, and equaled by few in Europe. There is also an Aquarium. Small steamers run down for '20 pfennigs. Entrance to each, one murk. On Sundays to the Zoological Gar- dens -J mark, and on days when there are concerts 14 mark. The theatres are the Sturttlheater, in the Clock en gasse, and the Thalia-Theater. Tlio old fortifications of Cologne have been torn down, and new lines constructed fallowing an enlargement of the city), with detached and outlying forts. In the in- undation that visited the l!lii'iii-li prov- inces and the Palatinate at the beginning of 1883, one of the forts (of Rodenkirc/ten) was destroyed l>y the floods. Carriages (droschke). In the city, one or two persons, \ mark ; four persons, 1 mark. To Deutz, idem, with 75 pf. toll. Steamers to Mainz in 12 hours, and back in 8; fare, 7 marks 40 pf. Also to Bonn, Coblentz, Mannheim, etc. Cologne to Frankfort, 5 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 18 m. 30 pf. ; second class, 13m. 20 pf. ; to Bonn, 40 minutes; fare, 2 m. 50 pf. ; to Coblentz, 1 h. 53 m. ; fare, 7 m. 30 pf. ; to Mainz, 3 h. 51 m. ; fare, first class, 14 m. 90 pf. ; second class, 10 m. 90 pf.; to Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), 1 h. 22 m. : fare, first class, 7 m. 50 pf. ; second class, 4 m. 50 pf. ; to Berlin, 10 h. 15 m., noon ; fare, first class, 53 m. 30 pf. ; second class, 39 m. 60 pf. ; to Paris, at 10.30 P.M., in 11 h. 15 m., and at 8.30 A.M. in 11 h. 10 m. ; fare, 47 m. 80 pf. ; sleeping-car, Route 145. Continuing Route 145 from Cologne to Paris, after passing through a tunnel of 1625 yards in length, which occupies three minutes in traversing, the junction Diiren is reached. This town, the Marcodurum of Tacitus, contains 8000 inhabitants, prin- cipally devoted to the manufacture of pa- per and cloth. It was captured by Charles V. in 1543. In the church of St. Anne there is a strong box which incloses the head of that saint. A railway to the left leads to the Eifel and Treves. Another to the right leads to \euss, in 1 hour 15 minutes, passing Bed- linrrj. where there is a college for the sons of the Rhenish nobility. Aix-la-Chapelle is a city of 85,432 inhab- itants. Its hotels are first class, and admi- rably managed. They are the Grand Mo- narque, Xuellen'g, Ktii. rbnd, and Xtubad. The season lasts all the year. The proprie- tors. Messrs. Dremel, are large wine-dealers. Aix-la-Chapelle was known to the Ro- mans as Aquis Granum ; its warm springs being the strongest inducement to make them settle there. Charlemagne, however, raised the city to its groat eminence : it was not only his birthplace, but also the scene of his death, which event took place in 814. It became the second city of his great empire, and its capital north of the j Alps, and thirty-seven of his successors were 585 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] AIX-LA-CHAPBLLE. crowned here between the date of his death and 1531. In the Middle Ages it was a great free imperial city, and the scene of many Diets of the empire. It is also noted for the numerous congresses held within its walls. Since the days of the Romans it has been known as a watering-place, and is annual- ly frequented by hundreds ibr the cure of chronic cutaneous diseases, gout, rheuma- tism, and ulcerous affections. The Kaiser- bad Spring contains a larger quantity of sulphur than any other in Europe. Aix-la-Chapelle was named after " the chapel " erected \>y Charlemagne. It stood on the site of the present cathedral or min- ster, and was intended as a place of burial for himself and descendants. It was con- secrated by Pope Leo III., assisted by 365 bishops and archbishops. The church was destroyed by the Normans in the 10th cen- tury. The present edifice, however, is one of the oldest in Europe, and is unequaled in the number and value of the relics it contains, some of which are only shown once in seven years, when hundreds of thousands make pilgrimages to see them. They were presented to Charlemagne by the Grand Patriarch of Jerusalem. They consist of the swaddling-clothes in which the Saviour was wrapped, the scarf he wore at the Crucifixion, spotted with blood, a cotton robe worn by the Virgin at the Na- tivity, and the cloth on which the head of John the Baptist was laid. These, with numerous presents of great value present- ed by different German emperors, are de- posited in a silver vase of great cost, and. as we before remarked, are shown only every seventh year ; 1881 was the last time. There are also numerous other relics, considered not as of much importance, but guarded with jealous care. It requires a fee of one mark, and one and a half mark for a party, to make the guardian expose them, the principal of which are a locket of the Virgin's hair, and a piece of the true cross, both of which Charlemagne wore round his neck when he died and while in the grave ; the leathern girdle of Christ ; the bones of St. Stephen ; the cord which bound the rod which smote the Saviour ; a piece of Aaron's rod, and the arm-bone of the Emperor Charlemagne. All the em- perors and empresses of Germany for over 700 vears have sworn on these relics at 586 j their coronation. Under the centre of the dome is a slab of marble, on which is in- scribed ' C'irlomrtfjno," pointing out the position of his tomb. A full mass is chant- ed in the cathedral every Sunday at 10 o'clock A.M. The Hotel de Ville is an imposing build- ing of the 14th century, standing on the site of the palace where Charlemagne was born. It contains an ancient hall, beauti- fully restored, with frescoes by Rethtl and Kekren, and statuettes of thirty-six German emperors. It is particularly celebrated for the congresses held there that of 1748, j when a general peace was signed by all | the crowned heads of Europe, and that of 1818, when the Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia, in addi- tion to deputies from Louis XVIII. and George IV., here assembled. The left tower was completely destroyed in the great fire jof 1883, when 35 other houses were burned down. The magnificent Kaisersaal barely escaped ruin. In the centre of the market- place stands a fine bronze equestrian figure of Charlemagne. At the fountain of Elisa there is a cafe, drinking -room, and restaurant. A band plays from 7 to 8 o'clock A.M., from 12 to 1, and also in the evening. The Kurhaus, at which place weekly balls are given, is a fine suite of rooms. For the accommo- dation of visitors, there is a reading-room supplied with reviews and all the maga- zines and foreign newspapers, for the use of which visitors remaining any length of time pay a small monthly subscription fee. The manufactures of Aix are very ex- tensive, in proportion to the population of the town, chief among which is the manu- facture of cloth, steam-engines and spin- ning machinery, looking-glasses, and em- broidery. There is an agency of the cele- brated Saxon china established here, where that beautiful porcelain may bo bought at the same price as in Dresden. Near Maestricht, Polytechnic School, a handsome building in the Renaissance style. Borcette, a small town three miles dis- tant, is more retired, for persons taking the waters. Hotels : St. Charles and Rosenbad. In front of the Rhenish Railway Station a monument has been erected in bronze, by Drake,to the citizensof Aix-la-Chapelle who died during the wars of 1866 and 1870-71. BRANDENBURG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MAGDEBCRO. An excursion should be made to Lous- berg, about forty minutes from Aix. Its promenades are very pretty and much fre- quented, whence a beautiful view of the surrounding country is obtained. The Liftlvrtufrl concerts, which take place every Saturday, are well worth a visit, anil admittance can be easily gained by applying to your hotel proprietor. From Ais-ln-Ch'ipelle to Puris. Time, 10 h. 18 m. ; fare, first class, 38 marks 20 pf. Sleeping-car to Paris, see beginning of the route. To Cologne, 1 h. 24 m. ; fare, 7 marks 50 pf. For description of route from Aix-la- Chapelle to Paris, see Route 132, Vol. I. ROUTE No. 146. Berlin to Cologne, via Potsdam, Branden- burg, Magdeburg (and Brunswick'), Elber- feld, and Deutz. Time, 10 h. 24 m. ; fare, first-class, 53 marks 30 pf. ; second class, 39 marks 60 pf. [This is a route seldom made by travel- ers, unless they have some particular ob- ject in passing through these places. Many take the route as far as Magdeburg, then branch off through Brunswick, joining the mail route via Stendal, and pass through Hanover, Minden, etc. This last was for- merly the mail route before the one via Stendal was opened.] Potfdam, described in excursions from Berlin (see Index). Brandenburg, an interesting town of 25,500 inhabitants, is situated on the Ha- vel, which widens out here into the Lake, of Plauen. Hotels, Schwarzer Bar and Schwarzer Adlir. The town occupies the site of the ancient Brenabor, captured in 1153 by Albert the Bear, count of Anhalt, the same who founded Berlin, and took the titlo of Margrave of Brandenburg. The Cathedral is situated on a small isl- and, which forms one of the quarters of the town. A portion of it dates back to the twelfth century, and is in the Romanesque style. It was restored by Schinkel in 1836. The high altar is of carved wood, and represents the Coronation of the Vir- gin. In one of the chambers attached to the church are some relics held in high repute. Among others the pocket of Da- vid's sling ; Goliath's staff; studs from the bedstead of the Virgin ; the manger out of which St. Joseph's ass fed. The Church of St. Catharine is a very handsome Gothic church, constructed of brick, and dating from the 14th century. It possesses several fine monuments and a magnificent altar in sculptured wood. In front of the Hotel de Ville. a fine Gothic structure, there Is a Roland column, eighteen feet high. To the northeast of the town there is a hill, called the Marien- berg, from which there is a fine view. Passing Burg, a town of 15,000 inhab- itants, all of whom are principally employ- ed in the manufacture of cloth. The town was founded by French refugees driven out of Franca by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Magdeburg, the capital of the province of Saxon y, is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It contains 84,452 inhabitants. Hotels, Weisser Sckwan, London f/otel, and Stadt Braunschweig. Its citadel is built on an island in the Elbe, which runs through the town. Magdeburg is noted for its manufactures of cottons, woolens, gloves, lace, porcelain, and tobacco. It has an active trade, which is facilitated by steam packets on the Elbe. The town is very ancient, having been in existence since the bth century. It suffered much during the religious wars of the 16th and 17th cen- turies, but most of all when it was sacked by Tilly. It resisted the Austrian army under Wallenstein for seven months. It was besieged and taken by the French in 1806, and also in 1813. The principal and perhaps the only build- ing worthy of note is the Domkirche, or Cathedral, and that is truly splendid. The interior is magnificent, and contains many interesting and highly finished sculptured monuments. It was badly used by the French, who turned it into a stable ; it has however, been lately restored by the Prus- sian government at an enormous expense. The principal monuments are, that of Arch- bishop Ernest : it is in bronze, and sur- rounded by figures of the twelve apostles ; the tombs of the Emperor Otho, and of his queen, Editha ; a monument of Bake, a canon of the church, who saved it from de- 587 MAGDEBURG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BRUNSWICK. struction by interceding with Tilly, whose schoolfellow he was. There is also the monument of the woman of Asseburg who was buried alive, made her escape, return- ed to her husband the night after her bur- ial, had several children, and lived nine years after. Tilly's sword and helmet are shown here. In the old market, opposite the Rathhaus, stand the equestrian statues of the Emperor Otho and his two queens: it was erected in 979. The French gen- eral Carnot is buried here : he was Minis- ter of War when Napoleon was First Con- sul, and during the hundred days was Min- ister of the Interior ; he was banished from France at the Restoration, and died at Mag- deburg in 1821. The most animated por- tion of the city is the Breite Weg, a prin- cipal street which traverses the town from north to south. Here the Exchange is sit- uated. It was restored in 1873. No. 146 of the same street bears the inscription : " Ge- denke des lOten Mai, 1631." It was here, it is said, the traitor lived who betrayed the town to Tilly. The citadel is very strong, and serves as a state prison ; Lafayette and Carnot were both confined in it, as also Baron von Trenck, who was guillotined in Paris in 1794. He was confined by Frederick the Great, because he was in love with that monarch's sister, the Princess Amelia. On the east of the Domplatz are situated the Schloss and government offices ; near which stands the Marienkirche, connected with some old abbey buildings now used for educational purposes. In front of the Hotel de Vllle stands an equestrian statue of Olho the Great, which dates from the 13th century ; it was re- stored in 1858. Near to this is a statue to Francke, the burgomaster, erected in 185G. The Furstenwall, a terrace named from Prince Leopold of Dessau, is the most fre- quented promenade in the interior of the city. Farther on is the new quarter of the town, recently built with handsome houses ; beyond which is the Frederick William Garden, which occupies the place of the Convent of Bergen, so celebrated in former years. It is finely laid out, and commands some exquisite views. Luther went to school at Magdeburg, and he himself records the fact that he used to sing in the public streets in front * f - rich men's houses to acquire the means 588 of supporting himself and prosecuting his studies. To the south of the public garden is the small industrial town of Buckau. Steamers run down the Elbe several times a week to Hamburg and Harburg. .\fatfdeburg to Paris. Time, 19 h. 32 m. ; fare, first class, 108 frs. ; (Mixte). second class in Germany, first class in France, 91 frs. G5 c. Magdeburg to firemen. Time. 5 h. 37 m. ; fare, first class, 21 marks 8 g. ; second class, 16 marks 1 g. Magdeburg to Hanover. Time, 4 h. ; fare, first class, 12 marks ; second class, 8 marks 8 g. Magdeburg to Brunswick. Time, 2 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 7 marks ; second class, 5 marks. Magdeburg to Leipzig. Time 2 h. 30 m. (express) ; fare, first class, 9 marks 6g. Magdeburg to Berlin. Time, 2 h. 37 m. ; fare, first class, 12 marks ; second class, 9 marks. [Brunswick is out of the route to Krei- ensen, but on the way to Hanover time, 1 h. 12 m. and was formerly on the high- road between Berlin and Paris ; since de- serted as a mail route. DUCHY OF BRUNSWICK. The duchy of Brunswick embraces three detached portions of moderate size, in- closed between the province of Hanover and other Prussian dominions, together with several pieces of much smaller extent. The inhabitants of this duchy are mostly descended from a branch of the ancient Saxons, and the Low-German language is universal among the villagers, except on the Harz Mountains, where the mining population speak High-German. Personal courage and open-heartedness are the lead- ing characteristics of the Brunswickers. They are allowed to be the best situated, in point of comfort and village economy, of all the Germans, and the aspect of the whole country is indicative of good order and prosperity. It is one of the best-gov- erned states in Europe. The public debt amounts to $16,350,000. BRUNSWICK. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.: BRUNSWH K. The present Duke of Brunswick is a I lineal descendant of Henry the Lion, the , : the house of Welf, who held the , united duchies of Bavaria and Saxony ; his elder brother, formerly Duke of Bruns- wick, died at Geneva in 1^74, leaving thtit city his whole private fortune. In their rivalry with the Suabian house of Hohen- staufen, in the 12th century, the party of the powerful Welfs was stronger in Italy than in Germany, and the jealousy enter- ' tained of their power in the former coun- ' try caused all the princes of the empire to unite with the Emperor Frederick Barba- ; rossa in humbling them. Henry the Lion, \ having refused to aid that emperor in his wars with the free Italian cities and the pope, was deprived. by a decree of the Diet in 1180, of both his duchies, and only left the possession of his allodial domain of Brunswick and Luneburg (or Hanover), which were subsequently split into numer- ous branches, but merged finally into the still reigning linos of Hanover and Bruns- wick, which is the elder branch. As such the crown of England would have de- volved to this line, which claims descent from the daughter of Henry II., on the ex- tinction of the house of Stuart, had not the Duke of Luneburg, afterward George I., by marrying the daughter of Elizabeth. Countess Palatine, the daughter of James I. of England, procured a prior claim to the younger line. Treaties of mutual inheritance existed between the houses of Hanover and Bruns- wick, and the succession only passes to the female side when legitimate male heirs fail. The intimate family connection which in the last century subsisted between the house of Brunswick and the reigning fam- ilies of Great Britain and Prussia engaged the princes of Brunswick in political alli- ances with these two powers, in opposition to France and occasionally to Austria. The Prussian army, at the outset of the disas- : trous campaign of 1806, was commanded by the duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, who fell in the battle of Jena. Although he h;ul declared his duchy neu- tral, and no Brunswick troops were with the Prussian army, yet his lands were immediately seized by the conqueror, and incorporated with the kingdom of We~t- phalia. His youngest son, Frederick Will- iam, after the death of his eldest, and the abdication of his second brother, the sole remaining heir, served some time in the Prussian, and afterward in the Austrian army. In 1809 this adventurous prince raised a small corps, and attempted, in co- operation with the grand Austrian army, to excite a diversion in the north of Ger- many ; but, finding his cause ruined by the victory of the French at Wagram, he cross- ed the whole of Germany at the head of a small body not exceeding 2000 men, and marched from the Bohemian frontier to the sea-coast near Bremen. Alternately eluding and fighting the various French corps which crossed his passage, with equal good fortune and bravery he succeeded in embarking for England, where his troops joined the British army, with permission to retain the black uniform which their bravery had rendered celebrated, and served until 1814 in the Peninsula. Hav- ing regained his dominions under the stip- ulations of the Treaty of Vienna, Freder- iek William fell at the head of his troops while maintaining his position at Quatre Bras, two days before the battle of Water- loo. Brunswick, capital of the duchy, con- tains 75,038 inhabitants. Hotels, Braun- schweig Hotel, Deutsches Ifaus. II. ) to be perpendicular. The picture called the Dance of Death is in a closed chapel, which the custodian will open. It is attributed to Holbein. No- tice the Mass of St. Gregory, in the chapel of the Bergenfahrer : the stained glass is very fine ; it was executed in 1436. The Cathedral, founded by Henry the Lion in 117:!. was completed in 1334. Its towers are 410 feet high. The side chapels contain numerous monuments of the old merchant princes, bishops, canons, etc. The wood-carving of the^creen is admira- bly executed. The elegant railing around the pulpit is attributed to the devil ! What object his satanic majesty had in produc- ing such a work the custodian does not explain. In the Greveraden-Capelle are the finest pictures in Lubeck ; they are attributed to Memling. They are in the form of a trip- tych, or altar-piece in three compartments ; the middle one affixed to the wall, and the other two folding on this. On the outside shutters is the Annunciation, o.: the inner shutters Saints Blasius, ^Egidius with the deer, John the Baptist, and Jerome with the lion. In the interior is the history of the Passion, in three compartments and twenty- three scenes, from the Mount of Olives to the Ascension, the Crucifixion forming the grand central scene. In the Church of St. Catharine is a col- lection of Lubeck antiquities. The Hospital zum Heiligengeist, a fine building, dates from the 13th century. It is an admirably conducted institution. The Casino, 1GO Beckergrube, is open to strangers. The wooden tower on the ram- parts, called Chimborasso, is an admirable point from which to obtain a fine view of the town and harbor. Steamers to Travemunde, distance by the Trave 9i miles, twice each day. This was the former port of Lubeck, and is now a watering - place. Hotels, Kurhaus and Steamers three times each week to Copenhagen (see Vol. III.) in 15 hours ; to Christiania in 52 hours ; to Stockholm in 50 hours, twice a week ; and to St Peters- burg weekly, in 60 hours.] In addition to the Hamburg American Packet Company's steamers mentioned above, there are steamers leaving Hamburg for Antwerp weekly in 40 hours ; for Am- sterdam twice a week, in 35 hours ; for Hull four times a week, in 40 hours ; for Heligoland three times a week, in 6 h. 30 m. ; for London five times a week, in 45 hours; for New York twice a week. [An excursion should be made from 597 HELIGOLAND. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] SCHLESWIG. Hamburg to Heligoland, if here during the months of July or August, or from the middle of June to the middle of September, which is nearly the length of the season. Steamers leave several times a week, and make the trip in from six to eight hours. Fare, 16 marks ; return tickets, 26 marks. Passing the ti Leipzig and Dresden (sleeping-car), see Route 186. Altona to Kiel. Time, 2 h. 25 m. ; fare, first class, 8 marks 50 pf. Neumumter junction is reached in 1 h. 4 m. from Altona. This is a town of con- siderable extent, containing nearly 10,000 inhabitants, principally devoted to the man- ufacture of cloth. Here lines branch off to Kiel and Neustadt, the main line to Jut- land continuing directly north (for Kiel, see Vol. IK.). Rendsburg. Hotel, Stadt Hamburg. This is a fortified place of 12,000 inhabitants, built on the two banks of the Eider, which here separates the duchies of Holstein and Schleswig. The Eider falls into the North Sea at Tonning, and is connected with the Baltic by a canal. As Schleswig is approached, the great beauty and natural strength of the position is at once apparent. The Danewerk, an intrenchment which formerly defended the Danish position, extends from the mouth of the Schlei to Frederieksstadt, a distance of forty -six miles. The intrenchments have been entirely leveled since the war with Denmark in 1864, the Danish force at that time not being capable of defending them against the Prussians and Austri- an s. Schlesitig. Hotels, Stadt Hamburg and Raven. The town contains 13,600 inhab- itants, and was founded in the early part of the 10th century. It was formerly the residence of the Dukes of Schleswig, but its castle of Gottorp is now the residence of the commander of the forces in Schles- wig-Holstein, and the question is still an open one whether the province will revert back to Denmark or be retained by Prus- sia. There is nothing of importance to detain the traveler, if the celebrated altar- piece of the cathedral be excepted. This is a work in carved oak, by Brugrjemann, and represents a history of the Passion in [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] Fl-KX9BURG. fourteen compartments. It was formerly I in the possession of the monks of IJonles- bolm, who, it is said, deprived the artist of ! his sight to render him incapable of ever again executing so fine a work. The sit- uation of Schleswig is very beautiful, and the Erdburenburg might be visited for the purpose of securing a most charming view. The MDvenburij, a small island in the vi- cinity of the town, is densely covered with white sea-gulls the entire summer. They j'oini' regularly in March, and remain un- til cold weather, covering the ground like snow. They are shot in July, when the population take part in the grand battue. A diligence runs daily to Eckernfiirde and Borby, a small watering-place, and steam- ers twice a day to Cappeln, a beautiful jihice on the banks of the Schlei. Parsing Lubeck, a small, quiet port on the North Sea, where there is a large oyster park, Flensbury is reached. Hotels, Jttisch and ti/ii'tt Hiimftury. This is a nourishing town of -2:>,(IUU inhabitants, beautifully sit- ; uated on the Flensburg Fjord. There is an exquisite view from the eminence called ' the Bellevue, where your guide will point out the various battle-fields in the vicinity. The village of Diippel is about thirteen i miles from Flenshurg; the intrenchments ! of this town were carried by storm, April 18, 1864. This was considered the most brill- iant achievement of the Prussians during the Danish war. The " Lion of Flensburg," placed in the Cemetery to commemorate the victory of the Danes at Idstedt, was carried off to Berlin in 1864. Opposite the town of Diippel is the isl- and of A Isen, which contains 22,500 inhab- itants. It is connected with the mainland by a bridge of boats, and has a pleasant little capital called Sonderburg, with 6000 inhabitants. Hotel, Stadt Hamburg. At Woyens there is a branch line in twenty-live minutes to Hadersleben, a town of 8000 inhabitants. Vamdrup is the frontier Danish town, and the seat of the custom-house, where baggage is examined. At Kn/iliny there are the ruins of a fine old castle ; but at Frettericia, where travel- ers cross the Little Belt to Strifi, there is nothing to be seen but the monument erected by the Danes to commemorate the victory over the Schleswig-Holsteiners in 1849. SCHWERIN, The line now crosses the fertile island of I-'uhni'ii, ;mi>. Hill- and Eberbach. Bremen was former- ly an independent and free city of the empire, and only second to Hamburg as of German commerce. It was joined to Prussia in IxtiT, and is now garrisoned by troops of the German Em- pire. The greater number of German emigrants for America embark at this port. It is built on both banks of the SVeser, about 40 miles above the mouth of the river, and its many well-preserved buildings of the Middle Ages convey some idea of the former importance of the city. Bremen is principally indebted for its great commercial success to the construction of its port orharbor, called Bremerhofen, which was opened in 1830 : it now contains a popu- lation of 11,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly gaining in importance. There is an Au- irund' r< : r Hints, erected in 1849, capable of receiving three thousand departing emi- grants, and feeding double that number from its kitchen. There are several good hotels : Beerman and Stein/toff". A visit should be made to one of the magnificent steamers of the \orih Germ in Lloyd Com- pany, some of which are always in port. This company, which runs steamers twice a week to New York, stopping at Southamp- ton, has the finest reputation in the world for the manner in which their splendid fleet is conducted. Tickets to visit the ships may be procured at the office of the company. The fortifications of the city having been destroyed, the grounds on which they stood have been laid out as public gardens, with rivulets and sheltered walks. It lias a num- ber of manufactures, the principal of which are those of snuff and cigars the manufac- tories of the latter are the largest in the world- besides numerous distilleries and breweries, linen and woolen factories. sugar refineries, tanneries, soap and oil works. It exports large quantities of linen and wool- en goods, provisions, and grain. The sit- uation of Bremen renders her the prin- cipal emporium of Hanover, Brunswick. Hesse, and other countries trarersed by the Weser, in consequence of which she has a large and increasing trade. The city is governed by a senate, called /-/< \Viithdt (''The Wisdom"). The princi- pal buildings arc. the Cnthfdra 1 , built in lliiO. The interior has been restored and fitted up for a Protestant congregation. Its organ is one of the finest in Germany. The pulpit was presented by Queen (Jims' 601 BREMEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] OLDENBURG. tina of Sweden. Notice the stained-glass portraits of Luther and Melanchthon, exe- cuted at Nuremberg. The Bleikeller un- der the cathedral possesses the peculiar property of preventing decomposition, and contains several old mummies, some over four hundred years old. The Museum is situated a little north of the cathedral on the same Platz, and contains a good nat- ural-history collection and an ethnographic collection; used also as a club. The church of St. Ansgar has a spire 325 feet in height. The new Town-hall, former!}' the archiepiscopal palace, is a building of the same elaborate character as the town halls of Bruges and other cities of the Nether- lands. The Exchange, or Neue Borse, built in the Gothic style between 1864 and 1867. There are six allegorical stat- ues on the western front ; the grand hall is most imposing and beautiful!}' deco- rated ; the Exchange opens at 1 o'clock ; strangers admitted only with members. Beneath the old town -hall, built in 1405, are the famous wine - cellars, containing vats filled with hock, said to be over 100 years old. In one compartment of this cellar are some casks called " Rose and the 12 Apostles!" It is said the hock con- tained in them is 150 years old, and was formerly sold for two dollars a glass! On the Djvishaide stands the bronze statue of Gustavus Adolphus, modeled by the Swedish sculptor Fogelberg, and cast in Munich. It was intended for the city of Gottenburg ; the vessel in which it was conveyed was wrecked, but it was rescued by boatmen from Heligoland. The statue was purchased by some merchants of Bre- men and presented to the city, and erected here in 1856. Close by the statue is the Kiinstlerverein, or artists' club, a nice Gothic building late- ly restored. It contains concert-rooms, restaurant, etc. Strangers must be in- troduced by a member. There is also a very good club called the Union, where strangers can be introduced. In front of the Rathhaus stands the Rolandssaule, a colossal figure of a man in stone, eighteen feet high, erected in 1412. It was the palladium of the city. In his left hand the figure bears a shield with the imperial eagle. In his right hand he holds a drawn sword, and at his feet are the head and hand of a criminal, referring 602 to the extent of power enjoyed by the mu- nicipal authorities. The Kuivtthalle is a large building near the Osterthor, containing a fair collection of modern pictures and some sculptures. The Museum of Natural History should be visited. The collection of African birds is superb. At the Biirgerpark some good concerts are given ; there is a restaurant, and the place is much frequented by the citizens. In the new quarter, to the west, there are numerous very beautiful residences. At the market which bears his name a bronze statue was erected in 1865 to the poet Korner, by Deneys, a Bremen sculp- tor. There is also a monument in Carrara marble erected to Olbers, the astronomer, who discovered the planets Pallas and Vesta ; it is by Steinhauser. Gibers was born and died in Bremen. The prome- nades in the vicinity of this monument are very beautiful. Bremen to Paris. Time, 19 h. 5 m. ; fare, first class, 78 marks 30 pf. Bremen to Berlin. Time, 6 h. 45 m. ; fare, first class, 30 marks 70 pf. Bremen to New York (North German Lloyd). Fare, first class, 120. Bremen to Baltimore (North German Lloyd). Fare, first class, $100. Bremen to Xew Orleans (North German Lloyd). Fare, first class, $135. Bremen to Hanover. Time, 2 h. 37 m. ; fare, first class. 10 marks 20 pf. ; second class, 6 marks 7 g. Bremen to Cologne, via Osnabruck, in 6 h. 50 m. ; fare, first class, express, 30 marks 20 pf. ; second class, 22 marks 60 pf. Bremen to \\~ilhelmshafeH. Time, 2 h. 50 m. ; fare, first class, 6 marks 7 pf. ; sec- ond class, 4 marks 1 pf. From Bremen an excursion should be made to Wilhelmshafen and Emden. From Bremen to Oldenburg, four trains daily, in one hour. This town is the cap- ital of the grand - duchy. Principal ho- tels, De Russie and Erbr/rosshersog. A quiet and agreeable town, situated on the Hunte, with 13,400 inhabitants, surround- ed by handsome promenades, which have superseded the former ramparts. The duchy became united to Prussia in 1867. The principal building is the Grand- Duke's Palace, which contains a small col- lection of modern paintings. Close to the [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] STETTIN-. palace is the church of St. Lambert. The A nifti.-iteum,a. handsome edifice, contains the picture - gallery of the grand - duke. The ground floor is used for temporary exhi- bitions. The gallery is open week days from 11 to 2, and on Sundays from 12 to 2. Among the principal pictures, notice No. KS. the Virgin, by Miirillo; 89, the Infant Cardinal, liy Velasquez; 82. Venus and Love, .ind a young Girl, by Paul Veronese : 129. Peasants, by Tenters ; 107, St. Francis of A^-i.-i, by Rubens ; 169, Landscape, by lltmbrandt ; 106, a marine piece, by Back- llfgMB, From Oldenburg to Wilhelmshafen the country is flat and uninteresting, passing Vurel. a pleasant manufacturing town, near which i> tlu- sea-bathing place of Dangnst, quite an inexpensive place, with small Kur- saal and all the appendages. \\'ilhrlinshi-rrf. stands the suppressed ('invent of Ollru. The church is a fine building, around the choir of which hang portraits of the Kings of Pnhnd and Dukes of Pomerauia. The Peace l>"tween Sweden and Poland was signed here in 1660. I Fahrenheit, the inventor of the thermom- VOL. II. D eter, was born in Danzig toward the close of the 17th century, and died here in 1736. He perfected the thermometer in 1727, using mercury instead of spirits of wine, and forming a scale which is universally adopted in the United States and Great Britain. The bathing- place of Brosen can be reached in about one hour from Danzig 45 minutes by steamer and 20 by diligence. Steamers leave Danzig twice a week for Konigsljcrg, in 18 hours, and for Stettin weekly, in 27 hours. Danzig to Berlin. Time, 11 h. 13 m. ; fare, 41 marks. Danzig to Stettin. Time, 8 h. 36 m. ; fare, first class, 32 marks 70 pf. Danzig to Konigsberg. Time, 4 h. 27 m. ; fare, first class, 15 marks 50 pf. ROUTE No. 152. Stettin to Stralsund, via Pasewalk. Time, 3 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 10 marks 90 pf. ; second class, 7 marks. Stettin is described in Route 151. Pasewalk is the junction of the lines to Stettin, Stralsund, Lubeck, and Schwerin. Hotels, Stuthmann and Kronprinz. This is an old town of 8000 inhabitants, retaining its walls and towers. Anclam is a small harbor containing 13,- 000 inhabitants, on the river Peine, which was formerly the line between Prussia and Sweden. Some of the houses an; fine spec- imens of the Hanseatic architecture of the Baltic towns. The tower of the Steinthor is especially deserving of notice. The Peinc commences here to be navi- gable. Two miles outside the gate may be seen an ancient watch-tower, erected to protect the town against the Counts of Schwerin. Diligences daily in 5 h. 30 m. to the baths nf Swinemunde. (See Route 151.) Zitnnfiir, whence a branch line to\\'olyast, an old commercial town, situated on the Peine, opposite the island of Usedom. It contains the ruins of a castle, an ancient seat of the Dukes of Pomerania. 605 GKEIFSWALDE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MARIENBURG. Greifswalde, a sea-port town of 17,500 in- habitants. Hotel, Deutsches Haus. It con- tains a university, founded in 145G, with about 350 students. There is a monument in the Universitatsplatz commemorating the 400th anniversary of the foundation of this institution. In the vicinity of Markt- platz are some fine examples of picturesque gabled houses. Near Greifswalde are some important salt-works. The town is connected to the < , I'i'ifswalder Boden, an arm of the Baltic, by the small river Hylde, near the mouth of which are the ruins of the monastery of Eldena, which was destroyed by the Swedes. Steamers daily during the season to Lauterbach (the Baths of Putbus), on the island of Riigen. Fare, 5 marks. Miltzow Station. Diligences daily, dur- ing the season, to Stahlbrode, thence by ferry to Gleiwitz and Garz to Putbus. Stralsund, described in Route 148. ROUTE No. 153. Berlin to Kdnigsberg,via Custrin, Schnei- demiihl, Bromberg, and Marienburg, or vii Danzig. Time, 11 h. 48 m. ; fare, first class, 47 marks 20 pf. ; second class, 35 marks 40 pf. Ordinary trains in 17 h. This is the mail route, via Berlin, of Paris and St. Petersburg. Berlin to St. Peters- burg, in 45 J h. ; fare, 67 m. 20 pf. to Eyat- kuhnen (frontier, change cars, and customs), thence 25 roubles 20 cop. Sleeping-car to Eyatkuhnen (see Route 186, Vol. III.), to Dirschau, 11.15 P.M. ; fare, 18 marks. Castrin. Hotel, Kronprinz. This town, which is a strong fortress of the third class, is completely surrounded by marshes, at the confluence of the Warthe and Oder. It contains 10.500 inhabitants. Frederick the Great was imprisoned here by his fa- ther when crown -prince, and was com- pelled by his imperious father to look on from a room in the castle while his friend Lieutenant Von Katte was being behead- ed, it having been discovered that he in- tended to assist Frederick in his flight to London. Six miles north of Custrin Fred- crick the Great, with 30,000 troops, defeat- ed the Russian army, 50,000 strong, in 1758. GOG Two hours and twenty minutes from Ber- lin is Landsberg, a busy town of 18,500 inhab- itants, situated on the Warthe. Hotel, i Kdnig von Preussen. At the station Kreuz the line from Stet- tin to Posen crosses the line to Konigsberg. Schneidemuhl junction, the direct line continues northeast toward Danzig. An- other road, which makes a detour by Brom- berg, continues to the east. Four lines in- tersect at Bromberg. Hotel, Moritz. Al- though containing 27,000 inhabitants, there is nothing to detain the visitor. There is a monument to Frederick the Great, erect- ed in the market-place in 1861, the town being indebted to him for connecting the rivers Brahe and Netze by means of a ca- !nul. Dirschau junction (change cars for Dan- zig) possesses a magnificent railroad bridge half a mile in length, built at a cost of *2,- 000,000. This town was the birthplace of Forster, who accompanied Captain Cook in his second voyage round the world. Marienburg, an ancient and celebrated town situated on the River Nogat. It con- tains 8000 inhabitants. Hotels, KiJtiit/ n,n Preussen and J/ochmetsler. The town is particularly noted as being the seat of the once powerful Teutonic Knights, to whom this country was ceded in the 13th century by the King of Poland. These knights, after a continuous war of fifty years, suc- ceeded in subduing the pagan and barbar- ous Prussians who then inhabited the sur- rounding territory. The Schloss, or Pal- ace of the Grand-Masters, is an imposing edifice in the Gothic style, divided into three portions. The Hochschloss was the original castle of the order, and dates from the 13th century. It contains the church of St. Mary, with the prie-dieux of the knights and the "golden gate." Beneath it is the chapel of St. Anna, with the burial- vault of the grand-masters. The Mittelschloss was the entrance to the Hochschloss, and was converted in 1309 into the residence of the grand-master when the seat of the order was removed from Venice to Kiinig^berg. The Hochmeifters-Rentei, or Hall of the Grand-Master, is forty-one feet square, and supported by one single pillar of granite. During the siege, in 1410, the Polish army endeavored to strike this pillar and overwhelm the knights be- [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.) KoNIGSBERG. neath the ruins. A magnificent passage- way leads to the Ordens-Iientei, or Hall of the Order, 103 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 30 high. The beautiful modern stained windows illustrate subjects connected with the order. The castle and town were surrendered to the Poles in 1457, after having been in -ion of the order 148 years, and gov- erned by 17 grand-master-. A beautiful view may be obtained from thi- summit of the tower. ElLiiuj. Hotels, Stadt Jierlin and Konigl. HI >f. An uninteresting commercial town on the Kiver Elbing. Nothing to detain the traveler. From Elbing to the village of Frauen- finrr/, the last residence of Copernicus, in 2^ hours by steamer. It is the residence of the Bishop of Ermcland, whose palace stands on a height above the town. The Cathedral is a handsome structure, built in the Gothic style, and fortified with towers and walls. K-.'i ';/.<' i-ff. Hi'ilfl de Prusse, Skibbe's UC.ti '. and Deutsches Ilaus. This interesting city, the fourth in Prussia in point of pop- ulation, coining after Berlin, Breslau, and ( 'cilogne, contains 119,1'27 inhabitants. It is >itiiated on lioth banks of the Kiver Pre- gel, 4j miles from its mouth. It is a for- trc-s of the first class, strongly protected by forts, and keeps a garrison of 6680 men. It was once the capital of Prussia proper, and for a long time the residence of the Dukes of Brandenburg. Itowes its founda- tion to the existence of a fortress belonging to the Teutonic Order, built on an eminence, and called Kiinigsbcrg, or "Hill of the King." in honor of Ottokar, king of Bohe- mia. After the taking of the castle of Ma- rienburg, Kc'inigsberg became the residence of the Grand-Master of the Teutonic Order. The tichloss. or Palace, is an ordinary looking building. It was built by Otto- kar in 1257. It ha^ undergone numerous changes, and is now used by the municipal government authorities. It was the resi- dence of Frederick William III., King of Prussia, when driven from Berlin by the army of Napoleon. At the western wing is the chapel where Frederick III.. Elector of Brandenburg, placed the crown of Prus- sia on his own head in 1701. declaring him- self King of Prussia. The present empe- ror, William I., did the same in 1861. Before the eastern entrance of the palace is a statue of Frederick I., by Schluter. To the northwest is a handsome monu- ment, erected in 1864, to the memory of the celebrated philosopher Kant, who died here in 1804. It is in bronze, by Rauch. In front of the palace a handsome post- office stands ; it is of recent construction ; and near it is the Altstadtische Kirche, finished in 1843, by Schinkel. The Paradeplalz is adorned by the New University Theatre and an equestrian statue of Frederick William III., erected in 1851, by Kiss. The Cathedral is a Gothic building of the 14th century. It contains numerous mon- uments of knights and grand-masters. In the choir is a marble monument of the Margrave Albert, bearing his effigy. The Museum of the city contains a col- lection of modern paintings. It is open to the public from 11 to 2 on Sundays, and from 11 to 1 on Wednesdays, and every day to travelers on payment of 1 mark. Notice No. 273, by Piloty, the Abbess of Frauen-Chiemsee defending her convent against bandits ; also 253, by Lessiny, a monk praying near the coffin of the em- peror Henry IV.; 262, Cmphavs',t8 inhabitants, 50,000 of whom are Roman Catholics, and 2y IMCOS Cranach, the "Madonna unter Pannen." There is a monument of Duke Christian of Holstein, who fell in 1691 fighting against the Turks. Notice the statues of Moses and Aaron, by Bruckh<\f. Kreuzkircke, a fine old brick structure, dating from the end of the 13th century, contains the bones of St. Innocent and St. Benedict ; they are placed on two altars under glass. In front of the high altar stands an ancient monument of Duke Henry IV. of Breslan. The church of St. Elizabeth, recently re- stored, is rich in modern stained-glass windows. Its tower is 3G4 feet in height. 609 BRESLAU. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] CRACOW. The church of 3fary Magdalene is quite handsome. Its stained-glass windows were presented by Frederick William IV. The Rathhaus, situated in the Grossen Ring, founded by King John of Bohemia in the 14th century, was restored in 1862. It is a fine specimen of mediaeval archi- tecture. The hall, called the FvretoieQaf, is where the Silesian princes held their councils. There are four vaults, support- ed by a central pillar. The basement of the Furstensaal should be visited to see its fine vaulted ceiling. It is now used as a restaurant. In front of the Rathhaus stands the Staupsaule, or "scourging -column," sur- mounted by a statue bearing a sword and rod, which recalls the mode of administer- ing punishment by the authorities. The western part of the Grossen Ring is ornamented with two statues, one of Fred- erick the Great, the other of Frederick William IV., both by Kiss. Behind the statues stands the Stadthaus, a modern structure, finished in 1863. Its interior is finely decorated, and contains the Public Library of 300,000 volumes, also 2000 MSS., and a large collection of stamps. Open daily from 10 to 2. The University, transferred from Frank- fort in 1811, numbers nearly one thousand students. The building was originally an imperial palace. In Blucherplatz there is a colossal statue of that general, by Ranch. At the end of the fine street called Schweidnitz stands the new theatre, erect- ed in 1873, and the Government House, both handsome structures. The new Exchange, finished in 1867, is decorated with great elegance ; it is open everj- day from 11 to 1. From Breslau to Paris. Time, 32 hours ; fare, first class, 132 marks. Breslau to Stettin. Time, 13 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 36 marks 9 g. Breslau to Stargard. Time, 9 h. 20 m. ; fare, first class, 27 marks. Breslau to Berlin. Time, 6 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 26 marks. Breslau to Dzieditz. Time, 7 h. 6 m. ; fare, first class, 13 marks. Breslau to Prague. Time, 9 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 30 marks. 610 ROUTE No. 156. Breslau to Cracow (in Austria). Time, 8 h. 37 m. ; fare, first class, 32 marks 54 pf. ; second class, 16 marks. Breslau is described in Route No. 155. Passing Uhlau. on the left bank of the Oder, and Brleg junction, whence there is a branch road which leads to Ncisse, a town containing 19,500 inhabitants. Time, 1 h. 30 ra. ; fare, first class, 4 marks 1 g. A dili- gence leaves daily during the season for the water-cure establishment of Grdfen- berg, in 6 h. 36 in. The town is situated in Austrian territory. The line crosses the Xeisse, and arrives at Oppeln. Hotel, Schwarzer Adler. This town, which contains 7000 inhabitants, is the capital of Upper Silesia, and the residence in former times of the grand- dukes. Gogolin station, from which excursions are made to the Franciscan convent of Annaberg, about five miles from the sta- tion. The convent contains an image said to be miraculous, and the object of great veneration to numerous pilgrims who visit it on St. Ann's day. Kandrzin junction. From this point the road turns to the east, and the southern road leads to Vienna. On the opposite bank of the Oder lies the town and fortress of Cosel, with 4500 inhabitants. Gleiiaitz, situated on the Klodnitz, con- tains 13,000 inhabitants. This is the cen- tre of the principal iron-works and iron- mines in Upper Silesia. Koniffshuite, celebrated for its iron foun- dries, smelting-works, rolling-mills, etc. At Kattowitz junction a line continues north to Warsaw, and a short distance further the line crosses the Austrian fron- tier. At Trzebinia junction a line turns south for Vienna. Cracow. The last remnant of the great kingdom of Poland. Since 1846 the capital of the Austrian province of Upper Galicia. It contains 43,000 inhabitants, of whom 12,000 are Jews. The city of Cracow is situated in the midst of an immense level plain at the con- fluence of the Vistula and Rudowa, and when seen from a distance appears to be a city of great magnificence. It was up to 1766 the city where Poland's kings were crowned. Then it became the capital of a Cl'.ACOU'. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] CRACOW. small republic under the protection of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. After the general rising of the populace in 1 ;'. a new division of Poland took place, when Cracow was apportioned to Austria, and became a strong frontier town of that empire. The interior of the city is poor arid inanimate churches and barracks, but little trade, and a poor population. The space between the old city and the suburbs, has been transformed into prom- enades. Hotels, de Russie, de Saxe, and Londre. The Schloss, or castle, situated on a hill called the Mount Wttrel. and strongly for- tified, was founded by Cashnir the Great in the 14th century, but only a small por- tion of the ancient edifice is still existing. It is a vast assemblage of isolated build- ings. It was the residence of the Polish kings up to IfilO, when Sigistnund III. transferred his court to Warsaw. Down to 1794 the regalia and treasures of the crown were kept in the vaults below the castle. In 1846 it was converted ir.to a barrack and hospital. The C-ith'ilral, which adjoins the Schloss, is the principal object of attraction in Cra- cow, containing as it does through all its insurrections and partitions its treasures intact. It was consecrated in 1359 under Casimir the Great, and is the place of sep- ulture for Poland's kings and heroes. The vault under the church, constructed by Stanislaus Augustus in 1788, contains the remains of Poland's three most illustrious heroes, viz., John Sobitski. who died in 1696; PomittO'rski. who was drowned in the Elster, near L'ji pzig ; and Thuddens Kos- ciitszko, the ' Thaddeus of Warsaw," the adjutant of General Washington, to whom grateful America raised a monument on the banks of the Hudson, at West Point, near his garden, where he used to walk and meditate about his unhappy country. Thaddeus Kosciuszko was born in 1746, at Sichniewice, in Lithuania, and after fight- ing for the independence of the United . returned to his own country in hen- In- M-rvrd under Poniatowski as major-general against the Russi ins. and distinguished himself in the fight at Dubi- enskn, near Lublin, in 179'2. King Stani-- laus Augustus, having entered into a treaty which delivered Poland into the hands of her enemies, Kosciuszko left his country ' and retired to Leipzig. In 1794. on the rising of Poland, he left his retreat, and was proclaimed commander-in-chief of the whole of the national forces. He defeated the Russians at Wraclawice, near Cracow, but was compelled at Choczim to retreat | before the Prussians, who were coming to 1 effect their junction with the Russians. Four months later (October 4), attacked at Maciejowice by a Russian army very su- perior in numbers, he fell on the field of battle, stabbed in many places. It has been said that as he lay on the ground he cried out, "Finis Poloniae ! " but he himself de- ! nied that desponding exclamation. He | was led a prisoner to St. Petersburg, where ! he remained two years. Being set at lib- erty by Paul I., he traveled in England and ! America, came to Paris in 1798. and lived j in retirement both in this capital and at Fontainebleau. In 1814 he retired to So- leure, in Switzerland, where he died in 1817. Kosciuszko had been proclaimed a French citizen as early as 1792. He found- ed in his will a school for the instruction of the blacks in America. Jefferson car- ried his intention into effect by instituting at Newark the Knsc!it/s-/:n School. In the centre of the nave of the church stands the magnificent shrine of St. Stan- islaus, the patron saint of Poland. The cof- fin, which is supported on the shoulders of four angels, is of solid silver, as well as the supporters, altar, statues, candlesticks, etc. It was in front of this altar that the Pol- ish kings were all crowned. Around the church arc sixteen chapels, containing nu- merous monuments of kings and heroes. The first chapel, on coming out of the vaults, contains the recumbent figure of King Casimir Jagello, who died in 1492. The figure is in porphyry, and by Veit Stoss. On the opposite side is that of Bishop Sol- tyk. The second chapel contains Thor- waldsfri's Christ, with several busts by the same artist. Notice the monument of Casimir the Great, the " founder of cities." Behind the high altar is the monument of King John Sobieski, the conqueror of the Turks, who died in 1696. The Treasury, which contains the Polish | regalia, is shown at 10 A.M. The church of St. .Vary, in the market- place, deserves a visit : it dates from the 13th century, and contains a fine monu- 611 CRACOW. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] WARSAW. ment of Copernicus. The high altar was the work of the great Nuremberg artist, Veil Stoss. The University, one of the oldest in Eu- rope, was founded by Casimir the Great. It contains the wood-cuts of one of the first editions of the Bible printed in Europe ; also a statue of Copernicus, who was a pro- fessor here. There is a botanical garden attached to the building. A visit should be made to the Cloth-hall, in the centre of the market-place. This also was founded by Casimir the Great. The lower part is occupied by shops, and is exceedingly interesting. About four miles to the north of Cracow is situated an immense mound of earth, thrown up by the united efforts of the peo- ple to the honor of Kosciuszko. The view from the summit is a splendid one. The Austrians have used it as a pedestal for one of their detached forts, with which they have encircled the entire city at an enor- mous expense. A valet-de-place costs about two florins. Florins of Poland, in which accounts are kept, are equivalent to 12i cents U. S. cur- rencj', or 8 to the dollar. A visit should be made to the salt-mines of Wieliezka. The mines were nearly de- stroyed in 1868 by an inundation. Permis- sion to visit them may be obtained on Mon- days, Wednesdays, and Saturdays at 2.30 P.M. The fee paid depends on the extent of the illumination from 8 florins to 100. A railroad is built to them, but a pleasant drive in a carriage will take one hour, j These mines have been worked 900 years, and abound in chapels, halls for music, j dancing, and various entertainments, a lake, caverns, grottoes, bridges, all cut out I of solid, granite-like salt. There are now | 1200 persons employed ; G miles of horse- railroad, employing 35 horses, hundreds of i feet under the surface. The greatest depth ; is about 450 feet. The mines are clean j and well lighted. Take at least one dozen ] Bengal lights, and three or four mines for exploding for effect of echoes ; they are obtained at the office, together with over- dremea. From Cracow to Breslau. Time, 7 h. 29 m. ; fare, first class, 32 marks 54 pf. From Cracow to Vienna. Time, 9 h. 24 m. ; fare, first class, 19 fl. 62 kr. ; second class, 14 marks 70 pf. 612 From Cracow to Paris. Time, 43 h. 10 m., via Myslovitz-Berlin ; fare. 192 francs 25 c. ROUTE No. 157. Cracow to Warsaw. Time, 12 h. 36 m. Russia is entered at y a miniature fortress ; l,ut it has done good service on several occasions when defend- ing itself against its enemies. Pelrikau, a town of .11,250 inhabitants, situated on the Shavra. Some of the first tribunals of Poland were held here. At Skiernuvitse junction the line from Berlin joins that from Vienna. This place was formerly the residence of the Princes Primate of Poland. It was presented to Maria Grudzinska by Alexander I. on the occasion of her marriage to the Grand-Duke Constantine, who at her death bequeathed it to the kings of Poland. Warsaw. Situated on the left bank of the Vistula. Principal hotels, Victoria and Europe. The price of droskies is 20 kopecks the course, and 75 the hour. Accounts in Rus- sia are kept in rubles and kopecks. 100 kopecks = 1 ruble = 75 cents I". S. currency. The city of Warsaw was founded in the 12th century, and in the IGth Sigisnumd III. made it the capital of Poland. There is very little to detain the traveler here, the pictures and objects of art having all been carried off to Moscow or St. Peters- burg in 1831. The Royal Castle is situated on a large square, in the centre of which stands the bronze statue of Sigismund III. on a mon- olith of native marble, erected by his M.I:. Vladislas IV. It was built by the Duke of Masovia, and restored by Augustus III., WARSAW. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] WARSAW. and was a royal residence up to 1831. when all its treasures were removed. The form- er royal apartments are now used by the lieutenant of the emperor. '1 he other parts, formerly occupied liy the deputies and senate of Poland, are now a caserne. The Pod BUikon, the former palace of the Prince Joseph Poniatowski, is now used by the diplomatic- chancery. The Palace .Square was the scene of two popular upris- ings of the citizens in 1*01. On both oc- casions a great slaughter of the people took place. The Cathedral dates from the 13th cen- tury. It w:is restored liy King John So- bieski. Notice a monument to Count Ma- lakhovski. by Tkorioaldiem ; also another to Bishop Albertrandi, a celebrated historian. There are numerous other objects of lesser import which the valet-de-place will point out. A visit should be made to the new Cita- del, built in 1831 at the expense of the city, as a punishment for their offense in getting up an insurrection during that year. It also completely commands the town in case of another revolt. A drive should be taken through the Jews' quarter, near which is an admirably managed Lun-ttic Asylum. Near the palace of the archbishops of Warsaw, last inhabited by the Archbishop Fialkovski in 1801, is the confiscated pal- ace of the Pats family, and the Church of the Capuchins, attached to a convent founded by John Sobieski III. in gratitude for his victory over the Turks. His heart is con- tained in a sarcophagus in a chapel erected by the Emperor Nicholas. In the same chapel is an urn dedicated to King Stanis- laus Poniatowski. In Saxony Square, where the Hotel dc 1'Europe is situated, there is an obelisk erected to the Polish generals who were supposed to be faithful to the Russian cause in lxl/- tested against it, from whence is derived the name of Protestants. Luther died at Eisleben, in 1504, in the sixty-third year I of his age. He was a man of impetuous i eloquence, and exercised an irresistible in- fluence on the multitude. His works are very numerous. Bossuet, in his Histoi~y of the Variations of the Church, has tried to refute his doctrines. In addition to the tombs of Luther and Melanchthon in the Sch'osskirche are the monuments of Frederick the Wise and John the Steadfast, both of whom were strong suppo;ters of Luther and his doctrines. There is also a line bronze statue of Fred- erick the Great. In the Market J'luce there is a Gothic temple of iron, and in it a bronze statue of Luther, erected in 1821, with this inscription in German : "If it be the work of God, it trill endure ; if of man, it will perish." In the University build- ings, where he resided after he was mar- ried, there still remain his chair, table, beer-jug, and two portraits ot him by Cra- nach, who was a native of Wittenberg ; also a cast of 1 is face taken after his death. Many of the nobles of the earth have stood in this room, and left their names on the wall as memorials of their visit ; among others, Peter the Great, who wrote his name with chalk over the door : it is now covered with a piece of glass to protect it from the touch of the curious. At the Stadtkirche may be seen the font where Luther baptized, also some very fine pict- ures by Cranach. The present citadel was formerly the castle of the electors. The town of Wittenberg was besieged by the Prussians for nearly one year in 1814, and was finally carried by storm : the French suffered severely in this action. On the place where Luther, on the 10th of Dec., 1520, burned the Pope's bull, there is a tree now standing inclosed by a railing. The ancient University was removed in 1817, and united to that of Halle. I ii WAD. The line now crosses the Elbe by a bridge 901) feet long, and arrives at Bitter- feld junction. A line to the north goes to ',-, that to the west to Halle. [DesmiH is a town of 19,000 inhabitants, and the capital of the dukedom of Anhalt- i. There are no public buildings but hloss, which contains a picture-gal- lery and a library with numerous MSS. of Luther; there is one department devoted t i relics, which contains several articles of Napoleon captured at Waterloo. The Schlosskirche contains the tombs of the ducal family, and a Last Supper by Crn- nach. Mendelssohn, the composer, was born in Dessau.] Ltipzig, described in Route No. 162. ROUTE No. 161. Berlin to Dusseldorf, via Halle, Eisleben, Nordhausen, Cassil, and Elberfeld. Time, 15 h. ; fare, first class, 56 marks 10 pf. ; second class, 39 marks 80 pf. (sleeping-car to Diisseldorf and Aix-la-Chapelle,10 P.M., 8 mark.- . Berlin to Dusseldorf, direct, via Schwerte. Time, 9 h. 57 m. ; fare, 49 marks 70 pf. From Berlin to BitterfM, see Route 160. Halle, situated on the river Saale, con- tains 52, COO inhabitants. Principal ho- tels, Stadt Hamburg, Kronprinz, and AV'.) 1, whi'-h contains at the present time (l>7r, i 1000 students. That of Wittenberg was transferred here in 1817. This town formed part of the Hanseatic League in the 13th and 14th centm In the market-place visit the Rot lie Thurm, or red tower, 27C feet high. Near it is a colossal bronze statue of Handel, the composer, who was burn he-re in li',,-:,. He is represented in n court-dress, and at the back of the music-desk a St. Cecilia a portrait of Jenny Lind. Handel died [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ElSLEBEN. in London in 1759. The monument was raised by subscriptions collected in En- gland and Germany. The ('at fit ilral con- tains an altar-piece representing the Duke Augustus of Saxony and his family. Ad- joining the cathedral is the former resi- dence of the Hivhbi-hnps of Magdeburg. The principal religious monument in Halle is the church of >7. Maurice. The wood-work of the altar, representing Mary with the Saint.-, is most exquisite. This is the parish church of the work- men of the mines called Hulloren. a distinct race, supposed to be descendants of the an- cient Wends, and who preserve their old manners and customs. The Marktkirche is a plain Gothic build- ing flanked by four towers, dating from the middle of the 16th century. It con- tains a tine altar-piece the " Sermon on the Mount," by J. Hiibner; also a fine work by Lucas Cranach, painted by the order of the Cardinal Albert of Branden- burg, founder of the church ; the subjects are the Annunciation and Madonna and Child. The Stifitingen, or FnmcTce's Institute, founded in 1698, is composed of an Orp'ian Aay'um, Laboratory, and Printing-office. The establishment is ornamented with a statue of the founder of these institutions, by Ranch. Near the cathedral are the ruins of the chateau of Moritz'iurg, reduced to its pres- ent state by the Thirty-years' War. Ilnlle to~BtrUn. Time, 3 h.9 in. ; fare, first class, 13 marks 2 g. llulle to Frankfort. Time, 12 hours ; fare, first class, 4:> marks 5 g. Twenty -four miles from Halle, on our route, is Eisleben (Hotel, Goldenes ScfiiJF), con- taining 12,750 inhabitants, noted as the birthplace of Luther. The house where the great Reformer was born is situated near the Post-office, and is now used as a school. His picture is placed over the door. The font where he was baptized is in tlii- }'? i--l'>niI-I\'n-< li . The church of Xf. Anot. The waters play every Wednesday ami Sunday afternoon. The highest fount- ain on the Continent is here ; one stream, 12 inches in diameter, is thrown to the height of 200 feet. This palace is regard- ed as one of the most magnificent resi- dences in Europe. Apart from the im- mense amount spent on it, its natural beau- ties are hard to match. The palace lies at the bottom of the hill ; it was occupied by Jerome Napoleon while King of Westphalia; close to it is the theatre he built, and where he used to act. The principal objects of interest here are the colossal Hercules and the Cascade of Karlshurg. The cascade is 900 feet long, and at its head is the co- lossal statue, which stands on an octagon building 1300 feet above the river. The figure is of copper, and 30 feet high ; eight persons can stand at one time in the hol- low of the club the figure holds in his hand. The view from the statue is most delightful. Eight miles from Cassel is the castle of Wilfielmslhal, built by the Elector Wilhelm III. It is situated in a beautiful park, and well deserves a visit. Warburg (population, 4000 ) ; an old, de- cayed town, commanded by a hill, on which may be seen the ruins of the castle of Desenberg. Xieder-Marsberg station, whence a dili- gence in three hours to Arolsen, the resi- dence of the Prince of Waldeck. whose pal- ace contains a fine collection of antiquities from Pompeii. Arnsberg, an unimportant town, situated on a hill nearly surrounded by the River Ruhr. It contains 4000 inhabitants, and was the former capital of the ancient duchy of Westphalia. Elberfeld, described in Route No. 146. ROUTE No. 162. Dresden to Frankfort -on -the -Main, via Leipzig, Weimar, Gotha, Eisenach, and Fulda. Time, 11 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 46 marks, 30 pf. LEIPZIG. Dresden, described in Route No. 166. From Dresden to Leipzig, in 2 h. 16 m., by express; fare, first class, 11 marks 90 pf. ; second class, 9 marks ; or via Bobein and .\feissen, 4 h. 30 m. ; there is nothing specially to see via the express route. Nearly 10 miles from Dresden is the Niederau station, four miles from which is the town of Meissen (Hotels, Ilirsch and Stern), celebrated for its porcelain manu- factory, where the Dresden china is made. It contains a population of 8000 inhabit- ants. Above the town, situated on a rock, is the castle where formerly the govern- ment facton r of Dresden china was situ- ated. Part is now used as a state prison, and the factory is at Triebischtbal, half a mile farther up the Elbe. About 600 work- men are now employed. The factory is to be seen every day. Porcelain wi's origin- ally brought from China, from which it was named, and was first made in Europe in the 16th century at this place. It is said to have been first manufactured by one Botticher, a native of Plauen, an alche- mist of the 16th century, who accidentally discovered the art of making it in the course of his search for the philosopher's stone. During the Seven - years' War this es- tablishment was nearly ruined, Frederick the Great having carried off its workmen, medals, and archives. The ware now man- ufactured does not equal that of the time when the factory was carried on by the former kings. Near the manufactory is the Cathedral, which contains some very fine paintings, also the tombs of the early Saxon princes. Meissen is the terminus of the mammoth tunnel, twenty-four miles long, being made for the purpose of draining the Freiberg silver-mines, which have been for ages the source of Saxon wealth. Leipziffhas 149, 081 inhabitants. Huti'l- : Ihtufte, Sedan, Heller zum Bamberger Jf<>f, and de Rom-. Hotel Hauffe, is one of the finest houses in Germany. Hotel Sedan is a fine, first-class. IK wlv-huilt house opposite the Thuringian Station. IJ<'>t< I Heller zum Bamberrjfr llnf is a good house with mod- erate prices. Hotel de Rome, en the Prom- enade, near the principal station. Leipzig is the second citv in Saxony, and one of " 619 Licir/.ic.. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] LEIPZIG. the most industrious and commercial cities in Europe. It stands on a fertile plain near the right bank of the River Elster. The traveler should ascend the tower of the Pleissenburg, whence a magnificent view of the city, country, and whole of the field of the celebrated battle may be ob- tained. Leipzig, although a place of great his- torical celebrity and commercial impor- tance, has not much to detain the traveler except during its three fairs, which are held here annually, one beginning on New- year's day, the other beginning on the first ; Sunday after Michaelmas, and the last and , most important beginning the second Sun- day after Easter. During these seasons the town is very gay. Strangers are here from all parts of the world : Turks and Jews, Greeks, Romans, Armenians, Per- sians, Americans, and Hindoos. While i the fairs last the hotels charge double their i usual price, and there are generally an many strangers in the city as its popula- tion amounts to. The money transactions often amount to 80 million dollars. Leip- zig is the centre of the German book-trade, who, to the number of between six and j seven hundred, meet here annually to bal- ance their accounts, and their sales often amount to two million dollars yearh*. | Nearly every bookseller or publisher in | Germany has an agency here. There are ; about 130 depots for books, 15 steam-press- es, and 200 hand-presses. The publishers ; have an Exchange of their own, called the j fluclihaudler-Borse, where they transact all their business. Leipzig is the seat of a University which possesses a distinguished reputation, and has numerous literary and scicntilic estab- lishments. The city was of early origin, and has often been noted in connection with the events of modern history. Its Uni- versity was founded in the early part of the 15th century, and lias nearly 2000 stu- dents; its buildings are very finely orna- mented. It is called the Augusteum, and was completed in 1836; back of which arc the Paulinum and Puulinerkirche. This last originally formed part of the Domin- ican convent. The Paulinum contains the University Library, with 300.000 vol- umes and 2000 MSS. Open every day in the week except Sunday. Goethe studied at this University, and one of the " lions" 620 of the place is Auerbaeh's cellar, where he laid one of his scenes in the tragedy of 1 aust. In this cellar Mepliistopheles sup- plied the drunken students with wine from gimlet-holes bored in the table. Here it was Dr. Faustus performed his feats. In this cellar Goethe himself held his midnight orgies when a student at the University. - On one side of the picturesque market- place is the R'tthhuus, or town-hall, former- ly the residence of the princes of Saxony. Marshal Schwarzenberg, general of the allied army, died in it. It was occupied by Napoleon during the battle of Leipzig. This battle was the most famous occurrence in the annals of the town, when Napoleon was defeated by the combined armies of Austria, Russia, and Prussia in 1813, after three days' contest, which was deservedly designated "The Battle of Nations." It was fought on the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th A October. Napoleon's army amounted to 170,000, and the allied forces to 300,000. Napoleon left Leipzig minus 80,00!) men ; the loss of the allies was about 50,000. The August usplatz contains the very hand- some New Th-- litre, finished in 18G7, at an expense of 2,100,000 marks. It has a fine Corinthian portico. The veranda at the back overlooks the handsome little lake of Schwanenteich. On another side of the Augustusplatz is the Mus urn, finished in 1858. It is a very handsome building, and contains a good collection of modern paintings collected by the Leipzig Society of Artists. It is open free on Sunday from 10.30 to 3 ; Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, 10 to 4 ; and Monday, 12 to 4. On the ground floor are the casts; to the right the exposition of the Society, and to the left the cartoons and other draw- ings. On the staircase is a medallion of Hem- rich Schletter, the donor of most of the pictures, and to whom the Museum partly owes its existence. The first floor contains the paintings ancient and modern pictures : and as there is a good catalogue for sale (price 7i gro- schens), it is not necessary to give any list. There are fifteen rooms in all. On the second floor there is a fine col- lection of stamps and engravings. In the garden of M. (ier.inl is a tomb- stone erected to the ir.eiiioiy of the brave LEIPZIG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. j NACMBCRG. Prince Poniatowski, who was drowned in attempting to swim his horse acmss the Elster. He had been partially instrument- al in preventing the capture of Napoleon by covering his retreat ; had had his horse shut under him, and was seriously wound- ed. The stream was so filled with the dead ainl dying men and horses that the miserable steed on which he was mounted was unable to push his way through, and horse and rider both sank. He had been made a Marshal of France three days be- fore by Napoleon. The brave Macdonald crossed at the same place, and was saved. There is a model of Thorwaldsen's statue of him here. There are two other monu- ments erected here in connection with the battle one where the three allied sover- eigns met. and another to the memory of Marshal Schwarzenberg. The walks and gardens around the city walls are very in- teresting, and the park of Rosentha'. is much frequented during the summer months, to listen to the free concerts given in the cafes. Leipzig has a large wool-market, which is held here in May : it also has extensive manufactures of silken fabrics, hosiery, leather, and oil-cloths, playing-cards, to- bacco, gold and silver articles, snuff", choco- late, liquors, and musical instruments, with numerous printing, engraving, and wool- spinning establishments. In the publish- ers' catalogue issued during the fair there are often from 4000 to 5000 new books an- nounced. An excursion might be made to the res- idence of Baron Speck, live miles from the city. His gallery contains some very fine paintings ; among them is a Madonna and Child by Murillo. The former citadel of Pleissenburg, now a barrack, has a high tower from whence a fine view of the battle-field can be ob- tained. The church of St. Nicholas dates from the 12th century ; two of its towers are of the same date, the other two date from 1555. < >n the promenade is a bronze sitting statue of Samuel Hahnemann* the founder of the system of homoeopathy, born in Mei-sen in 17")5. and died in Paris in 1843. A stone monument, in the form of a sar- cophagus, erected in memory of Poniatow- ski by his friend General Poe/.niska, stands near the spot where the brave Pole was drowned. Beyond the Milch-Insel gardens is ths Kugel Denkma', erected in 1845 in memory of the battle of Leipzig, near which is the Schiitz nhnus a large music-hall, with gar- dens. There is a fine Gymnastic Establishment in the Turnerstrasse, which cost the city 120,000 marks, which deserves to be seen. It was erected in 1863. There are five different railway stations in Leipzig, from whence lines run north, south, east, and west, and five lines of American tramways running in every di- rection. A metal ticket is handed to the traveler when he arrives at a station, indicating the number of cab to which he is entitled, Kit zing $ Helbig's Restaurant, the finest in Leipzig, 19 Peterstrasse, is noted for its cuisine and excellent wines. Proceeding on the route to Weimar, Corbetha junction is passed, five miles west of which was the scene of a great vic- tory of Frederick the Great over the French and Austrians, Nov. 5, 1757. About 20 miles from Leipzig is the town of Weitsenfek, containing about 11,000 in- habitants. Napoleon slept here the night after the battle of Leipzig. On the height above the town is the Castle, which was formerly the residence of the dukes of Weissenfels. It is rendered more famous from the fact that Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was brought here from the bat- tle of Liitzen. where he was killed in 1633. He was embalmed in a room in the castle, and his blood is still shown on the wall. His heart, which, it is said, weighed one pound and two ounces, was conveyed to Stockholm by his widowed queen. Eight miles from Weissenfels and Xnnmburg station is reached; the town is some distance off, and contains 15,000 in- habitants. Hotel, Sack. The Cathedral dates from the 13th century, and contains some fine sculptures of an early date. It contains some singular monuments and stained-glass windows. The Skidtkirche contains a picture by Cranach of Christ blessing little children. Naumburg is a place of considerable his- toric importance. It was here that Napo- leon turned the flunk of the Prussian army, resulting in his great victorv at -'cna. The C21 WEIMAR. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ERFURT. possession of the town was hotly contested by the French after the defeat of Leipzig. Weimar. This charming town is situ- ated on the Ilm, in the midst of beautiful groves and handsome grounds ; its popula- tion is 15,000. Principal hotels are Rus- sicher Hof and //. Erbprinz. There are few things here to detain the traveler any length of time. It possesses, however, a | great interest as the residence of some of | the most distinguished literary men of Germany, drawn thither by the enlighten- ed patronage of the grand-duke. Among the great names thus connected with it are those of Schiller, Goethe, Herder, and \Vie- land. Weimar has no trade or manufact- ures of any importance, but its literary and scientific establishments surpass those of places of much larger size and vastly greater commercial importance. It was formerly called the Athens of Germany ; its groves alone certainly remind one of the academic groves of ancient Athens (there are no groves there now, nor any shade save that presented by stunted, mildewed olive-trees). The sights to be seen are the grand-ducal Palace, which is a handsome structure ; it contains some fine modern frescoes, illus- trating the works of Weimar's greatest poets. In one of the rooms is kept the ar- mor and one of the thumbs of the Grand- Duke Bernard, one of the Protestant lead- ers in the Thirty -Years' War. His body is buried in the StadtMrche. Adjacent to the palace is the Public Library, which contains busts of Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland ; also numerous relics of Lu- ther and others. The Stadtkirche con- tains a fine painting by Lucas Cranach: it represents the Crucifixion, and is con- sidered one of his very best works. In front of the church stand bronze statues of Herder and Schiller. The interior of the church contains Herder's remains. This church was also the burial-place for the members of the ducal family. The house of Goethe has been hired by his heirs, and can not now be seen except on Fridays. Schiller's house has been purchased by the town, and can be visited daily ; one will here find a collection of numerous relics of the great poet. There are statues of Goethe and Schiller by Rietschel in the Theaterplatz. Out of the town is the New Church-yard, 622 which contains the present grand-ducal burial-vault. Here i-eposc the bodies of the poets Goethe and Schiller. Here also lies the body of their friend and patron, the late grand-duke. It was his desire that the poets should lie on either side of him, but courtly etiquette forbade the proximity. This church-yard is a sweet place to visit on a bright summer morn- ing, the air made fragrant by the opening rose-buds, and all nature still with the ex- ception of the musical warbling of the birds and the humming of the bees. Some of the monuments are perfect gems of art. Here may be seen an admirable arrange- ment to prevent the accident of premature burial in cr.ses of suspended animation. In a dark chamber, lighted with a small lamp, the body lies in a coffin ; in its fin- gers are placed strings, which communi- cate with an alarm-clock ; the least pulsa- tion of the corpse will ring the bell in an adjoining chamber, where a person is placed to watch, when medical attendance is at once supplied. There have been several cases where persons supposed to be dead were thus saved from premature interment. About twelve miles southeast of Weimar is the town of Jena, famous as the scene of one of Napoleon's greatest victories over the Prussians in 1806. It contains StiOO inhabitants. Hotel, Sonne. It possesses a celebrated University, which has number- ed some of the most eminent men of the present and preceding centuries among its professors. To reach the battle-field go by railway to Apoldu, from which place there is a diligence in 1 h. 30 m. Erfurt, finely situated on the Werra. Population, 43,760. Hotels are //. Zum Kaiser and //. Silber. This is an old and well-built town, strongly fortified, and of considerable commercial importance. It contains a garrison of 4500. It was a member of the Hanseatic League, and be- longed to the Elector of Mayence up to 1802 ; then to Prussia until 1806. For the following eight years it remained in pos- session of France, since which time to Prussia. Its University was suppressed in 1816. The principal edifice is the Cathe- dral, which dates from the 12th century. It possesses a famous bell, called Grosse Sus'inna-, weighing 275 cwt. The church contains some pictures and very fine mon- uments. The painted glass is also very GOTHA. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.! ElSEXAi-Il. good. The leading object of interest, how- ! ever, in the town is the orphan asylum. occupying the Augustine convent of which Luther was a member. One of the apart- ments contains his Bible, portrait, and other relics. The two churches, Prediger- \ 1-ircheandBaarfusserkirche, are well worth i a visit. It has now a Protestant and Ro- man Catholic school, gymnasia, a normal school, an academy of sciences, a museum, i botanical gardens, and a public library of 20,000 volumes. It has extensive manu- factories of woolen and cotton cloths, shoes, leather, and vinegar. In 1808 the memor- able interview between Napoleon and Alex- ander, emperor of Russia, here took place. Gotha conjointly with Coburg, the res- idence of the sovereign prince of the Duchy of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha is beautiful- ly situated on the declivity of a hill, the summit of which is crowned by the palace of Friedenstein. It contains a population of 20,000 inhabitants. Principal hotels are j Deutschtr I/of, Miinchener, and Stadt Co- burg. This capital has become familiar to American ears from the relationship ex- isting between its reigning sovereign and England's mistress the duke's younger brother, the late Prince Albert, having married Queen Victoria. Nature and art have made this city as fair a capital in miniature as can well be imagined. It is one of the best laid out and best built towns in Germany, and sur- rounded by handsome boulevards, which replace its ancient fortifications. The sit- uation is beautiful, and the climate exceed- ingly healthy. The scenery around it is varied, pleasing, romantic, and interesting. Within, all the literary, religious, and sci- entific institutions, such as museums of natural history and the tine arts, Japanese and Chinese museum, picture - galleries, seven churches, a large number of chari- table institutions, such as orphan and lu- natic asylums, institutions for the improve- ment of neglected children, and others which distinguish larger cities, are to be met with, as well as all the amusements, and all the arrangements for convenience and comfort, and for cheapness of living, which are generally found only in first- class cities. The palace of Friedtnstein, which con- tains the picture -gallery and museums, is open to the public on Tuesday and Friday from April 1 to October 31 gratis, and on other days the fee is one thaler for a party. In the picture-gallery there are several fine paintings by Rembrandt, Ru- bens, Van Eyck. Holbein, and Van der Heist. In the Knit tkmnmer are many valuable relics, among others the swords of Charlemagne and John Sobieski. a pray- er-book of James I., and a ring of Mary Stuart. The library, Japanese and Chinese museums, and museum of natural histo- ry, are all in the same building. The col- lection of medals and coins is considered one of the first in Europe. The theatre is a fine building, but open only in winter. Close to it is the monu- ment of Anio'di, founder of the life and lire insurance companies in the town. The D Tid Palace contains some good pictures. The " Almanach de Gotha" is the title of a small book published here, which gives you the pedigree of all the crowned heads in Europe. Gotha has a large manufac- tory of porcelain, and does considerable trade in linen, woolen, and cotton fabrics. Among other branches of its trade is that of Gotha sausages, which are very fine, and are sent to all parts of Germany. It also does a large business in lacquered ware of all kinds. A corner-house in the market- place, now a school for girls, was the resi- dence of the celebrated painter Crunack, and bears his device, a winged serpent Omnibuses daily (in 2 hrs. 30 m.) to the great cloth manufacturing town ofLangen- sa'z-i, noted for the battle between the Hanoverians and Prussians in June, 1866. Near the town are sulphur baths. Eisenach, the capital of Saxc-Weimar- Eisenach, is situated at the confluence of the Xessa and Horsel, and contains 13,000 inhabitants. It was formerly one of the most flourishing manufacturing towns be- tween Leipzig and Frankfort. Its hotels are H. Raute-nkranz and //. Htilbe Aland. It is the principal town in the Thuringian forest, and has been rendered famous from the fact of Martin Luther having been de- tained a prisoner in its Cl. Sixteen years later the Emperor Harha- rossa here held a grand council to pro- nounce the imperial ban against Henry the Lion. Passing Longfnsalbad station, where there is a chateau, bought by Dom Miguel of Portugal in 1850. Near this station is the battle-field \\ here the French gained a victory over the allies after their retreat from Leipzig. The Russians, Austrians, and Bavarians attempted to interrupt the retreating French arm}', but they were completely routed, and lost large numbers in killed and wounded. /fund'/, a manufacturing town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated at the confluence of the Main and Kinzig. It was founded by Protestants from Holland, to whom an asylum had been refused at Frankfort. The}- have carried on for centuries the manufacture of silk and woolen goods, also silver-ware. Frankfort oit the - Main (described in Route 163). ROUTE No. 163. Frankfort 'edberfj and Gifssen. Time, 4 li. 1.'? m. fare, lirst class, 18 marks, or 9 fl. 27 kr. ; second class, 1:! marks 30 pf. Fruidforf was formerly a free city of Gt nnany, but, owing to the fortunes of war. was annexed to the kingdom of Prus- sia October 8, 18GG. It is situated on the 025 FitANKFORT. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] right bank of tho River Main. Population, 149,309. Hotel d'Anykterre, a first-class house, of European reputation. Frankfort is one of the most ancient cit- ies of Germany. Charlemagne had a pal- ace'here, and held a council within its walls in 794, and a century later it became the commercial capital of Germany. In the year 1154 it became a free city and the sent of the German Diet, remaining such until 1866. It is noted for the wealth of its merchants, and for their commercial trans- actions, their banking operations, and their speculations in the funds. It is the native place of the Rothschild family, one of whom has a beautiful villa near the city. The house in which the great banker was born is shown ; it is situated in the Judm- ga'sse (Jews' Street), No. 148. The bank- ing-house is now situated at the corner of Zeil and Judengasse. One side of the last-named street was pulled down in 1872, and the quarter is beginning to assume an air of modern times. The city is connect- ed with the suburb of Sachsenhausen by an ancient stone bridge of fourteen arches, 950 feet long and 11 broad. Its former for- tifications were demolished by the French, and are now used as gardens and prome- nades. The residences of the principal bankers and merchants are on the most magnificent scale, nearly all possessing a very good collection of pictures and stat- uary. The banks of the Main are lined with spacious quaj's, and the streets in the interior of the town have been widened and much improved. A fine new street has been opened from the Rossmarkt (the principal square) to the Neue Mainzerstrasse ; on this the new hotel is situated. The city has two annual fairs, which are much fre- quented for commercial purposes. The Cathedral, or Djm, is an ancient edi- fice of Gothic architecture ; its tower, which is still unfinished, is 260 feet high ; it is said to have been commenced in the 13th century. One of the principal monuments it contains is that of the Emperor Giinther, who was killed by his rival, Charles IV. ; also that of Rudolph of Sachsenhausen. r n the election chapel all the emperors of German}', from Conrad I. to Francis II., aiter being elected, were crowned in front of the high-altar. The Komer, or Town-hall, is noted only for being the scene of festivities subse- G2C FRANKFORT. 1 quent to the election of the emperor. Here, in the liauqueting-hall, he was entertained, and kings and princes and the greatest nobles of the land waited on him at table. Opposite the hall, in the market-place, an ox was roasted whole, from which the em- peror ate a slice, and a fountain ran with wine, from which the cup-bearer filled his glass. The banqucting-hall is decorated with portraits of all the emperors, forty -six in number. In the election chamber may be seen the "Golden Bull," by which the Emperor Charles IV. arranged the manner of conducting the elections of future em- perors. Fee, 1 mark. Behind the Town- hall, in St. Paul's Square, is situated the church of St. Paul, where in 1848 the sit- tings of the National German Assembly were held, also the Horse, or Exchange, a fine building, erected by Stieler in 1844. The Exchange is open from 12 to 2.80. The Stwlel Museum and Academy of Painting (so named after its founder, a rich banker and citizen, who, in 1810, be- queathed $400,000, in addition to a large collection of pictures and engravings, for its foundation) is a handsome building, and is open daily from 10 to 1, Saturdays excepted : admission gratis. Some of the modern pictures are very fine, particularly those by Dutch and Flemi>h masters. Cat- alogue costs CO pf. At the entrance are busts of Raphael and Albert Dtirer. The rooms to your left on entering contain c.ists of antiques. Xcxt the /'/<, -YYWW', on the ceiling of which is a fresco -by Vat and llessemer, representing the introduc- tion of the fine arts into Germany. Here are casts of Ghiberti's bronze doors of the Baptistery at Florence. Among the Italian pictures are the Four Fathers of the Latin Church at the Throne of the Virgin, by Moretto, which cost 35,000 florins. There are catalogues in each room. Another sight of Frankfort is Danneck- er's statue of Ariadne seated on a tiger. It is in the villa of M. Bethman, and is con- sidered by many judges one of the most perfect productions of modern art. Out- side of the Friedberg gate is situated the colossal mass of granite rocks grouped to- gether in memory of the Hessians who fell defending Frankfort, the whole surmount- ed by a military device cast from cannon taken from the French. It was erected by the King of Prussia. St. George's Hos- FRAN Hat FORT. 9 J>en*mat(arl tiffr 10 DcnimaJ GoetJtt* 11 Dcnkm.Guttenterg's L".' I'auls Kirohe. 23 Pcrman !\-<<-rx Kircfie, 25 /W brni-, Sirche - " fu -/arm. KircAc < /'. 2b Ronicr 29 SaaUuff' 30 Stnkentery's 31 Statkl'j- JnttaU. 32 S? l*0nktinf Kirch 33 35 TufTianftalt, 36 1i 31 H r cuirfirulf!n> J&rrAc- aid-Book FRANKFORT. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY. J pital, the Public Library, and the Senken- lnTic MtiM'um of Natural History, are all well worth a visit. In front of th theatre (a very fair one) is a monumental statue erected to the poet Goethe, who was born in r'ra;;kfort. The house is No. 71 in the Hirsehgraben, and has his father's coat of anus three /yns over the door. It con- t-iins an mt<;Kst\ng,CollectionofCni-iosities. ' pf. ; Wednesday free. Goethe was born here August 2*. 17-11'. A magnificent bronze statue of Schiller was erected on Schillerplatz in 1864. The monument to Gutmbirg is situated on the Kossmarkt. It was erected in 1858 by Launit/. The central figure, with the types in his left hand, is Gutenberg; on his right Fust, and left Scluijfer. On the frieze are likenesses of celebrated printers, and in the four niches the arms of the four towns Mayeiu-e. Frankfort, Venice, and Strasburg where printing was tirst prac- ticed. A magnificent new Opera House, some- what resembling the Grand Opera at Paris, was opened in 1881 ; it should be visited, as the troupe is one of the best in Germany. The house in the Domplatz where Luther lived is pointed out. The ancient fortifications of Frankfort have been converted into Public Gardens, which are one of the greatest attractions in the city. During the summer fine bands play twice daily, at four and at eight o'clock, at the Zoological, and I 'aim Gardens. The last is so named from a splendid collec- tion of palm-trees, formerly belonging to the Duke of Nassau, and purchased by the city. The o'd and jt<>/' r< f . \in.-chel Meyer Rothschild, the founder cf the great banking-house. A visit should lie made to the Imperial Chocola'e Manufactory of Stollwerck Ki L, of Coloirnr. the greatest establishment in t medals) ; has a very liue salesroom at No. 3 Bockenheirnerstras- HOMBURG. se, which nobody should fail to visit. The prices are fixed, anil low in comparison with those of America and England. Under the Frankfurter I/of is the Uni- versal Reise - Bureau, where railway and opera tickets, guides, money-exchange, and numerous conveniences may be procured. Near Frankfort, at the village of Born- heim, Baron Charles Rothschild has a fine estate called Giinsterberg, containing a large collection of art treasures. Carriages. One or two persons, 70 pf. from or to the station ; in the city, 50 pf. Sleeping-car office, 14 Bethmanstrasse. Frankfort to Berlin, via Bebra; time, 12 h. ; fare. 48 marks 90 pf. (sleeping-car, 7.45 P.M.. 8 marks); via Nordhausen; time, 11^ h. (sleeping-car, 11 P.M., 8 marks) ; to Paris; time, 13 h. -17 m.; fare, 67 marks (sleeping-car, 5 P.M., 1.' marks); to Mu- nirh ; time, 10 h. ; fare, 37 marks 40 pf. ; to Dresden; time, 11 h. 25 m. ; fare, 46 marks 30 pf. ; to Cologne; time, 5 h. 5 in. ; fare, 18 marks 30 pf. (see p. 694) ; to Co- blent-.. Muyence, Wiesbaden, Heidelberg, and Strasburg, see p. 694. An excursion had better be made to Horn- burg. Time by rail way, 30 and 40 minutes ; fare, first class, 1 mark 80 pf. There is no advantage in buying return tickets. Ho- tels, Btllevue and De Hesse. The Bette- vue, greatly frequented by Americans, is a fine, tirst-class house, opposite the Casino. The ]>< ll< sse is a good house, with moder- ate charges, opposite the Casino. Homburg was annexed to the kingdom of Prussia in 1866. It Mas quite an insignificant place formerly; but after the establishment of the baths and Kursanl it rapidly improved, and became one of the most fashionable places in German}'. .Since the suppression of gambling in 1872 it has increased in at- tractiven'--s. Separated from the principal street by an open space which is planted with shrubs and bordered by orange-trees, stands the Kursaal. which is decidedly the handsomest in Germany. A beautiful portico fronts 627 OFFENBACH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MARBURG. the street. A magnificent vestibule con- ducts this visitor to the beautifully deco- rated ball-room, which occupies the centre of the building. On the left are the prin- cipal saloons, elegantly decorated, and fur- nished in the most gorgeous manner. On the right there is a splendid saloon, beau- tifully frescoed and furnished, in which there is a table d'hote served daily at live o'clock, with other rooms for refreshments. There are also reading-rooms, supplied with American, English, and Continental journals, open freely to the public, with private rooms for cards, chess, etc. In ad- dition to the regular musical band which the liberality of the management provides, there are also gratuitous balls given week- ly, and concerts three times a week. There is also a handsome theatre. The principal springs are the Elizabethbrunnen, the Kai- serbrunnen, the Ludwig's and the Stahl- brunnen, all of which are surrounded by beautiful grounds, with splendid avenues leading to them. The waters are considered very efficacious in scrofulous diseases, indi- gestion, and all diseases consequent on a too free use of wines and ardent spirits. The large wine-growing house of Hub. Hiirter & Son, of Coblentz, has a branch establishment here, No. 87 Louisenstrasse. From Frankfort to Paris, via Binger- briick, Saarbriick, and Metz (mail'), in 13 h. 47 m. ; fare, 67 marks ; second class, 50 marks 10 pf. Sleeping-cars. Ha Cologne, 18i h., same fare. 'Frankfort to Berlin. Time, 11J h. ; fare, first class, 48 marks 00 pf. Frankfort to Cologne. Time, 5 h. 5 m. ; fare, first class, 18 marks 30 pf. From Frankfort to Offenbach in twenty minutes : this is a busy industrial town containing 22,000 inhabitant.*. In leaving Frankfort for Casscl the trav- eler starts from the station at the west of the town. Bockenheim, two miles from Frankfort, is a favorite holiday resort for the citizens of Frankfort. It contains 7000 inhabitants. Friedberg (Hotel, Trapp), containing 5000 inhabitants. It was formerly a free city of the empire. It has an old castle and two interesting churches. Naithdm. Hotels, Be'l'W and d I I'.n- t'ope. This is a watering-place for salt- baths, and contains 5000 inhabitants. It is finely situated at the base of a wooded 628 hill, the Johannisberg. It contains a Kur- saal in a fine park with lake. The salt- springs were granted by Napoleon to the famous cavalry officer, General Kellcr- mann. The fountain is inclosed in a brick shaft, from the top of which is seen the white jet. The water is conveyed through pipes to a bath-house. utzbach, a town of 2500 inhabitants, three miles west of which is the castle of Miinzenberff, destroyed during the Thirty- years' War. Giessen, situated on the River Lahn (Ho- tels Kiihne and Elnhoni), contains 10,500 inhabitants. It is of comparatively mod- ern origin, and the seat of a University founded in 1607, frequented by 300 stu- dents. There is a fine library attached to the University. [A railway to the left leads through Nas- sau and Ems to Coblentz, passing Wetztar once a free Imperial city, containing a line cathedral of the eleventh century, and com- manded by the ruin of Katsmnnt. Weilburg. Hotel, Traube. Until 1816 the residence of the dukes of Nassau. Weilburg. Their chateau is beautifully situatsd on a rocky eminence, and is still inhabited. Passing Runkel, an old town. situated on the banks of the Lahn, and Liinburg is reached. Tins line old town is situated on the banks of the Lahn. and contains 4500 inhabitants. Its seven-tow- ered cathedral rises conspicuously in its midst. Its architecture is pointed Gothic, and is exceedingly interesting. It com t;iins monuments of the princes of Nassau.] Murbnrg (Hotels, PjMfft >' and Kilter), finely situated on the River Ltthn, and built in the form of a semicircle around the hill, which is surmounted by the an- cient castle of the Lnmlyrar: .- Church of St. James. It was founded by a Benedictine monk named Marian, who was driven from Scotland dur- ing the usurpation of Macbeth in the llth century : it contains some pictures, and a very good library; ladies not admitted. IV-hind the church is the Prince's Gar- den, always open to the public; it commu- nicates with the promenades, where there are several monuments. The new royal villa, built in the Gothic style, near the Ostenthor, is a fine position for an extended view. An old stone bridge, which was con- structed in the 12th century, uniting Ratis- bon with its suburb, Stadt-am-Hof, was completely destroyed by the French in the battle'of April" 23d, 1809. To visit the Temple of Walhalla (the prin- cipal object in coming to Ratisbon) will oc- cupy the day. One-horse carriage, 4 florins 24 kr.. two horses, 5 fl. 30 kr.. for one hour's drive. The carriage leaves you at the foot of the hill and returns to the village. The road to fame is rather shabby a dirty vil- lage to pass through ; but, once there, e very- ' ing is lovely. Wlkalla, or Temple of [ Fame, lies six miles to the eastward of Ratis- | bon ; it is situated on a hill over three hun- | dred feet high, which rises above the north bank of the Danube, and is seen at a great distance. It was erected by the father of the late King of Bavaria, and was designed to contain the statues and busts of the most distinguished men of Bavaria. The corner- stone was laid in 1830, and it was finished in twelve years, at an expense of eight mill- ion florins. It is very similar in size and style to the Parthenon at Athens. The ex- terior is in the Doric, and interior in the Ionic style. It is constructed entirely of white marble, surrounded by 52 fluted Doric columns, the roof being of iron, covered with plates of copper. Its length is 218 feet, breadth 102, and height 60. The interior forms a saloon .of 160 feet in lergtb, 48 in breadth, and 52 in height. The four walls are divided in their height into two stories by a cornice, on which fourteen virgin war- riors, in color and form of caryatides, exe- cuted by Schwanthaler, are carrying a superior entablature, richly ornamented in blue and gold. At the northern end, oppo- site the principal entrance, is a recess des- tined to contain the statue of the royal i founder. Under the cornice runs a con- ! tinuous frieze, by Wagner, representing a history of the Germanic race down to the introduction ofChristianity. The side walls are divided into three compartments each ; in these are placed Rauch's six figures of Victory, each worth 20,000 thalers. Over the frieze are sixty-four tablets let into the 1 wall, with inscriptions in gold ; beneath are the white marble brackets on which arc placed the busts of the great and good whom Bavaria delights to honor. The pavement is of different colored marbles. The whole is lighted by ground-glass win- i dows in the roof, and one window at the north end. Among the 101 busts may be seen those of Catherine II. of Russia, Count Joseph Radetzky, Rubens, Van Dyck, Moritz von Sachsen, Maria Theresa, Rudolph von Haps- burg, "Dr." Martin Luther, Mozart. Schil- ler, Goethe, Albert Durer, Wallenstein, and Charlemagne. The custodian points out the places No. 102. 103, H>4. which, h- are for the Emperor William, Bismarck, and Moltke. At the village of Donaustauf, through which we pass, notice the castle of the 631 LANDSHUT. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] SAXONY. Prince of Thurn and Taxis. It is sur- rounded by a beautiful garden, always open to the public. The hereditary prince is still a boy of 14 years (187G). There is a small hotel here, the Walhalla. From Ratisbon to Nuremberg. Time, 2 h. 13 m. ; fare, first class, 6 marks 70 pf. From Ratisbon to Vienna. Time, 10 h. ; fare, first class, 41 marks 20 pf. From Ratisbon to Munich occupies by express 2 h. 55 m. There is very little to interest the traveler over this route. Pass- ing Mooshain station, southwest of which lies the battle-field of Eckmuhl, where, on the 22d of April, 1809, the French Marshal Davoust gained a decided victory over the Austrians. He was rewarded by Napoleon with the title of Prince of Eckmuhl for his successful generalship. At Geiselhfiring junction a line branches ofF to the east for Passau and Vienna. Landshut, situated on the borders of the Isar, containing 14,250 inhabitants. Principal hotel, Kronprinz. The town has a very picturesque appearance, with its numerous towers and church spires. The principal churches are St. Martin's, St. Jodocus, and the church of the Holy Ghost. In front of the Government Hotel is a monument to Lewis the Rich, founder of the University of Ingolstadt, which was brought here in 1800, but transferred to Munich in 1826. The Castle of Trausnilz is situated on an eminence above the town. It was former- ly the residence of the dukes of Lower Bavaria, and many of the apartments are in fine order. Frederick of Austria was confined here for three years by Lewis the Bavarian. Passing the ancient town of Afoosburg, finely placed on the banks of the Isar, the chain of Alps now appear, and Freising is reached. This town has been the seat of an episcopal see since the 8th century. The cathedral dates from the 12th century ; but it was so disfigured by the restoration it experienced in the 18th century that there is nothing but the crypt under the cathedral which merits notice. Outside the town is a monument erected to the memory of Count Abensberg, who was killed in a combat with a Bavarian duke in 1455. On the height to the west stands the C32 Abbey of Weihenstephen, transformed into an agricultural school. Munich. For description see Route No. 172. ROUTE No. 16C. Berlin to Dresden. For description of Berlin, see page 561. Time, 3 h. 4 m. ; fare, nvst class, 17 marks 40 pf. ; second class, 12 marks 20 pf. Take your ticket to Dresden ; A Itsladi (or "old tovvn") is the second station in Dres- den, where all the best hotels and principal sights are ; do not allow porters to entice you to get out at the first station. To Jiiterbog junction, see Route No. 160, from whence the train pursues an easterly route, joining the line from Leipzig at the station lioderuu. SAXONY. The Kingdom of Saxony comprises one of the finest portions of Germany. It is inclosed by the dominions of Austria, Prus- sia, and Bavaria. It contains 5854 square miles and 2,556,224 inhabitants, and is fa- vored alike by nature in regard to climate and soil. Its mineral resources are great silver, lead, and copper ores being found in abundance ; also tin, cobalt, iron, and zinc. The excellence of its fine breed of sheep has made its wool celebrated in all coun- tries. The forests furnish a most abundant supply of fuel. Its manufactures of china and fine cloth have always commanded the highest admiration. It is divided into four circles, which are named after the principal town of each, viz.: Dresden, Leipzig, Zwickau, and Baut- zen. Its monarchy is constitutional and hered- itary. The receipts and expenses of the government are 47,000.000 marks each, and its public debt 340,000,000 marks. Its army forms the twelfth army corps of the Empire of Germany. The royal house of Saxony is the branch Albertine, or branch cadet (Catholics). The reigning sovereign is Albert-Fred- erick- Auguet-Antoine - Ferdinand - Joseph- ORE 1 tCantuluJlcx SoUt>. 2 Frinztn. fttlcds 3 16 LandJicuu 17 ^W.fiw/ 18 fblytedtn.. fnjttiut, 19 Japajiifchej Palai*r Denkmaler : 21 rwn<4uyujt JT ?2 , "^>v ^y Lvtrtauer ,&fc$> Jt-M^fi, ^ ?^ DENf H-XJS I Boolt SAXONY. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DRESDEN. Charles-Marie-Baptiste-Nepomucene-Will- iam-Xavier-George-Fidele, horn April 23, 1828, and married to the Queen Carol ine- Frederique - Fran9oise - Stephanie - Amelie- Cecile, daughter of Gustave, prince of Wasa, born August 5, 1838. Dresden. On arriving at tlie station, metal tickets are distributed indicating the number of carriage to which the traveler is entitled. Fares, 1 person 70 pf., 2 persons 80 pf., at night 1 m. 30 pf. ; two-horse car- riages the regular course, 1J marks ; if the bridge be crossed, 10 pf. more. The fares are double after 10 P.M. The proprietors of hotels generally have good private car- riages to let, 15 to 20 marks per day ; 4 m. per hour. Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, is situated in a fertile plain upon both banks of the Elbe. It has 225,000 in- habitants. The principal hotels are the Victoria Hotel and Hotel de Bellevue, two of the best in Germany. The city is com- posed of the Altstadt (old town) on the left bank of the Elbe, and the Nevstadt (new town) on the right. Three bridges con- nect the two banks of the river. Various lines of tramways, built in the last few years by an American, connect the city with the different railroad stations, suburbs, and vil- lages. All that is known of the origin of Dresden is that it was founded by Slavoni- ans and enlarged by German colonists. At the beginning of the llth century Dresden was already a city, belonging to the bish- opric of Meissen ; it subsequently became the residence of the margraves of Meissen, and upon the partition, in 1484, fell to the Albertine line of Saxony, the present royal family of Saxony. The city suffered much in the Thirty Years' War. It attained its greatest splendor under the electors of Sax- ony, who were kings of Poland, especially in the reigns of Frederic Augustus I. and II. The Seven Years' War did much dam- age, it having been several times occupied by the Prussians. In 1760 it .was bom- barded by them, and 500 houses destroyed. From 1806 to 1815 the city was occupied several times by the French. The fortifi- 633 DRESDEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DRESDEN. cations were pulled down in 1810. In 1812 Napoleon assembled a Congress of Sover- eigns there ; and in 1813 lie obtained a vic- tory over the allied arms under its walls, Moreau being killed in the battle. The King of Saxony re-entered his capital in June, 1815, and the ancient ramparts were transformed into promenades. The revo- lution in 1848 and 1849 did a great deal of damage to the city. The kings Antoine (deceased 1836) and Frederick Augustus (deceased 1854) did much for the embel- lishment of Dresden, which is now one of the finest cities in Europe. The most attractive quarter is the The- ater Platz, near which are the principal ob- jects of interest to the tourist. Upon this place are the Zwinger, with its rich collec- tion?, the Royal Palace, the Catholic Church, and the Opera-house. Near the church is the old bridge across the Elbe, a solid stone structure, originally built with the money raised by the sale of dispensations from the Pope to eat butter and eggs during Lent. At the end of the bridge, and extending along the quay of the river, is the Brithl Terrace, a favorite promenade, upon which are the Palace of Rruhl and the Hall of the A cademy of Fine A r/s. On the opposite side of the river, about midway between the old bridge and the railway bridge, is the Japanese Palace, the gardens of which extend to the river. The Catholic Church was finished in 1756. The grand altar -picture represents "The Ascension," by Raphael Mengs, and there are many other German and Italian pict- ures of the 18th century. Under the sac- risty are the vaults of the royal family ; 64 statues of saints adorn the aisles. The mu- sic in this church (on Sundays, from 11 to 12, and at 4) is celebrated. The Royal Palace, or "Schloss," a large square of three or four stories, flanked by numerous galleries and dependencies, and inclosing three courts. The principal body of the building by the side of the Catholic church is surmounted by a tower 387 feet high, the highest in Dresden. The palace was built in the 14th century, and enlarged in the 16th and 17th centuries ; the interior is worthy of inspection. It contains sev- eral pictures by modern artists ; and the royal chapel is adorned with works of Ru- bens, Rembrandt, Guido Reni, Caracci, and Mengs. The great audience -rooOT, occu- 634 pied by Napoleon during his stay in Dres- den, is adorned with paintings by Sylvestre. The Theatre Royal, built 1837-1841, from the designs of Semper, was burned down in 1869, but is replaced by the magnificent Opera-house, from the designs of the young- er Semper, since 1878. The front is deco- rated by Johannes Schilling's bronze group Dionysus and Ariadne on a carriage drawn by four panthers. It contains a parquet and five galleries, giving room to more than 2000 persons. The staircase and foyer arc built of marble, with exquisite taste. The stage is of immense extent, and the boxes of the king and Prince George, as well as the large Slaatsloge in the centre, are richly furnished. The south side of the Theater Platz is closed by the Zwinger, the construc- tion of which was commenced under Au- gustus II., at the beginning of the 18th cen- tury. One side of the Zwinger is occupied by the New Gallery. The Zwinger contains most of the public collections in Dresden. The Frauenkirche, or Church of Our Lady, on the Neumarkt, was built 1726-1734, and is capped by a dome which, in the siege of 1760, resisted bombs of the heaviest cal- ibre. A very fine view may be enjoyed from the lantern : it is 384 feet above the street. Fee to the sacristan, J mark. It has a famous organ, built in 1736, by Sil- bermann, with 44 registers and 6000 pipes. The Kreuzkirche, or Church of the Cross, is in the Kreuzstrasse. The first church of the name, dating from the llth century, was destroyed by fire in the bom- bardment of 1760. The present church was built 1764-1792, and forms an oblong square 247 feet long by 174 feet wide, surmounted by a tower 345 feet high, composed of three stories with columns. It contains some good sculptures. The Johanneskirche, corner of Pillnitzer- stra?se and Eliasstrasse. Built in Gothic style by Miickel in the years 1874-1878. The interior sculptural works were done by Kietz and others. The English Church, corner of Beust- strasse and Wienerstrasse, built in Gothic style from the designs of the English archi- tect St. Aubyn, is richly decorated with painted window?. The Russian Church, at the end of the Reichsstrasse. was built by Herr von Bosse in 1874. It is a point of attraction on ac- count of its decorations and glass paintings. DRESDEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] Next to it is the American Church of St. John, built in Gothic style by the architects Sommerschuh and Rumpcl in the year 1884. The painted windows and the altar are pres- ents of Americans. The Bruhl J'aace was built in the 18th century by Count Bruhl. Prime-minister of Augustus II. It was occupied in the Seven Years' War by the King of Prussia ; in 1813 by the Emperor Alexander ; and contains at present the private collection of prints of the late King Frederick Augustus. The Botanic Garden is near the Bruhl Terrace. The former A rsenal, not far from the Botanical Garden, has been replaced by a magnificent new edifice in the Albertstadt, under the auspices of the kings Johann and Albert of Saxony ; it contains ample rooms for arms and munitions. The Japanese Pahice, in the Neustadt, an edifice in Dutch style, was built in 1715 for Field-marshal Count Fleming. King Fred- erick Augustus I. bought it in 1717, en- larged and embellished it, and used it as a summer residence. Frederick Augustus III. presented it to the State, and it now contains the Museum <>f Antiquities and the Roycd I'uhlic Library. Attached to it is the magnificent Pa'ace Garden, partly laid out as a French garden and an English park. From the small hill in it an admirable pan- oramic view of Dresden and the banks of the Elbe may be had. The principal collections of pictures, en- gravings, and casts arc in the Netc Museum, the Zwinger. The New Museum was built in 1854 from the plans of Semper. The edifice forms an oblong square 49'2 feet long by CO feet wide, and 95 feet high. The grand entrance is in the form of a trium- phal arch, with statues of Raphael and Mi- chael Angelo in th3 niches; upon the cap- itals of the columns are statuettes of St. George, Friedrich Siegfried, and Samson ; on the attic are statues of Giotto, Holbein, A. Durer, and Cornelius. Numerous reliefs adorn the facade. The edifice is formed of a ground-floor and three upper stories. The ground - floor contains the public collection of prints and tngrarintjs. The :;r:ind stair- of imposing proportions, and its bal- ustrade is richly ornamented. The Picture Gallery, the finest collection in Germany, contains 2500 pictures and six carpets from designs of Raphael. The gal- lery was founded by Augustus I., and large- DBESDES. ly increased by Augustus II. and Augustas III., the last of whom added to it the Modena Gallery at a cost of 200, 000. It is classified in schools and in chronological order. For the proper study of this gallery the cata logue of M. Hubner, which may be purchased at the entrance, will be found very useful. The gallery is open to the public every week-day from 9 to 3 ; on Sundays and hol- idays from 11 to 2. Admission, excepting Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, 50 pf. ; and on Sundays. 25 pf. The following are a few of the most re- markable paintings: Raphael's "Madonna ili San Sisto,'' the acknowledged gem of the collection. It is in the best style of the great master, and was painted only a few year-; before his death. A room is set apart for this picture, and at the farther extremity another room is set apart foi the mas- terpiece of the younger Holbein, "Jacob Meyer, Burgomaster of Basle, with his family, kneeling before the Virgin." This is considered the greatest treasure of the gallery, next to the great work of Ra- phael. Correggio: "The Virgin and the Infant Jesus in the Manger," consid- ered the best work of the painter. Ti- tian : " Tribute Money," "The Virgin and Child and Saints," "Reclining Venus." Albrecht Durer : "Crucifixion," portrait of a man in black. Rembrandt : Portrait of his mother; his own portrait, with his wife sitting on his knee. Rubens: "The Judgment," ''The Boar Hunt." Ruysdael: ' ; The Hunt." Vandyke: "Charles, his Queen, and their Children." Portrait of Rykatrt the painter. The portrait in crayon of "La Belle Chocolatiere," once a waitress in a cafe in Vienna, and a cele- brated beauty, afterwards married to an Austrian of rank, is much admired. The gallery has been considerably in- creased by purchases in the last years of modern masters : Kaulbach, Achenbaeh, Defregger, Pohle, Preller, Hubner, Wisli- cenus, and others. The Historical Museum, or Rast-Kammer, formerly in the Ziciiiger.AnA combined with the Gewehr-Gallerie, is contained now in the old Picture-Gallery on the Neumarkt, ciTiier of Augustus Strasse. This building is very remarkable on account of its wall pictures along the Augustus Strasse, repre- senting all the ancestors of the House of Wettin, and especially the Albertine line, G35 DRESDEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DRESDEN. in chronological succession. This collec- tion, the richest of its kind in Germany, contains arms and armor of ancient Ger- man}', costumes, and other objects of his- torical interest. In the entrance-hall is a cupboard once used by Luther, his drink- ing-cup and sword; in the hunting-room, No. 2, the hunting-horn of Henry IV. of France; in the battle-room, No. 4. the ar- mor of Gustavus Adolphus, which he left at Weissenfels before the battle of Lutzen. with his baton of command and sword, and the armor of John Sobiesky ; in the pistol- room, the pistol of Charles XII. of Sweden, and of Louis XIV. ; in the parade-room, the hat and sword of Peter the Great, a saddle used by Napoleon, and the boots which he wore at the battle of Dresden. Open on even' week-day from 10 to 2 ; Sundays and holidays from 11 to 2. Ad- mission, week-days, 50 pf. ; Sundays and holidays, 25 pf. The collections, formerly in the Japanese Palace, have been exhibited in the old Picture-Gallery . called Johanneum, in the Royal Castle, with the exception of the collection of antiquities or Augusteum.. It occupies twelve apartments of the ground -floor. It was founded in 1725 by Augustus I., who bought it of Prince Chigi, and has been augmented by the col- lection of Count Briihl. It is open week-days from 10 to 2 ; Sun- days and holidays from 11 to 2. Admis- sion, 50 pf. on week-days; Sundays and holidays free. This museum contains busts of sover- eigns of Saxony, the Borghese Gladiator, the Amazon, repaired by Thorwaldsen, Adrian as a Gladiator, and busts of many Roman emperors, and of mythological per- sonages. The tenth saloon contains bronze figures and Egyptian antiquities ; the eleventh, vases and other objects of antiquity in terra cotta ; the twelfth, Saxon antiquities. The Keramic collection, in the second floor of the Johanneum, contains over 600.000 ob- jects, classified in chronological order, from the earliest productions of Boettger to the modern products of the royal manufactory at Meissen. There is a rich collection of porcelains of Sevres, China, and Japan. The Royal Library, still in the Japanese Palace, occupies three galleries and twenty- four paloons, and contains nearly 250,000 G36 volumes, 2000 early editions of early works, 3000 and more manuscripts, and a rich col- lection of geographical charts. The Grune Gervolbe, or fi Green Vaults," in the Eoyal Palace, is a collection of artistic ' objects which is considered the richest of its kind in Europe. They amount in num- ber to 3000, and occupy eight saloons. In the first saloon are bronzes ; in the second I ivory carvings ; in the third mosaics, shells, corals, etc. ; in the fourth objects of gold and silver ; in the fifth engraved stones and precious objects of crystal; in the sixth wood carvings and the insigniasof the Polish coronation ; and in the seventh objects of alabaster, jewels, pearls, and sculptures, comprising more than 250 objects of great- est value contained in the so-called Kleines Cabinet, in the corner. Of this number I there are more than 100 carved in ebony and ivory ; a pearl of the size of a hen's egg, representing the dwarf of Charles If. of Spain; pearls transformed into gr<>' personages; a golden egg inclosing a uoM en fowl ; a crown, a signet-ring, and a dia- mond ring ; a basket of flowers in enamel ; an automaton spider ; some vases of onyx ; two bracelets ornamented with shell cam- eos, and some pictures in enamel. In the eighth (the most interesting of all), arms, jewels, and other articles of value, especial- ly the works of Dinglinger, a celebrated goldsmith of the 18th century. His most celebrated work is " The Court of the Great Mogul," a group in gold and enamel, upon a plate of silver four feet four inches square, of 132 persons. The artist, with his fam- ily and fourteen workmen, were occupied upon this work for eight years, and re- ceived for their labor 58,400 thalers. Here is also the largest piece of onyx known, six and two thirds by two and one quar- ter inches. In this room is the Saxon re- galia, including the electoral sword borne by the Saxon princes at the coronations, and a large and costly collection of chains, collars, and orders formerly worn by the Saxon princes, including the Garter, the Golden Fleece. Polish Eagle, etc. One case is filled with sapphires, emeralds, rubies, and pearls ; another with diamonds, among which is the famous green brilliant, weighing forty carats. We have already mentioned the Briihl Terrace, the alleys which separate the town from the suburbs, the Botanical Garden, DRESDEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DRESDEN. and the Japanese Palace gardens ; besides which is the Grosser Garten, laid out in the 17th century, and embellished by Augustus II., being the most extensive public park in Saxony. It lost a great part of its stat- ues in the wars of the present and last cen- tury. It is the principal pleasure-ground of the people of Dresden, containing a num- ber of cafes and restaurants. The basin of the swans, and some groups and vases in marble are noticeable. Combined with the Grosser Garten is the Zoological Garden, containing a number of rare aninuils. We further mention as a public prome- nade the Anlagen of the Burgtrweise, which is a splendid specimen of horticultural art. Beside the Picture-Gallery is the statue of Carl Maria von Weber, and before the Hotel de Saxc the monument of King Fred- crick Augustus II. In the centre of the Altmarkt is the stat- ue of Germania, and in front of the Kreuz- schule the statue of Theodor Korner. Near the end of the Augustusbriicke, Neustadt, is the equestrian statue of Augustus the Strong (II.). Worth seeing are the two bronze lions in front of the two infantry barracks in the Albertstadt. A wonderful view all over Dresden may be enjoyed from the Carolabriicke, connect- ing the barracks in the Albertstadt, and separated by the small river 1'riessnitz. Very noticeable is the monument of Mo- reau, in Rackintz, from which the tourist has an admirable panoramic view of Dres- den and the Saxon Switzerland. Connected with the consulate is the American banking-house of Robert Thode & Co., a firm well known to all American travelers, and deserving to be recommend- ed in every respect ; they keep registers of Americans, and have fine reading-rooms. All banking and exchange business is trans- acted there, as well ns letters of credit cashed and issued. Tickets for all great steamer lines are to be had there. Messrs. Schloessmann & Schcffler, No. 26 Rosenstrasse, commission agents, highly recommended by the American bankers, Messrs. Thode & Co., attend to the forward- ing of all kinds of goods to America. The principal manufacturers of damask, table-linen, and linen sheeting in Dresden are Messrs. Proelss' Sons, corner of See and Waiscnhaus Strasse, No. 8, opposite the Vic- toria Hotel ; they also keep a large stock of ready-made linen, embroideries, shirt- ings, huckabacks, and diaper towelings. For paintings, Buckner & Ernst ; and for photographs, Arnold can be recommended. 637 DRESDEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DRESDEN. Dresden to Paris. Time, 28 h. 20 m. ; fare, iirst class, 107 m. 30 pf. Dresden to Vienna,via Lissa, by the North- ern of Austria Railway (sleeping-car route~), in 11 h. 44 m. ; 54 m. 70 pf. (See Route 186.) Dresden to Berlin. Time, 3 h. 4 m. ; fare, first class, 17 m. 40 pf. When second class is not given, the dif- ference is about 38 per cent, less than the first class. A short distance from Dresden, and near the village of Racknitz, is the monument erected to Jean Victor Moreau, who was shot in the legs by a cannon-ball at the battle of Dresden. His legs were ampu- tated by Sir James Wylie. He was in the service of Alexander, emperor of Russia, and was at the moment he was shot recon- noitring the movements of the French army. The monument consists of a gran- ite block surmounted by a helmet; under this his legs are buried; his body was conveyed to St. Petersburg, where in the Catholic church of that city you may see a marble slab which recounts the brilliant deeds and unfortunate end of the hero of Hohenlinden. The excursions in the vicinity of Dresden are numerous, conspicuous among which is that to the Saxon Switzerland why called Switzerland we hardly know, as the scenery of the two countries is entirely different. The River Elbe flows through the centre of this beautiful country ; and we advise all persons visiting Dresden during the summer months to make excur- sions to Pillnilz, Bastei, Ottowalder Grund, Konigstein, Kuhstall, and Winterberg. Good walkers can " do" most of these delightful places in two days, and much may be seen in one, with very little walk- ing. If the traveler has no courier, a valet de place had better be taken from Dresden. 638 The railroad and carriages had better be taken as far as Schandau, and return by boat to Dresden. Or make the different excursions on dif- ferent days. For instance, by rail to Pot- scha, which is the station for the Bastei; by rail to Konigstein, which is the station for that fortress ; and to Krippen, which is the station for Schandau and Kuhstall. Guides may be found at the different stations. The usual fare is one thaler per day. Horses, ponies, and donkeys may be hired at the different stations ; also chaise a porteurs for ladies who can not ride. Boats may also be hired along the banks of the Elbe. The cars start from the old town (Alt- stadt), and, after passing the Great Garden, the town of Pirna, above which stands the castle of Sonnenstein, we arrive at Pilnitz, the summer residence of the king. The palace, which is modern, having been erect- ed in 1818, contains some very fine frescoes by Vogel. The conservatories, gardens, and pleasure-grounds are very fine. At Potscha we cross the Elbe by ferry to visit the Bastei, the name given to one of the most singular rocks in Europe, from the top of which (COO feet above the river "which sweeps round its base) one of the most lovely views may be had. Along the banks of the river, and over the plain, huge columnar masses start up, even to a height of 1200 feet; conspicuous among these are the hills of Kunigstein and Lilienstdn. The first is a virgin xortress, never yet having been captured. Here, for ages, in time of war, the treasures of the Green Vaults in Dresden are stored by their Saxon monarch?, and cases are always ready at hand to store them in. Napoleon tried to batter this fort from its neighbor Lilien- stein, but without effect. Two years' pro- visions for one thousand men can be stored here, and water is drawn from a well cut in the rock over GOO feet deep. Make the ascent by all means ; the view from the top is nowhere surpassed. The natural obelisk of Lilienstein sur- passes its opposite neighbor in height by 160 feet, and is the highest of these isolated mountains. It is accessible by means of ladders and paths cut in the rock. From the Bastei to Schandau there is a carriage-road, from whence an excursion should be made to Kuhstall (Cow-stable), TEPUI-Z. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] CARLSBAD whicn is six miles distant. This is a most singular cave or arch cut in the solid rock, 800 feet above the sea, wh'Tc many persons have taken refuge in stormy times. even, 1 season. It is considered the cheap- est and most fashionable watering-place in Europe. Dinners at the table d'hote about 33 cents, and a parlor and bedroom for five dollars per week. There were diplomatic Congresses held here in 1813 and in 1835. The village of Schotiau is at the present time a portion of Teplitz, being united to it by a range of houses, among which are the Xeubad, Sfrin'jtt I. and Schlangenbad ; also the Public Baths, the Military Austrian Bath, the Jews' Bath, and Prussian and Saxon Military Baths. A visit should be made to the Schloss- iberg, about two miles from the town ; it is surmounted by the ruins of a castle, from whence there is a delightful view. To the Millfsch'Mter, a mountain about 2500 feet high, is a fine excursion. Time, 3 hours. Teplitz is connected with the line from Time, 7 h. 34 m. ; fare, first class, 19 m. 40 j Vienna to Dresden by a branch line to pf. ; second class, 15 m. 70 pf. Aussig, where travellers coming from Vicn- Bodenbach, described in Route Xo. 185. na should change cars. The time is 40 Teplitz is celebrated for its warm springs, minutes from that station to Teplitz. the medical properties of wlii.-h attract vis- Teplitz to Carlsbad, via Kommotau Junc- itors from every part of the Continent. Pop- tion, in 3 h. 47 m. ; fare, 3 gl. 90 kr. ulation, 8500 ; Hotels: Kiinig ron Prevssen, Post, Xtitdt London, etc. The baths of Teplitz, alkaline-saline (26-39 R.) are most efficacious in cases of gout, rheumatism, Carlsbad (Hotel National, in a fine neuralgia, and other nervous diseases, scrof- position on the hill, close to the baths ulous growths and swellings, shot and sabre and park) contains a permanent popula- wounds, broken bones, stiffness of joints ; tion of 3000 inhabitants, and is very the mud-baths are also in high repute.; romantically situated in a narrow valley, The bath establishments are numerous and i surrounded by hills covered with every very comfortable: the Strt'ltba-1, Kaiser- j variety of foliage, and affording the most bad, Steinbad, SMtngenbud (belonging to extensive and varied prospect. It is ROUTE No. 1C7. Dresden to Carlsbad, via Bohnbach. (belonging Schonau)are open, with the exception of the Schlangenbad, summer and winter. There is a fine theater, kursanl, with orchestra, military music, a reading-room in Teplitz and in Schonau, balls, etc.. etc. A bath costs about 40 kr. ; one hour allowed. In considered one of the most aristocratic and fashionable watering-places in Eu- rope, although the hotels are not by any means the best, and as many as 17,000 visitors arrive here yearly. The springs were first discovered by the Emperor 1883 visitors numbered over 30, 000. There! Charles IX. while hunting in the neigh- are many good physicians. The principal place of resort is the palace and the gar- dens of the Prince of Clary. Behind the Schloss rises an imitation castle, and from the Schlackenburg there is a beauti- ful prospect. On another prominent posi- tion stands a monument of Frederick Will- iam III., king of Prussia. The prome- nades are very delightful. Teplitz owes its celebrity to the number of crowned heads and nobility of Europe who resort here borhood. One of his dogs fell into the Sprudel, which is the principal spring, and the hottest in Europe (165 Fahr.). The cries of the poor animal soon brought the hunters to the spot. The emperor was suffering at the time from wounds received in battle. His phy- sician recommended these waters, and his wounds were cured in a miraculously short time. He gave his name to the spring, and endowed it with his patronage. 639 CARLSBAD. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] CELLE. The principal baths, which are effica- cious in diseases of the liver, kidneys, and in cases of the gout, are the Muhlbiider and Sprudelbader ; the principal springs are the Sprudel and Hygeia. The princi- pal ingredients of all the springs are near- ly the same, viz., sulphate of soda, car- bonate of soda, and common salt. The Sprudel is covered with a colonnade, under which the patients promenade in bad weather. The Hygeia is the other principal spring ; but the Muhlbrunnen, whose temperature is only 126 Fahr., is the one which is principally drunk. The Xeubi-unnen is also much used. The wa- ter of the Sprudelbader and Muhlbader is that used for baths in the two principal es- tablishments. There are also vapor baths, mud baths, and gas batlis. The patient generally drinks the waters from 5 to 8 A.M., some of them imbibing as many as ten glasses; and while the wa- ter is cooling they promenade, enjoying the music of a band which is stationed in the vicinity, open-air exercise being one of the principal cures of the place, and a most essential portion of the regimen laid down by the physicians. The season is at its height from the 1st of July to the loth of August. Visitors partak- ing of the waters of the baths are obliged to follow certain rules in regard to diet, which are laid down by the faculty of Carls- bad, the neglect of which would be danger- ous to the patient. The daily routine here is the same as at Toplitz. The walks are shady and delightful, and donkeys for rid- ing and mounting the heights in plenty. There is a reading-room and billiard-tables, but gambling is strictly prohibited. It is customary, in leaving the town, to give one or two francs to the girls at the springs who have waited upon you. The tariffs may be seen at the hotels. A few miles from Carlsbad, situated in a highly picturesque valley, is the bathing establishment Giesshubl-Puckstein, source of the Giesshubler, the waters of which are forwarded in more than 2,500,000 bottles to all parts of the world. The Giess- hubler forms, on account of its agreeable taste, an exquisite beverage at any time, and is acknowledged and recommended by the medical faculty as the purest acidulous spring water. It is extremely efficacious 640 in cases of indigestion, of catarrh in the stomach or bronchial tubes, liver com- plaint, gout, chronic rheumatism, gravel, hypochondria, and hysteria, and well suit- ed, by its delicate action on the system, to children, or to women in a weak state of health. Its efficiency is recognized by the Carlsbad phj'sicians, who nearly always prescribe them before or after the Carlsbad cure. The waters are taken either pure or with goat's or ass's milk. An establish- ment for those desiring benefit by these waters was opened in the year 1844, where lodgings may be obtained, either by single persons or for entire families. The Giesshiibler preserves its qualities for many years after bottling if kept in a cool place. The sole importers for the United States are Scherer & Co., Park Place, New York ; for England, 2C7 Ox- ford Street, London. Any details desired given by the pro. prietor, Heinrich Mattoni, Carlsbad. Visitors are taxed for the cure six flor- ins, and for the band two florins. The theatre commences its performance at six, and is usually over by nine o'clock. There is a reading-room, well supplied with foreign journals, situated in the New Kurhuus, as well as a very good restaurant, much frequented. Another excellent res- taurant is that of the Stadtpark; they are both under the same management. There are numerous cafes and gardens situated in the handsome valley of the Tepel, such as the Cafe Salon, Sans Souci, Sch&nbrunn, etc. An excursion a little farther, which will well repay the walk or ride, is to the Pan- orama to the north of Carlsbad; also to the Kimiff Otto's Ilohe, from whence there is an extensive and beautiful view. Carlsbad to Paris. Time, 37 h. 40 m. ; fare, 62 gl. 75 kr. (2 gl. = SI). Carlsbad to Vienna. Time, 14 h. 28 m. ; fare, 26 gl. 69 kr. = $13.35. ROUTE No. 168. Hanover to Hamburg, via Celle, Uelzen, and Luneburg. Time, 5 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 17 m. 50 pf. ; second class, 13 m. 10 pf. Celle (Hotel, Adler) is a beautiful town, noted for its inhabitants speaking the Ian- LCNEBURG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] KlSSINGEH. puage in its greatest purity. The Ilandels- is highly spoken of, as is its prin- cipal, Dr. Fiedler. The town contains li;,:;i>0 inhabitants. The old Schloss has lately been restored, and contains an in- teresting chapel. The Pfarrkirche, an old parish church, contains the tomb of the house of Brunswick-Luneburg. In the French Garden there is a monu- ment to Queen Caroline of Denmark, sis- ter to George III. of England. Uelzen, described in Route No. 150. Luneburg, an interesting old town of 14,000 inhabitants. Principal hotel, Wel- lenkamp. It is situated on the River II- men'iu, which is navigable to this point. It was formerly the capital of the duchy, and retains its primitive appearance. The Rathhuuf. situated on the market- place, is rich in painted glass, frescoes, and embroidery. Notice the new Council Chamber, and its curious paintings. There are numerous relics also shown to the vis- itor ; the Biirgereid crystal - box, upon which the burghers of Luneburg placed their thumbs when the}- took an oath, Her- mann Billing's drinking-horn in carved ivory, etc. The Johmne-'kirche is of the 14th cen- tury. It has double aisles, a carved altar- piece, also the pillar on which Luna stood, hence the name of Lunaburg. There are some extensive salt-tcorks in the vicinity. There is a branch line to Biichen and Lubeck. The line from Ber- lin also crosses the track. A short distance beyond Luneburg are situated some of the remains of the former town of Bardou-ieck ; previous to the exist- ence of Hamburg it was the most impor- tant town in Northern Germany. It was destroyed by Henry the Lion in 11S9, and only a portion of its cathedral remains. J/nrburg is an industrious town contain- ing 16,500 inhabitants. Hotel, Konig von Schiceden. A new line, recently opened, crosses the north arm of the Elbe, and the traveler ar- rives at the new station in Hamburg. For description, see Route No. 147. ROUTE No. 169. Frankfort to Berlin (or Carlsbad), via Witrzburg (the Baths of Kissingen), Bam- bery, Xeuenmttrkt, Hof, and Leipzig. Time to Berlin, 17 h. 13 m. ; fare, first class, 46 marks ; second class, 32 marks 5 g. This is the most direct route to Carls- bad. At Hof one changes cars for Eger, thence to Carlsbad. The direct line to Berlin is via Bebra or Nordhausen, the latter only 11 hours; see Frankfort, p. 627. For Aschaffenburg and Witrzburg, see Route No. 174. In one hour from Wurzburg the Schioe in- furt station is reached, where travelers change cars for the Baths of Kissingen, which are reached by a branch line in one hour ; fare from Schweinfurt, 2 marks. Schweinfurt (Hotel, Rabi-) contains 10,400 inhabitants. The old Rathhaus, constructed in 1570, is of a most singular architecture. Its fortifications are due to Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, also its Gymnasium, which still exists. The man- ufacture of paper is extensively carried on here, and there are numerous sugar re- fineries. [Kisringen is situated in the Franco- nian Saale, at the bottom of a valley. Population, 3300. Principal hotels : San- ner and Kaiserhof, both first class. This was formerly a poor, miserable village, but since the discovery of its celebrated mineral waters it has rapidly increased in importance, and during the season its visitors often number 10.000. Half a million bottles of its waters are annu- ally exported. There are three differ- ent springs : the Rakoczy, which is the kind exported, and is used for drinking ; the Pandnr, for bathing, excellent in cases of gout and chronic diseases ; and the Maxbrunnen, which is similar to Seltzer water, and is usually prescribed for chil- dren. The principal rendezvous of the visitors is to the Kurgarten, a large space in front of the Kurhaus, and the Arcades, where the Conversation-Room* are situated. The garden is ornamented with two marble groups, one a statue of Maximilian II. of Bavaria ; the other of Hygeia, with sym- bolical figures of the different sources. Life here is rather monotonous when compared with Baden-Baden and other German watering - places. A theatre is open during the season. The morning*, 641 HAMBURG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HOF JUNCTION. from 6 to 8, are devoted to drinking the Rakoczy, and promenading, while the band performs up to 1 o'clock, at which time all Kissingen dines, the fashionable and invalid world retiring from sight. After dinner, coft'ee and more promenad- ing, supper, and to bed. A large quan- tity of salt is obtained from the saline springs a short distance up the valley. The walks and drives in the vicinity are very delightful. Visitors have the usa of the journals gratis in the Kurhaus. Hailman's Read- ing-room in the Kurgarten, 1 fl. 24 kr. per week. If one remains eight days for the cure, he pays a tax of five florins ; if chef defamille, the other members of the fam- ily pay one and a half florins. The excursions in the vicinity of Kis- singen are numerous. Half an hour to the ruins of Botenlaube, to Allenberg, Staf- feltsberg, and the Grottos Witchel. The buildings for the saline evapora- tions are about half an hour north of Kissingen. There is here also a bathing- house at the Soolsprudd, an artesian well over three hundred feet deep. Twenty minutes farther, at the village of Hausen, there is another artesian well called the Schonbomsbrunnen, over half a mile deep ! At Bock'et, one hour farther, situated on the Saale, an iron source has been discov- ered. There is a printed tariff for carriages making the excursions, to which the vis- itor is referred.] From Schweinfurt station to Bamberg, one hour and twenty minutes. Bamberg is one of the most imposing cities in Southern Germany. It contains 26,000 inhabitants. Principal hotels are Deutschfs If (ius, Bamberger ffof, Drei Kro- nen, and Goldener Adler. It is splendidh- situated on five hills. A suspension bridge crosses the east arm of the Regnitz, and leads from the suburbs to the town. The Dom, or Cathedral, is the principal build- ing; it was founded by the Emperor Hen- ry II. in the early portion of the llth cen- tury. The principal monument is the tomb of the royal founder and his empress, Kunigunde, in the centre of the nave. Notice on the right of the altar the monu- ment to Bishop Ebnet, by Vischer of Nu- remberg. It is of bronze, let into the 642 ' wall. The Schloss will repay a visit. It ; was Napoleon's head-quarters in 1806, and ; here he issued his declaration of war against Prussia, in October of the same year. The French Field-Marshal Berthier, Prince of Neufchatel, lost his life here in 1815, by falling from one of the windows. The old Rathhaus with its faded frescoes deserves a visit. In MaanTnilianplafz is situated an ex- tensive I'rifsts' Seminary, and in the mar- ket-place the Jesuit church of St. Mar- ' tin's. The Lyceum possesses a good library and valuable MSS. The Ludwig's Canal, which connects the Danube with the Main, completed in 1846, here unites with the Regnitz, and is crossed by a modern iron and an old stone bridge. The church of St. Michael contains at the back of the high-altar a monument to St. Otho. Near the church stands the former abbey, founded by Henry II. in 1009. It is now a hospital, on the upper floor of which is a Picture-Gallery ; admit- tance, 24 kr. There is a fine view from the adjoining terrace. The studio of C. Schmidt contains some fine paintings on porcelain. A short distance from the town, on the summit of a high hill, may be seen the ruins of the Castle of A lteburg, the resi- dence of the famous robber-knight Count Adelberg. who was betrayed by Bishop Hatto, of Mayence, into the hands of the Emperor Lewis ; and it was here that Otho of Wittelsbach murdered the Em- peror Philip II. In the dungeon where | Berengarius died a prisoner you may now | sit down and drink a glass of first-rate j beer. The view from the donjon tower is j very magnificent. There is a chapel fit- ted up in a portion of the castle. Passing Lichtcnfels (see Route No. 162), near which stands the sequestered convent of li ///z, now the seat of Duke Max of Bavaria, Neuenmarkt junction is reached, whence a railway south to B f iyre>ith. One hour and a half and ffof junction and sta- tion is reached. This small Bavarian town was burned in 1823, and contains nothing of importance. It is, however, a very im- portant junction as regards the meeting of different lines of railway ; to the north for Berlin, Dresden, or Leipzig, and eouthast N U R f 2 Diinrs Utuu. '* Jfiinref Staiuiitiid . 5 XchaiKT Snainen . 6 (Gymnasium , 7 funft urui VewerkschuU . 8 Cetitdldc- Siunlunq t Landauer. Klastfr) 9 . 10 Wanhiiu.t von Hans Saths 11 Theater. Oberpostamt . 15 Germ, Jfiaeum . 16 JTZorrnx. 17 SfStbaldu*. 18 StJegutim . 19 Frnuen Kirvke. Of,l.Ce,st 21 Harper's 1 El RG ook FRAN/.KNM. ID. j I1IF. EMPIRE OK GERMANY.] NUREMBERG. to Egcr, Maricnbad, Carlsbad, and Franz- ensbad. [From //of to Eg>: Time, 2 h. 5 m. Nineteen minutes north of E.^er is Franzensbad. Hotels: British, Gisela, Holzer, Hiibner, Mttlkr, and Foft. The sit- uation of the town is charming, it being surrounded by lovely drives and resorts. The baths, nine in number besides a gase- ous spring of carbonic acid and a rich deposit of ferruginous mud are ferruginous, alka- line, saline, are remarkable for the quantity of carbonic acid which they contain, and are considered excellent in cases of scrofula, dis- eases of the skin, impoverishment of the blood (anemia and chlorosis) and its effects, atony, indigestion, hemorrhoidal affections, sterility, impotence, neuralgia, hysteria, hypochondria, disordered menstruation, chronic catarrh of the mucous membranes, etc. There are 4000 rooms at the disposal of guests, a fine kurhaus, splendid orchestra, theatre ; concerts, reunions, balls, and varied pastimes. The waters are shipped to all countries, and all information as to apart- ment?, etc., furnished, on application by letter, or visit, to the Biirgermeisleramt ( .Mayor's Office). Franzensbad to Eger jtinctitm in ten minutes, whence to Carlsbad 'by Route No. 167 in 1 h. 16 in.; and to Marienbad by Route No. 187 in 37 m. .'" (Hotel De%T), 21,000 inhabitants. Kathchln castle was once the seat of the Voigt. Hence to Leipzig by Route No. 165, and thence to Berlin by Route No. 160. ROUTE No. 170. Frankfort to Prague, via Wiirzburg, Nu- remberg, and Pilsen. Time, 19 h. 43 m. ; fare, first class, 58 marks 25 pf. ; second class, 43 marks 30 pf. Frankfort to Vienna, via Nuremberg. Time, 17 h. 53 m. ; fare, first class, 84 marks ; second class, 60 marks 60 pf. Hanm, described in Route No. 165. Wiirzlurr/ in Route No. 174. From Wiirzburg to Fiirth in 2 h. 50 m. This is a flourishing manufacturing town of 21,000 inhabitants, and rivals Nurem- berg in the manufacture of articles known as Xurcml>erg articles, such as toys, dolls, lead-pencils, looking-glasses, etc. Tlu> principal objects of attraction are the new liathhanf, with its handsome tower, the church, and the Jewish Syna- gogue. Southeast of Furth on a height is situ- ated the Old Fortress, known by the famous battle fought there in 1C32 between Gus- tavus Adolphus and Wallenstein. Xtti-'.-mberg is beautifully situated on the River 1'eicnitz, and contains 99,519 inhab- itants. Hotels: Buy ischer Hof, everything of the best ; the Strauss, a large, fine, new house ; Wurtembergtr Hof, a finely situated, new, first-class house, opposite the station. Nuremberg was a free city of the empire till 1806, since which time it has belonged to Ba- varia, and is now the second city, in point of size and importance, in the kingdom. It was celebrated during the Middle Ages as one of the richest cities in Europe, and still retains considerable of its former prosper- ity. It is now principally noted for the manufacture of childrens' toys, which are exported to all civilized countries ; also for bronze, tin, and foil used by jewelers ; lead- pencils are manufactured here at an ex- tremely low price. The city is surrounded by ancient walls and turrets. The walls are encircled by a dry ditch, 100 feet wido and 50 deep. It is divided into two parts by the River Pegnitz, which is crossed by eight bridges. The two parts of the town are named after the two principal churches : St. Sebald's side, and St. Lawrence's side. The churches, monuments, and public and private edifices of Nuremberg, in spite of all the changes of centuries, remain almost unaltered, having escaped unharmed the sieges, fires, and storms of war, to which most other cities of Europe have been sub- jected. The principal houses are mostly built of stone, in the most substantial man- ner, with singular gables, which front the street ; the streets are narrow and tortu- ous. A few days may be spent here with interest. The churches and public buildings of Nuremberg owe much to eminent painters and sculptors which she raised, such as Al- bert Diirer, his master "NVohlgcmuth, and pupils Kulmbach, Schauflelen. and Alt- dorfer ; the sculptors Adam Krafft and Stoss, all known to-day as leading masters in their respective branches. The fine Gothic church of St. Larrrence is the principal one in Nuremberg: it is dedicated to the gridiron saint of Spain. It was constructed between the years 1278 and 1477, of a rich brown freestone. Be- 643 NUKEMBEKG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] NUREMBERG. tween the two towers is a magnificent port- al, with numerous sculptures representing the Last Judgment, with scenes in the lite and sufferings of the Saviour. The bride's door, on the northern side, is also very magnificent. The interior of the church contains some magnificent carvings, gor- geous painted glass windows, mostly gifts to the church from noble families, whose coats of arms they contain. The principal object of attraction in the church is the im- mense stone Sacramenlshduskin, or Sanctu- ary, which contains the sacramental wa- fers : it is sixty-five feet high, and of very exquisite finish, as is also the more modern Stone pulpit. Notice the small statue of the Emperor Adolphus opposite the northern tower. The Theatre, Museum, and Post-office are all on the St. Lawrence side of the riv- er. After crossing the river we arrive at the Market-place, on the east side of which stands the Frauenkirche, or Notre Dame. It is open from 7 to 10 A.M. ; was erected in the 14th century, and is adorned with numerous sculptures by Schonhover. The interior is highly ornamented with monu- ments, many of them having been removed from other churches of Nuremberg. No- tice especially the Pergensdorfer monu- ment, by Adam Krafft. Notice also the picture of the High Altar, which is one of the best in the cit}', painted at so early a date as the 14th century. The Public Library is situated in an ancient convent of the Dominicans. It comprises 40,000 volumes and 800 MSS., with numerous valuable autographs and astronomical instruments. On the ground floor there are collections of plaster casts and sculptures in wood. In front of Notre Dame stands the Schonbrunnen, or Beautiful Fountain, the masterpiece of the Brothers Schonhover. Behind Notre Dame stands another fount- ain, called the Gdnsemannchen, or Goose Fountain, from the name of the market- place in which it stands. As we proceed along the Burgstrasse we arrive on our right at the Hatkhaus, or Ho- tel de Ville, constructed in 1619. In the grand saloon, which is in the ancient por- tion of the building, and dates back to the year 1340, may be seen a fine picture by Albert Diirer, representing the triumphal cortege of the Emperor Maximilian. No- 644 tice especially a fresco by Weyer, repre- senting an exi-cution by guillotine two and a ha'f centuries before that instrument is gen- erally supposed to have been invented ! prov- ing emphatically that neither Guillotin, who proposed it to the Constituent Assem- bly in 1789, nor Dr. Antoine Louis, born at Metz in 1723, who has the credit of in- venting it, were its authors, as this fresco dates from 1521, two hundred years before either of them were born. There is but little to be seen in the building at present, except the decoration of the rooms ; but could its dungeons or its torture-cham- bers, with their infernal instruments of tor- ture, speak, thej' could describe frightful stories of civilization in the 16th century. St. Sebald' s Church (shown by the sacris- tan, fee 12 kr.) is the second finest church in Nuremberg, and is considered one of the finest in Germany. It was finished toward the close of the 14th century, all but the towers, which were not completed until the end of the 15th. Here again that celebra- ted sculptor in wood, Adam Krafft, has im- mortalized himself in the exterior decora- tions. Notice especially his Last Judg- ment on the southern side. The interior contains numerous gems in carving and sculpture. The principal object of attrac- tion is Peter Vischer's Shrine of St. Sebald. It is said he and sons were employed on it for the space of thirteen years. Be- neath the canopy, the relics of the miracle- working saint repose in an oaken box, in- cased with silver. There are nearly one hundred figures in bronze of different sizes, including the twelve apostles, the fathers of the Church, and numerous mythological figures. Under the cofBn are bas-relief representations of the saint's various mira- cles, such as burning icicles, turning bread into stone, etc. Opposite St. Sebald, on the northern side, is tli3 Picture-gallery of Nuremberg, formerly the ancient chapel of St. Maurice. It contains nearly two hundred pictures of the Flemish and German school. Open to the public on Sundays and Wednesdays from 10 to 12, and at other times for a fee of 24 kr. for a party. Near the Fleischerbrucke is an Indus- trial Museum, Open Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays, from 2 to 5, and Sundays from 10 to 1.30. It contains a collection of ancient and modern industrial articles. NUREMBERG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] KARLSTEIN. In the Durerplatz is a fine bronze statue ' of the celebrated painter, by Rauch, of J Berlin : it was erected in 1840. The house ] where he was born, No. 376 Albert Diirer Street, still remains; it is occupied by a society of artists. The Froscktfutrm, a. few minutes east of the castle, contains a chamber of torture, with a collection of interesting and horri- ble instruments of torture. Ring the bell at the gate. A fee of twelve kreutzers is expected. The Burg, or Castle, is built on a high rock, and occupies the most conspicuous position within the town. It is supposed to have been erected by Conrad III. in 1030, and was for a long time his favorite residence, as well as of many of his success- ors ; fee 24 kr. Notice in the chapel the fine bas-reliefs. A portion of the castle has been recently fitted up as a royal resi- dence. Among other paintings here there is a portrait of Albert Diirer : this is a copy; the original was stolen by the painter en- gaged to copy it and sold to the Elector of Bavaria, and the copy put in its place. In another portion of the castle there is an exhibition of the works of native artists. Notice the lime-tree in the court-yard : it is said to be over seven hundred years old. Visit next the Chapel of St. Giles to see Vandyke's great painting of the Dead Christ. It is the altar-piece. The Lan- dauer Kloster contains some 200 pictures ; the principal is the Banquet given on the occasion of the Peace of Westphalia, by Sandrart. There are also several works by VLschcr and Albert Durer in the col- lection. Open. Sundays and Wednesdays, from 2 to 5 P.M. A visit to the Church-yard of St. John, outside the walls, should be made. The monuments and grave-stones are all num- bered, and many of them are very elegant. Among the number is that of the good and gentle Albert Durer, who was brought to an untimely end by his scolding wife. In the 15th century a citizen of Nuremberg, Martin Kctzel, visited Jerusalem for the purpose of getting the exact distances be- tiie various stages in going from Pilate's house to Calvary, that he might represent the various scenes in the Passion of the Saviour between his own house, which is opposite Albert Dilrer's, and the gate of the church-yard. After his return he discovered that he had lost the measure- ment, when he again returned to the Holy Land, in company with Duke Otho of Ba- varia, and brought back the proper dis- tances, and erected seven stone pillars, each one containing a bas-relief, by Adam, Krafft, of the different scenes in the Pas- sion. Nuremberg has also another cemetery, that of St. Rock. The Germanisches Museum : it is placed in the convent of Chartreux ; it was found- ed by Baron Aufsess in 1852. It contains a most interesting collection of historical relics and national antiquities. In the prin- cipal hall is Kaulbach's great picture, tha opening of the grave of Charlemagne by Otho III. Some of the large manufactories should be visited, especially that of Cramer-Klett. a wagon manufacturer, who employs 3500 men ; the permanent Exposition of the Society Durer's modern pictures. In ob- jects of papier-mache, Fleischmann's is the best ; and Behl for sculptured ivory. Nuremberg to Paris, via Strasburg or Bin- gerbriick. Time, 21 h. ; fare, 84 mk. 30 pf. Nuremberg to Vienna. Time, 12 h. 20 m. ; fare, first class, 50 marks 45 pf. Nuremberg to Prague. Time, 12 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 33 marks 95 pf. Nuremberg to Munich. Time, 5 hours ; fare, first class, 18 marks 15 pf. Nuremberg to Rutiibon. Time, 2 h. 12 m. ; fare, first class, 9 marks 25 pf. Passing Xchicandorf, the junction of the line from Ratisbon to Eger, and Pil. ROUTE No. 171. Dresden to Schwarzenburg, via Freiberg, Chemnitz, and Zwickau. Time, 5 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 16 marks 30 pf. The line passes through a picturesque valley called the Plawnsche Grund, where in a coal-mine 276 miners lost their lives by an explosion in 1869. Tharand, a small watering-place, roman- tically situated, containing 1750 inhabit- ants. Hotels, Deiitsches Haus and Bad. The town is commanded l>y an old castle. formerly a hunting-seat of the ancestors of the present kings of Saxony. The sides of the hill behind the castle are covered with a dense wood, through which are cut beau- tiful promenades. The Forst-Academie is a nursery where students are instructed in all the details of planting and cultivating trees, for timber and for ornament. At HUbersdorf there is a royal foundry, 646 called Muld'-ntr Hutte. The line crosses I the river Mulde by a viaduct 74 feet high, near which are silver -mines producing about 700,000 marks per annum. Freiberg, an old imperial city, and for a long time the residence of the Saxon princes, contains 20,000 inhabitants. Ho- tels, De Saxe and Rather Hirsch. The town was founded immediately after the discov- ery of its silver-mines in 1171. The prin- cipal part of the population are occupied in the mines, which produce yearly nearly 4,000,000 marks. It is calculated that up to the present time (1876) they have pro- duced 888,000,000 marks. The population of Freiberg was at one time double that of the present. It is hand- somely situated on the Miinzbach, is the centre of the Saxon mines, and the seat of their administration. The miners are en- rolled in a military corps, the workmen be- ing privates, and the managers and inspect- ors officers, and assemble several times a year for parade, on which occasion thev wear a uniform with the hinder apron, and earn' the implement with which they work. The Cathedral is a Gothic structure, erected towai-d the close of the loth cen- tury. It was constructed on the site of an older church destroyed by fire in 1484, of which one of the great sights of the pres- ent church is the Golden Gate, partially restored and richly ornamented. Behind the altar is the tomb of Maurice of Sax- ony ; it is a sarcophagus, richly decorat- ed, surmounted with his kneeling effigy. Above the monument, in a niche, is the armor he wore on the battle-field of Sievers- hausen. He was shot after gaining the victory, and the hole in the armor is visi- ble. Forty-one members of the house of Saxony are interred here, from Henry the Pious down. Notice the two beautiful Gothic pulpits. Adjoining the cathedral there is a fine cloister. The flat/ihaus dates from 1410, and is a good specimen of the Gothic architecture of that date. The School oj Mines, founded in 1765, possesses a rich collection of specimens of the mineral productions of Saxony. Stu- dents repair here from all parts of the world for instruction in the mining art. Hum- bold t and Werner were students of this in- stitution. The tomb of the last mentioned CHEMNITZ. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] is in the cloister of the cathedral, and a monument lias been erected to him near the rustle. Tin; collection of the machinery used in mining is most interesting. To visit one of the mint's permission must be obtained from the Bergmi'isti'r, when travelers are pro- vided with a dress at the entrance, some two miles from the town. In the market-place a round stone marks the place where the robber-knight Kunz of Kaufungen was beheaded. It was he who stole the two young Saxon princes, Ernest and Albert, from their father's castle at Altenlmrg. In the northwest part of the town is the ancient castle of Freudeiisfein. A visit should be made to the Amal- i/iimir- \\'irk>> at Ifnkbriicke, to witness the extraction of silver from the ore by means of quicksilver. From Freiberg to Chemnitz the small town otOetl'ran is passed ; then the fine im- posing castle of AugHstunburg, built in 1572 by the Elector Augustus ; then the borough of Schellenberg, and in the distance the Erz- gebirgp. F/oha, a small town, remarkable as the birthplace of the great statesman Pufen- dorf. There is a branch line from here to .1 unnbcrg in 1 h. 45 m. This is a busy lit- tle manufacturing town. From the station Nicder- Weisa there is a branch line to the two small manufactur- ing towns of Frankenberg and //ayiric/un. Chemni/z, the most important manufact- uring town in Saxony. It is situated at the base of the Erzgebirge, in a fertile val- ley, and contains 63,500 inhabitants. Prin- cipal hotels, Kkiucr Enrjel, Rvmischer Kai- Sfr, Stadt Got/ia, Stadt Berlin, and I 'ictoria. Its staple productions are cotton stockings and other cotton fabrics; the former are both better and cheaper than those manu- factured in any other part of the world. Nearly the entire production is sent to the I 'niu-d States. The average price is about 3i marks the dozen, or about 7i cents the p:iir! There is one establishment alone that has over eighteen hundred spindles. Spinning machinery is also largely manu- factured here; also locomotives, one man- ufactory employing '2501) men. For works of art there is not much of in- terest. The Jtatkktius is situated on the Hauptmarkt, surmounted by a high towei. ZWICKAU. The Stadtkirche has a fine carved portal. There is also nClith Hall and an K.rctutnge. The ancient fortifications have been con- verted into agreeable promenades. Mr. Cropsey, United States consul here, is exceedingly polite to American travelers. There is a branch line running north to Meissen, and one northwest to Leipzig. Our route continues through a thickly populated district, the inhabitants of which are mostly engaged in the stocking trade. Passing Glauchau, a manufacturing town situated on the Mulde, with a population of 22,000 (hotel, Deutsches Ilaus), we arrive at Zicickau (hotels, Post and Deutscher Kai- ser). This picturesque old town, surround- ed by a wall, is situated on the Zwickauer Mn/ile, and contains 26,000 inhabitants. The M and lx-J'2. in the Palladian style, after the designs of L. von Klenze, and is one of the most magnificent works of the present day. It is to be seen between the hours of 3 and 4 P.M. Visitors generally ! assemble for this purpose over the state ! apothecary's apartments, and are all taken 651 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ' MUNICH. through the different rooms by the custo- dian at the same time. The fee is 70 pf. each party. At the left of the vestibule, as you enter, are the Odysseus-Sale, six rooms devoted to representations and scenes from the Odys- sey of Homer. They were painted by Hil- tensberger in encaustic, after designs by Schwanthaler. Each of the six rooms con- tains four poems, in eight pictures. One of the best is in the first room, where the assemblage of the gods decide that Ulysses must leave the island of Calypso and re- turn to his native land. The magnificent double marble stair- way, which is reserved for fetes and court solemnities, conducts you to the state apart- ments on the first floor (second story). Travelers, however, are conducted through an antechamber into the Sail-room, -which is 130 feet long by 40 wide. The walls are decorated by figures of dancers in relief, by Schwanthaler. We now pass into two saloons which are called Saloons of Beauty. They are adorned -with 37 portraits of the handsomest females who have lived, or still live in Munich. They were taken by Jos. Stieler, court painter, by order of the king. The different personages have occupied different social positions, from the queen on the throne to the daughter of a bour- geoise of Munich. This collection is unique of its kind, as thirty-six such beautiful women were never before seen at one time, and they are all likenesses. Loia Montez was one of the thirty -six ; but her like- ness has been remored to the new Pinaco- ' thek, where, for an extra fee, it may be j seen. The royal family were compelled to remove it on account of frequent scur- rilous verses written by Bavarian students on the subject. The two gems of the collection, in our opinion, are No. 10, the Countess Irene, of Arco - Stepperg, born Marquise of Pallavicini, and No. 32, Guil- lemetti Sulzer, actress of the court thea- tre. These beautiful portraits have been photographed, and arc bound in book form, under the title of "Collection of Beau- ties" "Galerie de Trente-six Portraits! ile Femme," created by the order of his Majesty, Louis I., of Bavaria. They may be purchased at the li Wimmer Collec- tion." The If all of Banquets, or of Battles, com- 052 prise fourteen splendid battle-scenes, paint- ed by different leading artists, represent- ing the principal valiant deeds of the Ba- varian army between the years 1805 and 1815. After repassing the Salles des Beautes and de Bal, we enter into three saloons dedicated to the three great epochs in the history of Germany during the Mid- dle Ages. These rooms separate the Salle de Bal from the Salle du Trone. The paintings are from designs of J. de Schnorr. The first is the Saloon of Charlemagne, com- prising six large and twelve small pictures, illustrating scenes in his life. The six principal are, 1. Charlemagne as a boy, anointed king of the Franks, in 754, by Pope Stephen II., in presence of his father Pepin ; 2. His victory over Desiderius at Pavia; 3. His victory over the Saxons; 4. Propagating Christianity among the van- quished ; 5. The Council of Frankfort-on- Main ; 6. He is crowned emperor at Rome by Pope Leo III. The twelve smaller pic- tures represent the events that would nat- urally take place between the incidents detailed in the large pictures. Saloon of Frederick Barbarossa. There are six large pictures and several small frescoes. The larger are generally by J. de Schnorr. 1. Frederick Hohenstaufen (Barbarossa) elected Emperor of Germany ; 2. His entrance into Milan as conqueror; 3. He concludes a treaty of peace at Venice with Pope Alexander III. ; 4. He gives a grand public festival at Mayence in 1185 ; 5. The battle of Inconium; G. His death iu the river near Seleucia. Saloon of Rudolph if Hapsburg, founder of the present house of Austria. The four principal pictures represent, 1. Rudolph gives his horse to a priest for the purpose of carrying some water to administer the Holy S*acrament to a dying person; 2. He learns that he is elected Emperor of Ger- many ; 3. He defeats Ottocar, king of Bo- hemia, who refused to recognize his elec- tion ; 4. He destroys the castles of the rob- ber-knights and establishes public peace. Notice the frieze in this saloon: it was executed by Scbnorr. This suite of rooms has a suitable termination in the Salle du Tr'm'\ or throne-room, which is considered the very perfection of architectural beau- ty, and richness and delicacy of ornament. The decorations are gold on a white ground. The gallery is supported by twenty Co- MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. rinthian marble columns, between which st.niil twelve colossal bronze statues, rich- ly gilded. They were modeled by Schwan- thaler, c.ist li\- Stiglmayer, and represent different princes of the house of Bavaria, commencing with Otho the Illustrious, count palatine of the Rhine in 1253, and ending with Charles XII., king of Sweden. The Ki"wr.ib-iii, or New 1'alace, fronting on Max Joseph's Square, was completed in 18:55 by King Louis, from designs by Klen/.e : was built in imitation of the Pitti PalacQ at Florence. Its interior is most magnificently linished. Only the ground floor is at present shown to strangers, the royal family occupying the other floors. The apartments of the king are ornament- ed with representations of paintings in en- caustic, the subjects taken from the Greek poets, and those of the queen from scenes of the German poets. The suite of rooms which are shown illustrate the Niebelun- genlied, one of the great poems of Ger- many : the frescoes, which are of great ce- lebrity, are by Sehnorr. The first, or ante- room, gives a view of all the characters represented in the tragedy. Over the door, the supposed author of the poem, between Narrative and Tradition, the two sources of his poetry. At. the right we see Sieg- fried and Chriemhild : farther to the right, Hagen, Volker. To the left King Gunther an 1 Brunhilde. At the same side, but higher up, Abarich, guardian of the treas- ure of the Niebi'lung, and Kekwardr, mes- senger of Chriemhild. On the third wall ; King Etzel and his faithful Rudigcr, Die- j trich of Berne, and the. a_red Master Ililde- | brande. The arcli over the window con- tains the mermaids who predict to Hagen, the murderer of Siegfried, his defeat at Vienna. Farther on, to the right of Etzel, are the parents of Siegfried, King Sieg- mund and Sieglinde. Then the Queen Ute, mother of Gunther, with her two younger sons, Gernot and Gieselher. The ; is the Bridal Chamber, containing the principal episodes in the life of Sieg- fried. ( )n the wall facing the window, his return to the castle of King Gunther at Worms. The larjxe frescoes arc, his re- turn from the Saxon war: the arrival of Brunhilde at Worms ; the marriage of Chri -tnhild and Siegfried, by which the mysteries of the poem are unraveled. The Chamber of Z'reac^r?/. On the ceil- VOL. II. F ing Chriemhild's Dream : her falcon de- voured by two eagles, and the Niebelungs' treasure guarded by gnomes. Above the doors 1. Chriemhild points out to Hagen the spot where Siegfried is vulnerable, for the purpose of better protecting him ; 2. The departure of Siegfried for the chase ; ;i. Sigisrnunde apprised of the death of his son, Siegfried ; 4. Hagen throws into the Rhine the treasure of the Niebelnngs. The four large pictures represent 1. The quar- rel of the two queens, Chriemhild and Brun- hilde, at the door of the Munster ; 2. The murder of Siegfried by Hagen at the brook ; 3. Chriemhild, in going to the church, dis- covers the dead body of Siegfried before the door; 4. She recognizes that Hagen is the murderer of her husband, because at his entrance the wounds bleed afresh. Th". Chamber of Rtvenye represents the extermination of this heroic race, in conse- quence of the bloody revenge of Chriem- hild. The mermaids are again represent- ed on the ceiling, which contains a fulfill- ment of their prophecy. The principal pictures are, Chriemhild reproaches lla- gen with his treason ; combat on the lad- der during the burning of the palace ; Die- trich overcomes Hagen ; Chriemhild kills Hagen, and is at lust slain by Hildebraixle. The fifth and last chamber is that of Lamentations, which represents the suryjv- ing actors in the drama mourning over the events, and relating them to the Bishop of Passau. This closes our description of one of the most interesting palaces in Europe. The Arcades of the Jlofgarten, or garden of the Court, which are situated on the north side of the Resident, arc considered one of the sights of Munich. The park or garden was laid out by Maximilian I. in 1614, but is much changed since that time ; whereas in former times it. contained 128 fountains, it now contains but four. In the centre of the park is a building called the Temple of the Fountain, surmounted with a statue of Bavaria in bronze. The principal ornaments of the garden, how- ever, are the frescoes of the arcades, and the bazars, collections of works of art, cafes, shops, dining and supper rooms, which bor- der its margin. During the summer months the military band plays certain days in the week, when, if the day be lovely, all the world turns out. The historical frescoes are twelve in number, and represent tha 653 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. most important events in the history of the reign of the house of Wittelsbach. There are also twenty-eight landscape frescoes, painted by Rottman, which represent scenes in Italy and the island of Sicily, with po- etical inscriptions explanatory of the sub- jects, written by his majesty King Louis. Notice here the united collection on the north side of the garden : it consists of Chinese, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian an- tiquities, which well deserve a visit. The Pinncothek, or Picture-gallery (open even' day in the week except Saturday from 9 to 2), was erected between the years 1826 and 1836, by L. de Klenze. It is an immense building, 520 feet long and 92 wide, in the style of a Roman palace, and from every point of view has a truly appropriate and magnifi- cent appearance. The principal fa9ade is ornamented with 24 statues of the most cele- brated painters, modeled by Schwanthaler. The gallery of paintings occupies thefirst floor after ascending from the vestibule, which is supported by four Ionic columns. The gallery founded by Maximilian I., augmented by King Maximilian Joseph, and enriched with important acquisitions by King Louis (1827), is actually one of the finest galleries of Europe. In nine halls and twenty-three cabinets are found nearly fourteen hundred paintings. Hall of the Founders. The walls are hung with the portraits of the sovereigns who have contributed most largely to the formation of the gallery, viz., the elect- ors Maximilian I., Max. Emanuel, Johann Wilhelm, founder of the Dusseldorf Gal- lery : Karl Theodore, of the Palatinate ; and the kings Maximilian, Joseph I., and Ludwig I. First Hall. This contains the paintings of the ancient upper German school, from the time of its foundation to the middle of the 16th century. The most important are the following : Albert Di'irer The like- ness of an armed Cavalier (1), the Nativity of Christ (73), Burial of Christ (66) ; De- scent from the Cross (34), by Michael Wohlgemuth ; the Adulteress before Christ (56), portrait of the Count Fugger (62), St. Peter and St. John (71), St. Paul and St. Mark (76). Jesus on the Mount of Olives (5), by John Holbein the elder. Second Hall. The paintings contained in this apartment are mostly from the old, the rest from the later German school. A 654 portrait of Man (77), by Holbein the youn- ger ; the Misers (95) ; Venus and Cupid (97) ; Saint Dominico receiving the rosary from the Holy Virgin (100), by Loth ; the Month of May (116), by Sandrart ; the Month of June (117) ; the Archangel Ga- briel with a boy (118); the Holy Virgin with the infant Jesus is seated on a throne, St. Rosalie on one side, and St. Dominico on the other (119) ; portrait of the celebra- ted mathematician, John Neudorfer, who, sitting on a table, is instructing his son (120); Lazarus in the bosom of Abraham, and the rich man in the flames of Hell (149) ; a Money-changer (80), by Quinten Matsys. Third Hall. This contains pictures of the Netherland school to the end of the 17th century: Resurrection of Lazarus (187); portrait of the organist, Henry Li- berti, of Antwerp (193) ; Stag Hunt (208) ; portrait of the Elector John Guillaume on horseback; Abraham (228); Christ taking leave of the Virgin Mary (84). Four/h Hall. This contains ninety-five paintings, all by Rubens. The gems are, No. 249, Reconciliation of the Sa bines with the Romans ; 250, portrait of Don Ferdi- nand, infanta of Spain, and brother of King Philip IV. ; 256, portrait of the artist, with that of his first wife, Elizabeth Brants ; 269, the Massacre of the Holy Innocents; 258, the celebrated large picture of the Last Judgment, 20 by 14 feet ; 260, portrait of Helen Forman, Rubens's second wife ; 278, Susanna at the Bath; 274, a Wild-boar Chase: the animals are painted by Snv- ders; 287, Rubens in his garden at Ant- werp, with his wife and son ; 289, the Nymphs of Diana asleep in the forest. Fifth Hall. This saloon contains the gems of the Dutch school, and many por- traits of distinguished beauty by Rem- brandt, viz., 329, 335, 343, and 349. No. 344, Cimon in Prison, his daughter nour- ishing him. by Honthorst ; 310, an Angel delivering St. Peter from Prison, by the same artist; 317, a Wild-boar Hunt, by Snydcrs ; 331, portrait of Van Dyck's wife, by himself; 342, the Prodigal Son at table with Courtesans. Sixth Hall. This saloon contains some gems by Murillo, Nos. 348, 349, 357, 358. These are unsurpassed delineations of beg- gar children. Notice the old woman ex- amining the boy's head, not a very tempt- MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. ing occupation, No. 376. No. 392 is tho portrait of Mine, do la Vallicre as St. Mad- eleine. 39G, Sunset at Home. I y ll<>raet- Vernet. 407, Sunrise, by Claude Lorraine. There arc a large number of gems by this artist in this saloon, as well as by Joseph Veniet and Poussin. 420, St. John in the island of Patmos. Saloons 7, 8, and 9 contain the gems of the Italian school. In No. 7 we would particularly notice 469, the Virgin Jl.ii-y, with the Saviour and two saints, by Oor- : 421. the Crowning of Christ, by Giu-rcino; -171. the Penitent Magdalen, by Carlo Dolce ; -177, the Massacre of the In- nocents, by Carraccio. In the eighth saloon there are several gems by Paul Veronese : 485, his Holy Family, and 487, his Death of Cleopatra; 513, the Woman taken in Adultery, by the same; 522, Susanna and the Elders, by Domenichino, a splendid composition ; f>27, tho Assumption of the Virgin, by Guido, proved beyond a doubt : some critics, to es- tablish a reputation by questioning every picture's identity, pretend to doubt it ; 532, Christ crowned with Thorns, by Caravag- gio. The ninth saloon contains some glorious pictures, including three by Raphael, the largest. 534. a Holy Family : 584, the same subject, similar to the Madonna della Seg- giola at Florence ; and 581, his Portrait. 546, Leonardo da Vinci ; 538, the Dead Christ on the knees of the Virgin ; 575 represent.* the Holy Virgin worshiping the child .1 Tlf C( I'Mtts. The first six of these cab- inets embrace the schools of the Lower Rhine. The lirst and second contain fine work* by Wilhelm von Cologne and Israel van Mekenen. The third, fourth, and fifth cabinets arc the works of Johann von Eyck, Johann Hernling, and Schoreel. In the sixth an: found several small paintings by Hemskerk, as 96, a Crucifixion, and 105, John in the Wilderness. The seventh cab- inet contains the paintings from the Upper German school : 120, portrait of Oswald KM., by Durer; 142, the Holy Virgin; 128, portrait of Durer's Father at seventy years of age ; 150, portrait of the Princess Marie Jacqueline of Baden, wife of Duke William IV. In the eighth cabinet are some handsome paintings of the Nether- land school : !'>'.}, Mater Dolorosa, by Du- rer ; 161, the Dying Virgin, by Durer; 169, Victory of Alexander the Great over Darius in the battle of Arbela, by Altdorfer; 17o and 187 are handsome pictures of an old man and an old woman, by Denner. The ninth, tenth, and eleventh cabinets contain, for the most part, the works of Teniers, Veen, Rembrandt, and Brouwer. In the twelfth cabinet are found thirty-nine paintings by Rubens, mostly taken from the life of Mary de' Medicis. In the thir- teenth cabinet are found several paintings by Anton van Dyck. 367, a Gothic Church, by Vliet ; 374 and 375, Landscapes, by Ka- bel and Wynants ; 59, a Servant-maid, by Gerard Dow. The fourteenth and fif- teenth cabinets contain some very hand- some paintings of the Netherland school. The sixteenth cabinet contains only the works of Adrian van der WerflF. Most of them are taken from the life and sufferings of Christ, besides some portraits of the Elector of the Palatinate, Johann Wilhelm, and the electress. 477, Abraham and Ha- gar. The seveententh cabinet 506 and 512 represent two landscapes, by Polemburg; 528, a Knife-grinder, by Weenix. The eighteenth cabinet contains some very fine mosaics and fresco paintings. In the nineteenth cabinet are found onlv a few paintings, from the Italian and Byzan- tine schools, by Masaccio, Giotto, Pisano, and Cimabue. The twentieth, twenty- first, and twenty-second contain some very fine works of the Italian school ; but those of the twenty-third are of an inferior kind. The Cabinet of Copper-plate. This cabi- net, which was founded by Karl Theodore, and enlarged by Maximilian Joseph, occu- pies the first floor of the Pinacothek. The whole collection, which embraces some of the finest and rarest works of the best mas- ters, from the earliest date to the present day. is arranged in the order of the school*, which are explained by a catalogue con- tained in the establishment. It is open every day in the week except Saturday. The Cabinet of Desiyns. This cabinet contains about nine thousand of the origi- nal designs of Raphael, Correggio, Michael Angelo, Fra Bartolomeo, Giulio Romano, M::iite_'na. Holbein, Albert l>iirer, Rem- brandt, and others. Lately, this collection has lieeii enriched by some works of Mau- rice Ktigeixlas, drawn by him during his travels through South America. G55 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. Cabinet of Grecian and Etruscan Vases. This rich collection, formed by King Louis, occupies live saloons. The modern paint- ings were copied from ancient drawings found in the Etruscan tombs : they repre- sent funeral rites, marriages, and festivals. Most of the vases of terra-cotta were found in Sicily and Greece ; they date from the 6th century B.C., and are composed of funeral vases, destined only for solemn ceremonies and for graves ; gymnic vases, given as prizes in public games ; and nuptial vases. The New Pinacothek, containing the pict- ures of modern painters, is open Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday, from 8 to 12, and 2 to 4. Catalogue, 36 kr. It is two stories high, and contains 52 rooms. The exterior walls are decorated with colossal frescoes by Nilson, from designs by Kaul- bach. As you enter the building, notice the colossal model of Bavaria standing on the triumphal car drawn by four lions. This work, in bronze, decorates the Gate of Vic- tory in Ludwigsstrasse. On the ground floor is a fine collection of paintings on por- celain, comprising many of the gems of the Old Pinacothek. Here is seen the portrait of Lola Montez, removed from the Gallery of Beauties. In the first saloon notice the large portrait of Ludwig I., by Kaulbach. In the centre of the room is a large mala- chite vase, presented by the Emperor Nich- olas of Russia ; also a table of porphyry, containing vases of the same marble, from Charles XIV. of Sweden. In Room No. 2 is Sc'aorn's great picture of the " Deluge," left unfinished. This and Kaulbach's " De- struction of Jerusalem" are considered the gems of the gallery. No. 4 contains Piloty's painting of the astronomer Seni near the dead body of Wallenstein, and Achenbach's Tempest at Sea. No. 6 contains Rottman's 23 Grecian landscapes, painted on the walls in encaustic. In addition to these six large saloons, there are six small, and fourteen cabinets. No. 3 of the small saloons is well worth attention ; the walls are painted by Kaulbach, and from these paintings Nilson took the designs for the large frescoes which adorn the outside of the building. The sub- jects are No. 32, King Ludwig surrounded bv Artists and Savans ; 33, The Artists of Modern Rome ; Artists receiving the Orders of the King ; the Combat against Bad Taste (the artists executing the ideas of the King) ; a Fete of the Arts, in which they crown the 656 statue of the king; the allegorical figures of Architecture, Sculpture, and Bronze Cast- ing; Painting in Fresco, Painting on Glass, and Painting on Porcelain ; the Manufact- ure of Glass- Painting; the Ro3 r al Foundry in full operation ; Presentation of the Art- ists' Album to the King. Between the win- dows, on the north side, are colossal por- traits of fourteen of the greatest modern art- ists: viz., Schraudolph, Kaulbach, Schorn, Schwanthaler, Zubland, Rottman, Hess, Schnorr, Gaertner, P. Hess, Ohlmiiller, Cornelius, Klenz, and Thorwaldsen. On the ground floor is the Antfquariiim, con- taining a fine collection of Egyptian, Ro- man, Greek, and German antiquities, and statues in bronze, pottery, and marble. Near the Pinacothek is the new North- ern Cemetery. Glyptothek, or Sculpture-gallery, opened in 1830 by King Ludwig. Open Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, from 8 to 12, and from 2 to 4. This building is in the Ionic order, and is one of the most chaste and beautiful buildings in Munich. It is surrounded by a handsomely laid-out gar- den. The front is ornamented with sculp- ture, corresponding with the Greek style, that is, niches instead of windows, in which stand, on the front, the statues of Vulcan, Phidias, Prometheus, Pericles, Hadrian, and Dajdalus. In the niches on the eaat side were placed, in 1857, the statue of Ca- nova, with the bust of Paris, by Thorwald- sen ; Rauch, with a statuette of the King Maximilian Joseph, by Tcnerani; and in the year 1859, Schwanthaler, with the stat- uette of Bavaria ; and of Gibson, by Brug- ger. The paintings and decorations of the interior are most exquisite. The sculp- tures are arranged in chronological order, commencing with Egypt, the cradle of sculpture, and the basis of the Grecian art, which was brought to such a high state of perfection in Italy about the time of Prax- iteles. The collection occupies 12 rooms ; each room is devoted to a particular epoch in the art, ornamented in keeping with its^ contents. The floors are of marble, the ceilings richly frescoed, and the walls paint- ed in imitation of marble. Room No. 1 con tains Egyptian antiquities; 2, Greek and Etruscan ; ;5, the valuable marbles from the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, yEgina, considered the most valuable sculptures of ancient art that have reached us ; 4, the MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. Hall of Apollo, containing works of the school of Phidias : this room takes its name from the principal figure which occupies a place in it, -the Apollo Cetharoeclus," or Apollo of the Harp, formerly named the Barberini Muee, and is an exquisite piece of sculpture; No. 5, the Hall of Bacchus, contains the Barberini Faun, or "Sleeping Satvr:" it is considered from the chisel of either Scopas or Praxiteles, and was found in the ditch of the castle of St. Angelo, at Koine, supposed to have been hurled from the top of the wall by the Greeks when de- fending themselves against the Goths ; the 6th, or Hall of the Sons of Niobe : the most attractive figure in the room is that of the kneeling Niobe, which, although armless and headless, speaks with a most remark- able truthfulness to life. Nos. 7 and 8 do not contain any sculp- ture, Imt they are ornamented with fres- coes by Cornelius and his pupils, illustra- ting the destruction of Troy by Homer. No. 7, the Hall of the Gods, which repre- sents the three kingdoms of the Ancient Mythology, v\/.., Jupiter, Pluto, and Nep- tune. The Trojan Hall (No. 8) is separa- ted from the last by a small vestibule, which contains some glorious frescoes : no- tice Prometheus, having formed man, Mi- nerva gives him life. The principal frescoes represent the events which gave rise to the Trojan war. No. 9, the Hall of the Heroes : notice here the statue of Alexander the Great, No. 157. Hall of the Romans (No. 10) is the largest and most splendid in the Glyptothek, and is tilled with gems of Ro- man art, sarcophagi, altars, busts, and re- liefs. No. 11, Hall of Colored Sculpture : notice the bronze statue of Proserpine, the black and white marble statue of Ceres. No. 12. the Modern Hall, containing works of the present da}'. In the centre of this room stands Thorwaldsen's statue of Ado- nis ; Venus and Paris, by Canova; Louis I., king of Bavaria, !>y Thorwaldsen ; and numerous other gems by modern arti>t>. A catalogue is for sale, and will be found very serviceable. Propylaen. This chaste, substantial, and elegant structure is just finished (1863). It occupies the northwest side of the square on which stands the Glyptothek and A >is- steilunfftgebuude, or Palace of Fine Arts. It is built after the Doric order of architec- ture, that the three buildings in the square may represent severally the three Grecian orders Corinthian, Doric, and Ionic. The Propylaen is a triple archway, which leads to the Nymphenburg, a royal summer res- idence. The models of the relief in the frieze were executed by Schwanthaler be- fore his death ; the marble is by his cous- in, X. Schwanthaler. This splendid com- position is considered the late artist's mas- terpiece. The side toward the country represents, first, the centre figure, Victori- ous Helas ; on the ri_rht and left appear figures of Victorious, with trophies of both land and sea: farther to the right, groups of combatants and vanquished warriors; a priest ; a wife rescuing her child from a barbarian ; a colossal goddess. On the left, a young hero avenging the loss of his wife ; a dying chieftain ; a youth rowing a boat; a (ire-god setting ships on fire, etc. On the side toward the city we see, in the centre, Otho, late king of Greece (who is a Bavarian prince), surrounded by figures of warriors, of Peace, Religion, Science, Poetry, tradesmen, and agriculturists. The original models may be seen at the atelier of X. Schwanthaler. There are several pri- vate collections of pictures in Mur.ich well deserving notice, but the hours -\vhen they may be seen being uncertain, travelers are referred to the gallery of Wimmer & Co. for particulars. In the Old Picture- gallery is deposited the united collection of antiquities ; and the University, formerly the Jesuits' College, contains all the spec- imens of coins and medals, and Museum of Natural History. The fossil collection, situated on the ground floor, is very fine. Wimmer <$ Co.'s Collection of Fine Arts, j No. 3 Briennerstrasse is on a more extensive scale than any other, not only in Munich, but in Germany. The gallery of art con- sists of different branches : eight rooms, with modern paintings by the best Mu- nich artists. A large and handsome gal- lery especially for paintings in porcelain [contain over two hundred of the finest ! copies from celebrated paintings in the 'European galleries. I As Munich is the city most celebrated for its paintings on porcelain, so is the Wim- mer collection one of the most celebra- ted, not only for the number of its paint- ings, but for their beauty and uncommon , size of plates. These paintings received ! the medal at the last London International 657 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. Exhibition. Other saloons are devoted to the colossal works of Hans Makart, Piloty, :i large collection of first-rate copies in oil etc., which are exhibited during the summer of the best pictures in the Munich gal- months at their rooms in the Royal Odeon, leries. This galL-ry extends over 6000 square feet. The gallery of Whinner and Co. has befn in existence since 1825, and is one of the best known of its kind in the world. The members of this firm have acquired such a reputation for probity that orders are sent to them from all parts, leaving subject and price to their taste and judg- ment. This exhibition, representing all branch- es of fine arts, with the exception of sculp- ture, is decidedly deserving of a visit from every traveler in Europe ; and to it the fine galleries of our Stewarts, Lennoxes, Aspinwalls, Belmonts, and other leading citizens and patrons of the fine arts, are in- debted for many of their gems. It may not be generally known that Munich is at the head of all cities in the world for photography. Such, neverthe- less, is the fact. All branches of the arts, however, are carried to a greater state of perfection here than elsewhere ; and the photographs of Munich are as far in ad- vance of the photographs of Paris as those of New York are to those of London. The principal jeweler of Munich, and one of the first in Germany, is Merk, No. 13 Odeonsplatz, where jewelry is manufact- ured in every variety and sold at whole- sale prices. Mr. Merk has received prizes and decorations at several exhibitions for excellence of workmanship in this industry. The Fine Art Gallery of E. A. Fleisch- mann, No. 1 Maximilianstrasse, close to the Hotel Four Seasons, and founded in 1806, contains works of some of the most promi- nent German artists, Knauss, Defregger, Wittelbacherer Platz. The royal family, the Berlin National, and the Dresden gal- leries are among their customers, besides numerous Continental and American ama- teurs. The firm having branches in Lon- don, at 17 Charla St., Haymarket, and in New York, at M. Max Herrmann's, 80 Pearl St., pictures can be forwarded to either place, and packing, forwarding, and custom- house clearances attended to by the firm, all trouble to the customer being avoided. The Museum of Schwanthaler, Bava- ria's greatest sculptor, should be visited. It is situated in the street that bears his name, No. 90. Travelers should by no means fail to pay a visit to the superb Exhibition of fine Arts, opposite the Glyptothek. It is or- ganized liy all the principal artists of Mu- nich, contains several different branches of fine arts, and will be found not only a sight worth seeing, but even one of the most in- teresting sights of the city. It is open ev- ery day from 9 A.M. till 5 P.M., from May to October. The paintings exhibited are all selected by a jury chosen from the Munich Association of Fine Arts, and are all for sale. Hofbrciuhaus, or Royal Brewery, near the Four Seasons Hotel, Platzl, will well repay a visit, whether you drink beer or not. Its beer is very celebrated. Stained glass in the highest perfection of the art has always had its home in Mu- nich, cathedrals, churches, chapels, and pri- vate residences in every quarter of the globe receiving their beautiful windows from the Royal Glass-painting Manufactory (Kdnirj- liche Hnfglasmalerei) of this city, situated in the Briennerstrasse, No. 23. Chefs-faeuvrt, finished and in course of preparation, illus- trative of every theme and subject, are al- ways to be seen. Herr Zettler, the director, is the chief of a group of some thirty artists who devote their time and talent to the work, which will well repay a visit. The Public Library of Munich, next to that of Paris, is the largest in the world. The building is of irurmnse extent, and three stories in height. It is said to contain 800,000 volumes, 23,000 MSS., a collection F. A. Kaulbach, Gabriel Max, etc., as well of engravings which number 300,000, and as a variety of the productions of younger j 10,000 Greek and Roman coins. Among artists. The firm is constantly acquiring i the many valuable relics in this library ia 658 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. the Bible of Luther, which contains his own and Melanchthon'fl portraits. The su- perb Reading Hull is adorned with the busts of the dukes of Bavaria. The. manuscripts, which are of artist- like, historic, or intrinsic value, are pre- served with great care in the Hall of " C'imelien ;" the most ini|K>rtant of which are the following: the Tables of Wax, after the manner of the Roman tables of tha loth century; Codex Purpureus; the Gospels, written in gold and silver on pur- ple vellum of the 9th century ; the Codex Aluricianus, of the Cth century ; Codex traditionum Ecclesiaj Kavenrii.tis, on pa- pyrus of the 10th century ; a most su- perb Bible and Missals, given to the ca- thedral of Bamberg by the Emperor St. j Henry: Orl. Lasso's Seven Penitential I'salms ; Sehah-Nameh, an heroic Persian poem by Firdusi, ornamented with minia- tures; a Prayer-book, printed in 1515, i with drawings on the margin by Diirer and Cranach; the Tournament of Duke William IV. The National .!/,*=:..! is open daily, ex- cept Monday, from 10 to 2. Sunday and i Thursday gratis ; other days. :>0 kr. This magnificent structure is 520 feet in length, and was founded by Maximilian II. in 1855, and finished in 1*68. It was de- j signed by Hi /./. and executed under the instructions of Kuppelmayer. The attic of the middle structure is surmounted by a Bavarian lion. It contains one of the richest collections of antiquity, objects of art, and curiosities in the world ; and the Museum owes its ^roat success to the abil- ity of M. d'Aretin and M. de Hefner-Alten- eck, who have collected and admirably arranged all the antiquities and objects of curiosity that were formerly scattered about in the royal palaces, and other places in Bavaria. The gro'ind foor on the right wing con- tains Roman. Germanic, and Celtic antiq- uities ; the left wing contains objects of Gothic art from the 13th to the loth cen- tury. The first jloor, right wing, contains the collection of armor, weapons, costumes, and musical instruments ; the left, the < 'erumic collection. There are 29 rooms on this floor, ornamented with a series of 143 lar^e frescoes bv Munich artists, taken from sub- jects in Bavarian history. The second Jloor ia filled with works of Renaissance and modern times, with splen- did specimens of tapestry of different pe- riods, down to the gobelin of Napoleon I. It would be impossible to give a de- scription of the thousand articles of in- terest in this vast collection ; the pur- chase of a catalogue is therefore recom- mended. Opposite the museum is the new and handsome Government Palace, built of terra cotta. It contains seven large halls and two hundred bureaus. The Picture-Gallery of Bun n von Schack, 19 Brunnenstrasse, is open daily from 2 to 5. The Mf Arts and Sciences in Xeuhausergap.se is open daily, from 10 to 12. It is divided into three divisions : Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting. It was founded in 1808. The ground floor contains plaster casts of antique works. The studio of Carl von Piloty is also here ; he is at present director of the Acad- emy. The Academy of Science contains collections of fossils, of physical and opti- cal instruments, a cabinet of minerals, a geognostic cabinet, and cabinet of coins and medals. A visit should be paid to the studio of Mr. David Neal, 6 Maximilianplatz : as an historical painter he is unsurpassed by any of his countrymen abroad ; indeed few for- e ; ^n artists can compete with him. His last work (Maria Stuart), painted for Mr. Mills of California. i~ a great success. The Xeue Ratlthaus, recently construct- ed, deserves a visit. It is situated on the north side of the Marienplatz. The Fest 659 MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. saal is adorned with a fine fresco by Piloty, and 9 fine glass paintings from the Hof- glasmalerei, by Zettler. The ^fonuments of Munich are numer- ous, the principal of which is the gigantic bronze statue of Bavaria, modeled by Schwanthaler, Bavaria's greatest sculptor, and cast in bronze at the Royal Foundery by Miller. This statue, which is consid- |ered the most elaborate and comprehen- sive of the kind in the world, stands on a granite pedestal thirty feet high, the top of which is reached by 49 steps. The statue itself stands sixty-six feat high, and seventy-eight tons of metal were used in the casting. It was commenced in 1844, and finished in 1850. The material is mostly the cannon captured from different nations ; the principal were the Turkish guns taken at the battle of Navarino. In the figure's left hand is a wreath of glory, in her right a sword adorned with circling laurels, prepared to crown all those found worthy of such glory. The attitude of this commanding figure is exceedingly fine. She is clothed in flowing garments and a fur tunic. At her side stands the Bavarian lion, of colossal size. In the rear of the statue a bronze door is placed, through which you pass up a flight of stairs to the top of the pedestal ; then an- other, of iron, to the inside of the head, where eight persons can comfortably sit at one time. It is said that the day on which it was raised to its place twenty- nine men and two boys were in the head, and that, amid the universal joy and as- tonishment of the multitude, they emerged from one of the locks of Bavaria's hair, and one after another descended a long ladder. On one of the locks which rep- resent hair is the following inscription in German : ' This colossal statue, erect- ed by Ludwig I., king of Bavaria, was designed and modeled by Ludwig von Schwanthaler, and was cast in bronze and executed, between the years 1844 and \1850, by Ferdinand Miller." The arms are 24 feet 9 inches long, the nose 1 foot 11 inches, the mouth 15 inches wide, and the eyes 11 inches. The total cost of the statue, not comprising the pedestal, was .7 '.'T.i 100. Ladies with delicate nerves had better not make the ascent into the head during the summer months, as the great 660 heat of the bronze often causes them to faint. To restore them there is impossi- ble, and it is by no means expeditious un- der the circumstances. Surrounding the statue, something in the form of a horse- shoe, is the Ruhmeshalle, or Hall of Glory. The centre front is 214 feet long, the sides 93 feet; it is GO feet high, including the base. There are 48 pillars, in the Doric, each 24 feet high, between which are seen affixed to the wall busts of Bavaria's greatest inen. The ends of the two wings are adorned with four female figures, by Schwanthaler, which represent the four provinces of Bavaria, viz., Bavaria, the Palatinate, Franconia, and Suabia. The frieze is ornamented with forty-four vic- tories, between which are placed forty- eight figures Industry. Science, and the Arts. The whole is situated a short dis- tance out of town, on an elevated spot in the Theresian Meadows, where the annual October Volkfest takes place, and contig- uous to the race-course. In front of the Xeubau, or New Palace, in Max-Joseph Platz, is the monument of the king Maximilian Joseph I. It is of colossal size, cast in bronze, and repre- sents the king seated on a throne. It is from the designs of Rauch, of Berlin. In the new Maximilian Street, opposite the Government Palace, notice the monument erected to General Deroy, who died on the battle-field of Polotzk in 1812. In the Wittelsliarh Platz, near which stands the palace, deserving a visit, notice the magnificent equestrian statue erected to the Elector Maximilian I. The pedes- tal is of marble, the horse and rider bronze. It was modeled by Schwanthaler, and cast by Stiglmayer. On the Carolinenplatz, surrounded by gardens and beautiful resi- dences, is a splendid bronze obelisk erect- ed by Ludwig to the Bavarians who fell in the Russian campaign of 1*1 '2. The Slerjesthor. or Gate of Victory, situ- ated at the end of the Ludwigstrasse, was i finished in 1850. and is a most exquisite | monument ; it was built after the model of Constantino's triumphal arch at Rome, and dedicated to the Bavarian army by King Ludwig. The arch is crowned by a colossal statue of Bavaria in a triumphal | chariot, harnessed with four Bavarian lions, the whole executed in bronze from designs | by Von Wagner. At the other end of this MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MUNICH. beautiful street notice the Feldherrenhal'e, or Hall of the Marshals, with the bronze statues of General Tilly and Prince Carl Wrede. The last erected, and one of the most beautiful monuments in Munich, that to Maximilian II., who died March 10, 1864, I to the great grief not only of Munich, for which he had done so much, but of all Havana, was unveiled September, 1875, amid great rejoicings. It is situated at one end of the magnificent new street he built, vi/.. Maximiliansstrasse. The socle of the monument is of black syenite (the hardest stone found in Bava- ria) ; the upper part is, however, of red granite (found in Saxony). All the ma- sonry work was executed by Ackermann. of Weissenstadt. The socle, including pedestal, is 41 feet high, the figure of the king 19 feet ; the whole 60 feet high. The sculptura is by Professor Zumbusch, of Vienna. The whole was cast in the Royal Bronze-Foundery here, under the direction of the present proprietor, Mr. Miller. The four figures represent Justice, Science, Peac.~, and Power, the height of which, if standing, would be 16 feet. There are four boys with shields in front, holding up wreaths of laurel. The cost of the entire work was 164,000 florins. In Jfarienplatz, or Market-place, stands one of the oldest monuments of Munich: it is a pillar of red marble, crowned with a bronze statue of the Virgin and Child, and is called Marien-Saule. It was erected by Maximilian I. in 1033, in memory of the victory gained by him over Frederick, the elector palatine. There are several fine monuments, some of them erected recent- ly, on the Promenadenplatz. The churches of Munich are ven r inter- esting, but do not compare with the pict- ure-galleries in point of interest. The principal is the Cathedral, or f'rauenkirche, which was founded at the end of the 13th century. The present building was finish- ed at the end of the 15th : it is surmounted by two tall towers, variously stated by different authors at from 318 to 335 feet in height. The most remarkable monument in the church, and one deserving particular attention, is the tomb of the Kmperor Louis of Bavaria, erected to his memory by the Elector Maximilian I. in the year io.'-_' ; VOL. II. F 2 and in the catafalque beneath repose the remains of the Bavarian royal family from 1295 to 1G26. The organ is remarkable fur its size and tone. A very fine picture of the Assumption, by P. Candide, may be seen over the high-altar. Mlfhatlshnfkirche, or Jesuits' Church of St. Michael, erected for the Jesuits by Duke William V. The interior of the church is in the Corinthian style, high- ly ornamented. The altar-piece is by Schwartz, and represents the Fall of the Angels. The great attraction of the church is Thorwaldsen's monument to Eugene Beauharnais, duke of Leuchtenberg, for- mer vice-king of Italy, erected to his mem- ory by his widow, daughter of the King Max-Joseph : it is of pure Carrara marble. The prince is represented standing, dressed in a plain toga, before the door of ilie tomb : his left hand on his heart, in his right he holds a crown of laurels. At his feet lie the iron crown of Italy, his helmet, and armor. To his right stands the. Muse of History, and to his left the Genius of Death and Immortality. The tower of this church fell down in the course of its erection, and has not since been finished. The Tkeatiner-/fofkirche, situated in Lud- wigstrasse, was built by Adelaide, wife of the Elector Ferdinand Maria, in pursuance of a vow so to do should she be blessed with an heir to the throne, having been married eight years without that event having taken place. The altar-piece rep- resents Adelaide, her husband, and son of- fering up thanks to St. Cajetan. There is a Descent from the Cross, by Tintorett. All the royal family, from Ferdinand Ma- ria to Maximilian Joseph, are interred be- neath the church. Notice particularly the tomb of the Princess Josephine Max Caro- line, who died at the age of 11 years : it is executed by Eberhard from designs by Klenze. The Basilica of St. Bonifacius, situated on Carlsstrasse. was constructed at the ex- pense of King Ludwig, to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of his marriage, or silver wedding. The first stone was laid October 12. 1835. and it was consecrated in November, 1850. It is 262 feet long by 1:25 wide and 80 high. The interior is di- vided into five naves by C6 marble col- umns, with richly ornamented capitals. The walls are most beautifully frescoed by CGI MUNICH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] STAHRENBERG. Hess and his scholars. The upper pict- ures in the middle nave, 36 in number, represent the spread of Christianity in Ger- many. The twelve large pictures repre- sent episodes in the life of St. Bonifacius, the most influential of all the German saints. The ten smaller pictures represent the less important events of his life. In the niche behind the high-altar notice the magnificent fresco of the Saviour surround- ed by a glory of angels : beneath are the saints and martyrs. In the centre, St. Boni- face ; to his right and left, those saints who have in particular labored for the advance- ment of Christianity in Bavaria. All of these frescoes are of a depth and freshness of coloring which oil painting can never attain ; and the whole interior is consider- ed one of the most beautiful creations of modern art. To the right, after you enter the church, notice a sarcophagus in mar- ble : it is destined to contain the body of Ludwig I. after his death. His queen, Thcrese, who died in 1854, now lies here. Ludwiyskirche, or church of St. Louis, in Ludwigstrasse, is 230 feet long, 150 broad, and has two towers which rise to the height of 220 feet. The front is ornamented with statues of Christ and the four Evangelists, by Schwanthaler, and colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul. The frescoes of the interior are most exquisite : they were designed by Cornelius. The lion, howev- er, of the church is his great fresco of the Last Judgment, which was designed by him in Rome in 1835, and painted by him- self in 1836, 1837, and 1838. It is surpassed by few pictures either in size or execution : it is 63 feet high and 39 wide. The other churches are the parish church of Maria Hilf, on the other side of the riv- er, in the suburb of Au ; the chapel of All Saints, behind the palace ; and the parish church of St. Peter, which is the oldest in Munich. Visit the Tsar Thor, one of the ancient entrances into the old city. It w is re- stored by Gartner in 1833, and decorated with a beautiful fresco. One of the finest promenades and re- treats in warm weather is the English Gar- den, which adjoins the Hofgarten before described ; it is four miles long by half a mile wide. It was laid out by Karl Theo- dore, the elector, but owes its adornment principally to Maximilian Joseph I. Here 662 we have beautiful meadows, magnificent groups of trees, lakes, fountains, running brooks, and shady walks. There are also bath-houses, temples, and pagodas. At the end of the English Garden, on the right side of the Isar river, is Dr. Steinbacher's celebrated cure establish- ment Brunnthal, where, during twenty 3'ears past, patients have been cured with good effect by a new system the Schrotli- Priessnitz, in combination with Banting cure, electro -galvanism, gymnastics, etc. A new and beautiful bathing-saloon has all the hydraulic improvements which are now known. The establishment is also much frequented in winter time. The Strafarbdtshaus, or Great Prison, as well as the Public Cemetery, will well repay a visit. The royal painting glass manufactory should also be visited ; fee 12 kr. Some most remarkable sights may be seen at the Anatomical Museum; fee 24 kr. The principal theatres of Munich are the Theatre National and Royal or Court Theatre, in Max-Joseph Platz ; the Thea- tre Royal of the Residenz; and the Volks, or People's Theatre, Gaertner Platz. The principal excursions in the vicinity of Munich are, first, the royal palace of Nymphenburg, about three miles distant, connected with Munich by a very beau- tiful avenue of linden-trees. It is built something in the style of Versailles. It was commenced by the Elector Ferdinand Maria for his queen, Adelaide, in the year 1663. It is surrounded with the usual number of fountains, parks, gardens, etc. In one part of the side pavilions the royal porcelain factory is situated. The royal palace of Schleissheim, about two hours' walk from Munich, will well repay a visit. It formerly contained a splendid gallery of paintings, but the prin- cipal paintings were removed to the Pina- cothek some time since ; there is still, how- ever, a fine collection here. An excursion should be made, if the trav- eler have time,to the Lake of Stahrenberg, in 1 h. 5 m. from Munich ; fare, 2 marks 10 pf. Stahrenberg. Hotels, Baynscher Jlof and Pellet. From these houses there is a lovely view of the chain of Alps. Prince Charles has a handsome chateau behind the town. At Possenhnfen there is a chateau, the property of the Duke Maximilian. Feld- o a Harper' U 1 osuii*. Caotre 8 ffmaUf Calient umd. frlyt** Sa/uUr 9 Biklu'thtt, und. nil-Book AUGSBURG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] afing, from whence a fine prospect can be had, is one of the places the most visited on the lake. On the other side of the lake (fifteen minutes to cross) is Lfoui. Near this is the Chateau de Berg, which belongs to the king. The visitor should ascend the height RottmcaukOht, from which place there is a most charming view. There is a small steamer running on the lake. Return tickets are sold at reduced price at Munich. A new line of railway has been opened direct from Munich to Lindau (Lake Con- stance), the nearest route to Switzerland. Time, 5 h. 20 m. ; fare, first class, 20 marks 15 pf. ; second class, 14 marks 20 pf. (Route 33, Vol. III.) From Lindau, steamer on the lake to Constance. Ili/tel Bad, a new and splen- did establishment. Munich to Paris. Time, 23 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 88 marks 80 pf. ; second class, C4 marks 50 pf. Munich to Leipzig. Time, 11 h. 55 m. ; fare, first class, 49 marks 30 pf. Munich to Frankfort. Time, 9 h. 41 m. ; fare, first class, 37 marks 40 pf. Munich to Berlin. Time, 1C h. 5 m. ; fare, first class, 74 marks 40 pf. Munich to I'ienna. Time, 11 h. 56 m. ; fare, 42 marks 45 pf. ROUTE No. 173. Munich to Strasburg and Paris, via A ugs- bury, Ulm, and Stnttgnrt. Time, 36 hours (to Paris) ; fare, first class, 96 marks ; sec- ond class, 76 marks. From Munich to Augsburg. Time, 1 h. 35 m. Augsburg is an important manufactur- ing town, situated on the river Lech, a branch of the Danube, in the western por- tion of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con- tains 52,000 inhabitants. There is noth- ing of importance here to detain the trav- eler. The city was formerly surrounded by walls ; they are now, however, razed to the ground, and laid out in very agreeable promenades. It was a free city of the em- AUGSBUBO. ! pirc from 12C8. In the 15th and 16th cen- turies it had attained its greatest prosper- ity, and was the centre of commerce be- tween the east and the north of Europe. Many of its citizens enjoyed great wealth and power, and three of its maidens (one the daughter of a barber) married princes. I The celebrated "Fugger" family raised themselves within a century from poor weavers to the wealthiest nobles of the day, and became the creditors of monarch* ; and Welser, another of its citizens, fitted out a squadron to take possession of Vene- zuela, which had been pledged to him by the Emperor Charles V. Augsburg is cele- brated for the making of clocks, and its goldsmith and jewelry works. The Bishop's Palace, or Sch/oss, is his- torically noted for containing the hall in which the Protestant Confession rf Faith was presented to the Emperor Charles V., 1530. Here also the interview between Martin Luther and the Cardinal Cajetan took place in 1542. The Cathedral is an irregular building in the Byzantine style. The bas-reliefs on its bronze doors are very fine. In Maximiliansstrasse, which is the prin- cipal street in Augsburg, are three bronze fountains ; two of them, by Adrian de Vries, are very interesting specimens of art. The gallery of paintings situated in the old convent of St. Catharine contains a good collection of the old German masters, Burgkmair, Zeitblom, etc. It is open every day, from 10 to 12 : fee, 24 kr. There are several pictures of Hans Holbein the elder, who was a native of Augsburg. The leading political paper in German}', the A Ugemcine Zeittmg, is published here by the bookseller Baron von Cotta. Augsburg contains an historical souvenir in tin- house in which the Emperor Napo- leon III. resided with his mother between the years 1821 and 1824. The house at the present time belongs to Count Fugger- Kirchberg-Weisscnhorn. Prince Napoleon during that time attended the academy of St. Anne. In the centre of Place Louis, near the Hotel de Ville. stands the fountain of Au- gustus, founder of the city, executed in bronzu in liJOO. The Fountains of Her- cules and Mercury are also both executed in bronze. To the right is the fine " House ULM. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] STUTTGART. of Fugger," the exterior of which was dec- orated in 1863 by paintings in fresco illus- trating events in the life of this family. The house where Philippina Welser, who married the Archduke Ferdinand of Aus- tria, was born, is here pointed out. To visit the castle of HoheKschwangau, and examine its superb frescoes and glori- ous scenery, requires six hours' time from ' Augsburg two, by rail, to Kempten, and four, by coach, to Fussen. The castle is about four miles from Fussen, and is situ- ated on the top of a high rock. It was an old Roman castle, and was rebuilt and decorated by the late King of Bavaria when crown-prince in 1832. The frescoes | are most magnificent. The first floor is used by the queen, and consists of three saloons and three chambers. The second floor, occupied by his majesty the king, ' consists of six saloons. The third floor is reserved for the royal princes. The royal family usually reside here a few weeks every summer. From Augsburg to Ulm, distance 53 miles; time, 1 h. 50 m. Ulm is the second town of importance in the kingdom of Wiirtemberg. It is finely i situated on the Danube ; contains 24,800 j inhabitants, and a garrison of 5000 sol- diers. Hotels, Kronprinz and Russischer Hof. From 1842 to 1866 it was a fortress of the Germanic Confederation, jointly garrisoned by Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, and Austria. The army of Wiirtemberg now composes the 28d army corps of the Im- perial army. It was formerly one of the free cities of the German empire, and is still a place of considerable trade. The manufacture of linen is one of the most active brandies of industry carried on here. There is nothing to detain the trav- eler unless he has plenty of time, the Min- ster, or church, being the only object of interest in the town. That, certainly, is very fine, its carved work being equal to any thing of the kind in Germany. The military importance of Ulm has occa- sioned its frequent conquest during pe- riods of war. The destruction of Gen- eral Mack's army by Napoleon, when, through the stupidity of the general, 30,000 Austrians surrendered their for- tress without striking a blow, forms the chief event of the kind in its mod- ern history. Large quantities of Khine, 664 Swiss, and other wines are shipped from here to Vienna. The cathedral of Ulm was founded in 1377, and is one of the finest Gothic churches in Germany, though still unfinished. Its tower, which is intended to be 475 feet high, is only 2-10. An inscription announces that it was ascended in 1492 by the Kmperor Maximilian. There is a magnificent view of the Alps from the summit. The restora- tion of this edifice has been going on for some years, and it is expected that the tower will one day be finished. Notice the beautiful entrance underneath the tower. The stalls are finely carved in oak, and are from the 15th century ; they were executed by Jorg .^yrlin. The stained- glass windows are of the same date. The pulpit and shrine are very beautiful ; they were executed in 1500. The organ is the largest in Germany, and has 100 stops. The chapel of the ttesserer family contains a beautiful statue of Eitel Bessercr. The custodian lives on one side of the principal entrance ; fee, 30 kr. The Rathhaus is situated on the market- place. It is constructed in the half Gothic and half Renaissance style, and is decorated on the outside with frescoes. From Ulm there are lines of railway running to Friedrichshafen, on Lake Con- stance ; also to Lindau, on the same lake. From U.m to Stuttgart. Time, 2 h. 30 m. Passing (JeisKngen, above which rise the ruins of H'1f,-nstst faith- ful ft i nd of t/ie peop'e, William the icetl- \ beloved." The Museum of Fine Arts has of late years rapidly increased in interest, and a day may now be well spent here. It con- tains casts of the most celebrated works of ancient and modern sculpture, among which are casts of all the works of Thor- waldsen, presented by himself in 1844. It is open to the public from 11 to 1 and 2 to 4 on Sundays ; Monday. Wednesday, and Friday from 10 to 12 and 2 to 4 ; the other clays at the same hours ; fee, 24 kr. The picture-gallery is open on Sundays. Wednes- days, and Fridays free. It contains some paintings of Murillo, Rubens, Guido, Paul Veronese, Rembrandt, Velasquez, Titian, Zurbaran, Tintoretto, and others equally celebrated. On the Konigsstrasse, which is the hand- somest street, opposite the Schlossplatz, stands the Kdnig*ban, finished in 1860. The ground floor contains the Exchange open from 2 to 3, a splendid cafe, and a handsome arcade, near which is the palace of the dowager queen, the Ministry rf t'o - dgn Affair,*, and a splendid Ha There is also a fine new Post-office. The Museum is the property of a club, containing reading-room, restaurant, etc. Introduction by members. The Lierierk ille is the property of a vocal association. Large concerts are often given here. A tine garden is attached. Opposite to this is the Carltschnle, an institution of high reputation. It was here that Schiller received his elementary education. The king's stables should most certain- ly be vi.-iteu : hi.* stud of Arabian horses is the finest in Germany. A fee of 'J4 kr. is expected. One of the most interesting visits the traveler can make, and one he will never forget, is that to the king's Grecian villa 665 CANXSTADT. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMAN!.] CANNSTADT. of Rosensteln. It is absolutely necessary to procure a ticket to gain admittance : this may be done at the Hotel Marquardt. The villa is situated at the extremity of the Palace Gardens, and is reached by a beautiful avenue, shaded with trees, two miles in extent (notice the two marble horses, by Hofer, on your way). The view from this villa is one of the most lovely in Germany, and the different rooms are lilled with paintings and sculpture of the rarest excellence. The views of the principal places in Spain, Italy, and the Hoi}' Land are most correct, and are de- cidedly interesting to travelers who have visited those countries. A fee of 30 kr. is expected, or one florin for a party. A short distance from Rosenstein the king has erected a lovely Moorish building, called Wilhelmina, which can be visited at the same time. The interior is perfectly beautiful. About two and a half miles from Stutt- gart, reached by railway or American tramway, is the favorite resort of the citi- zens, Cannstadt, noted for its saline and other springs. Hotels, Hermann, Bellevue, and Cannstadt. Endeavor to be in Cannstadt about the 28th of September, at which time the Volksfest takes place. This is the day after the king's birthday, on which occa- sion he distributes prizes to the successful breeders of horses and cattle, in the pres- ence of the different members of the royal family. All the surrounding country turns out to do honor to the day. After the prizes are distributed the horse-racing takes place on the course adjoining the fair ground. The performances are most exciting and very amusing. The baths of the River Neckar are very good and cheap only 25 pfennigs, with linen. Those of Strudel, adjoining the theatre (15 kreutzers), are also very fine. After the morning's bath the bathers as- semble at the Kursaal, behind which are some very beautiful walks. Observe the painted notices stuck up requesting friends or acquaintances not to take off their hats : " Man bittet slth nic/tt durch IIut-Abnthmen za griissen." The custom of continually taking off your hat, not only to a friend or acquaintance, but, if walking with a friend, to doff it to his friend or acquaintance, al- though you may never have seen him be- " 6C6 fore, is decidedly tiresome; consequently, for the convenience of promenaders, who are continually meeting one another dur- ing their walks, the notice informs them that they are expected to dispense with the custom so universal in Germany. Ascend the height of the Sulzerain, near which three of the principal springs arise, and get a glorious view of the surrounding country. The mineral springs in and around the town are very numerous, being over forty in number : they are nearly all cold one alone is tepid. The railway passes by them : only 8 minutes from Stuttgart. Excursions should also be made to the Solitude (an abandoned castle, or hunting- lodge, belonging to the king, built about one hundred years ago). It was formerly the celebrated Carlsschule. The grounds command an extensive view. Schiller's father was inspector of the gardens here. In the vicinity there is a deer park and bears' den. The deer are fed at 11 A.M., and the wild boars at 6 P.M. Cards of admission in office of the Royal Chasse at the Academy in Stuttgart. JJohenlicim, another chateau, built by the Duke Charles in 1768, six miles from Stuttgart, should also be visited. Carriages may be procured at the Hotel Marquardt to make these dif- ferent excursions. Stuttgart to Pans. Time, 16 h. 45 m. ; fare, first class, 66 marks 80 pf. ; second class, 49 marks. Stuttgart to Friedrichshafen (on Lake Constance). Time, 5 h. 58 m. ; fare, first class, 15 marks 90 pf. ; second class, 9 marks. Stuttgart to Munich. Time, 5 h. 50 m. ; fare, first class, 22 marks 5 pf. ; second class, 15 marks 50 pf. From Stuttgart to JBruchsal Junction. Time, 2 h. 3 m. ; fare, 6 marks 35 pf. For description of Route from Bruchsal, see Route No. 184. ROUTE No. 174. Mim'ch to Frankfort, via Gunzenhau- sen, A >ifp ich, and Wuriburg. Time, 9 h. INOOLSTAUT. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HEILBRONN. 41 m. ; faro, first class. 37 marks 10 pf. ; sec- ond class, 26 marks 15 pf. There i- vt-ry little to interest the traveler in this route. I'.-is-ing several unimportant stations, we reach the fortress ami town of Inyolttadt.Hote], 1,'oldat r.ldl r. Pop- ulation, 13,000. This ancient town is situ- ated on the Danube, and contains nothing of importance. Its Cathedral was built in the; loth century, and contains the monu- ments of Tilly and Mercy ; also of the famous Dr. Eck, the adversary of Luther. Ingolstadt was the first place in Ger- many where a Jesuit college was founded. Gustavus Adolphus vainly besieged it in 1)!3'J, while Tilly was lying mortally wound- ed within its walls. It was captured by the French under Moreau, after a three months' siege, in 1800. Its fortifications were con- siderably augmented in 1827. Communicating on the Danube with Baiiabon, Eickstadt (Hotel, Bayrischer Hf) con- tains 7600 inhabitants, and is finely situ- ated in the valley of the Altmuhl. It is the chief town of a small principality which was bestowed on Prince Eugene Beauhar- nais, duke of Leuchtenberg, in 1817, and was the residence of the duke, his son, up to 1854, whose successors have, by an imperial Russian ukase, become imperial princes and princesses. It has bean the seat of a bishop since 740, when it was founded by St. Willibald. The Cathedral was founded in 1042, and is an interesting edifice. Its choir dates from 1351. The church of St. Walpurgi* contains the tomb of that saint, who was its founder. On the first of May. which is the saint's fete-day, thousands of pilgrims re- pair to his shrine. On the height above the town stand the ruins of the castle of \YVlibaldsbtirg. The next station is Solnhofen, where nearly all the lithographic stones used in the world are quarried. None others have been found so good, and the entire village is occupied in quarrying them and convey- ing them to the railway ami Danube. -ing the station and junction where lines cross running to Stuttgart and Nu- remberg. we arrive at Anxp-icfi, a town of 12.750 inhabitants. Hotel, Xtern. It was formerly the capital and residence of the margraves of Anspaeb, and later of the princes of Bayreuth. They were connected with the younger branch of the imperial house of Germany, to whom the last of his line sold the property. It was acquired by Bavaria in 1806. About two hours by carriage or omnibus is the town of //eilbronn. which contains a most inter- esting church, founded in 1150, and restored in 1860. It possesses some fine monuments of the margraves of Brandenburg. At Steinach travelers wishing to visit the old and interesting town of Rothenburg may do so by diligence, which leaves three times per day. Time, two hours. It was formerly a free city of the empire. Its wall and ramparts are still well preserved, and the architecture of its churches, Kathhaus, and houses most interesting. Its principal church is St. James's, founded in the 14 th century ; its altar and stained-gHss win- dows are very fine. \\'iirzburg contains a population of 45,000. Hotel, Crown Prince of Bavaria, an admira- bly managed house, situated in front of the Kind's Palace. Wurzburg is situated on the Main, and is connected with its suburb, .\fninriertel, by a stone bridge adorned with saints ; it is finely built, with wide streets, and contains many quaint old houses. The Royal Palace, built after the plan of Yer- seilles, has many handsome apartments, including a chapel decorated in the Louis XIV. style, 312 rooms, and 25 kitchens; and, inside and outside, few royal palaces in any country can compare with it. Three days in the week there is military music in front of the palace; the gardens in the rear are quite beautiful. The Cathedral, in the Domstrasse, which dates from the 12th century, contains mon- uments of the Prince Bishops. The Xeu- munsttr Church, which dates from the 10th century, contains in the crypt the remains of St. Kilian and his companions. Among other monuments is that of the trouba- dour Walther von der Vogelweide, cele- brated by Longfellow. There are thirteen other churches, with nine others in the sub- urb, including a Jewish synagogue. The city also contains numerous schools, hos- pitals, and other charitable and scientific institutions. Its University was founded in l.")S2, and is celebrated as a medical school. A visit should be made to the celebrated CitmM of Maritnberg, which is open to the public free. 667 KAUFBECERN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] RAVENSBURC* ROUTE No. 175. Lindau to Augsburg and Wiirzlury, via Nordlingen and Mergentheim. Time from Lindau to Augsburg, 5 h. ; fare, 18 marks 55 pf. ; to Wiirzburg, tt'aGunzenhausen,!! h. 5m.; fare,40mks.; from Augsburg to \Vurz- burg, 5 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 111 inks. 30 pf. ( KOUTE No. 176. Munich to Linlau (on Lake Constance, the most direct route to Switzerland). Time, 5 h. 20 m. ; fare, first class, 20 marks 15 pf. ; second class, 14 marks 20 pf. At the station BuMoe .the line unites with that from Augsburg. Kavfbtuem, an old but unimportant town. Hotel, Sonne. Passing through a narrow gorge, on the heights above are seen the ruins of the castle of Wagegg, and crossing the river f.'ler we arrive at Kempten, finely situated on the Iller, containing 11,000 inhabitants. Hotel, Kron a . This old imperial town was the Capodunum of the Romans. It was at one time the residence of the powerful Prince Abbots of Kempten, who formerly held a court here in a castle in the upper town, now used by the authorities. Close to the castle is a fine church, dating from the 18th century. Immenstadt (Hotels, Kreuz and ffirscK), a handsome town situated in a pretty val- ley surrounded by high mountains, which, separate Bavaria from the Tyrol. The Griinten, 5(>32 feet above the level of the sea, is celebrated for its beautiful pano- rama; there is a hotel at the top. It is called the Bavarian Rigi. Two omnibuses leave daily for Xonthofen, situated up the valley about one hour from Immenstadt, which is the best point to make the ascent. The railway is carried to the banks of the lake. Linlau. Ih'itel de Baviere, a large, first- class house in every respect, opposite the steamboat landing, with a splendid view of the lake and mountains, and offering every inducement for a prolonged stay. This a nail and strongly fortified town, belong- ing to the kingdom of Bavaria, and of con- piderable importance during the Middle Ages, is very beautifully situated on two small islands in Lake Constance, and is connected with the shore by long wooden bridges. On your right as you enter the 668 harbor an immense Bavarian lion, sitting on his hind-legs, greets you with any tiling but a welcoming smile. On the opposite side of the entrance there is a high watch- tower and light-house. On the port there is a monument to Maximilian II., erected in 1856, after the model of Holbig: it rests on a pedestal the sides of which are orna- mented with the coats of arms of different cities, and figures representing Navigation, Industry, Commerce, and the Arts. The remnants of an old tower called the //'- d'nthiirm stand at the end of the old bridge. It is supposed to be of Roman origin. An excursion should be made along the shore of the lake to iSchachenbad, in half an hour, where there is a pleasant tea-garden. There is a charming view of the lake to be obtained here. Fifteen minutes farther there is an establishment called Lindenkof, with a fine greenhouse and park. Tues- day and Friday free ; other days 30 kr. fee. Steamers in correspondence with trains sail several times each day for Constance, Bregenz, Romanshorn, and liorschach. Trains several times each day to Munich, Augsburg, and Dim. ROUTE No. 177. Ulm to Friedrichshafen. Time, 3 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 8 marks 60 pf. ; second class, 5 marks 80 pf. U/m, described in Route No. 173. Biberach, formerly a free imperial city, at present a small town surrounded by walls and towers, containing 7100 inhabit- ants. Hotel, Deutscher Kai*er. The place is now noted for the manufacture of chil- dren's toys. The poet Wieland was born in the adjoining village of Obcrholzheim. Niederbiegen, to the left of which notice the old abbey of \\'dn.rjdrt-n, which for- merly belonged to the Benedictine monks, and was noted at one time for possessing some of the Saviour's blood. The abbey is now an orphan asylum. The church contains the tomb of the Guelphs, who were its founders. It was finely restored by the orders of the King of Hanover in 1859, from Klenze's design. The organ was built by Gdbler. Frequent pilgrim- ages are made to this church. Ravensburg contains 8500 inhabitants. Hotel, Pust. This old town was formerly FRIEDRICHSHAFEN. [THE EMPIKE OF GERMANY.] a free imperial city. It is surrounded by vine-covered hills, and is encompassed l>y numerous old towers of different shapes. There is an old (iothic church, recently restored. From Vtlhburg, a hill some 1625 feet high, fifteen minutes from the town. there is a magnificent view over Lake Con- stance. Switzerland, and the Alps. About five miles east of the town stands the Cas- tle of Walburrj. the stronghold of the M'ruchsess of \Valburg," an ancient fam- ily who held the hereditary title of Mint re d'hiitel of the empire. ilrich'-htifen, a town of 2900 inhabit- ants, is situated on Lake Constance. Ho- tel and Pension, Bellevue, a fine house over- looking the lake, and near the steamboat landing and railway station. Garden, car- . etc. Managed liy the proprietor, Mr. H. Ueeg. This is a commercial town of recent origin, and was founded by Fred- erick of Wurtemberg; it is the principal port on the lake for German goods shipped to Switzerland and Italy. The King of Wiirtemberg has a palace in the vicinity, from the garden of which are numerous lovely views. The town is much resorted to in the summer for bathing in the lake. Steamers leave four or five times each day for different points on the lake. To Romanshorn, opposite, in one hour. TUBINGEN. ROUTE No. 179. ROUTE No. 178. Ulm to Schuffhaitsen, ria Immendingen. Time, * h. 37 m. ; fare, 19 marks 30 pf. /linrjen Junction is first reached (on Rontc 17l>), in 1 h. 39 m. ; fare, 5 marks ; whence by Route 179 to Schaffhausen in 5 h. 56 m. ; fare, 15 marks 95 pf. Schaffhausen, see Route 23, Vol. III. Stuttgart to XcJwfihnusen, ria Tubingen and Immendinyen. Time, 6 h. 37 m. ; fare, first class, 18 marks 80 pf. ; second class, 12 marks 50 pf. jEsstinyen, situated on the Neckar, con- tains 14,100 inhabitants. Hotel, Krone. Tl i- was at one time one of the most im- portant of the free imperial cities. It was founded in 1216 by the Emperor Frederick II., and is still partly surrounded by walls. The principal church is the Liebfrauen- kirche, finished about the commencement of the 16th century. It is constructed in the purest Gothic style. It was restored in 1862. It contains some fine stained-glass windows and handsome sculptures. The churches of St. Paul and St. Dems are also well deserving a visit. From the old im- perii:! castle of Pvrfried there is a fine view. Esslingen carries on considerable trade in sparkling wines and machinerj'. At Pishing: n, situated at the confluence of the Fits and AVc>\ the route leaves the line to Ulm and continues in a southern direction to Reutlingen. Hotels, Oclis and Kronprinz. This town contains 14,300 inhabitants, is situated on the River Eehnz, and was for- merly a free imperial city. The water from the town is conducted through the streets. The Ifari nl-irch", which is said to be the finest church in Wiirtemberg, was found- ed in the 13th century, and has recently been restored. The baptismal font is very beautiful, and the sculpture is most admi- rably executed. The Holy Sepulchre is a work of rare excellence. Near the station there is a bronze statue by Keitz, erected to the memory of the po- litical economist Li.i- sen, founded in 1183. It is considered one of the finest Gothic structures in the coun- try. Rottenburg, an old town containing 6200 inhabitants; admirably situated on the banks of the Neckar. Hotel, Gollener Hirsch. It is connected with its suburb Ehingen by a bridge. The town is the seat of a Catholic bishop. The church of St. Martin is the principal building. The Bischofshof contains a collection of Roman antiquities. Roll well contains 5200 inhabitants. It is still surrounded by walls and towers. It was a free city of the empire up to 1802. The handsome church of the Holy Cross, lately restored, dates from the 12th cen- tury. Tuttlinyen, a. town of 7200 inhabitants, was destroyed by fire in 1803. Hotel, Post. Commanding the town are the ruins of the castle of llornburg. Immendingen, whence Schaffhausen is reached in 1 h. 26 m. Schaffhausen. See Index. ROUTE No. 180. Stuttgart to Heidelberg, via Heilbronn. Time, 5 h. 38 m. ; fare, first class, 10 marks; second class, 6 marks. The express route to Heidelberg is via Bruchsal Junction in 3 h. 3 m. ; fare, 10 marks 30 pf. and 7 marks 25 pf. Bietiykeim junction; the line to Bruch- sal here turns to the left. Heilbronn, beautifully situated on both banks of the Neckar. Eisenbahn Hotel, at the station. Up to the commencement of the present century it retained its privi- leges as a free city of the empire. It now contains 19,000 inhabitants, and is one of the most important commercial towns in "VVurtemberg. A handsome promenade has taken the place of the former ramparts, which separate the old town from its sub- urbs. The principal building is the church of St. Kilian, built in the old German style, and founded in the 13th century. The 670 STRASBCKG. altar-piece is a fine example of painting and sculpture combined. It represents the Birth of Christ with the Resurrection and the Death of the Virgin. There are several fine monuments in the church. In the square tower is a massive bell, which was cast in 1479 ; it tolls every day at noon. In the vicinity of the church is the "Holy Spring," to which the town owes its origin. In the church of St. Xichotat, in 1525, the first Protestant service was performed. The Rathhuus dates from the middle of the 16th century. In a high square tower on the banks of the Neckar, called Gutzens Thurm, Goethe represents the celebrated G<">tz ni Jl< ///~is, and the cT Angleterre. The National is an elegant modern house, on the square opposite the station. Strasburg, although of late belonging to France, is essentially a German town, both in appearance and in the language and costume of the lower or- ders, few of whom speak French, although until lately it was taught in all the public schools. It is situated about 1J miles from ST R A - Harpe O U R G SHirrr Ir Km, JO .tf/Kwv If 31 /I t-t,' 32 fl.ttr <{u flui 33 Hatr ,b .fonts' &.<'*. Him- 3t /, f'utl,-mliei\i 'A .>'/.)//G, and Cicero, printed by Fust in 14G5. This building was destroyed by the Prussian bombs dur- ing the late siege. Gutenberg, to whom a statue by David has been erected on Place Gutenberg, made his first attempt at printing here in 1435. On the site of the old Prefecture, in the middle of the 14th century. 2<)00 Jews were burned to death, accused of having poisoned the fount- ains and wells, which gave rise to the plague which at that time desolated the city. The J'lace ttrnglie, constructed by Ma- r6chal Broglie in 1740, is the most animated portion of the town. It contains the new theatre and the best cafes. A military band plays here twice a week in the even- ings. The old Prefecture is in front of tho theatre ; near it is the bronze statue erect- ed to the Marquis de Lezay-Marnesia, a former prefect. On l'l< tee Kleber stands a bronze statue of that famous general, who was born hero in 17.~>.",, and assassinated in 1800 by a Turk at ( 'aim. The statue is by Grass. Strusburg is noted for the celebrated /'lit,'* defois gras, made from the livers of geese. They are fed in such a manner that the liver grows to an unnatural size ; 671 STRASBCKG. it often weighs three pounds when the goose is killed. The memorable siege of Strasburg by the Prussians, and its heroic resistance, only equaled by that of Paris, well deserve a few lines. On the 8th of August a German officer appeared with a white flag before the city, and summoned the commandant, General Uhrich, to surrender, threatening a bom- bardment in case of refusal. This request was peremptorily denied, notwithstanding that the town was by no means in a state of defense, most of the garrison having been withdrawn from the town by Mar- shal McMahon. On the 19th of August the bombardment commenced, from which time it continued almost without interrup- tion until the surrender of the city on the 28th of September, 1870. Among the prin- cipal buildings destroyed were the Bank of France, the Public Library, the Museum of Painting, the Theatre, the Prefecture, the Arsenal, the Palace of Justice, several churches, and part of the roof and the or- gan of the Cathedral. Whole streets were devastated, and the citadel was literally a mass of ruins. On the llth of September, a delegation sent by the Swiss, offering an asylum to the women and children of Strasburg, en- tered the city, and on the 15th 500 persons, and on the 17th 568 persons old men, women, and children passed the Prussian lines on their way to Switzerland, where every comfort was afforded 1 them. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] VlLLINGEN. There are one or two excursions in the vicinity of Strasburg, viz., that to Mount Saint Odile, where is situated the celebrated convent of the same name ; and that to Savernf, a town of 6500 inhabitants, where there is a handsome castle. The town is commanded by the ruins of the old fortress of Greifenstfin. 672 Kehl stands opposite Strasburg on the other side of the Rhine. It was from this point that Strasburg was bombarded dur- ing the French war. The batteries were placed in such a manner that they were out of sight of the French, communication being carried on by telegraph from an of- ficer on a distant steeple to the forces in the trenches. Kehl suffered much during the last war, but it was used to it, as it has been bom- barded and razed a dozen times by French armies when crossing the Rhine. It now contains some 2200 inhabitants. At ApjH/tu-tier junction carriages are changed when going to Basle; distance 45 minutes from Strasburg. On the left notice the old castle of Stanfenberg, which dates from the llth century. Offenbury junction. Hotel, Fortuna. This town is finely situated at the entrance to the valley of Kinzig, in the Grand-Duchy of Baden. It contains 5300 inhabitants. There is a statue erected here to Sir Fran- cis Drake, the celebrated English admiral, who introduced the potato into Europe from Santa Fe, Mexico. \_0jfenburg to Constance, via Triberg, Vil- lingen, Immending, and Singen, in 4 h. 55 m. (direct route and express) ; fare, 14 m. 40 pf. ; distance, 180 kil. Passing Ortenberg, with the Gothic chateau of the Russian Baron Berkholz ; Ilausach, with the ruined castle of Fiirstenberg, whence to Wolfach'm 25 m.; through beau- tiful scenerj', especially on the right to Horn- berg, situated on a.height surmounted by an old donjon keep, to Triberg. This is a much -frequented sum- mer spot, and the centre of the clock indus- try. The falls, in seven stages, over a gran- ite rock 550 feet high, are among the finest in Germany. The principal hotel is the Foret Noire, in a very fine situation near i the falls. To Constance, 3 h. 20 m. ; to Of- fmburg, 1 h. 15 m. Passing Villingen (COOO inhabitants), Neudingen, Geisengen, and Immeiiding, whence are seen the exten- sive ruins of llochlurg castle, and whence a branch line leads to Stuttgart, we pass Hat- tingen, Emmcn, Welschingen, and Muhlhuu- sen, and arrive at Xlnije.i ; to Constance, 50 m. ; 2 marks; 30 kil. ; to Basle, 4 h. 5 m. ; 10 marks, 20 pf. ; 115 kil. Constance, see below.] [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] CONSTANCE. Before arriving at Freiburg the station Denzlinfjtn is passed, near which is the town of It Hldkirch, with its ruins of the castle of Ktistrrlterg close by. As the train arrives at Freiburg, the ruined castle of the counts of Ziihringetij founders of the Grand-Duchy of Ruli'ii. is |i Freibury (/{tidi.n) contains 24,600 inhab- itants. The town is prettily situated on the outskirts of the Black Forest. The best hotel, and the only good one, opposite the railway station, is the Hotel Sommer Ziihringerhof. It has been recently much enlarged, contains reading, billiard, and bath rooms, and possesses a large garden ; the whole is under the admirable manage- ment of the proprietors, the Messrs. Sommer. The principal object of attraction in Frei- burg is the Maltster, or Cdt/u-ilnil, univer- sally admired for its beautiful proportions and the chasteness of its decorations. It was commenced in 1122, and finished in 1513. The western tower, about the only one ever finished in Germany, is 394 feet high. It is surmounted by a spire of most exqui- site work and proportions. Tha principal entrance is decorated with sculpture of great beauty and richness. Its interior dimensions are: length, 338 feet; breadth, 100 feet; and height 91 feet. The church can lie seen from 10.30 A.M. to 7 P.M. ; 18 kr. fee to the custodian. The interior contains a monument of Berthold V., the last duke of Zahringen, erected 1228 ; a beautifully carved pulpit ; and a remarkable work, consisting of thir- teen carved figures, representing the Last Supper. The stained - glass windows are very beautiful. Notice the painting over the high-altar by (,'riiit. The ("niversity chapel contains two pictures by llnliidii. The University contains 300 students, mostly natives of Baden. There is an An,- atomicul Museum attached to the Univer- sity. In front of the University stands a mon- ument erected to the memory of a Fran- ciscan friar, Bertkold ScittOQn, who, it is asserted, first invented gunpowder here in 1340. There are three handsome fountains in the Kaiserstrasse : one adorned with statues of knights and saints, another erected in 1807 in honor of the Grand-Duke Charles Frederick, and the third with a statue of Archduke Albert, founder of the Superior School. This last is of recent construc- tion. The Kauf haus, near the Cathedral, is a curious old Gothic building. [A branch railway leads to the old im- portant fortress of A //-/!/< /.<i,'i'i (Hotel, P'St) contains ll,2. r >0 inhabitants. It is situated on the River Mulrr, and was at one tune a free city of the (iernian Empire, afterward one of the principal French towns of the department of tlio 15as Khin, and became again German after the late French war. There are few relics existing of its antiquity. Richard Cceur de Lion was here confined l>y the Em- peror Henry VI. The church of St. George is the principal building ; it dates from the 12th century (42 minutes to Strasburg). [A line of railway branches off to the right to Mannheim, passing through the towns of WuHuA*r$ and Xnittmlt. \\'i-i.-i*riilmrij, an old walled town sit- uated on the Lauter, formerly belonging to the province of Alsace, but now an- nexed to Germany. It contains 7000 in- habitants. Hotel, EnyfJ. About three miles southeast of this town is Geisberg, where one of the first battles of the late Franco-German war took place, August 4, INTO. Here the brave General Douay was killed, after struggling for an entire day, outnumbered ten to one De Failly's division being 10,000, and that of the crown - prince 100,000, two Prussian and one Bavarian army corps. General Douay's tomb is in the fyiedkofobmeteay, near the hattle-lield. (The first fight took place at Saarbruck, 30th of July, when the French attacked that town and were repulsed; the attack was renewed August 2, and the town taken.) At Winden station there is a branch line six miles to the, west. Here lies the old town of Rergzabern, containing a fine old castle. Hotel, Rossle. This is a good point of departure for excursions in the Vosges. ! I.nnddu. This town is finely situated on the Queich, and contains 7000 inhabitants and :iOOO troops. Hotels. I 'faker If of And svAHv/71.. It was fortified at a very early late, besieged and taken seven times dur- ing the Seven-years' \Var ; taken from the German Empire by Louis XIV., and i fortified by Vauban in 1688. It was cap- tured by the Margrave Lewis of Baden in 170'J, but remained a French town from the Peace of Rastadt, in 1714, to 1814. An excursion should be made from Landau to the ruins of the castle of Ma- denburff, destroyed by the French in 1689 ; the distance two and a half hours, and the view one of the finest in the country. A branch railway leads from Landau to Anniceiler (time, 40 minutes ; hotels, Ro- ther Ochse and Tri'fels), a small town of 2700 inhabitants, mostly known as the nearest point to the famous ruined cast'e ofTriffeJs, where Richard Coeur dc Lion, king of En- gland was confined by the Emperor Henry VI. for two years, 1192-1294. Returning from the Crusades, which he had undertaken in conjunction with Philip Augustus, king of France, and the Emperor Barbarossa, he was thrown on the coast of Dalmatia, and in traversing the territory of the Duke of Austria, was seized by that enemy and imprisoned in Diirenstein, near Krems. He was afterwards sold by Duke Leopold to the Emperor Henry "VI. for 30,000 marks, by whom he was brought in chains before the Diet at Hagenau to answer the charge of murder. Proving his innocence, his chains were removed ; but his liberty was only restored by the payment of 250,000 marks of silver to the emperor. It is said that the minstrel Blondel dis- covered here the place of the king's con- finement.] The line continues on through Xeustadt and Worms to Mayence. See route from Saarbruck to Mayence. Passing through the forest of Hagenau and several unimportant stations, that of \\~i'>r1h is reached. This small village of 1200 inhabitants is situated at the con- fluence of the Sauer and Salzach. Hotel, Clunil ft' Or. It is now principally noted for the battle fought there on the (!th of August between the large army of the crown - prince, numbering 140,000 men, augmented by another Bavarian corps and the Wilrtemberg legion, and the retreating division of General Donay (beaten Augu.-t 4) and the residue ofMardchal Mat-Main >n'< corps, which, according to his report, numbered 35,000 men, where the French were again outnumbered four to one. The tree under which MacMahon stood during a portion of the fight is pointed out, only half a mile from the town. Nearly all the personal staff of MacMahon were killed ; he himself had been in the saddle fifteen hours ; and there was no am- munition left after three o'clock. 075 FKOSCHWEILER. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] NEUKIRCHEN. Reichshofen station is five miles from the town of Froschwei'er, the centre of MacMahon's position during the battle of Worth. It was completely destroyed during the fight, but has since been rebuilt. Niederbronn (Hotel, Vuuxkalt), a place of annual resort during the summer months [ on account of its mineral waters, which were known to the Romans. On the right, after leaving Niederbronn, notice on the heights the ruins of the castle of Falkensteia. Ten miles farther and the celebrated stronghold of Bitch is reached. This fortress is situated on a steep rock of red sandstone. The citadel was constructed by Vauban in 1679; and although the town was reduced to ashes, and the barracks and other buildings burned after a long bombardment, commenced on | August 8, it never was taken, and was only delivered up to Germany by the Treaty of Frankfort. [Discontinuing the Route No. 182, and turning west, visiting Metz and Forbach, then crossing Route No. 182, the traveler can proceed east through Mannheim and Worms to Mayence. Metz was formerly one of the strongest for- tresses belonging to France, and the capital of the department of the Moselle ; it is now the capital of German Lorraine. Hotel : de I' Europe, a large, first-class house, newly re- stored. It was at one time a free city of the ; German Empire. It is situated on the Mo- selle, and contains a population of 54.817. It possesses a fine cathedral, partof which dates from the 14th century. The whole church was restored in 1830-1835. The steeple is j 385 feet high, from which the visitor has a magnificent view of the surrounding forts and battle-fields. On the Place d'Armes there is a statue to Jfarechnl Fabert, dis- tinguished in the wai-s of Louis XIV. The church of $t. Vincent is a fine Gothic structure, dating from the 13th century. The church of St. Euchaise dates from the 12th century. In the Place Eoynh stands the bronze statue of Marechal Ney, who was born at Metz. It was erected in 1861, and contains the simple name "Ney." He was shot in Paris December 7, 1815. At the southwest of the city there is a handsome Esplanade, near which is the great Caserne Emperor William. The town contains also a large arsenal, 676 with a cannon-foundry, and a military hos- pital. The fortifications were planned by Vauban. The most important works are the forts of Belle Croix and La Double Couronne; also a redoubt called Le Pate, which may be converted into an island. It was besieged in 1552 during ten months by the Emperor Charles V., who was final- ly obliged to raise the siege, when it was ceded to France with Toul and Verdun. Until the late war it has borne the nama of the Virgin Fortress; but on the 'J7th of October, 170, it capitulated : 3 marshals of France, C6 generals, 6000 officers, and 173,000 troops surrendered themselves pris- oners of war. The whole army was under the command of Marshal Bazaine, who was tried by a court-martial in 1873, sitting at the Grand Trianon, under the presidency of the Due d'Aumale, and sentenced to be degraded and shot, for not having done all that duty and honor required. The court, however, recommended him to the clem- ency of the president, and Marshal Mac- Mahon commuted his sentence to impris- onment for twenty years. The Peace of 1871 incorporated the fortress with the new German empire. Four miles from Metz is Grai'elutte, which will forever remain an object of great historical importance, on account of the bloody deeds it saw on the 16th and 18th of August, 1870. Opposite the hotel Chfnal d'Or stands the house where Na- poleon III. and the prince imperial slept August 16th. Here the King of Prussia lost 20,000 men in his attempt to stop Ba- zaine's retreat on Verdun. The battle of Vionville was fought on the 16th, and that of Gravelotte on the 18th. The French, in both battles, were out- numbered by 114,000 men. Xo colors, guns, or prisoners were taken in either fight. The French had 110,000, and the Germans 190,000 infantry and 24,000 cav- alry. An excursion should be made past the fort St. Privat to the Chateau Frascati, where the capitulation of Metz was signed. Forbach. A busy manufacturing town, and before the war the seat of the French custom-house. Neulirchen junction, whence the direct line to Mayence proceeds northeast through Oberstein, and the line to Mannheim east through Neustadt. From Neukirchen to Neustadt. Time, 2 M 1 yfcf 2 3 Jhlats tt* Justice G Jardin dAi FLz 7 March* Gni 8 Th*atn> 9 Xoptiat S*2fi 10 /LJpiia.1 Bon secvurs U. Prison 12 13 J&tfui/actur? dtxf Tabatzr r* S*. Svniphowem\\ X Harper <,to/w. *** jWB *rF'Y/ // -^i. IB Mr d '.-trtijbrtr 17 Castfnr d'JrtiUmi* 18 Gttrfvtf Ju i'fritf 1 9 .1n*nal du dtnie 20 Jrxmal Jria Otadeilr 21 ?; !.'.' ,#7.A/,.//M Cathfdi-alf > - ^' ^' ,' . ^ \ I. lie 30 .t? 32 Sfjbiim -ri^ 33 Aln na .,,< ^ /, *' ChaillbieiH' 3* '|i ^> f 36 .Hv f ~ _ 37 A'emiaaiiv , ^f^-J^/J S8 Temptr i Mja^^// 39 .Vy. Book ZWEIBRUCKEX. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] SAABBRUCK. hours. Passing Hamburg, a fortress cele- brated in tin- Thirty-years' War, whence there is a branch line to Zirdbriicken, former!}' the capital of the Duchy of Zweibriicken, and the seat of its dukes. LanJstuhl. The former residence of the counts of Sickingen, whose ruined castle commands the town. Kniferslaittent.A busy town of 18,000 inhabitants. Hotel, Schwan. A prison now occupies the old castle built by the Emperor Barbarossa. There are a number of iron and woolen manufactories in the town. At Neustadt junction (Hotel, Lowe), situated in a charming position, the di- rect line from Strasburg passes through the town. Tin-re is a small branch line, in 45 min- utes, to Durkhtim, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, and much frequented in the autumn for the grajie-eure. Lu<{iri;;*/<'i/'< a (Hotel, Deutsche* Huns), containing TiT.OO inhabitants, formerly one of the um-k'iit fortresses of Mannheim, and daily becoming, since the erection of its port, of more importance. Travelers for lleidelberg here change ears. Worms (Hotel, Alter Kaiser), situated 51 minutes by rail from Mayence. It contains 11,000 inhabitants, and was al- most entirely destroyed in 1689 by the French under Melae. Worms was at one time a free imperial city, and the seat of numerous Diets, two of which were of much importance in the history of the world. One, held in 1495, which abolished the right of private war; and the other at which Luther declared for the Reformed doctrines. The Cathedral is the finest building in Worms, built in the solid Romanesque order. It has two towers at each end. It was repaired in 1860. It has two choirs and two altars, one for the chapter and the other for the laity. In the chapel of the Fonts are two fine tombs of the loth century ; it is ordinarily closed, but a small jiourbnire will open the door. Notice close to the Cathedral the foun- dations of the Blschofshof, destroyed in 1689 and 179 1. It was here that 'l.uther appeared before Charles V. and the Diet of the empire, which resulted in the latter declaring his doctrines to be heretical. VOL. II. G On Lutherplatz stands the fine monu- ment erected to the memory of Luther, the last work of the sculptor Rietschel, in- augurated June 25, 1868. It is composed of eight statues, in bronze, elevated on a lofty pedestal rifty feet square. In the centre is Luthar intent on his Bible, having at his feet his four precursors, viz., Wick- liffc, Waldo, John Huss, and Savonarola. At the four corners are Frederick the Wise, Philip the Generous, Melanchthon, and Reuchlin. Three females personify the three cities connected with the Reforma- tion Magdeburg, Augsburg, and Spire. The Liebfraiienicirche, north of the city, most of which dates from the 15th century, was restored in 1868, and is much fre- quented by pilgrims. The old Jewish Synagogue, which dates from the 12th century, is well worth a visit. The country around Worms is mostly the scene of the old German poem, the Nilielungenlied. Railway to Frankfort, Heidelberg, and Mannheim. For Mayence, see Route No. 184.J Continuing our Route No. 182 we arrive at Saarbruck, finely situated on the River Saar, which waters a country abounding in fortresses. The town is divided into two i parts by the river one side is called St. \ Johann,&nd the other Saarbruck connected j by a bridge, and together containing 17,200 inhabitants. Hotels, Zix on one side, and (jiiepratte on the other. The Schlos< was inhabited up to 1793 by the princes of Nassau-Saarbruck, and its church contains numerous tombs of members of this family. The town is noted for its fine coal-mines, which em- ploy some 15,000 workmen. At Saarbruck the French war opened by an attack on the town, July 30, 1870. This was repulsed by the Germans ; but it was again renewed on the 2d of August with success. It was considered of the greatest importance by Napoleon to cap- ture this place, as it commanded three lines of railways, on which troops and stores were being rapidly moved. The action commenced between nine and ten o'clock, and at one the French had their batteries planted in the parade-ground. When the French had gained the heights command- 677 SAARLOCIS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] TBEVES. ing the town, the celebrated mitrailleuses j were first posted, and with great success. | A detachment of German soldiers under- took to cross the railway bank, when the mitrailleuses fired at a distance of nearly a mile. In a moment the detachment was dispersed, leaving half its number on the field. A second detachment shared the same fate. The French were in rap- tures at this success of a weapon now first tried in actual warfare. It was here that the prince imperial received his " baptism of fire." Descending the lovely valley of the Saar, and Saarlouis is reached. This is a strong fortress, belonging to Prussia since 1815. It was fortified by Vauban, 1681, in one year, for the purpose of winning a bet he had made with Louis XIV. Its name was changed during the first French Revolution to Stirretibre. It is the birth- place of Marechal Ney, whose family man- sion is pointed out. There is an establish- ment of faience in the vicinity. Mettlnch. Here is an old Benedictine abbey, founded in the 7th century. It is now used as a manufactory of faience, which is quite celebrated. On the top of a rock, almost inaccessible, are the ruins of Montclair, destroyed in 1350 by the Elector of Treves. Before arriving at Saarburg, notice on the heights on the right-hand side the chapel of Caste 1 . Frederick William IV. of Prussia repaired it in 1838, for the purpose of burying the remains of John of Bohe- mia, the blind king, who was killed at the battle of Crecy in IHlt',. Sunrburg (Hotel, Posf), picturesquely ; situated at the bottom of a valley, and : commanded by the ruins of an ancient castle belonging to the Elector of Treves. ! Treves, in Rhenish Prussia, contains a population of 21.84 '.(. Principal hotels, | Trierischer //'_>/' and Mnison Rouge, both j admirably conducted. This ancient city ! is situated on the right bank of the Mo- ' selle, and has the reputation of being the oldest city in Germany. A colony was ; established here by the Emperor Augustus. It afterward became the capital of the Ro- ; man Empire north of the Alps, and the res- idence of Constantine, Julian, Valentinian, Theodosius, and other emperors. Treves became the residence and was under the rule of a series of archbishops for one thou- 678 sand years, who were princes and electors of the German Empire. The last of these removed to Coblentz in 1786, since which time Treves has declined in importance. This city contains a greater quantity of Roman remains than any other city in Northern Europe, more remarkable, how- ever, for their vastness than for the beauty or purity of their style. The PaltUK of the Electors occupies the site of a Roman edifice, a part only of which remains, the rest having been de- stroyed to make way for the palace. This portion is now called the Heathen's Tower ; the walls are ten feet in thickness, and, though composed entirely of bricks and tiles, are without a crack on the surface. This was the favorite residence of Constan- tine. The palace to which this building was attached is a handsome edifice, now used as a barrack. A little in front of the palace are remains of Roman baths, and a quarter of a mile east of the baths, outside the walls, is a Roman amphitheatre, the size of which is 234 feet long and 155 feet broad. Here Constantine entertained his subjects with Frankish sports, which con- sisted of exposing thousands of unarmed Franks to be torn to pieces by wild beasts. The Cathedral at Treves is supposed to have been built by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine, who placed here our Saviour's coat without seam. Little remains of the original building. It is supposed to have consisted of nine arches, supported bv four granite pillars ; three of these still remain, but were walled up for the preservation of the building in the llth century, the fourth column having given way. The church contains several inter- esting monuments of the Electors of Treves. The church of Xotre Dame, or Llehfmuen- kirch", dates from the 13th century, and is one of the finest specimens of pure Gothic seen in Germany. The interior, in the shape of a Greek cross, is supported by 12 elegant columns, on each of which is painted an apostle. The church was re- stored in 1871. The Bariicti, constructed in the 4th century, formerly the residence of the bishops, has been transformed into a Protestant church. To the south of this there are some R >- man Buth*; five hundred yards from which are situated the ruins of a Roman amphi- theatre, in the centre of vine-covered hills. THE RHINE FROM BASLE TO BADEN Hai-por's Hand -Hook. GEROI.STEIX. ; I HP. EMPIRE OF lumn nf ///79, and destroyed by the Austrians in 1815, we arrive at Bask. For description, see Index, Vol.III. ROUTE No. 184. THE TOUR OF THE RHINE. From Cologne to Strusburg, via Bonn, Coblentz (excursion of the Moselle to Treves), Bit/gen (excursion to Saarbruck via Kreuznach), Mayence, Wiesbaden (ex- j cursion to Ems via Schwalbach and Nas- sau), Frankfort, Darmstadt, Mnniiln-im, 1I< i>l< n,,T>/. Carhrvkt, and Badi-n - Jinden. (For time and fares between all these locali- ties, see p. 694.) If making the Rhine tour for the first time, most travelers will prefer taking the steamer during the summer season, al- though the views from the river's banks in many cases surpass those from its sur- face. Stc-amers leave Cologne and Deutz daily for different points on the Rhine. There are two lines, the Dutch Company, which runs steamers between Rotterdam and Mannheim, and the Cologne and Dils- seldorf Company. The boats of the last named are the better of the two lines. They are built somewhat on the style of the small river boats of the United States, having deck saloons whence an unob- structed view in all weather. The usual time to Mayence, which is as far as the tourist should go by steamer, is twelve hours. The time descending is about one third less. As the hours of departure are contin- ually being changed, the traveler had better inquire at the agency in the town ; he had also better purchase his tick- ets there, otherwise he may be charged with the whole distance the steamer has come. Breakfasts and dinners are supplied on board at very reasonable prices. There is always a printed tariff which can be con- sulted. The Rhine ranks first among European rivers in regard to the variety and beauty of the scenery through which it flows, and also in respect to the historical associations and traditionary memories connected with its banks, and exceeds in length any other European river that flows directly into the ocean being little short of SOO miles, and draining an area of over 71,000 square miles. As between Cologne and Bonn there is nothing to admire, the tourist had better proceed to the latter point by rail. The railway is finished to Mayence on both banks of the river. THE RHINE FROM COBLENZ TO DUSSELDORF Harper's Haiul-Book . BONN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] DKACHENFEI.S. Bonn contains 31,510 inhabitants. Prin- cipal hotel, Grand ll<'>t<-l Royal, beautifully situated on the banks of the Rhine, withi fine English garden. This town is noted for its splendid University. The build- ing was constructed early in the last century, is nearly a quarter of a mile lung, and has a spacious library of over 100,000 volumes. The University was established here by the King of Prussia in 1818, and owes its celebrity to thej splendid discipline maintained among the students, who now number 820. Prince Albert was formerly a student here. The University contains a museum of Rhenish antiquities. The academical hall is orna- mented with singular fresco portraits, in which the four faculties of philosophy, ju- risprudence, medicine, and theology are portrayed in the faces of the most cele- brated teachers of the respective sciences. The Munster, said to have been founded by the Empress Helena, is surmounted by five towers. It contains a few monuments, and a bronze statue of the empress; it was restored in 1845. The beauty of Bonn consists in its lovely environs and long avenues of shade-trees. The celebrated composer Beethoven was born here in 1770. A bronze statue by I/iihnel'was erected to his memory in 1845. Fifteen minutes southwest of the town stands the castle of Poppebdoff, which con- tains a fine collection of minerals and ob- jects in natural history ; also a bas-relief of the Rhine from Mayence to Bonn. One of the finest excursions in the neigh- borhood is to the church on the summit of KraaAerg, behind Poppelsdorf. The church contains a copy of the Scala Santa, or Holy Stairs at Rome, which led to Pi- late's jdgment-seat, and bears the stains of the blood which fell from the Saviour's head when wounded by the crown of thorns. Pilgrims go up and down the stairs upon their bended knees. In the vault below are the bodies of the monks who lived in the convent which formerly stood on the site of the church. They lie in twenty-five coffins, in an undecayed state, exposed to the gaze of the curious. Their shriveled skin and horrid appear- ance, while it fills the superstitious with holy awe, turns the intelligent traveler away in disgust. Godesbery. Hotel, Blinzler. A town of 10,")0 inhabitants. Much frequented for its agreeable situation and mineral waters. The ruins of the ancient castle of the Elec- tors of Cologne is a most conspicuous ob- ject ; it dates from the early part of the 13th century. It was destroyed in 1583. The ruins are now the property of the Em- press of German y. There are numerous excursions in the vicinity. Kijnigswinter (on the left going up). Ho- tels, efe I 'Europe and de Merlin. A hun.l- some modern town containing 1550 inhab- itants, and situated at the foot of the Seven Mitinitt.tins, the best point from whence to make a tour of the beautiful scenery of this group of hills. /Jrai'/n >ij','lf- so called from its cave, in which the dragon was killed by ti.e horned Siegfried. Its summit is crowned by an old castle, once the fortress and watch-tow- er of the robbers of the Rhine. Here they could espy the vessels they intended to plunder, and defend themselves against one hundred times their number when at- tacked. On one of the other summit.* was another castle, belonging to the Archbish- op of Cologne. Byron gives a glowing description of this, the most enchanting portion of the lovely Rhine : " The castled crag of Drachenfels Frowns o'er the wide and winding Rhine. Whose brea?t of waters broadly swells Between the banks which bear the vine, And hills all rich with blossom' d trees, And fields which promise corn and wine, And scatter'd cities crowning the-e, Whose far white walls along them shine, Have strew' d a scene which I should see With double joy wert thou with me. " And peasant-girls, with deep blue eyes, And hands which offer early flowers, Walk smiling o'er this paradise ; Above, the frequent feudal towers Through green leaves lift their walls of gray, And many a rock which steeply lowers, And noble arch in proud de-ay, Look o'er this vale of vintage-bowers ; But one thing want these banks of Rhiiic Thy gentle hand to cla-p i:i lain.'. " The river nobly foams and fl >\vs. The charm of this enchanted grourvl. And all its t!n.u-:\ml turns disclose Some fresher b-Miity varying round : The haughtiest breast its wish might boun<1 Through life t<> dwell delighted here' Nor could on earth a spot be found To Nature and to me so dear, Could thy dear eyes, in foKo \ ing mine, Still sweeten more these bank' of Rhine." G81 ROLAHDSECK. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] ANDEKNACH. A railway *vas laid in 1883 to the sum- mit of the Drachenfels ; 10 min. ; 1-J m. As far as lovely scenery is concerned, this portion of the Rhine is considered the finest. On a small island in the river is the building once used by the nuns of St. Ursula. When these establishments were broken up by the French, this one was pre- served through the intercession of Jose- phine. It is now used as a nunnery for Sisters of Charity. The bride of Roland, nephew of Charlemagne, took the veil here on hearing a false report of her husband's death, and on the left bank (right as you ascend) of the Rhine stands the castle of Rolundseck, built, it is said, by Roland, that he might see the convent where his bride had hidden herself from the world. The castle was at one time the home of a band of robbers, who made themselves the terror of the Rhine. Rolandstck station. Hotel, de Rolands- eck. The modern Bdcidere, built high above the castle, some twenty minutes from the hotel, is one of the very best points of view on the Rhine; fee, 5 g. Half a mile farther is the crater of Roders- bery, seventy feet deep, and four hundred yards in diameter. On the right as we ascend the town of Unkel is passed, where the river makes a wide curve. The country residences here are numerous and handsome. Remagen. Hotel, Furstenberg. This is a centre for numerous excursions. This was the Rigomagus of the Romans. Be- low this town, situated on an eminence, stands the magnificent Gothic church of Apollonariakirche, erected by the Count Filrstenberg - Stammheim. Open from 9.30 A.M. to 12 M., and from 2 to 4 P.M. It was finished in 1839 by Zwirner, archi- tect of the Cologne Cathedral. It is orna- mented with ten large frescoes, by Deger, M tiller, and Ittenbach. The view from the church is superb. On our left, near the water, is the town of Linz, strongly fortified. The archbish- ops of Cologne built the tower we still see thee for the purpose of defending the town against the natives of Andernach, and to collect the toll from the navigators of the Rhine. ThePfarrkirche, on the height, contains a fine picture of the Annunciation and Crucifixion, Nativity, Presentation, and 682 Adoration. Twenty minutes from the town are the basalt quarries of Dutteitberrj ; and one and a half hours farther are those of Afindenberg, near which is the chateau of the Prince of Salm-Kryburg. On the same side the blackened walls of the castle of Ockernfelt arc passed. The castle of ^-1 rnifi-ls, which rises on our right, was erected by Henry of Isen- bnrg, and now the property of Count Wes- terholt, by whom it has been restored. llonninyen station on the same side, then Niederbreisiff on the left : at the south end of this town there is an old Templars' lodge. On our left we pass the small village of RMaeet, to the east of which rises a square tower eighteen feet high, the only remnant of the castle of Rheincck, which was dismantled by the French in 1089. and destroyed in 1775. Adjoining it a new castle was erected by Herr von Bethmann- Holl\veg in 1832. The interior contains some fine frescoes and modern pictures. On our right we pass the village of Brohl : it is celebrated for its tufa-stone, of volcanic origin, which, when ground up into powder, possesses the peculiar proper- ty of hardening under water, often being made into cement. The stone was used by the Romans for coffins, as it had the property of absorbing the moisture of the bod}'. This gave them the name of sarcophagi, or " flesh-consumers," applied now to all stone coffins. The cement is used largety in the construction of the dikes of Holland. On the left notice on the summit of a rock the remains of the castle of Hammer- stein. This was the refuge, in 1105, of the Emperor Henry IV. when persecuted by his son, Henry V. It was also during that time the place of deposit of the re^lia of the empire. It was besieged and occu- pied by the Swedes during the Thirty- years' War, and destroyed by the Arch- bishop of Cologne in 1660. Amkntach (Hotel, llackenbrucli), one of the most ancient towns on the banks of the Rhine. It was called by the Romans Antonacum,and was conquered by the Ale- manni in 335 ; retaken by the Emperor Julian in 359. It was captured and burned l>y the French in 1698. Notice the lofty watch-tower breached by the French can- non. NECWIED. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COBLESTZ. On the left we pass the town of Xeuwied. Hotel, Aitkn: In this town is a palace be- lon^ing to the Prince of Wind, which con- tains numerous relics dug up near the town, and supposed to belong to the inhal>- itants of the colony of Victoria, destroyed in the 4th century. The community of the IferrenAuttr, or Moravian Brothers, occupy a separate por- tion of the town. They munlicr about 400 members. They were originally follow- ers of John Huss. They have their own laws, which are administered by their elders. The unmarried brethren live in a separate building, carrying on different trades, the produce of which is devoted to the society. The females are all dressed in a particular manner, according to their station iu life. The head-dress of a young girl is red ; unmarried young woman, pink; married, lilue : and willows, white. Strangers can visit their establishment, but they are expected to purchase some of their wares. On the right notice a square watch-tow- er called > I 'tin.i(-nf/i a /-HI. or ''White Tower," on the frontier of Treves. It is noted for being the place where the French crossed the Rhine in 1797. in spite of the Anstrians, who fiercely contested their passage. A monument has been erected to the French General Hoche, who consummated that memorable exploit by imitating Julius Caesar, who, nearly 20UO years ago. cross- ed the river in the same manner when leading his armv against the Sicam- bri. On the opposite side of the river stands the village of En>/.'/, the property of the Prince fSayn-Wittgeiistein. It contains some fine modern paintings, which are shown in the absence of the family. Some distance beyond are the ruins of the old castle of the same family destroyed by the French during the Thir- ty-years' War, and farther on is the castle of the robber-knights the Counts of I sen- burn. At Xeuendorf many of the large timber rafts the tourist meets on the Rhine are formed from smaller ones. On the right, near Kesselheim, stand the ruins of the castle of Schonbornlimt, formerly the residence of the Electors of Treves, and during he French Revolution the residence of many of the Bourbon princes, the head-quarters of the exiles, where all their plots were hatched for the recovery of France from the Republicans. Before arriving at Coblentz the com- manding rock of Ehrenbreitstein, the "Gi- braltar of the Rhine," comes in view. It stands 400 feet above the level of the Rhine. As early as 1018 it was presented by the Franconian king Dagobert to the bishops of Treves, who made it their stronghold; later they built a palace at the foot of the rock. The fortress has only twice been captured : first by the French, in 1631, through stratagem, and again by the French in 1798, when all its proviMons had been exhausted. It was besieged by Louis XIV. in 1688 ; and, al- though the great engineer Vauban brought all his ability to bear against it, he was unsuccessful. It was also besieged dur- ing the years 1795 to 1798. The French added some new works to increase its strength ; but after the Peace of Lune- ville in 1801 they blew it up. After the Peace of Pari.s it was restored to Prus- sia, and the French paid fifteen million francs for the purpose of placing it in its former condition. , It cost the Prussian government eighteen million francs to re- pair it. It is capable of accommodating 100,000 men, but 5000 are sufficient to man it properly. It is defended by 400 cannon. It is said that provisions for 8000 men for ten years can be stored in its magazines. It contains about 50,000 stands of arms, all needle-guns. It may be visited by procuring a ticket, for which a small fes is demanded. Fort . -1 *t< >vt> in is situated south of Eh- renbreitsteir. and completes the fortiiica- tions on that side of the Rhine. Ci: li/ii/,'-.. -The river is here crossed by a bridge of boats. The town is built upon a triangular piece of land between the rivers Moselle and Rhine, and is surround- 683 COBLEXTZ. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COBLEXTZ. ed by powerful fortifications. The streets are mostly regular, and many of the pub- lic buildings handsome. Principal hotel, and one of the best on the Rhine, is the Giant, directly opposite the steamboat land- ing; the proprietors are vine-dealers. Coblentz was founded B.C. 9, and was called Confluentes, from the confluence of the two rivers Moselle and Rhine, which name has become corrupted to Coblentz. It is the capital of the Rhenish provinces of Prussia, and the strongest bulwark of Germany. It was taken by the French in 1794, who made it the capital of the department of the Rhine and Moselle. In 1814 the Allies compelled the French to evacuate the town, since which time it has belonged to Prus- sia. Its situation is one of the most love- ly and agreeable on the Rhine, especially during the summer season ; the great num- ber of arrivals and departures each day (as all tourists must stop here), the pres- ence of the military, who are every where to be seen, its parades, music, etc., make two or three daj's' residence very enjoy- able. Near the junction of the two rivers is situated the church of St. Castor, founded in 836 ; it is the church in which Charle- magne divided his empire among his grandchildren. Most of the present structure dates from the 13th century, and its pointed arches belong to the 15th. In the choir there is a fine monument to Arch- bishop von Falkenstein ; also two good modern frescoes. There is also a monu- ment to St. Riza, eracted in 18C2. In front of this church is a fountain, erected as a monument by Napoleon on his march to invade Russia, with an inscription re- cording the event. A few months later, the Russians, in pursuit of the French army on their way to Paris, passed the monument, when the commander of the forces ordered the following sarcastic ad- dition to the inscription : " Vu et approuve par nous, commandant Russe de la Ville de Coblence, Janvier l er , 1814 " " Seen and approved by us, Russian commandant of the city of Coblentz, January 1, 1814." The principal building in Coblentz is the palace built by the Bishop of Treves in 1778. It has been fitted up for the Em- peror of Germany as a summer residence. It fronts on the great square, on which 684 stands a fountain obelisk. Parades are held here once a week, when the military band plays, Wednesdays at 11.30. The in- terior is beautifully adorned, and may be visited when the imperial family are ab- sent. The banqueting and electoral halls are very fine. The north wing contains the palace chapel, adjoining is an English chapel, which the emperor has placed at the disposition of the resident English. Above the bridge of boats a splendid new iron railway bridge was opened in 1866. Foot passengers can also cross. Near this is the .4 nlayen, or Rhine Gardens land reclaimed from the Rhine by the Em- press of Germany a beautiful walk along the banks of the river, where the military band often plays. There is a Cn. in the town, with a fine ball-room, reading- rooms, and garden. Coblentz is not a business place of great repute ; it is only well known for the production of spark- ling Moselle and Hock wines. Messrs. H. Htirter and Son, wholesale wine merchants, purveyors to the Emperor of Germany, have the finest establishment and lar- gest wine-cellars here, and well worth a visit. They keep an immense stock of the choicest sparkling Moselle and Hock, far superior to Champagne. Besides these wines, you will find in their cellars a col- lection of all the choice wines of the coun- try, viz., the genuine Castle Johannisberg, the Steinberg Cabinet, Hochheim, Marco- brunn, etc. The gentlemen of the firm are most happy in showing visitors the whole process of preparing the wines. This house has also a branch establishment at Ham- burg, near Frankfort, also one in London, 11 Adam St. Seltzer-water and wine are the principal articles of commerce at Coblentz. On the left bank, below the junction of the Moselle, stands the monument erected to the youthful and heroic General Mar- ceau, who was killed at the battle of Al- tenkirchen in 1796. " By Coblentz, on a rise of gentle ground, There is a small and simple pyramid, Crowning the .summit of a verdant mound; Beneath its base a hero's ashes hid Our enemy's ; but let not that forbid Honor tn Uarcean, o'er whose early tomb Tear?, bier trars, gushed from the rough sol- diers' lid, Lamenting and yet envying such a doom, Falling for France, whose rights he battled to resume." THE RHINE FROM BADEN TO COBLENZ ^ {tlfHliU! - ! r "filiffffen THE MOSELLE FROM TREVES TO COBLENZ HUI-JXT'S Hand -Book. COBLEXTZ. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] COCHEM. The excursions in the vicinity of <'<>!>- Icntz are both interesting iind numerous. The principal is that to the castle of AVo/- ii/i/'i/.t. It was built by one of the arch- bishops of Troves, both as a residence and fortress, and is one of the most imposing castles on the Rhine, and the view is un- surpassed. It was presented to the King of Prussia by the city of Coblentz, by whom it was repaired. Many of the rooms are beautifully frescoed. The armory contains numerous relics, among -which are the swords of Murat, Napoleon, and Blucher. Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort were entertained here by the King of Prussia in 18-15. It may be either visited by carriage from Coblentz one-horse carriage, 4 marks ; two horses, 5 marks ; distance three miles or from the railway station of Cupellen, fee for one per- son, 1 mark : for a party, 3 marks. About half an hour's distance from the town stands the hydropathic station of Laubaclt, where there is good accommodation for moderate prices. It is finely situated on the verge of a forest, where there is capital shooting : it belongs to the Messrs. Hiirter of Cob- lentz, who are exceedingly kind in granting visitors permission to shoot. To the Hill of Ckartreute^ another inter- esting walk or drive, a visit should ba made ; the view is magnificent. It is half a mile above the town, and takes its name from an old convent, which was re- moved to give place to Fort Congtuntinr. Furt Alexander crowns the top of the slope. Another excursion is that to the Kuh- kopf, the highest point of the forest, llOi) feet above the level of the sea. From this spot there is a magnificent view of the " Seven Mountains " near Bonn, the Eifel, Coblentz, and all the surrounding vil- lages. The following excursions are well worth making, each one of which will occupy one day : 1. To the Castle o/Eltz, belonging to the Count of Eltz, a splendid drive along the ^I.V() inhabitants. It was for- merly a free imperial city, and numerous Dietswere held here. The principal church, the f/auplkirche, deserves a visit. Behind tin- town stands the old Convent ofMarien- linn/, transformed into a water-cure estab- li.-hmcnt. On the bank of the river is an- other water-cure establishment, that of M ithl'iii'l. Above Boppard, on the other side of the river, lies Camp, so called from the remains of an intrenehment found on the hill. They may lie Roman or more modern. On the right stands the Convent 'fBcrn- h'>i'< ti. a favorite resort of pilgrims, above which stand ' the Brothers," or the ruins of two castles inhabited by the brothers Con- rad and Heinrich von Boppard, who both loved their foster-sister Hildegarde. There are two stories told of their lives and death. One that they fought and killed each other; the other, the more interesting and roman- tic of the two, is that Heinrich, with gener- ous impulse, departed for the Crusades, to leave his brother in possession of the beauti- ful maid ; but Conrad, hearing of the brave deeds of his brother, pined to join him, and became cold and indifferent to his sister. He soon left for the wars, leaving Hildegarde to brood and pine over the loss of her lover; but he soon returned with a young and beautiful Grecian bride. The indignant Hildegarde shut herself up in one of the loneliest chambers of the castle. Late one night a stranger knight craved shelter, who proved to be the brother Heinrich, who, hearing the wrongs of his outraged sister, challenged his brother to mortal combat ; but Hildegarde insisted on a reconciliation, and soon after, Conrad's bride proving faithless, Hildegarde retired to the convent of Bornhofen, and the two brothers lived ever after in harmony and affection. On the left we pass Wefmick, with the ancient Castle of Thurnberg. On the op- posite side St. Goar (Hotel, Hheinftls), with the Ctistlf, end Furtress of It h( in ft Is. At the present time it l>elongs to the King of Prus- sia, and is one of the most imposing ruins on the river. It was founded in 1245 br Count Diether III. of Katzenelnbogen, for the purpose of collecting an increased Rhine toll : a confederation of Rheni.-h towns determined to resist the tax, and 1 tin- c-a-tl? unsuccessful!}' for tit- teen months. In lt">9'2 it was successfullv defended against the French ; but was capt- ured by them in 1758, in whose possess! <: 687 OBERWESEL. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BACHARACH. it remained five years. It was again taken by the French revolutionary forces in 1794. Three years after it was blown up and sold for 300. The Castle of Xi-u-Katzenelnbogen, known as the "Cat, 71 is situated behind St. Goar, and was erected by Count Johann of Kat- zenelnbogen in 1393. It fell into the hands of the French in 1794, who razed its fortifications. Three miles up the Swiss valley stands the Castle of Reicheriberg, built in 1284 ; de- stroyed soon after; then restored by the Elector of Treves, and again destroyed by Tilly during the Thirty-years' War. On our right is the celebrated echo rock Lorelei, rising 450 feet perpendicularly above the Rhine. There is an old romance that a siren who dwelt here used to lure fish- ermen and sailors to her abode at the top, and then dash them headlong to destruc- tion. The echo is repeated a great many times. The German students amuse them- selves by asking the rock, "Who is the burgomaster of Oberwesel?" (the adjoining town) ; the question is repeated, but only the termination is heard, "Esel," which means ass in German. The mountain is penetrated by the railway tunnel. Obenoesel, on the right, is one of the most picturesque villages on the Rhine. Hotel, Goldentr Pfropfenzieher, " Golden Corkscrew." The sign, painted by a Diis- seldorf painter, is kept in the coffee-room. Thetowu is surroundedbytowers and walls, and was once a free town of the empire. The church of Our Lady is a beautifully proportioned Gothic building, erected early in the 15th century. The old wood-carv- ings of the high-altar are very fine. A portion of the altar-piece in the north chapel represents the landing of the 11,000 Virgins. Behind this church, on an elevation, is situated the Castle ofSchomberg, destroy- ed by Louis XIV. in 1689. This was the ancient seat of the celebrated counts of Schomberg, one of whom was a general of the Prince of Orange, and was killed in Ireland at the celebrated battle of the Boyne. He was afterward interred in Westminster Abbey. Back of the small town of Caub, on our ri.ccht, rises the stately Castle of Gutenfels, where in 1257 the Duke of Cornwall, broth- er of Henrv III. of England, and Emperor 688 of German}', married the beautiful Count- ess of Falkenstein. In 1804 it became the property of the Duke of Nassau, was dis- mantled by Napoleon in 1805, and in 1807 finally abandoned. Nearly opposite in the river rises a small island, on which is built a singular castle. It is called the 1'falz, and was erected by the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria, at the commencement of the 12th century, as a toll-house for exacting tribute from passing vessels. It was on this little isl- and that Louis Le Debonnaire retired to die in 840, wearied with the world and tired of the cares of his empire ; and here the Count- esses Palatine always repaired previous to their accouchemeuts, that they might be secure and quiet during that period of their lives from the turbulence of the out- er world. Bacharach so called from Bacchi Ari, the Altar of Bacchus is situated on the right as we ascend, and has a most pict- uresque appearance, surrounded by walls and towers. The town received its name from a rock in the river, generally cover- ed with water, but in dry seasons (which is best for the culture of the grape) the rock is exposed, which is a sure barometer to the wine-grower. The town was early celebrated for its wine, and Pope Pius II. had annually a cask of the wine of Bacha- rach sent to Rome ; the town of Nurem- berg obtained its freedom from the Em- peror Wenzel by paying a tribute of four casks of this wine every year. The church of St. Peter is a remarkable specimen of the Romanesque style, back of which stands the ruin of St. Werner's Church, erected in the loth century to com- memorate the canonization of a boy called Werner, who was said to have been mur- dered by the Jews. Behind it rise the ruins of the Castle ofStahleck, formerly the seat of the Electors Palatine. It was de- stroyed by the French in 1680. and is now the property of the Dowager Queen of Prussia. Up the adjacent valley are the ruins of the Cattle of Stahlberg. On our right we pass the round tower of the ancient Castle of Ffirstenberg, de- stroyed by the French in 1689. When the Emperor Adolph was on his way to his coronation at Cologne, the occupants of this castle had the impudence to demand toll, which being refused his vessel was LORCH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] EHRENFELS. fired on by the retainers. It was besieged and captured in 1321 by the Emperor Lewi?, who p resented it to his queen, Margaret of Holland. Lorch (Hotel, Schu-an) dates from the 9th century. This town was at one time the residence of the noble families of the Ithfingau. It is situated on our left as we ascend, at the mouth of the picturesque valley of the H'w/>er. The old church con- tains numerous objects of interest, among others a carved altar, font, and monument to John UHchen, field-marshal, who distin- guished himself against the French and Turks. On the left is the village of Niederheim- bach, above which is the ruined Castle of J/> imlurg. Higher up, where the valley of ilie Rhine contracts, is the picturesque tower of Soaneck. It belonged originally to a robber castle built to guard the en- trance to the valley. It was dismantled by the Emperor Rudolph, and is now the property of the royal family of Prussia. On our right we juiss the village of Trtcfttings/iau.pp, which was destroyed by the French in 1689. The ruins are entered from the gardens of ihc White JJor.-e Hotel; fee, 7 g. Beautiful view of the surround- ings. On the hill above Bingen is situated the chapel of St. Koch, where on the 16th of August thousands of pilgrims offer up their devotions. On the slope below is Hotel Hartmann, grape-cure. [An excursion should be made from Bin- [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] KREUZNACH. gen to Kreuznach or Saarbruck, or through to .Ifetz. From Saarbruck to Metz, see Route No. 182. Time to Saarbruck, 3 h.20 m. ; thence to Met/, 1 li. 32 in. Fare to Saarbruck, lirst class, 12 marks 4 g. ; second class, (> mark- '_' sr. I'.i-sinj; through the beautiful valley of t!u- \'i/t", ten miles from Bingen is the station and watering-place of Krfuznach. Hotel, Knrhnus Hotel, with restaurant connected with the Kurhaus. Mr. John Barter has a private hotel, t;o; Kurhausstrasse, highly recommended. Kreuznach is situated in a most charming position, and has lately become quite cele- brated for the medicinal properties of its waters, which are beneficial in female com- plaints and scrofula. The springs rise mostly in and near an island on the Nahe, where there is a A'wr- kaiis, with a bathing establishment, hotel and restaurant, with accommodation for guests at reasonable rates, assembly and reading rooms, where some eight thousand invalids annually gather during the season, morning and evening, to drink the water from the Elizabeth-Bnmnen. Here, also, are situated the brine baths. There is a church situated on tne isfand, erected in 1768 to replace one of an earlier period, some remains of which still exist ; near which stands a statue erected to Dr. Prieger, who died in 18C3. On the northwest side of the town rises the Schlossberg, with the ruined castle of Kau- zenbery, erected by the Prince of Sponheim, and afterward the property of the Electors Palatine. In lfi:>2 the town was taken by Gustavus Adolphus. There are numerous excursions from Kreuznach : viz., to the castles of Dissibo- //, in 3 hours ; to the ruins of Mont- fort, 2 hours ; and to Ebernburg, by Gatts and J-thi.-inyraJ'enateln, in 3 hours. Also to the salt-mines of Theodoi-shalle, one mile from the town. Miiitstcr-am-Stem (hotel, Kurhaus), an- other salt-mine belonging to Prussia ; also saline baths. At this point the h'/iciiiyrii/ii-it- ttein, a cliff of porphyry, rises perpendicu- larly 450 feet above the Nahe. A short distance from this, to the west, is situated WlNKEU the /-:tiernbury, a castle which belonged to the; knight-arrant Franz von Sickingen, who was at one time so powerful that he besieged Metz and Treves with an army of J(). lino. The castle was the asylum for bandits, outlaws, and fugitives; also for many of the early Reformers. An inn is situated in the ruins, which contains nu- merous relics. The castle was fortified by the French in 1689, but after the Peace of Kyswick was dismantled. The other towns of Staudernheim, So- bcnihi-iin, Munziiiyen, and Oblerstein arc small unimportant places, with absolutely nothing to interest the traveler.] From Rudesheim, opposite Bingen, there is a line of railway to Biebrich, opposite Mayencc, in 1 hour. Geisenheim, on the left, is a town of 2500 inhabitants, distinguished by the two Goth- ic towers which surmount its old church, restored in 1836. \\'inkel station, on the same side, where Charlemagne's wine-cellars were situated, and Oestrich, both give names to noted wines. To our left, on an eminence, is situated the celebrated castle of Johannisbe ry, cel- ebrated because the Johannisberger once took the lead in the wines of the Rhine ; but previous to 1867 the sequestration of the castle from Prince Metternich for the payment of many years' arrears of taxes due to the state of Nassau, and which the prince repudiated, in some degree preju- diced the vineyard ; and the great care and energy displayed afterward in the manage- ment of the vineyard of Steinberg, owned by the Duke of Nassau, caused that wine to bring the, same price as the Johan- nisberger. The extent of the Johannis- berger vineyard is 38 acres ; that is, of the first-class wine ; the yearly proceeds amount to $40,000. This favored spot was once the property of the Church, and also of the Prince of Orange. Napoleon pre- sented it to General Kellermann. After the downfall of Napoleon it was presented to Prince Metternich by the Emperor of Austria. The highest price ever paid was $5 50 per bottle on the spot, but two mon- archs were the purchasers. The Johan- nisbcrger and Steinberger wines are sold ever}' year at auction in casks of 1200 or 600 litres. In good years the Prince of 691 ERBACII. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] MAYEXCE. Metternich reserves several casks, which are bottled five or six years later. These wines are sold for from 3 to 20 florins per bottle ; they are of equal value and merit ; the Jo- hannisberger is distinguished for its great freshness and bouquet, and the Steinberger for its body, warmth, and peculiar aroma. To visit the castle a fee of 2 marks is ex- pected for a party, and in the cellars you are expected to drink a bottle of wine, costing anywhere from two to ten dollars. Passing the island of Sandau, connected with the left bank, and between Westpha- lian and Rheinau, is the Mtirkbrunuen, near which is the celebrated vineyard of Marco- brunner, one of the finest of the Rhenish wines. Erbach, on the left, in front of which lies the island of Rhtinau, the property of the Princess Marianne of the Netherlands. The chateau of Rheinhurdtshausen. in the village, also belongs to that princess, and is shown Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. A wide path leads, in one hour, from Erbach to the Cistercian abbey ofEbtrbach, founded by St.Bernhard of Clairvaux in the 12th century. The refectory now contains the wine-presses for the celebrated Stein- berg wine, one of the most celebrated in the Rheingau, and here the famous cabinet wines were formerly kept. The Steinberg vineyard comprises 60 acres, and since the 12th century has been cultivated by the monks of Eberbach. Farther up the val- ley is situated the noted lunatic asylum of Eichberg. Eltmlle, formerly the capital of the Rheingau. Hotel, Keiseiibuch. It contains 3100 inhabitants, and is well situated in the midst of the finest vineyards of the Rhine. It is surrounded by numerous handsome country residences. It was here that the German king Giin- ther resigned to his opponent, Charles IV., in 1349. There are some ruins left of the castle built by Baldwin, archbishop of Treves, in the 14th century, and here one of the first printing-presses was established in 1465. About two miles northwest of Eltville lies the village of Kiedrich, formerly a place of great resort for pilgrims to the ehurch of St. Valentine. The church of St. Michael, built in 1440, and restored in 1858, well deserves a visit. A short distance from Kiedrich is the 692 celebrated vineyard of Grafenberg, one of the best in the Rheingau. During the season a diligence runs to [ ScJdangenbad in one hour, and in two hours to Schicalbach, two noted watering-places. (See excursion from Wiesbaden to Ems. Route No. 184.) On the left lies Nieder-Walluff. about | four miles from which is the famous vine- Biebricfi, on our left (whence passengers disembark for Wiesbaden, Frankfort, and Homburg. To Wiesbaden, 10 minutes: and to Frankfort, 1 h. 10 in.). Hutd de I' Europe and Rhtinischtr Hof. The Chateau was the former summer residence of the dukes of Nassau previous to its sequestration by the King of Prussia in 1866. It is a hand- some structure, built of red sandstone. The gardens are large, and open to the public, and there may be seen, in a min- iature castle, a collection of Roman an- tiquities. On our right, a little above Biebrich, is Muyence, or Mainz. Principal hotel is the D'Angleterre, facing the Rhine, and rank. ing very high. Mayence is the largest town in the for- mer Grand-Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. It was annexed to Prussia in 1866. It con- tains a population of 56,000, including the garrison, which consisted of 7000 soldiers previous to its Prussian annexation. Its fortifications are of great strength. Abridge of boats, upward of sixteen hundred feet loniT, connects the town with the suburbs of Castel on the opposite bank of the Rhine. A permanent railway bridge was also con- structed in 1862 across the river to the fortress of Muinspitse, 1200 feet long, over which run the trains to Frankfort. The cost was nearly one and a half million dollars. Mayence is a city of great an- tiquity. It was founded by Drusus 14 years B.C. It was the seat of the first German archbishop, St. Boniface (751). Under Charlemagne and his successors it became the first ecclesiastical city of the Roman Empire. In modern times it became celebrated for the memorable siege it en- dured, when it was successfully defended by the French troops who garrisoned it. The Museum is situated in the Kurfurst- liche Schloss, and contains a small collec- tion of paintings and Roman antiquities. Fee, 50 pf. ; Wednesdays free. MAYENCE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] WlESBADEX The town library contains 100,000 vol- umes and some valuable MSS. The Grossherzogliche Schloss was occu- pied by Napoleon I. ; it is now inhabited by the governor of the fortress. A barrack and arsenal are also situated in the Schloss- platz. The Xeue A nlage, or Public Gardens, sit- uated outside the walls, should be visited. There is a lovely promenade thence to the railway bridge, where the visitor can as- cend one of the towers (fee, 12 kr.), and obtain a charming view of Mayence and the river. In Schillerplatz stands a bronze statue of Schiller, erected in 1862. The pillar of the fountain was brought from the palace of Charlemagne at Ingelheim. The Cemetery, on the heights, contains some fine monuments. Among the principal edifices of May- ence, which are of great antiquity, is the Cathedral, a vast pile of red sandstone buildings, begun in the 10th and finished in the llth century; it has suffered con- siderable damage at different times, hav- ing been burned by the Prussians in 1783, and used as a barrack by the French in 1813. The interior is tilled with the mon- uments of the different Electors of May- ence. who always presided at the election of the emperor, and were the archbishops and first princes of the German Empire. It is open to 11.30 A.M., and from 2 to G P.M. To ascend the tower, ring at the door south of the transept ; fee, 1 mark. The church of St. Etienne, a Gothic edi- fice dating from the 14th century, stands in an elevated position above the city. It suffered by an explosion of gunpowder in 1857, but has been restored, and contains some fine monuments of the Middle Ages. The Citadel occupies the position of an ancient Roman camp, and here the traveler may ascend the Tower of Druxus, who was son-in-law of Augustus, and founder of the city ; this tower is supposed to be his tomb. A soldier will accompany the visitor (fee, a half-mark. The site formerly occupied by the dwell- ing-house of Gutenberg, the inventor of printing, a native of the town, will be seen with interest. An excellent statue, mod- eled by Thorwaldsen, stands in an open area opposite the theatre. Mainz to Paris, 13 h., via Saarbruck, 16f h., rift Cologne (sleeping-car); fare, 67 marks, I otli ways; to London, via Co- logne and Ostende ; time, 12J h. ; fare, 82 marks 40 pf. ; to Cologne, Coblcntz, Wiesba- den, Frankfort, Heidelberg, etc., see p. 695. Wiesbaden. Hotels: Rose (t Bains, Hotel et Villa Xassau, four Seasons, and Rhine. Rose, a splendid large establishment, sur- rounded by its own gardens, opposite the Kursaal and promenade, with an elegant bath-house. The Hotel et Villa Nassau, in a beautiful position opposite the Kurhaus, promenade, etc., enjoy a European reputa- tion ; spring and electric baths in the house. Goetz Brothers are the proprietors. Hotel Four Seasons, a first-class house, on the cor- ner of the promenade and the square facing the Kursaal (one of the finest positions), has a large bath-establishment, and is ably man- aged by Mr. Zais. The Rhine is a favorite, first-class house, close to the promenade and the station. On the Heidenberg, north of the town, re- mains of a Roman fortress were discovered in 1838, with fragments of walls and towers, and many implements of war, now in the mu- seum. According to the inscriptions, the camp was garrisoned by the 14th and 22d legions. This watering-place, by virtue of its salu- brious climate and the curative properties of its mineral springs, has long been a house- hold word with Englishmen and Americans. Wiesbaden lies in one of the side valleys of the Rheingau, the fairest portion of the Rhine, and is some 360 feet above the level of the sea. It is almost entirely sheltered from the colder winds, the temperature of the entire neighborhood being considerably higher, and with fewer atmospheric changes than other places in the same latitude. For these reasons Wiesbaden is gaining in favor a< a winter residence. Its environs are un- surpassed for delightful walks and carriage drives. In summer the gardens attached to the Kursaal, and the park, which extends as far as the village of Sonnenberg, with its picturesque ruins, abound in beautiful spots, rare trees, and flowers. Here, also, concerts by the celebrated municipal orchestra and military bands, as well as many festivities and entertainments, take place. Including the great Kochbrunnen (boil- ing spring), Wiesbaden has no less than 23 hot springs, yielding 61 cubic feet of water per minute. The diseases which, by the in- 693 WIESBADEN. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] WIESBADEN. ternal, external, or joint use of the water,may! the choir from the body of the church. The be cured, are chronic catarrh of the stomach and intestines, rheumatism and gout, chron- ic disturbances of the glands, diseases of the bones, shot wounds, female diseases, ner- vous complaints, diseases of the organs of the chest, of the skin, etc. There are 24 thermal bath-houses, con- taining 900 baths, with all modern improve- ments andcomforts, together with many oth- er establishments where electric, Roman, sarcophagus of the duchess is in white mar- ble, the effigy being surrounded by statu- ettes of the twelve Apostles ; at the corners are figures of Faith, Hope, Charity, and Immortality. The custodian expects a fee of 1 florin; he lives near by. The view from the chapel is beautiful. On the opposite slope lies the Centetrrij, which contains some handsome monuments, among which is that of Gen. von Baring, Irish, Russian, Turkish, vapor, and all other who defended La llaye Sainte at Waterloo, varieties of baths can be had. There are An excursion should be made to Platte, milk, whey, cold-water, and grape-cure es- tablishments, the latter directly managed by the Municipal Cure Administration, which also superintenJs the bottling of the Koch- brunnen water and the manufacture of Koch- brunnen lozenges, salt, soap, etc., for use abroad. Wiesbaden has an English church, Eng- lish and German resident physicians, excel- lent schools, theatre royal, with opera and ballet, English and German circulating li- braries, cricket and base-ball grounds, pis- a hunting-residence of the former duke. Times and fares for 1884 between Cologne, Frankfort, Col'eniz, Ems, Bingerbriick, Kreuznach, Mayence, Wiesbaden, Schwal- buch, Schlangenbad, Hamburg, Frankfort, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Heidelberg, Carls- ruhe, Baden-Baden, Wildbad, and Strasburg : Cologne to Coblentz, 1 h. 53 m., 7 marks 30 pf. ; to Bonn, 34 m., 2i marks ; to Ems (via Coblentz, change cars), 2 h. 51 m., 9 marks 70 pf. ; to Wiesbaden (via Bonn, Nie- tol shooting-gallery, riding-school, fishing, derlahnstein, and Rudesheim), 5 h. 10 m., hunting, museum, picture-galleries, etc. |15 marks 70 pf. ; to Wiesbaden (VM Cob- The Kursaal establishments, patronized extensively, are fitted up in the most luxu- rious manner, and contain, besides tlie large lentz, Niederlahnstein, and Rudesheim, ex- press route), 4 h. 49 m., 15 marks 70 pf. ; to Wiesbaden (via Coblentz, Mayence, and concert-hall, a restaurant, with beer saloon j Castel, crossing the Rhine by ferry at May- adjoining, conversation, lecture, chess, and ence, most agreeable route*), oh. 19m., 15 inks. extensive reading rooms, the latter with "0 pf. ; to Bingerbriick (via Coblentz), 4 h. above 300 periodicals of all countries. 30 m., 12 marks ; to Maytnce (via Coblentz Among the sights is the Museum, in the and Bingerbriick, express route), 3 h. 52 m., Schlosschen, Moorish palace of Prince Nich- 14 marks 90 pf. ; to Mayence. (via Coblentz, olas, Ministerial Buildings, in Florentine Niederlahnstein, Mosbach, and Castel, style, and Protestant and Catholic churches. \ crossing river as above), 5 h. 13 m., 15 marks In the Louisenplatz stands an Obelisk, \ 80 pf. ; to Frankfort (via Bonn, Nieder- erected to the memory of the soldiers of lahnstein, and Wiesbaden), 5 h. 2 m., 18 Nassau who fell in the battle of Waterloo. 1 marks 80 pf. ; to Frankfort (mail route via Wiesbaden is noted for the number and i Coblentz, Bingerbruck, and Mayence, a good quality of its educational establish- ments. About one mile north of the town stands beautiful ride along the Rhine), 4 h. 45 m., 18 marks 30 pf. ; to Frankfort (via Cob- lentz, Niederlahnstein, and Wiesbaden), 5 the eminence of Neroberg (so called from ' h. 40 m., 19 marks 30 pf. ; to Kreuznach the tradition that the Emperor Nero here (via Bingerbruck), 4 h. 2 m., 13 marks 30 built a palace), on which is situated the ' pf. : to Strasburg (via Bingerbruck and beautiful Russian Chapel, erected by the Weissenburg), 7 h. 49 m.. 34 marks 70 pf. ; Duke of Nassau as a mausoleum for his ' to Heidelberg (via Mayence and Darm- wife, the Duchess Elizabeth Micbailowna, stadt), f>| h. (1 h. 20 m. from Darmstadt), a Russian princess. It is erected in the 24 marks 30 pf. ; to Baden-Baden (via form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a Mayence, Darmstadt, and Cos Junction), large gilded dome, this last being surround- 9J h., 32 marks 90 pf. ed by four smaller ones. The interior is of solid marble ; a rich screen separates 694 Coblentz to Ems, via Niederlahnstein Junction, 29 m., 2 marks 10 pf. ; to Wict- S< 1 1 \\AI.BACH. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] NASSAU. badm, 3 h. 21 m., 7 marks 60 pf. ; to Wies- baden, via Mayencc, :f li. 21 in., S marks 90 pf. ; to M ni/i ''"'< ', ' ' ' Bingerbriick, 1 li. 51 in., 7 marks 110 pf. ; to Frankfort, express, via Mayenee, '_' li. II m., 11 marks ;>0 pf. ; to Frankfurt, fin Niederlalinslein and Wieabftden, :! li. :>:> m., 12 marks. liiiiyerbriickto Maycnce, 40 m., '_' inks. 'JO pf. ;to ( 'oblentz, 1 h. 10 in., 4 inks. 70 pf. ; to Frankfort, ria Mayence, 1 b. 33 in., 6 inks. 30 pf. ; to Kreuznach, 36 m., 1 mk. 30 pf. Mayence (Mainz) to Wiesbaden, 38 in., 1 mark (crossing the Rhine by ferry to Castel in 12 in. incl. stop.); to Frankfort, 45 in., 3 mks. 25 pf. ; to Darmstadt, 55 m., 3 niks. 40 pf. ; to Heidelberg, 2 h. 9 m., 9 mks. 20 pf. Ems to Cologne, Coblentz, Frankfort, etc., see those places, above and below. Wiesbaden to Cologne, Coblentz, Mayence, and Frankfort, see above and below. Sfluralbach and Schlungenbad to Ems, Coblentz, or Wiesbaden, see description. Frankfort to Hamburg (see description of Homburg) ; to \\"n>xba iddberg and Darmstadt, see description. Baden-Baden to Ileiddberg, 2 h. 5 m., 8 marks (>5 pf. 1 ( "ildbad to Stuttgart. 2 h. 8 m., 7 mks. 95 pf. [By no means fail to visit the lovely water- ing-places of Schwulbach and Ems. Engage a carriage, at any of the hotels, for Schwal- bach, and spend a few days there ; then take another to Ems, via Nassau. If not visiting Schlanrjenbad medicinal] y, make an excursion from Schwalliach to that place. \\'<>'$btiden to Schwalbach, by diligence, 2 h. 35 m. ; fare, 1 mark 90 pf., going by the high-road leading to Ems and Coblentz. Hotel A lleesaal (de la Promenaded) and Vil- la Grebert, in a beautiful position close to the Kurhaus, can be highly recommended. SefttOO&acA, in a lovely situation on the northern slope oftheTaunus mountains, in a fresh and invigorating climate, contains a population of 3000 souls ; its waters, sur- passing all other German chalybeates, the richest in carbonic acid, and disposed in most excellent bath-houses, are considered very efficacious in cftlorotif, poverty of the blood.and diseases connected with them, ner- vous affections, women's diseases, muscular weakness, affections of the mucous mem- branes (genital catarrh and urinary organs), etc. Close to the bath-house are the two drink- ing-springs, thaMahlbrunnen and Wnnbrun- nen (aqua, vinaria of the Romans), and far- ther up the valley is the Paulinenbrunnen, The season lasts from May 10 far into Oc- tober. A season drinking-ticket costs 2 ink., and the iar-tax ticket, entitling the holder to enjoyment of reading-rooms, re- unions, concerts, etc., at the Kursaal, 10 ink. The band alternates at the Stahl- and Wein- brunnen in the daytime, and in the hand- some Kursaal in the evening. Excursion?, fishing, and shooting in the environs. All inquiries should be made of the Kur-ver- icallung. Dr. Grebert is a good physician. About half an hour from Schwalbach are the ruins ofAdotp/iseck, a castle built by the Emperor Adolph for a favorite mistress. Schwalbach to Eltville (R'y Sta.), by dili- gence, 10 miles , 2 h. ; fare, 1 mark 50 pf. ; to Hahnstiitten (R'y Sta.), 16 miles ; 2 h. 50 m. ; fare, 2-J marks ; to Schlangenbad, 5 miles ; 1J h. ; fare, 70 pf. ; to Wiesbaden, 12 miles ; 2 h. ; fare, 1 mark 90 pf. Wiesbaden to Schlangenba'1, 17 miles ; 4 h.; fare, 2 marks 16 pf. Schwalbach to Paris, via Eltville (R'y Sta.), Rudesheim, and Cologne ; time, 18 h. ; fare, 64 marks 80 pf. Sc/ilangenbad, a beautiful summer resi- dence, in a sequestered valley, with charm- ing environs. Hotel Victoria and Nassauer f/of, two very good houses. The baths, cel- ebrated for two centuries, are considered most efficacious in nervous and women's diseases, gout and rheumatism, scrofula, diseases of the skin and complexion, etc. There is a cow's and goat's milk cure, and miles of dustless walks. There are three bath-houses, the newest, the Xetdiau, being the finest, and containing the reunion, card, and billiard rooms. Between (lie Neuban 'and the Xassauer Hof is the elegant new Trinkhalle colonnade. Sir Francis Head's "Bubbles from the Brunnens " can be read with interest. Schlnnge'tbad to Paris. Time, 17 h. 20 m. ; farej G4 marks (45 m. dil. to Eltville). Nassau may either be reached in 12 m. by rail from Ems (fare 60 pf.), or by private carriage from Schwalbach. This town contains nothing of special 695 EMS. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.^ DARMSTADT. importance, except the ruins of the castle of Nassau, the cradle of that important family. It is situated on a height above the town. It was built by a Count of Lau- fenburg in 1100. Some centuries later the family divided : the elder branch remained dukes of Nassau, while the younger is rep- resented by the royal house of Holland. The River Lahn is here crossed by a handsome suspension bridge. Nassau was the birthplace of Baron von Stein, the noted Prussian minister whom Napoleon alludes to in his "Memoires," and who was compelled to reside in Russia during the existence of the empire. Ems is beautifull}' situated on the right | bank of the Lahn. Hotels: d'Angleterre, \ large and first-class, and Quntre Tours, Very aristocratic. Although Ems cannot compete with Baden-Baden or Wiesbaden in the magnificence of its Kursaal, the company is considered much more select I than at either of the other watering-places. I The season commences in May and ends in | September. The excursions are numerous, and the daily routine about the same as at Wiesbaden. Public baths are numerous. > The town is beautifully situated on both sides of the River Lahn, surrounded by j high rocks covered with trees and vines, and the air one breathes is pure and balmy. The sources of the water are numerous, and are all alkaline. The water is limpid and without smell, and is considered effica- cious in all diseases of females, and in cases of catarrh and liver and pulmonary com- plaints, and, what is of great importance to Americans, sovereign in cases of dys- pepsia. These waters were known and highly prized in the time of the Romans for the cure of sterility; and it has been stated that to the use of them Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, was indebted for her son, Caligula a questionable compliment for the waters. The attractions of Ems consist princi- pally in its handsome promenades and ex- cursions, which are numerous. The baths are taken at three principal establishments the old Kurhaus, Quatre- Tours, and Newbadhaus. The prices are 2 marks and 3 marks ; douche baths, 1J marks. Tickets for a certain number of baths are usually purchased in advance. There are five principal sources Krahn- ehen, Furstenbrunnen, Kesselbrunnen, Ntu- 696 quelle, and Bubenquelle ; this last is the one used in case of sterility. The principal used by drinkers is the Keeselbrunnen, 116 Fahrenheit. The Kursaal is a very handsome build- ing. It contains a cafe, the former play- rooms, reading-rooms, and a beautiful ball- room, with marble columns, where balls are given weekly. A handsome covered hall connects the Kursaal with the source of the Kesselbrunnen. The number of visitors is about 20,000, and the permanent population 8000. Myriads of donkeys stand on both sides of the river, to assist in making the nu- merous excursions in the vicinity. It was on the promenade at Ems that the Emperor William gave the slight to Benedetti which led to the Franco-German war of 1870. Frankfort, described in Route No. 1 62. Frankfort to l)arni. a small palace built by < v )ueen erful stronghold of the Archbishop of May. Victoria of England for her daughter, the em e. It was taken by the Spaniards in - Alice, who married Prince Louis 1H21. and was twice besieged by Turenne. of Hesse. About one mile from the town are tho ducal preserves, where wild boars are kept for the ducal chase. Darmstadt to Mannheim. The road now crosses the Laden fron- tier. At Friedrichsfeld junction travelers vis- iting Mannheim change cars, those to Hei- Time, 1 h. 20 i del berg continue, thirteen and fourteen in. ; fare, 5 marks 20 pf. ; to Heidelberg ; minutes respectively, time, 1 h. 18 m. ; fare, 5 marks 10 pf. (both j Mannheim, situated at the confluence of via Friedrichsfeld Jn.) ; to Erbach; time. 1 the Rhine and Neckar, is a place of the h. 53 m. ; fare, 4 marks 10 pf. (See p. 694.) greatest commercial importance in the Erbach is a small town prettily situated i Duchy of Baden. It contains 53,454 in- in the Miimling valley, and contains 2400 habitants. Principal hotel, de I Europe. inhabitants. The only object of attraction it presents is its modern-built castle of the Counts of Erbach, built on the site of an an- cient castle. The castle contains a most im- portant collection of objects of interest be- The town is comparatively modern, having been founded in 1GOG by Frederick IV., Elector Palatine. It owes its importance, however, to the Elector Charles Philip, who in 1721 left Heidelberg to make longing to the Middle Ages fire-arms and Mannheim his capital. On account of its armor. Of the last are two suits of great once strong fortifications it suffered much interest, those of Wallenstein and Gustavus in sieges and bombardments. It was razed Adolphus. There is also the armor of to the ground by the French in 1689, also Thomele, the dwarf of the Archduke Fer- during the Thirty - years' War; by the dinand of Austria, which he wore on state French again in 1794, and by the Austri- occasions, and in which he was once served ans in 1795. The modern town is built. in a pie to a company at dinner. In the like Philadelphia, in regular squares. chapel is the sarcophagus of Eginhard, the The principal building is the Schloss, friend and biographer of Charlemagne. constructed between 1720 and 1730, but Diligence to Hirschhorn K'y St.,3 h.37 m.; partially destroyed by fire in 1795. It was fare, 3 ink.; to Xeckargemund K'y St. in 6 h. erected by the Elector Charles Philip. It In thirty minutes from Darmstadt is is partially used as a Picture-Gallery, Cubi- situated the town of Zirinrjenberg, whence net of Xutural History, Collection of En- excursions to the Od-inr/i', 15th, and 16th centuries, and is highly interest- ing for its immensity, its picturesque sit- uation standing at an immense height above the town and its architectural mag- nificence. It is a solid square building, witli towers at each end, one low and round, the other higher and of an octagon- al shape. It was sacked and partly burned by the French in 1693, and struck by light- ning in 17C4, since which time it has been roofless. That portion called the English palace was built by the Elector Frederick [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] HEIDELBERG. V. as a residence for his bride, daughter of James I. of England. The cellars of the castle are very extensive ; in one of them is the celebrated Heidelberger Fass, said to hold 283,200 bottles of wine when full, or fsno hogsheads. It has been filled but three times during the last hundred years. Notice in front of it a wooden stat- ue of the court fool Porkes, who never went to bed sober, and always on a short allow- ance of from 15 to 18 bottles daily. In an adjoining cellar remains a small cask which holds 60,000 gallons. The cellar was formerly filled with 13 casks of this size. From the terrace and gardens most magnificent views may be obtained. A path leads from the garden to the Molken- cur in twenty minutes. It is a lovely walk, and from the restaurant there is a glorious view. Near the Hotel Prince Charles we per- ceive a very curious spectacle, viz., the church of the Holy Ghost, which is divided by a partition running the whole length of the church directly through the middle, and the two services, Catholic and Prot- estant, are performed under the same roof. In 1719, the Elector Palatine wishing to deprive the Protestants of their half, the oiti/'.-ns raised such a storm about his ears that he was obliged to remove his court to Mannheim. The oldest church in the town is that of St. J'et'r; it was on the doors of this church that Jerome of Prague nailed his celebrated theses, challenging the world to dispute them. The rniversity was founded in 1386, and is. after Vienna and Prague, the oldest in Germany. It has a library of 200.000 volumes and 1800 valuable MSS., an ar- chaeological institute, botanical garden, zo- ological museum, and mineral collection. It has at the present time about 800 students, about one quarter of whom are "corps students," or fighting students. There are some seven or eight different corps, between most of whom a great jealousy exists in regard to their fighting abilities, which are tested every Friday morning by duels fought with swords at the HirvcAffOttt, a house on the opposite side of the Neckar. The swords are very sharp, and double edged, and are used as sabres ; consequently the cuts are numer- ous, but are scarcely ever mortal. When they fight only for the honor of the corps, HEIDELBERG. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] they wear caps, and have their necks and right arms heavily bandaged. When the light is to resent an offense or insult, the caps arc removed, and six, seven, and eight cuts are often given and received during a light of lifteen minutes, the dura- tion of all combats ; at the end of which time the party receiving the least number of cuts is declared the victor. Should a serious wound prevent cither of the com- bat ints from proceeding with the light, it is renewed at a future day. The corps surgeon is always in attendance, and he decides whether a duelist is able to pro- ceed, the flow of blood sometimes being so great as to stop the light while the wound is sewed up or stopped in some manner. It is rather difficult to obtain permission to visit the Hirsehgasse during one of these combats. It can only be accom- plished through a presentation to some member of the corps. If you are stop- ping at the Prinz Carl, Mr. Somnter, the obliging landlord, may accomplish it for you. Should you succeed in obtaining entrance to this scene of fearful interest, nothing less than a thaler should be given to the custodian who waits on the duelists. and keeps their swords ground sharp. The students are very particular who is present, as the authorities are always on the alert to take them in the act. They, however, do not seem to accomplish much, as the students have spies stationed along the bridge and shore to signalize the ap- proach of an interfering part}-. During an entire summer the author spent in Heidel- berg, visiting the Hirsehgasse nearly ev- ery Friday, he never saw a government of- ficer on the ground. An excursion to the Kdnigsstiihlis one of the things "to do" at Heidelberg: it is the highest point of the district, and may be reached in 1 h. 15 m. You here obtain a most extended view of the valley of the Neckar, the Rhine, Odenwald, the Hardt Mountains, and the Black Forest. A don- key there and back costs 2 fl. SO kr. An excursion should also be made to the \\'<>'f.tbrunmn (only two miles), where the Enchantress Jetta was torn in pieces by a wolf. The situation of the inn is very "ro- mantic ; the trout, which are kept in ponds, are of immense size, and are verv linelv served up by the landlord of the inn. A visit should be made to the handsome BADEN. gardens of Schiretzinyen, distance about six miles ; the ridi: is a most charming one. On the right bank of the Neckar there is a most agreeable walk, called the Philoso- jikemreff (Philosopher's walk\ from where th'-re is a most magnificent view of the Rhine valley, the Castle, etc. Hti'Mberg to Paris, via Strasburg. Time, 15 h. 56 m. ; fare, G3 marks; to Basle; time, 5J h. ; fare, 23 marks. llei'lelberg to Carlsruhe. Time, 1 h. 5 m. ; fare, 5 marks 5 pf. ; to Stuttgart, via Bruch- sal ; time, 2 h. 38 m. ; fare, 10i marks. Heidelberg to Frankfurt. Time, 1 h. 47 m. ; fare, 7 marks 35 pf. Htidelberg to Baden-Baden. Time, 2 h. 8 m. ; fare, 8 marks 65 pf. Passing Bruchsul station, where travel- ers to Stuttgart. Munich, or Vienna change cars (see Route No. 173), we reach Dmiach (Hotel. Curhburg), formerly the residence and capital of the Margraves of Baden Durlach. From the distance may be >e:-n the Toirer of '1 hnrmberg, the cradle of the ducal fatnilv of Baden. THE GRAND-DUCHY OF BADEN. Baden is a narrow strip of land 200 miles long, with nearly an average of 25 miles wide, or containing 5 ( J66 square miles. Its territory extends along the eastern bank of the Rhine across the lower course of the Neckar. In picturesque beauty and in productiveness Baden is the Garden of Ger- many. The Black Forest, like the back- bone of a fish, extends through its entire length. The Feldberg is the highest point of the ridge, 4G75 feet above the level of the sea. The Rhine flows along the south- ern and western frontiers, and is its chief river. In the eastern slopes of the Black Forest the Danube takes its rise. Baden is entirely agricultural ; its vine- yards are of large extent, and its orchards numerous. From its cherries is produced the delicious liquor Kirschwasser. Its min- erals are numerous, and it is particularly rich in mineral waters. Baden contains a population of 1,461,- 562, two thirds of whom are. Catholics. Its annii:il receipts and expenses amount to C9,OiMi.()()0 marks >17, 250,000, and its total debt to J.JO.IMHMIOII marks -$62,500,- 000. The army forms the principal part of the 14th German army corps. 699 CAKLSRCHE. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BADEN-BADEN. Carlsruhe, one of the most attractive capitals in situation and appearance, lies a few miles from the east bank of the Rhine, and contains 38,6*2 inhabitants. Princi- pal hotels, Erbprinz and Englischer Hof. The plan of the city is very much like Washington the Ducal Palace, a building of considerable extent, being in the posi- tion of the Capitol, the main streets radi- ating in all directions. The streets are wide and well-paved, and many of the houses very handsome. In the street lead- ing from the station to the palace there is a monument erected to the Grand-Duke Karl, who died in 1818, and also one to the Margrave Charles William, founder of the town. There is also in the court-yard of the palace a bronze statue by Schwanthaler. The palace, erected in 1754, contains the Museum of Natural History in its east wing ; also the Court Library, with 70,000 volumes. The Parliament meets here, and the debates are open to the public : they usually com- mence in November. In the palace garden a monument has been erected to the poet Jlebel. To the left of the entrance of the garden is a long glass gallery, or Wintergar- ten, 420 feet long, with conservatories, bo- tanical gardens, etc., all open to the public. Near the Botanical Gardens stands the Kunsthalle, built of gray sandstone and decorated with frescoes. It contains a collection of paintings, free to the public on Sundays and Wednesdays from 11 to 1 and 2 to 4 ; on other days a fee of 1 mark. Lessing, the celebrated painter, is at pres- ent (1876) director. The modern pictures are very good ; the old masters indifferent. There is a catalogue for sale, 1^- marks. The Polytechnic School numbers 800 pu- pils, and is quite celebrated. One of the most interesting places of Carlsruhe is Friedrichsplatz, surrounded with new buildings ; in the southern part is the Vereinigte Sammlungen, or united col- lections. The central part of the building resembles an arch of triumph. The build- ing is by Bergmuller, erected in 1874. The Catholic church is built in the form of a pantheon. Rastadt, the ancient residence of the last margraves of Baden-Baden, is situated on tlie Murg, and is a fortress of the empire. It contains 12,000 inhabitants. Hotel, Post. The place is so dull that the last time the author visited it he saw but one man in the 700 streets, and he was moving towards the station with a valise in his hand ! It con- tains a large palace, of red sandstone, sur- mounted by a gilded statue of Jupiter. In a room of this palace, in 1714, Prince Eu- gene and Marshal Villars signed a treaty of peace between France and Germany. From 1797 to 1799 a congress was held here to arrange the differences between France and Germany. Two of the French envoys, Roberyot and Bonnier, were assas- sinated at the gates of the town, when the conference was broken off. At the station Oos a branch line leads in fifteen minutes to the most celebrated watering-place in the wo*ld, BADEN-BADEN, situated at the northwestern extremity of the Black Forest, surrounded by lux- uriant pine -woods, in the lovely valley of the Oos. Sheltered on the north, east, and south by a high range of hills i. e. to the north, the Haardtberg (377 metres high), Schlossberg (565 metres), Grosse Staufen (672 metres), Kleine Staufen (625 metres) ; to the east, the Steinberg (678 me- tres), Obersterberg (565 metres), Kuchen- berg and Hummelsberg (534 metres); and to the south, the Fremersberg (526 metres), Yherg (517 metres), Korbmattenkopf (519 metres), Wurzgartenkopf (481 metres), and Leissberg (420 metres) the town, com- prising a population of about 12,000 inhab- itants, and visited every year by nearly 50,000 people, is built in the form of ter- races, on the slopes of the Schlossberg, surrounded by a garland of sumptuous vil- las in the midst of a highly luxuriant veg- etation, favored by the most advantageous climatic conditions, by means of which the whole of its environs are formed into one immense and lovely garden the "Garden of Germany." The town lies at an eleva- tion of 210 metres above the level of the sea; its longitude is 5 54' east of Paris, and latitude 48 46', with a mean annual temperature of 8.9 Cent., a mean atmos- pheric pressure of 743.70, vaporic tension of 7.5, and a relative annual humidity of 79; thus making it the most preferred cli- matic sojourn of Southern Germany, which, as to advantages of climate, equals many other places lying farther south and on the other side of the Alps. The principal hotels are liotd de FEu- BADEN-BADEN. [1 UK KMNKi: ()F (il.II.M. \.\Y.j BADEN-BADEN. rope, Hittel Victoria, Hotel d'l/oll nxl- . l/i'i/il tic In C'ir de Bade, and Hold >le Russie, l/uttl Stephanie, and Hotel Belltvue. j There arc no better houses than these in Germany. There are several other hotels, whose prices are a shade lower, but they are otherwise inferior. Here the price of every thing is fixed bj' government, and travelers are better pro- tected from extortion than in almost any other part of Europe. It is hardly ever necessary to drive a bargain for any thing. The price of carriage, 15 minutes, 70 pf.; three or four persons, 1 in. ; half an hour, 1 m. 5 pf. or 1 m. 40 pf.; one hour, 1 m. 70 pf. or '1 in. 15 pf. ; donkey, half a day, 2 m. 50 pf. ; one day, 4 m. liadcn-Badun is the annual resort of idlers, pleasure-seekers, and invalids from all parts of the world. Its springs have bi-cn long and favorably known. even in tin; times of the Komans, and the new palace, now belonging to the Grand-duke, occupies the site of a Roman villa and baths. The waters of the springs are warm, the principal one having a temper- ature of 153 Fahrenheit ; the taste is salt- ish, and, when drank as it issues from the spring, much resembles weak broth; it is very clear, but has a peculiarly disagree- able smell. The quality is saline, with a mixture of muriatic and carbonic acid, and small portions of silex and oxyd of iron. The hot springs are 13 in number, and the portion of the town where they issue goes by the name of " Hell." The new Grand-ducal Bathing Estab- lishment, named t'ri'^h ri<- Bath*, is a model institution, and lias no equal in any other watering-place, or even in any large city of Europe, as regards elegance and perfec- tion. On the southern slope of the Schloss- bcrg (Castle Hill), the three-storied edifice rises up in the form of terraces, with its back leaning directly against the region whence the hot springs issue forth. In this magnificent structure, both as regards its exterior and interior, all the requirements of comfort, and more especially the latest progress and improvements of balneothera- py. have been brought into use and exe- cution, in order that the healing properties of these old-renowned, rich mineral springs should come into full and general use. The Frederic Baths contain the follow- ing balneotberapeutk a rran foments of spe- Y..I-. II. H cial interot : Common tub-baths; large hip-baths supplied with mineral water, with a continual stream ( ! \ 'ildbader) ; an electric bath ; rooms for inhaling the pulverized thermal water; baths for the cold-water treatment and cold shower-baths; vapor- baths and hot-air-baths, both for several persons at once ; swimming-baths of dif- ferent degrees of temperature ; vapor-baths for single persons or for two together, and vapor-baths in boxes. Douches of every description and temperature are to be found at the disposal of bathers, viz. : A monster shower douche, with high-pressure, of 55 Fahr. ; upward shower and jet douches, 77 Fahr. ; one shower and one jet douche, 73 Fahr. ; one side douche, 73 Fahr. ; one Scotch douche, with jets of alternating cold water, 55 Fahr., and hot of 100 Fahr.; one Kapellen douche (general douche from all sides), 64 Fahr. ; one cold hip-bath, 55 Fahr. ; and one tepid hip-bath, 73 Fahr. The douche apparatus is in most cases pro- vided with a contrivance for the purpose of varying the temperature, by special reg- ulating water-cocks, according to liking. The plan for the construction of the Frederic Baths was designed by and exe- cuted under the superintendence of the Grand-ducal superintendent of buildings, Mr. Dernfeld, who, in company with the j late Dr. Freeh, had visited the most fre- I quented watering-places of Germany and , France, and inspected the most prominent bathing establishments of Vienna, Buda- Pesth, and Berlin, and was thus enabled , to bring into bearing his much enriched experience on that point. The introduction of public gambling- tables had given to this watering-place a falsely directed impulse, and in some meas- ure had repressed and forced, as it were, the importance and hygienic value of the thermal springs to the background ; but the frequentation of this watering-place since their abolition sufficiently proves that the celebrity of these springs is being re- instituted in its right, and the present model institution will essentially concur in this object. These old -renowned hot, alkaline, chlorate of soda, thermal springs precious gems of the town and the whole country must thus resume their authority and worth under this new form and set- ting, and bring about the conversion of the greatest skeptics as to their hygienic value. 701 IiAUEX-BADEX. [THE EMPIRE OF GERMANY.] BADEX-BADEX. May Goethe's beautiful word? written in gold letters over the principal entrance of the Frederic Baths be realized in thou- sands and thousands of persons who, after long and weary sufferings, may regain health by the rejuvenating powers of the thermal springs. The Triiikhdl'c is beautifully situated on the public walks, nearly opposite tiie Hotel de 1'Europe. The water is convoyed here from the spring in pipes, and visitors drink it lietween the hours of (5i and 7^ A.M., promenading around: meanwhile a band discourses most elegant music. The front of the hall is ornamented with frescoes, representing legends of the Black Forest. The great and universal rendezvous, however, is the Conversationshaus, which is the most splendid establishment of this kind in the world, the small Chinese pagoda in front of which cost alone 70.000 francs. It was erected in 1859. and in- tended as a stand for the band, which per- forms here twice a day. The building which is a most elegant one, with a Co- rinthian portico includes an immense as. sembly-room, reading-room, with a great choice of newspapers ; coffee and billiard rooms, open all the year ; a splendid res- taurant, where dinners may be had a la carte. At the other end of the building is a theatre, and a most magnificently fur- nished suite of apartments for assembly and ball purposes. They are open once or twice a week. Should there be no public entertainment while you remain, obtain permission from the proprietor to visit this suite of rooms ; they are well worth seeing. The season is at its height during July, Au- gust, and September. Many visitors ar- rive as early as the 1st of May, staying up to the 1st of October, and five months can be spent here as pleasantly as at any spot in Europe. The following are special attractions : grand concerts ; symphony and quartet soirees; special concerts by renowned art- ! ists; bals pares, reunions; children's fes- > tivals ; splendid orchestra (48 musicians), with solo - players, three concerts daily : military concerts ; operas and comedies ; ballet; fire- works and illuminations; shoot- ing and fishing; pigeon-shooting, and grand races. There are also delightful and secluded promenades, where in five minutes you TO.' may enjoy the solitude of the darkest woods and the deepest glens. Directly above the town is the new Schloss, or palace of the grand-duke, in which his ancestors have lived for the last 400 years, a fact that would rather relieve it from the title of new were it not that the old Schloss is immediately above the new, where the ancient dukes resided previous to the loth century. The building is re- markable for the curious vaults and mys- terious dungeons that are now exhibited to the curious by the castellan. The Parish Church contains several in- teresting monuments. It is the burial- place of the margraves and dukes of Ba- den, and contains the monuments of Leo- pold William, Louis William Frederick, bishop of Utrecht, Marie-Victoire-Pauline, and the Margrave Fhilihert. To the southeast of the town we notice the new Protestant Church. It is finely situated on the right bank of the Kiver Oos. It was consecrated in 1864. In the three windows of the choir are beautiful representations of the birth, crucifixion, and resurrection of the Saviour. In the four rosettes are portraits of Luther, Cal- vin, Melanchthon, and Zwingli. On the hill behind the Trinkhalle is the Greek Chapel, erected at the expense of the Russian Prince Stourdza. The Theatre, although small, is one of the most beautiful little gems in Europe, and does honor to the munificence of M. Benezet. It was constructed by M. Cou- teau, and does the architect great credit. A short distance from Baden-Baden is situated the small village of JJfezheim, which has lately obtained a European ce- lebrity by its beautiful race- course, proba- bly the finest in Europe. Here, during the early days of September, the finest horses and the elite of Europe make their appear- ance. There are three beautiful tribunes, one for the Grand-duke, another for mem- bers of the jockey-clubs and representa- tives of the press, and another, the largest, for the use of the general public. A fine view of the entire course may be obtained from any of the stands. A magnificent picture of a race-day has lately been paint- ed by Heyrault, and engraved by Harris. Most of the numerous characters and pa- trons of the turf are taken from life. Among the numerous lovely -excursions BADEX-BADBS. around Baden are, first, the i.ll Scklost. the original resilience of the reigning house of Baden, and one of the most interesting ru- ins in (Jena. my. The view from the top, on which there is a very line spy-glass for the benelit (if visitors, is very grand the town of Baden at your feet, the luxuriant Black Forest on one side. On the other ,-iil' 1 we see the Rhine vinding through it? lovely plain. int'-rsper.-ed \\iih ntics. towns, and villages, the whole bordered by the - Mountains of France. In a clear clay the cathedral spire of Strasburg the highest in the world is plainly visible. There is a restaurant in the castle, and breakfasts or dinners may be obtained. Residents at Baden frequently make ex- cursions for the purpose of breakfasting here. Many improvements have been made, such as rooms for dancing, etc. About one mile northeast of the old cas- tle are the ruins otElfrstfinburi/, which we pass in making the delightful excursion to The I-'av .rite. This lovely summer retreat was built in 172 J by the Margravine Sibylle- Auguste of Baden, noted for her beauty and amours. The rooms are large and comfortable, but ornamented in the most singular manner. In one the walls are of in glass, in another porcelain, in another they arc hung with tapestry work- ed by the margravine and her maids of hon- or. One of the boudoirs contains 72 por- traits of the margravine, all taken in dif- ferent costumes. The china is very quaint and antique. The dishes for the table are all in imitation of some meat, fruit, or veg- etable, such as ham, duck, woodcock, as- paragus, cabbage, artichoke, or melon. A short distance from the palace is the Iltnnitage, or chapel, where the margravine lived during Lent, in the strictest seclu- sion, seeing no one, and repenting of sins committed during the preceding year. In this chapel are shown the breastplate and belt, each armed with nails, which she wore n.mce, besides several other articles used for the same purpose, such as a cat- o'-nine-tails. and iron plates armed with sharp spikes, which she put into the heels of her shoes. In the dining-room, seated at the table, are three wax figures, repre- senting Mary, Joseph, and the child Jesus. clothed in garments made by the margra- vine's own hands. With these figures slie diucd overv dav. Her bedroom con- [Tlir. KMI'IKi; OF GERMANY.] WlLDBAD. ' tains simply a straw mat, upon which she slept. There are a great many other walks and excursions which should be made, viz. : Walks. The Lichtenthal Alley, Swigs Chalet, Thiergarten, Leopoldshohe. Sauers- berg, Valley of Gunzenbach, Fremersberg, Hunting-lodge, Friesenberg, the new Cas- tle (witli park), the Echo, Shooting-gallery, the Ruins of the Old Castle, the Kocks, the R tiins of Ebersteinburg, the Angel's and the Devil's Pulpit, Tiirkenweg (Turk's-way), the Wolfrschlucht (Wolf's Gorge), Mount Mercury, Annaberg, Falkenhalde (Falcon's Holt), the Convent of Lichtenthal, the Ca- cilienberg (lit. St. Cecilia, Seelach, Korb- rnattenfelsen, the Ruins of Yburg Castle, the Cascade of Geroldsau, Gaisbach, the Lichtenthal Valley (with Piseicultural Es- tablishment), the Schmalbach Valley, etc. Excursions. Eberstein Castle, Valley of the Mourg, Gernsbach. Weissenbach, For- baeli, Rothcnfels (with the Elizabeth Min- eral Springs), the Chateau de Plaisance (Favorite), the Forester's House of the Plattig, the Badener Hohe and Herren- wiese (Baden Heights and Lord's Mead- ow), Xen weier, Steinbach and Erwin's Mon- ument, the Buhlerthal, the Ruins of Win- deck, Erlenbad, Achern, Mummelsee, Hor- nisgrunde, the Valley of Oberkappel, the Ruins of the Convent and the Cascades of Allerheiligen, the Valley of the Rench, Kinzig Valley, etc. Court Photographer. The atelier of J/r. W. Kuntzemiiller, 1 Friedrichstrasse, is to the left of the Cvnversationshaus. Baden-Baden to Paris, via Strasburg. Time, 13 h. 53 m. ; fare, 56 marks 20 pf. ; to London, via Paris ; time, 26 h. 33 m. ; fare, 10 marks 40 pf. : to Frankfort ; time, 4 h. 5 m. ; fare, 16 marks. WiUbad may be reached by rail from Pforzheim (see Route No. 173). This place has become quite celebrated for its cures of gout and rheumatism. It contains 3000 inhabitants. Principal hotel, Klumpp, an elegant and complete first -class house, close to the promenade, and opposite the Conversation-house. The town is finely situated in the valley of the Enz, on both sides of that river. At the end of the prin- cipal street a magnificent Kurhaus has late- ly been conducted, containing reading- rooms, bath-rooms, and cafe. 703 AUSTRIA. POPULATION. [AUSTRIA.] ROYAL FAMILY. WE now enter one of the largest, most populous, and most important of the Euro- pean states, viz., THE EMPIKE OF AUSTRIA. According to its recent division, the Aus- trian Empire embraces seventeen provinces or governments, some of which are countries of large extent; their names and popula- tion are as follows : Souare Miles. Population. 1. Austria (Upper aud Lower) 2. Salzburg 12,208 2,788 8,785 4,053 3,902 3,052 4,183 11,109 19,953 8,602 1,988 33. son 22,196 76,S03 13,071 15,138 2,880,424 153,159 1,137,990 336,400 473,293 549,960 521,010 885,789 5,107,514 2,030,783 513,352 4,705.525 2,115,024 11,979,303 1,448,481 437,000 3. Styria 4. (Jarinthia 6. Goertz, Gradisca, Is-) tria, and Trieste . . ) " 8. Tyrol and Vorarlberg 9. Bohemia 10. Moravia 11. Silesia 12. Galicia 13. Transylvania 14. Hungary 15. Croatia and Slavouia. . . . 16. Dalraatia 17. (Military Frontier) Total 241,691 35,275,106 The empire is bounded on the north by Russia, Prussia, Poland, and Saxony; on the west by Bavaria, Switzerland, and the kingdom of Italy ; on the south by Italy, the Adriatic Sea, and Turkey ; and on the east by Roumania and Russia. Its great- est length is 860 miles, and its average breadth 400 miles, the total area being nearly twice the size of Great Britain and Ireland, and one third more than the whole of the Middle and Northern States of our own country. The countries brought together under the rule of Austria comprise a greater portion of the European continent than belongs to any other single power excepting Russia. They include provinces inhabited by people of different race and language, and whose only bond is that of political rule. The nucleus of Austrian power is German, and thf German provinces of the empire com- prehend the portion of its population that is most advanced with regard to civil and social condition. But the German prov- inces constitute less than a third part of 704 the entire extent of the empire ; the Hun- garian countries form more than half of its entire area, and include two fifths of its population. Galicia, or Austrian Poland, is equal to one eighth of the whole empire as regards size, and includes more than that proportion of its population. Previ- ous to 1866 the Italian subjects of Austria amounted to one eighth of the population. The chief defect of the empire, in regard to natural capabilities, is the limited extent of its sea-coast. The entire range of this is only about 500 miles, which are confined to the shores of the Adriatic ; and even of this, by far the greater part belongs to the Hungarian provinces, a portion which is only united to the empire by political ne- cessity, and liable at any time to be dis- severed. The entire frontier measures over 4000 miles. Most of the provinces, how- ever, are united by peaceable means, that is, by inheritance or treaty, and their bound- aries are the same as when they formed in- dependent states. The principal ports are Trieste and Fiume, in Hungary. IMPERIAL AND ROYAL FAMILY. Francis Joseph I., Charles, Emperor of Austria, Apistoiic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, etc., Jerusalem, etc., born Aug. 18th, 1830, married April 24th, 1854, to The Empress Elizabeth - A melie - Eugenie, born Dec. 24th, 1837, daughter of Maximi- lian-Joseph, duke of Bavaria. Children : I. Arch-duchess Gwt'fe-Louise- Marie, born July 12th, 1856, married in Vi- enna April 20th, 1873, to LeopoW-Maximili- an-Joseph-Marie-Arnolphe, prince of Bava- ria, born Feb. 9th, 1846. II. Arch-duke jRurfofyjA-Francis-Charles- Joseph, prince imperial of Austria, hf-ir to the throne, prince royal of Hungary, Bohe- mia, Jerusalem, etc., married in Vienna May 10th, 1881, to Arch-duchess Sttphanie-ClotiUc-'Louise- Hermine-Marie-Charlotte, duchess of Sax- ony, born at Lacken, May 21st, 1S04. daugh- ter of the King of the Belgians. Leopold II., and of the Queen Maria Henrietta, arch- duchess of Austria. III. Arch-duchess Marie, born April 22d, 1868. u : par J C-eisendorfer a r. de,MeiL&~es f Ilarperi sc Books HISTORY. [AUSTRIA. 1 HlSTOk.. Austria proper was originally part of the Roman provinces respectively called Norica and Upper Pannonia. It became part of the Roman Empire under Tiberius, toward the year .'53 A.D. From the 5th century onward it was invaded in turn by the Huns, the Ostrogoths, the Boians, the Vandals, the Langobards, and then divided between the Bavarians and the A van's until the time when Charlemagne drove the Avares out of it (799), and an- nexed it to his empire under the name of Austria, or Eastern .March. In 928 Henry the Falconer, king of Germany, in order to check the incursions of the Hungarians, made Austria a margravate. In 982 Otho II., second Emperor of Germany, gave the investiture of it to Leopold of Babenberg, or Bamberg, whose descendants pi. that province, first, with the title of Mar- quis or Margrave (980), then with that of Duke from 1156. On the extinction of this family (124Gi, Austria passed into the hands of the Emperor Frederick II. (He- henstaufen) ; then into those of Ottocar, king of Bohemia (1251). In 1273, Rudolph of Hap?hurg w;is elected emperor. This remarkable prince, the founder of the house of Austria and first promoter of its future greatness, was the eldest son of Albert, Count of Hapsburg, in Switzerland, and Landgrave of Alsace, to whom he suc- ceeded in 1240. He joined the above-named Ottocar in a crusade against the pagans of Prussia (1254) ; added to his possessions the counties of Kybtirg, Baden, and Lenzburg, and came into such high repute for upright- ness, courage, and ability that the cantons of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Zurich placed themselves, of their own accord, under his protection. The imperial dig- nity was also conferred on him, as he was considered equal to putting down the an- archy which had been tearing the empire to pieces ever since the downfall of the house of Hohenstaufen. and incapable at the same time of encroaching on the rights of the reigning princes. Pope Gregory X. himself, whom Rudolph had conciliated by boto wing on him the exarchate of Ravenna and other possessions, had sanctioned his election. Ottocar, nevertheless, refused to do so. Rudolph thereupon led an army into Bohemia, and compelled him to sue for peace (1276), which was granted only I iy the cession of Austria, Styria, and ( ar- niola, the investiture of these states being by the Diet forthwith settled on Rudolph's eldest son, Albert (1282), whose descend- ants have continued in the possession of them, first with the title of dukes, and from 1453 with that of archdukes ; and it thus became the house of Austria, and obtained, through these important acquisitions, won- derful preponderance and power. Ottocar, however, having the following year renew- ed the war, was completely routed, and per- ished in the decisive battle of Marchfeld (1278). Rudolph fully answered ultimately the fond expectations of those by whom he had been raised to the imperial throne ; for he effectually put a stop to the tyranny and brigandage of the nobles by destroying their strongholds, and thus insured public peace. Several descendants of the house of Hapsburg, or Austria, had, after Rudolph and up to the election of Albert II. (1438), occupied the imperial throne of Germany. From the accession of this prince the dig- nity of emperor became hereditary. To Austria had been joined Rudolph's patri- mony, viz., Alsace, Suabia, and the protect- ! orate of part of Switzerland (1282). But I Albert I., who bad inherited neither the political abilities nor the upright and hon- orable character of his illustrious father, having attempted to convert into sover- eignty the rights of simple patronage, the whole country flew to arms, and, under tho guidance of the far-famed William Tell, succeeded, after a three-years' struggle, in recovering their independence. The marriage of Maximilian with Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Duke Charles the Bold (1477), gave the house of Austria the Low Countries, Artois, a large part of Bur- gundy, with Franche-Comte ; the accession of Charles V., grandson to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, added Spain, with her im- I mense possessions in the Old and the New Worlds. By the partition of territory be- I tween Charles V. and Archduke Ferdi- ! nand, his brother, the Low Countries and ' Burgundy, with its dependencies, fell to i the lot of the Spanish branch of Austria. ' Ferdinand retained possession of the arch- duchy of Austria with all its dependencies, to which he added Bohemia, and Hungary 705 HlSTOBT. [AUSTRIA.] GoVKIQUfKNT. through his marriage with Anno, sister of King Louis, who was killed at the battle of Mohacz (1526) then Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. The Treaty of Westphalia detached from Austria the last-named prov- ince as well as Alsace : these losses were, however, compensated by the acquisition of Transylvania and Croatia. The t:-< atirs of Utrecht (1713) and Kasta.lt (17H) brought to Austria the inheritance of Charles V., kingof Spain, consisting of Burgundy and its appendages, the duchy of Mantua, and the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia. In 1720 Austria exchanged Sardinia for Sicily ; in 1735 she ceded to the Infant Don Carlos the Two Sicilies, and received in exchange Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla. These easy acquisitions, mostly brought about through marriages, inspired some wit with the following distich : " liella gernnt alii ; tu, ftlix Austria, nube: Xani ({' IK Mar.? ulii.s, dat tibi regna Venus." In 1740, the male line of the house of Austria having become extinct by the death of the Emperor Charles VI., his daughter, Maria Theresa, became Empress of Germany, and succeeded to all the late emperor's hereditary dominions. Her hus- band, Francis of Lorraine, grand-duke of Tuscany, was, after a lengthened contest, raised to the imperial dignity (1745), under the name of Francis I., and became the head of the new house of Autriche - Lorraine. Austria, at the termination of the Seven- years' War, ceded to Frederick the Great the best part of Silesia (1763), but obtained, in the partition of Poland, Galicia and Lo- domeria, to which was added Bukowina, ceded by Turkey in 1777. It is unnecessary to attempt any sketch of the fluctuations of the Austrian power during the eventful period that has elapsed since the breaking out of the French Rev- olution in 1789. At certain stages of her great struggle with France, Austria seem- ed to be depressed to the rank of a second- rate power. But the insatiable ambition of Napoleon effecting his downfall, Austria was left at the end of the contest as pow- erful as over, the loss of the Low Countries being fully compensated by her acquisi- tions in Italy and elsewhere. In 1804 Francis assumed the title of he- reditary Emperor of Austria, and on the Cth of August, 1806, renounced the title of 706 Emperor of Germany. The latter event had been preceded by the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, and the entire dissolution of the old Germanic Confedera- tion. His son, Ferdinand I., succeeded him in March, 1835, and he was succeeded by the present emperor, Francis Joseph, born Aug. 18, 1830, ascended the throne Dec. 2, 1848. The government of Austria is an hered- itary and almost absolute monarchy, in which the chief legislative as well as the executive power is in the hands of the Em- peror. Nearly three fourths of the popu- lation cf Austria are the followers of the Roman Catholic Church. Next in num- bers are the members of the Greek Church, who are most numerous in Transylvania, Southern Hungary, Slavonia, Croatia, and Galicia. Members of the various Protest- ant churches are found chiefly in Hun- gary and Transylvania ; in these countries, however, as in the bulk of the empire, the people are Roman Catholics, and the Prot- estants are confined to the Magyar portion of the population. Education is not generally in an ad- vanced condition in Austria, though more so in the German-speaking provinces than in other parts of the empire; but in our country we have a wrong impression en- tirely. The spirit of elementary instruc- tion, if not the most enlightened, inculcates, at every step, morality, the advantage and happiness of a virtuous life, the evils of vice, and the miseries consequent on crime. The military resources are considerable. and a very large standing army is main- tained. Military science is highly esteem- ed, and there are various institutions for the purpose of its cultivation at Vienna and other principal cities of the empire. The people of the southern counties lead a semi-military life, and are almost constant- ly under arms. The navy is small and of modem date, but the inhabitants of the Adriatic coasts and islands are enterpris- ing ship -builders and mariners, and are much addicted to nautical pursuits. The estimated strength of the Austrian army, when on a war footing, is little short of 821,000. The navy consists of 72 vessels of all descriptions, the tonnage of which is 109,820 tons, carrying 522 cannon : 47 of these vessels are steamers. : As every province in Austria forms a J A so r.\ <;!;. separate land, each has its peculiar lan- guage or dialect, and its extinguishing (.u.-toins and habits, (if tin- .SI tvonic lan- guages, tlm lVli>h po-se-cs the riclu-st literature : but the Bohemian has of late years been highly cultivated, :mil frrms the written language of the Moravians and Slowaks of the northwest counties of Hun- gary. The dialect of Oarniola has been methodized, and is grammatically taught as the written language of Illyria and Cro- atia. The ephemeral existence of the II- lyrian kingdom, established by Napoleon, sufficed to call forth the powers of a lyric poet of considerable merit named Wodnik, who wrote in this dialect. The Slavonian nations have all the dis- tinguishing characteristics of ardent feel- ings and sanguiuity of temperament, which makes them more easily elated and sooner depressed than their neighbors the Ger- mans. They are fond of music, and every district has its national airs, which are often of great antiquity, and usually plaint- ive. Among the Slavonians the Poles are [AUSTRIA.] MOSEY. ful uttilo, (a frock-coat trimmed with fur) are only worn on state occasions by the nobles ; but the tight pantaloon and short boot is the usual dress of the peasant, who also wears a blue jacket and low-brimmed hat. Though fond of music, the Hunga- rians are no musiciaus. The national dances are often highly pantomimic, and the Magyar, who is seldom seen to smile, expresses the excitement of his feelings, whether in joy or sorrow, in dancing. The Magyar language is used in the courts of justice and in the public offices. The dress of the Wallachian peasantry on festive oc- casions is highly ornamental and becoming. The Italian costume is both rich and ele- gant, especially the head-dresses of the women, which are more tasteful than those worn on the north side of the Alps. In the conflict for superiority between the Ger- mans and Italians, neither nation does per- haps justice to the good qualities of the other; but the northern Italian must be allowed the merit of displaying those of continence, sobriety, and industry in a distinguished by a martial disposition and high degree, though he be less the slave love of show. The national eostume is now of form than his German neighbor. only kept among the peasantry, whose win- ter dresses especially are tasteful and even elegant. In the other Slavonic nations of the empire the love of ornament is less re- markable, the national spirit having sunk A large portion of the Austrian dominions are occupied by the Alps, and its scenery is most enchanting. Sir Humphrey Davy says. "The variety of the scenery, the verd- ure of the meadows and trees, the depths in the lapse of time during which they of the valleys and altitudes of the mount-- have been dependent. No Slavonic dia- lect is used in the courts of justice, or in public instruction in the higher schools of the empire. The German peasants wear the dress commonly met with all over Germany, with varieties in the color and head-gear ains, the clearness and grandeur of the rivers and lakes, give it, I think, a decided superiority over Switzerland." There is a greater disparity in the manners and customs of the people than in the scenery of the two countries. In Austria you are struck with the warm reception accorded in nearly every village. The Austrian j to you from all with whom you come in women wear caps or bonnets made with ; contact, and the earnest desire evinced to gold lace and decorated with spangles. In i give you all thev can for your monev. Tyrol the German costume is most pictur- j Money. Accounts in Austria are kept esque. : in florins and kreutzers. A florin at par The German language is that used in = 50 c. U. S. currency ; but its value, as transacting public business in the German paper money fluctuates, is from 35 c. t<> H and Slavonian provinces, and in the uni- c. U. S. currency. One hundred kreutzers versities on the north side of the Alps. TheMagyar>. .r inhabitants of the Hun- garian plains, of Tartar descent, are a high- spirited race, warmly attached to their hab- its and rights Their national costume is the most splendid in Europe, and everv family wears its distinguishing colors. The rich dolman (hussar jacket) and the taste- = 1 florin. AUSTBIAN MONTT. F. K. (Pieces of S ft" "^Imperial .Uieat 4 TO Nores of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 florin?. Silver : Pieces of 10 and 20 kreutzers. Copper : Pieces of 1 nnd 4 kreutzers. 707 Gold: Paper : [AUSTRIA.] VlEXKA. VIENNA. Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Em pire, is situated on the level of the Danube. Population, 1,103,857. Hotels: delnMe- tropo'e, Golden Lumb, Sucker's Hotel de I' Op- era. The Hotel de la Metropole, a mag-l nifieent edifice, containing 30 parlors and' 400 chambers, is fitted up in most eleganti style, and contains a fine view of the Dan-J ube ; its restaurant is renowned. It is un- der the experienced direction of Mr. Speiser. Hotel Golden Lumb, an old-established, first- class house in the Praterstrasse, has for many years been a favorite hotel with Eng- lishmen and Americans. It should not be confounded with a house of the same name in another street. Backer's Hotel de f Op- era, 4 Augustinerstrasse, is a fine, first-class ; house, opposite the Opera, and in the finest quarter of Vienna, the Ring, etc. Its res- taurant is celebrated as being one of the first in Europe ; Sucker's Summer Restau- rant, in the Prater, is also greatly frequent- ed during that season. Vienna Is a city of ancient origin, and has been the scene of many interesting his- torical events. It was successively taken by the Goths and Hun?, and subsequently by Charlemagne, who placed it under the government of the margraves of the East, as part of his dominions, whence it was called Oesterreicfi, and then Austria. The mar- graves, afterward dukes, held Vienna until the middle of the 13th century, when it was taken by the Emperor Frederick II., and again by Rudolph I., founder of the Haps- burg dynasty, in 1297. The Hungarians vainly besieged it in 1477; but eight years later it was obliged to surrender to Mathias, who then possessed the united crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, and made it the seat of his court. Since the time of Maxi- milian I. it has been the usual residence of 708 the archdukes of Austria and emperors of Germany. The most memorable event in its history, however, and one that largely influenced the fortunes of Christendom, was its famous siege in 1683 by a Turkish army '200,000 strong, under the command of Kara Mustapha, when it was only saved from surrender by the timely arrival of John Sobieski, the heroic King of Poland, who defeated the besiegers with great slaughter under the very walls of the city. In 1619 Vienna was unsuccessfully block- aded by the Bohemian Protestants. In 1805 it submitted to the conquering arms of the first Napoleon, and again, after a short resistance, in 1809. Vienna is of nearly circular form, be- ing twelve miles in circumference. The old city, or city proper, is, however, scarce- ly three miles round ; it was formerly in- closed by fortifications. Immediately out- side of these was a wide esplanade, called the Glad*, which has recently been elegant- ly built up, and is called Ringstrasse one of the most splendid streets in the world. Beyond are the extensive suburbs of the capital, which are about fifteen miles in circumference. In addition to the Ring- strasse, Vienna possesses numerous fine public promenades, among which are two extensive parks the Prater and the Au- garten. The Prater, beginning at the end of the Praterstrasse in the suburb called Leopoldstadt, was formerly a large park where deer were kept, and is now the fa- vorite promenade of the Viennese. The chief alley about 2^ miles long forms the centre of reunion for the better classes, and in the month of May is thronged with all the elegant equipages of the city. At the left side of this superb carriage-road there are coffee-houses, restaurants, music- halls, etc. This part of the Prater is chief- ly frequented by the lower classes, and on Sundays is generally crowded. Near the entrance, at your left, is the Aquarium, which is well worth seeing, and about half a mile farther down is the Exhibition Palace of 1873. The chief buildings still exist, but in a few years they will be de- molished. The Augarten is a very shady place in the proximity of the Prater. The other principal public gardens are Belvedere Garten. Schwarzenberg Garten, Botanis- cher Garten, Stadtpark, and Volksgartpn. Vienna, from its wealth and size, comes 37 AvyJkA K> tn/tmtimn fit ft - 'il 39 >>wii Mff' 42 TaltivatiM ./trt *~-:.t&xm N A VIENNA. nearer London and Paris than any other European city. It (lifters from these rit- ies in this respect, that it preserves about it more antique grandeur, and that it is the old, and not the new pans of the city that form the fa>hioiiable quarters, and rniiMins most of the objects of interest whii-h Vienna j TCM nts to the stranger, in- cluding, besides the imperial palace, those of Prince Esterhazy, Lichtt-nstein, Met- ternich, Schwarzenberg, and Auersberg, aa well as the principal churches, muse- ums, galleries, libraries, and public offices of every kind. There is no city in Europe that has so large a number of resident no- bility as Vienna. There are nearly 200 families of princes, counts, and barons who make Vienna their residence the great- er part of the year, spending from $50,000 to $200,000 yearly. It is said, with the exception of London, the citizens of Vien- na are the richest in Europe. The streets in the suburbs of Vienna are generally broad and straight ; but some of them, being unpaved, are in wet weather muddy and dirty, and in dry weather dusty. The thoroughfares in the city proper are, on the contrary, uniformly clean and well paved. Most of the squares or spaces in Vienna are ornamented with fountains or monuments. In the Josephsplatz is a fine equestrian statue of Joseph II. ; in the interior Burgplatz that of the Emperor Francis I. ; in the exterior Burgplatz the equestrian statues of Prince Eugene of Savoy and Archduke Charles ; in the Stadtpark the fine statue of the celebrated musician Schubert, and in the Schwarzen- bergplatz that of the renowned General Schwarzenberg. Vienna is far from being distinguished as a literary city, and amusement seems to form a principal object of its pleasure- seeking population. A fondness for music is general among all classes. The Vien- nese have, in fact, been described as a more eating and drinking, good-natured, illiterate, laughing, pleasure-loving, and, [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. character about which they display much jealousy or anxiety. So long as it is grant- ed that they can produce among their citi- /.ens a greater number of decent perform- ers on the violin or piano than any other capital, they have no earthly objection to have it said that they can likewise produce a greater number of blockheads and dcl>- auchees." "With all due deference to Mr. Ku^sell, we must beg to differ with him, although they may well be proud of their musical composers. Mozart, Haydn, Bee- thooven, and others have composed their best works in or near Vienna. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Cathedral of St. Stephen, which stands in the very heart of the city, and from which radiate nearly all the streets not only of the city proper, but ,.lso those of the suburbs. It is an elegant Gothic build- ing of imposing dimensions, being equal in size and richness of architecture to those of Strasburg and Antwerp. Its length is 850 feet, breadth 220 feet, and height of its graceful spire. 450 feet. Its bell weighs 358 cwt.. and was made of the 180 pieces of cannon taken from the Turks. Midway up the tower is the fine watch-station of the city, where a watchman stands ; a tel- escope is arranged in such a manner that, when he sees a fire, by reference to the chart of the city he can discover in what street and number it is. He immediately, by the aid of the telegraph, conveys the information to the fire-office, when in a very short time assistance is on the spot. The view from the top of the spire is most magnificent, taking in the famous battle- fields of Wagram, Lobau, and Essling, as well as the suburbs of the city and wind- ings of the Danube. The interior of the cathedral is rich in sculpture and stained glass. The principal objects of interest it contains are the gorgeous chapel of the Lichtenstein family, the monument of Prince Eugene, who is buried here, and that of the Emperor Frederick II. This withal, hospitable set of people than the , last is decorated with 240 figures, and rep- inhabitants of any other large city in Eu- I resentations of 40 coats of arms. Around rope. Neither here nor in any other large ! the sceptre in the hand of the effigy are town in Germany do social morals occupy the vowels, which was Frederick's motto, a very high grade. Mr. Russell says. "The Viennese take to themselves the reputa- tion of being the most musical people in Europe, and this is the only part of their VOL. II. H 2 A, E, I, O, U : Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universe, "Austria must rule the world." The crypt of St. Stephen's has been the burial-place of the royal family for cen- 709 VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. turies, but for the last 200 years only the bowels of the dead have been interred here. Their bodies have been deposited in the Church of the Capuchins, and their hearts in the Church of the Augustrnesl The open space that now surrounds the cathedral was formerly a church-yard, but Francis Joseph II. ordered the remains to be removed and placed in the vaults under the church, and the ground to be paved. The Church ofih>- Aiywftinta is one of the handsomest in Vienna. It is princi- pally noted for the masterpiece of Canova, the monument of the Archduchess Chris- tine. It consists of a pyramid of marble' 30 feet high, in the centre of which is an opening representing the entrance to the vault. This is reached by two broad mar~ ble steps, which are the base of the pyra- mid. Ascending the steps is a figure rep- resenting Virtue .bearing an urn which, contains the ashes of the deceased. By her side are two little girls, carrying torch- es; behind them is a figure of Benevolence supporting an old man bowed down by age and grief. A little child accompanies him, the very picture of innocence and sor- row. On the other side is an admirably drawn figure of a mourning genius, and at his feet crouches a melancholy lion. Over the entrance to the vault is a medallion of the archduchess, held up by Happiness, while a genius is presenting her with a palm, indicative of success. There are also monuments of Leopold II., General Daun, Van Swieten, and others. Through the door to the Loretto Chapel may be seen the silver urns in which are contain- ed the hearts of the imperial family, con< spicuous among which are those of Maria Theresa and Napoleon II. The Church of the Capuchins contains the vault where are interred the bodies of the royal family. This vault is shown at all times by torchlight, under the guidance ef one of the brothers ; but you must not come during dinner-hour ; gold will not move them then. One of the first coffins the visitor will look for will be that of the only son of the great Napoleon, the only prince of the Napoleon dynasty, with the exception of the late Emperor Napole- on III. and his son Eugene, born under the imperial purple. There is a sorrowful romance connected with his life and death that makes it an object of universal attrac- 710 tion. It is of simple copper, with a raised cross upon it. Not far removed from this is the coffin of his grandfather, the late Emperor Francis III., who was passionately fond of the prince during his life, and re- quested to be placed near him after death. The coffin of Joseph I. is of pure silver. Here also are those of Joseph II., his fa- ther Francis, and his mother Maria The- resa. It is said of the last that for thir- teen years she every day descended this mausoleum to mourn for her husband, until death gave her permission to lie continu- ally by his side. There are over eighty coffins in this narrow house of royalty. The unadorned coffin of the early instruct- or of the Empress Maria Theresa, the Countess Fuchs, lies here, by the special request of the empress. The Votivldrche, situated before the Schottenthor, is well worth a visit, as it is a building of perfect Gothic style. It was founded by the late Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, in commemoration of an unsuc- cessful attempt made upon the Emperor of Austria's life by a Hungarian assassin. The other principal churches in Vienna are the Carmelite church, which has some fine stained glass, the church of St. Mi- chael, and the St. Charles Borromeo, a splen- did building in the Byzantine style of ar- chitecture. There are some sixty other churches, eighteen conventual establish- ments, a Scotch church, several Greek churches, and a number of synagogues. The Imperial Palace, or Burg is a con- fused mass of buildings occupying a large extent of ground, attached to which is the Imperial Riding-school, the Library, the Jewel office, a museum of Antiquities, Minerals, Zoology, and Botany. The im- perial apartments arc shown when the court is absent. There are hundreds of palaces in Europe far superior to this in magnificence, although it contains some fine collections in art and science. Adjoin- ing this is the palace of the Archduke Al- bert, which is a very splendid structure. It contains one of the finest collections of engravings and drawings in Europe : they were mostly collected by the Duke of Saxe- Teschen, and largely increased by his son- in-law, the late Archduke Charles ; they amount to more than 200,000. There are over one hundred sketches and drawings by Raphael ; among these is the sketch for VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] his great picture, the Transfiguration. The figures aro all drawn naked, for the purpose of studying the. anatiunv of each figure. There are a large number of sketches by Michael Angelo, including the figures for his Last Judgment. The gallery is open on Mondays and Thursdays, from 9 tol. Attached to the Imperial Library is an- other magnificent collection of engravings, commenced by the Prince Eugene, num- Jering nearly :l"0,OuO. In this collection are whole volumes of the drawings of Ra- phael. Rembrandt. Vandyke, Rubens, Al- bert Diirer. and other great masters. The j Imp- r'd! Library is a beautiful building, ! Mtuated on the Josephsplatz. It contains nearly 350,000 volumes and 20,000 manu- M-ri]>ts. In the centre of the grand hall, a splendid apartment '2-Ki feet long, 54 feet wide, and GO high, is situated a statue of Charles VI., founder of the library; at least it was thrown open to the public for , the first time by this monarch. Among its other curiosities, it contains the Psalm- book of Charlemagne, in gold letters, and an engraving on bronze of an act of the Roman Senate prohibiting the Bacchanalia, bearing date 18t> years lie fore Christ ; also the MS. nf Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, Dante's Divina Comedia, in two copies, from the 14th and 10th centuries, and a military map of the Roman Empire in the fourth centurv. The Cabinet of Antiquities contains many rich and valuable relics. It is open on Mondays and Fridays. It contains 125,000 coins and medals, 50,000 of which are Greek and Roman. Here may be seen the cele- brated salt-cellar carved by Benvenuto Cellini for Francis I. It was formerly in the Ambras Museum. There are several other works here by this celebrated artist : his Leda and the Swan, etc. The finest cameo in the world is in this collection. The workmanship is considered the per- fection of art : it represents the Apotheosis of Augustus, and is about '26 inches in cir- cumference. The Cabinet of Minerals, which is open on Wednesdays and Saturdays, contains some fine specimens of diamond crystals and fossil remains ; also a large collection of meteoric stones, which have fallen from the sky in different parts of the world, some of then\ weighing a much as 70 pounds. Among the most noteworthy' relics is a bou- quet of flowers, made of precious stones, for the Empress Maria Theresa. The Museum of Natural History, Zool- ogy, and Botany is considered second to none in Europe. The specimens of birds are very complete. The leading curiosities are, an immense goose with four ! pigeon with the same number of pedal sup- porters, a horse covered with long woolly hair, and a horned owl. This museum is open only on Thursdays. The most interesting apartment, how- ever, in this vast establishment is the Schatzkammer, or Imperial Jewel Office, which may be visited on Tuesday, Thurs- day, and Saturday by ticket, although one florin is quite as effectual, and perhaps more so, as it secures a deal of informa- tion from the custodian that a ticket i.ot. Tickets of admission must be procured one day previous. The articles and relics contained in these chambers are rare and beautiful, and of fabulous value. Standing foremost among these is the diamond which was lost by Charles th;; Bold on the battle-field of Granson ; it was found by a Swiss soldier, and sold for it weighs 133 carats ! There is also an eiiK-ruld hen; weighing 298i> c:;r.it~. Here is kept the regalia of Charlemagne, taken from his grave at Aix-la-Chapelle, and used for centuries at the coronation of the German emperors ; the crown and scep- tre of Rudolph II. ; the robes, crown, and sceptre worn by the Emperor Napoleon when he was crowned King of Lombard y the jewels, however, are only imitations ; but they look so much like real stones that only good judges can tell ths difference the silver cradle of his son Nap-ileon IT., king of Rome, which was present -vl to him by the citizens of Paris. Among the relig- ious relics are the table-cloth used at the I.a>t Supper, a tooth of John the Bapti.-t, a piece of the true cross, the arm-bone of St. Anne, etc. There are also the sabre of Tamerlane and the horoscope of Wallen- stein. Situated under the library is the imperial Clinch-house, in which are kept all the state carriages. Here may be seen the ele_'ant stati< .--ledge of Maria Thert-.-a. The i.n- prrinl Hiiliny Schooi i also worthy of a visit. The YoVuyarte* (people's garden) and 711 VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA, Hofyarten, fronting the palace, are hand- somely laid out, and in the summer season are the usual resort of the citizens ; in the former is situated a temple, built for the express purpose of securing Canova's fine group of Theseus killing a Centaur. The artist received the order for the execution of this piece of sculpture from Napoleon, who intended it to decorate the triumphal arch at Milan. The soldier in attendance expects a small fee. Corti's Caf6, which is one of the best in Vienna, is situated in this garden ; and here Strauss' celebrated band or military bands play every day at a grand concert, on which occasion the garden is always crowded by the beau monde of Vienna. In the winter season the concerts take place on Sunday afternoon. The Imperial Royal Picture-Gallery, Up- per Belvedere. This is considered the sec- ond in quantity and quality in all Germany. It is open on Tuesdays and Fridays ; a fee of one franc will obtain entrance on other daj's. The palace which contains this gal- lery is in the Italian style of architecture of the last century. It was built by the Austrian general in chief, Eugene of Sa- voy, in 1724. Its architect was Jean Luc de Hildebrand, who was the constructor of many other ma<_fnificent palaces in Vienna. It came into possession of the government in the reign of Maria Theresa, and was ap- propriated by Joseph II. to hold the pic- tures of the imperial court. This palace, with its rich flower-garden, is one of the finest sights of "the capital, and the view of the city and its environs from the sec- ond story is superb. David Teniers, the younger, was counselor of the Archduke William, one of the most zealous collectors of this gallery, and was director of the German portion of this collection at Brus- sels ; one of his best pictures is in the sixth room, No. 34 : it represents him in presence of the Archduke with a large number of his Italian collection of pictures. In the grand marble saloon which forms ( -the entrance to the imperial gallery, and which is beautifulh- frescoed, we perceive two portraits, one of Joseph II., and the other of Maria Theresa, painted by Maron, 1775, and considered the best likenesses exist- ing of those noted personages. On the first story, the first seven rooms on the right are devoted to the Italian and Spanish schools ; the left seven rooms, and two cabinets, are 712 devoted to the Dutch and Flemish schools. On the second gtory, the four rooms on the right ;ire devoted to the ancient German, Flemish, and Dutch masters ; on the left of the same story, the apartments contain entirely modern German pictures. The general catalogue does not describe these, as they are daily increasing; they are de- scribed in a separate catalogue. On the ground floor, four chambers on the right contain pictures of the Italian school ; the fifth chamber is devoted to the library, and the five chambers on the left to pictures of the Flemish school, and to copies. In tb..s pavilion attached are exposed the scu'^ tures in marble of modern artists. In the first chamber the principal pict- ures are, No. 1, the Saviour at the house of Simon the Leper, with Mary Magdalen at his feet school of Paul Veronese; 12, Mars and Venus school (if Titian ; 23, the Annunciation of St. Mary, by Paul Vero- nese; 34, Judith with the head of Holo- fernes, by the same ; 49, Apollo and the Muses, by Tintoretto ; 50, a Holy Family, with Saints Catharine and Barbara, by Paul Veronese ; 54, Venus and Adonis, of the school of Titian. In the second chamber the principal pictures are, 2, Visitation of Man-, by Pal- . ma the elder ; 17, Diana and Kalliste, with the Nymphs, by Titian ; 19, the celebrated Ecce Homo : in this picture, which was formerly in the collection of Charles I. of England, and sold by Cromwell, the artist, in addition to his own portrait, has given those of several celebrated personages of his time that of the Emperor Charles V., as a chevalier in armor ; the Sultan Soli- man as a Turkish chevalier ; Pitale is rep- resented by a friend of Titian's, Peter Are- tino ; the date 1543. with Titian's name, i ie on the picture ; 36, Danue reposing on a \ Couch, by Titian. From 35 to 46, with one exception, arc all of Titian ; 46 is a fine portrait of John Frederick, elector of Sax- ony, by Titian : 06. a young Girl embraced by a Warrior in armor, both of whom are being crowned by Victory : before them stands the God of Love, by Paris Bordone ; CO, the Woman taken in Adultery and conducted before Christ, by Titian : 59, an Allegory : the old man on the right sup- posed to be the celebrated general of Charles V., the Marquis del Vasto, and the young girl before him his sweetheart. VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. In the third chamber we see two Roman battl S08. 56 and 57. by Salvator This mom contains Raphael'? Ma- donna of the Meadow the Virgin, Child, and St. John in :i meadow. The edge of the Virgin's robe bears the (late MDVI. It is painted on wood, half life size, and is numbered o.">. In the Golden Cabinet is Henri Fiiger's celebrated allegorical pic- ture of the Peace of 1814, a magnificent composition. In the fourth room are sevsral tine pic- tuns by Carlo Dolce, an exquisite painter. Th,-,. arc, '.'. St. MarxjAJthJ-hiJlifant; 16, Chri-t with the Cross: ajidJ in (irief ; 2','. the Presentation in the Tem- ple. Simon holding the Infant Jesus, and at his sides St. Joseph. St. Anne, and St. * Elixaheth, by Fra Hnrtolomeo. Rubens I formed bis style of painting from this pic- ' ture. - In the fifth room are a large number of paintings by the celebrated master, Guido Reni, born l">7f>. died 1642. Chief among these are, 1, theBaptism^pf .Christ ; 15, an allegorical pietuTff OfTne Four Seasons; 24, a Magdalen at Prayer : 27. the Present- ation in the Temple; 13, Adonis surprises Venus by the side of Love, by Annibale Caracci ; 30, the Jieturit of the Prodigal Son, and 32, the Prodigal Son receiving new Garments from his Father, both by Guercino ; 3'i, two Females at the Toilet, by Elizabeth Sirani. In the sixth room, 2, Venus playing with Love, in the background a Satyr, by Lo- dovico Caracci : 4, the Incredulity of St. Thomas, by Preti ; 5, Death of Cleopatra, by Guido Cavnacci : 12. Christ and the woman of Samaria at the FomnTatny by Annibale Caracci; 17. Roman Charity, by Franceschini ; 19. Jupiter, hidden in a cloud, embraces Io, by Correggio : 27. St. John as a Child, with a lamb, by Murillo ; 4'.', 4:;. 44. 45, and -17. -is, 1ft. f><'. the Tri- umphs of Julius Caesar, by Andrea Mon- tague. In the seventh room. 14. Picture of a family, by Velas, and other painters ; 14 and 15 are Fish-market- the figures are by Jor- daens ; the rest of the pictures by Van Es. In the second room are several fine land- scapes by Ruysdael ; 29 and 36, TenierB the elder, and Backhuysen. The view of Amsterdam by the last is his best picture here ; the port is tilled with vessels. The third room is mostly filled with pot traits by Vandyke : 2 is one of his master pieces St. Mary with the Infant on tha Throne : the child is crowning St. Rosalia with flowers, an angel with flowers is standing by her side, with the apostles Pe- ter and Paul on either side of the throne ; 4, portrait of Prince Rupert, son of tha Elector Frederick V., is excellent, by Van- dyke ; 9, portrait of a lady in a black robe. by Kneller; 17 and 29, by De Craven very fine. The fourth chamber is entirely filled with Rubens' paintings. The principal pictures are, 1, St. Ignatius Loyola cast- ing out Devils ; 2. the Assumption of the Holy Virgin ; 3j_St! Francis Xavier preach- ing and doing miracles among the Indians ; *. St. Ambrose refusing the Emperor The- odosins admission into the church at Mi- lan, touched up by Vandyke Sir Joshua Reynolds says, "The better for even- touch :" 9, the Alliance of Frederick III., king of Hungary, afterward emperor of Germany, with Charles Ferdinand of Spain ; 16. a scene from the Decameron of Boccace Cimon finding Iphigenie and her two companions asleep ; near a basin is a dog. a monkey, and a bird, with vases of fruits and flowers. In the White Cabinet are some elegant specimens of fruits and flowers. The Green Chamber contains three very magnificent pieces : 20, the Water Doctor, by Gerard Dow ; and 103 and 104, by Balthasar Don- ner : they are the heads of an old man and old woman, and are most remarkable for the manner in which the hair and wrinkles are painted. The fifth room is nearly filled with Ru- ben-' work. The principal are 1, 6, 7. 11, 21, 22, 23. Xo. 6, the penitent Magdalen and her sister Martha; 7. the Feast of Ve- nn a statue of the goddess surrounded by dancing satyr-, nymphs, and little cu- pids : the sacriticc is burning before the statue ; 11, a portrait of Helena Fonnan, 713 VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. 4 Rubens' second wife, entering a bath, par- tially covered with a wrapper. The sixth room is mostly filled with works of that celebrated artist, David 'IV- niers the younger ; also some of David Te- niers the elder. No. 11, a cabinet of art, with pictures and a variety of objects in nature and art, with visitors examining the same, by Jordaens ; 17, a Sorceress chasing Phantoms, by David Kyckaert; 23, Venus and Adonis, by Jansens; 31, Pan, with nymphs and satyrs, by Teniers the elder ; 34, the interior of the picture- gallery at Brussels, with portrait of the painter, Teniers the younger, in the fore- ground; 51, the Archduke Leopold Wil- liam, governor general of the Low Coun- tries, receiving a deputation from the cross- bowmen of Brussels the painter Teniers, with his family, in the foreground. Nos. 43, 44, and 5-), by the same artist, are very fine. In the seventh room are some fine por- traits by masters of the Spanish school, with a number of pictures by Rubens. Nos. 27 and 47, by Jordaens, are very ex- cellent ; 54, an Attack of Cavalry, by Pala- medes, good. In the first room on the second floor a number of the masterpieces of Albert Du- rer are to be found, his best works being preserved in this collection : they are Nos. 13, 15, 18, 26, 28, and 30. No. 18, the Holy Trinity, is considered his best. There are also a number of portraits by Holbein the younger. No. 81, an altar-piece, the Crucifixion, by Schongauer a magnificent composition. In the second room we find a number of pictures by Quintin Matsys : 29, 32, and 37. No. 38 is a very fine picture. In the third chamber we find the Tower of Babel, by Pierre Breughel ; 17, Adam and Eve driven from Paradise, by F. Flo- ris ; a number of fine portraits by Pierre Porbus the elder, and a number of very excellent pieces by Roland Savery. In the fourth room stand prominent, 1, David and Bethsaba ; 4, Mercury surprises Venus in the arms of Mars ; 5, the Re- union of Bacchus and Ceres, by Van Achen ; 11, Venus reposing on a Couch, by Joseph Heinz; 19, by the same artist; -J-1. Mar- riage of St. Catharine ; 39, Bacchus and Venus, by Van Achen. The four rooms corresponding to the 714 last described have no catalogue of pict- ures. They are all of the modern school of Germany. There is one landscape de- serving of especial notice. It is by Han- schofer. In the vestibule of the ground floor the visitor will find a magnificent marble statue of the Emperor Charles VI. in the antique costume of the Roman em- perors. It was executed by George Ra- phael Donner in 1734. The nine rooms on the ground floor are devoted to copies, and Italian, Flemish, and Dutch masters, and ' in the adjoining pavilion may be seen some sculpture. The Lower Belvedere, at the lower end of the garden, contains the celebrated A *- bras Collection of armor, so called from hav- ing been brought from the castle of Ambras, in Tyrol, where it was collected by the Archduke Ferdinand, count of Tyrol, and son of the Emperor Ferdinand I. It is considered the most authentic historical collection in Europe, the prince having himself written to all the contemporary sovereigns for the purpose of obtaining suits of armor of the most distinguished persons attached to the different courts in the 14th, loth, and 16th centuries. There are three apartments filled with armor. In the first room are kept all the armor be- longing to members or connections of the imperial family; in the second, those of celebrated German princes and nobles ; in the third, those of Spanish and Italian princes and nobles. The most noteworthy in the collection are suits of Don John of Austria and Philip II. of Spain ; the armor of the Emperor Maximilian ; that of Mau- rice of Saxon}-, and Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma ; the steel suit of Albert the Bear, elector of Brandenburg. There are numerous other apartments in this palace, filled with portraits of all the principal European sovereigns and dis- tinguished persons, Roman antiquities, weapons of sport, and musical instruments, collections of precious stones, valuable jew- elry, collections of dresses brought from the South Sea by Captain Cook, etc., etc. The gallery is open to the public Tuesdays and Fridays ; at other times a small fee will obtain an admission. A catalogue may be obtained at the door. There are quite a number of very val- uable private galleries in Vienna, which may he visited by paying a small fee to VIENNA. ATSTKIA.] VlIIX.NA. the custodian say one franc. One of the best pi< -lure-galleries, the J:'stfrhazy liiil- lery, which contained several Murillos. lla- phucKl'aul Potters. Kubenses. Tintorettos, nl'i da Vim-is, Domenichinos, Rem- lirandts, and other great masters, was trans- ferred to Pe>th Mime years ago. Tin- pict- ure-gallery in the summer palace of Prince I.ii'k'inxtein .may be visited any day in the week from 9 to 12, or 3 to C. Among the most valuable of this collection are Ra- phaels, Correggios, Titians, Guides, Do- nu'iiichinos, and Giorgiones, also several portraits by Vandyke and Gerard Dow. Tin 1 grounds about this palace arc beauti- fully laid out, and kept in excellent order. The picture-gallery of (.'<-nnt I'-.intin con- tains a small collection; the pictures are, however, very choice. The Counts of Schdnbxunn, Harrach. I.emberg, and many other noblemen, have collections of choice paintings. One of the most important places which the traveler should see in Vienna is the Impt-rinl Arsenal, within the walls of which i tilled barracks capable of holding III.IKMI men. It WU ei, eh <1 in 1*W, and is a large and massive structure. Within its walls it cnntains every tiling necessary for the maintenance, of a l.irirc :.rmy. It has manufactories of all kinds of weapons, from the largest cannon to the smallest dirk. It also has a hospital, a church, and an officers' barrack. It coi-t ::i::s 200,060 stands of arms always ready for use. Its collection of arms and armor is one of the largest and U .-t in Ivirop:-. li may be vis- ited any day by a ticket (.bt ii:ied from the Minister of War, and is open to the public on Thursdays from 9 till 5. Around the court-yard is hung the monster chain which the Turks threw across the Danube in 1529. It is composed of 8000 links. The upper rooms contain a great many interesting historical relics, among which are Marl- borough's arms, the armor of John Sobies- ki. Mohammed'! green standard, which So- bieski captured at the siege of Vienna, the elk-skin coat worn by Gustavus Adolphus at the battle of Lutzen. an immense number of standards captured in battle, and other relics. In the Town Ar.on/if is a large quan- tity of arms, the same that were stolen bv the mob in the late revolution. Here is kept the head of the Grand Vizier Kara Mustapha, commander of the Turkish forces at the siege of Vienna in 1683. He wa< Mrangled by order of the Sultan, on account of having failed to take the city. When Belgrade was taken, his body was disinterred, the head cut off and brought to Vienna, as well as the cord with which he was strangled. The public institutions of Vienna are many and liberally endowed. Few capi- tals can compare with it in the number of its colleges, schools, and hospitals. Its Unirersity, which was founded in 1237. is celebrated on the Continent as a school cf medicine, and is probably attended by a greater number of students than any other German University except that of Berlin. There are between 80 and 90 professors, who are paid by the government, and are neither permitted to receive fees on their own account nor to give private 1* The theological, surgical, and veterinary courses are delivered free, but the student has to pay about $8 for attendance on lec- tures on philosophy, and $13 for those of medicine and jurisprudence. This amount is appropriated to the use of indigent stu- ilents. The .\nrmit! School of Vienna was founded by Maria Theresa, and is a copy for all others in the Austrian dominions. Soldiers' children, and children of parents too poor to pay for their schooling, are taught gratuitously. The General Hospital of Vienna is an immense building, capable of holding 3000 patients. It is ranged round numerous quadrangles, and receives annually 30,000 patients. Connected with this hospital is the Lying-in Hospital, to enter which not even the name of the applicant is demand- ed. She may enter veiled or masked, and remain incognito the whole time she con- tinues in the house. She receives every attention. None are permitted to r-ce her but her physician and nurse, and when her confinement is over, she may leave tha hospital without any person having tha slightest knowledge of who she is. has only to inclose her name in a sealed envelope ami deposit it with the superin- tendent, that, in case of death, her relatives may be apprised of the event. The are so carefully guarded by the govern- ment that neither parents, friends, nor even the officers of justice can approach them, and it is contrarv to law to prove 715 VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. their presence in this establishment in a court of justice. According to their cir- cumstances, they pay for their mainte- nance ; the best accommodations are about 50 cents per day, 30 c. and 12 j c. for inferior. Persons not able to pay any thing are obliged to act as nurses for two months. Nearly 20,000 children are supported in this institution at one time. The mother may either take or leave the child in the hospita>; if the latter, she receives a tick- et, by presenting which the child ma}- be reclaimed at any time. If he be not taken away at a suitable age, he is brought up to some trade, or made a soldier; if a girl, a nurse in a hospital. The mortality among the children is very great. The object of this institution is to prevent the many cases of infanticide which would oth- erwise occur, but there can be no doubt that the secrecy it guarantees acts as a powerful incentive to the immorality of the Viennese. Vienna has six theatres, three in the city proper and three in the suburbs ; the last are the minor theatres. The Opera-house, one of the most splendid theatres in Eu- rope, is very large, and is devoted to the opera and ballet. The pieces are magnifi- cently put upon the stage, and only the best performers are engaged. The house has three rows of boxes, and half a row next the pit. The Hofburg Theater is attached to the palace, and, as well as the Opera, is supported by the government. It is de- voted solely to the performance of the best classic and modern dramas and comedies. The performers, after ten years' service, have a pension settled upon them for life by the government, with an annuity after death for their widows. The Stadttheater gives the same kind of performances, but the actors are much inferior to those of the Hofburg. The the- atre at the Wieden a very spacious room and the Carltheater in the Leopoldstadt are devoted to modern operettes, farces, and sensational dramas of German or French origin. The theatre in the Josephstadt, opened only during the winter, can scarce- ly offer anj' attraction to a stranger. Dur- ing the summer time a seventh theatre is opened in the Prater. It is called /'>'/ r*/- theater ; appropriated to farces, and patron- ized by the middle and lower classes. It is the arena on which the national charac- ter is painted in the most lively colors and 716 broadest manner. The best seats in all these theatres are the orchestra-stalls price from 1 to 2 dollars. Cafe-concerts, music, and dancing halls abound in Vienna and its environs, for the entertainment of its citizens and strangers. The City Park has been lately much im- proved, and large additions made to it. It is now one of the most beautiful in Europe. At one end a splendid building called the Cure -hall has been erected; in it are a handsomely decorated concert-room, a cafe saloon, and a drink-hall : at the last may be obtained the genuine waters from all the celebrated springs of Europe ; the city au- thorities exercise a supervision over this es- tablishment, to see that all the waters sold are genuine. A portion of the park is ex- clusively reserved for children as a plav- ground; here pure milk only is sold. A " horse-railway " has been laid around the old city in the elegant street called the "Ring," from which radiate railways to all the different parts of the suburbs. The magnificent structures recently erected on the "Ring" put the finest buildings in Paris to shame ; notwithstanding the rapid improvement one sees in Paris, Vienna is rapidly gaining upon it. One of the most important products of Vienna are articles in Russian leather, the prices being much lower here than else- where. The principal house is that of August Klein, No. 20 Graben (only), with branch houses in Paris and London. His stock of bronzes, ivory carvings, traveling articles, etc., is immense. Among the principal manufactures of Vienna are velvet, silk, and cotton cloths. Its manufacture of meerschaum pipes is carried on to a very large extent. The meerschaum is a kind of clay, consisting of VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] hydrate of magnesia and silex. It is found in beds in various parts of Europe, but particularly in Asia Minor, and when first taken out is soft, and makes lather like soap. When manufactured, it is boiled in oil or wax, and baked. Pipes may be bought here much cheaper than at any other place in Europe. Carriages. There are three classes of carriages for hire in Vienna ; the first class is the Stadtlohnwtigen : these are the same as private carriages, and have the privilege to enter into the court -yard of private houses ; all other kinds must set you down in the street; they may be hired by the day, week, or month, at from 84 to G per day, with 50 cents to the coachman. The next best class is thejiacre, which has no fixed price, and for which a bargain should invariably be made ; the ordinary price is 50 cents per hour. No American traveler should leave Vi- enna without making an excursion to Pres- burg. Pesth, etc., on the Danube (for de- scription of tours, see Index); and all trav- elers to the East should adopt the Danube route to Constantinople and the Holy Land, it being the quickest and most reasonable. The "Danube Steamship Company" have a large fleet of splendid passenger boat*, and by a direct accelerated service between Vienna and Constantinople passengers can reach the latter city in the short space of 68 hours. Steamers to Rustchuk, rail to Varna, and steamer to Constantinople. The fares, including coffee, luncheon, din- ner, and tea, are only, first class, 121 A. 80 kr. ; second class, 85 fl. 80 kr. VIENNA. The Enrirnns of Vienna are worthy of notice, and much frequented by pleasure- parties from the metropolis. The principal place is Schvnbrunn, the favorite summer residence of the emperor. This palace wa begun by Matthias, and finished by Maria Theresa. It possesses a melancholy histor- ical interest on account of Napoleon II., duke of Reichstadt, having died here, and in the same bed that his imperial father oc- cupied in 1809. This occurred in 1832. An impression is prevalent in our country that this prince was detained in Austria as a state prisoner. It is a mistake. He was univer- sally beloved for his goodness of heart and mild disposition, and was a favorite with his grandfather, the late emperor, who kept a watchful eye on him, that he might not be- come the victim of designing men who wished to carry him to France ; but there was not the slightest restriction on his per- sonal liberty. Some fine pictures and por- traits adorn the palace, and the furniture is very rich. The gardens behind the palace were made memorable by the attempted assassination of Napoleon by the German student Stapps, who was convicted and shot a few hours afterward. The gardens are beautifully laid out in the French style, with long avenues bordered with hedges, rising to a great height. At the extrem* ity of one of the avenues is the Beautiful Fountain, or Schone-Brunnen, from which the palace derives its name. From the Glorietta Temple, in the rear of the garden, a beautiful view of the grounds, and Vi- enna in the distance, may be obtained. There is a fine Botanical Garden and Me- nagerie attached to the grounds. Near Hitttedlorf is the emperor's deer- park, at which place may be seen 3000 wild boars, rather an unusual sight. A short distance from Schijnbrunn is the beautiful village of Heitzing. In the church-yard there is an exquisite monu- ment, by Canova, erected to the memory of the Baroness Pillersdorf. The Casino of Dommeyer contains a cafe, restaurant, billiard-room, and dancing-saloon. It is beautifully fitted up, and the music is su- perb. Parties from Vienna generally visit it for the purpose of obtaining suppers, which are finely got up. The "Neue Welt," fine park and res- taurant ; theatre and concerts every day during summer ; more frequented than any similar establishment in Vienna. At the end of this little town begins a very ro- mantic valley called the "Bruhl," where woods and green meadows, ruins of old 717 VIENNA. [AUSTRIA.] VIENNA. castles and modern country-houses, togeth- ! er with a magnificent aqueduct, present to the eyes of rhe tourist a most varying .mil delightful scenery. Laxenburg, to which you can proceed by railroad, forms one of the most agreeable excursions from Vienna. It was the fa- , vorite summer residence of Maria Theresa j and of the late emperor. There is a beau- j tiful avenue of trees which connects it with the palace of Schonbrunn. The palace in \ itself is not worth the visit, but the gardens and park are exquisitely laid out. The winding avenues and walks are so densely hemmed in with shrubbery that you are obliged to take a guide at the entrance to prevent your missing your way. The "lion" of Saxenhurg, however, is the Fran- zenburg, or Ritterschloss, an antique castle situated in the centre of a small lake. It will occupy several hours to examine all its antique furniture, its carvings in wood and stone. Its collection of armor is rich and varied ; in fact, it is a perfect museum of antiquities and curiosities. Among the collection of armor are numerous suits made for females and children. In one of the rooms there is a procession of knignts proceeding to a tournament, and another is surrounded with statues of celebrated Ger- man emperors. In another room there is a fac-simile of a chamber of torture, and in the miniature dungeon a wooden prisoner. The whole castle is a very correct imita- tion of a feudal fortress of the Middle Ages, filled with authentic relics. Near to this castle is the Turnierplatz, where tourna- ments formerly took place by members of the imperial family and young nobles. There is also here a Temple of Diana, a Prater, and artificial waterfall. A very interesting excursion may be made, to Mddling to see the castle and park of Prince Lichtenstein and the Knight Templars' Church of Holy Otmar. At your left on the way to Mi-idling you pass the Spinnerin am Kreuz (the spin- [ ner at the cross), a Gothic cross erected in 151(1 by Crispinus, adorned with a stat- ue of Crispinus and Crispiamis. It re- ceived its name from a tradition, which is generally believed among the natives, that a maiden during the Holy Wars made a vow, when her lover set out for Palestine, to sit here and spin until his return. We could neither find out whether she 718 kept her vow, or whether he ever came back. An excursion to the warm springs of Baden (one hour by railway), if in the sea- son, to see the manner of bathing in com- pany, will to some be found very amusing. Some of the baths will accommodate 200 persons at once. Male and female, attired in long 4re88ing-gown, enter the bath pro- miscuously, and stand or move around up to their necks in .steaming water. The ladies enter from one side and the gentle- men from the other, but in the bath there is no separation. Every body is talking, ever^ body joking, aud every body try- ing to make himself or herself agreeable. Many who are in perfect health take great delight in mixing in this motley crowd. The balconies around the bath are filled with the friends of the bathers, but they are often compelled to retire, as it is al- most impossible to withstand the beat of the steam. The Archduke Albert and many of the nobility have palaces here, and often dur- ing the season, the town, which contains 5000 inhabitants, has a population of 15,000. The walks about the town are charming, and the valley of Helenenthal, where ev- ery body repairs after dinner, is really charming. The valley is surrounded by heights on all sides, covered in many places with ruined castles, to reacli which are paths running up the woody sides of the valley in all directions. On the left is the beautiful palace of the Archduke Albert, surrounded by groves and flower-gardens; on the heights are the ruined castles of Rauhenstein, Rauhcneck, and Scharfeneck. The owners of Rauhenstein were robber- knights, and, during the reign of Maxi- milian I. they stopped the empress on the high-road and robbed her. This act was the cause of their downfall. Another excursion may be made to Le~ opoldsbcrff, Kahlenberg, and KfosterneubuTff. The building on the summit of Kahlenberg was formerly a convent, but was suppress- ed by Joseph II. It afterward came into >ion of the Prince de Ligne. who died here. It is now the property of a company, which has built there a fine ho- tel and several country-houses. The view from the Kahlenberg and Le- opoldsberg is a most magnificent one, as you see before you the city of Vienna in VlKNXA. all its grandeur, the superb river the Dan- ube and the mountains of the \\ ieiier- wald, covered with well- cultivated vine- yards <>r superb forests. Since 1873 a railway brings you to the summit of mountains. It is constructed in the same way as that on the Kigi in [AUSTRIA.] BRUNT*. ROUTE No. 185. Vienna to Dresden, via Brunn, Pardu- bitz. and Prague. Time, 13 h. 13 m. ; fare, 1st class, 27 fl. G5 kr. ; 2d class, 20 fl. 55 kr. Vienna to Prague, by this, the Austrian State Railway (quickest), or by the Kaiser Franz Joseph's Railway, or the Northwest Switzerland. It is in connection with ' Railway, see Prague, p. 723. the small steamers leaving Vienna from Half an hour from Vienna the station the pier near the Metropolitan Hotel, of Wagram is passed. It was at this point it- is a very pleasant, attractive, and easy that the celebrated battle, of Wagram was excursion, which nobody should omit to \ fought between the French and Austrians make. ! on July 5th and 6th. 1809, under the com- Klosterneuburg contains one of the larg- mand of Napoleon and the Archduke iid oldest monasteries in Austria; it Charles. The French were the victors. is also one of the wealthiest. yards of Klosterneuburg belon IT t<> this monastery. It has a library of volumes. The monastery was founded during the early part of the 12th The vine- Napoleon rewarded General Berthier with exclusive- the title of Prince of Wagram. At the station of Gansendorf the line to Presburg diverges to the right. At Xuitz the Oriental tower in the park century by St. Agnes, wife of St. Leopold, of the Prince Lichtenstein may be seen .Margrave of Babenberg, who was canon- in passing. At Xilcolsburg the armistice ixed by Pope Innocent VIII. in the loth between the Austrians and Prussians was century. Of course there is a legend at- concluded July 26, 1866. Above the town taehed to its foundation there always is. are situated the Palace Mountains, crowned It is said that Agnes, having determined by a ruined castle. to erect a convent, in looking for a site, Briinn, the capital of Moravia, is situated had her veil blown away. It was not found 1 near the junction of the Schwarza and until nine years afterward, at which time Zwittawa, two small affluents of the River her husband, while out hunting, discovered Morava, which carries its waters to the it on a tree perfectly preserved, which Danube. It contains a population of clearly proved t/tat was the site for the pro- 50.000 inhabitants. Its principal hotels jected convent. The veil and part of the are Drt i Fiirsten and Kaiser von Oester- tree are both shown to convince the un- > reich. Terms moderate ; dinner a la carte. believer! (We were once told by a trav- j The city is distinguished as a great seat eler that he had caught a brook trout j of the woolen manufacture, as well as for ,* f<( f'ti;/.' and on our venturing to sug- its silk, soap, glass, tobacco, and cotton few inches off as a compromise, he ottered to .--h'.- //.-.- the brook where he ca'/ght works. It contains nothing to detain the traveler, unless he wishes to visit the vil- it, as conclusive proof!) The Emperor lage of Austerlitz, the scene of one of Na- Maximilian II. placed the ducal coronet on ' poleon's greatest victories, which lies thir- the shrine of St. Leopold, praying the saint to take charge of the same. Joseph II., whose name should have been Thomas, '.thought the keeper of the crown jewels at Vienna the better custodian of the two, and removed it accordingly. Leopold II. thought he would give his namesake an- other trial, and sent it back to the saint, where it still remains. teen miles to the east. On a hill to the west rises the Spielberg, the citadel of Briinn, formerly a state prison. This was the place of captivity for eight years of the Italian poet, Count Silvio Pellico. The Museum open Wednesday. Saturday, and Sunday contains a collection of Antiqui- ties and Natural History. The Cathedral presents a fine aspect, situated on an eminence. The church of St. James is a Gothic ed- ifice founded in 1314, noted for its elegant proportions. In the choir there is a mon- ument to Marshal Souches, the defender of the town against the Swedes. 719 AUSTERLITZ. [AUSTRIA.] PRAGUE. To the west rises the Franzensberg, on j Vienna, is the most important place in the which an obelisk has been erected t.> the German provinces of Austria, and ranks Emperor Francis I. It is surrounded by fine promenades. [On the branch line from Briinn to Pre- rau thirty minutes from Briinn, is the sta- tion Atisterlitz, close to which was fought, December 2, 1805, the celebrated battle of the Drei Kaiser- Schlacht, or the " Three Emperors," generally known as the battle of A uster/itz, where the Emperor Napoleon gained the greatest of all his victories. The Russian forces were 100,000 men, com- manded by the Emperor Alexander I. in person. The Grand -Duke Constantine was also in command. The Austrians numbered 200,000, commanded by the Em- peror Francis I. in person. The French forces were considerably outnumbered, but they were commanded by Napoleon in per- son, with Bernadotte, Oudinot, and Rapp, and other of his most famous generals. During the time a part of the Russian forces were crossing a small frozen lake, Napoleon brought his cannon to bear on the ice, when the entire force w;is sent., to destruction. The French took 20,000 pris- oners, 50 pieces of cannon, and large quan- tities of other spoils.] Passing the station offiaifz, the summer next to the capital in point of size and population. Hotels: The d'Angleterre, one of the oldest established houses in Austria ; Hotel de Saxe, magnificently furnished, with very moderate prices ; Hotel Victoria, a favorite resort of Americans (English landlady); Hotel Goldenen Engel, good, first-class house, conducted by the proprietor, Mr. F. Stickel. Prague stands on both sides of the Mol- dau (the chief tributary of the Elbe), in the centre of the province, and in the midst cf a fertile and beautiful region. It is the chief seat of the manufacturing industry of Bohemia. The principal quarters of the city are the Neustadt, the Kloinseite, and the Hrad- schin. The Altstadt, or old town, is gloomy, and the Judenstadt, or Jews' town, filthy. The Moldau, which flows north through the city, is crossed near the middle by the celebrated stone bridge, begun in the 14th and finished in the 16th century : it is 1850 feet in length, and is ornamented on each side with 28 statues of saints, and has a lofty tower at each end. Near the centre of the bridge stands the bronze statue of St. John Nepomuk, who was drowned in ~ residence of Prince Salm, and the exten- this river by King Wencislaus, because he sive ruins of Boskowitz, the town of Letto- witz is reached, noted for its ancient abbey and castle of Count Ralnokey. Pardubitz, a small, pleasant town, sur- mounted by the extensive ruins of a mag- nificent castle. [A branch line leads to Zittaii in 7 hours. Near the station Kdrdgsf/ratz. the great battle between the Prussians and Austrians was fought, July 3. 1866, when the latter were defeated.] Podiebrad station, near which the great battle that terminated the Hussite war took place in 1434, and also where on June 18, 1757, the Austrians under Marshal Daun gained a great victory over Frederick the Great, and drove the Prussians out of Bo- hemia. Prague. This city, the capital of Bohe- mia, stands in a basin surrounded on all sides by rocks and eminences, upon the would not betray the secrets which the queen had intrusted to him in the holy rite of confession. The place where his body was found is still marked bv a cross and live stars. There is a legend in existence here that flames were seen issuing from the 'water at this place until his body was searched for and found. There is a gor- geous silver shrine, weighing nearly 4000 pounds, placed in the Cathedral of St. Viti:.s. In this shrine, incased in a silver and crys- tal coffin, is the body of St. John ; around the shrine are silver lamps continually burning. From the circumstance of his death, St. John has become the patron saint of all bridges in Catholic countries. He - was not canonized until the early part of the 18th century. The peculiar architecture of Prague, and its numerous domes, spires, and turrets, give it quite an Oriental appearance. slopes of which the buildings rise tier aft- j The first object that strikes the eye on en- er tier as they recede from the water's tering Prague is the Hradschin, or palace brink. It contains 189,994 inhabitants, of the hill, the former residence of Bohe- 10,000 of whom are Jews, and, next to ; mia's kings : it is an immense pile of build- 720 P R C nAitcttdfl Kesititnx, i Zai>koroitx.tcher thl 9 Cbllfgium (Tementimim 13 (IconCaUaxscherlbl. franxens -Monument "N'eustadt 17 18 J? ' Smniausiiirt/te 10 Salfn '.\cJlfn (^flr-tfft ;20 Bofunischf Judenstadt 21 J7*- Synagogue 22 ^ller tsnulitisclur- U E. Book. PRAGUE. [. \rsTRI A.] PRAGUE. Ull he TC ings, more remarkable for extent than beauty. Immediately behind the Hrad- schia are the heights of L:iiirfi:zil;i-r^. whore in ancient times the native pagans celebrated the rites of iire-wor.-hip. On a im mediately below the palace are two obelisks, which mark the spot where the imperial commissioners and their sec- retary, sent thither with the most intoler- ant edicts against the Bohemian Protest- ants, were indignantly thrown out of the windows of the palace by the deputies of the kingdom : this was in 1618, and was the commencement of the Thirty- years' War. which secured the liberties of Ger- many, and ended with the Peace of West- phalia in 1'il*. Within the precincts of the Hradschin stands the Cathedral tf St, }'i/n,<: open from 5 to 12 and '2 to <>; it \vas begun in 1340, and finished in 1-W.. It Is a nn>-t intere-ting edifice, and a complete museum of curiosities. Its choir was built by Charles IV.. and the chapels that sur- round it are much admired. In the Ca- thedral is the monument erected by I.u- dol|,h II. as a tomb for himself and other Bohemian kings. It is of white marble, and most beautifully executed. Over the high-altar is an excellent picture of St. Luke painting the Virgin. It is in front of this altar the Emperors of Austria are crowned Kings of Bohemia. At the back is the tomb of Ottocar, who was kill- ed in battle by Rudolph of Hapsburg, the founder of the present house of Hapsburg. In addition to the chapel of St. John Xepo- miik, already described, is that of St. Wen- zel, patron saint of Bohemia, who was mur- dered by his brother in the 10th century: his statue, armor, and sword are here. In theSchatzkammer of the Cathedral are kept some very curious relics, among which are some of the bones of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, a piece of the true cross, two thorns from the dying Saviour's crown, one of the palm-branches over which he rode.the pock- et-handkerchief of the Virgin Mary, the bridal robe of Maria Theresa, worked by rself into a mass-robe, with numerous lies used at the coronation of the kings. Near the Hradschin is the palace of the counts of Czerin, which was one of the linest iii Bohemia ; it is now turned into a barrack. There are also many other fine palaces in this neighborhood, among which that of the Ci rand-Duke of Tuscany. The Carolinum is remarkable as the first * great public school established in Ger--, / many. This university was founded by Charles IV. in 1350, and contained at one / time 40,000 students, who were composed of Bohemians, Austrian.", Poles, Saxons, and Bavarians. A measure proposed by John Huss,the celebrated reformer, abridg- ing the privileges of foreigners, caused the secession of 25,000, who founded the Uni- versities of Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Cra- cow. The Carolinum is now exclusively devoted to instruction in medicine, law, and the sciences, while theology is con- ducted in the Clementinum. Among the numerous churches is that of the Tttfin-Kirche, noted for containing the grave of Tycho Brahe, the great a.-- tronomer, as well as the place where the heads and hands of the Protestant leaders were buried after being taken down from the gate tower of the bridge after the bat- tle of White Hill, where they were stuck up to appease the anger of Ferdinand. The Rathhaus, and the square in which it stands, are historically interesting from the many remarkable events that have here occurred. Here, during the Hussite troub- les, the mob entered into the council- chamber, and threw the German council- ! ors out of the windows on the pikes and spears of the rabble below. Sixty years later the mob again entered the Rathhaus, 1 and threw the magistrates out in the same style. John of Luxembourg, king of Po- land and Bohemia, who was killed at the battlo of Crccv. was severely wounded in a tournament in this square. This war- I rior, commonly known as the. " Blind King of Bohemia," was son of the F.mp.Tor Hen- ry VH. After the defeat of the Lithua- nians, when he lost an eye, and was on his way to Montpellier to consult a physician, he fell into the hands of a Jew, who caused him to lose the other. This diminished not in the least his taste fur war. At the battle of Crccy, whither lie went to render as.-i>t;mce to his ally, Philip of Valois, his horse was led on either side by a brave warrior. lie here lost his life, and the Black Prince gained his spurs and the feathers and motto which the princes of Wales bear to this day. which were original- ly possessed by the "Blind King of Bohe- mia." On the Kolowratstrassc, in the same 721 PRAGUE. [AUSTRIA.] PRAGIK. quarter with the Rathhaus Alstadt, is sit- uated the Bohemian or National M containing some fine antiquities found near Prague. There is also a .Museum of Xat- ur.il History and library. Op.-n to tlie public Tuesdays and Fridays, from 8 to 12; at other times a fee of 35 kr. Promi- nent in the latter is the autograph chal- lenge of John Huss, which was aftixed to the gate of the University of Prague, challenging all comers to dispute with him on the articles of his belief. This celebrated Reformer was born at Huss, in Bohemia, in 1376 ; he was educated at Prague, and became rector of the Univer- sity, and confessor of Sophia of Bavaria. queen of Bohemia. Having become strong- ly imbued with the doctrinas of the English reformer Wycliffe, he set out to reform the Church. He declared boldly that the wor- ship of the Virgin and saints was idolatry. The Pope condemned him for a heretic ; but, protected by Wencislaus, king of Bo- hemia, he pursued his plan of reform with energy and boldness. He was summoned to Constance to render an account of his doctrine. Under the assurance of safe-con- duct from the Emperor Sigisnmnd, he went. Hardly had he arrived before he was thrown into prison, tried, and condemned to be burned. He suffered martyrdom with heroic courage. A portion of his ashes were thrown into the Rhine ; the residue were retained by his di-ciples. who distributed them to their masters, crying for vengeance. Thus commenced the fa- mous Hussite war. The Hussites put at their head John Trocznow (nicknamed Ziska, from having lost an eye in battle), to avenge the death of Huss on the Catholics. He was de- scended from a noble family of Bohemia ; was very successful ; took the city of Prague, and refused to recognize Sigis- mund as King of Bohemia. He attacked and vanquish >d the emperor at the siege of Raby, where he lost his second eye. After several victories over Sigismund, Hfe forced him to accord to himself the title of Viceroy of Bohemia ; but, taking the plague, he died suddenly in 1-J24. It is said he gave orders to have a drum made out of his skin to frighten his enemies again after his death. This was the first of the reformed relig- ion, when, after flickering for nearly a cen- 722 tury, the flame suddenly burst forth in tho Reformation of Luther. The Hussites car- ried their blind zeal to too great an ex- tent : they destroyed nearly all the sculp- ture and ornaments of the different church- es, defacing the frescoes, and breaking the beautiful painted glass; this accounts for the uninteresting state of the ancient churches of Prague. Among the different places worthy of a visit in the Neustadt are the Military Hospital. House of Correction, Mad-house, ( 'ustom-house. General Hospital, and Mon- ument to the Swedes. On the same side of the river, above the suspension bridge, is the 1 \~i.*f< m r l, or Acropolis. These precipices are famous in history. It is said that Queen Libussa, the founder of Prague, who was a notori- ous wanton, used to pitch her lovers from this giddy height into the river as soon as she got tired of them, and wished a new one. A country clown, who was moro successful than the rest in retaining her passion, was the ancestor of the long line of Bohemian kings. Xear the Czernin Palace, in the HracT- schin, is situated the Loretto Chnpfl, which is an exact copy of the wandering house of Loretto in Italy (neither of which are any thing like the house at Nazareth"). This is considered the holiest place in Prague, and pilgrimages are made to it from all parts of Germany. Here you will be shown the leg-bone of Mary Magdalen and th'- skull of one of the wise virgins! The building was erected by the Princess of Lobkowitz, and contains a large quan- tity of Church plate. A fee of 40 kreutzers is expected. In the palace of Count Sternberg there is quite a large picture-gallery, but the paintings are very indifferent on the whole. One of the most important palaces in Prague is that of }\'at!< */> in, built by the hero and generalissimo of the Thirty-Years' War, Albert, duke of Friedland and Meck- lenburg, prince of S.igau and Glogau. In addition to the-.> e.-t.stes he owned lord- ships in Bohemia and Moravia, and, attha time he was dismissed from the imperial service, lived in state equal to the Emper- r. It was found necessary, when this ] was built, to pull down one hundred 1: to make room for it. The most skillful workmen on the Continent were employe*} [AUSTRIA.] Kiixu;- in beautifying and adorning it. I!i< -t i- blcs, iu which he kept three hundred car- vi.-re prnfu-cjy ornamented with marble. He had sixtv p:ige> of noble ! loodto wait on him, uniliu his ante-cham- ber were always to l>o found an abundance of tiamns and kni.'hts in waiting. When lie traveled from home a hundred car- - and wagons were necessary for his ->. witli lifty of the finest in liis train. Although hi* income was over live million dollars yearly, he was often troubled for the want of a few hundred dollars during the war. It is said you can travel from Prague to Vienna, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, without quitting his estate. The principal places of resort for prom- enade and amusement are th" bastions which surround the Kleinseite and the two i.-lands in the river. The - is frequented by the higher classes. It contains a hall-room, bathing e-tablish- ment, and numerous cafes. The Gross ';! Mand i^ the favorite place of re- sort for the lower i I ,t 1 "> miles east of the city is the of the battle of Prague. A monu- ment i- there to the memory of Schwerin, !> -ileriek the Great's favorite general, who was killed in this battle. 1'r.igue has manufactures of cotton, lin- en, silk, and woolen stuffs, hats, earthen- ware, and sugar refineries, and is the cen- tre of an extensive and rapidly inerea.-iug transit trade. It is al>o noted for its beau- tiful Bohemian glass-ware, which is manu- factured here very extensively, f The old Jewish burial-ground is rather a singular place, and well worth a visit. It is no longer used, not being capable of holding more. There are some tombs which date hack 1200 years ! Prague was taken by the Prussians un- der Frederick the Great in 1741, but they were soon compelled to evacuate the city, since which lime it has been held by the A.nstriaqB. Drosky from the station, 30 kr. ; two- horse fiacres, 50 kr. Half a day in the rown. -1 tl.; whole day. (', ti. ; 1 ll.'f Prague to Paris, rii Nuremberg-Pagny. Time, 33 h.10 m. ; fare, first class, tin fl.40k"r. Vienna to Prague, iiu Brunn and Kolin (Austrian State !{';/. Route 185, quickest), in 7 h. 50 m. ; fare. 20 fl. 28 kr. ; to Prayue, via Gmttndand Tabor, by Route 188 (A'wVr I riin: Joseph's R'y) ; time, 10 b. 7 m. ; fare, 17 tl. 7~> kr.; to Prague, via /naim, Deutsch- brod, and Lissa (Northwest R'y) ; time, 9J h. ; fare, 20 fl. 42 kr. (sec Rout The line to Dresden now crosses several arms of the Moldnu. on a bridge of eighty- seven arches, over three quarters of a mile long, which cost $1,700,000. Krjglup, a junction of two lines leading to Kladircr, in the midst of a large coal district. \Veltruf, a small village, with a chateau and park belonging to Count Chotek. Three miles from this station is the town of Mi-lnil:. belonging to Prince Lob- kowitz. and farther on is the station Raud- iated on the Ell>e : here is the castle of I'niK-i- Lubkoir'ttz, which contains a fine armory, picture-gallery, and a library of 46,000 volumes. It was in this castle that It'tiji-.i, the last of the Tribunes." was conlincd in 1350, by the Emperor Charles IV. l.'-!>"filz station is remarkable as the spot where the first battle of the Seven- \Var took place, when Frederick tin- Great defeated the Austrians under Marshal Braun. At Sitl-xl: station notice on the opposite bank of the river the extensive ruins of . the property of Prince Lob- kowitz. It was destroyed by the Hussites in 1 l-2i'.. Aim.-,!,/, Travelers here from Toplitz or Carlsbad change cars. This town does considerable traffic in the coal trade, but otherwise is of no importance. It was the birthplace of the celebrated painter Ra- phael Mengs. JioJeiibiich station. This is the frontier station between Prussia and Austria, and travelers descend in whatever direction they are traveling. Baggage is exam- ined, and the proprietor of the restaurant changes Austrian money into German, or .-T. A stop of nearly an hour takes place. As the line approaches Dresden it pro- ceeds through the interesting scenery of the " Saxon Switzerland." jia.-siim Ki"'rn\:. For description, see Index. ROUTE No. 186. Vienna to Prague, Dresden, Berlin, and Hamburg, by North Western of Austria Rail- way (sleeping-car route), via Znaim, Deutsch- brod, Kolin (Prague'), Riesa (Prague), Vsetat- Privor (Prague), Aussig (Teplilz, Carlsbad, etc.), Tetschcn, and Dresde::; thence to Ber- lin, vi i Rodeniu, and to Leipzig and Ham- burg, via Riesa. [Excursion to the Riesen- gebirgc.~\ The sleeping-car goes direct to Dresden, Berlin, Leipzig, and Hamburg; but for Prague should be left, or taken, at Lissa, and for Teplitz and Carlsbad, at Aussig. Vienna to Prague, via Lissa, 9J h. ; 20 fl. 42 kr. ; to Teplitz, via Aussig (33 min. from Aussig), 11 h. 12 m. ; 26 fl. 4 kr. ; to Carls- bad, via A utsiy (4 h. 12 m. from Aussig), 15 h. 9 m. ; 26 fl. 78 kr. ; to Dresden, 11 h. 29 m. ; 54 marks, 70 pf. ; to Berlin, 15 h. 17 m. ; 71 mks. ; to Leipzig, via Riesa, 14 h. 14 m. ; 66 mks. 60 pf. ; to Hamburg, via Riesa and Stendhal, 21 h. 5 m. ; 101 mks., 40 pf. Sleeping-car tickets are rated as fol- lows : Vienna to Dresden, 10 mks. ; to Ber- lin, 12 mks. ; to Hamburg, 16 mks. ; other distances are charged for at the rate of 6 mks. for 250 kil. (155 E. m.), greater distances cost- ing 75 pf. for every 50 kil. (31 E. m.) or un- der. Two hours from Vienna, passing through Kornenburg (16 kil.), Stockerau (26 kil.), and Oberhallnbrunn and Zdlendorf junction (74 kil.), four small localities, we reach Znnim (101 kil.), a junction, with a branch line to Grussburg ; a short stoppage is made here, and then on to Deutschbrod junction (225 kil.), 4 h. 55 m. from Vienna ; branch lines thence to Par- dubitz, Josephstndt, Reichenbach, and Bres- luu. Through Goltz-Jenikau and Czaslau, Kolin junction (299 kil.) is reached, C h.42 m. from Vienna: branch line to Prague in 1 h. 3 m. ; through Gross Wossek (308 kil., line to A. Paka), Podebrad, Nimburg junc- tion (323 kil., lines to Dobrowitz, Jungbunzl, Turnau, Reichenbach, Seidenberg, Gdrlitz"), to Lissajunction (338 kil.), whence to Prague in 1 h. llm. (see above). Vsetat-Privor (362 kil.), another line to Prague hence ; Melnik. and Aussiff junction (434 kil.), good buffet, 724 change of cars for Teplitz, Carlsbad, etc. (see above). Hence 31 min. to Tetschen (458 kil.), 10 h. 1 m. from Vienna, and the Austrian frontier station (see above). Remainder of route to Dresden, etc., see Route 185, and Index. Excursions can be made from Vienna via Pardubitz and Josephstadt into the Riesenge- Itiryi'. the "Giant Mountains" of Silesia. Passing Hirschberg, Warmbrunn (sulphur- ous springs), and Hermsdorf Castle. Schnff- gotsch should be visited, and an excursion be made to the Schneekoppe. The custodian of the ruins tells the following legend : In olden times the castle was inhabited by a great beauty, named Kunigunde, the only daughter of its lord, who had made a vow that she would never wed unless the claimant for her hand should first ride around the castle on the top of the outer wall, a fearful depth to the frightful abyss below. Being rich and beautiful, she had numerous suitors, most of whom retired when they heard the conditions of success ; but many made the attempt, and horses and riders were dashed to pieces. As she wished to remain single, this was the cruel price she put upon her hand. Finally a knight arrived whose manly beauty and daring zeal awakened a real interest in the hard-hearted Kunigunde, and for the first time she hoped the suitor would be successful, and watched with fear and trembling the horse and rider make the dreadful circuit ; when he had dismounted, she advanced toward him with open arms, but, instead of the expected embrace, she received a box on the ear, and, before she had time to recover from her indignation and amazement, the horse and rider had departed. It seems to have been the Landgrave of Thuringia, a married man, who, to avenge his brother's death, had practiced his horse to accomplish the dar- ing feat. Excursions are made to the top of the Schneekoppe, in five hours from Herms- dorf. This is the highest summit of the Riescngebirge, being 5100 feet above the level of the sea. There was a chapel erected on the summit in 1681, and two inns one on the Bohemian, and the other on the Prussian side of the peak. i i<"ii -lit-, described in Route Xo. 172. Ri i' henbach. Hotel, Simue. It was to this town that the Russians. and Prussians HAMBURG JVitttnbergt BERLIN JMh Leipzig Keichenberg Litbau NORTH-WESTERN OF AUSTRIA RAILWAY, SLEEPING CAR ROUTE BETWEEN AUSTRIA, SAXONY, AND NORTH GERMANY. VIENNA" LOBA0. [AUSTRIA.] TABOR. returned after thoir defeat by Napoleon at Bautzen, May 20, 1813; and the Rus- sian ball which mortally wounded Duroc, Napoleon' s favorite, was fired from this village. Two miles from the town a simple block of sandstone marks the spot where Duroc and Kirchner fell. A sum of money was bequeathed by Napoleon for that purpose, and the monument was erected in 1840. Lubnu, an ancient Saxon town. Rail- icay Hotel. The Rathluvis is of great an- tiquity, and here for five centuries the deputies of the six towns of Lusatia were in the habit of meeting. These towns are occupied by Wends, a Slavonic race, with distinct and separate manners, dress, and language. There is an iron tower on an adjoining hill, from whence there is a fine prospect. Noar the station l\>innu riiz is the town of Jliifhkirch, noted for the memorable and di>astrous battle fought here by Frederick the Great, October 14th, 1758". Marshal Keith, a Scotch nobleman, son of Lord Keith, and favorite of Frederick the Great, was mortally wounded here. A monument has been erected to his memory in the village church. Excursions are made from Hochkirch to Czurm-bu/i, or " Devil's Mountain," in one and a half hours. The prospect is very line. Jy/i/tt-e.'i. the capital of Upper Lusatia, a .Saxon province, is finely situated on a height above the Spree, and contains I'J.liOO inhabitants. It is surrounded by walls and watch-towers. Crossing the valley of the Spree by a long bridge, Dresden is reached. ROUTE No. 187. \'iinna to Carlsbad, ria Gmund, Pilsen, and Kger. Time, 14 h. 3G m. ; fare, first class, L'6 fl. 69 kr. ; second class, 22 fl. 24 kr. The most direct route to Carlsbad, but oth- erwise unimportant. Budweis (hotel, Sonne), situated on the River Moldau, contains 14,250 inhabitants. Nearly the entire district is the propert)' of Prince Schwarzenberj, who has erected here a modern Gothic castle by the side of the old feudal fortress. Attached to the palace is a park containing nearly one thousand wild swim-. laricnbad. H<>/ A.M. and <) P.M. : a private carriage, however, will go the distance in 10 hours. The principal hotel is Strnubinger's. There are not over forty houses in tho place, but the water is 729 REICHENHALU [AUSTRIA.] PRAOERHOF. highly recommended in cases of gout, rheu- matism, and paralysis. There are numer- ous excursions in the vicinity, j From Salzfjnry to Munich. Time, 3 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 6 fl. 9 kr. At Freilasfing station a branch line leads in 35 minutes to the small watering-place of Reichenhall, situated on the Saa'e, and the centre of the Bavarian salt-works. Hotel, Kurhaus Achselmannstein. The principal edifice is the Brunnenhaus, which contains the forcing-pumps for raising the brine. Traunstein (hotel, f/irscK), a small mod- ern town, nearly all built up since its de- struction by fire in 1851. It contains 3000 inhabitants. Its salt-works are supplied with brine from Reichenhall, and wood for the boiling-house is here found in abun- dance. Munich. For description, see Index. ROUTE No. 190. Vienna to Trieste and Venice: to Trieste, via Bruck, Gratz, Marburg, Pntgerhof, Lai- bach, and Adelsberg; to Venice, via Briick, Villctch, and Udine. Time to Trieste (ex- press), 14 h. 40 m. ; dist, 596 kil. ; fare, 39 fl. 7 kr., first class ; 29 fl. 14 kr., second class. Time to Venice (express), 1C h. 15 m. ; fare, 84 frs. 45 cs. The fare by express trains is augmented seventeen per cent. There are sleeping-cars on the line. The road runs through a very beautiful country, and passes the Austrian Alps. This passage is a very interesting onr\ as during a distance of about fifteen miles nu- merous tunnels and viaducts lead the train through a wild and romantic landscape. The highest point of the railway is Sem- mering, 2788 feet above the sea. Although the distance is long, few persons stop until they arrive at Trieste or Venice. If in a first-class car, one can enjoy a night on the road very well. Glocknitz, at the base of the Semmering, to the left of which, on the heights, is the castle of W'trlenstein. Bruck, situated at the confluence of the Mur and Miirz, with a fine old castle be- longing to the princes of Bruck. Railways to Linz and to Salzburg by Radstadt 730 Gratz, distant 140 miles from Vienna, contains a population of '97, 726. Hotels, E'ephmt, Archduke John, and Stadt Trieste. The trains stop here thirty minutes. Gratz is the capital and chief city of Styria, one of the provinces of Austria. It is situated on the banks of the River Mur, and is dom- inated by the Schlossberg, whence you en- joy a magnificent view of the town, the valley of the Mur, and the Alps of Stvria. i Gratz has a large number of churches, and i a fine Gothic cathedral containing many handsome marble monuments. Contiguous to the cathedral is the chapel containing the mausoleum of Ferdinand II., who was a native of Gratz. The University, found- ed by Charles Francis, is attended by up- ward of 300 students ; it contains a librarv of 45,000 volumes and 2000 MSS. One of the most interesting institutions in Gratz or in Austria is the Johanneiim, of which every native of the city is proud. It was founded in 1811 by the Archduke John, hence its name. Its object is the encour- agement of the arts and manufactures in Styria by means of collections, lectures, and a public library. It contains a mag- nificent museum, and the various appurte- nances of a great educational establish- ment. Gratz is well supplied with all kinds of provisions, and is considered the cheap- est town in Austria to live in. A great proportion of the inhabitants are persons ' of rank, army officers, and others, who re- side here on account of the cheapness and quality of the market. The female popu- : lation are distinguished for their remarka- ble beauty. Gratz was taken by the French j in 1809, after a siege of seven days. Charles I X. of France and his family resided here after the Revolution of 1830. Excursions to be made : To the Hilmer- teich, Manntrost, and Toblbad. From the station Spielfeld a drive of 4 hours (carriage, 8 florins) leads to the baths of Gleichenberg. Marburg, one of the principal towns in Styria, containing 6500 inhabitants. Ho- tel, Stadt \Vien. It is most picturesquely situated, surrounded by vineyards and for- ests. Pragerh"f. From this station a line of railway leads to Pesth in 10J hours (see Route No. 195), of which travelers should avail themselves, if intending to visit Pesth from Vienna. T R I I I Atauimnia-ntttletA fan ffMiflff.t cioica. e fioifo.Mu.spo. Jta&irmiititi > Arm ftiffit 3 * fforva 6 OHun& /etiertvio tii . ChnNiiM 8 (altedra/r .C & 9 J' .fttria .l/ntft/forf 10 Slficolo Jet ' ffred \\ S.rietro 12 Diiyotiii nuatHt 13 XSfatftfdeB* Jiinita 14 ^7X3W/V//^ rtUOtKt 15 ,. Deccfiio 10 Jfus. e Moruifiifnto 18 PeUaxxo CarcioOi 19 ~ 20 /^ "L _/*yV. rJJ t-r i :- -I n r-i~*i. r-ii S T E y>S>s. \ *&f** Ji. 1 ? x ^ ^ /ft " ^ *B " xnd-book. LAIBACH. [AUSTRIA.] TRIESTE. on the occasion by over 10.000 candles, at- tracting several thousand visitors from all parts of Europe. The committee of man- agement for the State have arranged that the grotto can be visited daj r or night, in summer or winter, on application. In the neighborhood are the caverns ofKleinhausel. Laas, Magdalena. Nussdorf, Saint Csnzian, etc., of less importance. Close by is the famous Lake of Cirknitz (lacus lugens of the Romans), remarkable for the periodical ebb and flow of its waters, which, at intervals of four or five v,-eeks, wholly disappear; it generally takes thirty days to empty, but tills in as many hours. tels: Adelsbtrger Hof, Ungarische Krone, and Lowe. The grotto is well worth a visit ; it is some 3000 meters in length, and requires a two hours' visit, two thirds of which can be done in a small tram-car, or the whole in asedan-chair. The expense of visiting, from 1 fl. 50 kr. upwards, everything included, va- ries according to the number of visitors, and candles used. Electric lighting was intro- duced in 1884. The boldest expectations of visitors are surpassed by the reality of these wonderful caves, the huge and beautiful rose-tinted stalactites, glistening like back- grounds of diamonds, the cathedral or cu- pola, the cascade, the river flowing under- ground, and under natural bridges, the lion, the dancing-hall, the Virgin, the tomb, the belvidere, the huge brilliant, the pavilion, the parrot, the Calvary (an actual ascent of a mountain underground), the organ, the large cypress-trees, and above all, perhaps, the curtain, are sights which remain forever engraved in memory. Further wonders are also in store for the visitor, as several lateral caves of great beauty will soon be thrown open. Stalactites and stalagmites are of great length ; the guide? assort they increase by a hair's breadth every thirteen vears, ore of them adding, in reply to the observation of the author, that their age would lie great- er than the generally accepted aire of the world: "When tourists visit this grotto they change their opinion on the age of the world !" Every year, during Whitsuntide, a festival is held in the grotto, illuminated Trieste, commercial capital of the Aus- trian Empire, is situated on the Adriatic, near its northeast extremity: 144,437 in- habitants. It is the capital of Illyria. and was declared a free harbor in the reign of the Emperor Charles VI. All the princi- pal European nations are represented by consuls here. Hotels: Delorme and de la. Ville. Trieste is a free port; it has supplanted Venice, and monopolized near- ly the whole of the Adriatic trade. Ship- building is carried on, and there are manu- factories of various kinds. Trieste has no natural harbor, but a canal enables vessels of considerable tonnage to penetrate the town, and load or unload at the doors of the inhabitants. It has also a large mole, constructed of regular masonry, which serves as a protection for the shipping. The city is divided into old and new town by the Corso, which is the principal street, and on which are situated the principal stores and coffee-houses. It communicates with two public squares, the Piazza, Grande and horsenplsitz, in the former of which is a fine public fountain, with the column and statue of Charles VI., to whom, and Maria Theresa, Trieste is principally in- debted for its importance. The cathedral of San Giusto, in the old town, is situated on the hill near the castle. It is supposed to occupy the site of a temple 731 TRIESTE. [AUSTRIA.] BRUXECK. of Jupiter. It is in the Byzantine style, and dates back to the fourth century. It contains the tomb of Winckelmann the anti- quary, who was murdered in an inn here by an Italian to whom he had shown a gold medal which had been awarded to him by the government at Vienna. In the south- ern aisle may be seen the tombstone of Don Carlos, pretender to the throne of $pain, who died here in 1855. Fouche, >uke of Otranto, minister of police for Na- f>leon, died here in 1820, and was buried under the terrace before the cathedral. ':be Exchange, standing in the Exchange Place, is a very beautiful building. The Casino club is situated here, to which gen- tlemen can easily be introduced. The finest church in the city is that situated at the head of the great canal. It contains a magnificent altar, and its organ is con- sidered one of the best on the Continent. The church of the Jesuits is a noble build- ing, and contains some fine paintings. The traveler should by no means neglect to drop in at the Ttrgesteum. It contains the rooms of the Austrian Lloyd's, a bazar, concert and ball room, reading-rooms and conversation-rooms, all fitted up in the most magnificent style. The Piazzetta de Ricardo received its name from its having been the place where Richard Cceur de Lion was confined on his return from the Holy Land. The population of Trieste is very Ori- ental in its appearance, derived as it is from all the commercial nations of the Mediterranean Greeks, Italians, Jews, Armenians, Germans, and Americans. The Austrian Lloyd's are a very numer- ous line of steamers running to all parts of the Mediterranean, starting daily, week. ly, and semi-weekly. Their principal sail- ings are as follows: Alexandria, via Port Said, weekly; Athens (Piraeus), via Syra, weekly, and via Corfu and Patras, bi- monthly ; Smyrna, via Syra. weekly, and vi JiihMtal Thralei: 10 11 FnuKrvUals Kitttir 12 .Vi 13 Haihhau id -Book KOMORX. [AUSTRIA.] PKSTU. Near the steamboat landing is a mound, called Konigsberg, which each new king as- cends after his coronation, and there makes a sinn of the cross with his sword, which he points in turn to the four points of the globe, indicating that he will protect the kingdom from every quarter. This cere- mony now takes place in Pesth. Komorn, an exceedingly strong fortress, situated on the island of Schiitt. The town contains 12.350 inhabitants. This fortress may be called the virgin fortress, as it has i never been captured. The Emperor Francis deposited here his valuables during the time Vienna was in the hands of the French. An excursion may be made from Ko- morn to Babolna, where there is an im- perial stud of Arabian horses of the purest ! breed. They number about one thousand. Gran, the Strigonium of the Romans, i contains 9000 inhabitants. It is situated ; near the confluence of the Gran with tin- Danube. It is the residence of the princes, chief bishops of Hungary. The principal building is the Cathedral, which is beautifully situated on the sum- mit of a hill. It is a square building, sur- mounted by a cupola 250 feet high. It was commenced in 1821, at the expense of the prince primate of Hungary, in the style of St. Peter's at Rome. The interior is lined with polished marble. The altar- piece is by J/ess, a Hungarian artist, and represents the Baptism of St. Stephen, the first king of Hungary, who became a Christian, and who founded in 1001 the See of Gran. At the bottom of the hill stands the Bishop's Palace. I 'fiith is beautifully situated on the bank of the Danube. It contains with Buda 359,821 inhabitants. Hotel de {'Europe, one of the best in Hungary, kept by Mr. Rainer. This city, with tiw.ia, on the opposite side of the Danube, forms the modern capital of Hungary, and the third city, in point of population, in the Aus- trian Empire. Buda is an ancient place, built chiefly upon the lower slopes of a range of picturesque hills. Tlie town is commanded and overlooked by a castle, a stern, feudal-looking pile. In this was 1 deposited the crown of St. Stephen, king of Hungary, presented by Pope Sylves- ter. A.D. 1000, and regarded as the pal- 1 ladium of the Hungarian nation. This cherished monument of Hungarian inde- pendence, removed by Kossuth during the recent struggle, with a view to its preser- vation by the Magyar nation, fell subse- quently into the possession of Austria, but in l*t>7 it was returned to the Hungarians, who keep it in the chapel of the castle at Buda. Buda. which has 40,000 inhabit- ants, communicates with Pesth by a hand- some suspension bridge. Pesth is a hand- somely built town, and is the centre of the inland trade of Hungary. There is a mu r seam and two theatres. There are four annual fairs held in Pesth, at which it is said over 20,000 people are present. The principal trade is in wine and corn ; nu- merous mills producing the best flour known. The noted Tokay wine is much cultivated by the Magyars. The hills around Buda are all covered with vine- yards, which produce the Hungarian wine called Turk's blood, Ofner, and others. The fortifications which crown the heights of Buda are very strong ; never- theless, they were stormed and taken by the Hungarians under Gorgei in 1849, aft- er a fearful struggle, in which the brave Austrian general Hentzi, with 418 of his companions, fell. There is a monument erected to them in the square of the royal palace. It consists of a Gothic cross, un- der which lies a wounded soldier, over whom Fame is leaning. At the side of the cross are the names of the 418. At the foot of the hills on which the fortress is built gush copious streams of hot sul- phureous water, which were highly ap- preciated by both possessors of the coun- try, Roman and Turk, and are to the pres- ent day. Turkish baths are numerous here, and for all classes. Three of the an- cient baths are now in use. An English writer, describing one of them, says: "The largest and best pre- served is situated near the bridge, under the Blocksberg : its Saracenic architecture and Turkish inscription, still visible out- side near the entrance, sufficiently mark its founders. On opening the door, I wa- met by such a cloud of steam, and so dis- agreeable an odor of sulphur, that I was in doubt at first whether to enter. The apartment was also so dark that I could not see a foot before me, and as I knew there must be water near, and that a single step might plunge me in the middle of it, my hesitation to advance increased. My 735 PESTH. [AUSTRIA.] MOHACZ. conductor, however, better accustomed to the place, led me to a spot where in a few minutes my eyes, becoming accustomed to the gloom, began to discern objects athwart the darkness. I found myself in a spa- cious circular vault or dome, supported by eight massive columns, surrounded by a basin of water so hot that the vapor aris- ing from it filled the whole interior and fell in drops from the ceiling. The dim .light, partially admitted through one or two very small windows, was barely able to penetrate this dense atmosphere. It was therefore only by degrees that I discovered in the midst of the basin a crowd of bath- ers, male and female, of the very lowest or- der, promiscuously intermingled, the for- mer stark naked, except a slight vestment round the loins, the women in not much ampler garb, but partially covered by their long tresses falling about them." The Kaistrbad, half an hour from the bridge, is frequented by a different class of people. There are good cafe-gardens, etc., where concerts are given. The best Picture-gallery in Pesth is that formerly belonging to Prince Esterhazy, which contains several Murillos, Raphaels, Paul Potters, Rubenses, Tintorettos, Leon- ardo da Vincis, Domenichinos, Rembrandts, and other great masters. This is the finest collection in Europe of the Spanish masters out of Spain. It is situated in the Palace of the Academy, and was purchased from the prince in 1865 by the Austrian govern- ment for 1,300,000 florins. It occupies 14 saloons, with 800 pictures. It is open to the public Wednesdaj', Friday, and Satur- day, from 9 to 1 ; on other days an order from the director is required. A committee of experts having exam- ined the document known as Luther's Will, has declared it authentic. The document found its way, with a number of manu- scripts of the learned theologian John Benedict Carpzoino, to Hungary, and came into the hands of a private collector, a rich proprietor named Jankovics, from whom the Archduchess Maria Dorothea obtained it for 400 golden guldens. She presented it to the Protestant church in Pesth, in whose archives it has lain, nobody being positively certain that it was authentic. It is deposited in a special case in the Na- tional Museum. Four miles distant from Buda is Alt- 73Q Buda, built on the site of the ancient city of Aguincum, where Attila held his court. On a hill beside the right bank of the Dan- ube, 18 miles north of Buda. are the ruins of the royal castle of Wissegrad, long the resi- dence of the native sovereigns of Hungary. Of the public buildings, the finest and most conspicuous is the Neurjebaude. a bar- rack and artillt-rv depot the largest in the world. It was erected by the Emperor Joseph in 1787. The only University of Hungary is that situated in Pesth. It was originally found- ed by Cardinal Pazman. at Tyrnau, and transferred to Pesth in 1780, and at present has about one thousand students. The Xational Museum. a. fine modern construction, is open free on Mondays ; on other days a fee of 50 kr. It contains a good collection of Hungarian antiqui- ties, and a small collection of pictures open Tuesdays and Saturdays and a col- lection of Natural History, to be seen from 9 to 1 on Thursdays. In front of the museum is the Landhaus, a fine building, constructed in 1866 for the deliberation of the members of the Diet. American tramways are in the principal streets. Carriages by the hour, two horses, 2 fl. ; one horse, 80 kr. ; by the day, 6 fl. Three miles below Buda is the town of Promontorium, the principal part of which belongs to the Archduke Albert, son of the late Archduke Charles. Tolna, on the right bank, has a popula- tion of 5500 inhabitants. It is the centre of a great tobacco district. The natives are principally Germans. The embassa- dor of the Sultan Soliman was drowned here by order of King Louis II. Baja, a town of 15,-OOG inhabitants, is situated on the left bank of the river. It contains a handsome palace, belonging to Prince Grassalkovich. Moliucz, situated on the right bank of the Danube, contains a population of 9000. This town is celebrated for the famous battle between the Turks and Austrians. fought in 1526 ; when the best forces of the Magyars were left dead upon the field, two thirds of the entire army, headed by their king, having perished. From Mohacz there is a branch railway to Ufzag, near which is the town of Funf* Idrchen, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situ- ated in the centre 1 of a coal di-trict. NECSATZ. [AUSTlMA.j BASIASCH. On the right is the strong fortress of ' the Russo-Turkish war Servia has become Petertcardein, where Prince Eugene gained independent. Its fortifications were much a great victory over the Turks in 1716. improved in l^i'(>. The fortress is now used as a state prison, > It was at Belgrade that victorious Tur- and contains a garrison of 4000 men. key. in 17:il<. signed a treaty with Austria On the left liank is the town >f Xfisat:. and Russia, making them give up their It rontains a population of '22,000, chieriy conquests of \Vallachia, Moldavia, and Ser- GiTinans. who emigrated from Belgrade via, and obliged Russia to renounce the when that town was given up to Turkey, navigation of the Black Sea. Karloteitz, a town of 6000 inhabitants, well known in history for the celebrated battle gained here by Prince Eugene in 171(3. The Turks lost 25,000 men, 203 pieces of artillery, and nearly all their camp baggage. The celebrated treaty of peace i_;ned here in 1699, securing to Aus- tria Hungary, Slavonia, and a large por- tion of Transylvania nearly half of Tur- key in Europe. Semlin is the last Hungarian town. It is situated on the right bank of the river, and contains 10,000 inhabitants, consisting mostly of Servians, Germans, Greeks, and Illyrians. On the top of a hill called the The fortress was garrisoned by the troops of the Sultan until 1867, when it was hand- ed over to the Servian government. Servia is now a principality, governed by a constitution dating from 1869. The title of prince is hereditary in the family of Obrenmritch. The present prince is Mi- lan IV., crowned July 2, 1868 : he became of age August 22, 1872. The extent of ter- ritory is 17.014 square miles, and popula- tion 1,210,346. It formerly paid a tribute to Turkey of $17, 000. Ten miles below Belgrade is situated the town of Pancsova, a famous pig depot, the land- ed nobles of this section being great pig Ziijeuntrberg are the remains of the castle dealers. The pigs are shipped on board of the celebrated Hungarian hero, John floating sties and towed to Vienna. Hunniades, who delivered Hungary from Turkish rule, and died here in 1456. This Basiasch, the terminus of a railway from Vienna, and a station for the Danube Alt-Afoldora is a military village, con- is the quarantine station for travelers ar- steamers, which may be joined here by the riving from Turkey, and is a place of con- traveler to the East in 17 hours from Vien- siderable trade. Steamers leave weekly na (express from Vienna to Temesvar) ; to make the ascent of the River Save as fare, first class, 30 fl. 6 kr. ; second class, far as Sissek. 23 fl. 22 kr. Belgrade, the capital of Servia, contains 30,000 inhabitants, including the garrison. Hotel, D'.e Krone. This is one of the neetad with Xeu-Moldava (a distance of live strongest fortresses on the river, and the miles), where there are copper-mines, key to the Lower Danube. It is the seat Passing the rapids of the river, and of a Greek and Catholic archbishop. Most through a narrow defile, where the river of its monuments are in ruins. It contains loses three quarters of its ordinary width, the prince's palace, and numerous churches the picturesque castle of Columbacz, where and mosques. It has a large commerce, robber-knights made their stronghold, is mostly in silk, cotton, and leather. Bel- passed. It is said that this castle was at grade has been taken and retaken several one time the prison of the Empress Helena, times. In 1521 it was taken by Soliman It completely commanded the passage of II. : in ItjS-S by the Duke of Baviese for j the river. One of the caves, entered from Austria ; in 1690 again taken by the Turks ; the cliff facing the river, is said to be that and in 1717 by Prince Eugene. The year ] in which St. (n-orge killed the dragon following, by the Treaty of Passarowitz, it| (there are about ten other caves that claim was given to Austria, and lost by them in that honor). This is called the Care n of 1739. In 1789 it was taken by London, l',,l>iiitbir:. and at certain periods sends out but was restored to Turkey in 17'.tl. It rlouds of gnats, which are most injurious was captured by Czerni George, who com- ] to the cattle in the vicinity, covering a manded the Servian insurrection in IMH). space of forty square miles ; they only and retaken by the Turks in 1813. Since , make their appearance during the hottest 737 SKELA-GLADOVA. [AUSTRIA.] VARNA. months, and their bite is so serious that horses and cattle often die in consequence. Near Orsora, a military village, is the Austrian custom-house fortravelers coining up the river, whose baggage is searched, principally for tobacco and playing-cards. The Baths of Mehadia are twelve miles distant from Orsova ; they are remarkably efficacious in cases of gout. Passing the fortress of Xeu - Orsova, which is situated on an island, and over the Iron Gate, a rocky impediment in the river which necessitates the use of small steamers when the water is low, the Ser- vian village of Kladosnitza is reached. Here the Servian steamers stop to receive passengers. At Skela-Gladova, immediately opposite, the steamers of the Danube Company stop. Sozoreny, on the left bank, exhibits signs of the Romans in a tower and wall ; while a short distance below are the re- mains of Trajan's Bri/lge, which here crossed the Danube on twenty piers, built of pebbles and cement, and faced with brick ; some of the piers are visible, as well as the abutments and towers. It was erected in A.D. 103, by the same ar- chitect who constructed Trajan's Column at Rome. The piers having stood the wear of so many centuries of winters is accounted for by the fact that the river's ice is ground to snow by its action on the rocks of the Iron Gate above. Kalafat, on the left, is a village of huts, and is noted for the battle fought there between the Russians and Turks in 1853. The Turks had crossed from Widdin on the right bank, and fortified the island in the river, as well as the hills behind Kala- fat. The Russians tried to dislodge them, but were completely defeated, with a loss of 2000 men. Opposite, on the right side, is Widdin, the strongest Bulgarian town on the river, containing 22,000 inhabitants, and fortified with 300 pieces of artillery. It is the see of a Greek archbishop. Passing Rakova on the right, where may be seen a castle and remains of Ro- man baths, Nicopoli is reached. It contains 16,000 inhabitants, and is situated at the junction of the Aluta and Danube. It was founded by Trajan, after his victories in Dacia 738 (Wallachia). It was taken in 1370 by the Sultan Bajazet; and in 1396 the army of Sigisimind, king of Hungary, with numer- ous French nobles, commanded by Philippe d'Artois, constable of France, and Jean Sans Peur, was completely cut to pieces in its attempt to retake the place. At Turna-Mogorello there are extensive warehouses belonging to the Steamship Company. On the Bulgarian shore is Sistova, a town of 22.000 inhabitants. A treaty of peace was concluded here in 1791 between Turkey and Austria. Rustchuk, a well -fortified town, with 40,000 inhabitants. It was taken by the Russians in 1812 and in 1828, and was then dismantled. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, and one of the most im- portant towns in the province of Bulga- ria. Its fortifications command the river, which is here three miles wide. Oppo- site, about three miles from the shore, is the town of Giurgevo, containing 20,000 in- habitants. Travelers here take the railway to Var- na, a distance of 140 miles. Time. 7 h. 29m. Varna is situated on the Black Sea, 120 miles northwest from the Bosphorus. It contains 21,000 inhabitants 9000 Greeks, 10,000 Turks, and 2000 Armenians, Jews, etc. There are four Greek churches, and a cathedral with a metropolitan bishop. There are numerous Turkish mosques covered with minarets. The only good hotel is called the English Hotel. The Museum contains some valuable coins of Philip of Macedon, also of the By- zantine time and style. There are two Greek monasteries St. Constantino and St. Demetrius. Outside the walls are English, French, and Greek cemeteries. The country around produces some forty specimens of fine grapes, in addition to capital fruits. The principal exports are wheat, Indian corn, and barley, which are shipped to Constantinople, and by rail to Rustchuk. The harbor has been much improved of late, and steamers now find little difficult}' in getting the protection they have so long needed. Consuls from all countries, with the ex- ception of the United States, reside here. STUHLWEISSENBURG. [AUSTRIA.] RAAB Steamers to Constantinople in 16 hours. Constantinople. See Index. ROUTE No. 195. Pesth to Prar/erhof, via llu'jlar and the Plattensfe. Time, 10 h. 35 m. ; fare, first class, 15 fl. 84 kr. ; second class, 11 fl. 88 kr. Trains daily. This route contains nothing special to be seen. Stuhliceissenburg. Hotel, Schlenck. This was the Alba Regalis of the Romans ; it contains 5000 inhabitants. It is situated jn the centre of a bog, with only the arch- bishop's palace to be seen. There is a line from here direct to Vi- enna, another to Steinamanger. The line runs through a level plain past the Plattensee, Sio Fok, Boglar, Kcathely to Kdnisa, where there is a line direct to Vienna, thence to Pragerhnf. See Route No. 190. ROUTE No. 196. Vienna to Fiume, via Steinamanger, Agram, and Karlstadt (Agram to Stein- brtick), From Vienna to Neustadt, see Route No. 190. From Neustadt to Kanisa. Tune, 6 h. 50 m. ; fare, first class, 9 fl. 54 kr. ; second class, 7 fl. 16 kr. In 1 h. 45 m. the station Oedenburg is reached, three miles to the south of which is Frohsdorf, the residence of the Comte de Chambord (Henry V. of France). Steinamanger, a town of 4000 inhab- itants. It contains some old Roman re- mains. The Cathedrals the only building of importance. Here Septimus Severus was chosen Emperor. Kanisa. See Route No. 195. Affrnm (hotel, Pruckner), a town of 17,500 inhabitants, the capital of the prov- ince of Croatia. It contains the Palace of the Ban (representatives of the Estates), the Law College, Museum, and the Palace of the Archbishop. Agram was almost destroyed in 1881, a succession of earthquakes during the spring and summer causing great loss of life and immense destruction of property. Two miles from the town is a fine nat- ural park called Maximal- . Karlstadt (hotel, Stadt Agram), a town of 6500 inhabitants. It is strongly fortified, with native troops, and the fortifications have lately been much improved. It is naturally a place of considerable commer- cial importance on account of its situation on the River Kulpa, and on the high-road to Fiume. ROUTE No. 197. Vienna to Pesth, via Bruck, Raab, and Siuhlweissenburg. Time to Stuhlweissen- burg, 9 hours ; fare, first class, 10 fl. 52 kr.; second class, 8 fl. 64 kr. From Stuhlweisstnburg to Pe*- proaching Oneglia a fine suspension bridge is crossed. Oneglia (Hotel Victoria}, a small sea- port town with 6400 inhabitants. The best olive-oil is produced here. Passing Diano Marino and Cervo, picturesquely situated, we reach the small town of IJorTKS. [ITALY.] KOUTE& Alassio. (Hotel de la Belle Itidie.) From this point the island of Qallinaria may lie seen, so called by the Romans from the wild-fowl which they found there. Albenga, the ancient Roman Albigau- num. The ruins of the Ponte Longo may be seen about a quarter of a mile from the town. Passing Cereate, Borghetto di Santo Spirito, Loano, and Pietra, the town of Finale Marina is reached. Hotel de Lon- dref, Hotel de Venise. The cathedral and ruins of Castello Gavonc deserve a visit. After leaving Variyotk, the road passes through the tunnel or gallery of the Capo di Noli. Noli, a small town of 2000 inhabitants, is very well built, and defended by a castle. Savona (Grand Hotel Royal, Hotel Su- isse), after Nice and Genoa, the most impor- tant town, on the Riviera, charmingly sit- uated amid lemon and orange gardens. Population, 25,000. Under Napoleon I. it was the capital of the Department Mon- tenotte. The cathedral contains several fine paintings ; among them the Annuncia- tion by Albani, the Scourging of Christ by Cambrasi, and a Virgin and Child by Lo- dovico Urea. In the Church of the Do- minicans is a fine painting by Diirer, an Adoration of the Magi ; also the Nativity, by Antonio Lemini. The poet Chiabrera was a native of this town. To him the theatre was dedicated in 1858. Passing Varazze and Cogoleto, the lat- ter believed by some to have been the birthplace of Columbus, we come to Vol- tri. Voltri, a town of 9000 inhabitants, is noted for its paper and cloth manufactures. A great many richly adorned churches are here to be seen ; also a number of villas, among them that of the Marquis di Brig- noli Sale. Pegli. This is probably the most lovely spot on the entire Riviera. In addition to the grounds of the Villa Pallavicini, prob- ably the most exquisite in Europe, there are also the villas Doria and Grimaldi. The latter has a small botanic garden at- tached. The climate is lovely and the sur- roundings arc superb. There is a good hotel here. For a description of the Villa Pallavi- cini, see excursions from Genoa. Sestri a Ponente is noted for its manufac- tories. Population, 6000. In the Church of the Assumption are paintings by Sarza- no and Carlone. Cnrnigliano. Population, 3300. Print- ed calicoes are extensively manufactured here. The Palazzo Serra is picturesquely situated on the Coronata. The bridge over the Polcivera, which is here passed, was built by the Durazzo family. San Pierdarena is properly a suburb of Genoa. The palaces of Spinola and Saiili are well worth a visit. In the former are frescoes by Carlone. The principal church contains a Flight into Egypt by Cambrasi, and frescoes by Sarzano. From Paris to Turin. Time, 21 h. 29 m. ; fare, first class, 100 fr. 20 c. From Paris the railway proceeds as far as MM con on the Lyons line. The first place of importance, after leaving MAcon, is Bourg (Hotel de V Europ<<). Bourg is the chef-lieu of the Departementde 1'Ain. The only object of interest is the Church of Notre Dame de Brou, erected in the 16th century by Margaret of Austria, regent 743 ROUTES. [ITALY.] ROUTES. of the Netherlands. It contains monuments of herself, her husband, the Duke of Savoy, and her mother-in-law, Margaret of Bour- bon. Her motto, " Fortune infortune forte une," may be seen in various parts of the church. The architect was Muistre Loys Van Boglem, the sculptor Maistre Conrad. Amberitu, a little town situated on the Albarine, is the junction for Lyons. Sta- tion Culoz, the junction of the Geneva line. The journey from Geneva to Culoz may be performed in 2i hours. Aix-les-Bains. Principal hotel, and well managed, is the Grand ll<'>t?l d'Aix. Pop- ulation 4000. This celebrated watering- place was known to the Romans as Agnse Gratinae. (See Index.) There is a branch line from Aix-les-Bains to Annecy. Time, 1| hrs. ; fare, 4 f. 50 c. Cham'.ery. (Sea Index.) Route de Grenoble is the junction for the branch line to Grenoble, which follows the valley of the Isere. MontmeUan. (Hotel das \ ~<>yar/< ? Frejus and the Col dc la Rone, ris- ing gradually to an elevation of 4377 feet above the sea, and then sloping down to the opening on the Italian side at Bardon- neche, 4334 feet above the sea-level. The tunnel is very well lighted, and the air within is pure and fresh. The boring of the tunnel was attended by most serious engineering difficulties, which were over- come by the energy and ability of Som- meiller, who conducted this arduous un- dertaking. Two thousand men were con- stantly emplo3'ed, the work performed be- ing at first half a yard per day, which aft- erward increased to more than 10 feet per day. Begun in 1857, the whole mountain mass, a thickness of 13,256 yards, was pierced from end to end at the close of the year 1870. The totnl expenses of the tunnel amount- ed to e 13.01 10, 000, $4,000,000 of which was payable by Italy, according to an agree- ment made between that country and Franco in I860. France promised to pay Italy $3.800,000 if the work was accom- plished within 20 years, dating from 1862; and, in case less time was required, she bound herself to pay $100,000 more for ev- ery year gained on the stipulated time. She also agreed to pay 5 per cent, interest on the money due for the work as it pro- ROUTE9. [ITALY.] ceeded from year to year. Italy, stimula- ted by these terms, has finished construct- ing the tunnel 11 years before the appoint- ed time, and has thus gained $1,100,000 from France. Su.ui. (Ht'it'l de Savoie, Hotel de France.} Population 3000. Susa is a very ancient town, known to the Romans as Segusium. The garden of the governor contains a tri- umphal arch of the Corinthian order 48 feet high, 40 feet wide, and 25 feet in depth, erected in honor of Augustus, 8 B.C., by the order of the Prefect Cottius, son of King Dounus. Turin (see Index). From Lausanne to Arona on the Layo Mdt/yiort, over the Simplm. Railway from Lausanne to Sion 4i hours. Fare 10 f.GO c. From Sion, over the Simplon in diligence, which leaves daily. 111 hours. Fare in the coupe to Domo d'Ossola, 35 f. 30 c. From Domo d'Ossola, 35 f. 30 c. From Domo lon, measures 683 feet in length. Close to the issue of the gallery is the Fall of Fressi- none. Gondo is the last Swiss village. Issella. Here the Italian custom-house and passport-office are situated. Domo d'Ossola (Grand HCtel de la Ville), a small, uninteresting town, fully Italian in every respect. There is a Calvary above the town well worth a visit. Ornavasso, noted for marble quarries in its vicinity. The road, after passing the lovely village of Fariola, soon reaches the southwest bank of the Lago Magidore. The Isola Madre of the Berromean Islands may be seen from this point. The islands are general!}' visited from Bareno, the next station. Stresa. Then Belgirate, -where there is a fine hotel Hotel et Pension Bdgi- rate. Arona. (Alberyo Keale.*) FromAronato Milan by Novara, time 4 hours ; fare 10 f. From Lucerne to Como aver the St. Go- thard. Steam-boat from Lucerne to Fliie- len four times daily, in 2J hours. Fare 4 f. 60 c. From Fliielen to Como, diligence twice daily, in 23 hours ; coupe, 37 f. 80 c. ; interior, 31 f. 90 c. It is very little more expensive for parties to take a carriage, which costs about 150 f. for four or five persons, not including fees, which are giv- en at each station. For description of this pass", see Index. From Coire to Calico (and Milan) over the Splisgen. Diligence from Coire to Colico twice daily, in 16 hours. Fare 22 f. 50 c. Coire (see Index). On the road from Coire to Reichenau, which leads along the valley of the Rhine, there is little deserv- ing the traveler's attention with the ex- ception of the Calanda Mountain, and, at at its base, the village Felsberg, partially buried by a landslide in 1850. Jieichennii (Hotel Adler") consists merely of a few houses situated at the junction of the Vorder and Hinter Rhine. The cha- teau, the principal building in the village, formerly belonging to the Planta family, was, in 1793, converted into a college by ' Burgomaster Tscharner. Here Louis Phi- lippe, under the name of Chabot, held a situation as teacher of French mathemat- ' 7-itJ [ITALY.] ROUTES. ics, and history for eight months. At Reichenau the road crosses the Rhine and Vorder Rhine, and then enters the valley of the Hinter Rhine. The villages of Bo- naduz and Rhaziins are soon passed, also the Castle of Rhoetzuns of the YL-le fanir ily, still inhabited. This part of the val. ley of the Rhine is chiefly remarkable for the great number of castles which are tc be seen in every direction, and for the dif- ference in the religion and language of each hamlet. The Castles of Ortenstein, Vaspels, Canooa, Rietborg. and Rcalta are passed in rapid succession before reaching Thusis. That of Ortenstein is probably the best preserved in the valley, and is still occupied by the Travers family. Thusis (hotels, Via Mala and Adler), a village of 700 inhabitants, picturesquely situated at the confluence of the Rhine and the Nolla. After leaving Thusis the Nol- la is crossed by a fine bridge, which aftbrds an interesting view of the valley and peak of Piz Bevexin. About half a mile from Thusis the Via Mala commences the most sublime ravine in Switzerland. The road crosses the river three times. The finest view is obtained from the Middle Bridge, about a mile from Rougellen. . The Via Mala extends for a distance of three miles, and terminates at the Upper Bridge, where the road enters the beautiful Schamser Thai. Andeer (H-atel Krone) is the principal village in the valley. The inhabitants are Protestants, and speak Romansch. Soon after leaving Andeer the road enters the Roffla Gorge. The Averser Rhine here forms the Fall of the Roffla, which de- scends the Ferrera valley to the Hinter Rhine. Spliigen. This little village holds an important position, being situated at the junction of the Spliigen and Bernardino routes. The Spliigen Road turns to the left, crosses the Rhine, and, leaving that river, begins at once the ascent, and soon passes through a short tunnel 90 yards in length. After numberless windings it reaches the summit of the Splugen, 6783 feet above the level of the sea. Almost immediately the road begins tc descend. About three quarters of a mile beyond the summit the Austrian custom-house and passport office are reached. The road re- commences the descent on the eastern ROUTES. [ITALY.] ROUTES slope, and passes through three galleries, I mit of the pass is the Lake Moesola, and the lirst 700 feet long, the second G-i2 feet, near it a house of refuge. After descend- nnd the third 1530 feet, the longest .caller- ing fur a short distance, the Moesa is cross- ies on any Alpine road. Near the village ed by the handsome iron bridge " Victor of Pianazzo a beautiful waterfall, 800 feet Emmanuel," from which a fine view is ob- nigh, may be seen. Campo Dolcino is but a miserable vil- lage, consisting of a few detached groups tained of the Piz Moesola. Stelrio. Diligence from Innsbruck to Land>ei-k daily at 1 A.M.; time 8f hours. From Landseck to Mais four times weekly, Sienna, who first preached the Gospel here, Jin 9 hours. Omnibus daily from Inns- and to whom a chapel was erected on the south side of the mountain. On the suru- bruck to Landseck, and from Landseck to Mais. Travelers are obliged to hire a vet- 747 ROUTES. [ITALY.] ROUTES. turino to cross the Stelvio, which costs 12 florins a clay, there being no diligence for the pass. From Innsbruck the road passes along the left bank of the Inn for a distance of seven miles, until it reaches the village of Zirl, situated at the foot of the Martins- wand, the precipice upon which the Em- peror Maximilian I. nearly lost his life while hunting. On the right of the vil- lage may be seen the picturesque ruins of ibs Castle of Fragenstein. Near Sifz the road passes the Cistercian convent of Itambs, founded in 1271 by the mother of Conradin, the last of the house of Hohenstaufen. About a mile from Silz is the Castle of Petersberg, the birthplace of Margaret Maultasch, who brought Ty- rol to Austria as her dowry. Leaving the river, the road now proceeds to Imst, a vil- lage of about 3000 inhabitants, situated at the base of the Laggersberg. Near Mils the road again approaches the Inn. It was here that one of the ambuscades of the Ty- rolese took place in 1809. Awaiting the Bavarians on the top of the mountain, they overwhelmed them on their approach by hurling trunks of trees and rocks upon them. The Castle of Kronberg is pictur- esquely situated on the height of an emi- nence a short distance from Starkenbach. Near the nunnery of Zams, founded in 1826, the Inn is again crossed, and we reach Landeck. situated on its right bank. On the east of the town are the ruins of the stronghold of Landseck, and on the north those of Schrofenstein. The road crosses to the left bank of the Inn at the Pontlatz- cr Bridge, but returns to the right bank at the village of Prutz, situated on a marshy plain at the entrance of the Kaunserthal. Jiied, a small but thriving town, is next passed, and we arrive at Pfunds, which consists of two groups of houses situated on either bank of the river. Four miles from Pfunds begins the Pass of Finster- miinz, the most imposing defile in Switzer- land with the exception of the Via Mala. About half way between Pfunds and Nau- ders is situated an inn which commands a beautiful view of the valley and the mount- ains in the background. ^'mirier.* is about three miles from the Finstermiinz and three from the Swiss fron- tier. The road now ascends to the pass called Reschen-Scheideck. 748 Mais. (Hotel Post.) Near this town is seen the imposing ruined castle of Lich- tenberg. Praa is a small village at the foot of the Stelvio Pass. Upon a height on the right is seen the village of Stilfs or Stelvio, from which the pass takes its name. The. road over the Stelvio, the loftiest in Europe, was constructed by the Austrian govern- ment in 1820-25. At Gomagoi, where the custom-house is situated, is seen the Sulden Glacier. Tra- foi, situated at the base of the Ostler Mountain, consists of a few huts. The hamlet derives its name of "Tres Fontes" from the three fountains which burst from a cliff in the vicinity. From Franzenshohe the traveler may look down upon the vast Madatsch glacier, which descends from the iilc of the Ostler several thousand feet into the valley beneath him. Eight miles from Franzenshohe is the summit of the Stelvio Pass, 9328 feet above the level of the sea. A house called Ferdi- nandsholie stands at the top, the highest habitation on the Continent. At Santa Maria, the 4th Cantonicra. is situated the Italian custom-house. Passing the Can- toniera al Pinano del Branglio, we come to a series of galleries or tunnels built to pro- tect the road from avalanches. Soon the singular waterfall called the Source of the Adda is seen bursting from a precipice on the right. v About a mile and a half from Bormio are the New Baths. They are much frequented in the summer months (see Bormio in Index). The hotel, which contains 140 bedrooms, is admirably man- aged by M. Caflisch. These baths may be reached from Botzen, or from Coire via Samaden and Tirano, crossing the Bernini Pass ; from Italy, via Verona and Botzen, or Lake Como, Colico, and Sondrio. At Lo- vora. in 1807, a landslide took place, which completely filled up the bed of the river Adda, thus causing an inundation which converted the valley as far as Lovo into a vast lake. At Lovero the water rose 18 feet, and the traces of the disaster there are still discernible. Tirano, a small town containing the old residences of the Pallavicini, Visconti, and Salis families. It has also suffered at va- rious periods from the inundations of the Adda. Sondrio, capital of the Val Tcllina, is ROUTES. [ITALY.] ROUTES. picturesquely situated on the Malero, near its junction with the Adda. Mombeffno, noted for the excellent silk produced in the neighborhood, is situated in the lower part of the Val Tellina. From Colico, which is next reached, steamers traverse the lake to Como, and travelers thence proceed by rail to Milan. From Innsbruck to Verona by the Brenner Past. Railway. Time, 9 hours; fare, first class, 33 fr". 60 c. The Brenner is the oldest of the Alpine routes ; was known to the Romans, and em- ployed by Drusus. Carriages were able to pass it in 1772. and in 18C7 the railway was opened. The scenery is less imposing than that of any of the other Alpine passes. Soon after leaving Innsbruck, the tun- nel of Isel, 700 yards in length, is passed, and the railway proceeds along the right bank of the Sill. Before reaching Matrey nine tunnels are passed through, the long- est over nine hundred yards in length. Station Steinach, a town entirely rebuilt since the conflagration of 1853. In the church there are several good altar-pieces by Knoller. Passing the small lake Bren- ner, which abounds in excellent trout, we reach Brenner. The river Sill here falls into the Inn, and, through it, into the Black Sea, and the River Eisach forms another cascade, descends to the Adige, and flows into the Adriatic. The railway now passes along the bank of the Eisach, and descends to >tation Schflloberg. Station Skrzlny (hotels, Post and Ros?), a very old town, situated on the Sterzinger on the site of the ancient Roman Vipetenum. Population, 2500. It de- rived much wealth in the Middle Ages from the rich silver, lead, and copper mines in the neighborhood. From Sterzing to Freienfeld the castles of Sprechenstein and Reifenstein are passed. Beyond Frei- enfeld, on the left, rise the ruins of Wolf- enstein, the stronghold of the pass during the Middle Ages. Mittewald. Here Marshal Lefebvre, Duke of Dantzig, at the head of the French and Saxon force?, was repulsed by the cour- ageous Capuchin Haspinger, at the head of his Tyrolese Landsturm. Quite a dis- tance from the station is the fortress Franz- ensfeste, constructed by the Austrian gov- ernmeut in 1838 to command the routes to i VOL. II. K Carinthia, Brixen, Verona, and Innsbruck. A new fortress is about to be constructed. Pedestrian travelers would do well to as- cend the Pusterthal from here as far as Bruncken, and proceed thence through the Gader and Grodner Valley to Botzen. To the left, on the Eisach, is Neustift, founded in 1142, the richest monastery in the Tyrol. Brixen, for nine centuries the see of an archbishop, united to the Tyrol in 1802. It contains several churches, a cathedral, and the palace of the archbishop. The cathe- dral possesses a fine altar-piece by Scbopf. Station Klausen, a little town consisting of a single street, is situated in a detile be- tween the river and the mountain. Above the town, on the right, is the Benedictine monastery of Sebcn. Outside the town is the Capuchin convent founded by the wife of Charles II. of Spain. The Loretto Chap- el adjoining the monastery contains the most valuable ecclesiastical treasures in the Tyrol. On the left bank of the Eisach, beyond Station Waidbruck, rises the pict- uresque castle of Trostburg, the property of Count Wolfenstein. At:>ra''ff (Ih'itd Po-te) and Station Blu- man are next passed before Botzen is reached. For description of Botzen, see Index. Leaving Botaen, the Eisach is crossed by a bridge, and the train proceeds to Station Brunzoll, where the Adige first becomes navigable. Station Xeitmarl-t. East of this town a road runs east to the interesting Flumers- thal. Station Sa'ttrn. Above the town is a picturesque castle in ruins, which formerly commanded the Adige. Station Lavis, situated on the Avisio, which here descends from the valley of Fleims and Fass to join the Adige. Trent (Hotel Europa, Hotel Corona), the Tridentum of the Romans, is situated on the left bank of the Adige. Population, 14,000. It was formerly the wealthiest and most important town in the Tyrol, and -i-s numerous ruined castles and marble palaces to tell of its former great- ness. The finest building in the city is the cathedral, founded in 1812, and dedicated to St. Vilnius. It is built entirely of marble, and is surmounted by two domes. Santa Maria Maggiore is the church in ROUTES. [ITALY.] ROUTES. which the celebrated Council of Trent met from 1545 to 1563. It contains a painting of the assembly, with portraits of the mem- bers, 7 cardinals, 3 patriarchs, 33 archbish- ops, 235 bishops, 7 abbots, and 146 profess- ors of theology. Arco lies three hours' drive from Trent, by carriage, in a most beautiful country, one half hour distant from the Lake of Garda. Principal hotel, and fine summer residence, Hotel and Kurhaus Arco. Roveredo, a populous town of 8000 in- habitants, especially noted for its silk-cult- ure since the year 1200. There are 60 filatide, mills in which the silk is wound from the cocoon, and AQfilatorie, spinning- mills. In the Piazza Podesta is situated the remarkable Castle Junk. Two miles from Roveredo is the Castle of Lizzana, in which Dante, exiled from Italy, was enter- tained by Lord Castelbarco. Station Ala, once celebrated for velvet manufactories. Station Avio is the last village in the Tyrol. Peri is the first village in Italy. The Valley of the Adige is separated from the Lago di Gardo in the west by the ridge of the Monte Baldo. The train now passes into the celebrated ravine Chiusa di Verona. Near Pescantina, Solferino, situated on the Mincio, is passed, noted for the battle fought here June 24th, 1859. At St. Lucia the railway unites with the Verona and Milan line, and soon reaches Verona. From Vienna to Trieste by the Semmering Railway. Express train from Vienna to Trieste; time, 14 h. 40 m. ; fare, 28 fl. 26 kr. The terminus of the railway in Vienna is near the Belvedere and New Arsenal. ^[ijdUng and Baden are the first stations passed, for descriptions of which, see In- dex. Leaving Baden, the ruined castles of Ran hen stein and Rauheneck may be seen. Beyond Leobersdorf, in the distance, no- tice the barren summit of the Schneeberg. Xeiistntlt. Hotels Hirsch and Krone. Population, 10,800. In 1834 a great con- flagration took place, leaving only 14 build- ings standing, since which time the town has been entirely rebuilt. In 1752 the old castle of the Babenberg dukes was convert- ed into a military academy for the prepar- 750 atory instruction of the officers of the line. Neustadt is connected with Vienna by a canal 40 miles in length, used chiefly for the transportation of coal from the mines of Oedenburg, and of wood from the Ba- konyerwald. Gloggnitz. Here the Semmering Rail- way commences, an enterprise executed by the Austrian government in 1848-54. Leaving Gloggnitz, the train ascends the left bank of the River Schwarzer, and crosses the Reichenauer Thai to Station Eichberg, where a fine view is obtained of the plain and the mountain Gostritz. Klamm. Above the town is the mined castle of Prince Liclitenstein. The Klamm tunnel and the viaducts of Jiigergrabcn and Gamperlgraben are passed, and Semmering is reached, the summit of the pass. About a mile from the station is the Erzherzog Johann Inn. In order to avoid any far- ther ascent, the highest part of the Sem- mering is penetrated by a tunnel 4600 feet long. Minzzichlag (Jh'itcl Brilnhauss and Railway Restaurant), situated on the Miirz. which river the train now follows. The scenery from here to Bruck is most picturesque. Bnick, a pretty town situated at the confluence of the Miirz and the Miir. Above the town rises the picturesque Cas- tle of Landskron. The line now winds along the left bank of the Miir, passes the Castle of Pcrncgg and the stations of Mieg- nitz and Peggau to Gratz. See Index for description of Gratz. Marburg, the second town in Styria, is next reached a dull place, containing 8000 inhabitants, chiefly Vends, a Sclavo- nic tribe, the German language now being entirely replaced by the Sclavonic dialect. Cilli, an ancient town situated on the Sann, said to have been founded by the Emperor Claudius. Roman ruins are still to be seen in the vicinity. A little dis- tance beyond the town rise the ruins of the Castle of Obercilli, formerly belonging to the Counts of Cilly, who once possessed all ( 'arinthia. From Cilli to Steinbrucken is thfi finest scenery of the line. Sltinlrnrkeii, situated at the junction of the Save and Sann. The line now trav- erses the valley of the Save, and passes the stations Hrastintj, Trefell, Sac/or, Luva, and Salloch to Laybach. PESCKIPTIOX. [ITALY.] DESCRIPTION. For Laibitch, see Index. Leaving Laibach, the line crosses the marshy plain of Laibacher Moos, and, just before reaching Franzdorf, passes over a viaduct 1(500 feet long and 1GOO feet high. Loituch. Hotels, Paste and Stadt Trieste. The quiuksilver-minfla of Istria should be vi>ited from here. A carriage may be hired for 6 florins. The excursion occu- pies 22 hours. Station Rank. Three miles from this town is the Lake of Zhknitz, remarkable for the disappearance of its waters for months at a time, during which interval the inhabitants cultivate buckwheat in its bed. Station Adelsberg. See Index. Near Adelsberg commences the desolate plain of Karst, a mass of limestone rock abounding in gorges and caverns, occa- sionally varied by thickets of brushwood. A short distance before reaching Trieste the Chateau of Miramar is reached, the former residence of the Emperor Maximil- ian of Mexico. A pleasant excursion may be made to it from Trieste. Trieste. See Index. For description of the Pass of St. Ber- nard, see Route No. 4, Vol. III., Switzer- land, and Route No. 204, Vol. II., Italy. Italy is a peninsula 900 miles in length. Its breadth, in the extreme north, is about 450, but in the other parts it varies from 40 to 145. It has in point of form not in- aptly been compared to a spurred boot. It is bounded on the north by the German- ic Confederation and Switzerland; on the northeast by Austria ; on the west by France ; on the other sides by the Mediter- ranean Sea. Its total population, from the last census, is about 28,437,091 inhabit- ants, all Catholics, with the exception of about 40,000 Protestants and 25,000 Jews, j The country in general is mountainous, j though it contains level districts of consid- erable extent : the Alps, on the north and west, stretch in a curved line from Genoa to the Adriatic Gulf, and the Apennines run through the whole length of the penin- sula, projecting many secondary chains, in one of which is Mount Vesuvius. In Sici- ly rises the gigantic cone of Etna, the nut considerable among the volcanoes that be- long to this division of the globe. Its height is nearly 11,000 feet above the Ic-wl of the sea. In Northern Italv arc found numerous lakes, the largest of which are Maggiore, Como, and Garda. The princi- pal rivers are the Po, the Adige, the Arno, and the Tiber. The Po is capable of nav- igation, although but little used for that purpose, owing to the danger arising from sudden variations in the rapidity of its cur- rent, caused by its numerous tributaries' being frequently swelled by heavy rains and the melting of mountain-snows. The great quantity of mud deposited by this river has raised its bed for some distance from its mouth above the level of the land, which has been embanked to prevent in- undation : the town of Ferrara is thirty feet below the surface of the water. The climate of Italy is warm and dry ; during the summer the heat is most intense on the shores of the Mediterranean and in the plains of Lombardy, but much less so on the eastern coast. The soil is in gen- eral fruitful, particularly that of Lombardy and the former Kingdom of Naples. Rome, Florence, Milan, Genoa, Turin, Venice, and Naples are among the principal towns. After the fall of the Roman Empire, which had -extended its sway over the whole of the known world, Italy came to belong partly to the Eastern Empire and partly to the Lombards a tribe of bar- barians who had taken possession of the whole of Northern and part of Central It- aly, which were by them divided into thirty-six dukedoms. In the 9th century Charlemagne founded, in favor of his sec- ond son, Pepin, a kingdom of Italy, consist- ing of Lombard j r , Bavaria, and Alemannia, or South Suabia. He had given the Pope the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Pen- tapolis, which became the patrimony of St. Peter. As early as the 10th centurj', Italy, perpetually convulsed by revolutions, was divided into innumerable independent states. From the 12th to the 13th century- most of the seaports became republics ; and a great many free towns of Lombardy united into a confederation. The progress- ive extension of the Papal States, the con- quests of the Normans in the south, the subjugation of Lombardy by the German emperors, the wars between the houses of Anjou and Aragon, altered many times the political division of Italy. Previous to 1789 modern Italy consisted of the following states : the Kingdom of Sardinia, the republics of Genoa and Ven- 751 HISTORY. ice, the duchies of Modena and Parma, the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples. North- ern Italy, conquered by the French in 1797, formed afterward the Cisalpine Republic, which comprised the Milanese, the Repub- lic of Venice, the duchies of Modena and Massa-Carrara, and three legations of the Papal States. In 1804, Savoy, Piedmont, and the county of Nice formed seven de- partments of the French Empire. In 1805 the Cisalpine Republic became the King- dom of Italy, which, successively aggran- dized by various annexations of territory, finally consisted, in 1809, of twenty-four departments. In 1801 the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany was transformed into the King- dom of Etruria, but was, in 1808, annexed to the French Empire, of which it formed three departments ; while the Papal States, partly absorbed already by the Kingdom of Italy, added three more departments (one of them being Rome herself) to the French Empire. South Italy continued to bear the title of Kingdom of Naples, and con- tained also the two independent principal- ities of Benevento and Pontecorvo. The events of 1814 caused the following divisions : STATES. CAPITALS. A'orthern Italy. Kingdom of Sardinia Turin. Principality of Monaco Monaco Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom, given to Austria Milan. Central I tali/. Duchy of Modena Modena. Duchy of Parma Parma. Duchy of Lucca Lucca. Duchy of Massa-Carrara Massa. Grand-Duchy of Tuscany. Florence. P;ipal States Rome. Republic of St. Marin St. Maria. Smtthern Italy. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. . .Naples. Since 1860, Italy, whose name according to Metternich's saying had become but a yeogrdphical expression, forms a compact kingdom, of which the King of Sardinia has been proclaimed chief, and which com- prises all the states before separated, witli the Papal States (patrimony of St. Peter and Campagne de Rome). The new king- dom consists of 69 provinces. History. Italy, according to Roman tra- ditions, was first called Sattirnia, from Sat- urn, who, driven out of Crete bv his son 752 [ITALY.] HISTORY. | Jupiter, was welcomed there by Janus, ; king of the country, whom he instructed in j agriculture and letters. Upward of 400 j'ears before the Trojan war a colony of Arcadians settled in Italy, under the con- duct of CEnotrus ; hence the name of CEno- tria given to the country. Italus, one of his successors, called it Italy. Evander, driven from Peloponnesus, led thither, to- ward the 13th century B.C., a second col- ony of Arcadians, and built the small town of Pallanteum on the hill afterward styled Palatine. A short time after this ^Eneas, at the head of a number of fugitive Tro- jans, landed near the mouth of the Tiber, and having married Lavinia, daughter to King Latinus, built the town of Lavinium. However all this may be, Italy was, in the first instance, peopled by various ab- origines : Hellens, from the Greek conti- nent, first settled there ; then a colony of Gauls ; then the Etruscans from the mount- ains of Rhetia, who formed the most pow- erful federative state in Italy, when Bello- vese led there a colony of Ctlts (6th cen- tury B.C.), and was the first cause of the decline of that federation, which Rome, founded since 753, finally subdued. But the revolution which ended in the expul- sion of Tarquin the Proud (509 B.C.) and the establishment of a republic, bereft Rome of the fruit of her achievements, and checked her political progress for a pe- riod of 160 years. During that time the Gauls in the north and the Samnites in the south became as strong as the Romans themselves. But from 391 to 350 B.C. the Gauls exhausted their forces to no pur- pose ; then from 343 to 267 Rome, ever courageous and persevering, subdued not only the Samnites, but the whole of Central and Southern Italy, and from 221 to 173 Cisalpine Gaul likewise (with the excep- tion of a few districts), which became a Roman province. From that time Italy has had no other history than that of Rome. After the fall of the Western Roman Em- pire, Italy successively belonged to the Herules (476) ; the Ostrogoths (491 to 552) ; the Greeks (552 to 568) ; the Lom- bards finally shared it with the Eastern Empire so that the country was divided into Lombard, or barbaric, and Greek, or Roman Italy, the latter being governed by an exarch sitting at Ravenna. In 726 the impolitic violences of the HISTORY. [ITALY.] HISTORY. Greek emperor, Leo III., the Iconoclast, brought about a rising. The Duchy of Rome became :i republic under the presi- dency of the popes, who had however soon to struggle against both the Lombard kings and the Greek exarchates : Pope Stephen III. was obliged to implore the assistance of Charles Martel and the Franks. The Lombards in spite of that extended their dominion southward, and founded the Duchy of Benevento by force 'of arms ; but their monarchy was destroyed by Charlemagne (774); the consequence of which was a fresh division of Italy into Greek and Frank Lombardy (the latter henceforth confined to the Duchy of Bene- vento). The popes, in this state of things, did not enjoy fullness of sovereignty, but were dependent upon the emperors. Soon after the death of Charlemagne, Italy formed a separate kingdom, to which was added (843) the imperial crown, long worn by Carlovingian princes. On the deposition of Charles the Big (888), Italian princes (Bere'nger, Guy, etc.) attempted to have themselves proclaimed kings of Italy. These princes, after the extinction of the German Carlovingians (911), preserved their independence ; but Otho I. (962) re- vived the sovereignty of Germany over Northern Italy ; and his successors at- tempted even the conquest of Greek Italy. Henry III. (1039 to 1056) rendered more and more stringent the dependence of the popes, which Gregorj' VII., pope in 1073, shook off entirely, endeavoring even to place papal power above that of the em- perors by raising the question of investi- tures (1017 to 1122). About the same time the Norman con- querors firmly settled in Greek Italy, after having driven thence the emperors of the West and the Lombards of Benevento. They created there the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, constituted as early as 1131, in favor of Roger I. as a fief of the Holy See. In 1161 the war broke out between the Guelphs and Ghibelines of Italy, which last- ed seven years, and ended in the triumph of the Guelphs and the expulsion of the Ger- mans. The Lombard and Tuscan towns, which had adopted the republican form of government, were o longer kept in awe by masters from the other side of the Alps ; but, on the other hand, most of them groaned under indigenous tyrants, and more than once were the popes driven out of Rome and a republic established. I!y degrees, however, and through tur- bulence and revolutions, the destinies of the country assumed a more settled character. In 1282, and consequent upon the Sicili'in I '/ .<] /., the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was divided into the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily, governed by two rival dynasties. Tilings remained in this state until the year 1504. In the north, Milan, in the hands of the Viscontis (1277 to 1447) and of the Sforces (1447 to 1535), became the metropolis of an extensive duchy. Great importance was given to Savoy by Count Vert (Amadeus VI., 1343 to 1383). Ven- ice became as early as the beginning of the 14th century a conquering power in terra lirma. The house of Este reigns over Fer- rara, the Gonzagues at Mantua. Florence stands supreme among the states of Tus- cany, and the Medici begin todominate there. The pope?, after seventy years' exile at Avignon (1309 to 1378), resumed their foot- ing in Italy : Albornoz caused the author- ity of Innocent VI. to be acknowledged by almost all the ecclesiastic states (1360). Italy, nevertheless, could not completely escape a foreign yoke. Vainly did the war- like Pope Julius II. strive to drive thebarba- rians out of it. France and Spain contend- ed for the possession of that beautiful coun- try ; Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Fran- cis I. failed in their attempts to subdue it ; Spain prevailed : mistress of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as early as 1505, sho turned the Duchy of Milan into a Spanish province (1540); and, being all-powerful both in the north and the south, had hot own way in the political organization of the remaining states. Venice, however, preserved her independence. Spain lost some of her preponderance in the course of the 17th century, and saw it almost entire- ly reduced to naught during the 18th. The Milanese and the Two Sicilies bocame Austrian possessions (1706 to 1721) : but between 1721 and 1738 two members of younger branches of the house of Spanish Bourbons obtained respectively the sover- eignty of Parma and the Two Sicilies, on con- dition, however, that these two states should never be annexed to the crown of Spain. The wars of the French Revolution, and still more those of the empire, altered for 753 HISTORY. [ITALY.] HISTORY. a time the political division of Italy. In 1801 Savoy and Piedmont were annexed to France ; the Milanese, conquered from Aus- tria, formed theCisalpine Republic : Austria received, as a compensation, Venice, with the continental states attached to it ; a Spanish prince was made King of Etruria. After the battle of Austerlitz (1805), and consequent upon the Treaty of Presburg. Venice and appendant states were joined to the Cisalpine Republic, which was then called the Kingdom of Italy. Genoa was incorporated with the French Empire ; the Kingdom of Naples, conquered by the French arms from King Ferdinand IV., re- duced to Sicily, was given by Napoleon I. to his brother Joseph (1806), then to Murat, his brother-iu-law (1808). The Queen of Etruria having abdicated in 1807, her states became part of the French Empire ; at the same time a por- tion of the Roman states and the Southern Tyrol were joined to the Kingdom of Italy (1809), while Rome herself and the remain- der of the Roman states were absorbed by t^je French Empire. Thus, with the exception of Sicily, where the Bourbons of Naples still reigned, and the Island of Sardinia, the only possession left the house of Savoy, the whole of Italy was in the power of Napoleon. The north- western part, as far as the Garigliano (ex- cept the Principality of Lucca and Piom- bino, given to his eldest sister Eliza), was considered as part of the French Empire ; the whole of the western part and the lega- tions formed his Kingdom of Italy, admin- istered under him by his step-son Eugene as viceroy ; Murat, his brother-in-law, was King of Naples. The Pope himself had been dispossessed. But after the events of 1814 the Con- gress of Vienna reinstated the Pope in the whole of his possessions ; to the house of Savoy were restored Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, with the addition of Genoa ; Austria recovered the Milanese, to which was add- ed Venice, forming the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom ; two Austrian princes had Tus- cany and Modona ; Maria-Louisa, Napole- on's wife, became Duchess of Parma, and a Bourbon of the house of Parma Duke of Lucca. Murat continued a short time in Naples ; but was dispossessed during the Hundred Days (1815), and Ferdinand IV. reinstated. 754 To Austria had been granted the right to keep a garrison in several places of the Roman states. That empire swayed the whole of Italy, and upheld every where absolute power. It was not long before its domination became hateful : threatened by the secret society of the so-called Carbona- ri, and by the most popular writers : at- tacked repeatedly (Lv21. 11. and ]S41) by insurrections violently repressed, it was for a short time greatly shaken in 1848 ; then Sicily rose against the King of Naples and proclaimed its independence ; Naples, Florence, and Turin demanded and obtained the grant of constitutions ; Rome became a republic ; Milan and Venice rose against Austria ; Parma and Modena drove away their dukes. The King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, took the direction of the movement, and successful!}' opposed Austria for a time ; but, badly seconded by the Lombard troops, he was beaten at Novara (March 23, 1849), and resorted to abdication. The former state of things was then immediately re- stored, though the Sardinian states kept their constitution and Parliamentary gov- ernment. Tranquillity was unexpectedly disturbed in Italy by the sudden invasion of Pied- mont by the Emperor of Austria (1859). Repulsed by the King of Sardinia, aided by the Emperor of the French, beaten at Montebello, Palestro; Magenta, and Solfe- rino, he lost Lombard}'. All the princes who had sided with him were driven out of Italy. After a vain attempt at a con- federation, proposed in the treaties of Vil- lafranca and Zurich, and after the revolu- tion effected in the Kingdom of Naples by General Garibaldi, all the states of Italy (except Venetia, left to Austria, and the Roman states, where the authority of the Pope was maintained by France) united in 1860, and Victor Emmanuel, king of Sar- dinia, was proclaimed King of Italy (March, 1861). Florence was, in September, 18G4, declared the capital of the new kingdom, to which Venetia was added in 1866 at the is- sue of a war in which Italy had been the ally of Prussia against Austria ; but Rome was in 1*71 finally declared the capital of United Italy. The constitution granted March 4, 1848, to the former Kingdom of Sardinia, is at the present day that of the whole country. HISTORY. "[ITALY.] HISTORY. A Synoptical Table showing the gradual rise of the House of Savoy, reputed the most ancient reigning house in Europe ; from Humbert (with the White Hands), its founder, down to tin- present time : DAVES. PABKNTAGE. -*IVE EXTENSION or TEUBUOEY. 1027-1043, 1048-1060, 1060-1072, or 1080, 1072 or 1103-114s! 1148-1188, 1188-1223, 1223-1253, Count Humbert (with the Hands), White Amadeus I., Amadeus II., of Rudolph III., king of the Bur- gnndiaus, Son or grandson of Received from Rudolph Savoy and Man- rienne, with the title of Count; from the Emperor Conrad le Salique, suc- cessor to Rudolph, part of Fan the Lower Chablais, and the V;il d'Aosta, aud thus founded the house of Savoy. No record. Humbert, Nephew to Amadeus Considerably increased the possessions I., | of the counts of Savoy, and joined to them the inheritance of his moth- er, consisting of almost the whole of Piedmont. Humbert II., Sou of Amadens II., Added the Tarentese, Vaud, Upper j Chablais, Suze. Amadeus III., Son of Humbert II., Savoy made fitat d'Empire by the Em- | peror Henry V. Humbert III. (the . Sou of Amadeus III., Took Turin. Barbarossa destroyed Holy), Thomas I., Amadens IV., Son of Humbert IIL, Suze by fire, when the archives' of the house of Savoy were reduced to ashes. Made Imperial Vicar in Piedmont by 1253-1263, Boniface, 1263-126S, Pierre (petit Charle- magne), 1268-12S5, 1285-1323, Philip, Amadens V. (the Sou of Thomas I., Great), 1323-1329, Edward (the Liber- the Emperor Frederick II. Added the Bugey, the Valais, and made Chambery the capital. Son of Thomas I., i Possession of Turin and Piedmont i definitively secured (1235). Son of Amadens IV.. Left no issue. Brother to Amadens Inherited the comity of Genevoie. Had been made before his accession Earl of Richmond and K- Henry III. of England for services rendered in his wars against his barons. Same as above. Annexed Lower Faucigny a_nd the town of Geneva. Had the seigniories of Asti and Ivrea settled on him by the Emperor Henry VII. Brother to Pierre, Son of Amadens V., 1880-1343, Aimon (the Pacific), Son of Amadeus V., 1343-1383, 1383-1391, 1391-1439, : Amadeus VI. (the Sou of Aimon, Green Count), Amadeus VII. (the Son of Amadeus VI., Red ConnO, Amadeus VIII., 1440-14C5, 14(15-1472, il472-1482, j 1482-1489, 1489-1490, ;149tM497, {1497-1S04, Louis I., Sou of AmadeusVII. Same as above. Same ns above. Added Vaud, Gex, Upper Faucigny, Valromey, Qniers, Coni, Querasco, Verrna. Added Nice and Vintimiglia. Added Bngey nnd Verceil, and refrain- d Piedmont (142'.i), which had since the time of Amadeus the Great been a separate fief. Created l>uke ag- dad, thence by land across the desert to Palmyra, and thence to the Mediterranean ports. Afterward the supplying of the 757 VENICE. [ITALY.] VENICE. Crusaders on their way to Palestine with provisions and military stores was an ad- ditional source of opulence and power. A1V this declined after the discovery oi the passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 by the Portuguese. " The Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was one of the most valuable possessions under the Austrian sceptre. The northern part of this territory is mountainous, the south flat, forming the plain of Lombardy. The whole country abounds with rivers, all of which have a southerly course except the Po, and all contribute their waters to the Adriatic. At the foot of the Alpine chains, in the north of Lombardy, are the lakes of Garda, Como, Maggiore, Lugano, Iseo, etc. The shores of the Adriatic are lined wita extensive lagoons, in the midst of which is Venice." The climate, except in the vi- cinity of Mantua and near the Adriatic, is considered healthy. The thermometer keeps higher in summer, and, as a general thing, sinks lower in winter in Lomhardy than in England ; and more rain falls here than in any other portion of the Austrian dominions. In Venice the annual amount is estimated at 34 inches, and in Lombardy at 45 inches : the rains are heavier in the autumn and winter than at any other sea- son. The spring is considered the most delightful time to visit this country : cloud- less skies and a genial climate of course add much to the pleasure. Large sums of money are spent in keep- ing up public education. A larger portion of the population is educated in the Lom- bardo-Venetian kingdom than in almost any other of the Austrian provinces. The government of Austria in Italy is undoubt- edly a cold, repulsive, and jealous despot- ism ; but it is not oppressive, and, in point of military government, it is not as rigid as the French. " The greater portion of this part of Italy, after the fall of the West- ern empire, was successively possessed by the Heruli, Ostrogoths, Greeks, and Lom- bards : the latter held it from 568 till 774, when Charlemagne annexed it to the em- pire of the Franks, to which it remained attached till 888. From that period, ex- cept the territory of the Venetians, it gen- erally belonged to the German emperors till the establishment of the republic of Milan in 1150. This republic, in 1553, came into the possession of Charles V. Ven- 788 ice and its territory, which had existed as an aristocratic republic from the 7th centu- ry to 1797, was confirmed to Austria by the treaty of Vienna, 1815, of which it remained a portion till 1866, when it was ceded to United Italy through Napoleon III. VENICE. On arriving at the station in Venice, when passing through the entrance, the v Er I CE. 2* 23 26 21 28 29 falleria. Corrvr fjftu-ro avico) 30 S^poftoU. .trsonale S'.fhancastv itifiwlo delta Pigna. Pal.Keale eanuit Ktarduu pubblia/ Cuirdaw Papadopob. S Giorgio Magtjiore S.Giovanni e fholo S.Gnjsostomo $.*ff(if*tci Ajttiio&a.. dfiMiracoli deU'Orto deUa Salute Zobeniao 31 32 33 3+ 36 36 37 38 39 +11 + 1 t2 Grrner Racari Fondaco dei Tedesda. del : Turohe _ Gnrnani - Muun _ Jfan/Hru - frsaiv - Ksani - f&ndramui CbUery/Ju. S.Pantalevne folixia, Ibsta. frururm efbnte dei S&spirn, Jl Omnibus p r . 'la. Strvula fkrr W Orto botanico Ospedale curile Pal.Pucale S.Saioatore SocUxi Scuola, di S Kocco S Sebasticuw Saninario S. Simeons Piccolo S.Stefano S.Ketrv di Castetto S.CiuUano VENICE. [ITALY.] VKMICK. commissionaires will be seen, who will es-1 which it is situated being dry at low wa- cort the traveler into the hotel gondola, tcr. Merchant vessels usually moor off take his baggage -tickets, and procure his baggage. A small fee for the porter. Avoid gondola omnibuses. Venire is a famous maritime city of Unit- ed Italy, formerly the capital of the repub- lic of the same name. Population, 128,901. Hotels : Royal Danieli, de /'Europe, Grand, Grand Hotel and Restaurant d'ltalie. The Ih'itel Royal Danieli, on the. Grant Canal, has the reputation of being one of the first houses in Europe, and is admirably fitted up and managed. It has recently been much enlarged, very good. Cooking and service The Hotel de V Europe, on the Grand at Malamacco, 1J leagues from the city. Canal, is an old-established first - class house, enjoying the very best patronage. The Grand Hotel (formerly .\e>n fork) occupies a fine position on the Grand ( 'anal, Salute ; managed by Messrs. Wiirms & Mclano. The Grand Hotel d'ltalie, with restaurant and bath-establishment, is situated on the Grand Canal, near the Place St. Marc, and opposite the Church de la Salute ; well managed by M. Bauer Grunwald. The city of Venice, formerly called the " Queen of the Adriatic," is unrivaled as to beauty and situation. It stands on a bay near the Gulf of Venice. In this gulf, or Adriatic Sea, the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic took place annually on Ascen- sion Day. It was performed by the Doge, accompanied by all the nobility and em- bassadors in gondolas, dropping into the sea a ring from his Bucentaur or state barge. This ceremony was omitted for the first time in many centuries in 1797. Venice is situated upon 72 islands. Its peculiar formation renders it singularly attractive. The islands upon which the city is built lie in the midst of exten- sive lagoons, which surround it on all sides. The access to the city is very difficult^ a great portion of the lavroon on the ducal palace ; sometimes, however, they come into the Grand Canal, which in- tersects the city. In consequence of the chain of long narrow islands, which bound the lagoon on the side next the sea, being in part broken away, the republic during the last century was obliged to construct a mole several miles in length, to protect tho >-ity and port from storms and the swells of the Adriatic. This vast work is ad- mired for its extent and solidit}'. ^ i 3 formed of blocks of Istrian marble, and connects various little islands and towns. The principal pilot - station for ships is There is a bar outside of Malamacco, on which there is not more than 10 feet of wa- ter at spring tides. On arriving at the bar, ships are conducted across it and into with southern exposure, close to the Piazza ports by pilots, whose services must be San Marco, and opposite the Church de la availed of. The Grand Canal, which takes a serpen- tine course through the city, is intersected by 146 smaller canals, over which there are 306 bridges, which, being very steep, and intended only for foot-passengers, aro cut into steps on cither side. These ca- nals, crossed by bridges, form the water- streets of Venice, the greater part of the intercourse of the city being carried on by means of gondolas. The gondola sup- plies the place of coaches, as carriage and even horseback riding is wholly out of the question here, the streets being so very narrow, not usually over 4 or 5 feet in width, with the exception of the Meroeria, which is from 12 to 20 feet across, in tho centre of the city, which is lined on either side with handsome stores. The gondola is therefore the mode of conveyance ; it cuts its way so rapidly through the water that in a short time you may be able to visit every part of the city. They are long, narrow, light vessels, painted black, according to an ancient law, containing in the centre a cabin nicely fitted up with glass windows, blinds, cushions, etc. ; those belonging to private families are much more richly decorated. One gondolier is generally considered sufficient, and the price is then four lire per day, but double that fare for two rowers. The most pleas- ant and healthy portion of Venice is in the vicinity of the Grand Canal, which is 759 VENICE. [ITALY.] YEWICE. broad and deep, on either side of which are magnificent palaces and churches. This canal, which varies from 100 to 180 feet in width, is crossed by the principal bridge of the city, the famous Rialto, which was built of marble by Antonio da 1'onte in 1591, and, like other bridges of Venice, has etairs, by which people ascend on one side and descend on the other. The view from this bridge is remarkably fine ; the beau- ties of Grecian architecture meet the eye of the stranger on whichever side he feels disposed to turn. It is 89 feet in the span, and is divided into three parts, a narrow street running through the centre, with shops on either side, and two still narrow- er between the shops and balustrade. Its appearance is heavy, and by no means merits the great fame and attention which it has excited. The manufactures of Venice are much more various than many persons suppose. The Glass-works, situated on the island of Murano, employing about 400 hands (in- cluding females, who are engaged in ar- ranging beads), produces magnificent mir- rors, artificial pearls, colored beads, etc. Gold chains, and every variety of jewelry, is also produced extensively, together with gold and silver materials, velvets, silks, laces, and other valuable goods. Printing is very extensively carried on here ; the fame which Venice early acquired in this respect is familiar to every scholar, and the classics that issued from the Aldlne presses are still admired for their correct- ness and beauty. Ship-building is carried on to some extent both here and at Chioz- za. The first steam-engine seen in Ven- ice was set up for a sugar-refinery in 1836. The Venetians, in the 15th centu^-, at- tempted new arts at a time when they were unknown in other parts of Europe. They also attended to the extension and improvement of navigation. The policy of government was fatal to the progressive advancement of manufac- tures, although favorable to their introduc- tion, the severest penalties being inflicted upon the importers of foreign domestic commodities into the territory. There was nothing to fear from foreign competition, and consequently nothing to stimulate in- vention or discovery. The Venetian gov- ernment was so jealous of foreigners that they issued the severest laws, and also 760 enforced them with respect to their own workmen. " If any workman carry his art to a foreign country, to the prejudice of the republic, he shall be ordered to re- turn ; if he do not obey, his nearest rela- tives shall be imprisoned, that his regard ' for them nay induce him to return, which if he doe?, he shall be forgiven, and employ- ment again provided for him ; if, in dc- ; spite of the imprisonment of his relatives, he perseveres in his absence, an 'emissary shall be employed to dispatch him ;' and, after his death, his relatives shall be set | free." In consequence of having no competi- ' tion to encourage them, the manufacturers of Venice during the last century wore more remarkable for their perfection than the extent to which they were carried. j In 1830 Venice was made a free port, and most of the articles for the use of the citi- zens are admitted free of duty. She also carries on a considerable trade with differ- ent parts of Greece. Previous to 1830, Trieste was encouraged, in point of trade, in preference to Venice, and still continues in the ascendency. By far the greater portion of the import and export trade of the city is carried on through Trieste by coasting vessels that are every day pass- ing between the two cities. Many of the inhabitants of Venice get their living by fishing in the lagoon and the contiguous portion of the Adriatic. Independent of the fishing-boats, there are about 30,000 tons of shipping, of which a large propor- tion is engaged in the coasting trade. Venice was the earliest, and, for a long time, the most extensive commercial city in modern Europe. Her origin dates from the invasion of Italy by Attila in 452. Many of the inhabitants of Aquileia and the adjoining territory were compelled to fly from the ravages of the barbarians to the cluster of small islands on which the city is built, opposite the rnouth of the Brenta. They were then compelled to cultivate com- merce and its subsidiary arts as a means of subsistence. In the 15th century Ven- ico was considered by far the richest and most magnificent city of Europe, with the single exception of Rome ; and those who visited her were impressed with still high- er notions of her grandeur, on account of her singular situation in the midst of the sea. It has been represented as a delight- VKNII-H. [ITALY.] VENICE. ful place to reside in. At first, no doubt the novelty gratifies and pleases. but it is too monotonous to be a favorite residence for any length of time. The streets being very narrow, the knowledge that you are dependent upon boats to carry you about, and the want of rural beauty, makes out- weary of the scene. The saltness of the water and the ehan.-es of tide make it more endurable than it otherwise would be. If the water was fresh it would be uninhabitable. There were formerly no 'springs or wells, and the inhabitants were compelled to use the water collected in cis- terns from the tops of the houses ; but in I.--!" artesian wells were constructed, which afford an abundant and more agreeable supply. The Venetians arc improving their taste for the cultivation of fruit, flow- ers, etc. Very extensive gardens, con- structed by the French, excite much admi- ration, from the peculiar manner in which they are formed; the serpentine walks, fine trees, shrubbery, different views of the islands and lagoons, make this an agreeable and interesting promenade. The houses occupied by the upper clos- es are from three to four stories high, gen- erally built square, and have two entran- ce.*, one on the Grand Canal and the other on the street. Some of the finest palace* are built of marble ; the rooms occupied by the family are frequently small and badly ventilated, in consequence of setting apart the most desirable portions for the exhibition of statuary, paintings, and oth- er works of art. Venice is a very reason- able place to reside in : rents are low, and living uncommonly cheap ; society is pleas- ing and unrestrained, and foreigners are well received, and arc usually much pleased. The manners and morals of the Venetians have been very much mi.-con- strued and exaggerated, and what was merely holiday amusement was deemed by some to l>c corruption of morals. Piazza >V;n Marco is of an oblong form, 600 feet by 300: it is the only open space of any magnitude, and, with the piazzetta leading to it, forms the state entrance to Venice from the sea. On one side is the old palace of the doges, on the other the mint and library of St. Mark : the archi- tecture is regular, fresh, and modern, and forms a striking contrast to that of its neighbors. Two magnificent granite col- : umns, each of a single block, one bearing tin- statue of St. Theodore, protector of the republic, and the other crowned with the winged lion of St. Mark, stand on the fourth side of the piaz/etta, on tl. shore. Public- executions formerly took place, between these two columns. On two of its sides are regular buildings with arcades; on the north is the long row of buildings called the J'rocuratie I'ecckia, on the soutli the Prucuratie Auore and Li- braria Vtcchia. The Piazza and neighbor- ing buildings are frequented daily at the hour of two, simultaneous with the striking of the great cl..ck of the Torre dell Oro- logio, by a l.trgo Hock of pigeons, which is fed at that place at the expense of gov- ernment (so it is said by some authors); and, although government receives the credit of it. yet, as the story runs, they are fed and cared for by the liberality of an old lady, widowed and childless, who left a large amount to be expended for this pur- pose, she having been much interested in their welfare during her life. The church of St. Geminianowus former- ly situated on the west side of the piaz- zetta, but its place is now occupied by the staircase of the imperial palace. The Cnthfilral of 8t. Mark, the Orulgia. ar.d Campanile stand on the opposite end : there arc three high poles in front of the Cathe- dral, from which were formerly displayed the flags of Morea, Crete, and Cyprus, of which the republic was mistress about the middle of the loth century, v hen Moham- med II., the Turkish sultan, entered Con- stantinople and placed himself on the throne of ( 'ontantinc and Justinian. The square, being the only open place of any size in Venice, is a celebrated promenade, and is the scene of masquerades and festivals. The number of fine private residences is quite large, mostly built on heavy piles or ma-.-ive structure; they are, however, with the exception of those built by Palladio, Sansovino, Scamozx.i, and a few other emi- nent architects, devoid of good taste, and are more remarkable for their gorgeous style and great display : they are general- ly a mixture of Kastern. Koman. and Gothic architecture. Many of the ancient man- sions have been pulled down, and tl mostly deserted. The singularity of style in many of the buildings is peculiarly at- tractive. 761 VENICE. [ITALY.} VENICE Church of San Marco, converted into a cathedral in 1807, previous to which time it was the Ducal Chapel, founded by the Doge Giustiniuni Participazio in the year 829. In consequence of his death it was left unfinished; his heirs, however, finish- ed it, and it was destroyed by the confla- gration of 976. In 977 the present ediii'.-e was founded by Pietro Orseolo I., the suc- cessor of Candiano, whose life and reign terminated at the time of the conflagration. It was not completed, however, until the n.'ign of Domenico Contarini, 1043. In 1071 the Doge Domenico Salvo added many precious ornaments, and mosaics in particular. It was designed by architects from Constantinople, and is a mixture of Grecian and Roman architecture. The nave is 243 feet in length, the transept 200 ; the centre dome is 92 feet in height, and the other four 81 feet each. It is built in the form of a Greek cross : width of the front is 171 feet, height 73. Nearly 600 pillars support the decorations inside and outside of this building ; they were brought from Greece, and are of marble : it seems a large number to be crowded into so small a space. The finishings are in the Italian Gothic style of the 15th century, but are not light and graceful ; the scarcity of windows gives the building a gloomy ap- ; pearance. In the lower part of the front are five arched doorways, each adorned with a double row of little columns ; over : these arches in the gallery of marble are the famous Bronze Horses of Chian origin, carried to Constantinople by Theodosiu?. from whence they were removed by the Venetians in 1206, when they plundered ' the capital of the Eastern empire ; they ; crowned the triumphal arch in the Place 1 dii Carrousel, in Paris, from 1797 to 1815, at which time they were restored. In the outer walls are inserted tablets of ancient sculpture of different nations and ages ; one on the north side represents Proserpine in a chariot drawn by two dragons, and holding in either hand a torch. In the corner near the Ducal Palace, attractive from their color and position, is a group of four full-length figures in red porphyry, the origin of which is not exactly known. Five large mosaics are placed over the doorways : the first on the right is a de- sign by Pietro Vecchio, executed in 1650 ; the subject represented is the body of St. 762 Mark being removed from the tomb at Alexandria. The Last Judgment occu- pies the next place ; a design, dated 1728, representing the Venetian magistrates ven- erating the body of St. Mark. The last, and probably the most ancient of these mosaics, represents the church of St. Mark, Above these are four other mosaics, the subjects of which are the Taking down from the Cross, Descent into Hades, the Resurj rection, and the Ascension. By the cen- tral portal as you enter the vestibule is a small piece of reddish marble, indicating the spot where Pope Alexander III. and the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa were, througli the interposition of the Venetian republic, reconciled on the 23d of July, 1177. The vaulting, and many portions ; of the wall, are covered with rich marbles I and mosaics ; the columns are of verd-an- tique and porphyry ; the pavement is com- posed of small pieces of white and colored marble, agate, jasper, etc., and is beautiful- ly arranged. Over the centre door of the church is a mosaic representing St. Mark in pontifical robes, executed by the broth- ers Zuccati in 1545; the Crucifixion oppo- site by the same ; they also executed the Eight Prophets, the Four Evangelists, the Resurrection of Lazarus, and the Annun- ciation. The magnificent tomb of Cardi- nal Zeno, from the design of Alessandro Leopardi, is situated in the Zeno Chapel, on the right of the vestibule. In the north corridor is the ancient bas-relief of Christ surrendered by the twelve apostles, and the monument of the Doge Marino Moro- sini. The walls of the interior are of pre- cious marble. A mosaic of the Virgin of St. Mark is over the central door ; by the door, on the right, the basin for holy-water is placed, composed of porphyry, supported by a Greek altar. Farther on to the right is situated the Baptittery, executed in the 14th century ; the granite slab upon which our Savior is supposed to have stood when he preached to the inhabitants of Tyre, brought from that city in 1126, forms the altar table. The monument of the last doge, Andrea Dandolo, who died in 1554, and was interred in St. Mark's, stands against the wall ; the Gothic tomb was erected to the Doge Soranza. Chapel of the Holy Cross by the north transept ; one of the columns which support it is of a rare specimen of black and white granite. VENICE. [ITALY.] VEHICB. Chapd <]fthf Madonna di Mnscnli, at the end of the north transept, contains the statues of the Madonna. St. Mark, ami mar- ble altar from the design of Nicola Pisano ; it also contains the Hi.-u.ry of the Virgin in mosaics. Parted from tin- nave by a rich screen, after the Greek fashion, is the choir, which, with its divisions, rise in triple ascent; fourteen statues, executed by Jacobello and Pietro Paolo dalle Ma- senge in 1392, surmount it; statue of Christ in silver is placed over the centre. In the presbytery is the high altar, supported by four columns, with Latin inscriptions, and covered with sculpture ; the events of Gos- pel history, from the Marriage of St. Anna ' to the Ascension, are inscribed upon the columns. Eight bronze statues of the four Doctors, by Sansovino, and the four Evan- gelists, stand at the sides of the altar. One of the most attractive features is the Pala d'Oro, a remarkable specimen of Byzantine art, the linest that now exists, made at Con- stantinople in '.'77. under the direction of , Do^e 1'ietro Ors?olo. The Doge Ordelofo Faliero had it repaired in 1100: it was re- paired again in 1280 by Pietro Zani, and in 1544 by Andrea Dandolo. The Sacristy, entered by a door at the side of the altar ; Sansovino was employed twenty years on this same door. The roof is covered with rich mosaics, the prin- cipal of which are St. Theodore and St. ; George. From the south transept opens a j door into the Treasury of St. Mark; it is kept locked, and, unless by particular per- mission, can only be seen on Fridays at noon. It contains many precious relics, rich jewelry, and a piece of our Savior's dress. Torre delC Oroloyio, or Clock-tower, sit- uated on the right as you leave St. Mark, was designed by Pietro Lombardo in 14;i4. The two upper stories are decorated with the Virgin in gilt bronze, and the Lion of St. Mark. It was struck by lightning in 17")' i. and restored in 1755 by Ferracina of 10. The entrance to the Merceria, where the principal shops are, and the most trade carried on, passes beneath this clock-tower. Beyond the tower, forming nearly the whole of the Piazza of St. Mark, stands, upon 51 arches, the Procurntie I'ec- chie, which was intended for the residence of the procurateurs of St. Mark, who were among the most important personages of the republic. It was erected by Barto- lomeo Buona da Bergamo in 1516. The procurator; were honest and good man- agers. From this body the Doge was gen- erally elected. The office was for life ; and on the decline of the republic many of the offices were sold to benefit the state. The old nobility paid 30,000 ducats, and the new 100,000. In consequence of the increase of numbers, the Procuratie Nuovc was erected ; it is now the Royal Palace, and is a rich liae of buildings, fronted aft- er the Grecian style. At the time the ad- dition was made to the palace the Church of San Geminiano was entirely destroyed. This was one of Sansovino's best works, and was likewise his burial-place. Libraria Vccchie occupies the west side of the Piazzetta, and is united to the build- ing of the Piazza. It contains a great manj' valuable books, among which are a fine copy of Sophocles, Iliad complete, a great part of Odyssey, and a MS. of Ho- mer, and nearly all the works of Cicero. The library was increased to a great extent by the presentation of valuable works from Cardinal Grimani, Cardinal Bessarion, and others. In 1811, 120,000 volumes and 10,000 MSS. were transferred to the line saloon in the ducal palace from the Libra- ria Vecchie. Library of St. Mark, a magnificent struc- ture of Ionic and Doric architecture. On the ground floor is a portico consisting of 20 arcades, decorated with columns; in the interior are arches, many of which are used for shops. The ornaments in the hall which contains the books are in stuc- co, and there are also some fine paintings. The Mint is situated on the Molo and at- tached to the library : it also is of the Doric and Ionic order, and was built in 153's Palace, east of the Piazzetta. It is open to visitors ev- ery day. including Sundays, from 9 until 4. The first palace erected on this spot was in the 9th century, but the present edifice was built by the Doge Marino Faliero in the 14th. There are eight gates by which it is entered, the principal leading into the Cortile, around which are two stories of arcades. A double row of arches support an immense wall of brick-work, in which are a few windows. The unity of design and grandeur of dimensions give an impo- sing effect to the structure, although many defects are visible. Giant's Staircase, a noble flight of steps erected by A. Rizzo in 1482. leads up from the Cortile to the Arcade, underneath which the so-called "lion's mouth" gaped to receive communications of plots against the state. It derives its name from the statues of Mars and Neptune which stand on either pide of the staircase at the top. The arch- es and steps are exquisitely inlaid with marble. The doges were crowned at the head of these stairs. The statues of Adam and Eve are considered magnificent spe- cimens of the Veneto - Lombard school. Busts of celebrated Venetians, such as Tintoretto, Lazzaro More. Enrico Dando- lo, Marco Polo, etc., are placed round the : upper colonnade. In the court-yard are j two bronze openings of wells, one executed in 1559, the other in 1556. Left of the Gi- ant's Staircase, a facade of two stories forms a side of the Corte di Senator! ; opposite the top of the staircase is an inscription commemorating the visit of Henry III. of France to Venice in 1573; on the left of the Corridor Loggia, by which three sides of the court are surrounded, is the Scala d'Ora, or great staircase. The S/anze dffj'i Avroyndori, just l>eyond the staircase, is where was preserved in former times the roll of Venetian aristocracy. A sec- 764 ond flight of stairs farther on leads to the library ; through the door on the left, after i^c.-nding the t-tairs, you pass into the suite of rooms on the Molo and Piazzetta : the first room, or antechamber, is tilled with books ; from this yon enter into the read- ing -room, which contains 10,000 choice M>S. and many line miniatures. It con- tains also the first book printed in Venice, in lit!:'. <"/ ,<, nd j\imi itiriit ; the will of Marco Polo, 1373; and many other rare cu- riosities. The door opposite the antero< m lead* into the Sola del Maggioi* Con.-i'j '< '; the hall, 17 (i ft. long, 85 ft. broad, and 52 ft. high, is very mavniticent. It was paint- ed by Tintoretto, Paul Veronese, Titian, and Bellini. After its completion in 1:;:U, that and the adjoining one, Dello Scrutiny, were destroyed 1 y lire in 1577. It is now the Bibliotheca di San Marco, and is open from nine until four everyday (except cer- tain feast-days), including Sundays. '1 he paintings which adorn this hall of the Great Council are among the earliest ;:nd largest specimens of oil-paintings on can- vas. At the east end of this hall is the im- pressive and magnificent painting of Par- adise. It is immensely large, 84 feet in width and 33 \ feet in height, painted by Tintoretto ; also the Embassadors meeting Frederick II. at Pavia, praying to him for restoration of peace to Italy and the Church; the second Conquest of Constan- tinople by the Crusade rs and Venetians in 1201 : the great naval battle which took place in Istria at the time the imperial fleet was defeated, and Otho, the emper- or's son, taken prisoner ; Pope Alexander III. discovered secreted in the Conventof La Carita, when escaping from Frederick II. in 1177 ; the Pope presenting the light- ed taper to the Doge ; the Doge departing from Venice, and is receiving the blessing of the Pope ; the Emperor submitting to the Pope ; Alexis Comnenus, son of the dethroned Emperor of Constantinople, im- ploring the Venetians to aid him in his father's behalf; the return of the Doge Contarini, after the victory gained over the Genoese at Chioggia in 137* by the Vene- tians ; Paul Veronese's painting of .Venice amid the clouds crowned with glory, near the great picture of Paradise : an oblong painting by Tintoretto, divided into two parts : in the upper portion Venice is rep- VENICE. [ITALY.] VEKICE. resented among the deities ; below is the Doge da Ponte and senators receiving from the cities the deputation who wi.-h to ten- der allegiance to the republic : the cele- brated frieze of portraits of the 72 doges around the hall, commencing from the year si;<.. \vith the span- which should have "been occupied by Marino Faliero covered by the black veil, and on it the well-known inscription : these were mostly painted by lintoretto. .' ological Mu- seum: the first room contains many an- cient marbles, such as Esculapius at the baths of Abano, etc. Next to this hall i< the Camera degli Scarhiti. where were kept the scarlet robes of the ^[aggior Consiylio : the chimney-piece, which was executed in 1490 for Doge Barberigo. is very attractive. The Doge Loredano, at the Virgin's feet, is placed over the door. Sola ddln Scui:y;nia dfl Marc, located on the point of land which divides the Grand Canal from the Giudecca. Among the palaces in Venice, many are very attractive. Palazzo Foscari, erected at the latter part of the 15th century, by the same architect as the Doge's palace. Francis I. was lodged here in 1574. The history of the Doge Foscari and his son must be familiar to every one; the lan- guage of Byron beautifully expresses the feeling of the son while gazing upon the land of his birth from his prison window : 11 My bountiful, my own, My only Venice 'hi* it brtath .' Thy breeze, Thine Adrian .sea-breeze, how it fans my face . The very winds feel native to my veins, And cool them into calmness : how unlike The hot gales of the horrid <'ycl.-nles, Which liowl'd about my Ctmdiotc dungeon, aad Made my heart sick." Palazzo Pisani a S. Polo, in Arabesque Gothic style, built early in the 15th cen- tury. The celebrated " Family of Darius," purchased for 14,000, was in this palace; the Kffup of Icarius and Doedalus, by Ca- nova, the execution of which so rapidly raised his reputation, is still here. The na- val commander, Vittorio Pisani, died in 1380, after saving the republic from great peril by his skill and bravery. Palazzo Grimani, now the post-office. In the Gri- mani family were two doges, Antonio and Marino. In 1595, at the time of the elec- iion of the latter, hie duchess was inaugu- rated in splendid style, according to the Venetian custom ; she was clothed in gold cloth, wore a gold crown, and was brought to the Piazza of San Marco in a bucentaur, where she was saluted with peals of artil- lery and martial music. She was present- ed with the golden rose, blessed by the pontiff every year, by Clement VIII. ; it was afterward taken from her by order of the senate, and placed in t!ic treasury of St. Mark. Palazzo Manfrini formerly con- tained, with the exception of the Academy, the finest collection of paintings in Venice ; the best of them were sold in 185G. One of its gema is now in possession of F. P. James, Esq., N.York. Palazzo Moro, on the (.'ampo del Carmine, the supposed residence of Cristoforo Moro, the Othello of Sluik- speare. The house formerly occupied by 76G Shylock has been converted into a govern- ment pawnbroker's establishment. Palaz* zo Grimani a A'. Maria Formosa is remark- able for containing the colossal statue of A^rippa, which was formerly in the Pan- theon at Rome. One of the most remarkable palaces of the 15th century, adorned in the Eastern style, is the Casa d' Oro, now occupied by Mdlle. Taglioni. Palazzo del Polo: here resided the celebrated traveler of the 13th centurj', Marco Polo : he was taken prison- er at Curzola by the Genoese, and died here in 1323. Tintoretto 's house was situated on the quay of the Campo dei Mori, and Ti- tian's opposite the island of Murano, at a place called Berigrande. CHURCHES. Santa Maria Gloriosa de 1 Frari, designed by Nicolo Pisano in 1258. As we enter to the right is the monument of Titian, raised at the personal expense of the Emperor of Austria. Charles V. intended to have erected a tomb over the remains of this great painter, but it was left to the Emper- or Ferdinand I. to carry out the idea. The monument was first exhibited in 1853. There is a massive basement, on which rises a canopy decorated in the Corinthian style, under which is a statue of the paint- er seated, and crowned with laurel ; there are small statues on either side, and on the basement four others one bearing the in- scription " Ttiiano Monumtntum erectnm sit Ferdinandtu /., 1839." Immediately op- posite to this is the monument erected in 1827 to Canova ; the design is a duplicate of one executed by himself for the Arch- duchess Christina at Vienna : its beauty is only rivaled by the original design. The most conspicuous monument in the church is that erected to the memory of the Doge Giovanni Pesaro in 1659. Moors and ne- groes in black marble, robed in white, sup- port it; the Doge sits in the centre. Over a door of the church, beyond the altar, is a case supposed to have contained the re- mains of Francisco Carmagnola, executed in 1432 at Venice : it is now believed, how- ever, that his remains were carried to Mi- lan. The tomb of Doge Nicolo Tron, who died in 1472, is composed of six stones, or- namented by 19 full-length figures: it is 70 feet in height and 50 in width. The monument of Benedetto Pesaro, the Ven- VENICE. CITALY.] VENICE tian general, decorates the door of the sac- risty ; in the sacristy is a very beautiful painting by Bellini, of th Madonna and three Saints: it also contains the Cruci- fixion and Burial of the Savior in high re- lief. Over the Pesaro altar, in the chapel of St. Peter, is a painting by Titian, repre- senting the Virgin seated in a lofty p tui- tion, surrounded by magnificent architect- ure, with our Savior in her arms turning to St. Francis : St. Peter with a book ; be- neath, five members of the Pesaro family are kneeling to the Virgin. It is said for this work Titian received 102 golden duc- ats. Church of Santa Giovanni e Paolo was commenced in 1246, and completed in 1390. It is 330 ft. long, 140 ft. wide l*tween the transept, '.(() ft. in the body, and 120 ft. high : the principal objects of interest arc tho monuments and paintings. The monu- ment of the Doge Leonardo Loredan was erected to his memory as a tribute of es- teem for the merits of one of the most pru- dent princes of Venice. One of the finest monuments in Venice is that of the Doge Andrea Vendramin : the style is dignified, and the invention graceful. The statue of the Doge upon his bier would appear to represent him sleep- ing instead of having passed into "the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns." The tombs of the General Dionigi .Naldo and Nicolo Orsini, count of Pittigliano, both in the service of Venice against the league of Cambray, Were erected at the expense of the repub- lic. A marble group representing Vittore Capello receiving the baton from St. Elena. In the north transept, the painting of St. Peter Martyr, by Titian, formerly hung ; it Mas considered one of his best works, but was lately destroyed by fire. There are also several paintings by Tintoretto: the Holy League of 1570, Battle of Lepanto, the Crucifixion. The painting of Mary Magdalene washing the feet of our Savior is very attractive. In front of the church, on the Campo, stands the statue of Barto- lomeo Colleoni, designed by Andrew Ver- rocchio. who it is said died of grief in con- sequence of the mould being a failure, and his inability therefore to complete the etatue. Church of Santa ^faria dtlla Silute, the most beautiful in Venice, was erected as a ; monument of thanksgiving after the dis- appearance of the pestilence in KS30, at which time about 00,000 inhabitants died. Many splendid works of art decorate the interior; Titian's celebrated picture of the Descent of the Holy Spirit ; also the Evan- gelists and Doctors of the Church, Titian himself representing the figure of St. Mat- thew. Tintoretto's Marriage of Cana, and Pandovino's Madonna della Salute, are among the finest specimens. The Oratory contains the tomb of Sansovini, whose re- mains were interred here after their re- moval from the church of S. Griminiano, where they had lain for over 250 years. The altar is a magnificent piece of sculp- turing : it consists of a representation of the Virgin and Child; St. Mark on one side, and St. Justinian on the other; an allegorical ligure of Venice kneeling to an ani:i-l who is driving away a figure of the plague. V)n each side of the altar is a flag and pacha's tails taken from the Turks. There are also two old crutches standing up on the right of the altar: it is related that in 1857 an old woman, known to have been lame for years, came a long distance to make her confession in this church, in the midst of which her lameness departed, j and she went on her way rejoicing. The court-yard of this church is arranged in a very ingenious manner for filtering water. There are a large number of other churches which contain many very inter- esting objects ; hours, 6 to 12, free. Accademia delle Belle Arti, open from 9 to 3 every day. It is located in the build- ; ing which was formerly the Convent of la Carita. The only portion of the building which is left to represent the great study spent upon it by Palladio is the Tallino, ', or square hall, now used as one of the ! drawing-schools, formerly the sacristy of the church. In the Sola delT Assumtu is the great painting by Titian, wherein he has displayed his greatest talents in color- ! ing, arrangement of drapery, illustration of character, and magnificent attitude, the ! Assumption of the Virgin ; it was purchased ! from the friars of the church of the 1'rari, | over the altar of which it was formerly I placed. It is a powerful effort of this great painter, considered beyond any of his other works. Titian, or TizlanD Vicelli, " was born at Cadore, on the borders of the Friuli, A.D. 767 VENICE. [ITALY.] VENICE 1477. He studied with Sebastiano Zuccati, afterward with Gentil Bellini, and finally with Giorgione ; lie stands at the head of the Venetian school, and is acknowledged the greatest colorist the world has ever seen. His palette was extremely simple ; the colors which he used being few in number, and very pure and decided in tint. His mode of painting has never been un- j derstood or imitated; he has enchanted the ] world by his wonderful effects, and made ; many artists throw down their pencils and [ palettes in perfect desperation. His figures have an air of superb repose, but in some of his earliest works were not perfectly drawn. He was doubtless the greatest painter that ever lived ; was also a fine landscape painter, and was one of the first to make it a separate art. He was one of the most laborious of artists, and continued to paint until his death, which took place in Aretino in 1576." In this saloon are also two other pictures by this celebrated artist, the "Visitation of St. Elizabeth," painted when he was 14, and the I> -p<:si!rm, when at the advanced age of 98 ; the cele- brated Assumption was painted in his prime so we are afforded at the same moment the privilege of beholding \\isjlrst, last, and best work. In the picture of the Presenta- tion in the adjoining room there is a life- size portrait of his mother selling eggs. The painting of St. Mark staying the Tempest is full of historical interest, and considered one of the best works of Gior- gione. A fine picture by Bellini, repre- senting the Canal near San Lorenzo, in which the Cross was dropped, and from which it was recovered. Our Lord visit- ing the house of Lev! is a large picture, and the subject nicely expressed by Paul Veronese. Another highly interesting painting is the Presentation of the Ring to the Doge by the Fisherman. Schools those of San ^farcr> and San Rocco are the most important. Tintoretto continued to paint in the latter for 17 years ; some of the walls are entirely cov- ered with his paintings. His gre;.to>t work is the Crucifixion. Giacomo Robusti Tintoret was the son of a dyer (tintoretto), from whence he de- rived his surname, and was born in Venice in 1512. He was a pupil of Titian's, who, fearful of having in him a redoubtable rival, sent him awav. He studied then 768 alone, proposing to himself to unite the de- sign of Michael Angela \tith the coloring of his old master. He always succeeded in giving to his figures a life-like move- ment. His portrait of himself, and his Susanna at the Bath, are in the gallery of the Louvre at Paris, lie died in the 82d year of his age, and was buried in the church of the Madonna dell' Orto in 151)4. MI/SPO Corrtr. This collection of curi- osities will be found worthy of a visit. Theatres. L'l Fenice is the principal. It is a large building, capable of containing 2500 persons. There are several other theatres, but nothing very remarkable, the drama being in a very low state in Venice. Charitable institutions are quite numer- ous, and do an immense deal of good. There is one house in which 700 poor peo- ple are lodged, an orphan institution for 335 children, hospital to accommodate 1000 patients, house of education for 90 girls, a foundling hospital, etc. The Cemetery is situated on the island of Murano. The rich and poor, nobles and beggars, are buried here together. The expenses of burial for the poor arc defray- ed by government. A gondola is used to convey corpses. The price of a gondola per hour is 1 fr. with one rower, 2 frs. with two rowers. There are upward of 4000 in Venice. Among the excursions is that to the lovely island of Lido, one of the finest wa- tering-places in Italy. This historical spot is only ten minutes by gondola from Venice, being the nearest of those long- stretched shores which divide the sea from the lagoons. It is nearly ten miles long, and a little over half a mile wide. A most exquisite sandy beach, smooth as velvet, the entire length of the island, runs far into the water. There is a beautiful pier, 650 feet long, built in the sea, on which are placed 400 bath-houses, from which you descend by stairs into the water. The Palazzo Treves contains the last great works of Canova, viz., his Hector and Ajar, bought by the present owner for 100,000 francs. One ntillion has been of- fered for them by an American gentleman. The palaces of Vendremin, Pesaro. and Fini- Wimpfcn are shown from 9 to 10 A.M., and from 3 to 4 P.M. ; fee to the domestic, 1 franc. Venice is not without her streets ; there VENICE. [ITALY.] is access by land to every house : thou- sands of little alleys, some of them not five feet wide, anil innumerable bridges, unable the great mass of the people to go about their business, as in other towns, through the streets. Gondolas are but the equiva- lent of hackney-coaches in other cities. In Venice, as elsewhere, an honest valet de place will save you much in the way of fees. An intelligent guide will be found in Antonio Baldissera, who speaks English, French, German, and Italian, and who may be seen at the hotels ; also Roch Jocpass, Cafe Soizero. Excursions should be made to Lido (by steamer in summer), a half-hour's distance; also to the island Murano, 1% miles north of Vienna. The Cathedral is a very inter- esting building. The 1'eninsular and Oriental steamers sail every Saturday for Egypt and the East Indies. Bankers. The principal banking-house and exchange-office in Venice is that of Messrs. Th. IJeitmeyer & Co., convenient- ly situated on tlie Piazza .Sail Marco, 7lA lloyul Palace, Ueading-rooni, register, etc. Druggist. A good druggist is Fumci- galU, rewarded at Paris Exposition of '78. His shop is at the Ponte delle Ostreghe, Via 22 Marzo. Venetian Laces. This industry, protect- ed by the Queen of Italy, employs over 2500 women in Venice and the environs, whose wages being lower, cheaper lace is made than elsewhere. The best house is Jesurmn & Co. .4292 St. Filippo Giacomo, near the Bridge of Sighs, where not only an immense stock of the most varied laces is kept, priced in plain figures, but the girls may also be seen at their work. Here can be seen the reproduction of old lace, by a system in- vented by Mr. Jesurum, an immense stock of which is kept, from the 15th century downward, and which is subsequently sold to customers at very low rates, after repro- duction. The beautiful polychrome, or many-colored, lace also an invention of this house is made here. In addition, there is an immense choice of veils, shawls, Venetian mantelets, cravats, handkerchiefs, chemises ; all kinds of sets for the neck for I ladies and young ladies : all kinds of furni- : ture laces, curtains, bed-covers, mantel- pieces, antimacassars, toilet-covers, in an- j cient and modern style, elegant and origi- | nal, suitable for presents, and to s.. purses. Tourist Office. Messrs. Gondrand freres,, 1098 Campo Stun Gallo, close to Piazza San Marco, are agents of the principal steam- ship companies, ship goods, give informa- tion, and cash circular notes and letters of credit. Venice to Vienna, via Udine and Ponte- bra, in 24 h. 55 in. ; fare, 72 frs. 40 c. ; this is the new route finished in 1882, bj- which the traveler now avoids the detour to Tri- este. Venice to Paris. Time, 34 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 148 frs. 95 c. Venice to London. Time, 42 h. 10 m. ; fare, first class, 221 frs. 45 c. Venice to Turin. Time, 11 h. 30 m. ; fare, first class, 48 frs. 75 c. ; second class, 34 frs. 70 c. Venice to Milan. Time, 7 hours; fare, first class, 31 frs. 80 c. ; second class, 22 frs. 80 c. Venice to Verona. Time, 3 h. 1 m. ; fare, first class, 14 frs. 30 c. ; second class, 10 frs. 40 c. Venice to Trieste. Time, 7 h. 41 m. ; fare, first class. 27 frs. 25 c. ; second class, 20 frs. 5 c. Venice to Bologna. Time, 4 h. 20 m. ; fare, first class, 19 frs. 45 c. ; second class, 14 frs. 45 c. Venice to Brindisi. Time, 24 hours ; fare, first class, 104 frs. 85 c. ; second class, 74 frs. 35 c. From Brindisi to Alexandria (Egypt), 300 frs. Steamers leaving Brindisi on Monday at 5 A.M. arrive at Alexandria on Thursday morning. 760 PADUA. [ITALY.] PADUA. ROUTE No. 200. Venice to Milan, via Padua, Lake Gctrda, Verona, Brescia, and Bergamo^ Time, 6 h. 41 m. (express) ; fare, first class, 31 fr. 80 c. ; second class, 22 fr. 80 c. PADUA. Padua is finely situated on the Bacchi- glione, several branches of which flow through the town. Hotels, Aquila d'Oro, La Stella d'Oro, and Croce d'Oro. Pop- ulation, 52,000. Padua is the most ancient city of the north of Italy. It abounds in tradition, and its foundation was ascribed to Antenor, after the siege of Troy. It was taken by Alaric, Attila, and the Lombards, but restored by Charlemagne to its former grandeur, and under his successors it be- came flourishing and independent. It came into possession of the Carrara family in 1318, and was united to the Venetian territory in 1-J05. It is a bishop's see, and the seat of the superior judicial courts. The appear- ance of the city is very singular : large portions of irregular unoccupied ground, situated on the outskirts, add to its pecul- iarity. The houses are supported by rows of pointed arches : the city is of a triangu- lar form, surrounded with walls and inter- sected by canals. It has a low, marshy situation, at the tenninus of the Canal of Monselici, between the Brenta and Bacchi- glione. Travelers are generally much dis- appointed in the appearance of this city, it 770 being very damp and exceedingly gloomy ; the streets are narrow, unclean, and very monotonous ; they are bordered by arcades, and have no leading thoroughfares. Padua contains nearly 100 churches, which are the principal buildings in the city. The Dunmo was nearly two centuries in progress of building, and was not completed until 1755; it contains some monuments of interest, also a few paintings, and quite a number of frescoes. Church of San Giustina: the first build- ing was destroyed by an earthquake in 1117; it was rebuilt in the 13th century; the present structure was commenced and finished in the 16th century. All that is left of the ancient edifice is represented in the two lions which stand in front of the present building. It possesses a precious relic in a fine painting by Paul Veronese. It is said the bones of 3000 saints are here deposited. The Church of Sanf Antonio is singular- ly constructed, somewhat in the Oriental style : it has eight cupolas. It was erect- ed in 1231 by the citizens of Padua, just after the death and in honor of their patron saint. The interior of this church is very elaborately decorated; the exterior is by no means attractive, with the exception of the towers. The Chapel of the saint is adorned with a curious series of sculptures : it is illuminated day and night by silver candlesticks, golden lamps, and candfla- l.ras supported by angels. The shrine in the- centre of the chapel lias been made truly magnificent by its ornaments in gold and marble. The singular chapel of the Madonna Mora contains an attractive sar- cophagus of the Obice family ; also an urn which belonged to Fulgosa, a celebrated counselor of the 14th century. In the chapel of St. Felix are some very ancient frescoes, impressive, but much injured by restoration. The Prfsbyttry is separated from the rest of the church by very ele- gant screens and balustrades made of mar- ble : this contains the great bronze cruci- fix, and Deposition in gilt and terra-cotta, by Donatello ; also his group of the Madon- na and Saints in bronze. Church of the Eremitani is quite simple, but ornamented in a pleasing manner ; some of the frescoes are uncommonly fine. An allegorical pic- ture of Mercury, Mars, and Venus is very PADUA. [ITALY.] PADUA. singular; so also is that of Earth placed between Industry and Idleness. Of the Tomls we may mention particu- larly that of the fifth lord of Padua, Jacopo di Carrara ; also that of Ubertino Carrara. These are about the only memorials left of the princes of Padua. The history of the total extinction of this family is really quite sad. Francesco di Carrara and his two sons were strangled in the dungeons of St. Mark after having surrendered Padua to the Venetians. The monument to Bena- vides, the celebrated lawyer, is very fine, and remarkable from having been erected under his own supervision : he employed groat genius both in the sculpturing and architecture. Students from the Univer- sity attend service here on Sundays and holidays ; they are also interred here after death. The Sacristy contains two very handsome and interesting monuments one, by Conova, erected to William, Prince of Orange ; the other, a very singular one of red marble, to the memory of Paulus de Venetiis. The A rena, supposed to have been a Ro- man amphitheatre ; in portions of it the Roman masonry is still visible. It passed into the hands of the Scrovigno family, a member of which altered it into a castle, and also erected the chapel of Sta. Maria deir Annunciato for private worship. Gi- otto, who was young then, and was work- ing in Padua, was employed in decorating the building ; he also designed the build- ing, which accounts for the unity in the architecture and decorations ; the beautie.- and character of his style were never more forcibly illustrated than in this original and perfect production. While at work on this, he had a pleasing companion in the person of Dante, who at that time lodged with him. The chapel is a perfect gem of the art- ist's beauty and skill in ornamental de- sign ; his frescoes also are worthy of most particular observation. Those persons who have a taste for this art will perceive with what exquisite simplicity, and yet with how much dignity he portrays his subjects, which are mostly taken from sacred his- tory ; ho has lu-re a.mhined pathetic ex- pression with ease and beauty. The De- position from the Cross is considered his finest painting. Giotto was the son of a shepherd, and was born at Vespignano, near Florence, in 1276. He became the pupil of Cimabue, and soon surpassed his master in the blending of his tints and the symmetry and correctness of his designs. Many of his works possess great positive merit, irrespective of the early age in which they were produced. He painted portraits as well as sacred compositions ; among others, one of Dante, in the chapel of the podesta at Florence, which, after having been covered with whitewash for two cen- turies, was brought to light. He died in 1336. The Unirersity of Padua was quite cele- brated in the 14th and loth centuries ; it was not only patronized by an immense number of students from all parts of Eu- rope, but also by Mohammedan countries. Dante and Petrarch were among its pu- pils ; Harvey received his degree of med- icine here in 1602 ; Evelyn was a stu- dent in 1645 ; Galileo and Guglielmi were among its professors of philosophy ; and Fallopius, Morgagni, and others among its medical professors. Padua is one of the five sections of the literary union of Aus- trian Italy. It excelled greatly in medi- cine, as may be seen from the names of the professors. Palazzo of the University derives its name of // Bo from the inn upon the site of which it is located. Here is the statue of the celebrated Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia : she was most accomplished ; spoke the Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, Span- ish, French, and Latin languages fluently ; was a poetess, an excellent musician, well versed in mathematics and astronony, and received a degree of medicine; she died unmarried at the age of 48. The most singular building is the Palaz- zo della Municipalita, the history of which is as remarkable as its appearance. The roof is very high, towering far above the walls of the edifice, and said to be the largest in the world which is unsupported by columns. The interior of the hall is not at all prepossessing, being dark and gloomy, and the walls are hung with heavy rr^'sterious paintings, which rather add to the dreary appearance. Among the busts and monuments which this building con- tains is the bust of Pletro di Abano, who first revived the art of medicine in Europe ; Sperone iiperanfs statue ; Livy's monument and its history, are all interesting, but 771 PADUA. [ITALY.] VlCENZA. none as much so as the bust erected to Lu- crezia Dondi, as celebrated for her virtues as the Roman Lucretia, the circumstances of whose death so aroused the indigna- tion of the Romans against the Tarquins that, with Brutus as their leader, they bel- lowed forth revenge for one who was the " mark and model of her time," and struck the blow for liberty. At one end of the hall is the A liar of Insolvency, composed of black granite ; at the other end, the famous model of a horse by Donatello. In a suite of apartments near the entrance to this building are deposited the series of Paduan archives. Among the diplomas is one of Henry V., to which he was obliged to annex a cross, being unable, from the want of education, to write his signature. The Biblioteca Capitolare, claiming Pe- trarch as one of its founders, contains 10,000 volumes and some curious MSS. The Biblioteca Publica has 1(0,000 printed volumes and 15,000 MSS. Padua has the most ancient Botanic Gar- den, in which are the oldest exotic trees and plants common in Europe. The ce- dar of Lebanon flourishes very extensive- ly ; the magnolias are remarkably elegant. The Astronomical Observatory, in which many of the victims of Eccelini were im- prisoned. The view from here is extend- ed and exceedingly fine, combining the Euganean hills, the Lagoon of Venice, and the N.E. Alps. The Praia detl.i Voile is the only public promenade. It is square and irregular, and somewhat resembles the London square, except that the interior is surrounded with a circular stream of water, along the bor- ders of which are statues of celebrated na- tives of Padua, besides some celebrities of other countries. The most interesting palace is the Pa- lazzo Pappqfava, belonging to one of the most patriotic noblemen of the country, Count Andrea Cittadclla cli Vicodozzere. Of its curiosities, none are so attractive as the group in sculpture of Lucifer cast out from Heaven, carved from a single block of marble. It consists of sixty figures. Twelve years of the artist's life were con- sumed upon it. The Scuola di Sanf Antonio is most rich in frescoes by Titian, the subjects of which are most interesting. The manufactures of Padua are w oolen cloths, silks, and ribbon. 772 There is also a large trade in wine, oil, cat- tle, and leather. In a tower adjoining tht Cathedral is the wonderful clock of the cel- ebrated inventor Dondi, for which magnif- icent piece of mechanism his descendants bear the name of " Dondi dell' Orologio." Padua is noted for its charitable institutions. Omnibuses from the hotels meet each train. Carriages to or from the station 1^ fr., with baggage ; by the hour. '_' fr. From June to August, on account of the fair held at that time, the city is the gayest. Travelers not wishing to visit Verona, Milan, Turin, etc., can proceed direct from Padua to Florence via Ferrara and Bo- logna. Distance to Bologna, 98 miles. Time, express, 3 hours ; fare, 14 fr. 50 c. From Padua to Vicenza, distance 20 miles ; time, 1 hour. Vicenzi. Principal hotels, Hotel de la Ville, near the station ; Stella d'Oro. in the Corso. Population, 37,086. A few hours will be all that travelers require to stay here, and they will find at the railway sta- tion a very good cafe answering their pur- pose. The city of Vicenza was sacked by Alaric in 401, and pillaged by Attila, the Lombards, and Frederick II. In the 15th century it came into the possession of the Venetians, who retained it until after the downfall of the republic. It is beautifully situated on the Bacchiglione, where it re- ceives the Retrone. It is one of the best- built cities in Italy. The different rivers are crossed by nine bridges, of which the finest is the Ponte de 8an Jfichek, and may l>e favorably contrasted with the Rialto of Venice. Vicenza is a bishop's see, the seat of the council, and the superior courts for the delegates. The Vicentines are quite celebrated for the interest they take in manufactures; they consist chiefly of silks, woolen fabrics, leather, earthenware, gold and silver articles, etc. The mode of cultivation, and the cleanly manner in which the fields are kept, make quite an impression upon the traveler. Vicenza is a very ancient city, and is the birthplace of Palladio, the modern Vitruvius, who was born in 1518. The buildings display his skill in the architecture, and it may be truly said the city is "full of Palladio." The accuracy of proportion is the principal attraction in his style of architecture. The Vicentine villas, which are very beautiful, are mostly located on the Monte, a rise of V E F Harp* DMA 2 '4 la c-'mn (Ituisti 2 5 Theatre Tombcau. st imposing sight. It is one of the no- blest existing monuments of the ancient Romans, and, with the exception of the Colosseum at Koine, is the largest edifice of its kind. The interior has suffered but little, in consequence of the great care M'hich has been bestowed upon it. In 1184 the outer circuit was very badly dam- aged by an earthquake. There were for- merly 72 arches in the outer circuit, and only four now remain. The height of the building, when perfect, exceeded 120 feet. It is in the form of an ellipse ; the extreme length of its diameters to the outer wall 510 feet and 412 ; those of the arena, 250 and 147. In the interior, the corridors, stairs, and benches are in a remarkable state of preservation. It formerly had 40 successive tiers of granite scats, each row being H feet high, the same in breadth, and the whole number accommodating 25,000 persons. We arc without any au- thentic information in reference to the founders of this great work. It is sup- posed to have been built between the reigns of Titus and Trajan. It was used for the exhibition of shows and sports in the Middle Ages, and sometimes as an are- na for judicial combats. At a later period a bull-fight in honor of the Emperor Joseph II., then at Verona, was exhibited here. In still more modern times the Pope gave his benediction to a large assemblage col- lected within the Amphitheatre as he was passing through the city. While Verona was in the possession of the French, they erected a wooden theatre in the arena of this time-honored institution, for the per- formance of farces, equestrian feats, etc. The arches are now let jy the town au- thorities for shops. There are other monuments of antiquity in Verona deserving of celebrity, particu- larly the ancient double gateway composed, of marble, built under Gallienus, in mem- ory of whom it was named. Each gate- way is ornamented by Corinthian pilasters. It has lieen standing lllOd years. The fortifications of the city are very re- markable, of early origin, and are attrib- uted to Charlemagne, the Scaligers, and [ITALY.] VERONA. other natives. Since 1849 the modern for- titi cations have been strengthened, and ni'uli' impregnable in every possible way. A new arsenal has been erected, which will accommodate a garrison of 20,000 men. Besides the ancient double gateway al- ready alluded to, there are others possess- ing great beauty of architectural design, and interesting specimens of ancient carv- ing. Churches. The churches of Verona are distinguished for their magnificence. The exterior of most of them show evidences of faded beauty and luxury of art. Cathedral of Sta. Muriu. ^fatricolare was erected in the time of Charlemagne. The modern portions of it are very rich and beautiful chapels of the Maffei family and St. Agatha particularly so. There are many very peculiar monuments in this building: among them is one erected in commemoration of the Archdeacon of Ve- rona, to whom is attributed the foundation of seven churches ; the poet De Cesuris has a tomb and bust; it is also the burial- place of Pope Lucius III., who was driven from IkOine to Verona, where he died in 1185. The paintings of importance have nearly all been removed. Titian's As- sumption has been replaced here after a tour to Paris and back. The Presbytery and Baptistery are adorn- ed with frescoes ; in the latter is the font, 30 ft. in circumference, and designed from a single block of marble. Church of Zan- eenone, a curious structure of the 12th cen- tury: the first building was erected on this site in the beginning of the 9th cen- tury, through the liberality of Otho II., who left a handsome donation for the pur- pose ; it was restored in 1178. The entire front is covered with bas-reliefs in stone, and the doors in sculpture of bronze ; the whcel-of-fortune window is one of the most remarkable features. The interior of the church is well proportioned, and pr> a striking appearance ; the plan is of a Latin basilica ; it has no transepts ; it is rich in curious relics, the most remarkable of which is the statue of St. Zeno, bishop of Verona in 3G2 : he was by birth an Afri- can. Among the other curiosities is a vase formed of a single block of red porphyry, also a pedestal. The best painting is one by Mant'.-gna, hack of the high altar; it formerly consisted of six compartments, 775 VERONA. [ITALY.] VERONA. but on its return from Paris was reduced to three. The Cri/pi contains many early frescoes, and tombs of the ancient bishops of Verona; also a stone sarcophagus, in which the remains of St. Zeno were dis- covered in 1839. In the Cloister is the tomb of Giuseppe della Scalu, alluded to by Dante. The Campanile is particularly at- tractive, being a most beautiful structure of its peculiar style of architecture. Ad- joining the church is the cemetery, con- taining a singular mausoleum. Church of Saint Anaslasia, in the Gothic style, and one of the most beautiful edi- fices of its kind in Italy it is 76 feet in width, and over 300 in length. The altars are all very elegant ; paintings good ; the buildings are almost entirely covered with frescoes. The pavement is composed of red, white, and gray marbles, most taste- fully arranged. Church of San Fermo was founded in 750; its piers are massive, and show but little alteration ; there is quite a good deal of ornament about the church, a number of paintings, and some remarkable monu- ments ; two urns belonging to the last members of the Dante family ; the frescoes are very singular. Church of San Giorgio contains a very large number of paintings, statues, etc. The high altar is an exquisite piece of workmanship. The principal paintings are those of Paul Veronese, the Martyr- dom of St. George, and Farinati's Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes. Church of San Bcmardin, now used as a military store-house, is full of old tombs ; the little circular chapel was a perfect gem of the early Venetian school. Santa Maria in Organo contains wonder- ful wooden carvings. The inundation of 1882 rose here 2 m. 75 c., but injured nothing. The Palaces of this city are mostly from the designs of Sanmicheli, and are consid- ered some of his finest specimens of archi- tecture. The Palazzi del Consiglio was built by Fra Giaeondo ; it is adorned by statues of celebrated natives, Catullus, Fracastorio, the poet and physician, also distinguished as a mathematician and astronomer, Pliny the younger, and others. The public gal- lery belonging to this palace contains some good paintings, although the best have been removed. 776 The Palazzo Pompei alia Vittoria, an im- posing edifice, was presented to the city by the family, and now contains the Museo Civico ; entrance, 1 franc. The ground floor contains a collection of antiquities, casts, and fossils. The Picture-Gnllery is situated on the first floor, and contains some fine specimens of the Veronese school. The first and second rooms contain a collection of pictures presented to the town by Dr. Bernasconi. There are numerous specimens of Paul Veronese, Pordenone, Fra Bartolomeo, Moretto, and Tintoretto. The tombs of the old lords of Verona are curious specimens of ancient sculpture. They have stood in a public thoroughfare for over 500 years apparently uninjured. The tomb of Can Grande I. forms a kind of entrance to the Church of Santa M. Antica. The tomb of Can Signorio is of exquisite workmanship : his crimes were very great, but they did not prevent him from succeed- ing his brother whom he had murdered in the government. One of the finest collections of literature in Italy will be found in the Biblioteca Capltolare : unpublished poems by Dante, a Virgil of the 3d century, and other in- teresting specimens of early literature. The Piazza del Erbe, or vegetable mark- et. \vas, in the times of the republic, the forum ; from the tribune criminals received their sentence. The fountain in the cen- tre was erected by King Bcrengarius. At one end of the Piazza is the palace of the Maff't'i family. The T Ristori. Juliet's Tomb. F.vcry reader of Shak- speare is familiar with the story of the Montagues and C'apulets, particularly the portion which relates to the faithful, lov- ing Juliet, and the cause of her melancholy death. In a closed garden belonging to a suppressed convent (Orfmotrofoi) is a chapel containing a sarcophagus of Vero* na marble, called the Tomb nf Juliet (fro, 25 c.). Many say it is not Juliet's toml. PESCHIERA. [ITALY.] Whose tomb is it then ? Juliet evidently died hero, and .was buried here ; and if it plciiM 1 .- the custodians to say it /.< Juliet's tomb, why let them have their way until the non-l>elievers find out where she was buried. The original author of the story of La Giulietta was Luigi da Porta, a gen- tleman of Vicenza, who died in lfr_".. His novel, however, did not appear until 1535, being first printed at Venice. It has been proved by a strict inquiry into the history of Verona that all the circumstances, char- acters, and truth of the story have been retained by Shukspeare in the production of his play, which was written in 1596. The house of Juliet's parents is now a tav- ern, in St. Seb'istinno Street, formerly Ca- ptllett; Street. The armorial hat belong- ing to the Capule: family may still be seen over the entrance to the court. Verona to ^[unich, across the Brenner Pass. See Route No. 201. Verona to Modena. See Route Xo. 211. Verona to Milan. Time, 3 h. 34 m. ; fare, tirst class, 17 fr. 50 c. ; second class, 12 fr. -10 c. Verona to Venice. Time, 3 hours ; fare, first class, 14 fr. 30 c. ; second class, 10 fr. 40 c. Pcschitra is a very strong fortification, situated on a small island connecting the River Mincio with Lake Garda ; the forti- fications were first erected by Napoleon : it was surrendered tothe Piedmontesein 1848, after having been besieged two months. Layo di Gnrda. This lake is formed most- ly by the River Mincio, which descends from the Italian Tyrol. The whole sur- rounding country is a garden of beauty. Garda is more extensive than Como or Maggiore, although it receives less water. Its height is about 300 feet above the level of the sea, and its depth 1000 feet. In many places its sides are bold and precipitous, and it is almost entirely surrounded by mount- ains. The lower portion of it is 7 miles across, and its greatest length 35. Catullus selected this lovely situation for his villa, tlio ruins of which arc still visible ; he was singularly attached to the spot, and ex- pressed his admiration for it in some of his finest verses. The climate is more mild and agreeable than upon any other of the Lombard lakes. Its shores are covered with villages, and the land is very fertile. The lemon-tree is planted very extensively, as well as the olive. The lake abounds in fine fish, such as trout, pike, etc. ; also the sarilel and agove, species of the delicious herring which are found in the other lakes. The waters are at times troubled, in con- sequence of the severe storms which are very prevalent ; the waves rising to an im- mense height, owing to the large expanse of water. The Mincio is the only outlet. Steamers between Desenzano and Riva, at ' the head of the lake, in 5 hours, leaving the former at l.SO P.M., and arriving at the 1 latter at 0.30; and returning even' morn- ing from Riva at 7.30. Fare, 4 fr. 35 c. On Tuesdays it leaves Riva at 4 A.M. Desenzano, a small town on the margin of the lake, a short distance from the sta- tion Peschiera. Omnibus to the town, 50 c. (Afager's Hatel). It' contains a pop- ulation of 4500 inhabitants. There are numerous stations on the lake where the steamers stop; among others, those of Solo and Gargnano are the pretti- est and most important. Riva is charm- ingly situated at the head of the lake, sur- rounded by precipitous mountains. Ho- tels, .-1 Ibergo Truffell im and Gianlini. Bag- gage here is examined on arriving by .\\i~- trian custom officers, and on leaving by those of Italy. Riva is a pleasant residence during the summer, and living is rather cheap. The natural beauty of the place is enhanced by the old castle erected on the heights above the town by the Scaligers. There are numerous excursions in the vicinity : The Falls of Ponale (which may j be seen from the steamers); also to the I Monto Baldo; and to the Valley of Ledro and Mori. On returning from Riva the steamer stops at Malcesine, a town of 2300 inhabit- ants. It contains a fine old castle of the time of Charlemagne, recently restored. j The village of Garda contains a population of 1200, surrounded by an amphitheatre of vine? and olive and fig trees. There \s a ra.-tli' here which belongs to Count Alber- tini of Verona. Omnibuses from the steamer landing to the station Peschiera, which is 1^ miles : from the lake. Brescia. Hotels, Albergo Reale della Posta and Fmice. Population, 41,000. Brescia is a very ancient city the Brixia that was conquered by the Gauls and aft- 777 BRESCIA. [ITALY.] BRESCIA. erward became a Roman colony. It was at one time one of the wealthiest cities in Lombardy, and was celebrated for the he- roism of its inhabitants and the strength of its fortifications. The heroism of the Brescians has not degenerated, but the for- tifications are much dilapidated. Brescia was taken by the French dur- ing the league of Cambray, which caused a revolt, and resulted in being retaken 1 y storm in 1512, on which occasion Chevalier Bayard was so seriously wounded. Gas- fon de Foix, who was appointed general of Francis I.'s forces while yet a mere youth, not having attained his twenty- third year, learning that the city of Brescia had been delivered over to the Venetians, and that the garrison was incapable of longer resistance, hastened, with incredi- ble exertion and fatigue, to the rescue of that place, fought two battles, achieved two victories, and, on arriving before the gates, summoned the city to surrender, be- ing anxious, if possible, to avoid farther slaughter. The summons was, however, disregarded, although the citizens were de- sirous that it should be complied with. The attack commenced, and the carnage which ensued was fearful. The Venetians fought desperately, but in vain. The city was taken, the garrison and population put to the sword, and the town delivered up to all the horrors of pillage and vio- lence. The brave Bayard fell wounded by a pike through the thigh, which broke in the wound, and was borne to the rear by two archers. The citizens, women, and children harassed the invading troops by hurling bricks and stones, and even pour- ing boiling water from the windows of the houses ; but ultimately between 7000 and 8000 Venetians fell in action, or were butchered as they attempted to escape, while the loss of the French did not ex- ceed 50 men. Unhappily, they no sooner saw themselves masters of the city than the most brutal excesses followed. Mon- asteries and convents were invaded, pri- vate families were ruined and disgraced, and the gross booty secured by the con- querors was estimated at three millions of crown? a circumstance which ultimately proved the destruction of the French cause I in Italy, numbers of the individuals thus : suddenly enriched forsaking their posts and returning to their homes, enfeebling 778 the army of De Foix, and conducing to the fatal termination of the battle of Ra- venna. Brescia has produced some emi- nent men, among whom was the historian Mazzuchelli, the mathematician Tartaglia, and Agoni. Churches. TihcDu r ,mo Vecchio was built by two Lombard dukes. It is very an- cient, having been commenced in 660 A. D., and finished in 670. It still retains some old tombs and paintings, which, howev- er, are not of the first class. The Duo- mo Xuovo is a modern edifice of white marble, completed in 1825. The dome is very large, next in size to that of the Ca- thedral at Florence. In front rf this build- ing is a fountain, with an allegorical stat- ue of the city. Church of St. Afra con- tains many beautiful frescoes and paint- ings ; among the latter is Titian's fine work, ' The Woman taken in Adultery." There is also an excellent portrait of Paul Veronese in the foreground of his painting of the Martyrdom of St. Afra. The church is very ancient, and has been repeatedly renovated. A temple of Saturn formerly occupied this location. Church of San Na- zaro e Celso is richly endowed with paint- ings, for which it is principally remarka- ble. Church of San Giovanni Evangdista, the oldest church in Brescia ; many of Moretto's finest productions are here dis' played. Church of San Francesco con- tains a painting of great beauty, represent- ing the Marriage of the Virgin, by Fran- cesco du Pruto di Caravaggio, whose works are very rare. It was in this building that the Brescians took the oath of fidelity to the republic of Venice in 1421. Church of San Putro in 0/ivtto is also remarkable for its paintings, containing many speci- mens of the Brescian art. JiilJinti :(< (^iiiriiiiiini, founded by Cardi- nal Quirini in 1750, is well furnished with ancient MSS. and books ; it now contains 40,000 volumes. A cop}' of the Gospels, in gold and silver, of the 9th century, is one of the most interesting relics. Its founder was most liberal in donations of early and curious works ; none more use- ful than the collection of Cardinal Pole. Admission daily from 11 to 3 ; fee', 50 c. The Brol'tto, or ancient palace of the re- public, erected of brick, of peculiar arclii tecture, was commenced in the llth centu- ry and completed in the 12th. The armo- BBESCIA. [ITALY.] rial bearings were almost entirely destroy- ed in 1796. It contained many ancient historical objects of interc.-t and some ex- cellent paintings previous to the invasion of the French. It is now used for public ullices and prisons. On a large circular window in the great court are some terra- cotta ornaments of great beauty. Palasso del Logffia, in the Piazza Vi <<}(!>. was formerly intended for the town-hall. It was originally as beautiful in the inte- rior as in the exterior, but the conflagra- tion of the 18th of January. 1575, defaced it to a very great extent. The exterior suf- fered somewhat by the bombardment of l s l'.i. Many of Titian's fine paintings were destroyed at the time of the confla- gration. .1/MA-fo Cirirn. The city is indebted to one of its most distinguished citizens. ( 'ount Torsi, for this building and its collections. The most valuable of its contents is a cel- ebrated work of Raphael, representing our Saviour crowned with thorns, for which Count Torsi paid 24,000 francs. It for- merly belonged to the Mosea family of Pe-i saro. The paintings, busts, etc., are ad- mirably in-ranged, and occupy ten different rooms. There arc several other galleries containing paintings of intere-t. The gay exteri; r of the palaces of Bres- cia add much to the appearance of the city, also its numerous squares and fountains the latter 7'2 in number. Its public insti- tutions are numerous, and very interest- ing in appearance. Altogether, there is an air of grandeur about the city that is very impressive. There are two towers in the city, the Torre dell' Oroloi/ia, and the Torre dtlla J'niata. The former has a large dial, which marks the course of the sun and moon, and the hours are struck by two men of metal. J/.sv< J'li/i /... opn from 11 to 3. The antiquities of Brescia add much to its interest. In 1820, while excavations BERGAMO. been carefully preserved, and placed in a museum which has been instituted within this edilice. The Cumpo Santo. This cemetery is kept in most excellent order, and is well worth a visit, being one of the earliest and most interesting cemeteries in Italy. It has a, beautiful chapel, and many very elegant monuments. The expense of burial here is very moderate. The cypress is grown to a great extent, many of the avenues be- ing bordered with it. Brescia has five gates Porta di San Giovanni leading to Milan, San Nazarro to Crerna, San Alessandro to Cremona. Tu- lunffa to Vienna and Mantua, and Porta Pili- to Val Trompia. Carriages, 1 fr. the course, ! fr. the hour. unit. Principal hotels, A Iberffo d' Italia, and ]'t-m:ia. Population, 38,400. Bergamo is divided into two portions, up- per and lower, which are situated half a mile from each other. It is a very ancient city, having existed under the Romans. During the French ascendency it was the capital of the Department of Serio. The most ancient portion of it has an elevated situation, and is inhabited principally by the nobility. The streets are narrow, and the buildings lofty and massive. The city was strongly fortified by the Venetians in con- sequence of its position ; many of the walls are still standing, and, having been con- verted into boulevards, afford beautiful and extended views. On the south side of the town is a most interesting walk, ex- tending over the plains of Lomhardy to the Alps and Apennines, in which the steeples of Cremona, Monza, and .Milan are <-asi- ly discernible. Bergamo has been most useful to the musical world in producing many good composers, the principal ones being Rubini and Donizetti. A monu- ment has been erected to the latter from the design of Vela, the celebrated Swiss were being made, a line temple of white sculptor, in the church of Stu. Maria marlile, with Corinthian columns, was dis- ,;',nr<-. Many other eminent men claimed covered, which was supposed to have been | this as their native city : among them was dedicated to Hercules in the year 7'J. It ISernardo Ta-.-o, father of Torquato, the is of most remarkable architecture. The ! prince of It ilian poets : the Abbe Seras>i, masonry is very magnificent. Many por- author of the Life of Tasso ; and Tirabos- tions are quite perfect. A bronze statue of Victory was discovered at the same time. Many of the relics, such as Roman inscrip- tions, fragments of architecture, etc., have chi, professor of rhetoric at Milan, and au- thor of the elaborate and invaluable work entitled ' Storia della Letteratura Itali- ana. 779 MILAN. [ITALY.] MILAN. Churches. The church of Sta. Maria, Maggiore is composed of black and white marble, and man}* portions of it exhibit elaborate workmanship. The interior is richly decorated with paintings. The Cam- panile is 300 feet high, and is a most con- spicuous object. Adjoining this church is the Colleoni Chapel: the principal object of interest is the monument by Amadeo, erected to the founder. The tomb of his child, Medea Colleoni, is also remarkably fine. The Duomo : the most attractive portion of this edifice is its cupola: it has an ancient baptistery of the 5th century. There are several other churches, contain- ing frescoes, mosaics, etc. The Palazz 1 ) Nuovo is now occupied by the municipal authorities ; it has never been entirely completed. Palazzo Vecchio, situated opposite to the above ; in front of it is the statue of Tasso. Bergamo has a large number of public institutions : a pub- lic library with 60,000 volumes; Accade- mia Carrara, a school of art containing models and a Picture-gallery, open daily from 10 to 3. An annual fair is opened Aug. 22d, lasting 14 days. 1,200,000 is said to be taken. MILAN. Population, S21,839. Hotel de la Vilk, one of the best in Italy ; Hotel Continental, a magnificent new house, close to the cathe- dral ; Hotel du Nord, conveniently situated opposite the station. Milan is situated in a richly cultivated plain, and connected with the Olono and Lam bra, and is connected with these rivers by the Variglio Grande and other canals, 79 miles from Turin and 150 from Venice. It is the principal city of N. Italy, nearly circular in its formation, and is surround- ed by a wall which was mostly erected by the Spaniards in 1555. The space between the canal and wall is laid out in gardens and planted with fine trees ; the city prop- er is about eight miles in circumference, and although, like most ancient cities, it is very irregularly laid out, yet it is one of the most interesting in Europe, full of ac- tivity and wealth, has some noble thor- oughfares, and displays a number of fine 780 buildings kept in thorough repair. An ad- vancement in improvements of all kinds is visible, and is free from every symptom of a declining population. It is a great business city, and monetary transactions are exceedingly well conducted, and is ex- tremely advantageous to the traveler in point of obtaining extended letters of cred- it, etc. Milan stands at an elevated height of 452 feet above the sea. It was annexed to the Roman dominions by Scipio Nasica 191 B.C. It ranked the sixth city in the Roman empire in the 4th century. In the 12th century it was the capital of a re- public, and afterward of a duchy in the families of Sforza and Visconti. It w:is held by Spain, after the battle of Pavh, until it was ceded to Austria in 1714. It was taken by the French in 1790, and also after the battle of Marengo in 1800. From 1805 until 1814 it was the capital of the kingdom of Italy. The barracks of Milan are very extensive : the largest, Caserna Grande, is 900 feet in length and 700 in width. In front and on the sides is tho Foro Bonap'irte, laid out in elegant walks planted with trees. In the rear is a largo open space called the Piazza d'Armi, where the Simplon road commences by the Arco delta Pace. This arch is a fine specimen of modern architecture ; it is of marble, richly adorned with statues, and was de- signed by the Marquis Cagnola. Its length is 73 feet, depth 42 feet, and height 74; 98 feet to the top of the principal statue. Facing the city is a bronze statue of Peace in a car drawn by six horses. The city is entered by ten gates ; tha richest one. and the most remarkable, is the Port a Orientale. Many of the others are interesting from historical associations, such as the Porta Ticinese, leading to Pa- vin, through which Bonaparte passed after the battle of Marengo ; and the Porta Ro- m'uni, erected at the time of the arrival of Margaret of Austria, wife of Philip III. of Spain. Between the Porta Tanaglia and the Porta Vicellina stood, in former times, the ducal castle erected by Galeazzo Vis- conti II. in 1358. It was destroyed after tho duke's death, but rebuilt by Francesco Sforzi, and has since been converted into a barrack, which has been greatly strength- ened since the outbreak of 1849. During Eugene Beauharnais's government a Doric M . armne- S..Vur.iMlf Graxif Iruaranata, S. Oar deJla. faff ia tyreta SJtfO-.det Jcrvi Idf S.Ma,.aV.,l'.,rt<> Hurpei A N fe Sand-book MILAN. [ITALY.] MILAN. gateway was erected of granite, with a portico in the same style. The Amphi- theatre is located on one side of the I'iu:.:it d'Armi, and is capable of accommodating SO, 000 spectators. Aquatic sports might easily take, place here, the facilities for flooding it, being very extensive. Napo- leon witnessed a regatta, here in 1807. CHURCHES. Ths Duomo. This magnificent cathe- dral astonishes and enchants the beholder. Fear not that you are expecting more grandeur and beauty than you will realize, for this is impossible. It does occur with other buildings, even with St. Peter's, but never with this sublime creation of art. ' Its forest of pinnacles, its wilderness of tracery, delicately marked against the gray sky, the impression sinks deeper and deep- er into the mind, wonderful ! wonderful!" What a head was that which gave birth to this conception! How it must have glowed as the great temple sprang forth within it, holding up its pinnacles to heav- en, and shedding this sense of grandeur upon earth. The style of architecture, al- though somewhat varied in consequence of being such a length of time in process of erection, and the different ideas of a large number of artists displayed upon it, is universally admitted to be of exquisite beauty. It is constructed entirely of white marble from the quarries of the Gandoglia, beyond Lake Maggiore, which was be- queathed to the Duomo by (iian (ialoazzo. It is in the form of a Latin cross ; the en- tire length of the building is 490 feet, breadth 18(1 ; height to the top of the stat- ue 354 feet, length of the transept 284 feet, height of the nave 152 feet. The farade presents a fine general effect ; the central tower and spire is very beautiful. There are accommodations for several thousand statues, but the precise number we are un- able to give, not having had time to count them ; however, for the benefit of those who would like to judge for themselves, we will give the statement of different authors : M'Culloch says 4500 ; Dr. S. I. Prime, au- thor of " Travels in Europe and the Knst." affirms that there are already 7000, and places for 3000 more: " Murray" says 1 lui. which is the most correct. In order to ap- preciate full}- the grandeur of the Duoino, every person who can do so should ascend VOL. II. L 2 the flight of 160 steps to the roof. Ticket, 25 c. The most delightful time for enjoy- ing this the widest and loveliest prospect in Italy is before sunrise or after sunset, par- ticularly the latter, as an Italian sky at this hour of the day is surpassingly beautiful. There is a watchman on the top with a good telescope, who will point out four of the statues which are by Canova. "All itshii From the rich gunset to the rising star,, Their magical variety diffuse : And now they change ; a paler shadow strews Its mantle o'er the mountains; parting day Dies like the dolphin, whom each pang imbues With a new color :is it {i;isps away, The last still loveliest, till 'tis gone, and all U gnvy." The interior of the Cathedral is very im- posing: "Its double aisles, its clustered pillars, its lofty arches, the lustre of its walls, its numberless niches filled with marble figures, give it an appearance nov- el even in Italy, and singularly majestic." The view is not in the least obstructed, al- though it contains many clusters of pillars which support the vault, nearly 90 feet in height, but. being onty 8 feet in diameter, scarcely conceal any portion of the build- ing from the eye. The high altar is situ- ated, as in all other ancient churches, be- tween the clergy and the congregation, and immediately before the choir. In a sub- terraneous chiipel beneath the dome is a shrine in which ;ir<3 inclosed the remains of St. Charles Borromeo, archbishop of Mi- lan in the l(>th century. The five door- ways were executed by Mangoni in 1548 ; the two marble columns on either side of the centre doorway are composed of a sin- gle block of stone, and were presented by St. Charles. 1 he pavement, composed of red, blue, and white mosaics, is arranged most tastefully in different figures ; the whole scene is greatly enlivened by the morning sun, which shines through the eastern window. The three immense win- dows behind the high-altar are very im- posing, and the dark bronzes of the pulpit increase the brilliancy of the background. Suspended from the vaulting over the altar is a casket containing one of the nails of the cross, which is always exposed at the annual feast of the *' Invention (jinf the Cathedral. It contains quite a number of slab tombs, statues, etc. 782 The Baptistery contains the ancient font from the bath of the lower empire, where baptism was administered bv immersion. On the high-altar is the superb tabernacle of gilt bronze, adorned with figures of our Saviour and the twelve apostles, presented by Pius IV. In the subterranean cburch under the choir services are performed during the winter, it being more comfortable thac the 1 ! one above. From this you enter the chap- el of San Carlo. It is lighted by an open- ing in the pavement above, but tapers are used to increase the light, which is not sufficiently strong to allow the objects to be seen. The walls are covered by illus- trations of the principal events in the life of the saint. His body is deposited in a very elegant shrine of gold and gilded sil- ver, presented by Philip IV. of Spain. The corpse is arrayed in splendid robss in an inner coffin, and seen through panes of rich crystal, resembling the finest glass. The principal sacristy crntains mai.y ob- jects of interest, especially the specimens of jewelry, which are very elegant. Church of St. Ambrogio, founded and dedicated to the martyrs of SS. Gerva- sius and Protasius, whose bones were re- moved here by St. Ambrose while Bishop of Milan. The building, as it now stand?, was erected by Archbishop Anspertus. Among the most interesting relics of this church are the doors, containing small panels, which are a portion of the gates closed by St. Ambrose against the Emper- or Theodosius after he slaughtered the in- habitants of Thessalonica. They are com- posed of cypress, and are extremely ancient in appearance. Beneath the high-altar are deposited the remains of St. Ambrozio, and of Saints Gcrvashis and Protasius. Over the altar is the canopy glittering with gold and supported by columns of porphyry. One of the finest specimens of art is the elaborate facing of the altar. The front is divided into three compartments, contain- ing smaller tablets composed of plates of gold ; the back and sides of silver set with precious stones, and richly enameled. It is kept closely covered most of the time, but is shown upon the receipt of a small fee by the sacristan. It was presented by Archbishop Angilbertis II. in 836, and the name of "Volvonius," the artist, is still preserved upon it. In 1795 the Eevolu- MILAN. [ITALY.] MILAN. tionary Commissioners nude an attempt to seize it, for the purposa of melting it Jown. The Pulpt i- a singular structure, built upon eight arches; the vaulting of the. tribune is a splendid specimen of By- / inline art ; it is covered with mosaic upon a ground-work of gold, and dates back to the 9th century. The chair of St. Am- brose, curiously decorated, stands in the centre of the tribune. The chapel of >'/( Satiro contains many fine mosaics, the most interesting of any in the church. I:i this church the German emperors usually received the Lombard crown. Here | also is the brazen serpent fabricated by , in the wilderness. Adjoining this church is the Convent of St. Ambrozio, now tli,- Miiit'iri/ /Iitfpltil. It was formerly very splendid, and traces of its beauty are ; still visible. The interior of the refectory lj a fine specimen of Italian decorations in fresco, by C t' : *t<) (In Lodi. Church of St. Eustorgio is one of the most ancient churches in the city : it was dedicated in the 4th century by Archbish- op Eustorzio. It escaped the destruction 01" Uarbarossa, and has been remodeled, and much reduced in size. Th.3 monuments exceed in interest any in Milan. They arc placed in the different chapels. The most ivin irkable areas follows : One, very beau- tifully executed, erected to Stefano Brivio; marble monument to the son of Guido To- relli, Lord of Guastalla in 1416; tomb of Stefano Visconti, son of Matteo Magno (this is very ancient : the design is a sarcopha- gus supported by eight columns, resting on lions of marble') ; monuments of Uberto Visconti and the wife of Matteo Magno ; and tombs of Caspar Visconti and his wife Agnes. In the chapel of Pietro Martiri is a very beautiful monument erected to the [ saint. Here are also many fine statues, and allegorical representations of the vir- tues. On the outside of the church is a pulpit, from which St. Pii-tro preached to i the heretics. He was murdered near Bar- lassina. and was canonized by the Church of Rome V.\ years after his death, his prin- ciples being greatly admired. A statue has been erected in the Plaza opposite upon a lofty granite column. Church of La Madonna di San (' one of the richest churches in the city. The court in front is exceeding!}' hand- some, and the facade remarkable for its sculptures. The Altar of the Virgin, rich in cloth and gold, has the figure still pre- served upon it ; on either side of the fine organ are status of the prophets. The cupola has twelve sides, and as many st:tt- u -. It is >aiil that on the site of the pres- ent edifice St. Ambrose placed a picture of the Madonna, who afterward appeared there on the 30th of Dec., 1483. This mir- acle drew so many persons to the church, which was then a very small one, that it was deemed judicious to erect the present building, \\iiich was commenced in 1491. Church of Santa Maria delk Gmzit, to- gether with the Dominican convent, was founded in the year 1463. The interior of the church still presents a grand appear- ance, although extremely dilapidated. The frescoes and paintings in the different chap- els are good, and the altar is beautifully inlaid with marble. On the wall of th refectory is the magnificent Cenacola, or " Last Supper," by Da Vinci ; it is 30 feet in length by 1.3 in height. It has suffered dreadfully from damp, age, and violence, but still remains the most celebrated paint- ing in the world. The monks cut a door through the wall, cutting away the feet of the principal figure, and it was violated to a still greater extent when Napoleon had possession of Milan, the monastery being used for barracks, and this room as a sta- ble. This paintinir was one of Da Vinci's lirst works, upon which he was employed srxteen years ; the head of our Saviour, which is really the most beautifully con- ceived portion of the entire subject, was the only part which he felt his inability to do perfect justice to (Raphael and Rubens have also expressed inability) ; but bis success proved to be beyond criticism or comparison. Many a tear has l>een shed by travelers while viewing this lovely yet sad composition ; lost in admiration of its magnificence, we sit before it and gaze upon the attractive features of John and Peter, expressing so much love and im- pulse, and turning from them to the miser- able, wretched traitor, until we are moved by every touch of skill bestowed by so truthful and glorious a master. But few re it will lie entirely ob- literated fri'Tii the view of those who would wisb to behold this lovely composition, all efforts of modern artists to restore its for- mer beauty having proved ineffectual. 783 MILAN. [ITALY.] MILAN. " Leonardo da Vinci was the son of Pie- tro da Vinci, a notary. He was born in the castle Da Vinci, near Florence, in 1452 ; he early became a pupil of Andrea Verocchia, and attained distinction with the first years of his manhood. He paint- ed some time at Florence, afterward at Mi- lan. By the command of Leo X. he visit- ed Rome in his sixty-first year ; there he found Raphael and Michael Angelo in the plenitude of their powers, and, from pru- 'dential reasons, did not enter the lists with them. Upon the invitation of Francis I. he went to Paris, where he terminated his earthly career at the ripe age of seventy- live." " Francis was affectionately at- tached to his distinguished protege, whom he had loaded with honors ; and he no sooner ascertained that his end was ap- proaching than he hastened to the death- chamber. Da Vinci had just received the last consolations of religion when he dis- covered the presence of the king, and, de- spite his exhaustion, he endeavored to rise in his bed, in order to express his sense of the favor which was thus shown him ; but the effort was too great, and, before he had uttered more than a few sentences express- ive of his regret that he had not used his talents more profitably for religion, he was seized with a paroxysm which rendered him speechless. As he fell back upon his pillow, the king sprang forward and raised his head upon his arm ; and thus, upon the bosom of the young monarch, Leonardo da Vinci drew his last breath. The good ef- fects of his sojourn at the French court did not, however, expire with him. Although he had declined, owing to his advanced age, to undertake any new work, he had given public lessons and lectures which had awakened an emulation in art destined to produce the most benelicial results ; and the three famous artists, Censin, Janet, and Limoges, were alike his pupils. " ' ; Le- onardo was not only the earliest in time of the four great boasts of modern paint- ing, the others being Correggio, Raphael, and Titian, but an accomplished engineer, architect, poet, musician, and engraver. The art of painting in chiaro-oscuro is said to owe its perfection to him. lie did not study the antique, but evolved his magical grace of outline, as well as his marvelous conception of character, from the study of nature and the clear depths of 784 his own consciousness. A monument was inaugurated in 1880, in the Piazza Santa Maria, in memory of the patriots who fell at Mentone in 18G7. Church of San Vittore al Corpo, former- ly the Basilica Porziano. The interior magnificence of this church is noted, and all the decorations are of the most elabo- rate description. The location commem- orates the spot where the patron St.Victor, who was a soldier in the army of Maxim- ian, suffered martyrdom ; he was beheaded A.D. 303. In this church are some fine paintings, sculpture, and monuments. S. Carlo Borromeo, a modern church, contains two marble groups by Marchesi, and some fine stained-glass windows. In the Piazzi del Carmini is the hand- some Gothic church of S. Maria del Car- minu, with a Madonna by I Mini. San Lorenzo, the oldest church in Milan ; an object of great interest to architects. San A lessandro, erected in the 17th cen- tury ; highly decorated, but containing no works of art. The Piazza del Duomo was formerly crowded with small houses and surround- ed by narrow streets. It is now becom- ing the centre of business, and. for the pur- pose of developing the beauties of the Duomo, it is the intention of the govern- ment to surround it with beautiful build- ings at a greater distance ; this idea has been inaugurated by the erection of the very handsome structure Galleria Vittorio Kniiiiniflf, which connects the Piazza del Duomo with the Scala. Its length is 9CO feet, built in the form of a Latin cross, with an octagon in the centre: this is sur- mounted by a cupola 180 feec high. The architect was Menyoni, who deserves all honor for the exquisite tasto displayed. The cost was nearly eight million francs. It contains handsome shops, which are lighted at night with two thousand jets of gas. The building was inaugurated in 1867. Palazzo di Corte: this noble structure was erected by the French upon the site of the old Sforzi palace. It was one of the finest p:il;iccs in It:ilv. with numerous spacious apartments decorated with ele- gant paintings, and some of the rooms hung with Gobelin tapestry. But little of it now remains except the chapel of San MILAN. LITAUY.J MILAN. Gotardo, the steeple of which is a singular specimen of the architecture of the 14th century, and is considered one of the finest in Milan. It was the first to contain a clock which struck the hours ; from this circumstance the neighboring street was named ''Dell' Ore." In connection with the gilt brass angel on the summit, a singu- lar story may be related : " A bombardier in 1333 lieing condemned to die, offered to beat down the head of the figure at one shot, and being allowed his trial, he succeeded, and his skill purchased his pardon." The tomb of Giovanni Maria Visconti was in the chapel of St. Gothard, near the altar, but has been entirely destroyed. It was while he was proceeding to church on the 16th of May, 1412, that he was slain. The barbarous cruelty of this tyrant is almost incredible, his favorite amusement being to witness his bloodhounds tear into pieces the bodies of human beings. The Brera has a noble collection of paintings by most of the artists of Italy, best and second-best, also many engrav- ings. It is open daily from 9 to 4 in sum- mer, and from 9 to 3 in winter. Sundays from 12 to 4. In the centre of the court there is a fine statue of Napoleon I., by Ccmova. He is robed as a Roman em- peror ; in his right hand he holds a statue of Victor}' and in his left a long staff. The Observatory belonging to the Brera was founded in 1762, under the direction of Father Boscovich. Many fine instru- ments are provided here, and the obser- vations are published annually by Carlinio, the director. In the entrance-hall of the Pinacoteca are many frescoes of different Lombard masters. Pinacoteca. Paintings. Room 1st : Ti- tian St. Jerome in the Desert. Eubens the Institution of the Lord's Supper. Agostina Caracci Woman taken in Adul- tery. Annibale Caracci the Woman of .Samaria at the Well, etc. Room 'Id: Tin- toretto Holy Cross, with many Saints and a Pieta. Paul Veronese St. Gregory and St. Jerome, St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, and Adoration of the Magi, also the Mar- riage of Cana. ]!<><> m :;2<7, containing 16,000 inhabitants, rlotels, Palazzo Reale and del Castello. The chief interest of this town is centred : n its celebrated Cathedral, the repository of the famous " Iron Crown." It is de- ited in a richly decorated cross over ;he altar, and consists of a band of gold .ined with a thin strip of iron, said to have jeen made from a nail of the true cross, brought from Palestine by the Empress Helena ! The gold band is adorned with numerous precious stones. With it were crowned thirty-four Lombard kings, the Emperor Charles V., Napoleon I. in 1805, the Emperor of Austria, Ferdinand I., in 1838. It was removed by the Austrians dur- ing the Italian war in 1859, but returned after the peace of 1866. The Treasury contains numerous valuable relics ; a gold- en hen with seven chickens, representing the seven provinces of Lombardy ; the cross placed on the breasts of the Lom- bard kings at the time of their corona- tion ; two silver loaves, presented by Napoleon at the time of his coronation, etc. The Rroletto, or Town-hall, which dates from the 13th century, is part of the old palace of the Lombard kings. In the vicinity of Monza is a Roj/al Summer Palace, surrounded by a beautiful park. The line passes through several tunnels and the town of Seregno, containing 5200 inhabitants, and arrives at Camerlattf, thence by omnibus to Como, distance two miles. Como. Hotels : Volta and D'ltalie. Pop- ulation, 21,000. Como was formerly a town of some importance. It is sur- rounded by hills, and defended by double walls. It has four gates, one of which, leading to Milan, is a grand speci- men of architecture. It is quite celebrated for its industry :md trade. In ancient times it was an extensive manufacturing place, the number of looms exceeding those of Lyons. The scenery around Como is perfectly fascinating, so much so that it is ini]i