I Aai uiv X 00 N451h 18G8 ^ HOSPITALS, BRITISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN, TO WHICH IS APPENDED A GLANCE AT THE BRITISH ISLANDS, FRANCE, AND AMERICA, Ethnological, Climatic, and General. EDWIN R. MAXSON, M.D., Author of Practice of Mediciue, &c. PHILADELPritA:' PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHQR, 1868. —---■- Entered according to Act of Congre*?, in the year 1868, by Edwin R. Maxson, M.D., In the Clerk's OflBce of the District Court for the Eastern Dis- trict of Pennsylvania, Biomedics lOO CONTENTS, PART FIRST HOSPITALS. BRITISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN. PAGE. Introduction to Part 1 9 GREENOCK HOSPITALS t 10 Greenock Infirmary 10 GLASGOW HOSPITALS ., 11 lloyal Infirmary , 12 Glasgow Eye Infirmary 14 Dispensary for tkiu Diseases IG EDINBURGH HOSPITALS 18 Koyal Infirmary *, 18 Chalmer's Hospital 22 LONDON HOSPITALS 26 Guy's Hospital 26 King's College Hospital 29 University College Hospital 31 Westminster Hospital 32 St. Bartholomew's Hospital 34 National Hospital for Epileptics and Paralytics 36 Children's Hospital 38 The London Hospital 39 LIVERPOOL HOSPITALS 42 Royal Infirmary 42 DUBLIN HOSPITALS 43 Mercer's Hospital 44 Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital 45 Ilardwicke Hospital 45 Richmond District Lunatic Asylum 46 Dublin Lying-in Hospital , 51 St. Mark's Ophthalmic HospitsJ 51 FRENCH OR PARISIAN HOSPITALS 53 Hotel Dieu. 04 LariboiHiero. Hosiiital f>4 LaCtiarile Hoypital 55 Beaojon Hospital 56 695637 4 CONTENTS. PAGE. La Pitie IlOfipital 57 Hospital of Invslid Soldiers 58 AMERICAN HOSPITALS 61 Buffalo Hospital 62 Utica Lunatic Asylum 62 Montreal and Quebec Hospitals 63 New York and Brooklyn Hospitals 64 Philadelphia Hospitals 64 CONCLUSION 66 PART SECOND. A Glance at the British Islands, France and America. Ethnological, Cumatic, and Geneeal. PAGE. Introduction to Part II 71 SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTCH 73 Chief Towns— Glatigow ». .'....."... 76 Edinburgh 78 The Scotch People 81 ENGLAND AND THE ENGLISH 82 Chief Towns — London '..." 85 Liverpool 89 The English People 91 WALES AND THE WELSH. 94 Chief Towns— Holyhead 96 The Welsh People 96 IRELAND AND THE IRISH 98 Chief Towns— Dublin 101 The Irish People 102 FRA.NCE AND THE FRENCH 107 Chief Towns— Paris 110 The French IVople 113 Sovereigns of France and Great Britain „. 116 AMERICA AND AMERICANS 117 Chief Towns '.'.', us New York, Philadelphia, &c 119 The American People 119 American Goverument and Civilization 120 CONCLUSION 121 PREFACE. Having "been engaged in my professional pur- suits for nearly twenty-five years, with an exten- sive practice, I could not do less than make general observations in relation to disease, its etiology, pathology, treatment, &c. And from a careful record of the causes of the various diseases that have fallen under my observation and care, I long since became impressed with the vital importance of Hygiene, private and public, as a means of preventing, and thereby eradicating, disease. Becoming thus fully convinced that very much might and should be done, in that direction, to lessen the burden of common misery, by tluis improving the liuman race physically, and there- I)y intellectually and morally, I attempted to hold up, in my Practice of Medicine, the impor- tance of kygkaic principLts, venturing to predict, 6 PREFACE. "that more light on this subject, and a more careful observation of the causes of disease'^ would yet "bring home to us the unpleasant fact that the imprudences of mankind in deviating from the laws of Health, produce the predisposi- tion to epidemics, as well as all other diseases," &c., and I am only surprised to find my predic- tions becoming so rapidly fulfilled, in the recent discoveries in relation to the causes of cholera and other diseases. In this general sketch of my recent observa- tions, at home and abroad, I have attempted to elucidate still further the importance of personal and public hygiene, as well as the principles of rational, medical, surgical, and obstetrical science and practice; and, also, by showing our relations^ to illustrate more clearly the brother- hood of man, the recognition of which is neces- sarily involved in the light of dawning modern Christian civilization; and also calculated to aid in the elevation of the standard of physical, intellectual, and moral excellence. It may be noticed that I have invariably used the first person singular, in sjieaking, myself, instead of the plural. This I do because I know of no PREEACE. 7 authority or reason for such an assumption, except^ in the case of Kings and Queens. I believe that Shakespeare seldom or never uses tho plural for one person, except vrhen Sover- eigns speak. Let it not, then, be regarded as arrogance, but the opposite, as it really is, in truth. With this explanation I submit the little book, with my regards, to all who may give it a reading; and especially to those at home and abroad, through whose kindness I have been enabled to write it, with all its imperfections. Edwin R. Maxson. No. 1844 Camac St., Philadelphia, May, 1868. ERRATA. Reverse the points of compass, on page 43, in lines 3, 4, 6, and 9 from bottom. Also, on page 40, sixth line from bottom, for never read ever. And on the 25th page, 14th line from bottom, for are read is. HOSPITALS. BRITISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN. Part I. Having been abroad in Europe during the summer of 1867, for medical observation; and having visited and attended the hospitals of Greenock, Grlasgow, Edinburgh, London, Liver- pool, Dublin, and Paris, for longer or shorter periods; and having previously, and since my return, visited the hospitals of Buffalo, Utica, Montreal, Quebec, New York, Brooklyn, and Philadelphia, I propose to speak descriptiveli/ and somewhat critically^ of the hospitals of Greenock, Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, Li- verpool, Dublin, and Paris, separately, and in the order in which I have named them, con- cluding with some general remarks in relation to the American hospitals above named ; hop- ing to draw some conclusions that may be of interest, so far as hospitals are concerned; and, if possible, to elucidate a few medical, 2 (0) 10 surgical, and obstetrical, as well as hygienic principles. And while I shall purposely avoid all minu- tij^e of detail, I hope to he able to give such general and practical observations in relation to the hospitals above named, abroad and at home, as may be of general interest to physi- cians and students. And in doing this I shall necessarily refer to some of the physicians and surgeons in attendance, as well as to the prevailing diseases 4n each, etc. And farther, as I wrote from abroad* most of that which I d'scovered that was specially neiUj I shall pur- posely avoid so much as was thus written and published, in order not to repeat, and thus weary the patience of any. First, then, Greenock Hospital. The Greenock Infirmary is pleasantly situa- ted in the very considerable town of Green- ock, on the river Clyde, in Scotland, about twenty miles below Glasgow. The hospital has, I believe, from one to two hundred beds, and is very well arranged and conducted. * In a series of letters to the P.Iedical axd Sukgical Reporter, in lS6r. 11 And ttougli on a side-hill, making the surface drainage excellent, the whole town is very damp and well calculated to develope tjphus fever, bronchial and rheumatic affections, which are the prevailing diseases in the hos- pital, together with the usual variety of sur- gical cases, etc. The resident and visiting physicians, Drs. Campbell and Fox, are gentlemen, who not only treated me very politely, but appeared to exercise a kind supervisioi. over the patients under their care; their medical and surgical treatment being, though conservative, as ap- peared to me, very judicious. That which struck me most forcibly in this hospital, it being the first I was in abroad, was the ample supply of nourishment, including milk, broths, egg, toast, etc., allowed the patients; en- tirely in accordance with my own notions in relation to the nourishment of patients, so ear- nestly recommended by me in this country, in my Lectures, Practice of Medicine, and pri- vate practice. Glasgow Hospitals. The hospitals of Glasgow that I shall men- tion are, the Eojal Infirmary; the Glasgow 12 Eye Infirmary, having accommodations for boarders as well as out-patients ; and the Dis- pensary for Diseases of the Skin, of Dr. Mc- Call Anderson; and in the order in which I have named them. Royal Infirmary. The Koyal Infirmary of Glasgow, contain- ing accommodations for four or five hundred patients, is very well situated on a rise of ground in the ancient part of the city, near the old University and the Cathedral of the twelfth century. It is substantially built and very well arranged, having all the necessary appur- tenances for a first-class hospital; including lecture rooms, instruments, etc. It has an excellent corps of nurses, able residents, and eminent visiting physicians, including Drs. Leishman, GtArdner, Bucha- nan, MacLeod, and Watson, and others I need not mention ; men doing as much for the advancement of medical, surgical, and obstet- rical science, in my opinion, as any in the British Islands. With one eye impartially turned to American improvements, and the other intent upon their numerous and instruc- tive cases, glancing occasionally across to the 1 o lo Continent, they sliow themselves worthy of the high position they occupy. The diseases that come under their observa- tion, are the usual variety, including medical and surgical cases; and among the former, typhus fever may be regarded as predominat- ing, though pulmonary, rheumatic, and almost every form of disease common to our climate may be found there. Inflammatory affections, however, including pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., are generally of a more passive or asthenic character than with us in America. And I must say, that the surgical cases, or such of them as were the result of contused, lace- rated, and incised wounds, compound frac- tures, etc., under the general supervision of Prof. Lister, with the carbolic acid applica- tions, were really apparently doing better, and making more rapid recoveries than any similar cases I have seen anywhere, in hos- pitals or private practice. And, it appeared to me, that the antiseptic effect of the car- bolic acid thus used upon these cases, affect- ing the atmosphere of the wards, v/as not lost upon all the patients in those wards; and, in fact, in the entire hospital, so far as its influ- ence was extended by evaporation, being con- 2* 14 ducted by the air, giving a decided tendency to resolution in all local, and even a more rapid convalescence in most general affections, med- ical as well as surgical. And it may not be improper for me to state here, that I was not alone in this observation and conclusion. Glasgow Eye Infirmary. This excellent infirmary, situated near the Clyde, in the eastern part of Glasgow, con- ducted by Drs. McKenzie and Kainey, his partner, affords accommodations for boarders, and perhaps from thirty to fifty out-patients may be prescribed for daily, judging from what I saw; Dr. Rainey having the principal charge; Dr. McKenzie being advised with in bad cases, but on account of his age, generally at his residence, I believe. While at this excellent infirmary every va- riety of disease of the eye is prescribed for and treated in the most rational and judicious manner, scrofulous o^phthalmia appeared to predominate. And I was pleased to find that everything possible was done by way of cloth- ing, food, etc., that could be made to act re- med'ally; and then cod-liver oil, iron, etc., used internally; the local applications, if used, 15 being generally of a soothing character, as atropia, two grains to the ounce of water, or wine of opium, applied to the inverted upper lid, by a camel's-hair brush, as most convenient. While, however, such cases receive this general conservative treatment, iritis is met by cathartics, leeches, calomel, belladonna, iodide of potassium, warm sitz-baths, etc.; catarrhal ophthalmia^ by cupping, leeching, the sitz-baths, and the solution of atropia, two grains to the ounce of water, locally, with the brush ; ulceration of the cornea^ by cathar- tics, leeches, blisters, and the application of a solution of nitrate of silver, ten grains to the ounce of water; and rheumatic ophthalmia^ by iodide of potassium and the solution of atropia, or wine of opium to the eye, as in the other aflfections ; while the operation for cata- ract is by extraction j it being regarded as su- perior to that by depression, as sometimes practiced in other places. And, for Dr. George Rainey, the efficient manager of this excellent infirmary, with the advice of his venerable partner. Dr. McKenzie, I predict a brilliant future, should his life and health be spared. A more perfect gentleman I never met. lie is, also, an accomplished scholar. IC Diqjonsary for Shin Diseases^. Dr. McCall Anderson's Dispensary for Diseases of the Skhi, with a convenient build- iog, in a central part of tlie Old Town, with lecture, reception, waiting-rooms, etc., is one of the real beneficiaries of Glasgow; being admirably conducted, and aflfording an excel- lent opportunity for the students of the two medical universities, to become thoroughly acquainted with skin diseases, and their treat- ment. Dr. Andernon is Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine, in Anderson's University; has published a valuable work on eczema; and treats in the most rational and common sense manner, the large number of cases that resort to his dispensary for relief; including every variety of skin disease; among which, the papular, vesicular, and pustular eruptions, classed by the Dr. with erythema, as eczema- tous, may be the most common. JScahfes^ however, and the other aoimalcular, as well as scalj/ and cryptogamous eruptions, etc., are by no means infrequent. Without going into detail, I will only add, that the first inquiry of the Dr., is to ascer- tain the character of the disease, and its 17 cauae. Then, like a rational common sense man, after removing the cause, as far as pos- sible, he strives to correct the deranged con- dition of the system, upon which the local disease may depend, when such general de- rangements exist ; after which, such stimu- lating, soothing, antiseptic, cleansing, or other remedies, as may be indicated, are applied, thus making, as appeared to me, all his pre- scriptions strictly rational. It is not strange, that under such a rational, judicious course of treatment, his patients should so very gener- ally rapidly recover. Very much is accom- plished by ablutions, proper food, clothing, etc. Internalli/, as alteratives and tonics; ar- senic, mercury, syrup of iodide of iron, cod- liver oil, etc., are mainly relied upon ; while externalli/j oxide of zinc, carbolic acid, potassa, sulphur, cod-liver oil, etc., are often used, when clearly indicated. The Doctor is yet a comparatively young man; and, having a good constitution, and a thorough education, is doubtless destined to falfil his mission, as a physician, with great credit to himself, and honor to our cob^e profession. In fact, there are few men, at home or abroad, in whose inti- mate friendship, I feel a more lively satisfaction. 18 Edinburgh IIost'Itals. The Hoyal Infirmary and Ciialmer's Hos- pital of Edinburgh, are worthy of a passing general notice; in pait from the extent of the one, and the neatness and fine situation of the other; and also, on account of the high standing of the physicians and surgeons in at- tendance there. They are also of extraordina- ry interest^ on account of the illustrious names that have been associated with them in the past. Royal Infirmary. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, has I believe, accommodations for nearly five hundred patients, being quite well situat- ed, near the University in the Old Town, a little east of the ancient street leading from the old Parliament House to Holyrood Palace, on which, a little to the west of the infirmary, is John Knox's house. It is a substantial stone structure, tolerably well arranged; having ample lecture rooms; and most of the conveniences of modern hos- pitals, of such capacity; and some comforts in its arrangements, unknown to many of them. Its nurses are attentive; the residents gentle- manly; and I need not say, that the viciting 19 physicians aad surgeons are among the most able that grace the wards of any hospital, any- where ; of whom I may name Professors Syme, Bennett, Layoock, Simpson, Duncan, Watson, etc., as the most prominent. Almost every variety of disease may be found here, common to the climate. And, though typhus fever may perhaps be less pre- dominant than at Greenock or Glasgow, I think it must be admitted, that all, even in- flammatory diseases, including pleuritis and pneumonia, are of an asthenic or passive char- acter, with perhaps very few exceptions; none of the inflammatory affections, however, appearing to me to be of that active sthenic character, sometimes met with even in our hospitals in this country. Scrofula and tuhercular phthisis may be re- garded as quite prevalent; though the former perhaps less so than at Glasgow; and of sur- gical cases they have about the usual variety. It may also be proper to state, that tj/phoid fever, though not very prevalent, may be found to a limited extent. Carbolic acid is used here, as in the Royal Infirmary of Glasgow; and fractures of the femur are treated by Dr. Swinburne's 20 method, extension being made by the pulley and weight. It is called, in Edinburgh, the ^^ American metJiod;" and the results have been, as I was informed, more satisfactory than by any other. Surgical cases, generally, appeared to me to be very judiciously treated ; Professor Syme and Dr. Watson appearing to have a lively interest for the comfort, safety, and permanent welfare of their patients. Scrofula^ tubercular j^^^/wszs, and other kindred diseases, are treated by good food, cod-liver oil, iodine, iron, etc., and as appeared to me, very judiciously; the laryngoscope being resorted to, as a means of diagnosis, in laryngeal complications, or primary affections. Tophus fever is treated, mainly, and it ap- peared to me, too exclusively, by milk, beef- tea, eggs, etc. For, though the good nourish- ment is clearly indicated, in all the cases, it appeared to me that other valuable reme- dies might often have been made available in fulfilling indications, had not the all-suffi- ciency of the nourishment alone, been so ex- clusively relied upon. In fact, I believe that many of the cases might have been arrested, or very much cut short, by the use, in adui- dition, of quinine or fluid extract of bark. 21 Pneumonia and pleurittSj as they occur ia the Kojal Infirmary of Edinburgh, being gen- erally of a decidedly low, passive, or asthenic character, as I have already stated, may very generally require the tonic and even stimulat- ing course of treatment, adopted, and so strongly recommended by Professor Bennett j and especially the pneumonia. In fact, I do not remember to have seen a case there, that I would not have treated with tonics, stimu- lants, and good nourishment. Though cases, I believe, sometimes occur, in which even Dr. Bennett discovers indications for slightly lowering or depressing treatment; and I have no doubt but that pleuritis may quite often require local depletion; and possibly, in some cases, general; and, were the local more gen- erally resorted to, in pleuritis, in connection with the tonics, stimulants, and good diet, it is my opinion fewer cases of hydrothorax would follow. But perhaps not. Professor Bennett is a close observer; never, I think, administering a remedy with- out a clear indication. He has done, and is still doing very much, by his close observa- tions, and the exercise of his master mind, to do away with the unnecessary, irrational, and 3 22 worse ttan superfluous administration of medi- cines, when not clearly indicated; and in sub- stituting a more rational treatment of disease, < as it has fallen under his observation. I cannot leave this venerable old infirmary, without saying what I am compelled to; that the physicians and surgeons that now grace its wards, including Professors Syme, Bennett, Simpson, Watson, Laycock, and Duncan, besides being an honor to the positions they occupy, professionally, are gentlemen, in every sense of the word. And to Professors Syme, Bennett, Simpson, and Watson, especially, I am under great obligations; and am happy in being able to regard them as among my most cherished friends. Chalmer's Hospital. Chalmer's Rospitaly situated in the south- eastern new portion of Edinburgh, is on a smaller scale, accommodating, perhaps, be- tween one and two hundred patients. It has a beautiful green field or park in its rear; and is well situated and arranged for such a beneficent purpose, though somewhat more private in its character than the Koyal Infir- mary. I was introduced there by Dr. Watson, 23 who appeared to Have the general supervision, being, as appeared, Visiting Physician and Surgeon, as well as one of the Surgeons to the Royal Infirmary, and withal a most accom- plished gentleman, in every sense of the word. The Resident, also, though evidently not often interrupted by visitors, showed me every possible politeness, and cordially invited me to spend as much time there as I could afford to. Under such direct and general supervision, with such a situation and surroundings, it is not strange that very great success should attend the cases, medical and surgical; and such I believe to be the case; their patients being cleanly, well fed, and evidently receiv- ing judicious treatment, in every respect. Chloroform is used, as I noticed, as well as carholic acid. Dr. Watson, in removing a loose or movable cartilage from the knee-joint, as I noticed, first dipping his forceps and bistoury in a mixture of equal parts of car- bolic acid and linseed oil; and after its re- moval, and closing the cut by metalic sutures, without washing off the blood, applied a cloth wet with the same mixture, and then over this a paste made of one part of the carbolic acid to four of the oil, mixed with 21 sufiBcicnt prepared cLalk to make it spread on block-tin, as used by Prof. Lister, at Glasgow, and at the Royal Infirmary of Edin- burgh, by Watson and Syme. Dr. Swinburne's method of extension by the pulley and weight, is in use at this Hospital, as well as at the Royal Infirmary; and Dr. Wat- son assured me that he got, beyond all com- parison, the best results from it, in fractures of the thigh. I noticed in the use of chloroform, at Chalmer's Hospital, as well as at the Royal Infirmary, that it was administered from a folded cloth, thus allowing the patient a full supply of air ; a precaution which they claim has saved them from fatal results in its admin- istration; and I am confident that it is by far more safe thus administered, than by a napkin, in the form of a hollow cone, fitting over the nose, as I have sometimes witnessed. Finally, in closing this very general ac- count of my observations in the Hospitals cf Scotland, I will only add, that the Scotch physicians and surgeons are not afraid to acknowledge and adopt American improve- ments, when discovered to be such. This fact, together with their close observation of disease, in all its forms, and the hints they 25 receive from tlie Continent of Europe, to which they are ever alive, has enabled them to make great advancements in medical, surgical, and obstetrical science. And I was most happy to find that my own views in relation to nourishing patients, so freely announced in my Practice of Medicine and Lectures, in this country, are fully sustained, not only the principles, but also the particulars; milk standing first on the list, as I have always contended; eggs, toast, etc., during conva- lescence. And it may be proper to state, in conclusion, that to Professors Bennett, of Edinburgh, and Gardner, of Glasgow, are mainly due the credit of establishing, not only in Scotland, but throughout the British Islands, the long undiscovered fact, that the sick should not be allowed to starve, any more than the well. I may be allowed, also, to state, that Sir James Simpson highly ap- proved of my method of changiog shoukkr into natural presentations, by the position of Prof. Thomas, for reducing prolapsed cord, with slight manipulation, saying, that I was ahead of them all in this, though he had himself thought of something similar; stoutly condemning external manipulations to change 3-^ 26 abnormal presentations, on account of the danger of detaching the placenta, and causing fatal hemorrhage, should the cord be around the neck of the child, as is often the case; and I may add, that Prof. Thomas's method of replacing prolapsed cord, he highly ap- proves. London Hospitals. The hospitals of London, of which I shall give a passing notice, are Guy^s, King's College Hospital, University College Hospital, West- minster, Bartholomew's, the National Hospi- tals for Epileptics and Paralytics, the Chil- dren's Hospital, and, finally, the London Hos- pital; and in the order in which I have named them. And, first, Guyh Hosjntal. This extensive, and deservedly reputable hospital, occupies a low situation, on the south side of the Thames, between Black- friar's and London Bridges, not far from the river. And, while its site is low, and its surroundings crowded, Guy's hospital has many advantages; among which I may men- tion its substantial structure, good arrange- 27 mcnt, excellent museum, attentive nurses, gentlemanly residents, and very able corps of visiting physicians and surgeons. This hospital has a general variety of dis- ease, medical and surgical ; as well as an ex- tensive class of shin diseases under the very judicious care of Dr. Fagg. Ti/plius fever appeared to predominate; though scrofulous, tuberculous, neuralgic, and a vast variety of chronic affections are on hand ; as well as many passive inflammatory diseases, of a less chronic character. And I noticed among others, cases of albuminuria, exophthalmia, etc. Dr. MoxoN, a gentleman of deservedly high standing there, showed me a case of 2)oplifeal aneurism^ cured by pressure upon the femoral artery, kept up for twenty-four hours, by the fingers of students, taking turns. The clot was perfect, and the tumor without pulsation, leaving no doubt as to the result. The surgical treatment'at Gruy's is decidedly conservative and judicious; Drs. Cock and FoRSTER operating with dexterity and appa- rent care ; chloroform being administered by the large oil silk or gutta-percha bag, contain- ing the anassthetic, with a due amount of air; the invention of Dr. Clover, of London. 28 But while I liked the surgery, I was not pnr- ticularly pleased with the mode of adminis- teriog the chloroform, preferring, from all I could discover, the folded napkin to this ap- paratus, as being decidedly more convenient, and less formidable in appearance. Patients here are well nouri&lied^ as in Scotland ; milk, with broths, ^^^^ toast, etc., being freely allowed; and the medical treat- ment, though very conservative, is generally judicious. I could not help thinking, how- ever, that quinine or extract of bark, with the nourishment, might arrest, or very much cut short the numerous cases of typhus, and even the ^^^ of typhoid fever; and, also, that more local bleeding, or counter-irritation, with the nourishment, and in some cases the quinine, in the pneumonia and pleurids, as it occurs there, might, in many cases, hasten the reso- lution of pneumonia, and lessen the frequency of pleuritic effasion in pleurisy. Of this, however, I cannot be certain. I am quite certain, however, that I should modify the treatment in that direction, were the cases under my care, and compare the results. Drs. MoxoN, Eastes, Fagg, Forster, Cock, and others there, treated me with great 29 politeness; ia Aict, with a degree of cordi- ality I had hardly expected in a large London Hospital. This, however, was my first, but not the last happy disappointment of this character, while visiting the London hospitals, CarhoUc acid was being introduced into Guy's, afcer the manner of Professor Lister, of Glas- gow, and with apparent good results. King's College Hospital. This hospital, though not large, is well lo- cated, being on the North side of the Thames, upon an elevation of ground, opposite King's College, close by the strand, and about half way from St. Paul's Cathedral to the Houses of Parliament. The building, though by no means magnificent, is still very convenient, and well arranged; commanding some of the best medical and surgical talent in London; among whom I may mention Drs. Ferguson, Johnson, etc. The residents, Drs. Smith, Todd, and others, gave me every attention, as did Professors Johnson and Ferguson, the latter having the general supervision of the surgical wards, as appeared, and Johnson of the medical. Professor Johnson is doing much with the laryngf scope; and I noticed, 30 that in Lis instructions to his numerous cla<;s, he advised them particularly, and as I thought very judiciously, when about to use the laryn- goscope, to be sure and keep the patient very quiet^ to have the hreatliing continued natu- rally; and to be sure and have a good light in a darkened room; important precautions, too often overlooked, and of course rendering the observation more or less imperfect. Dr. Johnson is Professor of Practice of Medicine in King's College, I believe. The only criticism I could offer in relation to the treatment of the numerous cases in King's College Hospital, is their failure to use, as it appeared to me, sufficient local de- pletion or counter-irritation, in local inflamma- tory affections; and especially in pleuritis, even though general tonics with good nourish- ment might be required, as is doubtless very generally the case. I was led to this reflec- tion, in my own mind, in consequence of the great frequency of pleuritic effasion, of a very troublesome character, fjllowing pleurisy in their cases; little more than a leech or two beinoj applied, in many cases, as appeared; which I should think could do little or noth- ing towards subduing the inflammation, and 31 thereby preventing effusion. It is possible, however, that my remedies for local depletion or counter-irritation, might utterly fail in their cases, of averting these very unpleasant results. I would try them however; increas- iog, if necessary, as a consequence, with the nourishment, the stimulants and tonics. King's College Hospital, however, is an ex- cellent one ; its resident and visiting physicians and surgeons being second to none, in my opinion. The hospital, too, has a long list of illustrious names, thafc have been an honor to our profession throughout the world. University/ College Hospital. This excellent hospital, in connection with the University of London, is very pleasantly situated on a rise of ground, North of the Thames, and about a mile North-westerly from the Houses of Parliament. It is an airy, cleanly, and well arranged and conducted hos- pital; having, as appeared to me, a better class of patients than most of the Londi n hospitals. Dr. Fox, to whom I had a letter from Professor Bennett, treated me very po- litely, and I was very well pleased with the treatment pursued in the medical and surgi- cal cases; and especially so, to find the method of my friend, Dr. Swinburne, of New York, for treatiog fractures of the thigh, in use there, and highly approved. As, however, my observations here were somewhat limited, on account of time, I will not attempt to par- ticularize. I saw enough of it, however, to satisfy me that it is a first class hospital, and admirably conducted, by able, efficient, and first class physicians and surgeons, gentlemen in every sense of the word. Dr. Squarey deserves honorable mention, in connection with this hospital. He treated me, as did also Dr. Fox, with the greatest politeness and kindness. Westminster Hospital. "Westminster Hospital is the oldest in Lon- don, I believe, being situated at West End, near the Houses of Parliament, and but a short distance from Westminster Bridge; and though well built and arranged, it is not very capacious, accoiumodating, I should think, from one to two hundred patients. Many out patients are, al-o, prescribed for there, as I noticed. Though the situation of tbis hospital is not very elevated, the. surroundings arc good, and the usual variety of cases, medical and surgical, were, as appeared to me, above the average, in the London Hospitals. Its walls are colored a sky hlue; an experiment for re- lieving the eyes of the patients, as they lie facing them J and I was assured that the re- lief was very considerable, as one might readily suppose. Among the physicians and surgeons I met in this hosp-'tal, were Sir Duncan GtIbb, IIadgliffe, Holthouse, Anstie, and Buz- ZARB, besides residents; all of whom treated me with great politeness and even kindness, Dr. Radoliffe taking me in his carriage from the hospital, to show me West End, the piilace, parks, residences, etc.; and kindly offering to do anything he could for me while in London. Sir Duncan Gibb is doing a good work with the laryngoscope. And I was pleased to find the treatment of inflammatory affec- tions more in accordance with my own views, than in most of the other hospitals; and, as appeared to me, with better results. In fact, some of the able physicians in this hospital, concurred with me, in the opinion that they were, very likely, too much on the extreme 4 34 ID trusting so exclusively to nature, for the cure of disease; and, especially, in certain in- Sammatory affections. I suggested to thena leptandrin, ns a laxative, cbolagogue, and alterative, as I had in the Royal Infirmary of Glasgow, in neither of which had it been in use. And, I may say, that Drs. Leishman of Glasgow, and Buzzard, of London, were both, apparently, very anxious to become acquainted with its therapeutic virtues, the former administering some, which I gave him, with apparent good effect, while I was there. I must say, in conclusion, that my recollec- tions of the physicians and surgeons of West- minster Hospital are of a very pleasant char- acter. And I regard the treatment of its cases, medical and surgical, as inferior to none in London. St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Bartholomew's Hospital is very pleasantly situated on a rise of ground North of the Thames, between Blackfriar's and London Bridges, and near St. Paul's Cathedral; thus making it nearly opposite Guy's on the South side, as we have seen. Bartholomew's, though its surroundings are crowded, is a splendid building, and well arranged; being, also, the largest as I believe, and best endowed hospital in London. Many out patients, I noticed, were prescribed for here. The class of cases in Bartholomew's appeared as good as an average in London 5 and the variety, of course, as great or greater. Dr. Ure, a resident, was very free to admit the superiority of the "American method" of treating fractures of the thigh, which they have adopted, most of their cases being treat- ed by Dr. Swinburne's method of pully and weight; but some, or one at least, by Dr. Nathan Smith's, &s I noticed, with which he also appeared quite well pleased. Dr. Farre, one of the principal among the visiting physicians, and well deserving all the reputation he enjoys, at home and abroad, very kindly showed me the medical cases of interest; and I could find no fault with his prescriptions. All his treatment appeared based upon sound common-sense principles. For lead poisoning he used iodide of potas- sium; and, when attended with paralysis, followed with strychnia; and, as appeared, with very good success, as might be expec- ted. In eptlepsT/y the Dr., in addition to such 3Q other fcreatment as may be indicated, keep^ the back of the head wet vrith cool water, for the purpose of contracting the blood-vessels of the cerebellum, as he informed me. He uses, also, the same application in deUrium tremens, and fl'T a similar purpose. And I must say^ in conclusion, taking everything into account, that Bartholomew's is the best hospital iir London, if not in the British Islands. National Hospital for Epileptics and Para- lytics. I visited this hospital, situated between Bartholomew's and Westminster Hospitals, though considerably to the north, by special invitation of Dr. Radcliffe of the Westmins- ter, who, with Dr. Ramskill, of the London Hospital, may be regarded as having the principal supervision. It is well situated and arranged for the class of cases that it con- tains; its surroundings being also good, in a part of Queen's Square. Ej)ile2ytics are treated here on general com- mon-sense principles, tbe general and locai derangements being corrected as far as possi- ble; and then the bromide of potassium, ia fifteen or twenty-grain doses, three times a 37 day, is perhaps more frequently resorted to than any other remedy, and as appeared, with a measure of success. I would prefer, how- ever, the bromide of ammonium of the two, from what I know of their effects. Paralytics are also treated in this hospital on general principles, the patients being re- quired to take such exercise as may tend to bring volition to bear upon the paralyzed muscles; or in case of inability, to have it done by the nurse; the patient, of course, doing all that is possible to assist; thus ac- complishing, as I have done, very much in the recovery of partially, or even totally paralyzed limbs. Electricity is also brought to bear in many cases, with more or less success. I will only say in conclusion, that choreaj which is also admitted here, appears to be very gene- rally treated with cod-liver oil, which is doubt- less an excellent remedy in their hospital cases. I would have added, however, in many of the cases, the blood tonic, carbonate of iron, the nsrve tonic, oxide of zinc, with, in some cases, the gastric or intestinal tonic, rhubarb, combined, of each equal parts, in moderate doses, three times a day. 4* 38 ChUdren^s Hospital. The Children's Hospital, near Queen^a Square, and not far from the National, has seventy-five heds, all for children; and they are well filled. The resident, Dr. Williams, a perfect gentleman, was at great pains to show me the cases, many of which were of interest. It was here that I had the hest opportunity of examining the imperfec- tion of the inciBOi' teeth of children heredita- rily syphilitic. The incisors in such cases being often not only very imperfectly devel- oped, but also generally at a little distance apart. The cases are well treated ia the Child- ren's Hospital, and perhaps more nearly in accordance with my own views, than in any other I visited in London. What plen^ed me most here, however, was to see the little ones, with a board across their cribs for a table, and a cup of milk, with such other nourishing food, as each might require. All, however, had the milk. And the way they appeared to relish it, should satisfy any one that it was clearly indicated. In fact, my mind still loves to linger on that sceiie. But 39 I must proceed to consider the last I sliail mention here of the hospitals of London. The London Hospital. The London Hospital , very well situated on the north side of the Thames, to the north- east of the Tower of London, north of the London Docks, and about three miles easterly from St. Paul's Cathedral, is one of the best in London, having about four hundred beds. Many out patients are also prescribed for, in- cluding diseases of the eye and skin, the lat- ter by Dr. Lawrence, and, as appeared to me, very judiciously; the ophthalmoscope being used as a means of diagnosis in the ophthalmic cases, and with a degree of accu- racy I have seldom noticed anywhere. Oxide of zincy I noticed, was often used locally in various cutaneous eruptions of a vesicular character, by Dr. Lawrence, and apparently with good effect, as I have often used and seen it used in this country. The milk nourishment is used to the full extent in this hospital ; and all the residents, who treated me with the greatest politeness, as well as Dr. Eamskill, visiting physician, assured me that they were well satisfied with 40 its effects. Other varieties of nourisliment are, of course, added ; however, in many, and perhaps most of the cases, as indicated, very much in accordance with my own notions on the subject, as already freely expressed. Dr. Ramskill, who is doubtless one of the very best physicians in London, being, as I have already stated, one of the physicians to the National Hospital for Epileptics and Par- alytics^ showed me a very interesting case of abdominal hi/per8e.miaj apparently involving all the abdominal viscera and structures — such a case as I do not remember to have seen before. This case, with two cases of loose kidney that I saw and examined in Edinburgh, one with Sir James Simpson, and the other in the Eoyal Infirmary, I re- garded as new to me, and they must be, I think, quite rare. I saw at the London Hospital also, one of the worst cases of chorea^ the patient being a man, that I never met with, and as Dr. Rams- kill very politely asked me what to do for him, I prescribed a mixture of equal parts of carbonate of iron, oxide of zinc, and rhu- barb; to commence with six grains three times a day, and gradually increase ; morphia^ 41 wliicli he had been taking, I believe^ on his own responsibility, and all other remedies, except cold to the back of the head and neck, to be discontinued; the latter being, as I be- lieve, Dr. Ramskill's prescription, that would not interfere with my remedies. Twenty days after, on my return from Paris, I was surprised and highly gratified to find the patient won- derfully improved, so as to be up, rolling ban- dages with a machine; whether the result of my prescription and remedies, that had been faithfully given, or in spite of them, I cannot say. My opinion is, however, that while my medicines helped him, the stopping of the opiate, which, as I learned, was faithfully done, did more to effect the very great im- provement, by lessening the cerebro-spinal congestion and derangement. It matters not, for the patient was almost frantic with delight, giving all credit to my remedies; with which, in fact, I have never failed in effecting a cure in such cases that I remember, though not so I cannot close my account of this excellent hospital without again referring to the very great politeness to me of all the residents, and Dr. Ramskill in particular. Theyinvi- 42 ted me to lunch with them in the hospital, on their fine bread and butter and excellent Eng- lish milk, and extended to me many kind favors, upon which my memory delights to linger; and as this completes my account of the London hospitals, I am happy to say that the treatment I received in them all, as well as in those of Scotland, was worthy of the noble men, of a noble profession, by which they are conducted. Liverpool Hospitals. The Royal Infirmary of Liverpool is all that I will mention in this city. It is quite well situated, and, though not very extensive, is well arranged, and apparently well con- ducted. Hospital gangrene, however, was fearfully prevalent when I was there, which cast a gloom over all their best directed ef- forts. They had been unsuccessful in their attempt to introduce carbolic acid, and I learned from the resident and visiting physi- cians, who were very kind to me, that the same gangrenous tendency prevailed at that time throughout the city, which fully account- ed in my mind, for their unfavorable condi- tion. For I could not detect any local cause, 43 either in the location or surroundings, or management of the hospital, whereby to ac- count for it. Dublin Hospitals. As much of my time was taken up while in Dublin in attending the British Medical As- sociation, and as ma'ny of my observations in the Dublin hospitals were published in this country, in connection with my account of the proceedings of the Association, I do not feel at liberty to repeat them. I may be permitted to state, however, that among the excellent, well conducted and generally quite well located Dublin hospitals, I was more especially inter- ested in Mercer's, situated in a central part of the city, near Trinity College ; Sir Patrick Dun's occupying a more elevated position, in a north-westerly direction from Trinity Col- lege, and in a less crowded part of the town ; Hardiuickcj and the Richmond District Lunatic Asi/luniy south of the river, in the south-east part of the city, tolerably well situated; the Rotunda^ or great Li^ingin Hospital, also south of the Liffey, and to the south-east of the Trinity College and the General Post Office ; and St. Mark's, or the Eye Infirmary of Sir u AViLLiAM Wilde, near Merion Square, in a central part of the city. Mercer^ s Hospital. At Mercer's Hospital, which, though not very extensive, is a good one, I met Drs. Moore and Butcher, the former being visit- ing physician and the latter visiting surgeon, The building, though not magnificent, is a con- venient one; and the medical and surgical treatment appeared to me very judicious. Dr. Butcher, the accomplished surgeon, apolo- gizing for the small number of cai^es of interest in his department at that time, invited me to liis residence to see his drawings, casts, patho- logical specimens, etc., mostly illustrating sur- gical cases f.f great interest that have fallen under his care. I need not say, that with his explanations, and remarks in relation to them, it would have repaid even a very long journey; and as I passed through his library, he pointed, with veil/ great npjxirent sat I s[f action^ to Pro- fessor Gross' Surgery, expressing in strong terms his high appreciation of the work; thus sffording me the satisfaction of knowiog that one of tbe very first surgeons in the British Islands, if not in Europe, knew how to ap- 4e^ prcciatc tho work of our great American Sur- geon. Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. Sir Patrick Dun's is larger than Mer- cer's Hospital, and occupying a more elevated and less crowded position, is in every essen- tial respect a very excellent one. In this hos- pital, as well as afc Mercer's, Prof. Moore showed me cases of malignant " febris nigra/' or sjjotted /every as it is called in America, then prevailing there, a very large proportion of the cases having proved fatal. Some were convalescent, however; and I was gratified to find that the treatment pursued was very similar to that generally most successful with us; as tonics, stimulants, anti-zymotics, coun- ter-irritants, good nourishment, etc. Aside from these, there were about the usual variety of medical and surgical cases; and all, as ap- peared to me, very judiciously treated. Hardwiche Hospital. I was introduced to this hospital, which is closely connected with the Richmond District Lunatic Asylum, by Professor Banks, Vis- iting Physician, who is also Counselling Physician at the Lunatic Asylum. They 46 have about the usual variety of medical aud surgical cases; the hospital being also exten- sive and quite well arranged. And I need not say, that under the general supervision of such men as Banks in the medical, ana KiRKPATRiCK in the surgical departments, the treatment, medical and surgical, cannot but be judicious. Dr. Kirkpatrick exhib- ited to me his numerous cases of diseased bones and joints, treated by incision and the deep introduction of caustic potassa cum calce^ as reported by him to the British Medical Association in August, 1867 j and I am com- pelled to say, that the success of his treat- ment, in the numerous cases I examined, was greater than I have ever witnessed from any other. For a full account of his mode of treatment, see Half- Yearly Compendium of Medical Science^ of January, 1868, page 154; and also British Medical Journal of August 31st, 1867. Richmond District Lunatic Asylum. The Richmond District Lunatic Asylum, in close connection with the Hardwicke Hospital, is on a large scale; quite well arranged, and admirably conducted ; Prof. Banks, and Dr. 47 Lalor, in cliarge, showing mc every possible politeness, and aS^ording every facility for a thorough examination. I have rarely, if ever, seen a greater variety of lunatics; including those of Trianiay monomania j dementiay morai insanity, tdiotismf etc., under better control, with so little apparent restraint ; Dr. Lalor and Prof. Banks being generally greeted by them with great cordiality and consideration ; the former stopping to drop a word of comfort for the depressed, and the latter to hold & lively chat with such as were elated at the idea of being some great personage, as one Georph€rcj though somewhat damp, is delightful; the unevenncss of its surface in- terrupting or lessening very mucli the preva- lence of heavy winds; and while its summers are cool, its winters are rendered quite mild, by its oceanic surroundings. Cliic'f Towns. The principal cities of Scotland that I shall mention, are Cllasgow and Edinburgh, as best calculated to illustrate the character of Scotch towns. GlasgrAc is situated in the west of Scot- land, oa the River Clyde, at the point where it becomes navigable; being surrounded by the Campsie and Kilpatric hills, on the north, north-east and north-west; and occupying au elevation well calculated for the site of a large commercial city. It is a manufacturing town, having a popu- lation of nearly five hundred thousand, 446, 639, in 1867 ; and being quite ancient, it is somewhat irregularly laid out, especially the older parts. The streets are also, in some places crooked, and rather narrow. The newer portions, however, are fine; the streets and parks presenting an air of grandeur; the houses being c )nstructcd of fine stone, with / i s^ate roofs; embracing Blytliswood Square, Woodside Place and Crescent, West End Park region, etc. Glasgow has some ancient structures of great interest, architectural and historical j among which, perhcaps, the most prominent, are the Cathedral of the twelfth century, and the University of Glasgow, several hundred years old, about to be removed to the vicinity of West End Park. And besides, it has many modern buildings of great beauty, as the Post Office, Royal Exchange, etc., as well as statu- ary, parks, bridges, and fountains, of more or less beauty. The city has two Medical Uni- versities, the Royal Infirmary, containing four or five hundred patients, an extensive Eye In- firmary, a Dispensary for Diseases of the Skin ; and various other minor institutions, of a kin- dred character, where the infirm poor are abundantly provided for, all of which are well managed. The inhabitants of this, which is the largest, and one of the oldest cities of Scot- land, are mainly Scotch, with a few Irish, and a sprinkling of other nationalities. Its cli- 7nafe is temperate, but on account of the sur- rounding hills the atmosphere is rather humid, 78 and coDScqiiently, not very highly electric, predisposing the inhabitants, more or less, to ophthalmia, cutanecus, scrofulous, and tuber- culous affpctioDs, etc., especially in its most crowded parts, as I noticed. Hence, also, the prevalence of typhtis fever here, at times. Glasgow is probably as healthy, however, as most cities of its size, anywhere; paludal dis- eases, being scarcely, if at all, known there. Edinhurcjh, situated in the eastern part of Scotland, near the Firth of Forth, on the North Sea, is a romantic old town, having a population of over two hundred thousand, 201,748 in 1866, including Leith. It consists of the old and new portions; the former of which has for its centre Castle Hill, being 383 feet high. The other eminences, consisting of Arthur's Seat and Salisbury's Crags, are in the distance, a little out of the city, and near Holyrood Palace, presenting a mcst wildly grand and romantic appearance. All these, together with the various monuments, the roughness of the old, and grandeur of the new parts of the city, with its fine brown- stone houses with slate roofs, may be regarded as constituting the ''modern Athens/' in many respects, as it has been styled. 70 Aside from tlie elevations already named, the site, thougli somewhat broken, is by no means an unpleasant one; consisting of two ridges divided by a ravine, allowing a quiet passage for the North British Hailway, at the foot of Castle Hill, between the old and new portions of the town; the Firth of Forth ap-pearing in the distance, to the north- east. The principal objects of interest in this grand old city of the Scottish kings, are the Barracks on Castle Hill, wherein Queen Mary gave birth to James the vSixth, in whom were united the Crowns of Scotland and England; the Palace of Holyrood, from whence the un- fortunate Queen was taken, imprisoned, and finally compelled to abdicate in favor of her infant son; John Knox's House, with a projection in front, from which the great re- former so effectually preached to the passers by, never failing to reprove and exhort to repentance and reform all ranks, the high as well as the low; and the University of Edin- burgh, which, springing up in the early his- tory of Scottish civilization, has become, as it were, "the light of the world,^' in every- thing pertaining to law, medicine, divinity, 80 ami the arts, with its library of one hundred and thirty-three thousand printed books. And besides, Edinburgh has a Botanical Garden, with a Palm-House one hundred feet high; the Antiquarian 3Iuseumj the National Gallery; the Museum of Science and Art; and the Anatomical Museum of Sir Charles Bell; all of which contain a variety of ob- jects in their several departments, of sur- passing interest, enough to occupy an active mind for a long time in the examination. Finally, Edinburgh has the Eoyal Infirm- ary, accommodating several hundred patients; Chal:>ier's Hospital, of less dimensions; and various others that I' need not mention, afford- ing abundant accommodations for the infirm poor of this grand old city. Its position, near the Sea, with comparatively level surround- ings for many miles, except the elevations named, may account for the fact that less scrofulous, cutaneous, and ophthalmic afi"ec- tions are found here than in Glasgow, as ap- peared to me. And though Edinburgh, from its situation, is more or less subject to high winds, and has a slightly humid atmosphere, in common with other British towns; giving disease there a typhous tendency; palndnl dis- 81 eases are almost entirely unknown tliere, as in Glasgow. But I must pass on from a consideration of the country and its towns, to the inhabitants. The Scotch People. Descendants, as they are, of the ancient Celts, or wild men inhabiting the coverts in the forests of the British Islands and the west of Europe, as the very name implies; with a mixture of Roman, Danish, Saxon, and Nor- man blood, in a limited and variable degree ; emerging from a state of semi-barbarism amidst the beauties and ''handy work" of nature constituting their native wilds, grand, roman- tic; and sublime in the extreme; we find, as might be expected, a hardy, noble, virtuous, manly, industrious, Grod-fearing people in the Scotch. In short, a noble specimen of hu- manity^ for whom the human race may well be thankful. In fact, it is my opinion, that the Scotch, as a people, have more qualities that it would be a virtue to imitate, than any other; while, on the other hand, they have fewer of the vices. I must be pardoned for speaking thus plainly on this subject, as I am only 8 82 littering convictions that have been forced upon me. Their present state of civilization has been arrived at, however, after the reign, in darkness, as it were, of nearly a hundred kings, from a period long anterior to the Christian era; the people, in passing from a state of semi-barbarism to their present exalt- ed position in the scale of civilization, having passed through, as is customary during such a transition, many scenes of confusion, blood- shed, and carnage, at which even humanity revolts. In conclusion, then, I would remark, that the superiority of the Scotch character, as a whole, may be, and doubtless is owing to the circumstances already enumerated, togefher with others, such as advantage of position and climate, the mingling of races, etc., all of which have more to do in forming even the physical, intellectual, and moral character of a people than may generally be supposed. England and the English. England, lying between Scotland and the English Channel north and south; and bounded east by the North sea; and on the west by the Atlantic, Irish Sea, and Irinh 88 Channel; being from four to five hundred miles in extent, north and south, and nearly half that distance east and west, is a rich and beautiful country, having numerous small rivers and slight elevations, but not enough to break the general even appearance of the country. The fertility of the soil, the mildness of the climate, and its level surface, together with its high state of cultivation, conspire to make England one of the richest agricultural coun- tries I have ever seen ; and especially, consid- ering the centuries of time it has been under cultivation. The climate^ though mild in winter, on account of its oceanic surroundings, is for the same and other reasons, coolish in summer, and somewhat humid, predisposing to scrofu- lous, tuberculous, and other kindred affections. And while its atmosphere doubtless also pre- disposes to a typhous tendency in disease; paludal affections are scarcely known; the system of drainage having removed the sources for the generation of marsh-miasm, if they ever existed; and though its level surface, as well as its surroundings, may render England more or less subject to high winds; the ex- 84 trcmes of temperature, are not as groat as in most countries of its latitude. 1\^ productions are wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, beans, hops, roots, etc., besides furnishing excellent meadow, and the finest pasture I have ever seen, thus supporting a dense popu- lation, and supplying food for an immense herd of very fine sheep, cattle, a'nd other do- mestic animals. In fact, the vast number of sheep is really astonishing, especially along the eastern portion of the island, bordering on the North Sea. The fields are beautifully surrounded and divided by hedge^ which, being generally kept in a fine condition, gives the whole face of the country a very pleasant appearance ; in some places, as about London, appearing not unlike a beautiful and extended garden, being covered, in the season for them, with fruit and vegetables in abundance. If we except the mountains of Wales, how- ever, England has not that variety of surface and scenery, which is calculated to inspire the beholder with awe, as does the varied scenery of Scotland, with its hills, vales, mountains, lakes, etc. In fact, nature appears to have formed this pleasant country, with a view to 85 awaken in the beholder, admiration, not awe- to cause the mind to run out in gratitude to the Creator, for its vast richness; rather than to excite those stronger emotions, leading to daring deeds, so naturally aroused by more wild romantic scenery. And, it really appears to me, that the mind that can contemplate this beautiful country, without having awakened feelings of high admiration, and also gratitude to the Creator, must be defective, morally, if not intellectually. CMef Towns. England has a large number of towns or cities, the most important of which are Lon- don and Liverpool ) the former in the south- eastern, and the latter in the north-western part, both of which may admit of a brief de- scription, as we pass along, as better illustrat- ing the peculiarities of English towns than any others. London^ situated on the river Thames, about sixty miles from the North Sea, is one of the oldest cities of England, having been a considerable town of the ancient Britons, long before the Roman invasion ; and for several centuries before the Christian era. Com- 86 mencing thus early, it has been the scene of many conflicts, during the Roman, Anglo- Saxon, Danish and Norman invasions and conquests, having been marred but not de- stroyed, amidst the clash of arms and the wreck of empires. Thus increasing steadily, during more than twenty centuries ; it has now an area of near one hundred square miles, and a popula- tion of about three millions of inhabitants. And, notwithstanding its damp and smoky at- mosphere, and exterior, generally, London has a mine of wealth ; many magnificent public and private buildings, and fine parks, churches, monuments, bridges, hospitals, etc., calculated to interest the thoughful, and to inculcate an appreciation of whatever is of substantial utili- ty, in science, arts, religion, etc. The site of London is quite level, occupy- ing both sides of the Thames. And the chief objects of interest are, the Houses of Parlia- ment, St. Paul's Cathedral, Buckingham Pal- ace, the Tower of London, Westminster Cha- pel and Abbey, and the various bridges, hospitals, museums, etc., too numerous to mention. The Hunter Museum is the largest by far, that I have ever seen, and I believe it is the largest in the world. 87 The city, being divided by the River Thames, has the appearance of a mighty village. In fact, it has really been formed by the connecting of numerous small towns grad- ually extending till they have met ; the dwell- ings, being many of them small, contrasting strangely with the magnificent buildings and structures already referred to, as well as others too numerous to mention. Finally, London is a great commercial city, its docks extending several miles along the Thames, the peaceful bosom of which bears the mighty ships of every sea and naviga- ble river in the whole habitable globe. And, though the atmosphere of London is damp, retaining much of the smoke, which, hanging over the city, often gives it a dark and gloomy appearance; and also predisposes its inhabi- tants to the diseases common to the British Islands, already referred to; I was astonished at the apparent degree of health enjoyed by its people. They take, however, good, plain, substantial, nourishing food, and generally with regularity; as beef, mutton, bread, eggs, milk, etc.; all tending to counteract the de- pressing effect of a humid smoky atmosphere, saturated, more or less, of course, with animal 88 miasms, the paludal having scarcely an ex- istence there. The suhurhan toicns and objects of interest about London are very numerous; among which are, the Crystal Palace, near Syden- ham, about seven miles south of the city, constructed at a cost of one million five hun- dred thousand pounds sterling, containing much to interest, with its gardens, parks, fountains, etc. Down the Thames are, Green- wich, with its Hospital, Park of two hundred acres, and Royal Observatory, founded by George III. for the promotion of astronomi- cal science; Woolwich, etc. Up the river, again, are Kew, with its Botanic Garden and Palm- House, sixty feet high ; Richmond, nine miles up, with its beautiful terraced hills; Hampton, thirteen miles, with its fine Green, and graced by Hampton Court Palace, situated in a garden near the Thames; and, finally, "Windsor, twenty-two miles above the city, having a fine elevation, upon which stand Windsor Palace and Castle, from the tower of which may be seen St. George's Chapel, where Her Majesty, the Queen, attends service when there, and also a small church eleven hun- dred years old, the Royal Walk, three miles 89 long, at tbo end of which ftatids the statue of George III., the Ptoyal Park, where repose the remains of Prince Albert, the site of the oak where King John signed the Magna Charta, Admiral Penn's old residence, the site of Anne Page's house, and other places referred to in Shakespeare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," as the site of Heme's Oak, of Falstaif notoriety, and the place near by in the Thames, where that dignitary is represented as having got his unceremonious hath, all so graphically set forth by the great poet; all places and objects well repaying an attentive observation, on account of their intrinsic beauty as well as historic interest. All the above towns and situations, except one or two down the Thames, are clean, airy, and delightful, and well calculated to promote health, as well as to enliven the intellectual and improve the moral powers of the inhabi- tants and beholder. But I must leave this mighty old city and its surroundings, and pass on to a consideration of Liverpool, which is situated on the Irish Sea, in the northwest part of England, as is well known. Liverpool is a great commercial town, hav- ing a rapidly increasing population of near 90 two hundred thousand; its Docks hoing on a large scale and very fine. This city is on an eminence, and admirably calculated, from all its surroundings, for a great commercial town. It has many fine buildings, and may yet be- come a mighty city, somewhat ximerican in its character, as it really is already, on ac- count, in part, of the immense amount of American shipping and number of American seaman constantly there. Liverpool has an Infirmary, accommodating several hundred patients, and its poor are as well cared for, probably, as in most other cities of its size, if we except perhaps Lon- don, with its hospital accommodations for many thousand patients, admirably arranged and conducted. The somewhat elevated site of Liverpool, together with its position by the sea, making it more or less liable to winds, may account for its less foggy and smoky at- mosphere than that of London. Its atmos- phere, however, is more or less humid, which, together with the animal-miasm necessarily generated to some extent in a crowded com- mercial town, may account for the fact, which was quite apparent to me, that Liverpool is more predL«posed to low putrid disease than 91 London. Paludal diseases are not, I think, endemic there to any considerable extent; if they even prevail at all, except imported cases. But I must leave the consideration of Eng- land with its chief towns, and pass on to notice its inhabitants. The English People. The English are evidently descendants of the same original Celtic stock as the Scotch; but much more modified by the mingling of the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman blood than they; with less of the Danish or Scandi- navian; the country having been invaded, and either partially or entirely subdued, in turn, by the Romans, G-ermans or Saxons, the the Danes or Norwegians, and finally by the Normans of France; mingling more exten- sively, however, with the ancient Celtic stock, the Roman, Saxon, and Norman blood, than others, as would appear. The English people, then, thus originating and modified, have emerged from a state of semi-barbarism, during the past twenty cen- turies, under circumstances of a varied char- aoter, their rich fertile country having been 92 tlic object for invasion by the surrounding nations, or people, more civilized, in some instances, than themselves; thus directly caus- ing their customs, manners, and even religion, to be greatly modified, in some instances, and especially their language. The Anglo-Saxons, then, thus springing up in the English character, inhabiting a delightful, rich, and fertile region, have emerged from a state of semi-barbarism to their present condition of civilization, influ- enced by less romantic, but perhaps a greater number of extrinsic circumstances, than those that surrounded and influenced the Scotch. These circumstances, together with the greater mingling of the Roman, Saxon and Norman blood, with perhaps less of the Danish or Scandinavian than the Scotch, together with the difference of position, climate, etc., must account for the difference between the Eng- lish and Scotch of the present day. The English people, thus favorably situ- ated, and quite powerful, when compared with the Scotch and Irish, may possibly have a more lofty disposition; in some instances, per- haps, tending to excess. And this is just what might be expected to remain with any m people, in their transition from semi- barbarism to civilisation, under sach circumstances; and, especially, as civilization is the work of circumstances. And if the English do retain an undue degree of a lofty spirit, it is because that element of their earlier civilisation has not been thoroughly eradicated by the cir- cumstances with which they have been sur- rounded. The former system of education, too, in England, together with the law of pri- mogeniture, confining the wealth and educa- tion, more especially to the few, to the neglect of the masses, may have hindered, in some degree, its eradication. With this slight defect, if it may be re- garded as such, in English civilization, for which, as we have seen, they are in nowise responsible, the English are a noble, gener- ous, kind, benevolent, sober, thinking, and decidedly intellectual people; doing much for the elevation of humanity, and the spread of Christianity throughout the world; speaking a languagGj that, when properly modified, en- riched, and refined, may yet become the lan- guage of the whole civilized world, on account, in part, of their extensive con^iercial relo,- iiofiB, to-cthor with tKat of their descendants M of ttis vast Continent, embracing the inliabi-* tants of the British possessions in America, and of the United States. It is probable that the noble characteristics of the English; physical, intellectual, and moral ^ may have been owing, in a very great degree, to the mingling of blood in their constitu- tions, as well as to the modincation of their manners, customs, religion, ets , growing out of this mingling of the different nationalities out of which they have grown ; to which may also be added their favorable position for com-' mercial, and other relations. But I must proceed to a consideration, as we pass, of the Western portion of this Island and its inhabitants. Wales and the Welsh. Wales, occupying a amall extent of country, to the West of England, bordering on the Irish sea and Channel, is a mountainous region, being less than two hundred miles in extent north and south, and scarcely balf that dis- tance east and west. While some parts of Wales are mountainous, along its northern border, upon^he Irish Sea, the surface of tha c-ountrv iy only somcwhskt broken aud liiliy. ^5 presenting a very romantic appearance; and, in some places, it is quite level. Taken as a wliole, then, Wales is a fertile region of country, having a fine variety of surface and scenery, and producing wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, and fine meadow and pasture ; sustaining fine cat- tle, sheep, and other domestic animals. In fact, the general appearance of the country is inviting to the beholder, rather than repulsive, and well calculated to produce contentment, as well as to draw out the mind in a(? miration, for the ^'hundy-work of nature," by which the beholder is surrounded, leading the mind gently and adoringly, ^'through nature up to nature's G^od." Such, then, is Wales, with its hills, valleys, mountains, bays and rivers ; evidently moulded by the hand of the Creator, to lead its -inhabi- tants to noble deeds of daring j or to the quiet pursuits of civilizid life, as circamstance's might require. Its atmosphere, though slightly humid, is less so, and more bracing than in other and more level portions of the island, inhabited by their more numerous neighbors, the English. And, though situa- ted along the Irish Sea and Channel, its broken 9G Furface, must render it less liable to.hcuvy ani trying winds. Chief Towns. The towns of Wales are not numerous or very large; I will only speak of one, Holy- liead, a;nd that very inconsiderable. Holyheadj in the north-west of Wales, on the Irish Sea, is a small town of some little businesS;^ being the terminus of a rail-road, as well as the port to and from which steamers pass for Kingston and Dublin, etc. It is very much exposed to the sea breeze, rendering it, as would appear, a very healthy situation. It is a place of some little importaiice, and may yet become quite a town, should circumstan- ces favor it. But leaving Wales and its towns, let us pass on to consider its inhabitants. ' The Welsh People. In the Welsh, we have an illustration of the ancient Britons, of the pure Celtic stock; unmixed, to any considerable extent, with other races of men. And, here it is that we find an illastratioB of the pure Celtic people, emerging from a state of semi-barbarism, mainly by ^hdr 07 own exertions; influenced more or less, by other races of men, it is true; but mainly, by the scenery of their native hills and vales, and other intrinsic circumstances ; all tending to make a quiet, peaceable, virtuous, God-fear- ing people; zealous for the right, civil, po- litical, and religious ; and ready for any reform calculated to improve their own condition, or that of their fellow-creatures, over whom their limited influence may chance to be exerted. Thug we have, in the Welsh, speaking their own Celtic tongue, in the main un- changed, except in the towns, occupying their own native hills, which have echoed to their voices for more than twenty centuries, an example of noble self-civilization, retaining very little of the darknesa of the past. And if there may be still found, to some extent, an apparent unwarrantable pride of country y growing out of the fact that they have with- stood, as it were, every external influence that has been brought to bear against them, for near two thousand years, reaching back to their first seeking this safe retreat in wild clans, either from the east of the island, or from the adjoining continent; circumstances well calculated to produce this feeling ; they 9^. are, on this, and in fact every other acccnioty entirely excusable. In fact, well may human- ity and modern civilization rejoice over this grand achievement of such a race of men; and well may the English, Scotch, and Irish, their neighbors, imitate their quiet virtues. It is probable that the superiority of the atmosphere of Wales, over that of England in general, may be allowed as an offset to the min- gling of blood, etc., in the case of the English. And, so far as their civilization is concerned, it is very likely that the romantic scenery of their native hills, may have given them sufficient advantages, to make up f >r the su- perior relations of their neighbors, the Eng- lish. It is evident, at least, that whatever difference there may be between the English and Welsh, whichever may be considered in the advance, must be owing to the various circumstances I have mentiored, as they were originally the same, as is well-known. But I must pass on to a consideiatiou of the ''p]merald Isle," and its inhabitants. , Ireland and the Irish. . Ireland, an island scarcely more Ihan three- hundred miles in extent north and fv. uth, aiid 09 little mere than half that distance east and west, lies to the west of Englaad, and Hie south-west of Scotland, being boiiaded on the north, west, and south by the Atlantic, and on the east by the Irish Sea and Chaanel, makiog it the most western of the British islands. The northern part of the island is mountain- ous; the central, hilly j and the southern quite level, thus gi'^ing a variety of surface and sce- nery. It is enlivened by numerous rivers, lakes, caverns, etc -Oae of the most interesting of its natural curiosities, is the Giants Cause- way, at the north of the island, presenting a very grand and romantic appearance from the ocean, as I witnessed in passing by; it having furnished the occasion for the legend of the Irish and Scotch giants, made, by the fable, inhabitants of these romantic wilds. Taken as a whole, Ireland is rather a rough appearing country, though many parts of the island are very beautiful. In fact, for variety of scenery, it is scarcely excelled by Wales or Scotland ; and for heauiy^ in some parts, it is by no means itiferior to England. The &oll^ though tolerably productive, is by no means as productive, or in as high a s^ate of cultiva- tion as that of England. It produces, how- 1 00 ever, flax, wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, and various kinds of roots, besides tolerable pastures and meadows, thougb inferior to those of England. It sustains, however, cattle, sheep, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals, in tolerable abundance. It is gener- ally fenced with hedges; and the dwellings, as in England, are usually of brick or stone, with either tile or slate roofs ; in some parts, how- ever, presenting, by no means, a very inviting appearance. The atmosphere of Ireland is more or less damp, like that of England and Scotland, giving a bright green appearance to the grain, grass, and foliage in general ; and hence it has been very properly called the " Emerald Isle." The hiirui'^ity of the atmosrihere of Ireland, doubtless predi.^posos the inhabitants, j.s in tlie other British islands, to scrofulous, tuber- calous, and other kindred affections ; and, this influence, together with the hss sobstan- tJal characfcr of the f >od, in 8ome localities, 8s well as the confined and damp dwellings, in some of the rural distric s, may very likely predispose to typhus and other putrid fevers aid disease-?; a7?ma/-m?*«.';7?is bcmg added to the climatic predispositions, as in many parts 101 of England and Scotland, as we have seen. Paludal diseases, however, are scarcely known, unless imported. Chief Toions. Ireland lias several important towns, as Dublin, Belfast, Cork, etc. I will only notice Dublin, however, as the most important. Dublin, the principal city of Ireland, is in the eastern part of the Island, on the naviga- ble river Liffey, near the Irish Sea, occupying a slight elevation, and being, in the main, a beautiful, clean, well-built town. It is con- structed mainly of brick. . Some of the pub- lic^ and even private buildingS; however, are of very fine stone ; one of the most interest- ingly magnificent of which is Trinifi/ College. The city is well laid out, and clemly, being situated on bo(-.h sides of the river. And, while its general appearance is decidedly invit- ing, it has many structures and objects of special interest, as, the Hoyal Irish Academy ; ths Museum of Irish Industry; the Royjd Zoological Gardens; the Botanic Gardens; the College of Physicians, the College of Surgeons; the National Gallery; St, Patrick's Cathedral; the Exhibition Palace; the Castle 102 of I)ul)lin; tho Bank of IrelanJ; the G n- eral Post Offico; City Hall; the various Hos- pitals and Schools; and finally, the Gardens, Parks, Bridges, Fountains, etc., too numerous to mention- Duhlin has 2t. population of near three hun- dred thousand inhabitants; descendants of the Irish, Scotch, English, and Welsh; con- stituting the best looking and most polite, and perhaps correct people of any, inhabiting so large a city, on the globe; and speaking the English language the most correctly of any people I have ever met anywhere Such, at least, is my impression of the Irish of Dub- lin, with whom I became more or less acquaint- ed. I attribute very much of this superiority of the iohabitants of Dublin to the mixture of the English, Scotch, and Welsh blood and characters, with the noble Irish, very much as in the American character, as we shall see. Let us pass on, then, to consider the inhab- itants of Ireland. The Irish People. The first settlers of Ireland were probably Carthagenians, from Carthage; who came at a very early period; their language having 103 been derived from the Phcemcians, to whom the Celts were probably indebted for theirs. At a later period came the Iberi from Spain, with their Celtic dialect, and mingling their blood and language with the first Carthagenian settlers, it constituted a people and language, though similar to, not identical with the an- cient Britons and their language. Hence this distinction of the early Irish character and lan- guage ; subsequently modified, in a greater or less degree, by the Roman and Danish or Scandinavian blood; and to a very limited extent, perhaps, the Saxon and Norman j in- fluencing or modifying more or less, of course, their language, as well as their physical, in- tellectual, and moral characteristics. Thus,, then, were I he original Irish charac- ter and language formed ard modified. At tlie present time, however, we find, in the large Irish towns, as in Dublin, a mixture, as we have seen, of the modern English, Scotch, Vv^elsh, and Irish; constituting a local charac- ter, more nearly like the American, made up of the sauie clement?!, perhaps, than any other, as might be expected. In ihc north vf Ire- land, many Scotch people are found, having cmiQa'ufeod thiihcr froin conH'^uou'^ parts of their nativ« islaud. 104 The Iri?li people, then, being partly oi Celtic origin, but modified by these various heterogeneous elementg, and so many external and varied, as well as intrinsic circumstances, present quite a variety of characteristics, ranging from some that may be regarded, per- haps, as more or less objectionable, to the most elevated in the scale of modern civiliza- tion. The scenery and circumstances by which the Irish have been surrounded during their transition from semi-barbarism to their present state of civilization, during the past twenty centuries, have been of a character calculated to make just that kind of self-relying inde- pendent, stubborn, intellectual, and noble people, with such varied characteristics. And, taking the more mixed Irish, as we find them in Dublin, they surpass in beauty and comeliness of person, and especially the female portion, by far their neighbors, the English, Scotch, and Welsh. And it is very questionable, whether Dub- lin may not stand first, among the cities of the British Islands, in science, literature, arts, and, in fiict, in everything pertaining to mod- ei'tt civilization, in its most rcfiaed sense. At 105 least, it can only be second to Edinburgli, if to any of the British towDS. While, then, the atmospliere of all the British Islands is more or less humid, Ireland, Wales, and the North of Scotland, are the portions in which it is the least so; England and the South of Scotland being most damp. Now, in these latter portions, the productions are the most abundant and substantial. And while the atmosphere of these parts may pre- dispose more strongly to scrofulous, tubercu- lous, and kindred affections, the superiority and abundance of food very likely nearly make up for the greater humidity of the atmosphere. And as, further, the superiority of drainage, ventilation, clothing, etc., in the richer and damper portions, may serve to hinder the generation of as great an amount of animal-miasms as in the higher and poorer regions; it is probable that the predisposition to the diseases common to the British Islands, including scrofulous, tuberculous, and other kindred affections, as well as typhus, and other putrid fevers, may be more equally distribu- ted than might, at first thought, appear. There are, however, certain foca? causes operat- ing to make endemic, in some places, ophthal- 10 106 mic, cutaneous, and other dise^ges, as we have seen. Such, then, are the British Islands ; a mere speck, as it were, on the earth's surface; but which, emerging from a state of heathenish darkness, as their inhabitants have during the past twenty centuries, have worked out the great problem, that mankind yet retain enough of the '-likeness of the Creator,'' to enable them, with the aid of His Works, Word, and the kindly influence of His Spirit, to pass from a state of semi-barbarism to a lofty and enlightened condition of mod- ern civilization and refinement. And, if there may be found still to adhere, now and then, slight relics of this semi- barbarism, to greater or less portions of the inhabitants of the British Islands, it has doubt- less been owing to circumstances quite beyond their control j and which must yet surely be eradicated by the various circumstances attend- ing the full blaze of modern civilization. And then may we hope that the Anglo-Saxon race, transplanted, as they have been, to this vast continent; and as they have b en, and may yet be, to other parts of the world ; may have a benign influence in correcting the de- 107 fects of fallen humanity, and in the elevation of the scale of physical, intellectual, and moral excellence everywhere. While, then, all these varied circumstances have been thus operating in the British Islands for the past twenty centuries, working out such a mighty physical, intellectual, and moral change; who will dare deny that all has been brought about and directed in accordance with the eternal purpose of Him who created all things, and by whom " they were and are sustained/' France and the French. Passing from the British Islands south, over the English Channel, we come to France, extending to the Atlantic on the west; the Mediteranean on the south, and the German States, Switzerland, etc , on the east; embra- cing a vast area of country, more or less di- versified with hills and vales, mountains and lowlands, with a rich productive soil, and a great variety of the most beautiful and roman- tic scenery. France is a great country, with vast re- sources, having a variety of productions, in great abundance ; among the most prominent 108 of whicli are wheat, rye, oats, barley, the sugar-beat, grass, the yine, and various deli- cious fruits; including the apple, peach, pear, apricott, nectarine, plum, cherry, etc. In fact, France to me presents a most at- tractive appearance in all its bearings. It has a mild and delightful climate, a fertile soil, abundant productions, beautiful rivers, an ex- tensive sea-coast; and, in short, almost every- thing desirable for the habitation and comfort of man. The farm-houses are generally of brick or stone, with slate roofs, being sur- rounded by fine flower, kitchen and fruit gar- dens, presenting the appearance of comfort and refinement. The surface of the country is generally unincumbered hy fences , except now and then a hedge, giving an extended view of unbroken fields, of the various kinds of grain, the vine, etc., appearing upon the plains and slightly rolling grounds, peculiarly rich, and grand in the extreme. Cattle and sheep, however, ap- peared to me not very abundant, and what I did see, were inferior to those of England and Scotland. The scenery of France, then, is not of the wild romantic character belonging to Wales, 109 Ireland, and Scotland, on the one hand; nor of the placid sentimental kind like that of England, on the other; being a medium, as it were, between the two ; affording much to ex- cite wonder, but perhaps more to foster a love of the beautiful and sublime. The atmosphere of France is soft and balmy, like the American, but not humid as in the British Islands; and though the climate is somewhat variable, as in America, it is not subject to very great extremes of heat and cold, making France, with the exception of more or less paludal emanations, but slightly predisposed to any particular form or type of disease, the French, like the Americans, being left, mainly, to produce their own diseases, by various irregularities and imprudences, which is also true, to a great extent in the British Islands, as in fact, almost everywhere; as most, if not all the natural predisposing, and even exciting causes of disease, everywhere, might and probably would be comparatively harmless, if human health could be fortified by the effects of a proper observance of the laws of health, including all the principles of personal and public hi/giene, as they should be, if not voluntarily, in our large towns, by compulsory 10* 110 enactments. It is my opinion, howeverj that France is far in advance, of any country with which I am acquainted, in its provisions for the enforcement of puhlic hygiene. And I am compelled to say, that I regard its towns and inhabitants as cleanly as any I have ever seen. The natural productions of France are very abundant, however, as in America, caus- ing, as with us, a strong tendency to irregu- larities and various excesses. Chief Towns. France has many large towns, by far the most important of which is Paris, which as improved by Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, is now probably the finest city in the world. Paris is situated on the river Seine, which divides it, as the Thames does London; the ground on which it stands being slightly rolling, but rising in the north into an eleva- tion, Montmartrey 31ount Valerian j also, ap- pearing in the distance to the north-west, being a little out of the city. Thus situated, then, in the north of France, or north of its centre, surrounded by a coun- iry of variegated surface, and of uncommoa Ill loveliness, Paris is well calculated to inspire its inhabitants and the transient observer, with a love of the beautiful and sublime. Paris is an ancient city, having endured the shocks of more than twenty centuries, receiv- ing, now and then, a severe check, but yet has endured them all ; having now, over two millions of inhabitants; in 1866, 2,150,916, mostly French, but with a sprinkling of almost every other nationality. The city is built of brick, and a very fine lightish or nearly white sand-stone, as I should judge, from its polish, the roofs being of very fine slate. Its streets are kept exquisitely clean, being paved with a compound, which, being spread over the stones, hardens, and makes a surface superior to anything I have ever seen for a street, on every account. I suspect that the sulphate of lime enters largely into its composition, from what I saw of it, in its soft and hardened state. The streets are gener^ ally straight, and some of them very wide, giving a grand, general appearance to Paris, taken in connection with its parks, gardens, statuary, fountains, etc. The objects o^ special interest, in and about Paris, are the Cath