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 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OP 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 SAN DIEGO . 
 V ^
 
 presented to the 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 SAN DIEGO 
 
 by 
 
 MR. LOUIS I. GORDON 

 
 HILL'S ALBUM.
 
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 C- 
 
 ~^v 
 
 HILL'S ALBUM 
 
 OF 
 
 iojrapltn and ^rt: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 porteit^ and peq-^I^Etcpg of Wjani} pergong 
 
 WHO HAVE BEEN AND ARE 
 
 PROMINENT AS RELIGIONISTS, MILITARY HEROES, INVENTORS, FINANCIERS, SCIENTISTS, 
 
 EXPLORERS, WRITERS, PHYSICIANS, ACTORS, LAWYERS, MUSICIANS, ARTISTS, 
 
 POETS, SOVEREIGNS, HUMORISTS, ORATORS AND STATESMEN: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH CHAPTERS RELATING TO 
 
 HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND IMPORTANT WORK IN WHICH PROMINENT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN 
 
 ENGAGED AT VARIOUS PERIODS OF TIME. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOS. E. HILL, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "HILL-S MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS," Etc., Etc. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 HILL STANDARD BOOK COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1887. 
 
 XS^- 
 
 ^-
 
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 1 
 
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 Copyright, 188IJ, by Thos. E. nill. 
 
 Copyright, 1883, by Thos. E. Hill. 
 
 Copyi'iglu, 1881, by Thos. E. 
 
 Hi.,.^ 
 
 14 
 
 Uitu<l by EubicrlpiloD onlj &nil Dot fur ti&Ic In tbc boolutorca. Rcsidcnia of cliij State dcstriug a copj sbouttl address the publishers and aa ae^nt will cull upon them. 
 
 m 
 
 m
 
 \)^ 
 
 T 
 
 TD 
 
 THDSE STRIiriN& FDR EXCELLENCE 
 
 In the ITarlDus ElEpartniEnts ai Human i^ctian, 
 
 ISTHD "WDULI] KNOW HDIAT OTHERS HAVE WDN SUCCESS, 
 
 This "yoluniB is RespEctfuUy nBdicated, 
 
 :<5:- 
 
 ^
 
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 :(> — 
 
 
 ome are horn great, some acliietre greatness, 
 
 ^nd some liaue greatness thrust upon them." 
 
 
 
 — tf)|;< 
 
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 9-- 
 
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 t:^. 
 
 PREFAC: 
 
 "^14?^ 
 
 sYERlBODY desires success. Some will have a higher mark, a more exalted 
 ^ ambition, than others, but from the cradle to the grave there is within the 
 huiuan heart a desire to excel in some direction. 
 
 An individual lias been victorious in tlic l)attle of life and has coinc; coii- 
 spicuously to the fnint. The world is curious to know the steps that were taken 
 by which that success was won. Under what circumstances and where was the individual 
 born:^ What mental gifts did he inherit? What were his opportunities in childhood? Wiiat 
 were the fortunate circumstances that assisted him? What advantages had he that we 
 have not i 
 
 As we draw lessons from examples, these are questions that naturally and properly arise in 
 the muid of every inquiring and aspiring person. To answer these questions is the object of this 
 work. In its preparation the aim has been to jiresent prominent life-histories in a sjjace so brief 
 as to be quickly read, in language so plain as to be easily understood, and in a foi-m so attractive 
 as to make the turning of its pages a source of real and never-ending pleasure. 
 
 The reader will miss some names, probably, that should have been mentioned, and may 
 regret that facts and peculiarities concerning certain individuals have not been more fully 
 given; but that omission will be excused when it is considered that no book, which would come 
 within the ability of the peoj^le to buy, could contain all the names of those about whom it is 
 desirable to read. 
 
 From tlie multitude of rej^resentative characters, these names are chosen. The record of 
 their life-work reveals some faults to be avoided and many virtues worthy of imitation. Nearly 
 all these biographies teach lessons which the youth of the land will find profitable for study, 
 while their perusal will be interesting and instructive to all.
 
 V 
 
 ? 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 REL,ieiO>' AXO ITS FOTIKSERS, 
 
 Containing Names of Religious Founders, Religious Denominations, 
 
 Beliefs, Glossary of Religious Terms, Etc 19 
 
 BOOK II. 
 .>III,ITAKY CHIEFTAINS ASTD FAMOTTS BATTl.ES, 
 
 Giving Biographical Sketches of Military Heroes at all Times, Great 
 
 Battles, Military Terms, Etc 50 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 DI8COVEREKS AJfB EXPI.ORERS, 
 
 Presenting the Histories of Individuals famous for Exploration, 
 
 Travel and Discovery 77 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 SKETCHES OF I.EADIXG I^TVENTORS, 
 
 Presenting Condensed Accounts of theirWork and Dates of Important 
 
 Inventions 84 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 HISTORY OF FINANCIERS, 
 
 Giving the Means by which Rich Men have Acquired Wealth, Personal 
 
 Sketches of Millionaires, Secrets of Success, Etc 102 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE SCIENTISTS, 
 
 Containing the Names of Famous Originators and Discoverers in 
 
 Sclentillc Pursuits 132 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 THE THEORY OF PROGRESSION, 
 
 Giving a Portrait of Darwin, and views of Earth and .\niniul Life at 
 
 Different Epochs of Time 138 
 
 BOOK vin. 
 
 Ol'R DOMESTIC ANIMAI..S, 
 
 Giving Historical SkiUhes, Di»cil|,tl.jn». IVculiarltles and Merits of 
 
 the Different Varieties. Each Illustrated 164 
 
 HOOK IX. 
 ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE, 
 
 Presenting Sketches of Distinguished Aslronomers. Illustrations of 
 
 the Planets aiirl List of .\H(ronoinieal Terms 100 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 PHRENOLOGY AND SCIENCE OF .MIND, 
 
 Containing Portraits of Phrenological Teacliers. Heads of DifTerent 
 
 rhnrart,-i-s anrl T)i.s(.ri|itl(,iiH of Phrennlotfleal Organs 213 
 
 PAGE. 
 BOOK XI. 
 HUMORISTS AND CARICATURISTS, 
 
 Giving Portraits and Biographies of Noted Individuals who have 
 
 Succeeded in making People Laugh 224 
 
 BOOK XII. 
 
 PHYSICIANS, LA-WYERS AND SOVEREIGNS, 
 
 Containing the Names of a Few who have been Celebrated in Law, 
 
 Medicine, and as Rulers of Kingdoms 197-242-249 
 
 BOOK XIII. 
 ORATORS AND STATESMEN, 
 
 Containing Pen-Sketches and Portraits of Individuals noted for 
 
 Oratorical Power and Influence in Swaying Public Mind 2.53 
 
 BOOK XIV. 
 
 ACTORS AND PLAY'-WRIGHTS, 
 
 Giving the History of those who have been Prominent as Tragedians, 
 
 Comedians, Play- Writers, Etc 263 
 
 BOOK XV. 
 
 HISTORIANS, NOVELISTS, ESSAY'ISTS, Etc., 
 
 Giving Personal Sketches of Authors Distinguished as Historians, 
 
 Writers of Fiction, Editors, Etc 268 
 
 BOOK XVI. 
 
 POETS AND SONG-WRITERS, 
 
 Presenting Sketches of the most Distinguished Poets in the Old and 
 
 New Worlds, with Occasional Choice Extracts 294 
 
 BOOK XVII. 
 PAINTERS AND SCX-LPTORS, 
 
 Containing the Iliograidiics of Artists Celrlir.-ited for Sculpture, 
 
 Poitrait-Painting and Landscape Delineation 327 
 
 BOOK XVllI. 
 CONOR ESSION.VL DIIC ECTOR Y, 
 
 Containing Tnbulatetl Sketch of Every Memlii-r of Congress from the 
 
 Founding of our (Jovernmentto the Pi-esent Time 450 
 
 BOOK XIX, 
 nE.WTiriTL HOMES, 
 
 Showing Principles of Bejiuty, Rel.-iting u> Curves. Proportion and 
 
 Contrast, and Views *»(' Itesidences and Ornanuuitnl Grounils.. , . .',3'i 
 
 BOOK XX. 
 HOrsEHOLD ORNAMENTATION. 
 
 Giving illustrations of Various Household Klfgancies, Directions for 
 
 their Making along \villi \'ie\vs of Several Interiors .WJ 
 
 ^ 
 
 CJ.-
 
 i; /TTLcraiLBE^icMi: s ^Biographies. ; 
 
 <»- 
 
 '•^=:-*-s^<- — <>— 
 
 -&- 
 
 Aaron. First Jewish High-Priest 45 
 
 Ahhott. .hiculj. Writer of Hooks for the Young 280 
 
 Abbutt. Juhii S. C, Writtir of Many Histories 280 
 
 Abbot, Samuel. American Christian Merchant 45 
 
 Abercromby.Sir Itiilph. British General 53 
 
 Abercronibie, James, a British General in America 58 
 
 Abernethy, John. Eccentric English Surgeon Portrait 197 
 
 Abraham, Founder of the Jewish Nation 45 
 
 Abrantes, Duke of, French General 53 
 
 Adair. John, an American General 61 
 
 Adams, Alvin, Founder of Adams Express Portrait 370 
 
 Adams. Charles Francis, Minister to England Portrait 444^ 
 
 Adams, John, Statesman and Sth President Portrait 244 
 
 Adams, John Q., Statesman and 6th President Portrait 244 
 
 Adams, William T., (" Oliver Optic") a Wi-iter for Boys Portrait 372 
 
 Addiaon, Joseph, Elegant Essayist and Poet Portrait 323 
 
 ^sop, Ancient Philosopher and Fabulist 192 
 
 ^tius, a Roman General 53 
 
 Agamemnon. Grecian Genera) at the Siege of Troy 33 
 
 Agassiz, Louis J. R., Naturalist 192 
 
 Agnew. Dr. D. Hayes Portrait 387 
 
 Agricola. Cneius J.. Roman General under Domitian 53 
 
 Akers, B. Paul, an American Sculptor 338 
 
 Alcibiades, Athenian Conqueror of Sparta 53 
 
 Alcott. A.Bronson, the " Philosopher of Concord" Portrait 268 
 
 Alcott, Louisa May, Author of " Little Women " Portrait. . . .268 
 
 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, Poet and Magazine Writer 295 
 
 Alexander the Great. Conqueror of the Ancient World 53 
 
 Alexander, William, a Revolutionary Officer 58 
 
 Alfred the Great, King of the Saxons in England 53 
 
 Alger, W''illiam R., Unitarian Preacher and Author 280 
 
 Alger. Horatio. Jr., Writer of Juvenile Books 280 
 
 Allan. Sir Hugh, Great Ocean Navigator Portrait 438 
 
 Allen, Ethan, Hero of Foit Ticonderoga.... Portrait 58 
 
 Allen. Solomon, a Revolutionary Officer 58 
 
 Allen, Thomas, Journalist and Railroad Official Portrait 428 
 
 Allen, William H., an American Naval Officer 63 
 
 Allen. William H., President of Girard College Portrait. . . .387 
 
 Allibone, Samuel A., American Author 281 
 
 Alvarado. Pedro D., Conqueror of Mexico under Cortez 53 
 
 Alvarez. Juan, Conqueror of Mexico in 1855 53 
 
 Ames, Daniel T., Commercial Teacher and Penman, Portrait.. ..^^G 
 
 Ames, Oakes, Manufacturer and Legislator Portrait. . . ,373 
 
 Andersen, Hans Christian, a Danish Author 269 
 
 Anderson, Robert, an American General 68 
 
 Andrew, Christ's Apostle 45 
 
 Andrew, John A., War-Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 368 
 
 Anglesey, Marquis of, a Distinguished British General at Waterloo 53 
 
 Ajigell, George T., Humanitarian Portrait 371 
 
 Angelo, Michael. Painter. Sculptor and Poet Portrait ... ,327 
 
 Anton, Charles. Author of Greek and Latin Educational Books 275 
 
 Anthony. Mark, Husband of the Renowned Cleopatra 53 
 
 Appleton, Daniel. Foundei- of New York Book-Publishing House 130 
 
 Appleton, Nathan, Merchant and Political Economist 130 
 
 Appleton. Samuel, Prosperous and Liberal Merchant 130 
 
 Aquinas. Thomas. Italian Theologian 45 
 
 Aristotle, the Great Grecian Philosopher 132 
 
 Arius, Greek Patriarch and Founder of Arianism 45 
 
 ArnUnius. James, Founder of the Arminian Belief 45 
 
 Armstrong, George B.. Founder of Railway Mail-Service Portrait 400 
 
 Armstrong. John. Revolutionary Officer 58 
 
 Arnnlil. Benedict, a Revolutionary Traitor 58 
 
 Arnold. Isaac N.. Member of Congress and Historian Portrait 40] 
 
 Arthui, Chester A., Twenty-First President Portrait 245 
 
 TAGE. 
 
 Arthur, Timothy S., American Story-Writer Portrait 26» 
 
 Asbury, Francis. First American Methodist Bishop 45 
 
 Ashe, John, a Revolutionary Officer 58 
 
 Aspinwall. William H., Merchantand Steamboat Owner Portrait — 381 
 
 Astor, John Jacob, Merchant in New York Portrait 104 
 
 Athanasius. Egyptian Patriarch 45 
 
 Attila. King of the Huns and Conqueror of Europe 53 
 
 Audubon. John J., the American Ornithologist Portrait 133 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacon, Sir Francis, English Philosopher and Politician 1^*6 
 
 Bagley, John J., Tobacco Maimfacturer and Governor. Portrait ... .42ri 
 
 Bailey, Theodorus, an American Admiral 63 
 
 Bainbridge, William, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Baker. Edward P.. Statesman and Soldier 68 
 
 Baldwin. E. J.. Merchantand Mining Speculator Portrait 124 
 
 Bancroft, Albert L. , Bookseller and Publisher Portrait 405 
 
 Bancroft. George, American Historian Portrait 269 
 
 Bancroft. Hubert H.. Historian Portrait. . . .410 
 
 Banks. Nathaniel P.. Soldier and Statesman Portrait 368 
 
 Barber. Francis, a Revolutionary Officer , 58 
 
 Barings, The. F^nglish Merchants and Bankers , 125 
 
 Barnard, Frederic A. P.. President of Columbia College Portrait — 381 
 
 Barnes, Albert, Preacher and Commentator Portrait 393 
 
 Barney, Joshua, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Barnum, PhineasT., Showman Portrait 130 
 
 Barron, James, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Barron, Samuel, an American Naval Captain 63 
 
 Barron, Samuel, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Barry. .Tohn. an American Commodore 63 
 
 Bartholomew, Christ's Apostle 4.') 
 
 Bates, Edward, Attorney-General of the United States Por(7'af(....429 
 
 Baxter, Richard, English Author and Divine 45 
 
 Bayard, " Chevalier," a French Knight 53 
 
 Bayard, Thomas F.. American Statesman Portrait 434 
 
 Beard, James H-, Portrait and Scene-Painter 334 
 
 Beard, William H., Animal -Painter 334 
 
 Beauregard. Peter G. T., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Beechers. The 198 
 
 Beecher, Henry Ward, Preacher, Author and Lecturer Portrait.. 4^'2G'2 
 
 Beecher, Lyman, American Divine 45 
 
 Bede, (the " Venerable"). English Monk and Author 45 
 
 Beethoven, Ludwig von. GermaTi Musical Composer 246 
 
 Behring, Vitus, a Russian Explorer 77 
 
 Belford, James M., Jurist and Legislator Portrait 416 
 
 Belknap. William W., Secretary of War 68 
 
 Bengel. John Albert, Catholic Theologian 45 
 
 Bennett, James Gordon. Founder of the New York Berald. ,. .Portrait 280 
 
 Bennett, James G., Jr., Owner of the New York Herald Portrait 383 
 
 Bennett, S. Fillmore. Author of " Sweet Bye-and-Bye" Portrait 305 
 
 Benton, Thomas H.. Thirty Years a Senator Portrait 43f) 
 
 Berkeley. George, Irish Episcopalian Bishop 45 
 
 Bernadotte, Jean B. J., a French King of Sweden 53 
 
 Bergh, Henry. Humanitarian— 223 Illustrations of Animals... Por/rai( 147 
 
 Bemhardt.Sara. French Actress Portrait 265 
 
 Beza, Theodore, Swiss Cal\-inist Preacher 45 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas, an American Naval Commander 63 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas, an Old-Time American Financier 125 
 
 Bierstadt, Albert, German- American Artist Portrait ... .3'2S 
 
 Bismarck. Prince, the Prussian Statesman 143 
 
 Black Hawk, a British Indian Chief 61 
 
 Blackstone, Sir William. Eminent Jurist 242 
 
 Blaine. James G.. Journalist and Statesman Portrait 260 
 
 Blair, Francis P.. Politician and Soldier Portrait 430 
 
 Blair. Hugh, Episcopalian Preacher and Author 45 
 
 Blitz. Signor. Magician and Ventriloquist Portrait ... .3^3 
 
 Blucher, Gebhard L. von. an Eminent Prussian Marshal 53 
 
 ^>x'
 
 Boehm, Jacob, German Music-Writer 45 
 
 Boehme, Joseph E., English Sculptor Portrait. . . .338 
 
 Boggs, Charles S.. an American Rear-Adniiral 63 
 
 Boker, George H., Poet and Political Leader Portrait. . . .392 
 
 Bolivar, Simon Y. P., Founder of the South American Republic 53 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, French Military Chieftain Portrait . .t>\-5S 
 
 Bonheur. Rosalie. Animal-Painter ^ 334 
 
 Bonner, Robert. Editor of the New York Ledger Portrait 382 
 
 Booth, Edwin, Exhibitor of Art in the Drama 267 
 
 Booth, Junius Brutus, Delineator of Shakspearian Characters 267 
 
 Booth, John Wilkes. Tragedian 267 
 
 Bom, Brian, the Irish Conqueror of the Danes * 54 
 
 Boston Biographical Sketches 365 
 
 Boucicault, Dion, Play-Writer and Actor 263 
 
 Boudinot, Elias, American Patriot and Philanthropist 45 
 
 Bowen. Thomas M., Jurist and Senator Portrait 417 
 
 Bozzaris, Marco. Greek Warrior 54 
 
 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, English Novelist 270 
 
 Bradstreet, John,a British General in America 58 
 
 Brainerd, David, American Indian Missionary 45 
 
 Brandt, Joseph, a British Indian Warrior 58 
 
 Bragg. Braxton, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Bremer, Frederika, Swedish Novelist 271 
 
 Brewster, Benjamin H., Jurist and Ex- Attorney-General Portrait 386 
 
 Bright. John, English Orator and Statesman Portrait 438 
 
 Brock, Isaac, a British General in America 61 
 
 Broderick, David C, Politician and Senator 407 
 
 Bronte Sisters. The,— Charlotte. Emily and Anne Portrait 271 
 
 Bross, William, Journalist and Ex-Lieutenant-Governor Portrait 399 
 
 Brown, Jacob, an American General 61 
 
 Brown. John, Scotch Biblical Critic 45 
 
 Browne. Charles F., {" Artemus Ward") the Humorist Portrait 224 
 
 Browning. Elizabeth Barrett. Author of " The Cry of the Children " 295 
 
 Browning. Robert. Dramatic and Lyric Poet 295 
 
 Brownlow. William G., Journalist and Methodist Preacher 45 
 
 Brownson, Orestes A., Unitarian Writer and Lecturer 45 
 
 Bruce, Robert, the Scotch Warrior and King 54 
 
 Bi-unswick, Duke of, Prussian Hero 54 
 
 Bi:yan. Thomas B.. Colorado Miner Portrait 415 
 
 Br>*ant. William Cullen. Journalist and Poet Portrait 316 
 
 Buchanan, James, Statesman and 15th President Portrait 245 
 
 Buckle, Henry T.. English Liberal Author Portrait 143 
 
 Buddha. Founder of Buddhism Ideal Portrait 22 
 
 Buell, Don Carlos, an American General 68 
 
 Bull, Ole, Swedish Violinist 248 
 
 Bulwcr-Ly tton, Edward R.— " Owen Meredith "—Poet 301 
 
 Bunyan. John, English Preacher and Author 45-283 
 
 Burdett-Coutts. Baroness, English Philanthropist 125 
 
 Burdette, Rol)t^rt J. (" Hawkeye-Man ") Humorist Portrait.... 231 
 
 Burgoyne. John, a British General in America 58 
 
 Burnet. Gilbert. English Bishop 45 
 
 Burnet, Jacob. Pioneer at Cincinnati Portrait. . . .424 
 
 BuniH, Robert. Scottish Bard Portrait 320 
 
 Bumsidt!. Ambrose H., an American General 68 
 
 Burr, .\aron. American Offlcer ,58 
 
 Bushnell. Horace, Congregatlonallst Author and Preacher 45 
 
 Butler, Benjamin F.. Soldier and Politician Por^ra//. 68-242 
 
 Butler. James, a Revolutionary Oftlcer 58 
 
 Butler, John, a British Guerrilla Officer In America 59 
 
 Butler, Joseph. English Bishop and Author 45 
 
 Butler. Zebulon. a Revolutionary Officer .-59 
 
 Byron, Lord, EngliMh Poet Portrait ... .310 
 
 Byron, John, the English Circumnavigator 83 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabot, John, Discoverer of Newfoundland 77 
 
 Cabot. Sebastian, thf Spanish Explorer 7ft 
 
 Cadwallader. John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Ca!»ar. Jullun, Roman Warrior and Fin«t Emperor 54 
 
 Calhoun, John C, Advocate of" State-Rlglitw " Port rait.... 444 
 
 Calmet, Augustine, French Blblf-<'ominentator 45 
 
 Calvin. John. French Rcformt-r and Writer 45 
 
 Campbell. .lamew V.. Supreme Court Judge 427 
 
 (^'anipbell. Alexander. Fotmder of the Campbcllltc-BaptlRtK 46 
 
 <_':implM-II. ThomaH, Author of" Th<t Pleanures of Hope" Portrait 322 
 
 Cnnne. John. Author of Bible Rirfcrcncoit 45 
 
 Canovo. Antonio. Italian Sculptor 336 
 
 Cany. H.-nry C, p..ll(i.-il r:<„iioin|-*t Tor/rniV. . . .3!ki 
 
 Carey, Alice and Phoebe, Writers of Prose and Poetry 271 
 
 Carleton. Will. M.. Author of "Betsey and I Are Out," Etc ...Portrait 302 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas, English Modern Philosopher Portrait 283 
 
 Carpenter, Matthew H., Lawyer and Statesman Portrait 432 
 
 Carroll, John, First American Catholic Bishop 45 
 
 Cartwright, Peter, Pioneer Methodist Preacher 45 
 
 Cass, Lewis, Soldier. Pioneer and Statesman Portrait 425 
 
 Caton, John D., Jurist, Author and Traveler Portrait 403 
 
 Canby, Edward R. S., an American General 68 
 
 Cervantes, Author of " Don Quixote " 275 
 
 Chaflfee. Jerome B., Miner and Ex-Senator Portrait 414 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah, Ex-Secretary of the Interior ..Portrait 427 
 
 Chandler, John, an American General 61 
 
 Chauncey, Isaac, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Chantrey, Sir Francis, English Sculptor. 339 
 
 Cheever, George B., Congregationalist Author and Preacher 45 
 
 Chicago Biographical Sketches 395 
 
 Chickering, Jonas, Early American Piano-Maker Poriraif. .. .369 
 
 Child, Lydia Maria, a Philanthropic Writer 270 
 
 Childs, George W., of the Philadelphia Public Ledger Portrait 387 
 
 Choate. Rufus, Lawyer Portrait 243 
 
 Cincinnati Biographies 420 
 
 Claflin. Horace B., Dr>--Goods Merchant I^rtrait 376 
 
 Claghom. James L., Banker Por(rai(....394 
 
 Clark, George Rogei-s. an American Officer 59 
 
 Clarke. Adam, Methodist Bible-Commentator 46 
 
 Clarke, William, an American General 61 
 
 Clay, Henry, American Orator and Statesman Portrait 253 
 
 Clemens. Samuel L., (" Mark Twain "), Humorist Portrait 226 
 
 Clemmer, Mary, Poet, Novelist and Journalist Portrait 279 
 
 Cleveland. Grover, 22nd President Portrait 245 
 
 Clinton, De Witt. Builder of the Erie Canal Portrait 444 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, a British Commander in America 59 
 
 Clinton, James, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Cobden, Richai-d, the " Corn-Law " Advocate Portrait 442 
 
 Cole, Thomas, the American Landscape-Pa inter 333 
 
 Cole, Vicat,a Spirited English Landscape- Painter Portrait 334 
 
 Coleman, William T., Pioneer and Merchant Portrait 411 
 
 Coleridge. S. Taylor, Author of " The Ancient Mariner," Etc. . .Portrait 325 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler, Ex Vice-President of the United States Portrait. . . .435 
 
 Collins, William Wilkie, an English Story-Writer Portrait 275 
 
 CollingAvood, Lord, Nelson's Successor at the Battle of Trafalgar. 54 
 
 Collyer. Robert, Unitarian Clergyman Portrait 380 
 
 'Colorado Biographies 414 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, Discoverer of America Portrait. ... 80 
 
 Colt. Samuel, Inventor of the Revolver Portrait 85 
 
 Combe. George, Advocate of Phrenology Portrait 214 
 
 Compte. August, the Author of '• Positivism" 136 
 
 Conde, Princes and Dukes of, Bourbon Heroes in France 54 
 
 Confucius, Chinese Moral Philosopher Ideal Portrait . .24-4(i 
 
 Conkling, Roscoe, Lawyer and Statesman Portrait 259 
 
 Conway. Moncure D., Political Economist ..269 
 
 Conwa.v, Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Conslantine the Great 54 
 
 Cook, David J., Rocky-Mountain Detective 417 
 
 Cook, Captain James, the English Navigator Portrait 78 
 
 Cooke, Jay, Banker 394 
 
 Cooper, J. Fenimore. Author of Pioneer and Sea-Stories Portrait 278 
 
 Cooper, Pntor, Founder of the Cooper Institute: Portrait 114 
 
 Copernicus, Discoverer of the " Copernican System" 199 
 
 Cordova. Francisco, F. de, a Spanish Commander 54 
 
 CornwalUs. Charles (Marquisl, a British Commander in America 59 
 
 Corter.. Hernando, Spanish Contjueror of Mexico 54 
 
 Coutts, Thomas, English Banker 125 
 
 Cowper. William. Author of "The Task "and other Poems.. .Portrait 326 
 
 Cox. Samuel S.. Lawyer. Editor. Author and C(Uigressman, ...Portrait. . ..381 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, English Archbishop and Reformer 46 
 
 Crawford, Thomas, American Sculptor 331 
 
 Crevecoeur. Philippe de. French Marshal and nai*on 54 
 
 Crocker. Charles. Merchant and Itailroad Builder Portrait 413 
 
 Croghiin, Oeorgc, Kx-lnspectnr-Gcncral of the Army 61 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver. Lord Proti-ctor of Great Britain 54 
 
 Cnilkshank, George, English Caricaturist Portrait 32H 
 
 Curtis. George William, Editor of Harper's Weekly Portrait 279 
 
 Gushing, Cdleb. Lawyer and Statesman 243 
 
 Cushman Charlotte. Actress and Elocutionist Portrait 204 
 
 Cuvler, Baron. Naturalist Portrait 133 
 
 CyriH the flr.'iit. " M.miireh ..f all the Earth " 54
 
 ~^ ]/: 
 
 AI.IMIAHKTU'AL SUMMAKV <>V UUHiRAVlllKH, 
 
 .Portrait. 
 
 . 97 
 . 63 
 
 Daffuerre, Louis J., Inventin- of the naj^imireotype 
 
 Duhlgreri, John A., Iiivcntui- uf llie niilili^ri-n Gun 
 
 Uahlgren. L'lric, an Ainerieun Army (>lt1(.'LT 68 
 
 Dale, Richard, un American Naval Coniniander 63 
 
 Danipier, William, an Einini-nt English Navigator 77 
 
 Dana, Richard H.. American I'oet and Essayist 270 
 
 Dana. Richard H., Jr. Author 279 
 
 Dana. Charles A.. Editor of the New York Sun Portrait 382 
 
 Dante. Author of the " Divine Comedy " Portrait 301 
 
 Darius the Mede, the Conqueror of Babylon r>4 
 
 Darius I.. King of Persia ^'•1 
 
 Darius III., the Last King of Persia 54 
 
 Davoust, Louis N., Minister of War under Napoleon I fVt 
 
 Darwin, Charles R.. Expounder of Evolution Portrait 138 
 
 David, Jean P., French Sculptor 339 
 
 Davidson. George, Scientist Portrait 412 
 
 Davidson, Tyler, Donator of a Public Fountain Portrait 420 
 
 Davis, Andrew Jackson, Spiritualistic Seer Portrait 34 
 
 Davis, David. Jurist and Ex-Senator Portrait 441 
 
 Davis, Jefferson. President of the Southern Confederacy Portrait .7'2-A3(i 
 
 Davis, Jefferson C, an American General 68 
 
 Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Medical Practitioner and Writer Portrait 403 
 
 Dawes, Henry L. , New England Statesman 374 
 
 Dearborn. Henry, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Decatur, Stephen, an American Commodore 63 
 
 Decatur, Stephen, Jr., an American Commodore 63 
 
 De Foe, Daniel, Author of " Robinson Crusoe " Portrait 278 
 
 De Kalb, Baron John, a Revolutionary Hero 59 
 
 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, Enpineerof the Suez (Egypt) Canal. . .Poj'^miV 08 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas, English Essayist 279 
 
 Desaix de Veigoux, L. C. A., Known as " The Just Sultan " 54 
 
 Dessaix, Joseph M., a French General under Napoleon 54 
 
 Detroit Biographies 425 
 
 Dick, Thomas, English Author of Religio-js-Scientific Books 278 
 
 Dickens, Charles, English Novelist and Journalist Portrait 291 
 
 Dickinson, Anna E., American Female Orator Portrait. .. 261 
 
 Disraeli, Benj. (Earl of Beaconsfieldi. Author and Statesman. Por(rai(. .. .274 
 
 Disraeli, Isaac, Author of " The Curiosities of Literature," Etc., 274 
 
 Disston, Henry. Prominent Saw-Manufacturer Portrait 391 
 
 Dix. John A., American Statesman and Soldier 61 
 
 Doddridge, Philip, English Author and Preacher 46 
 
 Dodge. Mary Abigail, Caustic American Essayist 275 
 
 Dougherty, Daniel, Lawyer, Lecturer and Politician Portrait 390 
 
 Douglass, Frederick, Colored Orator and Journalist Portrait ... .'2n^ 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., Statesman Portrait 402 
 
 Dow, Lorenzo, Methodist Preacher 46 
 
 Downing. Andrew Jackson, Landscape-Gardener Portrait ... .S'M 
 
 Draper, John W.. Chemist and Natural Philosopher Portrait 136 
 
 Dryden. John. Poet and Dramatist 295 
 
 DuChaillu.Paul B., the African Explorer Portrait.... 78 
 
 Dudevant, Mme. (" George Sand"), the French Novelist Portrait 272 
 
 Duffei'in. Earl of. Ex-Governor-General of Canada Portrait 441 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre, French Novelist and Dramatist Portrait 280 
 
 Dumas. General, a Mulatto French Officer 54 
 
 Dupont, Samuel F., an American Rear-Admiral 63 
 
 Duroc, Girard C. M., General of Napoleon's 54 
 
 Dwight, Timothy, President of Yale College 46 
 
 Eads, James B. . Civil-Engineer Portrait 196 
 
 Early. Jubal A., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Eaton, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Edison, Thomas A., the American Inventor Portrait 86 
 
 Edward, Prince of Wales, Known as " The Black Prince " 54 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan. Presbyterian Preacher and Author 46 
 
 Eliot, John, Puritan Indian Missionary 46 
 
 Elliott, Jesse D., an American Commodore 63 
 
 Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen " of England 249 
 
 Emerson. Ralph W.. Poet and Speculative Philosopher Portrait 144 
 
 Espartero. Joaquin B.. a Spanish Nobleman and Warrior 54 
 
 Ericsson. John. Inventor of the Screw Propeller. Portrait ... 97 
 
 Evans, John. Ex-Governor of Colorado Portrait... 416 
 
 Evans, Marian (" George Eliot"), English Writer Portrait 273 
 
 Evarts, William M.. Ex-Secretary of State Portrait 380 
 
 Everett, Edward, Statesman and Orator Portrait 374 
 
 PAOE. 
 Ewcll, Richard S., a Confederate General 72 
 
 F. 
 
 Fahrenheit, Gabriel D., Improver of the Thermometer 144 
 
 Fair, Jame)* G., Mining Expert and United States Senator 122 
 
 Faraday, Michael, English ChciniKt Portrait.... 192 
 
 Farley, Jamci" T.. Lawyer and Senator Portrait. . . .4<J5 
 
 Farragut. David G., an American Admiral 64 
 
 Farwell, Charles H., Merchantand Member of Congress Portrait.... 3&9 
 
 Farwell, John v.. Merchant Portrait... 3&9 
 
 Faust, John, Promoter of the Art of Printing 91 
 
 Fenelon, Francis de S., Catholic Prelate and Writer ,• 46 
 
 Field, Cyrus W., Founder of the First Atlantic Telegraph Portrait 384 
 
 Field, Marshall, Chicago Merchant Portrait 398 
 
 Fields, James T.. Author and Publisher Portrait 433 
 
 Fillmore, Millard. Lawyer and 13th President Portrait.. . ,245 
 
 Flavel, John. English Preacher and Author 46 
 
 Flechiere, John W., European Methodist Preacher 46 
 
 Flood, James C. Pacific Coast Mining Speculator Portrait ... .123 
 
 Florence, William J., American Comedian. , Portrait.... '2I&^ 
 
 Fo, orFohi, Chinese Founder of a Pagan Religion 46 
 
 Foote, Andrew IL. an American Rear- Admiral 64 
 
 Forepaugh, Adam, Cattle- Dealer and Showman Portrait 393 
 
 Forney, John W., Editor of the Philadelphia Press Portrait ... .^&2 
 
 Forrest, Edwin. American Tragedian Portrait 263 
 
 Fourier, Francis M. C, Founder of a Social System Portrait 145 
 
 Fowler, O. S., Lecturer on Phrenology and the Laws of h\te... Port rait. . . .214 
 
 Fraley, Frederick. Capitnlist Portrait 387 
 
 Franklin. Benjamin. Philosopher and Statesman Portrait 133 
 
 Franklin, Sir John. Arctic Explorer Portrait 79 
 
 Franklin. William B., an American General 68 
 
 Fremont, John C, Soldier and Explorer 68 
 
 Fuller, Margaret, American E^Jsayist 272 
 
 Fulton, Robert, Promoter of St«am Navigation Portrait 91 
 
 G. 
 
 Gage, Thomas, a British Commander at Bunker Hill 59 
 
 Gaines, Edmund P., an American General 61 
 
 Gall, Joseph F., the German Phrenologist Portrait 213 
 
 Galileo, Italian Astronomer and Scientist Ideal Portrait 200 
 
 Gansevoort, Peter, a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 Garfield, James A., Soldier and President I^rtrait. 'Mo-^7 
 
 Gaurgaud, Baron Gaspard, a French Hero at Waterloo 54 
 
 Garibaldi. Guiseppe. an Italian Patriot 54 
 
 Garrison, William L., Reformer and Philanthropist Por(ra/(....I94 
 
 Gates, Horatio, a Revolulionaiy Officer 59 
 
 George, Henry, Writer on Political Economy Portrait 433 
 
 Gibbon, Edward, Historian of the Roman Empire 274 
 
 Gibson, Peter, Builder of the Gibson Hotel, Cincinnati Portrait 421 
 
 Gillmore, Quincy A., an American Array Officer 68 
 
 Gillott, Josei'h, Manufacturer of Steel Pens 195 
 
 Gilpin, William, First Governor of Colorado Portrait ... .415 
 
 Girard, Stephen, Sailor, Merchant and Financier Portrait. ... 1 1 1 
 
 Gladstone, William E., Prime Minister of England Portrait 442 
 
 Glauber, Johann R., Inventor of Glauber's Salts 144 
 
 Godey, Louis A., Publisher of the Lady's Book Portrait 392 
 
 Ga?the, Johann W.. Play-Writer, Poet and Statesman Portrait 296 
 
 Goldsborough, Louis M., an American Rear- Admiral 64 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, Author of ■' The Deserted Village," Etc Portrait 324 
 
 Gonsalvo of Cordova, Spanish Warrior 54 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel G., Author of the " Peter Parley "Books... PorfraW 275 
 
 Goodyear, Charles. Inventor of Vulcanized Rubber 95 
 
 Gough, John B., Lecturer on Social Errors For/rai7. . ..255 
 
 Gough, Viscount Hugh, a British Commander in China 54 
 
 Gould, Jay, Railroad Owner and Financier Portrait 126 
 
 Graham, Sylvester, Originator of " Graham Bread" 194 
 
 Gray, Thomas, Author of '■ Gray's Elegy" 300 
 
 Grant, Sir James Hope, British General in India 54 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S.,«Soldier and President Por/raf(, ,61-65-245 
 
 Green, Seth, Fisherman and Fish-Culturist Portrait 134 
 
 Greene. Nathaniel, a Revolutionary- Officer 59 
 
 Greeley. Horace, Founder of the New York TYibune PortrcUt 288 
 
 Grey, Lady Jane. Nine Days Queen of England 250 
 
 Griffith, Allen A., Elocutionist and Facial Artist Portrait 234 
 
 Gridley, Hovard. a Revolutionaiy Officer 59 
 
 Grouchy. Emmanuel. Marquis de. a Marshal of France 54 
 
 f 
 
 C 
 
 — X)':
 
 ^i2^ 
 
 T 
 
 10 
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY OF BIOGK^VPHIES. 
 
 Gunter, Edmund, Mathematician and Astronomer 194 
 
 Gutenberg. John. One of the Inventors of Printing 91 
 
 Guyon, Jane B. de L.. Religious Writer 46 
 
 Guyot, Arnold H., American Geographer 193 
 
 H. 
 
 Haeckel, Ernst H. , Zoological Scientist 193 
 
 Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., Discover of "■ Homoepathy " 197 
 
 Hale. Edward E., Unitarian Clergj-man and Magazine-Writer 277 
 
 Hall, Rev, John, Presbyterian Clergyman, Portrait.... 383 
 
 Hall. Joseph L.. Inventor of Safes and Locks Portrait 424 
 
 Halleck, Fitz-Greene, American Merchant and Poet Portrait 285 
 
 Halleck. Henry W.. an American General 68 
 
 Halstead. Murat. Editor of Cincinnati Commercial- Gazette Portrait....^20 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, Patriot and Statesman 385 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal, Ex-Vice-President of the United States Portrait 433 
 
 Hammond. Dr. William A., Medical Author Portrait 377 
 
 Hanu'tun, Wade S., a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Hiinipton. Wade, Jr., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Hancock, John, the New England Patriot Portrait 365 
 
 Hancock, Winfield S., an American General 6S 
 
 H.indel, George F., Musical Composer Portrait 247 
 
 Hardee, William J., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Harmar, Josiah, an American General 61 
 
 Harney, William S., Senior American General 61 
 
 Harrison, Carter H., Mayor of Chicago Por(rai7. . ..398 
 
 Harrison, William H., Soldier and President Por(ru(t. 61-244 
 
 Harte. F. Bret, a Humorous Writer of Prose and Verse, 274 
 
 Hartranft, John F-. Soldier and Ex-Govemor Portrait 392 
 
 Harvey, William, Physician and Philosopher 193 
 
 Hassaurek. Frederic, Journalist and Diplomat 423 
 
 Hatch, Rufus, Stock-Broker and Steamboat-Owner Portrait 383 
 
 Havelock. Sir Henry, a British General 55 
 
 Haverly. John H.. Enterprising Manager of Amusements Portrait 401 
 
 Hawley, Joseph R.. Soldier and Statesman Port rait.... 437 
 
 Hawtliorne, Nathaniel, American Story-Writer Portrait . ...'27-i 
 
 Haydn. Josejjh. Composer of " The Creation " 247 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., Lawyer and Ex-President Portrait 245 
 
 Hayne, Isaac, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Headley, Joel Tyler, Author of Historical Works Portrait 277 
 
 Healy, George P. A., American Portrait-Painter 340 
 
 Heath, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Hemans, Felicia D.. English Poet 295 
 
 Hendrick.s, Thomas A., Vice-President Portrait 443 
 
 Henry, Matthew, English Preacher and Author 46 
 
 Henry, Patrick, American Orator and Statesman Portrait 254 
 
 Herkomer. Hubert, Painter of Superior Portraits Portrait 330 
 
 Herschel, William, Modern English Astronomer 200 
 
 Hervey, James, Episcopal Divine and Author 4(J 
 
 Hill, Ambrose P., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Hill, Benjamin H., Senator from Georgia Portrait. . _ .441 
 
 Hill. Daniel H., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Hill, Nathaniel P.. ^lining-Expert and Senator Portrait 415 
 
 Hill, Thomas, Landscape- Pa inter , Portrait 410 
 
 Hillel, Je wi.Kh Rabbi and Preacher 46 
 
 Hitchcock. Edward, American Geologist, Etc., 193 
 
 Hoar, (K'orge F., New England Statesman Portrait 438 
 
 Hoe, Richard M., Improver of Priii ting-Presses 93 
 
 Hiilfman. John T., Mayor and Governor of New York 376 
 
 Hogarth. William, English Painter Por(rn«, . ..351 
 
 Hogg, James, the ■' Ettrick Shepherd " Poet 300 
 
 Holland. Dr. Joslah G., Am. Poet, Essayist and Journalist Portrait 276 
 
 HolUns, George N., an American Naval Officer ^. ... 64 
 
 Hotmrrs, Oliver W., Phyttlclan, Poet and Novelist Portrait.. . .295 
 
 Homer. Grecian Poet 29(i 
 
 Hood, John R., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Hood, ThomoH, English Poet and Humorist 270 
 
 Hooker, Joseph, an Ann-rican General 68 
 
 Ilooley, Richard M., Proprietor of Hootey'a Theatre Port rait.... SQi) 
 
 Hopkins, Esek. First American Commodore 64 
 
 Hosmer, Harriet G,, K«uii»tor of " Zenobia," Etc 337 
 
 Houghton. Henry O.. Boston Publisher i*or/m«. ...371 
 
 Hownrrl, .lohn Edgar, a Revolutionary Officer SO 
 
 Howard. John. English Philanthropist 46 
 
 Howard. Oliver O,, an American (ienoral 08 
 
 Howe. Georgi* A., a Brlli«h flcncral In America 59 
 
 llowft, Ellas. Inventor of the Hi-ivlng-Mm-hlne Portrait 89 
 
 Huw.-.SIr Wlllliiiii.a llritl^h OIIU'T In America .".9 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Howell?, William D., Poet, Novelist and Play-Writer Portrait 370 
 
 Howitts. William and Mary, English Authors 272 
 
 Huger, Benjamin, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Huger, Frank K.. a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Huger, Isaac, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Hughes, Thomas. Author of " Tom Brown's Schooldays" 277 
 
 Hugo, Victor Marie, French Poet, Novelist and Historian Portrait 276 
 
 Hull. Isaac, an American Commodore 64 
 
 Hull, William, an American General 61 
 
 Humboldt, Baron von. Scientific Explorer Portrait 146 
 
 Huntington. CoIIis P., California Railway King Portrait. . . .411 
 
 Huntington, Countess of , English Philanthropist 46 
 
 Buss. John, Protestant Bohemian Reformer 46 
 
 Hutchinson, John. Rationalistic Writer 46 
 
 Huxley, Thomas H., Developer of the " Protoplasm " Theory 195 
 
 Ignatius de Loyola, Founder of the Order of the Jesuits 46 
 
 mff. John W., ■' Cattle-King of the Plains '.' Portrait 414 
 
 Ingersoll, Robert G., Lawyer and Orator Portrait 256 
 
 Ii-ving, Washington, American Author Portrait. . . .273 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, Soldier and Ex-President PoWrait. 61-244 
 
 Jackson, {" Stonewall") Thomas J., a Confederate Ganeral 72 
 
 James, Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 James. G. P. R., English Writer of Historical Novels 277 
 
 Jasper, William, American Sergeant 59 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph, Personator of " Rip Van Winkle " Portrait 267 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, Statesman and Ex-President Portrait 244 
 
 Jenuer. Edward. Inventor of " Vaccination" Portrait 197 
 
 Jerome, Chauncey, Inventor of Brass Clocks 90 
 
 Jerome of Prague. Protestant Bohemian Reformer 46 
 
 Jesus the Christ, Founder of Christianity Ideal Portrait . .'^-4G 
 
 Joan of Are, the French Maid of Orleans 55 
 
 John, Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Johnson. Andrew, Politician and Ex-President Portrait ... ,'24S> 
 
 Johnston, Alberts., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Johnston, Joseph E., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Jones, Jacob, an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Jones, John Paul, an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Jones. John P.. Speculator and United States Senator Portrait 125 
 
 Jonson, Ben., English Poet and Dramatist Portrait. .. .298 
 
 Josephus, Flavius, Intelligent Historian of the Jews 277 
 
 Joy, James F., Prominent Ritilroad Projector, Portrait.... 426 
 
 Juarez, Benito Pablo and Maximilian, Mexican Rulers 55 
 
 Judas Iscariot. Christ's Betr.iyer 46 
 
 Judson, Adoniram, Americin Baptist Missionary 46 
 
 Judson. Mrs. Ann H., American Baptist Missionary 40 
 
 Judson, Sarah H,, American Baptist Missionary 46 
 
 Judson,Emily C, American Author and Missionary 46 
 
 Junot, Andoche, Gallant French Officer 53 
 
 Kader, Abdel, Arabian Author and Warrior 53 
 
 Kane, Elisha K., the Arctic Explorer. ...Portrait 83 
 
 Kearney, Lawrence, an American Commodore 64 
 
 Kearney, Philip, an American General 68 
 
 Kearny, Stephen W., an American General , 61 
 
 Kecne, James R., Extensive Speculator 123 
 
 Kelley, William D., Jurist and Statesman Portrait . . . .394 
 
 Kellogg, Clara Louisa, American Soprano Singer 246 
 
 Kelly. .John. Political Leader Portrait. ..384 
 
 Kennedy, John P., Author of " Horseshoe Robinson '* 288 
 
 Kepler, Johaiin. German Astronomer 200 
 
 Keppler, Joseph, Puck's Humorous Artist Portrait 233 
 
 Key, Francis S.. Author of "The Star-Spanglcd Banner" 306 
 
 Klnzle, John H.. Early Resident of Chicago Portrait. ...Sm 
 
 Kiss, August, Sculptor of "The Amazon and Tiger" 330 
 
 Knott, J. Proctor, Governor of Kentucky ...Portrait. .. .434 
 
 Knox. J. Armoy iTcxas SiflinUH). Humorist Portrait. ...'2'2i} 
 
 Knox. Henry, a R*'Volutloimry General 5*) 
 
 Knox, John. Piottr-^tant ScoLch Reformer 4)1 
 
 K..^^iith. Li.nN. Iliiiigarian Patriot Portrait .r>r,~-2(V2 
 
 
 — jO:- ^
 
 M^ 
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMMAKY OV lilOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Lafayette, Marqii is de, a "Rovolutionary Officer SB 
 
 Larnartine, Alplionst? M. I,, de, Historian and Statearauii 282 
 
 Lamb, Charles, Entilish I'oct and Essayist 284 
 
 Landor, Walters., Essayist and Dramatist 283 
 
 Landseer, Sir Edwin, English Painter of Animals 335 
 
 Laphain, Increase A., Naturalist and Scientific Writer Portrait 432 
 
 La Place, Pierre S. (Marquis), a French Astrouorncr '20() 
 
 Latimer, Hutjh, Protestant Bishop and Martyr 4G 
 
 Law, George, Financier PortraU....376 
 
 Lawrence, Abhott, Merchant and Minister to England 130 
 
 Lawrence, Amos, Merchant and Manufacturer 130 
 
 Lee, Ann, Founder of the Shakers 46 
 
 Lee, Caroline (Mi's, Hentz), Novelist 277 
 
 Lee, Fitzhugh, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Lee. George W. C, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Lee, Henry, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Lee, Robert E., a Confederate General Portrait 70 
 
 Lee, William, Publisher Portrait 372 
 
 Leidy, Joseph, Medical and Scientific Writer Portrait. ,,.394 
 
 Leiand, Charles G.. Journalist and Author Portrait.... 390 
 
 Leslie, Frank, Publisher of Hlustrated Periodicals Port rait.... 37 fi 
 
 Lewes, George Henry. Enjjlish Author , 273 
 
 Lewis, Andrew, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Lewis, Charles B. (" M. Quad ") Humorist Portrait 230 
 
 Lewis, Morgan, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Lick, James, California Millionaire Portrait 117 
 
 Liebig. Baron, German Chemist Portrait 194 
 
 Lincoln. Abraham, Lawyer and President Portrait. ...245 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin, a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 Lincoln, Robert T., Secretary of "War Portrait ... .A^'2. 
 
 Lind. Jenny, the " Swedish rfightingale " 248 
 
 Linnseus, Carl von, the Swedish Naturalist 195 
 
 Lippincott, Joshua B., Bookseller and Publisher Portrait 391 
 
 Lippincott, Sara Jane(" Grace Greenwood") Portrait 270 
 
 Livingstone, David, the African Explorer Portrait 82 
 
 Locke, David R. ("Petroleum V. Nasby "), Humorist Portrait 225 
 
 Logan. John A., an American General Portrait .G^^-^)0 
 
 Longfellow, Henry W., Author of" Hiawatha," Etc.,, Portrait 318 
 
 Lnngstreet, James, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Loiigworth, Nicholas, Horticulturist and Wine-Grower Portrait 115 
 
 Lopez, Narciso, Patriot of Cuba 55 
 
 Lorimer. George C. Baptist Clergyman Portrait 404 
 
 Loveland, William A. H.. Builder of Railways in Colorado 417 
 
 Lowell, James Russell, Poet, Essayist and Diplomat Portrait 299 
 
 Luther. Martin. German Religious Reformer 46 
 
 Lyell, Sir Charles, Geologist 144 
 
 Lyman. Phineas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Lynch, William F., an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Lyon, Nathaniel, an American General (>8 
 
 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Novelist, Poet and Play- Writer Purtrait 307 
 
 M. 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas B., Poet, Historian and Essayist 287 
 
 Macomb, Alexander, an American General 61 
 
 Macdonald, George, Scotch Novelist Portrait 281 
 
 Macdonald, Sir Jolin A., Prime Minister of Canada Portrait 439 
 
 Mackay, Charles, Journalist. Lecturer and Poet 301 
 
 Mackey, John W.. Wealthy Mine-Owner and Miner Portrait. . . ,122 
 
 Mac Millan, James, Manufacturer of Car- Wheels Portrait ... .427 
 
 Macready , William C. , English Tragedian 2G4 
 
 Mac Veagh. Wayne, Statesman and Diplomat Portrait 391 
 
 Madison, James. Statesman and Ex-President Portrait 244 
 
 Magellan. Ferdinand, Discoverer of the Straits of Magellan 83 
 
 Magruder, John B. , an American General 72 
 
 Mahone, William, Senator and Railway Magnate Portrait 435 
 
 Marcy, William L., Jurist, Statesman and Governor 377 
 
 Marion, Francis, a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 Marryat, Captain Frederick, Writer of Sea- Tales 2S9 
 
 Mason John M. , American Author and Divine 46 
 
 Mason. Lowell, American Music-Composer Portrait 248 
 
 Mather, Cotton. Presbyterian Preacher and Author 46 
 
 Mather, Increase, President of Harvard College Portrait .4R-SG8 
 
 Matthew (or Levi l, Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Mann, Horace, Educational Reformer. Portrait 437 
 
 Maury. Matthew F., American Marine Philosopher 143 
 
 McArthur, Duncan, an American Scout and Pioneer 59 
 
 PAGE 
 
 McCall, George A,, an American General 69 
 
 McCarthy. Justin. English Journalist, Novellttt. Etc 288 
 
 McClellan, George H., Soldier and ExGovemor Portrait. G&-44't 
 
 McClcrnand, John A., an American General 6i' 
 
 McCIurc, Alexander K,, Journalist and Public Officer Portrait 3i*4 
 
 McCook, Alexander D., an American General 69 
 
 McCormick, Cyrus H,. Promoter of the Grain-Reaper Portrait.... 88 
 
 McCulloch, Benjamin, a Confederate General 72 
 
 McDonough. Tlioma-"«. an American Naval Commander ., 64 
 
 McDrmgall, Alexander, a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 McDowell, Irvin, an American General 68 
 
 Mcpherson, James B.. an American General 68 
 
 McVlcker. James H.. Proprietor of McVIckor's Theatre Portrait 398 
 
 Meade, George G., an American General 68 
 
 Meagher, Thomas F.. an American General 69 
 
 Medill, Joseph, Editor of the Chicago Tribune portrait Sft*! 
 
 MeiggB, Henry, Railroad Contractor and Builder. Pr>r(rart....n6 
 
 Meissonier, Jean L. E., the Famous Artist Portrait.,.. 340 
 
 Melancthon. Philip. European Religious Reformer 46 
 
 Mercer, Hugh, a Revolutionary General 5© 
 
 Mesmer, Frederick A., the Founder of " Mesmerism'' 145 
 
 Michelet, Jules, French Historian and Essayist 281 
 
 Mifflin, Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Mill. John Stuart. Philosopher and Political Economist Portrait 145 
 
 Mills. Darius O., Founder of the Bank of California Portrait 412 
 
 Miller. William, Founder of the Adventists 46 
 
 Miller.John F., Lawyer. Soldier and Senator. Portrait 406 
 
 Miller, Hugh, the British Geologist '•*5 
 
 Miller, Joaquin, "The Poet of the Sierras" Portrait 300 
 
 Milton. John, Author of " Paradise Lost." Etc Portrait 313 
 
 Miltiades, the Hero of the Battle of Marathon &•'> 
 
 Milwaukee Biographies "^31 
 
 Mitchel, Ormsby M., an American General 69 
 
 Mitchell, Alexander, Railway Magnate and Banker Portrait 431 
 
 Mitford, Mary Russell, Author of" Our Village" 271 
 
 Mohammed. Founder of the Musselman Religion Ideal Portrait.. '2ii-^i 
 
 Moltke, Helmuth K. B. von. a German General 35 
 
 Montefiore, Sir Moses, Jewish Philanthropist PoHra«., , .435 
 
 Moore, Thomas, Irish Melodist 298 
 
 Moody, Dwight L., Evangelist Portrait. . . .402 
 
 More, Hannah. English Authoress 272 
 
 Monroe, James. Statesman and President Portrait 244 
 
 Morris, George P,, American Song-Writer 298 
 
 Monis, Charles, an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Morgan, Edwin D.. Governor and Senator For(rai7 .376 
 
 Morgan, Daniel, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Morse, Prof. S, F. B.. Electrician and Inventor Portrait 196 
 
 Morton. Oliver P., Senator from Indiana Portrait 439 
 
 Moses, the Hebrew Law-Giver Meal Portrait . ,20-46 
 
 Motley, John L., American Historian Portrait '2Xi 
 
 Moultrie, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Mozart, J. C. W. A.. German Musician Portrait....24G 
 
 Muhlenberg. Henry M.. Founder of the Lutheran Church in America 46 
 
 Muhlenberg. Peter J. G.. a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 Muloch, Dinah Maria, Author of " John Halifax" 271 
 
 Murray, Lindley, American Grammarian 281 
 
 N. 
 
 Nast, Thomas, Harper's Humorous Artist Portrait — 232 
 
 Nathanael. Christ's Apostle * 
 
 Neal, Joseph C Journalist and Humorous AVriter 281 
 
 Neander, Augustus. German Historian of the Church 46 
 
 Nero, Lucius Domltius C, Tyrannical Emperor of Rome 55 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, Discoverer of the Laws of Gravitation Portrait. . . .200 
 
 New York Biogi-aphical Sketches 37o 
 
 Nichols, George Ward, Originator of Musical Festivals Portrait 422 
 
 Nilsson, Christine, the Swedish Soprano 247 
 
 O'Conor, Charles. Eminent Lawyer in New York fortroil. . . .242 
 
 Ogden, William B.. First Mayor of Chicago For(.-a«. . . .401 
 
 Oglesby, Richard J.. Soldier and Statesman 69 
 
 Ord, Edward O. C, an American General 69 
 
 Packard, S. S., Founder of Packard's Commercial CoUege Portrait. . . .380 
 
 Paine, Thomas, American Author P»rfrni(.4G-2ia 
 
 ?
 
 12 
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMMABY OF BIOGRAPHIES. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pakenham, Sir Edward, a British General in America 61 
 
 Paley, William. Episcopal Theologian 46 
 
 Palmer, Thomas W., Merchant and Senator ^Portrait 426 
 
 Palmer, Potter. Builder of the Palmer House Portrait 401 
 
 Park. Mungo. the African Explorer 83 
 
 Parker, Harvey D.. " Parker House. "Boston Portrait 370 
 
 Parker, Theodore, Preacher and Author of "Parkerism " Portrait.4G-l9S 
 
 Pamell, Charles Stuart, Champion of Irish Liberty Portrait. ...435 
 
 Parton, James, Biographer and Miscellaneous Writer. Portrait 281 
 
 Patti, Adflina. Italian Prima-Donna 247 
 
 Patti, Carlotta, Soprano Concert Singer 247 
 
 Paul the Apostle, Missionary to the Gentiles 4C 
 
 Paulding. Hiram, an American Rear-Adniiral G4 
 
 Paulding, James K.. Author and Cabinet Officer 377 
 
 Payne, John Howard, Author of '• Home, Sweet Home" .Portrait... 304 
 
 Payson, Sara, Better Known as "• Fanny Fern " Portrait 270 
 
 Peabody, George, Banker and Financier Portrait 113 
 
 Peale, Charles W.. Portrait-Painter and Naturalist 351 
 
 Peale. Rembrandt, Painter of ** The Court of Death " 351 
 
 Peck, George W, {peck's Sun), Humorist Portrait 231 
 
 Pelagius. Founder of the Pelagians 46 
 
 Pendleton, George H., Senator from Ohio Portrait 421 
 
 Penn, William, Founder of Pennsylvania Portrait 386 
 
 Perry, Christopher R., an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Perry, Oliver H., an American Commodore 64 
 
 Perrj'. Matthew C.. an American Commodore 64 
 
 Peter the Great, Shipwright and Czar of Russia 251 
 
 Peter the Hermit. Originator of the Crusades in the Holy Land 46 
 
 Peter, Simon, Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, Author of " The Gates Ajar," Etc... .Por/raff 272 
 
 Phidias, the Ancient Grecian Sculptor a30 
 
 Philadelphia Biographical Sketches 386 
 
 Philip. Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Phillips, Wendell, the Orator and Philanthropist Portrait 144 
 
 Piatt, John J., Poet and United States Consul Por(raf(....424 
 
 Pickens, Andrew, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, Soldier and President Portrait 245 
 
 Pike, Samuel N.. Builder of Pike's Opera House Portrait 423 
 
 Pike, Zebulon M., an Ameiican General 61 
 
 Pillow, Gideon J., a Confederate General 72 
 
 Pinckney, Charles C, a Revolutionary Officer 09 
 
 Pinckney. Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Pitkin, Frederick W., Capitalist and Bunker Portrait. ...417 
 
 Pitman, Isaac. Inventor of Phonography Portrait 193 
 
 Pixley, Frank M., Political Writer Portrait.... 413 
 
 Pizarro, Francis, Conqueror of Spanish America 55 
 
 Plankinton, John. Provision Dealer and Hotel Owner Portrait 431 
 
 Plato. Founder of the Acjulemic Sect 132 
 
 Piea.'«onton, Alfred, an American General 69 
 
 Poe, Edgar Allan. Author of " The Raven," Etc Portrait 314 
 
 Polk, James K., Politician and President Portrait. . . .245 
 
 Polk, Lconidart, a Confederate General 72 
 
 Pollok, Robert. Author of- The Course of Time" 294 
 
 Poiiieroy, Mark M., Journalist and MiULT. Por(rai(.... 416 
 
 Ponipey, Cneiu.>*, a Roman Statesman and Warrior 55 
 
 Poniatowaki, Prince Joseph, an Illustrious Polish General 55 
 
 Pope, Alexander, Author of" The Essay on Man," Etc Portrait ... .2Si7 
 
 Pope, John, an American General 69 
 
 Porter, David, an American Commodore 64 
 
 Porter, Davltl D., an American Admiral 64 
 
 Porter. Fitz-John. an American General 69 
 
 Porter, Peter B., an American General 61 
 
 PowcrH, Hiram, One of America's Greatest Sculptors Portrait 336 
 
 Preble. George H.. an American Naval Commander (M 
 
 Preble, Edward, an American Commodore 64 
 
 Preneott. William H., American Historian of Spain Portrait.... '^4 
 
 Presidential Biographies... 244-24.'i 
 
 Price. Sterling, a Confederate General 73 
 
 Prohanco. Henry, Builder of the Tyler-Davidson Fountain Port rait.... 421 
 
 Ptolemy. Clanrllutt, Antronomer, Geographer and Mathematician 199 
 
 Pullman, George M., Promoter of Railway Comforts Portrait.... 92 
 
 Putnam, Israel, a Uevolutlonary Ofllifer 59 
 
 Putnarn. Rufus. an American Engineer 59 
 
 PythftgoraH, the (Jrefinn Melaphyaleal Philosopher 199 
 
 Q. 
 
 Cjulncy. JoHlah, Statetiman and JuriHt 374 
 
 V'lltiiiiiii. J.^lm A . (Ill AuMTl'/m 'i.-ri.-riil ill 
 
 n PAGE. 
 
 Raikes, Robert. Promoter of SundaySchools ..Portrait 570 
 
 Ralston, William C, the San Francisco Banker Portrait 120 
 
 Randolph, John. Brilliant but Eccentric Statesman Portrait 436 
 
 Ransom. Thomas E. G-, an American General 69 
 
 Raphael, the Great Italian Artist Ideal Portrait 327 
 
 Raymond, Henry J.. Founder of the New York rimes Portrait 382 
 
 Reade, Charles, Eccentric and Entertaining Novelist 286 
 
 Redding, Benjamin B., Railroad Land-Agent Portrait ...406 
 
 Redpath, James, Journalist and Philanthropist .....Portrait 369 
 
 Reid, Cajitain Mayne. Author of Books of Adventure 286 
 
 Reid, Samuel C, Designer of the American Flag 64 
 
 Eeid. Whitelaw, Editor of tt; New York Tribune Portrait 382 
 
 Rembrandt, Paul, a Skillful Dutch Artist .' 351 
 
 Renan, J. Ernest, French Theological Writer 1.286 
 
 Reni, Guido,the Eminent Italian Painter 340 
 
 Revere, Paul, a Noted Revolutionary Patriot Portrait 368 
 
 Reviere, Briton, Creator of Many Fine Art-Works Portrait 332 
 
 Rice, Alexander H., Ex-Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 374 
 
 Ripley. Eleazer W., an American General 61 
 
 Ripley, Roswell S.,an American Officer 61 
 
 Robertson. William. Scotch Preacher and Historian 46 
 
 Rodgers. John, an American Commodore 64 
 
 Rodgers, John (2), an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Rogers, John, Sculptor of Grouped Statuettes 337 
 
 Rogers, John, English Reformer and Martyr 46 
 
 Rogers, Randolph, a Noted American Sculptor 337 
 
 Rollin, Charles, Distinguished Historian of the Ancients 286 
 
 Rosecrans, William S., an American General 69 
 
 Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, Founder of Banking-House Portrait 103 
 
 Rouett. John L., Soldier, Marshal and Governor Portrait 417 
 
 Rousseau. Jean J., French Writer 286 
 
 Rubens, Peter P., German Painter 329 
 
 Sage, Russell, Member of Congress and Financier Portrait 384 
 
 Sakya-Muna, Teacher of Buddhism 46 
 
 Santa Anna, Antoni L. de, a Mexican General and Ruler 55 
 
 San Francisco Biographies 405 
 
 Sankey, Ira D., Singer of Gospel Hymns 404 
 
 Saxe, John G.. American Humorous foet 300 
 
 Scammon, Jonathan Y., Attorney and Banker Portrait 395 
 
 Schenck, Robert C. an Ameiican General 69 
 
 Schiller, Johann C. T. von. Historian, Poet and Dramatist , 296 
 
 Schceffer, Peter, One of the Inventors of Printing 91 
 
 Schofield, John M., an American General 69 
 
 Schurz, Carl. Journalist, Orator and Diplomat Portrait.... 377 
 
 Schuyler, Philipi a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Scott, Thomas, A., the Railway Financier Portrait 125 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, Author of the " Waverley Novels" Portrait 293 
 
 Scott, Wintield, an American General Portrait 62 
 
 Sedgwick. Catharine M., American Authoress 284 
 
 Sedgwick, John, an American General 69 
 
 Semmes, Raphael, Commander of the "Alabama" 64 
 
 Seward, William H., Great American Statesman Portrait 437 
 
 Shakespeare, William, English Dramatist Portrait 308 
 
 Sharon, William. Merchant and United States Senator Portrait.... 121 
 
 Slwiw, Henry, St. Louis Merchant Portrait ... .429 
 
 Shaw, Henry W. ("Josh Billings") Humorous Writer and Lecturer 224 
 
 Shelby. Isaac, an American Commander 61 
 
 Shepanl. Charles A. B.. Boston Publisher PoWrai7. . . .372 
 
 Sheridan, Philip H., Commander-in- Chief of the Army Porf7*ai7. 69-103 
 
 Sheridan, R. Biinsley, Play-Writer and Politician Portrait 290 
 
 Sherman, John, Ex-Secretary of the Treasury Pbr(rai7....434 
 
 Sherman, William T., Ex-General «)f the Army Por^raiY. 69-f29 
 
 Shields, James, an American Soldier and Statesman 81 
 
 Shuhrlck, William B.,an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Shubrlck, John T., an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Shuman, Andrew, Editor of the Chicago Evening Journal Port rait.... 404 
 
 Sickles, Doniel E.. an American General 69 
 
 Slgel. Franz, an American General 69 
 
 Sigourncy, Lydta H.. P<»et and Miscellaneous Writer 294 
 
 Simpson. Matthew. Bishop In the Methodist Church Portrait, . . .390 
 
 Slnton, David, Manufacturer and Art-Patron 423 
 
 Smiles. Samuel, Essayist and Historian 289 
 
 Smith. Gerrlt, the American Philanthropist 198 
 
 Smith. .losi'pb. Founder of MormoiUsm Portrait.. .. 32 
 
 -vc).7>K
 
 Al.l'IlAliKTICAl, SUMMARY OF lilOliKAl'lIIKS. 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Smith, Kirby E., a Confederate General 73 
 
 Smith. Richard, Editor of the Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette. Portrait 422 
 
 Smith, Willium E., Merchant and Governor Portrait 432 
 
 Socinu.s, Faustus, European Refonner 48 
 
 Soeratos, the Grecian Philosopher Ideal Portrait. ...132 
 
 Solomon, Kin^' of Israel 252 
 
 Sothern, Edward A., English Comedian.: 266 
 
 South worth, Emma D. E. N., Writer of Romances 285 
 
 Spencer, Herbert, English Philosopher and Scientist Por(rart....l37 
 
 Spencer, Piatt R., Author of " Speuceiian " Penmanship Portrait 341 
 
 Spencer, Robert C, Business Teacher and Penman For(rni( 432 
 
 Spener, Philipp J., Founder of the Sect of the Pietists 46 
 
 Spinosa, Benedict, Founder of the Sect of Pantheists 46 
 
 Spofford, Harriet E., Story-Writer 285 
 
 Sprockles, Claus, California Sugar-Reflner Portrait 411 
 
 Spring, Gardiner. American Author and Preacher 46 
 
 Spurgeon, Charles H., English Preacher Portrait 255 
 
 Spurzheim. Johann G., Phrenologist Portrait 214 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Stager, Anson, Telegraph Superintendent Portrait. . ..400 
 
 Stanford, Leland, Ex-Governor of California Porfrat't 124 
 
 Stanley, Henry M. , the African Explorer 77 
 
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cody, Woman-Saffrage Promoter, Portrai't. ...195 
 
 Stark, John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H., Senator from Georgia Portrait. .. .439 
 
 Stephenson, George, Improver of Railway Locomotion Portrait.... 96 
 
 Steuben, Fred. W. A. (Baron), a Revolutionary Hero 59 
 
 Steward, Ira, Eight-Hour Advocate Portrait 362 
 
 Stewart, Alexander T., Dry-Goods Merchant Portrait. . . .109 
 
 Stewart, Charles, an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Stewart. William M.. Lawyer and Senator Portrait 413 
 
 St. Louis Biographies 428 
 
 Stockton, Robert F., an American Commodore 64 
 
 Storey, Wilbur F., Editor of the Chicago Times .' Portrait. . . .404 
 
 Storrs, Emory A., Lawyer and Brilliant Orator Portrait 399 
 
 Strother, David H., Author and Artist 285 
 
 Stringham. Silas H., an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Stuart, Gilbert C, American Portrait-Painter 328 
 
 Stuart, James E. B., a Confederate General 73 
 
 Sue, Eugene, French Author 285 
 
 Sullivan, John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Sumner, Charles, Statesman ■ Portrait. . . .371 
 
 Sumner, Edwin V., an American General 69 
 
 Sumter, Thomas, a Revolutionary General 59 
 
 Swedenborg, Emanuel, Founder of New Jerusalem Church Portrait. .31--46 
 
 Sweet, Alexander E. (Texas Siftings), Humorist Portrait.... 228 
 
 Swinburne, Algernon C. English Poet 294 
 
 Swing. David, Clergyman Portrait 402 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabor, Horace A. W., Colorado Capitalist Portrait 416 
 
 Taylor, Bayard, Traveler, Poet and Novelist 285 
 
 Taylor, Moses, Merchant Portrait.... 381 
 
 Taylor. Zachary, Soldier and President For trait. 6 1-245 
 
 Tecumseh, a Chief of the Sha\vnee Indians .^ 61 
 
 Teller, Henry M., Ex-Secretary of the Interior Por^ait 415 
 
 Tennyson. Alfred, Poe^Laureate of England Portrait. . . .319 
 
 Terrail, Peter du — See " Bayard, Chevalier" 53 
 
 Terry, Alfred H., an American General 69 
 
 Tevis, Loyd, California Capitalist Portrait. ...407 
 
 Thackeray, William M., Lecturer, Poet and Novelist Portrait 292 
 
 Thaddeus, or Jude. Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Thiers, Louis A.. French Statesman and Historian 288 
 
 Thomas, Christ's Apostle 46 
 
 Thomas, George H., an American General 69 
 
 Thomas, Hiram W., Clergyman Portrait. ...399 
 
 Thomson, James, Author of " The Seasons," Etc Portrait 297 
 
 Tilden, Samuel J.. Lawyer and Ex-Governor Portrait 384 
 
 Tourgee, Albion W., Author of " A Fool's Errand" Portrait... 390 
 
 Tourjee, Eben, Leader in Boston Musical Affairs Portrait 373 
 
 TowTie, Alban N.. Railway Superintendent Portrait 406 
 
 Trail. Dr. Russell T.. Developer of the Water-Cure 144 
 
 Trollope, Anthony, English Novelist 288 
 
 Trollope, Mrs. Frances M.. Traveler and Novelist 288 
 
 Trollope, Thomas A., Historian and Novelist 288 
 
 Trowbridge, John T.. American Author Portrait 302 
 
 Truxtun, Thomas, an American Naval Commander 64 
 
 Tweed, William M., New York Politician 385 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 TwiggH, David E., an American General 01 
 
 Tyndall, John, English Natural Phllonophcr 136 
 
 Tyndal. William. Entrlish Translator of the Bible 46 
 
 Tyler, John, Politician and President Portrait 244 
 
 Vallandigham, Clement A., Democratic Politician Portrait — 44.* 
 
 Van Buren, John, Lawyi*r and Politician Portrait 443 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, Pulltician and President Portrait 244 
 
 Vandurbilt. Cornelius, Steamboat-Owner and Financier Portrait. ...106 
 
 Vanderbilt, William H., liailrood Magnate Portrait ... .^1^ 
 
 Van Dorn, Earl, a Confederate General 73 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Solomon, an American Officer 61 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen. Land-Owner and Scientist SSTi 
 
 Vennor, Henry G., Scientist and Weather Prophet Portraft.... 44r> 
 
 Verne, Jules, Fn-nch Writer of Romances Portrait 2«i» 
 
 Vespucci. Amerigo, Aftt-r Whom America Was Named. . ./rfea/ Portrait 81 
 
 Victoria. Reigning Queen of Great Britain Portrait 2.''»0 
 
 Villard, Henry, Railroad Operator. Portrait 44.'> 
 
 Virgil, Publius D. M., Roman Poet 2»4 
 
 Volney, Constantino F. C, Physician and Author 4&-289 
 
 Voltaire, Marie F. A., Author and Poet 46-282 
 
 W. 
 
 Walters, The John, Proprietors of the London Tim^s 285 
 
 Wanamaker, John, Merchant Portroit.... 391 
 
 Ward, Artemas. a Revolutionary Officer. 59 
 
 Ward, Eben B., Navigator and Manufacturer. PortroW.. ..427 
 
 Ward, John Q. A., an American Sculptor 337 
 
 Warren, Joseph, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Warrington, Lewis, an vVmerican Commodore 64 
 
 Washburne. Elihu B., Statesman and Diplomat Portrait. .. .404 
 
 Washington, George, the Hero of American Freedom Port rait. 56-244 
 
 Washington, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 
 
 Watt, James, Discoverer of the Power of Steam Portrait 94 
 
 Watts, Isaac, English Hymn-Writer and Preacher 46 
 
 Way land. Francis, Baptir^t Preacher and Author 46 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, a Revolutionary Hero 59 
 
 Webster, Daniel, Lawyer. Orator and Statesman Portrait 258 
 
 Webster, Noah, the American Lexicographer Portrait.... 287 
 
 Weed, Thurlow. American Journalist. Portrait 286 
 
 Weitzel. Godfrey, an American General 69 
 
 Wells, Samuel R-. Phrenologist Portrait. . . .385 
 
 Welsh, John. Minister to England Portrait — 392 
 
 Wells, William H., an Educator Portrait 395 
 
 Wellington, Duke of. English Military Hero Portrait 50 
 
 Wentworth, John, Journalist and Public Officer Portrait 402 
 
 Wesley, Charles, Hymn- Writer and Preacher 46 
 
 Wesley, John, Founder of the Methodist Church 46 
 
 West. Charles W. , Cincinnati Capitalist Portrait 424 
 
 Wheeler. William A.. Vice-President of the United States Portrait 443 
 
 Whipple Abraham, an American Commodoi-e 64 
 
 Whitefield, George, Calvinistic Methodist Preacher P0rt7-oit.46-2.')3 
 
 Whitfield. John G., the Humorous Character-Actor ....Portrait 236 
 
 Whitman. Walt.. Poet and Lecturer Portrait 387 
 
 Whitney, Eli, Inventor of the Cotton-Gin *. 87 
 
 Whittier, John G.. American Poet Portrait 303 
 
 Wickliffe. John, English Religious Reformer 46 
 
 Wilkinson. James, a Revolutionary Officer .59 
 
 Williams, Barney, Irish .\ctor 26;j 
 
 Williams, John D.. Pen Artist in Flourishing Portrait 344 
 
 Williams, Roger. Founder of Rhode Island 46 
 
 Willis. Nathaniel Parker, Poet and Journalist Portrait 299 
 
 Wilson. Henry, Vice-President of the United States Portrait 440 
 
 Winder, William H., an American General 61 
 
 Windom, William, Secretary of the Treasury Portrait 439 
 
 Winslow, John A., an American Rear-Admiral 64 
 
 Winthrop, John, Early Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 365 
 
 Winthrop. Robert C. , Author and Senator Portrait 369 
 
 Wolfe. Charles. Author of "The Burial of Sir John Moore" 299 
 
 Woodward. R B... Proprietor of Califomian Pleasure-Grounds. Portrait 113 
 
 Wool, John E., an American General 61 
 
 Worcester. Joseph E.. American Lexicographer Portrait 284 
 
 Wordsworth. William, the " Poet of Humanity " 301 
 
 Worth. Charles, Ladies' Dressmaker in Paris Portrait 354 
 
 Worth, William J., an American General 61 
 
 Y. 
 
 Youmans. Edward L. and Eliza Anne. Scientific Authors. 289 
 
 Young, Thomas L., Governor of Ohio Portrait 422 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zoroaster, Founder of the Sun- Worship in Persia 36-46 
 
 Zninglius, Ulrich, Protestant Swiss Reformei 4*; 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1:
 
 li 
 
 s%^i^^ 
 
 Miscellaneous Index. 
 
 
 *-*^|255^' 
 
 
 A. B. C. of Snccess 131 
 
 Actors and Actresses 263 
 
 Animals, Our Domestic (Illustrated) 164 
 
 Artists — Renowned Painters and Sculptors 327 
 
 Astronomical Dictionary (Illustrated) 205 
 
 Astronomy — What is Known of It (33 Illustrations^ 201 
 
 Aunt Jerasha on Woman's Rights (Illustrated) 241 
 
 B. 
 
 •Bad HabitB of Horses— Balking, Sbying, etc (Illustrated). 160-161 
 
 Beautiful Dress — Science of (Illustrated) 355 
 
 Beliefs Concerning' a Future Existence 19 
 
 Biographies — Alphabetical Summary 7-13 
 
 Births, Jloted Persons — Each day of the Tear 446 
 
 Blinders on Horses— Their Evil Effects (Illustrated) 150 
 
 Book of Nephi — Mormon Bible — Extracts 33 
 
 Brutality in the Workshop and the Home (Illustrated) 153 
 
 Buddhistic and Brahministic Beliefs 22 
 
 Buddhistic Hells 23 
 
 Cattle and Calves Abused While in Transit (Illustrated) 
 
 Cattle and Children Cruelly Treated (Illustrated) 
 
 Character and Feeling — Facial Changes (Illustrated) 
 
 Character Influenced by Size of the Head (Illustrated) 
 
 Check-Reins — Evils of Their Use (Illustrated^ 
 
 Check-Reins Destroy the Beauty of the Horse. .(Illustratedi 
 
 Colleges — How Xamed 
 
 Congregationalists — History and Belief 
 
 Congresses from 1774 to 1886 
 
 Cruelty to Animals (Illustrated) 
 
 Cruelty to Birds, for " Sport" (Illustrated) 
 
 Curved Lines in House-Building (Illustrated) 
 
 ...152 
 
 152 
 
 234-235 
 . .222 
 ..149 
 ..149 
 
 353 
 
 .... 40 
 
 450 
 
 ....147 
 
 153 
 
 ....359 
 
 Dates of Important Inventions 99 
 
 Deaths, Noted Persons — Each day of the Year 448 
 
 Definitions of Astronomical Terms 205 
 
 Definitions of Military Terms 73-76 
 
 Dennis O'Brien's '• Champoon Supper " (Illustrated). . . .237 
 
 Divisions of the Brain (Illustrated) 215 
 
 "Docking," "Nicking" and "Clipping" Horses — Evils of 159 
 
 Duty of Benevolence 21 
 
 E. 
 
 EITtcl of f'olor in Drese (Illustrated) 355 
 
 Eminent Luwycru S-IS 
 
 Imminent PhyHlrinnM 107 
 
 English Swell's Dialect (Illustrated) 239 
 
 Evolution — Darwin's Theories (Illustrated). 138-142 
 
 Explorere and Navigators 77 
 
 Extracts from the Koran 30 
 
 Extracts from the Xew Testament 28 
 
 Extracts from the Talmud 21 
 
 Facial Expression (Illustrated) 336 
 
 Famous Warriors 50-73 
 
 Fidelity of tlie Dog (Illustrated) 154 
 
 Financiers and Business -Managers 130 
 
 Fish-Culture — Its History and Science 134 
 
 Fish, Apparatus for Hatching 135 
 
 Fish-Eggs — How Impregnated 135 
 
 Fish-Eggs— How Hatched 135 
 
 Fish, How to Feed the Young 135 
 
 Forms of Abuse to Animals and Persons (Illustrated) 148 
 
 Franklin's Business Maxims 131 
 
 General Grant's Trip Around the World 66 
 
 George Peabody's Benevolent Bequests 114 
 
 Good Habits, List of 131 
 
 Great Military Heroes of the World 53-55 
 
 H. 
 
 Hares Hunted — Dogs Tormented (Hlust rated) 154 
 
 Hans Schmidt's Mistake (Illustrated) 239 
 
 Harness, Saddle and Bridle — Best Kinds and Proper Use 157 
 
 History, Government and Creeds of Various Denominations 36 
 
 History and Oovernment of the Church of England 38 
 
 History of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. . 38 
 
 History and Belief of the Baptists 39 
 
 History of the Jewish Ueligiim 36 
 
 History and Beliefs of the Presbyterians 39 
 
 History and Practices of the Boman Catholic Church 87 
 
 History of the Shakers .43 
 
 Homes, Beautiful (Illustrated) 536 
 
 " Home, Sweet Home " — Its History 304 
 
 Horses — Their History and Kinds (Illustrated). . . .155 
 
 Horses — Importance and Methods of Careful Shoeing 168 
 
 Horses Faithful, AUhough Ill-Treated (Illustrated) 151 
 
 Horses — Their Humane Trealmeiil and Management 155 
 
 Horses — Feeding, Bedding and Grooming 158-159 
 
 Horses — Prevention and Cure of Bad Habits. . .(Illustrated), 160 161 
 
 Horses — Over-F(;eding to be Avoided 159 
 
 Horses — Overworked and Ruined (Illustrated) 161 
 
 Horses— Training Them lo Perform Tricks (Illustraled) 102 
 
 :6> 
 
 ^:o:
 
 A1,1'11A1;I0TIIJAI. ISUMMAliV OF CONTKNTb. 
 
 Horses — Vicious Ones Subdued — Rarey's Method ITjO 
 
 Horses — Wlien and How to Water 159 
 
 How to JRreali u Colt 150 
 
 Homes Made Beautiful (Hlustrated) 530 
 
 Humorists — Persons Who Malie People Laugh 334 
 
 I. 
 
 Important Battles of the English in Early Times 50 
 
 Itni)ortant Battles of the French 53 
 
 lulluence of the Christian Religion 38 
 
 James Lick's Bequests 117 
 
 Jefferson's Ten Rules For Business 131 
 
 Jewish Scriptures, The 21 
 
 Jewish Law of Punishment 21 
 
 Jewish Treatment of the Poor 31 
 
 Jumping Frog of Calaveras County — Murk Twain (Hlustrated) 226 
 
 K. 
 
 Kiugs and Queens (Illustrated) 249 
 
 Labor— Benefits of Reduced Hours 303 
 
 Labor — Shorter Hours Should be Universally Adopted 304 
 
 l,!ibor — Consumption Must Balance Production 364 
 
 Labor — Changes of Thirty Years in Hours and Practice 3ti3 
 
 Laws of Proportion and Parallel Lines (Illustrated) 355 
 
 Lawyers, Eminent 242 
 
 Leading Officers in the American Revolutionary War 58 
 
 Leading Otficers in the Wars of 1812 and with Mexico 61 
 
 Leading Officers in the Union Army— 1861-1865 68 
 
 Leading Officers of the Southern Army — 1861-1865 72 
 
 Letter from a Traveling Showman — Artemus Ward 224 
 
 Levi Solomons Sells a Coat 237 
 
 List of Contents in this Volume 6-18 
 
 List of Poems in this Volume 16 
 
 Literary Celebrities 268 
 
 Lutherans — Their Origin and Faith 45 
 
 M. 
 
 Mastering the Horse — Pratt's Method 157 
 
 Mas^ters in Penmanship 341 
 
 Money-Making — McDonough's Rules 131 
 
 Moravians — United Brethren 43 
 
 Musicians and Musical Composers 246 
 
 N. 
 
 Names of Well-Known Colleges — How Originated 353 
 
 Nasby's Account of His First Marriage 225 
 
 Nature Teaches True Elements of Art (Illustrated) 357 
 
 New Jerusalem Church — Its Doctrines 44 
 
 New York City— Well-Known Points of Interest. (lUnstrated) 108 
 
 North American Indians — Religious Belief 44 
 
 Noted Work— At What Age Performed 352 
 
 Off-Hand Writing (IlUistrated) , . . .344 
 
 Old Mother Pitkin Tells the News— Whitfield. . .(Illustrated; 236 
 
 Orators, Famous 253 
 
 Origin of Various Forms of Worship 36 
 
 Origin of Names of Well-Known Colleges 353 
 
 Our Yankee Cousin's Story. 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 .(IIla8trated)....238 
 
 Painters, Eminent 327 
 
 Parson Skinner's "Sarmon" to Skillcttvillere. .{inuslrated) 240 
 
 Pen- Flourishing — Principles of Beauty (Illustrated).. . .345 
 
 Philauthropists and Heformerw 198 
 
 Phrenology and Its Teachers (Ilhit'traled) 213 
 
 Phrenological Organs Classified and Described. .(Illustrated) .217-222 
 
 Physiognomy — The Science of 214 
 
 Poets, Distinguished , 294 
 
 ** Positivism " — Compte's Philosophy .130 
 
 Preface to this Volume 5 
 
 Precepts from the Chinese Sacred Books 25 
 
 Presidents of the United States (Illustrated). 244-245 
 
 Principal Battles of the Revolution 57 
 
 Progress of Invention (Illustrated) 84 
 
 Prominent American Naval Commanders 63 
 
 Prominent Battles of the War of 1812 60 
 
 Prominent People — A Special Group (Illustrated). 433-445 
 
 Prominent Religious Teachers — Table 45 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers— Their Government and Belief 42 
 
 Railway Travel Made Luxurious (Illustrated).... 92 
 
 Relief and Variety in Arranging Dress (Hlustrated).. . .357 
 
 Religion and Hs Founders 19 
 
 Religious Terms — Glossary 47 
 
 Rewaids of Kindness 23 
 
 Robert G. Ingersoll's Funeral Sermon 257 
 
 Rules that Lead to Success 131 
 
 Sal Scroggins' Visit to the City (Hlustrated) 241 
 
 San Francisco — Leading Points of Interest (Illustrated). . . .119 
 
 Scientists, Statesmen, Philanthropists and Reformers 132-200 
 
 Second Adventists — History and Belief 43 
 
 Selections from the Old Testament Scriptures 31 
 
 Solar System — Description of the Planets (Hlustrated). 202-204 
 
 Spencerian Penmanshii) — Analysis (Illustrated) 342 
 
 Stables— The Best 158 
 
 "Star Spangled Banner" — Its History 300 
 
 Stephen Girard's Bequests 112 
 
 Straight and Curved Lines Contrasted (Illustrated) 355 
 
 Success, Requisites for 131 
 
 Suggestions for Men's Dress (Illustrated) 357 
 
 " Sweet Bye-and-Bye " — Its History 305 
 
 T. 
 
 Teachings and Precepts of Buddha 23 
 
 Teachings of Swedenborg 44 
 
 Teachings of Zoroaster 20 
 
 "Texas Sittings'" — Origin and Success 239 
 
 The Brain — Quality and Functions (Illustrated) 216 
 
 The Buddhistic Hells and Heaven 23 
 
 The Horse as Man' s Willing Serviint (Illustrated) 148 
 
 The Lord's Prayer 28 
 
 The Methodist Church— History and Growth 41 
 
 The Mind Influenced by Training (Illustrated) 223 
 
 The Religion of Confucius and the Chinese (Illustrated) 35 
 
 i: 
 
 :?>=
 
 2^ 
 
 ii: 
 
 ■t 
 
 It; 
 
 ALPHABETICAL SUMlLUiY OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Three Ladies' Dresses (Illustrated) 360 
 
 The Silly Boys Experience (Illustrated) 239 
 
 The Sun-Worshipers — Their Belief 26 
 
 The Temperaments Described 216 
 
 The Ten Commandments 21 
 
 The Zend-Avesta— The Persian Bible 26 
 
 Two Men's Dresses (Illustrated) 361 
 
 Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati (Illustrated) 420 
 
 u. 
 
 Unitarians — Their Historj' and Belief 41 
 
 United Brethren — Characteristics 43 
 
 Universalists — History and Belief 42 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaccination — History of Its Discovery 19T 
 
 w. 
 
 Wealth — Motives for Its Accumulation (Illustrated) 102 
 
 What Dressmakers Must Do (Illustrated) 356 
 
 What Mohammedanism Teaches 30 
 
 What the Mormons Believe 33 
 
 What Phrenology has Taught (Illustrated) 215 
 
 What Spiritualists Believe 35 
 
 What Swedenborgianisra Teaches 31 
 
 What Tailors Cannot Do (Tllnstrated) 355 
 
 What Tailors Must Understand (Illustrated) 355 
 
 What the Talmud Teaches 21 
 
 Writings of Andrew Jackson Davis 35 
 
 Who Were the Christian Fathers? 38 
 
 Why Vanderbilt Became Rich 107 
 
 Z. 
 Zoroaster — Belief of His Followers 45 
 
 "^"^; 
 
 ^ 
 
 m\{ LIST OF POEMS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Age of Wisdom— 77iacA-f ray 292 
 
 Answer to a Child's Question — Coleridge 325 
 
 Birthplace of Burns — Ingersoll 320 
 
 Claude Melnotte's Apology and Defense — Bulwer 30T 
 
 Comus; Extract — ^^dton 313 
 
 Destruction of Sennacherib — Byron 312 
 
 Elegy on the Death of a Mad-Dog — Goldsmith 324 
 
 Eve's Lament on Leaving Paradise — Milton 313 
 
 Familiar Quotations from Shakspeare 309 
 
 Highland Mary— B»rns 321 
 
 Home, Sweet Home — Payne 304 
 
 How are Thy Servants Blest, O Lordl— Addison 323 
 
 Hymn of the Hebrew Maid— Sco« 293 
 
 Light Shining Out of Darkness— f'ouper 326 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Make Your Home Beautiful — Anonymous 552 
 
 School-Days, Extract— Whittler 303 
 
 Seed-Time and Harvest— nTiiUier 303 
 
 Severed Friendship — Coleridge 325 
 
 Snow-Shower — Bryant 317 
 
 Soldier's T>vefim— Campbell 322 
 
 Song of the Brook — Tennyson 319 
 
 Star-Spangled Banner— AVy 30e 
 
 Sweet Byc-a.nA-Bye— Bennett 305 
 
 Thanatopsis — Bryant 317 
 
 The Raven— Poc 314 
 
 To the Nightingale— Jfii/o/i 313 
 
 Village Blacksmith — Longfellow 318 
 
 
 ■4^-f ^^^ 
 
 GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 =E^^ 
 
 
 
 I'AGE. 
 
 Ames' Pcn-Drawinjr 347 
 
 Animals Tortured While Dolnif Transported. . .IM 
 Apprnntlud Undi.T Control of a Hard Master. . . 153 
 " A Slt-rn Choite," From a Pulntinti: by lievifrir .'.VA'-i 
 
 Ahx 107 
 
 " Aiint JeruHhft " 241 
 
 Hank of California. Snn Francisco 1^ 
 
 Ittncvok-ncff and Kindnefw IllUHtrated 213 
 
 lilrdH. Variontt Klndh 190 
 
 Iilrthptace of RumK, near Ayr, Scotland 321 
 
 Birthplace of fk-neni! fJranl. In Ohio Cfl 
 
 Birthplace of Jay Gould. New York 127 
 
 Hlrthplocc of tieorjfc 8t<;pheni<on. Knirland 90 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Birthplace of John G. Whittier. Mass 303 
 
 Boyjt StnninK a DoK— The Sftvatre Instinct 154 
 
 Bryant's Kesidenee onLonpr Island, N. Y., 317 
 
 Byron'H Tomb, Hucknall, England 311 
 
 Cathedral at Cologne 543 
 
 Cattle, VarlouM Breeds IGS-IOS) 
 
 Catsi, Various Breeds 19 1 
 
 City Hall, San Francisco. Cal 117 
 
 Conservatory In Woodward's Gardens, Cal 118 
 
 Contrasted Appearance of the Hair 35H-350 
 
 Contrasts in Biilldlntrs 359 
 
 Cows Stoned by Bnys and Bitten by Dogs 152 
 
 Cruel Acts by Man and Boys 153 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cruelly Tortured by Illtrh-Checking ISO 
 
 Cuffs or no < 'uffs— Contrast 358 
 
 Dantrers That Beset Youth 571-579 
 
 " Dennis O'Brien" 237 
 
 Dotrs. Various Breeds of lS0-I8a 
 
 IHU'ks. Various Breeds of 179 
 
 Earth as It A ppears In Space 205 
 
 " Election for Beadle," by Cruikshonk 32t) 
 
 "EnirliHh Swell" 239 
 
 English Throne-Room 251 
 
 Epochs of Projrresston 139-142 
 
 " Eventide "—From a PalntlnR by Herkomer.. .331 
 Faci?— Bright, Intelligent and Educated 215 
 
 *i 
 
 i: 
 
 g:
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 i2^ 
 
 AIJMlAinOTHAl. M .M.\IAl:V i/K Il.LUSTKATION.S. 
 
 17 
 
 CAr.E, 
 
 Face— Coarse, Vulgar, Brutal and Ignorant. . . .2l."3 
 Faces— Types of Character and Feeling, . . .234-23.'i 
 
 Face of a Girl r)39 
 
 Family Record— With a Pen. by D. T. Ames. . . .3.jO 
 
 Fc-miilu Figures— Effect of Dress— Contrast •i^n 
 
 Female Figures — Precise — Plain— Graceful ^'jO 
 
 Female Forms — Straight and Curved Lines 359 
 
 Oeese, Various Breeds of 173 
 
 Goats, Various Breeds of 171 
 
 Great Comt-t of 1843 207 
 
 Guinea-Hen, Various Breeds of 1!JI 
 
 Ouine.i-Pig 191 
 
 Hans Schmidt 238 
 
 Heads— Miserly, Benevolent and Idiotic 216 
 
 Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass 318 
 
 Homo of Mrs. L. H. Sigourney, Hartford, Ct....2!)4 
 
 Horse Beaten by a Cruel Master lol 
 
 Horses in Easy, Graceful Position 150 
 
 Horse in the Hands of Fast Toung Men 151 
 
 Horse Made Cross b y Teasing 100 
 
 Horse Ruined by Fast Hrlving 151 
 
 Horse Suffering All Day in the Storm 150 
 
 Horse With Blinders and Check-Rein 157 
 
 Horse — Blinders and Check-Rein Removed 157 
 
 Horses, Various Breeds of Ifif)-in7 
 
 How Circumstances may Change the Mind 223 
 
 Illustrations of Cruelty 150-154 
 
 Jay Gould's Summer Residence 128 
 
 Killing Birds for Amusement 153 
 
 Landing (»f Columbus 81 
 
 Last Days of the Old Family Horse 151 
 
 Let the Drivers Try It Themselves 149 
 
 Levi Solomons 237 
 
 Location of Phrenological Organs 217 
 
 Magnified Appearance of the Moon 206 
 
 Male Figures— Contrasted Appearance 361 
 
 Male and Female Figures— Contrasted, 355 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Man's Willing Servant 148 
 
 Marriage Corlillcate, by D. T. Ames 349 
 
 Methods of Cruelty to Children 152 
 
 Mormon Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 33 
 
 Mother Pitkin 236 
 
 Mule, The 167 
 
 Xapoleon's Tomb, Hotel de3 Invalides, Paris... 52 
 
 Nazareth, Childhuod Home of Jesus 28 
 
 Necks Contrasted.. 356 
 
 Ni'w York City— Hudson and East Rivei's KJS 
 
 Our Yankue Cousin 238 
 
 Palace Hotel, San Francisco 121 
 
 Parson Skinner 240 
 
 Peacock, The 191 
 
 Perceptive Faculties Contrasted 216 
 
 Perfecting Newspaper Press 93 
 
 Pheasant, The 191 
 
 Pigeons, Various Breeds of 187-189 
 
 Planets of our Solar System 202 
 
 Poultry, Various Breeds of 174 to 1/9 
 
 Preserving of the Mane— Grooming the Horse. 158 
 
 Prodding Cattle with Sharp Irons 152 
 
 Progress of Invention 84 
 
 Proportions in Men— Four Figures 350 
 
 Kabbits, Various Breeds of 180 
 
 Rabbits Hunted and Mutilated for Sport 154 
 
 Regular and Irregular Lines in Landscapes 358 
 
 Relative Sizes of the Planets 203 
 
 Residence of F. O. C. Barley, Claymont, Pa 548 
 
 Residence of James C. Flood, Calif onila 551 
 
 Residence of J. T. Headley, Newburgh, N. Y 277 
 
 Residence of R. B. Woodward, California 549 
 
 Residence, Modern Architecture 55 1 
 
 Sal Scroggins 241 
 
 San Francisco, Leading Points in. Designated. .119 
 
 Scene in West Laurel Hill Cemetery. Phila 544 
 
 Selfish and Cruel Disposition Illustrated 213 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Shaw's Garden, St. Louin, Mo 42» 
 
 Sh ecp, VarlouM Breeda of 170-17 1 
 
 Hilly Boy 2:«J 
 
 Size of the Sun Compared with Planets 204 
 
 Sketch of a Bad Boy— Humorous 229 
 
 Social Life on ihe Kail &2 
 
 Spcncerian Pen-Flouriwhing 343 
 
 Statue of Sir John ltu»i*ell, by J. E. Boehmc 339 
 
 Street Fountain '5* 
 
 Subdivisions of the Brain 217 
 
 Suffering Caused by Intemperance 153 
 
 Summer Rain— From a Painting by Cole 33-1 
 
 Supposed Structure of the Universe 201 
 
 Swan, The ^^^ 
 
 Swlno, Various Breeds of 172 
 
 Teaching the Trick-Horse 162 
 
 The Check-Rein on Work-Horses 150 
 
 The Horse Abused 147 
 
 The Horse In Natural Beauty 149 
 
 The Horse Kindly Treated 147 
 
 The Horse with Over-Check 149 
 
 The Human Head and Its Various Organs 218 
 
 The Jumping Frog 220 
 
 The Lord's Prayer, by D. T. Ames 348 
 
 Trentham Hall. England 550 
 
 Turkeys, Various Breeds of 173 
 
 Two Methods of Checking Horses 149 
 
 Two Scenes in Nature— Contrasted 3.57 
 
 Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati 421 
 
 "Various Grades of Intelligence in Heads 215 
 
 View in Prospect Park. Brooklyn, N. Y 545 
 
 Villa of Alexander Pope. Twickenham, Eng 297 
 
 Waterfall— Sublime Scene in Nature 542 
 
 Ways of Cruelty l"*^ 
 
 ViliitlSeld, Comedian, in Ten Characters. ..236-241 
 
 Who Stole the People's Money i —By Nast 232 
 
 Williams' Pen-Flourishing 345 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 P-'S^I 
 
 HOUSEHOLD DECORATION ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 IrzS^ 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Baskets, How to Make Ornamental 560 
 
 Beauty, Moral Benefit of 552 
 
 Beauty, Fundamental Principles of 553 
 
 Boudoir of Princess Louise, at Rideau Hall 567 
 
 Boudoir in a New York Suburban Residence. . . .569 
 
 Canopies for Beds 558 
 
 Card-Cases, Mats and Dressing-Tables 565 
 
 Chairs, How to Ornament 559 
 
 Colors, Effect of .VJ3 
 
 Contrast, Curved Lines and Proportion 553 
 
 Cushions and Footstools, How to Make 561 
 
 Mecoration as Applied in Furnishing 569 
 
 Draperies for Windows and Doorways 557 
 
 Drawing-Room at Rideau Hall 567 
 
 Dressing-Tables, How to Make Cheaply 505 
 
 Faces with Straight and Curved Lines .538 
 
 Floor-Mats. How to Make 563 
 
 Home Comforts at Rideau Hall 567 
 
 Household Interiors. Elegantly Illustrated 568 
 
 I,ambrequins, Patterns for 554, 555, 556, 557 
 
 (T^s:' 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Lamp Shades 564 
 
 Light-Stands and Table-Spreads 562 
 
 Light Screen 553 
 
 Ponograms for Furniture 558 
 
 Picture-Frames, CIothes-Bags, Etc 56i, 
 
 Pincushions and Lamp-Shades 5&4 
 
 Various Furnishings .563-566 
 
 "Wall-Paper. Ornamental 562 
 
 "Window Ornamentation 554 
 
 Window and Passage- Way Decorations 555 
 
 BEAUTIFUL HOMES ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ' S- — » p* 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Architecture, Science of Beauty in 538 
 
 Architecture, Sublime in .542 
 
 Architecture, Variety and Relief in 541 
 
 Artificial Embellishment 548 
 
 Beautiful Homes 530 
 
 Central Park Fountain Scene, NewY'ork City. .537 
 
 Costly Residences and Elegant Grounds 551 
 
 Cur%*ed Lines, Charm of 539 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Curved Lines in Nature and Art 541 
 
 I^andscape Ornamentation 547 
 
 Landscape Scene, Variety in 544 
 
 Nature Improved by Art 54(; 
 
 Nature. The Sublime in 542 
 
 Ornamented Grounds 549 
 
 Parallels. The Laws of 540 
 
 Park Fences 546 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Park Scenes 545 
 
 Picturesque Villa 549 
 
 Residence v\Jchitecture as a Fine Art 551 
 
 Sublimity Illustrated 543 
 
 Table-Covers 562 
 
 Trees and Vines. Effect of 548 
 
 "Windows with Straight and Carved Lines 538 
 
 ^5:=
 
 is 
 
 OUR 5Jti 
 
 
 iS— e3~^ 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 Canary ...190 
 
 Chaffinch 190 
 
 Linnet, American 190 
 
 Mocking-Bird 190 
 
 JTigbtingale 190 
 
 Konpariel 190 
 
 Parrot, Gray 190 
 
 Skylark 190 
 
 Thrush, Song 190 
 
 Tellow Bird, American 190 
 
 CATS. 
 
 Angora 191 
 
 Brown Tabby 191 
 
 Persian 191 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 Ayrshire 168 
 
 Devon 168 
 
 Galloway 168 
 
 Guernsey 169 
 
 Hereford 168 
 
 Holderness 168 
 
 Holstcin 168 
 
 Jersey 168 
 
 Long-Horn 168 
 
 Jlodel-Uomed 109 
 
 Model Polled 169 
 
 Short-Horns 169 
 
 Swiss 169 
 
 Texan Steer... 169 
 
 West Highland 169 
 
 DOCS. 
 
 Airedale Terrier 183 
 
 Basset Uonnd 185 
 
 Beagle 185 
 
 Bedlington Terrier 184 
 
 Black-and-Tan Terrier 18.3 
 
 Blenheim Spaniel 182 
 
 Bloodhound 185 
 
 Bulldog 180 
 
 Bull Terrier 180 
 
 Chinese Crested 184 
 
 Clumber Spaniel 188 
 
 Cocker Spaniel 182 
 
 Colley 180 
 
 Dachshund 181 
 
 Dalnialinn 180 
 
 Dandle Dinmont Terrier 18.3 
 
 Deer Iloiind 181 
 
 Fox Hound 181 
 
 Fox Terrier— Rough 183 
 
 Fox Terrier — Smooth 183 
 
 DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 ^ Different Breeds and Their History. 
 
 EACH ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Greyhound 1^1 
 
 Harrier 185 
 
 Irish Terrier 184 
 
 Irish Water Spaniel 181 
 
 Italian Greyhound 184 
 
 King Charles Spaniel 183 
 
 Maltese 184 
 
 MastifE 180 
 
 Newfoundland 180 
 
 Otter Hound 182 
 
 Pointer 181 
 
 Pomeranian 1 80 
 
 Poodle 182 
 
 Pug 184 
 
 Retriever, Curly-Coated 182 
 
 Retriever, Wavy-Coated 181 
 
 Scotch Terrier 183 
 
 Setter 181 
 
 Skye-Terrier, Drop-Ear 184 
 
 Skye-Terrier, Prick-Ear 184 
 
 St. Bernard — Rough 185 
 
 St. Bernard— Smooth 185 
 
 Sussex Spaniel 182 
 
 Truffle ISO 
 
 White English Terrier 183 
 
 Yorkshire Terrier 183 
 
 DUCKS. 
 
 Aylsbury 179 
 
 Cayuga 1"9 
 
 Pekin 179 
 
 Kouen 179 
 
 FOWLS. 
 
 Black Spanish 174 
 
 Brown Leghorn 177 
 
 Bull Cochin 175 
 
 Cochin Bantam 1 77 
 
 Creve-Cieur 1 
 
 Dark Brahma 1 
 
 Dominique, American I 
 
 Dorking 1 
 
 Duck- Wing Game 1 
 
 Frizzle I 
 
 Game, Perfect 1 
 
 Game, Bantam 1 
 
 Gold-Spangled Hamburgh. ..1 
 
 Great Black Java 1 
 
 Houdan 1 
 
 Japanese Bantam 1 
 
 La Flechc 1 
 
 Laugshan 1 
 
 Light Brahma 1 
 
 Malay 1 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Partridge Cochin 175 
 
 Plymouth Rock 174 
 
 Red Pile Game 178 
 
 Sebright Bantam 177 
 
 Silky 174 
 
 Silver- Spangled Hamburgh. .178 
 
 Spangled Poland 178 
 
 Suit,™ 176 
 
 White Cochin 179 
 
 White Crested Polit^b 175 
 
 White Leghorn 179 
 
 Wyandotte 175 
 
 CEESE. 
 
 Bremen 1 73 
 
 Brown Chinese 173 
 
 Toulouse 173 
 
 White Chinese 173 
 
 COATS. 
 
 Angora 1"1 
 
 Cashmere 171 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 Arabian 167 
 
 Ass 167 
 
 Barb 166 
 
 Canadian 167 
 
 Cleveland Bay 166 
 
 Clydesdale 166 
 
 Conestogs Draught 166 
 
 English Cart 166 
 
 English Thoroughbred 166 
 
 Morgan 166 
 
 Mule 167 
 
 Mustang Pony 167 
 
 Percheron 167 
 
 Running, American 167 
 
 Shetland Pony 107 
 
 Trotting, American 167 
 
 PICEONS. 
 
 African Owl 189 
 
 Almond Tumbler 189 
 
 Archangel 188 
 
 Barb 189 
 
 Bavettc 188 
 
 Beard Tumbler 187 
 
 Carrier 187 
 
 Fantail 187 
 
 Jacobin 189 
 
 Latz 189 
 
 Leghorn Runt 1S8 
 
 Magpie 188 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Mahomet 187 
 
 Nun 188 
 
 Pouter 187 
 
 Priest 187 
 
 Swiss 188 
 
 Trumpeter 189 
 
 RABBITS. 
 
 Angora 1 86 
 
 Belgian Hare 18li 
 
 Dutch 18; 
 
 Himalayan 186 
 
 Lop-Eared 186 
 
 Silver-Gray 186 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 Anglesey 1 70 
 
 Black-Faced 170 
 
 Cheviot 170 
 
 Cotswold 171 
 
 Dorset 170 
 
 Fat-Tailed 170 
 
 Kentish 170 
 
 Leicester 171 
 
 Lincoln 171 
 
 Merino 171 
 
 Oxfordshire Down 171 
 
 Ryeland 170 
 
 Shropshire 1 70 
 
 South-Down 171 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 Berkshire 1 73 
 
 Cheshire 172 
 
 Chester White 172 
 
 Chinese 172 
 
 Duroc 172 
 
 Essex 172 
 
 .Jersey Red 172 
 
 Large Yorkshire 172 
 
 Poland China 172 
 
 Small White Yorkshire 172 
 
 SulToIk 172 
 
 TURKEYS. 
 
 Bronze 173 
 
 White Holland 173 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Gninea-Fowl 191 
 
 Guinea-Pig 191 
 
 Pea-Fowl....- 191 
 
 Pheasant 191 
 
 Swan 191
 
 k 
 
 "^fW 
 
 Beliefs Concerning a Future Existence. 
 
 "W^ 
 
 EYOTION is a 
 
 c li a r a c- 
 t c !• i s t i c 
 of the 
 li u 111 a 11 
 luiiul, (lis- 
 ting uish- 
 >j, ing man 
 - from tlie 
 lower ani- 
 mal crea- 
 tion. 
 
 There 
 exists in 
 the high- 
 er under- 
 standing 
 a belief that 
 this earth-life is 
 not all — that 
 tlieie IS a state of 
 being beyond this, 
 and tint death is 
 1) u t the }) o r t a 1 
 through which the 
 soul passes to the 
 other sphere of 
 existence, when 
 the spirit can no 
 longer remain in its habitation on earth. 
 
 "What the condition is in spirit-life is a matter 
 of conjecture. That it is a place where the 
 extreme of torment is meted out to those who 
 have done evil on earth is the opinion of some. 
 
 <C_^' 
 
 That it is a haven of rest, whatever may have 
 been the faults here, is the belief of others. 
 
 As the decades go by, it is seen, opinions are 
 constantly changing concerning the future life, 
 the disposition being, as the mind becomes 
 enlightened, to take Ijroader views in regard to 
 the greatness and grandeur of the Supreme, thi' 
 belief gradually fastening itself in the mind that 
 death is another birth, ushering the soul into a 
 future existence, that will be happy in proj^or- 
 tion to the good deeds done and the life well- 
 lived on earth. 
 
 Among all peoples the idea prevails, also, 
 that there is a Creator — a Governor of the great 
 universe, and that through prayer the mind may 
 come into a communion with the Supreme and 
 be ennobled and exalted thereby. So thor- 
 oughly is this fact fixed in the human belief, 
 through the organs of veneration and spiritu- 
 ality, as to cause the inhabitants in every part 
 of the world instinctively to worship. 
 
 Numerous are the forms by which the people 
 of different countries engage in their devotions. 
 It is a conceded fact, however, among the most 
 highly civilized, that as the spirituality in the 
 nature needs cultivation, it can best be obtained 
 by having stated times of worship in places 
 set apart for it, the ceremony being conducted 
 by those who are, by mental endowment and 
 spiritual nature, fitted to lead and instruct. 
 
 What have been the phases of religious be- 
 lief at various periods, is shown in the life-work 
 of the difterent religious founders whose histo- 
 ries are found on succeeding pages.
 
 ~i^: 
 
 I'D 
 
 BIOGE.VPIIICAL SKETCH UF MOSES, FOUXDEK OF TUE .IKWISII l.'KMi.H i-\. 
 
 
 .^.^J!...^ !,.^.-^ .■l..ai>-— ^- )_-^" 
 
 
 LEADER OF THE ISRAELITES OUT FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT 
 
 ON ELY 
 
 wastes 
 former 
 
 ruins and desolate 
 mark the seat of a 
 civilization in many 
 
 portions of Egypt. Here flour- 
 ished science and here was 
 fostered art, thousands of 
 years back in ttie history of a 
 race, the evidence of whose 
 greatness is shown in the relics 
 of beautiful sculpture and 
 grand architecture that lie 
 scattered over the country. 
 
 Throughout Southern Asia 
 and Egypt the various systems 
 of religion took root earliest in 
 the history of mankind. Here lived and 
 taught Confucius, in China; here Brahma ^^^^^'^^ 
 and Buddha established their codes of wor- 
 ship in India; here ZoroTister proclaimed 
 his religion in Persia. Here Mohammed 
 grew to power and made the Koran the 
 revealed religion in Arabia. Across from 
 Arabia, in Egypt, on the banks of the Red 
 Sea, Moses became a great religious leader, 
 and near by was the birth-place of Jesus, 
 whose spiritual teaching and example laid 
 the foundation for that grand system of 
 Christianity which has been the guide and 
 beacon light of the highest civilization in 
 the last eighteen centuries. 
 
 The first mention, according to the beet 
 chronological data, of religious worship, 
 dates back to a period 3, 875 years 
 before Christ, when Cain and Abel were 
 offering tlieir sacrifices on the altar. Cain 
 having brought of the fruits of the ground, 
 and Abel of the firstlings of his flock. The 
 writer who made record of the fact was 
 
 Moses, who is supposed to have written the first five books of the Old 
 Testament, and was the founder of the Jewish religion. 
 
 In the tribe of Levi were a husband and wife known as Aniram and 
 Jochabcd. To them a child was born, at a time when, for certain 
 r<;asoiis, the King of f^gypt had commanded the death of every new- 
 born male Israelite. To save her child from death, the mother made 
 H basket that floated like a small boat, in which she placed her infant 
 at ft prtint !)>• the side of the river Nile where hIk: knew the daughter 
 (if I'haranh was in the habitof bathing. In the meantime she secreted 
 her daughter in the reeds near by, to watch the result. As had been 
 anticipated, the princess discovered the child, and l)eing impressed 
 
 with its beauty, she resolved to adopt it. The sister of the infant, 
 who was near at hand, offered to find a nurse for tlie child, which met 
 the favor of the princeijs, and thereupon she brought the mother, who, 
 in the capacity of nurse, became an inmate of the palace, where 
 the child was named Moses. In the court of the King he was 
 educated in a most liberal manner 
 
 WTien about forty years of age he killed an Egyptian officer, whom 
 he saw ill-treating an Israelite; for which offense, in order to save 
 himself, Moses fled into Arabia, where he married the daughter of a 
 priest, settled in Midian, and for forty years followed the pursuit of 
 a shepherd near Mount Sinai. 
 
 During his long residence in Arabia, the condition of the descend- 
 ants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as Israelites, in Egypt, 
 became deplorable, through persecutions of various kinds. Accord- 
 ing to the Biblical account (from which we condense this biography), 
 God appeared to Moses in a burning bush, 
 one day as he cared for his flocks, and 
 commissioned him to return to Egypt and 
 announce himself as authorized to conduct 
 the Israelites from the land where they 
 were enduring so many persecutions into 
 Canaan, a region of the country bordering 
 upon the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 That the people whom Moses proposed 
 to deliver might have no doubt as to his 
 divine authority, the Lord permitted him 
 to perform various miracles in the presence 
 of the people. Of these is related the 
 changing of a rod to a serpent, and from a 
 serpent to a rod again ; the making his hand 
 leprous, and instantly restoring it to health; 
 the drawing of water from a rock by smiting 
 it, and the turning of water into blood. 
 
 The peoi)le were thus made to believe 
 in his power and capacity for leadersliii> nf 
 the emigrants, of whom there were 000, OUO 
 men. beside women and children. 
 
 It is related that, aside from providing 
 themselves with all the jewelry they could obtain, and varictus other 
 kinds of personal effects, the Israelites look with them (m their jour- 
 ney large droves of cattle, whereby food might be obtained; and yet, 
 notwithstanding this provision, there was such scarcity as to make it 
 nec<'ssary thiit the Lord provide manna and other food by which the 
 people could be fed. 
 
 Another miraculous provisicm made for them was that of sending 
 before them on their journey out of Egypt a cloud by day and a pillar 
 of fire by night: while iniother was the opening of the Ked Sea to lei 
 them pass tlirouL'h on dry land, and the C(uuing together of the waters 
 again afler Iheir i)assage, thus drowning the EL'yptians, who were
 
 THE TEACHINttS OF MOSES. 
 
 21 
 
 jmrsniii"^ iind iiiU-ndin;^ to culture ibe Israelites, for the purpose of 
 returning tbem to bondage. 
 
 Thus tbt followers of Moses escaped out of Egypt, but, owing to 
 their m;my tnmsgrfpgions, they were prevented from entering the 
 promised land until the offenders among them had died. Even 
 Moses himsi'lf. from errors committed, was not allowed to enter it, 
 but from Mount Pisgiili he was i>ermitted to see the land of Canaan. 
 
 Retaining bis faculties undimmed to the lust. Moses died when 120 
 years old, and was buried on the confines of Canaan, but at a point 
 which is not known. 
 
 The Jewish Scriptures. 
 
 To Moses is attributed the writing of the first five books of the 
 Bible. The history of the creation of the world, the expulsion of 
 Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden; the account of the flood; 
 the building of the Tower of Babel; the calling of Abraham to be- 
 come the founder of the Jewish nation; the destruction of Sodom and 
 Gomorrah — these events of which Moses wrote occurred from fifteen 
 to twenty-five hundred years before his own birth. 
 
 The progress of the history of the Israelites, which began by God 
 calling Jacob Israel; the selling of Joseph into Egypt; the settlement 
 of Jacob and his family in that country; the rapid increase of the 
 
 Israelites and their enslavement by the Egyptian kings — these evcnte, 
 by his record, occurred at a much later date before his birth. The 
 deliverance of this people from their bondage by God Himself ; the 
 receiving of the ten commandments on Mount Sinai ; the wandering 
 of the peoi>le forty years in the wilderness — these events he wrote of 
 as occurring in his own time. To the writings of Moses the aucient 
 priests added much oral law, legal provisions and traditions. The 
 whole of this, collected into one volume, along with the five books 
 written by Moses — being Genesis, Exodns, Leviticus, Numbers and 
 Deuteronomy — became the Bible of the Jewish people, called the 
 ' 'Talmud. ' ' 
 
 What the Talmud Teaches. 
 
 To Moses and the Tahnud wan ihr < hristian world first indebted for 
 the idea of a Sabbath as a day of rest and spiritual imi>rovement. By 
 him and it was expounded the idea of one God, the Creator and Ruler 
 over all things; and in it was taught the necessity of lifting the 
 tliought above the idol and worshii)ing the one God as a Supreme and 
 All-Pervading Spirit. Unlike the teaching of Christ in its severity 
 and in its advocacy of retaliation for sins committed, it aimed, never- 
 theless, in its code to befriend the poor and unfortunate, and to deal 
 justly by those who observed and obeyed the laws. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM THE TALMUD. 
 
 THE following are some of the command- 
 ments and teachings of the Mosaic 
 law as found in the Talmud: 
 
 In a place where there are no eminent men, 
 endeavur thou to become eminent. 
 
 Be of the disciples of Aaron, lovingr and pur- 
 suing peace; loving mankind and bi'ingingthein 
 to the study of the law. 
 
 If I do not act for myself, who can do it for 
 nie? When I am alone by myself, what am I! 
 If I act not now. when shall I? 
 
 If one has acquired a good name, he has 
 acquired it for himself; if one has acquired a 
 knowledge of the law, he has obtained immortal 
 life. 
 
 He who attends much at school increaseth 
 wisdom ; he who increaseth in reflection 
 increaseth in prudence ; he who exerciseth much 
 charity multiplieth peace. 
 
 He who incnM-.rli In- il.-li imili ii.]i.f h food 
 for worms; he wli" nui It i |il n Ih r uln - i m i riiseth 
 
 care; he whoinri ,-.,-.uii hm.iii' .-i [ >. .mi - im-reajs- 
 eth lewdness; he whi> iiiiiHi|ilifili uun-^t-rvnts 
 increiisecu jobbery , but he who increaseth hi3 
 knowledge of the law incicaseth life. 
 
 He who is ambitions of magnifying his name 
 destroyeth his name, and he who duth not 
 
 increase his knowledge diminishelh it; and he 
 who (ioth not study the law (ieserve.-i death; and 
 who-soever useth for himself the crown of the 
 law will perish. 
 
 Separate not thyself from the congregation; 
 nor have cnnHdence in tlivself until the day of 
 thyiiMth. .(ii.lt,'-- not thy n<it'hli<>riuitil thou art 
 
 I)I,'irf(l ill thr ^iUili' '■ii'ciiiiisliiiiri.'-' : ttilDnV llttfr 
 aiivHiniu'"tiirhi-nir..iMpr.luMi-!l>l.Mn Ilit-hMi.._- 
 that It nftiTward-- may t>i- iiimj>ri-li(inif<l. nor 
 say. When I shall liave U-i.-^ure I will study; for 
 perhaps thou mayest never have the leisure. 
 
 Law of Punishment. 
 
 He that smiteth a man so 
 that he die shall be surely 
 put to death. 
 
 He that smiteth his father 
 or his mother shall be surely 
 put to death. 
 
 He that stealeth a man and 
 selleth him. or if he be found ' 
 in his hand, he shall surely 
 be put to death. 
 
 He that curseth his father or 
 his mother shall surely be put 
 to death. 
 
 Thou shalt give life for lift-, 
 evf for eye. tooth for to.ith. 
 hand for hand, foot for loot, 
 burning for burning, wound 
 for wound, stripe for stripe. 
 
 If men strive together, and 
 one smite another with a 
 stone, or with his fisi. and 
 he tlie not. but keepeth his 
 bed, if he rise again and walk 
 abroad upon his staff, then 
 shall he that smote him he 
 quit; only he shall pay for tht- 
 loss of his time, aiid shall 
 cause him to be thoroughly 
 healed. 
 
 Treatment of the Poor. 
 
 If thou lend money to any 
 of my people that is poor by 
 thee, thou shalt not be to him 
 as a usurer, neither shalt thou 
 lav upon him umuv. If thou 
 at' :ill taki- thy m-mbhoi's 
 raiiin'iit to plrdu'i-. thoii ^halt 
 deliver it iintL> him by that 
 the sungoeth down; lor that 
 is his covering only, it is his 
 raiment for his skin; wherein 
 shall he sleep? 
 
 Selections From the Old Testament Scriptures, 
 
 -^s^ 
 
 THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. 
 
 I. 
 
 W AM the Lord thy God, which have 
 jli brought thee out of the land of 
 ■**■ Egj'pt. outof the house of bondage. 
 Thou Shalt have no other gods before 
 me. 
 
 II. 
 Thou shalt not make unto thee any 
 graven image, or any likeness of any- 
 thing that is in heaven above, or that is 
 in the earth beneath, or that is in the 
 water under the earth; thou shalt not 
 bow down tln>elf to them nor serve 
 them; fori, the Lord thy God. am a 
 iealousG<Hi, vl^itin^Mhe iniquity of the 
 fathers upon th./ rltildi-.'n unto the third 
 and fourth trener^ilion o! th.-in that 
 hate me. and ;-)iewiiii; m.rey uiilo tli..u- 
 sands of them that lo\ e me ajid keej) my 
 commandments. 
 
 Thou shalt not take the name of the 
 Lord thy God in vain : for the Lord will 
 mt hold him guiltless that taketh his 
 name in vain. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it 
 holy. Six days shalt thou labor and do 
 all thy work; but the seventh day is the 
 
 Sabbath of the Lord thy God. In it 
 thou shalt not do any work, thou, mtr 
 thy son. nor thy daughter, thy man- 
 servant, nor thy maid-seiTant, northv 
 cattle, nor thy stranger that is within 
 thy gates: for in six days the Lord made 
 heaven and earth, the sea, and all that 
 in them is. and rested the seventh day; 
 wherefore the Lord blessed the seventh 
 day and hallowed it. 
 
 Honor thy father and thy mother: 
 that thy days may be long upon the land 
 which the Lord thy God giveth thee. 
 V I. 
 Thou shalt not kill. 
 
 VII. 
 Thou shalt not commit adultery. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Thou shalt not steal. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Thou shalt not bear false witness 
 
 against thy neighbor. 
 
 Thou shalt not covet thy neighl>or's 
 house, thou shalt not covet thy neich- 
 bor'swife. norhisman-ser\'ant. nornis 
 maid-ser^'ant. nor his ox, nor his ass, 
 nor anything that is thy neighbor's. 
 
 ifflm^MnnfflH 
 
 Duty of Benevolence. 
 
 And if thy brother he waxen 
 poor and fallen in decay with 
 thee, then thou shalt relieve 
 him; 3'ea, though he be a 
 stranger or a sojourner; that 
 he may live with then. Take 
 thou no usury of him, or 
 ln.■rease^ but fear thy God, 
 ; rhat thy brother may live 
 
 iih thee. Thou shalt not give 
 lum thy money upon usury, 
 nor lend him thy victuals for 
 increase. 
 
 At the end of everj- seven 
 years thou shalt make a 
 release. And this is the man- 
 ner of the release; Every cred- 
 itor that lendeth aught unto 
 his neighbor shall release it; 
 he shall not exact it of his 
 neighbor, or of his brother, 
 because it is called the Lord's 
 release. Of a foreigner thou 
 mayest exactit again, but that 
 which is then with thy brother 
 thine hand shall release, save 
 when there are no poor among 
 you. 
 
 Rewards of Kindness. 
 
 If there be amonir you a poor 
 man of one of thy brethren 
 within aiiv of thv gates in thy 
 land which the Lord thy God 
 givetb thee, thou shaft not 
 harden thine heart, nor shut 
 thine hand from thy poor 
 brother; but thou shalt open 
 thine hand wide unto him, and 
 shalt surely lend lum sufficient 
 for his need in that he want- 
 
 eth Thou shalt surely give 
 
 him. and tliine heart shaJi not 
 be grieved when thou givest 
 unto him. because for this 
 thing the Lord thy God shall 
 bless thee in all thy works and 
 in all that thou puttest thine 
 hand unto 
 
 :C5> —
 
 M-^ 
 
 buddhism; its founder and his history. 
 
 ? 
 
 _1 
 
 ft 
 
 
 Ji.5W!.MW<<.<nn3,5in5nniii>'t!ii),t5,itsxs?t>jJ't!3J»i; 
 
 BUDDHA, 
 
 A Reli^'ious TeaL-ht-r 640 Years Before Christ. 
 
 BUDDHA, 
 
 Founder of the Buddhistic Religion 
 
 ^'W'W^^^^^'WW^W^W^'WW^ 
 
 The Buddhistic and Brahmanistic Beliefs. 
 
 T KAPILAVASTOr. the capital of 
 Central India, Siddharta was born 
 K '■""■^^V "-; /—-? k2>^- ?" about 670 years before Christ. His 
 
 ^\c>'V ..I I A V&^ i-S >:.- father, Couddhodama, was the kin tj 
 of the realm, and his mother, 
 Maya Devi, a very beautiful 
 woman, was the daughter of king 
 StHiprabuddha. Both father and 
 mother of Siddharta were cele- 
 brated — the father for the wisdom 
 of his government, and his mother 
 for her exemplary life and piety. 
 
 His mother dying seven days 
 after his birth, his guardianship 
 was entrusted to a maternal aunt, 
 by whom he was trained with care. As a student in school, he 
 excelled in study, but was much disposed to be absorbed in 
 meditation. Such is the account from ancient writings. 
 
 Having arrived at a suitable u^e. a maiden was selected for him lu 
 marry, named tiopa, but her father, Dandapani. withheld his consent 
 to the marriage until Siddharta should demonstrate his worthiness 
 by talents of a high order. He was compelled, therefore, to enter a 
 contest with five hundred young men, in the various studies, games 
 and exercises at that time esteemed in India. In this examination and 
 exhibition. Siddharta came off victorious in scholastic exercises, 
 knowledge of morals, philosophy, and games of bodily skill, through 
 which fact Gopa became his wife. 
 
 Thougli happily situated, his mind turned constjintly to religienis 
 meditjition. and, feeling that he had a higher duty to perform, he 
 finally left his father's palace, exchanged his garments for those be- 
 fitting one more lowly and humble, and entered upon a study of 
 Brahmanism, which dissenting from, he retired to the wilderness of 
 Ourovilva, where he Hpent six years In austerity, fasting, meditation 
 and prayer, for the purpose of solving the mysteries of life, sin, death, 
 goodness and wisdom. 
 
 At the end of this period of meditation, he felt himself so enlight- 
 ened as to be Buddha, the meaning of which is ' 'Perfect Sage. " 
 
 He was seated, at the time wlien he received his revelation, under 
 a [ig-Iree. n place that Hft<;rwards became greatly celebrated, and was 
 known as BfKlhimnndn. i. e. the "Seat of Intellect." 
 
 Hiover Thsang, a Chinese pilgrim, who visited this locality 633 
 years before Christ, found many monuments erected here, and seven 
 days he spent in worshiping them. 
 
 Feeling the inspiration full upon him. Buddha, then thirty-six years 
 of age, commenced his preaching, first in small places, and afterwards 
 in the city of Benares. 
 
 In the succeeding forty years he traversed all Northern India, preach- 
 ing his system, combating the Brahmans, and making many converts. 
 He lived to see his doctrine generally accepted throughout India. He 
 died when about eighty years of age, 543 years before Christ. 
 
 For 1,600 years the system of religion thus founded by Buddha 
 retained its hold on the people of the country where it was first 
 established, but in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, through much 
 persecution, the last traces of the system disappeared in India. It 
 spread, however, over nearly the whole of Eastern Asia, and became the 
 popular religion of China, Japan. Siam, Anam. Assam, Nepaul. 
 Ceylon, Thibet and the Burman Empire, having about 370,000.000 nf 
 b('li('V(!rs, making the largest number of followers of any religion on 
 earth. 
 
 Brahmanism and Buddhism. 
 
 Before the advent of liuddliit-ui, Brahmanism liad been the religion 
 of India for many centuries, as it is to-day. It has never been traced 
 to any individual as its founder. Brahma being only the name of one 
 of the imaginary gods of the people from which the religion takes its 
 name. 
 
 The book of Brahma was written by Menu, and from its pages is 
 learned that the Brahmans believe in the transmigration of souls 
 through various forms of animal life, perfect blis.s or heaven being 
 attained when we at last become unconscious. 
 
 What Buddhists Believe. 
 
 The doctrines of Buddha are based on the same principles of 
 philosophy as those of Brahmanism. Both believe in transmigration 
 and final unconsciousness. 
 
 Buddha dilTered. however, from I^rahma, in the simplicity of 
 his religious doctrine. He aimed to raise the people above idol wor- 
 ship, and his religion was largely instrumental in dispensing with 
 much harlmric ceremony, bloodshed an<l superstition among the ]>eopIe 
 of his time. 
 
 .h 
 
 ■O^-— ■*-
 
 ,M-e: 
 
 it. I 
 
 THK liUDlJlIISTIC IIKLLS AND HKAVKN. 
 
 His object was to tench man to attain to a pnrc and holy life. He 
 did not. tluTefore. seek to propiiLiate his doctriai.'!- t)y the sword, but 
 engrafted them upon the ri'Iiiiiuus forms and habitH already eetab- 
 lishcd. thus improving the condition of Uic people. 
 
 The Buddhist believes in no creation, but that matter is constantly 
 undergoing change of form; that at death man is immediately horn 
 again, cithtr in some animal, some condition in one of the lower 
 hells, in somt? e.xaltt-d human being, or in one of the upjjcr heavuns, 
 according as his lift- Ua;' been ijood and worthy in the present existence. 
 
 Buddhistic Hells. 
 
 For the punishment of the wicked there are, in the Buddhistic 
 belief, one hundrt-d and thirty-six hells, situated in the interior of 
 the earth. At death, the soul of the sinner will enter the form of a 
 woman, a stone, on inanimate clod, some reptile, or it may pass to 
 
 one of the many hells, which have varying degreee of punishment, 
 the least time in which is ten million years. 
 
 The Buddhistic Heaven. 
 
 As a reward for goodne-s. at d<-ath tin- ^-oul will enter the form of 
 an cxaltt'd man, a blessed spirit, or may become a divinity in one of 
 the many heavens, which have varying degrees of happiness in which 
 the soul may remain for many billions of years. 
 
 While the ignorant Bnddliist often worsliips Buddha himself as an 
 idol, it was not the design of Buddha that he should be so worshiped. 
 The doctrine makes nothing to worship but a gcMjd life. It has no 
 recognition of God, no belief in. and no e.xpectationof. immortality. 
 Heaven is attained, according to the doctrine, when man. having 
 passed through the various forms and conditions assigned him, is 
 at last allowed to rest in an unconscious state. 
 
 Teachings and Precepts of Buddha. 
 
 tHOU Shalt not lie. 
 Thou Shalt not hate. 
 Thou Shalt not calumniate. 
 Thou shall nut speak of injuries. 
 Thou shalt not infringe the laws of 
 chastity. 
 
 Thou shalt not kill even the snuillest eiea- 
 ture. 
 
 Thou shalt not excite quarrels by repeating 
 the words of others. 
 
 Thou shalt not appropriate to thyself what 
 belongs to another. 
 
 As rain breaks throug:h an ill-thatched house, 
 passion will break through an unrelleeting 
 mind. 
 
 Cut out the love of self like an autunin lotos 
 with thy hand. Cherish the love of peace. 
 
 As a solid rock is not shaken by the wind, 
 wise people falter not amidst praise or blame. 
 
 There is no fire like passion, no shark like 
 hatred, no snare like folly, no torrent like 
 greed. 
 
 He whose evil deeds are covered by good deeds 
 brightens up this world like the moon freed from 
 clouds. 
 
 If a man commits a sin, let him not do it 
 again; let him not delight in sin; pain is the 
 outcome of evil. 
 
 If a man does what is good, let him do it 
 again; let him delight In it; happiness is the 
 outcome of good. 
 
 If a man has transgressed one law and spoken 
 lies, and scoffs at another world, there is no evil 
 he will not do. 
 
 Let a man overcome anger with love; let him 
 
 overcome evil with good; let him overcome the 
 greedy by liberality an<l the liar by truth. 
 
 He who holds back rising anger like a rolling 
 chariot, him I call a i-eal driver; other people 
 are but holding the reins. 
 
 The sages who injure nobody, and who 
 always control their bodies, will go to the 
 unchangeable place, where they will suffer no 
 more. 
 
 As the bee collects nectar and departs with- 
 out injuring the flower, or its color or 
 fragrance, so let the sage dwell on earth. 
 
 The virtuous man delights in this world, 
 and he delights in the next. He delights, he 
 rejoices, when he sees the purity of his own 
 work. 
 
 The evil-doer suffers in this world, and he 
 suffers in the next. He suffei-s when he thinks 
 of the evil he has done. He suffers more when 
 going in the evil path. 
 
 Reflection is the path to immortality ; 
 thoughtlessness the path to death. Those who 
 reflect do not die ; those who are thoughtless are 
 as if dead already. 
 
 Let no man think lightly of evil, saying in 
 his heart it will not come over me. Even by 
 the falling of water-drops a water-pot is filled; 
 the fool becomes full of evil, even if he gathei-s 
 it little by little. 
 
 Let no nian think lightly of good, saying in 
 his heart, it will not benefit me. Even by the 
 falling of water-drops a water-pot is fllled; the 
 wise man becomes full of good, even if he 
 gathei-s it little by little. 
 
 Better than sovereignty, better than going to 
 heaven, better than lordship over all worlds, is 
 the reward of the Hrst step in holiness. 
 
 Like a beautiful flower, full of color, but 
 without perfume, are the flne but fruitless 
 
 words of him who does not act accordingly; but 
 like a beautiful flower, full of colf>r and full of 
 perfume, are the fruitful words of him who acts 
 accordingly. 
 
 Not to commit any sin, to do good and to 
 purify one's mind, that is the teaching of the 
 Awakened. Not to blame, not Ut strike; to 
 live restrained under the law; to be moderate 
 in eating, and to dwell on the highest thoughtB, 
 this is the teaching of the Awakened. 
 
 Not in the sky. not in the midst of the sea. 
 not if we enter into the clefts of the mountains. 
 is there known a spot in the whole world 
 when a man might be freed from an e\il deed. 
 Not nakedness, not plaited hair, not diet, not 
 fasting, ncjt lying on the earth, not nibbing 
 with dust, nor sitting motionless, can purify a 
 niortnl Mho has not overcome desires. 
 
 All that we are is the result of what we have 
 thought; it is founded on our thoughts, it is 
 made up of oiir thought-s. If a man speaks or 
 acts with an evil thought, pain follows him as 
 the wheel follows the foot of him who draws 
 the carriage. If a man speaks or acts with a 
 pure thought, happiness follows him like a 
 shallow that never leaves him. Let the wise 
 man guard his thoughts, for they are difficult 
 to perceive, very artful and ru>h wherever tliey 
 list. 
 
 If one man conquer in battle a thousand 
 times a thousand men. and if another conquer 
 himself, he is the greatest of conquerors. One's 
 own self conquered is better than all other 
 people; not even a God could change into 
 defeat the victory of a man who h.is vanquished 
 himself and always lives imder restraint. By 
 one's self the evil is done, by one's self one 
 suffers, by one's self evil is left undone, by one's 
 self one is purified. Purity and impurity 
 belong to one's self; no one can purify another. 
 
 — ,0.'
 
 ■Ji 
 
 THE CHINESE LAW-GIVER. 
 
 "WW 
 
 Sage, and Principal Author of the Chinese Moral Law. 
 
 ^WW 
 
 HE READER who has studied the Chinese 
 character has doubtless been impressed with 
 the fact that through every vicissitude, in 
 whatever part of the world he may be, thou- 
 sands of miles from his native home, the 
 Chinaman will, as far as possible, conform to 
 the habits and customs of his ancestors. 
 However fashionable the dress of the people 
 around him. he is happiest in his loose blouse. 
 Whatever may be the style for the boot or 
 shoe, he is best satisfied with his thick-solcd 
 slipper; and however differently the men of 
 other races may 
 dress tlieir hair, 
 nothing but the 
 most stern nec- 
 essity will cause 
 him to chaugi- the style in which the hair 
 has been worn for hundreds of years in 
 his own country. 
 
 Seldom disposed to originate, but quick 
 and iipt as an imitator, he readily adapts 
 himstflf to circumstances, and through 
 his frugality and industry is usually above 
 the necessity of beggary or want. 
 
 A study of Confuciusand his teachings 
 reveals the fact that the distinctive char- 
 acteristics of the Chinaman are the 
 results of his religious training. 
 
 The Bible of the Chinese is the writings 
 of Confucius. For over two thousand 
 years they have been the supreme law 
 to many millions of the Chinese race, 
 who giitheri'd their spiritual strength and 
 regulated their daily walk by their pre- 
 cepts and instructions. Notwithstand- 
 ing tliiit no claim is made that he was aided by Divine assistance or 
 supernatural power, few religions have exerted so great an 
 influence. 
 
 The wage Confucius, according to the rccordB of the Chinese his- 
 torians, was born flvc hundred and fifty-one years before Christ, and 
 was u direct descendant of an emperor who reigned over China two 
 thoiisnnd yrur- bi-rmr his birth. His fiitlur ilvini,' when he was three 
 
 CONFUCIUS. 
 
 years of age, his guardianship and instruction devolved upon his 
 mother, who, devoting her best efforts to his care, was rewarded by 
 the utmost filial piety on the part of the son, a virtue which the Chi- 
 nese regard among the foremost of the principles of goodness. 
 
 Sent to the public school when seven years of age, he so quickly 
 excelled his comrades in his studies as to greatly honor his teacher, 
 who soon advanced him to the position of assistant. At this young 
 age, the historians tell us. he avoided the noisy sports of his com- 
 panions, and devoted himself to the study of religious rules, which 
 precepts he earnestly endeavored to follow. 
 
 He was appointed to public service when seventeen years of age, 
 but resigned to mourn the death of his mother, which occurred in his 
 twenty- fourth year. 
 
 Having conveyed her remains to the 
 summit of a mountain where was the 
 grave of his father, he went into retire- 
 ment for three years, his only relief being 
 the study of philosophy. 
 
 Becfmiing, in the meantime, acquainted 
 with the precepts of the sages that had 
 lived before his day, and being desirous 
 of teaching, he entered upon this work 
 at the age of thirty. To increase his 
 knowledge he visited neighboring coun- 
 tries, preaching wherever he went. 
 
 Returning to China, he was called in his 
 fiftieth year to the position of Prime Min- 
 ister, an ottice which the intrigues of 
 a neighboring prince soon compelled him 
 to resign. He retired then to pri\ate lift% 
 and devoted the remainder of his years to 
 the recording of his own thoughts, 
 besides collecting the wisdom of others 
 for the beneiit of future generations. 
 
 On one of his journeys abroad, for 
 the purpose of making new researches, 
 news came of the death of his wife, which overwhelmed him with 
 grief. Returning to his home, he announced to his disciples that 
 the days of his life were niunbered, and that the utmost haste 
 would be necessary to enable him to finish his work. 
 
 l'l)on the completion of his writings, which comprise four bonks on 
 governmental and m()ral law, one only of which is claimed as his own. 
 the ollur tlircf rnhl;iining Ilu- law of snr^ bcfort' him, hi- phici-d Ilu-ni 
 
 % 
 
 7^ 
 
 =<m'
 
 >k|:(?- 
 
 TEACIIIMCJS OK CONFUCIUS. 
 
 on iui altar and rfiiderod thanks that his life had hocn spared until he 
 I'ouUl <-oniitli'te his labors. He suhsequcntly. realizing that his death 
 was rapidly approuchin;^, designated the duty that he tlKJUght each of 
 his disciples should perform, and soon after died, at the age of 
 sev<mty-tvvo, honored and mourned by an immense miinber of people. 
 
 In 11)71 it was estimated that there were 11, 000 males of his direct 
 descendants in China bearing his name, Knng-fn-tse, from which the 
 name Confucius is taken. 
 
 In the city of Kiofoohien, which contains his tomb, fonrliflhs of 
 the inhabitants are bis descendants. 
 
 The most magnificent temple in the Empire stands on the site of 
 his residence, and the fact that 370,000,000 of people, or abcmt one- 
 ftnirth of the inhabitants on the face of the earth, are governed 
 socially and politically by the laws which he transmitted to posterity, 
 A\ould make him one of the most successful founders of religion that 
 ever lived. 
 
 A Religion that Makes Imitators, not Originals. 
 
 The religiini cjf Confucius was a religion ()f the pasl. While it is 
 admired for its teachings of filial love, for its gentleness and its high 
 appreciation of goodness and truth, it so thoroughly enforced the 
 duty of obedience to those in authority as to make its followers a race 
 of imitators, instead of a progressive people. The precepts of the 
 religion continually admonish the people to admire the sages of the 
 
 past, to iniilate their examide and to do as they have done. The 
 result is that the people of China have steadily, for the past two 
 thousand years, looked back upon that which had gone before. As a 
 people, they have simply imitated, have stood still and made no 
 advancement. In art, science, agriculture and literature China 
 stands where she stood hundreds of years ago. 
 
 While Confucius evidently acknowledges a Cod. his religion makes 
 no mcTition of the Supreme, but relates principally to the importance 
 of a moral and a correct life. 
 
 The Chinaman is a reflex of the religion of Confucius. Imitative 
 and obedient, he is disposed to respect the laws and obey those in 
 authority. Fully impressed with the idea that his ancestors were 
 possessed of the best information, he adopts the habits of other 
 countries with great reluctance, and being thoroughly imbued with 
 filial respect and love, he longs to have his final resting-place beside 
 the graves of his parents, which privilege Confucius proclaimed as a 
 reward for well-doing. It is not strange, therefore, that the last 
 dying request of the Chinaman should be to be transported to his 
 native country, where he nniy rest beside his friends and relatives in 
 the family burying-ground. A variety of religious beliefs prevails 
 throughout China. Some believe in the transmigration of souls: 
 many believe in a future heaven and hell : some accept Christ, and 
 many regard Mohammed as the prophet. 
 
 
 Precepts from the Chinese Sacred Books. 
 
 .— n— ^^■H-<' 
 
 ^ 
 
 (l-^IIE following are maxims of Confucius, 
 taken from the writings in his sacred 
 books. 
 
 If you err, fear not to reform. 
 
 Have not a friend morally inferior to yourself. 
 
 Have faithfulness and sincerity as first prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 Not to correct our faults is to commit new ones. 
 
 When you have faults, do not fear to abandon 
 them. 
 
 To know that a thing is right and not to do it, is 
 weakness. 
 
 When yon have learned to live well, you will 
 know how to die well. 
 
 Return had treatment with equity, and recom- 
 I)ense kindness with kindness. 
 
 Be rigid to yourself and gentle to others, and 
 you will have no enemies. 
 
 Riches and honoi-s acquired by unrighteousness 
 are. to me, as a lloating cloud. 
 
 He who persecutes a good man makes war 
 against himself and all mankind. 
 
 The love of the perfect man i'^ a universal love; 
 a love whose object is all mankind. 
 
 Give thy superfluities to the poor. Poverty and 
 human miseries are evils, but the bad only resent 
 them. 
 
 It is not enough to know virtue; it is necessary 
 til Inve it—but it is not sufl[icient to love it; it is 
 necessary to possess it. 
 
 Fix thy thoughts on duty: practice without 
 ceasing the virtue of humanity, and if you have 
 leisure, cultivate the arts. 
 
 It is necetisary, after an exact and extensive 
 manner, to know the causes, properties, differ- 
 ences and effects of all things. 
 
 The nature of man is upright. If in the course 
 of his life he loses his natural uprightness, he 
 removes far from him all happiness. 
 
 It is impossible that he who knows not how to 
 govern and reform himself and his family can 
 rightly govern and reform a people. 
 
 Labor to purify thy thoughts; if thy thoughts are 
 not ill. neither will thy actions be so. The wise 
 man has an iuHiiity of pleasures. 
 
 5nr(5-=^?555- <ro;^c?T) ^^'©=*^v>'^d' 
 
 He who exercises govemmf^nt by means of his 
 virtue may be compared to the north polar-star, 
 which keeps its place, and all the stars turn toward 
 it. 
 
 Things that are done it is needless to speak 
 about; things that have had their course it is 
 needless to remonstrate about; things that are 
 just it is needless to blame. 
 
 The good man employs himself only with virtue; 
 the had only with his riches. The first continually 
 thinks upon the good and interest of the state; 
 but the last thinks on what concerns himself. 
 
 Endeavor to imitate the wise, and never dis- 
 courage thyself, how laborious soever it may be; 
 if thou canst arrive at thine end, the happiness 
 thou wilt possess will recompense all thy pain. 
 
 If a i)erson has deviated from the path of integ- 
 rity ami niii.HriH-e, he needs only to excite the 
 goodili.it i-iiiaiTis to make atonement by pains 
 and iiulu^lry. and he will infallibly arrive at the 
 highest .statu of virtue. 
 
 It is necessary to meditate, in particular, on the 
 things we believe we know, and to weigh every- 
 thing by the weight of reason, with all the atten- 
 tiveness of .spirits, and with the utmost exactness 
 whereof we are capable. 
 
 It is the wise man only who is always pleased; 
 virtue renders his spirit quiet, nothing troubles 
 him, nothing disquiets him, because he practices 
 not virtue as a reward; the practice of virtue is 
 the sole recompense he expects. 
 
 When the opportunity of doing a reasonable 
 thing shall offer, make use of it without hesita- 
 tion. If a man, although full of self-love, 
 endeavors to perform good actions, behold him 
 already very near that universal love which urges 
 him to do good to all. 
 
 The defects of parents ought not to be imputed 
 to their children. If a father, by his crimes, 
 render himself unworthy of being promoted to 
 honor, the son ovight not to be excluded, if he do 
 not render himself imworthy. If a man shall be 
 of obscure birth, his birth ought not to be his 
 crimes. 
 
 Do unto another what you would he should do 
 unto you. and do not unto another what you would 
 not should be done unto you. Thou only needest 
 this law alone; it is the foundation and principle 
 of all the rest. We cannot observe the necessary 
 rules of life, if there be wan tine these three 
 
 virtues: (!) Wisdom, which makes us discern 
 good from evil. (2) LTniversal love, which makes 
 us love all men who are virtuous. (3) That 
 resolution which makes ns constantly persevere 
 in the adherence to good, and avei-sion for evil. 
 
 Always remember that thou art a man, that 
 human nature is frail, and that thou mayest 
 easily fall. But, If liappening to f(»rget what thou 
 art. thmi cliaiicfst tu fall, be not discouraged; 
 remciidtir lh;it thmi niay.-sl rise again; that it is 
 in thy [xiw.r t.i br._:ik the bunds which join thee 
 to thy oiliiisi'. and to subdue the obstacles which 
 hinder thee from walking in the paths of virtue. 
 The wise man never hastens, either in his studies 
 or his words; he is sometimes, as it were, mute, 
 but when it concerns him to act and practice 
 virtue, he, as I may say, precipitates all. 
 
 He who in Ids studies wholly applies himself to 
 labor and exeicise. and neglects meditation, loses 
 his tinii'; and he who unly applies himself to 
 nit'ditation and neglects experimental exercise, 
 does oidy wander and lose himself. The first can 
 never know anything exactly, and the last will only 
 pursue shadows. To the niind virtue communi- 
 cates inexpre.ssible beauties and perfections; to 
 the body it prolines lieli^'htful sensations: it 
 affords a iiTtjiin pli> >M-k'iiMrM> . certain transports, 
 certain \vjiy>. a\ hicii inlinilcly jilease. Andasitis 
 the projjcrty of virtue tu Ijcealm the heart, and 
 keep the peace there, so this inward tranquillity 
 and secret joy produces a certain serenity in the 
 countenance; a certain air of goodness, kindness 
 and reason, which attracts the esteem of the 
 whole world. 
 
 There are four rules according to which a 
 perfect man ought to square himself. (1 ) He 
 ought tfl jiractlce. in respect of his father, what 
 he requires from his son. (2) In the service of 
 the state he ought lo show the same fidelity which 
 he demands of those who are under him. (3> He 
 must act. in respect to his elder brother, after the 
 same manner he wouhl that his younger brother 
 should act toward himself, rit He ought to 
 behave liimself tow.'trd his friends as he desires 
 his friends shoidd carry themselves toward him. 
 The perfect man continually acquits himself of 
 these duties, how common soever they may 
 appear. If yon undertake an affair for another, 
 manage and follow it with the same eagerness and 
 fidelity as if it were your own. ,\lways beh;ive 
 ytuirself with tin- same precaution and "discretion 
 as you would do if you were observed by ten eyes 
 and pointeil out hy so many h-iinls. 
 
 d:
 
 26 
 
 ZOKOASTEE, AUTHOR UF THE ZEND AVESTA. 
 
 
 The Sun Worshipers of Persia and their Religion. 
 
 HE tnui'Ier who may 
 sojourn for any time 
 in some of the Asiatic 
 cities is interested as 
 he retires near the 
 close of day from the 
 husy thorouL'hfares to 
 the seaside, or to some 
 elevation, in witness- 
 ing the worship of the 
 declining sun by the 
 Parsees. a remnant of 
 a once great religions 
 body whose Bible is 
 the Zend Avesta, the 
 author of wliich was 
 Zoroaster. 
 
 The exact date at 
 
 whidi this personage 
 
 lived is not known. 
 
 Some authorities place the time of his birth at a period about 400 
 
 years before Christ. Others date it back to a i>eriod before Moses. 
 
 According to tradition, a good spirit appeared to his mother, who 
 
 lived in Bokhara, in Southern Turkey, just before his birth, and 
 
 assured her that she should be protected from the evil spirits that 
 
 were seeking to destroy her child; that he would be a prophet, and the 
 
 world was waiting for him. liecorded accounts make his father to 
 
 have been Pourushaspa, and that the child lived, grew to manhood, 
 and preached under the favor of King Gushtasp, who accepted and 
 favored the general adoption of his doctrines. 
 
 The Zend Avesta, which contains the revealed religion of his 
 followers, represents him as possessed of supernatural endowments, 
 and as receiving from the Supreme Divinity, by personal interview, 
 the truths which his religion teaches. 
 
 From Turkey his influence extended southward until it overspread 
 all Persia, and extended largely into other portions of Asia. Its 
 former influence and strength is shown in the remnants of ancient 
 ruins of temples dedicated to worship, like those of Persepolis in 
 Southern Persia and others. 
 
 The disciples of Zoroaster belie\e that as time ne\er had a begin- 
 ning, it will consequently have no ending; that eternity can be neither 
 created nor destroyed, but it can create and destroy everything, and 
 consequently may be considered the first great cause or creator. 
 
 They believe that originally there were two spirits — good and evil — 
 typified by light and darkness; that the good spirit, God, evolved 
 from the purest light, resides beyond the sun; that the bad spirit, the 
 Devil, was evolved from darkness, is the embodiment of evil, and 
 resides in hell. That these two spirits have always been and will 
 continue to be engaged in a strife for mastery, until light prevails. 
 That God, whom they call Oromasdez, created six other gods to 
 assist him, whose attributes are Benevolence, Wisdom, Truth, 
 Beauty, Order and Health. That the god of darkness created six 
 other gods of opposite attributes to aid him in counteracting the 
 influence of goodness. Their belief is further explained elsewhere. 
 
 TEACHINGS OF ZOROASTER. 
 
 Treat old apre with ureat respept and tcndemesm. 
 Be very scnipuloiiM to ob(«erve the truth in all 
 
 The part'iital inlinl hath w<.wn nyinttcils through 
 the world. 
 
 To refuKC hospitality and not to Huccor the poor 
 are (tins. 
 
 Multiply ilninfHtic unlinalM, nourlHh them, and 
 trt-at thetn KL'nlly. 
 
 Cniilvnti* ihe xoll, drain mai-shes and destroy 
 dnnK^^Tous creatiirCH. 
 
 Ther*; \h no Kreat<--r ci'ime than to buy ffrain and 
 keep It until it bt-cornf!* dt-ar. 
 
 All (foofl thontfhtM, worcN and actions are the 
 proiluetlons of the celestial world. 
 
 There Is soniethintf Inti-lllKlhh- which It bchoovei* 
 thft' to apprehend with the llnwf rof the mind. 
 
 The «fnil Is a brl(fht lire, and by the iiower of 
 the Father remains immortal, and Is mistress of 
 lit.-. 
 
 Avoid evci-j'thintr calculated to injure others. 
 Have no eumpjuiionship with a man who injures 
 his nei({;hb(ir. 
 
 He who sows the (?r<nm(I with dilitrencc ac<iuires 
 a (ji'cater st<K*k of ivIiBTions merit than he could 
 ^aiii by ten thousand prayers in idleness. 
 
 R(! not envious, avaricious, proud, or vain. 
 Envy and jealousy are the work uf evil spirits. 
 Haughty thoughts and thirst for t^old are sins. 
 
 Kvery man who Is pure in Ihouurhts. words and 
 actions will go to celestial regions. Every niaji 
 who Is evil in thoughts, words or actions will go 
 to the place of the wicked. 
 
 T>n not allow thyself to he carried away by 
 auKer. Angry words and scornful looks are sins. 
 To strike a man, or vex him with words. Is a sin. 
 Even the intention t« strike another merits pnidsh- 
 ment. Opposition to peace is a sin. Keply to 
 thtne enemy with gentleness. 
 
 Fornication antl Immodest tookti arc wins. Avoid 
 li.-. lltluii-n.-s. b.-eailH,- it in nhe of the readiest 
 
 means to give evil spirits power over body and 
 soul. Strive, therefore, to keep pure in body and 
 mind, and thus prevent the entrance of evil spirit.s. 
 who are always trying to gain possession of man. 
 To think evil is a .sin. 
 
 Contend cnii-itanllv .Tgninst evil, morallv and 
 phyMriiH\ , iiil«iri,ill\ .irid externally. Strive in 
 
 every " ;iy tn ili ii-li ili.- |ii.wer of .\rlnuines. the 
 
 evil uiic. ami (li-trii\ Ins uiitks. If a man liii» 
 done this he may fearlessly meet death, well 
 assure.l that radiant izeds will lead him across the 
 hnnlnoiis bridge into a paradise of eternal happi- 
 ness. Hut thouifh he has been brave In battle, 
 killed wild be»>ts and I'ought with all maniiei «f 
 external evils, if he has negleetcd t.. cnnil.iit evil 
 within himself, he has ren.son to fear that 
 Arinianesand his [>evs will seize him and eiiriy 
 him to Duzakh, where he will be punished accord- 
 ing to his sins; not to satisfy the vengeance of 
 Ormudz, but because, having connected himself 
 with evil, this in Ihe only means of bet>oniing 
 purilled tluM-efrom, so i\m to be capable of enjoying 
 liap|>iiie>~at a future period.
 
 t>: 
 
 OUTLINE lilOGKAI'illCAL SKETCH OF JKSUS. 
 
 27 
 
 t 
 
 THE 
 
 
 JESUS THE ^HRIST^ 
 
 Bible Account of His Life and Teachings. 
 
 power of the 
 
 shadow thee. " 
 
 tion says further: "She was 
 
 with child of the Holy Ghost 
 
 HE founder of the Christian religion, Jesus 
 Christ, was bom in Bethlehem, in 
 Judea, a region of the country bordering 
 on the East of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 in the year of the world 4004. His 
 mother, Mary, according to Biblical 
 narrative, was betrothed to a carpenter 
 named Joseph, when it was announced 
 to her through an angel : ' ' The Holy 
 Ghost shall come upon thee, and the 
 hall over _ 
 
 Highest 
 The Bible dcscrip- 
 found 
 ^ and 
 
 further, that her husband "knew 
 her not until she had brought forth 
 her first-born son," who was named 
 Jesus. Joseph and Mary, who 
 resided at Nazareth, were stopping 
 temporarily at an inn at Bethlehem, 
 which being full at the time of his 
 hirth, the child was wrapped in 
 swaddling clothes and laid in a 
 manger. 
 
 Shepherds tending their flocks at 
 night had the fact of his birth re- 
 vealed to them by an angel, and they 
 went to Bethlehem to see the child, 
 and three wise men from the East, 
 guided by a star, also came, and fell 
 down and worshiped him. 
 
 Being circumcised on the eighth 
 day, he was brought to the temple in 
 Jerusalem at the expiration of thir- 
 ty-three days. 
 
 King Herod, at that time being 
 in Judea. hearing of the birth of 
 Jesus, and fearing the loss of his 
 throne from the predictions given of 
 the child, sent a bund of robbers to 
 slay all the male children to be found 
 in and about Bethlehem under two years of age, but, being warned 
 by a dream, the parents of Jesus fled into Egypt, where they 
 remained until Herod's death, when they returned to Nazareth, in 
 Palestine, seventy-five miles north of Jerusalem. 
 
 Not much is known of him until he was twelve years of age, when 
 bis parents took him to the annual feast of the Passover at Jerusa- 
 lem, where he astonished the doctors of law by the wisdom of his 
 ciuestinns and answers at that time. 
 
 JESUS, 
 
 Teacher of forfjiveness and love, and founder of the Christian Religion. 
 
 Of his life from thiit period until his thirtieth year nothing is 
 known. It is supposed, however, that he assisted Joseph as a car- 
 penter, improving such opportunity as was presented for reflection 
 and meditation. Alxmt six months previous to the commencement 
 of hi.s ministry, John the Baptist, a cousin of Jesus, proclaimed the 
 coming of Jesus as the i)romised Messiah, and hesonght the people 
 to repent of their sins and accept him. Many repented and were 
 baptized, thus preparing themselves to be his followers. Jesus came 
 soon after and was baptized, at his own request, in the river Jordan. 
 It is said that as he came out from the water, a voice from heaven 
 proclaimed: --This is My beloved 
 Son, in whom I am well pleased." 
 Then followed a fast of forty days 
 in the wilderness; after which he 
 selected his disciples and commenced 
 his preaching. His ministry was 
 remarliable for the many miracles 
 which it is recorded he performed. 
 He cured by a word a nobleman's 
 son lying sick at Capernaum. He 
 changed water to wine to supply the 
 guests at a marriage feast in Galilee. 
 He stilled a tempest on the Sea of 
 Galilee; healed a palsied centurion; 
 raised Lazarus from the dead at 
 Bethany; restored to sight blind Bar- 
 timeus; blighted with a word a 
 barren fig-tree, and fed 5.000 per- 
 sons with five loaves and two small 
 fishes. 
 
 He delivered the memorable Ser- 
 mon on the Mount, and gave the 
 Lord's Prayer as an example to those 
 who are disposed to indulge in 
 long prayers. He drew upon him- 
 self the hostility of the Pharisees 
 for healing the sick at the pool of 
 Bethesda on the Sabbath, and gave 
 offense to the Jews for gathering 
 food also on that day. For these 
 of the forms and ceremonies of the Jews, 
 he claimed to possess divine power, 
 which 
 
 offenses, the overturnin; 
 
 and the hostility aroused becau 
 
 the scribes and Pharisees commenced a system of persecution, 
 
 finally ended in his death. 
 
 At the last feast of the Passover he instituted the Lord's Supper, 
 and at that time announced that one of his disciples would betray 
 him. Afterwards, in the garden of Gethsemane. he prayed with 
 great agony of spirit, and hither came an armed band, with Judas. 

 
 r>- 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 28 
 
 CHILDHOOD HOME OF JESUS. EXTRACTS FROM HIS TEACHINGS. 
 
 one of his disciples, who made Jesus known by kissing him. Refus- 
 ing all offers of assistance. Jesus surrendered himself, and was 
 brought to the court of seventy — the Jewish Sanhedrim — where he 
 was accused before Pontius Pilate, the governor, of blasphemy in 
 claiming to be the Son of God — a fact which Jesus not denying, he 
 was condemned to death, though of any crime Pilate admitted him to 
 be entirely innocent. 
 
 With a crown of thorns placed upon his head, he was led to Cal- 
 vary, outside of Jerusalem, where he was ignominiously crucified 
 between two thieves, among his last words being, when suffering the 
 agony of death on the cross, that tender and compassionate expres- 
 sion — a sentiment that will live and elevate the races in all the years 
 to come: "Father, forgive them, fob they know not what 
 
 THEY DO I"' 
 
 At his death, the Bible narrative says, the sun was darkened, the 
 earth <iuaked, and the veil of the temple was rent in twain. Joseph, 
 one of his disciples, came in the evening and obtained permission to 
 bury his body in a tomb "hewn in stone," from which grave Jesus 
 emerged alive on the third day, made himself known to his followers. 
 
 Extracts from the New 
 Testament. 
 
 GIVE to him that asketh thee, 
 and from him that would bor- 
 row of thee turn not thou 
 away.— Matthtwv. , 42. 
 
 Let your light so shine before 
 men that they may see your good 
 works and glorify your Father 
 which is in heaven. — Matthew 
 V. , 16. 
 
 He that receiveth you (the dis- 
 ciple.sj receiveth Me; and he that 
 receiveth Me receiveth Him that 
 sent Me.— Matthew x., 40. 
 
 Whosoever shall give to drink 
 unto one of these little ones (the 
 disciples) a cup of cold water 
 only in the name of a disciple, 
 verily I say unto you he shall 
 not lose his reward. — Matthew 
 X., 42. 
 
 God sent not His Son into the 
 world to condemn the world, 
 but that the world through Him 
 might be saved.— John iii. , 17. 
 
 For God so loved the world 
 that He gave His only hegotten 
 Son that whosoever believeth in 
 Him should not perish. but have 
 everlasting life.— John iii., 16. 
 
 Ye have heard that it was said 
 by them of old time. Thou .shalt 
 not c'ommit adultery-, but 1 say 
 unto you, that whosoever look- 
 eth i>u a woman to lust after her 
 hath (committed adultery with 
 her alreadv in his heart. — Mat- 
 thew v., 27, 28. 
 
 If ye forgive men their tres- 
 passes, vour Heavenly Father 
 will Hl»o"f«rgive you; but if ye 
 forgive not men their trespa-'^sen, 
 neither will your Father forgive 
 your trespasses.- Matthew vi. , 
 14, 15. 
 
 Judge not that ye be not 
 Judged. For with what Judg- 
 ment ye Judge ye shall be Judged 
 and with what measure ye mete, it shall be mea.s- 
 ured to you again.— Matthew vii., 1. 3. 
 
 Axk. and it shall be given you; seek and ye shall 
 And; knock, and it shall be opened milo you ; for 
 every one that iusketh receiveth. and he tliat seek- 
 eth lln<leth, and to hirn that kncfcketh it shali 
 be opened.— Matthew vii., 7, 8. 
 
 If ye, being evil, know how to give good gifts 
 unto your cliildren. how nuieh more shall your 
 Father which is In heaven give good gifts to them 
 tluitaHk hhuf Thi^refore all things wiiatsoever ye 
 wouh) that men shouhl do unto you, do ye oven so 
 t<> them: for this is the law and the prophets.- 
 Matthew vil. . II. 12. 
 
 Entery** in at the strait gate, for wide isthegate, 
 and broad is the way, that lea<leth to destnurtlon. 
 and many theie he'whieh g.» in thereat, beeause 
 Mtratt Ik the gjite. anrl ninrnw Is the way. which 
 leadeth unto Hfi-.and few there be that Ilnd 11.— 
 Matthew vii. , i:j. II. 
 
 Ye have heard that it hath been said, an eye for 
 an ey.-. iititl a tonOi fur' a tooth ; but I say unt<. you 
 
 NAZARETH, 
 
 In Palestine, Childhood Home of Jesus. The place is called to-day Nasirali. and has 
 a popu'atiouof about 3,000 inhabilants. 
 
 that ye resist not evil, but whosoever shall smite 
 thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. 
 —Matthew v., :«,:!», 
 
 The Lord's Prayer. 
 
 WHKN ye- pray, use not vain repetitions, aa the 
 heathen do; for thev think that they shall be 
 heard for their much speaking. 
 
 Re not ye therefi>re like unto them; for your 
 Father knowetli what things yo have neoci of, 
 before ye ask Him. 
 
 After this manner therefore pray yo: 
 
 Our Father which art In heaven, hallowed be Thy 
 name. 
 
 Thy kingdom come. Thy will lie done in earth, oa 
 it is In heaven. 
 
 Give us this day our daily bread. 
 
 And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our 
 debtors. 
 
 And lead us not Into teniiitallon. but deliver us 
 from evil : For thine Is the kingtloin, and the power, 
 and (h.- gl..rv foievei- Amen, Mi.irhew vl , U 
 
 remained on earth forty days, giving blessings and instructions, and 
 promising to be with those who should believe. 
 
 Taking with him his disciples, he then retired to the Mount of Olives, 
 where, in the act of spreading his hands and blessing them, he was 
 taken up into heaven, and a cloud received him out of their sight. 
 
 The Influence of the Christian Religion. 
 
 Much controversy has existed since the appearance of Christ, as to 
 his miraculous conception, his subversion of the laws of nature to 
 perform miracles, and his alleged divinity. Into that discussion we 
 do not purpose now to enter. It is sufficiently shown, however, by 
 Bible history, that in daily walk, example and precept, Christ was 
 the purest and noblest character that ever appeared on earth. 
 
 His teaching moulded and fixed in the human mind an idea of an 
 Omnipresent, All-wise and Supreme Creator, elevating his followers 
 above idol-worship. He inculcated the law of charity and forgive- 
 ness as no one else had done, and, by his disregard of past observances 
 and forms, he ushered in a progressi/e, advancing theology, which 
 has been, and is. the religion of civiHzati(m. 
 
 ^^^^ Teaching and Precepts of 
 Jesus. 
 
 TAKE heed that ye do not your 
 alms before men. to be "seen 
 of them : otherwise ye have no 
 reward uf your Father which isin 
 
 heaven But when thi>u doest 
 
 alms let not thy left hand know 
 what thy light hand doeth, that 
 thine alms may be in secret ; and 
 thy Father which seeth in secret 
 shall reward thee openly.— Mat- 
 thew vi., 1, 3. 4. 
 
 E\. i> u'.M.d treehringeth forth 
 
 ■-■ ' ' I ml- '"" '■' '■"rruj.'t trre 
 
 Im [N-:' Mi I. .Mil ex il Injlt, A pi.Kl 
 II. ■- , :,,iiiMt l.riiiti-furlh evil fruit; 
 neiili. T r:.ii a ...rrupt tree bring 
 fori 1 1 jri.i.d tnul. Every tree that 
 brim^.ili li.nli not good fniit is 
 hew n down and east into the ftre. 
 Wherefore by their fruits ye 
 shall know them.— Matthew vii. . 
 17-20. 
 
 Whosoevershall e.mfess Me be- 
 fore men him will 1 1■.l^te^^ als.i 
 I>efore My Father \\\\\v\\ is in 
 heaven; bvit whosoever sliall deny 
 Me before men. him will I also 
 deny before Mv Father in heaven. 
 —Matthew x. . 32. 33. 
 
 Think not that I am come to 
 destroj the law or the prophets; 
 I am not come to destroy, but to 
 fulHI. For verily I say unto you, 
 Till heaven and earth pass one Jot 
 or one tittle shall in no-^iseposs 
 from the law till all be fullifled. 
 Whosoevei' therefore shall break 
 one of these least command- 
 ments, and shall teach men so, 
 he shall lie called the least in 
 thekiiiird.iMinl lieav.ii. Imt wh,,- 
 sover -.^LalM.>;llld^ra.■|lllleln,tlle 
 sa^llrvhall U- .■.illr.l tTTval in the 
 kingil.inn.r he;iven— Matthew v. 
 17-19. 
 
 Blessed are the poor in spirit; 
 for theirs is the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 
 Blessed are they that mourn; 
 for they shall be comforted. 
 BU?ssed ai'e the meek ; for they 
 shall inherit the earth. 
 
 Blessed are the merciful; for they shall obtain 
 mercy. 
 
 Blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see 
 God. 
 
 Blessed are the pcacemakei*8; for they sliall be 
 called the children of God. 
 
 Blessed are they. which aiv persecuted for right- 
 eousness' sake; I'or theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 
 
 Blessed are ye when men shall revile you and per- 
 secute you. and shall say all manner or evil against 
 you Ciilsely, for My sake; rejoice and be excelling 
 glad, fnr great Is your reward fn heaven; for so 
 per.seewted they the prophets which were before 
 you,— Matthew v.. 2-12. 
 
 Ye have heard that It hatli been said, thou shalt 
 love tliy neighbor anil hate thine enemy; hut I say 
 unto you, love your enemies, bless them that 
 curse you. do good to them that hate you. and 
 pray for them which ilespltefully use and perse- 
 cute you. -Mailhew v.. 13. U. 
 
 k
 
 HISTORV AND WOKK OF MOHAMMKD. 
 
 29 
 
 X*Xv^ 
 
 I I' j5 p J\ 3v f IT f! 
 
 *B3i^ 
 
 Mohammed, ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 /// ■///l1_^ «- # — ..••■•■■>'r-->'' ;"■■•■, 
 
 ^ v ^iJii^liHiit 1^'.^ V-.' ..■^'. 
 
 THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION AND ITS TEACHINGS. 
 
 ^W^'W 
 
 .k 
 
 ERSIA, Arabia. Syriii, Asia Minor. Egypt, 
 Northern Africa, Asiatic Turkey and Tar- 
 tary, arc included in that portion of the 
 world over which prevails the Moham- 
 medan religion. That an individual could 
 arise in the broad light of history at so late 
 a day, and establish such a wide-spread 
 religion, would indicate him to be a very 
 rcniarkaldc man. Such was Mohammed. 
 The city of his nativity was Mecca, in Arabia, where 
 was born in the year 570. 
 His father, Abdullah, who was 
 a merchant in humble circum- 
 stances, died two months after 
 his birth, and his mother six 
 years later. His guardian- 
 ship was then confided to his 
 grandfather, who died two 
 years afterwards, when he 
 went to live with his uncle, 
 Abu Taleb, with whom he 
 made journeys through Syria 
 and other countries; and with 
 another uncle, named Zobias, 
 he traveled extensively 
 throughout Arabia; during which time he 
 acquired valuable knowledge, which, it may 
 well be supposed, served him in good stead 
 in the later years of his eventful life. 
 
 In his varying fortunes he was at one time 
 a shepherd near Mecca ; subsequently a 
 linen trader, and, a little later, was in the 
 employ of a wealthy widow named Khadijah. 
 whom he married when about twenty-five 
 years of age, she being fifteen years his 
 senior. Through this marriage he had four 
 daughters and two sons, and with his family 
 he passed ten years of peaceful life, the 
 
 love of meditation growing upon him to that extent, however, that at 
 forty he was in the habit of resorting to a solitary cave at Mount 
 Hara, where he gave himself up to religious meditation. It was a 
 time in the history of Arabia when reform was needed. Through 
 tyranny and conquest in the surrounding nations, his country was 
 being made the refuge of the religiously oppressed. Hither came 
 
 and with the varying 
 the inauguration of a 
 
 MOHAMMED, 
 
 Founder of the Mohammedaa Religion 
 
 the Jews, the worshipers of lire anil of idols; 
 beliefs and contentions the time was ripe for 
 reform that should bring order out of chaos. 
 
 In his solitude, Mohammed i,'ave himself >ip to reflection, praying 
 that he might become thi' instrumentality whereby the people should 
 be saved from their idolatries. While he meditated thus he passed 
 into a convulsion, when an angel appeared to him and commanded 
 him to read. In that condition, it is claimed, he saw and read the 
 decrees of God which he afterwards promulgated in the Koran. 
 Having settled in his own mind the fact that he was not under 111.' 
 ccmtrol of an evil spirit, he yielded to Ihr 
 inlliience thus brought t<i bear upon him. anil 
 the communications continued to come to 
 the end of his life, being dictated to Moham- 
 med by persons in attendance. These rev- 
 elations, at the close of his life, were collected, 
 and became the Bible of the Mohammedans, 
 known as the Koran. 
 
 His wife. Khadijah, became his first 
 convert when he commenced preaching: but. 
 aside from his family and immediate friends, 
 the number of his adherents was very small. 
 I'i\e years went by. at the expiration of which 
 lime he announced himself as a prophet, in 
 compliance with a special message. This, 
 however, drew such enmity upon him as in 
 make it necessary for his uncle. Abu Taleb. 
 though not a believer in his mission, to pro- 
 tect him from the violence of the mob. 
 
 Five years later, his uncle and wife both 
 died. As before, varying fortune attended 
 him. He had several times been expelled 
 from Mecca, and at last was compelled sb flee 
 to Medina to save his life, where he was 
 received with all the honors of a king. 
 There he was not only a prophet, but a tem- 
 jKJral ruler also. 
 
 During the succeeding ten years he had 
 several battles with his opponents, but in the end he had not only 
 conquered Mecca, which had been the strongest of his opposition, but 
 his doctrines bad become the generally accepted faith of the country, 
 and his rule was admitted throughout all Arabia. 
 
 Of various pilgrimages which he made to Mecca, his followers that 
 went with him the last time numbered -to. 000. On that occasion he 
 
 i
 
 30 
 
 THE TEACHINGS OF MOHAMMED. 
 
 ascended Mount Arrafel, with this immense concourse of Moslems, 
 exhorted for the last time his people, and blessed them. In this 
 farewell sermon to his cong^regation, having a premonition that he was 
 near his end. though only sixty-three years old, he said: "1 return 
 to Him who sent me. and my last command to you is, that you love, 
 honor and uphold each other: that you exhort each other to faith and 
 constancy in belief, and especially in the performance of pious and 
 charitable deeds. My life has been for your good, and so will be my 
 death. " 
 
 Returning to Medina, he was taken sick three months afterwards, 
 the result of an enfeebled system from poison given him three years 
 before by an enemy. He died in the arms of Ayesha, his favorite 
 wife, in a house adjoining the Mosque; and. in a portion of the 
 Mosque which has been enlarged to cover the spot, his remains lie 
 to this day. 
 
 During the life of Khadijah he had no other wife than her, but 
 after her death, it is claimed, he married twenty. Six died before 
 him ; from five he was divorced, and at his death ten were left widows. 
 
 Mohammed is said to have been a man of middle stature, having a 
 strong beard, thick hair, bright eyes, much fluency of speech, and, 
 though modest in bearing, had great courage. 
 
 Mohammedan writers claim that he possessed the power to have 
 prolonged his life; that the angel Gabriel gave him permission to 
 take life or death; whereupon Mohammed chose death, and by an 
 angel he was thrown into a spasm, which soon terminated in death. 
 Thus ended the life-work of a remarkable man, whose followers 
 to-day number 160.000.000. 
 
 What Mohammedanism Teaches. 
 
 The Mussulman faith teaches that there is but one God. Lord and 
 Governor of the Universe, who produced all things from nothing, 
 who never begot any person whatever, as He Himself was never 
 begotten by another. Lord and Sovereign over all, wc are bound to 
 serve and adore Him only. That we must believe with our hearts and 
 confess with our mouths that Mohammed is the prophet, and that his 
 revealed truth has been transmitted to us through the Koran. That 
 there will be a final resurrection ; that the first who will arise upon earth 
 will be Mohammed; that all will come to judgment, and Mohammed 
 will intercede for the wicked. That those whose actions are good, 
 who believe, and confess a belief, in the one God, in Mohammed and 
 the Koran — these shall have perpetual light in paradise with Moham- 
 med: that wicked disbelievers shall be cast into hell, where they shall 
 endure every possible torment ; but there, even, those who may believe 
 in the one true God, though morally bad and in hell for a time, at 
 the second intercession of Mohammed may finally have their sins 
 washed away. 
 
 To attain to purity and holiness on earth, the Mohammedan faith 
 enjoins various exercises. Perfect cleanliness, frequent prayers, 
 the giving of alms, fasting, and a pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 While many forms and ceremonies are observed by the followers of 
 this religion, the general outline of belief regarding the resurrection, 
 torment in hell and perpetual bliss in heaven, seems to have been 
 borrowed from the Christian faith, Mohammed being regarded as the 
 prophet instead of Christ. 
 
 Sil 
 
 Extracts From the Koran. 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 ¥ 
 
 r OP obligreth no man to do more than he hath an 
 ability to perform; God will cause ease to 
 succel-d hardship. 
 
 It is God who hath created seven heavens 
 and a.s many different stories of the earth; 
 the divine command descendeth between them. 
 
 Hell shall be a place of ambush, a receptacle for 
 the transgressors, who shall remain therein for 
 ages; they shall not taste any refreshments 
 therein, or any drink, except boiling water. 
 
 This is the description of paradise, which is 
 promised to the pious. It i.s watered by rivei-s; its 
 food is perpetual, and its shade also; this shall be 
 the reward ot those who fear God. But the reward 
 of the inHdels shall be hell-tire. 
 
 Unto those wlio do right shall be given an 
 excellent reward in this world, but the dwelling of 
 the next world shall be better; and hai)py shall be 
 the dwelling of the pious— namely gardens of 
 et.-rnal abiMie. into which they shall enter; rivers 
 chilli i\»w Ijcnt-ath the same; therein shall they 
 enjt)y whatever they wish. 
 
 Concerning wine and lots; In both there is 
 great .«in, and also some things of use i;nto men; 
 but their sinfulness is greater than their use. 
 
 The Lord hath commanded that ye show kind- 
 ness unto your parenLs. wlietber the one of them 
 or both of them attain to old age with thee. 
 Wlu-rc'fore KU.V not unto them. Fie on you; 
 nt-ith'i- repioach them, but speak respectfully 
 iMilo them, iind submit to behave humbly toward 
 tliem. out of tender atfection. 
 
 (Jivi- unto hhn who Is of kin to you his due, and 
 ali*o unto the poor ami the traveler. And waste 
 not thy substance profusely, for the profuse are 
 brethren of the devils; and the devil was ungrate- 
 ful to his Lord. 
 
 Verily the Lord will enlarge the store of whom 
 he pleaseth, for He knoweth and regardeth His 
 servants. 
 
 Give full measure when you measure aught; 
 and weigh with a just balance. This will be 
 better, and more easy for determining every 
 man's due. 
 
 Set not up another god with the true God, lest 
 thou sit down in disgrace and destitute. Thy 
 Lord hath commanded that ye worship none 
 beside Him, 
 
 Do thou trust in Him who livethand dieth not, 
 and celebrate His praise who hath created the 
 heavens and the earth, and whatever is between 
 them, in six days. 
 
 The servants of the merciful are those who 
 walk meekly on the earth, and when the igno- 
 rant speak unto tliem, answer, Peace; and who 
 pass the night adoring tlu-ir Lord and standing up 
 to pray unto Him. And uhoi-vcr i-epenteth and 
 doth that which is riglii, \rriiy he tunieth unto 
 God with an acceptable cuuvfisiuu. 
 
 Verily this present life is only a play and a vain 
 amusement : but if ye believe and fear God, He will 
 give you your rewards. 
 
 Consume not your wealth among yourselves in 
 vain; nor present it unto judges, that ye may 
 devour part of nicn'.s substance unjustly, against 
 your own conscience. 
 
 Marry those who are single among you, and such 
 as are honest of vour menscrvanls and yourmaid- 
 scrvaiits; if they he poor, i;od will enrich them of 
 Hi'* .ilmiMhinec, lor (Jod is bounteous and wise. 
 .\ii.l let liiiiM- who llnd not a match keep them- 
 selves from fornication until God shall enrich them 
 of Uis abundance. 
 
 God will render of none effect the works of those 
 who believe not, and who turn away men from 
 thn WMV of God ; but as to those who believe and 
 work righteousness, and believe in the revelation 
 whicli hath been sent down to Mohammed (for it 
 is truth Iroin their Lord), He will expiate their 
 evil deeds from them, and will dispose their heart 
 aright. 
 
 The law of Koran forbids a nmn marrying his 
 father's wife, his mother, daughter, sisteV, aunt, 
 niece, wet-nur.se, foster-sister, mother-in-law and 
 daughter-in-law, or free women who are married, 
 and who are not slaves. If he has not means 
 enough to marry a free woman who is a believer, 
 he may mai'ry those of his niaid-servants who are 
 true believei"s. 
 
 Ye may divorce your wives twice, and then 
 either retain them with humanity, or dismiss 
 
 them with kindness But if the husband divorce 
 
 her a third time she shall not be lawful for iiini 
 again until she marry another liusband. But if 
 he also divorce her, it shall be no crime in them if 
 they return to each other if they think they can 
 observe the ordinances of God. 
 
 O true believci-s. the law of retaliation is 
 ordaiiicd vou for the slain; the fiee shall die for 
 the fn-e. and tin- scrvjint f.-r the >..m viinl. and a 
 woman I'or a wi-niun; biil hv ^Imm bis hrotlu-r 
 Sh.-Ul loigivc may he piosr.-ii1<>ri and Im- ..l.li^red to 
 make ,sati^faL■tiun according to what is jii>l, and a 
 line shall be t<ct on him with hmnanity. And lie 
 who shall transgress after this by killing tlio 
 murderer shall suffer a gi-ievous imnisliment. 
 
 Observe prayer, and give alms, and obey the 
 apostle, that ye may ol)tain nuM-cy. 
 
 Walk not proudly la the land, for thou catist not 
 cleave the earth; neither shalt thou etpial the 
 mountains in stature. 
 
 ■ ^>f 
 
 .;^^^il;K 
 
 :(!L —
 
 HISTOKV AND WOKK OF SVVKDEXBUKy. 
 
 31 ''^' 
 
 Emanusl Swgdsnborg. 
 
 
 ■ft: -)•. 
 
 
 j^^l e o o o o o g^ii^pmaaiiiyij)jiiii{iii;ii>iiiy^^ii i>- 
 
 OOOOQOOO O' Gi o 
 
 Biographical Sketch of the Swedish Seer. 
 
 A LEARNED man and a prophet chosen to 
 iL'Veal liglit from heaven, Emanuel Sweden- 
 liorgmay justly be classed with those who are 
 recognized by a large number of followers as 
 having received spiritual instruction superior 
 to what is given most mortals on earth to 
 know. 
 
 He was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Jan- 
 uary 29, 1688; his father, Bishop of Skarn, 
 in West Gothland, being Jesper Swedborg, 
 hich name, by 
 the ennobling of ^^^^ 
 the family, was 
 
 changed to Swedenborg, in 1719- 
 Carefully educated in the Lutheran 
 
 church, he was remarkable, as a child, 
 
 for spiritual susceptibility, the claim 
 
 being that angels spoke through him. 
 
 Completing his studies at Upsal. he 
 
 spent the following two years in travel 
 
 througb Holland, England and France, 
 
 afterwards settling in Griefswald. in 
 
 Pomerania, and engaged in scientific 
 
 pursuit. He subsequently established 
 
 and published in Sweden, for two years, 
 
 a scientific journal devoted to mathu- 
 
 matics and mechanics; during which 
 
 time he became acquainted with 
 
 Christopher Palhem. an engineer, who 
 
 secured through King Charles XIL his 
 
 appointment as assessor extraordinary 
 
 of the College of Mines. During the 
 
 succeeding years he gave 'attention to 
 
 mining engineering, published various 
 
 works relating to scientitic subjects, 
 
 and was elected to membership in 
 
 academies of science in Stockholm. 
 
 St. Petersburg and Lipsal. In 1745, 
 
 being then fifty-seven years of age. he announced his scientific 
 
 labors finished, and. feeling himself called by God, entered upon the 
 
 work of revealing to men a new system of religious truth, the claim 
 
 being that he was permitted to converse with spirits and angels, and 
 
 could thus clearly reveal the mysteries of the spiritual world. 
 In order to deA'ote himself exclusively to his work, he retired from 
 
 other labor, and commenced his mission by first reading the Christian 
 
 Bible in the original; following which he wrote several books explan- 
 atory of his revelations regarding the Scriptures, which he published 
 
 at his own expense; among them the Arcana Celestia. in eight 
 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, 
 
 large quarto volumes, being a commentary on GenesJB and Exodus, 
 besides accounts of ' wonderful things seen and heard in heaven and 
 hell." These were followed by many other works of a religious 
 character. 
 
 Never married, he was a modest, unassuming man, who never 
 alluded to his spiritual intercourse unless closely questioned; but of 
 his ability to converse with spirits, and thus receive intelligence of 
 distant countries and places, independent of other means of com- 
 munication, his believers had not the slightest doubt. 
 A stroke of apoplexy, on Christmas eve in 1771, deprived him of 
 speecli and lamed one side. In a 
 lethargic state he remained for three 
 weeks, at the end of which he re- 
 covered his speech, when he told his 
 attendants that the angels had kept him 
 company during the time, as usual. 
 He died in London, March 24, 1772, 
 being at the time eighty-four years, 
 eight weeks and five days old. 
 
 Uis lx)dy was deposited in the vault 
 of the Swedish church in Princess' 
 Square, Radcliffe Highway, London, 
 and there it has rested for over a hun- 
 dred years. The revelations which he 
 taught have impressed themselves 
 upon the minds of thousands of be- 
 lievers who make the congregations in 
 the New Jerusalem churches in many 
 parts of the civilized world. 
 
 What Swedenborgianism Teaches. 
 
 The writings of Swcdenborg reveal 
 the fact that a hidden meaning is in 
 the Scriptures, not generally under- 
 stood, which is explained by the law of 
 correspondence between natural and 
 spiritual things. Thus the garden of 
 Eden and what it contained corre- 
 sponds to the human soul, its impulse? 
 and affections. That the disobedience of Adam and Eve symbolizes 
 the departure of mankind at an early period from their original 
 state of innocence. That the New Jerusalem, seen by John 
 descending from God out of heaven, signifies not only the cliief city 
 of Palestine, but the Lord's church, and particularly the religious 
 doctrines by which a person is united into a church. Hence the 
 New Jerusalem church, which is synonymous with a new doctrine of 
 pure truth from the Holy Word, is destined to regenerate the 
 world. The doctrines and belief of the Swedenborgians are outlined 
 on another page. 
 
 % 
 
 lo. — 
 
 K
 
 ^: 
 
 i 
 
 THE MOKMON FKUPHET. 
 
 4^ 
 
 .■'3r TrsT 
 
 
 Joseph Smith. 
 
 J 
 
 -♦— i--.-aJ:5^:r<^'"i— ♦- 
 
 Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Mormonism. 
 
 19JK 
 
 T SHARON. Vt., December 23. 1805. was born 
 Jobeph Sniilh, the subject of this sketch. Wben 
 ten j-ears of aj^e his parents removed to Palmyra, 
 N. Y. .and four years afterwards went to Man- 
 chester, N. Y. . a town sis miles distant, where 
 Joseph spent his time on a farm. With a mind 
 much given to religious contemplation. Smith, 
 then about fourteen years of age, retired to a 
 ■^2j3*-'/-V< grove and earnestly called upon the Lord. While 
 I '^^f^ ^*^"^ engaged in supplicating, he claims to have 
 
 been enrapt in a heavenly vision, when he saw 
 two glorious personages, who exactly resembled 
 each other in features and likeness, surrounded 
 by a brilliant light, which eclipsed the sun at noonday. They 
 assured him that at some future time the fullness of the gospel 
 should be made known unto him. 
 
 On the evening of September 21, 1833, 
 while engaged in prayer, an angel en- 
 compassed by a halo of light appeared 
 to him. and announced that he was 
 chosen to be an instrument in the hands 
 of Ood for the promulgation of a new 
 dispensation. He at that time was 
 told. also, where plates were deposited, 
 on which were engraven an abridgment 
 of the records of the ancient prophets 
 that had existed on the continent. After 
 many visits from the angels, in which 
 he was told of the glory of events that 
 should transpire in the last days, the 
 angel, be further claims, delivered the 
 plates into his hands on the morning of 
 September 22, 1827. 
 
 These plates, he assures us, had the 
 appearance of gold, being in size about 
 six by eight inches, and about the thick- 
 ness of tin. They were filled with 
 engravings in Egyptian characters, and 
 bound together in a volume, as the leaves 
 of a book, with three rings running 
 through the whole, the volume being about six inches thick. With 
 the plates came a pair of spectacles, the glasses in which being 
 transparent were called Urim andThummim; and looking through 
 these he was enabled to translate the engravings on the plates, which 
 related to the early history of America, fnnu itt^ first settlement 
 by a tribe who came from the Tower of Babel at the confusion of 
 languages, to the beginning of the fifth century of the Christian era. 
 The records on the plates confirmed the appearance of Christ on 
 i-arth and His resurrection, and was especially designed to aid In a 
 fuller and more complete understanding of the Bible, and was to be 
 
 iiirorpi. rated with it. 
 
 JOSEPH SMITH, 
 
 Mormon Prophet and Preacher. 
 
 In translating the plates. Smith, with the aid of the Btoue spectacles, 
 seated beside a blanket suspended in the room, to hide profane eyes 
 from looking upon the inscriptions, read the records upon them, 
 while Oliver Cowdery wrote it as Smith read. When completed, this 
 became the Book of Mormon, which found believers in sufficient 
 number to enable Smith's followers to found the Church of the Latter- 
 Day Saints by an organization at Manchester, N. Y. , April 6. 1830. 
 Various opinions exist as to the authenticity of the Mormon 
 scriptures, the plates being carried away by the angel that delivered 
 them. 
 
 The Book of Mormon has the sworn testimony of Oliver Cowdery, 
 who wrote the book into English, that he saw the plates, and to his 
 name is appended the signatures of ten others who affirm that they 
 also saw them. The opponents claim that afterwards, in a quarrel 
 with Smith, some of these witnesses renounced Mormonism and 
 declared that they had sworn false as to 
 seeing the plates. 
 
 It is believed by some that the matter 
 which composes this book was written as 
 a religious novel by an educated man, 
 formerly a clergyman, named Solomon 
 Spalding, who died soon after taking his 
 manuscript to a Pittsburgh printing 
 ofllice. That in this oftice was a man 
 named Sidney Rigdon, a printer, who, 
 attracted by the Oriental and antique 
 style of the composition, copied it, fur- 
 nished it to Smith to read to Cowdery. and 
 thus, with more or less of other com- 
 positi(m intermixed, the matter for 
 the Book of Mormon was obtained. 
 Rigdon afterwards left the printing 
 office, and, associating himself with 
 Smith, engaged in preaching. 
 
 The basis of belief which the Mor- 
 mons, who styled themselves Latter-Day 
 Saints, preached in the beginning was 
 that the millennium was near at hand, 
 and that America, the land of the free, 
 somewhere in the interior of the conti- 
 nent, was to become the New Jerusalem. 
 
 From New York Smith and Rigdon went to Independence, Mo., 
 where they arranged for the erection of a temple. Subsequently 
 they were for some years at Kirtland. Ohio, where they endureil 
 various persecutions, Brigham Young in the meantime joining 
 them there. 
 
 Returning again to Missouri, they were soon comp*'llt'd to leave 
 there and take up settlement in Illinois, where was built up the city 
 of Nauvoo. in which Smith was mayor, president of the church, and 
 commander of a military organization. 
 
 In Jill the nioveuu'uts from one Stale to unolliir. the erection of
 
 ■G^ 
 
 NKW HOKMON TEMI'LE. EXTUACTS KKOM THE MOKMoN lilBLE. 
 
 ■63 
 
 fliiirchi's (ir the (Iciiiii; of miy iinportant work, the same wjis usually 
 done throii^b revi'lulions that came to Smith. In I84.'J, Smith, who 
 then had one wife, received a revelation anthorizin^ polygamy, whicli 
 caused a distit-nwion in the Mormon ranks. In an exposition of 
 Smith and Rij,'rton. sixteen women testified that the^e leaders had 
 made attempts to j^educe them, under the guise of a revelation from 
 heaven. Foster and Lane, who printed this expose, had their 
 jirinting oftice destroyed by the Mormons, and were compelled to flee 
 In Carthage. 111., where they obtained warrants for the arrest of 
 Joseph Smith, Ilyrum Smith (his brother), and several others. 
 
 The Smiths were lodged in jail at Carthage. On the evening of 
 June 37. a mob attacked the jail. In the contest Hyrum Smith was 
 shot and killed in tin- building, and Joseph having emptied the con- 
 tents of his revolver upon the crowd, was shot while attemiJting to 
 escape from a window, and fell to the ground dead. 
 
 Brighiim Young was appointed to the head of the church, and in 
 1848 the Mormons emigrated to Ttah, where, in the ViUley of the 
 Great Salt Lake, they made their homes, and where they laid out and 
 
 built the town of Salt Lake City. In 18rj2. nine years after the 
 revelation to Smith, Brigbam Young afflrmed the revelation 
 authorizing polygamy, which has been a distinctive feature of the 
 Mormcm religion since that time. 
 
 What the Mormons Believe. 
 
 They believe in the one God and Christ the Mediator and Savior, as 
 revealed in the Old and New TesUmients, which, aided by the 
 Book of Mormon, they take as their rule of faith. They believe fur- 
 ther that we have, before being on earth, existed as spirits in other 
 conditions, and that we descend to earth to pass life here as a proba- 
 tionary discipline. They believe in the necessity of faith, repentance, 
 baptism by immersion, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and that 
 those who accept the divine word as revealed in the Bible and the 
 Book of Mormon, and do right, will inherit eternal happiness; that 
 those who disobey must suffer in the next existence. 
 
 Polygamy is justified by them on the ground of necessity for the 
 protection of woman, though forbidden by the Mormon Bible. 
 
 ! 
 
 Estracts from Book of Nephi, 
 
 ^^ii^HE Lull! yivL'tli no conuriiiiui- 
 /fl ineiits untu the (.-hihlrfii nf im-u, 
 I' J I save hv shall prepare a way fur 
 ||il them that they tiiay accomplish 
 Vy the thinyr which he coinmnnd- 
 \ eth. Wherefore let us be faith- 
 ful in keepiiijj: the comiiiaiidinents of 
 the Lord.— 1 Nephi iii., 7. 16. 
 
 The Lord slayeth the wicked to bring 
 forth his li^'hteuus purposes- It is 
 better that one man should perish than 
 that a nation should dwindle and 
 perish In unbelief. — 1 Nephi iv. . 13. 
 
 The Lord is able to do all thinps, 
 according to his will, for the children 
 of men, if it so be that they exercise 
 faith in him. Wherefore let us be 
 faithful unto him.— 1 Nephi vii., 12. 
 
 Remember. O man. for all thy doings 
 thim shalt be brought into judgment. 
 Wherefore if ye have sought to do 
 wickedly in the days of your proba- 
 tion, then ye are found unclean before 
 the judgment seat of God; and no 
 unclean thing can dwell with God. 
 Wherefore ye must be cast oti forever. 
 —1 Nephi X., 20, 21. 
 
 Whoso would hearken unto the word 
 of God, jind would hold fast unto it, 
 tliey would never perish; neither could 
 the temptations and the tiery darts of 
 tJie advei-sary overpower them unto 
 blindnets, to lead them away to de- 
 struction.— 1 Nephi XV., 2i. 
 
 Behold, the Lord hath created the 
 earth that it should be inhabited; and 
 he hath created his children that they 
 should p.>SiHs:s it. And he raiseth up 
 a j'ightf.iiis n.iti.ii), and destroveth the 
 nation.- ..f tlif \\ iekcd. And heleadeth 
 away the rii-'htcous into precious 
 lands.and tlie wicked he destruyeth and 
 curseth the land unto them for their 
 sakes. And he loveth those who will 
 have him to be their God.— 1 Nephi svii., 36-36, 40. 
 
 The time speedily shall come that all churches 
 which are built up to get gain, to get power over 
 the rtesh, to become popular in the eyes of the 
 world, who seek the lusts of the flesh and the 
 things of the world, and to do all manner of 
 iniiiuity . yea. in fine, all those who belong to the 
 kingdom of the devil, are those who need fear, 
 and tremble, and quake; they are those who must 
 
 Ne^w Mormon Temple. Salt Lake City, Utah. 
 
 be lirought low in the dust; they are those who 
 must be consumed as stubble. — 1 Nephi xxii., 23. 
 
 The Messiali Cometh in the fullness of time, that 
 he may redeem the children of men from the fall. 
 And because that they are redeemed from the 
 fall, they have become free forever— knowing 
 good from evil — to act for themselves. — 2 Nephi 
 ii. , 26. 
 
 O the vainness, and the frailties, and the fool- 
 
 Extracts from Book of Kepbi, 
 
 MoIlM'iN mul.K. 
 
 IshnesB of men ! When they are 
 learned they think they are wise, and 
 they hearken not unto the counsel of 
 God, for they set it a»ide, supposing 
 tlicy know of themselves, wherefore 
 their wisdom is foolishness, and It 
 proflteth them not ; and ihey -shall per- 
 ish. But to be learned is good, if they 
 hearken unto the counsels of God.— 
 2 Nephi ix., 28, 29. 
 
 Who are cursed: 
 
 The rich, who are rich as to the 
 things of the world; because they are 
 rich they despise the poor, and they 
 persecute the meek, and their hearts 
 are up»jn their treasures; wherefore 
 their treasure is their god, and behold, 
 their treasure shall perish with them 
 also. The deaf, thai will n<>t hear, for 
 they shall perish. The blind, that 
 will not see; for they shall pensh 
 also. The uncircumcised of heart; 
 for a knowledge of their iniquities shall 
 smite them at the last day. The 
 liar; tfir he shall be thrust down to 
 hell. The murderer, who deliberately 
 killeth: for he shall die. Those who 
 c'inimit whoredoms; for they shall be 
 thnisi down to hell. Those that wor- 
 ?liip idols; for the devil of all devils 
 dclighteth in them. In fine, all those 
 who die in their sins; for they shall 
 return to God and behold his face, 
 and lemain in their sins. —2 Nephi ix. , 
 30, 31. 
 
 The Lord doeth that which is good 
 among the children of men: and he 
 doeth nothing save it be plain unto the 
 children of men; and he inviteth 
 tliein all to come unto him. and par- 
 take of his goodness; he denieth none 
 who conte unto him, black and white, 
 bond and free, male and female; and 
 all are alike unto God, both Jew and 
 2 Nephi xxvi., 33. 
 
 Behold the Lamanites. your brethren (whom ye 
 hate, because of their filthiuess and the cursings 
 which have come u[K>a their skins), are more 
 righteous than you; for they have not forgotten 
 the commandment of the Lord, which was given 
 unto our fathers, that they should have, save it 
 were one wife: and concubines they should have 
 none. — Book of Jacob iii. , 5. 
 
 Gentile.- 
 
 &:^ 

 
 r>- 
 
 3i 
 
 SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR OF NATUEE S DIVINE REVELATIONS. 
 
 Andrew Jackson Davis.1 *-f 
 
 PROUIKENT REPRESENTATIVE DF MODERN SPIRITISM. 
 
 N THE YEAR 1843, Professor Grimes, a 
 phrenologist and lecturer on magnetism, 
 gave an exhibition of his powers as a mes- 
 merist in one of the public halls in Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y. Attention thus directed to 
 the subject caused a citizen in the town, 
 Mr. William Livingston, to experiment 
 upon a boy, an apprentice in a boot and 
 shoe store, whom he chanced to meet there, 
 with a view to determining the truth or 
 falsity of that which was claimed as a science. The boy 
 thus selected for trial by Livingston was Andrew Jack- 
 son Davis. He was then sixteen years old, slight in 
 frame, delicate in constitution, honest, inexperienced and 
 uneducated. Born in Blooming Grove, Orange county, 
 N. Y. , in 1826, young Davis had with his parents been a 
 resident of several places prior to coming to Poughkeepsie, 
 mostly in rural neighborhoods, 
 where his father, who was a 
 shoemaker in very humble cir- 
 cumstances, in turn worked 
 at weaving, shoemaking, and 
 by the day for various farmers. 
 The mother of Davis, a woman of deli- 
 cate constitution, possessed the gift of 
 second sight, which enabled her to detail 
 where lost things about their premises 
 might be found; to see sights, and hear 
 sounds, in which condition she exhibited 
 an abstractic)n of mipd that made her 
 oblivious to things about her. From her 
 the son inherited an extreme susceptibility 
 of impression, through which, it is stated, 
 he often heard music in the air, when 
 in the fields, and words addressed to him 
 from an unseen source. 
 
 On the occasion of the first experiment 
 by Livingston, Davis went from the mes- 
 meric into the clairvoyant c(mdition, in 
 which, while blindfolded, he minutely told 
 the time by holding a watch to hi.-* forehead, 
 read a newspaper, tfjid the ailments of 
 those present and described various articles presented for examination. 
 On the evening of January 1, 1844, he passed into the third 
 magnetic condition, in which he claimed he could see the internal 
 organs of each person in the room, could see the interior of other 
 houses and their inmates, and sec the entire city; that on this 
 occHHion, for the first, bis mind went out and away, thousands of 
 mihrs. and nature revealed itself as it could not be seen with mortal 
 • yen; that every object, from a grain of salt to the loftient mountain, 
 lind each an atmosphere of its own. Thus the flower, the blade of 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON DAVIS. 
 
 DlatlnguisliuJ Autliuc, I'liiloauphcr, Spirilualiat &ntl Sncr. 
 
 grass, the tendril, the leaf, the nafleral — all had an atmosphere with 
 a color distinctly its own. This emanation encircling some species 
 of vegetation seemed from four inches to eight feet in diameter. 
 Each animal had also a sphere about it. At this time, as contin- 
 ually afterwards, was revealed to him the law of sympathy by which 
 everything in nature exists, the position of minerals in the earth, the 
 dependence one upon the other of earth, trees, vegetation, animals, 
 human beings, and of the sun. moon and stars in the heavens. 
 
 On the evening of March 0, 1844. he went, in company with Mr. 
 Livingston, to a residence in Poughkeepsie, to make a clairvoyant 
 examination of a patient, on which occasion the somnambulic condi- 
 tion remained so firmly fastened upon him after he left the house and 
 parted company with Livingston, as to cause him to walk along the 
 banks of the Hudson to Catskill, a distance of forty miles from Pough- 
 keepsie. Restored to consciousness at the end of his journey, he 
 obtained food, and being directed as to his way back, was a portion of 
 the time again in the clairvoyant condition on his return. Many 
 singular visions, it is related, appeared to 
 him during this journey, which he was 
 compelled to make by an unseen power. 
 
 At that time he claims to have conversed 
 with invisible beings, who gave him in- 
 structions as to the position he should 
 occupy as a teacher. During the suc- 
 ceeding year he was engaged with Mr. 
 Livingston in giving diagnoses of disease 
 and prescriptions to the sick, hundreds of 
 the alUicted crowding their rooms. 
 
 Within this time Davis developed other 
 powers of a philosophical character, and, 
 severing his connection with Livingston, 
 he went with Dr. S. S. Lyon, of Bridge- 
 l)ort, Conn., to New York city, in the fall 
 of 1845, to deliver a series of private 
 lectures in the clairvoyant condition, the 
 Rev. William Fishbough. of New Haven, 
 Conn., being chosen to transcribe the rev- 
 elati()ns. 
 
 lu a room at No. 9d Greene street. 
 New York, on the 38th of November, 
 1845, there sat young Davis, Dr. Lytm, 
 Mr. Fishbough and three witnesses, among 
 them being Dr. T. Lea Smith. Only a few had been invited to 
 witness the exhibition. 
 
 When all was in readiness, with Mr. Fishbough at the tal»le. Davis, 
 in a clairvoyant state, with closed eyes, after a little time of still- 
 ness, slowly remarked: "This night I reach my superior condition." 
 Then began the first part of that series of discourses which after- 
 wards appeared as "Nature's Divine Revelations," a scientific, 
 metaphysical work which attracted much attention at the time because 
 of the rationalistic views advanced. More especially was the work
 
 TIIK I'AS.SACiK OK A KiiUL FROM EARTH-LIKE INTO SI'IKIT EXI!5TE>X'E. 
 
 60 
 
 njiarded very rcmjirkablL' as coming in such a inannLT from an ilUter- 
 atf, niu'dticated .vcmlli, twenty-one years of age. 
 
 Davis. Fishliongh and Lynn remained in New York two years, the 
 clairvoyant giving medical prui^cripticms during a portion of eacli day, 
 and at other times dictating what was to be written. During the 
 time on one occasion, having discovered from u clairvoyant exami- 
 nation, that a certain lady patient would die of a cancer at a given 
 time, he repaired to her residence at the period designated to witness 
 tlie departure of the spirit from the body — a dissolution termed 
 dcjith. 
 
 The birth of this woman into the spirit-world Davis very minutely 
 described. As her body lay motionless, with weeping friends 
 around it, he passed into the superior condition, and in an adjoining 
 room he beheld first a bright light, as the extremities of the body 
 grew cold, begin to gather itself above her head. Gradually this 
 light grew larger, then the woman herself began to appear, first her 
 head and then her body being developed, until, as life became 
 extinct in the body, she stood as a spirit in the freshness of mature 
 life above the inanimate frame in which she had lived. 
 
 She hovered in spirit form a brief time among her friends, who 
 mourned her as dead, took a brief survey of those who did not 
 realize that she stood in life beside them, gave a farewell look at her 
 
 What Spiritualists Believe. 
 
 HAT man has a spiritual nature as well as a 
 (■■•rporal; in other woi-ds. that the real man 
 IS a spirit, whieh spirit has an organized 
 form composed of spiritual substance, with 
 parts and organs corresponding to those of 
 I the corporeal body. 
 That man, a« a spirit, is immortal, and has 
 contimifi! idriitity, Rtiiik' fuiinil to survive that 
 chant.''' I Mllftl |'li> sirnl lii-ath, it iiia>' be reasonably 
 sui>pi>^e<l that lie will survive all future vicissi- 
 tudes. 
 
 That there is a spirit-world, with its substan- 
 tial realities, objective as well as subjective. 
 
 That the process of physical death in no way 
 essentially transforms the mental constitution, or 
 the moral character of those who experience it. 
 
 That happiness or suffering in the spirit-world, 
 as in this, depends not on arbitrary decree, or 
 special provisions, but on character, aspirations 
 and degree of harmonization, or of personal con- 
 fornnty to universal and divine law. 
 
 Hence, that the experiences and attainments of 
 this life lay the foundation on which the next 
 commences. 
 
 That since growth is the law of the human being 
 in till-' pri-.iiit life; and since the process called 
 death IS ill t:iii but a birth into another condition 
 of life, retaining ail the advantages gained in the 
 experiences of this life, it may be inferred that 
 growth, development, or progression, is the end- 
 less destiny of the human spirit. 
 
 That the spirit-world is near or around, and 
 interljlended with our present state of existence; 
 and hence that we are constantly under the cog- 
 nizance and influence of spiritual beings. 
 
 That as individuals are passing from the earthly 
 to the spirit-world in all stages of mental and 
 moral growth, that world includes all grades of 
 character from the lowest to the highest. 
 
 That since happiness and misery depend on 
 internal states rather than on external surround- 
 ings, there must be as many grades of each in the 
 spirit-world as there are shades of character — 
 each gravitating to his own place by the natural 
 law of affinity. 
 
 That communications from the spirit-world, 
 whether by mental impresaion. inspiration, or any 
 other mode of transmission, are not necessarily 
 infallible truths, but, on the contrar>', partake 
 unavoidably of the imperfections of the inind from 
 which they emanate, and of the channels through 
 which they come, and are. moreover, liable to 
 misinterpretation by those to whom they are 
 addressed. 
 
 Hence, that no inspired communication, in this 
 or any past age (whatever claims may be or 
 have been set up as to its source), is authorita- 
 tive, any further than it expresses truth to the 
 individual consciousness; which lost is the final 
 standard to which all inspired or spiritual teach- 
 ings must be brought for test. 
 
 That inspiration, or the influx of ideas and 
 promptings from the spirit-world, is not a miracle 
 
 The Writings of A. J. Davis. 
 
 Although Mr. Davis attended school 
 but a few months, in which he mastered 
 only the barest rudiments of writing, 
 spelling and reading, he has become a 
 well known lecturer and an author of 
 many books treating upon the philosoj)hy 
 of Life. Death and the Hereafter. With 
 such limited opportunity for educational 
 advancement in the schools, and in his 
 early home, his present intellectual en- 
 dowment is very remarkable. His friends 
 claim it to be the result of direct spirit 
 assistance. The books claiming his 
 authorship are named as follows: 
 
 Nature's Divine Revelations. 
 
 The Physician. Vol. I. Gt. Harmonia. 
 
 The Teacher. Vol. II. Gt. Harmonia. 
 
 The Seer. Vol. HI. Gt. Harmonia. 
 
 The Reformer. Vol. IV. Gt. Harmonia. 
 
 The Thinker. Vol. V. Gt. Harmonia. 
 
 Magic Staff — An Autobiography of A. J. Davis. 
 
 A Stellar Key to the Summer-Land. 
 
 I'Ukl 
 
 <n- l>i 
 
 ■St. 
 
 Tiiith vs. Theologj-. 
 curring Questions from the 
 
 Appr-arhm^M 
 Answers tu Ev 
 
 People. 
 Children's Progi*essive Lyceum Manual. 
 Death and the After-Life. 
 History and Philosophy of Evil. 
 Harbinger of Health. 
 
 Harmunial Man. or Thoughts for the Age. 
 Events in the Life of a Seer. (Memoranda). 
 Philosophy of Special Providence. 
 Free Thoughts <'i.iicernint: Religion. 
 Peneti'alia, Containing' Hannonial Answers. 
 Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse. 
 The Inner Life, or Spirit Mysteries Explained. 
 The Temple — on Diseases of Brain and Nerves. 
 "The Fountain, with Jets of New Meanings. 
 Tale of a Physician, or Seeds and Fruits of 
 
 Crime. 
 Genesis and Ethics of Conjugal Love. 
 Diakka. and their Earthly Victims. 
 .Views of Our Heavenly Home. 
 
 of a past age, but a perpetual fact, the ceaseless 
 method of the divine economy for human eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 That all angelic and demoniac beings whieh 
 have manifested themselves, or interposed in hu- 
 man affairs in the past, were simply disembodied 
 human spirits, or beings of like character and 
 origin, in different grades of advancement. 
 
 That all authentic miracles (so called) in the 
 past, such as the raising of the apparently dead, 
 the healing of the sick by the laying-on of hands 
 or other simple means, the power over deadly 
 poisons, the movement of physical objects without 
 visible instrumentality, etc.. have been produced 
 in harmony with uiiiversnl laws, and hence may 
 be repeated at any time under suitable cunditions. 
 
 former h<jme of clay, then passed through an open window, joined 
 other spirit friends, and passed heavenwards out of sight. 
 
 Two years went by. The lectures being comi>leted, the clairvoyant 
 power gradually diminished, and Davis no longer submitted to the 
 magnetic manifestations. He has written several bm»ke since then, 
 but, his friends claim, none containing greater wisdom than that 
 entitled ''Nature's Divine Revelations." He subsequently trav- 
 eled extensively throughout the country, engaged in lecturing. Mr. 
 Davis has been twice married, and of late years ha» resided at 
 Orange, New Jersey. 
 
 In 1848 the so-called spirit-rappings made their appearance at 
 Rochester, N. Y. , and at other points. These were followed by 
 various other physical manifestations, which to skeptics have never 
 been entirely satisfactorily accounted for. Spiritualists believe that 
 these demonstrations are made by spirit-power, and that the revela- 
 tions of Davis came also through the agency of departed spirits once 
 on earth. 
 
 The adherents of this belief have multiplied so rapidly that they 
 now number, it is estimated, some ten millions of believers. At 
 their fifth annual convention, held at Rochester, X. Y., 1808, the 
 Spiritualists of America formed themselves into an association, and 
 announced and adopted the following as their basis of faith: 
 
 Here and the Hereafter. 
 
 That the causes of all phenomena— the sources 
 of all power, life and intelligence— are to be sought 
 for in the internal or bpirituai realm, not in the 
 external or material. 
 
 That the chain of causation, traced backwards 
 from what we see in nature and In man. lead.s 
 inevitably to a Creative spirit, who nmst l>e not 
 only a faiint of life i [uvi't. but a farming principle 
 (wisdom)— thus sustaining the dual parental rela- 
 tions of father and mother to all individualized 
 intelligences, who consequently are all brethren. 
 
 That man. as the offspring of this Infinite Par- 
 ent, is in some .sense his image or finite 
 embodiment; and that, by virtue of this parent- 
 age, each human being is. or has in his inmost 
 nature, a germ of divinity— an incorruptible off- 
 shoot of the divine essence, which is ever prompt- 
 ing to good and right. 
 
 That all evil in man is in harmony with this 
 divine principle; and hence whatever prompts 
 and aids man to biing his external nature into 
 subjection to and in harmony with, the divine in 
 him— in whatever religious system or formula it 
 may be embodied— is a "means of salvation" 
 from evil. 
 
 That the hearty and intelligent conviction of 
 these truths, with a realization of spirit-communi- 
 cation, tends: (11 To enkindle lofty desires and 
 spiritual aspirations, an effect opposite to that 
 of materialism, which limits existence to the 
 present life. t2t To deliver from painful fears of 
 death, and dread of imaginary evils consequent 
 thereupon, as well as to prevent inordinate sorrow 
 and mourning for deceased friends. (3) To give 
 a rational and inviting (■.iruei)tion of the after- 
 life to those who us.; Die lUe^-nt worthily, (ii To 
 stimulate to the liit,'lie>I pn-vjhle uses of 'the pres- 
 ent life, in view uf \x> relation.-- to the future, loj 
 To energize the soul in all that is good and elevat- 
 ing, and to restrain from all that is evil and 
 impure. This must result, according to the laws 
 of moral inrtuence. from a knowledge of the con- 
 stant pressure or cognizance of the loved and 
 pure. <C> To promote our earnest endeavors, by 
 purity of life, by unselfishness, and by loftiness 
 of aspiration, to live constantly en r(i/>por( with 
 the higher conditions of spirit life and thought. 
 (7i To stimulate the mind to the largest investiga- 
 tion and the freest thought on all subjects, 
 especially on the vital themes of spiritual philos- 
 ophy and duty, that we may be qualified to judge 
 for ourselves what is right and true. <8) To deliver 
 from all bondage to authority, whether vested in 
 creed, book, or church, except that of received 
 truth. (9) To cultivate self-reliance and careful 
 investigation by taking away the support of 
 authorities, and leaving each mind to exercise its 
 own truth-determining powers. (10) To quicken 
 all philanthropic impulses, stimulating to enlight- 
 ened and unselfish labors for universal human 
 good, under the encouraging assurance that the 
 redeemed and exalted spirits of our race, instead 
 of retiring to idle away an eternity of inglorious 
 ease, are encompassing us about as a great cloud 
 of witnesses, inspiring us to the work, and aiding 
 it forward to a certain and glorious issue.
 
 36 
 
 HISTOEY AXD WuRK OF THE JEWISH CHURCH. 
 
 gV .'-^ 
 
 Heligious Denominations. 
 
 J^^"^^ 
 
 W^"^^^^ 
 
 History, Government and Beliefs of Varioys Cliurcli Organizations. 
 
 ORIGIN OF VARIOUS FORMS OF WORSHIP. 
 
 IIATEVER may be the 
 nationality of individ- 
 uals, or whatever may 
 he the religion to 
 which they have been 
 born or educated — whether Bud- 
 dhistic, Mohammedan, Christian or 
 Barbaric, it will be found, if 
 religionists at all, that each has 
 his or her peculiar ideas of the 
 means by which a worship shall be 
 conducted. 
 
 ^Vbile no two minds, probably, ever exactly agree concerning 
 human destiny any more than two faces ever look exactly alike, yet, 
 in every community there will generally be a certain number that 
 will nearly enough agree in religious opinion to form an organiza- 
 tion. If this organization lives, retains its individuality, and has 
 peculiarities of belief and government distinctly its own, it becomes 
 a denomination. 
 
 Among the believers in the Christian religion there have been 
 and are at the present time many different grades of opinion. Tliere 
 are, in all, over one thousand different religions. The history of 
 several of the most prominent of the religious orgauLzations and be- 
 liefs will be found in the succeeding pages relating to deno-minations. 
 
 Af te r the 
 death of Moses 
 Joshua, his 
 chosen succes- 
 
 r. conducted 
 
 •^ ^~<Jj\ KTO Israel into Pal- 
 
 ^^■—^ ^""^ promised land. 
 
 where Ihey subdiiud 7nn-t of the heathen na- 
 tions and rlivided thi* country among them- 
 selves. Their history, as recorded in sacred 
 writ, shows that they tired of the Theoc- 
 racy, or (iod government, and the judicial 
 system under which they had lived, and de- 
 sired a monarchal form of government. 
 Saul, the sonof Kish. was chosen for the first 
 sovereign, and with varied fortunes and under 
 various kings, sometimes relapsing into 
 idolatry, and again returning to obedience 
 to(;od; Mometimes attaining extreme pros- 
 jierity, and a^'ain falling into degradation, 
 they retained possession of their inheritance. 
 until Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, 
 destroyed the Jewish nation and curried its 
 InhabltflntH into captivity, about the year of 
 the world .341*), or about ;JH8 years after the 
 rebellion which separated the ten tribes froui 
 that of Judea. They were retained in captiv- 
 ity in Babylon for Heventy yearH. butreleased 
 by Cyrus. Most of them then relumed to 
 Palestine, rebuilt the city and temple at Je- 
 rusalem, and renewed their covenant with 
 God. btif many retnaincd In Babyloti. About 
 
 HISTORY OF THE JEWISH RELIGION 
 
 A. M. 3653 the King of Persia ravaged part 
 of Judea. and carried away a great number of 
 prisoners. About thirty years afterwards, and 
 also eight years later. Ptolemy, King of Egypt, 
 carried tens of thousands of the Jews into 
 Egypt, using them kindly. Thirty new cities 
 in Asia were also settled with Jews, by Selen- 
 cus Nicalor. About A. M. 3834 Antiochus 
 Epiphanes forced his way to Jerusalem and 
 murdered 40.000 Jews. Two years after- 
 wards his ti<iops pillaged the citiesof Judea, 
 murdered multitudes of men and carried (iff 
 10, 000 women and children prisomrrs; the holy 
 temple at Jerusalem was devoted to the wor- 
 ship of a Grecian idol, and the Jews were 
 exposed to the basest treatment. About A. M. 
 3840 the city and temple of Jerusalem were 
 regained and repaired by Nicanor. For thirty 
 years more the country was ravaged, del- 
 uged in blood, and desolated by various natlims 
 and civil broils, and for twenty-four years 
 was oppressed by Herod the Great, who at 
 length assumed the government. Twenty 
 years before the birth of Christ he rebuilt 
 wilhgreat splendor the Jewish temple ut Je- 
 rusalem. Ab()ut A. M. 4004 <'bri«t wjisborii. 
 only to l)e rejected as the pnunised Messiah 
 by the Jews, who crucified iiiiii. About the 
 year 70 after Christ Jerusalem was des- 
 troyed by Titus, the Rtmian (ieneral, and in 
 that catastrophe about 1.100.000 Jews per- 
 ished. Since then the remainder and their 
 descendants have been scattered, persecuted, 
 slain and cnslavt-d among all nation 
 
 of tlu 
 
 earth, but have, through all, retained their 
 distinctive national characteristics, preserv- 
 ing their Jewish worship, devoid of animal 
 sacrifices and having undergone several 
 changes. For eighteen centuries they have 
 kept themselves a separate people, worship- 
 ing one God and awaiting the coming of the 
 Messiah, who was promised by their prophets 
 700 years before the advent of Christ. 
 
 In numbers they are probably as strong as 
 at any time they formerly \\ere in Palestine. 
 In every nation they live and i)rosper. Their 
 civil governuu'iit is that of the respective 
 countries in which they dwell. 
 
 In religion ahnost. all modern Jews hold to 
 certain distinctions In food and ceremonies, 
 and adhere as closely to the M()saic dispensa- 
 tion as their tlispersed condition will permit. 
 They meet in their symigoyues (or places of 
 worsliip) on the sev<'ntli day of the week, as 
 ofcdd. instead of cm the first, asthe Christians 
 do. The Jews formerly sal during the public 
 services with their hats on. The service 
 consists chietly In reading the ancient laws 
 of Moses, togrllier with a variety of prayers. 
 Tbi-y repeat hlcssiuL's ;ind particular praisrs 
 to (iod. not (puly in their prayers, but on all 
 accidental occasions, and in almost all their 
 actiims. All vain swearing and the unnec- 
 essary use of the name of (iod ia forbidden. 
 All their meats are prepared by Jewish 
 butchers in a peculiar mainuT. to avoid 
 contamination from prohibited food. They 
 ackniiwU-dL'e a two-fold law of (iod — written
 
 HISTORY OF KOMAN CATHOLICISM. 
 
 and iinwriltfii; the foriniT is found in the 
 five tii-st buukfi of our Old Tti-Iimuiit ; the 
 latter is handed down from t.'<'i'Tiition to 
 generation Ijy word of month. The cere- 
 mony of f.ircumciBion is pructiced upon 
 infants eight days old. as in the days of 
 Abraham. But, especially in the United 
 States, the Jews gradually hecome less rigid 
 in their national practices and conform more 
 to the manners and customs of the Amerietin 
 people, and the eating of pork is not now 
 considered so great an abomination as for- 
 merly. 
 
 The restoration of Palestine to the Jews 
 before the end of the world is i)redict,ed in 
 the Old Testament prophecies. Their gath- 
 
 ering into the Holy Land is to ref>nlt in their 
 becoming a strong and prosperous nation, in 
 whicli the promif<ed Messiah is expected to 
 be received by them and govern them. 
 
 Religious Belief. 
 The Jew6 believe in one (iod. the Creator 
 of all things, first principle of all beings. 
 sLdf-sufticient and independent; without \\ horn 
 no created being can f^ubsint; having u unity 
 peculiar lohiinsidf; being eternal and incor- 
 poreal ; who is the sole object of adoration and 
 worship; having no mediator between him 
 and mankind. That Moses was a prophet of 
 God. superior to all others, enjoying a pecu- 
 liar gift from Ood in this direction; that the 
 prophecies of Moses were true; that the law 
 
 that he left was purely dictated by God 
 himself to MoKes. from whom they received 
 and have it to-day. That this hiw is un- 
 changeable; that <;od will not give another, 
 and that there can be nothing added to or 
 taken from it. That God knowt* the mof»t 
 secret thoughts of men and governs all their 
 actions; that he will reward those wlio observe 
 his law, and severidy punish Ihot^e who are 
 gniliy of violating it; that of these rewards 
 eternal life is the b.-^t and greatest, and of 
 punishment, damnation of the soul is the 
 most severe. That a Messiah, of the royal 
 house of David, shall yet come to deliver 
 Israel, and that God, in his own good time, 
 will raise the dead to life. 
 
 
 -♦-!— ^;=ot=?«— -!— •- 
 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 :^*(^^ 
 
 
 ..^$=J3t:<f- 
 
 Its History, Government, Belief and Form of Worship, 
 
 'iS^^^I^HE Roman Catholic Church traces 
 tJ ^/^Hii its origin to the days of the Apos- 
 tle S i m on P e t e r , one of the 
 ^J^ I)ersonal disciplesof Jesus Christ, 
 _ _ ' from whose lips was addressed to 
 /^(^f-J\ him that remarkable passage in the 
 •jL- Scriptures: ' ' Thou art Peter; and 
 Wd upon this rock I will build my church." 
 t Whatever controversy may arise upon 
 I the mistranslation or misconception 
 of this quotation, it is clung to with 
 unswerving tenacity by the ancient and 
 modern writers of the Roman Catholic Church 
 as sufllcient authority for all that it believes 
 and does as a mighty system of religion. 
 
 It is claimed, also, that Peter visited Rome 
 and established there the church that now 
 venerates him as its founder and its first 
 Pope. On this point, however, great diversity 
 of opinion exists; but the fact remains, that 
 upon this belief rests and is perpetuated the 
 Papal Church of Rome. 
 
 Rome is to-day. as in the past centuries of 
 the Christian church, the great center of the 
 Roman Catholic religion, and the long lino of 
 Popes, including the present potentate. Leo 
 XIII. , claimed their supremacy over the 
 universal Christian church. According to the 
 records of the church, the line of supreme 
 Pontiffs is unbroken from A. D. 42 to A. D. 
 1880. 
 
 Form of Government. — The Church of 
 Rome is governed by the Pope ; his counselors, 
 the college of seventy cardinals, appointed 
 from many nations, and classified as cardinal 
 bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons, 
 and they rank as secular princes, next to the 
 kings of the earth ; after these succeed arch- 
 bishops, bishops and the various orders of 
 vicars and priests, each holding proportionate 
 rank and sway, according to the degree of 
 their ofiice. The Popes are elected by the 
 cardinals, but the Pope appoints the cardinals. 
 The common people are, therefore, subject to 
 theirbishops; the bishops to the archbishops; 
 the arclabishops to the cardinals, and all are 
 controlled by the Pope; thus there is ''one 
 church, having one faith, under one head." 
 In all ecclesiastical matters the infallibility 
 of the Pope is maintained, whatever differ- 
 ences may exist in the church as to his tem- 
 poral authority. 
 
 The Discipline of the Church.— Camui law. 
 compiled from the decrees of different Popes 
 and councils of the church, and of several 
 passages of the holy fathers and other repu- 
 table writers, and other authoritative works, 
 now regulates the Roman Catholic Church, 
 in place of the canons of the apostles, the 
 apostolic constitutions, and the ancient com- 
 pilations of the church. No diversity of 
 faith is allowed in the church; but in 
 matters of worship or discipline a difference is 
 permitted, so long as peace is not subverted 
 or communion broken. The Pope extends his 
 care and solicitude to every Roman Catholic 
 church in the world; he enacts new rules of 
 discipline, abrogates others, and punishes 
 those who do not obey them; decides in 
 church differences, and listens to the appeals 
 of all bishops. No priest or prelate in the 
 church may marry; ofticial vestments for the 
 priesthood are prescribed for the greater de- 
 cency of the public worship; church worship, 
 formerly conducted in a tongue almost wholly 
 unknown to the mass of the congregation, 
 though largely yet in Latin, is now varied 
 by the presentation of moral truths, in the 
 English tongue, so clearly expounded in com- 
 mon language, as to enable the people to un- 
 derstand the moral law. Lent, the fast in com- 
 memoration of the fasting of Jesus in the 
 wilderness for forty days, is strictly kept, 
 as a time for doing penance for sin. It 
 is also a preparation for celebrating the 
 greatest festival of the church, known as 
 Easter, the anniversary of the resurrection 
 of Christ from the dead. Numerous other 
 fast and feast days are prescribed by the 
 church and observed by devout Catholics in all 
 countries. During these fasts no animal fiesh 
 is permitted to be eaten, except on certain 
 days and under special circumstances. The 
 Christian Sabbath is always a church holiday. 
 
 Religious Orders. — In Catholic countiies. 
 in all quarters of the globe, exist several 
 orders of priests, known as monks. Basilians. 
 Benedictines, Angus tinians. Dominicans. 
 Franciscans, etc. All belonging to these 
 orders take upon themselves solemn vows of 
 chastity, poverty and obedience for life. 
 Usually they are under the jvirisdiction of the 
 Pope, instead of the bishops, and differ only 
 in discipline, manner of dress, and particular 
 privileges granted to each other. Several 
 orders of nuns, or female devotees, also exist. 
 
 each following its own rules and wearinir a 
 peculiar cot-lume. Their vow^ of consecra- 
 tion are similar to llio^e of the monks; after 
 their profession they are never allowed to 
 leave the ctmvent during life, without the 
 leave of the bishop, and then only on the 
 burning of the convent or some similar occa- 
 si<m; nor is any man permitted to enter the 
 convent without the bishop's permission, and 
 for some necessary purpose. 
 
 Principal Beliefs of the Church.— The fun- 
 damental principle of the church is the doc- 
 tiine that (Jod has promised and does exert 
 o^er it a constant and perpetual protection, 
 to preserve it from destruction, error or fatal 
 corruption. This belief assures the infalli- 
 bility of the church. The Pope is the repre- 
 sentative of God on earth, and hence his qwn 
 infallibility. The bread and wine of the sacra- 
 ment of the Lord's Supper are representative 
 of the body and blood of Christ, and in partak- 
 ing of them communicants come nearer the 
 Divine presence. There is a place beyond the 
 grave, and this side of heaven, called purgato- 
 ry through which the souls of believers must 
 pass, as a disciplinary and purifying process, 
 to fit them for heavenly joy. Saints, who are 
 believed to reign with Christ after this life, 
 should be honored and prayed to. Principal 
 among these is the Virgin Mary, the mother 
 of Jesns. whose intercession with her Son for 
 her supplicants is universally sought by all 
 devout believers. The images of Christ, the 
 Virgin Mary and the saints and saintly relics, 
 are held in veneration and honor. Sins should 
 be confessed to the priests, as the represen- 
 tatives of Christ, who are enabled by His 
 appointment to declare His forgiveness of sin. 
 Indulgences are obtained only by special 
 prayer and great devotional application. 
 
 Form of Worship. — Public services are 
 mostly conducted in the Latin language, after 
 set forms, called masses and vespers, as fully 
 printed in the missals of the churches. These 
 are divided into solemn or high mass, plain or 
 low mass: mass sung or said: public mass and 
 private mass. These vary in details, and are 
 conducted by bishops and priests, a high mass 
 being assisted by other ministers of the 
 church. Vespers are the evening services. 
 Another form of worship, called canonical 
 hours, combines prayer and instruction, con- 
 sisting of psalms, lessons, hymns, prayers. 
 anthems, versicles. etc., divided into sections
 
 ■>- 
 
 38 
 
 THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. 
 
 for use at different hours. The fasts and fes- 
 tivals have distinctive peculiarities of worship. 
 Clianeres. — Under Pope Gregol-y. about the 
 year 600. ancient Britain was converted from 
 Paganism to Catholicism, which continued to 
 flourish, with varying success, until the acces- 
 sion of Henry VIII. , in the sixteenth century. 
 Henry sought the aid of the Pope in getting a 
 divorce from his wife, the queen, in order 
 that he might marry Anne Boleyn. This being 
 refused. Henry threw off his allegiance to 
 Catholicism, and became the head of the 
 church in England. In the succeeding reign 
 of his only son, Edward VI. , also in the six- 
 teenth century, the Church of England was 
 established, and England was arrayed on the 
 Protestant side of the struggle then going on 
 in Europe. When Queen Mary, in 1553, 
 ascended the throne, she brought England 
 again under Papal dominion, and slew about 
 300 Protestants, including some of their most 
 prominent leaders — Latimer, Ridley and 
 others. Under Elizabeth, who succeeded 
 Mary. Protestantism was again restored, and 
 Catholicism has since then been subordinate 
 to the Puritans and Establish'ed Church of 
 England in its public influence. In Ireland, 
 however, Catholicism has held a prosperous 
 sway. 
 
 The Reformation, beginning in 1517 by 
 Luther, himself a Catholic monk, greatly 
 injured Catholicism by its assaults upon 
 several of the distinctive Catholic doctrines; 
 and extending throughout Germany, Switzer- 
 land and France, led to the introduction of a 
 vigorous Protestantism in those countries. 
 John Calvin, in the same century, becoming 
 dissatisfied with the doctrines of Catholicism, 
 in which he had been educated, also became 
 noted as a reformer and a Protestant leader. 
 
 The countries in which Catholicism mostly 
 prevails at this day are Austria. France, 
 Spain, Italy. Ireland. Portugal, Mexico and 
 all the countries of South America. They 
 have also many missions and a large number 
 of believers in other countries. 
 
 In the United States, where the Catholic 
 religion was first established {in Maryland) 
 in 1G2.3. there was. in I81"6, computed to be a 
 membership of 10.000,000. 
 
 The Christian Fathers. — These were the 
 first and most eminent writers of the Chris- 
 tian church. Those of the first century are 
 styled the ' 'Apostolical Fathers ;" those of the 
 first three centuries, prior to the religious 
 council at Nice, "Antenicene Fathers," and 
 those who flourished subsequently, "Post- 
 
 nicene Fathers." None of their writings are 
 to be considered as inspired in the sense in 
 which that word is applied to the Christian 
 Bible. The following is a complete list of 
 these fathers; Barnabas, Clement of Rome, 
 Hermas, Ignatius and Polycarp lived in the 
 days of Christ's apostles; Papius, A. D. 't^"^: 
 Justin Martyr. 140; Dionysius of Corinth, 
 IT.O; Tatian. 172; Hegesippus. 173; Melito. 
 177; Irensus, 178; Athenagoras, 178; Milti- 
 ades. 180; Theophilus. 181: Clement of 
 Alexandria, 194; Tertullian, 200; Minutius 
 Felix. 210; Ammonius, 220; Origen. 230; 
 Firmilian. 23 3; Dionysius of Alexandria, 
 247; Cyprian, 348; Novatus, or Novatian, 
 251; Arnobius. 306; Lactantius, 306; Alex- 
 ander of Alexandria. 313: Eusebius. 315; 
 Athanasius. 326: Cyril of Jerusalem, 34H; 
 Hilary. 354: Epiphaneus. 368; Basil, 370; 
 Gregory of Nazianzen. 3 70; Gregory of 
 Nyssa.'370; Optatus, 370; Ambrose. 374: 
 Philaster. 380; Jerome, 392; Theodore of 
 Mopsuestia. 394: Ruftinus, 397; Augustine, 
 398; Chrysostom.398: Siilpitius Severus.401 ; 
 Cyril of Alexandria, 412; Theodoret. 423; 
 and Germanius, 494. Their writings are prin- 
 cipally valuable as proofs of the exi^tencr and 
 authenticity of the New Testament, extending 
 back, as they do, to the time of the apostles. 
 
 =THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -*-/ w-z**^ ^^ Church of England, which is 
 ^\y^f^W^^ Episcopal in government, the 
 most prominent Protestant or- 
 ganization in England, was 
 founded in the reign of Edward 
 VI.. King of Great Britain, in the 
 sixteenth century. Christianity, 
 however, both Protestant and 
 Catholic, had a previous existence in the 
 nation. Eusebius, an ancient writer, posi- 
 tively declares that it was introduced Into 
 Britain by the apostles of Christ and their 
 disciples. 
 
 Its Government. — The reigning sovereign is 
 the head of the church, with supreme power. 
 There are two archbishops — of Canterbury 
 and York — and twenty-five bishops. These 
 bishops rank as temporal barons, so that each 
 has a seat and a vote in the House of Peers in 
 Parliament. Other prelates in the church are 
 designated as deans, archdeacons, rectors, 
 vicars, etc. The archdeacons possess author- 
 ity next to the bishops, and are sixty in 
 number. They look after church property, 
 reform abuses, excommunicate members, etc. 
 Rectors have charge of the parish churches, 
 and vicars seem t<i be supernumerary over- 
 seers of parish affairs. 
 
 Belief. — The church expresses its Protest- 
 ant christian faith in the Apostles'. Niccnc 
 and Athanasian creeds. The first of these is 
 as follows: 
 
 "I believe tn God the Father Almighty, 
 Maker of heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, 
 His only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by 
 the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary ; was 
 crucified, dead and buried. He descended 
 into hell. The third day He rose from the 
 (lead. He ascended into heaven; and sitteth 
 on the right hand of God; from thence He 
 shall come to judge the quick and the dead. 
 I brli.-vc in th.- H<.lv Gho!-tl the liuly ciitbniic 
 
 church; the communion of saints; the for- 
 giveness of sins ; the resurrection of the body, 
 and the life everlasting. " 
 
 This creed is also accepted by the Methodist, 
 Episcopal and Roman Catholic Churches. 
 The Nicene creed, a formula adopted by a 
 convocation of Bishops at Nice in A. D. S25. 
 is more elaborate, but accords with tbis: while 
 the Athanasian. a creed formulated liy Athan- 
 asius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the fifth cen- 
 tury, is a sublime exposition of the two- fold, 
 God-man nature of Jesus Christ. 
 
 Besides these creeds are the "Thirty-nine 
 Articles" of belief, which may be thus sum- 
 marized: A profession of faith in the Divine 
 Trinity; the incarnation of Jesus Christ, His 
 descent into the place of departed spirits — 
 the • ■ hell" of the creed — His resurrection and 
 the divinity of the Holy Ghost. An accept- 
 ance of the canonical books of the Bible us 
 the word of (Jod. A belief in the creeds of 
 the church. Declarations of the doctrines of 
 original sin. of justification by faith in Christ 
 alone, of predestination, etc. The church 
 declared to be the assembly of the faithful. 
 Rejection of the Roman Catholic doctrines 
 of purgatory, the mass, the sale of indul- 
 gences, the adoration of images, the change 
 of the wine and bread in tlie sacrament 
 to the real blood anil body of Christ, and 
 the invocation of paints. Only those lawfully 
 called may preach or administer the sacra- 
 ments of baptism and the Lord's sui)per. 
 Requiring the form of worship to be in the 
 English language. Declaring Ihat the sacra- 
 ments are effectual signs of grace. Permit- 
 ting the marriage of the clergy. Maintaining 
 the eftlcacy of excommunication, and indors- 
 ing the power of the civil magistrates. 
 
 The Mturfcy of the fhurdu— The Book of 
 Prayer now in use in the Churcli nf KnL'land 
 was cniiipused In I.'ilT. and has since under- 
 
 gone several alterations. It breathes a true 
 devotional spirit in its petitions and psalms 
 of praise, indicating the deep piety of its 
 authors. 
 
 The Episcopal Church in the United States. 
 
 Origin. — Tbis church derives its doctrines, 
 liturgy and practices almost wholly from the 
 Church of England. The changes in all are 
 rather circumstantial than material, and were 
 made after the war of the Revolution had 
 separated the American colonies from the rule 
 of Great Britain. It, however, differs from 
 the mother church in being distinct from the 
 state government, and its bishops enjoy no 
 civil powers, immunities or emoluments (ju 
 account of their othce. 
 
 The Worship. — This is essentially the same, 
 with some verbal improvements, curtail- 
 ments, etc. The Apostles' and the Nieene 
 creeds are retained, but the Athanasian is 
 rejected. In baptism the sign of the cross 
 may be omitted at i)leasure. The marriage 
 service is shortened. The prayers for the 
 rulers of the nation were also changed to meet 
 the exigencies of the new government. 
 
 The Episcopaey. — Bishops, priests and dea- 
 cons, wardens, jind vestrymen, comprise the 
 government. The bishops govern about fifty- 
 five dioceses in the I'nited States and Terri- 
 tories, with several in charge of missicms in 
 Africa. China and Japan. General conven- 
 tiims of bishops, clergy and laity meet once 
 in three years. Bishops are elected in annual 
 diocesan conventions, and ratified or rejected 
 by a majority of the standing committees of 
 other dioceses. Clergymen are educated at 
 Episcopal universities in several stales, and 
 '■called" wherever it may happen. In 1H73 
 tbi-re were 40 dioceses. 2,700 parishes. 2.938 
 priests and deacons, and about 248.000 com- 
 nmidrants. 
 
 ^^^1^
 
 k 
 
 lIISTDliY ^V-NU UELIKFS OF THE IJAl'TISTS AM) rilESl; VlEltl A,\S. 
 
 
 -■ ^;> • • 
 
 2«2^a»S«,j^^^ 
 
 _j.jJ^,.f<lT»? 
 
 HISTORY AND BELIEF OF THE BAPTISTS. 
 
 0!afS«=»='S*ft*-' 
 
 OME writers of this denomination 
 trace its oriKiti to the llrst t-eiitury, 
 i« with Jiihri the Baptist as its exein- 
 
 ir^'S' '"hnrch. Others agai 
 '^ history in a success 
 churches, essentially Baf 
 under various names, from 
 
 h~; idar, and Jesus Christ 
 i^ founder, thus giving it the basis 
 ^^v and dignity of a first Christian 
 ^jr^Jg- church. Others again trace their 
 '1 '^ iiwt.ifv ill (1 u"ccession of pure 
 Baptist, though 
 roin the third cen- 
 ljX\a tury down to Luther's (iivat Kcforumtion. 
 '*' These churches were the suhjfit ot hitter 
 persecution from and after the fifth cen- 
 tury onward, fiom tlie reliijrionists of the 
 East and the West. .\t(ii>nt: tiie early per- 
 secutors ot the German Baptists were Pope 
 Innocent I. . and Cyril of Alexandria, by whom 
 they were driven from their houses of worship 
 into secret places, and threatened with death, 
 under, ancient laws wdiich forbade rebaptism. so- 
 called. Thus they were scattered, but in the first 
 da\vn of the Kef.)rm;ilinii tlnir piiriri pies reap- 
 peared anii'llK tlie riihli'es, .if the West, and 
 several sects, including the Waldenses and Albi- 
 genses. Prominent in the results of the Reforma- 
 tion the German Baptists applied its doctrines to 
 the social positions of life and threatened " "an end 
 to priestcraft and kiIl^,^■|■aft, spiritual domination, 
 titles iUld v;iss;daMT." lllll they Weie overi'Onie 
 with fuul r.-|irii:u'ln'- n\\'\ an^K'nnt sr..rii, ;uid thou- 
 sands of German BajtlisL peasants peiis-hed for 
 their principles. In England, from the time of 
 Henry VIII. until that of William III. . a full cen- 
 tury and a half, the Baptists struggled against 
 intense «ippositii>n in their elTnrts tn uldaiii liberty 
 of eoii>ri<-iiee I'lr all. Hut iiiitd tlie Quakers arose 
 they stiKid enlirrlv a|c.Tii> in I liis atli-riipt to secure 
 thc'-suul liberty" of the subject. In (.'lomweli's 
 time, however, they succeeded in obtaining a fair 
 hearing, and made progress under the leadership 
 of Milton and Vane, but were betrayed by one 
 Monk. In the time of f'h.irles II. the prisons were 
 filled with their iniifessors and martyrs, but their 
 priiiiiples e..iit iinied to (,'ain adherents among the 
 people, and hustcneil the religious revolution of 
 1688. It is claimed that to the Baptists English 
 constitutional liberty owes a debt that it can 
 never fully repay. Among them "christian" 
 freedom found its earliest, itsstaunehest, its most 
 
 ^ ^-^ 
 
 consistent and Us most disinterested champIonB." 
 
 RellKloiiH Belief.— The Baptists, with the 
 generality of ebritsliaii ilennniiiiatloiis. believe In 
 the Hlvine Trinity of Kiither, Soti and Holy (iliost, 
 as one Sujiieiue Being, I'lf/itor oT all things, 
 Saviurof all men who believe in the Lord .lesuS 
 Christ and His atonement for sin, and the sancti- 
 fyink'. enlik'litenmt; antl comforting Influences of 
 the Holy i;li.ist I. n tlie souls of mem thesplritual 
 unity of the whole biliiving church under Christ, 
 ItH head, and m the diilv of inakiiiu' this unity 
 visible by snbj.ction to Mini mall things. They 
 differ from other den. imiiiatioris, h'lwever. In per- 
 sistently refusing to acknowledge any baptism 
 complete and satisfactory except that which 
 immerses the entire body of the disciple in water; 
 rejecting, rigidlv, all other forms and methods 
 of performing this important rite. Baptism, to 
 them, is an essential means of grace. While they 
 do not believe in the baptism of infants of an 
 irresponsible age, and consider spiritual rpialiflea- 
 tion necessary, they baptize all who repent and 
 believe the gospel, whether in childhood, youth 
 or manhood, and frei|uently wlude households are 
 thus engi-afted on the church of (:;"hrist. The 
 majority also exercise a rigid regulation in their 
 churches that no person who has not been bap- 
 tizeil by immersion shall be permitted to partake 
 of the bread and wine In the sacrament of the 
 Lord's sujiper. This prohibition, however, has 
 led to divisions, and the doctrine of a more liberal 
 comnmnion is by some now strenuously a<lvo- 
 cated. 
 
 Government.— The church povemnient of 
 the baptists IS democratic, or ri.nirreiratioual. 
 Each elinrch being considered entinly dep<.-ndent 
 on Christ, is entirely independent of all others, 
 and complete in itself for the choice of its officers, 
 declaration of faith, and the reception, dismissal 
 or discipline of its members. The principle of 
 inter-communion of the churches, however, is 
 maintained as the hiehest form of visible imity, 
 and should never be Interrupted. They therefore 
 associate their churches, invite councils for 
 advice, and organize societies for mutual co-oper- 
 ation in benevolent, educational or missionary 
 enterprises; hut no association claims any juris- 
 diction over individual churches. No distinction 
 
 ■-"■^^i^^^^pJyffK^C^I 
 
 exi'cpt that of office Is made between clergymen 
 and laymen. They recognize no higher church 
 olll«'ers than nas'tors and deuconn. Elders, as 
 evangelists and missionaries, are. after due trial, 
 ordained and sent tnit t^^ preach the (fospeh 
 Councils are usually called to ordain mlnlMt«rH, 
 f<»rm churches and settle serious difflcultlew. 
 
 BranchcN.— In England there are two parties, 
 known as Particular and General Baptists, having: 
 but little communication with each other. The 
 latter maintain the doctrine of general redemp- 
 tion and the other points of the Arminian system, 
 and are agreed with the Particular Baptists <.nlv 
 on the subject of baptism, worship and church 
 discipline. The Particular Baptists are the most 
 nvimerous, and ernhnwe the (..'alvinistic doctrine 
 of particular redemi)lion, or election. The .Scot- 
 tish Baptists differ in various respects from the 
 English Baptists, and nuiny ritvisions exist among 
 Ibemon doctrinal points. In the L'nited States 
 there are several dllferent branches of the Baptist 
 church.— the Seventh-Day (or Saturday observer*) 
 Free-Will. Anti-Mission, the Six-Principle. Tunk- 
 ers, Mennonttes. CampbeHites and Church of God. 
 The Six Pi inejplc. Meinionltes and Tunkeni are of 
 forei^'n OT it;iii. atid are lartfely composed of 
 
 i grants ii.,ni Knk'l.iud. Russia, etc., driven 
 
 from their native UithIs by persecutions. 
 
 American Bnptlitdi. — Roger Williams 
 foimded the Ilrst Baptist church in America, at 
 Providence. R. L. in 1(539. and it is now, with one 
 exception, the largest denomination of evangelical 
 christians, having a foothold in every State and 
 Territory. They have been a prosperous people, 
 and have done much for the cause of education. 
 They have about thiitv colleges, more than one 
 hundred academies and female seminaries, and 
 nine or more theological schools, besides numer- 
 ous publication houses in several cities of the 
 Union, and supporting nearly fifty denomina- 
 tional periodicals. Their mission work is very 
 large, extending to Canada. Oregon. California, 
 New Mexico and Havti; in France, Spain, Germany. 
 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway: in Africa, India, 
 Siam and China. In doctrine the Baptists of the 
 United States are Calvinistic. with nmch freedom 
 and moderation. The total population attached 
 to Baptist views is estimated at 8,000,000, and the 
 increase is very rapid. 
 
 M^^.- 
 
 -^^jm^^-^l ^' THE 
 
 SSj Id- 
 # ^ 
 
 HE principles of Luther's Reform- 
 ation foimd their way into Scot- 
 land about the year 1527, where 
 they excited the apprehensions 
 of the Catholic priesthood and 
 led to a series of persecutions 
 upon those who professed the 
 Protestant faith. Indeed, from 
 the first dawn of the Reformation 
 in Scotland, for a long series of 
 years, there was a perpetual 
 struggle between the court and 
 the people for the establishment 
 of an Kplscopal or Presbyterian 
 form of \M.rship and church 
 govi inmenf. The celebrated 
 house ot Stuart advocated the 
 former system, but the latter was supported by 
 a majority of the people, perhaps because, as was 
 not the ease with Episcopacy, the laity and 
 the clergy participated together in church juris- 
 diction. 
 
 The first adherents of this form of church gov- 
 ernment in England were those Protestants who 
 returned from Germany, to which place they had 
 fled for refuge in the time of Queen Mary. Com- 
 ing back in the generous reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 they first met In private houses, and afterwards 
 more publicly, to worship in the forms of the 
 Genevan service book. The first Presbyterian 
 place of worship was erected at Wadsworth. in 
 Surrey, where they also formed a presbytery. 
 Other presbyteries were soon established at 
 
 =t=5«— -^W— 3(f— -^5=r: 
 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 
 
 
 ■®3r* 
 
 other points, and in a short time the number of 
 Presbyterians in England is said to have reached 
 100,000. In Cromwell's administration the famous 
 Westminster Assembly, consisting of biO minis- 
 ters, was held. The hope was that Presbyterian- 
 ism would be made the established religion of 
 England by act of Parliament; but a law was 
 passed, granting freedom of thought and worship 
 to all the people, a measure that much displeased 
 the Presbyterians. 
 
 Charles I. attempted to assimilate the churches 
 of England (Episcopal) and of Scotland (Presbyte- 
 rian), but his overtures were met with a fierce and 
 angry revolution i.'n the part of the latter, which 
 fc^irni's an Important chapter in the history of 
 Great Britain. Episcopacv was, however, re-estab- 
 lished In Scotland by Charles II. The Presbyteri- 
 ans, not dismayed, maintained their ground. 
 Subsequently an arrangement was effected by a 
 treaty of union, in 1707, continuing Episcopacy in 
 England and establishing Presbyterianism as 
 the religion of Scotlond. 
 
 To John Knox, the celebrated and intrepid 
 reformer, the church of Scotland owes much. 
 For twelve months, after coming fresh from the 
 Reformation in Switzerland, he labored actively 
 and successfully to strengthen the cause of 
 ProtestJintism in Scotland. From the time of his 
 second coming, in 1559. until his death, in 1572, the 
 reformed church was triumphant. 
 
 Government.— The primary doctrine of the 
 Presbyterians is the representation of congrega- 
 tions in presbyteries, etc, by their delegated 
 
 elders, of whom the preaching elder, or minister, 
 is always one. This system of chun*h representa- 
 tion is partly founded on the example of the 
 apostles in the primitive church, as set forth in 
 Acts XV., and partly on the general unity of the 
 church. Particular congregations confide the 
 management of their affairs to a court called "the 
 session," which consists of the minister and the 
 other elders, the minister presiding, but each 
 member having equal power and an equal vote. 
 From the decisions of this court, appeals may be 
 taken to the presbyter}', which usually comprises 
 the ministers of a' certain number of congrega- 
 tions and one ruling elder from each congrega- 
 tion. Beyond this appeals may be cair'ed to the 
 higher governing bodies— the synods and general 
 assemblies. The general assembly is the highest 
 court., to which the synods are subordinate. An 
 order of deacons, for the furtherance of its 
 secular affairs, exists in some churches, while in 
 otliei-s their duties devolve on the elders. The 
 whole care of the flock is intrusted to the teaching 
 elders and the ruling elders. 
 
 Whatever dilTerence may exist in the names of 
 the several judicatory bodies among the different 
 branches of the church, as well as in minuter 
 arrangements, yet any church embodying the 
 above principles is strictly a Presbyterian church. 
 
 Kelleloas Belief.- TheChurch of Scotland 
 possesses no liturgy, no alta.r. no instrumental 
 music, no sacred vestments. It condemns saint- 
 worship; observes no festival days; uses extem- 
 poraneous prayer; teaches that all its ministers
 
 f 
 
 40 
 
 HISTORY AND BELIEF OF THE COXGKEGATIOXALISTS. 
 
 are equal in commission, and that bishops and 
 presbyters are the same in ottlce; baptism is per- 
 formed by sprinkling, and includes infants; and 
 the ring is omitted in the marriage service; 
 believes in the doctrine of spiritual election, and 
 otherwise indorses the ordinai-y beliefs of ortho- 
 dox Christianity, the atonement of Christ, etc. 
 Calvinism maintains the doctrine that God has 
 chosen certain persons to be saved from His 
 Avrath for sin. in His free love and grace, without 
 the least foresight of faith, good works or any 
 condition performed by the creature, and that 
 the rest of mankind will be eternally tormented. 
 
 The English Presbyterians are less attached to 
 Calvinism than the Scotch, and differ somewhat 
 I'roin them in their church government, with 
 more latitude of religious sentiment. 
 
 In the United States.— Presbyterianism 
 was introduced into Maryland in the seventeenth 
 centurj- by Francis Makemie. who gathered the 
 scattered elements of that religion in that State, 
 who were immigrants from Scotland and the 
 North of Ireland. The Presbytery of Philadel- 
 phia (the first) was constituted in 1704. In 1T16 
 four presbyteries were formed, with the Synod of 
 Philadelphia. They were not harmonious, but all 
 
 differences were settled in 17.58. The first general 
 assembly was convened at Philadelphia, in 1789. 
 Since then Presbyterianisni has greatly prospered 
 in this country. The original doctrines of the 
 church in the United States were Calvinistic, but 
 were followed in moderation. From an early 
 day new organizations from secessions have 
 sprung up and attained importance, with some 
 changes in doctrine and government. 
 
 The Cumberland Presbyterian church originated 
 in Kentucky toward the close of the last century, 
 and is now a large and infiuential organization. 
 The United Presbyterian church of North America 
 was organized in 1782, from the Associate Re- 
 formed and the Associate Presbyterian churches. 
 The union of these churches caused another dis- 
 sension, which resulted in the foundation of the 
 Reformed Presbyterian church in America. 
 
 General Council.— In London, July 21, 1875, 
 a conference of one hundred delegates from such 
 Presbyterian bodies throughout all the world as 
 acquiesced in a plan previously promulgated, 
 called an " Alliance of reformed churches 
 throughout the world," and formed an inorganic 
 and Co-operative, voluntary union, to promote 
 mutual sympathy and help, diffuse information, 
 
 aid in mission work, promote christian reform in 
 appropriate spheres, and oppose infidelity and 
 religious intolerance; no interference with the 
 status of the constituent churches, assuming 
 no church authority, and requiring no changes 
 of doctrine. 
 
 Xhe Cumberland Church. — When the 
 Cumberland Presbyterians organized, they in- 
 dorsed the doctrines of the .American Presbyterian 
 church, except "the fatality of predestination" 
 (Calvinism) and the requisition of an academical 
 education for the ministry. 
 
 Elsewhere.— Presbyterianisni has also a firm 
 foothold in Canada and Ireland. 
 
 Xhe New Il.lKht«. — An important division 
 occurred in the United States in 1838, whereby the 
 American Presbyterian church was divided into 
 two great sections, commonly known as the Old 
 School and New School Presbyterianisni. The 
 first maintained strong Calvinistic doctrines; the 
 latter a modified indorsement of the same tenets. 
 Both churches prospered and extended over the 
 whole country, instituted and supported missions 
 in various heathen lands, and finally, in 1869, 
 they reunited. 
 
 THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
 
 ONGIIEGATIONALISM. 
 church government 
 
 a system of 
 hich was origi- 
 
 ;ip nally designed to be used by several 
 '^^ denominations of Protestant christians. 
 
 naintains that each congregation of 
 
 orshipers, meeting regularly in one 
 
 ipj^ place, is a complete church, formed by 
 ■£^7 the free consent and mutual agreement 
 of its members, adopting it.s own rules 
 of government, and is subject to no con- 
 trol from other churches. 
 
 This system was originated in the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth, from the desire of 
 certain members of the Church of England to 
 establish a purer church, and determined, at all 
 hazards, to enjoy the rights of conscience. On 
 this account they were stigmatized with the gen- 
 eral name of "Puritans," and since then they 
 have been generally known by that name. The 
 Congregationalistsof the United States, but first in 
 New England, are the descendants of this people. 
 H iHtory.— The first recorded organization 
 occurred in England in 1583, under the auspices 
 of one Robert Browne; but it is thought that 
 churches had been previously founded on these 
 principle^* as far back as in the days of Edward 
 VI. and Queen Mary. Browne's church, however, 
 was soon broken up, and he and many of his 
 congregation fled to Holland. There he re-estab- 
 lished the organization, but it fell into dissensions 
 after his return to England and soon dissolved. 
 In England the system was also separittfd by the 
 opinions of its adherents. Some <''iiitinu''(l to 
 recognize the Church of England as a true church, 
 and refused to leave her, but demanded that her 
 discipline should be reformed, and her bishops 
 rank as the heads of the presbytei-s, nor did they 
 recognize the doctrine of the liberty of oon- 
 scirnce. These were known a-; thf ('.irifnrniinyr 
 Puritans. The others, or Nori-<'nnl*..i mivt^. would 
 enter into no compromise with the E^tahlisluMl 
 Church. They desired its utter overthrow, with 
 nil its machinery, ceremonie-s and forms, and to 
 build upon its nifns churches after the pure and 
 Kimple model of the first christian ni>ostles. At 
 least Mvtr of the Noii i ■uiifoi iiii-.t^ wnr i-xi-ruted 
 iiy tin- govL'inmriit fi.i' ini-iilv ndvi.iatini; tlu'ir 
 princijjlcs. In nddition. in I.'"i!''.!, an act was passi'd 
 iiiiprl.sonlng and bani>hing from tin- kirigdon 
 
 of discretionary years who should embrace the 
 doctrines of the Non-Conformist or refuse to attend 
 the services of the Established Church. In conse- 
 quence of this law a number of the proscribed 
 people went to Holland — how many is not known, 
 but the Dutch treated them with little favor, 
 owing to prejudices derived from the slanders of 
 English prelates. In time, however, these bad 
 impressions were removed, and churches were 
 established in several cities of Holland, where 
 they continued to flourish for more than one hun- 
 dred years. 
 
 At the time of the passage of the act of banish- 
 ment, in England, it was estimated that there 
 were 20.000 Non-Conformists in the kingdom. 
 Those who remained in England were subsequently 
 ti'eated with more kindness and allowed greater 
 liberty of conscience during the latter part of 
 Queen Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of her suc- 
 cessor, James VI., a new series of acts was passed 
 by which conformity to the Established Church 
 was rigidly enforced, on pain of excommunica- 
 tion. Thus the Puritans were silenced, and many 
 sought relief in flight. 
 
 Among others who fled from the country amid 
 painful persecution was one John Robinson, a 
 Non-Conformist minister, and part of his congrega- 
 tion, from the North of England. Going to Hol- 
 land, about the year lfi08. they remained at 
 Leyden for about ten years, during which they 
 prospered and the church increased. 
 
 In America.— In 1617. owing to the contam- 
 inating influences of society in Holland. Mr. 
 Robinson and his friends meditated a removal to 
 North America, where in the wilds of that new 
 country they hoped to be instrumental in convert- 
 ing the native savages and securing the broadest 
 liberty of r-unsciencc. Negotiations were begun 
 wiih ill-- c'lii.tiy of Virginia, but the liberty of 
 C'.iisri.MU'r that they so much desired could not be 
 assured to th-in there. 
 
 In 1619 a grantof land in America was obtained, 
 but as ships enough could not be procured to con- 
 vey the entire Holland church across the Atlantic, 
 Mr. Robinwon and a part of his conprcgntinn 
 remained at Leyden, while the others, uiidir I\1i1it 
 Brewster, sailed. Discouraging <'iiriirn>t!iiii.s 
 twice caused them to return, but at l.i^t, in Die 
 Mayflower, one hundretl succeeded in landing at 
 
 Plymouth, in Massachusetts. December 22. 1620. 
 Ten years they struggled against serious hard- 
 ships and adverse circumstances, but then and 
 there and subsequently they established the 
 present Congregational Church of America— a 
 church that has given to the world some of its 
 most talented and pious divines, materially aided 
 in fonuing the best and greatest of our national 
 institutions, and done much in framing the char- 
 acter of the American people. 
 
 Present Form of Govemnjent.— The 
 
 Congregational form of church government was 
 in effect, if not altogether in name, established in 
 Massachusetts and in New England generally. 
 With it any body of men united together for 
 religious worship constituted a church, perfect 
 and complete in all its parts. From this principle 
 the whole system may logically be deduced. It is 
 a voluntary union, leaving each church (self- 
 created, in one sense) independent of every other, 
 except so far as it is bound by those laws of 
 christian intercourse which govern societies 
 equally with individuals. It can elect its own 
 officers, admit and exclude membei"s at wjU. and 
 whatever the Bible recognizes as coming within the 
 province of a christian church. The only church 
 officers now recognized by the Congregationalists 
 are pastors and deacons, the office of elder having 
 been dropped more than a century ago. Deacons 
 are chosen by the votes of the church, and gener- 
 ally they are ordained by tin- iinpo-^ilion of liands. 
 To dismiss a pastor, a. niut'inl r.iuncii of ministers 
 of neighboring churches is I'oininoiily called. The 
 power of licensing pasturs is now generally in- 
 trusted to associations of p)istoi"s, whicli embrace 
 all within certain local limits. The ordinary 
 meetings of these associated pastors are for per- 
 sonal improvement, mutual counsel and advice. 
 This denomination is one of the most prosperous 
 in the United States. 
 
 Reliorloufi Belief.— Implicit reliance on the 
 christian scriptures is an i'ssential part of their 
 faith and polity, and no doctrine not round therein 
 is to be received. Calvinism exists as a prominent 
 feature with the usual i>rlli.nli.x bt-licfs. infant 
 and adult baptism by s|ninkliiig. tlu- sacianient 
 of the Lord's supper, to In- partaken of by all 
 christians jtresent, etc.
 
 ^■ 
 
 
 -^^ITHE METHODISTS IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. If^ f^ 
 
 ^fa/c^Tr&v. 
 
 1^ lU'^ I.IOtll 
 
 S OtllLTS, Se 
 
 ' S in^s for 
 
 ' "^ soi-iptures 
 
 L(>W state of religion and mor- 
 ality prevailed in KuKlaiid in 
 the early part of the i'i(jhtcenth 
 t-enturv. In 1729. John Wesley, 
 now fiiiiioiis us Ihe founder <>f 
 M. llii..lisrii.iiiul Ihrii a in-eslnter 
 in I In' < iMii.'h ..f Kiik'land. with 
 Ijrothrr Charles and tw.i 
 set apart certain even- 
 reiuling the orijrinal 
 ■iptures and prayei-. Their 
 littl.- i-iiL-le was subsequently 
 in.-i,iis(d hy thf adnii>sn)n of 
 fi.iii-.itluTS, -.IK- -if vvlnirri was 
 aftiTwai'ds the (■■■h-hnitt'd evan- 
 gelist, George Whiterteld. Their 
 sphere of work was then extend- 
 ed to visiting prisoners, and 
 the sick poor in the town;and 
 their private meetings, further eidarged by new 
 members, became more religious. They now 
 numbered fifteen, "all of one heart and one 
 mind " in piety and charity, and were irreverently 
 called the " Godly Club," and afterwards " Meth- 
 odists." 
 
 In the latter part of 1739. eight or ten persona 
 came to Mr. Wesley in London, "who ai)peared to 
 be deeply convicted of sin and earnestly groaning 
 for redemption." With these he formed the first 
 Methodist class-meeting. They met every Thurs- 
 day evening, and. soon growing in numbei-s, they 
 then and there received such advice from Mr. 
 Wesley as he judgi-it was most nt-fiifiil for them, 
 and engntred in di'\'i>ti"nal t-xiTrj-i's. This was 
 the origin of that wmld wide d<'in>iinnation now 
 known as Methodists, wliich, whatever peculiar- 
 ities distinguish its several branches, remains 
 essentially in doctrine and government very much 
 as Mr. Wesley established it. 
 
 Hlntory.— Mr. Wesley, in 1735, visited Amer- 
 ica in the furtherance of his project of establish- 
 ing the principles of a pure religion, but met with 
 no tlattfiirik' -nneess. and returned home. In 1738 
 Rev. (n-iiikT'' W'liiterield also came to America, and 
 by tlu> hiilliim y of his oratory and influential 
 presence created a remarkable enthusiasm in the 
 religious world. Whitelield returned to America 
 seven times, preaching along the Atlantic coast, 
 visiting Georgia, the Caiolinas, Maryland and 
 Virginia and the Bermudas; but while he labored 
 successfully in the cause of benevolence, he estab- 
 lished no separate congreg.ations. On some points 
 of belief he and Mr. Wesley differed. 
 
 After a prosperous growth in England, Method- 
 ism was introduced as an organization into the 
 United States about 1766, when a few Methodists 
 from Ii'eland settled in New York. Preachers 
 were sent over by Mr. Wesley, and in 1773 the first 
 regular conference was held in Philadelphia. 
 Eleven years later American Methodism became 
 independent of the English organization, and 
 Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury were commis- 
 sioned as bishops in America by Mr. Wesley, and 
 
 
 they were so received. ' H.-fon- thi- close of the 
 century Methodism had rxt. ruled w.slwurd to the 
 Mississipjpl river, into f:ari;nl;i, and pro-piri-d In 
 New England. In 1812 Its rpK-iiilins h.id inin-ased 
 to nioii- than lH.'i.OOO. wilh in-urlv 700 pniichcrs. 
 It iiilr.iductd tin- Sund.iv s.|,.,..l Into t his cutintry, 
 eslablishe.t a publishirig house, and took ad- 
 vanced giuurid in the cau.se ot lernperanee. 
 
 The <}f»vernineiil:. —The general conference 
 meets once in lour years, and is composed of 
 clergy and hiy delegates from all dioceses. It 
 
 electa bishops, niLssionary and cdn-ii il si-cre- 
 
 taries, book-agents and its periodn. I niiii.i^, and 
 is the final court of appeals: trn- l.i-li.i.- and 
 cases of niijii-al from tin- Jtnnii;il (■-.iilii i-nces. 
 The anini.il .■..rilVi .-urcs aiv held in airh dn>cese, 
 and pir-i.ied ..MI l.v ji l.isli,,p, ()!.■ I.i-ln.ps not 
 being conlin.-d 111 thfir mimstrat imis to uny one 
 diocese. This conference consists of traveling 
 preachers, whom it locatcH, and over whose char- 
 acters and labors it holds supervision. Tlie dis- 
 trict conference is controlled hv the presiding 
 elder of the district, pa.sturs, l.jcal preac-hers. 
 exhorters and one steward, and the Sunday-school 
 sujjerintendent from eaeli pa-sti>ia! i-harge. It 
 licenses local preachers, and commends them for 
 ordination or admission, and looks after the 
 financial, educational and benevolent interests of 
 the district. The quarterly conference consists 
 of the pastor,Iocal preachers, exhorters. stewai-ds, 
 class-leadei-s, trustees and Sunday-school suiierin- 
 tendents of a single pastoral' charge, over which 
 it has supervision. The class-leaders and stew- 
 ards usually hold a meeting for each church once 
 a month, presided over by the pastor, and care 
 for the sick and needy, guard the discipline of 
 the members, recommend persons for member- 
 ship and for license to exhort. Each church is 
 also divided into classes under pious leadei'ship, 
 who meet weekly for testimony, prayer and 
 counsel as to their spiritual welfare. The minis- 
 try consists of bishops and traveling preachers, 
 the latter being obliged to change their charges 
 every three years. The bishops preside over the 
 annual and missionary conferences, station the 
 ministers, arrange the preaching districts, etc. 
 
 nfethodlflm In the United States.— 
 
 Tlie Methodist Episcopal Church of the United 
 States is divided into two sections, Xorth and 
 South, with separate jurisdirtitm-. and controlling 
 interests, but similar toeurh utln-r in executive 
 powers and divisions. Bodi air thrifty institu- 
 tions, and have large intinberships. and their 
 many educational, publishing, benevolent and 
 missionary institutions exert a wide influence on 
 the prosperity of their respective sections. 
 
 Branches. — The church, both in England and 
 America, has, from time to time, experienced 
 secessions and the formation of new organiza- 
 tions, with more or less important changes in 
 discipline and point* of doctrine. In Great 
 Britain we have the Wesieyan (original i Metlu>d 
 ists, the Calvinistic, the New Connection, the 
 
 Primitive, the United Free, the lUble Chr^Htlan 
 and the Irish Primitive Methodlj*tK, with Keveral 
 minor divlnlons. In America, hesidei* the main 
 divisionsof a .Vorth and South church, there are 
 the African MethudlMt Episcopal, the Methodist 
 I'rrjtewtant, the Wcnh-yan Connection. Canadian 
 Methodists, the Evangelical Association, the 
 United Brethren in Christ and the Free Meth- 
 odists. 
 
 RellKlouN Beller.— Faith in the Holy Trinity 
 a-s one GcmI; the combined divine and human 
 natures of Christ, who sullered. was cruciHed. 
 deiul and buried, in order to atone for the wins of 
 men; who rose again from the dead, and ascended 
 to heaven as the Jledlator between God and man. 
 to return again a-s the Judge of men at the last 
 day; the divine identity of the Holy Ghost with 
 God; the siitllci.-ncy of the holy scriptures for all 
 necessai \ iii-ti luiion as to salvation; the doctrine 
 of oiigiriiil MO maintained; man's free will to 
 tpurii to Uod for salvation declared; man justified 
 alone by faith in Christ as the only and all-suffi- 
 cient Savior; good works of no value beyond 
 testifying to one's faith, and In that ca.se pleasing 
 God; sin, rejH,'ntanoe and foi'giveness may follow 
 one's first conversion from sin; the visible church 
 of Christ found in his faithful followers; denial 
 of the doctrine of pui-gatory, woi-ship of images, 
 etc.. public service to be carried on in tht- common 
 language of the pe<»|de. the sacrarm iit> of liapti-m 
 and the I-ord's supjter not savintc ordimuiCL-s; 
 infant baptism pi-rmitted; masses declared to be 
 blasphcni.nis .aul il.-reitliil; permitting the mar- 
 riage (if ministf-rs; changes in rites or ceremonies 
 permitted: rt-t^ognition of the civil government 
 of the United States declared; a community of 
 goods in the church denied, but the duty of alms- 
 giving urged; the nature and righteousness of a 
 christian man's oath in court justiii.-d. Tlle^^.■ are 
 the main principles of the .M.lJji.dlst fhiiich. 
 whose "general rules" require a ^luft ^mcj pnnis 
 observance of public and private duty in common 
 life, touching our own and our neighbor's wel- 
 fare. These general rules forbid doing harm or 
 evil of any kind, such as profanity, sabbath-break- 
 ing, drunkenness, buying and selling slaved; 
 fighting, 'luarieling, retuming evil for evil, law- 
 suits, bantering, dealing in smuggled goods, 
 taking usury, uncharitable and unprotilable con- 
 versation: speaking evil of magistrates or minis- 
 tei-s; doing toothers what we would not wish them 
 to do to us, wearing gold ornaments and costly 
 apparel; unholy anmsement. singing secular 
 songs orunprolltable books; softness of "living and 
 self-indulgence; laying up treasure on earth; 
 borrowing without a probability of paying; 
 requiring members to evidence their desire for 
 salvation by doing good to all men, exercising 
 mercy and charity, by being diligent and finigal; 
 attending public worship, hearing or reading the 
 Bible: partaking of the Lord's supper, praying in 
 private and in the family; searching the scrip- 
 tures, and by fasting or abstinence. 
 
 <$>-4t^^> 
 
 THE UNITARIAN DENOMINATION. 
 
 ;|-^ 
 
 ISTORY.— The Unitarians trace 
 tin history of their doctrines back to 
 Aims, a liberal bishop who lived in 
 Alexandria in the fourth century. In 
 182.> the British and Foreign Unitar- 
 _ ian Association was founded. It is 
 . JT devoted to the dis.semination of Uni- 
 ■^ ^'S'''"' '^ tarian literature, and the promotion 
 c/^\» of missionary efforts, philanthropy, 
 
 * etc. 
 
 In Anierleii.— From the earlv i^cttlement of 
 New Kn-l.in.l. tin- li.irli ims ..f rn'itaiiainsm were 
 man!t.->t. In isi:, ih,- lii-cii-viun l.i.>t\v .-.-ii Dr. 
 Chaiiiiing and hr. Wurce^trr rfsultfd in the sep- 
 aration of the Unitarians from the Congregation- 
 alists. and the establishment of a distinct .sect of 
 the former. This movement was followed by the 
 secession of a large number of Congregationalist 
 ministei-s and churches to the Unit-arian fold from 
 Boston and its vicinity, and Harvard College 
 
 passed into their hands. Since then Unitarianism 
 lias widt'Iy spr.-ad and prospered in Great Britain 
 and the United States, and in other parts of the 
 world. It> advocates number many talented and 
 popular preachers and writers, and it has origi- 
 n.ated numerous educational institutions. Persecu- 
 tion followed it in Hungary and Transylvania for 
 a while, but it has since then increased its influ- 
 ence, especially in the latter country, where they 
 number about 60.000 or more. 
 
 ReliariouH Belief.— The Unitarians believe 
 that there is but one God. the Father and Creator 
 of all men, who is superior in might and g^)vem- 
 ment to all other beings, having no equal. They 
 consequently deny Christ was himself divine, but 
 admit that his disposition and life partook of the 
 divine nature. They reject the doctrine of total 
 depravity, moral inability and the necessity of a 
 vicarious atonement for sin. Some individuals 
 accept the doctrine of the fall of Adam, but deny 
 
 its power to destroy the inbred rectitude of human 
 nature, while others do not totally reject the 
 redeeming office of Christ, and others again con- 
 Hne His missiou on earth to that of an exemplar 
 and a teacher. Unitarianism beyond this ha,s no 
 creed to bind its followers. It recognizes the rites 
 of baptism and the Lord's supper. It is liberal in 
 all things. Christmas and Easter are commonly 
 recognized as festivals. Some regard the chris- 
 tian gospel as a means of redemption for the 
 human race, and others recognize it as an expo- 
 nent of natural religion, with precept*, truths, 
 laws. etc.. tending to exalt the individual life. 
 The Unitarians claim fellowship in belief with the 
 Jewish tenet of one God. to which thev say that 
 the tt-achings of Christ and His disciples in the 
 New Testament strictly conform. Controversies in 
 the early church, they claim, impaired this belief 
 and made way for the opposite doctrine of the 
 Holy Trinity. 
 
 1
 
 ^ 
 
 42 
 
 UNIVERSALISTS AXD QUAKERS. 
 
 ::<m 
 
 14 
 M 
 
 THE UNIVERSALISTS 
 
 
 4--^i''N». 
 
 ^ HE Universalists claim 
 that their peculiar 
 doctrines may be 
 found outlined in the 
 writings of tlie early 
 christians, especially 
 in the "SybilHne Ora- 
 cles," which taught 
 the doctrine of the 
 final restoration of 
 lost souls, and that 
 Clement, Origen and 
 others advocated the 
 same doctrine. Uni- 
 versalism is traced in strength in Europe, through 
 the fifth, twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries. In England it received the 
 sanction of eminent members of the Established 
 Chui-ch, and is now widely spread in Eurojieah 
 nations and America. 
 
 .Since the arrival of Rev, John Murray in the 
 United States, in 1770, it has spread here with 
 great rapitiity, having a place in most of the 
 states, with a large membership, numerous im- 
 portant educational institutions, periodicals, etc. 
 In England Universalism was organized about 
 1750, in the city of London, under the preaching 
 of Rev. John Kelly, who held, with his congre- 
 gation, to a modified form of the doctrine of the 
 Trinity, which gives to Universalism in that coun- 
 try a" character that it does not possess in 
 the United States. The Unitarians in England 
 are generally Universalists in sentiment and 
 preaching, and all. or nearly all, Universalists 
 
 who embrace the doctrine of the divine unity 
 combine with the Unitarians, so that the Univer- 
 salists. as a denomination, do not increase as 
 rapidly a.s in the United Stiites. 
 
 Rellgiouft Belief.— In the General Conven- 
 tion of the United States, held at Winchester, N. 
 H.. in 18i>3. the following profession of faith was 
 formed and published; 
 
 "We believe that the holy scriptures of the Old 
 and New Testaments contain a revelation of the 
 character and will of God. and of the duty, inter- 
 est and linal destination of mankind. 
 
 "We believe there is one God, whose nature is 
 love: revealed in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one 
 Holy Spirit of Grace, who will finally restore 
 the whole family of mankind to hohness and 
 happiness. 
 
 "We believe that holiness and true happiness 
 are inseparably connected; and that believers 
 ought to maintiiin order and practice good works, 
 for these things are good and protttable unto 
 men." 
 
 As the principal doctrine that distinguishes the 
 Universalists from other christian believers is the 
 final restoration of mankind to eternal holiness 
 and happiness, the following extended article of 
 faith will perhaps throw light upon the reasons 
 for this belief: 
 
 "Believing that the scriptures of the Old and 
 New Testaments are profitable for doctrine, 
 reproof, correction and instruction in righteous- 
 ness, that the servant of God may be thoroughly 
 furnished unto good works, and whoso that prop- 
 erly readeth them becomes wise unto salvation, 
 
 we do most devoutly believe that every promise 
 and every threatening made in them and relating 
 to a period yet future will be fully performed and 
 completely fulfilled, to the honor, glory and 
 praise of God, and to the benefit, satisfaction and 
 final salvation of man. We do not, therefore, 
 believe that the law (or threatenings) is against 
 the gospel tor promises), for the promises were 
 first made unto Abraham, and the law was given 
 to Moses i30 years afterwards, not to tmnut. but 
 to confirm, the promises. Therefore will all eh;!-, 
 tisement but tend to produce the ble^MiiK's 
 promised for all the nations, families and kin- 
 dreds of the earth, in Christ, the chosen Seed." 
 
 They also teach, and constantly enforce in their 
 preachings and writings, that salvation is not 
 shelter nor safety, nor escape from present or 
 future punishment. It is inward and spiritual, 
 and not from any outward evil, but deliverance 
 from error, unbelief, sin, the tyranny of the flesh 
 and its hurtful lusts into the liberty and blessed- 
 ness of a holy life, and supreme love to God and 
 man. They urge on all to seek salvation, not from 
 the torments of a future hell, but from the pres- 
 ent captivity and sin. No one is wholly saved in 
 this life, but all men are saved, in a greater or 
 less degree after death ; in other words, that 
 man's probationary state will continue until 
 Christ shall have fully completed His work of 
 redemption and surrendered His kingdom to the 
 Father. 
 
 GoTernnienl.~The government of the Uni- 
 versalist church is ecclesiastical and congrega- 
 tional, the United Convention being the final 
 court of appeal in all cases of fellowship and 
 discipline. 
 
 Government and Belief of the Quakers, 
 
 HE religious society of 
 Friends, commonly called 
 Quakers, was originated in 
 England, about the middle 
 of the seventeenth century, 
 by George Fox, a shoe- 
 maker, who was much 
 given to meditation. Con- 
 sidering the low state of 
 religitm among the people, 
 and their worldly-minded- 
 ness {hv himself having 
 always led a religious lifel. 
 he became troubled because 
 the teachings and practices 
 of the Established Church, 
 in which he was reared, did 
 not give to Its members tliat 
 victory over sin which the 
 gospel enjoins. He with- 
 drew into retirement and 
 studied the scriptures, with 
 a desire rightly to under- 
 stand them. Some time 
 afterwards he commenceii 
 his labors as a preacher, 
 traveling through England mostly on foot, and 
 refusing all compensation for his preaching. 
 His earnestness, piety and Hible teachings were 
 crowned with gratifying success, and in a few 
 years a large number of persons had (embraced 
 the doctrines which he preached. His success, 
 however, woh attended with a ncries of severe 
 ncrHfciitions from the priesthood of the Estab- 
 IlMhed Church and Its adlierentH. but his doctrines 
 grew In favor with the people. In Cromwell's 
 lime he first despised the Foxltes; and subse- 
 'juently he endeavored to purchase their infiuencc, 
 but In thiM he failed; they were above comiptlon. 
 In a few years meetings were cHtabllshcd In 
 rirarly all parlM of (Jreat Britain, and although 
 the FriendM were subjected to extfUHlve Individual 
 
 persecution, whippings, imprisonment, loss of 
 property, etc. , their nunibei"s continued to 
 mcrease, so that their religion flourished in Hol- 
 land and other countries. 
 
 In America.— About the year 1655, the first 
 Friends arrived in .\merica, at Boston, and began 
 their religious labors among the people, many of 
 wh'Uri cniljiarfd their il<'i;triiies. But the spirit 
 of i-fr-erntiuii followni th.-iii in N.-w KriL'land. as 
 in t 'Id F,Tik'luUil: vurimis piini-hniiiils were 
 inllictcd \ip<ju Iheiii. and fmir suffered death on 
 the gallows for conscience" sake. Yet. as in Eng- 
 land, their doctrines widely spread; other Friends 
 came from Englniul, and in 1682 the celebrated 
 William Penn brought more with him and 
 founiled his colony in Pennsylvania. .\t that 
 day, from Boston to North Carolina, along the 
 Atlantic coast, the religion grew and meetings 
 were established. 
 
 Why Calletl Quakera.— It was George 
 Fox's expressed opinion that the scriptures, as the 
 word of God. ."(hould be read and heard with 
 quaking and trembling; hence the n.ame "Qua- 
 kers" soon became attached to this class of 
 worshipers. 
 
 Oovernmeiit.— The gnvei-niiient of the Qua- 
 kers Is cnngiegatloiml. with Chiist as their 
 Supreme Head, as one wlio is present with them 
 in all their assemblages, by His Spirit. Four 
 grades of meetings are held. A preparative 
 meeting, to prepare business for the monthly 
 mcttiiiM-s; in th.-s.- the <-xcrutive di-purttiunt uf 
 tb.- rlisciplim- is .■hiclly hHlt."-d. Vim? in ly rn.-.l- 
 ing-. whi-h ivi-rris." a -^iiprrviNoiy <;it-' mv.-i Hi.- 
 monthly meetings, examining their ciinditinn, 
 and advising or asKlsttng as may be required. 
 Annual meetings, which include the whole, pos- 
 sessing legislative powent, and annually investi- 
 gate the state of the whole body, one or two 
 Friends of eai-h sex are appointed as ((verseers. 
 to labor with offenders, etf. The women, also. 
 
 have overseers appointed to extend christian care 
 and advice to their own sex. Meetings of minis- 
 ters and elders are also held, the latter being 
 prudent members of the society, to regulate the 
 conduct of the ministry. 
 
 Rellfffioiis Belief or Quakers. —The 
 Friends believe in the Divine Tiinity, as do ortho- 
 dox christians; in one ,\lniij,'htv. All-wise (Joil. 
 the Cival.Tof all things. They believe in Tliiist; 
 in Hi^ (liKil natuie. and in Mis ledempi inn. 
 mediation, and .nlvocaey of men. They belie\e 
 in the enlightening, directing, strengtlit-nint,'. 
 helping and comforting influences of the Hi.iv 
 Ghost. They believe in the fa. 1 of man tlii.Miirii 
 sin; in man's salvation from sin tlii-outrli the 
 saiTlflce uf (.'hrist. As many as believe in ami 
 obey Chiist receive a holy, pure :iiid -I'liiiniil 
 birth, lJ^l^^:in^; forlh in them holine^-, ii;:iilrniis- 
 ne^s, piiiitv ,.tnl ..III, r rrnils ae.-eptal.le t.i liod, 
 Thev b,|i, ^,. n, II, , r,>>mTe.>linn ol the dead; the 
 eleULiI 1. 1, --, >liM-- ,,| III.' re.leemeii a lid the ever- 
 lasting t, .1 in. it ( ..1 tlie wieked. the divine Inspi- 
 ration of Iliesei iplnies; one baptism: thcspiritnal 
 naiiiie of the eel.biation of the Lord's sujuier; 
 the religi..us ministry of men and wonu-n ; sileiie,' 
 in the churches, where all sit with their heu. Is 
 covered, and speak only "as the ^l.lllt iii,ive.s 
 them;" a free gospel for all peojile. ■■p|,.,,iiiipti 
 to war, contention and personal violence, the 
 sufferance of injuries without resentment or 
 going to law; the refusal to take any legal oath 
 concerning the truth in courts; the observance 
 
 of the S;.bbath; the ..ppo^iti..^ to slaveiV; (he 
 snbinl'-sion to liimian tr-n eininents; simple und 
 nmi-t-'Titatioiis nuide-i of livin^r and teniperaiice ; 
 foibiddlnic indulgence in worhlly aiiiusenieTits 
 or the observance of worldly fashions in dIl■v^, 
 language or furnltui-e, and aih-ocatinga coni innal 
 fear of God, with the crucifixion of oil worldly 
 lusts; a christian conduct at all times becoming 
 their profession and adorning the doctrine of 
 the Savior In all things.
 
 illE SlIAKKKS, MOKAVIANS AiM) ADYKNTLSTS. 
 
 ■i'-i 
 
 
 i^^^ 
 
 THE SHAKER DENOMINATION. 
 
 
 ^% 
 
 *<^,^--^ v^ 
 
 _-.<^.^f^ 
 
 :>*» 
 
 •^HE Shakers, or Millennial Church, was 
 
 ri'UMilfil by Ann Lee. a seceticr from 
 
 III ■ I'lu-nds, Mr Vimkers. iin Knulisli 
 
 ^^Mlll,lll. in tin- Siati- of New York. 
 
 |ii KiiijMiiy jit WalLTviiet, eijfht miles 
 
 hiini Albany, She eanie from Man- 
 
 'lifsiri-. Eni^Innd, whei'e she had 
 
 r:iuij'ht her relipion. She hroiiijht to 
 
 • Aincncii with her a hr<)thei' aiiil also 
 
 (K/ltw two (M- three of her proselytes, arriv- 
 
 T Y e ^S at New York in May, 1774. 
 
 IVhy Xntned Shakers. — The 
 name -.1 the s.nittv f"fiii.ie<l by her is 
 deriveii iyin the ii.iiti.i li..ns .nid 
 niov.liii-nts .if (lie Ijnily while imilej- :in 
 
 alletfed religious in-spiration, resem- 
 bling tremblini^, followed by a deprivation of 
 strength. Ann's authority was very great, and 
 
 
 her teaching!" forl)ade the use of ornaments on the 
 pert^oii. or of anvlhinirto rmuriHh pride, even to 
 the iMittint.' short of the womenMi;iir. Since her 
 .lt:ilh, h.r tnll.>wfi> h.iv.- tl..iiii-.h.d and atliiined 
 an lii.ii.MaljIe lejuitalion fortlirill ari<l imliistiv at 
 Lebanon, N. Y., and <»llier ]>la(;es in tile United 
 States. 
 
 ^Vhere Originated. -The society originated 
 in a secessitm fmm the Quakers in England, in 
 1747. They hold that the revelation of God in pro- 
 gressive, and believe in an eternal "Mother," a« 
 well as an eteiiial Father, and two Chi'ists. main 
 and female, are the pi.>treny ot tin- tw.. ^rl■^■a^ Kter- 
 
 iial I'.eingH. They aie < iiniini-tie in Ihei?' social 
 
 reiutiiuiH. living in taMiiIies toj,'-,rlier; b.-lieve only 
 in marriage as a means to perpetuate tlie laeo 
 instead of for sensual indulgence, while soniH 
 reside in isolated family relations; but there is a 
 
 general commune of property for the benefit of 
 the society at large. There in nineh of mysticism 
 and spiritism in their religion, with a few doc- 
 irine^ (derived from their own " revelalionH ") 
 that ai-e not to be found in the religion of 
 other sects. They aim to lead holy lives, 
 and provide comfortably for each other In 
 health, sickness or old age. In their ordinary 
 nu-etings for worship they formerly engaged in a 
 ri'trnlar danee. ji]TMi)im;. tnrniiiu r»iund rapidly, 
 fulling iMi their kiiers. and as^uinint.' otlier similar 
 pof-tiireH. Soni. rime^ they riiaieh.d around the 
 room, in onlei, and In harmony with songs that 
 they sing, shouting and clapping their hands. 
 They also had Intervals of shuddering, as if in a 
 fit of ague; but It is understood that the modern 
 Shakers are less violent in their movements than 
 in the olden times. 
 
 -^«®@i 
 
 THE MORAVIANS. 
 
 --«2-«5^@KS'«©^^'>' 
 
 l^^iJ^aT^JOt^Sj'giSg^^SG-WS^- 
 
 m 
 
 V\fev- .»/HIS religious sect, known also as the 
 T^^^=a^ "United Brethren." but not to be 
 ' confounded with another called the 
 ' rinteil Brethren in Christ." assert 
 that tliey denxe their origin from the 
 d' .- - — ■ !;> Creek eiiiiiih ill the ninth centnry. 
 ^■■nij^^^"^ It i-)ii>M -lale.l iliat llu-v .ire a branch 
 
 \^.Ji\Zy^ of the Hllvsltes, .,!■ lilvriples of the 
 
 ■r^ martyr John llus^. who uithdrew into 
 
 Moravia, a province of Austria, in the 
 
 fifteenth century. Another authority 
 
 states that the Moravians originated un- 
 
 t der the teai-hiiiL's of Count Zimtendorf, a 
 
 I lierman n-il>leiii:iii, whiMlo'd in 1760. His 
 
 ' foll...\v.-r-^ are railed M-Ta viails because 
 
 tile earliest ut liis converts were some 
 
 Moravian families. 
 
 The society itself traces its descent from the 
 old Moravian'arul ludieniian brethren, who existed 
 as adistinet see( '^i\t\ \ears before the Lutheran 
 Keforniation. Tiiev also sty|.-d therii-elvr> r.iitaa 
 Fratrmii. Count /-inzeinii-rf eame to Aiiieiiea in 
 1741, and preaulied at (leiiiiantovMi and Krtlile- 
 hem, Pa. In 1842 he ordained the iiii~'iMii,iri.-s. 
 and that same year oneof these nii--i. .11.11 ii-> <ai- 
 ried the gospel among the Indians wiih l:o.„i suc- 
 cess. In fact, the Moravians havf been distin- 
 guished for their zeal in establishing Christianity 
 among the heathen. 
 
 In the early days the Moravians were also called 
 "Heruhutters," from the name of the village 
 where they first settled. In 1749 the British Pai-- 
 
 liament passed an aot which recognized the 
 
 church of the United Brethren as an ancient 
 Episct)pal church. The present constitution of the 
 church was adopted in 1764. The highest legisla- 
 tive authority is the general synod. \viii(li meets 
 once in ten years. The executive board of the 
 church, as a whole, is the elders' conference of the 
 unity. Each of the three provinces of the church 
 —the German, Bi-itish and American— has a synod 
 and board of eldei-s of its own. The rpiritual 
 church ofticers are the bisho|)s. through whom the 
 regular succession of ordination, transmitted to 
 the United Brethren through the ancient church 
 of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren, is pre- 
 served, and who alone are authorized to ordain 
 ministei's, but possess no authority in the govern- 
 ment of the church, except such as they derive 
 from some other office (most frequently presi- 
 dents of some board of elders): the presbyters 
 or ordained st.ited ministers of th<- lonnnunities. 
 and the deacons, the hiiu-r b.-inu' the device rltst 
 bestowed upon youn^^ niiriistei"s. Females may be 
 elders among "their own sex, but are never 
 oidained, nor do they vote in the boards of elders. 
 In ilmirine the Moravians do not differ from other 
 orthodox or evangelical churches, so far as the 
 main jioints of christian belief are concerned, 
 althouL'ii on minor iioinis it allows a diffi-renee of 
 o)>inion. In tile past tli.-y have lived indistinct 
 communities, and united their interests very 
 closely, but did not bold to a coninnmity of goods; 
 nor in their separated communities did they allow 
 
 houpeholders who were not members In full com- 
 munion to obtain a permanent residence. Then 
 discipline allo\ve<l no balls, dancing or Iheatiiial 
 amuseiiU'Uts. ami foiliade all pro|llisellou^ asst-ni- 
 blin^'ol the youth of l)olh sexe>, I'llbllc l elli.'i..ns 
 meetings were held every evening. Cni Sunday 
 mornings the church litany was read and sermons 
 were preached. The church festivals of fhrist- 
 mas and Easter were celebrated. Music held a 
 prominent place in their devotions. Previous to 
 partaking of the Lord's supper, they had a 'Move- 
 feast" of coffee, tea and light cakes, with hymns 
 and iiistniinental music. Funerals were attended 
 by bands nl nuisic, without any external badges 
 of niourniii^r. Such were the customs of the 
 chill rh Il-ss than forty years ago. The seat of the 
 provincial board of the .American branch of tlie 
 church IS at Bethlehem. Pa., and its educational 
 institutions are located at Bethlehem. Nazareth 
 and Litiz, in Pennsylvania: Salem, N. C, and 
 Hope, Ind. The missionary field includes Green- 
 land, Labratior, North American Indians, the 
 Mo^quito coast, certain West Indian and other 
 islands. Surinam, South Africa, Thibet and 
 Australia. On the continent of Europe there is a 
 special mission woj-k, called the "Diaspora." 
 which exten<ls over Saxony. Prussia and other 
 Get man states. Switzerlan<i. parts of France, 
 llfiini.irk, N<irway. Sweden an<l Russia. In I87,t 
 the whole number of communicants in the three 
 provinces was 17,136, and of all attendant* 27,630. 
 
 THE SECOND ADVENTISTS 
 
 N 1833, William Miller, a farmer, of 
 Low Hampton, N. Y. , born in 1781, 
 after some examination of the 
 Bible, began lecturing and writing 
 for the press his belief in the 
 speedy and personal coming to the 
 earth, for the second time, of the 
 Lord Jesus Christ, at which time 
 should end the present christian 
 The date for the 
 ' the Old Testament 
 1 regard to this event, 
 •ipturally and mathe- 
 matically, he placed at some time 
 about A. D. 1843. Early in 1840. 
 Joshua V. Hinies, afterwards an Episcopal clergy- 
 
 C^ should end tht 
 
 9 r W ? disi)ensation. 
 
 K 1'^ y fulfillment of 1 
 
 cirtSii^fti. ^ Ia Pi"ophecies in re 
 
 \jj?^*5'y* computed scripl 
 
 man. but then a preacher in the "Christian 
 Connection," became a believerin Miller's views, 
 and began the publication of a bi-weekly paper, 
 devoted to this subject, which attained a wide 
 circulation. The dissemination of this belief 
 created a horde of believers and lecturers, and 
 the excitement became general and intense in 
 various parts of the country. Its effects led to 
 insanity, in many cases, and people who gave 
 away their property, in anticipation of the sec- 
 ond advent (after which event they would need 
 it no morel were at last undeceived by the non- 
 fulfillment of the prophecy. Beggary staring 
 some in the face, they committed suicide, as did 
 others prior to the expected date, through sheer 
 insanity. 
 
 The year 1843 having passed without any unu- 
 sual spiritual event occurring, some lost their 
 faith in Miller and Himes. but others, whose 
 enthusiasm was kept up under new calculations, 
 continued, from time to time, to set other dates 
 for the second coming. Notwithstanding the 
 frequent failures of these pi-edictions. Second 
 Adventism has become a religious denomination, 
 having church organizations, and distinguishing 
 principles, and thriving all over the countrj-. 
 Second Adventists are divided into several classes. 
 Some are "timists"— that is, their -leaders set 
 particular dates for the second cominp, while 
 others do not, but wait patiently for Christ's com- 
 ing in His own good time, others again — and 
 there is a large body of these, with an educational 
 
 ■>S
 
 — ^: 
 
 THE SWEDENBORGIANS. THE KELIGION OF INDIANS. 
 
 institution and other advantages, at Battle Creek, 
 Mich.— obserx-e the Jewish Sabbath, or seventh 
 day of the week, instead of Sunday. The pro- 
 phecies in Daniel and Revelation are particular 
 favorites in the ground-work of this denom- 
 ination. 
 
 In 1845 a "Mutual Conference nf .\dventists" 
 was held in Albany, N. Y. , and agreed upon asso- 
 ciated church action and belief. ,\fter commend- 
 ing the formation of christian churches, they 
 state as follows: 
 
 Rellfflous Belief.— The Second .\d%'ent 
 believers generally throughout the country 
 have united in church fellowship, with no other 
 creed or form of discipline than the written word 
 of God. which they believe is a sufficient rule, both 
 of faith and duty. 
 
 Second Advent conferences are held as often as 
 it is deemed necessary, for the consideration and 
 discussion of such subjects and measures as the 
 interests of the cause may demand; they are 
 constituted of both ministerial and lay members, 
 from all portions of the country. This body is 
 purely voluntary and advisory, and claims to 
 
 exercise no authority over the conscience of any. 
 
 They look upon the Advent doctrine, embrac- 
 ing, as it does, the personal and visible appear- 
 ance and reign of Christ on earth, the. restitution 
 of the heavens and earth to their paradisiacal state 
 as the eternal inheritance of the saints, etc.. as 
 the only view which will explain and harmonize 
 the word of God. 
 
 They believe the second advent of Christ to 
 judge the world to be near at hand, and that is 
 the great practical doctrine set forth and 
 used by the apostles as a motive to holiness. It 
 was to them and their suffering brethren the 
 great source of comfort, and the hope of the 
 whole Israel of God. 
 
 The Second Comlnar.— The early Adventists 
 regarded the second coming of the Lord to be at 
 hand for these reasons: 
 
 "1. The four great empires are to be succeeded 
 by the everlasting kingdom of God: and it is 
 very manifest that the last, the Roman govern- 
 ment, has passed its predicted divisions, and 
 must soon end. 
 
 "2. The waning of the Ottoman or Mohamme- 
 
 dan power is regarded as another index that the 
 kingdom of Christ will soon come. 
 
 "3. The universal movements and agitations, 
 with the famine.s, pestilences and earthquakes, 
 together with the signs in the sun, moon and 
 stars, etc. . they consider conclusive evidence of 
 the speedy coming of Christ. 
 
 "4. This gospel of the kingdom which was to 
 be preached in all the world for a witness to all 
 nations is now completing its work." 
 
 Side Doctrines.- Several doctrines have 
 been grafted into the Second Advent organiza- 
 tions, inclniling that which claims that the soul, 
 after dt'ath, remains insensible and inactive 
 (sleeping I until the resurrection morn, and that 
 none but the righteous souls will be raised and 
 endowed with immortality, etc. 
 
 Government.— At the sixteenth annual meet- 
 ing of the Advent Christian Association, at 
 Springfield, Mass., in August, 1875, it was resolved 
 to convoke a general conference in order to com- 
 plete the congregational form of government 
 that has been adopted by this denomination. 
 
 The Doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church 
 are shown in the following: 
 
 I.— God is One in Essence and in Person, in 
 whom there is a distinct and essential Trinity, 
 r (lU-il in the word the Father, Son. and Holy 
 SjiiiH, and the Lord Jesus Christ is this God and 
 the only true object of worship. 
 
 II.— In order to be saved, man must believe on 
 the Lord and strive to obey His commandments, 
 looking to Him alone for strength and assistance, 
 and acknowledging that all life and salvation are 
 from Him. 
 
 III.— The Sacred Scriptures, or the Divijie Word, 
 is not only the Revelation of the Lord's will and 
 the history of His dealings with men. but also 
 contains the infinite treasures of His wisdom 
 expressed in symbolical or correspondent ial lan- 
 guage, and therefore, in addition to the sense of the 
 letter, thei'e is in the word an inner or spiritual 
 sense, which can be intenireted only by the law of 
 correspondence between things natural and things 
 spiritual. 
 
 IV.— Now is the time of the second coming of the 
 Lord, foretold in Matt. xxiv. , and the establish- 
 ment of the New Church signified by the New 
 Jerusalem in Revelation xxi. , and this second com- 
 ing is not a visible appearance on earth, but a new 
 disclosure of Divine Truth and the promulgation of 
 true Christian doctrine, effected by means of the 
 Lord's sei-vant. Emanuel Swedenborg, who was 
 specially instructed in this doctrine, and commis- 
 sioned to publish it to the world. 
 
 v.— Man's life in the material body is hut the 
 preparation of eternal life, and when the })<h\y dies 
 man iminediatcly risesinio the spiritiKil wi.ijil, and 
 after prrpuratiim in an iiitermediat-' -^tiit'-. liwells 
 forever in Heaven or Hell. aecordiiiK to the char- 
 acter acquired during his earthly life. 
 
 VI.— The Spiritual World, the eternal home of 
 men after death, is not remote from this world, 
 but !■* In direct conjunction with it. and we are. 
 though unconsciously, alv/ays in immediate com- 
 munion with angels and spirits. 
 
 The Teachings of Swedenborg, 
 
 The delight derived from good, and the pleasant- 
 ness derived from truth, which constitutes the 
 happiness of heaven, do not consist in idleness, but 
 in activity. Activity with those who are in heaven 
 consists in performing uses, which is to them the 
 delight of good, and in relishing truths with a view 
 to uses, which to them is the delight of truth. 
 
 Few at this day know that in doing good without 
 a view to recompense there is heavenly happiness. 
 They who are in genuine mutual love are in their 
 delight and blessedness when they are doing good 
 to their neighbor, for they desire nothing more. 
 
 Piety without charity, and external sanctity 
 witlioiit internal sanctity, and a renunciation of 
 tli'- wnrld w ithout a life in the world, do not con- 
 stitiHe spiritual life; but piety with charity, exter- 
 nal ?anciuy from internal sanctity, and a renuncia- 
 tion of the'world with a life in the world, do con- 
 stitute it. 
 
 Th#life of charity consists in willing well and 
 doing well to our neighbor; in acting from all our 
 works from justice and equity, and from goodness 
 and truth, and in like manner in every office; in a 
 word, the life of charity consists in performing 
 uses. 
 
 Piety consists in thinking and speaking piously, 
 in giving much time to prayer, in being humble at 
 that time, in frequenting temples and attending 
 devoutly to the preaching there, in frequently 
 every year receiving the sacrament of the holy 
 supper, and in performing the other rituals of 
 worship according to the ordinances of the church. 
 
 Internal sanctity consists in loving goodness and 
 truth for the sake of goodness and truth, and 
 justice and sincerity for the sake of justice and 
 sincerity: so far, also, as a man loves these so far 
 he is spiritual, and his worship too; for so far, 
 also, he is willing to know them and do them. 
 
 External worship without inleriial may be com- 
 pared with the life of respiration without the life 
 of the heart; but external worship from internal 
 may be compared with the life of respiration con- 
 joined to the life of the heart. 
 
 Every man's ruling affection or love remains with 
 him after death, nor is it extirpated to eternity; 
 for the spirit of man is altogether as his love is, 
 and the body of every spirit and angel is the exter- 
 nal form of his love, altogether corresponding to 
 the internal form, which is of his mind. 
 
 All delights (low forth from love, for what a man 
 loves he feels as delightful, nor has he any one 
 delight from any other source. Hence it follows 
 that such as the love is. such is the delight. The 
 delights of the body, or of the flesh, all How from 
 the love of self and the love of the world; but the 
 delights of the soul, or spirit, all flow from love to 
 the Lord and love towards the neighbor. 
 
 How great the delight of heaven is may be mani- 
 fest from this consideration, that it is a delight 
 to all in heaven to communicate their joys and 
 blessings to others; and whereas all in the heavens 
 areofsuchacharacter.it is evident how immense 
 is the delight there, for in the heavens there is a 
 communication of all with each, and each with all. 
 Such communication Hows from the two loves of 
 heaven, which are love of the Lord, and love to- 
 wards the neighbor; these loves are communicative 
 of their delights. 
 
 There are three sorts of dreams. The first sort 
 come mediately through heaven from the Lord; 
 such were the prophetic dreams recorded in the 
 word. The second sort come through angelic 
 spirits; it was thence that the mein'f the most an- 
 cient church had their di earns \\ liirh were instruc- 
 tive. The third sort cin.-^ thn.ut:!! the s|.iTit- who 
 are near when man is asleep, whieh alsu are signi- 
 ficative. But fantastic dreams have another origin. 
 
 The Sun of heaven is the Lord ; the light there is 
 Divine truth, and the heat there is Divine good, 
 which proceed from the Lord as a Sun; from that 
 origin are all things that exist and api>ear in the 
 he.ivens. Rut let no one entertain the idea that 
 the sun of the spiritual wr.rh! is Cod himself. (;od 
 himself is a M;in. The first pi nee,-diTv,r fn>ni His 
 lo\'e ami wisilmn is a tiny spji mi-u pi nniple. which 
 appears to the sight .if th.' angels as .i sun: but 
 when the Lur<l manifests himself to the angels in 
 person. He manifests himself as a Man, sometimes 
 in that sun, and sometimes out of It. 
 
 -»-l# 
 
 €€ RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. »^ 
 
 ^ '-_r jH K native Indians of North America 
 ''^'*^- |„-H.ved in a pliinilltv of gods who made 
 i.iKl ;:..veiii.-d the vj.iii.us n;iti..ns of the 
 . WMild, but iiwule (leilies ..f everything 
 c —a that they Inijigitied t.. be great and pow- 
 erful, benedcial or hurtful to mankind: still they 
 conceived the Idea of one Almighty Being, who Is 
 superior to all other deities, and who dwells In 
 the southwestern heaven-*. Him they call Kleh- 
 tail, and thev believe Hliii to be a good Being, iind 
 pay a sort' of aekn-iwleflgment to Him for 
 pluiitV. victory an<l <»ther benefits. They al-»o 
 worshiped Hobnmucko. or the devil, of whom 
 they utood In greater awe, and their worship of 
 him was actuated by fear. Th'*y hn<\ n universal 
 
 belief In the iinmortalil^v" of the soul. WTien 
 good people died tlury bi-Iieved they went to Kich- 
 taii and dwelt In pleasure with their previously 
 departerl friends. The wicked also went to Klch- 
 tau, who drove them away, and then they 
 wandered ai>out in restless discontent and dark- 
 ness forever. 
 
 In New Jersey the ahoHginos believed in three 
 gods, who respectively made white men. Indians 
 and negroes. After death they believed that the 
 spirit or "shadow" of (he dead went southward 
 to some unknown place, and enjoyed some kind 
 of happiness, such as hunting, lislilng. dancing, 
 etc.. and never grew weary of these amuHcments. 
 Thit* applied tn mo-t of the defid, but If nnv were 
 
 not happy hereafter, they were punished only by 
 privation outside of the place where the happy 
 spirits dwell. Rewards and ptinishinents had no 
 reference to the worship of the Supreme Being, 
 but to man's conduct towards nmn. 
 
 Other tribes had various iileas c)f a Supreme 
 Ood and His attributes, mingled with mmdi of 
 paganism and snperftttlon. The belief in future 
 existence and of rewards .and imnishments after 
 death were common, and their lieax'eii was full of 
 material <lclights suited to their rude and savage 
 ItfeoTi earth. Sun-worship, and idnlwnrshlp in 
 inanv forms prevailed among tlu- numennis Indian 
 tribes. North and Htuith. Sacrifices of living 
 animals were not usual among these Indians.
 
 ■■<>- 
 
 ZilKOASTIO BELIEF. THE LUTllEKANH. I'ROMINENT ItEI.IGIOUS TEACHEKii. 
 
 4u 
 
 4/? 
 
 & 
 
 RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF THE FOLLOWERS OF ZOROASTER. 
 
 ^ 
 
 E; 
 
 -^r. 
 
 % 
 
 DEAS (if twos pprvaik' all tiu- I'eli- 
 
 ■^:.i 
 
 & 
 
 ^f^ 
 
 ^^ZJ'^m tfiori uf tlie fulluwers ol' Zoroaster; 
 '?'— 1?^ they believe that there are two 
 lives, mental and pliysieal; two intel- 
 lects, one the Hpark from the source 
 of liKht. iiml one of earth, whieh is 
 neijuired. 
 
 In the eternal warfare which has 
 been waged anions? the heavenly bod- 
 ies, the sun assumed the leadership 
 of the stars, and hence the reverence 
 of those believers for the sun. 
 
 In the creation of the material world there were 
 twelve companies organized under the twelve siyns 
 of the Zodiac, placed in four great divisions- 
 north, south, east and west, with Mars over the 
 
 north. Mercury over the south. .I'lpiter over the 
 ciu^t. and Saturn overthe west. Venu« commanding 
 the center. From the world (iod created a bridge 
 that reached to the source of light, over a chasm 
 of utter darkness, 
 
 In due time the spirits of darkness, under the 
 Command »( tlie evil one. commenced an attack on 
 the p;itliwrtv leiidint,' K. tUv li^'ht, but, ;ifter a lerri- 
 bk-.-i.nlIi<'I. 111.- .-vij spiril u,,- \;.ri.piivh.-.! and fell 
 biiek ti. eui'tlj Ml Ihf I-iriii ..t a -rr p.nl , licue-- the 
 antipathy of the IuHowlIs "f tliis i eliKi'J" to ser- 
 pents and reptiles. 
 
 Having finished the creation of the material 
 world, God created man and woman to inhabit it, 
 who were tempted by the deWl to drink goats' 
 
 milk, which produced Ilbldlnounde«ire», and oftor- 
 wardK brought shame. 
 
 Thus mo^e miserable through the Kin of the flntt 
 parents, the human race Htan<ls between two 
 worlds. one of light, theotherof darkness; between 
 two spirits, good and evil, but able to act of their 
 own free will. 
 
 Possessing the'splrlt of Hglit. mankind ought to 
 worship (iod, but being surrounded by the spirit 
 of darkness, they are continually tempted to wor- 
 ship evil. 
 
 In this condition Gorl Hcndw them Zoroaster with 
 a revelation of His will, which if they believe and 
 obey, it will lead them to light and eternal happi- 
 ness. 
 
 -.fe=^t ORIGIN AND FAITH OF THE LUTHERANS. 
 
 IUTHERANISM is the system of Protestant 
 religion adopted by the followers of Luther, 
 the celebrated German reformer, but has 
 undergone some changes. Luther opposed 
 t he Romish masses, the adoration of the host, 
 confession of sins to the priesthood, the doc- 
 trine of good works bringing salvation, the 
 purchase of pleasurable indulgences, purgatory, 
 image worship, Romish fasts, monastical vows, 
 celibacy of the priesthood; maintained the doc- 
 
 trines of predestination and justifleation solely by 
 the imputation of the merits of Jesus Christ, and 
 reduced the number of sacraments to two— bap- 
 tism and the Lord's supper. In the latter, how- 
 ever, his followei"s believe that tlie Imrly and blood 
 of Christ are materially predentin the bread and 
 wine of the sacrament, though in an incompre- 
 hensible manner. They also allow the use of 
 images in churches, clerical vestments, the private 
 confession of sins, the use of the wafer in the 
 
 
 Lord's supper, the fomi of exorcism in the bap- 
 tismal cereiiionv. aiul other rites which remind one 
 oltiM- lioiiiaii c.'ilholi.- woishiTi. The.v more closely 
 r.-s.riLt.l.- Ill-' Kpi-r..|.;,li;,n^ in Sweden. N..rway 
 and h.-ion.nk In Ih. foiled States, Hamlmrg 
 and Frankfurt, the elnu ell jrovemnient is more 
 Congregational, and consists of a vestrj'. a district 
 confereiice and a general s.vnod of ministers. 
 They give mnch attention to educational and mis- 
 sionary enterprises. 
 
 OCCUPATION, 
 
 FIELD OF LABOR. 
 
 BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 Anron Jewish First High Priest Arabian Desert Egypt 1575 B. C U52 B. C 
 
 Abriihnm Jewish Founder of the Jews Palestine Ur, in Chaldea 2008 B. C 1822 B. C 
 
 Andrew Christi.an Christ's .\postle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine 
 
 Aquliiao, Thomaa Roman Catholic Theologian Italy Calabria A. D. l!S« A. D. 1274 
 
 Arlus Greek Patriarch Egypt .llexandria 33B 
 
 Ai-miniiio. .Jsimea Amiinian Founder of a .Sect Holland Onderw,ater, Hoi 1S60 Oct. 19. 1609.... 
 
 ABhiiry. Francis Methodist First Am. Bishop United States Birmingham, Eng....Aug. 20, 1745 March 31, 1816,, 
 
 Athaiiaaiuii Trinitarian Patriarch Alexandria, Eg.vpt... Alexandria About 296 373 
 
 Abbot, Samuel Congregationalist Merchant .\ndovei'. Mass Andover 1732 1812 
 
 Bartholomew Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine 
 
 Baxter, Richard Episcopalian Pieacher-Avithor England Rowton, England.,,, Nov, 12, 1615 Dec. 8, 1691..., 
 
 Beecher, layman Congregationalist,., .Preacher-Author Conn, and New York. New Haven, Conn. ...Oct. 12, 1775 Jan. 10. 1863..., 
 
 Beeeher, Henry W Congregationatist . ..Preacher-Author, etc Indiana. Brooklyn.,. Litchfield, Conn June 24, 1813 
 
 Bede ithe "Venerable") Roman Catholic Monk .and Author England Durham, England 873 735 
 
 Boehm. .Jacob Visionary M,vstic Writer Germany Goeriitz, Germany... 157ii 1624 
 
 Beneel. .John .Vlbert Roman Catholic Theologian Germany tVurtemberg, Ger,,,,1687 Nov, 2, 1752,,., 
 
 Berkeley, George Episcopalian Irish Bishop Ireland and America. Kilcrin, Ireland March 12. 1684.... Jan, 14. 1753.., 
 
 Beza, Theodore Prot, Reformer Calvinist Preacher Genev,a, Switzerland. Vezelai, Switzerland. 1519 Oct. 13, 1605.... 
 
 Blair. Hnich Episcopalian Preacher and Author Scotland Edinburgh. .Scotland. April 7. 1718 Dec. 27, 1800.,, 
 
 Boudlnot, Ellas Protestant Patriot, Philanthropist. ....America Philadelphia May 2. 1740 Oct. 24, 1821... 
 
 Bralnerd, David Protestant Indian Missionary N. E. and New Jersey. Haddam, Conn April 20. 1718 Oct. 9j_1747,,,, 
 
 Brown, aohn Presbyterian Biblical Critic Haddington, Scot.... Perthshire. Scotland. About 17'22 JuneT9, 1787,., 
 
 Banyan, .John Baptist Preacher and Author Bedford, Eng Bedfordshire, Eng...l6S8 Aug. 31, 1688... 
 
 Burnet, Gilbert Episcopalian Bishop of Salisbury England Edinburgh. Scotland. Sept, 18, 1643 March 17, 1715,, 
 
 Butler. Joneph Episcopalian Bishop and Author England Wantage, Engl.and. ..May 18. 1692 June 16, 1752... 
 
 Brown.on, O. .4. Unitarian Religious Author New York and N. E.Stockbridge. Vt Sept. 16. 1803 Living 
 
 Brownlow. "W. G Methodist Journalist and Preacher. .. .Knoxville, Tenn Wythe Co.. Va Aug. 29, 180.5 April 28, 1877,., 
 
 Buahnell. Horace ,,, Congregationalist., ,. Preacher and Author Connecticut New Preston, Conn.,, April 14, 1802 Feb. 17. 1876,, . 
 
 Calmet. .%.ueuatlne Roman Catholic Bible Commentator France Lorraine. France Feb 26, 1672 Oct.. 1757 
 
 Calvin, .John Calvinist Reformer and Writer France. Switzeriand Picardy. France July 10. 1.500 May 24, 1564,,,. 
 
 Canne.' John Baptist .iuthorot Bible References. England England Bet. 1.590 and 1600 
 
 Carroll. John Roman Catholic First American Bishop Maryland Upper Marlboro', .Md. 17.15 Dec. 3, 1815..,. 
 
 CartwrlBht, Peter Methodist Preacher Illinois Amherst Co.. Va Sept. 1. 1785 Sept. 25, 1872,,. 
 
 Cheever, Geo. B Congregationalist .. .Preacher and Author N. E. and New York.Hallowell, Me April 17, 1807
 
 46 
 
 PKOMINENT RELIGIOUS TEACHEKS AXD FOUNDERS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 BELIEF. 
 
 OCCCPATIOS. 
 
 FIELD OF LABOR. 
 
 BIRTHPLACE. 
 
 BORN. 
 
 DIED. 
 
 Christ, .JeRiis Son of God Savior of Men Palestine Bethlehem. Judea A. M. 4004 April, A. D. 37.. 
 
 C'larke, Adam Methodist Bible Commentator Great Britain Moybeg, Ireland 17G0 or 1762 Ang. 26. 1832 
 
 <'i-:innier, Xliomas Episcopal Archbishop of Canterbury. England Nottinghams'e, Eng. .July 2. US9 March 21, 1556.. 
 
 Coiit'iioluK Moralist Chinese Philosopher China China B. C. 551 
 
 <'ampbell, Alex Baptist Founder of CampbelHtes. .Va., Tenn. and Ky.. .Ireland June. 1786 March 4, 1866.... 
 
 Dotlilridge, Philip Episcopal Clergyman and Author England London, England June 26. 1702 Oct. 26, 1751 
 
 l>o\v, Lorenzo Methodist Preacher Eng. , Ireland, U. S. . .Coventry, Conn Oct. 16, 1777 Feb. 2, 1834 
 
 I>\\ ight, Timothy Congi-egationalist.. ..President Yale College Connecticut Northampton, Mass. .May 14, 1752 Jan. 11, 1817 
 
 EtiH ards, Jonathan Presbyterian Preacher and Author Connecticut Windsor, Conn Octobers, 1703.. -March 22, 17.^8.. 
 
 Eliot, John Puritan Indian Missionary Massachusetts Nasing, England 1004 May 20, 1690 
 
 Fenelon, Francis €le S Roman Catholic Prelate and Writer France Perigord, France Aug. 6, 1651 Jan. 7, 1715 
 
 Flavel, John Episcopal. N. C Preacher and Author England Bromsgrove. Eng 1627 June 26. 1691..., 
 
 FU'chiere, John VT Methodist Preacher England and Europe. \yon, Switzerland. ..Sept. 12,1729 Aug. 14, 1785..., 
 
 Fo, or Fohl Paganism Founder of Religion China China 1027 B. C , 
 
 Giiyon. Jane B. de I* Mystic Enthusiast Religious Writer European cities Montargis, France April 13, 1648 June 9, 1717 
 
 Henry, Matthew Prot. Dissenter Preacher and Author Chester. England Broad Oak. Eng Oct. 18, 1662 June 22. 1714..., 
 
 llervey, James Episcopal Preacher and Author -^ ?^*i?5?" ^^'^ i*^*^!: '■ Hardingstone, Eng... Feb. 26, 1713 Dec. 25, 1758..., 
 
 r iingLia. EjUgLanQ ) 
 
 ...Rabbi and Teacher Palestine Babylon, Assyria 112 B. C. . 
 
 ...Physician^ England and Europe. Enfield, England Sept. 2, 1726 Jan. 20, 1790.. 
 
 ...Philanthropist England England Aug. 24, 1707 June 17, 1791.. 
 
 . ..Theological Writer England Yorkshire, England. .1764- Aug. 28, 1757.. 
 
 Hillel Jewish 
 
 ll«>\%-ard, John Philanthropist . 
 
 Hiintfntrtnii, Countess of- .Protestant 
 
 IlTitehlnwon, John Rationalist 
 
 Hu«ts, John Protestant Eminent Reformer Bohemia Prague, Bohemia 1736 July 7, 1415 
 
 Ij^natius de Lioyola Roman Catholic Founder of Jesuits Spain and Italy Azcoitia, Spain 1491 July 31, 1556. ... 
 
 James ibro. of John i Christian ...Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine 
 
 Jerome of Praprtie Protestant Religious reformer England and Europe. Prague, Bohemia About 1375 May 30. 1416. .... 
 
 Jiiilson, Adouiram Baptist Missionary Burniah Maiden, Mass Aug. 9. 1788 April 12, 1850... 
 
 Jiidson, Mrs. Ann H Baptist Missionary Burniah Bradford, Mass Dec. 22, 1789 Oct. 24, 1826.... 
 
 Jndson, Sarah H Baptist Missionary Burmah Alstead, N. H Nov. 4, 1803 Sept. 1, 1845.... 
 
 Jiidson, Emily C Missionary Burmah Eaton, New York. ...Aug. 22, 1817 June 1, 1854 
 
 John (bro- uf Janies) Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine 
 
 Judas Iscarlot Hypocrite Christ's Apostle Palestine 
 
 K-Oox, John Protestant Reformer Scotland Gifford, Scotland 1505 Nov. 24, 1572... 
 
 Latimer, Hufrh Protestant Bishop and Martyr England Thurscaston, Eng About 1490 Oct. 16, 1555,... 
 
 I,.ee, Ann Friend Founder of Shakers New York State Manchester, Eng Feb. 29, 1736 Sept. 8, 1784 
 
 I,.nthei>, Martin Protestant Eminent Reformer Germany Eisleben, Saxony Nov. 10. 1483 Feb. 18, 1546... 
 
 MaMon. John M Presbyterian .\uthorand Divine New York City New York City March 19, 1770.... Dec. 26. 1829 
 
 blather. Increase Pre.sbyterian Pres. Harvard College Massachusetts Dorchester, Mass June 91, 1639 Aug. 23. 1723..., 
 
 M:ttlier, Cotton Presbyterian Preacher and Author Massachusetts Boston. Mass Feb. 12. 1663 Feb. 13. 1728 
 
 Melanethon, Philip Protestant Noted Reformer Germ'y, France, Eng. Brettan, Germany... Feb. 16. 1497 April 19, 1560. . . 
 
 Mohammed Moslem Religious Founder Arabia Mecca, Arabia 570 or 571 June 8. 632 
 
 Moses Jewish Leader and Lawgiver Egypt and Arabia Egypt B. C. 1571 B. C. 1451 
 
 Miihlenhere. Henry M. .. .Lutheran Founder of Church United States Eimbeck, Germany. .1711 1787 
 
 Matthew, or Levi Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Galilee 
 
 Miller, William Protestant Founder of Adventists Eastern New York.. .Pittsfleld, Mass 1781 Dec. 20, 1849.... 
 
 Neander, Augustus Lutheran Church Historian Germany Gottingen, Germany. Jan. 17, 1789 July 14, 1850.... 
 
 Xathanael Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine 
 
 Paine, Tliomas Free Thinker Liberal Author Pennsylvania Thetford. England.. .Jan, 29, 1737 June 8, 1809 
 
 Paley, William Episcopal Religious Writer England Peterboro. England. .July, 1743 May 25, 1805 
 
 Pai'ker, Theodore Independent Preacher and Author Massachusetts Le.vington. Mass Aug. 24, 1810 May 10, I860...., 
 
 PituI the Apostle Christian Gentile Missionary Asia Minor, Europe.. Tarsus, Asia Minor. ..A. I>. 10 A. D. 65 
 
 Pelatcius Roman Catholic Founder of Pelagians Italy and Palestine. .England About 390 
 
 Peter the Hermit Roman Catholic Originator of Crusades Palestine Amiens. France 1050 1115 
 
 Peter the Apostle Christian Preacher to Jews Asia Minor Bethsaida, Palestine 
 
 Philip Christian Christ's Apostle Asia Minor Bethsaida. Palestine 
 
 ICohertHon, Wnt Presbyterian Preacher and Historian Scotland Bosthwick, Scotland. Sept. 19, 1721 June II, 1793.... 
 
 Kot;ers, John Episcopal ! bIu-3^ at'^theSke! 5 " ■^"^'""''' ^^'^'•""^y- -England About 1600 Feb. 4, 1555.... 
 
 Mak^a-Miina Mystic Teacher of Buddhism Hindoostan About 600 B. C 
 
 Noel n no. Fa list ua Vnltarian Religious Reformer Switzerland, Poland. Siena, Italy Dec. 1539 March 3, 1604... 
 
 Npener, Phillpp J Protestajit Founder of the Pietists Germany Rappoltsweiler, Ger.Jan., 1035 Feb. 5, 1705...., 
 
 N|»liM»Ma, Benedict Pantheist Founder of a Sect Holland, Germany. ..Amsterdam, Hoi Nov. 24, 1632 Feb. 21, 1677 
 
 Nprlnur. tiardlner Presbyterian Preacher and Author Mass. and New York. Newbury port, Mass. .Feb. 24, 1785 Aug. 18, 1873 
 
 HwedenborK. Emanuel I'n.t.-stant Religious Teacher, Seer Sweden Stockholm, Sweden. .Jan. 29, 1688 March 29, 1772., 
 
 'riiaddeUH, t»r JiKle cliriHliun Christ's Apostle Palestine ." , 
 
 'Fhonias the .\|MiMlie Christian Preacher of the Gospel Uncertain 
 
 'Fyndal, AVllllam Episcopal Preacher. Bible Translator. England. Germany.. .North NIbloy, Eng.. .About 1484 Oct. 6. 1536 
 
 A'olney, t'onstantlne F. C.Delst Physician and Author France and Corsica. .Craon, France Feb. 3, 1757 April 25, 1820. ... 
 
 Vol I III re, Marie F. A Deist Author and Poet France Paris, France Nov. 21, 1694 May 30. 1778 
 
 Wat In, iNaac Independent Preacher and Author London. England Southampton, Eng... July 17, lfl74 Nov. 25, 1748 
 
 Way I a lid, FrancU Baptist Preacher and Author New England New York March U. 1796 Sept. 26. 1H65 
 
 We«ley, John Metljodlst Founder of Methodism England, America .. .Epworth, England. . .June 17, 1703 March 2. 1791 
 
 AVesiey. Charles Methodist jSrlter""^" "'"^ ^y'""" '■ England, America.. .Epworth. England... Dec. 18.1708 March 29, 1788. . . 
 
 Whllefleld, Oeo Methodist Preacher Enuland, America... Gloucester, England. Dec. 16. 1714 Sept. 30, 1770 
 
 Wlek litre, Johu Episcopal Religious Reformer Entrland WieklilTc. England.. About 1324 Dec. 31, 1384 
 
 Willi iiniM. ICnirer Baptist Founder of Rhode Island. .Rhode Island Wales About 1599 1683 
 
 Xiilniclliis, L'irlvh Protestant Swis.H Reformer Switzerland Wlldhausen, Swlt2...Jan. 1, 1484 Oct. 11, 1531 
 
 Zoroaster Mysticism Author of Persian Bible Persia About 400 B. C 
 
 ;(i — 
 
 ==<51
 
 •:c>— 
 
 ~^- 
 
 DICTIONARY OF KELIGIOUS TKKMS IX COMMON USK. 
 
 
 ■ ^iji^e' &■ G' o' '0000 'o 
 
 <t> Q G O G O"]^^ 
 
 BBA— A word applied to religious 
 superiors or bishops in foreign 
 churches; meaning "Father." 
 
 Abbey— A society of monks, 
 
 governed by an abbot, or of nuns, 
 
 presided over by an abbess; also, 
 
 the house in which they dwell. 
 
 Abbe— An abbot, or governor 
 
 over an abbey. 
 
 Abbrtcy — Whatever pertains to 
 the office of an abbot or abbess. 
 Academic — A believer in the 
 philu>ophy of riato or Socrates. 
 
 Acolyte — A church servant, employed in 
 inferior duties. 
 Adainio— Relating to the first man, Adam. 
 Adoption— The reception of the redeemed 
 into the family of God. 
 
 Advent— A devotional season in the Roman 
 Catholic and Episcopal churches, just before 
 Christmas; a coming; applied spiritually to the 
 first and second coming of Christ to the earth. 
 
 Adventlsts— Generally applied to those who 
 expect and teach that the second coming of Christ 
 draws near; a religious sect. 
 
 Advocate— A term applied to Christ as our 
 
 intei-cessor at the throne of God. 
 
 AITiiBlon- The pouring or sprinkling of water 
 upon a person in the ceremony of baptism. 
 
 AKnoHtlcIsm- A doctrine that neither denies 
 nor believes in the existence of God. 
 
 AeruuH Del— Latin words, meaning the Lamb 
 of God; applied to Jesus Christ. 
 
 Alblsenses— A sect of christian reformers 
 who left the Roman Catholic church in the twelfth 
 century; so called from Albi, in the south of 
 France. 
 
 Alcoran— Another name for the Koran, the 
 sacred scriptures of the Mohammedans, written 
 by Mohammed. 
 
 AIcoi'anic^-Belongingto Mohammedism. 
 
 Allah— The Arabian name for the true God. 
 
 AM-halloi%-— A church feast on the first of 
 November in honor of all saints; also called AU- 
 Saint.s'-day. 
 
 Alleluia— Hallelujah, signifying praise to 
 Jehovah, the Jewish God. 
 
 AII-Sonl«'-day — A Roman Catholic holy- 
 day, when they pray for the souls of the faithful 
 dead. 
 
 Amen- A word at the end of a prayer or 
 thanksgiving, meaning, "Let it be so." 
 
 Anabaptist- One who does not believe in 
 infant Ijaptism. 
 
 Anathema— A curse pronounced by church 
 authoritit-s uj>on any person or thing. 
 
 Anathemntize— To curse. 
 
 Anchoi'ite — A hermit; one who religiously 
 retires from society and dwells alone. 
 
 Anchoress— A female anchorite. 
 
 Angel— A messenger from God; a ministering 
 spirit; a ht-avenly inhabitant. 
 
 Aneellc— Pertaining to angels; innocent or 
 amiable. 
 
 ADtedlliivian— Before the flood. 
 
 Anthem— Church music adapted to passages 
 of scripture. 
 
 Anthologry (Greek) — A book of Church 
 prayers. 
 
 AnthrouoIoKy— Or Anthropomorphism; ex- 
 pres.siuns which invest tile Deity with human pas- 
 sions and attributes. 
 
 Antl-Chrlst- The man of sin, as opposed to 
 Christianity ; described in I. John ii. , 18 and II. Thes- 
 salonians ii. , whose reign on earth is yet 
 expected. 
 
 Aiitl-chrlstlan— Opposed to Christ's teach- 
 ings. 
 
 Antlnomlann— A sect who, it is alleged, 
 denied an i>lilij?ation, under the gospel, to obey 
 the moral law of the Old Testament. 
 
 Apocalypse— One of the names applied to the 
 last book (Revelation) in the christian Bible; it 
 means discovery, disclosure. 
 
 Apocrypha— Certain books in the christ- 
 ian Bii>le whose divine inspiration is consid- 
 ered doubtful. 
 
 Apostate — One who forsakes his religious 
 vows. 
 
 Apostle— Applied to the twelve disciples of 
 Christ; one sent out to preach the christian or 
 other doctrine 
 
 Apostolical— Relating to the doctrines or 
 work of an apostle. 
 
 Archbishop— A chief bishop. 
 
 Ark of the Covenant— A sacred chest of 
 the Jews, containing the Mosaic tables of com- 
 mandments and other religious memorials. 
 
 Armenians- A sect that maintained that the 
 divine nature of Christ absorbed his human. 
 
 Armlnlans— Disciples of Arminius. of Hol- 
 land; a sect of christians in the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries; believing in a conditional 
 and divine election to salvation and reprobation; 
 universal redemption, on conditions, and spirit- 
 ual regeneration. 
 
 Ascension-day- A church festival in com- 
 memoration of the return of Christ into heaven 
 after his resurrection. 
 
 Ash-'Wednesday— The first day of the 
 annual fast of forty days in the Episcopal and 
 Roman Catholic churches, called Lent. 
 
 Ascetic— .■\ religionist who separated himself 
 or herself from the world; lived unmarried, and 
 in seclusion and poverty. 
 
 Athanaslan Creed— -A creed used in the 
 Church of England, relating to the Trinity; attri- 
 buted to Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the 
 fourth century. 
 
 Atheist — One who disbelieves or denies the 
 existence of a^Supreme Ruler or Creator; an infi- 
 del, or unbeliever. 
 
 Arlanlsm— A belief in the doctrines of Arius. 
 Bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century, who 
 taught that Christ was created and inferior to 
 God the Father in nature and dignity, although 
 the first and best of created beings. 
 
 Atonement— Satisfaction for injury; spe- 
 cially adapted to the sufferings and death of 
 Christ, by which God the Father became willing 
 to forgive the sins of those who should believe in 
 the all-sufficient power of Christ to save men 
 from sin and its effects. 
 
 AiiKiistine— An order of monks, named after 
 St. Augustine; called also .\ustin friars, or White 
 friars. 
 
 Auricular Confession— One of the tenets 
 
 of the Roman Catholic Church, which requires 
 its adherents to confess their sins in the ears of a 
 
 priest. 
 
 Ave Maria — An invocation to the Virgin 
 Mary; also a season of prayer in Italy. 
 
 im- 
 
 in? 
 
 aii<t 
 
 Hani- The sun-god of the I'Ir 
 Canaan Ites. 
 
 Baptism- A religious ceremony in which 
 persons unitlncr with a christian church have 
 water .IDuT sr"inkled upon their heads, or have 
 their b.-iji.s (iippi-ii beneath the water, in the 
 name. . f tli,- lHviiiL- Trinity; it is usually done but 
 once in a lifetime. 
 
 Baptist— One who administers baptism, as 
 John the Baptist; specifically applied to a well- 
 known sect who believe in baptism by immersing 
 the whole body in water for adults, and who do 
 not practice infant-bai)tism. 
 
 Belief— A Ann persuasion that the teachings 
 of theological leaders are true. 
 Belial— An evil spirit. 
 
 Benedictines— An order of Roman Catholic 
 monks. 
 
 Benediction —A blessing. 
 
 Bleot — A strenuous and unreasonable advo- 
 cate of any religious doctrine. 
 
 Bishop— The spiritual overseer of a church. 
 
 Brahma — A Hindostanese god, whom they 
 wor>liip us the creator of all things. 
 
 Brahmanism- The religion of Brahma. 
 
 Brahmin — A priest of the Hindoo religion. 
 
 Brahmanee- Wife of a Hindoo priest. 
 
 Broad Church— A Church between the High 
 and the Low (or evangelical) church parties in 
 England. 
 
 Brother — A member of a church or monastic 
 order. 
 
 religion of Buddha, in 
 
 Buddhism- The 
 
 Hindoslan. 
 
 Buddhist - 
 
 Buddha. 
 
 Calvary — The place where Christ was cnici- 
 fled. just west of Jerusalem. 
 
 Calvinism- A religion taught by John Calvin, 
 the Protestant Reformer, of France. 
 
 Calvlnlst — A believer 
 Calvin. 
 
 Calvinlstlc- 
 
 teachings. 
 
 Campbellltes— .A sect of the Baptists, known 
 as Disciples of Christ, or Christ-ians, founded by 
 Alexander Campbell, of Virginia. 
 
 Canaanltes- People who inhabited the Land 
 of Canaan, in Asia Minor. 
 
 -A religious rule of doctrine, or church 
 
 One who worships or believes i 
 
 in the teachings of 
 Relating to Calvin or his 
 
 Canon- 
 law. 
 Canonical- 
 
 Relating to Church laws. 
 
 Canonicals— The official garments of a church 
 functionary. 
 
 Canonization— Placing a dead person among 
 the saints of the church. 
 
 Canon-ia'tv— The law which governs all Roman 
 Catholic churches. 
 
 Canticles — The book in the Old Testament 
 known as the Song of Solomon. 
 
 Capuchin — A monk or nun of the Roman 
 Catholic order of St. Francis. 
 
 Cardinal — One of the council of seventy 
 appointed by the Pope to advise in church mat- 
 ters, and from whom one is elected Pope by the 
 others, when a vacancy occurs in the Papal 
 chair. 
 
 Carmelite — A monk of the order established 
 on Mt. Carmel. .Asia Minor, in the fourth century, 
 by the Ruman Catholics. 
 
 ? 
 
 -SL)^|>\
 
 DICTIoNAKY OF KKLIGIOUS TERMS. 
 
 Casuist — One who considers and settles cases 
 of conscience. 
 
 Catechism — A reduction of doctrinal points 
 to questions and answers, for educational pur 
 poses. 
 
 Cathedral — The church in which the bishop 
 of a diocese principally urtieiat^s. Cathedra is 
 the chair which he usually occupies when in his 
 official position. 
 
 Catholic — Meaning the Universal, true, or 
 whole Christian church; especially applied to the 
 Roman Catholic church. 
 
 Celebrant — jV church dignitary, who per- 
 forms a religious rite. 
 
 Censer — .4 dish in which incense is burned in 
 churches. 
 
 Ceremonial — The order of rites and cere- 
 munie> used in public worship. 
 
 Cerlnthlan — .\n ancient relipious sect, which 
 endeavureii to harmonize the Jewish, Gnostic, and 
 Christian doctrines. 
 
 Chaplaln — A clerg>-man connected with the 
 anny or naval service, or some other department 
 of the government or civic societies; legislative 
 bodies, etc. 
 
 Cheruh — .\ high order of angelic beings; 
 plural, cherubim. 
 
 Christian- A disciple of Jbsus Christ, one who 
 loves and obeys His teachings. 
 
 ChrUtlanirv— The religion of Christians, 
 foundfd un the teju-hings of Christ. 
 
 Chrlsteninpr— The baptism of an infant. 
 
 ChrlRtmaw— The annivei-sary of the birth of 
 Jesus Ch^l^l. December 25. 
 
 Churchmen — .A. term usually applied to 
 leaine I or active members or officials of the Epis- 
 copal church. 
 
 Church-WarUen— A local official of the 
 Episcopal Church, who oversees its temporal 
 atfairs. 
 
 CI ass- leader— .4 Methodist official, who has 
 charge of the spiritual interests of a section of 
 churcb-meinbers. 
 
 ClerK5*man— One duly authorized to preach 
 the gospel, and perform marriage, baptismal and 
 funeral services. 
 
 Commentator— An e.vpounder, or e.\piainer 
 of the Bible or other books. 
 
 Communion-Harmony between believers in 
 anv one form of religion, and between God and 
 nuin ; the celebration of the Lord's^ supper. 
 
 Compunction— A consciousness of guilt. 
 
 Conle««lon— Acknowledgment of having done 
 wrong. 
 
 ConfesMonal — The seat where the nriest sits 
 while hearing the confessions of his (lock. 
 
 ConfesNoi The priest who hears confessions 
 
 in the Roman Catholic Church; also the one who 
 confesses to him. 
 
 Confirmation- A .sacred rite in the Episco- 
 pal church, wherein the bishop lays his hands 
 uiion the heads of the members and invokes the 
 l.k-singof the Holy Ghost, with its sanctifying 
 influences upcm their lives. 
 
 i'onformlty- Having harmony - with the 
 E-*tabIished Church of England, its ntes, its doc- 
 trines and practices; or with those of any other 
 denomination. 
 
 ConTuclan —A believer in the teachings of 
 Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher. 
 
 ConBreffatlon- .\n a.xsemhlage of wor- 
 shipers. 
 
 ConereBtttlonall«iii— That form of church 
 govurniiH-iit that has nu bishop at its head; as 
 the Baptist, Presbyterian and Congregational 
 churches. j 
 
 Consecration — Setting apart the person or 
 pronertv f"r a sacred i)ui-pose; dedicating a 
 building to the worship of God; dedication. 
 
 Consistory — Any solemn assembly or coun- 
 cil- a rellgi"Us court for the settlement of church 
 questions; the college of cardinals at Rome. 
 
 Consociation -A tree-will confederacy of 
 neighboring Congregational churches for mutual 
 advice ami co-upcration in church matters, com- 
 posed of lay members. 
 
 Con«ubstnntlatlon-A Lutheran doctriii.- 
 that the actual, substantial presence of tin- 
 bfxly of Christ is with the bread and wine of 
 the Lord's supper. 
 
 Contrition -Penitence— true sorrow for sin. 
 
 <*onvent — An nssemhiage of monks or of nuns 
 di-vi.t.-fl t'l n religious life; the house in which 
 th' y live; a Homan Catholic institution. 
 
 Conventual — one who lives in a convent. 
 
 C<invvr»lon-In Iheology. a turning from 
 
 wickedness to righteousness, usually accompanied 
 by repentance for past sin; belief in Christ as the 
 Savior, and desire to be made holy. 
 
 Conviction- A convincing of the conscience 
 or the mind as to the wickedness of tho lite; it 
 usually precedes conversion. 
 
 Convocation — A general assembly of the 
 clergymen of the Church of England, to consult 
 as to the atfairs of the church; any called 
 assemblage. 
 
 CorporealUt — One who denies the existence 
 of spiritual beings. 
 
 Corpus Chrl»tl-(Body of Christ)-A Roman 
 Catholic festival having reference to the sacra- 
 ment of the Lord's supper. 
 
 Covenant -An agreement; the promises of 
 God as found in the Christian Bible, with the con- 
 ditions on which they will be fulfilled, such as 
 man's repentance, obedience, etc. 
 
 Creed — A summary of belief in certain doc- 
 trines. 
 
 Crosier- .A,r> archbishop's staff, with the fig- 
 ure of a cross a its top. 
 
 Cross — Two pieces of wood or metal laid 
 across each other and fastened: a symbol of Che 
 cross on which Jesus Christ waa nailed and died. 
 
 Crown — The head-dress of royalty; spirit- 
 ually, the Christian, through grace, is able to 
 overcome temptation, and thus wins a crown of 
 victory; after death, if he is faithful, he hopes 
 for a crown of glory. 
 
 Crucial — Partaking of the nature of a cross 
 or crucifixion, applied to any severe trial of the 
 mind or body. 
 
 Crucifix — An image of Christ dying on the 
 cross. 
 
 Crucifixion- Suspension of a human body 
 on a cross, applied specifically to the death of 
 Christ. 
 
 Curate— An assistant to the clergyman in the 
 Church of England. 
 
 Damnation — The state of being condemned ; 
 the punishment of the wicked after death. 
 
 Deacon — The lowest order of clergymen; a 
 subordinate church officer. 
 
 Dean — A church prelate, subordinate to a 
 bishoj). 
 
 DecaloKiie — The ten commandments of God. 
 
 Dedication —See COSSECR.VTION. 
 
 Deify — To make a god of anything or being; 
 to make godlike; as. Csesar was deified. 
 Deism — The doctrine or creed of a deist. 
 
 I>eittt — One who believes in a Supreme Ruler; 
 but M'tt in revealed religion, taking nature and 
 rcax.ii for hiE guide in doctrine; a free-thinker; 
 an intldcl. 
 
 Del Htlc — Pertaining to deism. 
 
 Deity — A Divine being; God, the Supreme 
 Ruk-r, whatever distinguishes God from other 
 beings. 
 
 Delude — The destruction of mankind by water 
 in till- days of Noah. 
 
 Demon —A spiritual being, a departed soul; 
 an evil spirit; adevil. 
 
 Demoniac — -^ human being influenced by a 
 dfiiiiiii: a sect who believe that the devils will 
 filially be saved from God's wrath. 
 
 Denomlnittlon- A religious sect; a collec- 
 tion of iiidivi<luals of the same belief and name, 
 a.-- the Presbyterians. 
 
 Dervish — A Turkish or Persian monk. 
 
 Devil — Satan; the adversary of God and man; 
 the ruling evil spirit. 
 
 Devilish — Kesfinbling the devil; an evil dis- 
 position; di'vuii] ul' eharlty or virtue. 
 
 Dev4»tloiial — Having a prayerful, w'?"._jiip- 
 Ing spirit. 
 
 De%'Otlon — Affection for God manifested in 
 earm-st prayer and praise. 
 
 Dlaeonji(e~The olllce of a deacon; govern- 
 niitif by dt'iiions. 
 
 Dlluvlan — Pertaining to the fiood of Noah's 
 tiiti.'. 
 
 l>locese — The district govt-rned by a particu- 
 liii' iti-ho|i. tlie bishop Is a diocesan. 
 
 I>lrtfe — .\ funeral hymn or piece of music. 
 
 DIsciulc — One who wililnifly receives and 
 ndiiiits tiie teachings of another as his or her 
 gut.!.-. 
 
 Discourse — Conversation; a sermon; an 
 explanatory address. 
 
 DlNpensntlon — The distribution of good and 
 (■vllhy(i(»l to man; God's system of governing 
 man, as the JcwIkIi and Chrlstlim <llspensallon. 
 
 Divine- Belonging to the Deity, a mi 
 or pi ie^t. 
 
 Doctrine — Principle:- of a system of religion. 
 
 Dominicans — Roman Catholic orders of 
 monks and nuns, established in the thirteenth 
 century by St. Dominic. 
 
 Druid — A religious priest or minister among 
 the ancient Celtic races in Gaul, Britain or Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Easter — A Roman Catholic and Episcopal 
 churcii festival, commentorating the end of Lent 
 and the resurrection of Christ from the dead. 
 
 Ecclesiastical — Pertaining to a church or 
 its government. 
 
 £dtla — Ancient Icelandic scriptures. 
 
 Election— A doctrine of partial salvation; 
 only chosen ones saved. 
 
 Encyclical — For many; applied to official 
 letters from the Pope. 
 
 Episcopacy — A form of church government 
 where a bishop presides. 
 
 EpiMCopal — Relating to a bishop and his 
 charge. 
 
 Eucharist — The Lord's supper. 
 
 Evansrellcal- In harmony with the New 
 Testament teachings. 
 
 Evangelist- A traveling preacher of the 
 gospel. 
 
 Excommunicated- Expelled from church 
 membei^hip. 
 
 Exeeesis- Scientific explanation of the Bible. 
 
 Father, Son and Holy Ghost — The three 
 Persons comprising the Christian's Trinity or God- 
 head; one God, three Persons; the Father being 
 the Creator and Preserver of all things; the Son. 
 the Savior of men, known as Jesus Christ, and 
 the Holy Ghost, the enlightening, convincing, and 
 sanctifying Spirit of God. 
 
 Fetichism — A low form of worship, which 
 makes gods out of animals, stones, sticks, etc.; a 
 superstitious religion among the ignorant. 
 
 Friar — A Brother or member of any Roman 
 Catholic order of monks. 
 
 Friends —The sect also called Quakers. 
 
 Gentile — One who is not a Jew. 
 
 Gospel — Literally, good news; applied to the 
 New Testament scriptures, as containing "glad 
 tiilings of great joy, for all people." 
 
 Gr-ice —The unmerited favor of God bestowed 
 upon Hit creatures; the exercise of love, kindness 
 or gootl-will. 
 
 Hades — The intermediate place between 
 earth and heaven, or eailh and hell, where the 
 souls rest after death until the judgment-day. 
 
 Heathen— One who woi-ships idols; an irre- 
 ligious, unthinking person: the Jews called all 
 people heathens who were not Jews; a pagan. 
 
 Hebrew— A descendant of the Patriarch 
 Jacob; an ancient inhabitant of Palestine; an 
 Israelite, or a Jew; also the Hebrew language; 
 also whatever else pertains to the Hebrews, 
 
 Hegrlra- The flight of Mohammed from 
 Mecca, in A. D. 622, from which date his followei"s 
 reckon time. 
 
 Hell — Sometimes applied to the grave; a con- 
 dition of discomfort or misery before or after 
 death; the future abode of the wicked. 
 
 Holy Ghost— The third Person In the 
 Christian Trinity or Godhead; the enlightening, 
 convincing, sanctifying Spiiit of God. 
 
 Imaiim — A Mohammedan priest. 
 
 Infidel —Generally, a disbeliever in a Supi-eme 
 Being ami reveaUti religion; one without relig- 
 ious belief of any kind; a skeptic; un opposer of 
 i-eligious teaching.s. 
 
 InfidelU.y — ^Vant of faith in Christian or 
 other religious teaching's. unfaith'"ulness to 
 marriage vows; a breach of trust; disiegard of 
 moral obligations. 
 
 Infinite — Spiritually, without limit; as the 
 jnnvir. wisdtJin, capacity, perfection, goodness, 
 and love of tJoU. 
 
 Israel — The name given by God to tho 
 Patriarch Jacob, with the promise of a numerous 
 progeny. 
 
 I«ra4'll(es — Descendants of the Putriaich 
 Jacb. Hclu.-wf^, or Jews. 
 
 I«lani — Sulmiission, obedience and humility 
 before (idd. the religion of Mohammed and all 
 his tul lowers. 
 
 Islumlsni— The faith or creed of .Moham- 
 
 niediviii. 
 
 Itinerant — A traveling preacher. 
 »lehovah — The Jewish name for God. 
 flesiilts-A religious order of the Roman 
 Catholics, founded by Ignatius Loyola; its mem-
 
 •? 
 
 nirTlnXAKV OK KKM(;H)US '1KI;.MS IN COMMON USE. 
 
 bei-s tnkp vows of poverty, chastity nnd obedience; 
 it is liiri^i- in ruiiiibei's, zeal and inlliumee. 
 (IiifliilNin— The doctrines taught by Moaes. 
 
 *IiiMllfifittlon~ Oud forgivini;; the sin^i of 
 nirii bmiiisc ('brist bore the pfimlty of their sin 
 in iliMTuiiiflcd body; n*quires faith in Christ as 
 tlie Suvioi'. 
 
 Koriiii —The scriptures of the Mohammedans. 
 
 LecHonary — The Roman Catholic service- 
 book; also called a Mass-Book. 
 
 Lent— A churcJi fa^t of forty days, beerinnlnff 
 with Ash-Wednesday and ending with liaster- 
 day. 
 
 Lcvlte — A descendant of Levi, son of Jacob, 
 whose family was set apart for i>riestly offices; 
 the Levites were subordinate to the priests. 
 
 MaffI — A caste of Persian priests, or wi^ie 
 men. 
 
 Mahomet — Same as Mohammed. 
 
 Martyr — One who 'dies, or is persecuted, on 
 acc«tunt of his religious belief. 
 
 Materialist — One who denies the existence 
 of spiritual substances, and maintains that the 
 sovil of man is the result of a particular organiza- 
 tion of matter in the body. (Webster). 
 
 Messiah — Christ the promised Deliverer of 
 Israel ; described in the Old Testament, rejected by 
 the Jews, but accepted as the Savior by all 
 Christians. 
 
 Methodists — The denomination of Christians 
 founded by .John Wesley. 
 
 Mllletiniuni- A thousand years of holiness 
 and peace on earth, described as a future event in 
 Revelation XX. A Millenarian is one who believes 
 in a literal reign of Christ on earth during the 
 millennium. 
 
 Monastery — A dwelling-house for monks, as 
 a convent is tor nuns. 
 
 Monk — .\ religious devotee, who separates 
 himself from the world for service as a Koman 
 Catholic priest; a dweller in a monastery. 
 
 Mormonism — The religion founded by 
 Joseph Smith. 
 
 Mosaic — Pertaining to the career and laws of 
 Mnsi's, the Israelitish leader. 
 
 A believer in the 
 
 Moslem or Mussulman - 
 
 d^K'trinesof Mohammed. 
 
 Mysticism — Obscurity of doctrine. 
 
 Mystics A -sect which professes a pure sub- ' 
 lime, disinterested devotion, and claims direct in- 
 tercourse with the Divine Spirit. 
 
 Nihilism — Skepticism as to the reality of 
 anything. 
 
 Nuncio — A Papal ambassador to a sovereign. 
 
 Nun — A woman devoted to a religrious life, and 
 living in a convent. 
 
 Ordination — Religious ceremonies in prepar- 
 ing a minister or priest for active duties in the 
 church. 
 
 Optimist — One who believes that all things 
 are Miiiered for the best. 
 
 Paecan — One who worships false gods. 
 
 Pantheism — The doctrine that the universe, 
 as a whole, is God. 
 
 Papal — Relating to the Pope of Rome. 
 
 Papist — A Roman Catholic. 
 
 Patriarch — Ancient heads of families among 
 tht.' Jews. 
 
 Pelagian — A follower of the doctrines of 
 Peiagms. 
 
 Pentateuch — The first five books of the Old 
 Testiiinent. 
 
 Pentecost — The fiftieth day after the pass- 
 over; a solemn festival of the Jews. 
 
 Pessimist — One who believes that every tiling 
 is tending to the worst. 
 
 Pharl«ees — A sect of the Jcwn, rigid in their 
 outward religious ceremonies, separating thent- 
 selves on this account from other Jews. 
 
 PietlstM — A Oerman sect of Reformers. 
 
 Poly tlielsm —The doctrine of a plurality of 
 gods. 
 
 Ponllflcjki — belonging to the Pope. 
 
 PreilcMtinadon —The doctrine of prcdes- 
 tiuiition by (i.id of certain events in the history of 
 men, especially their future happiness or misery. 
 
 Presbyter — An ehier in the Presbyterian 
 church, and a priest in the Church of Kngland. 
 
 Presbyterian —One who belongs to a churcli 
 governed by piesliytcrs. 
 
 Priesthood -The office or character of a 
 
 priest. 
 
 Prol>atl<»ner.— A member taken on trial in a 
 Methodist church for six months. 
 
 Processional — Wliatever relates to religious 
 processions. 
 
 Puritans — Early dissenters from the Church 
 of ICngland. 
 
 Puseyism — A proposition to carry back the 
 discipline and doctrine of the Church of Kngland 
 to the second year of King Edward the Sixth. Dr. 
 Pusey, however, was less of a doctrinarian than 
 a ritualist. 
 
 Pyrrhonlst — .\ skeptic, who has doubts of 
 everything. 
 
 (kuaker — A member of the sect called 
 Friends. 
 
 Rationalist —One who dejiends wholly on 
 his reason as the supreme authority in matters of 
 religion; a disbeliever in revealed religion. 
 
 Redemptionlsts — A Roman Catholic order, 
 the priests uf which devote themselves to the 
 spiritual wants of the German people. 
 
 KellBion —Any system of faith and worship. 
 
 Restorationists —Those who believe that 
 the puni-shment of the wicked after death will be 
 but temporary, and that then they will be restored 
 t<j the favor and presence of God; the Univer- 
 sal is ts. 
 
 Revelation — Divine truth revealed to man. 
 
 Ritualism — A rigid adherence to religious 
 forms and ceremonies; confidence in such rites. 
 
 Romanist — An adherent of the Roman Cath- 
 olic church; a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Sabianlsm— The worship of the sun, moon 
 and stars. 
 
 Sabbatarian — One who keeps holy the sev- 
 enth day of the week. 
 
 Sabbath — Kept by the Jews and others on 
 Saturday as a holy day. instead of Sunday; Sun- 
 day is also a Sabbath, or seventh day. 
 
 Sacerdotal— Pertaining to the office of a 
 priest. 
 
 Sacrament — A sacred religious ordinance 
 enjoined by Christ, of which two are observed by 
 Protestants— baptism and the Lord's supper. 
 
 Sacrifice — An offering solemnly consecrated 
 or presented to God in token of acknowledgment 
 or thanksgiving. 
 
 Sacrilege — Defiling or making wrong uses of 
 sacred things. 
 
 Sacristan —A church officer, who has charge 
 of its movable property; a sexton. 
 
 Sadducees — A sect of the Jews, who denied 
 the resurrection of the dead. 
 
 Sanctificatlon — Making holy— a work of the 
 Holy Ghost. 
 
 Sanctuary —Any house or place devotetl to 
 the worship of God. 
 
 Sanhedrim — The principal Jewish tribunal, 
 composed of seventy-two members, over which 
 the high priest presided; called, also, the Council. 
 
 Satanic —Resembling the devil; fiendishly 
 malicious. 
 
 Sectarian — Relating to religious «ect»; a 
 bigotril aitiiehment to any seel. 
 
 Hhakerlsm— PerUiining to the Shakers; »ome 
 
 times known as " Shaking (Quakers." 
 
 Skeptic — One who doubts the truth of any 
 
 religloub belief. 
 
 Moclnlanism — An Italian theologv of the 
 sixteenth century, denying th..- I^ivlne Trinity, the 
 deity of Christ, the pers<.nality of the devil, the 
 alonenu'nt of Chi-ist, and the et<:rnity of future 
 punishment. 
 
 Soul— The Rplritual, rational and immortal 
 paitinman. capable of the highest state of bliss, 
 or the deepest condition of niinery. 
 
 Spiritualism — A belief that mankind are 
 pei-mitted to communicate with the spirits of the 
 dead, through the medium of an appropriate 
 person. 
 
 Spirituality — A spiritual condition of 
 
 individuals or churches. 
 
 Stole— Part of the dress of a Roman Catholic 
 Clergyman; a narrow embroidered scarf with 
 broa»l ends. 
 
 Swedenborgian — A believer in the doc- 
 trines of Swedenborg, the Swedish seer and 
 founder of the New Jerusalem Church, 
 
 Synagoeue — Jewish house of worship. 
 
 Synod — A eouncil of church dignitaries to 
 consult on matters of religion. 
 
 Tabernacle- A tent or temporary place for 
 woi-ship. 
 
 Talmud — .\ book of Jewish laws and tradi- 
 tions, with expositions of them. 
 
 Tlieocracy — .\ government under the imme- 
 diate direction of God. 
 
 Theology — The science of God andHis rela- 
 tions to His creatures; the divine laws, doctrines. 
 etc. 
 
 Xransubstantlatlon — A doctrine of the 
 Roman Catholic church that the breatl and wine 
 in the Lord's supper are actually changed into 
 Christ's llesh and blood. 
 
 Trinity- See Father, Son and Holy Ghost. 
 
 Trinitarian- One who believes in the 
 Divine Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Ghost. 
 
 XTnltarlan — One who denies the doctrine of 
 the Trinity, believing that God exists only in one 
 person. (Webster). 
 
 Unlv^rsallsm — One who believes in th.^ 
 future restoration of all men to eternal felicity. 
 
 Vaticaaism — The doctrine of Papal 
 dominion. 
 
 Venial Sin — A sin that weakens but does not 
 destroy the person's sanctity; a doctrine of the 
 Roman Catholic church; a sin that can be for- 
 given. 
 
 Vespers- Evening service in Roman Catholic 
 or Episcopalian churches. 
 
 Vestrymen — Persons elected in the Episcopal 
 church to have charge, in connection with the 
 Wardens, of its temporal affairs. 
 
 Vestnients- The official gannents of a cler- 
 gyman or priest. 
 
 Vicar- A ruling clergyman in the Church of 
 England, who is subordinate to the Bishop. 
 
 Vicarious Atonement — The sutferings and 
 death endured by Jesus Christ in the place of sin- 
 ful men, that they might escape from deserved 
 punishment, 
 
 Vishnu — In the Brahman religion, Vishnu is 
 the destroying deity; Brahma, the creator; and 
 Siva, the preserver. 
 
 VIsibieChurch— The believers in Christ all 
 
 over the world as one body of worshiiiers. 
 
 Wesleyanism- The principles of Weslev, 
 the founder of the Methodist church; Methodism 
 proper. 
 
 Zend Avesta— The .indent scriptures of the 
 Persians, attributed to Zoroaster. 
 
 i: 
 
 -S:
 
 T DAXGAN CASTLE, near 
 Dublin, in Ireland, in 1769. was 
 born Arthur Wellesley, the 
 third son of the Earl of Morn- 
 inglon. Of an excellent 
 parentage, he inherited a well- 
 balanced organization of mind, h'- ;^— ^ — ■■ — . 
 To this was added the be^t " ^^^^^''^-'^''^-'^ 
 education which the school 
 at Eton could give. He received, further. 
 
 rUU^t^:;^^. 
 
 *■ -fr * ■> ■> + * +' 
 
 military education at Angers, in France. ^ Cast of Wellington s Face 
 
 At eighteen he was commissioned an Ensign, and 
 at twenty-six, as a Lieutenant Colonel, he commanded a brigade 
 in the English army. When twenty-seven years old he went as a 
 Colonel with his regiment to India. Six years later he was made a 
 Alajor-General. doing conspicuous service in the Indian wars in 1803. 
 
 He returned to England in 1805, and soon after entered Parliament, 
 when thirty-six years of age. Two years afterwards he was engaged 
 in military service again, and in the succeeding seven years he served 
 his country so well, in the vari-^-us military fields to which he was 
 assigned, as to win, in 1814, the thanks of Parliament and a pension 
 of SIOO. 000 per year, besides a Parliamentary grant of ^2,500,000. 
 In that year he was also made Duke of Wellington. 
 
 In 1815. with his military headquarters at Brussels, in Belgium, 
 he fought at Hongtmiont, on June 18, his final famous conflict, known 
 as the battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon and the French troops 
 were defeated. Three days afterwards he crossed, with his army, 
 the French frontier, and proceeded to Paris, where terms of settle- 
 ment were agreed upon, which, upon his part, as commander of the 
 army and conqueror, were liberal and magnanimous. 
 
 For his distinguished services, the King of the 
 Netherlands made him Prince of Waterloo, and 
 the British nation gave him an estate worlli 
 $1,000,000. 
 
 In 1818. the Duke resigiied his command in 
 France, and returned to England, where he was 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army, a 
 position which he held, except at brief intervals, 
 until his death, his attention being largely occu- 
 pied during his remaining years with state affairs. 
 From 1827 to 1830 he was England's Prime 
 Minister. He was subsequently appointed to 
 several most imjjortant and responsible state positions, in all of 
 which, whether in the cabinet councils or not, he extended his 
 influence to the utmost to preserve the peace of Europe, which he 
 did. almost unbroken, for forty years after the battle of Waterloo. 
 He died of apoplexy, at Walmer Castle, Kent, in England, Sep- 
 tember 14, 1852, being eighty-three years of age at the time of his 
 death. 
 
 He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, and the public 
 obsequies attending his burial were the most elaborate ever seen in 
 England. 
 
 He was strongly built, possessed sharp gray eyes, a prominent, 
 aquiline nose, and was below medium height. He united in his char- 
 acter quick discernment to perceive, courage to execute, and con- 
 scientious desire to do justice. Although lacking in oratorical power, 
 his judgment was always such as to command attention and influence. 
 Altogetlier his career stands prominent as an existence well rounded 
 out, being from the first to the last a most successful life. 
 
 WELL-KNOWN AND IMPORTANT BATTLES OF THE ENGLISH IN EARLY TIMES. 
 
 BATTI-E of Ilastingn.— Foupht between 
 Williain of Noniiandy. surnaiiieU the Coii- 
 .-iiKTor. imd KinpHurold, of En^'huid. n.nr Hasl- 
 iiiKS. Kn^rLind, OcU)berl4. lOBfi. Willi, u.i ii;ul in his 
 <-(jiniiiiiii<I (io.ouu Normans; the minit.ir ri.tiitii;iTMlitl 
 \ty KiiiK Harold is unknown. KeMill— Tlit: itclLat 
 and death of Harold, and the partial uonque.'^t 
 of Entrland by the Nonnans. 
 
 Battle of Bannookbiirn. — Foutrhthi^tween 
 Kobert Hnice, of Scotland, with about :iO,iK)i> nu-n, 
 and Kdward II.. of Kntjlimd, wiMi m-arly lUO.Oiic 
 EnKli^hmen. at Bannticklmi n. Si-nllaiid. Juni- 24, 
 Vili. Th*.- Knjflish wt-ie dfleatcd, with the loss ot 
 30.000 men. By this contlict th«; independence of 
 Scotland from Kn;?land was achieved, and Uruee 
 secured its throne. 
 
 Buttle of Towton.— Fouprlit at Towton, 
 near York. Knfrlnnrl. l)ctween the rival claimants 
 to tlie ttirone <>!' Hnfflnnd, Kdward IV. , and Ilt-nry 
 VI., Marcli 29, 1*61. Each wa-s supported by al)out 
 .'.0,000 men, and an ntrreemenl wjls inad«' that no 
 nuarter should be jr'ven. The battk- lasted more 
 tli:in a day, anrl cnilefl, after Die slauKliterof over 
 :!0,000 jiersrtns, in the defeat of Henry and Die 
 L:tnea>.trian annv, the vletorv of the York dvnasty 
 and Ihe .Htahlishincnt of l-Mward IV. upon lli'e 
 ttirone of KtiKland. 
 
 Battle of BoKMMirth.— Foupfhton Bosworth 
 ncid, Kntfland. I.ctwcin the Earl of Hlehniond. a 
 claimant for th.- ttiroJic of Enu'hind. and Richard 
 
 III. , the reigning King, August 22. 1485. Treacli- 
 ery aided Hichmond, and Kichard fell, fighting 
 l»ravcly, Iliehniond winning the Held. Richard 
 was the liLst of the 1*1 an tn genets, and their govern- 
 oHTit. by this event, passed into that of the 
 Tu.i<irs. 
 
 Battle of Co|»enliuHren.— Fought at Copen- 
 hagen, Di-nniark. Ijctwet-n tlie Danish fleet, with 
 I'J.Om Danish troops, ami Lords Cathcart and 
 Wellington, with T.iHwt Kn;rlish sol.liris and a 
 naval I'orcr, Scplcnil.cr 2-r>, ISO?, Tin' comliinocl 
 hind and sea attack rcsiiltrd in th.' capture of the 
 Danish fleet, and Uciliimton ret-eived the thanks 
 of I'arliament for tliis victory. 
 
 Battle of Talavera.— Fought at Talavera. 
 in Spain, July 27 and 2R. IXOit, between 22,000 IJritisIi 
 troops, under Lord Wellington, and .'(0, 000 French, 
 under Victor, .louithin. and Sebastiani. On tlie 
 (Second day the French were (Iriven out. and Wel- 
 lington occupied the city. 
 
 Battle of BailiOoK*— ^oult, with the French 
 army, having taken the fortllled city of Badajoz. 
 Spain, fi-om the .Soaniards, Wellington, wltli his 
 British tv.M>p-;, iMsii ged the eitv for iw.iitv <lavs. 
 On the nik'Iit of April 0. 1812. he captimd tin- citv 
 hy a bhjody nsH.nilt. In which he lost :t..'iOit nun". 
 His total loss during the nJegc was ahimt o.OOO. 
 
 Battlen of I<l(cny anil Qiintre Bran.— 
 To defeat the probable dcjiign of Napoleon to occu 
 |)y Belgium, Wellington, with his allied trooi>s. 
 
 and Blucher, with his Prussian command, under- 
 took its dtfensf. On .Tune 10, ISI.'i, Blucher and the 
 
 i'|-u — i,in- I nrniiMT.'ir-,! \,i|.i.N-<Hi aud the French 
 1 1'" I'- .M liir I'.. iL-i.iii Mtl.i-,- nf Lignv. The fight 
 w;i- .■■. tirtiHlv vr^rf. ihr I'lnssiaiis Nislug 12.000 
 nu'ii 'Alui\^^■■l^(^ , .t..- .■.miimmi , an<l sutfcrimi: defeat. 
 
 Nap.il,..,,, I.,-- v,,i- ;,( ni.'n, i )n tin- same d;. v. 
 
 the EivTi.li, nil. in M,,r-li;il .\ev. and the T-.-lgiali^ 
 and P.i'iti-.li. .■Minniainled l.v \\\■]lin^^l,,n, lon^rhl a 
 battle aK^uatre Itr.is. another vilhi;,'e of l!.l^:nini. 
 seven miles fiom LiK:n\', The hillei Inld ilnir 
 ground, and upon Wellington's retMiving a rein- 
 forcenient. the French retiied. leaving Ihi- allies 
 in possession of the village. 
 
 Battle of Waterloo.— Fought near the Bel- 
 gian village of Wali'i-ioo. eight miles southeasterly 
 from HinsMl-.. .Inn.- IS. ISlf). between Napoleon, 
 with .ihonl V,',ooii men (inchicling Ifj.OOO envalrv) 
 and Mit trims, nud the British allied army, uniler 
 Loi'tl WelliTigtr>n. of about 70.000 men (iiielndinkT 
 l.'l,:.llOeavalrv). The alli-v .■.■nsi^lid ot a littl.' nioir 
 than 2ri. 000 English sol.h.i-., uhMul 17,;>00 Nether- 
 landers, and the rest were ilirmaiis. and weiv 
 subHe(iuently reinforced by Blucher and the Prus- 
 sians. The Imllle lasleil from before noon until 
 towftrdH evening, and rcsull<>d In the complete 
 rout of the French troops, and the overthrow of 
 the Ereneh KnipcKu-. The losses of ihr liniisb 
 allies, in.lnding tlm,e of the PrnsM,Miv uei. 
 alioiit 2:1.000 men. and of the French more Ibiin 
 .10.000, b. asides 227 pieces of cannon. 
 
 Tfe^ 
 
 d.
 
 ? 
 
 LIFE AND AVuliK <)V XArol.KOX I. 
 
 Brilliant Career and Final Overthrow. 
 
 i^^NE OF THE most conspicuous characters in the 
 ' history of the world was Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 Imperious and self-willed as a child; talented 
 and aspiring as a j'outh; ambitious, successful, 
 rifh aiul one of the most powerful men in the 
 world in his manhood; beaten, defeated and 
 dying a prisoner on a lonely island at last — his 
 career, whatever may be the opinion concerning his merit, was, 
 at least, calculated to claim the attention of mankind. 
 
 Corsica is an island about 115 miles long by 52 wide, situated in 
 the Mediterranean Sea, about 100 miles 
 southeastward from France. Upon this 
 island, at Ajaccio, August 35, 1769, Na- 
 poleon was born. Here he passed his 
 childhood, a fondness for military tactics 
 very distinctly marking itself with him 
 in his boyhood, as shown in a fondness 
 for organizing, drilling and commanding 
 in military companies (so his biographers 
 claim) the boys with whom he was asso- 
 ciated. 
 
 His father was Charles Bonaparte, a Cor- 
 sican noble. His mother was a woman 
 of superior beauty, courage and ability, 
 and upon her devolved the youthful edu- 
 cation of her children, of whom there were 
 two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, and three 
 daughters. 
 
 Evincing a decided taste for military 
 pursuits, Napoleon was sent to the mili- 
 tary school of Brienne, in Champagne, 
 when eleven years old, and afterwards to 
 a military school at Paris, to complete 
 his studies. 
 
 In 1785, when sixteen years of age, he 
 was made a Lieutenant of artillery and 
 put on duty in his native country. Subsequently driven by the English 
 out of Corsica, he lived with his family in very humble circumstances 
 at Marseilles, in France. 
 
 In 1793 he was made a Captain, and soon after was instrumental in 
 securing the capitulation nf Marseilles. The summer of 1793 
 Napoleon spent in Paris. In September of that year he took part in 
 the siege of Toulon. For extraordinary military success achieved 
 there he was made, in 1794, a Brigadier-General of artillery. He 
 was then twenty-five years old. 
 
 At the close of a campaign against the Piedmontese troops, in 
 
 NAPOLEON 
 
 1794, he retired to Paris, but his loyalty having been suspected, he 
 was not assigned to service. He remained in Paris for about 
 five months, in such poverty as to make even the blacking of his 
 boots an expense in which he could not indulge. Hope, however, 
 buoyed him up. He was young, adventurous, and the future was 
 before him. In his thoughts of what he might accomplish, he 
 seriously contemplated at one time offering his services to the Sultan 
 of Turkey. In the meantime, however, the French government, 
 having adopted a new constitution, and a dissension having sprung 
 up whereby the party in power was likely to be besieged and dis- 
 possessed, he was called to the com- 
 mand of 5,000 troops, and successfully 
 repulsed 30,000 of the National Guard, 
 who were attempting to take possession 
 of the C(mvention. 
 
 Through the accomplishment of this 
 achievement he was soon afterwards given 
 the command of the army of the interior. 
 This was in 1795, when he was twenty-six 
 years of age. During this time having 
 made the acquaintance of Madame 
 Josephine Beauharnais. a widow of supe- 
 rior accomplishments, from the West 
 Indies, he was married to ber, and through 
 the influence of this union he was given 
 the control of the army in Italy, of which, 
 one week after his marriage, he departed to 
 assume command. 
 
 His army consisted of .30,000 troops. 
 Opposing him were 00,000 men; yet, not- 
 withstanding that difference in numbers, 
 he instituted a campaign which resulted 
 in routing and destroying five armies, each 
 larger than his own. and made large ac- 
 cessions to the territory of France. 
 He next invaded Egj-pt. of which his 
 army soon possessed the mastery. He then passed into Syria for 
 more conquests, hut having a decimated army he returned to Eg}*pt, 
 where, giving the control of his forces to KIcber, his second in com- 
 mand, he returned to France to be the head of a powerful party, 
 overthrew the Directory then in power, and made himself First 
 Consul. That was in 1799. The next five years of his life were 
 full of startling events. In 1800 he was again in Italy, at the head 
 of his army, and for various successes he was proclaimed by the 
 French government Consul for life. In 1805 he was made Emperor. 
 On the occasion of his coronation, he disdained the assistance of thr
 
 ■■'G^ 
 
 .ri 
 
 XAPOLEON S BANISHMENT TO THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA. 
 
 Pope, but, instead, placed the crown upon his own head, and at the 
 same time crowned Josephine. Six months later he crowned him- 
 self King of Italy, at Milan. 
 
 In the succeeding two years Napoleon, again at the head of his 
 armies, secured victories in Austria, Prussia and Portugal; 
 made the King and Queen of Spain abdicate in favor of his brother 
 Joseph, and at the same time gave the throne of Naples to his 
 brother-in-law. Murat. 
 
 In 1809 Napoleon was divorced from Josephine for the purpose of 
 marrying Maria Louisa, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. 
 The fruit of this marriage was one child, a son. who at birth was 
 designated the King of Rome. New alliances were formed, and the 
 French Empire had seemingly a settled future before it. Napoleon, 
 then forty-two years of age, was in the zenith of his power. From 
 that time, however, his sun slowly began to set. 
 
 The Spaniards did not take kindly to the encroachments of the 
 French, and the wars waged in that country under the Napoleonic 
 dynasty cost France 400. 000 men. Then came a period of great 
 financial depressiLMi throughout France, in which the people were 
 impoverished, and following came the opening of hostilities among 
 the nations northward from France. At the head of an army of 
 500. 000 men, Napoleon passed 
 
 his retreat, he gathered about him the army, once more marched 
 upon Paris and drove Louis XVIII. from the throne upon which he 
 had been seated by the other European powers. The Congress of 
 Nations, then in session at Vienna, immediately inaugurated meas- 
 ures to unseat him. Napoleon, with his enthusiastic followers, 
 undertook again the initiative, and, in Belgium, was successful in 
 defeating the Prussians at Liguy. But his army was too weak for 
 the combined powers then arrayed against him. On the 18th of June, 
 1815, was fought the battle of Waterloo; the great military chieftain 
 there met his overthrow, and the French army was dispersed. 
 
 Napoleon hurried to Paris, and was soon followed by foreign armies, 
 who again took possession of the French capital. After twenty- 
 three years of war, in which hundreds of thousands of the men of 
 France had been sacrificed, their capital was now in the hands of the 
 foreign powers. The French Legislature demanded that Napoleon abdi- 
 cate the throne once more, and just one hundred days from the time 
 he had last ascended it, he signed a treaty for its abdication again, 
 he being required to embark immediately for the United States. 
 Fearing, however, capture by the British cruisers, he went on board 
 a British man-of war and voluntarily gave himself up, trusting to the 
 magnanimity of England for a generous hospitality. The English 
 
 into Russia, where victory 
 crowned his marches until he 
 drove out the Russians from 
 Moscow, of which city he took 
 possession, in 1812. with bis vic- 
 torious army. Here, on the 
 night of September 15, with the 
 city in their possession, the 
 French were startled by the 
 breaking out of fire in all parts 
 of the town. The Russians had 
 resorted to the only means they 
 knew of to vanquish their pur- 
 suers — the sacrifice of their 
 homes in order to destroy the 
 means upon which their enemies 
 8ubsisU;d. 
 
 Into the heart of the enemy's 
 country Nai>oleon dare not pur- 
 sue further. Until October I9th 
 
 nation, however, insisted upon 
 pi«ee««ifaW£eQf£teei«S«€ea^ftt)eefWft-ft:€«t^>ieaa^^^^^ considering him a prisoner of 
 
 war, and from the allied powers 
 they obtained consent to banish 
 him to the island of St. Helena, 
 where, like a caged eagle, ac- 
 customed to lofty and grand 
 flights, he pined under his 
 restraint for six years, and died 
 May 5, 1821, during a terrific 
 storm of wind and rain, which 
 vividly recalled to him, in his 
 dying moments, the terrible bat- 
 tle-scenes in which he had been 
 so many times the central figure. 
 Maria Louisa never saw him 
 again after his banishment to the 
 isle of Elba, and in his declin- 
 ing fortunes from that time 
 forward she apparently took no 
 interest. She married, in 1821. 
 
 ^ 
 
 he lingered, endeavoring to make ^333^.nia339.^aiaja?3333a?3?aJ.^^VV^^^?<»^»3ja?i»33v^^ an Austrian general. Count 
 
 a settlement for peace, but all NaDoleon*S Tomb Albert Von Neipperg, who had 
 
 offers being rejected, he re- 
 luctantly commenced a retreat, 
 
 which, in the midst of the snows that had fallen, was one of the 
 most terrible journeys for an army of which history makes record. 
 Napoleon himself, in a private conveyance, made his way directly 
 to Paris, and announced his defeat, his losses being, out of the 
 .V)0.000 men whom he took into Russia, 125,000 slain, 132,000 dead 
 from hunger, disease and cold, and 193,000 lost as prisoners. 
 
 Napoleon at once set about the conscripting of new troops, and in 
 1813 he passed into Germany to prosecute other wars, many great 
 battles being fought in that year, with varying success, the battle at 
 Leipsic costing his army 50. 000 men. At length the French people 
 were clamorous for peace, the strength and manhood of the country 
 being so rapidly drained us to make war no longer desirable. Napo- 
 leon encountered tins feeling upon his return from Germany, but, 
 organizing a fresh campaign, he made another effort to contend with 
 the allied powers, which were moving against him. and which finally 
 entered the French capital and compelled htm to abdicate hi.'' throne, 
 be being given the island of Klba for his retreat. 
 
 He pined here for more action, and within a year, escaping from 
 
 Under ,1 ma.'Jsivt- inonuineiil in lln; Hotel ties Invalides, Frtince. 
 
 himself been divorced from his 
 first wife. Maria Louisa bore 
 bim several children, and was a devoted wife and mother. 
 
 Josephine, who had at one time been divorced from her first hus- 
 band, before her marriage with Nai)ole(m. was most devotedly attached 
 to the Emperor, notwithstanding her divorcement from him, and was 
 restrained from sharing his imprisonment at Elba only from fear of 
 hurting the feelings of Louisa. With an annual income of $.500,000 
 and her rank and title settled upon her by Napoleon, she spent the 
 last years of her life at Malmaison. At her death she was buried in 
 the church of Rueil. in a tomb erected by her children, EugeiR- and 
 Hortensc. 
 
 At his death, Napoleon was buried beneath a weeping willow, in 
 Slane's valley, on the island of St. Helena, where his remains rested 
 for twenty years. Under the administration of Louis Philippe his 
 ashes were removed to France, ami they now rest there under an 
 im])osing monument in the Hotel des Invalides. 
 
 An overweening ambition for power, a despotic government, ton 
 great a love for war, which overwhelmed his country in trouble, ill- 
 treatment of the King and Queen of Spain, and many other actions 
 
 :;S?
 
 
 
 BATTLES OF THE EKENCII. (;iiEAT MILITARY HICKOES. 
 
 which mark the tyrant, are stains that blacken his memory. Never- 
 Iholess he- did many wonderful things for France. lie subdued anarchy 
 and brought orderoutof chaos: he re-establi.shcd her church, and dur- 
 ing his reign he placed his country in the very first rank of the nations. 
 He was unsurpassed as a military genius and administrator. He 
 
 possessed in the highest degree self-reliance, untiring energy, and 
 the power to command. His short, thick-set frame carried one of 
 the loftiest intellects in the world, and for daring adventure, bold and 
 wonderful achievement, his career was one of the most remarkable in 
 the persoiud histories of the world. 
 
 Important and Well-Known Battles of the French. 
 
 TIATTI-E OF MAKENOO. FoiiKht at 
 
 -" Miirenco. a village "I I'lrdiji,,,,! , italv .[uiie 
 
 U. 1800, betwci-n nl ■;.s,ilim !■ i ..mli aoldlfrs 
 
 under Victor and N;ii)i.lc.)ii, un.l ;mi \)isti i m irniv 
 of 31.000 men and 200 cunnoii, , [iinn.l. ,1 tpv gen- 
 eral Mi;las. At one time tliL- Full, h ,. :,l but 
 
 rallied againand overwlielmet! till vii-iiiiin l,)rce 
 The Austrlans lost 7,000 killed luid woiindid 3 000 
 prisoners. 20 pieee.s of aitillcry and 8 h.xttle-niig-i 
 The loss of the French was about 7,000 killed and 
 wounded, and 1.000 prisoners. The result ot this 
 battle was the evacuation of all the fortified places 
 m Italy west of the Mincio river, held bv the 
 Austrians. 
 
 Battle orHoheiiliiiden.-Foueht at Hohen- 
 
 hnilen a vill.iti, 1,1 1 pper Bavaria, twenty miles 
 
 east ol .Mum. Ii, .„il,er 3. 1800. between the 
 
 treilch Ctncial .llui eau, with 100.000 men. and 
 Archduke John of Austria, with an unknown 
 number of Austrians. It resulted in the victory ot 
 the French troops. The Austrians lost 8,000 in 
 killed and wounded, more than 10,000 prisoners 
 and 100 guns. The French loss was about 5,000 
 men. This battle i-e-opened negotiations leadintr 
 to a treaty of peace at Luneville. 
 
 Battle of Austerlitz.— Fought near Auster- 
 itz. a small town in Moiavia. December 2. 1805 
 between Napoleon, with 80.000 French soldiers' 
 and the combined Russian and Austrian army of 
 84,000 men, commanded by the Emperors of Riissia 
 and Austria. The allies having chosen their posi- 
 
 tion wioniily, Napoleon attacked and completely 
 roiiti-d 111, •111. alter a most severe contest. The 
 ttltics lust :io.i»io in killed, wounded and prisoners, 
 and the l-reneh 12,000. As a result of this b.attle 
 Austria was compelled to negoti.ile tin- iiime of 
 Presburg. the Emperor of Russia i itii id 1., In, own 
 dominions, and Nkpoleon acquired a large control 
 of (.enti-al Europe. 
 
 Battle of Jena.— Fought October H. 1806. at 
 .leiia. Germany, between tin- French, under Napo- 
 leon, and the combined I'm, i ml saxon army 
 
 and the latter were i-outed ^' nh h h lul slaughter 
 (in the same day. at Auei -iidi , i ,. i ni.niv .Marshal 
 Davoust. in command of a Kiemh luin- 'ailiieved 
 a victory over the Prussians. Bv tlie.,, I ivii battles 
 more than 20.000 Prussians we're kiilid th. mili'- 
 tary strength of Prussia was niatiiKijIy reduced 
 and .Napoleon, following up the advantages thus 
 l?amea, soon obtained possession of the capital ot 
 that kingdom. 
 
 Battle of Friedland Fought at Fried- 
 land, irussia, .lull,. M, 1807. liet%veeu Napoleon, 
 
 with over ,0.1 1- 1 vmh troops, and about .53.000 
 
 Kussians. under Geneial Bennlngsen. The French 
 OSS was 8,000 men and two standards-, theKussians 
 lost 1,,000 men and about eighty guns. This bat- 
 tle resulted m the treaty of Tilsit, July 7, 1807. 
 
 Battle of Alhuera — Fought May 16. 1811. at 
 Albuera. .Spain, between General Berestord. eom- 
 manding about 30.000 allied British, Spanish and 
 
 
 -^>— '-— ci^-'^Q 
 
 -^■-•~-.<^^ 
 
 GREAT MILITARY HEROES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 
 ,^>.^,^„,,^^^(5^^J 
 
 BDEL KADER— An Arabian 
 Emir; hoi-n in Algrtria near Mas- 
 cara, in 1806 or 1807; operated in 
 Algeria and Morocco, against the 
 French and Moors. He was a learned 
 author as well as a warrior, and the 
 father of twenty-four children; died 
 in 1873. 
 
 Abercromby, Sir R:ilph— A 
 
 ■ British General: born in Scotland, in 1738; fields 
 of operation; The seven vears" war; American 
 war; Flanders and Holland; commander in the 
 West Indies; Irish revolution of 17fl8, and iiffainst 
 the French in Egypt: wounded in the battle of 
 Alexandria, Egypt; died near that city in 1828. 
 
 Abrantes, Duke or— Andoche Junot— 
 
 A Colonel-General of French hussars under Napo- 
 leon I. ; born at Bussy-Ie-Grand, in Burgundy, in 
 1771; an impetuous officer, and known as "the 
 Tempest:" raised from the ranks for bravery; dis- 
 tinguished in Bonaparte's Italian and Egyptian 
 campaigns; commanded in Portugal; served in 
 Spain and Russia; died insane, at Montbard, 
 France, in 1813. 
 
 ,-Etius— A Roman General ; born in Ma?sia, 
 about A. D. 39r.; vanquished Burgimdians and 
 Flanks in Gaul; attacked Attila. the Hunnish 
 invader of Gaul, on the plains of Chalon, ini.51, and 
 more than 300,000 men perished on both sides: was 
 assassinated at Rome, A. D. 4.J4, by the Roman 
 Emperor Valentinian, who was jealous of his 
 fame. 
 
 Aeamemnon— An ancient King of Mycenae, 
 in which kingdom he is supposed to have been 
 born, date unknown: commanded the combined 
 forces of Greece nt the memorable siege of Troy, 
 immortalized by Homer; murdered by his wife on 
 his return from that campaign. 
 
 Aerrieola, Cneius *JuliuH~A Roman Gen- 
 eral; born at Forum Julii (now Frejus), in Gaul, 
 A. D. 40; sent to Britain by Domitian, and brought 
 it into complete subjection; murdered, it is sup- 
 posed, by Domitian. who was jealous of his suc- 
 cess, at Hmne, A. L>. 93. 
 
 . AlcibiaOes— An Athenian General; bom at 
 Athens Greece, B. C. 450: etfected the conquest 
 ot Sicily and that over Sparta; was murdered B 
 C. 404. by a Persian satrap, at the instigation' of 
 Lysander. 
 
 Alexander the Great— A Macedonian Gen- 
 eral; born in Macedonia. B. C. 356; destroyed 
 Thebes; defeated King Darius, of Persia; subdued 
 Asia Minor; routed 600.000 Persians at the battle 
 of Issus: subdued Egypt, Tvre. and Libya; con- 
 quered Persia; became brutal; pushed his con 
 quests, and reached Babylon, having conquered 
 nearly all existing nations; died while intoxicated 
 at Babylon. B. C. 323. 
 
 Alfred the Great— King of the Saxons in 
 England: born at Wantage. Eng., A. D. 849; 
 made successful resistance, on several occasions, 
 to invading Danes, or Northmen; established 
 coast defenses: translated the Bible and otlier 
 books; was a patron of education and literature- 
 died about 901. 
 
 Alvarado. Pedro ».— A Spanish General; 
 honi at Badajoz, Spain, about the close of the fif- 
 teenth century: was the conqueror of Mexico, 
 under Cortez, and Guatemala; governor of Guate- 
 mala .and Honduras: killed in a fight with Mexican 
 Indians, in New Galicia, Mex. . in 1541. 
 
 Alvarez, Juan— A Mexican General: born 
 in Mexico about 1790 ; drove Santa Anna from power 
 in the revolution of 1855. conquering the republic 
 of Mexico; died in 1867. 
 
 Ancrlesey, AlarquU of— A British General; 
 born in England, in 1768; distinguished for valor 
 in Flandei-s. Holland. Corunna. Waterloo— losing 
 a leg in the latter battle.and was Loi-d-Lieutenant 
 of Ireland: died in 1854. 
 
 Antony, Mark— A Roman Triumvir; born 
 m Italy. B. C. 83; ably seconded Julius Cfesar in 
 his struggle for supreme power, and was made 
 joint Consul of Rome with him; achieved other 
 national triumphs by his genius and valor, but 
 being defeated in battle at Actium. B. C. 30. he 
 slew himself; was husband of the renowned Cleo- 
 patra, who killed herself, on leaming of his 
 death, by the sting of an asp 
 
 of^i« hf^r^'"^ ""/ ^^"^ ^""^- ^^^ P'*<^e ^"d date 
 ?r-i 1 I ^ are unknown ; he swayed tlit^ Northern 
 «n!i ^Tm .^"^ the Rhine totlie Volga; overran Illvria 
 and all tne region between tlie Black Sea and' the 
 Adriatic; Thrace, Macedonia and Greece were 
 de^ astated: marched through Germahv into Gaul ; 
 in%aded Italy, destroying manv cities; died sud- 
 denly in his camp. A. D. 453 or 454; is supposed to 
 
 &%''e o? G^od.^'^'"^'^^' ^^"*^^ himself, the 
 
 Bayard. *'ChevaIier"-Peter dii Ter- 
 rail— .\ French knight, distinguished for his 
 valor, virtue.generosity and courie.-^v.and greaHv 
 honored in life and in death; displaved admirable 
 m-aveo" and talents; was bom at the chateau de 
 Bayard, m Dauphiny, in 1476; was mortally 
 wounded in battle in the 3Iilanese,atRomagnano' 
 m lo'Zi. ^ 
 
 Bernadotte. Jean B. J.- A French Mar- 
 shal: born at Pau. France. inl764: was a coadjutor 
 m the French Revolution, and in Bonapaite's 
 campaigns; invaded Sweden and became its king 
 for twenty-six years, rluring which time the 
 country prospered; died at Stockholm. Sweden 
 in 1844- 
 
 ^r^'j?^**,***' Gebhard L. Von— A Prussian 
 
 Marshal; bom at Rostock, Gei-many. in 1742: served 
 under Frederick the Great, during the seven 
 years' war: retired to agricultural pursuits- 
 recalled to the army in 1786; active in the cam- 
 paigns of 1792 to '94. distinguishing himself and 
 gaining promotion; participated vigorou'^Iy in the 
 campaigns of 1813 and 1814; defeated at LicTjv bv 
 Napoleon, in 1815, and turned the battle of 
 \\ aterloo mto a victoi-y for the English; was made 
 Prince of Wahlstadt; died at Kribowitz, Prussia, 
 
 Boli-var. Simon T. P.— President of South 
 American republics; born at Caracas. Venezuela 
 in 1,83; M-rested Central South America from 
 Spam, and founded the republics of Bolivia and 
 Colombia; died at San Pedro, near Carthaeena 
 Spain, in 1831. 
 
 Bonaparte, Xapoleon— An Emperor of 
 France, King of Italy, etc. ; operated in France, 
 
 Portuguese troops, and 23,000 French, under >Iar- 
 shal Soult. The latU-r hoped by defeating Bcre»- 
 ford to raise the niege of Badajoz bv the Brltlbh. 
 but wa« decisively defeatfrl by the aniex. 
 
 Battle of Cliidad Kijdriffo.- FoughtatClu- 
 dad Rodrigo.a stronghold of Si)aiii.near the Portu- 
 guese boundary. .January 19, 1»12. .Mussena. with a 
 Irench force. had occupied it in IRIO. and retained 
 it. Wellington began its .siege January 8. 1812. and 
 furiously bombarded It. Flndingthat'twobreaches 
 of sufficient size liad been made in the walls, he 
 stormed the fortiliciitimis in the face of a murder- 
 ous resistance, but succeeded in capturing the 
 town. The British gained a vast amount of storeH 
 and 1.50 cannon, but lost 1,300 men. The French 
 loss was 300 killed and l.-'iOO prisonei-.«. For this 
 exploit. Wellington was created a duke by Spain 
 a viscount by Portugal and an earl by England. 
 
 Battle of Lelpxlf.- Fought October 10. 17, 
 18andl'J, 1813. between 160.000 French, under Na- 
 poleon, with 800 cannon and 300. 000 men and nearly 
 1,400 cannon, under Prince Schwarzenberg. com- 
 posing the allied armies of Russia. Prussia and 
 Austria. After severe lighting against such fear- 
 ful odds, on the I9th. Napoleon madea full retreat 
 leaving 12.000 able soldiers and 25,000 more of -iick 
 and wounded in the hands of the allies. The total 
 lo.ss of the French was more than 60,000. and that 
 of the allies .50.000. This battle and its results 
 served to liasten the downfall of Napoleon. 
 
 7^ 
 
 (> —
 
 54 
 
 GREAT MILITARY HEROES OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Italy. Spain, Eg'j'pt, Russia and Belgium, as the 
 greatest warrior of modern times, in point of 
 ambition, energy and power overmen; born at 
 Ajaccio. in the Island of Corsica, in 1769. and died. 
 a lonely prisoner, in the island of St. Helena, in 
 1821. 
 
 Bozzaris, Marco— A patriot and warrior 
 of great distinction; bom in Greece, about 1790; 
 made war against the Turks from 1820 to 1S23. and 
 was killed in the latter year in the victoi-ious fight 
 at >[issolonghi. 
 
 Korii. Brian— A native king of Ireland; 
 born at -Mimster. Ireland, about A. D. 927; over- 
 came the Danes and prosperously reigned, but in 
 a revolt of his own people they were assisted by 
 Danes, and a light ensued, in which Boru was 
 slain, but the Danes were permanently repulsed; 
 died at Clontarf, Ireland, in 1014. 
 
 Bruce. Robert — Earl of Carrick and King 
 of Scotland; born in Scotland in A. D. 1274; bear- 
 ing his father's name, he fought for the freedom 
 of Scotland from the English yoke, fii-st fighting 
 under the English banner against his competitor 
 for the crown. Baliol ; Bruce was crowned at 
 Scone, in 1306, defeated Edward II. at Bannock- 
 burn, in 1314, thus tinnly establishing his throne; 
 died in 1329. 
 
 Brnnswick, Charles MV. F.. Duke oi*— 
 
 A Prussian General, born at Brunswick, Prussia, 
 in 1735; served actively in the seven years' war. 
 and his services were celebrated by Frederick the 
 Great in a poem; was mortally wounded at the 
 battle of Auerstadt, in ISOG. 
 
 C%8a.r, Julius— First Roman Emperor; bom 
 at Rome, B. C. 100: owing to family affairs, the 
 Dictator Sylla resolved to destroy him, but at the 
 solicitation of friends spared his life; became 
 Chief Pontiff and Prsetor, and in B. C. 59 Consul ; 
 Mil»d>ied Gaul; twice invaded Britain; overcame 
 Itiil>-, became Dictator and Consul at Rome; van- 
 i|in>lifd the Egyptians, and captured .Spain; 
 bt'Lj-iue the victim of a conspiracy formed by 
 Brutus, Cassius and others, and was assassinated 
 in the Senate House, March 15, E. C. 44, 
 
 Collinswood, Cuthbert, Liorcl— English 
 Admiral; born at Xewcastle-on-Tyne. Eng. , 1750; 
 was at Bunker Hill. America; expedition to Cen- 
 tral America ; with Lords Howe and Jervis in their 
 victories over the French. 1794. 1707. and with Lord 
 Nelson at Trafalgar. 1805, taking that officer's 
 place when he fell, and finishing tlie victory; for 
 this he was raised to the Peerage of England, 
 with thanks of Parliament and a liberal pension 
 for his family ; died at sea, 1810. 
 
 Conde, PrInceH and Dukes of— Nine mem- 
 bers of the younger luni.sclu'lil of the Bourbons of 
 France, who played iiiipiMi.iul military and politi- 
 cal parts in French hihtury iji-tween 1530 and 1800; 
 of these Louis II. . surnanu-d the Great, was born 
 at Paris. 1621. and distinguished himself in the 
 wars with Spain, between 1645 and 1650. 
 
 Constantine the Great— Emperor of 
 Rome, bom at Naissus. in Moesia. about 274; 
 struggled for the empire with Maxentius.whom he 
 overcame: vanquished Licinus; chastised the 
 Goths; made Christianity the dominant religion, 
 and removed the capital from Rome to Constanti- 
 nople (Byzantium); died at Nicomedia. 337. 
 
 Coi-dova, Francisco Ferdinand de— 
 
 S|..iiii-.li General, born at Madrid, 1792; fought in 
 till- raniiJ.aign against Napoleon; minister i>t' war, 
 IS-17. in 1840 went to Italy with an army to aid in 
 restoring the Pope; fought against the victorious 
 insurgents in the revolution of 18.54, and rted to 
 France; in 18.56 he returned to Spain, and in 18C4 
 was made minister of war in the cabinet of 
 Narveez. 
 
 Cortez, Hernando— Conqueror of Mexico; 
 born at MiMlellin, Spain, 1485; sailed in 1504 for 
 San Domingo, W. I. ; received several appoint- 
 ments front the governor; in 1518 fitted out his 
 (•xpedition to Mexico, contrary to the governor's 
 wishes: between March 4. 1519, and Aii;.-ii-i i.; | ,"i 
 he waged a w;ir with the Mexicans xvtmii m nlii i| 
 in his vanquishing them, and he hi-. .Lim ^-.n . i jii.i 
 of .Mexico; jealousy at home, him.-Mi, iiiiiicd 
 him, and he died in solitude In Si)ain, nearScvilhr 
 1.547. 
 
 tVeveccpur, Philippe de— French Mnrthal 
 and Haron ; born t?arly in the Hflecnlli i-' nlury. In 
 France; distinguished as a woldln- umi-w ( 'JuhIch 
 the Bald and Louis VI. , and in nuiucroiis miiitarv 
 and tllr>l'>niiili<- uiid.Ttakiiigs, sign.-. I, r<.r Fnin.-.-. 
 111.- ti.MlKs .,f .\ria-^ .ulii.li gavr iinpcilant tcrii- 
 loiy to l-niTM-.'i and Kntrl.uid, II.- al><) ov.t.-.ujic 
 Duke .MiLXUiiiltan in i'lr.mly, taking more t.-iri- 
 tory. and wa.H on his way to conquer Naples, when 
 he died near Lyons, in France, in 1494. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver— Lord Protector of the 
 English Commonwealth; bom at Hvmtingdon, 
 Eng. , 1599; became a zealous Puritan; entered 
 Parliament, irj2.'>: onpoHcd King Charles I. in Par- 
 liament, and took the ilelrl agaln^^t him, winning 
 \ l.-toriesover lln- roval Irooii^, m mMiuiou>i well- 
 f'.ught battb-- b.tw.en IflCJ jukI Ifilf,. iin.l aided In 
 hi-ini/iiig th.' kiritr t.. ii>.' .-..■.nr'.i.i . Ii.> i lim >.ulKlu.-d 
 
 Ireland, after severe fighting, and defeated the 
 Scotch loyalists; in 1651 he reached the sum- 
 mit of his power, becoming Lord Protector 
 in 1653; during his dynasty England was prosper- 
 ous, respected and feared by other nations; died 
 at Whitehall Palace. Eng., 1658. 
 
 Cyrus the Great — His career as a Persian 
 General was foretold by Isaiah more than one 
 hundred years before his birth, but considerable 
 diversity of history surrounds his acts; he was son 
 of Cambyses, the Persian; at the age of thirty he 
 was sent with 30,000 men to assist his uncle Cyax- 
 eres, who was about to be attacked by the Baby- 
 lonians, dispersing the latter; pushed the war 
 into adjoining countries; subdued Cappadocia; 
 captured Sardis, the capital of Lydia; reduced 
 almost all Asia to subjection; returned and fought 
 the Assyrians; captured Babylon after a siege; 
 engaged in several other wars and subdued all the 
 nations between Syria and the Red Sea. and is 
 described in Scripture as "Monarch of all the 
 earth ;■' he is supposed to have reigned from about 
 558 to 529 B. C. , dying at the age of seventy years. 
 
 Darius, the Mede— Son of Astyages, King 
 of the Medes; mentioned in Daniel v.. 31. ix., 1. 
 andxi.,1; in scripture also called Artaxcrxes; in 
 either A. M. 3448 or 3468, he conquered Babylon, 
 dethroning Belshazzar, his sister's grandson. King 
 of the Chaldeans, occupying the throne for about 
 two years, when he died, and Cyrus the Great 
 reigned in his stead. 
 
 Darius I., King of Persia— Son of Hystas- 
 pes; took Babylon after a siege of twenty months; 
 gave permission for rebuilding the Jewish temple 
 at Jerusalem and sent the captive Jews to their 
 own country; subsequently the Persians invaded 
 Greece, but were defeated at Marathon; while 
 preparing to take the Held against the Greeks in 
 person, Darius died B. C. 4S5. 
 
 Darius III., the last Kins of Persia- 
 Persia being invaded by Alexander the Gieat. 
 Darius took the field against him in person, com- 
 manding an army of 600,000 men; two battles were 
 fought, at Granicus and near Issus; in the latter 
 the Pei-sians were routed, having nioi-e than 
 100,000 men killed; Darius escaped. and afterwards 
 fought the Greeks again, but was defeated and 
 fled; he was found murdered. B. C. 331, in his 
 chariot, the victim of Bessus, governor of Bac- 
 triana, who coveted his throne. 
 
 Davoust, I^ouis Nicholas— A French Mar- 
 shal; born at Annoux. Burgundy, 1770; studied at 
 Brienne with Napoleon; distinguished himself on 
 several occasions in the French army, and went 
 with Bonaparte to Egypt; in the campaigns of 
 1806 and 1809 he won the titles of Marshal, Duke 
 and Prince, was governor of Hamburgh in l«i;i, 
 1814; minister of war under Napoleon in 1815. and 
 commanded the army which capitulated under the 
 walls of Paris; died in Paris. 1823. 
 
 Dessaix, Joseph Marie — A French Gen- 
 eral under Napoleon; born at Thonon, Savoy, 
 1764; served at the siege of Toulon, in U;ily and in 
 the campaign of 1806 against Austria, wiimiiij,' the 
 title of Count of the Empire; commanded at 
 the city of Berlin; in 1813 was intrusted with tlie 
 defense of France on the line of the Alps, and 
 subsequently was commander of the National 
 Guard at Lyons; died in France, in 1834. 
 
 Desalx de Veigfoux, Louis Charles 
 Anthony — -\. .-eleliiateil French (ieneial. of 
 noble deseeiit; hiirri in Auvergne. ITCiS Lii'iileiiMnt 
 inthe;u-Mi\ ■.<\ ni i-iii ; defended Fori K'.-lil m ir.n.. 
 conini:uiiliii;j .< il i v , -[nn in the army i >i i in- IMnnc . 
 
 accomp;nitr(l I ..|.:irtcto Egypt.' wlnTe ],<■ w.is 
 
 known as -ilie .lust Sultan;" and fell in the hat He 
 of Marengo, June 14, 1800, just as he had aided in 
 winning victory over the Austnans. 
 
 DuniiiN, General— A inuliitto Fr.-nch odleer; 
 born in .l.r 'rni--. II ivli. \HV.: ; i-iilere.l Ihe 
 French anny ;it t..i!r1.'.'ri , tn.t.'d for his li.iiKN.nne 
 flk'Uie. pnHljgi.His strength and great bravery; 
 ^ir^ril under Duinouriez. then in Italy, under 
 n.i|imIi.)||, and at the battle of Brixen, single- 
 li:iinlid. he defended a bridge against the enemy 
 until the French could come to his rescue; he also 
 served with distiru-tion in Egypt; died at Villiors- 
 Cotterets, France. 1806. 
 
 Duroc, C}lriird4\ »f.-.\ favorite General 
 of Nai)oleon's; bom near N;uiey, Fianee. 1772: 
 Governor of the Tuilleries; ■■nqil.iye.l .>n iin|i.n-- 
 taiit diplomatic missions; serve.! at Atis(ei-lit/. in 
 the campaigns of iHOfl antl *07, in Austria and in 
 Hns-i;., Kill. .lilt the battle of Bautzen, while 
 eseiirtnig Hie I'lniperor to an elevation. Napoleon 
 bought the land where he fell, and ereeted a mon- 
 ument to his nu'inory thereon; died near Markers- 
 dorf. Saxony, 1813. 
 
 Edward, Prince or WalcH— Known iiii 
 *'the Hlack Prince," from the color of his armor i 
 son of King Edward III., of England; born at 
 WoodKtodc, Eng.. l-SSO: accompanied his father to 
 France in n45. and p^ulieipate.l in tin- great vic- 
 tory (d'Cr.ev; n.v.i;.'..! III.' Fieiieh .Luninionw. 13.55 
 and '.Sfi. and re-l..r.(l ■ r.-.lro the ( 'ruid " to the 
 thron.-ol Spiiin, .Ik.I in I iii^'lun.l. i:t:r,. 
 
 Espnrtero, Joa<|iiln B.— A Spanish Gran- 
 dee; boi-n near Cuidad Ileal, Spain. 1792; fought 
 the South American insurgents in Venezuela and 
 Peru; favored the succession ut i^ueeii Isabella II. 
 to the throne; fought the Carlists successfully in 
 the civil war. 1833- '39; was head of Queen Chris- 
 tina's ministry; succeeded her as regent in 1840; 
 being overcome by Narvaez he retired to England, 
 until 1847, when he returned to Spain, and resumed 
 his lost honors; subsequently became head of 
 Isabella's government, and after her expulsion he 
 supported the provisional government, refusing 
 the crown, which was olfered to him, on account 
 of his great age. 
 
 Oarlbaldl, Gulseppe— An Italian patriot; 
 born at Nice, 1807; raised ;i mariner; in 1834 he was 
 exiled from Italy forexeitiima revolution; visited 
 the Black Sea and South Anienea; espoused the 
 cause of the republic ot KioGrande; was repulsed 
 and taken prisoner; escaping, he returned to Rio 
 Grande and joined an expedition against the Bra- 
 zilians, sometimes on land and sometimes at sea; 
 after the war he settled at Montevideo; this place 
 being besieged, liaribahli fitted out a flotilla, and 
 the town was saved. lie then returned to Spain 
 and participated in the military affairs of 1848, 
 defeating the Neapolitans. Being surrounded 
 by Austrians, he was offered terms of capitula- 
 tion, which he refused, and he and his adherents 
 fied; but his wife died, he was arrested, iKinisiied, 
 and came to New York; made vo>;i;-'.s ti. Hie 
 Pacific, and returned to Nice; here In- juineil the 
 Sardinian government against the Austiians; 
 rendered important services during the war to the 
 Italian cause, and in 1860 captured Sicily and 
 became Dictator; afterwards he assisted in the 
 overlhr'nv of King Francis, and the kingdom of 
 Tu u Sirih. - i>. .aiiie merged in that of Italy. Gar- 
 ib;ilili 1. -L^rii. .1 the l)iet:(toisliii. and retired to the 
 isLiml i-r t^ipiera. Subse.iuently he reappeared 
 pruiuiiieiitly in the troubles in Italy, and incited 
 the Hungarians against the Austrians. In a battle 
 near Aspromunte he was wounded and taken pris 
 oner but was pennittetl to return to Caprera. 
 Again he lepeated ins m. cements tor the eomjuest 
 of Rome, but w;iv upim one .leeasum arrested, and 
 on the other detect led in l.:title and taken prisoner, 
 but rele.ised Jis.iii Ainenean citizen. In 1870, when 
 tlie lie! -U III II- -i| Fl.ilire •.\as established, he joined 
 ill Its national deteiK-e, aiulser\ed in the French 
 army, but without distinguishing himself. He 
 filled a seat in the National Assembly for a time, 
 but resigned and retired to Caprera. He wrote 
 novels and poems, and was undoubtedly one of 
 the most remarkable men of this centuiy. Among 
 his latest acts was the procuring of a divorce from 
 his second wife. Died, June 2, 1882. 
 
 Gonsalvo of Cordova, Hernandez A.— 
 
 A eelelxated Spanish waiii..t, kiiMun :is--the 
 Great Captain," burn at Moritill... Spain, H.53. 
 He entered upon a military lile at (illeeii years; 
 distinguished himself in wars against the Moors, 
 Portuguese. Turks and French; was Viceroy of 
 Naples, wliich kingdom he had conquered; died in 
 Granada, Spain, 1515. 
 
 Oaurgaud, Oaspard* Baron— A French 
 General, born at Versailles, France, 1783; attended 
 milit:irv schools; entered the army in 1802; fought 
 in the eain|>aigns ut Gernuuiy, Poland. Spain and 
 again in Ceiiiiany; went tu Hussia with Naiioie.m; 
 at Moscow piiveiited the explosion .it .'.00,000 
 pounds of puwder. and was created Baron ; 
 aee..inpamed Napoleon tlirough nuineruus battles, 
 saving his hie .m one occasion; was aiinuig the 
 l:i-t o(li.'.-iv t.i le.ive the field of Waterloo, and 
 
 ■ "■<■ iMni.'d III- .-hief to St. Helena. Returning 
 
 1.1 iji^i mil, )i. AMiNe.i for the release of Nap(. I. -on 
 I [Mill exile, ;itid r i 1 1 red to France, where he lived 
 on a legiiey livuu his former friend and com- 
 iiKinder; died in 1K52. 
 
 OouKh, If UKhVlKcoiint— .\ Bi'itish General; 
 born at Woodsti.uii. Iiehnul. i;79. enter. -d the 
 army in 1794; s.>i\ed ;li.miii.-i Hi,. I'uleii in Smith 
 Africa; in the \\ . -t Imli. v, ,n Sp:nn, .|islin;,Mii-.b 
 ing himself in se\eral iDiiJort.uit buttles; r.ini 
 miuidcr-in-Chicf in Chuui, and created a Ban. net; 
 transferi"ed to India, with supreme coinnmn.l, In- 
 carried on a brilliant and successful campaign 
 against the Sikhs, from 1843 to 1849; superseded by 
 Sir Charles Napier; made a viscount, handsomely 
 pensioned, and created Field Marshal. 
 
 Orant. Sir .Tume>« Hope— A Bhtisli Hen 
 eraU b.trn al Kilgra-l.-n, Se..(lan.l, 1,S(IS; eiiter.-d 
 tli.-iinnvin lS2r.. served in the Ilist Knglivli uar 
 with China, in India ILun ISIX to l.s,'>s. uh.-i.' Ii.- 
 w<m battles and h..ni.rs, .speeiallv at the si.-ge of 
 Delhi and the reli.-l of Liuknow; .■.nnniiviided in 
 China in 1859; captured Peking in isfio, and so ter- 
 minated the war, receiving the thanks of Parlia- 
 ment and being madea Knight Grand Cross of the 
 Bath, with suhse<iuent military promotions, 
 
 Oroiichy, Eniniaiitiel, Mar4|tiln de— vV 
 French (leneral ; born at Paris, 1766; entered the 
 French military service at fovirteen years, .serving 
 a part of the time under Lafayette. From 1798 t.> 
 1811 h.- s,-rved Willi di-lin.-liiii; in tli.- i.rmv. j.;irli 
 clp;UMik' III s"Mi.. .if Hie ni.i-l .lislingnisli.'.l liatH.-s 
 and .Mt.q.i.lk'll^ 1 'I- NMpMlei.ii i.iid nHi.'l-s, \
 
 subsequently, after Napnlcnn's return from Elba, 
 attached hhn-^clf tn tli-' Ijni.. i m '- rmtviiiL-s, 
 heconiiiitr '.\ Miit^lial ol" l-i m. . in, I i ikirik' u citn- 
 
 spicUMUs p;ul in (lis r]ii,i ,-|„ , n Hisfail- 
 
 UIT. linWL'ver. In brint; in- Im.- )ii.mIi.)I1 jit 
 
 th«i buttlu of Waterluu, rather (Ij-h .h ..Imv pre- 
 vious orders, eosl Napdleon hi^ -lu-nil ilii.ir. in 
 that eont(^st. Ketiriiik' from Kr^inii unJii pio- 
 wcription, he liver! live years in llx' Uiuhil Slates, 
 at l'litladelr>hia. He il-lurned In [•lance in 1821, 
 anil was restored U. Ins rank of Marshal. 
 
 Iluvelock, Sir Ilciify \ Uril i-h Ceneral, 
 
 distiuK'iiished by his bnllMiii l' i ni|i,i ii^ii a^'^aiiist 
 
 the Kepoys in India in lHri;.h<.( .uiuilv Dur- 
 
 liani, Hnt'-. I79'i; entered tin |;piii-li .iirnv in 1815; 
 Went to India in ISlM; pari leipiii.'il m ihr hiirniese 
 war (d 1.S'.>1 wHb di^I ineriMii, m ili.. ,n\ i-imi of 
 Afirhanislan. under Sii Willi. ii^-bhy ( ■,,ii..ii, 18:}8 
 ami l«:iii, in the MalnaHacunipuik'ti and in the war 
 a(?ainst the Sikhs; fought in Persia. IxriO; his 
 operations in 1857. in opposition to the Sepoys 
 under the Nana Sahib, however, established his 
 military fame; died near Lucknow, India, of 
 dysentery, November, 1857. receiving' a baronetcy 
 from the English government the day after his 
 death. 
 
 •losin of vVi'c, **the lHaifl of Orleans*'— 
 
 This Ki't-atest of heroines was born of humble par- 
 ents at Doniremi. France, UIO; tended sheep and 
 took eare of horses at a eountry inn; but havint? 
 a mind far superior to her station, and brooding 
 over the sufferings of lier country and the means 
 of relieving tliem until she beli.-ved herself called 
 by mysterious V. lilts 1,1 bn-onie the deliverer of 
 France, she iilfer./d lier^-.-lf tr. the king as a 
 divinely appointed wanmr. Her services were 
 accepted, and she took the Held against the ene- 
 mies of her country. Her alleged divine appoint- 
 ment and bravery inspired her t<i||owers with 
 enthusiasm, while it depi-essed the tlnglish. Her 
 campaigns were wonderfully successful; city 
 after city was subdued, and' the English were 
 everywhere rapidly defeated; fourteen months 
 passed in this brilliant warfare, which closed with 
 the crowning of her sovereign. She now declared 
 her mission at an end, but she was prevailed upon 
 to remain witli the army, which she commanded 
 with her wouled hiavei v. At last, falling a cap- 
 tive int.i the hands ..1 the English, who bought 
 her from the Burgundians. she was, to their ever- 
 lasting disgrace, burned at the stake at Rouen, 
 I-ranee, in 1431, as a soi-ceress. In later years, 
 however, this method of her death has been denied. 
 
 Juarez, Benito Pahl4» :tii4l Miixiiull- 
 
 ian — Juarez was born at s.m j'.ii.ii. i ; m ratao. 
 State of Oajaca. Mexico, l.si'ii, '■! I leiiM u jKnents; 
 educated by a friar; studied law; prulessorof 
 natural philosophy in the college of Oajaca; 
 admitted to the bar in 1834; was chief judge of the 
 republic in 1842-45; secretary of state under Gen- 
 eral Leon; chief justice of the superior court. 
 When the Salas revolution in 1846 became a suc- 
 cess in Oajaca. he was made one of the governing 
 triumvirate, ^n 1846 he was a member of the con- 
 stituent congress that voted money to carry on the 
 war with the United States; became governor of 
 Oajaca in 1847-'o2. managing affairs discreetly, 
 litpiidating the state debt and having surplus 
 funds. Soon afterwards he was arrested and 
 exiled by Santa Anna, and lived in reduced cir- 
 cumstances for two years in New Orleans, Return- 
 ing to Mexico in 1855, he assisted in the successful 
 uprising of Alvarez, who afterwards appointed 
 Juarez minister of justice and religion; subse- 
 quently President Comonfort appointed Juaiez 
 governor of Oajaca; lie was re-elected gM\-.-rnor 
 in IS.'i?; was also then elected piesiil.nt .if the 
 supreme court of justice, and afterwards minister 
 of the interior. Comonfort being ousted, Juarez 
 succeeded him as president of the republic in 1858, 
 being recognized as such by the United States in 
 
 isrift. In 18fil he di-fcated Mlrarnon. entered Mex- 
 ico, and in the To! Ir. wing spring wax elected presi- 
 dent again. In IKtit; France der-l.ired war uguinst 
 Juarez, with the determiniition i»f esfabltshing an 
 empire in Mexico. Juarez was defeated, and Max- 
 imilian, Archduke of Austria, assumed the func- 
 tions of Emperor. Juarez, however, maintained 
 the presidency at El Paso del Norte, an<t in l«Ofi 
 began that brilliant militarv eiupituUgn which 
 restored him to the pu'sessiun ol rhi- republic, 
 and resulted in the (-apture and shi...uiit,' <>f Maxi- 
 milian, in June. 1867. In Octobei' Juarez was 
 re-elected president of Mexico. Five years of 
 unsuccessful revolutions against him followed. but 
 peace came in 1872. The health of Juarez, how- 
 ever, failed undci- all his trials, and he died in 
 .Mexico, in 18T3, of apoplexy. 
 
 K<»MMiith, IvOIiIm— Ex-govcrnor of Hungary; 
 
 born at Monok. I«n.': ,uU-v<-c\ rtw National Diet 
 a.sa reiiresenlaliv. ill i-,."i, |,,i imlil i -liing reports 
 of the pnnTedintTs i-l I h i - ,i - ■ m I.I \ . he was con- 
 victed i.t hi^'h InM-.in ;,Mil -rot. -I. red tO foUr 
 
 years-iiii|,M-iiiirNr,ii, Within two years. however. 
 ho wji- lil.ii ii, ,1 ,,,1 an amnesty; became editor of 
 anew-j.ii. I ,ii ir.iii in isu; in ^8^« he visited 
 Vienna, ih, . .ipilul ..f Austria, to press the claims 
 of Hungary upon the governni.nl. an.l rrinrncd 
 to Presburg as minister of Ihianee, Irider Ihis 
 administration he successfully earrii-d <)ut import- 
 ant nwasures for the relief ofthe peasantry under 
 the feudal system, which was swept away. Dur- 
 ing the civil war of 18I8-'49 he was governor of 
 Hungary. The Hungarians having been sup- 
 pressed, mainly by the armed intn vrnli.in of 
 Russia. Kossuth retired to Turkey with s.-veral 
 political allies and ,^,(M)0 troops. Itv the interyen- 
 tion of England and France. Turkey refused to 
 deliver up Kossuth at the request of Austria and 
 Russia, and he and his followers were retained 
 as prisoners in Asia Minor until 1851. Kossuth 
 then proceeded to l;,ngland. and sailed for the 
 United States in the autumn of that year. Here 
 he traveled, advocating the cause of Ilungary. 
 and was received with great favor. Afterwards 
 he returned t-i England, residing there for several 
 years, engaged in ieetming ..nd writing for the 
 newspapers. From 1S6^ to lST-'> he resided in priv- 
 acy at Turin, devoting much time to scientific 
 investigations. 
 
 Lopez, Xarciso— Cuban revolutionist; born 
 in 1799, in Venezuela. S. A., of wealthy parents; 
 served for some time in the Spanish army, retir- 
 ing in 1822. while Colonel. After the Spaniards 
 evacuated Venezuela, he went to Cuba, and then 
 to Spain, espousing the cause of Queen Isabella 
 against Don Carlos, the pretender, and became 
 the recipient of several offices, which, for polit- 
 cal reasons, he rejected, returning to Cuba. 
 Seized with the idea of Cuba becoming independ- 
 ent of Spain, he came to the United States in 18i9, 
 and organized, at the expense of nearly his entire 
 fortune, three separate and unsuccessful expedi- 
 tions to free Cuba from the Spanish yoke. The 
 last expedition, which sailed in August, 1851, 
 resulted in the capture of Lopez and many of his 
 followers, and his own execution at Havana, Sep- 
 tember 1, 1851. 
 
 IMClltisideK— Illustrious Athenian General ; 
 flourished 111 the lifteenth century before Christ; 
 reduce.! rhersonrsus, Leinnos and Cyclades. and 
 before Christ. 490 years, fought and overcame the 
 invading Persian army at Marathon; accused of 
 treason by his countrymen, he was thrown into 
 prison, where he died of a wound received in 
 fighting for Grecian independence; died B. C. 489. 
 
 Moltke, Helmuth K. B. "Von— A German 
 General; born at Parchim. Germany. 1800; at 
 eighteen became an officer; entered the Prussian 
 service in 1822; went to Constantinople in 1835. and 
 improved the Turkish government's fortifica- 
 
 tions, and fouffht for the Sultan In the want 
 ngaiuHt the Kurdu and Egypt; retumi-d to PniKnia 
 in 1839; in 18.16 became the adjutant of Prince 
 Frederic, and in IH-'tH chief of the general Mtalf «»f 
 the army: In ixr.9 he was mad<; Lleutenant-Gen- 
 eral. figured hirg.-iy in the warn with Denmark 
 llHU) and Austria (IKfiOi. When the war with 
 France began. in 1870, hts plans resulted in a «orle« 
 of ustiuiisliing and continuous vlctorieM. He wan 
 rewaided by th.- title of Count unrl large dona- 
 thuiM of money. t-U:. ; was made a General Field 
 Marshal In 1M71, and life member of the upper 
 house of the Prussian parliamenl. 
 
 Nero, LiticlUM DomUlim ClaiidlUH — A 
 Roman emperor; bom at Aiitiiiin, Italy, in 37; 
 succeeded Claudius, who was murdered, in hi us 
 Emperor, and proved to be one of the basest of 
 tyrants. The story of his life Is a catalogue of 
 eniej erini.s. whde the success of the Roman 
 army .jiii ill- his ri-ign was glorious. A rebellion 
 against this lynut. in 68, proving successful, he 
 c«nnniitted suieide. 
 
 Plzurro, Francln— Born atTruxlMo. Spain. 
 in lilf), and while a boy ran away to Spanish 
 America. In 1524 he discovered Peru, in connec- 
 tion with Almagro. and Charles the Fifth made 
 Iiim Governor of the new-found coimtry, over 
 which he achieved the conqucwt in 1532. in 1537 a 
 contest between him and Almagro terminated in 
 the defeat and exeeuti.m ofthe latter. AImagrr>"s 
 son, in revenge, in 1. HI, aided by some friends, 
 assassinated Pizarro in his jtaiace at Lima, Peru. 
 
 Pompey, Cnelus— Known as Pompey the 
 Great; a Roman statesman and warrior; i)0m 106 
 B. i'. : at the age of twenty-three, with the parly 
 of Sylla. and commanding three legions, he recov- 
 ered to Rome. Sicily and Africa; ended the war in 
 Spain, and considerably extended the Roman 
 Empire in Asia; married Ca?sar"s daughter. In a 
 few years dissensions arose between Caesar and 
 Pompey; civil war ensued, and Pompey was 
 defeated in the battle of Pharsalia. He then tied 
 to Egypt, where he was assassinated. B. C. 48. 
 
 Ponlatowski, Prince Joiieph—HlustrlouB 
 Polish General; born at Warsaw. 1763; distin- 
 guished hims.-ir in tin- cause of Poland during the 
 nnh.ii'p.v stnigi^'lr-. ..t i:\ri and •'.t4: entered the 
 Fr.-nrh arni>', and .-.viiihite.! r.iris|ii.-iii)Us bravery 
 and talent m the campaigns bitwt-en 1806 and 1814; 
 was made a Marshal on the battle-field at Leipsic, 
 and was drowned in the river Elster, 1813, 
 
 Santa Anna, Anton! I^opez de— A Mexi- 
 can General; born at Jalapa. Mex.. 1798; entered 
 the Spanish army, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel 
 in 1S21; joined Iturbide in 1822 in overthrowing 
 Spanish rule and reducing the province of Vera 
 Cruz; Iturbide was in turn overthrown by Santa 
 Anna, who proclaimed himself emperor. The 
 Mexican Republic was formed soon afterwards, 
 and from that time until 1833 Santa .\nna was 
 engaged in fighting against or maintaining, at the 
 head of Mexican troops, the claims of rival chiefs. 
 In 1833 he became president, retaining the office 
 for three years, at the end of whieh tiiiie he was 
 taken prisoner at San Jacint.> by politu-al oppo- 
 nents. After his liberation, in 1837, he lost a leg 
 while engaged in repulsing French troops at Vera 
 Cruz. From 1841 to 1845 he was again president 
 of the republic. In 1845 he was exiled for ten 
 years, but was recalled to the presidency and to 
 protect .Mexico against the United States armv. 
 In several encounters with Scott and Taylor, the 
 American Generals, his forces were defeated, and 
 in 1848 he was compelled to resign. From 18.52 to 
 1855 he was president once more, and was then 
 driven into exile again by the revolt of General 
 Carrera, living peaceably for some years at St. 
 Thomas. After that, he pariicipated niore or less 
 quietly in Mexican political changes, but without 
 any notable s'uccess. Died, June '^), 1876.
 
 r 
 
 .(>-— 
 
 50 
 
 SKETCH (IF THE EIFE OF GEOEGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 George Washington. 
 
 HERO OF THE WAR FOR UNITED STATES INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 ANY CIRCTMSTANCES must necessarily com- 
 bine to make, witli any individual, a great 
 career. Among them there must be a suita- 
 ble training, a locality in which genius may ex- 
 pand, and opportunity to draw forth genius. 
 Many great men have lived, passed through 
 life, and died comparatively unknown. The 
 
 occasion never offered by which their power might have been seen. 
 
 They could have been distinguished had opportunities been favorable. 
 Very truly has Gray in his * "Elegy. " 
 
 speaking of the country churchyard, said: 5^*^'*' 
 
 Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 
 
 Some heart once pregnant nitli celestial fire; 
 Hand that the rod of empire mi^lit have swajed, 
 
 And waited to cstasy the living lytt. 
 
 But the favoring circumstance never 
 came by which they could be carried for- 
 ward to greatness and renown. The career 
 we follow in life depends, therefore, much 
 on circumstances; some people call it 
 luck. 
 
 In till* study of man wc cannot fail to 
 recognize I hat greatness hangs on a myriad 
 of causes that exist outside of him- 
 self. Of these one of the most important 
 of all, perhaps, is tile inheritance of a 
 well-balanced mind. Without mental 
 capacity the opportunities may be ever 
 so favorable, yet they will pass unim- 
 proved. With strong brain-power, cou])led 
 with ambition to achieve, perceptive 
 power to foresee, and judgment to direct. 
 and opportunity offering, the individual 
 goes forwanl to success and power. 
 
 Of all the circumstances, therefore, 
 which may be presented, there are none so desirable to the child 
 as the possession, at birth, of a brain-power capable of grasping 
 the opportunities as they occur in after-life. 
 
 Sucli was the gift which 'George Washington's mother presented to 
 her child. A strong woman, of clear intellect and high moral 
 character, she endowed him witli the caimcity for a prosperous life 
 in any event, and for a great career, if opportunity ollert^d for him 
 to enter upon it. The war of the Hevoliition occurred in his time, 
 and, with a genius equal to the occasion, lie made his |ilace in the 
 hi:arts of the peojile. 
 
 On February 32, 17.32. (Jeorge Washington was born at liridge's 
 Creek, in Weslmorelund ctninty, Va. His father afterwards lived 
 on the Kuppahanuock. a short distance from FrcderickshurL'. ivlnrc lu- 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 DUUnC"'^)"'! < 
 
 died in 1743. K-aviny; a widow and five children, comfortably provided 
 for with u large landed property, of which, by will. George inherited 
 the homestead, while the oldes^t brother, Lawrence Washington, 
 received the estate on the Potomac. 
 
 George, who at his father's death was not ten years of age, 
 obtained, at an ordinary school, a knowledge of reading, writing and 
 arithmetic. At fourteen he commenced the study of geometry and 
 surveying, in which he made such progress as to cause him to enter 
 upon the profession of surveying when sixteen years of age, at which 
 time he was in the employ of Lord Fairfax, 
 who had hirge estates in the vicinity of 
 the Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 Three years he passed thus, traversing 
 the wilderness, surveying in the summer, 
 and spending the winter with his brother 
 Lawrence. During this period, engaged 
 thus in active open-air employment, he 
 developed into fine physical j)roportlons, 
 became familiar with the lands of which 
 he afterwards was a large^owner. and 
 formed an acquaintance with the Indian 
 tribes then in that region, from whom be 
 obtained knowledge that served him well 
 in after-years. 
 
 At this time it was a matter of dispute 
 between the English and French govern- 
 ments as to the ownership of the North 
 American continent. The French were 
 tlu-M intrenched o\\ the St. Lawrence and 
 at the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
 English were in possession of the region 
 bordering the Atlantic coast. In view of 
 the probability of a rupture between the 
 two countries, and possibly of an Indian 
 war. the Colonial conntry was divided into districts, and Washington, 
 then nineteen years of age. was made an Adjutant, with the rank of 
 Major. 
 
 Through the dt-ath of bis brother I>awrence. in 1752. George <-:inie 
 into the possessicm of the estate at Mount Vernon, the name having 
 been given to it by Lawrence in honor of Admiral Vernon, a popular 
 naval hero with whom he was acquainted. The succeeding year was 
 largely occupied by George in settling his brother's aflfairs. In the 
 meantime the threatening attitude of the French caused Governor 
 Dinwiddle, then governor of the Colonies, to residve upon dispatching 
 a messenger to confer with the French comimmderas to their intcTi- 
 tions. It was a hazardous journey of over .'iOO miles, to be made in 
 mid-winter through a then tr!ii-kI("-« wild.-rness. Washington, being 
 
 -:o:
 
 WASIIINGTONS SEEVICE IN TllK ENGLISH AE.MY. 
 
 
 selectt'tl to execute the work, performed the journey Hiicccssfiilly, 
 though amid greiit dangers from the Indians. 
 
 From that interview of Washington, it was learned that the French 
 proposed to resist the extensi(m of English occupation towards the 
 Ohio. It was thereupon resolved by the Colonial Assembly to take 
 action against the French, and among the regiments raised and 
 ordered into the field was one of which Washington, refusing to take 
 the Colonelcy, was made a Lieutenant Colcmel, and stationed at a 
 point whore now stands the city of Pittsburgli, Pa. 
 
 For five years Washington was in the royal service, the command 
 of the army in various battles devolving upon him. In one of 
 the engagements, known as Braddock's defeat, he received four 
 bullet-holes through his coat, and two horses were shot under him. 
 
 In January, 1759, lie married Mrs. Martha Custis. In the mean- 
 time, the French having been expelled from the Ohio valley, he 
 resigned his commission, and retired shortly after his marriage to 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 Washington then became a member of the provincial Assembly, 
 which met at Williamsburg. His private business, whicli was then 
 large, mostly occupied his attention, however, for the next sixteen 
 years. During that period the resolution had been made by the 
 colonists to free themselves from the mother country, and to Wash- 
 ingt()n, then forty-three years of age. was given the command of the 
 army. July 3, 1775. Then followed an eight years' war, during 
 which time he fought, with varying success, the English gen- 
 erals Howe. Clinton, Burgoyne. and Cornwallis, finally surrounding 
 Cornwallis at Yorktown, where Washington compelled his surrender. 
 
 To his perseverance, courage, patience and prudence, were the 
 American people greatly indebted for their independence, which was 
 secured by a treaty of peace, signed in 1783. 
 
 Resigning his commission at the close of the war. Washington 
 returned again to Mount Vernon, and participated but lUtle in public 
 affairs until May, I7H7, when he served as a member of the con- 
 vention, in Philadelphia, which framed the Constitution of the United 
 States, Of this body he was unanimously chosen President. 
 
 Washington was elected the first President of the United States, and 
 on the 30th of March. 1781), he was inaugurated, John Adams being 
 Vice President. At that time the seat of government was at New- 
 York, where it remained for eleven years afterwards, being removed 
 to Washington in 1800. 
 
 During the first and second years of his Presidential administration 
 Washington made a tour through the Eastern and Southern States in 
 his own carriage, his journey throughout being one continual ovation. 
 
 He was twice elected to the Presidency. At the close of his 
 official life he returned once more to his country residence, hoping 
 for permauent retirement, but owing to an apprehended difficulty 
 with France, be consented to become Lieutenant General and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, a post which he accepted with extreme reluctancy, 
 and only as a matter of duty to his country. 
 
 In consequence of a severe cold which he caught when exposed in a 
 snow and rain storm, as he was riding in his saddle about his estate, 
 on the 12th of December, 1799. he was confined to his bed, and died 
 two days afterwards. 
 
 At Mount Vernon in a tomb He the remains of Washington to-day. 
 The estate came into the possession of John A. Washington, and 
 from him were 200 acres, the mansion and tomb, purchased by the 
 Ladies' Mount Vernon Association in 1858, for the sum of $200,000. 
 The design is to preserve everything about the house as it was at 
 the lime of Washington's death, thus making it attractive as a place 
 of perpetual resort for pilgrimage in the future. 
 
 PROMINENT BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 BATTLES of Lexington and Cnn- 
 eord. — Fiiught. tii-st. at Lexington. Mass., 
 bL't\\L-(.-n SOU Erilish soldiers, under Lieutenant Col- 
 onel Smith and Major Pitcairn. and a large foree 
 of colonists, under Captain John Parker. April 19, 
 1775. wliile tlie British were on their way to Con- 
 cord, Mass. . tM seizf a quantity of military stores 
 belonging to till.' ri.i.iru-t-.. A skn nii-li ensued at 
 Lexington, eight of th.' ■■..Ii.iiist- 1., in;: killed. The 
 British proceeded tu LMiicuid. but were severely 
 repulsed by the colonists, under Colonel J'ames 
 Barrett, who drove them again towards Lexington. 
 At Lincoln the Bi-itish were attacked by the Lex- 
 ington militia, and a-s they entereii Lev;ingt^ni, 
 the entire British force only escaped de>ti uetiun 
 at the hands of the enraged citizens i.f thai \ leinity 
 by receiving reinforcements from Boston, As it 
 was, the colonists Imtlv pursued them back to 
 Boston. In this exi>editinn the British lost 273 
 riien, killed, wouiuied ami missing, and the colo- 
 nists forty-nine killed, thirty-four wounded and 
 five missing. This day's work inaugurated the war 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 Capture of Tieonderotja.— Eighty Ameri- 
 can soldiers, under I'.^l.-ml Ktlian .Allen, of 
 Vermont, surprised ihe livui'li fort at Ticonderoga, 
 X. V. , commanded bv Captain i'elaplace. early on 
 the morning of May H), 177Ji. and without firing a 
 shot demanded its surrender "in the name of 
 Jehovah and the Continental Congress." No 
 resistance wa:* made, and the Americans captured 
 two ofticei-s. forty-eight soldieis, 128 pieces of 
 artillery, and a large quantity of small arms. By 
 this stroke England lost control of the Green 
 Mountain district. 
 
 Biittle of Bunker Hill.— Fought June in 
 and 17, 177.'>. near Boston, between 1.500 British 
 soldiers, under Generals Howe and Pigott. who 
 attempted to storm the redoubt on Breed's Hill, 
 defended by 2.500 Americans, under command of 
 Colonels Prescott and Putnam. The redoubt 
 was gallantly defended until the amnmnition of 
 the Americans was exhausted, when a retreat was 
 ordered, and amid a galling fire they escaped to 
 Charlestown Neck, at which point the pui-suit 
 ended- The British lost 226 officers and men killed 
 and S28 wounded, and the Americans 145 killed or 
 missing and 301 wotuided. 
 
 Battle of Quebec.— Fought December 31. 
 1775, between the Biitish troops in the citadel and 
 a small force of American s(»ldiers. undei" General 
 
 Richard Montgomery, who attempted to capture 
 the upper town. The assault failecL >Iontganiery 
 and about 700 of his men being killed or wounded. 
 Battle of Fort Moultrie.— Fought on Sul- 
 livan's Island, Charleston harbor, S. C. , June 28, 
 
 1776. between four vessels of the British navy, 
 carrying loG cannons and reinforcements, under 
 command of Sir Peter Parker, and 135 Americans, 
 under Colonel William Moultrie, in a fort which 
 mounted twenty-six guns. The vessels opened lli-e 
 on the fort at short range, and the contest lasted 
 from about noon until after nine o'clock in the 
 evening, wlu-n the British vessels were either 
 disabled ■■V uMlidr.'W, withtiut capturing the fort. 
 TheBnli-h Ii.mI ^)-, raen killed and wounded; the 
 Amerir.ni- i i. \ in killed and tWL-iity-.-ix wounded. 
 It was a bi illi.iiil vieH)ry for the Amci icaii fort and 
 its brave commander. 
 
 Battle of "White Plains.— Foiight October 
 28. 177f>. at Chattcrton Hill. N. Y. . between 4.000 
 men of Howt^'s British army and 1.100 Americans, 
 under Mcliuutrall. The Americans were driven 
 from their itosition, with a loss of nearly 100 
 killed and wounded, and eighty prisoners. The 
 British lost 32'J men. 
 
 Battle of Trenton.— Fought at Trenton. 
 N. J.. December 26. 177fi. between about 1.300 
 British and Hessian troops and 2,HM) Americans, 
 under Washington, who surprised the Hessians, 
 killed seventeen, took about l.ooo prisonei-s, six 
 brass cannon. 1,200 stand of arms, and the stand- 
 ards of an entire brigade. Not an American was 
 killed in the skirmish. 
 
 Battle of Princeton.— Fought at Princeton. 
 K. J. , January 3. 1777, between the American army, 
 under General Washington, and the British army, 
 under General Mawhood. The action lasted but 
 twenty minutes, but was fiercely contested, and 
 i-esulled in a virtoiy for the .Americans. wJio lost 
 about thiity mt-n and seven officers, while the 
 British loss was 200 killed .ind wounded and 230 
 prisoners, including fourteen officers. 
 
 Battle of the Brandy\%-lne.— Fought on 
 the banks of Brandywine creek, September 11, 
 
 1777, between the British army of 18,000 men. 
 under General Howe, and an American force of 
 13.onn, Tmder General Washington. i-esultingin the 
 defeat of Hie latter, and the occupation of Phila- 
 didjihia b^- tlie British. The loss of the Americans 
 vv;is iirarlV l.iuHl men. 
 
 Battle of Grernianto\%'n.— Fought October 
 1. 17T7. .It iHiiiiantown, I'a. . between the Ameri- 
 can arni.v. under Washington, and the British 
 army, under General Howe. The Americans were 
 defeated, with a loss of about 1,000 men; the 
 British lost more than COO. 
 
 Battle of Bennfni^on.— Fought August 16. 
 1777. between a body of New Hampshiie militia. 
 under General .Sturk, and a portif)u of Burgoyne's 
 British army, under Colonel Baum. at Benning- 
 ton. Vt. The British were defeated, with a loss 
 of 200 killed. 600prisonei-s, and 1.000 stand <.f arms. 
 The Americans lost fourteen killed and forty-two 
 wounded. 
 
 Battle of Stillwaler.-Fought at Still- 
 water-, N. Y. , September 10, 1777, between British 
 and Canadian soldiers and Indians, under Generals 
 Burgoyne and Fraser. and a portion of the Amer- 
 ican army, under Generals Morgan and Arnold. 
 The fight lasted for several houi>. and resulted in 
 the loss of about 600 British soldiers and less than 
 100 Americans. 
 
 Battle of Saratoga.— Fought at nearly the 
 
 same place as the foregoing, October 7, 1777. 
 between the British army, under Btu'goyne, and 
 the Americajis, under Genei-al Gates. '.At night 
 Burgoyne i-etreated. This contest resulted in the 
 disheartening of Burgoyne. and on the Nth he 
 surrendeied, leaving in the liands of the .Ameri- 
 cans forty-two brass cannon. 1,617 muskets, and 
 5,108 prisoners. At the time of the surrender the 
 American army numtiered 10.817 erfective men. 
 . Battleof Monmouth.— Fought at Freehold, 
 N. J. , June 28. 177R, between the British army, 
 under Sir Henry Clinttm.and the Arii4Tieans.under 
 AVashington. The contest was spirited and event- 
 ful, and resulted in the retreat of the British, with 
 the loss of nearly 300 killed and 100 prisoners. 
 The American loss wjis sixty-nine killed and IfiO 
 wounded. 
 
 Battles of Savannsih.— Fought Deeeml>er 
 29, 1778, between the British, under Ceneral Clin- 
 ton, and the Americans, under General Lincoln. 
 This contest resiUted in the surrender of the eity 
 of Savannah. (Ja. . to the British. In September, 
 1779. Savannah, still in possession of the British, 
 was besieged by an allied French and Anterican 
 force under Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln. 
 They assaiUted Ihe city October 9. 1779, but were 
 repulsed by the British, with a loss of nearly 
 800 men. 
 
 i
 
 ~<y_ 
 
 f 
 
 58 
 
 BATTLES AND OFFICERS OF THE liEVOLUTIONAliY WAK. 
 
 i 
 
 Battle of Stony Point.— American forts 
 at Stony Point. N. Y. . on the Hudson river, and 
 Verplanck's Point, oppositt; to each other, were 
 captured and occupied by the British, about June 
 1. 1779. July 16, General Anthony Wayne, with 
 1,200 Americans, retook the fortat Stony Point, 
 and captured 513 British officers and men. The 
 American loss was fifteen killed and eighty-three 
 wounded: the British had sixty-three killed. The 
 fort was soon afterwards dismantled and aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Battle or K.ing*s Mountain.— Foug^ht at 
 
 Kind's -Mountain, N. C, October 7. 1779, between a 
 British force of 1,200 local desperadoes, under 
 Major Patrick Ferg-uson, and about 000 mounted 
 Americans, under several colonels. The light was 
 brief, but severe, Ferg'uson was killed and 240 of 
 his men had fallen. Of the others. 800 surren- 
 dered and 200 escaped. The American loss was 
 only twenty killed, but many were wounded. 
 This battle did much towards breaking up British 
 domination in the South. 
 
 Battle of Cow|»en8.— Fought at Cowpens. 
 S. C. January 17. 1781. between 1.100 British, under 
 Colonel Tarlelon. and about 1,000 Americans, under 
 General Morgan. The British were defeated, with 
 a loss of 300 killed and wounded, and between 500 
 and 600 prisoners. The .\mericans had twelve men 
 killed and sixty wounded. 
 
 Battle of Oiiilford.— Fought at Guilford 
 Court House, N. C. , March 15, 1781. between 2.400 
 British, under Lord Cornwallis, and an .American 
 force of 4.404 infantry and hoi-se (regulars and 
 raw militia), under General Greene. The battle 
 resulted in^the retreat of the Americans, but Corn- 
 wallis lost more than 600 killed and wounded. The 
 American loss was about 400 killed and wounded, 
 and 850 missing. 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Sprine«,— Fought about 
 fiftv miles north of Charlest^..n. S. C. . .September 
 8. 1781, between about 2.300 British. underC-.lonel 
 Stuart, and about 2.000 Americans, undi-i 'i.neral 
 Greene. The contest was not decided until llir next 
 day, when Greene pui-sued the retrL-ating British 
 
 towards Charleston. The American loss was 535, 
 in killed, wounded and missing; that of the Bi'it- 
 ish. 133 killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners. 
 
 Siege of "I'orktown.— In August, 1781. Lord 
 Cornwallis, commanding the British army imder 
 Sir Henry Clinton, occupied and forliHed York- 
 town, Va.iwith s.OOO men and a few river vessels. 
 On the 30th of September, 1781. a besieging force 
 of 16.000 French and American soldiei-s. under 
 Washington, in^estt■d Yorktmvn. The siege con- 
 tinued several days, and on the night of October 
 14 a successful assault by the Americans resulted 
 in a loss of nearly 100 killed and wounded of the 
 British, and much less on the part of the Ameri- 
 cans. .\ French fleet in Chesapeake Bay and the 
 )n-i>istiiit attacks of the Americans soon biought 
 {■(.niuiillis t" terms, and on the 19th he surren- 
 diifd, thus virtually ending the war of the Revo- 
 lution. In this siege and surrender the British 
 lost more than 350 in killed and wounded, 8,087 
 prisoners and 106 cannon. 
 
 .^'JlmQ^j^sP^ 
 
 Leading Officers in the American Revolutionary War. 
 
 ja^sj^t)*^'^^^ 
 
 ^.IIE CELEBRATED actor in the American struggle 
 
 for national independence, Ethan Allen, was born 
 
 in Connecticut, in 1739. and about 1763 he, with his 
 
 brothers, removed to near 
 
 Bennington, Vt. Here he 
 
 took an active part in the 
 
 distinguished controversy 
 
 between the colonics of 
 New York and New Hampshire, relative to 
 their boundary lines, and was appointed, in 
 1770, 10 represent the settlers in the law-suits 
 which ensued at Albany. X. Y. The court 
 decided against them, and they, with Allen 
 at their head, made an armed resistance to 
 the authorities. Thus they were enabled to 
 protect the New Hampshire landowners and 
 remove the New York settlers from the dis- 
 puted territory. This condition of hostility 
 to the legal powers continued until the break- 
 ing out of the American Revolution. In 
 1775, Allen, in command of the ' ' Green 
 Mountain Boys," advanced towards Ticon- 
 deroga, N. Y. . and on the morning of May 10, 
 Allen, with eighty men. having been reinforced, 
 surprised the British camp at that point, 
 commanded by Captain Dclaplace, and demanded the surrender 
 of the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- 
 
 nental Congress. " The bewildered Englishmen immediately complied 
 with this forcible requirement, and the Americans captured 
 two officers, forty-eight soldiers, one hundred and twenty cannon 
 .ef/(3l^ ^""^ ^ large quantity of small arms. This 
 success also wrested the control of the Green 
 Mountains from the English. 
 
 Allen continued to aid in redeeming the 
 colonies from British dominion, and the samt- 
 year was taken prisoner and sent to England. 
 A few months later he was sent back to 
 America and treated as a felon, being most of 
 the time heavily shackled, until May. 1778. when 
 he was exchanged. I'pon his release he 
 was warmly received by Washington and Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The land controversy between the colonies 
 continuing, Allen was made a General, and, 
 subsequently, was sent as an agent of Vermont 
 to explain the course of that state to Congress. 
 Complications then arose between the states 
 and the British authorities, but Allen was 
 enabled, by political strategy, to keep his 
 adherents unmolested until near the end of 
 the Revolution. After the war he served in the 
 Vermont Legislature, residing in that State 
 which occurred at Burlington, Vt..in 1789. He was 
 honesty and frankness. 
 
 ETHAN ALLEN, 
 
 f the Kattli.' ..f Ticonderoga. 
 
 until his death, 
 
 ever distinguished for his bravery 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;>t>I„OMOX AI-,IjEX, — An American 
 ■ .M;ij"i': horn at Sorlliampton, Mass., in 
 k i7'.l,cnmman<lcd the guard which conveyed 
 ' Andre, the British spy, to prison; sub- 
 s.-.(u*ntly he became a clergyman, and 
 : died in JH21. 
 
 Abereromble, iTitmeit — A British 
 commander; born in Scntland. in 1706; 
 ^> served at Ticonrjeroga. N. V. ; died in Kng- 
 land. In 1781. 
 
 Alexunder, "Wllllnm— An American Major- 
 Oeneral; bom in New York city, in 172(5; fought 
 In the battles of Long Island. Gcrmantown and 
 Monmouth; died at Albany. N. Y. . in 1783. 
 
 ArmMtroniTt •John— An .\merican offlccr; 
 born at Carlisle. Pa., in 1758; fought at Princeton, 
 N. .r. ; was appointed Minister to France In 1804, 
 and Secretary of War, un<ler .Monroe, in 1813; died 
 at Ued H.).,k: N. Y. . In IMX 
 
 ArnolH, Beneillet— An American Oeneral; 
 born rtt N-.rvvi.-h, Ci-m. in tTtOi M-rve.l at Tleun 
 
 deroga, Saratoga and Qucbeb; was bravo, but 
 yielded to Impure inlluences, and turned traitor to 
 the American cause; escaped to England, and 
 died in I.cuidon, in 1801, despised for his treachery. 
 
 Anhe. tlohn— An American (Jencral; born in 
 England, in 17^1: tncmbi-r of the Colonial assem- 
 bly; fought at K»)rt .lohnstni. Savannah, (la., in 
 177.'*. and. as a Brigadi<-r dcncral, took part In the 
 movements of (icm-rrtl Linioln along the Savan- 
 nah river in 177S ;ui(i ITT'.l. was taken prisoner of 
 war in 1781, ami died the same year. 
 
 Rnrber. Francit*— An American Adjutant- 
 General, and an active orth^er; horn at Princeton. 
 N. .?.. in 17.11; fought at Trenton. Prin«'clon. 
 Brandywiric. liirnmiiln^ n and Monmouth; served 
 against the III. haiis iti !;7'.t. and wa-J woiiiuled at 
 Newton; was al-o . nL-aired in the battle of Spring- 
 Ilelfl, andpi-eseiit.it the battle of Yorktowri; was 
 killed by the falling of a tree in 178.1. 
 
 liranilt, •loHeph— A famous Ttritish Indian 
 Chief, born ill iHii... about I'Vi, participated in 
 
 the massacre at Wyoming; was highly educated; 
 died in Canada, In 1807. 
 
 RriiflNtreet, «lohn— A Rritish (General: born 
 in Kngland. in I7I1; served under IJraddock and 
 Amher.st, died in New York in 1774. 
 
 ISiiruTovne, »I«hn— A Hritish (ienernl; born 
 in Kngland. .about 1722; served at Ticnnderoga, 
 Stillwater, Freeman's Farm and Saratoga; wrote 
 several dramas and pamphlets; died in London, 
 in 1702. 
 
 Riirr, Aaron— An American officer; born at 
 Newark, N. J., in 17.56; served In the expedition 
 against Ouebcc: beeame distinguished as a lawyer 
 and public man. and died at Staten Island. N. Y. , 
 in 18:ifi. 
 
 Butler, •Iaine«— An American oftlcer; born 
 In Prince William cotinty, Va., year unknown; 
 served in Soutli Carolina and Georgia; was an 
 Inmate of a British prisonslilj), and was killed in 
 battle at CI. .lid's Creek, S, C. , in 1782. 
 
 Tfe^ 
 
 ::S7
 
 Y 
 
 LEAUINli Ui'FIGJiKb UF THE KKVUI.UTIUKAKY WAU. 
 
 :>:> 
 
 Kiillvr, tJ(»hii— A British (fiicriilla leader; 
 btn-n ill ('(iiiiieetieut, year uiikiii>«n; Wrutallv 
 rnvatred the valley of tin- WMiriniik'; time of 
 ileath unknown; was ^jrantnl ,". (mo ,iri .s r)f land in 
 t'ana<ia and a pension oi' ^■-i.-iilii a yrai- lor liis ser 
 vi<'es, by the Itiitish (Jovernriient. " 
 
 Ifiiitlei-, S^chiilnit— An American Colonel; 
 horn in (■(•nmaaieut.iii l":il; was in several battles; 
 died in 17'.l.'.. 
 
 Cadu'iilliitler, *Tohii— An American General ; 
 born at I'lijladelphia, I*a, ; served at Princeton, 
 Hiandywine, (lerniantown and Monniiintli; was a 
 member of the Maryland Legislature; died in 
 1780. 
 
 Clurke^Oeoree ICneera — An American Gen- 
 eral; born in Virtjinia, in IT.IS; was in the Indian 
 service in Virjjrinia; built Fort JcllVrson. 0.,in 
 1779; died near Louisville, Ky., in 1818. 
 
 Clinton, Sli* Henry— A British commander 
 born in Knyland. about 1738; f-erved at Bunker 
 Hill. Lonj; Island. Charleston, etc.; died while 
 governor of Gibraltar, in 1795. 
 
 Clinton. *lanieK -An Aiii.-rieari (.m.-iT; b..ni 
 in Ulst.'i' .■.iiiiitv, N", V. , in i:::c.. -n \ > >i ..t i.mi, Ih,- 
 and OlhiT l.l.ir.-v; ^^;|^ a iri.Kih.r .it \\\- I tiit-'il 
 States Coii;>tiliitiimal Convention; dit;d at Little 
 Britain, N. Y., in 1812. 
 
 Conu-ay, Thomas— An American General; 
 born in Ireland, in 17.33; served at Brandywine and 
 Germantown. and conspired against Washington, 
 died about 1800. 
 
 Cornn^alllN, Chairles (Marquis)— A Brit- 
 ish commander: born in England, in 17:S8; served 
 at Brandywine. Charleston, Camden, Yorktown, 
 ete. : died in India, in 1805. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry— An American General; 
 born at Hampton, N. H. , in 1751: served at Bunker 
 Hill. Mniininiitti, etc.; was twice a member of 
 Contrn.''-, ■<Mv.ii also in the war of 1812; was 
 United si;M.s Minister to Portugal; died at Ro.\- 
 bury. Mas.N, . in 1729. 
 
 De Kalh, fjohn (Baron) — An American 
 General; born in Alsace, France, in 1721; served 
 near Philadelphia and Camden, N. J.; was mor- 
 tally wounded in the latter battle, August 16. 
 1780'. 
 
 Eaton. Willi am— An American Captain; 
 born at Woodstock, Conn., in 1764; served under 
 General Wavne on the Mississippi and in Georgia; 
 was Consul to Tunis in 1797; died at Brimfield, 
 Mass., in IHII. 
 
 Oat;e, Thomas- An eminent British com- 
 mander; born in Fngland about 1720; commanded 
 at Boston and Bunker Hill; was succeeded by Sir 
 Henry Clinton; died in England, in 1787. 
 
 Gansevoort, Peter— An American General; 
 born at Albany. N. Y. . in 1719; served in Canada 
 and at Fort Stanwix; was Indian Commissioner; 
 died in 1812. 
 
 Osite!-!. Horatio— .\n American General; born 
 in F-ngland, in 1728; served at Saratoga and Cam- 
 den ; was formerly under the British General 
 Braddoek; died in New York, in 1800. 
 
 Oreene. Xathanael— An .American General; 
 born at Warwick. R. I., in 1742; served at Ger- 
 mantown. Camden, Guilford Court House and 
 Eutaw Springs; as a General he ranked second 
 only to Washington; died in Georgia, in 1786. 
 
 Griflley. Howard— An .American General; 
 born at Boston. Mass,, in 1711; served at Crown 
 Point, the Plains of Abraham and Bunker Hill; 
 was a successful military engineer! died at Stough- 
 ton. Mass.. in 1796. 
 
 Hampton, "Wade S.— An American General ; 
 born in South Carolina, in 1755; served under 
 Generals Sumter and Marion; was a member of 
 Contrress in 17'.>4i served, also, in the war of 1812; 
 died at Columbia, S. C. , in 1835. 
 
 Hnyne. Isaac— An American Colonel; bom 
 in South Carolina, ia 1745; served at Qtia'tf 
 House. S. C. and vyns €;fei;rift0ti ftt CtiHrlijfidcr, SI. 
 C. . in 1781, by the. Kntisb ontiioriries; on i/it> 
 charge of being a traitoi" to '2T2s.t Biitiin- 
 
 Heath, ^'iiiiam — .'\ti Attitniviiti uederur; 
 born at Roxbury, Mass., in 1737; served at King's 
 Bridge and Morri'^ania: filled several public 
 offices, and died at Roxbury, Mass. 
 
 Howarfl. (John Eacer- An American Gen- 
 eral. Born in Baltimore county. Md. , in 17.52; 
 served at White Plains, Germantown, Monmouth, 
 Camden, Cowpens and Guilford Court House; 
 was a brave and active soldier, was governor 
 of Marvland. and a United States senator from 
 that State; die<i in 1S27. 
 
 Howe, ©eorffe A.— A British General; bom 
 
 In Great Britain, place unknown, In 1724; fought 
 at Tuo!ideri>ga. N. Y., where he wtt« slain, in 
 17.'i8. 
 
 Howe. Sir William— A British commander: 
 born in (;ieat Brilam. place unknown, in 1729; 
 served at Hunker Hill, on Long Ihland. at (Jer- 
 mant()wn and elsewhere; was sueceede<l by Sir 
 Henry Clinton; was governor of Plymouth, Eng. , 
 and in that position he died, in 18U. 
 
 Hiiuer. iMaac— An American General; bom 
 at Limerick Plantaticm. S. C. , in 1742; served at 
 Savannah, Charleston, Guilford Court HouHe 
 and Hobklrk's Hill; died at Charleston, S. C, in 
 1797. 
 
 Hiiirer, FranclN K.— An American Captain; 
 born in South Caroliiui, m 17(14; served in the Con- 
 tinental army, ami was a Colonel in the war of 
 1812; died at Charleston. S. C, in 1855. 
 
 Jasper, William— An American Sergeant, 
 of remarkable valor; born in South Carolina, 
 about 17.50; served at Fort Moultrie and Savannah, 
 being slain in the latter conllict, in 1799. 
 
 Knox, Hcnry~.\n American General; born 
 ;'I i:>.-^Ii>n. Mass.. in 17.50; -xerved at Bunker Hill, 
 Ku-.i.iii. New York city, Princeton, Monmouth, 
 Yuikinwn, etc.; was Secretary of War under 
 Washington; died at Thomaston. Me., in 1806. 
 
 I,.at'iiyelte, Murqiils de— .An American 
 General; lioin ne;(r Brioud. Franee, in 17.'i7; 
 served at Br^gidy wine. Barren Hill. Monmouth, 
 Yorktown, etc, ; died at Paris, greatly honored, in 
 18:i4. 
 
 Lee, Henry — .An American officer; born in 
 Westmoreland county, Va. , in 17.50; served In 
 South Carolina, atfjuilford Coui-t House, and in 
 other contlicts; was greatly esteemed; died at 
 Cumberland Island, Ga. , in 1818. 
 
 Lie wis, Morgran — An American General ; 
 born in New York city, in 1754; served in the bat- 
 tle of Saratoga and in the campaign in Nortliern 
 New Y'ork; was governor of New York, and one 
 of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; 
 also participated in the war of 1812; died in New 
 Y'ork city, in 1844. 
 
 LewiM. Andrew — An American General ; 
 born in TNt.-! . In-land. about 1730; served in the 
 expeditKin t" t.iki- possession of Ohio; with Wash- 
 ington at Fort Necessity; at Braddock's defeat; 
 near Fort Dut^uesne; was treaty commissioner to 
 the Six Nations of Indians; served, also, at Point 
 Pleasant, O, ,and at (iwynne's Island; died in Bed- 
 ford county, Va., about 1780. 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin— An .American General; 
 born at Hingham, Mass. . in 1733; served at 
 Bemis Heights, Savannah. Charleston and Y'ork- 
 town; was Secretary of War and governor of 
 MassarhusL'tts; died at Hingham, his birth-place, 
 in 1810. 
 
 Lyman, Phineas — An American oflicer; 
 born at Durham, Conn., about 1716; fought in the 
 battle of Lake George, in 1755. and served at Ticon- 
 deroga, Crown Point, etc. ; died in West Florida, 
 in 1775. 
 
 Mc Arthur, Duncan— An American scout 
 and pioneer; born in Dutchess county. N.Y.. in 
 1772; served in the Kentucky and Ohio Indian war 
 districts; was governor of Ohio: serve(l. also, 
 in the war of 1812; died in Ohio, in 1839. 
 
 Marion, Francis — An American General; 
 born at Winyaw, S. C. in 1732; .served in the 
 Cherokee war of 1761. in South Carolina and 
 Georgia, at the battle of Camden, etc. ; was dis- 
 tinguished for the secrecy and rapidity of his 
 operations against the British; died near Eutaw. 
 S. C, in 1795. 
 
 M<;'I>4kitcrall, Alex. — An .\merican General; 
 
 boi 11 in Sroiiaiid. in 1731; served at White Plains 
 ami t Ml ni.iiitKwn; was a member of the Colonial 
 C'>iiy:ri_s~, Mied in New York, in 1786. 
 
 Mercer, Husrh- An American General; born 
 In Scotland, about 1720: fought at Trenton and 
 Frincetoiii was mortally wounded in the latter 
 contest, and died, greatly mourned, ia 1777. 
 
 UliHlin, Thomas— An American General; 
 ^"-"n at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1744; served on Long 
 isiand; was president of Congress; died at Lan- 
 caster. Pa., in 1800. 
 
 Morfran, Daniel— An American General: 
 born in New Jersey, in 1736; served at Quebec and 
 Cowpens, and in the Pennsylvania insurrection 
 of 1794; was a member of Congress; died at Win- 
 chester. Va. , in 1802. 
 
 Moultrie. TVilliam- An American Genera) ; 
 
 born in South Carolina, in 1731; fought at Sulli- 
 van's Island and Charleston, S. C. . was governor 
 of South Carolina, and historian of the Revolu- 
 tion; died at Charleston, S. C, . in 1805. 
 
 .MnhlvniMTu. IVt«*r >l. O.— An American 
 
 (MiM-ral, hoin al Trappe. Pa., In 1746; won a 
 clergyman al WoorlHtoek. Va. . at the breaking 
 out of the KevolulioM; stripped olf hlH clerical 
 gown, anil put oti the rMjntitiental regimentalH, 
 read his i;oriiints«don uh a colonel, and formed a 
 regiment of his parishioners; rose In rank In the 
 army; wan member of Congress, L'nIted StateH 
 senator and colleetor of cuiitoniK ut Philadelphia; 
 where he died, in 1K07. 
 
 Pickens, Andrew— All American General; 
 born at Paxton, Pa., in 1739: served at Kettle 
 Creek, Stono, Cowpens. Augusta (Oa. ) and Eutaw 
 Springs; member of the South Carolina Legisla- 
 ture and of CongresH from that State; dledatTom- 
 asHce, S. C. , in 1817. 
 
 Ptnekney,CharleHC— An American officer; 
 born at Charleston. S. C. , in 1746; served at 
 
 Ki.unly"ine, Germantown, Charleston. Savannah 
 and in Morida; was a member of the National 
 Conslituliujial Convention of 1787. and UniU-d 
 States Minister to France; died at Charleston, S. 
 C, in 1825. 
 
 Pinckney, Thomas— An Amei-iean Major; 
 born at Charlest<Mi. S. C- , in 17.50: served at Kt<.no. 
 Savaniuih, and Camden; was governor of South 
 Car<)lina and Minister to Great Britain and 
 Spain ; was also in Congress from South Carolina; 
 died at Charleston. S. C, in 1779. 
 
 Putnam, Israel — . An American General; 
 bom at Danvers, (Old Salemt Mass., in 1718; 
 served at East Boston. Bunker Hill. Long Island 
 and Horse-necks, Conn., at which latter plaee he 
 won distinction for bravery by rapidlv riding his 
 horse down a steep, rocky declivity, thus escai>- 
 ingfrom the British; died at Brooklyn, Conn., 
 in 1790. 
 
 Putnam, RuTus- An American enjrineer ; 
 
 born at Sutton, Mass.. in 1738; constructed the 
 fortilleations at West Point, N. Y. , and founded 
 Marietta, (). . where he died, in 1824. 
 
 Schuyler, Philip- An American General; 
 bom at Alliany, N,Y. . in 1733: participated in the 
 opeiaii-ms against the British under Burgfjyne. 
 and in New York; was a member of Congressaml 
 United States senator from New York; died at 
 Albany, N. Y., in 1801. 
 
 Stark, John— An intrepid American General; 
 born at Londonderry, N. H., in 1728; fought in 
 Canada, and at Bennington and Saratoga; died at 
 Manchester. N. H. . in 1822. 
 
 Steuben, Fred. IV. A. (Baron) — An 
 
 American General: horn at Madgeburg. Prussia, 
 in 1730: served at Monmouth and Yorktown ; 
 founded Steuben county, N. Y. ; died near Utica 
 N. Y*.. in 1794. 
 
 Sullivan. *Iohn— An American General; bom 
 
 at Berwick. Me., in 1740; served in Canada, on 
 Long Island, at Trenton. Bramiywine and Ger- 
 mantown; was a member of Congress and judge 
 in New Hampshire; died at Durham, N. H.. in 
 1795. 
 
 Sumter, Thomas — An American General; 
 
 horn in Virginia, in 1734; participated in several 
 battles of the Revolution; was a member of Con- 
 gress. United Slates senator and American Minis- 
 ter to Brazil; was the last surviving General of 
 the Revolutionary army, and died near Camden 
 S. C, , in 1832. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur — An American General; 
 born at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; served at Tren- 
 ton, Princeton and Ticonderoga; was, also, a 
 member of Congress and governor of the North- 
 west Territory; died at Greensburg. Pa., in 1818. 
 
 Ward, Artemas — An American General; 
 bom at Shrewsbuiy, JUass., in 1727; serve*! at Bos- 
 ton and Roxbury Heights: was a member of 
 Congress; died at his birth-place, in 1800. 
 
 Warren, Joseph- An American General; 
 born near Roxbury, Mass. . in 1741; was slain at 
 Bunker Hill, 1775: was intrepid and eloquent. 
 
 Washington, William— .An American Gen- 
 eral; born in Stafford county. Va. . in 17.52; served 
 on Long Island, and at Trenton, Princeton. Cow- 
 pens and Eutaw Springs; was a relative of George 
 Washington; died at Charleston, S. C- . in 1810, 
 
 Wayne, Anthony— An American General; 
 knoxvn as "Mad .Anthony," on account of his 
 energetic bravery: born in Chester countv. Pa., 
 in 1745; served at Brandywine. (iermantown, Mon- 
 mc)uth and Stony Point; died at Erie, Pa., in 
 1796, 
 
 "Wilkinson, James— An American General: 
 bom in Maryland, in 17.57: served in Canada, 
 against the Wabash Indians, and on the Maunie.- 
 river, O. ; was governor of LouisLina, and serv(-<l 
 in the war of 1812; died near the citv of Mexico 
 in 1825. 
 
 ? 
 
 y? :(^ —
 
 A 
 
 
 ^=:3t=5«- 
 
 The War of 1812. 
 
 
 -^i— ^pX'i^t:^^- 
 
 The Causes that Led to the War of 1812. Prominent and Important Battles. 
 
 ITH Thomas Jef- 
 ferson. James 
 Madison was 
 associated as 
 Secre t ary of 
 State. On March 
 4. 1809, Madison 
 succeeded Jef- 
 ferson to the 
 presidency. As 
 secretary he had 
 gained a knowl- 
 edge of the inso- 
 ^"^ =^-="^s.::;_^:.--=— :=^^— ; _ _ — - lence and aggres- 
 
 sion of the English government in ignoring the rights of neutral 
 nations, like the United States, while waging war against the French. 
 To such a height did this insolence extend, that British war vessels 
 would stop American merchant ships on the high seas, and impress 
 
 portions of the crews of the latter into the English naval 
 service. Jefferson ordered an embargo, to prevent British vessels 
 entering American ports. Madison disapproved of this embargo, 
 protesting no less forcibly, however, against British violations 
 of international and neutral rights, and snbstituted a total cessa- 
 tion of intercourse between the two countries. As this course 
 failed to abate the evil, in the summer of 1809. with the consent of 
 Congress, President Madison declared war against Great Britain, and 
 by proclamation, called upon the people to prepare for the conflict. 
 Five days after the declaration of war. Great Britain repealed part 
 of the obnoxious orders in relation to the rights of neutrals, and so 
 removed a portion of the causes of the war. Negotiations for a 
 settlement of the impressment question were opened between the 
 two countries, but without a satisfactory conclusion: and England, 
 in February, 1813, established a blockade of American ports on the 
 Atlantic coast. Of course this movement led to active hostilities, 
 the war continuing for more than two years. The following are 
 some of the principal contests of the war: 
 
 Principal Battles of the War of 1812, Between the United States and England. 
 
 SHE WAR was declared June 18, 1R12, .and 
 jS closed, by treaty. Deeeinber 24, 1814. 
 
 The Surreiiclerof Detroit.— Gen- 
 eral VVilliiini Hull, Governor of Mit'hii,'an 
 Territory, alter war was declared. 
 i'e(!eived orders to invade Canada from Detroit, 
 whii'h he did with 1.800 men. hat not having 
 sufticient troops to carry out the enterprise, he 
 was soon compelled to fall back: and August 16, 
 1812. his force having been leduoed to 800 men. 
 lie suirendered his army. Detroit and Michigan 
 Territory, to the British under General Brock. 
 
 BattleM at Sea.— Aujfust 19. 1812, the United 
 States tiiK-ite Constitution. Captain Isaac Hull, 
 cai>turL-d the British frigate Gucrriere. Captain 
 Dacres; British loss, seventy -nine killed and 
 wounded. Amei'ican loss, fourteen. 
 
 October 18. 1812. the American sloop of war. 
 Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig. 
 Frolic. Captain Whingates. but the British ship 
 Poictiers, with seventy four guns, captured both 
 the Wa-^p and the Frolic. 
 
 0.-1.,1m 1 T' I'fiy thi' Amcrfrnn frigate United 
 Stat'--. ''.I'l •>'• I'. -.■..lilt, -■,i|i(iit-.-(i ihe British 
 tritr.tii- M.H-r.|M[ii,iii, i',i|.t,iiii c.ini.-n. time, one 
 hour iti-l ,1 )i.ill , r.i i(i-.li l"--s, t In It y SIX killed and 
 sixty-eight wounded, American loss, five killed 
 and seven wounded. 
 
 Peceniber20. 1812. the American frigate Consti- 
 tution. Captain Bainhrldgc. c.-iptiin-d the British 
 frik'ate .Java. <'aptain Lanilieii, ..if San Salvador, 
 afterasevere t-ngagenu-iit , Iliili-h h.ss. Captain 
 Lambert klMed. an<l 171 men kill.d and wounded. 
 American loss, thirty three killed and wtninded. 
 
 The British vessi-ls captured by American priva- 
 teers, in 1813. amounted to more than aoo. 
 
 Indliin Mawttiicre in Michltcun.— In .Tan- 
 imrv. ISiri. a forrt-of British Indian allies encount- 
 ered yoo American soldiei-s under (ieneral 
 Winchester, nt the river Balsin. defeated and 
 fapluii'd the latter, and massacred many of the 
 prisoners. 
 
 Capture of Toronto. Can.— April 27, 1813; 
 General Pike, with l.TOO Americans. lussaulted 
 York (now Torontm. then the capital of Upper 
 Canada, defended bv K0« Bi-Uish. One battery 
 was HUccesMfiillv carried by the Americans, when 
 a magazine cxplo'I'/d, killing General I'ikc and 
 kllHnif and wounding 200 of his men: but the fort 
 wii-- f-fiptiired by the attacking p/utv, 
 
 British Repulse at Sackett's Harbor. 
 
 — In May. 18i;t, General .lacob Brown, commanding 
 the American naval and military post of Sackett's 
 Harbor, on Lake Ontario, successfully repulsed 
 the attack of a British force under General 
 Prevost. 
 
 Capture of Fort Georffe« Can.— In May. 
 1813. the Americans attacked and carried Fort 
 George, a Canadian stronghold. 
 
 Battle of the Thames, Can.— Fought Octo- 
 ber ^. 1813. at the Sloravian settlement, between 
 American infantry under General Harrison and 
 <ravali'y under Colonel R. M. Johnson, and the 
 British" under General Proctor, assisted by 2.000 
 Indians under Tecumseh. The latter was killed, 
 and the Americans defeated the enemy, and cap- 
 tured COO prisoners, six cannon and large quanti- 
 ties of stores. 
 
 ISnttle of Lake Erie.- Fought September 
 10. I8i;( beiwi-m :i >'|uaih on of nine American war 
 vessels. umb-T Ci.mpiiMiiMTe O. H. Perry, and a 
 British sqn.idinu .it -i\ armed vessels, under Com- 
 mander Barclay. The American force consisted 
 of 4-^0 omcers and men, with Hftyfour cannon, 
 while the British numbered .^02 officers and men. 
 with sixty-three cannon. The contest was severe, 
 lasting about three hours. The Americans were, 
 however, successful, capturing two ships, two 
 brigs, one schooner and a sloop. Perry lost one 
 vessel, sunk, the Lawrence, his llag-ship. The 
 loss in men was nearly equal, numbering about 130 
 killed and wounded on each side. Barclay, the 
 British commander, was killed. This battle 
 secured the supremacy of Lake Erie to the Ameri- 
 cans, and was important in this respect. 
 
 More Battled at Sea-February 24. 1813. 
 off the coast of British fJuiana. S. A., the Ameri- 
 can fi-igate Hornet, eiirhtcen guns, encountered 
 the British brig Peucork. and after a short 
 cnga^enicnt. the latter snii endcrcd, she being in 
 a sinking eonditiun, and in a short time she went 
 down, drowning nine of her men and five of the 
 Hornet's crew. The Peacock lost thirty-three 
 killcil and wounderl In the tight, including lior 
 eoniTnander. while the Hornet's loss wan only one 
 killed and two wounded. 
 
 .lune 1. 1813. the American frigate Chesapeake, 
 foi'ty eight guns, commaiuleil by the same cap- 
 tain. Lawrence, engaged the British fiigatc 
 Shannon, Captain Broke, also carrying forty 
 
 eight cannon, about thirty miles from Boston. 
 The tight lasted but hflcen minutes, and resulted 
 ill the death of Lawrence and the capture of the 
 Chesapeake. The American loss was forty-eight 
 killed and ninety-eight wounded, the British had 
 twenty-three killed and Hfty-six wounded. 
 
 September 5. 1813. the American sloop of war 
 Enterprise, commanded by Lieutenant William 
 Burroughs, encountered. olT I'orlland. Me., the 
 British brig Boxer, commanded by Lieutenant 
 BIyth. and captured the latter after a sharp 
 engagement. BIyth was killed, and Burroughs 
 w;is mortally wounded. They were buried side by 
 side at Portland. 
 
 Battle of Chippewa, TViaKiira FallJi.— 
 July 5, ISH, a force ol l.'.tOO Americans, uniler 
 General Wiiilield Scott, fonglit 2. 100 Britisli troops 
 under General lliall, at t^hippewa. The latter, 
 after several attacks and counter-attacks, were 
 repulsed. The Americans lost sixty-eight killed 
 and 267 wounded, the British, laS killed and 365 
 wounded. 
 
 Battie of I<undy*ii r«ane.— Fought near 
 Niagara Falls. July 2.i, ISH. between 3,000 Ameri- 
 cans under Generals Brown and Scott, and a 
 larger force of British under (Jcneral Uiall. The 
 battle began about sun>et. and continued until 
 after dark wdb grejit severity. Tlie British bat- 
 tery of nine guns was captureii. and Uiall's troops 
 were tlnvcii olf after tluee unsuccessful attempt* 
 to regain it. Tbi: Americans lost 743 men killed 
 and wounded, and the British 878. Brown and 
 Seott were both wovmded. 
 
 Battle of Lake Champlaln— General 
 Macorrdi, with about 1.500 American troops, held 
 possession of Plattshnigli. N. Y.. on the western 
 shore of Lake thamplaiti, in Aut'ust. 1814. when 
 the British General, Sii ilroi^-i- Pir\ost, advanced 
 upon the town with r.'.oiH) in.-ri im ibe lake the 
 Americans had a tleet of fotnteen vessels, carry- 
 ing eighty-six puns and 8fi0 men. under Captain 
 McDonough. wlillc the British squadron, under 
 Captain l)ownie. numbered sixteen vessels, ninety- 
 live guns and about 1.000 men, September It. 1814, 
 early in the morning, the naval battle began, 
 lasting with severity foi' several hours, and 
 resulting in a total victory for the Americans, the 
 British hauling down their riags and surrender- 
 ing. The land attack of the British soldiers was 
 abandoned when the result of the naval fight was
 
 leurneti. Tin- AinerlcailH lost 112 killed and 
 woiiiitlL'd, The British loss was estimated at 
 al.uut 200, excliiBJve of prinoners, and seventy-five 
 Ciiiinon, beside their (funboats. 
 
 liVaHhlncr(«>n 15iirn«Ml.— August 24. \HU, an 
 nrinv '>r "'.'I'lit i;iili-.li, under General Koss, who 
 had 'l.iiiiiril 111 ( lir ...|,. aki- Bay, marched on the 
 national caiiilal, tin'l; |.i. -.session of the city and 
 burned the publie buiNlini^s, inf'ludinH' the capilol 
 and the President's house. They met with but 
 little oppositir>n. 
 
 The RrUiHli al BsiKlniorc.— After burn 
 
 Inn Wasliinicton, Hosh re-embarked bin army ond 
 assaulted the city of Baltimore, Md. , September 
 I y and 13, hut was repulsed by the citizens. Qon- 
 eriil Koss was killed. 
 
 Nuvail 0|»er»tloiiH.— Peace was consum- 
 mated about t'hri»tina«. 18U, but ttie nirws did not 
 reach America for some lime afterward, and Il(fJit- 
 ing continued on land and Mca. Additional naval 
 captures hy the Americans comprised seven Brit- 
 isJi war vessels, and the British captured twi> 
 American frigates and two or three Buialler 
 craft. 
 
 linttlc of Xew Orlcana.— Foueht January 
 
 8, !8I.'», four miles from the city, between <,0(»0 
 Americans, un<ler General Andrew Juckson, and 
 a Brltlhh nrmy under Sir Kdward F'akcnham. 
 estimated at from 8.000 to 10,000 men. Jaekt'on 
 occupied a Klronsr position, widl fortified, with 
 twelve cannon. The severity of the (Ijcht. which 
 resulted in tlie repulse of the British. Is hhown In 
 tlie loss of the latter — something over2,000 uu-n 
 killed, wounded and prisoners. The American 
 loKs was vt:ry sIlKht. On the IKth the Brit- 
 ish retreated. Icavlntc eighty wounded men In 
 t!ie hands of the Americans. ThiscluHed the war. 
 
 ^1^ 3? „ — ^fe 
 
 ^-%,^^h^ Leading Officers in the Wars of 1812 and Mexico. <^>^ 
 
 unty, 
 
 iT^BAIR, aOHX-An Am 
 
 General; born In (~'he~tir '■. 
 S. C , in 1759; fought in the h:i 
 New Orleans. January K, 18ir»; com- 
 manded Kentucky militia, and was 
 a member of Congress from Ken- 
 tucky; died in 1840. 
 Black Hawk— A British Indian 
 Chief; born near the mouth of Rock 
 , ■■ , river. IP... about 1768; fought in Illi- 
 I Y ,1, ftois and Wisconsin, in 1832. against 
 m Generals Scott. Atkinson and Dodge; 
 
 ^ was linally captured and imprisoned; 
 
 died near PesMoines, Iowa, in 1838. 
 
 Brock. Isaac— A British General; born in 
 England, in 1769, served at Detroit and Queens- 
 town, and was slain in the battle of Queenstown 
 heights, near Niagara, N. Y. , August IG, 1812. 
 
 Bi-own, Jacob—An .\merican General; born 
 in Bucks county. Pa., in 177.'); served at Sackett's 
 Harbor, N. Y. , Chippewa, Niagara Falls and Fort 
 Erie, in the war of 1812; was chief Major-General 
 of the United States army in 1821; died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, in 1828. 
 
 Chandler* John — An American General; 
 born in Massachusetts, year unknown; served in 
 the war of 1812; was United States Senator from 
 Maine; died at Augusta, Me., in 1844. 
 
 Clarke* "William— An American General; 
 born in Virginia, in 1770; served in the exploring 
 expedition to Oregon, in 1804; was Governor of 
 Missouri Territory in 1813-1821, and Superintendent 
 of Indian Affairs in 1822; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 
 1838. 
 
 Croehan, George — United States Inspector- 
 General of the Army; born near Louisville. Ky. , 
 in 1791; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; 
 was at the battle of Tippecanoe, Ind. , in 1811; died 
 at New Oiieans, in 1849. 
 
 Dix. flohn A.— .\n American Officer and 
 Statesman: born at Boscawen, N. H., in 1798; was 
 an Adjutant in the war of 1812. and prominently 
 served in the war of the Rebellion: was Governor 
 of the State of New York; died in New York city, 
 in 1879. 
 
 Qainex. Edmund P.— An American General; 
 born in Culpeper county, Va. , in 1777; served at 
 Chrystler's Field and Fort Erie, in the war of 1813; 
 was instrumental in procuring the arrest of Aaron 
 Burr for treason; died at New Orleans, in 1849. 
 
 Orantt Ulysses 9. — An American General; 
 born at Point Pleasant, O. , in 1822. fought in Mex- 
 ico, under Generals Scott and Taylor; a hero of 
 the war of the Rebellion, and eighteenth Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Harmar, Josiah — General-in-Chief of the 
 United States armv; born in Pennsylvania, in 
 1763; died at Philadelphia. Pa., in 1813. 
 
 Harriflon, W^llllam H,— An American 
 General; l»orn at Berkeley. Va., in I77:i; fought 
 the Indians at Tippecanoe, Ind., in 1811. and at 
 the battle of the Thames, in Canada; wa.s a mem- 
 ber of Congress from Ohio, and ninth President «( 
 the United States; died at Washington, D. C. in 
 April, 1841. 
 
 Harney, William S.— An American Gen- 
 eral; born in Louisiana, in 1798; is (1880) still 
 living, and has probably been in the army service 
 longer than any other officer,— with an honorable 
 record. 
 
 SSiill, William — An American General; born 
 at Derby. Conn. , in i7.i3: served in the wars of the 
 Revolution and 1812; in the latter he surrendered 
 Detroit to the British; was Governor of Slichigan 
 in IS05; died at Newton, Mass.. in I82.>. 
 
 •Tackson, Andrew — An American General; 
 born at Waxhaw settlement, in North Carolina, in 
 17r.7: fought the Creek Indians in 1813; defeated 
 the British General Pakenham at New Orleans, 
 La., January 8, 1815; was seventh President of the 
 United States for two terms, from 1829 to 1837; 
 suppressed the South Carolina " nullitters;" died 
 near Nashville, Tenn. , in 1845. 
 
 Kearny, Stephen W.— An American Gen- 
 eral; born at Newark, N. J., in 1791; served in the 
 wars of 1812 and Mexico; wa.s Governor of Cal- 
 ifornia in 1847; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 1848. 
 
 ACafomli, Alexander — An .\merican Gen- 
 eral, hnrn ;it 11- in.if , Mi.'h., in 1782; served at 
 Niagani, V"v{ (l.-.Mk-.' ami Plattsburg, in 1813 and 
 1814; was (.'uiamaiidLi in Chief of the army; died 
 at Washington. D. C, in 18U. 
 
 Pakenliam, Sir Edwiird- A British Gen- 
 eral; place and date of birth unknown; fought 
 the Americans under General Jackson at New 
 Orleans. January 8, 1815; was defeated and slain 
 in that conllict. 
 
 Pike, Zebiilon M. — An American General; 
 born at Lamberton, N. J., in 1773; explored the 
 sources of the 5Iississippi; served in the American 
 besiegement of York, Can., in 1813, at which time 
 and place he was Uilled. 
 
 Porter, Peter B.— An American General; 
 born at Salisbury, Conn., in 1773; served in the 
 battles of Black Rock, Chippewa. Lundy's Lane 
 and Fort Erie; was Secretary of War under Presi- 
 dent John Q. Adams; died at Niagara Falls, in 
 1M44. 
 
 Quitman, John A.— An American General; 
 born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1799; served 
 under General Taylor, in Mexico. 1846-1848; was 
 Governor of Mississippi, and a member of Congress 
 from that State; died at Natchez, Miss., in 1858. 
 
 Ripley, Koswell 8. — An American officer; 
 born in Ohio, about 1823; served in the war with 
 
 Mexico, against the Indian.*; in Florida, and as a 
 Confederate in the war of the Rebellion; was 
 wounded at the battle of Antietam, and died at 
 Charleston, S. C. , in 1803. 
 
 Ripley, Kleazer liV.— An American Gen- 
 eral; liorn at Hanover. N. H., in l782; nerved at 
 Chi|>pcwa, Lundy's Lane, and Fort Eric; died at 
 West Feliciana, La., in 1859. 
 
 Shelby, iHaac— An American commander; 
 born near Hagerstown. Md., in n.iO: served in the 
 American wars with the Indians, the war of the 
 Revolution, and the war of 1812; was Governor of 
 Kentucky eight years; died In Lincoln county, 
 that State, in 1826. 
 
 Shields, (lames — -^n American Brigadier- 
 General of volunteei-s; born at Dungannon. Ire- 
 land, in 1810; servefi in the war with Mexico and 
 the Rebellion: was United States Senator, respec- 
 tively, from the States of Illinois, Minnesota and 
 Missouri; died in 1879. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary— An American General; 
 
 born in (Grange county? Va. , in 1784: served in the 
 wars of 1812 and Mexico; was twelfth President of 
 the United States; died at Washington, D. C, in 
 1850. 
 
 Teciimseh — A famous chief of the Shawnee 
 Indians; born in Ohio, about 1768; operated 
 against the whites in Ohio and Indiana; was killeii 
 at the battle of the Thames, in 1813, as is supposed 
 by Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of the Kentucky 
 militia. 
 
 TwiKcs, David E.— An American General, 
 born in Richmond county. Ga. . in 1790; served in 
 the wars of 1812 and Mexico; joined the Confeder- 
 ates in the war of the Rebellion; died at Augusta, 
 Ga., in 1863. 
 
 Van Rensselaer. Solomon— An American 
 officer; bom in Rensselaer county, N. Y. , in 1774; 
 served in the battle of the Miami, in 1792. and in 
 the battle of Queenstown heights, in 1812; was a 
 member of Congress from the State of New York, 
 1819-1822; died at Albany, N. Y. , in 1852. 
 
 Winder, William H.— An .American Gen- 
 eral; born in Maryland, in 1775; serve<l at Bladens- 
 burg, and other places in the war of 1812; was a 
 successful lawyer in Baltimore; died in 1824. 
 
 Wool, John E.— An American General; born 
 at Newburgh. N. Y. . in 1789; served in the wan* 
 of 1812. Mexico, and the Rebellion, and among the 
 Indians in Oregon and Washington Territories; 
 died at Troy, N. Y. , in ISfiO. 
 
 Worth, William *J.— An American General, 
 
 born at Hudson, N. Y. . in 1794; served in the war 
 of 1812, against the Indians in Florida, and in the 
 war with Mexico; died at San Antonio, Texas, in 
 1849; was buried in New York city. 
 
 ■i. 
 
 .k 
 
 -<).t>\
 
 — iTj: 
 
 f 
 
 62 
 
 LIFE AAD TIMES OF GENEEAE SCOTT. 
 
 
 f^-a^i^.'^V^^-/^^^'.^'^^^-^-^^^^-'. 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 
 Outline Sketch of a Long, Eventful and Busy Life. 
 
 NE OF THE MOST prominent of 
 American military heroes was General 
 Winfield Scott, whose life-history is 
 a succession of distinguished events. 
 His birth occurred at Petersburg, Va. , 
 June 13,1786. 
 
 After receiving an education at 
 William and Mary College, near Wil- 
 liamsburg, Va. . he studied law and 
 was admitted to its practice in 1806. 
 In 1808 he joined the army as a 
 Captain of light artillery, being stationed at Baton Rouge, La. 
 In 1809 he was brought before a court-martial and suspended for 
 a year, because of criticising the conduct of his superior officer. 
 During the time of his suspension he studied military tactics. 
 
 Being restored to duty, he was ap- 
 pointed a Lieutenant-Colonel at the begin- 
 ning of the war of 1812, and sent to the 
 Canadian frontier. There he participated 
 in the battle of Qneen&town heights, ren- 
 dering efficient service, but on being 
 promptly reinforced, he and his whole 
 command were captured by the British. 
 Having been exchanged, early in 1813. he 
 joined the ai-my under General Dearborn 
 as an Adjutant-General, with the rank of 
 Colonel. 
 
 In May of that year, at Fort George, he 
 was severely wounded by the exploBion 
 of a powder magazine. He held a com- 
 manding position in General Wilkinson's 
 proposed expedition against Montreal, 
 which was abandoned, however, in the 
 autumn of 1813. 
 
 In March of the following year he was 
 appointed to the position of Brigadier- 
 General, and soon afterwards he estab- 
 lished a camp, at Buffalo, for tlie purpose of givins; military instruction. 
 July. 1814. was an eventful month in the career of the General. On 
 the 3d he participated in the succeseful attack on Fort P>ie. on the 
 Niagara river, which, with part of its garrison, was captured. The 
 battle of Chippewa was fought on the 5th, resulting in the success of 
 the Americans. On the 25th occurred the short and bloody conflict 
 of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, in which Scott won a hard- 
 fought victory, having two horses shot under him and receiving two 
 severe wounds, one of which partially disabled his left arm. 
 
 When the war was over. President Madison tendered Scott the 
 position of Secretary of War in his Cabinet, but this he declined. He 
 was then promoted to the rank of Major-General, receiving also a 
 gold medal and thf thnnk« of Congress fnrlii'fl military services. 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 After assisting in reorganizing the army on a peace footing. General 
 Scott visited Europe on a military and diplomatic mission for the 
 Government. 
 
 Returning to the United States in 1816, he was married to Miss 
 Mayo, of Richmond, Va. , and prepared several works on military 
 tactics and regulations. 
 
 In 1832 he visited Illinois, to participate in the war against the Sacs 
 and Fox Indians; but before he could take the field the capture of the 
 famous chief Black-Hawk rendered his services unnecessary. 
 
 In the same year, when the South Carolinians threatened to nullify 
 certain provisions of the Federal Constitution. General Scott com- 
 manded the military forces at Charleston with good effect in sup- 
 pressing the rebellious spirit of the citizens. 
 
 From 1835 to 1837 General Scott was engaged in the war against 
 the hostile Indians in Florida and in the Creek country, but his niili- 
 ^ tary conduct in these campaigns subjected 
 him to trial by a court-martial, in which, 
 however, he was triumphantly acquitted. 
 In 1838 he efficiently assisted in remov- 
 ing the Georgia Indians to a new reserva- 
 tion west of the Mississippi river; and in 
 the following year he was active in sup- 
 pressing the difficulties arising from the 
 unsettled boundary line between Maine and 
 New Brunswick. This trouble was not. 
 however, permanently settled with Great 
 Britain until 1842, when the Ashburttm 
 treaty was signed. 
 
 General Scott, in 1841, after the death 
 of General Macomb, was made Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the army; and in 1847 
 he assumed command of the troops ordered 
 to take part in the war with Mexico. 
 
 The events of that campaign were bril- 
 liant and successful. Vera Cruz was 
 invested on the Dth of March, and on the 
 2Cth the castle of San Juan dc t'lua cai)itu- 
 lated. the garrison of 5, 000 Mexicans laying down their arms outside 
 of the city on the 9th. On the 18th of April the battle of Cerro Gordo 
 was fought, Santa Anna being driven from his strong position, and 
 on the following day General Scott captured Jalapa, taking Pcrote on 
 the 22d, and Puebla on May 15. Here he rested, awaiting rein- 
 forcements, until August 7. wlien the advance of the army upon the 
 city of Mexico began. 
 
 On the 10th of August, at the head of nearly 11,000 men. in front 
 of the city, General Scott encountered opposition from about 19, 000 
 Mexicans under Generals Valencia and Santa Anna. The severe 
 bailies of Contreras and Churubusco, in which these opposing forces 
 were engaged, occurred on the 20th of August, the Americans being 
 victorious. The capital was now at the mercy of General Srntt. but
 
 an nnuistict' was agreed upon until September 7, in nnlcr, if possible, 
 to negotiate a peace. 
 
 The negotiations, however, were nnsuecessful, and tlie attack ni»m 
 the city began by besieging the strong forlificationi^ of Cbapnllepec.at 
 the southwest entrance to the city, which were defended by 14.000 
 Mexicans. On the yth General Worth, with 3, 500 American soUliers, 
 carried a portion of this stronghold, capturing more than HOO pri.son- 
 ers and a considerable quantity of the enemy's nuinitions of war, but 
 with the loss of about one-fourth of his own ofticers and men. The 
 remaining fortifications at ChapuUepcc were carried by storm on the 
 13th. and on the following day General Scott entered the city of 
 Mexico and raised the American Hag over the far-famed * ' halls of the 
 Monfezumas, " meeting with but slight opposition. Order was soon 
 established, and a levy of S150, 000 was made upon the city, two- 
 thirds of which amount General Scott sent to Washington for the 
 purpose of founding military asylums. The Americans retained 
 possession of the city until peace was concluded, in February, 1848, 
 governing it judiciously and successfully. 
 
 Returning to the United States, General Scott was subjected to a 
 
 formal Investigation o/ his conduct in the Mexican war, and whh tri- 
 umphantly vindicated. 
 
 In IS.'JS the General was nominated fcir President of the United 
 States by the Whig party; but, although popular us a military hero, 
 he failed in his election. General Franklin Pierce, the Democratic 
 candidate, receiving a majority of the (dectoral vote- 
 
 A dispute having arisen between Great Britain and the United 
 States as to the boundary line of British America in the Straits of 
 Fuca. General Scott was appointed a commissioner, in 1859. to 
 investigate the trouble, and succeeded in amicably and satisfactorily 
 adjusting the matter. 
 
 When the Southern Rebellion was inaugurated, in 1B61, General 
 Scott, although bowed down by the weight of years, was very zealous 
 as a loyal military chieftain, but too intirm to participate actively 
 in the succeeding campaigns; and he retired from the army in October, 
 retaining his rank and pay, and making room for younger and more 
 energetic military commanders. After a brief visit to Europe, he 
 passed the remainder of his life at West Point. N. Y. , where he died 
 May 20, 1866, full of honors, and where his remains were buried. 
 
 ?3C3C30QC3C3€3C3C3QC3! 
 
 PROMINENT NAVAL COMMANDERS. 
 
 ^^^^:^i^iI>I.EN. WII-CIAM H. -Com- 
 V^^Wif ny.unU-v. l.<.m at rrnvi.ience. R. 1.. 
 
 =.'\^/^&:m'\ .|,|;si, .i.lru'.l Ilu- iiavv in ISOO, as 
 
 i>M 
 
 (list in tr 
 
 i-hr.l 111 
 
 III i>' 
 
 t_'iin liiyad' United States^ of which 
 he watj Fii'st Lieutenant, and the 
 ; ish frigate Macedonian, in 1812. the 
 ter beinp- captured; in 1X13 he coni- 
 iiianiicd tli.l.ii:: .\i-:n~. lai.turinB Brit- 
 isti pnijii'i i\ , Ml j.nj^ii-li \\aters, esti- 
 niatL'd tn ]>!■ w-iith ^ : iinii.oiiii; the same 
 yt-ar. in a ti^^lit with Hit- I'.iitish brig Peli- 
 can, he lost ]iisvust.el and his life, dying 
 at I'lyniouth, Eng. , on the following day. 
 Builey* Theodorus— Rear-Admiral; born in 
 New Yoik, in 1805; operated at Pensacola, 1861, 
 and in contests with Mississippi forts. 1862, etc.; 
 placed on the retired list in 1866, and died at San 
 Fram-iseo. Cal.. in 1877. 
 
 Baiiibi'id^e. Willinm— A successful Com- 
 nioduie: Ixnn at Princeton, N. J., in 1774; served 
 in the war between the United States and Tripoli, 
 in 1803; in 1812. in the frigate Constitution, 
 captured the British frigate Java, killing and 
 wovmding Hi of the British, and losing thirty- 
 three of his own officers and men; was President 
 of the board of naval commissioners of the United 
 States, died at Philadelphia, in 1833. 
 
 Bitrney, •Joshua — Commodore: born at 
 Baltimore. Md. , in 17.59; served in the wars of the 
 Revolution and 1812; was severely wounded at the 
 battle of Bladensburg; died at Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 in 1818. 
 
 Barron, »Janie«— Commodore: born in Vir- 
 ginia, in 17fi8. distinguished for skillful seaman- 
 ship and scientific acquirements; was made a 
 Captain in 1799; served in the Mediterranean; 
 eni.onntiM('d, in IS07, in the frigate Chesapeake, 
 the Uriiisli ship Leopard, to which he surrendered, 
 Ilarnm biiiig wounded; the succeeding court- 
 martial vintUeated his firmness and courage, but 
 suspended him for his mismanagement in the 
 fight; entered tlie merchant service; an attempt 
 to restore him to the navy brouglit about a duel, 
 in 1820, between him and Commodore Decatur, 
 who was killed, Barron being severely wounded, 
 subsequently lie hrld several important naval 
 positions on shore; died 1851. 
 
 Barron, Samuel — Commodore; born at 
 Hampton, Va. , about 1703; appointed to defemj 
 Norfolk. Va. . against the French, in 1708; served 
 in the war with Tripoli, commanding a sqviadron 
 in 1805; capttned the town of Derne. in Tripoli; 
 resigned on account of ill-health; commanded the 
 navy-yard at Gosport. Va. ; died in 1810. 
 
 Barron, Samuel— Captain, born in Virginia 
 place and date unknown, entered the navy as a 
 
 i! r,, 111, fiik'..!.- r.r.Liidy- 
 
 Ah. 
 
 I'l I 
 
 the 
 
 Uiiiird Stall - to |-,, .ml-;. I..-, n. hr .. r:i|> 
 
 tain Ml IS.V, , j..inril llir Tnn I clr i ,i !,■-, in I )ir u.ir of 
 the Rebellion, in 18111, eoinmanded tlie naval 
 defenses of North Carolina and Virginia; surren- 
 dered, at H.atteras inlet, in 1861. to the Union 
 forces, was exchanged in 1862; went to England 
 and tittrd uut lilitekade-runners and jjrivateers, 
 and altri the ** ar retiuned to Virginia and 
 engageil in fanning. 
 
 Barry, John— Commodore; born at Tacum- 
 shane, Ireland, in 1745; served in the war of the 
 Revolution, died at Philadelphia, in 1803. 
 
 Bidflle, Nicholas — Commander; born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 17.50. entered the British 
 navy in 1770: joined the colonists at the beginning 
 ofthewarnf tlu' Revolution, doing good .service 
 at sia in caiJlurinir I'.ritJsli prizes; while in com- 
 mani! ..I his ship, the Kandolph, in 1778, he was 
 wounded in an action with a British vessel, and a 
 few days afterward at sea the magazine of the 
 Randolph exploded, destroying himself and 310 of 
 his men with the vessel. 
 
 Bo^f*!*, Charles S. — Rear-Admiral; bom at 
 New Brunswick, N. J. , in 1.S1I; entered the navy in 
 1826: served in various parts of the world, becom- 
 in;,' a cinnmander in 1855; in 1858 was light-house 
 ins]n(t'n I >n the Pacific coast; was with Farra- 
 guls i;ii|f squadron in 1862. and fought with 
 di^tingiiisht'd bravery; in 1866 he became a Com- 
 modore; in 1867 and 1868 was in the Atlantic 
 squadron: became Rear-Admiral in 1870, and com- 
 manded the European fleet in 1S71. 
 
 Chaiincey, Isaac — Commodore; bom at 
 Black Rock, Conn., in 1772; joined the navy in 
 1799; w.as made a commander in 1802: served in 
 the war with Tripoli, and in the war of 1812 con 
 diioted many successful operations against the 
 British fleet on the great American lakes; subse- 
 quently commanded the New York navy-yard; 
 died at Washington, in 1840. 
 
 Dahl(;ren, dohn A.— Rear-Admiral and 
 inventor of the Dahlgren shell-gun; born at Phil- 
 adelphia, Pa. , in Ibuy, was euii)loyed in Brazil and 
 Mediterranean squadrons, in navy yard duty, the 
 coast survey, etc. : attempted, unsuccessfully, in 
 1863, to retake Fort Sumter from the Confederates, 
 was appointed chief of tlie ordnance biu-eau in 
 1867, and died at Washington, in 1870. 
 
 Bale, Kiohard — Couimaiuler: born at Nor- 
 folk, Va., in 1756; entered the British navy, after- 
 ward joining the Federal service: was taken pris- 
 oner, escaped and was recaptured by the British; 
 escaping again, he joined the squadron uf Paul 
 
 .loncs, becoming Lieutenant of Jones' own ship, 
 and continued with him through several conflicts, 
 afterwards entered the regular American navy, in 
 1781; aftci' many vicissitudes he commanded a 
 squadron during the w;ir with Tripoli in the Med 
 iterranean sea. resigned in 1802. and retired to 
 private lilt-, dying in 1826, at Philadelphia 
 
 Decatur, Stephen- Commodore; bom at 
 Newport, li. L. in 175!. entered the merchant ser- 
 vice early in life, soon commanding a vessel, in 
 the war of the Revolution he also commanded 
 several Federal privateers, capturing British 
 ships, which gave him distinction, during the 
 hoslilitirs belwfcii tlw Ainrric;in> and Kraiiee, in 
 1708. he iL-nder^^-d efticHiit set vice, and in 1800 ]ie 
 eominande<l a squ.uliun on tlii' Ciuadeloupe sta- 
 tion, retired from the navy in ISOI, and died near 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 1808. 
 
 Decatur, Stephen, dr.— Commodoi-e; born 
 at SJnepuxent. Md., in 1770; son of the above- 
 named; entered the navy in 1798, .'■"erved during 
 the wai- with Tripoli, in which he distinguished 
 himself by his intrepid conduct in recapturine the 
 rml. d Sl.ite- Iri^ratc Pliiladelpluii from lIuTripol- 
 il.tn--. liif lliis he w;is iiiatie a Captaiii: gained 
 fill ther di-linetiou in that w;ir l)y his .subsfqiieiit 
 acts; in 1SI2, iluring the war with England, while 
 commanding the frigate United .States, he g.il 
 lantlv ca|)tuied the British frigate ^lacedonian. in 
 1815. in a fight with the British frigate Endymion. 
 Decatur surrendered his flag-ship, the President, 
 and was carried a prisoner to Bermuda ; the same 
 yeai- he cai)tured two Algerine war vessels, with 
 many prisonei-s, and was appointed a navy com- 
 missioner—a position he held until his death, 
 which resulted from a duel, at Bladensburg. Md.. 
 in 1820, with Commodore James Barron. 
 
 Diipont, Snmiiel F. — Rear Admiral; born 
 at BerKcu Point. N. J., in 1803; serve<i in tile war 
 with Mexico and the war of the Rebellion, com- 
 manding, in the latter, the South Atlantic block 
 ading squadron, performing efficient .service in 
 the Union cause, was made a RearAdmir.al in 
 1862. and was relieved from artive duty in ISM. 
 dying at Philadelphia. Pa., in 1865. from a disease 
 contraetedbeforethebreakingout of the Southern 
 Rebellion. He was the author of a highly-eoin- 
 mended treatise on the use of Hoating-batteries 
 for coast defenses. 
 
 dllott, Jesse D. — Commodore; bom in 
 Maryland, in 1782, entered the navy in 1804. in 
 the war of 1812. served actively on the northern 
 frontier and the great lakes; was second in com- 
 mand at Perry's fight on Lake Erie, in 1813. suc- 
 ceeding that officer in command the same year; 
 became a Captain in 1818; was for several years in 
 command of the West India squadron, and after- 
 
 i:.
 
 wards of the Mediteiranean squadron; was sus- 
 pended, in \H0. for fuur years, for inefficiency, 
 and after his restoration was placed in command 
 ot the Philadelphia navy-yard; died at Phila- 
 delphia, in 1845. 
 
 Farragut. David G. — Admiral; born at 
 Campbells Station, Tenn. , in 1801; entered the 
 navy at the ajje ol eleven, serving Jjravely in the 
 war of- 1812; for nearly forty years he cruised 
 about the globe in naval vessels; was made a 
 Captain in 1855; commanded the Mare Island navy- 
 yard, in California, from 1854 to 1858; in 1862 he 
 assumed command of the Federal naval expedition 
 to capture New Orleans and open the Mississippi 
 river to navigation ; his success was brilliant, and 
 his services in the Union cause were very valuable 
 all through the civil contest; Congress bestowed 
 upon him repeated thanks, and created for him, 
 successively, the high offices of Vice-Admiral, 
 and Admiral, the latter in 1866; in 1867 and 1868 he 
 commanded the European squadron, receiving 
 distinguished honors from the potentates and 
 people of the countries which he visited? return- 
 ing home, he died at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1870, 
 greatly esteemed, 
 
 Foote, Andrew H. — Rear-Admiral; born 
 at New Haven, Conn., in 1806; circumnavigated 
 the globe in 1838; wrote several books; served in 
 Mediterranean and African squadrons, in China, 
 and in the war of the Rebellion on the Mississippi 
 river, rendering distinguished services: died in 
 New York, in 1863, while preparing to take com- 
 mand of the South Atlantic squadron. 
 
 OoldMhoroiigh, Louis M.— Rear- Admiral, 
 born at Washington, D. C. , in 1805; served in the 
 Flurida and Mexican wars; on the Pacific coast in 
 the war of the Rebellion, assisting in Burnside's 
 expedition to North Carolina; attei' the war com- 
 manded the Kuropean squadron and the Washing- 
 ton navy-yard. 
 
 Hollins. George N.— Captain; born at Balti- 
 more, .Md., in 1791); served in the war with Tripoli 
 and tlie war of 1812, commanding the navy-yard 
 at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y. ; joined the Confeder- 
 ate navy in the war of the Rebellion, operating 
 against the Federal blockading squadron at the 
 passes of the Mississippi river. 
 
 Hopkins. Esek— The first Commodore of the 
 United States navy; born at Scituate, R. I., in 
 1718; served in the Bahama islands in 1776; was 
 dismissed from the service in 1877, for neglect of 
 duty; died at New Providence, R. I., in 1802. 
 
 Hull, Isaac— C'liiimodor.-; born at Derby. 
 Conn. . in 1775; serv.Mi m t lii' wars with France and 
 Tripoli, and of I«li; rMi.nii.unlid the frigate Con- 
 stitution, and captiin.-d tliL' British man-of-war 
 Guerriere, in 1812, lor which service Congress 
 voted him a gold medal; after the war be com- 
 manded two navy-yards and squadrous on the 
 Pacilic coast and in the Mediterranean, and was, 
 alho one of the navy commissioners; died at Phil- 
 adelphia, in 1813. 
 
 •Jones, Jacob — Post^Captain; born at 
 Smyrna, Del., in 1770; served in the war with 
 Tripoli and in that of 1812; In the latter he com- 
 manded the sloop-of-war Wasp, with which he 
 captured the British war-vessel Frolic, in 1812; for 
 this Congress voted him a gold medal; in 1813 he 
 was promoted, and commanded the frigate Mace- 
 donian, under Decatur; he died at Philadelphia, 
 Pa., in 18.^0. 
 
 •lones* tlohii Paul— Commander; born at 
 Arbigland, Scotland, in 1747: entered the merchant 
 servjec at ;in early age; joined the colonists at the 
 beginning of the war of the Krvniution as a naval 
 Lieutenant, operating at sea with ;;-reat success; 
 was made a Captain in 1770; in tlie Ranger did 
 efficient naval service nri tin- co.ist ot Scotland; in 
 1779, oir the coast uf Kngland, in a light between 
 his vessel, the Bun finniinc Richard i nairied 
 tlius in honor of Benjamin Franklin), and the 
 British man-of-war Serapis, the former was sunk; 
 but one of Jones' four other vessels, during the 
 contest succeeried in capturing one of the British 
 i<hips accompanying the Serapis; for his gallantry 
 in this alfiiir. Jones received the most distin- 
 guished lion<)rs in France, including a sword 
 prescmted by King Louis XVL , and on his return 
 to the United States, in 1781. Congress voted him a 
 gold medal, and Wa>h)ngton addressed to hfni a 
 highly complimentary letter; ho subseouctiLly 
 entered the Russian service as a Rear-Atlmiral; 
 but fell into iHiUtical disfavor, and retired to 
 Paris. Frant-o. where he <licd in poverty, in 1792. 
 
 Kearny, Lawrence— Commodore; born at 
 Perth Amboy. N. J., In I78fl; served in the war of 
 1812; desti-oyed many (Jreek pirates in 1827; served 
 in East India in 1841, greativ jiromoting American 
 interests In China; died at his birthplace fn 1868. 
 
 liiynch, William F.— Captain, born In Vir- 
 ginia, in 1801; distinguished for his valuable 
 exph»rationh during biw i-xpcilition r<i ibc Dead nea 
 and the river Jordan, in P.■^lc.^ill.^ in I«i7 atid ISIfl; 
 b(!<'ame a (commodore in Die Confederate navy In 
 I8C1; was defeated by Union Flag-Offlcer Oolds- 
 borough. on the coast of North Carolina, in 1862; 
 afterwards commanded at Snilthvlllc, N. C. ; died 
 at Ballimore, Md. , In 186:,. 
 
 AIcDonongh, Thomas— Commander; horn 
 in New ('j--ii< rwimty, Del., in 1783; served in the 
 war\Mt)i rti[nli iiid in the war of 1812; in the 
 lattci li-nimiii-lii (1 himself by his gallantry and 
 victoij umj] ibf British on Lake Champlain. at 
 the battle of Plattsburg in 1814, for which he 
 received a gold medal from Congress; was made a 
 Captain; was presented with an estate by the 
 legislature of Vermont, and was a subject of 
 numerous civic honors from several towns and 
 cities- afterward he commanded a squadron in 
 the Mediterranean, and died on his passage home, 
 in 1825. 
 
 Morris, Charles— Captain; bom at Wood- 
 stock, Conn., in 1784; served in the war with 
 Tripoli and in that of 1812; in the latter year par- 
 ticipated as First Lieutenant in the sea-fight 
 between the Constitution and Guerriere, and per- 
 formed other important services; was afterwards 
 chief of ordnance, at Washington, D. C. , where 
 he died in 1856. having been in the service ot" bis 
 country about fifty-six years.. 
 
 Pauldiug, Hiram— Rear-Admiral, born in 
 West<;hester county. N. Y., in 1797; served in the 
 battle of Lake Champlain. in 1814; in the expedi- 
 tion to Nicaraugua against Walker's fiUibusters, 
 in 1857; in command of the navy-yard at New 
 York; was governor of the Phihidelphi;i naval 
 asvlum, and Port-Admiral at Boston: diedat Hunt- 
 ington, N. Y., in 1878. 
 
 Perry, Christopher R.— Father of Oliver 
 H. and Matthew C. Perry; born at South Kingston, 
 R. I., in 1761; went to sea when a boy; served in 
 privateers during the war of the Revolution; was 
 for months an inmate of the Jersey prison-shipj 
 afterwards entered the merchant sej-vit-e; in 1798 
 was made a Post Captain in the United States 
 navy; in 1801 was appointed Collector at Newport, 
 R. 1. , where he died in 1818. 
 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard — Commodore; bom 
 at Newport, R. I., in 1785; entered the navy in 
 1793 as a midshipman ; was with his father in naval 
 service in the West Indies; in 1807 was made a 
 Lieutenant, and in 1809 commanded a war-vessel; 
 in 1812 he commanded gunboats at Newport; 
 in 1813 served under Commodore Chauncey, 
 on Lake Erie; co-operated in the attack 
 on Fort George, at the head of his seamen, and in 
 September of that year won his famous victory 
 over the British fleet on Lake Erie; subsequently 
 he aided General Harrison in regaining possession 
 of Detroit, Mich., and otherwise; resigning his 
 command at a later date, for his gallantry he 
 received a gold medal from Congress and was 
 made a Captain. In 1814 he commanded the frigate 
 Java, and assisted in the defense of Baltimore; in 
 
 1819. ii] <■ .im! ni t -i'l-idron. he sailed for the 
 
 coast M I < ■<ilninl>i.i. S \ , but died in August of 
 yellow h\.'. ,ii I'.iit ^|i,un. in the inland uf Trin- 
 idad, his iLiii.uru-- aHuiu^iitl being brought home 
 and buried at Newport, R. I. 
 
 Perry, Matthew C. —Brother of Oliver H.. a 
 Commodore, born at South Kingston. R. I., in 
 1795; served under Commodores Decatur and 
 Rodgers as a midshipman; became a Captain in 
 1837; commanded the Brooklyn navv-yard, the 
 African squadron, and the s.pi.idion in the (Julf of 
 Mexico 'lining' the McMcun war ; in LS.VJ lie .-oni- 
 mandcd tlK- Tiiitcd States expedition lo Japan 
 which resulted in the lieal> with that empire, in 
 1854; died at New York, in 1858. 
 
 Porter, David — Commodore; bora at 
 Boston, Mass., in 1780; served in the wars with 
 France and Tlipoli, and of 1812; made an active 
 cruise to Brazil and the Pacific, in 1812 and 1813, 
 capturing British whale and other ships; fought 
 pirates in the West Indies in 1823; served in the 
 Mexican navy until 1829; was appointed Consul- 
 General to the Barbary States, and afterwards 
 Minister to Turkey; died at Pera, Turkey. In 184:1. 
 
 Porter, David D.— Admiral, son of the, 
 above named olficer; born at Philadelphia. Pa. , in 
 1813; served in the war with Mexico iunl the war 
 of the Rebellion; also in the Mcdii.i i :irirari, the 
 coast stirvey and the naval oh. i \ ii .n v . t-ir 
 distinguished services in Ihe t-w \i ^^.M li- w.is 
 made a Ki*ar-.\dmiral in 1863; was piuinuled to 
 Vicc-Admiral in 1866, and succeeded Farrugut as 
 Admiral in 18*0. 
 
 Prel»le, Edward— Commodore; bom at Fal- 
 mouth Neck, Me., in 1761; rendered distinguished 
 services in the war of the Revolution and the war 
 with Tripoli, for the latter of which he received a 
 gold medal and a vote of tlianks from Congress, in 
 1805; died at l'i)rtland. Me., in 1807. 
 
 Preble, Oeorice II.— Captain; nephew of 
 the foregoing oMicer: born nt Portlnnd. Me. . in 
 1816; served in the Mexican and Chinese squad- 
 rons, and in the war of the HchclUon; is the 
 author of the " History of the American Flag." 
 
 Held, Aaniiicl <;,— Captain, born in 1783. 
 phue unknown: seived in the war of 1812, in Fuyal 
 Hoads. where hr' gallantly defended his vessel, 
 the brig tieneral Armstrong, against a superior 
 British force, in 1814; ilesigned the present Ameri- 
 can fiag, in 1818; dU-d in 18lU. 
 
 KodicerM. John- Cummodore; born in Hart- 
 
 ford county. Md., in 1771; served effectively in the 
 wars with France and Tripoli, and in the war of 
 1812; diedat Philadelphia. Pa., in 1838, being, at 
 that time, the senior officer of the navy. 
 
 Rodgers, «Johii (2i — Rear-Admiral; bom in 
 Maryland, in 1812; served in the Mississippi and 
 Southwestern campaigns in the war of the 
 Rebellion. Died, May 5, 1882 
 
 Semmes, Raphael- Commander; bom in 
 Charles county. Md., in 1809; served in the war 
 with Mexico, under General Worth; was a Con- 
 federate naval cruiser in the war of the Rebellion, 
 and distinguished for his many and successful 
 raids on United States merchant vessels in his 
 steamship Alabama, in 1862 and 1863; wrote 
 several books; died in 1877. 
 
 Shubrick, «Iohn T. — Rear-Admiral; bom in 
 South Carolina, in 1778; entered the navy in 1806; 
 served in the Chesapeake, as a subordinate, in her 
 fight with the Leopard, in 1807; was a Lieutenant 
 in the Constitution when she captured the Guer- 
 riere. in 1812; was in the Hornet when she fought 
 the Peacock, in 1813, and in the President when she 
 was captured by a British squadron, in 1815; in the 
 Guerriere, he participated in the naval operations 
 against Algiers, in 1815, and was drowned in that 
 year while conveying the Tripolitan treaty to the 
 United States. 
 
 Shnbrick, William B. — Rear-Admiral; 
 brother of John T. ; born in South Carolina in 
 1790; entered the navy in LSOfi, and was actively 
 engaged in several v. --el- •]\i\ iw^ tin- w;ir of 1S12; 
 subsequently serveii m \ iii.ni- I'.iciu'n -iniaili-ons 
 and in the 'war of l)i'' iieh.i Imm. l.eing made a 
 Rear-Admiral in 186:;. died at \V;i,-liington in 1874. 
 
 Stewart, Charles — Rear--\dmiral; born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 1778; served in the wars with 
 France and Tiipoli, and in the war of 1812; com- 
 manded the Constitution when she captured the 
 British war-vessels Cyane and Levant, February, 
 1815: subsequently commanded squadrons in the 
 Mediterranean and Pacific ocean: was after\vard3 
 a navy commissioner, and commanded the home 
 squadron and the Philadelphia navy-yard; died at 
 Bordentown. N. J. , in 1869. 
 
 Stockton, Robert P. —Commodore; born 
 at Princeton. N. J., in 17%; entered the navy in 
 1810; was a Lieutenant in 1814; in 1821 aided in 
 founding the colony of Liberia, in Africa; subse- 
 quently fought pirates in the W'est Indies; in 1838 
 was a fiag-officer in the Mediterranean; was made 
 a Captain in 1839; returned to the United States 
 and advocated the advantages of a steam navy; 
 in 1845 went to the Pacitic coast, and in 1846 con- 
 quered California for the United States; resigned 
 in 1849, and in 1851 was elected United States 
 Senator from New Jersey; died"in 1866, at Prince- 
 ton, N. J. 
 
 Stringham, Hilas H.— Rear-Admiral; born 
 at ^lidillrloii. N Y., in 1798; entered the navy in 
 1809; sej\ediii tlie war with Tripoli; was engaged 
 in the suppression of the slave-trade on the coast 
 of Africa; served actively in the war with Mexico 
 and the war of the Rthellion; commanded the 
 Charleston navy-yard, and was Port-Admiral at 
 New York; died at Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1876. 
 
 Xriixtiin, Thomas — Commander; horn oti 
 Long Island, N. Y. , in 1755; sei'ved in privateers 
 during the war of the Revolution, making many 
 valuable captures; was commissi()ned a Captain 
 in the navy in 1795; commanded the frigate Con- 
 stellation, with which, in 1799. be captured Ihe 
 French frigate L'Insui ^ente. .uu] m ismi disjihled. 
 
 with heavy loss t lienrli ni killed and 
 
 wounded, the fia^rai. 1 .i \ . lu. ..m-c, leren uit,' lor 
 this action a gold nieil.U tiuiu L'oiigre.ss; in 1S02 he 
 was discharged from llie navy; was afterwards a 
 sheriff of Philadelphia, Pa., where he died in 
 1822. 
 
 Whipple. Abraham- Commodore; born at 
 Providence, R. I., in 17;!3; served with admirable 
 strntegy and skill in the French and Indian war; 
 partici|iated in the war of the Revolution: com- 
 inaiided the llrst vessel that showed the .American 
 ilau ill ilie liver Thames, Eng. , in 1784; died near 
 Marietta. (>., In 1819. 
 
 Warrlnirtoii, Lewi"— Commodore; born at 
 Willlamsbtirg, Va., In 1782; entered the navy in 
 1800, and served under Commodore Preble In the 
 war with Tripoli, in 1807 participated, on the 
 Chesapeake, in tlie capture of the Itritisli war- 
 vessel Leopard; in 1814 commaiiiicd the Peacock, 
 and that year (-aptured fourteen British merchant 
 vessels, with valuable results; after the war ho 
 commanded a West India sipiadron; was subse- 
 quently a navy commissioner and chief of oril- 
 nance 'at Washington, where lie died In 1851. 
 
 \%'IiimIo\v, «l€>liii A. — Rear-Admii-al; bom at 
 Wiliiiingloii. N. C, In I8II; served in the war 
 with -Mexico and in the war of theKebetlion: In 
 1861 and 1862 hi- was attaehnl (.■ the Mississippi 
 Motilla; in 18H4, while coiumau.liiik' tlie st.'ani- 
 sloop Kearsargc. he sunk the I'onlederate cruiser 
 Alabama, off Chcrboiu-g, France; sub-Hcquently 
 commanded the Gulf squadron and the navy-yard 
 at I'ortsmouth, N. H. ; died at Boston, Mass'., in 
 1873. 
 
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 His Boyhood, Military Education and Subsequent Successes. 
 
 IIROL'GH the influence of the Hon. 
 Thomas L. Hamer, a member of 
 Congress, Hiram Ulysses Grant, 
 then a youth, in 1830. was admitted 
 to the West Point Military Academy. 
 By a mistake his name went upon 
 the records at the Academy as 
 Ulysses S. , and in the military an- 
 nals from that time remained so. 
 Born at Point Pleasant, O. , April 27, 1823, 
 young Grant, at the 
 
 time of hU entrance 
 at the Academy, was 
 seventeen years of 
 age. His admission 
 to the school was 
 from no choice of 
 } ^-^ t^his own. On the 
 >y contrary, he sought 
 ^ , . "■ to avoid attending 
 •i' ", V '/ it, and only went 
 ^ (y at last by command 
 
 of his father. 
 Remaining in the Military Academy 
 fnuryears, he graduated in 1843. Receiv- 
 ing an appointment as Lieutenant by 
 brevet, he proceeded to Missouri, and from 
 tbenec the regiment to which he belonged 
 was called to the army of General Taylor, 
 in Texas, where, in 1845, he was commis- 
 sioned a Lieutenant, being then twenty- 
 three years of age. In the following year 
 he particii)ated with his regiment in sev- 
 eral of the battles fought in ^le.xico. 
 where he received honorable mention for 
 his bravery, and was promoted to a Cap- 
 taincy by brevet. At the close of the 
 
 Mexican war he came northward with bis regiment, being stationed 
 for a time at Detroit, and afterwards at Sackett's Harbor, in the 
 State of New York. 
 
 In 1848 he married Miss Julia T. Dent, of St. Louis. Four years 
 afterwards, in 18.52, he was with his regiment in California and 
 Oregon, when, tiring of his inactivity and absence from home, he 
 resigned his commission, being then at Vancouver, and returned 
 to St. Louis, fully resolved upon leading the (juiet life of a civilian. 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRANT 
 
 Naturally averse to warfare, he never desired to enter military 
 service again. 
 
 lie settled upon a corner of the Dent farm, some miles out of SSI. 
 Louis, and among his other labors he drew wood to the St. Louis mar- 
 kets in the morning, sold it, smoked his cigar quietly, and 
 ret\irned to his home in the evening. Tiring of this quietude, he 
 sought greater activity in the business of a real estate agency in St. 
 Louis, hut the fates were against bis pecuniary prosperity. In vain 
 he sought to obtain an appointment to a petty oftice in that city, but 
 failing in that, he entered into business with his father, at Galena, 
 111., the sign upon the store reading, 
 <efeeij7 in 1859, "Grant & Son. Leather- 
 Dealers." 
 
 \ There he was in 1861, when the news 
 Hashed over the wires of the »ssault upon 
 Fort Sumter. He immediately, through 
 a sense of duty, offered his services to the 
 country, recruited and drilled a company 
 in the streets of Galena, which he took to 
 Springfield, III. . and tendered to Governor 
 Yates. Here he remained five weeks, 
 assisting in drilling troops, when, receiv- 
 ing the appointment of C(donel of the 21st 
 regiment of Illinois volunteers, he was 
 stationed first at Mexico, Mo. , from which 
 point he went as a Brigadier-General, by 
 appointment, to Cairo, 111. 
 
 The capture of Fort Donelson, with 
 1.5.000 prisoners, was one of his first 
 notable achievements, for which he was 
 made a Major- General. Following came 
 the battles of Pittsburg Landing and 
 Vickshurg. where he captured at the latter 
 place, July 4, 1803, over 27,000 prisoners, 
 twenty generals, and a large quantity of 
 munitions of war. Succeeding came the 
 battle and victory at Lookout Mountain. 
 Nov. 25. 1803. Up to that time he had taken possession of ail the 
 strongholds in the Mississippi river valley and the Southwest, had 
 opened the Mississippi to navigation, and had taken 90, 000 prisoners 
 and 100,000 stand of arms. 
 
 In March. 1864, he was made a Lieutenant-General. to command 
 the armies of the United States, and, taking command of the forces 
 on the Potomac, he defeated Lee. and took possession of Richmond, 
 the last struggle of the Rebellion, the terms of surrender being 
 
 i
 
 f 
 
 66 
 
 GE/\JNT S JOURNEY AKijUND THE WORLD. 
 
 T 
 
 L 
 
 made between Grant and Lee at Appomattox Court House, April 
 9, 1865. 
 
 During the following summer he visited various cities in the 
 North, among them his home at Galena, in each of which 
 he was welcomed with the warmest expressions of esteem. In the 
 winter of the same year he made a tour of inspection through several 
 of the Southern states. 
 
 Desirous still further of testifying their appreciation of the great 
 service he had rendered the country, he was unanimously nominated, 
 at the Republican National Convention held at Chicago, May 21, 
 18G8, as a candidate for the Presidency, to which position he was 
 twice elected. 
 
 Grant's Trip Around the World. 
 
 Having been in the service of his country for sixteen years, during 
 which time he had often been invited to visit foreign countries, he 
 resolved, upon the close of hi3 
 official career, to make an ex- 
 tended journey abroad. 
 
 In accordance with that 
 determination, he left Phila- 
 delphia on the steamer " Indi- 
 ana, " of the American Line, 
 departing on the 17th of May, 
 1877, being accompanied by 
 
 Burtpoore, Delhi, Calcutta. Singapore, Bangkok, Hong-Kong, Can- 
 ton, Shanghai, Pekin, Tokio, Yokohama, San Francisco, Chicago, 
 and New York. 
 
 Many and wonderful were the sights they saw on the eventful 
 travels. In England they tarried a day and a night with Queen 
 Victoria at Windsor castle; they lingered for a time at the tomb of 
 Shakspeare, and looked in upim the cottage of Anne. Hathaway at 
 Stratford-upon-Avon. 
 
 They peered into the crater of Mount Vesuvius, and wandered 
 among the excavations of Pompeii. They looked over the ruins of 
 Thebes, studied the hieroglyphics on the old obelisks up the Nile; 
 wondered at ruins of immense size, the pyramids, and the relics of 
 mighty edifices that existed when Egypt was in her glory, 5, 000 years 
 ago. 
 
 They stood in Jerusalem at the point where Christ bore the cross; 
 saw the place of crucifixion, the tomb, and the rock that was rent 
 
 in twain at the time of the 
 ^^^r^^^l. Savior's death. 
 
 They examined St. Peter's 
 church in Rome, 430 feet in 
 hight. with its capacity for shel- 
 tering 50, OOOpeople. which took 
 176 years to build, going through 
 the reign of twenty popes, 
 and employing the services of 
 
 § 
 
 BIRTHPLACE OF 
 
 At Point Pleasant, Ohiu. on 
 
 Mrs. Grant 
 
 a few intimate friends. 
 
 Countries Visited— The f..I 
 lowing were the princiici 
 couTitries visited by the Grant 
 parly in their tonr around tie 
 world: Enj^lund, Irelainl. 
 Scotland, Beli^inra, Germany, 
 Denmark, Norway, Sweden, 
 Holland, Russia, Poland, Ba- 
 varia, Spain, Portugal, France, 
 Italy, Sicily. Ezypt, Palestine, 
 Turkey. Greece. India, Siani, China and -lapan. 
 
 t'itlen Visiteil — The most prominent cities where the party halted 
 on Iheir journey were; Liverpool. Manchester. London, Briis.sels, 
 Cologne, Krankfort, Geneva, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Newcastle, 
 Shetlleld, Stratford-on-Avon, Birmingham, Paris, Naples, Pompeii, 
 Palermo, Malta, Alexandria, Cairo, Jerusalem, Constantinoi)le, 
 Rome. Florence, Venice, Milan. Kotterdnm, Amsterdam, Berlin, 
 Hamburg, Copenhagen. Gotlenburg. Christiana, Stockholm, St. 
 Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw in Poland, Vienna, Munich, Vichy, 
 Bordeaux, Madrid, Lisbon. Diililiii. li.lfii-^t. lionibay. .leypoor. 
 
 
 twihe :irchitects, among them 
 Michael Angelo. They viewed 
 the ruins of the Coliseum that 
 once accommodated 100,000 
 ])eople: they sailed in beauti- 
 ful gondolas through the streets 
 of water in Venice, and looked 
 with admiration on that most 
 beautiful church cdittce in the 
 world, with its 100 pinnacles 
 and 5,000 statues, the Cathedral 
 of Milan. 
 They studied the dykes in Holland and the canals of Amsterdam. 
 They dined with Bismarck in Berlin, and looked with curiosity upon 
 the sixty bridges that cross the camils, within the contlnes of the city 
 of Hambuig. 
 
 They rode in the old two-wheeled vehicles in Stockholm. They 
 visited with the Emperor Alexander in the veinter palace at SI. 
 Petersburg, the largest roya! cditice in the world, capable of accom- 
 modating within its walls six thotisand persons. They looked in 
 upon the Imiierial Library, which contains ."iOO. 000 printed volumes, 
 and saw many other great things in this city of 7110,000 people which 
 
 GENERAL GRANT, 
 
 the Banks of the Ohio River. 
 
 -^
 
 >4'^ 
 
 GKANT S KETUKN TO THE tJNITKIJ STATKS KKO^[ HIS JOfKNEV ABROAD. 
 
 67 
 
 ? 
 
 Stands where tbere was a swamp in 1700, when Peter the Great 
 dctcrniiiu'd to found a city hi're. 
 
 They went into the Kremlin in Moscow, a group of hugu religious 
 edifices, surrounded by an immense wall twelve feet thick and forty 
 feet ia bight; and gazed at the cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, 
 founded in the fourteenth century and completed in the fifteenth, 
 the steeple of which is 444 feet in bight, being fourteen feet 
 higher than St. Peter's in Rome. 
 
 The beautiful specimens of lithography were examined at Munich, 
 which is the center of this art in Europe. They quenched their 
 thirst with the waters at Vichy, the celebrated watering-place in 
 France; and they drank of the wines at Bordeaux, which is in the 
 center of the wine-producing interest in Southern France. 
 
 They saw the summer residence, the "-Villa Eugenia," of Napo- 
 leon Third, as they crossed the Pyrenees, at Uiarrilz; Ihi-y looked 
 with interest upon the Escurial, 
 twenty-five miles from Madrid, the 
 former residence of the Spanish 
 kings, and their last resting place, 
 which cost $15,000,000. 
 
 The castle of St. George, which 
 crowns the highest point in the city 
 of Lisbon, was studied. So were 
 curiosities inspected with interest 
 on the journey through to Ireland, 
 which country they left to visit 
 India — thei r first prominent stopping 
 place being Bombay — a city of a 
 million people, where the immense 
 number of Hindoo servants, that 
 hovered about them like phantoms 
 by day and spirits by night, was 
 one of the curiosities. The singu- 
 lar manner of disposing of the dead 
 here, by placing the corpse above a 
 grating on the top of a high tower, 
 where the vultures pick the flesh, 
 leaving the bones to drop into a pro- 
 miscuous pile below, arrested their 
 attention. 
 
 They crossed the river Ganges at 
 Allahabad, where 200.000 people 
 come annually, and millions come 
 every twelfth year, to bathe in the 
 supposed sacred waters of what is 
 really a turbid, muddy river. Here, 
 formerly the first-born child was 
 drowned, and to show their devo- 
 tion many drown themselves at the 
 present time. The mausoleum in 
 the Pearl mosque at Agra, erected 
 
 by the emperor two hundred years ago in memory of his former wife, 
 at an estimated cost to-day of $50,000,000. was a sight not to 
 be forgotten. 
 
 At Amber, General Grant rode an elephant and the remainder of 
 the party were carried in sedan-chairs. A tiger that had killed 
 twenty-five men before he was captured; a dance by girls who attend 
 the king in Central India; the scattering of a great profusion of 
 flowers and scented water upon the party — were also among the 
 attractions here. They passed through Benares, a sacred city, 
 where thousands are brought to die. the belief being that if one dies 
 within ten miles of the city, though the vilest sinner, he is sure of 
 passing into everlasting bliss. When dead, the bodies are burned 
 and the ashes are cast into the Ganges. Sacred bulls, not a hair of 
 
 Principal Battles in which General Grant Conrimanded 
 During the Civil War. 
 
 Selznre of Padiicah, Ky., Sept. 6. 1861. 
 
 Battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, IHHl, between 2.aT0 Unionists, 
 under General Grant, an.i alj-.ut f;,(MKl Confederate^-, undur General I'ulk. 
 After a sharp engatft-nifnt, tlie ('(inlederates were reinforced, and the 
 Unionists retired, with u loss ..f K4 killed, 288 wounded, and 235 missing. 
 The Confederates probably lo.>:-t l,UU<.i men. 
 
 Fort DonelMon, Teiin., Siege and capture of, Feb. 13-16, ]ftfi2. The 
 Confederates. 20.0(X) in number, under Generals Pillow. Floyd and 
 Buckner, held the fort until the 16th. when they unconditionally sur- 
 rendered to General Grant and his 20.000 Unionists. The Confederates 
 lost ]:i.r>00 prisoners, 40 cannon and a large quantity of stores. The 
 Union loss was 321 killed, 1.046 wounded, and 150 missing. 
 
 Battle of Shlloh (or Pittsburg Landing), Tenii., April fi and 
 7, 18H2, Ijcru.-.Mi 4.'.,(HK) troops under General Grant, and 40,iX>0 Con- 
 federates, iind.i lit-miuls .\. S. Johnston and Beauregard. Grant, being 
 reinforced by Biiell, the Confederates retired to Corinth. Miss., having 
 lost General Johnston and 1,727 others killed, 8,012 wounded, and 950 
 miseing. The Union losses were 1,700 killed, 7.495 wounded and 3,022 
 prisoners. 
 
 Capture of Jackflon, Miss., May 13. 18f 53— Occupied by General 
 Joseph E. Johnston's Confederate troops, who were driven out by Gen- 
 eral Grant's army, with a loss of 7 cannon, 4<_>*J prisoners and a large 
 quantity of military stores. 
 
 Battle of Baker*ii Creek, MIhs.. May 16, 1863~Grant. with 
 about 25.000 men, fought Pemberton. with about the same number of 
 troops, defeating the latter, who lost 2,(i00 killed, 2,000 prisoners and 29 
 cannon. 
 
 Battle of Big Black River, MUs.. May 17. 1863. between 
 Grant's and Peinbetton's forces, the latter being again defeated, with the 
 loss of 2.60(.) men and 17 cannon. 
 
 Siege of Tleksburg, Miss., May 18, 1863, by Grant, was begun- 
 
 ViekiiljurBr Snrrenilered, July 4. 1863— Pemberton yielded to 
 Grant, w ith 27,000 pi i?.oncrs. 132 cannon and 50,000 stand of arms. 
 
 Battles of the WiUlernesn. Va., May 5. to 31, 1864. between 
 Grant, with about ]30,ihh) men. and Lee. with 60,000 men. Union losses 
 in 27 days: 5,584 killed : 28.364 wounded ; 7,45(J missing. Confederate 
 losses— estimated— 20,0(_tO. 
 
 Battle of Cold Harbor, Va., June 3. 1864, between Grant and 
 Meade, with about I5(i,riiM_> men, and Lee and Longstreet, with about 
 50,(H>;) troops. The Union army was repulsed with the loss of abou t 
 7,000 men, Lee losing about 3. 500. 
 
 Battle of Petersburg, Va., June 15, 16. 1864. between Grant, 
 with about 1<W.00(J men. and Lee, with about 70,0(X>. Grant wa.s 
 repulsed with the loss of 10,000 men, killed, wounded and missing. 
 
 Siege of Petersburg, June 18, 1864, begun by Grant. 
 
 Fall of Petersburg, April 1,2, 18G5— Outer lines carried by Grant. 
 
 Surrender ofl.ee, April 9, 1865, with his entire army to Grant. 
 This ended the war. 
 
 which was to be injured; beggars, mosques, and idols — surrounded 
 them here on every side. 
 
 Splendid Arabian horses and the Peacock throne, valued at $30. - 
 000.000, were among the curioslticB at Delhi. They hhook hands 
 with Lord Lytton at Calcutta, and passed into Southern Asia by way 
 of Sini^apore. where they have perpetual summer. There they saw 
 the first Chinese paf^oda, and with the temperature never hlj;;her than 
 90 degrees and never lower than 70. with frt-qnent rains, they found 
 the plantations of pine-apple, bread-fruit, orange, mango, coffee, 
 chocolate, cassia, clove, apple and palm-trees, in abundance. 
 
 Through Bankok. Cochin-China, Hong-Kong and Canton, the 
 party passed into China, where they were carried on chairs; where 
 thousands of stolid, solemn-faced natives would gather in every city 
 to look upon the visitors in the day-time, and rockets would testify 
 the respect of the people at night. 
 
 The excursionists spent weeks 
 amid the groves and beautiful land- 
 scape scenes of Japan, which coun- 
 try they declared to be one of the 
 most beautiful they had seen; and 
 finally reluctantly departed for 
 America, arriving in San Francisco 
 September liO, 1879, where, twenty- 
 five years before. General Grant, a 
 young man. comparatively unknown, 
 had passed through the streets as 
 one of the pioneers. 
 
 They partook of the hospitalities 
 of the Palace hotel, the largest on 
 the American continent; were feted 
 at the residences of several of the 
 millionaires; they made a hurried 
 visit to Oregon, and then passed into 
 Nevada, where, at Virginia City, in 
 company with J. W. Mackey. 
 J. G. Fair, and others, they went 
 into the California silver mine, 
 twenty- three hundred feet under 
 ground. There they crossed streams 
 of water that would boil eggs, in a 
 temperature so warm that miners 
 can work only thirty minutes, when 
 they must retire to the air-shafts 
 for a cooler temperature. 
 
 Over the Rockies, the party passed 
 eastward; tarried for a little time 
 at Galena, and then went forward to 
 Chicago, where a grand reception 
 awaited the General. 
 
 A journey to Cuba. Mexico, and 
 other points of interest, occu- 
 pied the time for months; and when the Republican Convention 
 assembled at Chicago in June, 1880. so firm was General Grant's 
 hold upon the affections of the people as to make him one of the 
 strongest candidates before the Convention, as a nominee for the 
 third presidential term. Many friends, however, preferring that he 
 be no more the target for party spite, he was not selected as a can- 
 didate in the presidential race. — the feeling being that the grand 
 honors he had earned should not be jeopardized by party struggle 
 again in official life. 
 
 General Grant and family selected New York as their place of res- 
 idence, where until the summer of 1885 he enjoyed the honors which 
 he so grandly won. He died of a cancer, at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., 
 July 23, 1885, deeply lamented by the whole nation. 
 
 A
 
 6S 
 
 BRIEF BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF UNION OFFICERS. 
 
 «M««i^«««u*«««n«««ft«x«««v«i 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ..^s^iMaisi^ 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 
 OFFICERS 1 1 
 
 »«wlv»»v^»»»»"»' 
 
 Weil-Known Officers in the Union Service During the Civil War. 
 
 -,XI>EKSON% Robert 
 
 — A Ma)(ir-(i<'neral : bom 
 Ti.M!- Lmiu-\ ilk-. Ky.. in 
 
 ]SO,"i; ^rl M'll Ml tilt Hl.lCk- 
 
 llitwU war. 1S;«. and in 
 
 Tlie war with Mexico; 
 
 ilefendfd Fort Suintfi- at 
 
 I liarlesCon. S.C. .ayrainst 
 
 i;.-aiiii-':iMl. in April, 
 
 isr.l; iriiu'd I'roin tlie 
 
 arniv '-••<>t\ afterwards; 
 
 traii>Uit(j(.l aJid wi-'t military manuals 
 
 t.l L'Vuliition. etc., died in France, 
 
 in is;i. 
 
 Baker, Edward B.— A Colonel 
 
 of voluntet-rs: born in London, Eiig. , in 
 
 1811; served m the war with Mexico; at 
 
 Ball's Blutf. Va. , m 1S61, where he wa-s 
 
 slain in battle; had been a member of 
 
 Congress i:roin Illinois, a United States 
 
 Senator Irom Oregon, and resided in 
 
 California. 
 
 Belkna|>. William W.— A brevet Major- 
 General of volunteers; born at Newburgh. N. Y. , 
 in 1822; entered the service Croni Iowa, and was 
 assigned to the army of the Tennessee, participat- 
 ing in its brilliant career; was appointed Secretary 
 of War hy President tJrant. but resigned that 
 po.iitioii and retired to private life. 
 
 Buell, Don Carlos— A Major-General; born 
 near Marietta. O. . in 1S18: gr.aduated at West 
 Point Military Academy, in 18il; served in the 
 Florida war; in frontier duty : the Mexican war; 
 the AdjutanHJeneral's office at Washington; was 
 Adjut-'iiit-Geiierars assistant in several military 
 divisions of the country; served near Washing- 
 ton, at Shiloh; in the district of the Ohio; at 
 Perryville; was tried by a court of inquiry; was 
 mustered out. injured. IH64; since the war has 
 been the president of iron-works in Kentucky. 
 
 Burnnide. Ambrose E.— A Major-General; 
 born at Liberty, Ind., in 1824; fields of operation: 
 New Mexico, boundary commi.ssion (1851-2); first 
 Bull Run battle, 18fil; in North Carolina, 
 Fredericksburg, South Mountain, Vicksburg, the 
 Wilderness, etc. ; was elected Governor of Khode 
 Island in 1866. UCl and 1868; was a meinbir of 
 Con;;ri'ss from that State: invented a brecch- 
 luading gun. 
 
 Butler. Benfamin F.— A Major-General of 
 volunteers, born at iJeerlleld. N. H.. in 1818; fields 
 of operation: Eastern Virginia; captured Forts 
 CMark and Hatteras. N. C. ; New Orleans; anny of 
 the James; Petersburg, etc. : was member of Con- 
 gress from MiLSsachusetts, and Governor. 
 
 C:anhy. Edward K. S.— A Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral; boni In Kentucky, in 1819: llelds of opera- 
 tion; Florida. Indian and Mexican wars; New 
 Mexico. 1861-2: draft riots in New York, 1863; 
 captured Mobile. 186-'): Modoc Indian troubles, 
 1872-3; was shot down in Callfoinia. while under a 
 ling of truce, in 1873, by the Modoc chief "Captain 
 Jack." 
 
 DahlBTren, Ulrlc— A Colonel of voluntoers; 
 born in Bucks i-ounty. Pn . in 18(2: served at 
 Hngarstown, Md., and neur Kielminml, Va, . and 
 was killed in battle m-ar King and t^ueen's Court- 
 House. Va., March 4. 1864. 
 
 Fremont, *John C'.— A Major-General; born 
 at Nav;iiiiiiili. <'u.. ill )K13; flehls of operation; 
 
 Teacher of mathematics in the navy, railmad 
 surveyor and engineer; explnratioii "f mountain 
 passes between North Carolina and Tennessee; 
 e.vpedition in the mountainous Clier<)Uee ei'untry 
 of Georgia. North Carolina, and Tennessee; 
 exploration between the Missouri river and the 
 British boundary; survey of the Des Moines river 
 and the western frontier; exijloration of South 
 Pass in the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia 
 river Ml ( Mi-^'ini ; exiilnratiDn uf Oif;;i>n and Cali- 
 fornia . ixiiediti-.n aeii'v- (lie .■Miitiin.-iit by way of 
 the Rio (;iiinde; ^ettled m (.'alit.irnia, purchased 
 the immensely wealthy Mariposa estate in Cali- 
 fornia: Unite'd States Senator from California; 
 visited Europe; made another exploration across 
 the continent; settled in New York; ran for 
 President in 1856: beaten by Buchanan; in the 
 Rebellion com/nanded the western district and the 
 mountain district of Virginia, Kentucky and 
 Tennessee, but>oon retired rnu7i the army; since 
 1864 he has, for a time, been Governor of Arizona. 
 
 Davis, JefToriton C — A brrvet M:i,i'"ii--Oen- 
 er;U; born in Claik (.■oinu,\ , Iml. , m ivn lu hi- uf 
 operation^ Mexnau u n I'^i l ^mui. i ISfil ; 
 Milford, Mo.; IVa Kidk'r. CoiirUli, Mm 1 1 .-.-Ikm-o. 
 Chickamauga; Atlanta camijaigii: Alaska and 
 Modoc war; shot tieneral Nelson at Louisville, 
 Ky. , in 1862, and died in Indiana, in 1879. 
 
 Franklin, TVllliam B-— A brevet Major- 
 General; born at York. Pa., in 1823: fields of 
 operation: Government surveys, 1843-46; Mexican 
 war, under Tayloi; professor of philosophy and 
 civil engineer; army of the Potomac; Antietam, 
 Fredericksburg, Sabine Cross-Roads. etc. : since 
 the war has been Vice-President of the Colt's Fire- 
 Arms Manufacturing Company, at Hartford, 
 Conn. 
 
 Gillmore, Qiilncy A.— A Major of Engi- 
 neersjborn at lihvck River, O.. in lS2r>; fields of 
 operation: engineer corps; Hilton Head; Fort 
 Pulaski, and Forts Sumter and Wagner; was 
 engineer in charge of the Atlantic coa^t defenses, 
 in 1874. 
 
 Hallei-k. Ilenrv TT.— GeneiMlin-riii.-f of 
 
 the riiilrii SL.tes ;uinv; born :il W ,ilri mII.' N V.. 
 in IKi:.; lieMs ..t npeiati.'ji :MiIiIii\ .ii^' i ii.'.t. 
 direct!.)!- uf Almatlen <iiii'-k->il vei niin-.--, ]au>er; 
 president of a railroad: Major-tU'ueral. 1861; 
 Corinth; a'*tny of the James; the Pacific, and the 
 South; author of several mining', military and 
 international law-books; died at Louisville, Ky. , 
 in 1872, 
 
 Hancock, 'WlnfleldS.— A Major-General; 
 born in Montgomery county. Pa., in 1824; Helds of 
 operation : Finntter duty; Mexican war; Wll- 
 liam^buiK; Krazei's farm; South Mmintain: Antie- 
 tam; I'u'derieksbiirg: Chancellorsville: Gettys- 
 burg; till' Wilderness and ensuinu battles : afk-r 
 the w.areonimaiided several milltai v ilepari iiM'nt.H; 
 was noiiiinut.-d fi.r President of the Inited States 
 bv the DriiKM-rats. and defeated, in 1880. by Gen- 
 eral Garlleld Died. Feb.it. I8M6. 
 
 Hooker, fJo«ieph— A brevet Major-Oeneral; 
 bom at Hadley. Mass., In 1815; fields of opera- 
 tion: Florida; Mexican war; California; Oregon; 
 Peninsular campaign in 1862; Fredericksburg: 
 (.Minncellorsville: Chattanooga: I^ookout J^Ioun- 
 tJiln. and about Atlanta; lioldlng. aft^'rwards, 
 tliree military departments; retired in 1808; died 
 ill lK7y. 
 
 Howard, Oliver O.— A brevet Major-Gen- 
 eral; bornat Leeds. Me.; lields of operation: Bull 
 Hun; lost an arm at Fair Oaks; Chancellorsville; 
 Gettysburg; Chattanooga; Atlanta campaign; 
 Commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau, and 
 trustee of Howard University; also special com- 
 missioner to the Indians. 1872, in Arizona and New 
 Mexico; afterward appointed superintendent of 
 the Military Academy at West Point. 
 
 Kearny, Philip— A Major-General of volun- 
 teers; born in New York ■ ity. in 1815; fields of 
 operation: Algeria; Mexican war, where he lost 
 an arm; Indians in <.»iet-on; Italian war of 1859, 
 winning the French cross ot Honor; Williams- 
 burg: Seven Pines; Fi:Lzer's Farm; second Bull 
 Run; Chantilly. where he was mortally wounded, 
 dying near that place in 1862. 
 
 Uogan, tlohn A.— A Major-General of volun- 
 teers; born in Jackson county. III., in 1826; fields 
 of operation; Mexican war; Illinois Legislature, 
 1852-"57; Presidential elector. 18.^i6; member of 
 Congress four terms; union officer at Bull Run, 
 Belmont. Fort Donelson. Poit (.Mbson. Vicksburg. 
 Kenesaw Mountain and commander of the army 
 of the Tennessee: present United States Senator, 
 his term expiring in 1885. 
 
 JLyon, Xathaniel— A Brigadier-General of 
 volunteei-s; born at .\shford. Conn., in 1819; fields 
 of operation: Florida a'ld Mexican wars; Califor- 
 nia and Oregon. 1848 to 1853: Kansas and Missouri, 
 1854 to 1861; St Louis; BoonesviJle, Mo.; Dry 
 Spring, Mo.; Wilson's Creek, Mo.; where he was 
 slain, in 1861. 
 
 McClellan, Oeorge B.— Geni'ml-in Chi-'f 
 of the United States army; born at I'li il.u!, l|,lii.(, 
 Pa., in 1826; fields of operation M.\i,,iii \\:i,. 
 surveys of Texas coast and I'arih.' !:iilro;ii|, 
 
 ofiieiallv viMtrM lli.' < 'j mh u.,i . rln-i cn^'itiri'r 
 
 of IlliuMiv r.iii III T uh ...1.1 |.r. -]i|.iit St. I.i.nis 
 ami Cinemnali t ,.ili ...nl , d. p.M I nn nl mI the Ohi..; 
 W.-T-TM \.i., .iim> ...1 Ma r«.Uiii..Lr, .Ml|i.'i>eded 
 b\ I'll I null . and retired from tlie war. \s\V', w.-i^ 
 
 I Ml .1 li>r President by the l)emi>ci-;ii> in \m\i-. 
 
 w.t~ ili|. Mh'd : went to Europe, i-etni nintr in ISC..'^: 
 followed civil engineering: and was four terms 
 Governor of New Jersey. Died, Oct. -29. 1SK5. 
 
 McDowell, Irvln— .A Major-Oeneral; born 
 at Franklinton, O. . in 1818; fields of operation: 
 Mexican war; Assistant Adjutant-General; organ- 
 izer of troops at Washington; department of N. 
 K. Virginia: army of the Potomac; Second Bull 
 Run; department of the Pacific, aiid departments 
 of the East and South. Died, May 4, 1885. 
 
 IWcPhcmon, JameH B.— A Major-General 
 of volunteers: born at Clyde. O.. in 1828; fields of 
 operation: Milit^xry engineer, 1853 to '61, on the 
 east antl west coasts: military railroads in Ten- 
 nessee; Corinth; Vicksburg; llesaca, Dallas. 
 Alliitoona, Kiilp House and Kenesaw; before 
 Atlanta, where he was killed, in 1864. 
 
 Meade, OeorareO.— A Major-General; born 
 att'adiz. Spain, in 1815: fields of operation; Flor- 
 ida war; Governmi-nt surveys; Mexican war: lake 
 surveys; Dranesville; Mechanicsville: Onjd Har- 
 bor; t*razier's farm; second Bull Run; Maryland 
 campaign; South Mountain and .\ntietain: 
 Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; (Jettysbiirg; In 
 command of the army of the Potoniac to tin- 
 jmrreiuler of Li-e, and afterwards of several mili- 
 tary dislriets; died in 1872, at Philadeli.hia. Pa.
 
 >iJ.C>-- 
 
 Meneher, ThomaN F.— An Irish political 
 refut'L-e ami a l'.iiirailii-i-(Jenernl of volunteers; 
 born at Wjitni-iM hrland. in 1823, tlelds of 
 
 optM-atton. i"i M.'iiii \<\v York regiment; llrst 
 
 IJtill Klin; foi 1 lip 111 ii itrigadc; battles before 
 
 ItirhiiMniil ; \(iiiii.iiii I i.ilriii'k-.l>iii'K; Chaiicel- 
 |,.c^\ 111,-; itiilii.ii\ ih-iii^i ..r Ilir Ki.ivviih; nius- 
 ( till I Miir in IM. I, srrM I It \ 1.1 Mi.ri(,iii.( Ti-rritory; 
 aclJiikMl-'Veirici. arn.l.m.iUy (liuwju'd, in 1867, 
 near Fuit Bentuii, MunL. 
 
 McCull, Genrav A.— A Brigadier-General; 
 born at riiiladidphia. iii lS02i served in the war 
 of the Kebellion, and died, in 1868, at West Ches- 
 ter, I'a. 
 
 nicC^lerniind, «lohik A.— A Major-General 
 of volunteers; born in Hreckenridge county, Ky. ; 
 served in the war of the Itebellion; has been a 
 member of Congress. 
 
 AlcCouk, Alexander I>.— A brevet Major- 
 General, in the war of the Kebellion; one of the 
 family of "HghtingMeOooks." 
 
 Mitchel, Oi-ninby M.— A Major-General; 
 born 111 liii-.ii iiii,\, Ky. , 111 1810; lleids of oper- 
 ation: S.-i'iil ihr a-tniniiiiiHr; in eliarge of Cin- 
 cinnati and Imdl. y ,.lt>. rvatories; Hrigadicr-Gen- 
 eral of volunteers, 1801; department of Ohio; 
 near Bridgeport, Ahi. ; seized the Corinth and 
 Chattanooga railroad; took charge of the depart- 
 niHiit of the south and died of yellow fever, at 
 lUaiilurt, S. C- . in 1862. ile was popular as a lec- 
 titiii on astronomy; skilUul in preparing astro- 
 nun mal machinery, and distinguished by his 
 additions to his favorite science. 
 
 Oelesby, Richard «J.— A Major-General of 
 v<dniileers. born in Oldham county, Ky. . in 1824; 
 ll'.ld lit" operation: Mexican war and in the Kcbid- 
 litiri at Fort Henry, Fort Donelsoii and Coruilh; at 
 (In.' latter battle was wounded and iesiti:nid . Gov- 
 ernuiuf Illinois, and United States Kenatur from 
 that State. 
 
 Ord, Edwarfl O. C— A Brigadier-General; 
 born at Cumberland, Md, . in 1818; served in the 
 war of the Kebellion, and afterwards in the 
 Indian department of the Northwest. Died, 1883. 
 
 Pleasonton, Alfred— A Major-Genera! in 
 the war of the Kebellion, and autlior of a ti'eatise 
 on the healing effects of sunlight ptvssing through 
 blue glass; was born at Washington, D. C., in 
 1824. 
 
 Pope, John— A Major-General; born at Kas- 
 kasUia. III., in 1823; rtelds of operation: Topo- 
 gr.ir'hical engineer in Florida. Minnesota, New 
 .M. Mr. I. etc. ; on lighthouse dulv. aiinv of the 
 Mi"i^>.ippi. 18*52; New Madrid; Island No. 10; 
 ainiy uf Virginia; Cedar Mountain; Second Bull 
 Run; depai'tment of the Northwest, and depart- 
 ment of Missouri. 
 
 Porter, Fitz. ijohii — A Major-General of 
 
 vuluntr.Ts, iM.ni at Pml^inmnh. N. H. . in 1823; 
 ti.'hls nl npi'iMiii-n Wai Ml Mr\n'o; iustructor at 
 \V..-st ruint; (lr|rri-r nl Wasli 1 n ;,'ton in 1861 ; army 
 uf the rutuiiia,-. Han.iver Court House; Cold 
 Harbor; Malvern Hill; Pope's campaign in North- 
 ern Virginia; Second Bull Run; campaign of 
 
 Maryland; Antietam: dismissed for alleged mis- 
 conduct, 1863. 
 
 Rannom, ThomiiM E. O. — A Brigadier-Gen- 
 ci-al , born in ISIM , mad.- a good icccjid in the war 
 of the Rebellion, mid died at Cliieago, 111., In 
 1864. 
 
 RoHecrunn. William 8.— A Major-General 
 
 of vidiiiiteers; Imrn at Knih'ston. O. , in 1810; lleldB 
 of .iijcrati.m- Civil .'n^;iii.-fr, pi-nl. -ssnr at Went 
 I'.iint, -■riLrau-rd in l.iL~m.-- al • 'nintiti:. 1 1 : in 1861 
 
 ji.iiM-d .MrCl.ll.Ml; t..Mk i,:Lit Ml 11,1 rations In 
 
 \V<.->uin \ nu'inia. aimy uf th.- .Mi^-si-sijipi , luka 
 and Corinth, Miirfrceshoio; Chnkaiiiauga; 
 department of the Missouri in 1861: iiiu--ti-i._-(l uut 
 of volunteer serviec. 1866, and n-si-n.-d his posi- 
 tion of Brigadier-GenL-ral in the regvilar army in 
 186?; .Minister to Mexico in 180.8-1869. 
 
 Schciick, Robert C— vV Major-General of 
 volunteers; born atKianklin. O. . in 1809, entered 
 the war nf thr K.l..-|[i..ii in 1861; was wounded 
 at the see. mil liatlk- ..t lUili Run. August. 1862; 
 was pr»'vii.u.-.|y .in :iii,,ni. y at Dayton, O. ; a mem- 
 ber of tlir t tlih. 1,1 -I I ti , and went to Congress 
 
 from tliat sr m n.,,,, im i,, ig^i ; afterward again 
 a Mieiiil.i I ..1 1 iiiiL!M ■ hnni 1863 to 1871; subse- 
 quently Unitt'd htates .Minister to both Brazil and 
 England. 
 
 Slgel, Franz— A Major-General of volunteers; 
 born atZinsheim, Baden. Gfrmanv, was a Ger- 
 man refugee; a tea<-lier in X._u V.,i k -ilv and St. 
 Louis, Mo.; entered the war id' tli.' K.li.-lhon as 
 Colonel of the 3d Missouri volnnteecs, serving in 
 the campaign in Southwestern Missouri; battle of 
 WilwMi's Creek; at Pea Ridgc: in Virginia, under 
 Fremont and Pope, and second Bull Run. 
 
 Schoheld, .lohn M.— A Major-General; born 
 in (liaiuiuiiiia r..unty, N. Y. , in 1831: (lelds of 
 'i|i<ia(iMn pM.t.'^vnr of physics in Washington 
 Uinvcisiiy, St l.iMi-^ Mai-.r CriiiM-al of volun- 
 teers. 1861; Atlant,, .■ ,t,i|. n.-ii hittleof Franklin. 
 Tenn. ; fights l.iti.j. Ni-hMili |.iirsiit.-d Hood's 
 army; operated in N-m h ( ':i k.Iiu:,, loming Shcr- 
 man; department of tla- .Missouri, and division of 
 the Pacirte: Secretary of War in 1808. 
 
 Sedgwick, <John— A Major-General of volun- 
 teers, horn at Cornwall, Conn., in 1813; fields of 
 operation I'londa and .Mexican wars; army of 
 the I'liioniar; A iiri(-i;iin , near Fredericksburg; 
 ChaiicLlluisvilk-, (iettysburg; the Rapid.an cam- 
 paign , Rappahannock ; Mine Run ; Richmond 
 campaign. 1864; battle of the Wilderness; Spott- 
 sylvania. Va. , where he was slain, in 1864. 
 
 Sheridan, Philip H.— ,\ Major-General in 
 the war of the Kebellion. and the present Lieuten- 
 ant>GeneraI of the U. S. army: horn at Somer- 
 set, O., in 1831; Heldsof operation: Te.\as; Pacific 
 coast; Mississippi campaign. 1802; Booneville; 
 PerryviUe. Tennessee campaign; Murf reesboro ; 
 Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Missionary Ridge; 
 army of the Potomac; the Wilderness and Rich- 
 mond campaign. Cold Harbor; army of the 
 Shenandoah; theOpequan; Fisher's Hill; Cedar 
 creek; from Winchester to Petersburg; important 
 raids; second Richmond campaign; Five Forks; 
 siege of Petersburg; advance on Richmond; pur- 
 
 Bultof r^e: varfoiiK military tlepartmcnts, south 
 and west; Lieutcnanl-General In I8fitt. 
 Sherman, ^Vllllam T.— A Mujor-General In 
 
 the war of the Rebellion, and prcKent General of 
 the V. S. army: born at Lancaster, O. . In 1820; 
 (lelds of operation: Florida; California; St. Loui». 
 New Orleans; banker in San Francisco and New 
 York; lawyer at Lca%'enworth; .Huperintendintof 
 Louisiana military Mchool ; rejoined the army in 
 1861; llrst Bull Run. camp of inslruetlon at St. 
 Louis; Tennessee and Mississippi campaign, Shl- 
 loh; Corinth: VIc-ksburg, 1862: Arkansas po»»t: 
 Vieksburg. 1863; Chattanooga; Knoxville; Merid- 
 ian. Miss.; In%'aded Georgia; Dalton; Resaea; 
 Cassvillf; Dallas; Kcnesaw; Marietta; Hege of 
 Atlanta; Jonesboro; occupation of Atlanta; 
 march to Savannah; occupied the city; Columbia, 
 S. C. ; Cheraw; Fayetteville. N. C. ; Averysboro; 
 Bentonville; Goldsboro; Raleigh; advance to 
 Richmond and Washington; .MUitarv division of 
 the Mississippi and .Missouri: Lieut4■nan^General 
 of the U. S. army. 1800; special mission to Mex- 
 ico; visited Europe; published his own memoirs, 
 
 Slcklen, I>nnlel E.— A Major-General of 
 
 volunteer-; horn in .N'.w York city, in 1822: fields 
 or oprr.ilion Lawvn in New York; member of 
 LctrislaHiie. Scri.laiy ..I Legation to Kngland, 
 Buchanan's administration; State Senator: three 
 terms in Congress, killed Key for seducing his 
 wife; was tried for the murder of Key and 
 acquitted; raised a hrig.ide in 1801: Chickahominv 
 campaign: snrcfcdcd in command i)f HookLi"'s 
 tliM^ion, Anti.'I.im. Fr.-d.-i n-ksl.iirtr. c|ian.-,-lloi> 
 villi'; llrltysljiii'i.'. " luTC lit- lovl :i U-^ _ ;ippoliitt'<l 
 Col., ml HI tlo- n-u'ul.ir army; Military district of 
 North and South Carolina; Minister to Spain 
 in I86y. ' 
 
 Sumner, Edwfn V.-A Major-General in the 
 war ot the Rebellion, born at Boston, Mass., in 
 17%; died at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1863. 
 
 Terry, Alfred H.-A Brigadier-General In 
 the war of the Rebellion, born at Hartford. 
 Conn., in 1827; since the war has been operating 
 in the Indian department of the Northwest, under 
 General Ord. 
 
 ThomaH, George H.— A Major-General; 
 born m Southani county. Va. . in 1810; fields of 
 operation: Florida war. Mexican war; Seminole 
 Indian war; instructor at Wrst point. California 
 Texas; Valley of th.- Shenandoah. 1861; Tentic*- 
 see. Kentucky. Alabama and Mississippi, 1861 and 
 '62; army of the Cumberland; Muifreesboro; 
 Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Missionary Ridge; 
 Sherman's Atlanta campaign; N.-ishvin'e. where 
 he defeated Hood: eominahded several military 
 divisions; made a valuable report relating to the 
 Territory of Alaska, wlit-ic he was stationt--d 
 during the latter portion of his life; died at San 
 Francisco, Cal.. in 1870. 
 
 Weitzel, Godfrey— A MajorGeneral of 
 volunteers; born at Cincinnati, O. , in 1835. fields 
 of operation: L.ist Richmond campaign in the 
 war of the Rebelli()n: first to enter the Confeder- 
 ate capital, April 3, 1865. Died March 19, 1WH4. 
 
 ><|;C?^ —
 
 --~^; 
 
 THE CONFEDERATE MILITARY CHIEFTAIN. 
 
 i 
 
 WW 
 
 ROBERT J. LEE. 
 
 ^C^^^"0 G O b Q O 'e G G o o' 
 
 OOO0OOOOO 
 
 00 00 W^J^l /A-^ 
 
 His Services for the Union, and Later for the Confederacy. 
 
 
 ELDOM DOES HISTORY make record of 
 
 a more truly brave man than was 
 
 Robert E. Lee; at the same time his 
 
 career as an American soldier was 
 
 eventful and interesting. The son of 
 
 a distinguished officer of the war of the 
 
 Revolution, Colonel Henry Lee, he 
 
 inherited much of the military spirit, 
 
 energy and talent that marked his own 
 
 career. . 
 
 Entering the West Point Military 
 
 Academy, in 1825, when eighteen years old, he 
 
 graduated from it, second in his class, four 
 
 years later, without having received either a 
 
 reprimand or a mark of demerit during his 
 
 studies. 
 
 Having been ap- 
 pointed a Lieutenant 
 in the engineers corps 
 of the arniy in 1829, he 
 passed five years in 
 assisting to build 
 Forts Monroe and Cal- 
 houn, in Virginia; 
 three more as assist- 
 ant to the chief engineer of the army at 
 Washington, and, in 1835, served as as- 
 sistant astronomer in determining the 
 western boundary of Ohio. 
 
 His duties from 1837 to 1842 included 
 the superintendence of the government's 
 improvement of the harbor at St. Louis, 
 Mo., and rendering the Mississippi, 
 Ohio and Missouri rivers more navigable. 
 Hetwecn 1841 and 1845. having pre- 
 viously been promoted to a captaincy, 
 he was assiwtant to the chief engineer and 
 member of the board of Atlantic coast 
 
 defenses, superintending, among other public works, the construc- 
 tion and repair of the fortifications at the entrance to New York 
 harbor. 
 
 At the breaking out of the war with Mexico, in 1845, he was 
 appointed chief engineer of the army under General Scott. In the 
 succeeding contest he greatly distinguished hjniself by his gallant 
 and meritorious 
 
 ROBERT 
 
 frviccH at the battles of Ccrro Oordo. Contrerns 
 
 Cherubusco and Chepultepec, being wounded in the latter conflict, 
 and receiving, successively, promotion as Major, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 and Colonel. 
 
 After the war he continued to serve his country in various depart- 
 ments, and from 1852 to 1855 was superintendent of the West Point 
 Military Academy. In the latter year he became Lieutenant-Colonel 
 of a new regiment of cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was 
 the colonel, serving with it in Texas for about two years, when he 
 returned to Virginia on leave of absence. 
 
 In 1857, by his wife's inheritance, he came into possession of the 
 estates of Arlington House, on the Potomac, and the White House, 
 on the Pamunky river in Virginia. This lady, whom be married in 
 1832, was the daughter of Mr. Custis. the grandson of the widow who 
 became the wife of George Washington. 
 
 Colonel Lee, in October, 1859, commanded the detachment of 
 troops sent by the government to sup- 
 press the famous raid of John Brown 
 into Virginia, for the purpose of freeing 
 the slaves in that State. 
 
 During nearly tne whole of the year 
 1860 he commanded the military depart- 
 ment of Texas, returning home in Decem- 
 ber on leave of absence. 
 
 Virginia seceded from the Union on the 
 17tb of April, 1861, and three days later 
 Colonel Lee resigned his command in the 
 army, saying, in his letter to General 
 Scott: *'Save in the defense of my 
 native State, I never desire again to draw 
 my sword. " 
 
 Immediately repairing to Richmond, 
 Va. , he was appointed Major-Gcneral of 
 tlie Confederate forces of the Slate. 
 
 Early in May, Virginia joined the 
 Southern Confederacy, the capital of which 
 was then established at Richmond; but 
 owing to a contention for coninnmding 
 positions in the Confederate army, which 
 arose between several officers who had ranked high in the United 
 states army and withdrawn therefrom. General Lee was not called into 
 important service for more tlian a year. In the meantime he super- 
 intended the fortifications at Richmond and other places, and acted, 
 also, ns the adviser of President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate 
 Stales, performing many of Ihe duties pertaining to a secretary of 
 
 .A.
 
 ~^: 
 
 T 
 
 GKNEKAL LEE S EFFUKTS IN UEHALK OK THE CONFEDERACY. 
 
 9-- 
 
 Generul JosL']>h E. Jolinston having bccTi wounded in buttle and 
 General Albert S. Jobnt-lon having been killed in the tlglit at Shiloh. 
 General Lee assumed command of the Confederate army June 3. 
 1802. 
 
 June 2(i, he entered with his command ujx)!! that series of con- 
 
 ' flicts in Virginia known us ' ' the Seven-days' battles, " wliich resulted 
 
 in the retirement of the Federal arnty under McCIellan to Ilarrif^on's 
 
 landing, after the struggle at Malvern Hill. By this act Kichmoiul 
 
 was relieved from the siege which it had undergone. 
 
 August 29 and 30, 18ti2, General Lee and his forces encountered 
 tbc Union army under General Pope, and fought the second battle of 
 Bull Uun, defeating his antagonists. 
 
 General Lee immediately followed up this victory with an attempt 
 to invade Maryland, which resulted in the indecisive battle of Antie- 
 tani. September 10 and 17. 
 
 Recrossing the Potomac into Virginia, Lee took a strong position 
 near Culpepcr Court House. Early in November he massed his 
 forces on the Fredericksburg bank of the Rappahannock river to 
 resist the attempt of the Union army under Burnside to cross that 
 stream. Lee successfully held this position, and on December 13. 
 having been attacked by Burnside, signally defeated the Union 
 forces. 
 
 Burnside was succeeded in his command by General Joseph 
 Hooker, who, in 1863. attacked Lee in front, turned his left flank 
 and gained the rear of his army. Then followed the conflict at 
 Chancellorsville, May 2-4, in which General Lee was vicliorious. 
 
 Lee next invaded Pennsylvania with a large army. The Union 
 army of the Potomac was at this time commanded by General Meade, 
 who encountered Lee's troops at Gettysburg, Pa., where, July 1-3, 
 
 1863, was fought one of the most bloody and decisive battles of the 
 war. On the third day of the contest, Lee, being repulsed, retired 
 in good order to the northern bank of the Potomac, which a heavy 
 flood prevented his crossing, into Virginia, and strongly intrenched 
 his forces. Meade, by a circuitous march, had reached that vicinity, 
 and intended to give Lee battle, but before his intention could be 
 carried out Lee had safely forded the river and fallen back to the 
 Rapidan, followed closely and threatened by Meade's troops; but no 
 important conflict ensued. 
 
 The operations of both armies were neither decisive nor of special 
 importance during the fall and winter of 1863-'64. In the spring of 
 
 1864. in camp on the banks of the Rapidan, Lee, with some 60. 000 
 men, found himself opposed to General Grant, who commanded a 
 Union army numbering about 140. 000. On the 4th of May. Grant 
 endeavored to turn the Confederate troops by the right, crossing the 
 
 Ra]>idan river without opposition, and marching through the weetern 
 verge of the Wilderness, At this juncture, by a bold and skillful 
 movement. Lee attacked him. and thus began the bloody but unde- 
 cisive battle of the Wilderness, which coniiuued May .'> and (i. After 
 the fight both armies intrenched opposite each other, but neither 
 commander seemed willing to attack the other. A movement by 
 Grant to outflank Lee led to the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, 
 May 12, which, although neverc, did not prove victorious for either 
 army. Another attempt by Grant, May 18, to turn Lee's flank and 
 compel him to fall back on Richmond, resulted in a slow and partial 
 success, until at the end of that month, the two armies confronted 
 each other at the Chickahominy river. An attack was made by 
 Grant. Jnne 3, but he was signally repulsed. Both parties remained 
 there, strongly intrenched, neither venturing an attack, until June 
 12. when Grant moved ont of his intrenchments, crossed the Chicka- 
 hominy, and took up his position at Petersburg, Va. , twenty-two 
 miles south of Richmond. Lee, finding the Confederate capital in 
 danger of capture by this movement of Grant's, also crossed the 
 Chickahominy and James rivers, in order to defend Petersburg. If 
 that stronghold could be retained by the Confederates, the Union 
 armies could not take Richmond, which was strongly fortified, by 
 any direct assault. The siege and defense of Petersburg, therefore, 
 occupied the attention of the contending forces until April, 1805, 
 wheu Grant passed around the defenses and broke through the Con- 
 federate lines. On the 2d, Lee abandoned his further defense of 
 Petersburg and Richmond, having suffered heavy losses in killed and 
 wounded. His hope, now, was to reach the mountainous region of 
 the valley of Virginia with his remaining force of about 40.000 men. 
 But they were short of provisions, and obliged to scour the country 
 in squads in search of food, many throwing away their arms, although 
 pursued vigorously by Grant. At Appomattox Court House. Lee'a 
 army found themselves barred by a superior Union force which had 
 reached there before them. 
 
 Correspondence between Grant and Lee as to terms preceded the 
 final surrender of the latter to the Union Army on the 9th of April, 
 1805, closing the civil war, Richmond having already been captured 
 by the Unionists. 
 
 After the war General Lee retired to a strictly private life, almost 
 entirely stripped of his former fortune. 
 
 In October, 1865, he became President of Washington College, at 
 Lexington. Va. , wiiich flourished under his supervision. 
 
 His death occurred in October, 1870, the result of a stroke of 
 paralysis. His wife died three years later. 
 
 General Lee was the father of three sons, all of whom were in the 
 Confederate army. 
 

 
 BKIKK SKETCH OF WELL-KNOWN MILITARY CELE15RITIES IN THE OONFEDEEACY. 
 
 LEADING 
 
 .V^---^*^ 
 
 THE 
 
 5?^J * 
 
 i ^>^ 
 
 SERVICE. 
 
 Prominent Men that Took Part in Behalf of the South, 
 
 EATJREG.VKD, Peter G. T.-A 
 
 (jen«ral; born at New Orleans, La., in 
 IRIS; fields of operation: Graduated at 
 West Point in 1838; was in the Mexi- 
 can war, enerineerinp' operations at 
 New Orleans ami on the Gulf, with the 
 chartre of conytnietinfr public hulhl- 
 infirs: supeiintendent of West Point 
 Military academy; joined the Confed- 
 eracy in 1861; conducted tJie attack on 
 Fort Sumter; at first Bull Run; de- 
 partment of the Tennessee; Shiloh; 
 Charleston: Petersburg; since the war, 
 engaged in railroad operations in the 
 
 Brag?, Braxton— A Major-General; bom in 
 Warren county, N. C. , about 1S15; fields of operii- 
 tiorn <Jraduated at West Point, in 1837; war in 
 Fli>Tid;i, >l-'\ir;ni war; Western frontier service; 
 i.-ij-jkM 111- |M-itii>ii in the army in 18.'»5; State 
 oMiii-i in Liiiii-ian.i; joined the Confederacy in 
 iMil, I'.-ii^^aLt.lii; Shiloh; department of the Mis- 
 >i — ippi; in ixtiii. rt'treated from Kentucky; was 
 K iMii\i-(l from his cuiinnand, but soon restored; 
 iijip-'^'^'d Rosecrans in the department of Tennes- 
 see; Murfrtesboro; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; 
 Richmond, and in Georgia, opposing Sherman; 
 died at Galveston, Tex., in 1875. 
 
 Bavis, JeflTerson— Colonel; bom in Chris- 
 
 tian cminty. Kv 
 Hawk war.lWl-; 
 Taylor; ^v .V iM 
 
 sippi, 1><1^ !>; 1^ ' 
 Pierce, I'j. -M i 
 was raplu 
 
 in 1808: served in the Black 
 in the war with Mexico, under 
 ■d States Senator from Missis- 
 I i-'Iai'y of War under President 
 "t the Southern Confederacy; 
 1 soldiers in Georgia, in IStio; 
 
 was imprisoned ior two years by the Union 
 authorities, and then released. 
 
 Early, cViibal A.— A Major-General; bom 
 in Virj^lnia. .-ibout ISli; fiidds of operation: Grad- 
 ual, d at West Point in 1837; Lieutenant of 
 Artillery; lawver; Mexican war: joined the Con- 
 f.-'lei:it('-s. IStil; Hull Run: I Vd.u' Mountain; 
 Fird.ri.-ksburg; GettysbuiL': sii.M.ii'li.ih Valley: 
 tln-iteiied Washington; iii\ ulni r- un-ylvania; 
 lull [I. (1 Chanibersburg: defrii.d l.v Mieiidan on 
 thi- npequan, at Fisher's Ihil antl t ledar (^eek; 
 I'.iiied at Waynesboro. After the war, he visited 
 Kiii'-pe; returning, practiced law at Richmond, 
 \'iminia. 
 
 Kwellf Richard S.— A Lieutenant-General; 
 born in the district of Columbia, in 1830; fields of 
 operatiun: Graduated at West Point in isiii; Mex- 
 ican war; Apache Indians, isr.9; j.iinnl t In' i iTiied- 
 erates. May. IHHI. first Bull Run, '..uu. \liil; 
 Malvern Hill; Cedar Mountain; J'.n l.i siiIumi; 
 see. Mid Bull Run. where he losta leu'. (.etl> .-l.iirtr; 
 Ihe Wilderness; Spoltnylvanla Court House: Hich- 
 MM.rid, -*urrerideri'<i to Slu-ridan at Sailor's Creek. 
 All'T the war, was it stock-raiser in Tennessee; 
 died at Spring Hill, Tenn., in 1872. 
 
 Hampton. Wade. tlr. — A Lieutenants 
 General; born at Columbia. S. C. , In 1818; fields 
 of ooeiafion: Studied law: member of South 
 Carolina Leifishiinre and State Senate; com- 
 Muuided a letfion of cavalry at first Hull Run; 
 Chlekahoniliiv eariii»aign; Seven Pines; Gettyn- 
 hnrg; Cidnmbia, S. C, when Sherman captured 
 it; (ifncc the war, haK been Governor of South 
 I'arolinaand United States Senator; accidentally 
 lost a leg. 
 
 Hardee, 'Wllllnm .1.— Anrlgadler-Goneral; 
 horn at Savannah. (Ja, . in IKIH; fields of opera- 
 tion Graduated at Wusl Point in IRIIH; Florida 
 
 and Mexican wars; frontier duty; instructor at 
 West Point; eonipiled "Hardee's Military Tac- 
 tiis," Metiteii,uH-*'olonel of cavalry; resitrned 
 and ji.uitil theCintederacy in 1861; was at Shiloh, 
 Perryville. hitoinj River, Chickamauga, Chatta- 
 nooga. Savannah and Charleston, and surrendered 
 in North Carolina; died at Wytheville, Va., in 
 187.^ 
 
 Hill, Ambrose P.— A Major-General; born 
 in Culpeper county, \'a, , about 18*35; fields of 
 operation. Graduated at West Point in 18i7; Mexi- 
 can war; Florida; coast survey, 1855 to ISCO: 
 resigned his army commission and joined the 
 Confederates in 1861; campaigns in Northern Vir- 
 ginia; Bull Run; Williamsburg; the seven days' 
 battles of the PeninMila; Cedar Mountain; Grove- 
 ton: Antietam; FredeTiek^tuHK''- (^'hau'eilorsville; 
 Gettysburg; the \\'ildri ness. and the siege of 
 Petersburg, Va., in which he was killed, in 1865. 
 
 Hill, Baniel H.— A General; born in South 
 Carolina, about 1822; fields of operation: Gradu- 
 ated at West Point in 1842; Mexican \var; resigned 
 his commission in the army in 1849; was professor 
 in two Southern colleges; superintendent of the 
 North Carolina military institute; jiublisheii a 
 work on ,Tl;_'-''lHn and two reliLrious vn I nines; 
 wrote es-.i\- l"i j.. i imiIk-iIm jumrd rhe Ci.nr.'d- 
 erate ariii\ in !xc,i , .■oiriniiuided at Ili^r n'.'tliei; 
 Yorktouii. Me.h.iriLr.ville; Cold HiUlmr; Malvern 
 Hill; on the James; second Hull Run; South 
 Mountain; Antietam; P'redericksburg; depart- 
 ment of North and South Carolina; since the war. 
 has published The Field and Farm, in North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Hood, tVohn B.— A Lieutenant'-General; bom 
 in Bath county, Ky. . ahnnt iS'M); fields of opera- 
 tion: Graduated at West Pitiiit in 1S53; frontier 
 .service in Texas; fouu'lit Lip;ui and Comanche 
 Indians, 18,57; resigned his commission and joined 
 the Confederacy, in 1S61; Chickahominy cam- 
 paign; second Bull Run; Antietam; Fredericks- 
 burg; Gettysburg, where he lost an arm; 
 Chiekamaugji. where he lost a leg; succeeded 
 Johnston in 1864; operated against Sherman in 
 Georgia; Franklin, Tenn., and Nashville; re- 
 lieved from his command. 
 
 Hiieer, Ben lamin— A Major-General; born 
 at Charleston, S. C. . in 1806: fields of operation; 
 firaduatedat West Point in 1825: commanded at 
 F<Htiv>s M..nrnf. iSii to 'H\. .-Iiief of ordmincein 
 M«Mean w;.r; in ell;, rtre .d :irs,-ri;.l at rike-vjll.-, 
 Md. ; joined I he ( 'oiifedcrn.-v in ISi;i; oper.iied on 
 the Peninsula su badly tluit he was dismissed 
 frcjin the serviee. 
 
 •lacUHon, Thoman .!.(," Stonewall")— A 
 
 Lieutcnant-General: born at Clarksburg. Va. , In 
 1821; fields of operation: Graduated at West 
 Point in 1846; Mexican war; New Yoi-k harbor; 
 Florida war; resijrned, 1852; professor and in- 
 atructoi- in Virginia military academy at Lexing- 
 ton: joined the Confederate arniy in 186i; 
 Harper's Ferry; first Bull Run; Shenandoah 
 Valley: Cross Keys: seven days' battles of the 
 Peninsula; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; Cedar 
 Mountain; neeond Hull Run; Harper's Ferry, 1862; 
 Antietam; Fredericksburg and Chaneidloi-yville; 
 mortally wounded, <lying near Fredericksburg. 
 Va., in 186:i. 
 
 •lohnHton, Albert S. — A General; born in 
 Mason county. Kv., in 18(13; fields of operation: 
 Graduated at West Point in 1826: frontier duty; 
 Black Hawk war; resigned his commission: joineil 
 the Texuii army, and sur-ceeded fJeneral Houston 
 In chief comnnind: Te>;:in ^eeirtary of war: 
 
 Mexican war, under General W. O. Butler; farmer 
 in Mexico; re-enteied the United States army; 
 Paymaster; Colonel of Cavalry, in command of 
 the department of Texas, expedition to Utah, 
 brevetted Brigadier-General; department of the 
 Pacific, 1861; resigned and joined the Confederate 
 army, 1861: commanded division of the West, and 
 ■was slain at Shiloh, Tenn. , in 1862. 
 
 Johnston, Joseph E.~A Major-General; 
 born in Prince Edward county. Va.. in 1807; fields 
 of operation; Graduated at West Point in 1829; 
 garrison duty; Florida war; resigned, 1837; be- 
 came a civil engineer; re-entered the army, 18.38, 
 as topographical engineer; survey of British 
 boundaries, in 1843; coast survey: Mexican war; 
 in charge of Western 1 1\ ii umj'I ovcments: Utah 
 expedition. 1858; Quarl -i neral. 1860; re- 
 signed, and joined the i ixiiid. i Hev in 1861; first 
 Bull Run; Yorktown; l-".ui o.»U>. departments of 
 Tennessee and Mississippi; Jackson, Tenn.; 
 Dalton, Ga. ; Resaca: Allatoona Pass; Kenesaw 
 Mountain; Atlanta; turned over his command to 
 Hood; eonr. ntr.(t. d annies a^;»in>t Sherman, to 
 whoni he Mil 1' iiil'i>il, 111 isii."., Suieeili..' w.ir, he 
 has been - nj-.i^'i ■! m iHoniotin;,' the :i;^rieiiitural, 
 comineicial and i.iiliuad intt-rfsts uf the bouth, 
 residing in Georgia. 
 
 I>ee, Georgre W. C— Son of Robert E. Lee; 
 a General; born in Virginia, about 1833; gradu- 
 ated at West Point in 1854; Lieutenant of 
 Engineers; resigned, 1861, and joined the Confed- 
 eracy; Aid-de-camp to Jefferson Davis, and 
 General of infantry; succeeded his father as 
 president of Washington college, at Lexington, 
 Virginia. 
 
 l<ee, FItzhugli— A nephew of Robert E. Lee; 
 a General; born in Virginia, about 1835; fields ()f 
 operation: Graduated at West Point in 1850; 
 Lieutenant of cavalry, mainly in Texas; resigned 
 his connnission and joined tlie Confederate ai'my 
 in IStil, and became a General of cavalry. 
 
 Lonffstreet, tiames— A Lieutenant-General; 
 born in South C;in)lina, about 1SJH; fields of oper- 
 ation; Gr;i(iiiati(l at Wr>.t Point in l.sij; :Mexii'an 
 war; frontier iluty in Texas; re-i^'md his coin- 
 mission :uiil joined the Confedrraey, in I.Sdl; first 
 Bull Run. Yorktown; Williamsburg'; Seven Pines; 
 Cold Harbor: Frazier's K;irm; seemui Bull Run; 
 South Mountain; Antietam: Chickamauga; near 
 Knoxville; battles of the Wilderness; on the 
 James River; Petei"sburg: after the w-ar, he 
 engaged in civil i)ur8uits in New Orleans, La. 
 
 Mcrnlloch, Benjamin— A Major-General ; 
 
 boi h'Mihriiord county. Tenn., in 1814; parti- 
 
 cip;iii i] in ilie l.,iitleof Pea Ridge, Ark., where ho 
 w;l-. killed. MuM-h 7. 1S62. 
 
 Magriuler, «l«>lin B. — A Major-General; 
 hm-n in Viivinia, ahout ISIO; was active in the 
 war: died at llonstcm. Tex., in 1871. 
 
 polk, I-eonidaw— A Major-Gcncral; horn at 
 Rahijrh. N. C. , in 1806; fields of operation: Grad- 
 uated at West Point; was Episcopal bishop of 
 Louisiana; joined the Confedeiati- army earlv in 
 the Rebellion; district of the .Mi^-i— ippi ; eon- 
 structed tortiM<'ations: Shiloh, I'liiwitle; Mnr- 
 freesboro; Cliickamnuga; deparlment of the 
 Mississippi; Atlanta campainn; never resigned 
 his bishopric; killed at the battle of Pine 
 Mountain, near Marietta, Oa.,bvu cannon-ball, 
 in 1864. 
 
 I*lilf»\v, Oldeon tl. — A (iencral; born in 
 Williani-nn <-oun1v, Tenn.. in 1806; fields of oper- 
 iilion l'i;ie|(ei-.l liiw; Mevi.-iui war; tried for 
 
 :(> —
 
 Insubordination, ftiuifti'fiuitted: battle of Belmont, 
 Mo.. IHOli Fcn-t Dont'ison, 1862, In the Soutliwest, 
 under lit'iiui-effjiiii. iiol a KTuduate of West Point. 
 
 I*i'ice, Slei'Mim— -\ iMaJDr-fJenenil; born in 
 riiMce lidwaitl L'ouiity. Va., in 1«09. participated 
 in opei'ulions in Missouri and Ai-kunsiis; Wilson's 
 Cri'(.'k: LL'xington; was a nieniber of Congress 
 from Missouri and Governor of that State; (lied 
 afcSt. Louis. Mo., in ISflT. 
 
 Smith. Kirby E.— A Major-Goneral; born at 
 St. Autfustine. Khi. . about 1825; (Jeids of opera- 
 tion, (iraduuted at West Point in IHIfj; Mexlean 
 war; instructor at West Point; appointed Major 
 of cavalry: j-eslK'ned. and joined the fonfedurata 
 army, was at llrst Hull Kiiri. iiivad.d Tennessee; 
 sent to the triins-.Mih>-i,sip|ii rk-iijuliiiiiit: Mann- 
 Held. Pleasant Hill. H,;l itiv.r i-p'i ati.ms. and 
 Banks' retrejit; surrendered to Cantjy. May, 1805. 
 
 8tiiurC, •James E. B.— A Major-General; 
 buin in Patrick county. Va. , In 1832; was In th« 
 battle of Spotlsylvanitt Court House. Vu.. and 
 was slain while llKhtlnK near Kichinond, Va. . In 
 18M. 
 
 Van I)orn, Earl— A Major-Ocncral 
 Mississippi. In 1821; participated in the 
 Hunt's Cross Koads and Franklin, Tcnn. 
 Spring Hill, Teun., in 1863. 
 
 : bom In 
 ttghlH lU 
 ; died at 
 
 
 ^^ - -»y , -^ 
 
 Definition of fMiilitary Terms. 
 
 
 _ B A T I S — Large branches 
 of trees, having one end 
 sharpened, laid in rows with 
 the pniiits outward, in front of 
 a liMtiii<aiiiiii. to prevent the 
 a]»|MM:irli i.f an enemy. The 
 lart,'e ends ;ii-e fastened to the 
 ground. 
 
 About — To change front; 
 infantry turn to the left; so ilo 
 artillery, but cavalry either 
 right or left. 
 
 Aecoutrementn —The 
 trappings of a s<ildier exclusive 
 of his arms and dress. 
 Action — Active hostilities; 
 an " afTair " Is a flght of less importance. 
 
 Ailjutant— A staff officer in a regiment, rank- 
 ing as First Lieutenant, appointed by the Colonel 
 lo aid him in performing his regimental or 
 garrison duties. The Adjutant-tJenerai of a State 
 has charge of all matters pertaining to the militia 
 of that State. The '-Adjutant-General" of the 
 United States is the principal stalf officer of the 
 army, and assists the General of the Army. 
 
 Advice-boat — A vessel employed to carry 
 dispatches. 
 
 Advance— That part of an army in front of 
 the remainder. 
 
 Aid. or Aid-de-camp — An officer chosen by 
 a General to convey orders to subordinates, aid 
 him in his correspondence and assist in military 
 movements. 
 
 Aiuriiillette- A braid or cord on a military 
 uniform, extending from one shoulder across the 
 breast, a point or tag at the end of a fringe or 
 lace. 
 
 Aim— Directing any weapon toward an enemy, 
 as a gun, pistol, or sword. 
 
 Aliti'm-griin- A gun tired for the purpose of 
 creating an alarm, or rousing soldiers to arms. 
 
 Alarm-post— The place where soldiers gather 
 when an alarm is made. 
 
 AliKn— To form soldiers or cannon in line for 
 parade or battle. 
 
 Allonge — A thrust with a sword, made by 
 stepping forward and extending the arm. 
 
 Afnbiilance- .A. vehicle on wheels for convey- 
 inix uininded soldiers from the battle-field to hos- 
 pitals OT- elsewhere. 
 
 Ambu«h, or Ambiifteade — The place in 
 which troops are hidden preparatory to making a 
 sudden and unexpected attack upon an enemy. 
 
 Ammunition —Material for charging tire- 
 arms— halls, powder, bomb-shells, etc. 
 
 Appointment** — The accoutrements of mili- 
 tary olticers, their saShes. belts, plumes, etc. 
 
 Approaches — Works carried on toward 
 besieged works. 
 
 Arm— To provide with weapons: arms- the 
 weapons employed in warfare, small arms- 
 muskets, rifles, and revolvers, side-arms— swords 
 and bayonets, a stand of arms — a complete set for 
 each soldier, a particular branch of the army. 
 
 Armor— .\ny clothing, especiolly of metal, 
 worn in warfare to protect the body. 
 
 Arm<«tronK KUn — A breech loading cannon, 
 having a riHe-bore. and made of wrouglit iron, 
 named alter its inventor. 
 
 Army — An organized body of soldiers com- 
 manded by a General. 
 
 Artiuebiise — -An old-fashioned gun like a 
 musket, very heavy, and fired from a rest. 
 
 Aritenal— A place of deposit for arms. 
 
 Artillery— Usually applied to cannons, 
 mortars and howitzei-s, with their carriages an«! 
 eipiipments, ammunition, balls, bomb-shells, etc. 
 
 Artillerist— A soldier attached to the artillery 
 branch of the military service. 
 
 Avant-Kuard— The advanced portion of an 
 army; that force in the front. 
 
 Articles or War— National rules governing 
 the army. 
 
 Assault— A furious efTort to carry any fortified 
 place. 
 
 Assembly — The signal to form in line by 
 companies. 
 
 Attack— An onset on the enemy, either to 
 seize his position or break his ranks. 
 
 Ball — A spherical shot for use in cannon, 
 muskets, rifles or pistols; applied to an indefinite 
 quantity of musket balls. 
 
 Band— The musicians of an army. 
 
 Barbicjin- An outer fortification defending 
 the entrance to a city or castle. 
 
 Barbette— .\ hill, or mound, on which cannon 
 are arranged so as to shoot over the wall of a fort 
 or city, instead of through an embrasvire. or open- 
 ing; a barbette gun. or a barbette battery, is that 
 thus mounted. 
 
 Barrack— .4 house for the use of soldiers in a 
 fort. 
 
 Barricade — A temporary or hasty fortifica- 
 tion, constructed of earth, trees, wagons or other 
 material that will serve to obstruct the advance of 
 an army, or defend those inside of the barricade. 
 
 Barrier— .\ sort of fence to prevent an enemy 
 using a certain passage. 
 
 Bar-shot — Two cannon balls, or half-balls, 
 united by a strong bar between them; fired from 
 a cannon for the purpose of destroying masts and 
 rigging on board of vessels. 
 
 Bastard-sruii— .A. cannon of unusual make or 
 proportions, whether long or short. 
 
 Bastion— That pai-t of the interior of a fortifi- 
 cation which projects toward the outside, consist- 
 ing of the ■' faces" and the ■* fianks." The "cur- 
 tain" IS that part between and connecting two 
 bastions. 
 
 Batardeau— A wall built across a fortifica.- 
 tion. or military ditch, arranged with a gate by 
 which the amount of water in the ditch may be 
 regulated. 
 
 Battalion— Battalia — The disposition of 
 troops in the order of battle: a batt.Tlit.n is a f.nce 
 of infantry, formed of from two to ten coiiip.inies; 
 in Engand it means about 800 men. under a Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel. 
 
 Batterine-rnm — A machine used to beat 
 down the walls of fortified places. 
 
 B:ittery— .\ny place where cannon or mortars 
 are stationed for attacking an enemy or fortifica- 
 tion, also a collection of cannon at one point. 
 
 Bsittery-waffon- A wagon used for trans- 
 porting ihe tools and equipments of a battery 
 
 imm plaee ti> i^nce. 
 
 Battle— An organized content between two 
 opposing armies; called, also, a combat, fight or 
 engagement, a skirmish is a conflict of arms of a 
 briefer, less organized character. In a "drawn 
 battle," neither side is tlur victor; a "pitched 
 battle" is one systematically entered into when 
 both sides are well prepared; to "give battle" is 
 to attack. 
 
 Biittle-array— An army prepared for battle. 
 Biittle-axe — Formerly an axe used a« a 
 
 weapon of attack. 
 
 Battlement— That part of a castle or fortifi- 
 cation on which soldiers may stand and shoot at 
 the enemy from behind defenses. 
 
 Bayonet — A short, sharp steel weapon 
 attar-lied to the muzzle of a musket; used for 
 charging upon the enemy. 
 
 Besiege— See Siege. 
 
 Bivouac— A camp without tents, but around 
 fires. 
 
 Block-house— A house made of strong timber 
 or logs, and used as a military defense; having no 
 windows; but only small apertures through which 
 guns may be tired from inside. 
 
 Body — Any number of men under one 
 commander. 
 
 Bomb— A hollow iron ball, or "shell," filled 
 with powder or other explosive material, with a 
 fuse attached, which is fired from a mortar or 
 howitzer, and explodes In its descent, scattering 
 death and destruction all around it. 
 
 Bombard— To attack with bombs. 
 
 Bombardment— The act of attacking a ship, 
 town, or fort, with bombs. 
 
 Bomh-proor— Able to withstand a bombard- 
 ment. 
 
 Bonnet— Part of a para|>et in a fortification 
 sufficiently elevated to screen its other part during 
 an attack. 
 
 Bore— The hollow part or cavity of a gun. 
 
 Breastwork— -A temporary defense, as high 
 as the breast of a man, hastily formed of earth 
 or other material. 
 
 Breach— .An opening in the walls of a fortified 
 
 place, made by artillery. 
 
 Breech— The hinder part of a cannon or other 
 gun. 
 
 Breech-loader — A gtm that receives its 
 charge of ammunition at the breech instead of 
 its muzzle. 
 
 Breech-pin. or Breech -screw- A stout 
 iron plug screwed into the breech of a pun. 
 
 Brigade- Two or more regiments of soldiers, 
 either infantry, cavalry, artillery, or mixed. 
 commanded by a Bi'igadier-General; a "division"* 
 is c()mpo.^ed of two or more brigades, and is com- 
 manded by a Major-General; and an "army 
 Corps" comprises two or more divisions, and 
 forms the largest body of troops in the organiza- 
 tion of the army. The "Brigade-Inspector" in- 
 spects companies of soldiers before they are 
 mustered into the sen-ice. 
 
 Brisadier-general—An army officer in com- 
 mand of a brigade, whose rank is lower than that 
 of a Major-General. but above that of a Colonel. 
 .A " BrigndeJIajor " is an officer who maybe at- 
 tached to a brigade to assist the General. 
 
 Broad-sn-ord- 
 
 and sharp edge. 
 
 A sword with a broad blad
 
 t 
 
 74 
 
 DICTIONARY OF MLITAKY TERMS. 
 
 Brush —A slight encounter; a skirmish. 
 
 Buckler -An ancient shield, often four feet 
 lont'. u^cd to protect the whole body. 
 
 Bullet -A »mall ball for muskets, rifles or 
 pistols, usually made of lead. 
 
 Bullet-proof- Incapable of being pierced 
 with bullets. 
 
 Bulwark -A mound of earth; an outwork. 
 ca"bleof resisting cannon-balls, and resemblmB 
 a more elaborate fortification in its tonuatvon. 
 
 Busby -A high military cap, made of bear- 
 
 ^ tadct-A young man in the Military Academy 
 at West Point, or in the Naval Academy at Annap- 
 olis; a student of naval or military science. 
 
 Caiason-A chest containing ammunitiori; in 
 arViulry the wagon carn'ing tl'%''"'"'™"°e 
 ,he~t aiid military stores; also achest of explosive 
 m.iterial to be blown up under some of the enemy s 
 
 Calibre— The diameter of the bore or hollow 
 of any (nin. , ,. . 
 
 famo-The ground selected for the erection ot 
 tents an^ other shelter for soldiers or laborei-s, a 
 collection of tents, huts, etc.. arranged in an 
 iideilv manner, and also the whole bn'ly ?£ P"; 
 sons Occupying the camp; to "encamp is to 
 prepare a camp. 
 
 Campalen -A period occupied by a body of 
 troops, either in action, marches or in camp, 
 
 Campaigner-.^n old soldier-a veteran, 
 
 Cauister-shot-Small balls put into a canister 
 and rired from a cannon. 
 
 Caunon-Guns of heavy calibre, comprising 
 sev^al varieties ot form, for several purposes, 
 and made of various metals. 
 
 Cannonadlne- Battering forts, towns or 
 ships with cannon-shot. 
 
 Cannoneers— Soldiers who handle and u.se 
 
 "capUulation-Surrender of an enemy upon 
 stipulated terms. 
 
 Caotain— The commander of a military corn- 
 pan? u^iallv of about 100 men. A ■■Captain- 
 Oene al " is the commander-in-chief of the army, 
 or (like the Governor of a State) of the militi.a. 
 
 Carbine— A fire-arm smaller than a musket or 
 rifie. and larger than a horse-pistol, used by 
 mounted troops. 
 
 Carronade— A short cannon used to throw a 
 heavy shot with moderate force, in order to 
 break, rather than pierce, any obstruction pre- 
 sented, like a ship's hull. 
 
 Cartel— An agreement between two contending 
 counti-ies for the exchange of prisoners. 
 
 Cartouch-A roll ot paper holding a charge of 
 powder and ball for a Hre-arm; resembling tlie 
 inodeni cartridge; a •■ blank cartridge " is one In 
 winch n.ilhlng but powder is used; a " cartridgf- 
 b.).\ ■' Is the case in which soldiers carry a supply 
 of prepared cartridges. 
 Cartridge-See Cartoucb. 
 Caseniate-A bomb-proof chamber in a tort, 
 from which a cannon may be Bred through an 
 aperture in the side; or it may be used as a 
 powder magazine, or soldiers' quartei-s. 
 
 Case-shot— Small balls encased in canisters or 
 iron cases, and fired from cannon. .See Cakister. 
 <:aBque-Defensive armor to protect the head 
 and neck. 
 
 Cavalry— That portion ot an army which 
 habitually' fights on horseback; not to be 
 confounded with mounted infantry. 
 
 Chapeau Bras— A military hat that can be 
 llattemd iind so carried under the arm. 
 
 <"harire— 111 The quantity ot powder used to 
 load a musket, etc. m The advance of infantry 
 upon the enemy with bayonets fixed ujion the 
 muzzles ot their muskets; or a rapid attack of 
 cavalry. 
 
 Cheval-de-rrl«e, or Chevnux-de-l'rise 
 —A piece of timber traversed with wooden spikes, 
 pointed with iron, five or six feet long, used to 
 defend a passage, stop a breach or make a 
 retrenchment to stop an enemy. (Webster. ) 
 
 Clreumvallatlon, line of- An earth-work, 
 with a parapet and trench, built around a place 
 which it Is Intended to besiege. 
 
 Colonel-The chief commander ot a rcglinent 
 of soldiers; the next in rank below a Brigadier- 
 General. 
 
 Colors — The silken flag of a regiment, or any 
 military or naval ensign. ••Camp-colors are 
 small fiags (Clghtt-en Inches square), used to mark 
 points in the evolutions of troops, the color line, 
 Ctfl. ; somotlines called •field-colors." 
 
 Color-Kuard-A detail ot eight corporals, to 
 whom Is intnisU;!! the protection of tho colols ot a 
 rcgim.iK 
 
 Combat— A battle; flght, or warlike engage- 
 ment between opposing tioops. 
 
 Commissary-An officer appointed to provide 
 food for the army; called, also, a •■commissary 
 of subsistence." 
 
 Commissariat- The provision department 
 of the army, at the head of which is a Com- 
 missary-General. 
 
 Companv-A division of troops, comprising 
 from fifty to 100 men, commanded by a Captain, 
 Lieutenant, Sergeant, and Corporal. 
 
 Convoy— Any number ot troops appointed to 
 perform guard service in transferring men, 
 money, ammunition, provisions, ete., from place 
 to place in time of war. 
 
 Corporal— A non-commissioned officer of the 
 lowest grade in a company, whose duty it is to 
 place and relieve sentinels, etc. 
 
 Corps, army— The largest organization of 
 troops in the L'nited States army, consisting of 
 two or more divisions, under the command of a 
 Maior-General. (See Division.) Asimple ••corps 
 is a body of troops under one commander. 
 
 Countersisn-A changeable and secret mili- 
 tary pass-word, exchanged between guards and 
 entrusted to those employed on duty in i^anip or 
 garrison, in order to distinguish friends from 
 enemies. 
 
 Court-martlal-A tribunal composed of 
 military officers for the trial of offenders against 
 military laws, orders, etc. 
 
 Cuirassiers-Soldiers, usually in the cavalry 
 service, who wear •• cuirasses," or breastplates 
 of metal, for protection. 
 
 Cul-de-sac- A position where a body ot troops 
 is so hedged in by enemies that the only way out 
 is by an acivanee in front. 
 
 Cui'tain-That part of a fortification where 
 contiguous basiions*^are connected with ramparts 
 and parapets. 
 
 Dead-line -A line in a camp or niilitaiy 
 iiiisoij beyond » hich no prisoner may pa^s without 
 being sho't by a sentinel. 
 
 n^fense- Any sort of fortification or work 
 
 lat srtves to pr<;teet troops oi places against the 
 
 assaults of enemies, or ward off danger 
 
 Deflle — A narrow; passage or 
 
 ad in which 
 
 tioops can marenonjy a .e.. ,.u.o..-- ■•■■x ■"->-"• 
 to ■•defilade" is to raise the outer works ot a 
 fortification in order to protect «^e,>n'"■'';■,■J™"d 
 the assaults of enemies occupying an elevated 
 position outside. 
 
 Meolov-To display or spread a body of troops 
 inftn-ming a line of bkttle; also, the act of taking 
 interval., as skirmishers. (Webster. ) 
 
 Depot-A place where military stores or pro- 
 visions are kept. 
 
 Betail, or Detachment- A body ot troijps 
 detached from the main army to perform specific 
 duly. 
 
 Discipllne-The rules and regulations in- 
 structing and governing the army. 
 
 Dislodge- To force an enemy from his 
 defenses. 
 
 Dismantle— To demolish the outworks ot a 
 town or fortification. 
 
 Ditch— A trench dug to prevent an enemy from 
 approaching a town or fortress; called, also, a 
 •■moat" or "fosse." and It maybe filled with 
 water or not. The earth taken from the trench 
 may also be used for forming a parapet or defense 
 on its inner side. 
 
 Dragoons-Soldiers who are armed and 
 trained to fight either on foot or on horseback. 
 
 Echelon-Military tactics, in which largi-r or 
 smaller liodic. if f..l>li.-i-^, di viM.ms of li,-. t:ili..iis 
 or brigades. f,,ll.,u ,-.u-h ..lli.r ,.n dillcnli lines, 
 presenting the l.niu <d steps, and thus protect tlie 
 front and one or both Hanks of the army at once. 
 Elevation- In using a cannon, it means the 
 angle included bctw-eeii the plane of the horizon 
 and the line ot the hollow ot a gun. 
 
 Embrasure— The opening in the wall of a 
 fortilli'atiim occupied by the muzzle ot a cannon 
 pointing mltwaiil. 
 
 Enceinte— The interior wall of a fortification 
 that surrounds a place. 
 
 Encountei — A combat, fight, engagement, 
 hostile collision, or skirmish. 
 
 Enemy— An opponent In war, national, sec- 
 tional, of personal. 
 
 Enflladlng— Firing shot along the whole 
 length of an enemy's line. 
 
 Engineers — A department of the army 
 engaged In devising and eonstruetlng defensive 
 and offensive works, keeping them in repair 
 and soinetlines in planning attacks upon, and 
 defenses of, fm-IIHcatlons. 
 Eullst— To Jidn the army as a common soldier. 
 
 Epaulement— A species of embankment or 
 
 breastwork, made of wickerwork, or bags filled 
 with earth, bundles of sticks, etc. . or earth 
 heaped up, used to afford a cover from the fire of 
 an enemy to the side or flank of an army. 
 
 Epaulette— An ornamental badge, worn on 
 the shoulder by officers of the army and navy, 
 having peculiarities of form or size to indicate 
 the rank of the wearer. 
 
 Eprouvette— A machine tor testing the 
 strength of gunpowder. (Brande.) A small 
 mortar. 
 
 Equipage — Military furniture, comprising 
 whatever Is necessai-y for efficient service by any 
 body of troops or a single soldier. 
 
 Establishment -The permanent military 
 force of a nation; implving the quota of officers 
 and men in an army, regiment, troop or 
 company. 
 
 Evolution— The prescribed or uniform move- 
 ments made by a body of troops in arranging or 
 rearranging their position in the field. 
 
 Exempts— Citizens who from their sex. age. 
 infirmities, or occupations, are not liable to be 
 called upon to perform military duty. 
 
 Expedition— An armed excursion of troops 
 against an enemy, or in an enemy's country tor 
 some specific and valuable military purpose. 
 
 Facing — Movements of soldiers when turning 
 on their heels to the right or left in their places in 
 line. 
 
 False attack— A movement In the nature ot 
 an advance calculated to divert the attention ot 
 the enemy from the point at which the attack is to 
 be made. " 
 
 Fascines— Twigs of trees or bushes tied up in 
 long, round bundles, used to support earth in 
 forming embankments or parapets in held 
 defenses, filling ditches, etc. 
 
 Feint— A mock attack upon any troops or place 
 designed to conceal the true assault. 
 
 Field— Any open space of ground where a battle 
 
 is fought; also applied to the action of the army 
 
 while in the field. 
 
 Field-colors— See Colors. 
 
 Field-day — A day set apart for instructing 
 
 troops in field evolutions, the exercise of arms, 
 
 Field-gun-Field-plece-A small cannon 
 used on a battle-field. 
 
 Field-marshal -A military officer of high 
 rank in Germany and France, and the highest in 
 England, except the Captain-Genei-al. 
 
 Field -oflScers — The Colonel, Lieutenants 
 Colonijl and Major ot a regiment. 
 
 Field-work -A temporary earthwork or 
 oth, 1 iMiliiication thrown up by troops in the 
 tidil l..r 'Utfuse when besieging a fortress, or 
 wlou (Ufeiuliug a besieged point. 
 
 Fight— See Combat. 
 
 Pile — Soldiers marching in line, one behind 
 another and not in ranks. 
 
 File-leader — The first soldier in flle-mareh- 
 
 Fire-arms- All weapons in which powder and 
 ball, or shot, are used. 
 
 Flag— Colors, ensign or banner, having forms 
 and hues indicating a difference of iintlonnllty. 
 party, or opinion; the standard around « liR-h 
 Soldiers rally In a contest, as representing lljelr 
 cmintry. A yellow ffag designates a hospitil: a 
 red Hal- signifies defi.in.-e; a white Hag. a desire 
 
 f,,, ,„,,,cliil c iiii,al..iii-;i fi.ig "I tnu-e; (i 
 
 ,A:ui ll:.l.-, IK. <«,v,. ;, tl.,L- h;.lf-i..asl . a sign of 
 lii.imrilOk-; a ting "imig si, I.- up. disliess; a fing 
 h.iiiU-.l down in a fight, surrender; hauled down a 
 few feet and immediately raised again, respect for 
 a superior. 
 
 Flank-Thcside of any body of troops, large 
 or small, the evnvin.. .i.M "I l.ft .d an aiiny. 
 Ina foilili<;ith.ii. llir ll;ink is.iiiypiirt.lt a work 
 by which an.jlh.i p.ii t is .leleluled by firing guns 
 along the outside of a parapet. 
 
 Flanker— A military force sent out to guard 
 the Hank of an army along Its line of march. To 
 
 ifiank" is to get the better ot an army or 
 
 b.i.lv ot troops by extending lines of soldiers 
 beyond or around it. 
 
 Flush— The sudden burst ot flame and light 
 that jii-comiiaules the discharge of fire-arms. 
 
 Flugolman— A teacher ot manual exorcises, 
 wh.) slainls before soldiers, and whose motions 
 they imitate simultaneously; a fugleman. 
 
 Flvlng-artlllcry-Artlllery.men tralneil to 
 perform their evolutions with great rapidity, 
 leaping on moving horses or ammunition car- 
 riages with agility. 
 
 Flvlng-camp— A body of troops ti-ained to 
 eliiiiige tlieir position from place to place with 
 alacrity. 
 
 IS^' 
 
 k
 
 ■f 
 
 ■t>l 
 
 ■^ 
 
 DICTlONAliY OF MILITAKY TEKMS. 
 
 75 
 
 Pr 
 
 Foil -A bliint sword, used in fencing, having a 
 inetui Ixittun un its puint. 
 
 Foot-Holdler— See Inkantky. 
 
 Fomice — I 'rdlnnry food for horses; to forage 
 Is to send out a party of soldiers to gather feed for 
 horses, called a " foraging party." a " foraging- 
 cap " i« a military undress-cap for the head. 
 
 Force— Any body of troops assenililed for mili- 
 tary iMUpnscs. 
 
 Foi'lorn-hope— A desperate enterprise; to 
 carry a town or lortiUcation by storming its walls; 
 a duty involving great peril. 
 
 Port, FortrcMii, Forllfleiitlon— A large or 
 
 small space, surrounded by high embankments, 
 or stone or wooden walls, of great thiekness, and 
 strongly prepared for olTensive or defensive war- 
 fare, usually so built as to command some 
 important approach to n city, town or inland 
 stream, and of sueh form as to repel invaiiers at 
 all points of its sti-ucture. From the walls pro- 
 trude, at iiili-rv.TJs, the muzzles of ponderous 
 cannon, whilL- insidf a IhmIv uf troops, witli stores 
 of provisions and animunitiuii, are expected to 
 hold the fort against the assaults of their ene- 
 mies, Outside of a fort is usually found a dit-ch, 
 rampart and parapet, or else palisades, stockades, 
 and other means of defense. A " fortalice " is a 
 small outwork ofa fortitleation. '" F'lrtiiicjition " 
 Is the art or science of strengtlnMiint,' an fortify- 
 ing) places for defense. " Fitld-lurtilieulinn" is 
 the art of constructing all kinds uf temporary 
 works in the field. A "fortress" is a more per- 
 manent and larger structure than a fortification. 
 
 Front-race— An order requiring soldiers to 
 turn their faces to the proper front of the force 
 which they compose. 
 
 Front of Operations— The front formed by 
 an army as it moves on its line of operation. 
 (Halleck.) 
 
 Fiirlougfli— Leave granted to a soldier to be 
 absent from the army for a longer or shorter 
 period. 
 
 Fuse— A tube fixed in a bomb-shell or hand- 
 grenade, tilled with combustible materials, which 
 burn and explode the shell at the proper time. 
 
 Gabion— A cylinder made of wicker-work, 
 resembling a tall basket uithinit a bottotn, filled 
 with earth, and us-d in <<.nTU'ction with others 
 like it for sheltering ^oidur^ in the field from the 
 enemy's fire; also used in tlirowing up an intrench- 
 nient called a ' ' gabionnade. " 
 
 Gallery — .'Vny passage in a fortification that is 
 covered overhead as well as having sides. 
 
 Garrison— A body of troops quartered in a 
 fort or fortified town, to defend it, or to keep citi- 
 zens in subjection to the laws; also the place 
 where they are quartered. 
 
 General of the Army— An officer of the 
 highest rank, commanding all the armies of the 
 United States. 
 
 Geiierallsfitlnio— The chief commander of an 
 army or other military force, especially where 
 the army is in two divisions under separate com- 
 manders. 
 
 General Officers— All officers above the rank 
 of Colonel. (See General of the Army, Lieu- 
 
 TEN.^ NT-GENERAL, ADJUTANT-GENERAL, MaJOR-GEN- 
 
 ERAL, and Brigadier-general.) 
 
 Glacis— That sloping embankment in a fortress 
 which serves as a parapet to the covered way. 
 
 Grape-shot — See Canister and Case-shot. 
 
 Grenade* or Hand-tcrenade — A small, 
 explosive iron bomb-shell, thrown from the hand 
 upon the enemy-, used in defending a fortification. 
 "Rampart Grenades" are of various sizes, and 
 are rolled over the parapet upon the attacking 
 force out of a trough. 
 
 Guard— .\ detachment of soldiers stationed to 
 protect a position or a body of other troops 
 against a surprise from the enemy; also to guard 
 Generals, prisoners of war. public propertv, etc. 
 '■On Guard," serving as a guard. " Running the 
 Guard," passing the guard or sentinel without 
 leave. "Advance-guard," a military force of 
 infantry or cavalry marching before" a moving 
 army or division, to prevent surprise, or to give 
 notice of danger. "Rear-guard," a similar 
 guard, to follow a moving army for the same 
 purpose. "Guard-mounting," the ceremony of 
 placing on guard. " Grand-guard," one of the 
 posts of the second line belonging to a system of 
 advance-posts of an army. ( Mahan. ) • ' Life- 
 guard," soldiers selected to guard the persons of 
 kings, queens, princes, etc. " Off the Guard," in 
 a careless condition. "Van-guard," same as 
 advance-guard. 
 
 Guidons— Small silk standards forcavali-y. or 
 to direct the movements of infantry. See Colors. 
 
 Gunpowder — A mixture of sulphur, salt- 
 petre and charcoal— an important ' ' sinew of 
 war. " 
 
 Harass— To perplex and hinder military move- 
 niirnts. sieges, etc., by frequent attacks. 
 
 Haversaek— The bag in which a soldier car- 
 ries his provisions when marching. 
 
 lfead<|uarters— The place occurded by the 
 commanding-omcer and his staff oa a residence. 
 
 Hllt-The handle of a sword. 
 
 IloUtcrs— Leather cases for pistols, attached 
 to n horst-man's saddle. 
 
 HoNpital — Any place where the sick and 
 wounilfd are attended to. 
 
 Hostilities — The ctmdition of war between 
 two nations. 
 
 Howitzer— A short, light cannon, for firing 
 hollow-shot, canister-shot, etc. 
 
 Iiitantry— Soldiers who march on foot, carry- 
 ing muskets or rifies, with bayonets. 
 
 Inroad— An irregular and sudden invasion. 
 
 In»tpt'c(or-i£en(*fal — A staff ufficer, whose 
 duty u I-. \<. iji-pi ri I III' tn,n|.s at, stated times, 
 uiuiiV|iMrl ;i^lMtliriv.|i-..iidin.-. rfHrii-ncy, instruc- 
 tinn.;unl uliahvLT <j1--l' pertains to the army organ- 
 ization. 
 
 Intrenchment — See Ditch. It also means 
 any sort of work intended to fortify a post against 
 attack. 
 
 Invasion—The entrance of troops into a hos- 
 tile Country, for conquest or plunder. 
 
 Invest- To inclose, by seizing all avenues of 
 approach to a town, so a-s to intercept aid or 
 assistance from without, and i)revent the escape 
 of those within. 
 
 Knapsack— The leather or canvas bag carried 
 by an infantry soldier on his back containing his 
 clothing and other necessaries. 
 
 I^leutenant-colonel— The second officer in 
 command of a regiment. 
 
 Xiieutenant- The second ofHcer in command 
 of a company ; he is the lowest officer who receives 
 a commission. 
 
 Line of Battle— Troops arrayed in readiness 
 for active combat. 
 
 Litter— A sort of bed in which wounded officers 
 and njen are carried off the battle-field. 
 
 LodKment— Gaining possession of an enemy's 
 position and holding it. 
 
 Lunette— A small field-work, resembling the 
 bastion of a fortification. 
 
 Magrazlne— That part of a fortification where 
 powder is stored; a storehouse for army pro- 
 visions, arms, etc. 
 
 Major— The third officer in command of a 
 regiment, next in rank above a Captain, next 
 below a Lieutenant-Colonel, and the lowest grade 
 of field-officer. 
 
 M; a jor-g:eneral —An officer who commands a 
 division of the army. 
 
 Martial Law— .\n arbitrary law emanating 
 from the primiiial militai v anilutiities, without 
 reference to nuy imnitiliat<- Ii';ri-laii\ l- or consti- 
 tutional sancticin. It i> l(iuiiii..'ii ..m jjaramount 
 necessity, in times of rebellion, war. insurrection, 
 etc., and, when instituted, extends to all the 
 inhabitants of the prescribed district and all their 
 actions. 
 
 Match— A substance used in war to convey fire 
 to explosive or combustible material for the pur- 
 pose of destroying it. exploding magazines, 
 mines, etc. Two kinds are used — the "slow- 
 match " and the ' ' quick-match "-^so called on 
 account of their difTorent peculiarities in point of 
 time forefTecting the desired object. 
 
 Mine— An excavation made under an enemy's 
 fortification, in which powder is placed for the 
 purpose of blowing up the works and their occu- 
 pants; resorted to in sieges. A "counter-mine" 
 is one made by the besieged under the fortification 
 of the besieging party. 
 
 Mortar— .\ very short cannon, of large bore, 
 and having a chamber; used for throwing bombs, 
 stones, etc., into an enemy's camp. 
 
 Muster— A gathering of troops for parade, 
 exercise, inspection, roll-call, etc. To "muster 
 into service " is to inspect soldiers and place their 
 names on the army jiay roll; to "muster out" is 
 to formally <lisniiss sniiliers from the service and 
 strike their nani,-s fri>m the army lists. To " pass 
 muster" is to pa:^s a proper examination without 
 censure. A "muster-book" is the record of 
 several military forces; a "muster-roll" is a 
 similar record of separate companies, troops or 
 regiments. 
 
 Mutiny — Open and violent opposition to lawful 
 authority, or any refractory conduct among 
 soldiers. 
 
 Xeedle-Kun —A breech-loading fire-arm, the 
 detonating powder in which is exploded by a 
 slender pin or needle that passes in at the breech. 
 
 Xon-commlMHioned Offlcers — All offlcer« 
 
 below tlie grade of a company Lieutenant. 
 Neutral- A person or nation that takeii no 
 
 part In the conttsts of others. 
 
 Orders— The lawful conimands of an officer to 
 his "Ubordinatc* officers or men. 
 
 Ordnance— A tc-rm applied generally to all 
 artillery, Including t ,nnon, howltzerB and 
 
 mortars. 
 
 Outposts— Troops stationed at polntii outside 
 of a camp, to prevent surprises by an enemy; 
 also the places where they are stationed. 
 
 Outrank — Having a higher degree of au- 
 thority than another. 
 
 Outwork— An Intrenchment or other defense 
 beyond or outside of a fortification. 
 
 Palisades — Sharp pointed, strong wooden 
 stakes, set in the ground close togetner like a 
 fence, around a fortification. 
 
 Parallels— Wide and ctivered trenches made 
 
 by besieging trocttm between their various bat- 
 teries and aiiproaclies, affording safe communica- 
 tion and passage frr»m one to another. 
 
 Parapet— An elevation of earth, a wall, or 
 rampart. In a furtllleation for the proU-elion of 
 soldiei-s from the enemy's fire; breas^hlgh; hence 
 a breastwork. 
 
 Park— A space of ground set apart In an 
 encampment for the accumulation of animals, 
 wagons, pontoons and other war material. Thus 
 there is a " i)ark of artillery," the space occupied 
 by caimon; a "park of wagons," etc. 
 
 Parley— A conference with the enemy, usually 
 conducte<l under a fiag of truce. 
 
 Parole— The word of honorglven by a prisoner 
 of war that, if set ut liberty, he will not take up 
 arms again until exchanged, or that he will return 
 to his captors at a certain time; a " parole" is 
 also a word, like a (-ountersjgn (which see), given 
 out in orders for the purpose of distinguishing 
 friends from foes in the dark. 
 
 Party— A small detachment of soldiers 
 engaged in any duty; a "fatigue-party" is one 
 employed in manual labor about the camp. 
 
 Patrol— A vigilance party, consisting of a few- 
 soldiers under control of a ncm-commissioned 
 officer, moving from po.^t to post, along roads or 
 through streets, to maintain safety, order, atten- 
 tion to duty, etc. 
 
 Pay-master— An officer whose business it is 
 
 to pay the soldiers and camp men their wages; the 
 " pay-roll " is the list of men and the wages due 
 to each. 
 
 Pickets — Guards stationed in front of an 
 army, and between it and the outposts; when 
 attacked, the outposts fall back on the pickets for 
 support. 
 
 Plllaere — Booty captured from an enemj-'s 
 camp, town or country. 
 
 Pioneers — .A. party of soldiers armed with 
 axes, saws and other tools, who go before an 
 advancing army to clear the way, repair roads or 
 bridges, and work on intrenchments. 
 
 Platoon— Half of a company of soldiers. 
 
 Pontoons— Light frames or boats, of wood or 
 other material, placed in streams for supporting 
 temporary bridges during the march of an army. 
 
 Port-Are — A mixture of combustible and 
 explosive materials encased in cloth or paper; 
 formerly used as a match for firing cannons, but 
 now superseded by a patent primer. 
 
 Position — Ground occupied by 
 encamped or in battle. 
 
 army 
 
 Prlmlnff— Powder or other combustible used 
 to convey fire to the charge in a gun. 
 
 Private — A common soldier. 
 
 Projectile — A cannon-ball. bomt)-sheIl, or 
 other substance, projected by the force of powder 
 or other explosive. 
 
 Provost-marshal— A military police officer, 
 whose duty it is to arrest and retain deserters, 
 prevent soldiers from pillaging, to indict crimi- 
 nals, and to see that sentences are executed upon 
 offenders. 
 
 Put to the Sword— Slain with swords, as in 
 
 ancient warfare. 
 
 Pyrotechny— The art of making flre-works 
 
 for military signals or popular amusement. 
 
 Quadrangle - 
 
 four ci'i-ners. 
 
 -A fort having four sides and 
 
 Quadrant — An instrument used by gunners 
 for regulating the elevation and pointing of 
 cannon, mortars, etc. 
 
 Quarters— The station or encampment occu- 
 pied by troops; place of lodging for officers or 
 men. ' ■ Quarter," the encampment on one of the 
 principal passages round a place besieged, to pre- 
 vent relief and intercept convoys. (Webster. ) To 
 
 ^<5y 
 
 k
 
 76 
 
 DICTIONARY OF MILITARY TERMS. 
 
 " pive quarter" is to show mercy to a vanquished 
 foe. To ' ' beat to quarters " is a signal for prompt 
 readiness for duty. 
 
 Quartermaster— The officer whose business 
 it is to provide quarters, provisions, clothing, 
 fuel, storage, stationery, and transportation for 
 the anny, superintending all supplies. The chief 
 officer in this department of the service is the 
 "Quartermaster-General," assisted by a "Quar- 
 termaster-Sergeant. " 
 
 Rally— To renew order and discipline among 
 disordered or scattered soldiers. 
 
 Kampart— An earth embankment, or wall, 
 surrounding a fortified place, to resist the enemy's 
 shot, protect the barracks, etc. The strong works 
 projecting outside the rampart or main wall are 
 called bulwarks. 
 
 Range— Properly, the horizontal distance to 
 which a projectile can be carried liy the force of 
 a gun: sometimes from the mouth of the gun 
 to where the shot lodges, as at " short range" or 
 " long range." 
 
 Ranfc— A line of soldiers standing or marching 
 side by side; also the grade of an officer in 
 authority. 
 
 Rank and File— That part of an army com- 
 posed of non-commissioned officers and common 
 soldiers. 
 
 Ration— The daily fixed allowance of food, 
 drink and forage for each soldier. 
 
 Rear— The hindmost part of an army. 
 
 Rear-gnard — A detachment of troops as- 
 siirneii to the rear of an army to protect it, 
 prevent straggling, etc. 
 
 Reconnaissance* Reconnoitre — A pre- 
 liminary survey of an enemy's country, the 
 character of his operations, the approaches to his 
 works, etc., for the purpose of ascertaining his 
 position and strength. A "reconnaissance in 
 force " is a demonstration of attack for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Recruit — A new and undisciplined soldier; one 
 recently enlisted. 
 
 Redonbt— A small polygonal work in a fortifi- 
 cation; an outwork within another outwork. 
 
 Regiment— A body of troops comjirising ten 
 or twelve companies, under the command of a 
 Colonel. 
 
 Reserve— Troops not brought into action in a 
 battle until towards its close or until actual 
 necessity requires their presence on the field. 
 
 Retreat— The movement of retiring before 
 an enemy, or of going back to a place recently 
 occupied- 
 
 Retrenchment— .\n intrenchment thrown up 
 to prolong the defense of another outside of it, 
 when the latter is likely to be carried by the 
 enemy. 
 
 Reveille— The morning beat of the drum to 
 awaken soldiers in camp. 
 
 Ricochet— The skipping or rebounding of shot 
 and shells after striking the ground, when fired 
 from a gun. 
 
 Roster— The list of officers in any one army 
 organization, containing theirnames, rank, corps, 
 date of commission and other details, as the 
 roster of a regiment. 
 
 Round— A general discharge of fire-arms or 
 cannon, each piece being fired only once. Also, 
 the walk of a guard or officer around the ramparts 
 of a fort, to see if the sentinels are vigilant, or if 
 all is safe. A "round of cartridge" is one 
 cartridge to each soldier. 
 
 Roundel— A bastion of a circular form. 
 
 Rout- The confusion and dispersion of an 
 enemy when badly defeated or panic-stricken. 
 
 Saber— A sword with a broad and heavy blade, 
 having a curve toward its point; a weapon used 
 by cavalry. 
 
 Saber-tasche — A small pendant pocket at- 
 tached to the sword-belt of a cavalry officer. 
 
 Sack.— To plunder or pillage a town or city. 
 
 Safe-conduct- A convoy or guard to protect 
 a person in an enemy's country, while going from 
 place to place. 
 
 *Safe-guar€l— A protection given by the General 
 of an army to exempt an enemy's person or 
 property from molestation or plunder. 
 
 Sally, or Sortie— The sudden issuing forth of 
 a strong body of besieged troops upon the works 
 of the besiegers, in order to destroy them. 
 
 Salute— To honor any day. person or nation by 
 a discharge of fire-arms; also, the ceremony of 
 presenting arms by a soldier on the approach of 
 an officer; also, touching or lifting the cap by a 
 subordinate officer on meeting his superior in 
 rank. A "salvo" is a volley of fire-arms not 
 intended as a salute. 
 
 Sand-bags- Sacks filled mth earth, used to 
 stop breaches in an intrenchment made by cannon- 
 balls, shells, etc. 
 
 Scaling— Climbing walls for hostile purposes 
 by means of ladders, etc. 
 
 Scouts— Persons employed in gaining informa- 
 tiim as to the movements and condition of an 
 enemy; also, hoi-semen sent in advance, or on the 
 rightor left of an army, to discover the wherea- 
 bouts of an enemy. 
 
 Sentry, or Sentinel— A private soldier placed 
 on guard, to watch the enemy, prevent a suiprise. 
 and perform any special duty connected with his 
 post. 
 
 Sergeant — -A non-commissioned officer in a 
 reginu-nt. ranking just boluw a Lit-utfiiant and 
 next above a CorpMrjil, whi'-,f dut.\- i> tn instruct 
 recruits in discipline, to form soldiers into ranks 
 etc. 
 
 Sergeant-Ma.|or — A non-commissioned offi- 
 cer in a regiment, whose business it is to assist the 
 Adjutant in his duties. (See Adjutant. ) 
 
 Service— A general term for the army and its 
 prescribed duties as a branch of the national 
 defense: also the professional duty of any officer 
 or soldier. 
 
 Shells— See Bomb and Grenade. 
 
 Siege— Surrounding or investing any fortified 
 town or fortress with an army and attacking it 
 with batteries, mines and assaults until it capitu- 
 lates or the besiegers are driven off. 
 
 Skirmish- An unorganized combat between 
 detachments in the neighborhood of two contend- 
 ing armies. 
 
 Spherical-cone Shot — Thin shells filled 
 with musket-balls and fired from a howitzer. 
 
 Storm— A violent assault of besiegers upon a 
 fortified place by climbing its walls, breaking 
 down its gates, etc. 
 
 Stratagem — A General's device to cover his 
 designs during a campaign and to deceive the 
 enemy. 
 
 Strategy — The science of conducting great 
 military movements; also, the hostile movements 
 of armies when beyond the reach of each other's 
 cannon. 
 
 Stretcher — A litter, or frame, on which 
 sick or wounded men are carried. 
 
 Surprise — .4n unexpected attack from an 
 enemy. 
 
 Xamp — To pack earth or other materials 
 around a mine so as to prevent an explosion in a 
 wrong direction. 
 
 Tattoo — A drum-beat at night, warning 
 soldiei-s to retire to rest, if in camp, or to retreat 
 if on the battle-field. 
 
 Traverse — Parapets of earth raised to cover 
 troops from the enfilading fire of an enemy. 
 
 Trench— See Ditch. 
 
 Troop— A company of cavalry. 
 
 Troops— A general term for a collection of 
 soldiers. 
 
 Trophy- Anything captured from an enemy. 
 
 Tumbril— A two-wheeled vehicle accompany- 
 in c troops or artillery, for conveying tools, 
 cartridges, etc. 
 
 "Vedettes — Mounted sentries at outposts. 
 
 Vent— The opening in fire-arms where fire is 
 communicated to the charge. 
 
 Volley— .\ simultaneous discharge of numerous 
 fire-arms at the funeral of a soldier or in a 
 combat. 
 
 Wings— The rightor left division of an army 
 or battalion. 
 
 Works— Any of the military fortifications or 
 intrenchments described in this lexicon.
 
 DISTINGUISHED UlbCOVIiKKKS. 
 
 it 
 
 •*• 
 
 .^. 
 
 •*• 
 
 *^ Explorers and ITavigators. 
 
 "(Si^r- 
 
 %^^ 
 
 
 
 ■-HtK 
 
 HENRY M. STANLEY, 
 
 AFUK'AN KXIM.OUKH. 
 
 '''d'f ENRY M. STANLEY came into notoriety in consequence of 
 
 j.Lj~i when found, had been unlieard from over two years. 
 
 Born near Denbigh, in Wales, in 1840, he was sent to an orphan 
 asylum at Asaph, his name being John Rowlands. He remained at 
 the asylum until he was thirteen years of age. Afterwards, as a 
 cabin-boy, he shipped at Liverpool for New Orleans, where, with a 
 merchant named Stanley, he got bis present name. On the breaking 
 out of the Americam rebellion, he went into the Confederate army, 
 and afterwards, having been taken prisoner, he volunteered in the 
 Union naval service, and became an acting ensign in the iron-clad 
 Ticonderoga. 
 
 Succeeding the war, he traveled in Turkey, Asia Minor, and 
 various parts of Euroi>e. Taking the position of correspoudent of 
 the New York Herald, he accompanied the Britibh expedition to 
 Abyssinia, and afterwards went to Spain. 
 
 Commissioned by the proprietors of the New York Herald to find 
 Livingstone, he spent some months in visiting Constantinople, 
 Palestine, the Crimea, Persia, and India, when he sailed from 
 Bombay, in the fall of 1870, and reached Zanzibar in January, 1871. 
 With 193 men he went across the country in Africa, and succeeded in 
 finding Livingstone at I-jiji, his journey to reach the object of his 
 search having occupied eight months. 
 
 Remaining with Livingstone about half a year, during which time 
 they made various explorations together, Stanley left for England in 
 the middle of March, and reached his destination the last of July. 
 At Brighton, England, he gave an account of his expedition before 
 the British Association. A gold snuff-box, presented to him by the 
 Queen, and a banquet given to him by the Royal Geographical 
 Society, were among the incidents of his visit. 
 
 The record of his journey appeared under the title, "How I found 
 Livingstone," and was published in London and New York. 
 
 Upon the death of Livingstone, he was employed by the New York 
 Herald and the London Telegraph to continue the exploration of 
 Africa, in the lake regions on the equator. With a company of 300 
 men he went from the coast into the Urimi country, in the latitude 
 of Ujiji, where he found the waters flowing northward. One of the 
 rivers, the Shemeeyu, he followed 350 miles to its mouth, on the 
 Victoria N'yanza, losing on the journey 104 men by death and deser- 
 tion. With a boat that had been transported in pieces, accompanied by 
 twenty canoes lent to him by Mtesa, King of Uganda, he navigated 
 this body of water and found it to be a great lake, with many islands, 
 it being, with the lake Albert N'yanza, the headwaters of the Nile. 
 
 VITUS BEHRING, 
 
 'vAc I^USSIAN navigator, who was born at Horsens, Denmark, in 
 ff\ 1680. He joined tbe naval service of Russia in 1704, and was 
 V^_^^/*) made a captain by Peter the Great. After serving with distinc- 
 tion in the war between Russia and Sweden, be was, in 1725, put in 
 command of an expedition of discovery in the Arctic regions. This 
 having been safely accomplished, he was again sent, in 1728, with 
 another exploring expedition to the seas bordering on the northwestern 
 coast of Siberia. His explorations continued for several years. A 
 third expedition was made, with two vessels, 1741, which resulted in 
 disaster and death; and stormy weather, dissatisfaction and sickness 
 
 ^^' 
 
 '/^.^ 
 
 among his crews compelled him to return. On the voyage home his 
 vessel was wrecked on a desolate island, where he died in 1741. Dur- 
 ing these several voyages Behring discovered the strait tliat bears bis 
 name, between the continents of Asia and America; the Behring sea, 
 that part of the Pacific ocean that lies immediately south of Behring 
 strait, and between the two continents which are separated by that 
 strait. The soutliern limit of Ihc sea is the circular line or range of 
 the Aleutian island, also discovered by Behring. which, with Behring 
 island, where he died, stretch across the Pacific from Alaska to 
 Kamtchatka. Behring island is off the cast coast of the peninsula of 
 Kamtchatka, in latitude fifty-five degrees and twenty-two minutes 
 north, and in longitude lOIJ degrees east. The island is barren, but 
 abounds in fresh water and arctic animals. 
 
 JOHN CABOT, 
 
 NOWN as "the discovi-rcr of Nortii America. " whose place 
 SY\ ""'^ '^^'^' ^^^ birth are unknown, came from Venice, Italy, to 
 (> ..(^ England, in the fifteenth century, and, according to the best 
 authority, made a westward voyage of discovery, under the patronage 
 of King Henry VII., of England. The record preserved in the geo- 
 graphical cabinet of the Imperial library, at Paris. France, shows that 
 on June 24 (St. John's Day). 1494. John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, 
 at five o'clock in the morning, discovered land, to which he gave 
 the name of "First Land Seen" (Newfoundland), on the northeastern 
 coast of America, and a great island, near by, to which he gave the 
 name of St. John, in honor of the day on which the discovery was 
 made. He is represented by other authorities as having sailed along 
 the coast of North America for about 900 miles. When he landed he 
 found no inhabitants, and planted on the soil the national ensigns of 
 England and Venice. Another expedition appears to have been 
 authorized by the English Government afterwards, but Cabot does 
 not seem to have made a second voyage, and neither the time nor 
 the place of his death, or his agf when lio died, are known. 
 
 WILLIAM DAMPIER. 
 
 ^^=^0 
 
 HIS eminent navigator was born atEastCoker. England, in IG.^2, 
 and entered upon a seafaring life at an early age. InlG73he 
 r.-! fought, under Sir Edward Spragge. against the Dutch. After 
 that he became a cutter of logwood in the l)ay of Campeachy, Yucatan, 
 and in 1683 he joined a party of buccaneers in an expedition to the 
 South seas, where they robbed towns on the Peruvian coast and 
 captured several Spiinish vessels. In 1684 he joined another depre- 
 datory expedition, under Captain John Cook, of Virginia, which 
 cruised along the coasts of Chili. Peru and Mexico, robbing the 
 Spaniards. At a later period he embarked for tbe East Indies, 
 touching at Australia and cruising in the Indian archipelago. Land- 
 ing at Bencoolen (Sumatra), he became gunner in the English factory. 
 In 1691, he returned to England, and published his ••Voyage 
 Around the World." As commander of a sloop of war. in 1699. he 
 made a voyage of discovery to the South Sea, explored the west and 
 northwest coast of Australia, the coasts of Papua, New Britain and 
 New Ireland, gave his name to a small cluster of islands and the 
 strait between Papua and New Britain, and. after making several 
 other discoveries, returned to the Molucca islands by a new route. 
 He reached England in 1701. He is known to have made sea voyages 
 up to 1711, but his latter days and the date of his death are wrapt 
 in obscurity.
 
 78 
 
 EMINENT EXPLOEERS AND DISCOVERERS. 
 
 -^V- 
 
 SEBASTIAN CABOT, 
 
 OX OF the dUcovi-rei- of Xewfoundlantl, and himself the 
 itri^- discoverer of Paraguay, in South America, was prob- 
 ably born at Venice, Italy, about 1476, but raised in 
 England. Considerable obscurity surrounds both the 
 [^ time and place of his birlh and death. In 1517 he made 
 l,\^ a fruitless attempt to reach the East Indies by a new route. 
 Afterwards he entered the Spanish service, in which he 
 emained for several years, and explored the river La Plata 
 iiud part of the South American coast. In the reign of 
 Edward VI., of Great Britain, he returned to England, was 
 pensioned, was made Grand Pilot of England, and was consulted 
 on all maritime and commercial affairs. It is stated that he died 
 in 1557. 
 
 PAUL BELLONI DU CHAILLU, 
 
 X AFRICAX explorer and discoverer of the gorilla, 
 ^ was born at Paris, France, in 1835. At an early age 
 *2jlU he accompanied his father, who was a trader, to the 
 30^ e?fl Wegt coast of Africa, where he studied the languages 
 and characteristics of the natives, as well as the natural 
 history of the country. In 1852 he brought to the United 
 States a cargo of ebony, and published a series of papers 
 relating to the Gaboon (Africa) country. In 1855 he sailed 
 from New York with the design of exploring the then unknown 
 region of Africa lying two degrees north and south of the equator. 
 Pour years were spent in this exploration, which extended inland to 
 about longitude fourteen degrees and fifteen minutes east. The 
 practical results were the gathering of more than 2, 009 stuffed birds, 
 of which sixty kinds were previously unknown to naturalists; the 
 killing of 1,000 animals, including several gorillas (a creature until 
 then a stranger to the civilized world), and twenty other kinds of 
 animals not hitherto classified by scientists. In 1859 he returned to 
 New York, bringing with him many interesting trophies of his African 
 expedition, including native arms and implements and specimeiiw of 
 natural history, wliich were publicly exlnbiteil. and many of which 
 were nubsequently purchased for the British Museum. He also pub- 
 lished a histijry of this expedition, but the truth of some of his state- 
 ments was so strongly controverted thut he undertook a second 
 expedition to the .fame region, in order to secure fresh evidences of his 
 veracity. He left England in 1803. and in September^ 18(i4, having 
 been delayed by the accidental loss of his scientific outfit, he again 
 struck into the interior rif Africa, vi-itin^ Ihr' ''rcnes of his former 
 
 explorations and beyond, making new discoveries among tribes not 
 until then described. In September, 1865, he was attacked by natives 
 with such severity that he fled to the seacoast, having lost all the 
 results of his explorations except his journals. An account of this 
 expedition was published in 1867, as "A Journey to Ashango 
 Land." After that he spent several years in the United States, 
 lecturing in public and writing books for youth based on his African 
 experiences. Subsequently he visited Sweden, Norway, Lapland 
 and Finland, publishing a narrative of his journey. 
 
 CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 
 
 HIS EMINENT maritime explorer was born at Marton, 
 England, in 1728, and received only the commonest 
 
 , I ....„._ ^ rudimental education. Going to sea in a merchant 
 
 X?Jlt£i>^ vessel, he remained in that service for several years, 
 
 ^(^yNbut entered the British navy in 1755, and displayed so much 
 
 "m" competency and good character that he was soon promoted to 
 * a subordinate othce on ship-board. His skillful preparation of 
 I several sea and harbor charts led to his further promotion as a 
 marine surveyor. This position twice stationed him in New- 
 foundland for a considerable period, and it was while there that he sent 
 to the British Royal Society an observation of a solar eclipse. This, 
 and his evidences of nautical skill, induced the government to give him 
 command of the ship Endeavor, with the rank of lieutenant. His vessel 
 was selected to take to the Sandwich Islands a company of astrono- 
 mers sent out to observe the transit of Venus across the sun's disk. 
 During this voyage, which was begun in 1708 and ended in 1771, be 
 particularly explored the coasts of New Zealand and New Holland. 
 On his return he was promoted to the rank of master and commander. 
 In 1772, in company with Captain Furneaux, he sailed to discover, if 
 possible, a southern polar continent. In latitude sevenly-one 
 degrees south their progress was stopped by ice. The voyage, how- 
 ever, was not terminated until in 1775. and, on his return, the 
 precaution of Commander Cook in keeping his crew free from 
 scurvy while so long at sea, was rewarded by his promotion as a post- 
 cai)tain. Captain of Greenwich Hosi>ital and Fellow of the Royal 
 Society. In 1776 he again sailed from England with two ships 
 (Resolution and Discovery) to search foran arctic passage between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific oceans. On this voyage he touched at Owhyhee, 
 one of the Sandwich Islands, on the 14lh of February, 1776, where 
 he was attacked and slain by the savage natives. His loss was 
 regretted by foreign countries no less than by England.
 
 T 
 
 THE EXPLORATION OF THE NOKTHEKN SEAS. 
 
 >**««««««««wna'««ck«%«»t 
 
 Sir John Franklin. 
 
 The Distinguished Arctic Explorer. 
 
 ^=)HE SUBJECT of this sketch 
 was born at Spilsby, Eng- 
 land, April 16, 1786. The 
 lad was intended for the 
 clerical profession, bnt as 
 he evinced great fondness 
 for a seafaring life, his 
 father procured for him 
 admission into the navy as 
 a midshipman, at the age of 
 fourteen. When sixteen 
 years of age, he formed one 
 of the crew on the Investi- 
 gator, commanded by his cousin. Captain Flinders, who was com- 
 missioned by the English Government to explore the coasts of 
 AubLralia. 
 
 When homeward bound on the ship Porpoise, the vessel was 
 wrecked, and our youthful hero, after remaining with the other sea- 
 men fifty days on a sand-bank, was picked up by a relief-boat, taken 
 to Canton, China, and there he took passage on an Indiaman for 
 England. 
 
 Subsequently he served as a midshipman in the battle of Trafalgar, 
 in 1805, and afterwards he participated in naval warfare on the 
 American coast against the United States, in 1812-1815. 
 
 In a gunboat tight at New Orleans, he boarded and captured one 
 of the American boats, being wounded during the engagement. For 
 his bravery exhibited on this occasion he was promoted to a 
 lieutenancy. 
 
 In command of the Trent, on an exploring expedition, in the 
 attempt to find the passage to India by crossing the Polar Sea to the 
 north of Spitzbergen, Franklin acquired no little reputation as a 
 thorough seaman, surveyor, and scientific observer. 
 
 In the following year he was appointed to the command of an 
 expedition from Hudson Bay to the Arctic Ocean, to explore the 
 western coast of America. 
 
 Returning to England, in 1822, he was elected a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society. He made a second voyage to the Polar Sea, and at 
 the conclusion of each journey he published the result of his 
 discoveries. 
 
 In 1830 he commanded the Rainbow, in the Mediterranean sea, 
 and, in 1836, he was made Governor of Tasmania and Van Dicmen's 
 Land, which position he held until 1843. universally beloved by the 
 people for his kindness and public spirit. Among his other work 
 was the founding of a college, to be conducted independently of sect, 
 and the establishment of the Royal Scientific Society at Hobartnu. 
 
 In 1845 he was selected to command an expedition to discover, if 
 possible, the northwest passage from England to the Pacific ocean. 
 The ships Erebus and Terror, with picked crews of 128 men, were 
 selected and equipped in the most complete manner. From Shecr- 
 ness. England, they sailed May 19, 1845, with orders to return in 
 184", but fate had willed that these brave men should never more be 
 seen again at their firesides in England. 
 
 A whaler had seen them in Baffin Bay, July 26, 1845, but that 
 was the last seen of them alive by white men. 
 
 No tidings coming from them, in 1848 several expeditions were 
 fitted out to go in search of the missing voyagers. That of 
 McClintock. in 1859, satisfactorily settled the fact that Franklin had 
 discovered the northwest passage; that the expedition had sailed up 
 Lancaster Sound, and had explored Wellington Channel to a point 
 further north than any navigator had hitherto reached. On Cape 
 Herschel, and in the vicinity, were found skeletons with European 
 clothing. Near Cape Felix were found the remains of a tenting 
 party, and in a tin case, amid a pile of stones, was found a paper, 
 which was dated April 25, 1848. On this it was stated that, for a 
 year and six months, beset by ice, the crews of the Erebus and 
 Terror, numbering 105 souls, had deserted their boats, April 22. 
 1848; that Sir John Franklin bad died on the nth of June, 1847, and 
 that the total loss by deaths up to that time had been nine officers and 
 fifteen men. The writing was signed by F. R. M. Crozier, Captain 
 and senior officer, who added that the company would start on the 
 next day, April 26, for Back's Fish river. While large quantities of 
 clothing were found about here, and other relics of the party, no 
 further evidences of the missing travelers were discovered. The 
 journey to Back's Fish river leading over ice, the supposition is that 
 the party perished, perhaps from cold, starvation, and t&e ice break- 
 ing up in the spring, the waters had received them, so that, along 
 with the wreck of the vessels, their bodies had been washed into 
 unknown regions. 
 
 This theory was accepted by Lady Franklin, who expended, in 
 connection with the British Government, a large amount of money 
 for the discovery of the missing voyagers. 
 
 Sir John Franklin was twice married. His second wife, Lady Jane 
 Franklin, was born about 1805. She came into prominence from her 
 persevering efforts to discover the fate of her husband and the 
 expedition that accompanied him. Among her last works was the 
 purchase of Franklin's house, in Lincolnshire, where many relics 
 are collected of Sir John's expeditions. She died July 18, 1875. 
 In 1860 Parliament voted $10,000 for a monument to be erected in 
 London to Sir John Franklin's memory. 
 
 ? 
 
 :b 
 
 1. 

 
 u. 
 
 t 
 
 80 
 
 THE DISCOVERFE OF AMERICA. 
 
 %ss^v%& 
 
 EXOA. Italy, is the place where 
 Columbus was born, about 1435. 
 Early evincing an inclination for 
 the i?ea, his education was con- 
 ducted with a view to entering the 
 maritime service. Aside from 
 his studies, which, besides the 
 ordinary branches, consisted of 
 geometry, geography. Latin, draw^- 
 ing, astronomy, and navigation, 
 he assisted his father at wool-combing. He 
 went to sea at the age of fourteen, his 
 younger years being spent mostly on the 
 Mediterranean in commercial voyages. He 
 located for a time in Lisbon; engaged in 
 the making of maps and charts, and after- 
 wards lived on the island of Porto Santo, a 
 dependency of Madeira, where he married 
 and settled. Having inherited some prop- 
 erty by his marriage, and having the lime 
 and opportunity to study navigation philo- 
 sophically, he came to the conclusion that, 
 the earth being a globe, by sailing due 
 . westH'ard a voyage could be made entirely 
 around the world. In the meantime, how- 
 ever, he believed that in the intervening 
 space, after sailing westward for a time, the 
 eastern regions of Asia would be reached. 
 That there was an unknown country, par- 
 tially and perhaps highly, civilized, lying 
 in this direction, was evident from the fact 
 that a Portuguese pilot had, 1,350 miles 
 west of Portugal, picked up a piece of curiously-carved wood. 
 Canes of tropical growth had drifted from the westward, and drowned 
 men, unlike Europeans, had been found, who liad washed also 
 from the name direction. 
 
 These evidences of land, inhabitants, and civilization of an 
 unknown character cxiHting in the western seas, caused him to 
 resolve, about 1474, upon a voyage of exploration into the hitherto- 
 unknown regionn. With thie end in view, he sought the aid of the 
 sovereigns of Portugal and Italy, and many distinguished individual-: 
 
 but all deemed the expedition a visionary scheme, and refused to 
 lend assistance. Leaving Porto Santo, where his wife had died, 
 Columbus, with his son, went to Spain, where, after repeated 
 attempts to get aid for the fitting-out of the expedition, he finally 
 arranged with Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Sjiain, 
 in 1492. the terms by which such a fleet was to be supplied. 
 
 He had struggled with never-flagging effort for eighteen years, and 
 it can well be imagined that he set about the work of preparation 
 with enthusiasm. Three vessels were selected, of good size, having 
 four sails and sixty-six seamen; the other vessels were of small 
 size, supposed to be of advantage in the exploring of rivers, etc. 
 
 Columbus, who was a zealous Catholic, received, with most of his 
 crew, the sacrament, and all being in readiness, the fleet left Palos, 
 in Spain, Friday, August 3, 1492, there being on board ninety sea- 
 men, who, with physicians and adventurers, made, in all, 120 men, 
 for whom provisions were provided for one year. 
 
 Sailing southward, they passed the Canary Islands, and thence 
 driven by favoring breezes from the eastward, they sailed rapidly 
 toward the west. During the journey Columbus had to resort to a 
 great amount of strategy to quiet the fears of the seamen, who were 
 disposed to mutiny at the thought of being taken from home with no 
 destination and no apparent prospect of ever returning. He kept 
 two records of the ship's progress: one for the crew to examine, 
 which showed that the vessel made slow progress in getting from 
 home; and the other for himself, that revealed the actual speed. 
 When the needle no longer proved serviceable in j)oinling toward 
 the pole, he quieted the fears of the pilots by the theory of the 
 attraction of the polar star. 
 
 Frequent indications of land proved only to be clouds in the dis- 
 tance. When the illusion was proven, the crews were more and 
 more disposed to rebel at being taken further, which required the 
 greatest amount of firmness to overcome. Prayers were regularly 
 had, which probably induced many to believe that Providence would 
 protect them, and rewards were ottered to those who might first 
 discern land, which served somewhat to quell the turbulent spirit. 
 Five weeks after commencing their journey, they saw. fioating. a 
 largo tree. Two months out, they one day picked up a piece of rudely 
 carved wood and the branch of a thorn, with berries. That 
 night, at ten o'clock, Columbus saw a light, which was verified by 
 othors. No one slept during the night. The excitement was too 
 intrn-c to admit of rest. At two o'clock the next morning. Friday. 
 
 A- 
 
 Tf 
 
 ^ 
 
 -<yi5v
 
 TIIK LANDING OF COLUMlil'S. 
 
 TIIK niSCOVKKIKS OF VESJ'UCCI. 
 
 October 13, 1493, having been ticvonty-one diiys at sea, the cry of 
 "Lund!" went up, and a gun was fired, the Hignal of dlscovury. 
 A sailor on one of the smaller boats was the first to discover it, but 
 the prize was afturwards awarded to Columbus for having first dis- 
 covered the light. 
 
 When mnrning came, a timbered island, six miles distant, appeared 
 in sight, on which natives were seen running along the beach, 
 astonished at the appt*arance of the vessels, which they supposed to 
 be gods come down from heaven. At sunrise, i)oats were lowered, 
 and Columbus, with the royal standard, accompanied by the com- 
 manders of the two smaller vessels, each bearing a green fiag with a 
 cross, were rowed to the shore, 
 where Columbus first set foot 
 on the land. All knelt down, 
 kissed the soil, and rendered 
 thanks to God. Drawing his 
 sword and unfurling the royal 
 banner, Columbus then took 
 possession of tlie island (oin 
 of the Bahamas), jind named i: 
 San Salvador. 
 
 With the natives an eschaniji' 
 was made of toys and trinkets 
 for cotton yarn and cassava 
 bread, and noticing that they 
 wore trinkets made of gold, 
 a voyage of exploration followed in search of the precious metal, 
 which resulted in the discovery of several smaller islands, together 
 with Cuba and Hayti. On the latter island, Columbus built a fort 
 from the timbers of one of the vessels, Santa Maria, and left his 
 brother in command, with thirty-nine men. The commander of 
 one of the vessels left on a further voyage for gold, and Columbus, 
 taking with him several of the natives, returned to Spain, where he 
 was received with all the honors of a great discoverer. He was then 
 placed in command of a second expedition, with seventeen vessels 
 and 1,500 men; but while he discovered this time the islands of 
 
 Jamaica and Porto Rico, the crews, not finding the gold they sought, 
 attempted to throw the blame on Columbus. He returned to Spain 
 with much less honor than had been bestowed on him before. He 
 sailed on a third voyage, to make further exploration, when he dis- 
 covered the islands of Trinidad, Margarita, and Cuhaqua. He then 
 returned to the cohmy he had first fotindcd on the Ishmd of Hayti, 
 which he found disorganized, and in the ellorl to restore it he became 
 the vietim of persecution. A commissioner, sent from Spain to 
 intjuire into the difliculties, put Columbus and his brother in chains 
 and sent them to Spain. The offer of the masters of the vessel 
 to liljerate him, Columbus indignantly refused, saying that their 
 
 majesties, having ordered the 
 chains, he would wear them to 
 Spain, and keep them as relics 
 and memorials as a reward for 
 his services. Great indignation 
 was expressed throughout 
 Spain at this conduct on the 
 part of the authorities. 
 
 Columbus made a fourth 
 voyage, with 150 men. to the 
 Gulf of Mexico; but, suffering 
 from hardship, returned in 
 1504, having been twelve years 
 engaged in these voyages^ of 
 discovery. Tho queen being 
 dead, his claims for services were denied by the king, though he lay 
 sick for some time at Seville, now an old man. He died May 20, 1506, 
 nearly seventy years old. Near seven years passed before a tomb 
 was placed above his grave. This was then done by the king. 
 
 As the years went by, his services began to be appreciated. 
 Remorse gradually impelled the people to do him honor. His 
 remains were removed from the Convent of St. Francis, in 1513, to 
 the Monastery of Las Cuevas. In 1536 they were taken to the 
 cathedral in Santo Domingo, and thence they were conveyed in great 
 pomp, in 1786, to the cathedral in Havana, where they now repose. 
 
 Columbus Taking Possession 
 
 m^'i^^n^ ^^SMMm.. 
 
 Amerigo 
 
 -m^ 
 
 :C5^ — 
 
 Vespucci. 
 
 %>^^- 
 
 W 
 
 ^^ 
 
 The Individual After Whom America was Named- 
 
 MERICA'S NAME was acquired through 
 the discoveries of an Itiilian living in 
 Seville, Spain, when Columbus returned 
 from his first voyage, in 1493, named 
 Amerigo Vespucci. Born in Florence, 
 March 9. 1451. Vespucci was, at that 
 time, forty-two years of age. Hav- 
 ing conversed with Columbus relative 
 to his exploration and discovery, he was 
 induced to engage also in nautical 
 adventure. 
 
 Accordingly, in 1499. he made a first voyage. In 1501. in the 
 service of the King of Portugal, he accompanied an expedition to 
 Brazil, an account of which he wrote, which was first published at 
 Strasburg, Germany, in 1505. From this he was accredited with 
 being the first discoverer of the mainland, and from him was 
 America "named. Vespucci died at Seville. February 22. 1512, 
 having made four voyages to America. While credit was due to 
 Vespucci for his discoveries, the fact mnst, nevertheless, be con- 
 ceded that to the energy, determination, courage, and perseverance 
 of Columbus, belong the honor of those explorations and discoveries 
 which Ud to :ictual knowledge of the new world. 
 
 i
 
 The Distinguished African Explorer- 
 
 - AVID LIVINGSTONE, famous 
 as the British traveler and 
 explorer in Africa, was born 
 at Blantyre, near Glasgow, 
 Scotland, on the 19th of March, 
 1813. He received a limited 
 education as he labored in the cot- 
 tnn mills, and afterwards widened 
 liis educational experience by a study 
 i»f medicine and theolo2;y at Glasgow. 
 Being a rigid Presbyterian and 
 strongly religiously inclined, he re- 
 solved upon entering missionary 
 work in Africa. Offering his services 
 to the London Missionary Society, they 
 were accepted, and. later, being or- 
 dained, he left England, in 1840. for 
 Port Natal. Here he married, and 
 tf^oon afterwards located about 600 miles to the northeast of Cape 
 Town, South Africa. In this vicinity he labored as a missionary 
 and teacher during the succeeding nine years, in the meantime trans- 
 mitting to England much valuable geographical and scientific infor- 
 mation conciirning the country. 
 
 In 1849 he made a journey in search of lake Ngami, which he 
 f(mnd. Having acquired a fondness for exploration, he sent bis family 
 to England, in 1852. and commenced a long voyage of exploration, 
 which continued four years, in which he passed from the West coast 
 of Africa by lake Ngami to the river Zambesi, which he followed to its 
 mouth, the whole reaching over an estimated distance of 11. 000 miles. 
 Ueturning to England, in 185G, he was received with distinguished 
 honor»*. In 1857 his first work was published under the title of 
 '•Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa." 
 
 He returned to Southern Africa in 1858. Startingfrom Quilimane, 
 he ascended the Zambesi river a few hundred miles, and thence went 
 northward and discovered, in September, 1859. lake Nyassa. Sus- 
 tained by government aid and private subscriptions, he continued his 
 explorations, for five years, over a range of several hundred miles 
 about the headwaters of the Zambesi. It was during this journey 
 that Mrs. Livingstone, who had accompanied her husband, died at 
 Shiipanga, April 27. 18G2. He went to England, in 18G4, and again 
 issued n volume relative to the explorations of the Zambesi and its 
 tributaries. 
 
 He returned to the scene of his labors in 18G5. and the only 
 intelilgence from him for two years was the report that he had been 
 
 killed by the natives in the vicinity of lake Nyassa. A variety of 
 opinions existed as to the truth of this rumor, and the subject excited 
 much comment in the papers throughout the world. In 1868 letters 
 were received from Livingstone, clearly proving that he was alive, 
 and stating that he was in good health. He was then several hundred 
 miles westward of lake Nyassa, engaged in the effort to discover the 
 source of the Nile. Again was be heard from, this time at Ujijl, 
 his letter being dated May 13, 1869. 
 
 Then came another long silence for two years, in which rumors were 
 current again that he was dead. To ascertain the truth or falsity of 
 this report, the New York Herald sent Henry M. Stanley as a cor- 
 respondent to Africa, his especial mission being to find Livingstone. 
 In this he was successful, the lost explorer being found at Ujiji. in 
 the fall of 1871, alive and well. 
 
 Livingstone and Stanley together explored and satisfied themselves 
 that lake Tanganyika had no communication with the Nile. Remain- 
 ing about six months, Stanley left Livingstone at Unyanyembe. in 
 March, 1873. and returned to England. It vvas then Livingstone's 
 intention to remain one or two years longer, and afterwards go to 
 England for permanent settlement. Receiving men and supplies 
 from Zanzibar, he started on an expedition to explore the lake 
 Bangweolo and the reported headwaters of the Congo; but no com- 
 munication was afterwards received from him. 
 
 Stanley's return to England aroused the Royal Geogra])hical 
 Society to send an expedition to assist Livingstone, under the com- 
 mand of Lieutenant Cameron. This party left Zanzibar for the 
 interior in the spring of 1873, but had reached no further than 
 Unyanyembe when intelligence was received. August 4. of tlie 
 explorer's death, the circumstances of which were that, being 
 compelled to cross a wet and swampy country, the hardships had 
 been such as to cause the death of several of the exploring imrty. 
 Livingstone himself had Ijeen taken \\'ith tlie dysentery, and iiail died 
 a fortnight afterwards. 
 
 Embalming the body of the leader as best they could, the survivors 
 of the party, numbering seventy-nine, had resolved upon carrying it 
 to Zanzibar. Arriving at Unyanyembe in a famished condition, they 
 received assistance from the Cameron jiarty. and thence the liody was 
 taken to Zanzibar, from which point, by government vessel, it was 
 transported to England, where, with distinguished honors, it was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey, April 18. 1874. 
 
 Livingstone was the recipient of many medals and other tokens 
 from various learned societies, in appreciation of a life devoted to 
 research, exploration, and important discovery in a dangerous 
 country, hitherto unknown to eivilizalion. 
 
 h
 
 M 
 
 t>- 
 
 T. 
 
 EXl'LOUERS AND NAVIGATORS. 
 
 8:5 
 
 
 ELISHA KENT KANE 
 
 AND 
 -v5Seee:.,MUNG0 PARK..o=fS;.. 
 
 ELISHA hb.M' kA.\F. 
 
 P^«»4444J 
 
 
 FERDINAND MAGELLAN 
 
 AND 
 
 <■ JOHN BYRON. K ' 
 
 T 
 
 .> 
 
 A Sketch of Explorations in tlie Arctic Seas and in Souttiern Africa. 
 
 '' ''^"m^m^Simim 
 
 J 'I I II I Subscquentlj 
 
 , Vy V\/ VW to Egypt an 
 
 BHE arctic explorer, Elisba 
 Kent Kane, was born in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 1820. 
 He partially qualificil him- 
 self for a civil engineer at 
 the Virginia University, 
 which he entered in 1836, 
 but left in 1838. 
 
 In 1839 he began the study 
 of medicine in Philadelphia, 
 and, in 1840, was elected 
 resident physician in the 
 Pennsylvania hospital. In 
 1S43 bewailed as physician 
 of the government embassj 
 to China, and found oppor- 
 tunity, during his three 
 years' absence, to visit the 
 Philippine islands, Ceylon, 
 India, Egypt and Greece, 
 uently he returned 
 and explored the 
 > far as the bor- 
 ubia, and walked 
 completely over Greece. 
 He returned to the United States for a brief season, and afterwards 
 visited the slave markets at Whydah, in Africa, but was prostrated by 
 fever and came home in feeble health. Taking part, in 1847, in 
 the Mexican war, he served in the American army through the 
 fatigues and dangers of the campaign, and was wounded and sent 
 home as an invalid. When Mr. Grinnell. of New York, fitted out 
 his expedition, in 1850, to search for Sir John Franklin in the arctic 
 regions. Dr. Kane accompanied it. and, in 1853. when a second 
 expedition for the same purpose — the first having failed — was sent 
 out, he was placed in command of it. This voyage lasted about two 
 years; was entirely unsuccessful, and very unfortunate, the expedi- 
 tion having to abandon their vessel in the ice. and travel eighty-four 
 days in sledges and boats to the Danish settlements on the coast of 
 Greenland, where they met the party that had been sent out for their 
 relief. Dr. Kane wrote the history of both expeditions, which were 
 respectively published in 1854 and 1856. He was also the recipient 
 of gold medals from Congress, the New York Legislature, the Royal 
 Geographical Society of England, and Queen Victoria. His health 
 seriously failing, he went to London, and from there to Havana, in 
 Cuba, where he died February 16. 1857. 
 
 MUNGO PARK. 
 
 rpHIS celebrated traveler in Africa, the son of a fanner, was b{»rn 
 near Selkirk, Scotland, in 1771. and was educated for a physician. 
 After he had made a voyage, as assistant surgeon of a ship, to the 
 
 1 
 
 Island of Sumatra, he was engaged by the African Society, in 1795, 
 to penetrate into the interiov of Africa and explore the course of the 
 river Niger. He reached tlie Gambia region of Africa in .June, and 
 on the 2d of December started from Pisania on his adventurous 
 journey, accompanied by sis negroes. Being obliged tjy the wars of 
 the natives to turn out of h>8 course, he passed through the country 
 of the Moors, from whom he received no little ill-treatment, but was 
 allowed to proceed. On the 20th of the following July he came in 
 sight of the Niger, and traced its course to a considerable distance, 
 but, owing to sickness and other hindrances, he was obliged to 
 forego further explorations, and returned to Scotland. Here he 
 married and resumed his business as a physician. In 1804, how- 
 ever, he undertook a second expedition to Africa, and again reached 
 the Niger. Embarking upon it at Banmiakoo, he proceeded upon 
 his voyage to Houssa, but was attacked by the natives, and drowned 
 by jumping from his canoe into the river. This was probably early 
 in the year 1806. 
 
 FERDINAND MAGELLAN, 
 
 OTHERWISE known as Fernando Magalhaens, a distinguished 
 Portuguese navigator, was born, it is supposed, at Oporto, about 
 1470. He fought under Albuquerque, in India, and obtained 
 distinction at the siege of Malacca, but not receiving what he con- 
 sidered a suitable reward for his services from his own country, he 
 offered his talents to King Charles V., of Spain. In 1519 the 
 Spanish monarch intrusted him with the command of a fleet, with 
 the design of determining a westward passage to the Molucca islands. 
 On this voyage Magellan succeeded in discovering the straits at the 
 southern extremity of South America, which now bear his name, 
 together with the South American territory, known as Patagonia, of 
 which he took possession in the name of the King of Spain, in 1530. 
 Passing through the straits into the Pacific ocean, he reached the 
 Philippine islands; but, in a skirmish with the natives, he was slain 
 in 1521. 
 
 T 
 
 JOHN BYRON, 
 
 HE grandfather of the eilelirated poet, was bom at Newstead 
 Abbey, England, in 172.3. He entered the British navyat an early 
 age, and was wrecked on a desert island in one of the vessels 
 of Lord Anson's unfortunate South sea expedition, in 1740. After 
 suffering dreadfully from famine, the crew were rescued from the 
 island by Spaniards, with whom they remained as captives for five 
 years. From 1764 to 1766 Byron was employed as a captain in a 
 voyage of discovery aronnd the world, particularly between the Cape 
 of Good Hope, in Southern Africa, and South America. On this 
 voyage he discovered two islands, one of which still hears his name. 
 He gained the rank of admiral, .and commanded a British fleet in the 
 West Indies, during the American revolution. In 1779 he foneht 
 the French squadron, under Count d'Estaing. the ally of the 
 Americans, off Grenada. He died in 1786. 
 
 ?
 
 ~^[ 
 
 8-i 
 
 INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE AGE. 
 
 6 
 
 3 e:e"e!'0|iij)|:o'i§[i|0l|a| elloJaliO e O'.eie e^Jj- 
 
 Progress of Invention. 
 
 r<Jl 
 
 ^ ■" " Aim 
 
 -^M 
 
 O O O O .0 O G ©I '0 © 'O 'O O O O G O O © 
 
 ^ HE PROGRESS of civilization is marked by the intro- 
 duction of appliances by which man may escape the 
 necessity for severe toil. 
 
 Gradually the inventive genius of man has sought 
 out means for performing labor more easily, and 
 as improvements have come forward, the world has, 
 intellectually and morally, correspondingly and rapidly 
 advanced. History reveals how, step by step, man- 
 kind has improved. To the club and the stone with 
 which the primitive man killed the animal and procured 
 food, were added the spear, the bow and the arrow, with which the prey 
 could be obtained more easily; and to these were added the powder 
 and ball, which immensely lessened the labor and insured a certainty 
 of obtaining the game. 
 
 To the knowledge that grain, if sown, would germinate and bring 
 forth a harvest, came the rude implement, a crooked stick for stirring 
 the soil. To that was added a sharpened iron, which, in time, has 
 developed into the modern plow. To the husbandman who gathered 
 bis grain with a sickle has been given the reaper, which will do the work 
 of forty men in the olden time. 
 
 To the masses that groped in ignorance has been given the art of 
 printing. To the slow and expensive process by which literature 
 was supplied at first has been added the power press, multiplying and 
 distributing information so cheaply and so rapidly as to give all classes 
 the opportunity of becoming intelligent. To the slow toiler in the 
 mill came steam, that relieved him of his heavy labor. To the long- 
 distant traveler came steam power, and distance was forgotten. To 
 the absent one from whom intelligence could not be received for 
 months came lightning, and he conversed with the di.stant friend as 
 though seated at his side. 
 
 To the toiler has come the labor-saving machine in such manner 
 and such quantity as to give him the privilege of possessing a home 
 in which he can have the necessaries, the comforts and many of t 
 luxuries of life. The inference is that a corresponding advancement 
 will continue to be made, and, as in the past, so in the future will 
 the world be greatly indebted, in the 
 march of improvement, to the inventor. 
 
 i^^:^t^^^i<^^^<>^^<^^^ 
 
 ^.
 
 ? 
 
 nil'; INVENTOR i)l'' TlIK K10\ii|,VEK 
 
 <^xi^'(P! 
 
 —■■^^^'m&m-y^" 
 
 SAMUEL COLT. 
 
 -^r> 
 
 The Founder of the Great Manufactory of Fire-Arms at Hartford, Conn. 
 
 HE INVENTOR of the revolver, Samuel 
 Colt, was born at Hiirtford, Conn., 
 July 19. 1814. Averse to attending 
 school, his father, in order to gratify 
 the boy, allowed him to enter a factory 
 at the age of ten years, where he re- 
 mained until he was thirteen. Feel- 
 ing that he ought not to grow to 
 manhood without an education, liis 
 father sent him to a boarding-school at 
 Amherst. Mass., from which place the lad 
 ran away, and shipped as an assistant 
 on a vessel bound for the East Indies. 
 
 During the 
 leisure hours 
 of this voy- 
 age, he whit- 
 tled out a 
 model for a 
 revolving 
 pistol. Returning home, he entered 
 his father's factory, at Ware, Mass., 
 where he became, in the bleaching and 
 dyeing department of the institution, 
 very proficient in chemistry. He after- 
 wards, when eighteen years of age, 
 through the spirit of adventure, en- 
 gaged in successful lecturing through- 
 out the country, for two years, on 
 the subject of chemistry, illustrating 
 the same with interesting experi- 
 ments. With the proceeds of these 
 lectures he retained and carried to 
 perfection the idea of the revolver 
 that he had formed on his journey to 
 the East Indies. In two years of 
 experiment he had it so perfected as 
 to obtain a patent for it in England, 
 France and the United States, although he could not claim to be the 
 originator of the idea of this kind of arms, as a model of the revolver 
 is in the museum of the United States service instituti(m. that dates 
 back in the period of making it to the time of Charles I., in the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century. 
 
 In 1835 the ^'Patent Arms Company," with a capital of $300,000, 
 was formed at Paterson, N. J., for the manufacture of this 
 revolver. The next thing was to get the weapon introduced. The 
 Government refused to use it for two years, and not until the Florida 
 war. when engaged in a contest against the Seminoles, was it used. At 
 that time a regiment, armed with this revolver, did such efficient ser- 
 
 SAMUEL COLT, 
 
 Inventor of Cult's Patent Revolving Pistol, 
 
 vice by their rapid firing without reloading, as to quickly vanquish 
 the enemy. That established the reputation of the revolver, but the 
 war closing, there was no further demand for patent firearms, and the 
 Arms Company, at Hartford, was compelled to wind up its affairs in 
 1842. 
 
 Five years afterwards, at the opening of the Mexican war, through 
 the recommendation of General Taylor, the Government ordered a 
 thousand revolvers, for which they agreed to pay $28,000. Fittin'' 
 up temporary shops at Whitneyvillc. near New Haven, Colonel Colt 
 filled the order, the pistol giving such satisfaction as to make a rapid 
 demand for more; whereupon befitted up more extensive shops at 
 Hartford, and laid the foundation for his subsequent business 
 success, which, in a few years, made him a millionaire. 
 
 Though the war closed, the reputa- 
 tion of this weapon was now so 
 established as to make a steady and 
 growing demand for it. which was 
 greatly increased by the discovery of 
 gold in California, each emigrant 
 taking a revolver as a part of his 
 outfit. 
 
 The success of its manufacture 
 was henceforward assured, the Cri- 
 mean and Indian wars making an 
 extraordinary demand. Feeling cer- 
 tain of future success. Colonel Colt, 
 in 1851, purchased 250 acres of waste 
 meadow, near Hartford, for a small 
 sum. from the fact that it was flooded 
 each spring by freshets. This meadow 
 he surrounded by a strong dyke. and. 
 having made the land dry. he erected 
 the largest armory in the world upon 
 the same, the capacity of which he 
 doubled in 1861. He also erected 
 many cottages for his workmen, mak- 
 ing, in all. an expenditure on the 
 property of nearly $3. 000, 000. 
 Colonel Colt's revolver was as well known in all portions of the Old 
 World as in America, and from nearly all the European powers, and 
 several of the Asiatic rulers, he received medals, orders of merit, 
 diplomas and rings in token of appreciation of the great benefit that 
 he had rendered the world by his improved firearms. 
 
 Although a man of great force of character, he had some very con- 
 spicuous faults, among them being a violent temper, and habits of 
 intemperance, which doubtless greatly shortened his life. He died at 
 Hartford. January 10. 1862. in the forty-eighth year of his age. leav- 
 ing a fortune of several millions, and the largest armory in the world 
 in its extent and perfection of machinery. 

 
 f 
 
 86 
 
 THE WOEK OF FRANKLIN, MORSE AND EDISON IN ELECTRICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 1 
 
 A Sketch of Edison as Newsboy, Telegraph Operator and Inventor. 
 
 N 1746 Benjamin Franklin 
 made an advance step in the 
 knowledge of electricity, by 
 demonstrating that it could 
 be conducted from the air 
 by mechanical appliance. 
 The lightning-rod was the 
 result of that discovery. 
 For practical utilization of 
 electric power, the world 
 rested after Franklin's ex- 
 periment eichty-six years. 
 In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse, then a "Professor of the Literature 
 of Fine Arts," in the University of the City of New York, invented 
 an apparatus by which eleotricity could be made of valuable service 
 to man. With his device he was able to send an electric current over 
 a wire half a mile in length, making, by means of telegraphic 
 characters, signals which could be read and understood. Five years 
 afterwards he placed a duplicate machine at the end of the wire, by 
 which intelligence could be returned for a distance of half a mile. 
 Could intelligence be conveyed on a wire, by means of electricity, a 
 longer distance? That theory was doubted by many. To test the 
 matter. Congress, after much discouraging waiting on the part of 
 Professor Morse, granted an appropriation of $30,000 for the purpose 
 of establishing an experimental line between Baltimore and Washing- 
 ton, a distance of over forty miles. 
 
 Sinking the wire in a lead pipe under ground was the first means 
 tried. It was soon found that this mode of laying the wire would not 
 serve the purpose. It was afterwards elevated on poles, and on the 
 27th of May, 1844, the line was complete, the experiment tried of 
 pending and receiving messages between the two cities, and found to 
 be a success. 
 
 Then came the vast net-work of telegraph lines extending through- 
 out the world, the means of conveying intelligence by electricity being 
 thus developed to a point where Professor Edison became interested 
 in telegraphy, about 18(JG. when he was nineteen years of age. 
 
 In order to appreciate the zeal that has actuated the famous elec- 
 trician in his work, the industry, enterprise and ambition that have 
 impelled him forward, it is only necessary to recall some of the 
 prominent incidents of his early life. 
 
 Born In Milan. Erie county. Ohio, February 11, 1847, Thomas A. 
 Edison came with hi» parents to reside at Port Huron, Michigan, when 
 he was eight year-; old. About that tiin*- he ht-gan to earn his own 
 
 living by selling newspapers, his budding ambition developing into 
 his obtaining a contract, at twelve years of age, for the exclusive 
 privilege of selling newspapers on the Detroit division of the Grand 
 Trunk Railway. 
 
 The less ambitious boy would have rested content to pass through the 
 trains, and furnish the passengers and the people at the stations with 
 their news, and the remainder of the time would have cracked 
 jokes with brakemen and gossiped with the passengers in the 
 smoking car. Not so with Edison. He fitted up a printing office in 
 a corner of the coach, and printed a paper on the car, called Tfie 
 G-rand Tru/ik Herald^ which had a subscription list of 450 names. 
 Probably no publisher ever more completely controlled his own paper 
 than did this youthful journalist at that time. With the matter largely 
 contributed by the employes of the road, he was his own editor, 
 compositor, proof-reader and pressman. The son of Robert Steph- 
 enson, of England, who accompanied a commission sent over to 
 inspect the Grand Trunk Railway, seeing an edition of the paper 
 being " worked off, " purchased 200 copies and sent them to England 
 as a specimen of newspaper enterprise in America, and the only 
 newspaper in the world printed on a railway train. 
 
 Having satisfied his ambition for editing and publishing a 
 newspaper, he replaced the printing materials with a chest of 
 chemicals, with which he experimented on the train. The sponta- 
 neous combustion of a quantity of phosphorus and the firing of the 
 baggage-car caused the w'hole philosophical apparatus to be pitched 
 out of the coach by the railway company, and this ended all further 
 chemical experiments on the trains. 
 
 Suppressed here, the war news, exciting public attention at that 
 time, enabled our enterprising newsboy to occupy his genius for inven- 
 tion in another direction. He had bulletin-boards constructed and 
 I)laced in conspicuous positions at each station. He then arranged 
 with the station-agent to post the headings of the news which he 
 should send him by telegraph. With curiosity thus aroused, a large and 
 expectant crowd of people awaited the arrival of the newsboy al each 
 station, and the profits of the pai)er business rapidly increased. 
 Using the telegraph thus caused our hero to become interested in its 
 workings. With another boy he constructed a telegraph line, at his 
 home, a mile in length, to supply power for which he at one time 
 made a thorough experinu-nt in obtaining electricity from the strok- 
 ing of a cat. 
 
 Finding, however, that that battery would be inadequate to his 
 wants, he resorted to other means, the whole making him so profi- 
 cient and interesting him so much in the subject of electro-niHgnetism 
 
 \
 
 M-y^ 
 
 T 
 
 POIM'KArr OF EDISON. KM WIiri'N'Ey, INVKNToU oK 'i'HE (JuTrON GIN. 
 
 jUUI 
 
 that he entered a telegraph office, and very soon mastered the details 
 of the yuhject. 
 
 From Port Huron ho went successively to Indiainii)i)lis, Cincinnati, 
 Louisville, Memphis and 
 Boston, being known as 
 one of the most expert oper- 
 ators in the United States. 
 
 At Cincinnati he conceived 
 the idea of transmitting two 
 messages over a single wire 
 at the same time. His office 
 became a laboratory of ex- 
 periment. He attended to 
 his duties at the appointed 
 lime, and thcmghtand studied 
 in the "wee sma' hours." 
 The habits formed then cling 
 to him yet. He delights in 
 working while others sleep. 
 
 In 18ti9 he left the oper- 
 ating chair and went from 
 Boston to New York, with 
 inventions in duplex and 
 printing telegraphs, which 
 have since come largely into 
 use. In New York he found 
 an ample field for his genius, 
 and the ]>arties with wt-altli 
 who could appreciate his 
 industry, his genius and 
 his great originating power. 
 Through acquaintance thus 
 formed he has so prospered 
 as to establish himself, with 
 his family, in a beautiful 
 home at Menlo Park, New 
 Jersey, wherewith an ample 
 laboratory for experiment, 
 he has every means at com- 
 mand for the full exercise of 
 his inventive talent. 
 
 The wonderful genius of this man for invention is shown 
 in the fact that in 1878 he had already had granted to him for 
 duplex, recording, repeating and various other improvements in 
 
 the telegraph, I.'JiJ patents and sixty-MOven caveats — all taken out iri 
 eight years. Since then the phonograph, the telephone, the elec- 
 tric pen and other inventions have rapidly come from bin hand. 
 
 Having for the lime exhauHl- 
 ed the field for the uncH 
 of electricity in transmitting 
 characters and tiound, he has 
 turned his attention to this 
 agent as a meanc of furnish- 
 ing physical power and 
 illumination. A late c<mtriv- 
 ance of his design is a 
 locomotive propelled by elec- 
 tric power, upon a circular 
 railway. In the vicinity of 
 his home. 
 
 Another device, of very 
 great importance, from the 
 hand of this inventive genius 
 is that by which the remain- 
 ing gold and silver in refuse 
 ore may be extracted. For 
 the purpose of carrying this 
 scheme into effect a com- 
 pany has been formed, whose 
 agents visit the gold and 
 silver mining camps of the 
 country and arrange with 
 the owners of mines to take 
 th(! ore which has been 
 already once worked, known 
 as "tailings," and by this 
 new process gather the 
 precious metal which it has 
 been heretofore impossible 
 to save by the former meth- 
 ods of treating ore. 
 
 What Edison will accom- 
 plish in the field of electrical 
 science remains yet to be 
 seen. In the boundless, un- 
 explored region before him, however, with the ambition to achieve, 
 and the power to perform, we may safely presume that the most 
 startling and the most beneficial of his discoveries are yet to come. 
 
 
 :l.^. j^^._.;jw,n-^^'Le^t^.£gg._g^^^g, Q*^? f^ *^'.;.a.^j^>-^,.<^— <^ 
 
 ELI WHITNEY, INVENTOR OF THE COTTON GIN. 
 
 -'?»> • -?■> ■ -^-*^n^^*"tr(5"-t^566 ' 
 
 5SS'^F^v*'nzi~''^<r~ '^"^ ■ •^•^ 
 
 In 1793 Eli Whitney, a school-teacher in the South, from New 
 England, had his uttentitm called to the difficulty of separating the 
 seed from cotton. Taking up his quarters in a basement of a house 
 in the South, he labored a good share of one winter and produced a 
 machine which, by means of teeth extending between slats, would 
 draw the cotton away from the seed, thus enabling a man, in one day. 
 to do as much as could have been done before by one person in three 
 months. The simplicity of the machine, and the readiness by which 
 his patent could be infringed, prevented him from realizing a profit 
 
 n 
 
 ;Cv— 
 
 on the invention, although its introduction raised the price of all 
 cotton lands, trebled the production of this staple in the South, and 
 placed the Southern States in a more prosperous position. 
 
 Finding that no profit would accrue to hira from this invention, he 
 turned his attention to the improvement of firearms, establishing 
 himself at Whitneyville, Conn., where he manufactured arms, which 
 were afterwards materially improved by Colt and others. 
 
 He was born at Westborough, Mass. .December 8, 17G5. and died at 
 New Haven. Conn.. January 8, 1825, in the sixtieth vear of his age. 
 
 :<57 
 
 i
 
 THE INVEXTOK OF THE MCCOEMICK REAPER. 
 
 I 
 
 i Cyrus H. McCormick. 
 
 
 THE SUCCESSIVE STEPS FROM THE GRAIN-CRADLE TO THE REAPER. 
 
 N THE I5thof Ffbniary. 1809, al Wal- 
 nut Grove, Rockbridge county, 
 Va., Cyrus H. McCormick was 
 bom. His parents, natives of 
 that State, were of Scotch-Irish 
 descent. His father, who was an 
 extensive farmer, had all the 
 appliances for keeping the farm 
 machinery in order, in his shops 
 for blacksmithing, carpentering 
 and machinery. Possessed of an 
 inven- 
 t i V e 
 
 genius, he constructed several machines 
 
 upon which he obtained patents, among 
 
 them being threshing, hydraulic and 
 
 hemp-breaking. In 1816 he had invented 
 
 a reaping machine that served the pur- 
 pose where grain was not lodged. For 
 
 sixteen years he labored to perfect this 
 
 machine, but at last abandoned it as 
 
 iini)racticable. 
 
 The son, Cyrus H. , took up thL- idea 
 
 where his father left it and continued to 
 
 experiment. He was possessed of an 
 
 ordinary education, such as could be 
 
 acquired in the common schools of that 
 
 vicinity, and inventive genius such as had 
 
 enabled him. at the age of fifteen, to 
 
 perfect a cradle with which he worked 
 
 with the men in the harvest field. 
 To the observer of a reaping machine 
 
 it seems all simple enough that it should 
 
 do its work as it docs; but to get the 
 
 forward and the side motions combined in 
 
 such manner as to perfectly cut grain and 
 
 clear itself, was a tasktthat took a great 
 
 amount of thought, and several years to 
 
 accomplish. Step by step, however, it progressed toward perfection. 
 
 the voting man, himself, constructing cranks, drive-wheels, geer- 
 
 wheels, dividers, cutting-blades, gathering-reels, etc., untii the 
 
 machine was so perfected as to cut grain passably well with a man 
 
 wjilking beside it with a rake to draw the grain from the phitform. 
 In 1831 Cyrus II. McCormick. then twenty-two years of age, had' 
 
 produced a machine which cut that spring a f<;w acres of oats, and Ihe 
 
 next year it cut several ffblds of wheat. Although fairly successful. 
 
 the inventor did not know its worth at, that time, nor the future 
 
 before him. but let the matter rest to engnge, in 18:J0, in the smelting 
 
 business, which proved a failure in the dull season of 1837. 
 
 Paying off Ihr indt-bteduess of himself and partner in full. Mr. 
 
 McCormick th<'n turned his attciilion t() his macliine with a view to 
 
 CYRUS H. Mccormick. 
 
 perfecting it for public use. He had obtained a first patent in 1834. 
 and in 1845 he secured another for valuable improvements. In the 
 latter year he established himself in Cincinnati, as the center of the 
 grain-growing region of the West. In 1847, during which year he 
 took out patents on other improvements, he removed to Chicago. In 
 1848 seven hundred of the machines were made and scattered among 
 the grain fields of the West. The next year fifteen hundred were 
 made and sold, and so the work wont forward until thousands took 
 the place of hundreds. 
 
 In 1849 Leander J. came to the aid of his brother, and later 
 W. S. McCormick became an assistant. In 1859 The brothers became 
 partners with Cyrus H.. and .^^o continued 
 until the death of W. S.. in 1865. The 
 success of the McCormick reaper has been 
 very great, as illustrated by the many 
 premiums taken at various exhibitions 
 held in all parts of the civilized world. 
 Obed Hussey was his first competitor, 
 having patented a reaper two years later 
 than McCormick; and since then, building 
 upon Mr. McCormick's ideas, many 
 reapers of different make have come into 
 the field, all tending to aid in the pm- 
 duction of grain to that extent as to enable 
 America to become the granary of tin* 
 world. 
 
 In 1880 the McCormick Harvesting 
 machine company, in Chicago, had a cap 
 ilal of near S3. 000. 000 invested in their 
 works, and with one thousand workmen 
 employed in the active seasons turned 
 out about 30,000 machines per year. 
 With Ihe aid of 3. 000 agents these are dis- 
 tributed to all parts of the civilized earth. 
 In all llie McCormicks have sold over 
 300.000 reaping and mowing machines, 
 and. as each does the work of ten 
 persons, an army of 3.000,000 of men. 
 it will be seen, would be necessary to do the work being done at 
 this writing by the McCormick machines. 
 
 One of the most imposing residences in the northwest, and uunu-r- 
 ou8 large blocks in the business center of Chicago, aside frum the 
 extensive manufacturing works, all attest the active part Mr. Mc 
 Cormick took in the rebuilding of Chicago after the fire. At Wtv 
 same time he gave liberally in support of educational work, both in 
 Chicago and elsewhere: principally in the Presbyterian denomination, 
 of which he was a prominent member. 
 
 Mr. Mct'ormick inditically nflUiated with the Dtinnrrdlir I'arty. 
 but was never elected to a public otflee. He was also tlie founder of 
 the well-known Presbyterian journal, the Interior. He died May 13. 
 1884, having accumulated a fortune of $20,000,000.
 
 TlIK INVKNTUK UK THE SKWINO MACIIINK. 
 
 89 
 
 ? 
 
 tV:fi'i&A-itS)jfJ>:~ 
 
 iElias 
 
 "^^^^'itiJ'^^^'W^'" '^ ' 
 
 ,^<T-?Ji».-fW;^.''',T>_T, 
 
 Howe. 
 
 '"^^s^'^i^p'^TS^ 
 
 His Perseverance, Struggles and Final Triumph. 
 
 
 NE DAY, in 1833, in a poorly fur- 
 nished tenement in Boston, there 
 sat a young man intently watching 
 his wife as she engaged in sewing. 
 This was Elias Howe, then deter- 
 mined upon inventing some means 
 tiy which the drudgery of sewing 
 could be dispensed with, and the 
 labor performed by machinery. 
 
 Young Howe was naturally a me- 
 chanic. Born in the town of Spen- 
 cer. Massachusetts, in 1819. being 
 one of eight children, he was put by his father, 
 who was a farmer and miller, at the business 
 of sticliing wire teeth through leather straps 
 for cotton -cards. 
 He assisted his father 
 U until sixteen ^ears of age, 
 / when he went to Lowell, 
 where he secured work in one uf 
 the cotton mills of that city, and 
 there remained until thrown out 
 of employment by the financial dis- 
 asters of 183T. Thence he went to 
 Cambridge, where he found work on 
 hemp -carding machinery; boarding 
 in the same house with him, and 
 working in the same shop, was 
 Nathaniel P. Banks, afterwards 
 Governor of the State, a member of 
 Congress and Major-General in the 
 army. 
 
 From Cambridge he went to Bos- 
 ton, where, in the machine shop 
 of Ari Davis, he obtained work. 
 Married at the age of twenty-one, he 
 soon had a family of three children 
 dependent upon his labors, and his 
 health, always frail, breaking down 
 about this time, he was greatly de- 
 pressed in mind, and discouraged, 
 inasmuch as to his poor health was added extreme poverty. 
 
 It was at this time that he heard discussed the need of a sewing- 
 machine, and driven to the necessity of procuring a subsistence for 
 his family outside of manual labor, he began to ponder the subject, 
 giving it his thought night and day. Here it was that we found him 
 watching his wife as her needle went forward and back through the 
 cloth while she sewed. 
 
 For a yerir he bihorcd on the idea that the operation of the machine 
 
 ELIAS 
 
 Original Inventor of 
 
 should be similar to the work of hand. Finally he came to the con- 
 clusion that another stitch was needed, and a little later came the idea 
 of using two threads, forming the stitch with the aid of a shuttle, and 
 using a curved needle with the eye near the point. In this he hud 
 solved the problem, and in 1844 the scwing-raachine was nearly 
 invented. 
 
 Having abandoned the labor of the regular mechanic, he had 
 removed to the garret of his father's house, in Cambridge, when, with 
 his father's assistance, he was able to pursue his attempts at inven- 
 tion. His father suflfering the loss of property about this lime from 
 fire, Ellas was compelled to seek elsewhere for assistance, his effort 
 being rewarded by Mr. George Fisher, a wood and coal dealer of Cam- 
 bridge, who agreed to furnish S-'iOO for the purchase of materials 
 with which to construct a model, in the meantime allowing Howe and 
 his family to board at his house, while his garret was to be used as a 
 shop for making the machine. In 
 return, Fisher was to receive a 
 half-interest in the patent, if one 
 could be obtained. 
 
 During the winter of 1844 and "45. 
 the inventor labored faithfully on his 
 device, working all day, and often 
 through the night. In April. 1845. 
 the machine would sew a seam, and 
 in July he sewed two woolen suits 
 with it — one for Mr. Fisher, and the 
 other for himself. Having his ma- 
 chine completed and patented, the 
 next thing was to put it into use. 
 Then came another and the most 
 severe trial. Not a tailor would 
 adopt it, for fear that it would ruin 
 his business. Its ingenuity was 
 commended and its utility admitted, 
 but it was impossible to get anylwdy 
 to purchase it. 
 
 About tliis time Fisher, becoming 
 disgusted with the lack of success. 
 refused to have further interest in 
 the patent, and Howe and his family 
 returned to his father's house. 
 Driven by poverty to the necessity of earning bread for his family, 
 he secured a position as engineer on a railway locomotive. 
 
 His health at length breaking down, he concluded, as a last resort. 
 to see if the people in England would adopt his machine. He sent 
 the model over by his brother Amasa. who effected an engagement 
 with a Mr. William Thomas, of Cheapside. London, a corset-maker, 
 who promised to pay Si. '250 for the machine, provided Elias would 
 enter his employ at $15 per week and adapt the machine to his work. 
 
 HOWE. 
 
 tliL- Sewing,' Machine 
 
 .(^ — 
 
 — sO: 
 
 K
 
 ? 
 
 yo 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THK BRASS CLOCK. 
 
 The inventor accepted the proposition, and took his family to 
 England; but after a time, finding it impossible to endure the exac- 
 tions of his employer, he left the place and sent his family, in a nearly 
 destitute condition, back to his father's, at Cambridge, in the United 
 States, while he resolved to remain longer, to find employment, if 
 possible, with his miichine. In this effort he entirely failed. See- 
 ing, at length, no hope for success in England, and being greatly 
 impoverished, he pawned his model and patent-papers for a passage 
 to America, where, upon his arrival, he learned that his wife was 
 dying at Cambridge of consumption. Added to this sorrowful intel- 
 ligence was the realization of the fact that his health would not 
 permit him to walk to Massachusetts, and having no means to pay his 
 passage he must wait the arrival of money from home before he 
 could return there. 
 
 He reached Cambridge barely in time to see his wife die, and that, 
 too, just as the cloud of despondency that had hung over them so long 
 was about to break, allowing the light to pass through. 
 
 During his absence in England, his patent had created great inter- 
 est in the United States. Acting on his ideas, unscrupulous 
 mechanics had made other sewing-machines, which had been so well 
 advertised as to make Elias Howe, the original inventor, one of the 
 most famous names in the country. Friends came now. and. with 
 money to assist him, he commenced, in 1844, a series of suits for 
 
 infringements of his patent, which the courts finally decided in his 
 favor, in 1850. 
 
 He opened a manufactory for his machines in New York, in a 
 small way, with a Mr. Bliss, which, on the death of his partner, he 
 conducted himself. In time the profits of his business grew, with the 
 royalties paid to him by other manufacturers, to $200,000 per year, 
 yielding him in all $2, 000,000— a sum which was leswiened consider- 
 ably, however, by litigation in defending his patent. 
 
 During the war he enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Regiment 
 of Connecticut Volunteers, and performed the duties incident to the 
 campaign until his health compelled him to resign. At one time the 
 government being unable to pay the soldiers, Howe himself advanced 
 the money to pay the regiment, greatly to the convenience and advan- 
 tage of the men. 
 
 Elias Howe died in Brooklyn, N. Y. . Octobers, 18(t7, being forty- 
 eight years of age at the time of his death. 
 
 Though comparatively young when he died, he had lived to see the 
 machine he had striven so hard to invent perfected, and appreciated as 
 one of the greatest labor- savers in the world; while the making of it had 
 become an immense industry, affording a livelihood to tens of thou- 
 sands of mechanics, yielding fortunes to many manufacturers, and 
 a revenue of many millions of dollars to the United States. 
 
 @^gXp 
 
 -^m 
 
 Chauncey 
 
 m^ 
 
 The hiventor of 
 
 l^ferlV- 
 
 m 
 
 br 
 
 fevjQ 
 
 t^ 
 
 OR THE BRIGHT little brass clock that 
 ticks so rapidly is the reader indebted to 
 Chauncey Jerome, who was born at 
 Canaan, in Connecticut, in 1793. 
 r, ^'^ Reared on a farm, the death of his father 
 
 caused him to be apprenticed to a carpenter at 
 the age of fi.fteen, from whom he obtained per- 
 mission to work for himself during the winter- 
 time, on condition that he clothe him.self. This 
 arrangement being assented to, the young man 
 
 proceeded to W'aterbury, Conn., where he engaged him 
 self to a clockmaker. 
 
 At that time the old-fashioned wooden clock, seven feet hi 
 for $40. 
 
 fe^ 
 
 -<M 
 
 Jerome. 
 
 h, sold 
 By dint of economy, and working fifteen hours a day, he 
 acquired a knowledge of clock-case making, and saved some money, 
 with which he returned to his carpenter-shop in the spring. 
 
 He afterwards engaged with Eli Terry, who had invented a wooden 
 clock which sold for $15. This cheaper price enabled Mr. Terry to 
 find sale for 6, 000 clocks a year. Ere long Chauncey started business 
 for himself, and soon, through the introduction of labor-saving 
 machinery of his own invention, he was conducting an extensive 
 clock manufactory. One difflculty stood all the time in the way, 
 however, and that was the expansion and contraction of the wooden 
 wheels when exposed to extremes of moisture or heat, thus causing 
 his time-pieces, when shipiH-d long distances by water, to get out of 
 order. 
 
 There came, one day. a discouraging report of his clocks that were 
 spoiled by thn workw Kwelling while they were being nhipped to the 
 
 the Brass Clock. 
 
 South. There came, too, a temporary lull in the busi- 
 ness. It was one of those dark days which, while they 
 depress the mind, will turn thought into new chan- 
 nels from which sometimes grand things result. It 
 was during one of these dark periods that he was pon- 
 dering one night in his bed what could be done to obviate 
 the difficulty which beset the wooden clock, ^^■hen 
 suddenly the thought came to him that brass might serve 
 the purpose for wheels instead of wood. The idea 
 came to him like a revelation. He arose, struck a light, 
 . and spent the remainder of the night in making his 
 plans. It was necessary to construct machinery for the 
 of the brass wheels, but it was all produced, and the time 
 
 cuttin; 
 
 came, finally, through that invention, when a clock could be made 
 for forty cents; but even at that cheap price the Jerome Clock 
 Company, of New Haven, with orders for 200,000 clocks a year, 
 flourished apace, and Mr. Jerome, as the president of the com- 
 pany, living in a beautiful residence in New Haven, was rich. 
 
 Times changed, however. The business of the concern Mr. 
 Jerome had intrusted to other hands, and through bad management 
 the concern was wrecked, and Mr. Jcnune was left with no alternative 
 but to move from his (;legant and comfortable home into a hired cot- 
 tage, completely impoverished at sixty-seven years of age. He 
 accepted the snpcrintendency of a new clock company, in Chicago, 
 where he resided for a time, but returned to New Haven, soonafter- 
 wards» where he died; having lived sufficiently long, however, to see 
 tlie product of his work distributed thronL'houtall the civilized world.
 
 THE INV^ENTION OF STKAMliOATS AND THE ART OF PRINTING. 
 
 91 
 
 )() THESE THREE citizens of Germany bt'Ion<;(< 
 Ibe honor of inventing and improving the art of 
 printing with movable types. John Gutenherg, 
 the inventor of printing, was born at Mentz, 
 in 1400. In 1424 he went to Strasburg, where 
 he appears to have resided until 1444. Abont 
 1436 he first practiced the art of printing, and 
 it is supposed that bis original types were made 
 _ of wood. In 1444 he removed to Mentz. where. 
 
 m/ in 14.50, he entered into partnership with Faust. He 
 
 f died in 1468. Peter Schoeffer, another inventor of 
 
 the art of printing, was born at Gernsheim. in Darmstadt, aboutl430. 
 He was originally a copyist at Paris, France, but about 1450, at 
 Mentz, he became an assistant in the printing office of Gutenberg 
 & Faust. The firm was dissolved, subsequently, and in 1455 
 Schoeffer became a partner in the business with Faust, and after- 
 
 wards marriL'dhis daughter. Christine. On the death of Faust, in 
 1466, Schoeffer became sole proprietor, by inheritance, of the printing 
 ofticc. He invented the steel punches, or "matrices'' (moulds) used 
 in casting metal types. He died about 1503, and in 1836 a monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory at Gernsheim. John Fau.st, or 
 Fust, was a native of Mentz, but the date of his birth is wrapped in 
 obscurity. While he shares with Gntenberg and Schoeffer the honor 
 of having invented printing, it is believed that he contributed little 
 more than the money required to carry on the business. He was at 
 one time a wealthy goldsmith. He died at Paris about 146G. Of the 
 books printed by Gutenberg & Faust the only ones known are copies 
 of two editions of an "indulgence" granted by Pope Nicholas V. to 
 one Chappe, an ambassador of the King of Cyprus (1454 and 1455). 
 and an "Appeal to Christendom Against the Turks;" a folio Latin 
 Bible of the Mazarin library is also attributed to them. Faust & 
 Schoeffer did a more extensive business, and numerous books of 
 their production are in existence. 
 
 ROBERT 
 
 inr^OBERT FULTON, the third child of 
 five children, was born in Little 
 Britain (now called Fulton) in Lan- 
 caster county. Pennsylvania, in 1765. 
 At Lancaster, where his father died 
 when Robert was a mere child, he grew 
 to young manhood, being known as a dull student in the 
 ordinary studies of school, but was marked for aptitude in 
 drawing and a fondness for invention. 
 At fourteen he invented a pair of paddles to attach to a row-boat. 
 At seventeen his fondness for drawing led him to engage in the pro- 
 fession of portrait painting, at which time he went to Philadelphia, 
 where he remained until his twenty-first year, succeeding so well 
 pecuniarily as to be able to purchase a small farm for his mother, 
 slock it and make her comfortable for life. 
 
 He afterwards went abroad, and through his fondness for mechan- 
 ism, took up the work of civil engineering. Meeting Watt, who 
 
 FULTON Jg 
 
 j_ r^ had then just brought out the steam engine in Eng- 
 
 T^ land, he conceived the idea that this power could be 
 
 " j attached to the paddle-wheels which he had invented 
 
 years before; and thus was born in Fulton's mind 
 
 v-vt^ the idea of steam navigation. 
 
 v^ It was Monday, September 10, 1807, when Ful- 
 ton's steamboat named the "Clermont," one hundred and thirty 
 feet long, eighteen feet wide and seven feet deep, was first launched 
 at New York; and on her first trip she reached Albany in thirty-two 
 hours' funning time, being a speed of five miles an hour. Though 
 not the Inventor of the first steamboat, to Fulton belongs the honor 
 of first making water navigation by steam a success. 
 
 While attending a law-suit at Trenton, New Jersey, concerning 
 his exclusive right to navigate the Hudson, which privilege had been 
 granted him by the New York Legislature. Fulton caught a severe 
 cold in the court-room, from the effects of which he died, on the 24ih 
 of February, 1815, being at the time fifty years of age. 
 
 ? 
 
 ;Cd, — 
 
 :<5: 
 
 :^ 
 
 S
 
 rSi 
 
 ^ 
 
 92 
 
 THE INVENTOR UK THE PULLMAN CAK. 
 
 6 
 
 George M. Pullman. 
 
 d-*- 
 
 -%-=^^®a^^^-VD- 
 
 Health, Comfort and Luxury in Railway Traveling 
 
 
 'jJOT MANY years back in the past was the time when, in 
 '-^Z addition to the discomfort of a long journey in a 
 SIS) rail-car, the passenger occupied, during the entire dis- 
 tance, a seat which, while it might serve the purpose 
 of rest for a time, afforded no opportunity for comfort 
 while sleeping. Added to this was ill-health, engendered 
 by improper ventilation and irregularity in eating. 
 
 True, as compared with the stage-coach, the railway- 
 car, even at its worst, was an improvement ; but, while it 
 made traveling possible, it was without much comfort. 
 
 It was at this stage that George M. Pullman came to the front with 
 the railway coach so remodeled as to give it the air of domestic enjoy- 
 ment, containing the facilities for eating and sleeping with the same 
 
 was a woman of superior taste, from whom the future manufacturer 
 of palace cars inherited his love of the artistic and the beautiful. 
 
 Receiving a fair education in the schools of that time, he com- 
 menced work in a furniture establishment, but was soon afterwards 
 engaged as a contractor in raising buildings along the line of the 
 Erie canal, at the time of its enlargement. 
 
 In 1859 he removed to Chicago and entered upon the work of 
 elevating the buildings of the city to grade — an enterprise just being 
 commenced at the time of his arrival. 
 
 Among the large edifices at that time raised were the Matteson 
 House, the Tremont House, and the entire business block extending 
 from Clark to LaSalle street. These great stone buildings and brick 
 edifices were elevated several feet, complete, with scarcely a break. 
 
 Home Enjoyment and Social Life on the Journey. 
 
 regularity and pleasure that might be cxpericiu'cd in the j)arlornf the 
 most luxurious home. Hundreds of thousiuids of people having 
 enjoyed the comforts of the palace, sleeping and dining cars, it may 
 safely be presumed that it will be Interesting to know simiething of 
 the inventor and the means by which this imi)rovenient was given to the 
 world. 
 
 Tlie Hiiljject tit our sketch was born in Clmutau(iua county, N. Y., 
 March 3.18.31. Ills father, James L. PuUnuui, was an industrioufl 
 mechanic, and his mother. Emily Carolina Pullman, we may presume. 
 
 business gciiiig forward in all of them ^\■iIlMlut interruption. 
 Soon after his arrival in Chicago, his attention having been called to the 
 necessity for better sleeping accommodatiims for people when travel- 
 ing by rail, he obtained permission from the railway authorities 
 of the Chicago and Alton railway, and fitted up with berths two old 
 cars for use on that road. Although vastly inferior to the present 
 palace car, these were so great an improvement on anything that had 
 been seen before as to call forth the warmest commendations. 
 
 At the expiration of a year's residence in Chicago. Mr. Pnlhn;m 
 
 Cj- —
 
 GEORGE M. PULLMAN AND HIS KNTEIU'KISES. KICIIAUD il. HOE. 
 
 93 
 
 went to Iht; milling regions of C'olonido, where In- remiiini'd thre 
 years, when he yold out his interest in that section and returned ti 
 Chicago, satisfied that the world needed 
 and would iippreciiitc greater comfort in 
 traveling. With that idea firmly fixed in 
 his mind, he fitted up a shop on the Chicago 
 and Alton road, and built two cars, at 
 an expense of about Sl8. OUO each, to run 
 on that line. These cars excited a great 
 deal of interest, and though regarded by 
 many as a foolish extravagance, the man- 
 agers of the Michigan Central, the Chicago, 
 Burlington and (^uincy, and the Great 
 Western of Canada soon made contracts 
 with Mr. Pullman for the placing of his 
 sleeping-curs on their roads. From that 
 time forward the success of the Pullman 
 sleeping, parlor and dining cars was estab- 
 lished. They came rapidly into notoriely. 
 and us rapidly forward to poj>ularlty, bene- 
 fiting the public and enriching the man 
 whose enterprise and taste have made 
 a journey by rail, apparently, as pleasant 
 as traveling can be made. 
 
 Believing Chicago, in the near future, 
 to be not only the centre of gravity of 
 population in the United States, but the 
 leading railway centre of the country, Mr. 
 Pullman, with his family, has made this 
 
 city his permanent residence. His pecuniary interests, however, 
 lie in various directions throughout the Union. He was a contractor 
 
 GEORGE M. PULLMAN. 
 
 in building and a large stock-holder in the Metropolitan Elevated 
 
 Railway, in New York; has been one of the largest owner** of the 
 Eaglcton wire-works, in New York, em- 
 ploying a thousand workmen, and is inter- 
 ested in car-works in various scetionH of 
 the country, employing hundredH of men. 
 His latest enterprise, at this writing, is 
 the esiablishment of extensive works for 
 the manufacture of railway coaches in a 
 new town a few miles southward from 
 Chicago, at a place which has been named 
 Pullman. Heretofore the palace cars have 
 been made at various points, in diflfcrent 
 railroad shops, outside of Mr. Pullman's 
 jurisdiction. In this new manufactory it 
 is the design to gather the most skillful 
 of artisans, and with the best of materials 
 to construct sleeping, drawing-room and 
 dining cars with every convenience which 
 genius and cultured taste may suggest, all 
 under the direct supervision of the Pull- 
 man Palace Car Company. 
 
 Though not the originator of sleeping- 
 cars. Mr. Pullman is the author of the 
 improvements which have made the 
 sleeping-car what it is to-day; and the 
 success which has attended his efforts is 
 gratifying evidence that the talent for 
 invention and knowledge of business can 
 
 be so combined as to give the inventor the reward of his thought 
 
 and effort, while he yet lives to enjoy it. 
 
 , 9 t %^^9aj^ 
 
 ,c..£Sii?:to^^_ 
 
 ?^«J5JS-^^^ 
 
 ^ICHilRD ^^ARGH ]^OEI 
 
 Is^^^^i^"^ 
 
 '^fVl^M.^Sig , 
 
 Inventor of Hoe's Ligrhtning' Printing- Press. 
 
 R. M. Hoe was born in New Y'ork. September 12, 1812. Reared 
 to the business of manufacturing printing presses, a work that his 
 father had been 
 in before him. he 
 gave his attention 
 to improving the 
 presses in use, and 
 in 1837 produced 
 the machine 
 known as Hoe's 
 Double Cylinder 
 Press, which could 
 print about ti.UOO 
 copies an hour. 
 
 In December. 
 1848, he gave to 
 the country what 
 was known as the 
 "Lightning"" 
 press, capable of 
 
 throwing off 10.000. or more, copies per hour. In 1860 he had 
 supplied the New Y'ork journals with fifteen of these presses, had 
 
 Hoe's Perfecting Newspaper Press. 
 
 furnished the Boston publishers with several, had sent eighteen 
 to Great Britain, four to France, and one to Australia. 
 
 Mr. Hoe con- 
 tinued to improve 
 his press by the 
 addition of more 
 cylinders, until it 
 was able to print 
 25,000 copies per 
 hour: and. at 
 this writing, about 
 sixty years of age, 
 in the posses- 
 sion of an ample 
 fortune, and at the 
 head of a large 
 manufactory in 
 New York, and 
 one in England, he 
 is yet busy siudy- 
 
 g the means by which the printing press may be improved, a matte 
 ' interest to all concerned in the cause of universal education.
 
 k 
 
 Distinguished for Invention of Means by wfiich to Utilize the Power of Steam. 
 
 AMES WATT, 
 born at 
 G reenock, 
 Scotland, 
 January 19, 
 1736. was a 
 sickly child, 
 who, unable 
 to attend 
 school, was 
 left to follow 
 his own in- 
 clinations. 
 
 His father, 
 who was a 
 muthemati- 
 c a 1 instru- 
 ment maker, 
 furnished the 
 liny tools, and 
 with them 
 hi- f (i u n d 
 :iniusement 
 ;i]ul instruc- 
 tion. The 
 cliild early 
 evinced me- 
 chanical and 
 inventive 
 talent, and at 
 fourteen had 
 an electrical 
 
 constructed 
 niiichiue. 
 
 (Gradually as his health 
 improved, he enterednpim 
 a course of study . from 
 
 which, beside having a good knowledge of philosophy, he became very 
 proticicnt as a mathematician. He went up to London when nine- 
 teen yearn of age and engaged with one Morgan as a mathematical 
 Instrument maker. lie afterwards returned to Glasgow, and at 
 twenty-three Ijegan to Ptudy the principles of the steam engine. 
 It ie not claimed that he was the originator or discoverer of the 
 
 power of steam. The idea of the steam engine is said to have been 
 conceived by Hero of Alexandria, who flourished 2, 000 years ago, and 
 it is said invented a rotary engine, since which time a long line of 
 experimenters have followed. 
 
 In 1763 Watt commenced a series of experiments relating to the 
 power of steam which finally resulted in his invention of the con- 
 densing engine. Nine years he struggled with poverty to make a 
 practical application of this improvement. Diiticulties rose up before 
 him on every side. The necessary tools were not in existence, and 
 he had no money with which to make them. Added to this perplexity, 
 also, was his extreme aptitude for invention. No sooner had he 
 determined upon perfecting an idea, and had commenced to carry it 
 to fulfillment, than an improvement in another direction would take 
 possession of his mind so firmly that he felt he must give it heed. 
 
 His want of executive talent was shown in his attempt to superin- 
 tend the building of a canal, his poverty compelling him to accept 
 the situation at a thousand dollars a year. Nervous and retiring, 
 he shrank from giving orders to the workmen. He would go a long 
 distance out of his way rather than make a close bargain, and the 
 details of the business he greatly disliked. The result was that at 
 the expiration of eighteen months of trial he abandoned the work, 
 and retired very much discouraged; his misfortunes being augmented 
 about this time by the deatli of his wife, who had done much to sus- 
 tain him in his darkest hours. 
 
 It was at this period that an interest in his invention fell into the 
 hands of Matthew Boulton. a large hardware manufacturer of Kir- 
 mingham, who. having wealth and foresight to see the merit of the 
 invention, joined heartily with W^att in his endeavors, and together, 
 as partners, they carried tlie engine forwjird to such success that the 
 great Birmingham manufactory, which employed, under Boulton. 
 1,000 workmen, was ultimately driven to its fullest capacity to 
 supply the demand for steam engines. 
 
 Among the difticulties that Boulton and Watt had to contend with 
 lit first was an extreme jealousy among workingmen from fear that 
 the engine would deprive them of labor. Boulton was at various 
 times threatened with per.'^onal injury, and the clamor against Watt 
 was severe, but, as time passed on and new avenues of employment 
 multiplied through this labor-saving device, the ill-feeling died away 
 and Watt was declared a benefactor. 
 
 After-years brought other inventions of his. among them being 
 house-warming by steam and the copying press. He died August 
 art, 1819, at the advanced age of eighty-three. 
 
 .Q^
 
 THE UTILIZATION OK INDIA liUlJUEli. 
 
 
 1f]^ijlr|if"J5i^l'i*i^!'^^^^^ 
 
 4 1 ^ 4 a 4 \Ja\-T)-^\ 
 
 GOOG00OOOOGG0©© 
 
 GGOG ^OGGG0OOQOGQ Q^^" 
 
 Discoverer of the Process of Vulcanizing Rubber. 
 
 ;'ASSING A RUBBER store, one day, 
 in New York, Charles Goodyear 
 was attracted by the words '"India 
 Rubber'' on the sisrn over the store 
 of the Kosbury Rubber Company. 
 Much had about that time been 
 w? tAK 'v.mt3\ 'Vj^A'-x ^^^^ concerning India-rubber life- 
 
 J Q, "T^!^ ii^f_r E 'l preservers, and Goodyear wasinter- 
 
 , ,' ^ l/v?S5':.^^S''> ested. This was in 1833, and 
 
 Goodyear having been born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800, was 
 consequently at this time about 
 thirty-three years of age. 
 Having been associated with his father in the 
 hardware trade at Philadelphia, and the business 
 being insolvent, Goodyear was seeking a new 
 employment, when the rubber sign attracting him, 
 he entered the store. He made examination of the 
 various goods for sale, and at last bought a life- 
 preserver, which. In the admission of air, he after- 
 wards discovered could be materially improved. 
 Returning to the store to explain his improvement, 
 the salesman dilated quite at length on the discour- 
 agements which the rubber trade was undergoing as 
 a reason for not caring to purchase any invention 
 connected with the manufacture; that among the difficulties, 
 especially, were rubber over-shoes, those of the rubber becoming as 
 hard as flint in winter, and if exposed to a temperature of 100 
 degrees in summer, of melting and running together in a solid 
 mass of gum. The representative of the rubber house also informed 
 hira that unless a method could be devised for obviating this difficulty 
 the trade and manufacture of rubber goods would be a loss — a fact 
 which proved true in the failure of this company a short time after- 
 wards. 
 
 Returning to Philadelphia, Goodyear commenced to experiment 
 with India rubber. The effort to make this discovery he steadily 
 continued for six years, purchasing a few pounds at a time, melting 
 it. and mixing with it various ingredients in order to prevent its 
 becoming solid or adhesive. During these years Goodyear was most 
 severely pressed for the means wherewith to support his family. He 
 sold and pawned every available article that could possibly he spared 
 about his household, to raise means to continue his experiments, and, 
 even with these sacrifices, he was often in the debtor's prison. 
 
 At length, after three years of continued experiment, he discov- 
 ered that the adhesiveness of the rubber could be destroyed by 
 
 dipping it in a preparation of nitric acid. This served the purpose 
 with the exterior of shoes, but the interior was not yet improved. 
 
 He continued his trials, and at Woburn, Mass., six years after he 
 commenced his attempts, he discovered that by sprinkling on the 
 common sticky rubber powdered sulphur, and baking it for a nhort 
 time in an oven heated to 275 degrees, it came out a new material, 
 being an India rubber that would not harden in cold weather, nor 
 melt in warm. He subsequently discovered that by varying the 
 degrees of heat he could make the material as hard as flint or as soft 
 as silk, as brittle as glass, or as elastic as a steel spring. A new material 
 had been formed, adapted to a thousand purposes, which, in articles 
 of use and ornament, are found to-day in the various avenues of 
 trade. 
 
 The problem had been solved, and yet nobody but Charles Good- 
 year believed it. He was simply laughed at when he mentioned rubber 
 to his friends, who considered him a monomaniac on the subject. Two 
 years went by, in which he suffered the direst want before he could 
 interest anybody in his work. At length an individual in New York 
 went into partnership with him, and vulcanized rubber goods began 
 to be made with success. The necessariesof life were then obtained 
 for his family, and had he rested his efforts there and engaged in 
 manufacturing, he could have become wealthy. But, instead, he 
 sold rights to manufacture, and continued his experiments. In the 
 meantime he became involved in expensive litigation with parlies who 
 infringed on his patent, which prevented his accumulating. Though 
 patented in France in 1844, through certain legal informalities he 
 secured no benefit from his improvement in that country: and having 
 negotiated with a firm in England to sell the right, a partner of the 
 firm, discovering the process, took out a patent in his own name, so 
 that the benefit to the right of its manufacture was lost to the original 
 inventor in Great Britain. 
 
 Goodyear died in July. 1860, in the seventy-first year of bis age. 
 The Goodyear patents now number over sixty. The discovery and 
 adoption of his process have been of immense service to the world. 
 The vulcanized India-rubber trade is one of the greatest industries of 
 the land to-day: and yet. notwithstanding the perseverance which 
 accomplished the final result, the sacrifices made to attain it, contin- 
 ued experiment, and expensive litigation, caused the inventor to die 
 insolvent, leaving his family unprovided for. His only reward was 
 that he lived to see large factories for its manufacture arise in the 
 United States and Europe, which employed over 60,000 operatives. 
 producing over 500 different articles, which sold to the value of 
 $8,000,000 annually, an amount which from that time to this has 
 steadily increased, employing tens of thousands of workmen, and 
 a capital t-mbracing tens of millions of dollars.
 
 V6 
 
 THE FATHER OF ENGLISH EAILWAYS. 
 
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 ^HfeE3.*^B^H 
 
 ■'M 
 
 -*-^' 
 
 George 
 
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 ^v-feEPt^T^f^^ 
 
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 Stephenson. 
 
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 -^r^^^-t-e^l^a-t-SE^^ -C^ 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 JkV^^s4/<whT WYLAM. about nine miles west of Newcastle- 
 \^vV ik^^^i upon-Tyne. in a poor cottage, with a clay floor 
 ' and unplastered walls, George Stephenson was 
 born in April, 1787. 
 
 The father of George was a fireman, whose wages 
 brought him but three dollars a week. With a 
 wife and six chihlren to support from this sura, there was nothing to 
 expend for education. To satisfy the cravings of hunger was the 
 first impulse, and as soon as opportunity offered the children were 
 put to earning the means of support. 
 
 Five cents a day were George's first earnings in looking after Widow 
 Ainslie's cows. Later, be received fifty cents a week. wUeu caring 
 for horses. Afterwards he got a dollar a week as an assistant to 
 his father; and, at the age of sixteen, he was appointed to work at 
 a pnmping-engine, 
 at three dollars a 
 week. 
 
 Receiving a 
 man's wages, he 
 was delighted, and 
 in all his subse- 
 quent triumphs as 
 a locomotive build- 
 er, it is doubtful if 
 he was ever happier 
 than when he was 
 elevated to the posi- 
 tion as an attendant 
 upon the pump- 
 engine. 
 
 At the age of 
 eighteen, he could 
 neither read nor 
 write, but, pos- 
 sessed of a thought- 
 ful, meditative 
 mind, he then com- 
 menced attending a 
 night-school, and a 
 year afterwards 
 could spell words, 
 was able to write 
 his own name, and had begun to get an insight into arithmetic. 
 
 When not engaged in his labors throughout the day, he sought to 
 improve his position by becoming proficient in his work. He took 
 his engine to pieces and studied every part. He was never idle. 
 The result of his spirit of inquiry and ambition was, that he was 
 rai)ldly advanced through all the grades of engineering. 
 
 He married at twenty-one, and settled in a little cottage at Willing- 
 ton Quay. Here, in his home at evenings, he studied mechanics, the 
 efTort to get perpetual motion coming in for a share of his time. 
 His clock subsequently getting out of order, he took the same to 
 pieces, and out of the remnants of his machine for perpetual motkm. 
 
 House Where (George Stepliensun was Horn, at Wylani, England. 
 
 he put it in good order. He forthwith became the clock- repairer 
 of the neighborhood. 
 
 From one position to another he advanced. It was in 1813, and 
 he was thirty-two years old, when he told his employer, Lord 
 Ravensworth, that he believed he could make a steam-engine that, 
 placed on wheels over the tramways then in use, would- profitably take 
 the place of horses. 
 
 Steam-carriages were then a fact. Locomotive-engines had been 
 actually then employed; therefore, Stephenson could in no sense be 
 said to be the inventor of this means of locomotion. But, although 
 the steam-engine on wheels was a reality, it bad not yet been made 
 practicable. 
 
 As Watt successfully applied steam as a power, so it was left for 
 Stephenson to successfully put the steam-engine on wheels for the 
 
 rapid transport of 
 heavy burdens. 
 
 Lord Ravens- 
 worth furnished the 
 money, and in the 
 workshops at West 
 Moor, Killingworth, 
 Stephenson, with 
 the aid of the col- 
 liery blacksmith, 
 constructed a loco- 
 motive that would 
 draw, at the rate of 
 four miles an hour, 
 eight loaded car- 
 riages of thirty tons 
 each. The affair, 
 although clumsy, 
 was pronounced a 
 success; and im- 
 provements %vent 
 forward from that 
 time until, in 1825, 
 over the Stockt(m 
 and Darlington rail- 
 way, Stephenson 
 drove an engine that 
 drew ninetv tons at 
 
 the rale of a little more than eight miles an hour. 
 
 The great engine works which he, with his son. established at 
 Newcastle, and the network of railways throughout Enghnul and the 
 world, stand as ever-living monuments of the perseverance and 
 inventive genius of George Stephenson, who, in his sixty-seven 
 years of life, had lived to see. through his own effort, the speed cif 
 travel increased from stage-coach pace to the velocity of the rapid- 
 running locomotive. 
 
 Stephenson died at Tapt<m house, near Chesterfield. August 12, 
 1848, leaving a great fortune, mostly to his only son Robert, who 
 also became one of the mnst distinguished engineers in England. 
 
 ;&>—-
 
 THE INVENTUKS UK THE DAUL'EKUEUTVl'E AND THE CALOKIC ENGINE. 
 
 1*7 
 
 ^,^^.,^1^,.,^^ 
 
 ^I^ 
 
 t^T^H 
 
 M, Daguerre, 
 
 -^ 
 
 H^I^H 
 
 The Ingenious French Artist who Invented the Daguerreotype. 
 
 jl,;.,^ AGUERRE, wbose name was a familiar word in 
 iIk* l)t,'ginning of the nineteeiitli cuntiiry. was 
 horn at Corniuilles. -France, in 17S9. He way 
 11 scene i)ainter by profession, in Paris, and 
 one of tlie most sliillfnl engaged in that art. 
 Having assisted in painting tlie panoramas of 
 several European cities, it occurred to him 
 that their exhibition would be greatly improved 
 by a reflection of various-colored lights upon them, which would 
 produce the effect of summer, winter, sunset, storm, etc. 
 
 This iuveution. called the diorama, Daguerre, assisted by Bouton, 
 carried to perfection in 1832. For some years afterwards the work of 
 jjreparing i)ictures for exhibition absorbed Daguerre's time, until his 
 establishment was burned in 1839. 
 
 Upon recovering from this misfortune, he began to experiment on 
 brilliant surfaces, with a view to getting a permanent representation 
 of objects through the aid of sunlight. About that time, Joseph 
 Nicephore Niepce commenced similar experiments, and discovered 
 
 the process by which partially satisfactory results were obtained. 
 
 Niepce .and Daguerre united in their efforts to perfect the improve- 
 ment, and labored togellier until the death of Niepce, in 1833, when 
 Daguerre continued to experiment, and made such improvementB 
 and discoveries as to cause the credit of the invention to be given to 
 him. 
 
 The announcement of this discovery, in 1839, created much interest, 
 which was greatly increased by the exhibition of several pictures 
 taken soon after. On consideration of his tnakinghis secrets relating 
 to the diorama and daguerreotype known to the i)ublic, Daguerre was 
 created an officer of the Legion of Honor and presented by the 
 French government with C, 000 francs. His history and description 
 of the diorama and the daguerreotype, i)ublished in 1840, passed 
 through many editions, and had a very large sale. 
 
 Daguerre died July 13, 1851, leaving to the world the processes 
 out of which have come photography, photo-lithography, photo- 
 engraving, the Albert-type, and similar improvements in picture- 
 making. 
 
 JOHN ERICSSON, 
 
 ^rn^UE INVKNTOU of 
 
 the f:;mous 
 monitors which, during the war. 
 
 S i l^i) came to the aid of the fleets on 
 ^-S-^J^ the Union side as tbey were 
 engaged in naval warfare, was John 
 Ericsson, a Swedish engineer, who was 
 born, 1803, in the province of Wermeland. 
 
 At the age of thirteen he was employed 
 as a leveler on the t-hip-canal between 
 the Baltic and the North sea; was in the 
 Swedish army at the age of seventeen, and 
 for meritorious conduct attained to the 
 rank of captain. Having a natural taste 
 for mechanics, he resigned his commis- 
 sion in the army and gave his attention to 
 invention. 
 
 His tirst improvement was the introduc- 
 tion of a steam-boiler that, by artificial 
 draft, secured a great reduction of fuel, 
 and did away with the necessity for the 
 huge smoke stacks. This was adopted in 
 
 London among the manufacturers, and was placed on the railway 
 locomotives in England, in 1829. Near that time, Ericsson also con- 
 structed a locomotive that would run at the rate of fifty miles an hour. 
 
 The aim of this inventor seemed to be to secure great strength and 
 efficiency in as compact and small a space as possible. His improve- 
 ment was made practicable on steam fire engines, and, in further- 
 
 SWEDISH ENGINEER. 
 
 ance of his idea, he made and perfected 
 a caloric engine, in 18G3, which created 
 great interest in the scientific world. 
 
 The idea of propelling a vessel by the 
 aid of a screw-paddle in the rear, was 
 Ericsson's. The British did not take 
 kindly to this improvement, and the in- 
 ventor came to America, where his idea 
 was adopted, and is largely in use upon 
 the inland lakes of the United States. 
 
 The war steamship Princeton, made by 
 him in 1841, was remarkable for having its 
 propelling machinery under water, where 
 it could not be injured by shot or shell. 
 
 Among his inventions have been an 
 instrument for measuring distances at sea; 
 for determining the volume of fluids under 
 pressure; a meter for measuring the quan- 
 tity of water which passes through pipes 
 during certain definite periods; an alarm 
 barometer; a sea-lead for taking sound- 
 ings; and an appliance for measuring temperature, from thirty-two 
 up to 4.000 degrees. 
 
 This distinguished inventor came prominently before the world 
 through the Monitor, a successful iron-clad war vessel, which he 
 constructed for the United States government in 100 days. Ericsson 
 has latterly resided in New York City. 
 
 9 
 
 \i —
 
 I 
 
 Engineer of the Suez Canal Across the Sandy, Egyptian Waste of About One Hundred Miles. 
 
 '^HE CELEBRATED French engineer, De Les?eps, derives 
 bis principal fame from his connection with the con- 
 struction of the Suez canal, running across the isthmus 
 of that name, which connects the continents of Asia and 
 Africa. The isthmus is a sandy waste, between seventy 
 and eighty miles wide. On its south side lies the Gulf 
 of Suez, an arm of the Red sea, and on the north is the 
 Mediterranean sea. The Suez canal hegins at the Bay of Pelusium, 
 in the Mediterranean, and runs southerly to the town of Suez, across 
 the isthmus, a distance of about 100 miles, and has proved to be one 
 of the most profitable and important ^.^^ 
 
 world 1^ 
 Its importance is derived 
 
 artificial water-courses that the 
 has known 
 
 from the fact that it saves voyages of 
 more than 5.000 miles between England 
 iuid Ceylon, around the Cape of Good 
 Hope in South Africa; and within a little 
 more than five years after its opening in 
 18G9. vessels to the number of 4,781 had 
 passed through it, going north and south, 
 with 278,231 passengers. The history of 
 the canal begins in ancient times, when 
 a water channel uniting the river Nile with 
 the Red sea was proposed. In 1799 Na- 
 poleon had surveys for a canal made, but 
 tbe engineer. La Pcre, seriously erred in 
 his report as to the levels of the two seas, 
 which the canal now connects. In 1854 
 the idea of a canal across the isthmus 
 was renewed, and by authority from tbe 
 Pasha of Egypt, M. de Lesseps received 
 ])ermission to form the company which, in 
 1859, began the construction of the present ^ 
 canal. The capital of this company, at ^-^^r- 
 the start, was $40,000,000. and was in- 
 creased to $90,000,000. Ten years aftt-r 
 
 its commencement the canal was ccmipletcd. In 1875 the British 
 govemment purchased 177 of the canal shares, owned by the Khedive 
 of Egypt, for $20,000,000. The whole amount of shares issued was 
 400. The plan of De Lesseps not only comprised the cutting of the 
 canal through ninety miles of sand from sea to sea; to build moles 
 out into the Mediterranean, at Port Said, one of which is 6,940 feet 
 long and the other 6, 020 feet, made of concrete ; to deepen the shallow 
 waters by excavations; to create ports to receive ships from India and 
 Au^'tnilia. and to adapt the canal to purposes of irrigation and so 
 
 FERDINAND DE LESSEPS. 
 
 fertilize the adjacent country. Such is the capacity of the canal that 
 steamships of 3,000 tons burthen pass readily through it. On the 
 17th of November, 1869, the canal was successfully opened in the 
 presence of the Emperor of Austria, the Empress of the French, the 
 Viceroy of Egypt, and others; and on July 4. 1870. De Lesseps was 
 publicly entertained in London, He is now interested in the con- 
 struction of a similar ship-canal across the Isthmus of Darien, 
 between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific ocean. 
 
 M. De Lesseps was born at Versailles, France, in 1805. Early in 
 
 life he developed the spirit and shrewdness which distinguished his 
 
 -^-^ after-career as a diplomatist. In 1825 he 
 
 'fSj was attached to the French consulate at 
 
 ' Lisbon, Portugal. In 1827 he was engaged 
 in the commercial department of the 
 French Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 
 1828 he was attached to the Consul- 
 general's ofiice at Tunis, and in 1831 he 
 was sent as Consul to Alexandria, Egypt. 
 Seven years afterwards he was Consul to 
 Rotterdam, Holland. In 1839 he was sent 
 to Malaga to negotiate in behalf of French 
 commerce with the Spanish government, 
 and was appointed Consul at Barcelona. 
 In 1844 he was again Consul at Alexandria, 
 returning soon to Barcelona. In 1848 he 
 was appointed French Minister to Spain, 
 remaining at Madrid about a year, and 
 returning to Paris just after the revolu- 
 tion of 1848. In 1849 he was sent as 
 envoy of the French republic to the 
 Mazzini government at Rome, taking part 
 in tlie negotiations previous to the resto- 
 v> r;ttion of the Pope by the French army. 
 =?^-C In 18.54 he was commissioned by the society 
 at Paris which contemplated the opening 
 of the Suez canal, to negotiate with Said 
 Pasha of Egypt for its construction. His mission was crowned with 
 success, but it was not until 1850 that the fullest concession was 
 granted, and the international company was completely organized. 
 The result is described above, although the construction of the canal 
 was not begun until 1859. 
 
 During the year 1880 De Lesseps visited the I'nited States for the 
 purpose of interesting the capitalists of America, in his Darien canal 
 scheme. French capital, however, came to his aid, and at this 
 writing the Panama canut is in process of construction. 
 
 ^ 
 
 (by—^-
 
 -<j 
 
 I.Ml*(»K'rA.\T IWKN'riuNS, DI.SC< A' KIUKS AM) lMl'i:u\' KMK.NTS, ASl) liV WIKt.M MADE. 
 
 M 
 
 At Different Periods of the World's History. 
 
 CCORDIOXS- Invented 
 bv Uiiinian. of Vienna, yVus- 
 tria. I82y. 
 
 >£oliun harp— Finst de- 
 scribed by Kircher, a Ger- 
 man, in 16:i3; but it w;is 
 earlier known. 
 
 Air-brakes — Invented 
 by (iiMM'^e WKStinviliouHu, in 
 AriHTiea. IHliii; improved by 
 J. \V. Gardiner, 1872; by 
 Hendfi-son, 1872, and by 
 Fofrelburg. 1872. 
 
 Air-gunH — Invented in 
 Germany, by Gubr, 1656; in 
 America, by Shaw. 1849. 
 Alr-piimps— First made in Madgeburg, Ger- 
 many, by otto Guericke, HJjO. 
 
 Alcohol— Wasknown in thetbirteenth century, 
 and inanulactured in France in the fourteenth 
 century. 
 
 Ale— Was known as a beverage 404 years before 
 Christ, 
 
 Alffebra— Is traced to DiophantQS, a Greek, in 
 the fourth century; known In Europe in 1300. 
 
 Almanacs — First printed in Hungary, by 
 Hkus. ill 1470; in England. 107.'J, and in Phila- 
 delphia. Pa., by William Bradford. 1686. 
 
 Alphabet (Tonict — Introduced 339 yeai-s 
 belc.iv fin t-c , ("M. it. Ills broilK'ht lft.ti.Ts from Plui'- 
 ni.-i.i itii- ill. .r.. ir.ii vearsb..-for.- Christ. Athof.-s 
 is s.nil r.. h,i\ . hi-.ii (he author tit hieri>u'l> plnrs, 
 and to h.ivi wiiitcu history with them -^ITi years 
 before Clirist. 
 
 Amaleamator— Invented in America, by 
 V'arney; improved by Hill, 1861; Coleman, 1863; 
 Wheeler, 181.'{: Heath, 1863; Dodge, 1864; Brodie. 
 1K64: Moore. 1865: Peck, 186.^; Charles, 1866; Staat>i, 
 1866. 
 
 Anchors — Were invented by the Tuscans; 
 improved by Anacharsis in Scythia, 592 years be- 
 fore Christ. 
 
 Anemometer (wind-measure) —Invented by 
 \\'i>iiii-;, iTO'.i; measures force and speed. 
 
 .Vpple-parer — Invented by Contes, 1803; 
 inipiuveil by Hates. 1810; Mitchell, 1838; Pratt. 
 1S.'>3. 
 
 Aniline-colors — For dyeing, discovered by 
 Unveriiorben, 1826. 
 
 Areometer — For niea.suring liquid density 
 and gravity, described by Baunie, 1768. 
 
 .Vrirand I^amp- Invented by Aime Argand, 
 1789. 
 
 Armstronff-sim —Invented by Armstrong, 
 1855. 
 
 Atmospheric railways— Atmospheric pres- 
 sure di.sL-oveied by Papin. 1680. 
 
 Backffanimon— Invented in Greece, by Pala^ 
 niedes. abuut liH. 
 
 Bsitrpipe— Invention traced to early Greece; 
 probably 200 yeai-^ or more before Christ. 
 
 Balloons— Invented by Montgolfier, France, 
 178-2. 
 
 Banks— Known at Athens. Greece. 385-.122 be- 
 fore Christ; at Rome, 352 before Christ; in Venice 
 1157; Bank of England established, 1695. 
 
 Barometers- Invented 1026. 
 
 Battery-eriin— Invented by Gatling, 1861; by 
 Hardy. 1862; Taylor. 1871; Dodge, 18r)6. 
 
 Bayonets- Invented at Bayonne, France, 
 ai.out 1647-1690. 
 
 Beer— Fii-st introdiiced into England, U92; in 
 Scotland as early as 1482. (See ALE. ) 
 
 Bellows— Invented (it is claimed) byAnachar- 
 sis, in Scythia, about .WJ yeai-s before Christ. 
 
 Bells— Invented hyPaulinus, Bishop of Nola, 
 Campagna. about 400; llrst used in France, 550. 
 
 Bessemer-steel — Invented in England by 
 H. Bessemer, 1.S56; inifiroved by him, 1861 and 1862. 
 
 Billiards— Origin unknown; claimed to have 
 been invented in France, by Devigne, about 1171. 
 
 Blankets- Fii-st made in England, in 1340. 
 
 Blast-farnace- Invented by Detniold, 1842; 
 improved by Van Dyke, 1860. 
 
 Blood— Circulation discovered in England, by 
 Dr. Harvey, 1017. Was known to the ancients. 
 
 Bombs— Alleged to have been invented at 
 Venlo. Holland. 1495. 
 
 Books — In their present form, invented by 
 Attains. King of Pergamus, 887; Ilrst printed in 
 England, by i_'axton, 1474. 
 
 Book-keeping — Double-entry originated in 
 Venice, in the lifteenth centui'y. 
 
 Boot-crimper- Invented by Moo)'e, 1812. 
 
 Boots— Invented 907 years befoi'e Christ. 
 
 Bottles (glass)— Made at Pompeii, in the fii-st 
 century. 
 
 Bows and Arrows- 
 1000. 
 
 ■Introduced in England, 
 
 Brandy— Made in France early in 1300. 
 
 Brass— Copper and zinc combined— knoivn to 
 early nations; patent to Emerson, in England, 
 1781. 
 
 Bread— Of great antiiinity; first made with 
 ye:ust in England, 1034. 
 
 Breech-loading: Fire-arms — Invented by 
 Thornton and Hall. ISU; impro%ed by Ballard, 
 1851; Chassepot, 1867. 
 
 Bricks— Fii-st used in England by the Romans 
 about A. D. 44; size hxed by King Cliaaies I. , 1625. 
 
 Bridge (stone)— Ancient in China; fii-st built 
 at Bow, England, 1087; first wooden one at Croy- 
 land Abbey, 943. 
 
 Buckles— Invented about 1680. 
 
 Bullets (stone)— Used in 1514; iron ones first 
 mentioned. 1550; of lead, in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Calico-printing — The Dutch-loom engine 
 used lii^t in 1670; calicoes tli"Rt made in Lancashire, 
 England, 1771; brought to England from India, 
 1631. 
 
 Camera Ohseura — Invention claimed for 
 Roger Bacon. 1290, and for Baptisa Porta, six- 
 teenth centm'y- 
 
 Candles (tallow) — Substituted for prepared 
 wood-splinters, 1290. 
 
 Cannons- Invented in 1330; first used by the 
 English, 1.346; first made of iron in England, 1547. 
 
 Caps— Fii-st worn in 1449. 
 
 Cards (plaving) — Invented for the amuse- 
 ment of King (jharles VI., 1380. 
 
 Carriages— Introduced into England, 1.580; in 
 Vienna. Austria, 1515; in France. 1559. 
 
 Carpets — Introducted into France from the 
 East, 1589-1610; made in France, 1664, 
 
 Carie-de-visite (photographic)- First made 
 by Ferrier. in Paris, 1857. 
 
 Cast-iron pavement- First used in London, 
 England. 1817. 
 
 Cast-iron plow— Invented by Ncwbold, 1797. 
 
 Chain-shot- Invented by De Witt, the Dutch 
 
 Ailniir.'il. 1666. 
 
 Chess— Invented 608 yean* before Christ. 
 
 Chimes (on bells)— Invented, 1487. 
 
 Chimneys— Introduced into England in 1200. 
 
 China (earthenware) — Made at Cheli*ea. Eng- 
 land, 1752-1760; by Wedgwood, 17C2; at Dre^Klen, 
 Saxony. 1706. 
 
 Chloral— First obtained by Liebig, 1831. 
 
 Chloroform— Disc(»vered hy Samuel Guthrie, 
 I83I; first used in suigiual operation at Boston, 
 1846. 
 
 Circular-saw — Invented by Bcntham. in 
 England. 1790; improved by Trotter. 1804. and by 
 Biunel. 18U5 and 1809; first saw-makei-'s anvil 
 brought to America, IKI9. 
 
 Clarionet — Invention claimed for John C. 
 Denner, of Leipsic. 1690. 
 
 Clocks {water)—First used in Rome 1.58 vears 
 before Christ; cimi-ch clocks and dials. fii>"t put 
 up in 913; clocks made to strike the hoiii>. in 
 Arabia, 801: clocks with pendulums, invenit-il in 
 England hy Harris, about 1041; repeating clocks 
 and watches, irt England, by Barlow, 1676: biass 
 clocks by Jerome, in America, about 1820-"25. 
 
 Cloth (woolen)— Introduced into England 1 191 ; 
 first manufactured there. 1390. 
 
 Coal— Discovered in Kngland. near Newcastle, 
 ViSi: sea-coal used loi- fuel, 1350. 
 
 Collodion— Used in photography; originated 
 by y. S. Archer, 1851. 
 
 Coin (silver)- First made by Phidon. King of 
 Argus, 869 yeai-s befoiv Christ; in Rome. 269 liefore 
 <^hri.st; gold coin fii-stused in the East; first coined 
 in Venire, 1346; English guineas. 1673; cnining 
 with a die, invented 1617; <-opper money first le- 
 gally coined in England, 1689; in Scotlan'd. 1466. 
 
 Comets— Halley's identified. 1682; Encke's dis- 
 covered. 1818; Biehi's uoted, 1826; Donati's, first 
 observed at Florence, Italy, 18.58. 
 
 Compass (seajnan's)— Invented in China. 1120 
 years before Christ; " van'ation " discovered by 
 the Chinese, and noticed hy Columbus: the "' dip" 
 discovered 1756, by Robert Norman, of London. 
 
 Concrete pavement— Invented by Straub, 
 1863: improvecf by Prescott, 1872, and by Bellamy. 
 1875. 
 
 Copper— Its discovery is said to have preceded 
 that nf iron, and it was known to the ancients; 
 the fii-st copper cent was made at New Haven, 
 
 Conn. , 1687. 
 
 Corn-sheller — Invented by Phinney in 1815; 
 improved by James, 1819. 
 
 Cotton-gin— Invented by Eli Whitney. 1793; 
 improved by Whipple, 1840. and Parkhui-st. 1845. 
 
 Curve«l Stereotype Plates- Invented by 
 Cooper, hs!5. 
 
 Cutting glass (b3- sand-blast) — Invented by 
 Teghlinan. 1S70. 
 
 Hagoerreotype Miniatures — Produced 
 in France by M. Daguerre. l)t;tS. 
 
 Dahlgren-gnn (cannon)- Invented bv Admi- 
 ral Dahlgren, f. S. \. . 1861. 
 
 Dancing — Attributed first .is a time-movement 
 to the Curetes, 1534 yeai"s before Christ. 
 
 Davy Safety-lamp (for miners)— Invented 
 by Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1815. 
 
 Diamonds— Fii-st cut and polished at Bruges. 
 Belgium. 1489. 
 
 ^ Ci"^ 
 
 A.
 
 ll'n 
 
 DATKS OF IMPORTANT IXVENTJ(.»NS, DISCOVKKIKS AND IMl'KOVKMKNTS. 
 
 Dice— Invented 1500 years before Christ. 
 
 Dictionary — The earliest known was in 
 China, about 1100 years before Christ; the oldest 
 Greek dictionary dat-es back to the days of 
 Augustus; a Latin dictionary was compiled in the 
 first Christian century. 
 
 Distilling— First practiced. 1150. 
 
 DivlnK-hell— Probably invented about 1509, 
 and improved in Holland about 1670. 
 
 Dominoett- Asa game, is traced to the Greeks, 
 Hebrews and Chinese. 
 
 Drfiiiffhts, or Checkers— Has been played in 
 Egypt 4000 yeai-s; introduced into Europe three or 
 four centuries ago. 
 
 Driimniond-lislit — Invented by Lieutenant 
 Diiiniinund. 1S26. 
 
 Drums— Invented in the East, and introduced 
 by the Moors into Spain. 713. 
 
 Earth-closets — Invented by Moule & Girdle- 
 
 Stoii ■, 1,S60, 
 
 £hoaite-hard Rubber — Invented by 
 Churies Goodyear, 1819. 
 
 Engravins on Metal — Invented. 1423; on 
 copp -r, 1511; on wood, in Flanders, 1423, and 
 revived by Albert Durer. 1511; on glass, at Paris, 
 by Uondier, 1799; etching on copper with acid 
 introduced, 1512. 
 
 Electric Liarht — Invented by Stalte & Petrie 
 about 184fi; improved bv Duboscq. in 1855; Serrin, 
 ISO,*. Holmes. 1858; I)nma.s and Benoit. 1862; Jabla- 
 kotf. about 1878; Edison, 1879. 
 
 Electrical machine — Invented by Von 
 GuLTicke. 1647; the Leyden jar, invented at Ley- 
 den, about 1745. 
 
 Electrotype — Invented by Spencer, 1837; 
 improved by'jacobi, 1838; Robert Murray, 1840. 
 
 Elevated railwav — Invented by Sargent, 
 isr>: improved Ijy Andrew, 1861. 
 
 Envelopes (for letters)— First used in 1839. 
 
 F:iirbank*s platform Scales— Invented by 
 Thaddeus Fairbanks, 1831. 
 
 F;tir8 (or market fairs) — First instituted in 
 Eiii^'land by King .\Ifred, 886; called fairs because 
 they were first held on holidays. 
 
 False hair— Introduced by courtesans in Italy, 
 and carried to England from France. 1572. 
 
 Fire-enRines— E.\isted in ancient times; the 
 modern style invented by Vanderheides. in Hol- 
 land— time'unknown: invented, also, at Augsburg, 
 1518; first known at Paris. 1699. 
 
 Flint sfun-locks- Invented, 1630. 
 
 Forks— First known in Italy toward the close 
 of the fifteenth century; introduced in England, 
 1608. 
 
 Galvanism — Investigated and results an- 
 nouiiced bv Galvani. 1791: galvanic battery con- 
 structed by Volta. 1800. 
 
 Gas — First extracted from coal by Ciayton, 
 17.'{9. first used as an illuminator by Murdoch, in 
 England. 1793; first used in Paris, 1802; in New 
 York, 1834. 
 
 Giis-meter— Invented either by Clegg. 1815, or 
 Robinson. IS.'Jl. 
 
 Geometry — Ascribed to early Egyptians; 
 Euclid's elements compiled about 300 years before 
 Christ. 
 
 Glass — Origin uncertain; introduced in Eng- 
 land, 674; window-glass first made there. 1557. 
 
 Gold— A metal known in the remotest times; 
 f!i->t discovered in California in 184K. 
 
 Gold-leuf gliding— Invented by Margaritone, 
 127;{. 
 
 Grist-millK— Invented in Ireland, 214. 
 
 GiiineaH — Fir.st coined. 1073; so-called because 
 miole of gold brought from Guinea, Africa. 
 
 Guns— Invented, 1,130; used by Moors in Spain, 
 1344; English guns made of iron. l.')47; of brass, 
 1635: bombs and mortars invented. 1543. 
 
 Gun-cotton— Invented bySchonbein, 1845- '46. 
 
 Gunpowder — Kn<)wn t<i Hindoos 3.55 years 
 bcfori- (Miri-vt, but attributed to Roger Rai-ion, in 
 England, who lived between 121* ami 1392. 
 
 Guttu-percha — Invented by Montgomery, 
 184.1; it-M vuleaniJiation invented by (Joodyear, 1836. 
 
 llandkerchlclH — Fii-st manufactured at 
 PnixW-y. Scottund. 1743. 
 
 IlarvesterK — Invented by Cyruw H. Mc- 
 Cormick. IK31; Improved bv Palmer & Williams, 
 18.11; bv Wheeler. 1852; Oenwrnore. 18.52: Govo, 1859; 
 Klrby.'l859: Mayall. 1859; Manny, 1875. 
 
 Hats— Fir^t made tn London, 1510; at Paris, 
 I4'H. 
 
 Iflieh Towers— First erected on churches, 
 
 1IM«». 
 ilorse-rullroad-First built, 1820-'27. 
 
 Horse-shoes- Known to the ancients, but not 
 brought into general use until the ninth century. 
 
 Hour-classes — Invented in Alexandria, 
 Egypt. 240, 
 
 Howitzer— Invented by Paixhans, 1822. 
 
 Ice-makincr machine — Invented by Carre. 
 I860; improved by Bovle, 1872; by Martin & Beath, 
 1872. and by Bealh, 1875. 
 
 India- rubber matnuTacture — Invented 
 by Chaffee, 1836; improved by Goodyear, 1844. 
 
 Inhalation of Ether (to prevent pain)— Dis- 
 covered by Morton, 1846. 
 
 Iron-clad ships- Were used by the Normans 
 in the twelfth century; the first iron steamship 
 was built in 1830. 
 
 Jupiter's nioous — Discovered by Galileo, 
 1610. 
 
 Kerosene— Fii-st used for illuminating, 1826. 
 
 Knittincr machine — Invented by Hooton. 
 1776; improved by Lamb. J865; knitting stockings 
 by hand, invented in Spain about 1550. 
 
 Knives — First used in England. 1559; first 
 made there, 1563. 
 
 Lace — Invented (it is claimed) by Barbara 
 Uttniann, in Germany, about the middle of the 
 sixteenth century; also, claimed by Italy and 
 Flanders, about a century earlier. 
 
 Lanterns- Invented in England by Alfred the 
 Great, 890. 
 Lamp-black manufacture- Invented by 
 
 Mini. 1.S44. 
 
 Lathe (for turning irregular forms)— Invented" 
 by T. Blancbard. 1843— such as axe-helves, etc. 
 
 Lead water-pipes— First used in 12.'16; lead- 
 pipe machine, invented by Aldei'son, 1804; im- 
 proved by Dobbs. 1820. and Hague. 1822. 
 
 Life-boat- Invented in England bv Great- 
 head. 1802. 
 
 Lightning-rods— Invented by Franklin, 1752. 
 
 Liquor-metre— Invented by Pontifex, 1824; 
 improved by Tice. 
 
 Linen— Previously made on the continent of 
 Europe; first manufactured in London, 1386. 
 
 Lithographic printing— Introduced into 
 England, 1801. 
 
 Locomotives (for railroads) — Invented by 
 Trevethick, 1802; first one in America, 1830; im- 
 proved by scores of inventors. 
 
 Looms— An ancient invention: the Jacquard 
 loom for figured fabrics, invented by Jacquard. in 
 France, 1800- 
 
 Lucifer-matches- Firstmade, 1839. 
 
 Magic Lantern— Invented in England, by 
 Roger Bacon, 1252. 
 
 jVIagnifyin^'grlasses — Invented by Roger 
 Bacon. 1260. 
 
 Maps and Globes — Invented by Anaxi- 
 mander 600 yeai-s before Christ. 
 
 Matchlocks (for guns)— Invented, 1567; super- 
 seded by tlie Hint-lock, about 1692. 
 
 Metallic Washboards— Invented by Rice, 
 1849. 
 
 Melodeons — Invented by Carhart, New York, 
 1836. 
 
 Microscopes — First used in Germany, 1621; 
 solar microscopes invented, 1740. 
 
 Militarv School — Established in France, 
 17.51; at West Puinl, N. Y., 1802. 
 
 MInie-rifle — Invented by Minie. a French 
 oHicer. 1833. 
 
 Mirrors— Anciently made of polished metal; 
 glass mirrors are mentioned in A. [>. 23-79: not 
 again until 1300. when they were made in Venice. 
 
 Mowers and Keapers—Fir,it mentioned by 
 Pliny, A. 1>. 60. (See IlAhVESTElts. ) 
 
 Musical Xotes — Invented, 1070; improved, 
 1330; first printed, 1473. 
 
 Muskets— Were in use about l.Wl. 
 
 Xall machine— Invented by Wilkinson, 1775; 
 impn.v<-d bv (IHrord. I71H); Reed, 1786; Cochran, 
 1794: Haddock, 1870. 
 
 Navigable Canal— First built in England, 
 1134. 
 
 Needles— First made In England, 1545; im- 
 proved by Grevning, 1.560. 
 
 IVeedle-giin — Invented bv Illittkowskie and 
 Hoffman, 18.^.6. 
 
 BTewspaper— First IsHued monthly at Venice, 
 about 1536; flrstin England, 1622; first in America, 
 1704. 
 
 Newspaper Advertl«enienlN — First ap- 
 pearLMl, 16.52, 
 
 Nickel— Was discoveied by Cronstedt, 1751. 
 
 Normal Schools— First organized in Prussia, 
 1735; in Massachusetts, 1839. 
 
 Omnibuses- First appeared in Paris, 1825; in 
 London, 1829, and in New York. 1830. 
 
 Organs— Invention ascribed to Archimedes 220 
 yeai-s before Christ; to Ctesibius, about 100 years 
 before Christ, and to an unknown inventor. A. D. 
 758: the principle of the American reed-organ was 
 discovered by Alexandre, in Paris, about 1835. 
 
 Padlock— Invented in Germany. 1540. 
 
 Paper-hangings — First known patent issued 
 to Lanyer. an Englishman, in 1634. although it is 
 asserted that they were introduced in France in 
 1620. by Francois. 
 
 Paper (cotton manufacture) — Was in use in 
 the year 1000; linen manufacture, 1319; white 
 paper made in England, 1690. and made from 
 straw in 1800. 
 
 Paper-bag machine— Invented by Wolle. 
 1853: improved by Goodale, 1855; Rice, 1857; Arm- 
 strong, 1860. 
 
 Paper-money — First used in America in 1710. 
 
 Papier-mache— Invented by Lefevre, 1740. 
 
 Parlor-skates— Invented bv Plympton, 1863; 
 improved by Pollitt, 1870. 
 
 Parrott-gun— Invented by Parrott, 1862. 
 
 Paving (With stones) — First introduced in 
 Paris in 1786. 
 
 Pearl-ashes— Manufactured in Ireland, 1783. 
 The first recorded patent issued by the United 
 States Government was, for pearl-ashes, July 31, 
 1790, to Samuel Hopkins. 
 
 Pendulums (for clocks)— Invented, 1656. 
 
 Pens— Quills are stated to have been used A. D. 
 553. and others say not until 635; steel pens fii-st 
 produced by Wise, of Great Britain, 1803; im- 
 proved by Gillott, 1822. 
 
 Penny-post — Introduced into London and 
 suburbs, by Murray, 1681; adopted by the govern- 
 ment, 1711; made a twopenny-post, 1801. 
 
 Percnsslon-caps (for guns)— Came into use 
 between 1820 and 1830; inventor unknown. 
 
 Phonography (shor^hand ^vriting)— Invented 
 by Pitman. England, 1837. 
 
 Phosphorus — Discovered by Brandt, of 
 Germany, 1669. 
 
 Photography— The action of light on chloride 
 of silver, was Known in the sixteenth century; the 
 original Daguerreotype (which see) has been 
 superseded by other processes; negative photo- 
 graphs date back to 1839 or beyond; collodion first 
 used by Archer. 1851. 
 
 Pins— Were brought from France.1543, and first 
 used in England by Catharine, queen of 
 Henry Vni. 
 
 Piano-forte— Invention claimed for Cristofali 
 before 1711; for Marius, 1716, and for Scliroter, 
 1717. 
 
 Pistols— Used by French cavalry as early as 
 15i4. 
 
 Pitcl* and Tar— Made from coal in England, 
 1779. 
 
 Planing-machine— Invented by Wood worth, 
 1828; improved by Stover. 1861. 
 
 Plaster-casts (from faces) — Invented by 
 VeiTOchio. 1470. 
 
 Pneumatic railway — Invented by Pinkus, 
 1834; improved by Henry, 1845, 
 
 Post-office— First established in Paris. 1462; 
 in England. 1581; in English America. 1710; Hrst 
 mail by stage-coach stai'tcd August 2, 1785. 
 
 Post-mark Stamp — Invented by M. P. 
 Norton. 1859. 
 
 Power-loom — Invented by Cartwright, 1785; 
 improved by BigeJow, 1857; by Marshall. 1848. 
 
 Printing— Practiced by the Chinese fifty years 
 befon- Christ, and they are said to have used 
 movable types in A. D. 900; about 1439 the art 
 was re-invcnfril in (Jciin.inv hv Cntenberg. Faust 
 &Schoe(rer; the latti-r invciil.d mm I rices for cas^ 
 ing sepanite li-tti-i>; (\i\t.iri ini iiidiii-ed printing 
 into Etiglanrl bcfwrcn 1471 and 1474, the first press 
 in .Vnu-ii.'a is tr;u-i'd to the city of Mexico, in the 
 sixtenilb rnitiny; (Irst printing in Ni'w England, 
 Cambri(ii.'e. Mass,. 1639. 
 
 Printing In Colors — First Introduced in 
 1626. 
 
 Printing-presses — Inventor of hand-prcNs 
 unknown: improved l>y Earl SUvnhope about 180l>; 
 cvllnder-prc«8 patented aboilt 1790; steam-power 
 applied. 1811. 
 
 Puddllng-ftirnace— Invented by Cort, 1781; 
 improved by Dank. 1S75. 
 
 -%c).-
 
 M: 
 
 T. 
 
 DATES OK IMPORTANT INVKNTIONS, DISCOVEEIKH AND IMI'KOVKMK.NTS. 
 
 I'll 
 
 Punctuation — Known to tliu anelenta. the 
 moiJern svHreni i-* attributed to a grammarian 
 named Aii^tophanes, at Alexandria, Efcypt. and 
 Hrst systtMiirtticftlly adopted at Venice about the 
 cIos»' of thv (ifteenth century, 
 
 t|iilfk»illver— First used for reilning silver 
 uie. ir.io. 
 
 Qiiliilne— Discovered by Pelletlor and Caven- 
 tou. IH-M. 
 
 Riillroacis — Wooden rails used in England 
 about Hiii-3-. (■ast-iiiiii-edirt; rails, 1789. first wooden 
 i-jtilrotnl 111 Hie liiitt^d States, Pennsylvania. fHWi; 
 lU-t Mon ir;nk roaii laid in Mai>sachusutt3 and 
 IViiii^ylvaniii, 18-Ji. 
 
 Riillrond ciirs — Invented by Knight, 1829; 
 Impioved by Winans. 1834: by Imlay, 1873. 
 
 ReM|»er— See Ha»vestkr, 
 
 Revolver — Invented by Colt. 1836, improved 
 by Sliarp. 1850; Smith and Wesson, 1803; Starr. 
 18f>4 White. 1875; several others, 1804. and by 
 Keiniiigton. 1863. 
 
 Rifle (repeating) — Invented by Sharp, 1818; 
 improved by Henry, 18.52. Spencer. 1848. 
 
 Rifle (common) — Invented by Whitworth, 
 about 180O. 
 
 Riilf n^-mnchines — Invented in London, 
 i;9-J, 
 
 .Sabbath schools— First introduced in Kng- 
 land, by Robert Ifaikes, 1781; in America, nt 
 Epliiata. I'a. . by Ludwit; Hacker, between 1740 
 and 1747. 
 
 SiiUilles— Used in the thii-d century; of leather, 
 mentioned in 304; known in England about 600; 
 side-saddles, 1380. 
 
 Saws— Invention claimed for Da?dalus or Talus 
 or Perdox. ancient Grecians; saw.uiills in JIadeira, 
 1430; in Norway. 1S30; in England, lOlW. 
 
 SavlngH-banks — Founded in Hamburg, 
 Germany. 1778; in Philadelphia. Pa., 1816. 
 
 Scenes— Fiist introduced in theaters, 1533. 
 
 Seedlns - machine — Invented by Cahoon, 
 1857; improved by Brown. 1863. 
 
 Seu'liis-machlne— Patent granted toWeisen- 
 thal, in England. 1755; improvement by Alsoi) in 
 England. 1770; invention patented in England by 
 Winter. 1807. invention by Thimmunier. 18;(4. first 
 t-omplete machine for general use pat^.'nted by 
 Elias Howe. .Ir. , of Massachiis.tt^. Stpttrnber 11), 
 1846; improved by Singer, is lO. l.\ Hi. we, lS4f,; 
 by A. B Wils.in, 1851; Grover.V Hak-r, isr.i; T- E. 
 Weed, I85t, (Jibbs. 1857, and nuiiieruus others. 
 
 Shlp-bulldingr — Attributed to the early 
 Egyjitians first treated as a science, 1696; ships 
 Hist copper bottomed. 1837. 
 
 Silk— Supposed to have been first brought from 
 China; silk worm raising and working the silk, 
 practiced in Europe, about A. D. 555; tli-st silk made 
 by machinery in the United States, 1829, in Con- 
 necticut- 
 
 Shoen (modem styles)— First woni in England, 
 1633; sandals, or sole-.-^hields. strapped to the foot, 
 appear to have been the earliest form. 
 
 Shoe-peffsins machine — Invented by 
 Galtahue. 1858- latest improvement by Budlong, 
 
 Sleeplngf-cars — Invented by T. T. Woodniff 
 18.56. nnproved by Wheeler. 18.59; by Field and 
 Pullman. 1865. by Lucas, 1875. 
 
 Soda-water aiipuratiia — Invented by 
 North. 1775. 
 
 Soap -According to Pliny, wa3 invented by 
 the Ciauls, first made in London, 1524. 
 Spectacles— Invented by Spina, at Pisa, Italy, 
 
 Sitinnln^-.lenny— Invented by Hargreaves. 
 ni England. 1767. 
 
 Splnnine-mule — Invented by Cronipton in I 
 England, 1779. 
 
 Spinnlns-wheel — Invented by Jurgens at 
 
 Rrunswick. 1530. 
 
 Sqiiure-hole aueer— Invented by Branch, 
 1826. 
 
 Steamboats- Siicccssfulty tried atllnrrnlona, 
 Spain, by l>e (;arry..hine 17, 1543, but abandoned 
 as Impracticable, aneient eniu- repre-ent piulrlle- 
 wheel boats before the Chiistian era; tried on the 
 fonestoga river. Iiy u)odet, by Witliani Henry, of 
 <"lie.ster. Pa., 1763; tried on the Potomac river. 
 \a . by Itumsey, at four miles an hour. 1786: in 
 Scotland, on the Forch and Clyde canal, by 
 Hniyngton. 1789, hy John Fitch, on the Delawai-e 
 river. 1790. and at New York in 1796; by .John 
 Stevens, 1804; Fulton's steamboat navigated the 
 Hudson river, 1807; first steambiuit Jimih Kntrlaiid 
 to India. 1825; Itj-sl fn.m llie Inltnl St, it.-. i>> I ng- 
 laHd. 1819; used on the 'Ihaine^ u\Lr, Kiiu-land. 
 for passengers, ISl.'j; screw piupellcrt. nivented by 
 Erics,Hon and Smith, patented 1836. 
 
 Sleam-carrlase— Invented by T- Blancbard, 
 
 Steam-engines- Crndelv developed about 120 
 years before Christ, by llcru. of Alexandrni, 
 Egypt: between A. D. 1.580 and 1663 three persons 
 conceived the idea of using steam to raise water: 
 tins piuini.ie patented by Captain Savery, in 
 Knu'liuul. Hi'.iS. an engine worked by a piston 
 moving in a cylinder was c<mstTUctcd at Darl- 
 muuth. England. 1705, by Newemnen: but James 
 Watt made the tlrst peifcet. engine in England, 
 1764; the first steam-engine in America, it is 
 elaimcd, came from England. 1753. 
 
 Steam Hre-enarlne — Invented by Captain 
 Ericsson. 1830. and improved by him, 1842-'43. 
 
 Steam-hammer — Invented by James Nas- 
 
 myth. 1K.'1K. 
 
 Steam prlntlns-press (rotarv) — Invented 
 by Hichard Hoe. 1842; improved by "Gordon. 1850. 
 and by Bullock. 1867, with reciprocating bed, by 
 Seth Adams. 1830. 
 
 Steel cannon — First made bv Krupp, in 
 Germany, IM'X 
 
 Steel-pen— See Pen. 
 
 Stem-winding watch — Invented by Noel, 
 
 Stereoscope — Invented by Charles Wheats 
 stone, l«:i8; but the principle was known to Euclid 
 300 years before Chiist, and desciibed by Galen. 
 A. D. 174. , ■' 
 
 Stereotypes — Invented by Messrs Didot. 
 French printers, toward thecloseof the eighteenth 
 century; introduced into America al>out 1811. 
 
 Stereotype printing- Invented by William 
 
 Ged, of Seulland. 1735. 
 
 SlockinK-frame- Invented by William Lee 
 m England. 1589. iSee Knitting machine.) 
 
 Street-sweeper— Invented by R. A. Smith, 
 
 Sugar-cane— Originally from China and the 
 East; was produced in Sicily, 1148: in Madeira. 
 1419; in the West Indies. 1510; in Barbadoes, 1641, 
 
 SuRar-reflninar— First successfully practiced 
 by a Venetian, 1503. and in England, same pro- 
 cess, 1569. 
 
 Sun-dials— Invented 558 before Christ; men- 
 tioned in Isaiah, Bible. 
 
 Swords — Made of iron by the Chinese 1879 
 years before Christ. 
 
 Tack machine 
 
 Blanchai-d. 1MJ6. 
 
 Tallow candles— See Candles. 
 
 Tea— Came into general use in China about A. 
 D, 6011; iirst taken to Europe by the Dutch. 1610. 
 
 Telegraph (■mechanical)- Invented. 1687. fii-st 
 used by the French, 1794. and the English. 1796. 
 
 Telegraph (electric i—Fii-st established at 
 Geneva, Switzerland, by Le.sage, 1782; two by 
 Baron von Schilling, made in 1832; one con 
 structed in Germany bv Gauss and Weber. 1838 
 Professor S. F. B. Muiv.. exhibited hiri eleoiro- 
 innpiietic instniment in New ^'.iri;. ISIT, and this 
 wasbiought intopraetiral ii>e in MaV, 1844, tn-t ween 
 Washington and Baltiniure; i^dWn invented his 
 duplex transmitter, 187-5. 
 ^Telegraph (submarine)— Pi-oposed by Salva, 
 1797. for use l)etween Barcelona and Palnia, in the 
 Island of Majorca; e.\pcriments in India, 1839: by 
 
 Invented by Thomas 
 
 ProfesHor MorHc. in New York harbor. Oitober. 
 1812. Ilfst suceePffiil attempt to lay a murine eabl.- 
 aeioHs the Atlatidc oeeun watt made In IM.'.«, but 
 the eable hooii became UhelcsM; tlie nelct Miceensf iil 
 attempt, which was a triumph for Morw.- and 
 science, wa» In 1867. 
 
 Telegraph (llrcalarmi — lnvcnted by Farmer 
 ami Charming, about IK46; Improved by Gamewell, 
 1871: Crane. 187.5; Spang, 187.5. and by McCiilloeh. 
 
 Telegraph (electric needle) — Invented by 
 
 Cooke and Wheatatone, in England, 1»37. 
 
 Telegraphing (mufilcal notes) — Appai-otnii 
 
 invented by E. Wii?«,n, 1866; improved by Gray, 
 187.5. J J' 
 
 Telegraph 0>rlnting) — Invented by It. E. 
 Hoii.ne, iMa. iini)roved by HugheB, 1856. 
 
 Telephone (three method^)- Each Invented 
 
 l>y itell. (iiay and Edison. 
 
 Telescopes- Invented bvZ- Jani*en.ir.OO. man- 
 ufactured in 1608. by LlpiK-rshey. of Holland; im- 
 proved by (;aIileo: (iregoi-j- invented and dewribed 
 theredectingteleseoije. 1663. and the first wu?> made 
 by Sir Naac Newton. 1668; Hei-schel'!! great tele- 
 scope wai^ made In 1781: Ho».-u's, in 1841." 
 
 Theater- First built at Athens, Greece, by 
 Philos. 420 yeai-s before CInist. 
 
 Thejiter scenery— Painted and Introduced 
 by Sienna. 153.3. 
 
 Thealer seats (turn up)— Invented by A. A. 
 Allen. IH.54, 
 
 Thermometer- Credited to Galileo. i.'i96; to 
 Drebel. Hi20; improved by Keaumur, 1730. and by 
 Fahrenheit. 1749. 
 
 Thread — First made at Paisley, Scotland, 
 1722. ^ 
 
 Threshing-machine- Invented by Menzies, 
 of .Se«itJaiid. 1732. a rotary machine by Leckie, a 
 Scotch farmer. 17.58. 
 
 Time— Divided into hours at Home, 308 years 
 
 before Christ. 
 
 Tobacco— Discovered in Cuba. 1492; first taken 
 to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh. 1555. 
 
 Torpedo shells — Invented by 0r Bushnell, 
 
 Truss bridge-Invented bv Price and Phillips. 
 1841. by Whipple. 1841: impioved bv Barnes. IX.59; 
 by Lowthiop. 1857. 
 
 Trusses (for niptures) — Invented by Robert 
 Brand. 1771. 
 
 Type-setting machine— Invented by W. H. 
 
 ^litchell. 1KJ4: iinrnoved by Alden. 1857. 
 
 Vaccination— Invented by Dr. E. Jenner.1780. 
 
 Velocipedes — Invented by M. Drais. at 
 Mannheim. 1817. 
 
 Violin — Mentioned as early as 1200 in the 
 legendary career of St. Christopher; of great and 
 uncertain antiquity. In its present form invented 
 about A. D. 1477. 
 
 "Watches —Were invented at Nuremberg, 
 Germany, in 1477, and introduced into England, 
 1577. 
 
 "Water-mills— Are said to liave been invented 
 at Rome in A. D. 555; Pliny mentions them at an 
 earlier date. 
 
 Windows (of glass)— First mentioned in the 
 fourth ceiituo'; observations ut Pompeii indicate 
 the use of gbvss windows in the fii-st centnrv; in 
 England glass windows were first used in private 
 houses. A. I) 1117. 
 
 Wire— Inventc-d at Nuremberg. 1351; wire- 
 drawing at the same place, said to l>e in 1410. 
 
 "Wooden pavements- Invented by Nicholson 
 
 in 1S54. iniprove<l by De Golyer. 1869; by Ballard, 
 1870; by Beidler. 1872. 
 
 Wood-paper— Invented by Watts and 
 
 Buigess. 1853. 
 
 "Woolen cloth — Its manufacture was an 
 ancient art. but imt practiced in France until A. D. 
 1646. nor in England until 1331, but not dyed or 
 dre;^ted until 1667. 
 
 
 ^•* 
 
 ^^ 
 
 y 
 
 — x).' 
 
 ^
 
 102 
 
 THE BENEFITS OF WEALTH. 
 
 w 
 
 i 
 
 iir'''iiif'iiip'iiiii!ip 
 
 ^ i ^ 5 5 i 
 
 ^' ^j^^ S LONG AS wealth will secure comfort and 
 ^^li^Wffltf luxury there will always be vigilant effort 
 put forth to obtain it. It is doubtless true 
 aw that advancing civilization will so abun- 
 dantly surround man with the means for obtain- 
 ing comfort, however, as to make the contest for 
 wealth less severe. 
 
 There has been a period when, with the laborer, 
 fourteen hours was the necessary time of a day's 
 And even then, this unremitting labor brought only 
 barest necessities of life. Since those years the 
 hours of a day's work have been greatly lessened. Edu- 
 cational advantages have improved; the cost of travel- 
 ing has been cheapened; articles of comfort and luxury 
 have been so multiplied and so lessened in price as to 
 come within the reach of all. bringing a condition in which 
 it is not so necessary as formerly to be rich in order 
 to enjoy life. 
 
 It is highly probable that there will come an age 
 when a large accumulation of wealth will not be desired, 
 bringing, as it will, simply multiplied cares, without 
 any more privileges than the people of moderate fortune 
 enjoy. To reach that condition, however, it is necessary 
 
 that we pass through an acquisitive age, a period when 
 the desire to get rich will impel men forward to inaugurate 
 and carry forth enterprises of such character that, 
 while they bring individual, personal gain, they will 
 benefit the public as well. 
 
 The desire to acquire wealth, therefore, is legiti- 
 mate. If no wrong is done to others by the acquisition, 
 it is unquestionably for the world's benefit that there be 
 large individual wealth attained, as the mind, able to 
 acquire, is able to wisely control the expenditure, found- 
 ing manufactories and various enterprises by which 
 thousands of the poor may be employed. 
 
 In the business relations of life there are three classes 
 of mind — the men who depend upon being employed by 
 others; the men partially independent, but still suffi- 
 ciently dependent as to desire a partnership, and those 
 men who are capable and prefer to exercise their individ- 
 uality, choosing, in their business relations, to be 
 entirely free from partnership restraints in their methods 
 of procedure. 
 
 The power for individual acquisition of wealth by raen 
 who prefer to act alone, is illustrated in the lives of the 
 financiers who are considered in this chapter. 
 
 ^i'. 
 
 ..n. 
 
 O i 
 
 \ J..JLX 
 
 .L..1 ULX
 
 t>: 
 
 T 
 
 HOW TIIK UoTIISCillLDS llAVK \V(lN FOKTfNE. 
 
 r. 
 
 ^ ^, JThG %thschilds. \s _ ^ 
 
 Distinguished Bankers 
 
 PN*- 
 
 V' 
 
 ^^' -K 
 
 "■W^ 
 
 i \ 
 
 and Financiers, 
 
 
 $. 
 
 A Great Fortune the Reward of Being Faithful to the Trust. 
 
 i 
 
 T FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, in Gennany, in 1743, 
 Meyer Anselin Rothschild was born. Commencing as a 
 small trader, by economy, integrity and business 
 capacity, he won his way to easy circumstances, and 
 established himself as an exchange broker and banker. 
 AfttT the battle of Jena, in Germany, 
 
 October, 1806, Napoleon decreed that the 
 
 sovereigns of Brunswick and Hesse- 
 
 Cassel should forfeit their estates, and a 
 
 French army was sent to put this edict 
 
 into execution. The landgrave of 
 
 Hesse-Cassel had $5,000,000 in silver 
 
 in the vaults of his palace. Aware that 
 
 he must tlee, it was a question of the 
 
 most serious import how to dispose of 
 
 this large amount of treasure. Lack of 
 
 confidence prevented him from confiding 
 
 it to any of his subjects, any one of 
 
 whom, he knew, would be severely 
 
 punished for undertaking its trust, if 
 
 discovered by the French. 
 
 In his extremity be sent to Frankfort 
 
 for Rothschild as the most trustworthy 
 
 person whom he knew, and to him he 
 
 entrusted the great fund, to keep it until 
 
 called for, the reward being that no 
 
 interest should be asked. Under these 
 
 circumstances the trust was accepted, 
 
 and with the aid of some Jewish bankers 
 
 atCassel, the money was so secreted that 
 
 the French, upon their arrival, found 
 
 only the landgrave gone, and his treas- 
 ure vanished. 
 At the time of receiving this money, 
 
 Meyer Anselm Rothschild had five sons, 
 
 three of whom, grown to manhood, he 
 
 associated with himself, and by careful 
 
 management as bankers this money 
 
 rapidly multiplied itself. On the fall of 
 
 Napoleon, the landgrave returned and 
 
 gave notice to the bankers that he would 
 
 withdraw his loan; but the escape of the 
 
 French General from the Isle of Elba 
 
 so alarmed him that he urged the Roths- 
 childs to keep the money at an interest 
 
 of two per cent, per annum, which they 
 
 did until bis death, in 1823, when they refused to keep it longer. 
 At the time of the elder RothschildV death, in 1813, when he was 
 
 rriH 
 
 Nathan Meyer Rothschild 
 
 HE representation given above is of Nathan, the most 
 distinguished financial representative of the Rothschild 
 family. 
 
 He was in his prime as a banker in London when 
 Napoleon I. was in his glory in France. As illustrative 
 of his enterprise it is said, antici pating the battle of Water- 
 loo, he had a relay of horses all the way from the battle 
 ground to London, and after witnessing the defeat of Na- 
 poleon, he, personally, with the aid of fresh horses everj- few 
 miles, sped homeward and reached London nearly two days 
 in advance of the news of the battle. Gloomy forebodings 
 filled the minds of the people, and government securities 
 sold low. Rothschild bought all he could obtain. When 
 the good news came they rose inimediately greatly in value 
 and Rothschild made by this single achievement a great 
 fortune. 
 
 sixty-nine years old. his five sons were respectively at the head of five 
 large banking institutions: Anselm being at Frankfort, where he 
 died in 1855, eighty-two years old; Solomon, located atVienna.who 
 died also in 1855, eighty-one years old: Nathan Meyer, the ablest 
 financier of the family, established at London, who died in 1836, 
 sixty-two years of age; Charles, the 
 head of the house at Vienna, who died 
 in 1855, in his sixty-seventh year, and. 
 lastly, James, at Paris, who died in 
 18G9, seventy-seven years of age at the 
 time of his death, his fortune, when he 
 died, being estimated at $200,000,000. 
 A favorite method of investment by 
 the Rothschilds was that of making 
 large loans to governments. During 
 twelve years, at one period of their 
 work, the following were the amounts 
 loaned: To England, $200,000,000; 
 Austria, $50,000,000; Prussia. $40, - 
 000,000; France, $80,000,000; Naples. 
 $50,000,000; Russia. $25,000,000; Bra- 
 zil. $12, 000. 000 ; besides $5. 000. 000 
 lo smaller states, making, in all, 
 $462,000,000. 
 
 The affairs of the different banking 
 houses of this celebrated family are 
 now conducted by the grandsons of 
 Meyer Anselm, their financial connec- 
 tion through banks and their represen- 
 tatives extending to nearly all the leading 
 cities in civilization. 
 
 A fundamental rule of action with the 
 great house of Rothschilds, has been lo 
 sell when customers wanted to buy, and 
 buy when peoi)le desired to sell. That 
 there have been times when they wielded 
 their immense monied influence lo 
 depreciate the value of that which they 
 wanted to buy, is highly ])roI)able; and 
 that they have used their power to ele- 
 vate the price of that which they pos- 
 sessed, in order to sell at a high 
 price to those wishing to purchase, is 
 likewise probable; but that they have 
 been scrupulously exact in the fulfillment 
 of every promise, is equally a fact. In 
 short, the commercial word of every Rothschild has ever been as 
 religiously kept as was that of the elder Rothschild to the landgrave. 
 
 X^-
 
 ■-^y 
 
 loi 
 
 THE BENEFITS OF UNDERSTANDING A BUSINESS THOROUGHLY. 
 
 Dealer in Musical Instruments and Furs 
 
 UR HAS BECOME one of the mO!^t 
 extensive articles of commerce in 
 the United States. 
 
 The early rise and devel- 
 opment of the fur trade in 
 America is closely identified 
 with the history of John 
 Jacob Astor, a German, who 
 was born in the village of 
 Waldorf, near Heidelberg, 
 in the Grand Duchy of 
 Baden, on the 17th of July, 
 1763. lie was the young- 
 est of four sons, one of whom estab- 
 lished himself in London as a maker of 
 
 musical instruments, and another settled 
 
 in America. There was nothing particn- 
 
 larly notable in the parentage of these 
 
 children. The father, Jacob Astor, was a 
 
 jolly peasant, who followed the business 
 
 of butchering a good share of the season. 
 
 The mother was a pious woman, thrifty, 
 
 industrious, and devoted to her family. 
 
 Under her guardianship, John Jacob was 
 
 trained to rise early in the morning, and 
 
 give the first of his waking hours to the 
 
 reading of the Bible, a pastime that be 
 
 followed through life, it being to him, 
 
 he claimed, a source of never-failing 
 
 pleasure. By the same maternal guardian 
 
 he was schooled in habits of indu.stry and 
 
 economy, which, in after-life, aided him 
 
 in the accomplishment of his undertak- 
 ings. He received a plain education by 
 
 the aid of the village schoolmaster, and 
 
 his partaking of the rites of confirmation 
 
 as a member of the church at the age of fourteen indicated the 
 
 religious bent of his mind. 
 In Waldorf he might have remained till he had grown to manhood, 
 
 but his mother dying, and a stepmother coming to take her place, 
 
 who looked with no favor upon the hoy, his lot became so hard as to 
 
 cause him to resolve upon leaving home. 
 From his father he obtained a reluctant consent to go, and having 
 
 coniplftcd hif^ pr('i>Jiralions. with a knapsack over his shoulder he 
 
 JOHN JACOB ASTOR 
 
 left his native village, to walk to the Rhine, not far distant, hoping 
 in some manner to secure a passage for London, where he expected 
 to meet his elder brother. 
 
 Aside from his little bundle of clothes which he carried, his pos- 
 sessions, as he went out from home, then seventeen years of age, 
 consisted of two dollars in money, a good, plain education, a strong 
 constitution, a large amount of common sense, and no bad habits. 
 In after-life, referring to his departure from home, he said: ''Soon 
 after I left the village I sat down beneath a tree to rest, and there I 
 made three resolutions — to be honest, to be industrious, and not to 
 gamble. " 
 
 Reaching the Rhine, he obtained work on a raft, in payment for 
 which he received ten dollars at the mouth of the river, and with 
 this he secured passage for London, where 
 he was warmly welcomed by his brother. 
 He remained here two years, during which 
 time, in working for bis brother, he 
 acquired quite a knowledge of the English 
 language, became'the possessor of a good 
 suit of clothes, and had S75 in money. 
 With this money he purchased seven 
 German flutes of his brother for $85, and 
 for S25 more he secured a steerage 
 passage for Baltimore. The passage to 
 America was a stormy one, and it was 
 noticed on one occasion, when the ship 
 was in great danger, that young Astor 
 appeared on deck in his Sunday suit. 
 Being asked the reason, he replied tliat 
 if the vessel was wrecked and he escaped, 
 he would save his best clothes: if all were 
 lost it would be immaterial what became 
 of his clothes. 
 
 On this journey, Astor made the 
 ac()uaintance of a German who had been 
 before in .\merica, engaged in the business 
 of buying furs from the Indians. From him the young adventurer 
 obtained full information as to the best course to pursue, the advice 
 being to buy trinkets, go among the Indians, who even came to New 
 York with their peltries: to make the best bargain he could, obtain 
 the furs, and instead of selling to the New York dealers, ship his pos- 
 sessions directly to Europe, where they would sell for four or live times 
 as much as in America ; invest the proceeds of the sale in trinkets, and 
 return again for furs, and thus continue to enlarge the linsiness. 
 
 i
 
 "SA-jy — 
 
 CAUSES THAT LED TO ASTOK S SUCCESS. 
 
 lui 
 
 ?■ 
 
 Astor listt'iicd with great nttention, and took tin- niinu-s of Iciuling 
 furriers in New York, Montreal and Lorulon. Together the Germans 
 proceeded to New York, where they were warmly received by Henry 
 Astor, then prosperously in business as^ a butcher, an employment 
 at which he afterwards miide a fortune; and here the future phms of 
 Jolm Jacob were talked over, it being agreed that it would be best 
 for the young man to enter the eniphiy of a furrier for a time, until a 
 practical knowledge of the business eould be obtained. Acting upon 
 this iiiea, a search for a place was made the next day, which resulted 
 in finding a situation with u Mr. Robert Browne, where he received 
 for liis services two dollars per week and bour(i. 
 
 His first work was that of heating furs, to prevent moths from 
 lodging in and destroying them. From the first he applied himself 
 most industriously to the work of obtaining a knowledge of the 
 business. He mastered the details of curing and preserving furs, 
 and from th(i trappers he learned the habits and the haunts of fur- 
 bearing animals and the best means of trapping and capturing. By 
 attention to business, knowledge of his work and excellent business 
 habits, his employer advanced him from one positi<)n to another, 
 until, ere long, he entrusted him with a mission to Montreal, to pur- 
 chase furs — an expedition that the merchant himself bud occasion- 
 ally made before. Young Astor ascended the Hudson to Albany, 
 where, with a pack of trinkets on his back, he struck out across the 
 country, then almost wholly a wilderness, to Lake George: passing 
 up through into Lake Champlain, thence sailing across to the hotid 
 of the Lake, from which point he repaired to Montreal, where 
 he made extensive purchases. Employing the Indians to carry his 
 skins, he returned across the lakes to Albany, and thence to New 
 York, to surprise his employer with the large amount of peltries he 
 had obtained for a small investment of money. 
 
 Having carefully studied the fur trade in all its details, he com- 
 menced business for himself in a small store on Water Street, which 
 he furnished with toys and articles adapted to the wants of the 
 Indians who had furs to sell. His entire stock was worth only a 
 few hundred dollars. This was in 178(5, when Astor was twenty-three 
 years old. His store was small. He employed no assistants. He 
 bought, cured, packed and sold the skins himself. If pelts came in 
 slowly, he shouldered a pack of "notions" and made a journey 
 among the Indians, farmers and trappers throughout Central and 
 Western New York, thus driving and enlarging his business; his 
 store, in the meantime, being cared for by a partner, with whom he 
 found it necessary to associate himself. In time be had a sufficient 
 quantity of skins to make it an object to ship them to London. 
 Taking a steerage passage, he went himself, sold his furs, made 
 arrangements'with houses to ship them furs and draw upon the firms 
 to which they were consigned. 
 
 He took the agency of his brother's musical instruments, from 
 which trade he derived a large revenue in New York. Thus his 
 business grew. Having made the personal acquaintance of Indians 
 and trappers, he secured their trade. He had opened connections 
 abroad whereby he could profitably ship and find sales for his furs in 
 Europe, while musical merchandise and other goods filled the ships 
 on the return voyages. 
 
 In due time he married !Miss Sarah Todd, of New Y^ork. who 
 engaged heartily with her husband in his business, buying and beat- 
 ing the furs herself. It was his boast in after years, when he 
 became a millionaire, that her knowledge of furs and her capacity 
 for conducting business were fully equal to his own. 
 
 In 1794, Jay's treaty, by the placing of the frontier forts in the 
 hands of the Americans, enabled the traders to extend their opera- 
 tions very greatly, the consequence being that Astor, ere many 
 years, had his agents at work purchasing furs at various points along 
 the great lakes, his enterprise even reaching across the continent to 
 Ori'i;on. 
 
 Up to 18U0, wlien Astor wtis thirty-seven years of age. he lived 
 over his store. He had been in busineh;* for fifteen years. He then 
 moved his residence to 'i)ii Broadway, where the Astor Houhc stands 
 to-day. 
 
 He comiUL-nced in this locality worth SiJSU, 000. and with the 
 exception of one removal, he remained here for twenty-five years, 
 rapidly extending his business. He made uvary article that he 
 bought or sold turn a profit, and generully a large profit. He bought 
 beaver-f-kins in Western New York for a dollar each, and sold them 
 for six dollars each, in London. The proceeds invested in English 
 goods he sold at a large profit, when bis vessels returned. 
 
 By and by his vessels went into Asiatic ports. The Chine»c trade 
 he found profitable. His furs sold there readily, and the proceeds, 
 invested in teas and silks, sold at a great profit in New York. The 
 average profits on a vessel's journey to China were $30,000 a trip, 
 and scmietiuu's reached S70.000. He had atone time several vessels 
 running from the Pacific coast to Canton, in China, thus exchanging 
 furs for silks and teas at a great profit. In all. it is estimated, he 
 made $2,000,000 in the fur trade. The bulk of his great fortune, 
 however, was made in real estate. 
 
 Having great faith in the future of New York, as fast as his gains 
 came in he invested them in houses and lots, and. in some cases, 
 where parties would not sell, be leased property on long time. 
 Occasionally he bought real estate in the center of the city, but 
 suburban property was iiis choice for investment. He constructed 
 houses which he rented, and thus realized a revenue immediately. 
 These houses he did not sell, but with the revenue obtained l>y rent- 
 ing them others were built, until in time the houses of the Astor 
 estate numbered 7.000. 
 
 Subsequently, through rapid growth, the city extended far beyond 
 his possessions, and his real estate was found to be most centrally 
 and favorably located. How rapidly it increased in value was shown 
 by his purchase from the estate of Aaron Burr, at Richmond Hill, 
 of 160 acres, at $1, 000 per acre. Twelve years afterwards the land 
 was worth $1,500 a lot. 
 
 He continui^d actively in business for fifty years. He was always 
 an early riser, and until he was fifty-five years old was always in his 
 office before seven o'clock in the morning; but having dispatched his 
 business rapidly, he usually left by two in the afternoon. He was 
 extremely punctual in all his appointments, and was remarkable for 
 his calmness in the midst of some of his greatest losses, being per- 
 fectly cool, and apparently more cheerful than ever. 
 
 Soon after his arrival in New Y'ork as a stranger, he stopped one 
 day on Broadway, to notice a block of buildings that had just 
 been erected, the finest on the street. He there made a vow that he 
 would some day erect a building finer than any then on the street. 
 About the year 1830 he purchased for SOO. 000 the ground for the site 
 of a hotel, and soon afterwards erected the Astor House, then the 
 largest and best hotel in the country. He presented the building, 
 when it was completed, to his eldest son, William B. Astor. 
 
 John Jacob Astor left at his death a properly valued at $20. 000. 000, 
 among his bequests being $50,000 for the poor of his native town of 
 Waldorf, and $400. 000 for the founding of the Astor Library. He 
 died at the age of eighty-four, and was buried in St. Thomas' Church, 
 on Broadway. 
 
 While the extreme parsimony of this great financier was perhaps a 
 serious defect in his business dealing, there were many causes that 
 contributed to his success which are especially worthy of study by 
 those who would succeed in the acquisition of wealth. Among these 
 were his temperate habits, his perseverance, his punctuality, and his 
 thorough comprehension of an enterprise before he commenced it. 
 which gave him in his long business career an almost unbroken round 
 of success, from the beijinning to the end. 
 
 J>^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 :i- 
 
 P\
 
 vr 
 
 106 
 
 A FUKTUNE THE RESULT OF ECUNuMY, FORCE AND ENTERl'RISE. 
 
 k 
 
 ijlJli aim uaiiMBMFiiiuirnmniniiiiilia 
 
 niHnnnwnlmnnmflift^ 
 
 The Staten Island Ferry-Boy, the Successful Steamboat Owner and Distinguished Railroad Financier. 
 
 HE FATHERof Cornelius Van- 
 derbilt, steamboat and rail- 
 road owner, was a well 
 =^ to do farmer, who, 
 
 ^^^^. with his wife, lived 
 
 on Staten Island at 
 an early day. 
 
 Here, Cornelius, 
 the eldest of a 
 family of several 
 children, was born 
 May 27, 1794. When 
 seventeen years old, 
 a strong, active boy, daring and courageous, he had 
 the reputation, even thus young, of accomplishing 
 whatever he undertook. Being passionately fond of the water, he 
 had assisted his father for some years in sailing a boat from Staten 
 Island to New York, in the transportation of passengers and farm 
 produce. This experience only confirmed him in his desire to follow 
 the water, and he was seventeen years of age when he impor- 
 tuned his mother to lend him SIOO with which to buy ii boat, that he 
 might become a boatman in New York harbor. His mother, a clear- 
 beaded woman, realizing the importance of a child knowing the value 
 of money by having earned it, gave him the promise of the money on 
 condition that he plow, harrow and plant a certain ten acres of rough 
 land on the farm, by a certain day, a task that he triumphantly com- 
 pleted within the stipulated time, and thus obtained the required 
 am(»unt with which to buy his boat. 
 
 He entered upon his work with a genuine enthusiasm, and earned 
 Si, 000 a year for the next three years, besides becoming, out of 
 forty competitors in the business, the leading boatman in the harbor, 
 and the owner of the best boat, with ii perfectly acquired knowledge 
 of his business. Of the $3,000 earned, he retained only enough to 
 provide himself with clothing, the remainder going to his parents. 
 
 Oftentimes bis courage was put to the severest tests. On one 
 occasion, in 1813, the commanding officer of the British fleet, then 
 a short distance from the city, was desirous of sending some 
 mosscngere to New York for reinforcements, during a heavy gale 
 blowing at the time. The boatmen all agreed that if it could be done 
 the only person who could accomplish it would be"Corncel" Vander- 
 bilt. Upon being sent for, the young man expressed his belief that 
 the feat could be performed, but in doing it he would be compelled 
 ly carry the men a portion of the way under water. Under his com- 
 mand, the men undertook the journey, and were landed at the foot 
 of Whitehall street an hour afterward, drenched to the skin. 
 
 His courage to undertake, and his ability to perform what he 
 undertook, became so well-known as to secure him the contract, 
 when twenty-one years of age, for supplying the military forts about 
 New York harbor, in 1814, with provisions; notwithstanding the bid 
 of young Vanderbilt was much higher than that of the most of hi» 
 competitors. The delivery of these goods being regular, he per- 
 formed the labor at night, when other work could not be had, leaving 
 his boat free to obtain all transient custom it was possible to get in 
 the day-time. With a profitable contract to fill, and other patronage, 
 he soon began to make money rapidly, being assisted by his wife, to 
 whom he had been married two years. In 1814 he saved money 
 enough to build a little schooner called the "Dread," and in the 
 succeeding year, in company with his brother-in-law, the schooner 
 "Charlotte" was set afloat for the coasting trade, its journey 
 extending as far south as Charleston. Three years later he was the 
 owner of two or three sloops and schooners, and had saved $9,000. 
 
 Fulton had launched his steamboat, the " Clermont," in 1807. In 
 1812 his steam ferry-boats were running, and in 1818 the fact was 
 fully demonstrated tliat steam was to be the propelling power for 
 rapid sailing. Thomas Gibbons had constructed a steamer to sail 
 from New York to New Brunswick, in New Jersey, where passen- 
 gers remained over-night, and thence they went by stage to Trenton, 
 where, on a steamer, they went to Philadelphia. To Vanderbilt 
 Gibbons gave the captaincy of the steamer, at a salary of 
 $1,000 a year. This was less than Vanderbilt had been making, but 
 desirous of becoming acquainted with steamboating. he accepted the 
 situation. The hotel at New Brunswick, which had been miserably 
 kept, was given him rent free, and this he placed in charge of his 
 wife, through whose administration the house became popular. 
 
 Vanderbilt remained with Gibbons eleven years, conducting the 
 boat amid much opposition, but so successfully as to give his 
 employer during the last four years a profit of $40,000 annually. 
 During this time Vanderbilt had himself saved $30,000, besides hav- 
 ing the lease for fourteen years of the ferry between Elizabethport, 
 New Jersey, and New York, a line that was proving very profitiible. 
 
 Vanderbilt was now thirty-five years old, and just coming forward 
 to his prime. Refusing all offers of partnership, and desirous of 
 commencing in business for himself, he constructed a small steamer, 
 called the "Caroline," which he commanded in person. 
 
 In the succeeding nineteen years, be became the owner of nunicroiis 
 steamers, which floated on the Hudson, on the routes to Boston, on 
 Long Island Stuind, and elsewhere, to establish which lines in the 
 face of powerful combinations of capital, cost him frequently an 
 immense amount of money. He would establish such a sharp busi- 
 ness competition, however, as to eventually drive his opponents from 
 the field, or compel them to compromise. A favorite saying witli 
 
 r:^- 
 
 x5^
 
 PUKTKAir UK VAXUKKIilLT. 
 
 ; mniR-y hh 
 
 Viimkrhill, was Hi:il he did not ciiru fo imicli about makin 
 he did carryiii*; liii^ point. 
 
 In thcstciimshiij" ' Prometht'us. " which he built in 18-l8-'40. he sailed 
 for the It-thiiiMs of Darien, having already a controlling inlercHl In 
 the "American. Atlantic and Pacitic Canal Company," which 
 intended buildingu canal aeros>i the isthmus. Vand(;rbili t^ubstitiUcd 
 another route across the isthmus from the way heretofore traveled, 
 which shortened the distance TOO miles between New York and San 
 Francisco. The old route had been from Chagres to Panama. The 
 new extended from the month of the San Juan river, at Greylown, to 
 the San Juun del Sur, on the Pacific. In 1851 he put three siteamers 
 on the Atlantic side and four on the Pacific side, and entered into 
 competition with the "United States" and the "Pacific Mail" com- 
 panies. The next year he put three more steamers on, to ply 
 between New Orleans and Grey town. 
 
 In 1853 he made a. cruise to 
 Europe in Ms steamer, the 
 "North Star." While abroad, 
 an opposition having been estab- 
 lished in his absence, to his 
 Atlantic-Pacific line, he was com- 
 pelled to overthrow it on his 
 return. Subsequently, in !85G, 
 when William Walker, then ruling 
 in Nicaragua, seized the property 
 of the Transit company across 
 the isthmus, Vanderbilt created 
 an insurrection, which, with the 
 aid of Costa Rica, expelled 
 Walker. Receiving afterwards a 
 large subsidy, Vanderbilt with- 
 drew his opposition, the business 
 being insufticienl for two lines. 
 To enumerate all the successful 
 contests which he had. would 
 swell this sketch to a great 
 length. 
 
 In all, he owned at one time 
 sixty-six steam sailing craft, 
 including twenty-one steamers, 
 eleven of which he built himself, 
 to govern and control which he 
 was very appropriately named 
 ' ' Commodore. " 
 
 In 18fj4. with a fortune esti- 
 mated at S40. 000, 000, he arranged 
 to leave the water. He had been 
 
 for twenty years a large owner of the stock of the New York and 
 New Haven as well as the New York and Harlem railways, the whole 
 of which latter road he owned in 1864. He had also several millions 
 invested in the Erie. Soon after coming into the possession of the 
 Harlem he obtained a controlling interest in the New Y'ork Central 
 and Hudson River roads, and consolidated them. Subsequently con- 
 nection was made with the Michigan Southern and Lake Shore roads, 
 the whole being operated under one management, making a line, 
 with side-branches, 2,128 miles in length, representing a capital 
 of $149,000,000. 
 
 While possession largely developed the faculty of acquisitiveness, 
 it could not be said of Vanderbilt that he was miserly. For the 
 purpose of carrying a point he was ready to spend money lavishly, 
 and while seldom putting his name to a subscription paper he was 
 ready to give to any cause that he deemed worthy. He presented 
 the steamer "Vanderbilt," which cost $800,000, to the government at 
 the opening of the civil war; and to the Vanderbilt University, at 
 Nashville, Tenn. . he gave $700,000; to the Rev. Dr. Deems. 
 
 VANDERBILT IN HIS PRIME. 
 
 of New York, he gave the Metcer Street Presbyterian Church, 
 while his lesser charities have been numerouf*. 
 
 In the hitter years of his life he gradually withdrew from the 
 activities of business, taking relief behind a span of faf*t hornes in the 
 afternoon, and a game of whi.>*t with bis friends in the evening. He 
 had thirteen children — nine daughters and four sons. He was twice 
 married. With his first wife he celebrated his golden wedding, on 
 which occasitm one hundred and forty of his descendants were preeent 
 to congratuhile bim and the worthy partner of his hopes, strnggles 
 and triumphs. 
 
 Averse to attending school in his lK)yhood. Vunderbill had no iKMik 
 education. He claimed an indistinct recolleclion of having seen a 
 spelling-book in his childhood, of the contents of which be had 
 only a limited knowledge. But such was the great strength of 
 body and brain of this man as to enable him to triumph even 
 
 without a knowledge of books. 
 He was born great. Of course, as 
 the jewel is more brilliant when 
 carefully cut and polished, so 
 Vanderbilt would have been a 
 vastly more i)erfect character had 
 he had good educational advan- 
 tages; but even without this be 
 possessed such large perceptive 
 faculty and business capacity, 
 impelled by the combative pow- 
 ers which gave force, as to carry 
 him to the head. A marked 
 feature of his life was. also, that 
 although living to the advanced 
 age of eighty-three, he retained 
 his powers undimmed to the last. 
 His success was an evidence of 
 what industry, economy, perse- 
 verance, enterprise and courage 
 may accomplish. After making 
 ample provision for his various 
 descendants, by will, and con- 
 signing his vast monied interests 
 to his sor., Wm. H. Vanderbilt, 
 that his plans might be carried 
 forward to completion, he died 
 Januarys, 1877, leaving property 
 variously estimated to be worth 
 from SOO. 000. 000 to $80. 000. 000 ; 
 an elaborate tomb, surmounted 
 by a grand monumental shaft, in 
 the old Moravia burying grounds on Staten Island, becoming the 
 resting place for his r<-in;iin'^. 
 
 Why Vanderbilt Succeeded. 
 
 A careful study of the life of this financier reveals the following as 
 among the principal causes of his success: 
 
 Fir.-if. He had a strong body and possessed great power of physi- 
 cal endurance. 
 
 Second. As an assistant of his father, he formed industrious 
 habits. He knew how to work. 
 
 Third. Money came to him slowly in his childhood, and only by 
 hard earnings. He thus learned the value of a dollar. 
 
 Fourth. He was courageous. Enterprises that others would 
 shrink from he would undertake with readiness, and carry through 
 to success. 
 
 Fifth. He was reliable. He did as be agreed, and he performed 
 his c(mtract in first-class style. He could get a higher price than his 
 comi)etitors, even as a youth, because his promise could be abso- 
 lutely depended upon. 
 
 -^;-
 
 
 
 The Bay and CITY OF NEW YORK. Looking Northward. 
 
 New York City i:- located on the isliiiid of Manhattan, a name given 
 it hythc Dutch who first located here, in 11114. Tii lli20 Peter Minuit, 
 a Hollander, bought the entire i.sland from the Indians for sixty 
 guilders, a sum equal to $24. The island was sixteen miles long; 
 was four and a half miles in width at its widest place, and was esti- 
 mated to contain 21!, 500 acres, 
 
 In u;"T there were ahout twenty huts on the island, scattered along 
 the East river, and the population was 2T0 whites. The receipts for 
 furs sent abroad that year amounted to 819, 000, One hundred years 
 afterwards the population was 8,622;. when two hundred years old 
 it was 93,634, and by the census of 1880 it was 1,200,5TT, 
 
 The Location of Well-known Points of Interest 
 
 Are designated by the following numerals, which correspond with the figures in the Engraving. 
 
 Xo. 1. New York Bay, fli-st entered by Henry 
 Hudson in 1600. who then saw and visited the 
 island of Manhattan. 18. The present site of 39 
 Broadway, where, in 1612, Hendriek Christrensen. 
 a Hollander. tli>t made a small redoubt, enclos- 
 ing four lop huts, as a place in which to live 
 and receive furs. S. Battery pai-k. at the 
 extreme southern end of the island, eoiitalninp 
 twenty-iinc aei'es. about one mile from City 
 Hall. :» 1-2. Brooklyn Warehouses. 4. Castle 
 t.inrden, a ciieular building, where the eml- 
 (frants land when ai-rivinK in New York, a 
 record being made a.s they pass through of the 
 name of each, place of nativity, age and occupa- 
 tion. .'». Brooklyn: population in 1880. ,').'.4,46.'>. 
 «. Location of the piers for several lines of 
 steamcis, which run to Florida, Cuba. Texas and 
 Califomla. t. Piers of Hartfoi'd ami New Haven 
 linesof steamships. 8. Fulton Market. O. Print- 
 ing hou.se of Harper Brotlieis. lO. Biooklyn 
 bridge. 11. Custom house. 1*. Trinity chuich, 
 he.-ul of Wall Btiect. 13. Broadway— extending 
 from Battery to Central park, a distance of (Ive 
 miles. 14. Woshington House, where Washing. 
 t..ii n,i..1.. hi. li.iol ror- wliil.. In N.w Y..rli 
 
 during the revolution. 1 .1. Piers of steamei-s for 
 New Orleans. 18. Piers of steamei-s tor Boston 
 and points nt thesouth. 17. Piers of the Penn- 
 s.vlvaniarailioad. 18. Jersey City; poliulation in 
 1880. lO.i.OOO. 1». Hudson river, llist discov- 
 ei-ed by Henry Hudson, an F.nglishman. September 
 11, 1609, and navigated by him to .\lbany. where 
 he arrived Seiitember 21. 1609. the joni-m-y occupy- 
 ing eleven days. SO. New Jci'sey. ai.Wn.shing- 
 ton market. 88. Plei's from wliiidi boats run to 
 the Krie railway. In this vicinity ai-o located 
 also the piers of the White Star line. Anchor. 
 Cunal-d. Pacinc Mail, Innian and other ocean 
 lines of steamships. «:». City Hall and Post 
 offlce. In this nelghboibooil are also the 
 Tribune. Herald, World. Sun. Astcu- House and 
 other prominent buildings, 84. City pilson. 
 called the ••Tombs." 8.1. Washington square, 
 containing eight acres. 8«. Astor Llbi^aryi 
 near here also ai^e the Appletons'. Sci^lbnei^s', 
 and Fowler & Wells' publishing houses, the Cii-and 
 Central, New York, St. Nicholas and Mctl-o. 
 polltan hotels. 8T. Stewart's stoi-e; near here are 
 the Bible House. Ci>oper Institute, the Irving and 
 St. Ilenls b'ltels-a mile ami a half fi'om City Hall. 
 
 88. New York Historical Society. SO. Tompkins 
 squai-e. containing foi-ty acres. 3«. Oelb-vue 
 Hospital, ai. t:;vand Central I>e|)ot of the N. Y. 
 Central and Harlem railroads. . a8. fnion Square 
 park, containing three and a half acres. In this 
 vicinity are located Gi-amei-cy park, ITnion 
 Squ.are theater, WalKack's .Academy of Music. 
 Steinway hall, Tammany hall, Irving hall, 
 Evci-ett House, Tiffany's, and Domestic Sewing 
 machine buildings. Half a mile fui'ther north is 
 Madison Square park, containing six aci-es. In 
 this vicinity arc the Fifth Avenue hotel, the Hoff- 
 man, Albei'inarie, Hotel Brunswick, St. James 
 and Delinonico's. Here also are. the Academy of 
 Design, Gilmore^s gai^den and Booth's theater. 
 83. Riverside park, on a line with the Hudson 
 i-iver, from 7'2nd to ISOth streets; a little over a 
 mile in width, and contains one hundred and 
 seventy-eight acres. 34. Cenli-al park, live miles 
 from the Battei-y. containing eight hnndi'ed and 
 forty acres, 35. Blaokwell's island. In this 
 vicinity ai-c also RandalPs island, and the reefs, 
 called Hell Gate, 3«. Long Island Sound, lead- 
 ing out to the Atlontlc ocean, 37. East rivei-, 
 38. Brooklyn, 
 
 A-
 
 ^ 
 
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 K 
 
 HIE KAMoLS l)HV-i;(Mll).S .MKKCIIANT I'KIM'E. 
 
 UK) 
 
 ^W'WWWWWW^W' 
 
 w^wwwww^^^w 
 
 ^:mm:m=^ 
 
 Alexander T. Stewart. 
 
 ■-'-v- 
 
 ^-iy^d--}]^^^.^. 
 
 A Fortune the Result of Attention to Details. 
 
 t()U MANY YEARS the colossal operations 
 of A. T. Stewjirt in the purchase and sale 
 of dry-goods, so engaged tbc attention of tlie 
 'Xc ^ifc"^^ f^H Ik American public, as to make a biographical 
 A^ P^ ^^Ar^J'tL sketch of this distinguished merchant of 
 especial interest to all. How did he achieve 
 so great success? The object of this paper is 
 lo answer that question. 
 
 In the year 1818, amonii the immigrants 
 wlio stepped frotn a European vessel anchored in New 
 York, was a young Irishman, a mere boy, only sixteen 
 years of age, who in after 
 years became widely known 
 as Alexander T. Stewart, 
 ill- was born at Belfast. Ireland. 
 in 1802, of Scotch- Irish parents. 
 !Iis father dying when he was 
 jg^^ quite young, caused his guar- 
 •^1^ diunship and education to 
 devolve upon his grandfather, 
 who gave him a good common- 
 :;cliool education, and placed 
 him in Trinity College, with a view of 
 fitting him for the ministry. During his 
 second term in school, his grandfather 
 died, and he thereupon abandoned the 
 idea of completing his collegiate course, 
 and, instead, concluded to try his fortune 
 in the new world, where his mother was 
 then living. 
 
 Failing to secure employment in a store, 
 he engaged in teaching for a few years, 
 carefully saving the proceeds of his labors. 
 Having become of age, he returned to 
 Ireland, where he received the proceeds 
 of a small legacy left him by his grand- 
 father. A portion of this, by advice of a 
 friend, he invested in "insertion," '■'scol- 
 lop-trimmings " and other fancy material of ladies' wear, ami returned 
 to New York, where he opened for himself, at 283 Broadway, a 
 small store. 
 
 He commenced with several disadvantages, among which were a 
 small stock of goods and himself with inexperience as a salesman. 
 He was resolved, however, to win his way. He worked early and 
 late. He gave from fourteen to eighteen hours to his business each 
 day. Unable to employ help, he was his own porter, book-keeper 
 
 A.T.STEWART. 
 
 and salesman. A total stranger in the business community, he luid 
 no credit, and he asked none. But to do a cash biisine'-s thus 
 required that ho observe the utmost economy. 
 
 His purchases at first were principally at the auction sales, where 
 he bought miscellaneous stocks "of goods known as "sample lots," 
 often thrown together in confusion. These he bought very cheaply 
 for cash, look them lo his store, and when the business of the day 
 was over, he C(mimenced a most careful examination of jthe goods he 
 bad thus purchased. In this he was assisted by his wife, a most 
 estimable lady whom he married about this time. The articles were 
 carefully assorted, redressed if found necessary, handsomely 
 labeled, placed in beautiful boxes, and 
 when exposed for sale they possessed all 
 their original excellence. 
 
 In this work we undoubtedly now dis- 
 cover the key-note to the great mer- 
 chant's success. He was economical. 
 He bought where he could buy the 
 cheapest. He was industrious. He shrunk 
 from no labor necessary to assort and 
 arrange his goods. He possessed large 
 order. From a tangled mass of odds and 
 ends of goods, he would carefully pick and 
 straighten the skeins of silk, rearrange 
 the sizes of gloves, of hose and other 
 goods, thus bringing method and system 
 out of the disorder. He possessed ex- 
 quisite taste which enabled him to display 
 his goods to fine advantage. Having 
 bought his goods very cheaply for cash, 
 he was able to sell cheaper than most 
 other retail dealers, and yet at a good 
 profit, his sales being strictly for cash on 
 delivery. 
 
 Added to the foregoing original methods 
 of procedure, the young merchant intro- 
 duced another innovation into his business, 
 which was that of having no deviation in 
 price for an article among customers, one patron invariably being 
 able to buy as cheaply as another. Customers thus soon learned that 
 it would be entirely useless to attempt to "beat down. " and they 
 learned another thing, which was that a child could buy as cheaply 
 as themselves. He marked his goods up and down according to the 
 fluctuation in the market, but among buyers at his store the coj^t 
 was uniform, and the price for every article he sold was as low 
 as, or lower, than the same could be bought for elsewhen
 
 — <):\/. 
 
 f 
 
 JiU 
 
 Hi.AV STEWART WAS ENABLED TO BECOME RICH. 
 
 The patron 50011 had the utmost confidence in trading with him — a 
 confidence well and worthily bestowed, for Mr. Stewart made it a 
 rule to dismiss any clerk who should misrepresent an article of goods 
 or in any way take advantage of a customer. He was a perfect 
 autocrat among his clerks; holding them to their duties by severe 
 rules of discipline, a fine being imposed on any one who should be 
 late at the store, who should misdirect bundles, over-stay the lunch 
 hour, or mistake a number. 
 
 He adopted the plan, also, of never carrying goods over to another 
 season. To avoid this, he would advertise a * ' closing out "' sale * ' at 
 cost" for a certain number of days, and by adroit management be 
 would fill his store thus with patrons, at times and seasons when, 
 with other merchants, business would be dull. 
 
 At the expiration -of six years' he found it necessary to move to a 
 larger store, between Chambers and Warren streets, and in four 
 years more he was compelled to go to a yet larger building on Broads 
 way. between Murray and Warren streets, five stories of which he 
 soon occupied. 
 
 He was a superior judge of human nature, and his success was 
 dcnibtless largely due to that knowledge. Aside from the absolute 
 honesty with which he compelled his clerks to observe his one price, 
 his cheap price, and his frequent ' ■ cost price, " he employed men of 
 fine address to assist him, well knowing that the average young lady 
 would often go a long distance out of her way to trade and chat for a 
 little time with a handsome clerk. He carefully studied, also, the 
 methods that gave tune, and brought success to his establishment. 
 
 On one occasion he was asked by a well-known wealthy lady how 
 she could serve him. In answer, he said that the greatest favor he 
 could ask would be that her coachman be allowed, when on the street, 
 to occasionally halt her carriage, and rest the horses in front of his 
 store. He knew the value of appearances, and he studied the effect. 
 The result of his study and effort was seen in after years, when the 
 most costly and beautiful equipages of the city came of their own 
 accord. 
 
 In ten years from the time he commenced his mercantile career, 
 his great success was assured. His rapidly increasing business 
 requiring more room, he bought land at the corner of Chambers street 
 and Broadway, where he erected a palatial store, into which he 
 moved in 184t); and some years later he secured the Old Ninth 
 Street Dutch Church and the lots adjoining it, comprising an entire 
 block, at the corner of Ninth street and Broadway, upon which he 
 erected, as a retail store, the largest and most complete establishment 
 of the kind in the world; covering about two acres, having six 
 elevators, the service in the establishment being arranged about as 
 
 
 follows when the force was full: one superintendent, nineteen assist- 
 ants, nine cashiers, twenty-five bookkeepers, thirty ushers, two 
 hundred cash boys, four hundred and seventy clerks, fifty porters 
 for heavy work, nine hundred seamstresses in the manufacturing 
 department, five hundred others employed in various work; making 
 in all two thousand two hundred persons employed about the store, 
 with, at times, when under Mr. Stewart's supervision, receipts 
 averaging $60,000 daily. 
 
 He early foresaw that the late war would greatly increase the price 
 of all manufactured articles. Acting on this belief, he contracted 
 with many factories to take all they made for a long time, the result 
 being that when prices rose, as they did during the war, he was in 
 the possession of an immensely large stock, from which he made a 
 profit of several millions of dollars. 
 
 The years went by and Mr. Stewart, by close attention to his busi- 
 ness, by enterprise, by care, economy and courage, by honesty, 
 sagacity and industry , became the most successful merchant in the 
 world He turned his attention then to the purchase of real estate, 
 and, excepting Wm. B. Astor, became the largest real estate owner 
 in America; his landed possessions, including his two mammoth 
 stores, the Metropolitan Hotel and the New York Theater, all on 
 Broadway; nearly all of Bleecker street from Broadway to Dupont 
 Row, numerous churches, many buildings, one of the most expen- 
 sive residences in the country — all in New York, besides the Grand 
 Union Hotel at Saratoga, and 10, 000 acres of land in New Jersey, 
 whereon Garden City has been built through his liberality and enter- 
 prise. He also possessed much other land. 
 
 The erection of a mammoth hotel in New York, costing several 
 millions, originally designed for the accommodation of women; the 
 sending of a ship load of provisions to Ireland, during one of her 
 famines, and other charities, were among his benefactions. 
 
 He was appointed to the position of Secretary of the Treasury in 
 the Cabinet of President Grant, a position which he was compelled to 
 resign, because by an old law it was found, that any person employed 
 as an importer, was ineligible to the place, a fact which was sin- 
 cerely regretted because of his known fitness for the office. The result 
 of his business career was a fortune of over 8*0,000, 000, the pro- 
 ceeds of upright dealing and legitimate trade. He died April 10, 
 1876, in the seventy-third year of his age, the Memorial Church at 
 Garden City, being designed by his widows to receive his remains. 
 His death in the mercantile world was like the fall of a giant tree in 
 the forest. This generation will see but few men who will pass 
 through fifty-three years of such remarkable, continued, legitimate 
 business success.
 
 ■'.iy^— 
 
 TIIK DISI'INIiCI.SIIKI) liANKKli Of I'lllI.AUKLI'lll A. 
 
 Stephen 
 
 Girard. 
 
 ^.^^^^TEPHEN GIRARD was a 
 J" V^^ remarkable character in Pbil- 
 Vi'^'-^T ^Jt^lpliiii ^t the heginninj 
 
 this century, being noted for 
 « two things: First, because 
 of his large wealth, and, second, for 
 his peculiarities and eccentricities. 
 lie was born at Bordeaux, in France, 
 May 24, 1750. His father was a sea- 
 man, who it is claimed, was very 
 harsh and severe with his children, 
 jiarticularly with Stephen, the eldest. 
 llis mother died when he was young, 
 and a step-mother taking her place 
 made the lot of the boy still more 
 unpleasant. Added to this was the 
 discovery, in his childhood, that one 
 
 eye was blind. This fact, his biographers claim, had much to do in 
 souring a disposition that otherwise might have been gentle and kind. 
 
 With bis father's consent, having the barest rudiments of an edu- 
 cation, he shipped as a cabin-boy, at thirteen, to the West Indies 
 and New York. In this position he made the best of his opimrtu- 
 nities in acquiring a knowledge of navigation, and gradually worked 
 himself np to the position of mate, and to the command of a vessel 
 when he was twenty-six years old. 
 
 It was in 1776, while on his way from "Xew Orleans to a Canadian 
 port, that he was b( calmed in a fog off the mouth of Delaware bay. 
 Learning that in consequence of hostilities between America and 
 England he was liable to have his vessel captured by the English cruis- 
 ers, he proceeded up the Delaware river to Philadeli)hia. sold his 
 sloop and cargo, which he partly owned, and commenced business as 
 a grocer and liquor-dealer. 
 
 During the Revolution be established himself for a time at Mount 
 Halley, New Jersey, where his sale of wines and cider to the soldiers 
 being large, he made considerable money, all of which was most 
 carefully saved. With the capital thus acquired he engaged in the 
 New Orleans and San Domingo trade at the close of the war. 
 
 A ten years' lease of a block of buildings on Water street, in 
 Philadelphia, taken during the business depression, in 1782, proved 
 a very profitable investment. These buildings, upon the revival of 
 prosperity, he relet at a great advance over the price he paid, and his 
 profits were very large. He subsequently made $30,000, the result 
 of a partnership with his brother. Captain John Girard. in the West 
 India trade. The partnership being dissolved, Stephen continued 
 profitably in the business. 
 
 At the time of the negro insurrection in Ilayti. as two of his ves- 
 sels were in port, several of the planters brought considerable 
 
 
 Sailor. Banker and Financier. 
 
 treasure on board. Returning to 
 their homes for more, they were never 
 lu*ard of afterward?. This treasure 
 Girard's ships brought to Philadelphia, 
 where be advertised it liberally, but 
 tlic parties who placed it on the ships 
 having been, probably, killed on their 
 return to land.no one ever appeared to 
 claim it, and the property, amounting 
 to about $50,000. went to swell the 
 growing wealth of Girard. 
 
 From this time forward wealth rap- 
 
 ridly accumulated with him. He built 
 ships and started them to various 
 parts of the world. His vessels 
 could be found in all the waters where 
 commerce extended. He was largely 
 East India trade. His captain would buy 
 climates; would sail to a northern port, 
 and invest in another production, 
 every 
 
 in the Chinese and 
 
 fruits in the warm 
 
 sell the cargo to great advantage 
 
 which would be taken to and sold in another part of the world 
 
 turn being generally at a profit. The success which attended this 
 
 fortunate course of trade was termed hick, but observation proved 
 
 that Girard had, through his own experience as a navigator and 
 
 careful study, made himself perfectly familiar with what he expected 
 
 his captains to perform; and, giving them minute details of what he 
 
 desired, he required them to obey instructions to the letter. 
 
 On one occasion, a captain, discovering that he could by the pur- 
 chase of teas, at another port from the one in which he had been 
 instructed to buy, save several thousand dollars, took the responsi- 
 bility of making the change. Although the captain's judgment 
 greatly enriched his employer. Girard discharged him, and would 
 never afterwards employ him, his reason being that while an employe 
 might occasionally benefit him by going contrary to orders, in the 
 majority of cases it would prove a loss, and would eventually ruin 
 him. 
 
 He required perfect obedience, no matter at what loss to himself. 
 One day a man applied to him for labor, and Girard set him at work 
 removing a pile of stone from one portion of a lot to another, the 
 orders being to report when the job was completed. When finished, 
 the laborer announced the fact to Girard, who replied: -^ Very well. 
 remove the stone back again to the place where you found them.'" 
 The stone was carefully carried back. The work finished, and the 
 fact reported, Girand told him to carry it once more to the place 
 where he first put it. Again the workman pleasantly returned to 
 his task, completed the labor and went for further orders. Having 
 tested the willingness of the man, thus, to perform any labor to 
 
 .(b^— 
 
 i: 
 
 s
 
 f 
 
 112 
 
 WHAT GIRARD DID WITH HIS MONEY. 
 
 which he might be assigned with alacrity and without question, 
 Girard gave him other duties to perform and retained his services for 
 years. 
 
 In 1T93 the yellow fever raged with fearful violence in Philadel- 
 phia. People tied to the country, and the streets were deserted. An 
 appeal was made for money and nurses. At this time Girard stepped 
 to the front, took the management of the hospital for the infected, 
 and in person superintended the care of the patients. Again, in 1797 
 and.in 1798, hie did the same, receiving the gratitude of the people 
 for his courage and the valuable assistance that he had rendered, 
 through his wealth and personal service. 
 
 In 1812 he purchased the building and most of the slock of the 
 United States bank, and commenced business as a private banker, on 
 a capital of Si. 200,000, which he afterwards increased to $4,000,000, 
 liis institution being known as the Girard bank. 
 
 In 1814 the government, being sorely pressed for money, asked 
 for a loan of 55.000,000. 
 Only $20,000 could be ob- 
 tained, although liberal 
 inducements were offered by 
 Congress to subscribers. At 
 this juncture Girard stepped 
 forward and subscribed for 
 the entire amount, the an- 
 nouncement of which caused 
 the loan to immediately 
 become popular, and cap- 
 italists thereupon began 
 promptly to purchase the 
 bonds, which Girard allowed 
 them to do. He was active in 
 procuring the charter of the 
 -second United States bank, 
 and became a director. He erected several of the. at that time, most 
 beautiful blocks of buildings in Philadelphia. He subscribed and 
 loaned over $350,000 to the navigation of the Schuylkill. He 
 subscribed S200, 000 to the Danville and Pottsville railroad, and many 
 other enterprises of public character. 
 
 He married, at the age of twenty-seven, a woman with whom he 
 lived unhappily. His wife died in the Pennsylvania Hospital for the 
 Insane. 
 
 Short, thick-set, blind in one eye, unprepossessing in appearance, 
 with a temper soured in childhood, and doubly embittered in after 
 years by domestic trouble, he withdrew from society, and absorbed 
 
 Girard's Bequests. 
 
 To Girard College, for the Education of Orphans S6. 000. 000 
 
 To City of Philadeli)hia for Improvement of Streets and Buildings. 
 
 To Improvement of Canal Navigation in Pennsylvania 
 
 To Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane 
 
 To the Pennsylvania Deaf and Dumb Asylum 
 
 To the Slasonic Loan 
 
 Tu the Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia 
 
 To the Philadelphia Public Schools 
 
 To Philadelphia, as a fund to furnish the poor with fuel each winter 
 Tu the fund for distressed masters of ships 
 
 his mind and soul in the multitudinous cares of his immense busi- 
 ness, which yielded a fortune of about $9,000,000. 
 
 Requiring the utmost farthing in the transaction of business, he 
 held it as a paramount duty to do as he had himself agreed. His 
 habits were extremely simple. His personal expenses were very 
 light. He lived in a lonely little house on Water street, solitary, 
 alone and sour, fully conscious of personal unpopularity. The crown- 
 ing ambition of his life seemed to be to compel the attention of the 
 world to the fact that he was. in bis time, the richest man in 
 America. 
 
 The claims of religion having brought him no happiness, be looked 
 upon it as a sham, and openly avowed his unbelief. He worked on 
 Sunday to show his disregard for the opinions of orthodoxy, and his 
 ships he named after the most noted of the French infidels of the 
 Voltaire school. 
 Being childless and far advanced in years, he carefully prepared 
 
 his will, in which were be- 
 quests for various hospitals, 
 asylums, educational institu- 
 tions and public enterprises. 
 To each of his relatives he 
 gave from five to sixty thou- 
 sand dollars. To his captains 
 then in service who safely 
 brought their vessels home, 
 he gave $1. 500 each. To his 
 apprentices he gave $500 
 apiece, and to his old servants 
 he gave annuities ranging 
 from $300 to $500 each. 
 
 The sight of his remaining 
 eye rapidly failing him when 
 eighty years of age, he was 
 one day, while crossing the street, knocked down by a passing 
 team, at which time he was so bruised about the head as to cause 
 him rapidly to decline, until he died, December 26, 1831, his 
 remains finding a last resting place in the lower vestibule of 
 Girard college, which is one of the conspicuous edifices in Phil- 
 adelphia. A notable peculiarity of Girard's will, relating to this 
 college, is that no professing ecclesiastic, missionary or clergyman 
 of any sect whatever, shall ever be allowed on the premises, even as a 
 visitor. The officers of the institution are required to instruct the 
 pupils in a pure morality and leave them free to adopt their own 
 religious opinions. 
 
 500,000 
 300,000 
 30.000 
 20. 000 
 20.000 
 10,000 
 10.000 
 10,000 
 10,000 
 
 ■A 
 
 p*^..--"77"5 =
 
 T 
 
 GKOliGE I'KAIiOllV: liANKKIi, KINANCIICK ANU I'lill.A.NTIIHOl'IS'l 
 
 ii;: 
 
 9: 
 
 George 
 
 .,BSERVATI<)N proves 
 that themtijorityof those 
 men who become cele- 
 brated forthe acquisition 
 of wealth in their later years, bej^itU' 
 inheriting ngood physical constitu- 
 tion and a well balanced mind, 
 have been trained to useful labor 
 in youth. 
 
 A sound brain in a sound body, 
 rightly directed in childhood, is one 
 of the grandest endowments that the 
 parent can give the offspring. The 
 success that attended the subject 
 of our sketch. George Peabody. 
 was the result of this fortunate 
 inheritance. His parents were 
 poor. That was to bis advantage. 
 
 as the son was compelled to rely upon his own energies, which 
 were thus developed by use. He had a strong physical constitution, 
 and that enabled him to endure. He had a kind and wise mother, 
 whose good counsels directed him into the right path. 
 
 George Peabody was born in Danvers. Mass., February 18, 1795. 
 Early comi)elled to assist his father's family, he was taken from 
 school when eleven years of age, and given employment in the coun- 
 try store of Sylvester Proctor, in Danvers. He proved himself a 
 faithful clerk here for the ne.\t five years. 
 
 His father dying wheir George was in his teens, he took upon him- 
 self, as best he could, the task of providing for his mother, his 
 brothers and his sisters; a proof that true worth was in the boy, 
 which subsequent years fully demonstrated. 
 
 Not many incidents of note occurred with him in his boyhood. At 
 fifteen he left Mr. Proctor's to go to Vermont, where he remained 
 a year with his grandparents, at Thetford. A year later he went into 
 the dry-goods store of his brother, David Peabody, at Newburyport. 
 Mass.. where a large fire, which destroyed his brother's store, com- 
 pelled him to seek a place elsewhere. He nest entered the employ- 
 ment of his uncle in Georgetown, D. C. , which place he soon left, to 
 find a better position with Mr. Elisha Riggs. in that city, who made 
 him his partner. Young Peabody was then but nineteen. The busi* 
 ness was the wholesaling of dry-goods, largely imported from Europe. 
 
 To secure trade Peabody made various journeys on horseback 
 into the unsettled regions of the border States, with such success as 
 to make it necessary to establish the store of his firm at a more 
 central place; Baltimore being selected as the point. In that city 
 the young merchant immediately took front rank, being noted as a 
 business man for his quick and cautious judgment; his decision, 
 firmness, industry, punctuality, justice and honor in every 
 transaction; the whole accompanied by a genial courtesy that won 
 him friends on every side. 
 
 The business of the house so rapidly extended as to make it soon 
 necessary to establish branches in New York and Philadelphia. th»' 
 
 Peabody. 
 
 a 
 
 r 
 
 Distinguished Banker and Financier. 
 
 , _ ;_ 'f resoiveu to 
 (J in London, ; 
 ^ two years 
 
 whole being under the immediate 
 careful .supervision of Mr. Pea- 
 body. In 1839 Mr. Riggs withdrew 
 from the active business of the 
 institution, t-till leaving his name, 
 however — the firm continuing as 
 Peabody, Riggs & Co. Opening a 
 banking department in connection 
 with the house, which had proven 
 very profitable, especially as the 
 financial agents of the State of 
 Maryland, and having been in Eng- 
 land frequently, where he had made 
 a large acquaintance. Mr. Peabody 
 resolved to establish a branch store 
 and in 1837, when forty- 
 Id, he went there to 
 permanently reside. 
 In the succeeding year he did great service to his native country 
 by securing monied assi;}tance at a time when general financial wreck 
 had overspread the commercial interests of the United States. 
 Through his own wealth, and trust in the future of America, he was 
 able and willing to buy largely of American securities, while his 
 integrity and high standing among the capitalists of England inspired 
 confidence in others. Thus credit was saved to the State of Mary- 
 land, which he represented as its agent, as well as to vast monied 
 interests jn the United States. In his transactions at that time 3Ir. 
 Peabody acquired great reputation for financial strength, courage and 
 ability. In the meantime his mercantile interests steadily grew in 
 America. He bought very heavily of British goods, and shipped 
 them to this country, receiving by bis vessels, in return, all kinds 
 of American produce, which found ready sale in England. 
 
 Gradually his customers, when they consigned to his firm, not 
 only drew upon him. but they as often deposited large amounts of 
 money with him, to be held until required. The result was that he 
 soon found himself doing a large banking business. 
 
 In 1843 his business firm name was changed to "George Peabody 
 & Company, of Warnford Court, City, "and banking thenceforth 
 became his leading business, the purchase and sale of American 
 securities being his specialty. Through his geniality and kindly 
 courtesy, his rtftice. which was liberally supplied with newspapers 
 from the United States, became the resort of Americans in London. 
 Though careful in expenditure, he was liberal. For many years 
 it was his custom to give a grand dinner at some public place on the 
 Fourth of July, in commemoration of the establishment of Ameri- 
 can independence. At this dinner he invited distinguished Ameri- 
 cans who might be in London at the time, as he did also prominent 
 men in Great Britain. At the opening of the International exposi- 
 tion in 1851, no provision having been made by congress for the 
 display of American products, George Peabody furnished the 
 commissioners with the sum of 815,000. with which the articles of 
 AmHrienn skill, including printing-presses, revolvers, reapers. 
 
 h. 
 
 ■Ci^-
 
 T 
 
 114 
 
 PEABODY BEQUESTS. SKETCH OF I'ETEK COOPER. 
 
 machines, works of sculpture, and many valuable invenlions were 
 so finely displayed as to win the applause of the civilized world. 
 
 Generous thus in the bestowal of thousands or millions, he was 
 rigidly economical to the penny, the result of the habits that he had 
 formed in his youth. Never married, he lived cheaply in a suite of 
 apartments and entertained his friends at the club house. In dress 
 he was scrupulously neat, but unostentatious. Anything calculated 
 to attract attention he carefully avoided. A black band was the only 
 thing he would wear for a watch-guard. 
 
 In the later years of his residence in London, he made several 
 visits to his native country, renewing his friendships of early years. 
 Uaving acquired immense wealth, his life was particularly notable, 
 near its close, for the many and wise gifts which he made for explo- 
 ration, discovery, for the education of the masses, and for the comfort 
 and welfare of the poor. 
 
 The following were some of his principal donations during his life, 
 together with bequests made by his will: 
 
 The Peabody Bequests. 
 
 To the Southern Educational Fund 83.,^00,000 
 
 To Homes lor the Poor in London 2.500.000 
 
 To tile Peabody Institute, at Baltimore l.OOO.OOO 
 
 To PL-abodv InVtitute, r^t'abody. M.ass 2.S0.000 
 
 To InstitutV "1 AnluHolurv. Harvard College 150,000 
 
 To Uepartiiieiit of I'liy^iiiil S.ien.i., Yale College 1.50.000 
 
 To Peabody .Museum, Salem, Mass 150.000 
 
 To Memorial Church in Georgetown, D. C 8100.000 
 
 To \Va-liirit-l"ii Cullege, Va 60.000 
 
 To Pliiihp-' .\'adiMiv. Andover, Mass 30.000 
 
 To K. inc. II I'.ill.i.'e, at Hambier, O 25.000 
 
 To Piihlir l.il.i.uv. ,Ni»liurv|iort, Mass 2U.0IX) 
 
 To M.li\].lllil lli.ti.lKal SinlitV .- 20.000 
 
 ToGnniKll Kxpcilltion. mid. r Dr. Kane 10.000 
 
 ToPuUhe LiUiaij. Tlietford. Vt 10,000 
 
 87.975,000 
 
 He contributed about $200,000 to various other objects, and left 
 $5,000,000, mostly to his relatives. He died in London, Nov. 4, 
 1869, when seventy. two years of age. The news of his death was 
 received with profound grief on lioth sides of the Atlantic. So great 
 had been his benefactions to England as to cause the Queen to pre- 
 sent him with her portrait, painted at an expense of $40,000. She 
 had also offered him a baronetcy, which he declined. His body lay 
 in state for some time at Westminster Abbey, and when brought to 
 this country in a royal man-of-war ship, every homage was paid that 
 could be extended to a citizen that had so greatly honored and bene- 
 tited his country. 
 
 At Peabody, Mass., amid thousands of mourners, they laid him 
 gently to rest by the side of that mother whose tender counsels, in 
 his boyhood, had laid the foundation for his fame and fortune. The 
 monument that stands above bis tomb is an ever-living witness of 
 what the boy in humble circumstances may achieve in life who is 
 industrious, temperate, economical, enterprising, faithful and honest. 
 
 First Manufacturer of Locomotives in America, and Founder of ttie Cooper Institute. 
 
 7^ 
 
 ETER COOPER, the well-known millionaire and 
 phihinthropist, was born in New York, in 17^1. With 
 limited education, at 
 seventeen, he was ap- 
 prenticed to a coach- 
 
 makrr. and worked with Bnch fidelity 
 
 and skill, that hi.< employer offered to 
 
 tier him up in business for himself; 
 
 but this was declined, although he 
 
 followed his trade for some time after- 
 wards. Then be tried manufacturing 
 
 patent machines for phearing cloth. 
 
 during the war of 1812; then the manu- 
 facture of furniture; then the grocery 
 
 business, finally settling down to the 
 
 production of glue and isinglass, which 
 
 he continued for fifty years. He also 
 
 erected iron-mills, and followed the 
 
 manufacture of railroad iron on a large 
 
 scale, and was the first to roll wrought- 
 
 iron beams for fire-proof buildings. The 
 
 iron business is still carried on exten- 
 sively by his family. He built the first 
 
 locomotive engine ever constructed on 
 
 this continent, after his own designs; 
 
 invested largely in the extension of the electric telegraph, and in 
 
 municipal improvements and the cause of education, he exhibited 
 
 an enterprising spirit. To his liberality New York owes the 
 Cooper Institute for the advancement of science and art. the edifice 
 costing Mr. Cooper more than SOSO, 000, 
 besides an endowment of $150. UUO in 
 cash, the whole being devoted to the 
 instruction and elevation of the working 
 classes of that city, free of charge. It 
 has a series of schools, well attended, in 
 which learning is practically applied to 
 the industries of life, and employs up- 
 ward of thirty instructors. Besides 
 these schools there is a free reading- 
 room and library, with galleries of art, 
 collections of models of inventions, etc. 
 in 18T6 Mr. Cooper was a candidate 
 for the presidency before the people on 
 till' Niitional Greenback ticket; and 
 during the presidential canvass of 1880, 
 he was present, an honored guest, at 
 tlie Greenback gathering held in Cooper 
 Institute. In 1881 he was living in New 
 Y'ork. in tlie enjoyment of good health 
 and a serene old age, his active participa- 
 tion in public matters descending to his 
 family^ among whom his son-in-law, 
 Abram S. Hewitt, has been an infiuentlal member of Congress, and 
 his son E(hv:ird an honored Mayor of New York. He died ApriU, 1HH3. 
 
 s: 
 
 I
 
 :(j — 
 
 -^i 
 
 T- 
 
 DISTINGUISHED MILLIONAIRE OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 115 
 
 Horticulturist, Wine-Grower and Dealer in Real Estate. 
 
 1782, January 16, at New- 
 ark. New Jersey, was 
 born Nicholas Longworth, 
 for many years one of the 
 richest men in Cincinnati. 
 Tie served for a time in 
 Newark as an apprentice 
 to a shoemaker, and after- 
 wards as a clerk for his 
 brother in South Carolina. 
 Evincing a fondness for 
 the law, he returned to 
 Newark to prosecute its 
 study, but the tidu of 
 emigration westward car- 
 ried him to Cincinnati in 
 1803, when he was twenty- 
 one years old. He 
 resumed his study here 
 in the law office of Judge 
 Burnet, and was soon 
 admitted to the bar. It 
 was but a short time before be had an extensive practice, the revenue 
 from which, instead of squandering, he steadily invested in real 
 estate. Cincinnati, at that time, had a population of about 
 1.000. with probably no more prospect of becoming a great city than 
 has many another town of that population to-day. The young lawyer 
 evidently had a premonition, however, that the place of his adoption 
 was to become a large city, and he continued to buy lots, which after- 
 wards came into the center of the town, in those early years, costing 
 him but ten dollars apiece. 
 
 It is said of him that his first fee, as a lawyer, taken from a client 
 accused of horse-stealing, were two second-hand copper stills, which 
 he sold to a distiller, taking in exchange thirty-three acres of barren 
 land, which land afterwards, in the center of the city, became, during 
 Mr. Longworth's time, worth $3,000,000. 
 
 He retired from the law after a sixteen years' practice, to devote 
 himself to the management of his large interests. Having an abun- 
 dance of means, and a fondness for horticulture, he turned his 
 attention to the grape — full in the faith that the Ohio valley would 
 prove a rich grape-growing region. After much experiment, he 
 demonstrated that the Catawba and Isabella could be grown to advan- 
 tage, and that the wine interest could be made more profitable. In 
 
 pursuing this industry. Mr. Longworth showed him,«elf possessed of 
 much liberality and public spirit. Desirous of developing the wine- 
 producing interest in the vicinity of Cincinnati, he offered to buy, 
 at a liberal price, every gallon of grape wine that was brought to 
 him, the effect of which was to encourage grape-growing on the part 
 of the gardeners in the Ohio river valley to such an extent as to make 
 that industry as large and profitable as it is in portions of the wine- 
 producing districts of France. 
 
 Mr. Longworth himself had a vineyard of 200 acres, with large 
 cellars for storing his wines, in which he had usually, in process of 
 ripening, some 300,000 bottles at a time. Although experiment and 
 the commencing of this enterprise cost him vast sums of money, he 
 ultimately made the industry profitable. 
 
 He did, also, much for strawberry culture, then in its infancy. 
 Passing a garden, one day, he found upon the sidewalk a number of 
 strawberry vines which had been thrown over the fence. He paused 
 to converse with the gardener, and learned in the conversation, that 
 the plants thrown out were the superabundance of males or non- 
 producers. The idea was new to Longworth. Was it a fact that 
 there were male and female plants, and that a proper union of the 
 two sexes was essential to the production of the crop? Longworth 
 began to experiment, at the same time bringing the matter to the 
 attention of the horticnlturists of the country. The result was 
 that a vast fund of information was added to horticultural 
 knowledge, relative to the sexual powers of many kinds of fruits. 
 With the strawberry the experiments resulted in the production of 
 several varieties of berries, that, as hermaphrodites, contained the 
 male and female qualities within themselves, so blended as to make 
 them certain bearers of fruit when the conditions of climate, soil and 
 moisture were attended to. All this information Mr. Longworth 
 took great pleasure in having widely disseminated. 
 
 As with grapes and strawberries, he was equally public-spirited 
 with his land, in its sale at cheap prices for portions of lots, on long 
 time and easy payments. He had some eccentricities: among them 
 being a total disregard for dress. Of inferior personal presence, 
 he was as likely to be taken for a beggar or tramp as was the 
 beggar himself, about his premises. He made no display of 
 benevolence but he bestowed charity liberally nevertheless, to those 
 who were in absolute want. 
 
 As a benefactor to his city, as well as to the horticultural interests 
 of the country, he very emphatically made his impress in his genera- 
 tion. He died February 10. 1863. at the age of eighty-one, leaving a 
 fortune of fifteen millions. 
 
 [^
 
 f 
 
 116 
 
 THE CELEBRATED RAILROAD CONTRACTOR. 
 
 i 
 
 7. 
 
 
 ii^^,^ 
 
 -<^ 
 
 HENRY 
 
 .^ -».>- fiji^^ss^l^t.,^ 
 
 
 f^ ^^^^^^^^^^^:^^^^^^>^^l 
 
 I'M ■''■' * 
 
 MEIGGS. 
 
 }b!^^c)\% Distinguished, Enterprising Pioneer in California, and Railroad Contractor 
 ^\,-4l»«./^ and Builder in South America. 
 
 lumber 
 
 NE OF THE most dUtin- 
 2:iii!::hed men in California, 
 in an early day, was Harry 
 Meigss. He was born in 
 Cat^kill, N. Y., July 7, 
 1811. Naturally given to 
 the projection of enter- 
 prises, he commenced in 
 New York, when young, 
 as a contractor for the 
 purchase and supply of 
 luiilding materials, and 
 had made a fortune in the 
 trade, before he was 
 twenty-five, which was swept away 
 by the panic in 1837. 
 
 The reported discovery of gold in 
 California found Meiggs ready for 
 another venture. Loading a ship with 
 lumber, he went around Cape Horn to 
 San Francisco, where he sold bis cargo 
 at a profit of $50,000. Having great faith 
 in the future of that State, he started 
 in the lumber trade again, and had, at one 
 time, over 500 employes in his saw- 
 mills and elsewhere, at work. 
 
 He made a fortune, and for several 
 
 years was one of the most extensive 
 
 business operators on the Pacific coast. 
 
 The panic which spread over California, 
 
 In 1854, caused his failure again, and 
 
 through various complications he was 
 
 compelled to close his business there. 
 
 On board a small vessel, with his family, 
 
 he departed for South America. 
 
 His first enterprise in that country was a contract for the building 
 
 of eighty-four miles of railway, which Involved a stupendous feat 
 
 in engineering. While other engineers had estimated that this road 
 
 would cost §30,000,000, if it could be built at all. Meiggs took the 
 contract for $6, 000. 000. and utilizing the Chilians under American 
 overseers at a cost of thirteen cents a day each, he tunneled moun- 
 tains, excavated mines, exploded rocks, and made such rapid head- 
 way as to be the wonder of all South America. 
 
 Though three years bad been assigned him, he completed the 
 contract in two years, making a handsome profit, beside securing a 
 government bonus of $120,000. 
 
 He next took the contract for building 114 miles of railway in 
 Peru, from Mollendo to Arequipa. During the progress of this con- 
 tract an earthquake destroyed much of his constructions; but, not- 
 withstanding he gave $100,000 to the sufferers by that calamity. 
 $310,000 in gold and silvormedals to workmen, and $200,000 to the 
 entertainments in commemoration of the completion of this road, he 
 made by his contract a great fortune above all this. 
 
 He lived in Lima, in a style of superb magnificence, during the 
 later years of his residence in the country, his extravagance of hos- 
 pitality being the theme of all who knew him. In all. he built about 
 a thousand miles of railways in South America, some of which roads 
 were financial failures for the government as well as himself. 
 
 Having a great railroad enterprise on hand, requiring many millions 
 to build, he made an effort to interest the capitalists of Europe in the 
 undertaking. His endeavors were, however, in vain. This failure, 
 together with an overwrought nervous energy, produced paralysis, 
 from which he died when about sixty years of age. The immense 
 crowds of people and demonstrations of sorrow attending his funeral 
 formed one of the most notable events that ever occurred in South 
 America. Even in California, though failure ultimately attended bis 
 enterprise there, his i)ublic-spirit and wonderful executive ability 
 greatly endeared him lo the people, and thousands mourned his death. 
 
 With a large body that weighed 225 pounds, and an active brain 
 that measured twenty-four inches, with mathematical talent greatly 
 developed, and large perceptive faculties, he possessed extraordinary 
 capacity for the carrying through of great enterprises. His dash, 
 extravagance and lack of preparation in times of commercial crises 
 prevented him from retaining the colossal fortune which might have 
 been his, had grcatt-r caution, prudence and habits of ectmomy ruled 
 his business undertakings. 
 
 .(d^— ^ 
 
 — sO. 
 
 r4
 
 ? 
 
 CALIFORNIA MIIJJONAIRKS. JAMES I.ICK ANIJ HIS BEQUESTS. 
 
 117 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 Real Estate 
 
 Speculator and 
 
 Millionaire. 
 
 ^^ ^"^ m^ 
 
 'W 
 
 ^f-:=^ 
 
 NE OF THE earliest pioneers in California, during the 
 u'old excitement, was James Lick, a native of Fred- 
 ericksburg. Pa., where he was born, August 25, 1796. 
 Reared on a farm, he afterwards became a piano tuner 
 in New York city. Subse- 
 quently he drifted off to 
 
 South America, where he not only tuned 
 
 but successfully sold pianos for Philadel- 
 phia manufacturers. Hearing of the gold 
 
 excitement in California, he converted his 
 
 possessions into money and came North, 
 
 arriving in San Francisco in 1847 with 
 
 S30, 000. Lick was then fifty-one years 
 
 of age, and the money he possessed was 
 
 the savings of a life-time of close 
 
 industry and economy. It had cost him 
 
 too much to be gambled away. He sur- 
 veyed the situation upon his arrival, and 
 
 concluding that San Francisco must 
 
 become the metropolis of the Pacific coast, 
 
 he resolved to invest his money in real 
 
 estate and abide the issue. The city then 
 
 had a population of 1,000. 
 
 His first investment was in a lot at the 
 
 northeast corner of Montgomery and 
 
 Jackson streets, for which be paid 
 
 $5,000. He subsequently sold a portion 
 
 of this lot to Duncan, Sherman & Co. 
 
 for $30. 000. During the early years the 
 
 town was frequently almost deserted by 
 
 people, attracted to the various mining 
 
 camps, but through it all Lick continued 
 
 steadily a dealer in real estate, buying 
 
 when everybody wanted to sell, and sellin, 
 
 back and everybody wanted to buy. 
 
 In time his estate became worth several millions, prominent amon; 
 
 his possessions being extensive flouring mills at San Jose, costing 
 S200.000, and the Lick Hotel, one of the most expensive of the large 
 hotels of San Francisco. By his will he returned to the State and the 
 city the fortune he had made there, to be appropriated to various 
 charitable and scientific objects — a for- 
 tune the result of steady purpose in one 
 direction. 
 
 Lick Bequests. 
 
 The following were some of the most 
 prominent of the Lick donations: 
 
 To the Lake Tahoe Observatory 8700,000 
 
 To School of Mechanical Arts in Cali- 
 fornia .tOO,0<«) 
 
 To Public Monuments in Sacramento. . 250,000 
 To Academy of Sciences and Pioneer 
 
 Society 250. 000 
 
 To City Baths for people at Sacramento 1.50.000 
 
 To Old Ladies' Home. San Francisco. . . 100,0C0 
 To monument for Francis S. Key. at 
 
 Golden Gate P.ark 80.000 
 
 To Ladies' Relief Society, San Fran- 
 cisco 25. 000 
 
 To Protestant Orphan Asylum, San 
 
 Francisco 25.000 
 
 To Orphan Asylum. San Jose 2.i.000 
 
 To Mechanics' Library, San PVancisco 10,000 
 To Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 
 
 to Animals 10. 000 
 
 Total . 
 
 ? 1. 905.000 
 
 JAMES LICK 
 again when people came 
 
 The gift for the erection of a monument 
 J to Key was a tribute to his genius as the 
 :-^ -V j author of the '"Star Spangled Banner." 
 the singing of which at the opening of 
 the war in one of the leading theaters ip 
 San Francisco, did much toward inspiring the people with intense 
 loyalty for the fnion. 
 
 ^Ir Lick was about eighty years of age at the time of his death. 
 
 ?•
 
 lis 
 
 "WOODWARD S GARDENS, SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 "^ * NE OF THE most delightful pleasure-grounds in the 
 United States is Woodward's Gardens, in San Fran- 
 
 'J^ Cisco. The proprietor, R. B. Woodward, was from 
 Providence, R. 1., where he was born January 26. 1824. 
 3**2?^^ Going by way of Cape Horn, on a sailing vessel, he arrived 
 in San Francisco, in 1849, his first venture being the opening of a 
 grocery store in a three-story building, the upper part of which he let 
 to lodgers, 
 while the 
 lower portion 
 he used as a 
 restaurant. 
 
 Steadily his 
 business ex- 
 tended until, 
 in time, it de- 
 veloped into 
 the '^What 
 Cheer House" 
 long a favorite 
 place of re- 
 sort. Under 
 his manage- 
 ment the hotel 
 was very at- 
 t racti vely 
 kept, at cheap 
 prices. 
 
 In his hotel 
 he gathered 
 an interest- 
 ing museum 
 of minerals, 
 birds and ani- 
 mals, nativeto 
 the country. 
 
 Purchasing 
 Hcveral acres 
 
 in the suburbs of the city for residence purposes, he removed 
 his museum there, and gradually began beautifying the place. 
 
 At the opening of the Southern Rebellion, he gave an cnter- 
 tiiinment for the first time on these grounds in behalf of the 
 Sanitary Commission, when it was discovered that The museum had 
 been 80 enlarged and the grounds so beautified as lo be a most 
 pleasant and desirable place of resort. From that time, at a cheap 
 
 Conservatory in Woodward's Gardens, San Francisco. 
 
 rate of admission. Woodward's Gardens became a favorite place of 
 amusement for the Californians and all strangers on the Pacific coast. 
 Through the large revenue derived from visitors, the proprietor 
 continued to embellish and improve the grounds, continually adding 
 attractions, until to-day, with its theatrical entertainments, its 
 museum of minerals, birds, fishes, insects, animals and reptiles, 
 its aquarium, caged animals, sea-lions, and multitude of curiosities, 
 
 it is a very 
 attractive 
 place to visit. 
 Beside be- 
 ing a man of 
 superior taste 
 Mr. Wood- 
 ward was very 
 practical and 
 public-spir- 
 ited. He was 
 one of the first 
 to build 
 horse railways 
 in San Fran- 
 cisco, on 
 which were 
 charged low 
 fares. 
 
 His rule 
 was, whether 
 k e e p i ng a 
 Hotel, con- 
 ducting a 
 place of 
 amusement, 
 or running a 
 horse railway, 
 to put the 
 price of ad- 
 mission and 
 fare so low that all might use and enjoy their advantages. 
 
 Later in life, he purchased a farm of 2. 000 acres in the Napa val- 
 ley, for a home, surrounding it with fruits, fiowers and ornumental 
 trees, such as taste and experience prompted him to select. At tliis 
 place he died in the fall of 1879, young, comparatively, in years, but 
 old enough to have been of great service to San Francisco, having 
 done more to entertain the people than any man in the State.
 
 City and Bay of SAN FRANCISCO, Looking Westward. 
 
 San Francisco. California, was early occupied by Francisco Palou 
 and Benito Cambon, two Franciscan Catholic monks from Spain, who 
 founded here the mistfion of San Francisco de Asie. October 9, 1776. 
 The mission prospered, and. in 1825. it possessed 76.000 head of 
 cattle. 79,000 sheep. 3.000 horses, 18,000 bushels of wheat and 
 barley, $35,000 worth of merchandise, and $25,000 in cash; having 
 at the same time supervision over 1,800 Indians. 
 
 In 1834 the missions of California were placed under the control 
 of civil officers, and in a few years nothing remained of their former 
 power, but a few buildings. The first bouse of modern construction 
 in San Francisco was erected in 1835, near the present site of the 
 
 City Hall. The first survey of streets and lots wiis made in 1839. 
 The town was known as Yerba Buena until January 30, 1847. when 
 the village council changed it to San Francisco. At that time the 
 population of the place was 1,000. The discovery of gold in the 
 State caused the town to be almost wholly deserted in the spring of 
 1848. In the fall of that year, however, the place began to grow, and 
 continued rapidly to increase. In 1852, when the State census was 
 taken, the population was 34,870. In 1860 it showed 56,802; in 
 1870 it contained 149.473. and in 1880 the census revealed thai it 
 possessed a population of 233,066; an increase of 83, 593 in the last 
 ten years. 
 
 "So* 1. Bay of San Francisco; a large body of 
 water, extending from the Golden Gate, about 
 forty miles inland, being in many places ten miles 
 in width. 
 
 8, Lone Bridge, leading southward over 
 Mission bay. 
 
 a. Piers, of steamships which ply between San 
 Francisco and Chinese, Japanese and Australian 
 ports. 
 
 4. Foot of Market street, the Broadway of the 
 citv. At this point are the piers of the ferry-boats 
 that piv between San Francisco and Oakland, con- 
 necting with the Central Pacific railway, on the 
 opposite side of the bay, five miles distant. 
 
 o. Marine Hospital and Hospital of Sisters of 
 Mercy. 
 
 6. Post-ofilce, Sub-Treasury building and 
 Custom-house. 
 
 T. Lick House, erected by James Lick. 
 
 8. Bank of California. Near here are the Bank 
 of Nevada, Stock Exchange. Mercantile library. 
 Ru!-s and Occidental hotels. 
 
 9. The Palace hotel. In this vicinity are the 
 (Jrnnd hotel. Bancroft's publishing house, and 
 ulhtT wf U-known houses. 
 
 10. United States Mint. 
 H. Mission Woolen Mills. 
 
 Leading Points of Interest. 
 
 15. Woodward's Gardens, covering an area of 
 five acres. 
 
 13. City Hall. Near by were the celebrated 
 "Sand Lots.'* and between this point and the 
 Palace hotel is the Baldwin hotel. 
 
 14. Lake Merced. 
 
 I.!. Old Mission Church, built in 1776; first 
 building erected in San Francisco. 
 
 16. Grace Cathedral. 
 
 17. Lone Mountain Ceraetei-y. 
 
 18. Golden Gate Park, including 1.100 acres. 
 These grounds are beautifully decorated, and con- 
 tain, among other alti-actions, an expensive 
 conservatory, in which, with many other rare 
 plants, is a beautiful specimen of the VicUiria 
 Regia. Near the park are the race-course 
 grounds. 
 
 lO. In this vicinity are the Chine^^e quarters, 
 extending over several blocks, includiiii.' a pnpu- 
 latiim of Chinese numbering from du.i""" t<> 411. ihm). 
 
 aO. Old City Hall. Formerly Jenny Lind Thea- 
 ter: erected in I80I. 
 
 31. St. Francis' hotel, comer Clay and Diipont 
 strrfts. erected in 183.i: location of the tii-st dwell- 
 ing-house built in San Francisco. 
 
 33. Nob Hill. This is an elevated portion of 
 the city, containing many of the most beautiful 
 residences. 
 
 23. Telegraph Hill, commanding a view of the 
 Golden Gale and a large portion of the bay. 
 
 84. Meiggs' Wharf, built in 18.'>4. bv Harry 
 Meiggs, afterwards the railroad king of l*eru. 
 
 35. Selby's Lead-smelting Works. 
 
 26. Black Point and fortifications. 
 
 ST. Presidio Barracks and government reserve. 
 Headquartei-sof the Army, Division uf the Pacific. 
 
 2S. Golden Gate. .A.t this point of entrance to 
 the bay, the waters are about one mile in width. 
 
 29. Point Bonita. This is one of the prominent 
 points in the vicinity of the bay. Here is located 
 a beacon-light, which guides the mariner through 
 the Golden Gate. 
 
 80. Location of the Seal Rocks. These rocks 
 are surrounded by the ocean, and are situated a 
 hundred rods or more from the main land. The 
 largest contains from a quarter to three-quarters 
 of an acre of barren, rough, rucrtred rock, which 
 rises from the ocean forty or fifty feet above the 
 wfiters. Cpon this rock scores uf seals, at most 
 seasons of the year, may be seen resting and 
 sunning themselves. This" is one of the attractive 
 places of resort to all strangers who visit San 
 Francisco. 
 
 31. Pacific Ocean; some thi-ee miles from the 
 heart of the city. 
 
 =<5; 
 
 S- 
 
 ^
 
 r^ 
 
 ll'U 
 
 A ClI.Vl'TEK I\ THE HISTORY OF THE BANK OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 
 %i«mi!i.»v«i»»>v>i'»itn>n>n.ui.twiti»>ni,i.t^ 
 
 gnix>yi'i?'iv<'m'i?<>w<j<iiiin>'n!ia^in>!ian»,^ 
 
 d-'-"- 
 
 Ship-Carpenter, Steamboat Clerk and Banker. 
 
 ?ERY MANY OF THE Californi.ins, in the early years of 
 
 the gold discoveries on the Pacific coast, possessed a 
 
 J'^Jj degree of dash and enterprise not common in other parts 
 
 f the world. 
 
 j One of the notables on the coast in an early day was 
 
 W. C. Ralston. In business courage, liberality of 
 
 spirit, generous hospitality, and power to achieve, he 
 
 was much liiie Harry Meiggs. Ralston was a native of 
 
 Ohio, where, in boyhood, he was put to the work nf ship- 
 
 ,.^*a 
 
 carpentering. Snbse- ^ ^^^yy> - 
 quently serving for a time as a 
 clerk on a Mississippi steamer, he 
 started for California by way of 
 Panama, in 1850, in which latter 
 place he found employment as the 
 agent for a line of steamships plying 
 between Xew York and San Frsm- 
 cisco. To more effectually serve the 
 company he took up headquarters 
 in San Francisco in 1853, where he 
 was soon after engaged in banking, 
 the firm being known at one time as 
 Donohoe. Ralston & Co. 
 
 Thf Bank of California wa» organ- 
 ized with a capital of §5, 000. 000 in 
 1804. with D. O. Mills, a shrewd 
 financier and banker from Sacra- 
 mento, as president. Ralston was 
 the vice-president of the bank, but, 
 having had large experience, and 
 possessing the unlimited confidence 
 of the stockholders, he was the 
 acknowledged manager of the insti- 
 tution. The business of the bank 
 was exceedingly prosperous: the 
 
 premium on gold yielded great returns, and in various stock specu- 
 lations Kaiston had before this made a large amount of money. 
 
 Numerous industrial interests on the Pacific coast were at that time 
 struggling for existence and position. Kaiston was a most allal)lc 
 man, woe personally popular, and was much sought. The manager 
 of nearly every enterprise needing assistance went to hiui, and no 
 one ever ajiplied in vain. IIi* had in the nieiinlime constructed a 
 
 j.r»a - 
 
 beautiful town residence and an elegant suburban home at Belmont, 
 twenty miles from San Francisco, where he entertained people from 
 the East in a most sumptuous manner, not so much, flis friends 
 claimed, for personal popularity, as for the good of the State. 
 
 In aid of various enterprises he had contributed liberally to the 
 Mission woolen mills, the Kimball carriage works, the Cornell watch 
 factory, and many other manufacturing establishments, all located in 
 San Francisco. He furnished the cai>ital with which to carry forward 
 irrigation enterprises: he erected thus the California theater, and 
 ccccp;^ with Mr. Sharon, projected and 
 built the Pahice Hotel. 
 
 He had expected to carry all this 
 through by the sale of the water 
 supply to the city, which the bank 
 owned, and for which he had hoped 
 to realize $10,000,000. Failing in 
 this, and returns not coming from 
 other investments, he was obliged 
 to acknowledge to the bank directors 
 that he had used up $4,500,000 
 which he could not pay. He 'had 
 gone too fast. 
 
 The bank officials held a meeting, 
 and passed a resolution requesting 
 him to resign, which he did imme- 
 diately. Following which he walked 
 rapidly to North beach, where he 
 had been in the habit of bathing, 
 swam out into the channel, was 
 apparently taken with a cramp, 
 threw up his arms for a moment, 
 sank and was drowned. A coroner's 
 inquest decided it to be accidental 
 death, hut many believe otherwise. 
 As a genial, whole-souled, pub- 
 lic-j^pirited man, and a great benefactor of the city and State, bis 
 misfortune and death were most sincerely mourned. The hank 
 closud five weeks. At the end of that time the stockholders had 
 supplied the l(»st capital by assessment, paid all debts, and made the 
 great monied instilution the power that it was before. Its tri- 
 umphtuit, immediate survival of this immense loss is said to be 
 1 williiiiit a paralh'I in lianUhig hij-tnry. 
 
 igte^-^^ 
 
 ''I, 
 
 
 BANK OF CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 :6^- —
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ..'TS- 
 
 V 
 
 ■.c 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 V 
 
 CALIFORNIA MILLIONAIUES. 
 
 HOTEL, 
 
 MINE, 
 
 liANK 
 
 AND KAILKOAU OWNER. 
 
 121 
 
 f^^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 SHAHOK 
 
 LAWYER, 
 
 MINING SPECULATOR, 
 
 MERCHANT, 
 
 m 
 
 AND 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 SENATOR. 
 
 An Illustration of how Fortunes tiave been Rapidly Acquired on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 URIXG the ten years, from 1870 to 1880. in 
 connection with mining interests, on the PaciSc 
 coast, with hotel ownership, and with the 
 Nevada Senatorsliip, Mr. Shuron was mnch 
 heard of thronghout the country. This gen- 
 tleman is a native of Smithlield, O. Leaving 
 Athens College, where he attended school for a 
 time, he studied l;iw with Edwin M. Stanton. 
 
 afterwards Secretary of War. He subsequently went to Missouri and 
 
 engaged in the practice of the law. 
 
 Later, in 1844. he, with Dr. John 
 
 K. Sharon, kept a store at CarroUton, 
 
 in Southern Illinois. 
 In 1849, he went to Sacramento. 
 
 Cal. , to engage in general trade ; and 
 
 a year afterwards he located in San 
 
 Francisco, where, in the succeeding 
 
 fifteen years, he engaged in real 
 
 estate operations, accumulating in 
 
 the time about $150,000. Through 
 
 stock speculation, he lost all this 
 
 and was bankrupt in 1864. At this 
 
 time he was appointed by the man- 
 agers of the Bank of California to 
 
 go to Virginia City, Nev. , open a 
 
 branch and represent the Interests of 
 
 the bank at that point. A year after- 
 wards the mines there seemed to be 
 
 exhausted. About that time Mr. 
 
 Ralston paid a visit to Mr. Sharon. 
 
 when the two had a long confidential 
 
 interview, tbe result of which was 
 
 that Sliaron was to commence a most 
 
 vigilant effort to prospect and dis- 
 cover, if possible, more paying ore in 
 
 the Comstock lode; Mr. Ralston agreeing that the Bank of California 
 
 should furnish the means for prosecuting the search, on Mr. Sharon's 
 
 personal responsibility, the indebtedness to be paid within two years. 
 
 Having agreed upon terms. Mr. Sharon called to his aid the best 
 
 mining talent of the country, sunk new shafts, and. luckily, opened 
 
 the wonderfully rich mines which have made the Virginia City 
 
 Bonanza mines famous the world over. 
 
 Four months from tlie date of his agreement with Mr. Ralston. 
 
 Mr. Sharon had paid the bank all he owed and had deposited there to 
 
 Palace lloteL Sau Francisco, 
 
 his own credit $750,000. He was soon after made a director of the 
 bank, and within a year he was reputed to he worth $::;5. 000. 000. 
 
 Soon after Ralston's death, it was Sharon who convened the 
 directors of the bank and proposed the re-opening of the institution, 
 stating at the time what he proposed to subscribe to that end. His 
 subscription was immediately followed by others, until the neces- 
 sary amount was made up. 
 
 Ill the fluctuations of values of various kinds of property, it was 
 difficult to estimate Mr. Sharon's wealth. He. probably, could hardly 
 know himself. Aside from mining 
 interests, hewaaone of the largest 
 hotel owners in the world, having 
 in his possession the Grand and 
 the Cosmopolitan, of San Francisco, 
 each worth from $300,000 to 
 $500,000, besides the Palace Hotel, 
 which cost to build between two 
 and three millions. At various times 
 during these prosperous years, he 
 owned a large interest in and con- 
 trolled the Yellow Jacket, Belcher, 
 Dayton, Chollar, Ophir, Eclipse, 
 Overman, Caledonia, and Sierra 
 Nevada mines, in Nevada. At a 
 more recent date he was the one- 
 half owner of the Virginia and 
 Truckee railroad, a railway extend- 
 ing from Reno to Virginia City, a 
 distance of thirty-three miles, which 
 yielded a large revenue, 
 
 Mr. Sharon was married to Miss 
 ISIaria Malloy, since deceased, in 
 fl^yp^jr^ 1'Sr>2, which union was blessed with 
 tive children, three of whom — two 
 daughters, both married — and a son, 
 are living, in 1S81. He was elected to the United States Senate 
 from Nevada in 1874. His successor in Congress was James G. Fair, 
 who was elected in 1880. In the terms of settlement of the Ralston 
 estate, the Ralston residence at Belmont, a suburb of San Francisco, 
 came into his possession, and. when not in San Francisco, he made 
 Belmont his home a portion of the time. Died, Nov. 13, 1885. 
 
 For the develoi)ment of the Comstock mines, the erection of fine 
 buildings, the maintenance of bank credit and other work, were the 
 people of the Pacific coast greatly indebted to Mr. Sharon.
 
 122 
 
 CALIFORNIA MILLIONAIKES. JulIN \V. MACKEV AND J. G. FAIR. 
 
 2<i 
 
 *;^-, K^M. 
 
 JOHN W. 
 
 SiSssij, 
 
 
 AC EEY. 
 
 ^^^p^ 
 
 Ship-Carpenter, Miner, Mine-Owner and Well-Known Millionaire, 
 
 FORTUNATE mine- owner, much 
 heard of in the past five yeiirs. is 
 John \V. Mackey. Born in Dublin, 
 Ireland, in 1835. he is, at the date 
 of this writing, yet compariitively 
 a young man. Coming to this 
 country when a mere boy, he found 
 -•■ y^i Ri'/^ :..^vi -^ 9r^m£iM \V(irk for some years with Wil- 
 uyr\ '' *->^'V'^H^Sill ^'^'" ^^" ^^^^^ ^ ship-builder in 
 
 New York. In 1852 he joined a 
 party that went around Cape Horn 
 to California in one of his employ- 
 er's boats. He went, straight to the 
 gold mines and engaged in placer- 
 mining in Sierra county, Cal. He 
 entered upon the work of mining not as a temporary employment, 
 but as a profession. He had average success, but no esjiecia-lly 
 good fortune. He worked for others until he had something laid by, 
 when he went to Virginia City, Nev. , and commenced a start for 
 himself by constructing a tunnel north of the Ophir mine. Here 
 he lost all he had made, and was glad to get work again at four 
 dollars a day as a timberman in the Mexican mine. 
 
 He worked faithfully, early and late. The acme of his ambition in 
 those days was to make $25,000; a sum with which he hoped to make 
 comfortable the declining years of a beloved mother. In 1863 he 
 became associated with J. M. Walker, a brother of Governor Walker. 
 
 of Virginia, and made then his first substantial start. In the next 
 year Messrs. Flood and O'Brien joined the partnership, which con- 
 rinued for four years, when Mr. Fair took the place of Mr. Walker. 
 
 The first few hundred thousand dollars of the firm were made 
 during their control of the Hale and Norcross mine, in the three 
 years of 1865. ^66 and '07. Becoming the possessors of great wealth, 
 they purchased more and more territory in the district known as the 
 Corastock lode, in which they were satisfied vast wealth was located. 
 Their efforts here resulted in the opening of the Consolidated 
 Virginia and California, known as the "Bonanza" mines; from 
 which, up to 1879, there has been taken $103,000,000. Of this, 
 $73,000,000 has been a clear profit. How great have been the opera- 
 tions of this firm is shown in the fact that before these mines were 
 discovered and profitably developed, S50Q. 000 was spent in prospect- 
 ing, and that, too, 1,200 feet under ground. 
 
 The lesson taught is, that while much luck has attended Mackey in 
 his efEort!>, his success Is principally due to persevering activity 
 in one direction — in one locality — instead of tloating. as do the major- 
 ity of miners, from one part of the country to another, as reports 
 come of new discoveries. Mr. Mackey was a resident of Virginia 
 City about twenty years, giving close attention to his mining inter- 
 ests, his wife during this period, while their children were being 
 educated, spending much of her time in Paris, France. Of late years 
 he has resided in New York. The extent of his large wealth, much 
 of which at this writing is yet in the mines, cannot be readily 
 known. He is regarded by some as the richest man on the earth. 
 
 irtv 
 
 ,'t-5£i;^f7l 
 
 J^ 
 
 riO) 
 
 JAMES ,U. FAIR, m* 
 
 J 3-*, *-•!;-! 
 
 Mining Expert, Superintendent of Bonanza Mines and United States Senator. 
 
 "^^-55^ HE SUBJECT of this skc-tch was born in Cloughcr, 
 J^ Oil, Ireland, December 3, 1831. After attending school 
 'p*^\ \^ ') some years ut Geneva, 111., and seeurinK a practical 
 'd ts'i business education in Chicago, he drifted with the 
 ^''^'^J^l gold-seekers to California in 1849, and made his first 
 iHort as a placer miner at Long's Bar, on Feather river. Failing 
 iiiTC, he turned his attention to (juartz mining in Angelo, Calaveras 
 'ounty, Cal., and elsewhere, and became distinguished as a profes- 
 -ional miner. 
 Talking the snperintendency of the Ophir inid II.ilc and Norcross 
 
 mines, in Nevada, in 185.') and 18.")T. he was largely instrumcnt.nl in 
 developing tlie Bonanza mines, with the aid of Flood, O'Brien ami 
 others. For some years he retained the snperintendency of the 
 Bonanza, but failing health, from the damps of the mines, caused 
 him to resign his position some time since. 
 
 He spends much of his time in Virginia City, at the mines, as 
 consulting-expert, with Mr. Mackey, though he is frequently in Cali- 
 fornia, where he has large real estate interests, at Menlo Park and in 
 San Francisco, In the contest for I*. S. senatorship, in Nevada. .1. 
 G. Fair, came off victorious in the political canvas of 18H0, 
 
 ;(>
 
 Fortunate Mining Speculator of San Francisco. 
 
 EW OF THE millioniiirea on the Pacific 
 
 slope have ever had to umlfigo the 
 
 long years of 
 
 struggle to 
 
 acquire their 
 
 wealth, which 
 
 is usually the 
 
 lot of rich men 
 at the East. Aud yet, as a rule, to 
 obtain large wealth in mining, and 
 retain it, requires enterprise, courage, 
 and oftentimes much financial sagacity. 
 A very successful mining - stock 
 operator in San Francisco, hag been 
 James C. Flood. Of course, much 
 'Muck" has attended Mr. Flood, but 
 experience has proven that he is one 
 of the best of financial managers. 
 
 Born in New York, in 1826, he we"' 
 to San Francisco, in 1849, and ass 
 ciating himself with W. S. O'Brie 
 since deceased, he kept for some yeai 
 what was known as the " Aucti 
 Lunch and Saloon," in the centi 
 part of the city. Both were pol 
 and genial, and by their affability ma 
 their saloon the general resort of 
 stock operators. In 1862 they secured 
 an interest in some of the Comstock mines, but. although they made 
 a good deal of money by speculation in Hale & Norcross' and other 
 
 James C. Flood 
 
 mines, it was not until 1874 that they, with Mr. Mackey, opened the 
 great Bonanza, at Virginia City, Nevada, which made their fame 
 world-wide. It is claimed, by those 
 conversant with the career of Mr. 
 Flood, that he has dealt most gener- 
 ously with his friends of former years. 
 Ample opportunity was given them by 
 the Bonanza firm for investment in the 
 development of the mines when their 
 probable richness became known. 
 Many availed themselves of the privi- 
 lege, and many rich men owe their 
 wealth, to-day. largely to the advice 
 of Mr. Flood, and willingness on his 
 part that they participate in the golden 
 returns. Mr. Flood was principally 
 instrumental in securing the erection 
 of the Bank of Nevada, in San Fran- 
 cisco, and is largely interested in 
 other real estate in That city. 
 
 In order that he might have ready 
 cash at any time, he invested, some 
 time ago, $5, 000, 000 in government 
 bonds. His family consists of a wife, 
 son and daughter. Among other enter- 
 prises, he has now in process of erec- 
 tion at Menlo Park, twenty miles from 
 San Francisco, a residence costing 
 about a million dollars, and said to be. with the elegant grounds 
 surrounding it. one of the handsomest on the continent. 
 
 lAMES 
 
 :^-^ 
 
 8 
 
 j\[S|]ij|/fHIS INDIVIDUAL, an Englishman by birth, with a sharp 
 I l/.»vll k business education, appeared on the streets of San Fran- 
 1^ ^■'Ml W. Cisco some years ago, in the employ of mining stock- 
 'C^'^y^f^ brokers, who. pleased with his activity and dash, 
 bought a seat for him in the Stock Board. Here he proved himself 
 very useful to his employers, his intuition and his clear judgment 
 serving his purposes admirably. By and by he began to buy for 
 himself, his first venture being in Belcher and Crown Point mining 
 stocks, in which he cleared a quarter of a million. It was claimed 
 that in 1874 he was worth three millions, and that in one week. 
 
 KEEN 
 
 through speculation in Ophir stock, he made S640. 000. 
 
 He distributed money freely among hie relatives. He gave his 
 father, it is claimed, $150,000. and in charities of various kinds he 
 has been a most liberal dispenser. The great strain upon bis mind, 
 in carrying through his various speculations, weakened his health to 
 that extent as to require him to withdraw from stock speculation in 
 California, which State he left for the East, with five millions. His 
 large speculative enterprises in Chicago and New York since then 
 have frequently arrested the attention of the public. Young, com- 
 paratively, his best business career is doubtless yet before him. 
 
 A 
 
 =#k
 
 >(r.(?' — 
 
 124 
 
 CALIFORNIA MILLIONAIRES. LUCKY BALDWIN AND EX-GOVERNOB STANFORD. 
 
 iiiiifiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiMritTiiiiMMiiiinn 
 
 Merchant, Agriculturist and Mining Speculator. 
 
 COXSPICrOUS MAN in California, for a 
 number of years, has been E. J. Baldwin. 
 It has been claimed that his success was the 
 result of "luck," but examination of his 
 history reveals the fact that marked force 
 of character is really the secret of his being 
 "lucky." A native of Butler county, O. , by 
 removal of his father he was on a farm in 
 Indiana at seven, and a merchant in Val- 
 paraiso, Ind. , at twenty-two. He built three 
 canal-boats to ply between Chicago and St. 
 Louis in 1848, which were the first built on 
 this canal. Two years afterwards he did a large grocery business 
 at Racine, Wis., from which State he came to San Francisco in 
 1853, coming across the plains with a large stock of horses and 
 merchandise, nearly the whole of which he sold out at Salt Lake, at 
 a profit of about S3. 000. 
 
 Arriving in San Francisco, he purchased the Pacific Temperance 
 House. This he sold at a good advance. Thus, he bought and sold 
 two or three hotels at a large profit, succeeding which he went into 
 the business of buying and selling brick, which proved equally profit- 
 able. From bricks he went into the livery business, which he 
 followed for seven years, when be sold out and opened in the lumber 
 
 trade ai Virgiuia City, Nev. . where he dealt in lumber, real estate 
 and mining stocks; not always luckily, for at one time he lost so 
 heavily in stocks as to compel him to mortgage all his property. 
 
 The variety of employment he has followed, generally with success, 
 shows versatility, accompanied by energy and enterprise, and the 
 close manner in which he was sometimes pressed," demonstrates that 
 he was not always "lucky, " but, on the contrary, has acquired his 
 fortune by perseverance and hard labor. 
 
 Through management he became a large owner in the Ophir, 
 Belcher. Consolidated Virginia and California mines, on the Com- 
 stock, and came out at last with S9. 000. 000, with a portion of which 
 be built the Baldwin Hotel, in San Francisco, one of the most 
 elegant and costly hotels on the continent. Besides this enterprise, 
 he, some time since, went down the coast to Los Angeles, where he 
 purchased 50.000 acres of the best land in that section, upon 
 which he has erected many farm-houses in the midst of his orange 
 groves and his vineyards, — having a school on the plantation, and all 
 the general conveniences which a rural population on that number of 
 acres would be likely to require. 
 
 Though a manager of so many enterprises in the past twenty-fi^'e 
 years, Mr. Baldwin is but in his prime, being only about fifty years 
 of age at the date of this writing. What the future will develop 
 with him remains to be seen. 
 
 Lawyer, Merchant. Ex-Governor C 
 
 c^f^^^g=^ ELAND STANFORD, the eighth (Jovernor of the State. 
 ^' t ^^^ ^^"^ early in the history of California u prominent man. 
 -' r ■ M^i Stanford was from Albany county. New York. Pos- 
 :■ '^vw sesslng a knowledge of law, acquired at a law office in 
 ■'■'1^,-'^ New York, he came West and settled in law practice for 
 
 four years at Port Washington, Wis. ; following which he 
 came to California in IS.'iS. He at once repaired to the interior 
 of the State, secured mining interests in Placer county, and 
 connected himself with his brothers in mercantile pursuits at 
 Sacramento, which city was, for many years, ins home. A checkered 
 but succcs^^ful political o.vpi-rience hn? bii-n amtint: the ineideuts of 
 
 and Railroad President. 
 
 his car(!er. The crowning success of his life, however, the result 
 of steady, persevering purpose, has been his work, aided by 
 others, in the building of tlu- Central Pacific railway, which, uniting 
 with the Union Pacific, gave California an outlet to the East. 
 
 Mr. S. presides at the ottice of the Central Pacific railway iis the 
 president of the company: lives in an elegant residence in San 
 Francisco in the winter; in a charming suburban home at Menlo 
 Park, Cab, twenty miles from the city, in the summer, and is esti- 
 mated to be worth $'.iO, 000, 000. With the general drift of California 
 millionaires to the East. Mr. Stanford has spent much of his time in 
 New York, whieh city may, vt-ry probably, bcciunc his piTmaneiit hcune,
 
 SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS MEN AND FINANCIEKS. 
 
 12i 
 
 THOMAS A. SCOTT. 
 
 li'UE celebrated railrnail liiiaiicier, Thomas A. Scott, was born 
 I at Lomloii, Franklin county. Pa. , in 1824. Was a clerk in 
 J'l Mli)f^ country stores; then in the otHce of collector of tolls, at 
 <J2rV^i^ Columbia; then in an extensive warehouse and com- 
 mission-house at tlie same place. In 1S47 was chief clerk in the otlice 
 of collector of tolls in Philadelphia. In 1850 was general aj^ent of 
 the mountain division of the Pennsylvania railroad, at Duncansville: 
 then in charge of tiie western division of the same road, and soon 
 afterwards general snperintendent of the whole line. In 1859 he 
 succeeded Hon. W. B. Foster, as vice-president of the road. 
 
 At the outbreak of the rebellion. Colonel Scott assisted Governor 
 Curtin in equipping and forwarding Union troops from Pennsylvania 
 to the field. Subsequently he was called to Washington to act as 
 Assistant Secretary of War, having charge of the department of 
 transportation and supplies. This post he held until May. 181)3, 
 when his railro.id duties recalled him to Philadelphia. From March, 
 1871, when it was organized, he was president of the Pennsylvania 
 company; president of the Pan Handle Route; president of the 
 Union Pacific until Vanderbilt obtained control of it ; president of 
 the Texas Pacific railroad; president of 
 the Atlantic and Pacific railroad (on the 
 thirty-fifth parallel) ; controlling director 
 of the Southern Railway Security com- 
 pany, which manages a net-work of 
 Southern roads ; a director of the Kansas 
 Pacific, Denver & Pacific, and Denver & 
 Rio Grande ; had a controlling interest in 
 other roads, besides prominent connec- 
 tion with the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 company. He died May 21, 1881. 
 
 BURDETT-COUTTS, BARONESS ANGELA GEORGINA. 
 
 ^IIK distinguished English pljilanlliropisl is a granddaughter of 
 Thomas Coutts, whose daughter married Sir Francis Burdett, 
 in 18.37. Miss Coutts succeeded to property valued at 
 l)elwoenS10,000,000and$l.'j,000,000. The income arising from this 
 estate has been mainly devoted to charitable purposes. The list of 
 her charities is large, and includes churches and schools in England. 
 missi()nary enterprises abroad, and food and clothing for the poor. 
 In 1880 she donated $2, .'jOO, 000 for the personal relief of the suffer- 
 ingcitizensof Ireland. In 1881 she married Mr. W. A.-iiniead Darllett. 
 
 NICHOLAS BIDDLE. 
 
 PROMINENT American finan- 
 cier, a hundred years ago, was 
 Nicholas Biddle, who was born 
 at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1780. 
 Was Secretary of Legation at Paris and 
 London, under Ministers Armstrong and 
 Monroe. Studied law, and practiced in 
 Philadelphia. Edited the Port Folio. 
 and compiled a Commercial Digest. 
 Was in the Pennsylvania Legislature, 
 1810-'ll, and advocated a general 
 system of education. Was member of 
 
 the State Senate, 1818-15; government directorof the United States 
 Bank, 1819, and its president from 1823 to 1836; then president of 
 the United States Bank of Pennsylvania. Possessing financial 
 ability, force of character and social popularity, he wielded a com- 
 manding influence, and was an earnest promoter of public improve- 
 ments. Died at Philadelphia, in 1844. 
 
 THE BARINGS. 
 
 fllE Barings, English tnerchants and bankers, are descendants 
 of Peter Baring, of Germany, who lived about 1070. at 
 Groningen. John, another ancestor, established a cloth manu- 
 factory, in Devonshire, England. He had five children— .lohn, 
 Thomas. Francis, Charles and Elizabeth. John and Francis estab- 
 lished a trading house in London, selling their father's cloth and 
 importing their wool, dye-stuffs, etc. Thus was founded the present 
 house of Baring Bros. & Co.. a power in 
 the commercial business of the world. 
 One of the descendants of this house. 
 Sir Francis Baring, retired with a regal 
 fortune, and Alexander, afterwards Lord 
 .\shhurton, made $850,000 in two years 
 by speculations in French securities. 
 
 f THOMAS COUTTS. 
 
 HE eminent English huiikiT. Thcimus Coutts, was one of four 
 sons of a merchant in Edinburgh, Scotland. James, one of 
 y^y^ the sons, at the age of twenty-five, settled in London as a 
 merchant, and then started as a banker in the same place where 
 he had sold goods. • Thomas joined him in business, and when James 
 retired, Thomas became the head of one of the most famous banking 
 houses in the world. This was during the reign of George III. The 
 wealth amassed by Coutts was immense. Late in life he married 
 "Miss Mellon, an actress, and bequeathed to her hie very large fortune ; 
 after bis death she married the Duke of St. Albans, and at her demise 
 'villed her estate to Miss Burdett-Coutts. 
 
 JOHN P. JONES. 
 
 OR great enterprises, few men 
 on the Pacilic slope have equaled 
 ;;;^j^, J. P. Jones. Born in Walee, 
 in 1829. he was brought by his parents^ to 
 Ohio. Thence he went to California in 
 the spring of 1850. arriving there after a 
 nine-months' voyage around Cape Horn. 
 Not yet twenty-one. he went directly to 
 the mines, and from time to time worked 
 mines in Calaveras county, Tuolumne 
 county, in Sierra, Butte, Nevada and 
 Shasta counties, his last work in Cali- 
 fornia being at Kernville. Tulare county, 
 where he had very extensive mills for 
 quartz mining. 
 
 His operations more recently have 
 been very extensive in Nevada. At one time he had control of the 
 Ophir. Savage and Crown Point mines on the Comstock. He has been 
 interested in the development of gravel beds, in Eastern Oregon, in 
 the manufacture of artificial ice. at Atlanta, Ga. . New Orleans and 
 Dallas. Texas. He built the Hammam baths, in San Francisco, and 
 expended $200,000 in reclaiming land from overflow, 12,000 acres 
 of which he owned, at the confluence of Napa and Sonoma creeks. 
 
 In various enterprises, from tunneling mountains and sinking 
 shafts in mines, to reclaiming thousands of acres of waste lands to 
 cut up into farms, it is claimed he has spent a good many fortunes. 
 How much money he has saved it is difticnlt to tell. The mining 
 fields of Colorado have of late considerably occupied his attention. 
 
 With a very large and varied experience concerning the mineral 
 resources of the West and the requirements of the country, a man 
 of fine presence and large influence among men. it was a most fitting 
 thing for the people of Nevada to select him to represent their State 
 as Senator in Congress. Only as yet in his prime, in the develop- 
 ment of the new States and Rocky Mountain regions, much may be 
 expected of Senator Jones in the future. 
 
 S:
 
 126 
 
 THE NAPOLEON OF FINANCE. 
 
 
 , - — 4 ' ' " "I'll"' ' " W" "' vw' ' 
 
 '-'■■''■ i-^^ i'^^i i^1ij^j 
 
 sJAY GOULD 
 
 Distinguished Speculator in Stocks 
 
 Financier. 
 
 HE little village of Roxbury, in Delaware 
 county, N. Y. , is fifty-five miles west from 
 Rondout. on the Hudson river. Into this 
 vicinity came, from Connecticut, at an early 
 day, Abraham Gould, one of the old Puritan 
 stock. To him was born John B. Gould, 
 the first white male inhabitant whose birth 
 occurred in the town. 
 
 John B. grew to manhood in Roxbury: 
 lived and died there, being in the meantime 
 twice married. By his first wife he had 
 five children — 
 four daughters 
 and a son. By 
 
 the ]:i«t be had one son. 
 The son by the first wife was born in 
 
 May, 1836, and is the subject of our 
 
 sketch — Jay Gould. 
 
 Whatever faults Jay's father, John B. 
 
 Gould, may have had, be possessed some 
 
 sterling virtues, among which was a firm 
 
 resolve to do as he had promised. Many 
 
 farmers, in that portion of Delaware 
 
 county, in an early day, had leased their 
 
 land, having contracted to pay a Pti])u- 
 
 lated rent for a long series of years. 
 
 This rent became a burden, and many 
 
 of the fanners resolved upon repudiat- 
 ing the contract. Such were known as 
 
 the •' Down- renters. " that is. down with 
 
 the rent. The repudiators were largely in 
 
 the majority. The few who resolved to 
 
 fulfill their contracts were termed the 
 
 "Up-renter?. " pay up your rent. With 
 
 the latter was Jay's father. 
 
 Various were the attempts made by intimidation and otherwise, to 
 
 compel John B. . who was an influential citizen, to join with the 
 
 majority; but he stood firm in his determination. The result was 
 
 that such a feeling waa arouwed against him among the neighbors as 
 
 to extend even to the children, making their attendance at school 
 
 disagreeable from the insults they received. 
 
 Resolved to submit to this persecution no longer. Jay's father, in 
 
 romy>any with a neighbor, erected a school-house ujmn his own land, 
 
 in wliii'li thfy placed a ^'-ntlcman of superior education to teach 
 
 JAY COULD. 
 
 a school for the benefit of their own children. To those who came 
 from the outside a tuition fee was charged; but notwithstanding this 
 hindrance, so popular became the institution as to practically break 
 up the district school. 
 
 Here young Jay pursued his earlier studies. Subsequently, he 
 went to a select school taught at Hobart. six miles away, and after- 
 wards to an academy in Roxbury village, two miles from his father's 
 farm. This, together with a year at school in Albany, where he gave 
 attention mainly to the study of surveying, completed his studies. 
 
 As a boy, he was averse to participating in the general sports of 
 the school. Small for his age, retiring and diffident, hewithdrewby 
 ^^^. himself, and was rather disliked by his 
 schoolmates because of his unwillingness 
 to join with them in their plays. This 
 ill-will was engendered, also, by the fact 
 that he excelled his associates of the 
 same age in nearly all the studies they 
 pursued together. He cared but little for 
 declamation, though he occasionally took 
 part in the debating societies, his argu- 
 ments being generally very brief and 
 always directly to the point. He wrote 
 an excellent essay; was a good gram- 
 marian, and was generally proficient in all 
 his studies; his marked superiority, how- 
 ever, being in the range of mathematics, 
 in which study he immediately passed 
 his associates, and advanced, apparently 
 without effort, beyond their reach. 
 
 Jay's mother had died when he was 
 quite young, leaving his guardianship 
 largely to the care of his sisters, who 
 were older. It was soon evident to his 
 father that his aptitude for business was 
 such that he could be trusted, and thus 
 Jay was placed in charge of a stove and tin shop, when quite a boy, 
 which store his father afterwards sold to advantage. 
 
 Jay Gould's first experience with the great world at large was at 
 the world's fair in New York, in 1853. His uncle, Mr. Moore, had 
 devised a rat-trap, which Jay had interested himself in, and had 
 been instrumental in securing a patent for. To bring this trap 
 before the world, Jay became its exhibitor at the world's fair. 
 While he was there, one day President Pierce passed through, and 
 talked with many of the attendants at the i-xhibition. It wan on this 
 
 .0^ —
 
 JAY GOULD 8 CHILDlluuU HOME. 
 
 m.cnsiiin that Ir* shook lutiiiU with joiiii;^ Gould, who looked tlioni,'ht- 
 ftilly after him u^ he pasi^ed on and was loi^t in the crowd. The 
 honor bestowed on him by Ibc presidential party evidently deeply 
 impressed him. and after a little time of p.ilence he turned to a boy 
 acquuintunce and said, ''lehall be President of the United States 
 myself some day." 
 
 Jay was then only sixteen, but in that brain there lurked, even in 
 those young years, a towering ambition to do and to become porae- 
 body great and grand in after time. Whoever could have looked 
 into that heart would have seen the fire, even then, that was to make 
 the boy famous in the years to corae. 
 
 Jay was eighteen when he entered the store of Esquire Berhans, 
 at Roxbury, as a clerk. His employer kept a general store and did 
 what surveying was required among the farmers of that vicinity. 
 Gould immediately employed himself in getting a practical knowledge 
 of surveying. 
 
 To make himself more rapidly proficient, be commenced and sur- 
 veyed the farms of that vicinity and brought out a map of Delaware 
 county. He paid his running expenses by placing the noon mark on 
 the farmers' doors, wherever he went, charging for time and trouble 
 in this a dollar each. In this work he gathered a large amount of 
 information relating to the history of the county, which was after- 
 wards published as a History of 
 Delaware County, by Jay Gould: an 
 octavo volume of some 400 pages. 
 
 He about this time surveyed and 
 had mapped Albany and Ulster coun- 
 ties in New York and two counties in 
 Ohio, which business he sold however 
 to enter upon the work of the civil 
 engineer, in which he surveyed the 
 route of a railway through his county, 
 and laid out and established the grade 
 for the horse-railway that now ex- 
 tends from Albany to West Troy. 
 
 Though carrying a very old head 
 on young shoulders, Gould sometimcr^ 
 lost his reckoning, and was put to his 
 wits' end to get out of difficulty. It 
 was while he was surveying the Troy 
 and Albany horse-railway that he be- 
 came completely nonplused, and to 
 make the quandary still more em- 
 barrassing, a large force of workmen stood waiting on him for orders. 
 
 He had entirely lost his bearings, and how to escape from his diffi- 
 culty without acknowledging defeat before the workmen, was the 
 thought that most troubled him. It was at this juncture that he 
 earnestly prayed for rain, that there might be an excuse for suspend- 
 ing the work of the day. Luckily, the sky being overcast, it soon did 
 rain, and the men were dismissed with orders to be on duty early on 
 the morrow. Forthwith Jay repaired to a practical engineer, 
 explained his trouble, got light on the subject, and on the next day 
 as the men assembled, orders were promptly given thera by Gould, 
 and then work rapidly and efficiently proceeded to completion. 
 
 Of course a young man of Gonld's ambition could never be 
 satisfied without having something to do with a newspaper. It was 
 about this time that he was called to edit a neighboring paper during 
 the absence of its editor. In that position, among other things there 
 appeared in the publication a glowing encomium upon the life and 
 labors of Colonel Zadok Pratt, the noted tanner, then of Prattville, 
 in which the article strongly recommended Pratt for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency at a forthcoming presidential election. This greatly pleased 
 the Colonel, and the authorship being attributed to "Jay Gould of 
 Roxbury." Pratt inquired him out. learning in the meantime that 
 Gould was a competent and skillful surveyor. 
 
 Birthplace of Jay Gould. 
 
 Meeting Gould one day by the roadside, engaged in running a 
 survey, Pratt proposed that he then get into his carriage and go with 
 him to the village for a further talk about surveying property which 
 Pratt thought of buying. To this Gould promptly said no, but 
 added that he would run his line to a certain point by such a time, 
 when he would meet Pratt, and they could then confer on the subject. 
 This decision of the young man and his evident understanding of 
 his business, favorably impressed Pratt, who at once acceded to the 
 arrangement made by Gould. 
 
 The result of their conference was a partnership, in which Pratt 
 and Gould went into Pennsylvania and there purchased several thou- 
 sand acres of hemlock land. Pratt furnishing the capital, upon which 
 they erected an extensive tannery, calling the place Gouldsborough, 
 in honor of Gould. Although then but twenty years of age, Gould 
 made out all the papers and did all the work requiring legal knowledge. 
 This partnership lasted three years, in which time extensive 
 tanning works had been, under Gould's superintendency. erected 
 and put into operation; a large force of workmen were engaged in 
 bringing in bark from the surrounding country; the plans were per- 
 fected for obtaining hides, and the facilities had been secured for 
 selling the leather in New York. 
 
 It was at this time that Pratt became alarmed at the pecuniary 
 condition of affairs in his tannery in 
 Pennsylvania. Permission had been 
 given Gould to sign the firm name to 
 notes for what money might be re- 
 quired, and the impression prevailed 
 with Pratt that Gould was giving out 
 more notes, and thus obtaining 
 more money, than was necessary, 
 fhoronghly determined to close the 
 ;»:irtnership, he repaired to Goulds- 
 hctrough to confer with Gould, the 
 proposition being made that he 
 should either sell or buy the interest 
 of Pratt. 
 
 Gould was apparently surprised 
 that Pratt should be dissatisfied, 
 lie detailed the work that was being 
 done, but Pratt was inexorable. One 
 or the other must buy or sell. Gould 
 replied that inasmuch as he had but 
 little capital in the concern, it was 
 evident that Mr. Pratt would be compelled to buy the institution. He 
 must therefore put such a price upon the factory as he was willing to 
 buy at; that price to be the same whether Pratt bought or sold. It 
 was a natural conclusion that Pratt would have to buy. and he 
 therefore placed a low fi^^ure as the sum which he would pay. 
 Gould's knowledge of human nature had foreseen what Pratt would 
 do, and he waited the issue. 
 
 No sooner had Pratt made his proposition than Gould demanded 
 that it be put in writing. As the proposition was new, be also 
 required that a certain number of days be allowed him to consider 
 whether he would sell his interest at the price named, or buy. To 
 this Pratt assented. 
 
 These preliminaries being arranged. Gould went to New York, laid 
 the affair before George Loop, an extensive and wealthy dealer in 
 leather, who promptly came forward, furnished the money, and Pratt's 
 interest was purchased at his own offer. Gould remainintr in charge. 
 Gould's enemies aver that the notes of Pratt & Gould, given by 
 him, kept coming back long after the dissolution of partnership, 
 to the extent of tens of thousands of dollars, and had much to do 
 with Pratt's final financial overthrow; while his friends claim that 
 a just cause could be assigned for the issuance of every note which 
 he gave. 
 
 715^ 
 
 --Ji)\s,
 
 — trj; 
 
 JAY GOULD S RESIDENCE ON THE HUDSON. 
 
 .6 
 
 The partnership between Gould and Loop did not last long. Mis- 
 understandings and difticulties arose, which resulted in the sberiflf 
 and a posse of men in Gould's temporary absence entering and taking 
 possession of the tannery in behalf of Loop. When Gould returned, 
 he rallied his workmen, had a hand to hand contest with the officers 
 in charge, in which shots were fired, and finally regained possession 
 of the works. 
 
 While yet the matter was in the courts. Loop committed suicide 
 and thus ended his connection with the case. The enemies of Gould 
 assert that pecuniary loss and trouble, sustained through him, caused 
 the suicide. His friends, on the contrary, insist that insanity was 
 in the Loop family, and that he would have committed suicide upon 
 any other excitement just as quickly. That Gould did the fair 
 thing, they claim, is shown in the fact that his transactions were at 
 every point sustained by the courts. 
 
 In the 
 midst of his 
 litigation 
 with Loop. 
 Gould open 
 ed a leather 
 store in 
 New York 
 on Spruce 
 street, and 
 in 1862 he 
 married 
 Helen Mil- 
 ler, daugh- 
 terof Daniel 
 S. Miller, a 
 well-kn,o^^■n 
 capitalist of 
 "New York. 
 Through ac- 
 quaintance 
 thus made, 
 he dis]>osfd 
 of his leath- 
 er business 
 and pur- 
 chased a 
 controlIiiiL 
 interest iti 
 the Troy 
 amlRuthind 
 railroad, of 
 which cor- 
 poration he was chosen president, with headquarters at Troy. 
 
 Soon after he disposed of his connection in that road and procured 
 an interest in the Erie. It was about this time that Jim Fisk was 
 g:iven authority by Vanderbilt, and Jay Gould w-as empowered by 
 Daniel Drew, to purchase and e.\ercisc power with a large amount of 
 the stock of the Erie. In the turns that were miwle Fisk was given 
 a prominent position in the management and Gould became president 
 of the company. 
 
 That Gould and Fisk made a great deal of money in their connec- 
 tion with this corporation, was evident In the Grand Opera House 
 which they erected, and In which they had the most sumptuously 
 fitted- up office in New York; the palace cars which they had con- 
 structed and l)ore their names on the Erie railway, and the magnifi- 
 cent steamers which floated in the Sound, built and fitted-out at their 
 expense. 
 
 Fisk was a showy man and delighted in making a display of his 
 wcfilth. Gould was out of sight, was using Fi^'k, was studying 
 
 Jay Gould's Sum 
 
 At Irvington, near Tarrytown 
 
 men, and was evidently all the time swimming in deeper water. 
 The stockholders of the Erie, convinced that Gould and Fisk were 
 using the funds of the road for their own personal benefit, instituted 
 proceedings against them, but for some reason they could never be 
 arrested. Although the officers dogged their track and watched the 
 office, Gould and Fisk came and went unmolested, and when at 
 length the matter for which they were prosecuted had a hearing in 
 the courts, the judges, in the main, sustained them. The friends of 
 Gould point to his support from the law as a proof of his honesty, 
 while his enemies claim that his plans were always laid deep enough 
 to control all the courts. 
 
 Gould retired from the Erie, with the understanding that in the 
 settlement of differences he was to pay the Eric company $10. 000, 000 
 which was due to it from himself. This sum. his friends claim, was 
 merely nominal, no such sum ever being expected by the company 
 
 from him, 
 butthat this 
 report was 
 simply for 
 effect. 
 
 At the 
 close of the 
 litigation 
 Gould re- 
 tained yet a 
 large inter- 
 est in the 
 Erie, which 
 rose to a 
 point such 
 as to in- 
 crease his 
 f o r t u u e 
 several 
 h u n d r e d 
 thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Gould was 
 for a time 
 in the brok- 
 erage bus- 
 iness in 
 New York, 
 located on 
 Broad St . 
 the firm 
 name being 
 Smith, 
 Gould & Martin ; and during these years came and went Black Friday, 
 and many other exciting events, through which his friends claim it will 
 be found Gould has always discharged every legal obligation as faith- 
 fully as his father was disposed to in the days of the anti-rent 
 troubles up in Delaware county. 
 
 Of late years Gould has withdrawn himself from the sight of the 
 multitude. He has dealt principally in railroad slocks, and with 
 such remarkable foresight as to give him an estimated wealth to-day 
 of SOO.OOO, 000. This great wealth has become a power by which, 
 with his knowledge of men and things, it is easy for him to make 
 greater w«alth. Thus he can easily buy a controlling interest in a 
 Western railway, the stock of which is low; and by opening connec- 
 tions with his other railways, he can thus increase the receipts of 
 his new acquisition and raise the value of its stock, which, if h** 
 desires to sell, he can thus dispose of at a great advance over the 
 cost. 
 
 He coiitroN a great network of Western railways and telegraph 
 
 mer Residence, 
 
 N. Y., on the Hudson River,
 
 ? 
 
 CAUSKS OF JAY GOULD S SUCCESS. 
 
 liaep, the value of the stock in wliii_h he can raise or lower at will, 
 ami thus within hininelf he h:iM the jjower of rapidly adding to UIm 
 p()sst'Hr*iony. 
 
 Of hite a large source of his wealth has been the construction of 
 new railways in the territories, where the rates of fare have been 
 sufficiently hi^h and the rush of travel sufticiently great to yield an 
 income that paid for the roads the first year. With the exception of 
 these investments, his rule is to buy depreciated stock of 
 various roads and sell them on the rise. In other words, he has 
 acted on the advice of a keen stock operator who, when asked how to 
 make money in stocks, replied, ' ' Buy 'em when they're low, ;ind sell 
 'em when they're hiirh. " 
 
 Gould is held in profound dread and admiration on Wall street. If 
 stocks are going down, the belief is that (iould is selling somewhere; 
 when the stocks are down, it is known that his brokers will buy fur 
 him in large amounts. When the stocks are going up, it is believed 
 that he is yet buying, and somewhere near the top it is known that 
 he will sell out at an advance what he bought at a low price. What 
 he is doing is always a profound mystery, as must necessarily be the 
 case in order that he may succeed. 
 
 In a plain, handsome residence, near Forty-seventh street, on Fifth 
 avenue, New York, Gould and his family pass the winters, and in 
 an elegant residence at Tarrytown, on the Hudson, surrounded by 
 ninety acres of land, they spend the summers. A special car, littetl- 
 up luxuriously, is kept in Tarrytown to carry Gould and a few others 
 each morning to New York, and waits in readiness to take thera 
 home at night. Onc(? every year he makes a two montlis' tour over 
 his Western railways, being latterly accompanied by his eldest son, 
 George J. Gould, a promising young man, who at this writing, in 
 1881, is about nineteen years of age. This son is one of six children, 
 of whom there are four boys and two girls. 
 
 "■Can Gould be President of the United States?" was queried of 
 a friend of his. 
 
 ' ^ Possibly it has ceased to be his ambition , but if he should desire 
 it, "said he. " I have no doubt he could. He is the most remark- 
 able organizer in the world. He will lay a plan from the beginning 
 so perfectly as to accomplish his aim, without, apparently, having 
 anything to do with it. He could do this as a boy — he does it as a 
 
 man. At present, " he ccmtinued, "it is probably his ambition lo 
 be the richest man on earth, which wealth you will ultimately tee 
 will be used for the benefit of mankind; for I know, to-day, many 
 of his private charities which he does not want spoken of. In time 
 he will have the largest number of men in his employ of any living 
 man. if he has not to-day. Ten years hence, you see, with hiij 
 constantly aggregating wealth, his power will be simply immense." 
 
 "In fact, " continued the friend, "in courage to venture, power 
 to organize, foresight to comprehend results, wisdom to control and 
 coolness to act, he is the greatest man on earth, to-day, of his age, 
 being in the year 1881 but forty-five years old. " 
 
 A remarkable feature of Gould's life is the fact that a brain can 
 exercise such great power, when sustained by a body so small as to 
 be but a little over five feet high and weighing 119 pounds. 
 
 Among the causes of his success arc these: 
 
 He inherited an organization in which were love of approbation 
 and love of power, combined with dignity of character. Along with 
 these were superior knowledge of human nature, great mathematical 
 talent, combined with force to propel, and inventive genius, which 
 enables him to plan the means. 
 
 His infancy and youth were carefully guarded by kind. Christian 
 sisters, who made his welfare their constant study. 
 
 He received a strictly practical education. Everything he learned 
 he made nse of, and no time was wasted in learning that which was 
 unnecessary or had to be thrown away as useless. 
 
 Born in humble circumstances, it was necessary that he labor in 
 order to support himself, hence the formation of industrious habits. 
 
 He is a man of the strictest order. He has a time for everything, 
 and every appointment and duty must come in the appointed time. 
 By this methodical system he knows the result of his business in all 
 parts of the United States at the close of every day, his men in all 
 parts of the Union telegraphing to him at a certain hour the proceed- 
 ing and results of the day. 
 
 He is a man of the most temperate and careful habits. He thus 
 keeps his body in most perfect condition for the support of a brain, 
 the workings of which have wrought greater linancial results than 
 that of any living man at so early a period in life. 
 
 k 1 *^.. if* 
 
 7{ :6^— 
 
 k
 
 ? 
 
 —~^[ 
 
 13U 
 
 SKETCHES OF SUCCESSFUL FINANCIERS. 
 
 
 ^UMMiiiyM(i>intiiivri*n|niniiuull*iiiiiiiiiiiiililiillllllllllllllffilliii 
 
 miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiHiii 
 
 iiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMi<*»(iiii 
 
 
 People Who Have Been Prominent and Widely Known. 
 
 ' V. 5^ ^' y y " 
 
 p. T. BARNUM. 
 
 I[^5t^7^ JIERICA'S grt-at ;-ho\\man. Phiueas T. Barnum. was 
 born at Bethel, Conn., 1810. With small means he 
 established a store, and succeeded in business; was 
 editor of a paper in Danhury, Conn., for a season. 
 Then went to New York, with very limited means. 
 In 1835 he bought Joyce Heth. a colored woman 
 of extraordinary age. for $1,000. and exhibited her 
 throughout the country, realizing large sums. On 
 her death he continued the show business in a 
 small way, and, in 1841. with little means, became 
 the proprietor of the American Museum in New 
 
 York, in which, by his shrewdness and 
 
 popularity, he achieved a large fortune. 
 
 As Jenny Lind's manager he also added 
 
 greatly to his wealth, but unfortunate in- 
 vestments reduced him to bankruptcy in 
 
 1857. Having recourse to the old museum 
 
 again, he recuperated his fortune; and 
 
 the museum having burned, he has since 
 
 then been a traveling showman with the 
 
 largest and most superior exhibition 
 
 extant. 
 
 Daniel Appleton, founder of the well-known and extensive 
 publishing house that bears his name in New York city, was born 
 at Haverhill. Mass., 1785. From a retail trader in his native place 
 and Boston, he became an energetic and prosperous importer of 
 English books, and the manufacturer of standard American works in 
 New Y'ork. Died in 1849. 
 
 THE LAWRENCES. 
 
 MONG the old-time successful merchants of Boston were the 
 Lawrences. Of these, Amos was born at Groton, Mass., 
 in 1786. From clerkships in country stores he went to 
 
 ''■^S^ Boston. 
 
 1807. 
 
 THE APPLETONS. 
 
 AMUEL Appleton, American mer- 
 chant, was horn at New Ipswich, 
 N. H., 1766. Was a teacher at 
 
 seventeen. Began mercantile life 
 at Boston. 1794, dealing in imported 
 English goods and manufacturing cotttm. 
 Gave away large sums during his life, 
 estimated at $1,000,000, for educational 
 and benevolent purposes. Died at Boston, 1853 
 nearly $1,000,000. 
 
 Nathan Appleton. brother of tlie foretroini;, American nu-nliant 
 and political economist. Was born at New Ipswich, N. H.. 1779. 
 Aided in setting up the first power-loom ever used in the United 
 States, in 1813. Became one of the founders of the Merrimack 
 Cotton Manufacturing Company, one of the originators of the city 
 of Lowell, Mass., and also proprietor of another manufacturing 
 company. Served in the State Lcgishiture several terms, and was 
 twice ehrcted to Congress. Wrote a book on currency and banking. 
 Accumulated a large property. an{l also distributed a large amount 
 of moM'-v for rluiritjiblc piirpoariJ. Ilicrl at ftof^toii. in IHtli 
 
 PHINEAS T 
 
 .eft a fortune of 
 
 and began business in dry goods. In 1814 
 he formed a partnership with his brother 
 Abbott, who had been his clerk, and this 
 partnership continued until Amos died, 
 in 1853. The two were very successful 
 in their business, adding to their in- 
 creasing fortunes by the establish- 
 ment of cotton manufactories. In 
 1831 Amos retired from active business, 
 the possessor of an immense property, 
 which lie liberally expended for charitable 
 purposes. From 1820 to 1853 he gave 
 away $1)39, 000, distributed among several 
 educational institutions: a child's infirmary 
 in Boston, the completion of the Bunker 
 Hill monument, and numerous private 
 charities being among his benefactions. 
 Abbott Lawrence was born at Groton. 
 Mass., 1792, and was for many years asso- 
 ciated in business with his brother Amos. 
 In the latter part of his life Abbott was 
 engaged largely in the China trade. In 
 1834 he was elected to Congress, where 
 he served on the committee on ways anil 
 nu-jins; subsequently he was one of the Government Northwestern 
 boundary commission. In 1849 President Taylor offered him a seat 
 in his cabinet; but Mr. Lawrence declined and accepted the post 
 of Minister to Great Britain. Was recalled, however, at his own 
 request, in 18.53. The remainder of his life he devoted to private 
 business, his fortune becoming very large. To Harvard College he 
 gave $50,000 to establish a scientific school, which bears his name, 
 and left $50,000 more to establish model lodging-houses. Hi' died 
 at Boston, in 1H55. 
 
 In the careers of both these gentlemen was manifested the true 
 New England character f(tr business energy and integrity, producing 
 till- ii>'iuil r'">iilt — livr- iif jirii-'perity juid di»Jtinrii.in 
 
 BARNUM.
 
 The Experience and Testimony of Successful Men. 
 
 A B C of Success. 
 
 ATTEND carefully to details of your business. 
 Be prompt in all things. 
 Consider well, — then decide. 
 Dare to do right. Fear to do wrong. 
 Endure trials patiently. 
 Fight life's battle bravely, manfully. 
 (Jo not in the society of the vicious. 
 Hold integrity sacred. 
 
 Injure not another's reputation or business. 
 Join hands only with the virtuous. 
 Keep your mind from evil thoughts. 
 Lie not for any consideration. 
 Make few acquaintances. 
 Never trj' to appear what you are not. 
 Oppose not in spit* or malice. 
 Pay your debts promptly. 
 Question not the veracity of a friend. 
 Respect the counsel of your parents. 
 Sacrifice money rather than principle. 
 Touch not, taste not, handle not intoxicating 
 drinks. 
 Use your leisure time for improvement. 
 Venture not upon the threshold of wrong. 
 AVatch carefully over your passions. 
 'Xtend to every one a kindly salutation. 
 Yield not to discouragements. 
 Zealously labor for the right. 
 & success is certain. 
 
 You Will Not be Sorry, 
 
 FOR being courteous to all. 
 For doing good to all men. 
 For speaking evil of no one. 
 For hearing before judging. 
 For holding an angry tongue. 
 For thinking before speaking. 
 For being kind to the distressed. 
 For asking pardon for all wrongs. 
 For being patient toward everybody. 
 For stopping the ears of a tale-bearer. 
 For disbelieving most of the ill-reports. 
 
 Seventeen Good Habits. 
 
 ^EVEXTEEX jxood bubits, to keep in 
 ^ mind, are recounted in the following 
 lines: 
 
 1. Constant occupation. 
 
 Z, Temperance at meals. 
 
 3. Giving as well as receiving. 
 
 4. Talking on edifying subjects. 
 .1. Doing at once what is required. 
 
 6. Regular pursuit in some science. 
 
 7. Paying for everything in advance. 
 
 8. Acting always in the right spirit. 
 
 9. Looking always on the bright side. 
 
 10. Aiming at harmony in conversation. 
 
 11. Associate with none but good society. 
 
 12. Have a time and place for everything. 
 1.1. Fidelity to all appointments and duties. 
 
 14. Realizing the presence of God at all times. 
 
 15. Spending leisure hours reading good books. 
 IG. Abstinence from tobacco and intoxicants. 
 17. Daily attention to all the conditions of 
 
 health. 
 
 Requisites of Success. 
 
 IN answer to an inquiry as to what consti- 
 tuted the essential elements to man's 
 succeae. Colonel Thomas A. Scott is said 
 to have replied: 
 
 He must possess the necessary equanimity of 
 temperament to conceive an idea, the capacity to 
 form it into some tangible shape, the ingenuity 
 to put it into practical operation, the ability to 
 favorably impress others with its merits, and the 
 power of will that is necessary to force it to 
 success. 
 
 McDonough's Rules for Making Money. 
 
 THE distinguished millionaire of New 
 Orleans, John McDonough. upon being 
 interrogated as to the secret of money 
 making, replied: 
 
 To succeed in life you must obtain the favor and 
 influence of the opulent and the authorities of the 
 country in which you live. This is the first rule. 
 
 You must exercise your influence and power 
 over those who in point of wealth are inferior to 
 you; and by availing yourself of their talents, 
 knowledge and information, turn them to your 
 own advantage. This is the second rule. 
 
 There is a third and last rule, and that is prayer. 
 You must pray to the Almighty with fervor and 
 zeal, and you will be sustained in all your doings, 
 for I never prayed sincerely to God in ail my life 
 without having my prayers answered satisfacto- 
 rily. Follow my advice and you will become a 
 rich man. 
 
 Maxims by Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 M.\NV foxes grow gray, but few grow good. 
 Presumption first blinds a man, then sets 
 him running. 
 
 Drink does not drown care, but waters it and 
 makes it grow faster. 
 
 Having been poor is no shame, but being 
 ajshamed of it is. 
 
 The wise man draws more advantage from liis 
 enemies than the fool from his friends. 
 
 Keep conscience clear, then never fear. 
 
 Strive to be the greatest man in your country, 
 and you may be disappointed; strive to be the 
 best, and you may succeed. 
 
 Honest Tom! You may trust him with a house 
 full of untold millstones. 
 
 There is no man so bad, but he secretly re- 
 spects the good. 
 
 Courage would fight, but discretion won't let 
 him. 
 
 We are not so sensible of the greatest health 
 as of the least sickness. 
 
 A good example is the best serjiion. 
 
 A quiet conscience rests in thunder, but rest 
 and guilt live far asunder. 
 
 He that won't be counseled can't be helped. 
 
 Write injuries in dust, benefits in marble. 
 
 What is serving God? Tis doing good toman. 
 
 Time enough always proves little enough- 
 He that cannot bear with other people's pas- 
 sions, cannot govern his own. 
 
 He that by the plow would thrive, himself 
 must either hold or drive. 
 
 He that keeps his shop, his shop will keep him. 
 
 Jefferson's Ten Rules. 
 
 TAKE things always by the smooth handle. 
 Never spend your money before you have 
 it. 
 
 We seldom repent of having eat«n too little. 
 
 Pride costs more than hunger, thirst, and cold. 
 
 Nothing is troublesome that we do willingly. 
 
 Put not off till to-morrow what you can do to-day. 
 
 Never trouble another for what you can do 
 yourself. 
 
 Never buy what you don't want because it is 
 cheap. 
 
 How much pain the evils have cost us that never 
 have happened. 
 
 When angrj*. count ten before you speak ; if very 
 angry, count a hundred. 
 
 i
 
 ? 
 
 — ^: 
 
 132 
 
 SCIENTISTS AND KEFOKMEBS. 
 
 Leading Minds Who Have Been Identified witli the World's Progress. 
 
 ^ V^-^rZ'^ r^/i'C^XE of the famous philosophers and warriors of 
 \ \tl ancient Greece, Socrates, was born at Athens, 
 470 years before Christ. He followed the 
 profession of a sculptor in his youth, and 
 afterwards served as a soldier and dis- 
 tinguished himself in the battles of Tanagra 
 and Deliura. As a philosopher he placed 
 temperance at the foundation of every virtue, 
 believing that men should eat to live rather 
 than live to eat. As a senator, he was (as 
 Lewes says) "one of the very few examples 
 of inflexible justice of whom we have record, able at once to resist 
 the power of tyrants and defy the despotism of mobs." In 
 religion he taught the existence and rule of the Supreme God and 
 the immortality of the soul. His disciples were numerous and illu.'*- 
 trious. In his life he was consistent with his doctrines, but could not 
 avoid the ridicule and persecution of his contemporaries. When about 
 seventy years of age he was accused of contemning the gods, and 
 the Athenians inconsiderately giving credit to the charge, he was 
 condemned to die by poison, lie met his fate with admirable forti- 
 tude, and left behind him a name honored in all subsequent ages. 
 
 PLATO. 
 
 XOTIIER philosopher and the founder of the Academic sect, was 
 
 Pinto, who was born 430 years before Christ, in the Grecian 
 
 island of /Egina. He was carefully educated and at the age of 
 
 twenty yciifH bcc.ami' a di^ciplc^ of S(»crates. After llu- duath of tlie 
 
 latter he traveled in search of knowledge, and on his return to 
 Athens opened a school of philosophy, which was attended by 
 many distinguished characters. He maintained that there is one 
 God, the fashioner and the father of the universe, incorporeal, 
 without beginning, end, or change; that God fashioned forms from 
 matter, that matter is the cause of evil, and that ideas are the only 
 real existences; that whatever conception the soul has of anything, 
 whatever is the object of the souTs thought, has a real and true 
 existence; that each individual soul is an idea, and thai it is immor- 
 tal, etc. Three times Plato visited the court of Sicily, once by 
 invitation of the elder Dionysius, whom he so oflfended that the 
 tyrant sold him into slavery, from which condition Plato was released 
 by the liberality of a Cyreuiau named Aniceris. He died 347 years 
 before Christ. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
 XE of the most renowned of Grecian philosophers, Aristotle, 
 was born in Stagira, in Thriice, 384 years before Christ. At 
 seventeen he became a disciple of Plato, who valued him highly, 
 and with whinn he remained for twenty years, during which time he 
 studied diligently, and became so famous for wisdom that he was 
 intru.'-ted for eight years with the education of Alexander the Great. 
 After the departure of Alexander, Aristotle returned to Athens, 
 o])ened a school of philosophy, and foumled the sect of Peripatetics. 
 After pursuing this course for eighteen years, he was charged with 
 impiety and compelled to quit Athens, going to Chalcls, where he died 
 in his sixty-tiiird year. He was versed in all sciences known in his 
 time, and illut-traled them in his writini^s with great intL-lk-ctual vigor. 
 
 .^vg)/
 
 \r:c>— 
 
 AUDUBON, THE OUNITIIOLOGIST. 
 
 13:3 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. Baron Cuvier. John J. Audubon. 
 
 •o 
 
 
 HE American philosophor and statesman, Ticn- 
 jamiu Franklin, waw born at Uoston in Vt'06. 
 Being apprenliced as a printer to his brotber» 
 ho developed a fine literary talent early in life. 
 Dissatisfied with the treatment of hie brother^ 
 at the age of 17, he started clandestinely for 
 Philadelphia, where he obtained employment. 
 He made a voyage to London nnder deceptive 
 promises of business assistance, and worked at 
 his trade in London as a journeyman for eighteen 
 months, performing also some literary work. 
 He returned to Philadelphia in 1726, and engaged 
 in business as a printer and stationer, pros- 
 pered, and in 1728 
 established a news- 
 paper. Prudence, 
 temperance and in- 
 dustry soon made 
 him successful and 
 influential, and his 
 activity and talent 
 exhibited itself 
 in the establish- 
 ment of a public 
 library, a fire-pre- 
 venting company, 
 an insurance com- 
 pany, and a volun- 
 tary association for 
 defense, all in the 
 city of Pbiladel- 
 I phia. His "Poor 
 
 Richard's Almanac" first appeared in 
 1732. As a public servant he became 
 clerk to the General Assembly of Penn- 
 sylvania, then postmaster, and afterwards 
 a Representative. In 1753 he was ap- 
 pointed deputy Postmaster-General of 
 British America, and from 1757 to 1762 
 
 he lived in London, as the agent of Pennsylvania and other American 
 colonies. He also held a similar agency there until the breaking 
 out of the American revolution in 1775, when he returned and par- 
 ticipated in the cause of the rebellious colonies. In 1778 he was sent 
 as embassador to France, and signed important treaties with several 
 European governments. He returned to Philadelphia in 1785, greatly 
 honored and applauded. He died in 1790. To him belongs the 
 credit of the discovery of the lightning rod as a protection to build- 
 ings, the invention of the Franklin stove, the cure of smoky chim- 
 neys, the first scientific organization in America, the founding of the 
 Philadelphia hospital, the scheme of uniting the colonies, perpetuated 
 in the Union of the States, and the first high school in Pennsylvania. 
 He also proved himself the first as he was one of the most success- 
 ful of diplomatists. 
 
 GEORGES CHRETIEN LEOPOLD FREDERIC DAGOBERT CUVIER. 
 
 Y^ ARON CUVIER, the naturalist, was born at Montbeliard, France, 
 1769. He studied at Stuttgart, Germany, and was a private 
 tutor in a family. He was appointed professor of natural history 
 in the college of France, in 1799, and professorof comparative anatomy 
 
 at the Garden of Plants, Paris, in 1H02. From that time he entered 
 upon his studies of nature in animals, and arranged the entire animal 
 kingdom on a scientific battis, according to the organization of their 
 respective species. This work places him next to Linnieus in the 
 rank of scientific development. Anatomy is the key-note to his 
 system of classification. Cuvier filled important public oflUces in 
 connection with the cause of education, received much honor during 
 his life-time, and was made a peer of the realm. He died in 1832. 
 
 John J. Audubon, 
 
 American Traveler and Ornithologist. 
 
 J 
 
 JOHN JAMES AUDUBON. 
 
 DISTINGUISHED ornithologist anil bird-artist in the early part 
 of this century was John J. Audulwn, wlio was born in Louisiana, 
 about 1780. He was sent to Paris to finish liis education, and 
 there studied design under the celebrated 
 painter David. Returning to America, 
 he married, and his father presented him 
 with a valuable Southern plantation, but 
 domestic and civilized life had less at- 
 traction for him than a rugged existence 
 in the wilds of his native country. 
 Cliarmed with the study of birds, their 
 cliaracteristics and varieties, he devoted 
 himself to the solitary pursuit of prepar- 
 ing a worli on the ornithology of America. 
 For fifteen years he traveled alone, often 
 in unfrequented woods and prairies, in 
 search of material for his favorite study, 
 and whenever a fine specimen-bird was 
 secured he drew it and painted it true to 
 nature while it lay fresh before him, and 
 as large as it was in life, also sketching 
 the surroundings of the bird with fidelity. 
 Returning to Philadelphia, he stored his 
 invaluable paintings, representing 1,000 
 different birds, in a private house, where 
 the rats destroyed them during his ab- 
 sence. This loss was followed by a long 
 and severe fever, but he recovered in due 
 time and set about restoring his lost 
 work. This labor occupied four and a half years more of time, but 
 was successful. To bring out his publication in a manner com- 
 mensurate with its importance and proposed elegance, he visited 
 England and France, where he was received with the highest distinc- 
 tion. The first volume of the "Birds of America" was issued in 
 London in 1830, containing 100 colored plates of birds, each life-size. 
 Four volumes, the last being published in 1839, completed this mag- 
 nificent work, containing 1,0(3,') representations of birds. A letter- 
 press volume to accompany the plates was also issued in Edinburgh, 
 and appeared simultaneously with them. The success of the Ameri- 
 can Ornithology being secured, Audubon returned to America and 
 prepared a similar work (assisted by his son and other companions) 
 relating to the "Quadrupeds of America,'' which was published at 
 Philadelphia between 1846 and 1850; as in the former case, abookof 
 biographies accompanies the plates. " The Life of John James 
 Audubon the Naturalist," was prepared by Mrs. Audubon, aided by 
 a friend, and published in New York in 1869. This work was also 
 produced in London, with a view of Audubon's residence and a portrait 
 copied from Inman's picture. The naturalist was everywhere well 
 received by learned societies. He died in 1851. 
 
 ? 
 
 i: 
 
 -vCj
 
 •^ 134 
 
 SETH GEEEN AND THE HISTORY OF FISH BREEDING. 
 
 Seth Green. 
 
 ..T. r. i:c3: 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Fisherman and Fish-Culturist. 
 
 1^ 
 
 W/m 
 
 tion of the New York Stalt 
 
 E\RL'i \S tht year 183T, there 
 wn I \erv energetic fisherman in 
 the St ite of New York, whose gill- 
 net-- in ifter years, in some of the 
 large fi'^hene* extended for fifty 
 miles, and bis employes were 
 numhered by the hnndred. He was 
 a large contractor for the supply of 
 fre^h fish in several of the principal 
 cities, among them Xew Y'ork city. 
 
 This individual was Seth Green, a 
 native of Rochester, N. Y. , where 
 he was born Jlarch 19, 1817. 
 
 Exceedingly fond of the healthful 
 exercise and the excitement attend- 
 ant upon fishing, he adopted that 
 employment for a livelihood, and 
 made the waters of Lake Ontario 
 the principal scene of his labors. 
 
 Witnessing, while engaged one day 
 in trout-fishing, a shoal of salmon 
 making a great commotion in the act 
 of impawning, he at once prepared a 
 gravelly bed for them to use. and 
 the next two days be spent in watch- 
 ing these fish in their egg-laying. 
 The affair impressed him with the 
 possibilities of fish-breeding by 
 artificial means, an idea that he has 
 since perfected with a great variety 
 of opportunities for testing. 
 
 The rapid disapi)earanco of fish 
 from the streams and small lakes of 
 the Eastern States, and the possi- 
 bility of increasing the supply, began 
 to engage the attention of the 
 people. It was at this time that the 
 study, investigation and experi- 
 ments of Green in ftsh-cuUure were 
 made known, and it was found that 
 his experience connected with the 
 finh ('upply would be of great service. 
 The matter of restocking the waters 
 Jil in New Y'ork. so engaged the attcn- 
 Legislature as to cause the appointment, 
 
 ex-Governor Seymour, 
 
 in 18(j8, of three fish commissioners, being 
 Seth Green, and Robert B. Roosvelt. 
 
 In the meantime, $10,000 was appropriated for the purpose of 
 instituting practical experiments in fish-breeding by erecting hatching- 
 houses in various parts of the State; and two years afterwards the 
 commissioners made a gratifying report of what had been done, and 
 the possibilities in the future of supplying the waters of the country 
 once more with fish. In the report it was stated that, for the results 
 accomplished, the commissioners were principally indebted to the 
 labors of Mr. Green, who, after establishing an extensive fish- 
 breeding establishment at Caledonia, N. Y. , has since been engaged 
 for several years as fish commissioner, in government employ, in the 
 propagation and introduction of young fish of various kinds to the 
 waters of the country. 
 
 From the success which has attended the efforts of a few, a general 
 interest on the subject has been aroused which will doubtless extend 
 until every stream, pond and lake will be alive once more with the 
 finny tribe, as they were in the early history of the country. 
 
 History of Fish-Breeding. 
 
 One Dora Pinchon, a French monk, is said to have discovered, in 
 the fourteenth century, that fish-eggs could be artificially impreg- 
 nated. The subject was revived by an article written in IT.'iS, by one 
 Jacobi. on the fecundation of fisb-eggs, which was published quite 
 extensively in the German and French languages. 
 
 In 1837, Mr. Shaw, in Scotland, commenced making a practical 
 application of the theories on the subject of fish-culture, by stocking 
 the streams with salmon. In 1842, Joseph Reiny, a Frenchman, 
 and a fisherman at La Bresse, through artificial impregnation, 
 restocked the Moselle and other streams so successfully as to gain a 
 living from the yield of fish thus produced. His pecuniary success 
 being brought to the attention of others, introduced the modern 
 industry of fish-culture in Europe and America, an art which is 
 supposed, however, to have been understood and practiced with 
 protit for several ccntnrit's in China. 
 
 How Fish-Eggs are Impregnated. 
 
 The female of most varieties of the common fish deposits her eggs. 
 called spawn, once a year. The spawning season with trout extends 
 from the latter part of October to the middle of December. Where 
 water docs not freeze, it may extend two months or more later. 
 
 A male and fcnnile trout, in a wild state, having mated, will select 
 some locality at spawning-time where the water is shallow, and there 
 the female, with a rapid movement of her tail, will sweep away the 
 dirt from a space perhai)8 a foot square, leaving nothing but the 
 clean, bare ground or sand exjiosed. This is what is calU-d ' ■ niakhii,' 
 
 1
 
 -9; 
 
 HOW TU KAISE FISH. 
 
 V.',: 
 
 1 
 
 lu'i-bcd. " Here, with the lower piirt of her lioily pressed iigainst 
 the ground, she will expel from herself the spawn, or eggs, on the 
 clean gravel, the number depending upon her age. A trout two 
 years old will give from 200 to 300 eggs; three years old, from 400 to 
 (iOO; four years old. from 1.000 to 1.200; five years old, from 2,000 
 10.3.000. according to size. 
 
 While engaged in depositing lier eggs, the male trout is kept busy 
 guarding the nest from other fish that would devour the eggs, if 
 opportunity presented. Male fishes often have severe battles in their 
 I'irorts to protect their female companions in the act of spawning. 
 The male performs another important duty; as the eggs arc 
 laid by the female, he immediately covers them, and from his body 
 emits a whitish substance called "milt, '' which, in its action upon 
 the eggs impregnates them with life-giving power, whereby, in a 
 period varying from one to five months, these eggs will hatch and 
 become small trout. 
 
 Spawning over, the fish leave the eggs to the mercy of the elements, 
 and return to the deeper water. If the conditions are favorable, 
 these eggs thus deposited will all hatch, and the brood of fish will be 
 greatly enlarged; but the chances are that in a wild state many things 
 will work against the rapid increase. Among these obstacles will be 
 that fish, snakes and frogs will devour the eggs in the nest; the 
 stream may become dry. and thus they will not hatch, or freshets 
 may wash them from their resting-place to the deep water, where 
 they will become the prey of fish that otherwise would not disturb 
 them. It is to overcome these difiiculties that artificial means have 
 been resorted to in the rearing of fish. 
 
 Artificial Means of Impregnation. 
 
 Wliat is known as arlilicial iniprt-gnution is nulliing more than the 
 taking of measures for securing the eggs; having them impregnated 
 by the milt, carefully protecting them from their enemies until they 
 hatch, and then, afterwards guarding the young trout till they are 
 old enough to care for themselves. This is done as follows: 
 
 In a place suitably prepared, where fishes are confined, they will, 
 male and female, congregate together for the purpose of spawning. 
 At this time the females, known by their palish white appearance, 
 are captured, and while held in the hand, the lower part of the fish 
 just touching the water, the eggs are expressed from each into a pan 
 of water. When a sufficient number of eggs have been taken from 
 the females to about cover the bottom of the pan. one after another 
 of the male fish are taken in the hand in the same manner, and 
 the milt pressed from the body in such quantity into the water as to 
 give it a whitish appearance. This is allowed to stand a half-hour, 
 at the expiration of which time, if there has been a sufficient 
 quantity of milt, the eggs are supposed to he thoroughly impreg- 
 nated, and under favorable conditions every one will hatch. This 
 is termed artificial impregnation. 
 
 Some authorities think it best to express the milt first, gently 
 stirring the water with the tail of the fish to distribute it. The 
 female lays all her eggs in a day or two, or three at most. The male 
 of the same size as the female has milt suflicient for several females. 
 His milting, therefore, extends over a period of eight or ten days. 
 The male is known at spawning-time by his orange tint and brilliant- 
 red fins. The females have a sihery-gray ajipearance. 
 
 How Fish-Eggs are Hatched. 
 
 It is observed that trout, at spawning-time, seek a shallow 
 place in the stream to lay tbeir eggs, near the fountain head, the 
 object being, probably, to get pure, fresh, cold water. It is neces- 
 sary to observe these conditions in hatching the eggs artificially. 
 The water must be absolutely pure: should be shaded from the sun; 
 should gently fiow above the eggs, covering them to a depth of one or 
 two inches, and to hatch the eggs in about one month, should be of a 
 temperature about fifty-four degrees and never higher. If a lower 
 ti'mperature, it will take the eggs longer to hatch. In water as low 
 
 as thirty-seven degrees, it will take fish-eggs flvi; montbu to butch. 
 
 Young Fish when First Hatched. 
 
 When trout are first hatched they are exceedingly f>ma11. pcarcely 
 larger than the wiggler in the barrel of ptule rain-water, which comes 
 forth a mosquito. Underneath and attached to the little fish, when 
 it first comes from the egg, is an umbilical sac, from which it 
 derives nourishment for about forty days. After that time, the 
 young fish require food consisting of boiled liver, cheese, curd, or 
 fresh-chopped sea-fish. The most available food is curd, and is 
 recommended to be fed in the following proportions: For 10.000 
 yearling trout, three quarts per day: for 8.000 two-year-olds, «ix 
 quarts per day; for 7,000 three-year-olds, twelve quarts per day. 
 
 How to Breed and Raise Fish. 
 
 The following is an ouiIItii- of Un' ;ipp!iances and means requisite 
 in the breeding and rearing of trout: 
 
 A series of not less thnn throe ponds, joined by raceways, usually serve in 
 the jirocess of trout-brecdinjf. The ni-st one fs for the younp llsh whlcli come 
 from the hatching place or nursery, and serves until they are about twenty 
 months ohl; the second for the flsh during the next tweI%-o months, and the 
 third, for the same brood until they are three and one-half years old, when 
 they are taken out for the table. On the vacation of the third pond, fish 
 from the second are transferred to the former, and so the process goes on 
 from the first. The shape of the ponds have something to do with con- 
 venient manipulation of the fish. An oblong pond is chosen in preference 
 to a circular one, the water being kept cooler because of the more rapid How 
 through the same. 
 
 As young trout thiive in shallow water, the first pond should he about six 
 inches deep at one end and two feet at the other, or lower end; the bottom 
 requiring a layer of course gravel two or three inches in depth. The second 
 pond should be one-third or one-half longer than the first one, and several 
 feet wider.— the width of a pond may be about one-tenth of Its length. The 
 depth of water may be more uniform, about three feet, the second containing 
 four or five times as much water as the first. The raceway entrance should 
 be of greatest practicable depth, and free from gravel. The third pond 
 should have an average depth of live feet, and contain several times as much 
 water as the second. 
 
 The ponds should have at the bottom a fiiune or passage-way, for draining 
 when necessity requires. The r.aceways are the spawning-plaees of the fish; 
 should be five or six inches deep and from two to three and one-half feet 
 wide; the length from twenty to sixty feet, according to the s-ize and capacity 
 of the ponds. The sides may be of board an inch thick by twelve inches 
 wide, and the bottom of the place should be covered with coarse gravel for 
 the trout to make their nests. To keep the fish in the bounds allotted to 
 them, wire screens are used to close up the way between the ponds. The 
 water should fiow in .an easy current through the race^vay; it should be pure 
 and. for hatching, never above fifty-four degrees. The fish should be trans- 
 ferred from one pond to another the latter part of August, two months 
 before the commencement of the spawning season. 
 
 The Hatching Apparatus. 
 
 A wooden trough, with transverse strii)s. fi. lining sort of compartments 
 by wliich the How of water is broken, is iij-ed U>v hatching in this country. 
 The bottom is covered an inch in depth by small gravel, with an inch of 
 filtered water over it. To hatch 120.000 eggs would retpiire four troughs, 
 with .a supply of water through a like number of pipes a little more than an 
 inch in diameter. Hatching-troughs should be enclosed so as to admit of 
 light without sunshine, a house of rough boards serving the purpose. To 
 filter the water for the above number of eggs a lank, connected with the 
 troughs, twenty inches wide by eighteen in depth, admitting water through 
 flannel screens, may be used and placed across the upper ends of the troughs. 
 The latter have ,a fall of one inch from upper to lower end; twelve to sixteen 
 feet long, ten to fourteen inches wide, six inches deep, and separated into ten 
 or more nests. The contiguous nurseries are sixteen inches deep, twenty 
 inches wide and four feet long; so made that the water at the entrance of 
 the troughs shall be four or five inches deep, and two inches deep at the 
 outlet, the bottoms covered with gravel. WTien the fish have passed the 
 hatching process, thej' are let into the nurseries and exposed to the sunlight. 
 Upwards of sixty per cent, of the eggs are fecundated by this method. 
 
 Another Process. 
 By a process attributed to Mr. Vrasski. a Russian, called drj- impregnation, 
 and lately introduced into this country by George Shepard P.ige. of New 
 York, an average of ninety-six per cent, is fecundated. This involves the 
 expressing of the ova into a pan and bringing them in contact with the milt 
 before the addition of water. American fish-cult urists have quite exten 
 sively adopted this method of propagation. 
 
 h
 
 13tJ 
 
 THE DISTINGUISHED CHEMIST, PROF. DKAPER. 
 
 Prof. Draper, Comte, Sir Francis Bacon and John TyndalL 
 
 ATURAL philosophy h;id a 
 most excellent representative 
 in Professor John William 
 Draper, chemist and physi- 
 ologist. Born at St. Helens, 
 England, in 1811, he was 
 taught in the public school 
 and by private instructors, 
 giving much attention to 
 chemistry, and higher math- 
 ematics. 
 
 He subsequently prosecuted chemical studies at the university of 
 London. Emigrating to America in 1833, he studied chemistry and 
 medicine at the university of Pennsylvania, and after graduating with 
 distinction as a doctor of medicine, was appointed professor of 
 chemistry, natural i)hilosophy and physiology in the Hampden- 
 Sidney college, in Virginia, where he prosecuted numerous chemical 
 and physiological investigations. In 1839 he was chosen professor 
 of chemistry and natural history in one 
 of the departments of the university of 
 the city of New York, where he also 
 lectured to the under -graduates on 
 physiology. In 1841 lie was advanced 
 to the chair of chemistry in the medical 
 college of the university, and after- 
 wards became president of both the 
 scientific and medical departments of 
 that institution. He wrote voluminous- 
 ly concerning his Bcientific researches, 
 and by them attained a high reputation 
 as a scientist. Among his important 
 discoveries was one, in 1842, of a pecu- 
 liar property or force in that portion of 
 the sun's rays which produces the chem- 
 ical effects shown in the art of photo- 
 graphy, now known as '* actinism. " It 
 Ib also claimed for Dr. Draper that he was 
 the first to apply the daguerreotype pro- 
 cess to taking portraits. He also pub- 
 lished numerous books of literary char- 
 acter. Died, January 4, 18S2. 
 
 AUGUSTE COMTE. 
 
 y^/HE found.-r of tht- " \» 
 
 itivc phi- 
 losophy " and the *' religion of 
 
 humanity," Auguste Comte, was born at Monlpellier, France, in 
 1798. He entered the polytechnic school in 1814, and becarae a dis- 
 ciple of the social reformer, St. Simon, about 1818. Six years later 
 they separated, mutually disgusted. Before 1824 Comte discovered 
 his law of "social evolution,"' and during the next twenty years he 
 perfected his system of " Positive Philosophy," publishing it 
 between 1832-'42. The *' Religion of Humanity" appeared at a later 
 date. He died in 1857, at Paris. The positive i)hilosophy is cum- 
 bersome and difficult \o describe. Zell's Cyclopicdia, however, 
 condenses it a» follows: *' Humanity has three stages of develop- 
 ment — the thcologipal, the metaphysical and the positive. In the 
 theological stage man is disposed to regard all effects ae super- 
 natural, as signs of the pleasure or displeasure of some superior 
 being or beings. In the metaphysical stage, the supernatural agents 
 L'ive place to abstract forces supposed to be inherent in the sub- 
 Htances themselves, and capable of producing the phenomena. In 
 
 Prof. J. W. Draper, 
 
 Miitheraatician, Cheiuist and Physiologist. 
 
 the positive stage the mind, convinced of the folly of inquiring into 
 causes and essences, applies itself to the discovery of those laws 
 which regulate effects, or those invariable relations of succession 
 and similitude which exist throughout nature."' The mission of 
 positivism is said to be * to generalize science and to systematize 
 sociality. ' * It is a doctrine capable of embracing all that can 
 regulate humanity; not a treatise on physical science, not a treatise 
 on social science, but a system which absorbs all intellectual 
 activity.' All sciences, of whatever kind, physical or mental, are 
 but branches of one science, to be investigated on one and the same 
 method." 
 
 SIR FRANCIS BACON. 
 
 HE English philosopher and politician. Sir Francis Bacon, 
 described by Pope as "■ the wisest, brightest, meanest of 
 mankind," was born in England, in 1561. He found favor in 
 the eyes of Queen Elizabeth and her successor, James I., both of 
 whom heaped upon him numerous offices, honors and wealth, until he 
 became, in 1(J30, Viscount St. Albans, 
 having attained the height of his ambi- 
 tion. Still it was as a philosopher and 
 the writer of philosophical books — his 
 "Novum Organum," his "Essays,"' his 
 treatise on the "Wisdom of the An- 
 cients," and others — that he manifested 
 the greatness of his genius and won the 
 admiration of the learned in all subse- 
 quent ages. But the bright picture of 
 his triumphs and genius was marred 
 and ruined by his confession, in 1021, 
 of gross bribery and political corruption. 
 For these crimes he was sentenced to 
 pay a fine amounting to about $200,000, 
 and imprisonment during the king's 
 pleasure; was rendered incapable of 
 filling any office, of sitting in the house 
 of lords and of coming to court. The 
 fine and imprisonment were remitted, 
 and the remainder of his broken life 
 was spent in retirement and in literary 
 pursuits, but embittered by pecuniary 
 embarrassments growing out of his 
 extravagance. He died at Highgate, 
 England, in 1626. The life of Bacon 
 has been written by his secretary and 
 chaplain, Rev. William Rawloy, London, and by other biographers. 
 
 JOHN TYNDALL. 
 
 'ATURAIj philosophy finds in John Tyndall one of its most in- 
 telligent exponents. Born at Leighlin bridge, in Carlow county, 
 Ireland, in 1820, at an early age became familiar wilh mathematics 
 I)lane trigonometry, etc. , and for aboutfive years was cmidoyed as an 
 onlnance surveyor. About 1848 he studied and experimented in 
 magnetism and diamagnetism, proving the intimate relation between 
 these and the molecular arrangement of matter. In 1852 he was 
 appointed professor of natural philosophy at the Royal institution. 
 lie has made numerous annual visits to the Alps, in Switzerland, for 
 scientific observation in connection with the glacial theory. In 1872 
 he visited the United States and lectured in imblic, the surplus 
 profits being devoted to the promotion of scientific study in this 
 country. 
 
 .K^^^-"^
 
 THK DISTINUUISIIEU NATUUAUbT AND EVOLUTIONIST, ilEKBEKT S1'E^•CEK. 
 
 131 
 
 f-. 
 
 
 
 English Philosopher M 
 
 4]_ Herbert^ SpGnc9r,__ \k %^ 
 
 and Scientist, S^ 
 
 '-C 
 
 5^-^-^)^, 
 
 Author of the Saying, ** Survival of the Fittest." 
 
 i^' ir70>:TEMP0RANE0rS with Chitrles R. Darwin is 
 Herbert Spencitr, in the advocacy of the ideas 
 relating to the higher forms of life, coming up 
 from the lower orders. Mr. Spencer was born at 
 Derby. England. April 27, 1820. He early 
 exhibited a fondness for collecting, classifying, 
 and studying winged insects, a favorite pastime 
 with him being 
 to catcb caterpil- 
 lars for the pur- 
 pose of watching 
 
 their transformations to other 
 
 forms. Possessing a mind disposed 
 
 to be philosophical, the study of 
 
 these changes led him to inquire as 
 
 to the means by which organized 
 
 existence is evolved. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Spencer, rector 
 
 of the parish at Hinton, was his 
 
 tutor for three years . and his father. 
 
 author of a work on ^'Inventional 
 
 Geometry," gave him further in- 
 struction, the especial delight of 
 
 young Herbert being mathematics. 
 He was appointed civil engineer 
 
 on the Birmingham and London 
 
 railway at the age of seventeen, 
 
 from which, three years afterwanls, 
 
 he retired and returned home, 
 
 in order to pursue mathematics and 
 
 philosophical studies. Herbariums, 
 
 a botanical press, and various 
 
 schemes of invention, occupied his 
 
 mind for some years. When 
 
 twenty-three years of age, he next 
 
 went to London to get literary 
 
 occupation, failing to obtain which he resumed engineering, but 
 
 gratified his literary taste by communications to the Ciml Bngineers' 
 
 and Architects^ Journal, the Philosophical Magazine^ and other 
 
 publications of similar character. 
 In 1843 he commenced a series of articles for the Nonconformist, 
 
 on the '-Proper Sphere of Government." which were ;ifteruards 
 
 HERBERT SPENCER. 
 
 issued in pamphlet form. lie was a contributor of elaborate essays 
 to various scientific publications, from 1848 to 1854, during which 
 time he outlined his idea of evolution. In 1854 he fully determined 
 that the natural order of creation was through the evolving of one 
 species from another below, and so on down through to the first 
 forms of life; but it was not until 1860 that he published an exposi- 
 tion of the subject, in which he quite fully elaborated the idea. In 
 the meantime he has been a prolific 
 writer upon the subject of sociol- 
 ogy — one of his leading publica- 
 tions on this subject being "Social 
 Statics; or, the Conditions Essential 
 to Human Happiness Specified, and 
 the First of Them Developed," 
 which first appeared in London in 
 1850. Since that time be has 
 successively published works on 
 ' ■Psychology;"' ■•Railway Morals 
 and Policy;" "Essays. Scientific, 
 Political, and Speculative;" "Il- 
 lustrations of Universal Progress;" 
 "Essays, Moral, Political, and 
 Esthetic; " ' ' Education, Intel- 
 lectual, Moral, and Physical;" 
 ' ' First Principles of a System of 
 Philosophy;" •• Classification of the 
 Sciences;" "Reasons for Dissent- 
 ing from the Philosophy of M. 
 Comte;" " Principles of Biology: " 
 ' ' Spontaneous Generation, and the 
 Hypothesis of Physiological Units;" 
 ' ■ Recent Discussions in Science, 
 Philosophy, and ^Morals. " collected 
 from English reviews, with six 
 additional articles. 
 
 Mr. Spencer is a retired gentle- 
 man, who has for many years lived at a quiet boarding-house in Lon- 
 don. Although a philosopher of wide reputation, the multiplied 
 volumes of this scientist have had so limited a sale as to give the 
 author but a precarious subsistence. He will probably be much more 
 fully appreciated hereafter. In 1882-3, Mr. Spencer visited the 
 United States and was cordially wi'lcomed by scientific circles. 
 
 A 
 
 s=
 
 T- 
 
 138 
 
 THE DISTINGUISHED NATURALIST, CHARLES E. DARWIN. 
 
 niiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiMiniiifiiiiiniiMinii 
 
 T^jyr 
 
 Charles H. Darwin. 
 
 lltUIIUUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlllllllllllllllllllllllllllUUIIUIIUIIIIIUIIIUIIIUIIllllllllllllll 
 
 Naturalist and Expounder 
 
 of the Darwinian Theory. 
 
 I^land^ 
 
 HE NATURALIST, Charles R. Darwin, was 
 born in Shrewsbury, in England. February 
 9, 1809, and graduated at Christ's College, 
 Cambridge, in 1831. 
 
 On the ship Beagle, which sailed from 
 England, in 1831, he was a passenger on a 
 voyage of exploration around the world, 
 \vhich lasted five years. Out of this journey he gathered 
 material for a volume, published in 1842, on "The 
 Structure and Distribution of u;p>^ 
 Coral Reefs;*' in 1844, "Geo- ^ 
 logical Observations on Volcanic 
 ' and. in 1846, "Geological 
 Observations in South America.'' 
 
 In 1851 and 1853 two volumes appeared, 
 entitled "Monograph of the Family Cir- 
 ripedia. " followed by two other volumes 
 on the fossil species of the same class. 
 
 His most celebrated work, ' ' The Origin 
 of Species by Means of Natural Selec- 
 tion, ■' appeared in 1859. The ideas 
 advanced by Darwin in this last-mentioned 
 volume, called forth a great amount of 
 controversy, the interest in the subject 
 causing tbe book to be translated into 
 several languages. A German publisher, 
 at Berlin, discovered that 312 different 
 authors had written books and pamphlets 
 relating to Darwinism, and no work of the 
 age has excited so much review and coni- 
 ment. 
 
 In 1863 appeared his work on the 
 "Fertilization of Orchids;" in 1808, " Varijition of Animalw and 
 Plants under Domestication," and. in 1871, a treatise on "The 
 Descent of Man. and Selection in Relation to Sex," being a further 
 consideration of the "Origin of the Specie's.'* the object of which 
 is to prove that man has descended from a lower order of animal life. 
 Among his later works is a volume entitled, "Movements and 
 Habits of Climbing Plants," and "The Expression of the Emotions 
 in Men and Animals. " 
 
 lie was the recipient of various orders of merit, and elected to 
 TricrnbcrHhip in Hcvernl nt the learned societies of Diiropc. c-oniribnting 
 
 CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN. 
 
 very largely to a knowledge of the lower animals, while his ideas in 
 regard to the origin of man are accepted by some and denounced by 
 olhers. He died in London, Eng. , April 20, 1882. 
 
 The Theories of Darwin 
 
 are essentially those of the evolutionists, which are that all the higher 
 forms of creation have gradually progressed up from the lower; that 
 the fittest, strongest and best of every order, class and race survive, 
 while the weaker perish. Thus, with the lower animals, the 
 strongest will capture their prey, will live and multiply their kind: 
 the weaker will die and leave no issue. 
 The best, therefore, propagate their 
 species, and improvement is the order. 
 With races and nations of people at war, 
 the strongest and superior conquer, per- 
 petuate themselves, and civilization 
 advances. 
 
 The theories of evolution, it is said, 
 were advanced by the early Greek phi- 
 losophers,* who claimed that animal life 
 originated from eartii. with the assistance 
 of water, light and heat. Aristotle, it is 
 said, in the olden time, claimed that man 
 did not originate in a perfect state, but 
 was evolved from the lower orders. 
 Linujeus and Buffon, in later times, 
 espoused the idea of progressive organic 
 development. Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the 
 grandfather of Charles R. Darwin, in a 
 published work, in 1794, maintained the 
 development theory. Lamarck, in 1815, 
 took the position that all organic forms, 
 from the lowest to the highest, have pro- 
 gressively developed from microscopic particles. Goethe, in Germany, 
 assumed the same po(?ition. as did GeotTroy Saint-IIilaire, of France, 
 in a scientific work, published in 1828. Professor (Jrant, of Edin- 
 burgli, thrimgh thv. Phtlofiopldml Journal, in 1820, held that species 
 are descended from other species. 
 
 Herbert Spencer, in 1852, advanced arguments to prove that 
 species have l)een greatly nuidifled by changes of circumstances. 
 
 The first, however, clearly to define and popularize the idea of 
 of progression, was Charles R. Darwin, in his work on the * ' Origin of 
 the Species," in 1858. 
 
 ;(>— 
 
 i:
 
 EAKTII S iiUCCKSSIVE TKKlUDS OF VKGE'l^UiLK AND AI^IMAL UEVKLorMKNT. 
 
 i:ji» 
 
 Progression. 
 
 The Theories of 
 
 The advocates of the development theory have had much difficulty | tvcoloyy lirst came to the aid of the philosopher, ami proved by 
 
 earth-f orma- 
 tioHH thai the 
 earth was hun- 
 dreds of thou- 
 sands, and, 
 p o a e i b 1 y , 
 
 to contend with 
 in the attempt 
 to demonstrate 
 the truth of the 
 po sition that 
 they have 
 taken. It could 
 easily be shown 
 that by domes- 
 tication and 
 training, under 
 a change of cir- 
 cums tan ce s, 
 one hundred 
 and fifty varie- 
 ties of pigeons 
 could be pro- 
 duced from the 
 one species. 
 But each and 
 every one, after 
 all was done, 
 would be a pigeon, 
 kinds of dogs, some 
 others, all came 
 from one vari- 
 ety of dog; but 
 facts demon- 
 strated, also, 
 that dogs were 
 never anything 
 but dogs. Thus 
 of every other 
 species of ani- 
 mals. So lim- 
 ited was the 
 knowledge of 
 creation ; so 
 small had been 
 the range of ob- 
 servation ; so 
 narrow was the 
 
 v.: 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 
 X> 
 
 
 :!C?^ 
 
 '.mi ^ 
 
 -FIRST FPO< II -/ 
 
 Earth harik-ntd, matuied; vt-t'etation spraii;< forth, and lowest furuiti 
 sheli-rtsh, etc., were evolved. 
 
 jf moving life, headless aniiuiils, 
 
 It could easily be demonstrated that the various 
 of which were a hundred times larger than 
 
 Plate /X— .SECOND EPOCH.— i^z-iniarj/ Periud. 
 The period in which vegetation had attained to rank growth; water separated from land and fishes developed, 
 
 idea of the origin of life, and so prejudiced were the majority of 
 people against a progrc-^ive development and '•o plain wa"* tht f \ct 
 that the same 
 species, either 
 a horse, a hog, 
 or an oak, 
 al^vays re- 
 mained essen- 
 tially the same 
 — only modi- 
 fied; so plain 
 was all this, and 
 so averse were 
 even the best 
 minds to chang- 
 ing their long- 
 establisbed 
 views, as to 
 make the pre- 
 sentation of the 
 development theory 
 
 Plate ///.-THIRD EPOCH.— Strnjirfary Pcriorf. 
 The reptilian age; higher forms of vegetation; reptiles crept from the water upon dry land and winged 
 
 animals appeared. 
 
 an exceedingly ditticnlt and laborious task. | locomotion, and so lees were useless 
 
 m 1 U i o n H of 
 years old; that 
 
 fossil remains 
 of animals had 
 been deposited 
 tens of thou- 
 sands of years; 
 that a large 
 share of the 
 remai ns thus 
 fnund were of 
 unimals. rep- 
 tiles and birds 
 that had become 
 extinct; and 
 while often 
 
 large were coarse, and of a lower order than any now existing. 
 
 These discoveries gradually led the scientists on in their investi- 
 gations; the 
 fact of tens of 
 thousands of 
 years being 
 given for an 
 animal to 
 change its 
 character, 
 greatly assist-. 
 ing in the es- 
 tablishment of 
 the develop- 
 ment idea. 
 The careful 
 study of the 
 anatomical 
 s t ru c t n re of 
 animals also 
 
 demonstrated how circumstances had changed their character. 
 
 Thu'' under the «kin of some smke* the\ found partially developed 
 
 feet, indicating 
 that at a former 
 period this 
 species of 
 snake was 
 probably a 
 lizard; that its 
 short and 
 clumsy legs 
 were not suffi- 
 cient for rapid 
 propulsion: 
 that it had re- 
 sorted to the 
 wriggling 
 movements as 
 the easiest and 
 most s pe edy 
 and gradually disappeared. That 
 
 \^(^ —
 
 — Q: 
 
 ? 
 
 uo 
 
 WHAT THE PEOGKESSIONISTS BELIEVE. 
 
 Plate /r -KOl'K'ril 
 
 New kinds of vegetation came forth. 
 
 certain reptiles, forming the habit of springing upon their prey, 
 developed the wings. This is proven by the remains of birds, very 
 recently found, which have teeth, showing the connection between 
 the reptile and the bird kingdom. These remains supply what has 
 long been regarded as the "missing link." The winged reptile, 
 under varying conditions, changed its character entirely; nature 
 supplied it with hair, and it became a bat, and under other con- 
 ditions it acquired feathers. 
 
 Xever having a chance to fly, it will be seen how a bat could change 
 to a mouse, 
 which might 
 develop tea 
 rat, which might 
 learn to burrow 
 under ground, 
 and in long ages 
 could change its 
 charactertothat 
 of awoodchuck, 
 and from that to 
 a prairie- 
 dog, which 
 long periods of 
 time might 
 bring up to the 
 intelligent 
 shepherd or 
 Newfoundland - 
 dog. 
 
 That the mouse and rat, in certain portions of the world, might, 
 to avoid their enemies on the ground, take to the trees as a place of 
 abode — might learn to use their tails as do the monkeys, and, in fact, 
 through long ages develop to the size and intelligence of the monkey. 
 In time, the necessity no longer existing of remaining in the trees, 
 he would spend 
 his time on the 
 ground; his tail 
 would become 
 unnecessary, 
 as it is with 
 the ourang- 
 outaug and the 
 gorilla. That 
 through lonir 
 ages the go- 
 r i 1 1 a has 
 gradually 
 developed to 
 the conditions 
 of the lowest 
 cannibal sav- 
 ages, which 
 wild and bar- 
 barous tribes 
 in time became 
 civilized. 
 
 Higher forms of life appeared, antl hair and fur-bearing animals 
 were developed. 
 
 Plate F.-FIFTH EPOCn.~(^">n(.T,Hu-!, rrr,:.i. 
 
 Highly matured condition of the earth; fitted for the support and production of the highest grades of 
 intelligence among uniinaU up to man. 
 
 What the Progressionists Believe. 
 
 While a variety of opinions exist among the evolutionists, their 
 belief is essentially this; 
 
 That there exists in the infinitude of space unnumbered suns, each 
 the center of a planetary system, which, through the law of gravita- 
 tion, continually revolve around a great central sun. That the planets 
 about the sun are born of the sun. That the planets dependent upon 
 our sun have all come from It. That in the i)roce8s of birth the sun 
 throw- off a gaseous ring, which, having attained a certain degree of 
 
 maturity, breaks and gathers in a nebulous mass, making a spot on 
 the sun. In time, this substance, thus thrown off, which is a 
 molten mass of intense heat, like a rain-drop in space, assumes 
 a spherical form, takes its orbit for revolving about the sun. gradually 
 cools on the surface, and a crust is formed which, as the ages and 
 the centuries go by, gradually thickens. This crust, rent and dis- 
 turbed by the heat within, rises and falls, making great irregulari- 
 ties of surface. Hence the mountains and the valleys were formed. 
 That planets themselves have the power to throw off and produce 
 
 other worlds, 
 which are the 
 moons that be- 
 long to various 
 planets. 
 
 The belief is 
 that the earth 
 was bom thus 
 of our sun; that 
 hundreds of 
 thousands 
 and. perhaps, 
 millions of 
 years have 
 passed since it 
 came from the 
 sun ; that its 
 irregularities of 
 surface have 
 been produced 
 by internal commotion and volcanic eruptions. The evolutionists 
 bring forward as proof that the interior of the earth is a mass of 
 fire, the fact that for every 100 feet we go towards the center of 
 the globe the heat increases one degree. At 10,000 feet, towards 
 the center, water boils. At forty miles in the earth, 1.800 degrees 
 
 is reached. At 
 
 that point iron 
 would melt, 
 and, at seventy 
 miles in depth, 
 everything 
 must be in a 
 liquid state. A 
 further proof 
 that the i n - 
 .t cri or of the 
 earth is on fire 
 is shown in the 
 flame emitted 
 by volcanoes, 
 and the hot 
 water which 
 comes from 
 boilingsprings. 
 In the crea- 
 tion of this 
 world, when the 
 earth had become sufficiently cooled to cause the gaseous moisture 
 upon its surface to condense, clouds were formed, and rain began 
 to fall, which collected in the low places on the earth's surface and 
 made the oceans. The first crust formed became what is now known 
 as the hardest rock, such as granite, syenite, porphyry, etc. . in 
 what were imbedded the heaviest metals. 
 
 In process of time this layer was overspread, through volcanic 
 eruption, by another layer, which became what is known as slate- 
 rnrk. eliiv-sliite. etc. TlirriuL'li the action of water, heat and air.
 
 XsL 
 
 ? 
 
 VARYING GRADES OF INTELLIGENCE. 
 
 141 
 
 this rock became so soft as to produce goil. When the conditions 
 had become matured sutHciently, a combination of substances, such 
 as carbonic acid, water and ammonia, made wliat is termed "proto- 
 plasm," a compound which is the basis of all life, from which may 
 come at any time the order of vegetation, and all forms of animal life. 
 
 '''"^™'' DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Represi-nting tin? rriinunliul A^e, I'uiiiury, Secomluiy. 'iVrtuiry iind gnaternary 
 Peiiods, and the Ascending Serie!*. 
 
 ■i 
 
 Primordial Aye. 
 
 Of life on the earth, first 
 came the lowest of vegeta- 
 tion, such as the mosses, 
 which gradually progressed 
 to the higher orders. The 
 first forms of life, largely 
 dependent upon moisture 
 for sustenance, lived in the 
 water and gradually de- 
 veloped to the shell-fish, 
 headless insects, and ani- 
 mals of various kinds. This 
 is termed by the philoso- 
 phers the primordial age. 
 
 This age is supposed to 
 cover an immense period of 
 time. The layers of earth 
 and rock formed in this 
 period, during which the 
 interior fires were receding 
 from the earth's surface, are 
 over 70,000 feet thick, but 
 of the fossil remains found 
 in them there is no evidence 
 of land animals. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 Primary Period. 
 
 This was followed by that 
 known as the primary 
 period, an epoch of time 
 when the fire receded and 
 the earth's crust thickened 
 43, 000 feet. The water ani- 
 mals in this period on the 
 earth's surface multiplied 
 and developed to fishes, and 
 came up to the lowest of 
 those orders that divided 
 their time between water 
 and dry land, such as lizards 
 and reptiles of various 
 kinds. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 Secondary Period. 
 In the secondary period, 
 the belief is that the fires 
 receded into the earth, and 
 the earth's covering was in- 
 creased IS.OOOfeetin 
 thickness. At this time the 
 animal kingdom developed 
 to frogs, crocodiles, turtles, 
 dragons, and other immense 
 water animals, traces of 
 
 which are sometimes found. Among these were the enormous sauri- 
 ans which, covered with scales like the crocodile, had four legs and 
 resembled great lizards, having claws with which to capture their 
 
 Plat.' ri. ASCENDING SERIES. Grades of intelligence. 
 Showing the progres.^ of development through the various grades of intelligence 
 from the lowest fonns of life up to the king of birds. 
 
 prey, and teeth which enabled them to masticate their food. Their 
 skeletons abound in the museums of natural history. There were 
 reptiles with wings, and in thu latter part of ttiis period birds were 
 developed. There was also a coU)ssal growth of vegetation, much of 
 which, in various localities, turned to coal. 
 
 PLATK ir. 
 
 Tertiary Pt-riod. 
 
 In the tertiary, or third 
 period, the trees progrL-ssed 
 to the putting on of leaves, 
 and the animal creation de- 
 veloped up to those that 
 nurt^ed their young, such ae 
 the whale and dolphin, in 
 the waters, and the species 
 of animals from which came 
 the horse, rhinoceros, ele- 
 phant and swine, and the 
 predecessors of the monkey, 
 onrang, chimpanzee, the go- 
 rilla and the mammoth. 
 PLATE T. 
 (Quaternary Period. 
 
 In the quaternary, or 
 fourth period, came the 
 present development of the 
 vegetable kingdom, animal 
 life as it exists to-day. and 
 man perfected as he is at the 
 I)resent time. 
 
 The scientists attempt to 
 class all development on the 
 earth's surface into these 
 five great epochs of time, 
 one period gradually running 
 into another, so that there 
 is no sharp division between 
 them. 
 
 The claim is that this 
 progress is still going 
 forward, and probably will 
 continue for thousands of 
 years, until the earth's crust 
 shall become so thick and 
 the earth so cold that life 
 can no longer be supported 
 upon it. At that lime all 
 animal life will have ceased 
 to exist, vegetation will no 
 longer retain life, and the 
 earth will be dead, as many 
 other planets are supposed 
 to be that revolve in 
 space. 
 
 PLATE TI. 
 Ascending Series. 
 
 This plate is designed to 
 show the varying grades of 
 physical development and 
 intelligence, from the lowest 
 orders of animal life up 
 through to the highly intelligent of the feathered kingdom. 
 
 In the lower right bund corner of the plate is seen the infusoria. 
 A drop of water ullowt-d to be exposed on a vegetable or animal sub- 
 
 ?
 
 14:2 
 
 THE ASCENDIXO GRADES uF ANIMAL LIFE. 
 
 stance in the summer sun. will, in a few days, be found covered with 
 a ihin film of matter, which often presents the varying shades of 
 rainbow colors. Microscopic examination of this stagnant water will 
 reveal a great number of moving animalcules. This plainly indi- 
 cates that germs of life are floating in the air, and only want the 
 necessary conditions to re- 
 
 Representing the Ascenihn^ Series. bes,'innin;jr ' 
 quadruped, up throug^li 
 
 veal themselves in active 
 being. This grade of life is 
 lowest in the scale of animal 
 existence of which the natu- 
 ralist has any knowledge. 
 
 One of the next higher in 
 order is the polypi. This 
 might be taken as a species 
 of animal life, but examina- 
 tion shows that it possesses 
 an aperture that serves as 
 a mouth, and various 
 rootlets which are used as 
 arms in capturing prey and 
 feeding itself. 
 
 The star-fish is one of a 
 numerous family of the 
 nidiata. which, having an 
 intestinal canal, make 
 another step upward. 
 
 The mollusks, possessing 
 an alimentary apparatus. 
 lieart. liver, and the evi- 
 dences of lungs and 
 breathing power, belong to a 
 still higher class. These 
 include the oyster, the clam 
 and the animals that reside 
 in shells, whose infinite va- 
 riety of color and form make 
 always a pleasant study to 
 the naturalist. 
 
 The crawling worms and 
 the caterpillars that change 
 their form to the bright 
 winged butterflies, occupy a 
 still higher range. 
 
 Above these yet is the 
 patient, cunning ant; the 
 busy, ingenious bee, and the 
 hungry grasshopper. In 
 this class of life there is 
 exhibited the sense of sight 
 and considerable evidence 
 of reasoning power. 
 
 The spider and crab be- 
 long to another and yet 
 higher order. 
 
 In the fish wc reach the 
 first form of animal being 
 possessing a backbone and 
 ^pinal cord. We have 
 now reached a scale of de- 
 velopment in animal life 
 which e X h i h i t s a r t e r i e s, 
 veins and red blood. 
 
 The creature, however, like the frog that can come forth and sul)sist 
 upon dry land, is yet higher in the scule; but the alligator, the turtle 
 and unake, though all rold-blot)ded, are yet in advaiu'e nf the frog. 
 
 The walrus, the whale and other animals in that class, bring us up 
 to the warm-blooded.ordcrs and usher us in among the fowls of the 
 air, the unnumbered kinds of which are ever a curiosity and study to 
 the student of nature. In this range of physical development the 
 senses of feeling, hearing, seeing and tasting are very considerably 
 
 developed. 
 
 HIGHER ORDERS OF ANIMALS. 
 
 vith the Hippopotamus, a water 
 to Man. 
 
 Plate VII. ASCENDING SERIES, ararles of InteUigence. 
 
 Showing tin; varying deKreeo of devcloprin-nt and hraiii power, among different 
 kinds of animals. 
 
 While all the various kinds 
 of the feathered kingdom 
 have warm blood and brain 
 sufficient to enable them 
 to acquire considerable edu- 
 cation, there is nevertheless 
 much variety in the natural 
 brain development, and 
 many and various are their 
 characteristics, as shown in 
 the tenderness of the dove, 
 the talkativeness of the 
 parrot, the melodious notes 
 of the nightingale, the 
 cunning of the raven, the 
 dignity and the courage of 
 the eagle. 
 
 PL.4TE VII, 
 
 Grades of Animals. 
 Having come through the 
 grades of life that swim the 
 water, that divide their time 
 between the water and the 
 hmd, and that fly in the air 
 wc come to other classes of 
 animal life, the most of 
 which have four legs, with 
 which to walk the earth, and 
 have hair or fur to protect 
 them from the inclemency of 
 the weather, a few excep- 
 tions being in those animals 
 native to the warm climates, 
 whose thick skins are such 
 as to require no other 
 covering. 
 
 The grade of animal life 
 shown in plate VII. belongs 
 in that known as the mam- 
 rnalia, a characteristic of 
 which is tlnit the young are 
 born alive and are nourished 
 with their own milk. 
 
 This illustration shows the 
 gradually ascending grades. 
 The gross, huge water ani- 
 mal, the hippopotamus, is 
 surpassed in brain power by 
 the deer, which is in turn 
 excelled by the buffalo, the 
 goat, the squirrel, the cat 
 and the beaver. 
 
 The dog and the horse 
 evince a high degree of in- 
 telligence, and so the grade 
 progresses throut:h the orders of the orang-outang and the gorilla up 
 to num. whose degree of development varii's from the low savage to the 
 superior white Caucasian, who is master of all animal life below him.
 
 f. 
 
 A rOKTKAIT OF HENKY THOMAS liUCKLE. 
 
 Henry Thomas Buckle, Bismarck and M. F. Maury. 
 
 fcN KNGLISII writer of liberal 
 lirinciples w!is Henry Thomas 
 r>iickle, who was born in 
 I\L-nt, England, in 1821. He 
 ilevotcd himself to study, 
 acquiring, meanwhile, great 
 proficiency as a chess- 
 er. His fame rests upon iin 
 lished work, *' History of Civil- 
 on in England,'" two volumes of 
 published in 1857 and 18G1, but 
 I not live to finish. His theory, 
 wbiili caur-ed iiuich discussion, endeavored to show that the 
 character of a people was chiefly dependent on material circum- 
 stances, such as soil, climate, scenery and food, and that ideas on 
 morals or religion had very little 
 influence on civilization, u progress 
 in which, he maintained, depended 
 chiefly on the growth and accumulation 
 of scientific or positive knowledge. 
 In 18G1 he visited the continent of 
 Europe, remaining abroad until the 
 following March, when he died of a 
 fever, while traveling in the '* Holy 
 Land. " 
 
 conferred upon him by the diet. The annexation of several neigh- 
 boring principalities, the confederation of othern, and the establish- 
 ment of the North-German confederation, were considered chiefly 
 due to his diplomatic skill. In the French war of 1870 he e.xerted a 
 superior influence that aided materially in the subjection of France, 
 and resulted in the crowning of KingWilliam as Emperorof Germany, 
 at Versailles, France, in 1871, while Bismarck was rewarded by 
 promotion to the rank of Prince and Chancellor of the German 
 Empire. Since then his genius and brilliant executive ability have 
 been exercised in the reforms of internal policy. Among other 
 changes due to his influence is the dissolution of tbeorderof Jesuits, 
 the secularization of schools, and the establishment of state sover- 
 eignty over the church. Bismarck, however, Is claimed by the 
 liberals in religion as an atheist. The family of Bismarcks is an old 
 one, and has been known for more than Ave hundred vears. 
 
 W^ 
 
 COUNT BISMARCK. 
 
 /"HE statesman, prince, and prime 
 
 ] minister of Prussia, Otto Eduard 
 
 \ Leopold Bismarck-Schonhausen, 
 was born at Schonhausen, Prussia, 
 in 1815. He studied at Gottingen and 
 Berlin, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1835. He was referendary at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle and Potsdam in l836-'7; per- 
 formed military duty and studied the 
 science of husbandry at Potsdam and 
 Greifswald in 1837-8, attended the 
 united diet at Berlin as district dele- 
 gate, and opposed liberal reforms ably 
 and vehemently in 1847. In the second 
 chamber of the Prussian diet, in 
 1849-'50, he urged increased powers 
 for the monarchy. He was appointed 
 Prussian embassador to the German 
 
 diet at Frankfort, in 1851, and there changed his international views, 
 repelling the pretensions of Austria; was transferred to St. Peters- 
 burg in 1859, where he strengthened the friendly relations between 
 Prussia and Russia, remaining nntil 1862; was embassador to Paris 
 and succeeded Prince Hohenzollern as prime minister of Prussia in 
 1862, and became minister of foreign affairs. He advocated strength- 
 ening the army, and succeeded in procuring the co-operation of 
 Austria in the Schleswig-Holstein war of 1864; concluded a new 
 treaty with Austria, in 1865; was promoted to Count, and invested 
 with ministerial authority over newly-conquered countries in 1865: 
 formed an alliance with Italy, and declared war against Austria and 
 her allies in 1866. Military prowess having soon subdued the Austrian 
 alliance, the treaty of Prague, in 1866, extinguished Austria as a Ger- 
 man state, secured Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, and placecj the 
 latter at the head of the North-German confederation. He was now 
 idolized by the Prussian people, and a national endowment was 
 
 Henry Tho 
 Author of " History of 
 
 MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY. 
 
 \ VIIiGlXIA, Sp<,n>ylv;inia (<.uii- 
 ty, in 1806, was born Matthew F, 
 Maury, known by his valuable re- 
 searches into marine physical geog- 
 raphy and meteorology. He entered 
 the American navy as a midshipman in 
 1825, went to France in the ship that 
 conveyed Lafayette on his return home, 
 made a voyage to the Pacific in the 
 same vessel, and circumnavigated the 
 globe in the United States vessel Vin- 
 cennes. While yet young he published 
 his " Treatise on Navigation," which 
 passed through several editions; be- 
 came a lieutenant in 1836, and received 
 his appointment to the South Sea ex- 
 ploring expedition, but resigned it. 
 Owing to accidental lameness he with- 
 drew from sea service, and was placed 
 in charge of the department of sea- 
 charts and instruments at Washington, 
 and when it was combined with the 
 Washington observatory, he was made 
 superintendent of both. " The Physi- 
 cal Geography of the Sea," with 
 observations of ocean winds and cur- 
 rents, made up from actual reports of 
 vessels and special cruises, occupied 
 his attention. Tn 1844 he published his views of the Gulf stream, 
 ocean currents and " great circle-sailing," which have generally 
 proved to be well-grounded. By his suggestion a general maritime 
 conference was held at Berlin, Prussia, under government auspices, 
 in 1853, in which it was recommended that merchant and war vessels 
 should keep an abstract ''log," or record, in the Interest of marine 
 science. His principal researches are embodied in his '* Physical 
 Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology," which has been several 
 times revised and enlarged. In 1855 he was promoted to the rank 
 of commander in the navy, a post which he resigned on the breaking 
 out of the Southern rebellion in 1861. He then became a commodore 
 In the confederate navy, and afterwards professor of physics in the 
 Virginia military institute. He died at Lexington, Va. , in 1873. 
 He published a number of scientific works, received many valuable 
 testimonials from foreign governments, and was a member of many 
 of the principal scientific institutions of Europe and America. 
 
 mas Buckle, 
 
 Civilization in England." 
 
 71 
 
 .C5^~
 
 lU 
 
 POKTKAIT OF KALPH WALDO EMERSON. 
 
 Lyell, Emerson, Fahrenheit, Phillips, Glauber and Trail. 
 
 IR CHARLES LYELL, distinguished 
 as a geologist, was born at Kinnordy, 
 Scotland, in 1797. He graduated at 
 Exeter college, Oxford, in 1821, and 
 studied law, but abandoned it for 
 geological investigation. In 1832 he 
 was appointed professor of geology at 
 King's college, London, but this posi- 
 tion he soon resigned. In 1830 
 appeared the first volume of his im- 
 portant work, "Principles of Geology," 
 which was completed in 1834, and 
 was received with great favor. He 
 visited the United States in 1841, 
 lecturing on his favorite science in Boston. On his return to 
 England he published his travels and scientific observations in this 
 country, and wrote other treatises on 
 the geology of America. A second visit 
 to the United States, in 1845, resulted in 
 two additional volumes. He also trav- 
 eled extensively in Europe, gave the 
 world the benefit of this expedition and 
 its results, and received the honor of 
 knighthood, with other testimonials of 
 scientific appreciation. In 1863 he pub- 
 lished " The Geological Evidences of the 
 Antiquity of Man." He died in 1875. 
 
 and formed the scale for measuring heat and cold so commonly used 
 in thermometers of the present day. He wrote a "Dissertation on 
 Thermometers," and other scientific papers, and at the time of his 
 death, in 1736, was engaged in constructing a machine for draining 
 the Dutch marshes. 
 
 RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 
 
 '^'HE p(jet. e^?uyist and bi)ecu]ative 
 
 philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, 
 
 was born at Boston in 1803, edu- 
 cated at Harvard college from 1817-21, 
 and ordained a Unitarian minister in 
 1829. He resigned in 1832 and visited 
 Europe, returning in the autumn of 1833, 
 when he commenced his career as a 
 lecturer on a great variety of literary 
 and philosophical subjects. He pub- 
 lished a volume of essays in 1841, 
 and contributed to the Dial, the organ 
 of the Transcendentalists, in 1841, and 
 became its editor from 1842 to 1844. 
 
 He published a second series of essays in 1844, and in 1840 a collec- 
 tion of his poems, lie visited England and lectured there in 1847, and 
 in 1850 gave the world his volume on '* Representative Men." After 
 that he published several other works. Emerson's philosophy was 
 transcendental, " having reference to those beliefs or principles which 
 are not derived from experience, and yet are considered absolutely 
 necessary to make experience useful or possible. "( Webster. ) For ex- 
 ample, two of its cardinal articles of faith declare (1) "the eternal 
 and universal primacy of mind, and (2) the connection of the individ- 
 ual intellect with 1 he primal mind, and its ability to draw thence 
 wisdom, will, virtue, prudence, lieroism, and all active and passive 
 qualitieB. " (Bennett.) Died at Concord. Mass. , April 27, 1882. 
 
 WENDELL PHILLIPS. 
 
 N eminent American orator and philanthropist, Wendell Phillips, 
 was born at Boston, in 1811. He was educated at Harvard college, 
 graduating in 1831. He was admitted to the bar in 1834, but 
 abandoned his profession at the end of two years to unite himself with 
 the fortunes of the abolitionists, in opposition to slavery in America. 
 His first distinguished outburst of oratory was made at Faneuil 
 Hall, Boston, in 1837, at a meeting called to express the popular 
 indignation at the assassination of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, at Alton, 
 III. , by a mob in the interest of Southern 
 slave-holders. Phillips was then only 
 twenty-six years old, but his eloquence 
 and enthusiasm on that occasion laid 
 the foundation for his after-fame as a 
 finished orator. For years he combated 
 the evils of slavery with his voice and 
 money, until the emancipation procla- 
 mation crowned the struggles of the abo- 
 litionists and rendered them longer un- 
 necessary. After that Mr. Phillips 
 advocated the rights of workingmen and 
 women and of the Indians. His 
 humanitarian views command esteem, 
 and his eloquence was always opposed 
 to social oppression. Died Feb. 2, 1884. 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, 
 
 Poet. Essayist and Speculative Philosopher. 
 
 T 
 
 GABRIEL DANIEL FAHRENHEIT. 
 
 HE scientific; jiliilosoplur. I'';il.rciilHit. was born at Dant/.if , 
 PrusMia, in 1686. He improved the thermometer by adopting 
 mercury inntend of spirit? of wine for testing the tcnipcratnrr. 
 
 JOHANN RUDOLF GLAUBER. 
 
 PROMINENT chemist, of Ger- 
 many, Johann Rudolf Glauber, 
 was born in the sixteenth century 
 and settled at Amsterdam. He was a 
 large experimenter, and in his endeav- 
 ors to discover the fabulous " philos- 
 opher's stone," he invented several new 
 chemicals, one of which was the com- 
 mon alkali known as " Glauber's salts. " 
 He wrote thirty-two treatises, some of which possess a certain 
 value. The date of his death is uncertaiu, but is placed subsequent 
 to 1668. 
 
 DR. RUSSELL THACHER TRALL. 
 
 N American physiriau and ih-vi-loprr of IViessnitz's system of 
 water-cure for diseases, Russell T. Trail, was born at Vernon, 
 Ctmn. , in 1812, his parents subsequently removing to Western 
 New York. He adopted the medical profession, studied its standards 
 and practiced according to its teachings, until his removal to New York 
 city, in 1840. In 1843 he opened a water-cure hospital, and in 1853 a 
 medical school for pupils of both sexes, which was afterwards 
 removed to Florence, N. J. Dr. Trail wrote numerous books 
 relating to the hydropathic treatment of diseases, temperance, 
 medicine, regimen, bad habits and their cure, diseases, and physi- 
 oloiry. He died at Florence, N. J., in 1877. 
 
 .Q>. —
 
 OHAKLES FOUKIEK. 
 
 THK POLITICAL KCUNOMIST, J. STUAKT MILL. 
 
 
 Hugh Miller, Mesmer, J. Stuart Mill and Fourier. 
 
 till' British geologist, was* 
 born at Cromarty, Scotland, in lSi)2, and 
 principally received iiis earliest education 
 from lii^ mother's 
 
 brothers, Alexan- 
 der and James. 
 Later he attended 
 local irichools, read 
 classics by 
 stealth, and was 
 gifted with a re- 
 markable memory and a facnlty of telling 
 stories which be used to extemporize with 
 great success. At an early age he man- 
 ifested a fondness for geological re- 
 searches. Refusing to go to college and 
 prepare for the gospel ministry, he was 
 taught, instead, the trade of a stone- 
 mason, pursuing at his leisure the study 
 of books, reading the best literature of 
 the day in many departments, and writing 
 verses, rhapsodies and rellections. All 
 this time he was also continuing his 
 geological researches, and at this period 
 of his life he made histoid red sand- 
 stone" discoveries, which procured hint 
 considerable distinction among the scieii- 
 titic men of the day. His attainments 
 madf him a local celebrity at Cromarty, 
 councilor 
 
 &©^« 
 
 '>a*fe^^:,- 
 
 expressed his belief that the heavenly bodies diffuse through the 
 universe a subtile fluid, which acts on the nervous syntem of ani- 
 mated beings. Since his death, in 1815, the science of mesmerism 
 
 has been revived and developed with 
 
 wonderful restilts. 
 
 fr OOnfc 
 
 ^ OOO ^ 
 
 
 Charles Fourier, 
 
 Celebrated Advocate uf tlie Co-operative System 
 of Livintf. 
 
 and he was elected town 
 In 1829 he published a volume of poems, wrote a series 
 of papers on the herring fishery, made some important discoveries in 
 
 ti^h fossils, and became accountant in 
 the next two years he married 
 and published his ''Scenes and Legends 
 of the North of Scotland," and be- 
 came a frequent contributor to period- 
 icals. In 1840 he removed to Edinburgh, 
 and became the editor of The Wifness, the 
 organ of the Free church of Scotland. 
 He succeeded as a journalist, his articles 
 exerting a powerful inrtuence on public 
 opinion by their thoughtfulness and lit- 
 erary excellence. In the Witness he pub- 
 lished an account of his discovery of the 
 ''old red sandstone," and fossils, and by 
 this publication attained distinction from 
 The British association, and became the 
 admiration of scientists. Others of his 
 distinguished scientific and literary works 
 followed from time to time. In his lite- 
 rary and geological labors he labored so 
 incessantly as to destroy his health. The 
 strain upon his brain was too intense, and 
 in 1856 he committed suicide, while in a 
 paroxysm of insanity. 
 
 lociil bank. Within 
 
 John Stuart Mill. 
 
 .\uthor of Various Works on Political Economy, 
 
 FRIEDRICH ANTON MESMER. 
 /"HE founder of the science of animal magnetism, Friedrich A. 
 Mesmer, to which he gave his name — Mesmerism — was born at 
 Meersburg, in Swabia, Germany, 1734. In 1766 he announced 
 his theories in a paper on "Planetary Intiuence." in which he 
 
 JOHN STUART MILL. 
 
 y^OHN STUART MILL, the English j/iii- 
 losopher and political economist, son 
 Y of the eminent James Mill, the histo- 
 rian and essayist, was born in London in 
 1806. He was educated at home, and 
 became a clerk in the oftloc of the East 
 India company, 1823. He contributed, in 
 his youth, to the Edinburgk awii-M'est- 
 ininster lievieivs^ and published his "Sys- 
 tem of Logic," 1843; "Essays on Some 
 Unsettled Questions in Political Econ- 
 omy," 1844; "Principles of Political 
 Economy," 1848. During the American 
 rebellion, 1801-65, he espoused in his 
 writings the cause of the Unionists. 
 Other works from his pen include "An 
 Essay on Liberty," "Thoughts on Parlia- 
 mentary Reform," " Considerations on 
 Representative Government." and "The 
 Subjection of Woman," 18G9. Ilis writ- 
 ings evince originality of thought, and 
 when in jmrliament, in 1865-''67, he became an able debater in the 
 cause of reform, the extension of the elective franchise, and the claims 
 of women to representuti(m. In philosophy he inclined to positivism. 
 He died at Avignon, France, in 1873. 
 
 FRANCOIS MARIE CHARLES FOURIER. 
 
 Yy^ HE founder of a once popular, but 
 now nearly extinct, social system, 
 F. M. Charles Fourier, was born at 
 Besancon, France, in 1772. He was at 
 tirst a clerk, and then for two campaigns 
 an involuntary soldier in the French rev- 
 olution. Leaving the army, he engaged 
 in more peaceful pursuits, and passed 
 several years in traveling for commercial 
 houses of Lyons and Marseilles. Sub- 
 sequently, in 1803-'41, he published 
 several books of a socialistic character, 
 which were not acceptable to the general 
 public or the reviewers; but, after all, 
 left their impress on society. His theo- 
 ries tended to the formation of "pha- 
 lanxes," or gatherings of families (having 
 a common interest) into communities, so 
 that while the family relation should 
 be rigidly maintained in separate apart- 
 ments, the labor and expense for sup- 
 porting them should be united, and the 
 easy and economical production of the means of existence, with the 
 comfort and education of the individual, be secured. Between 1841 
 and IS.'iO this system became popular in America, and numerous 
 " phalanxes'" were formed in various sections, but they were short- 
 lived, and probably not one of them now survives 
 
 F .Qi, — 
 
 1(1 
 
 -^:
 
 T 
 
 146 
 
 THE EECOKD OF A LUNG LIFE DEVOTED TO PHILOSOPHICAL BESjEAKUH. 
 
 ? 
 
 Extensive Traveler in the Interest of Philosophy and Science 
 
 GERMAN naturalist, Humboldt, 
 was born at Berlin, Prussia, in 
 1769, and educated in tbe natural 
 sciences at homo. He studied, in 
 1787, at tbe university of Frank- 
 fort-on-tbe-Odcr, and on his re- 
 t irn applied himself to the 
 1 chnology of manufactures, the 
 ( rtek languages, and flowerless 
 1 ints and grasses. A year was 
 pent at the university of Gottin- 
 „Ln, in the study of philology 
 and natural history. He made a 
 journey, in 1790, through the low 
 countrifs, England and France, but 
 returned to Germany and studied 
 book-keeping and familiarized him- 
 self with commercial transactions. 
 In 1791 he studied the arts of min- 
 ing, and while engaged in mining 
 practice gathered information (which 
 he published) concerning subterra- 
 nean flowers and the effects upon 
 plants of darkness and unwholesome 
 gases. Obtaining a superior posi- 
 tion as a mining officer, he explored 
 several mining districts in Bavaria, 
 Prussia, etc. Subsequently ht- ex- 
 perimented on the nature of fire- 
 damp in mines, and made a scientific 
 journey through Tyrol, Lombardy, 
 and Switzerland; published a work 
 on galvanism, became familiar with 
 practical astronomy, and in 1797 
 began his great scientific expedi- 
 tion, and proceeded to Italy, where 
 he encountered hindrances to his 
 purpose of seeing the Italian volca- 
 noes. Hia subsequent journey to 
 Egypt was also frustrated, but while 
 in Paris he became familiar with 
 Bonpland, the botanist, the com- 
 panion of his subsequent travels. 
 Several other proposed journeys 
 were thwarted, but the winter of 
 1798 and 179!) was passed in making botanical, astronomical and 
 magnetic observations in Spain. At Madrid he obtained royal per- 
 mission to explore the Spanish possessions in Europe, America, and 
 the East Indies, with fn^edom to use any or all scientific instruments 
 necessary to aid him in his investigations. He left Spain with 
 Bonpland, after having made further ohservaiions in portions of that 
 
 Humboldt, 
 
 kingdom, in June, 1799, proceeding to Teneriffe, Venezuela, S. A., 
 thence southward to the Orinoco river, and to Havana, and then 
 returned to South America, up the Magdalena river, and for months 
 explored the Cordilleras, Quito, Chimborazo, the Andes, the Upper 
 Amazon, the Peruvian Andes, Lower Peru, and Mexico, returning 
 to France by way of the United States, after an absence of five years 
 of active exploration in America. The results of this expedition 
 were extremely gratifying and valuable. Some time was spent in 
 Paris in arranging his collections and manuscripts, and experiment- 
 ing on the chemistry of the atmosphere. He returned to Berlin 
 after an absence of nine years, but resorted again to Paris, where he 
 resided, with brief periods of absence, about nineteen years, super- 
 intending the publication of his writings. A second scientific 
 expedition was projected through Upper India, but was prevented by 
 war between Russia and France. 
 In 1814 he visited England, and 
 subsequently Rome and Naples. 
 Resuming his residence in Berlin, 
 he lectured in public on the cosmos 
 in the winter of 1827-'8, and in 
 1829 he began his great scientific 
 expedition to Northern Asia, the 
 Caspian sea, Russia, etc., under 
 the liberal patronage of Count 
 Cancrin. This journey of over 
 10,000 miles was made in nine 
 months, and was rich in its results, 
 one of which was the establish- 
 ment of a series of magnetic and 
 meteorological stations from St. 
 Petersburg, Russia, to Pekin, in 
 China, and subsequently the Eng- 
 lish followed this example in the 
 southern hemisphere. From that 
 time to his death, in 1859, enjoy- 
 ing the favor of his government 
 and occupying some political posi- 
 tions, he resided first in France 
 and finally in Prussia, pursuinu 
 hi-; scientific labors with una- 
 iKiied zeal in his old age. He 
 published many important scientifir 
 books, of whicti the "Cosmos," 
 written toward the close of his 
 life, is perhaps the most important 
 and enduring. It is ''a systematic view of the results of his inves- 
 tigaticm and thought in the whole domain of natural science." Hav- 
 ing the advantage of extensive travel, assisted by government aid, 
 Humboldt had the best of opportunities for the acquisition of scieii 
 tiflc information. Living a long life devoted to philosophical exposi- 
 tion the world was greatly benefited by jiis having lived in it.
 
 — C)- 
 
 HENRY ];lilii;il, WEI,L-KNi)\V.\ I'lIILANI IIHOI'IST. 
 
 147 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 The Horse Abused. 
 
 ', -.%/■ ". -;Vi'- T -;.* 
 
 
 «Ic 
 
 •^ 
 
 m^^L^ 
 
 The Horse Kindly Treated. 
 
 Pioneer in the Work of Preventing Cruelty to Animals. 
 
 NLY a few years ago it was that cruelty prac- 
 ticed upon the inferior animals was much more 
 common than now. As a consequence, their 
 lives 
 
 was much more 
 among them, and their use- 
 fulness to man was greatly 
 lessened. For the change of 
 sentiment existing, the pub- 
 lic is largely indebted to the 
 individual whose name heads 
 this chapter. Henry Bergh 
 was born In New York, in 
 1820. His father was a large 
 ship-builder in the early 
 days of this country's history, 
 and toward the close of his 
 career Mr. Bergh was asso- 
 ciated with him in business. 
 With ample means at com- 
 mand, with a cultured mind 
 and the leisure to gratify a 
 taste for travel and observa- 
 tion, Mr. Bergh for a quarter 
 of a century traveled exten- 
 sively in both hemispheres, 
 in a portion of which time 
 he rendered valuable assist- 
 ance to the general govern- 
 ment as secretary of legation 
 to Russia, appointed by Pres- 
 ident Lincoln in 1861 ; and he 
 afterwards served as consul 
 at St. Petersburg until 18C4, 
 when he resigned his posi- 
 tion in consequence of fail- 
 ing health. Soon after his 
 return to America, in 1865, 
 he instituted measures for 
 the establishment of a society 
 
 for the prevention of cruelty to animals, and the effort he put forth 
 then has been multiplied many-fold by the general dissemination of 
 humane literature, and the passage of laws in many of the States 
 calculated to protect the lower animals from abuse. In 1881 Mr. 
 
 HENRY BERCH, 
 
 Advocate of Measures Protecting the Rights of Lower Animals. 
 
 Bergh threw a fire-brand into a public meeting held at Cooper Insti- 
 tute, New York, which was called to consider the rights of criminals 
 in the State prisons of tin; country. Mr. Bergh being seen in the 
 
 audience, was called to the 
 platform. Being urged to 
 speak, he reluctantly con- 
 sented, remarking that he 
 was not fully in accord with 
 the object- of the meeting. 
 Inasmuch as he believed that 
 many brutal criminals did 
 "not get their deserts in 
 prison. In many cases he 
 would have the punishment 
 entirely different and more 
 effectual; particularly would 
 he have this the case with 
 those brutes of men who 
 maltreated children and beat 
 their wives. For these men 
 he suggested that the only 
 just punishment was the 
 public whipping-post, and 
 that the chastisement should 
 be administered by a machine 
 that knows no partiality. In 
 support of hia position he 
 argued that to fine and 
 imprison the wife-beater 
 was simply to take bread 
 from the wife and children of 
 the criminal, who were 
 already suffering from unkind 
 treatment. Justice, he said, 
 could only be done in such 
 cases by personal chastise- 
 ment of the offender, after 
 which he should be allowed 
 to work that his family 
 might have the means of 
 subsistence. This idea was 
 new and yet logical. It met 
 with public favor at once, 
 and did much toward edu- 
 cating public sentiment in regard to meting out punishment to 
 those who not only abuse the lower animals, but likewise ill-treat 
 those who may be in their power, as women and children. Various, 
 forms of abuse are shown on the following pages. 
 
 W- 
 
 ;^ 
 
 h.
 
 
 i 
 
 ■:(? — 
 
 148 
 
 ILL-TREATMENT OF LOWER AKIMALS. 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 FOUMS OF ABUSE, 
 
 S— Sl^±t=£-li 
 
 J5^-8 
 
 AS ILLUSTRATED IN EVERY-DAY LIFE 
 
 By the Disposition of the Superior and the Stronger to Tyrannize 
 Over the Weal(er. 
 
 m^^ 
 
 |NE of the first instincts of nature among all mankind 
 is to ornament. The savage will ignore all comfort — 
 will sleep on the cold, wet earth — will endure the pangs 
 of hunger — will undergo every privation, but in the 
 
 midst of it all he will indulge himself in 
 
 paints, beads, feathers and various modes 
 
 of ornamentation. 
 Years pass and opportunities come for 
 
 mure real comfort to be attained, but the 
 
 untutored man will be very slow to avail 
 
 himself of the mej'ns which bring physical 
 
 enjoyment. He will yet neglect to cook 
 
 his food, he will be unsheltered and un- 
 clad, but through it all the disposition to 
 
 ornament remains strong and conspicuous. 
 This love of display runs through all 
 
 grades of mind and all phases of civil- 
 ization, to the exclusion of comfort. In 
 
 fact, it is show first and comfort last. The 
 
 belle will compress her waist until ruin of 
 
 health and death result, for the sake of 
 
 winning admiration. She will endure 
 
 untold torture from tight shoes and un- 
 comfortable dress for the love of display, 
 
 and seek ease only at the end. 
 
 In all ages the fondness for show and 
 
 neglect of comfort has been a characteristic 
 
 of the human mind. The ancients were 
 
 noted for their works of art, their superior 
 
 frescoes, their grand architecture, but they 
 
 had few conveniences. Little attention 
 
 was given to wholesome cookery, little to 
 
 ventilation, little to comfortable dress — 
 
 all was for appearance. 
 
 Comfort is a modern institution. It has 
 
 come with a later civilization. All the multiplied inventions of 
 
 travel, correspondence, and methods of saving labor, are the result 
 
 of a later intellectual development which has discovered that life 
 
 is made happier by increase of comfort. 
 
 Man's Willing Servant. 
 
 ■vK^K'T^ SEE in this illustration a fair representation 
 ^^Jj^ of one of the various breeds of hoi-ses now in 
 use by civilized man. This picture is from real life, 
 being a truthful portraiture of an intelligent hoi-se— a 
 beautiful dapple — as he stands ready to do his master's 
 bidding. 
 
 It seems hai-dly possible that man should be so ignor- 
 ant as to attempt to improve this animal's appearance 
 by docking his tail, shearing away his hair, shutting 
 out his sight by a blinder, and taking the arch out of 
 his neck by a cheek-rein; but the folly of men is such 
 aa to cause them, because of fashion, to do all this. 
 
 To the lifsnguring of the horse is added also a will- 
 ingness to over-drive, under-feed, whip, over-load and 
 otherwise ill-treat the animal according as impulse or 
 passion may dictate, partly the result, often, of mali- 
 ciousness on the part of the owner, and largely owing 
 to man's carelessness and Ignorance. 
 
 As with man himself in the past, so has it been with him in the 
 treatment of the animals in his charge. His dog, if of a certain 
 breed, must have his tail cut off and his ears clipped for style. 
 And his horse, formerly dressed in elaborate trappings, with its tail 
 cut short and turned upward, must yet 
 3 '^•r^vffy S^ have its hair clipped and its head held in 
 a certain position, and all for show. 
 Whether this affords the horse comfort or 
 produces torture is a matter of no' conse- 
 quence to the owner. 
 
 A few humanitarians throughout the 
 world have been thinking upon the sub- 
 ject, and have arrived at the conclusion that 
 animals have some rights which should 
 be regarded by their superiors. That 
 among these is the right to all the enjoy- 
 ment which may reasonably be had. That 
 needless torture is a wrong which re- 
 acts upon the person who inflicts it. That 
 all animals have their use in the economy 
 of nature. That many of them have much 
 more intelligence than they have been 
 given credit for, and that all the domestic 
 animals are entitled to kind treatment. 
 
 Gradually this sentiment has been 
 spreading, until to-day, throughout the 
 world, there are hundreds of humane 
 societies whose expressed purpose is to 
 suppress the cruelty which heretofore has 
 been, and at present is, inflicted upon the 
 helpless. As an aid in the furthering of 
 that work the following original illustra- 
 tions have been prepared, with the view 
 of presenting the common cruelties prac- 
 ticed upon various animals, particularly 
 the horse, one of the most intelligent, beautiful, serviceable and 
 greatly abused of all. 
 
 The chapter closes with directions for the humane and efflcicnt 
 treatment of domestic animals.
 
 THE t:HECK-KEIN FROM AN ^STIIKTIC I'OINT OF VIEW. 
 
 HOW THE UNWISE USE OF THE CHECK-REIN DESTROYS THE BEAUTY OF THE HORSE. 
 
 Illustrations Showing- that Holding- the Horse's Head in Position by the Over-Check Does Not Improve Mxb Ap- 
 pearance; on the Contrary it Very Seriously Mars its Beauty Besides Inflicting: Torture. 
 
 tS WILL be seen below, the horse, which is one of the most 
 beiiutifiil animals in existence, is larj^ely so because- of his 
 tine proportions and gracefully curving outline. 
 ^>^^ In all her objects of beauty nature furnishee tbc curve. 
 She never allows a straight line. We see this in the outer form of the 
 bird, leaf, blossom, 
 tree, forest, moun- 
 tain and planet. 
 This is strikingly 
 shown in the human 
 countenance, which 
 when wasted by dis- 
 ease loses its beauty 
 through becoming 
 thin, angular and 
 full ,of straight 
 
 lines. With return- 
 
 L. 1*1. *. r The Horse in Natural Beauty, 
 
 ing health the face ■' 
 
 becomes more full, more curve and color come into its lines, and 
 
 beauty is restored. 
 
 Horsemen, in the dressing of the horse, should understand this 
 
 law. As a well-cared-for, well-groomed horse cannot be improved 
 
 in appearance by harness, there should be just as little of it used as 
 
 possible, and every strap should be made as small as safety will 
 
 allow. In short, the harness should be such as will allow the perfect 
 
 outline of the animal, in all its parts, to stand freely forth. 
 
 ^ITN THIS illustration we see the law of curved line violated. Not 
 |pj only is the strap running over the head made unduly conspicnuus, 
 ^Jj| but a straight line running thus over an arching neck is as 
 -^ much out of place as a straight pole would be by the side of a 
 bed of roses. Again, this straight strap is not only a disftgurement 
 
 of itself, but it ia 
 still further injuri- 
 ous to fine appear- 
 ance inconsequence 
 of taking the curve 
 from the horse's 
 neck and convert- 
 ingit into a straight 
 line, besides de- 
 ranging, tangling, 
 wearing oflE and 
 breaking to pieces 
 the mane, which 
 in many horses is a leading and prominent feature of beauty. 
 
 It will also be seen that the grandeur of the animal's bearing and 
 noble poise of head are all destroyed by this peculiar method of 
 checking, which turns the eyes upward, the nose outward, and makes 
 the neck appear considerably smaller than it really is. 
 
 It is impossible to resort to a device that will more eflfectually 
 destroy the handsome appearance of fine horses than does this foolish 
 appliance for raising the horse's head by means of the over-check. 
 
 The Horse with Over-check. 
 
 The Folly of the Over-Check as Shown on Man and Horse. 
 
 'HE over-check ruins the horse's appearance, and it does 
 (* more: it inflicts a most cruel torture, which drivers can 
 '"'^J rY best appreciate when fastened in this position themselves. 
 '"^^ Suppose we fasten their heads hack and give them a trial. 
 The first ten minutes these men will probably endure this 
 constraint without 
 much complaint ; 
 but as hours go by 
 and pain in the 
 neck becomes ex- 
 cruciating, and the 
 mouth bloody from 
 efforts to get the 
 liead down, they 
 will understand and 
 appreciate what 
 causes the continual 
 restless tossing of 
 the head which a 
 horse exhibits when 
 he is thus tortured 
 by the over-check. 
 
 Let the Drivers Try it Themselves. 
 
 To add to the pain arising from this terrible, 
 unnatural position, let these men, while the sun is blinding their eyes, 
 with their burdens to draw or carry, unable to see where they are to 
 step, be whipped into a run over the rough roads of the town, and 
 we have the brutality of the exhibition complete. 
 
 \'^m^ SEE here the contrast between the horse that is allowed 
 
 ■ \ / \ 7& to hold its head in natural position and that disfigured 
 
 ■-. / -^ Li ^itl tortured by a strap extending over the head. 
 
 ["cjti:^] This over-check contrivance was originated a few 3-ears 
 
 ago by a noted horse-jockey, whoso horse, when rapidly driven, 
 
 with the driver 
 pulling upon the 
 rein, made a whist- 
 ling noise. To 
 obviate this annoy- 
 ance, he devised an 
 iron martingale 
 which held the nose 
 upward. To avoid 
 being laughed at 
 while his horse 
 wore this ridicu- 
 lous arrangement, 
 he advocated the 
 
 idea that a rapidlv 
 The Two Methods of Checking. , . . , ", 
 
 " driven horse could 
 
 breathe more freely with its head held up. He made a good many 
 
 horsemen believe this nonsense, and actually created a demand for 
 
 something that would fasten the bead into this unnatural position. 
 
 The demand thus made was finally supplied by one Kimball Jackson, 
 
 who introduced the silly contrivance known as the over-check. 
 
 '^'.(y — ~ 
 
 for
 
 ><|'c>- 
 
 ,c 
 
 150 
 
 METHODS BY WHICH HOKSES AKE ILL-TREATED. 
 
 Illustration of Check-Rein Cruelty, 
 
 *0 FrLLT realize the barbarities practiced upon some of our 
 tn-st horses, watch that beautiful team which stauds at the 
 rluirch door, or in front of some store while the occupants 
 of the carriage are engaged elsewhere. 
 Possibly the heads of the horses are held in torturing position 
 by the side- check, which oftentimes holds the head painfully high, 
 but quite likely 
 it is the over- 
 check. See the 
 vigorous pawing 
 of the earth, the 
 champing of the 
 bit, the throwing 
 of the head, .and 
 restless turning 
 of the neck from 
 side to side in 
 their endeavor to 
 loosen the check, 
 and get relief. 
 
 See the ignor- 
 ant driver 
 
 , , Cruelly Tortured by High-Checking. 
 
 seat, all oblivious to the restlessness and frantic efforts of his horses 
 to free themselves from their terrible pain. He supposes spectators 
 will think that all their uneasiness and foaming at the mouth is an 
 indication that they have high mettle. 
 
 ^ rWHE team shown below represents the nervous, restless horses 
 
 i(^j^ seen in the opposite picture. Before, they were unable 
 
 to keep themselves quiet from the torture they were under- 
 
 ^^•J going. At the present, their checks are so easy as to give 
 
 them no discomfort, and they restfully stand with arching neck, in 
 
 their proud beauty, re;il objects of worthy admiration. 
 
 Reader, we ask 
 you to be a commit- 
 tee of one to inter- 
 est everybody you 
 meet in the subject 
 of loosening the 
 check-rein. Par- 
 licularly do we ask 
 yon to kindly whis- 
 per in the ear of the 
 fair occupant of the 
 carriage who rides 
 behind these 
 horses, that it be- 
 comes her, while 
 she enjoys the 
 shopping, or en- 
 gages in her devotions at church, to know that the animals which 
 are patiently waiting her coming are not being tortured while in 
 her service. Surely the natural sympathy of women would rectify 
 these abuses if their attention could be drawn to the subject. 
 
 In Easy, Graoefol Position. 
 
 Sight Obscured by the Blinder and Strength Destroyed by the Check-Rein. 
 
 T IS NOT alone the fine horse that has to suffer from the high 
 check-rein. Too frequently the work-horse is compelled to 
 draw the heavy load up the hill and out from the excavation 
 ^ with head fastened in such position as to make the effort to 
 draw doubly laborious. This illustration represents the struggle 
 of the team to pull the over-loaded wagon up the hill, their heads 
 fastened by the 
 check-rein. In 
 the frantic en- 
 deavor to accom- 
 plish this work, 
 one of the horses 
 has broken its 
 check and 
 brought its head 
 into natural posi- 
 tion for draw- 
 ing, while the 
 other suffers both 
 from the driver's 
 la^h and the in- 
 ability to draw. 
 The kind mas- 
 ter will always loosen the check when his horse has along hill to 
 climb or heavy load to draw, and sensible horsemen dispense alto- 
 gether with blinders and check-reins on their work-horses. It 
 Is beginning to be understood that all horses do better when 
 blinders are not used. 
 
 The Check-Reio on Work-Horses. 
 
 ELOW is represented a common scene in front of the village 
 groggery or the country store. The countryman came with 
 his horse to town in the early morning, and has found refuge, 
 drink and amusement in the saloon. The horse, fastened 
 rorxl-^i-Ie. h-i-^ -tnnrl thr'tiiL'h |n-!Ting storms of sleet and 
 
 Lf till night; and possibly, 
 
 ? while its owner 
 ^J has been slceinng 
 ^ off a drunken de- 
 ^ bauch, has re- 
 mained there nil 
 ht and into the 
 I ' I (lay, and per- 
 haps longer. The 
 course for the 
 humanely dis- 
 posed to pursue 
 with the horse 
 found thus left by 
 Its master, ex- 
 posed to inclement 
 weather, is to 
 make complaint to 
 the llrst jjolice ofllcer found, or to some one in authority, who 
 should place the animal In a near, warm stable, to be cared for until 
 the owner calls for his animal and pays for its keeping. If the 
 authorities decline to act, the humanitarian should take the respon- 
 sibility himself. 
 
 All Day Suffering In the Storm.
 
 ><1 
 
 f 
 
 Some of the Aia'sKs winrii tjik horsk ijas to rxnKiiou. 
 
 Though lll-Treated all its Life, Struggling Faithfully to the Last. 
 
 A^T'vS IT IS uhvays imfortiiuatf for the lu:liiU!t*s to be at tbe mercy 
 / \ of tbe cruel, no it is a Bad misfortune to the horse to fa]] 
 / /,\ into tlie bunds of an ill-tempered master. 
 "^;j^ The animal can never tell us what sufferings it endures 
 from poundiugs in the stal)le, from tbe lash as it is being driven, 
 and from beatings it is liable to receive upon any occasion. Tlie 
 picture here 
 
 shown is a com- 
 mon one. The 
 horse has in some 
 manner given of- 
 fense, and with a 
 piece of board the 
 master is pounding 
 it over the head. 
 Of course this 
 brute in human 
 form should have 
 immediate arrest, 
 as should any man 
 who allows him- 
 self to inflict tor- 
 ture upon bis ^«***^ ^y * ^'"^l "*^*"- 
 horses, or give vent to his passions by whipping the dumb and helpless 
 animals in his charge when he is himself under the influence of 
 anger. 
 
 It is unnecessary to add that however kind the disposition of this 
 horse may have been in the beginning, it is soon spoiled by this cruel 
 treatment. 
 
 ^■gljOSSIBLY the horse that so faitlifuUy serves the family for long 
 if IW^ yearsi as ins vigor and sprightlineBs depart, is sold Uj a tcam- 
 gl|m stcr, who often compels it to draw such heavy loads as to 
 ~^ cause lameness and general worthlessuess. Having become 
 feeble with age and hard labor, the horse, by a kindly disposed 
 master, should then be shot and its trials ended. But this is not 
 
 usually done. In- 
 stead, the animal 
 is again sold to the 
 junk or fruit ped- 
 dler, who, in many 
 of the cities 
 tbroughont the 
 country, may be 
 seen with his 
 blind, old horse in 
 sucb lame and de- 
 crepit condition as 
 to be barely able, 
 under the influ- 
 ence of vigorous 
 whipping, to draw- 
 its load about tbe 
 town. In many cases the old horse owes its extreme feebleness 
 to lack of necessary food as well as general abuse. If, upon 
 complaint, the owner refuses to take the creature from service, the 
 officers of the law should immediately terminate the life of the 
 animal, and arrest its owner for compelling it thus to continue such 
 a miserable existence. 
 
 The Last Days of the Old Family Horse. 
 
 The Willing Horse Driven to Its Ruin by the Reckless Driver. 
 
 f'E HAVE here a scene by far too common. It tells its own 
 story. The liveryman has horses to let. Two roughs 
 appear at the stable, apply for a horse, and get it. The 
 ^t/a-^ owner should have known from their appearance that 
 they would ruin his horse, if allowed to drive it; but his desire for 
 money causes bim to yield the animal into their hands. 
 
 We see tbe 
 bright, high-lifed 
 animal as it starts 
 from the bain 
 from the very first 
 cruelly over 
 checked by itb ig 
 norant owner 
 This fine horse 
 with no loosening 
 of the check, is 
 driven up the bill 
 and down the hill 
 is over-heated, bis 
 no water to drink, 
 or too much, as 
 the case may be, is 
 compelled to stand, with foaming perspiration, in tbe wind, while 
 the drivers carouse in some drinking place, and thus with tbe 
 general ill treatment it has to endure throughout the day, the animal 
 more intelligent in many respects than those who abuse it, has its 
 strength and health forever destroyed. 
 
 In the Hands of Fast Young Men 
 
 .f^^.() ONE will require to have this picture described. The 
 . / drunken men who have driven this faithful beast so nearly 
 '' (\lL ^^ death that it can scarcely stand, deserve severe punish- 
 ^^% ment; and as the owner in his anger shakes his fist at tbe 
 rowdies when giving his horse the first comfort of the day, as he lets 
 its ht id down wt iil inclined to think h\ his high checking and 
 
 •T — 1 (i jjiidi* " :v '''"°g °"' ">« 
 ^^ — =— ^ horse to these irre- 
 \ '^ 11 sponsible fellows, 
 
 A„^ > — •« blame to bear as 
 
 well as the drivers 
 who have ruined 
 bis horse. In 
 either case, the 
 li\'ery-horse, 
 through the mis- 
 takes of its owner 
 and the ill-usage of 
 all kinds of drivers, 
 is liable to be very 
 greatly abused. 
 Many people 
 
 think, when a horse is being over-driven by strangers, that it is alone 
 the business of the owner to care for bis property; but public good 
 requires that any one seeing a horse ill-treated should admonish 
 tbe driver, and if be persists in this misconduct he sbould be turned 
 over to the ofHcers of the law. 
 
 Ruined by Fast Driving. 
 
 — ^-^,.0.
 
 '0t: 
 
 T 
 
 Vr2 
 
 TOKTUKES TO AVHIOH CATTLE ARE SUBJECTED. 
 
 Cruelties Inflicted While Conveying Calves and Cattle to Market. 
 
 %EXT to horses and older cattle, calves are subjected to the 
 greatest amount of abuse at the hands of cruel men, the 
 (ft trials of these creatures often beginning when they are but 
 a few weeks old, as shown in this illustration representing 
 the butcher, who has been a dozen miles into the country to find his 
 load of these young animals with which to supply veal for his 
 market. 
 
 The scene in 
 this picture is a 
 true one. With 
 feet closely tied, 
 the poor beasts 
 are packed pro- 
 miscuously to- 
 gether, their 
 heads dangling 
 over the sides of 
 the wagon, often 
 torn and bloody 
 by the wheels 
 wearing into 
 their flesh, and 
 with eyes looking 
 pleadingly upon the passer-by, they are carried to the slaughter. 
 Like all brutal customs, the sight of this begets a hardened feeling 
 upon the mind of the spectator. Humanity, as well as regard for 
 health, requires that all animals designed for food be kept in com- 
 fortable condition while being taken to market. 
 
 Tortured While Being Transported. 
 
 ^'^ THE horned animal is allowed to grow to maturity, its suflfer- 
 |ffl ings will very likely commence when transported to market. 
 1| The following is a common sight. Too many cattle are placed 
 ^ in the car. The weaker, when conveyed long distances, fall, 
 and are trampled by the stronger. To avoid this the drivers, armed 
 with sharp iron-spikes, prod the animal when likely to fall, until 
 
 oftentimes the 
 
 blood flows in 
 streams. Cattle 
 frequently arrive 
 at their journey's 
 end terribly muti- 
 Ued from this 
 horrible cruelty. 
 
 Another barbar- 
 ity practiced is 
 that of salting the 
 animals before the 
 journey is com- 
 menced, and giv- 
 ing them little to 
 eat and no water, 
 though they may 
 be insane from thirst, until arrived at the market, possibly two or 
 three days after starting. The journey completed, the animals are 
 allowed to gorge themselves with food and quench their thirst ; their 
 weight is greatly increased, and the driver realizes large profit on 
 the sale of the hay and the water they contain. 
 
 Prodding Cattle with Sharp Irons. 
 
 Scenes that are Common in the Village and the Great City. 
 
 ^ 
 
 |1| T HAS fallen to the lot of this cow to be in the hands of an 
 economical owner, who determines that she shall obtain her 
 food in- the streets. The cow that is consigned to the street 
 ^^ has a terrible ordeal to pass. There will come the hot, 
 dry, dusty days, when vegetation will cease to grow, and, enfeebled 
 by hunger, she must starve or save herself by breaking into the 
 yards where she 
 sees green grass 
 growing. Then 
 
 come the hoots and 
 yells of men and 
 boys Willi stones 
 and clubs, accom- 
 panied by the bit- 
 ing and tearing of 
 her flesh by dogs. 
 The accompany 
 ing illustration, 
 which Is absoluttdy 
 true to life, is the 
 well-known village 
 cow, with tail bit- 
 ten off, and horn 
 torn away through the cruelties she has had to undergo. This 
 animal, emaciated by starvation, that quenches her thirst at the 
 I)utrid mud-puddle — Ihat fs chased, stoned and clubbed a dozen 
 times n day, furninhej* the milk Ihat is expected to nourish, iit the 
 close of the day, a family of little children. 
 
 Stooed by Boys and Bitten by Dogs. 
 
 7.^riHILDnOOD has an unwritten history of suffering that will 
 ifllfe never be told. We see faint glimpses of some of these in 
 ■VS^' this picture. 
 
 ^^^ '■ There is the little waif in charge of the organ grinder, who 
 must tramp her dreary way, early and late, with her master and his 
 monkey, the joy of sunny childhood unknown to her. There is the 
 
 little bent form of 
 a girl compelled to 
 grow under loads 
 of wood, which she 
 constantly gathers 
 for the family use; 
 and there is also 
 ihe frail beggar- 
 L'irl, in her rags, 
 trained by her 
 master to assume 
 1 look of distress, 
 who will know 
 very little of happy 
 girlhood. 
 
 Even the chil- 
 dren of the rich, 
 through ignorance of parents, musl often endure their trials, as 
 shown in the warmly wrapped and hooded girl in the foreground, 
 whose lower Huibs are constantly allowed to be so exposed to even 
 the most freezing weather as to subject her to sickness, suffering 
 and an early death. 
 
 Methods of Cruelty to Children.
 
 CKIIKLTTES INFLICTED ON WIVES AND CHILDREN. 
 
 153 
 
 Trials Endured at the Hands of the Hard Master and the Brutal Husband. 
 
 "T^.^l^niLE dcpnivity tif tho hnmaii mind it* shown in the 
 1 l\i\- wiinton cruelty which men will often needlessly inflict 
 / / ' upon inferior animals, so the lower nature of human 
 I r-j beings reveals itself in the disposition of the stronger 
 
 iiMii 1" gratify passion by bullying, browbeatinj; and inflicting pain 
 ui>on the weaker. As we look through the window on the picture we 
 see this demou- 
 sl rated in the 
 larger boy, who is 
 a rowdy and a 
 rough. And in 
 tlie foreground we 
 have itvery clearly 
 shown in the beat- 
 ing which the 
 muster inflicts up- 
 on the boy in his 
 charge, evidently 
 in anger, and pos- 
 sibly for som. 
 trilling offense. 
 
 In a majority 
 of ciises, pain in- 
 flicted thus in 
 
 anger debases the master and brutalizes the nature of the child. 
 The boy who is much whipped and ill-treated is liable to lose self- 
 respect, and to become coarse, vindictive, ill-tempered and cruel. 
 
 Our prisons contain many criminals who entered upon careers of 
 vice because of the brntalities they had to endure in childhood 
 
 Under Control of a Hard Master. 
 
 , ■ ^\ I'OiiAHLY no greater misfortune ever hai)pen8 to woman than 
 
 j~^ that which comes from Unking her destiny with a husband 
 
 wlio turns out to be a drunkard with a vicious temper. To 
 
 ~^C continually tremble lest the husband shall return in maudlin 
 
 .condition to embarrass the family, is suffering enough; but to wait 
 
 and listen into tlic late hours of the night, dreading, fearing the 
 
 uncertain ap- 
 ])n)aching steps 
 of that creature 
 who asserts the 
 right to enter, but 
 who may be so 
 irazcd with drink 
 as to take the life 
 •}{ all his family 
 before the morn- 
 ing, is agony be- 
 fore which all 
 other sorrows are 
 l)ut trifles in com- 
 parison. 
 
 Header, we can 
 j)resent you a 
 picture no more 
 horrible tlian this. What a world of suffering, of heartache, of 
 deprivation and cruelty it reveals, and that, too, while it is absolute- 
 ly true. That poorly furnished room, the frightened, hungry, 
 trembling little girl, the anxious, suffering mother — all tell their 
 tales of sorrow. 
 
 -^^r 
 
 The Sufferings of Mother and Child. 
 
 Needless Torture of Birds, by Men and Boys, for Pleasure. 
 
 1 
 
 =^-\AN IS said to be superior to the lower animals because of 
 
 moral nature. This claim of human superiority, how- 
 --,i/( I li\Y ever, is denied by those who have given the subject 
 ''^^:0f^^ thought, the argument being that while the lower animal 
 will take life for food it is never known to wantonly torture for 
 pleasure or to take the life of other animals as an amusement. 
 
 The innate 
 enjoyment which 
 men experience 
 in witnessing Ibc 
 throes of death is 
 strikingly shown 
 in those countries 
 where tribe wars 
 with tribe — where 
 the criminal is de- 
 voured by the wild 
 beast, and where 
 encouragement is 
 given to buU-fight- 
 ing and the con- 
 test between wild 
 animals. This in- 
 born cruelty in the 
 
 human soul is still further shown in men, laying claim to superior 
 intellectual capacity, moral endowment and a Christian education, 
 who will assemble at stated times and places, and there waste time 
 and money in the singular enjoyment and curious pleasure of shoot- 
 ing pigeons. 
 
 Killing Birds for Amusement. 
 
 tVNTIXG for inoffensive and innocent animals for the purpose 
 of taking their lives, as a sport, is a pastime in which many 
 people delight to engage. Why men enjoy this taking of 
 life as a pleasure, and without necessity, can only be 
 accounted for on the ground that the barbarous in their nature 
 still lingers as a relic of a past age, in which constant hunting 
 
 and killing was 
 necessary in order 
 to sustain life. 
 
 While the man, 
 as shown in this 
 illustration, is free 
 to shoot the bird, 
 it is very reason- 
 able to suppose 
 that boys, who 
 imitate the exam- 
 ple of their elders, 
 will feel them- 
 • Ives free to in- 
 dulge the cruelty 
 of destroying 
 birds' nests and of 
 killing any of the 
 little songsters that may be found or that come in their way. 
 
 This wholesale slaughter of birds is sometimes fraught with 
 serious results, as was shown a few years since, when the grass- 
 hopper devastated the land in consequence of the general killing, 
 by hunters, of the prairie-chicken. 
 
 Cruel Acts by Man and Boys. 
 
 =<5:
 
 15J: 
 
 HUNTINt> A^D KILLING AS AN AMUSEilKNT. 
 
 The Savage Instincts of Men and Boys Illustrated. 
 
 N CERTAIN parts of Europe there are men who support large 
 uumbers of servants, horses and dogs for the simple purpose of 
 getting pleasure from chasing rabbits. The picture here 
 ^ shown is a common one in England and Ireland. 
 
 The grandee is out in full force — men, horses and dogs. The 
 little animal fleeing for its life, and entirely innocent of doing 
 the least wrong, 
 will be captured 
 ere long and torn 
 by the dogs limb 
 from limb. This 
 will be occasion 
 for great congrat- 
 ulation by thr 
 lords of the chasi_-, 
 and will end in :i 
 banquet and cham- 
 pagne supper. In 
 the meantime the 
 poor peasants, 
 whose crops are 
 destroyed by this 
 troop of hunters 
 across their little 
 fields, bemoan their fate; but they have no redress. 
 
 It is an honor to England that she was the first to inaugurate 
 humane societies, whereby ultimately, the cruelties of the chase 
 will be all banished from her soil. 
 
 Hunted and Mutilated for Sport. 
 
 iW-i^ RUELTY and tendency to destroy are common with boys of a 
 
 ^fl'ife certain class; a fact to be deplored, as the youth who 
 
 jv'^ll ^^^^^ deliberately pick a fly to pieces, step on a worm, or 
 
 ^P^^L torture any helpless animal, will very likely develop into the 
 
 seltish, base -hearted, cruel man. 
 
 The boys here shown are types of the rougher element in society, 
 
 who delight in 
 tyrannizing over 
 and frightening 
 the weaker; their 
 chief pleasure is 
 in hurling some 
 missile at the un- 
 offending dog, the 
 stray cat, or any 
 animal that crosses 
 their pathway. 
 From this class 
 come the disso- 
 lute, the reckless, 
 the depraved and 
 the criminal 
 classes. 
 Even among the 
 professedly refined people the spirit of mischief among boys, if not 
 checked by wholesome instruction, is liable to develop into rude- 
 ness and cruelty. With some boys the simple fact that any small 
 animal is unprotected is a signal for abuse. 
 
 Gratification of Savage Instinct. 
 
 The Street Fountain an Ever-Living, Public Blessing. 
 
 T^\0 DETAILED description is necessary for this illustration. 
 J It speaks for itself. The boy has fallen from the pier, and 
 / the faithful, sagacious dog has rushed to the rescue. Well 
 T* [^ may we understand how the anxious parents grasp their 
 diuwiiing child when he comes within their reach, while they 
 bestow every kindness thenceforth upon the faithful animal that 
 saved him. 
 
 -^y 
 
 This is but 
 one of thousands 
 of instances of 
 a similar kind. 
 The calendar is 
 full of accounts 
 of great service 
 rendered through 
 the sagacity of 
 the horse, and of 
 property saved 
 and human lives 
 ref<cued through 
 the affection and 
 intelligence of 
 dogs. Even 
 down in the lower 
 
 grades of animals the affection and fidelity they cherif*h for those 
 who care for Ihem make a strong claim upon our kindness and sym- 
 pathy, and should impress the law of kindness so emphatically on 
 our natures as to make it impossible to torlure or to cruelly treat 
 them. 
 
 The Fidelity of the Dog. 
 
 HAT a grand benevolence is steadily pouring forth in 
 
 tliis public fountain I How the tired, hot, tliirsty animal, 
 
 that cannot tell us of its trials, drinks of the water and 
 
 [— djLPT^J turns its face towards us in thankfulness! Here the 
 
 dog is saved from madness, the bird dresses its plumage and the 
 
 horse is strengthened for its labor. Even the wayfaring man, who 
 
 otherwise might 
 
 ^^^t^jTif , f^ V,^^ have sought drink 
 
 Qt in the saloon just 
 
 across the way, 
 
 ''*l''^'5^ slakes his thirst, is 
 
 ' refreshed, and has 
 
 saved his money 
 
 and his mind. 
 
 For a people in 
 any community, 
 what a grand boon 
 is (tinferrcd by the 
 presentation of 
 such a fountain! 
 How much real 
 comfort it affords! 
 What an ever-flow- 
 ing blessing to the 
 Ihirsty wayfarers in the dusty city, whose ]ii-iviU'ges are few at best. 
 IJke the donor of this fountain, who took delight in doing 
 kindness, may it ever be our jjleasurc to make the pathway of the 
 unfortunate easier, to alleviate suffering, aiul to '* speak for Ihosi- 
 who cannot spi-ak for themselves." 
 
 ii'.i'niilliPMiiiiii'unmiiiiMi 
 i'!;iiiii:iiiliir'!iiiiiiii:iii)ti'»]';!iiiiniii''"' 
 
 A Qreat and Constant Blessing
 
 i. 
 
 HOW TO SECUEE THE BEST SEEVICE FEOM THE HUKSE. 
 
 155 
 
 
 CABEOF 
 
 TIIK 
 
 HORSE IN aiDINQ 
 
 m 
 
 
 GROOMTNO. 
 
 J 
 
 Treatment, i^M 
 
 CAKE OP 
 
 THE 
 
 EOBSE m HABKESSnrS 
 
 AN" It 
 
 ■WORKXNO. 
 
 M 
 
 Ways by Which the Horse May be Made Gentle and Kind. 
 
 History of the Horse. 
 
 'T is probable that the horse, at- a distinct auiinal, is as 
 old as the creation of all animate nature. The relics 
 of antiquity perpetuate for thousands of years its form 
 and characteristics, and art, copying nature, has pre- 
 served the figure, the trappings and the uses of this 
 favorite animal in all generations. In all ages the 
 horse has been the companion of man, the sharer of his 
 vicissitudes, in peace and in war, in the labor of the humble and the 
 sports of the noble and wealthy. Poets, as well as painters, have 
 honored it in their works; political economists have found in it a 
 potent instrument in the settlement of questions of public policy; 
 agriculturalists have gained in it the solution of subduing and culti- 
 vating the soil, and all classes of society have availed themselves of 
 its docility and usefulness. 
 
 Where the horse was first trained as the assistant of man is uncer- 
 tain, but circumstances point to Egypt as the place, and that not 
 until about sixteen hundred years before Christ. Even in Arabia, 
 the land of noble horses, it was not known until a comparatively 
 recent date, and its presence in Greece and other countries of Europe 
 and Asia is traced to an Egyptian source. The army of Pharaoh 
 which pursued the fleeing Israelites out of Egypt, in the time of Moses, 
 used horses in conveying the soldiery and munitions of war to the 
 Red sea. The place from whence the horse was imported into Egypt, 
 it is supposed, was Central Africa, where wild horses are still found. 
 That the horse was first used for carrying and drawing burdens be- 
 fore being ridden by man is distinctly shown in the most ancient 
 writings and sculptures of the east. 
 
 At the first Roman invasion of England, the horse was taken into 
 that country in large numbers, and domesticated. Horses were first 
 brought to America by Columbus, on his second voyage hither, in 
 1493. In 1527 forty-two were brought to Florida — the first imported 
 into the United States. Others were brought by De Soto, and from 
 these, it is supposed, came the wild horses of Texas and the prairies. 
 The French imported horses into Canada in 1604-8; in ItiOO the 
 English brought horses to Virginia: in 1629 they transported some 
 from England into Massachusetts; Xew York received an importa- 
 tion from Holland in 1625, and in 1750 the French settlers in Illinois 
 procured a considerable number of French horses. These instances 
 will show the origin of the native horses of America, which more 
 recent importations and inter-breeding have greatly improved. 
 
 Different Breeds of Horses. 
 
 tT IS in England that tht- hn.-f(is of liorBes have been greatly 
 improved by the introduction of French and other European 
 species, by the selection of the fittest for breeding purposes, and 
 .^ by systematic intermingling of native and imported blood- 
 horses. The result is that the English blood-horse now stands first 
 in the rank of perfection for speed and endurance, and the American 
 blood-horse, which is the descendant of the English , is scarcely in- 
 ferior, as to these qualities, in the scale of excellence. 
 
 The Flemish and Norman horses rank high as beasts of burden and 
 draught, and for agriculture are unsurpassed. They are deservedly 
 sought for, and highly valued for their large frames, well-developed 
 muscles, docility and great strength. 
 
 The Arabian horse is light, well made, wide between the nostrils, 
 with broad forehead, having a fine muzzle, prominent and sparkling 
 eyes, small ears, rather a short neck, and fine, small-boned legs. The 
 Persian horse is taller, bony, and rapid in its gait. The Tartarian 
 horse is heavy-headed, low in the shoulder, with an awkward-looking 
 frame, but fast in traveling. The Turkish horse is of slender build, 
 carrying his head high, is lively and impetuous, but gentle and 
 afEectionate. The African "barb" horse is taller than the Arabian, 
 and is noted for its high and full shoulders, drooping haunches and 
 roundness of body. 
 
 The ordinary native horse of this country seems to possess the 
 qualities of the various foreign breeds above referred to, but in some 
 of the older States the original Flemish, English and one or two 
 other national qualities distinguish the common horse. The best 
 draught-horse, the Conesttiga, is found in Pennsylvania, and the best 
 road horses are those tinged with the blood of the Narragansett, 
 Morgan, Black-Hawk and Canadian breeds. The American horse, 
 therefore, under the improvement of its breed during the past thirty 
 years, has achieved a distinct personality, and is esteemed for those 
 especial peculiarities which fit it for all ordinary forms of labor and 
 diversion. 
 
 Blood-horses, or those of intimate relationship to celebrated 
 racers, trotters, pacers, etc. , whose time- record shows their passage 
 of a mile in two or three minutes, are valued at enormous prices, 
 and, when not trained for the race-course, become the favorite driv- 
 ing teams of wealthy and fashionable owners. The more " thorough- 
 bred " a horse is — the nearer its relationship to a turf-hero — the more 
 it is esteemed. , 
 
 |:(> —
 
 t>: 
 
 T 
 
 156 
 
 TEACHING HOESES TO BECOME USEFUL TO MAN. 
 
 fe 
 
 The Vermont draught-horse is noted for comhinina; great strength, 
 quickness of movement, fair rate of speed and agreeable appearance. 
 The Conestoga is another distinguished draught -horse, closely 
 resembling the famous dray-horses of London, England, being 
 seventeen or more hands high, having long bodies, lofty crests, 
 shaggy manes and tails, round hips and great, round hoofs, and are 
 active, enduring animals. The Canadian horse is seldom more than 
 fifteen hands high, with a broad, open forehead, a tall crest, a wide 
 and full breast, strong shoulders, a broad back, fleshy hips, flowing 
 mane, and great power of endurance, without being a fast traveler. 
 Closely resembling the Canadian horse ie the Indian pony, seldom 
 more than thirteen hands high, and possessing much of the appear- 
 ance and many of the good qualities of the Canadian. It is 
 probably of Spanish-French origin. The iForgan horse, so called, it 
 is said, from a horse owned by Justin Morgan, of Randolph, Vt. , 
 in the early part of the present century, and which animal 
 was the ancestor of the breed bearing his name, is a road or 
 trotting animal, greatly prized for speed. It is of medium size, 
 compactly built, active in movement, indicates the possession of 
 superior "blood," a neat gait, honesty and endurance. As a stock 
 horse it is much sought for crossing with other breeds. 
 
 How to Break the Colt. 
 
 None but a trustworthy pt-Tt^on i^bould h:ive the care of the colt 
 from its birth, and its education should begin before it is weaned. 
 The person to whom it is entrusted should uniformly exhibit gentle- 
 ness and kindness towards it, and so obtain its confidence and pave 
 the way for obedience. It should be weaned when between five and 
 seven month? old, and having been previously and often petted and 
 caressed by its keeper, should be fed from his hand. The object of 
 this treatment is to familiarize the colt to the presence and touch of 
 its trainer. 
 
 While weaning a colt, give it occasionally a warm bran-mash, in 
 which a few oats should be mixed. It nourishes and strengthens 
 the stomach. Cold water may be given freely, but not too often. 
 
 As soon as practicable, it should be taught to be led by its forelop 
 or a halter, to be fastened in different places, and to have its feet 
 handled. No impatience should be manifested in its presence, and 
 no harsh word spoken to it. Firmness, with gentleness, should 
 overcome fear and a mischievous disposition, for few colts are 
 vicious until they are in some way abused. 
 
 Size, strength and maturity should regulate the mode of training. 
 One might be put to light work at eighteen months after birth, 
 while another would require longer growth and increased strength. 
 Hard work should be postponed until the colt is four or five years 
 old. 
 
 How to Teach a Colt to Stop. 
 
 A strap fastened to the riglil fore-f'xit nf th'- colt and passed over 
 its back, is useful in teaching it to stop at will. Walking on the left 
 or nigh-side of the colt, the trainer pulls down the strap and says 
 "Whoa," and by continuing this practice it soon learns what is 
 required and stops at the word of comuiaud. 
 
 Training a Colt for the Saddle. 
 
 in the early education i>f thf citlt, if (Usi^'iied for a saddle-horse, 
 from day to day light articles of clothing, etc.. may be laid upon its 
 back; then heavier ones, as blanket!', parts of harness, and other 
 things. The result of this course is to increase the confidence of the 
 colt, and accustom it to burdens, until it stands or walks patiently 
 under the saddle from the moment it Ix'gins to wear it. After it 
 has become familiar with the naddle, a light boy may occasionally be 
 placed in the saddle and tin- colt b-d nboiil liy tin- tniiiu-r. 
 
 Teaching the Colt to Wear Harness. 
 
 In training the colt to harness, au easy collar may be put on its 
 neck, having a pair of rein? attached, one on each side, like traces. 
 
 Then an assistant, walking behind, holds the reins firmly, while the 
 trainer, at its head, gently leads the colt along, and the assistant, 
 pulling steadily but easily on the reins, gradually increases the 
 strain until the colt flinches, or he slacks up on them until it leans 
 into the collar. 
 
 The colt, having learned the discipline of the collar and reins with- 
 out arousing its fears, may then be led up to the vehicle which it is 
 expected first to draw, and also around it, being suffered to see it 
 and smell of it on all sides, and witness the gentle lifting and drop- 
 ping of the thills, so as to accustom it to the appearance and sounds. 
 
 In adjusting the harness, let the colt see and smell of it, piece 
 by piece, care being exercised not to excite any fear. Everything 
 should be done quietly, with soothing caresses and expressions, and 
 if the colt has been carefully taught to carry light burdens upon 
 its back, as above described, the harnessing will be accomplished 
 more easilj'. Words, and not the whip, should govern every 
 movement. 
 
 Teaching the Colt to Draw. 
 
 As soon as the harness has buen adjusted to the colt, and it has 
 become used to the weight and restraints thereof, it may be led 
 inside the thills of the vehicle and properly fastened to them. This 
 vehicle should be a light and easy-running one, and the colt 
 encouraged to draw it, the trainer leading and soothing the animal, 
 should it exhibit any nervousness. In a short time the leading 
 should cease and gentle driving should begin. This process may 
 require more or less repeating, but always with patience, until the 
 colt learns what is expected of it, and that it is not to be hurt by 
 either harness, cart or driver. 
 
 If put with other and well-broken horses the colt will soon become 
 accustomed to their presence, and their confident manner of hauling 
 will tend to keep it quietly moving forward. 
 
 Loads may gradually be increased from time to time, in order to 
 exercise the muscles more and more. A few days' training in this 
 careful manner will develop the strength and vigor of the colt. 
 
 Subduing Vicious Horses— Rarey's Method. 
 
 The system adopted and practiced by the celebrated Mr. Rarey in 
 overcoming the vicious propensities of horses is most excellent, and 
 has never been surpassed. It is thus described: 
 
 '*The apparatus required is a bridle with an ordinary hinge-bit or 
 straight-bit, two leg-straps and a surcingle. The left leg is buckled 
 up with the first strap, while the noose of the second strap is slipped 
 around the off-fetlock. The end of the second strap is passed 
 through the surcingle under the belly. The horse now stands ready 
 for tlie final struggle, but will probably weary itself by standing and 
 hopping about on three legs for a few minutes. Then the trainer 
 lakes the left rein in his left hand and gently jerks it to make the 
 horse move. The moment it raises the off fore-leg in hopping, the 
 right hand grasping the second strap draws the leg up to the sur- 
 cingle and keeps it there, when, of course, after a desperate bound 
 or two, the horse is brought to its knees. The floor or ground should 
 be thickly bedded with manure or tan-bark, having over all a layer of 
 straw, to prevent the horse injuring itself in its struggles. Nothing 
 else is to be attempted until the horse has quite exhausted its ener- 
 gies. Sooner or later the tail begins to tremble, the flanks heave, a 
 profuse perspiration follows, and the horse lies upon its side, or may 
 easily be forced into that position. If it raises its head, pull it down 
 again gently by the mane, patting and quieting it until it lies entirely 
 passive on the ground. As soon as the mnsclcs of the neck and limbs 
 become quite relaxed and limber, the straps may be taken off the 
 legs, which should be stroked and patted as was the head. Finally, 
 the trainer goes around by the horse's back and treats the hind-legs 
 in the same caressing manner. If the horse submits to all this 
 without recistanre, he should be made to rise at once, when be may 
 
 j^ 
 
 ;^
 
 BEST-TKAIM- 
 
 IIOKSES HAVE NO liLINDKU:?. 
 
 be saddled and bridled and ridden out without fear of danger. In 
 the case of a very obstinate animal, a second, or even a third, treat- 
 ment of this kind may be required. The effect it* wonderful, for the 
 most vicious horse when thus subdncd, appears to become fond of his 
 trainer and follows him about with the docility of a dog. None but 
 an active and energetic trainer, however, with a thorough under- 
 Rtanding of the horse-nature, sliould attempt the Rarey system. " 
 
 Pratt's Method of Mastering the Horse. 
 
 Professor O. S. l*ratt, a well-known "horse -educator," thus 
 explains his method of producing the some satisfactory result in a 
 vicious horse: 
 
 *■' Place a rope or rein around the horse's body, forming a sur- 
 cingle; pass the end under the tail and bring it buck, tying it to the 
 part of the rope or rein around the body, thus forming a surcingle 
 and crooper; also put a ring, say an inch in diameter, in the sur- 
 cingle on the 
 back; then 
 )*trap up the 
 nigh fore-leg 
 as follows: 
 Take a quar- 
 ter-strap, pass 
 it two or three 
 times around 
 below the fet- 
 1 o c k, then 
 through the 
 keeper; bring 
 the leg up and 
 buckle close 
 to the belly; 
 place around 
 the neck a 
 quarter- inch» 
 strong rope, 
 loosely, fixing 
 ibe knot so it 
 will not slip; 
 bring the end 
 down the 
 near-side of 
 the head, 
 through the 
 mouth, and 
 back on the 
 off-side thro' 
 the ring in 
 
 the surcingle; now take a position on the nigh-side of the horse, 
 commencing to pull gently, allowing it to struggle a short time, 
 after which it will lie down quite easily, without sustaining any 
 injury. By adhering strictly to the instructions given, every person 
 will readily see that the object in laying the horse down is to give it 
 to understand that you are master, and after repeating this two or 
 three times it will be perfectly satisfied of the fact. While down, 
 place a small pole between its legs, moving it about; if it shows fear, 
 give a sharp pull on the cord in its mouth, by way of correction. In 
 other words, punish it for doing wrong, and caress it for doing right, 
 thus making it understand the difference between right and 
 wrong. " 
 
 Another method of overcoming the vicious propensities of a horse^ 
 said to be sometimes effectual, is to **pass a light rope around the 
 upper jaw, just above the upper teeth, cross it in the mouth, and tie 
 the ends back of the neck.'' It is claimed that no horse will jump or 
 kick when thus secured. 
 
 . The 
 
 ■p ^ of the b 
 T shou 1 
 
 A ^11 
 
 Horse with Blinders and Check-Rein. 
 
 TTfHIS picture represents " Dick," a high-spirited, 
 •^ strong-bitted, clean-limbed, beautiful, brown 
 horse, of the Bashaw stock, reared at Keokuk, Iowa, 
 possessing such strength and vigor as to enable 
 him on one occasion, when three years old. to draw 
 three men a distance of sixty-flve miles in one day. 
 Owing to his speed he was sold at a large price to a 
 gentleman at Pittsburgh, who found him, however, 
 so self-willed, headstrong, impetuous and unpleas- 
 ant to manage as to make it necessary, to sell him 
 at a greatly reduced price, the opinion being that he 
 never could be safely drivea as a carriage-horse. 
 
 Harness— What Kfnd and How to Use It. 
 
 It requires experience, or an intimate acquaintance with leather, 
 to select a harness made of the best material. The reputation of the 
 maker of a good quality of harness is a tolerably fair guide, for the 
 advertised superiority of his wares is forfeited if poor stock or 
 unskillful workmanship enter into his manufactures, and he loses 
 the confidence of experts. 
 
 The best harness-leather is made from cow-hide which has been 
 tanned with the bark of oak or hemlock trees, the former being the 
 most serviceable. Leather tanned with oak- bark has a drab color 
 when cut into, while that tanned with hemlock-bark has a reddish 
 tint. 
 
 The stitches in a harness may be made longer with good thread 
 than when the thread is poor. The length of the stitch is therefore 
 not a satisfactory criterion. 
 
 The price 
 harness 
 Id be 
 governed by 
 the quality of 
 the leather, 
 the excellence 
 of its make- 
 up, and the 
 amount of or- 
 namentation 
 that it dis- 
 plays. Heavy 
 work and 
 large horses 
 require large 
 and strong 
 harness ; 
 the roadsters 
 lighter ones. 
 
 The Saddle. 
 
 For hur-^e- 
 back riding, a 
 hog- skin sad- 
 dle, russet 
 colored, well 
 padded, and, 
 withal, care- 
 fnlly fitted to 
 the back of 
 the horse to 
 
 be ridden, is requisite. The Mexican saddle, with a high horn, 
 and stirrups with flaps, is considered easy and serviceable for jour- 
 neying. But there are many varieties in the market, each possessing 
 commendatory qualifications and suited to all tastes and purposes. 
 The selection involves the comfort of both the horse and the rider, 
 and the safety of the latter under adverse circumstances. 
 
 The Bridle. 
 
 Bridles for horseback riding are made light and plain, either of 
 web-cloth or soft russet leather. L''sually the smaller the bit the 
 more severe it is to the horse's mouth. A bar-bit, without a joint, 
 is preferable to the binge-bit. Rubber-covered bar-bits are best for 
 tender-mouthed horses. 
 
 For driving, the hinge bit is preferred to almost any other bit, and 
 the bridle is more substantial in ^rnii'^th and appearance. 
 
 Blinders an Injury. 
 
 Blinders are a detriment to the eyesight of the horse, and useless 
 
 3F" 
 
 Blinders and Check-Rein Removed. 
 
 7HE above illustration shows "Dick'' trans- 
 formed; his present owner being Mr. A. W. 
 Landon, of Chicago, editor of the Humane Journal, 
 who, upon coming into possession of the horse, 
 removed his blinders and check-rein. Then followed 
 kind treatment of such character as to completely 
 secure the confidence of the horse and win him to 
 gentleness. The result is " Dick " to-day is perfectly 
 docile in the hands of a child, and can be safely 
 driven by a lady, the horse having no fear of cars or 
 ordinary objects at which horses frighten when 
 wearing the check-rein and the blinder. 
 
 4 
 
 x>^
 
 2^ 
 
 15S 
 
 HUaiAJ^E CARE OF THE HORSE. 
 
 in other respects. Colts should be trained to harness without them ; 
 but after a horse has become thoroughly accustomed to wearing them, 
 by long use, their sudden removal may not be well. On the 
 contrary, considerable care has to be exercised with some nervous 
 horses until they become accustomed to their disuse. 
 
 The Check-Rein. 
 
 Tiie check-rein is more readily dispensed with, but does no harm un- 
 less it serves to keep the head and neck of the horse in an unnatural 
 position. The over-check is not only useless, but a positive afflic- 
 tion. It destroys the natural curve of the neck and the graceful 
 position of the head, and prevents, by a painful strain, the observa- 
 tion of the road by the horse; so that if the animal had been bom 
 blind it would have been no less capable of finding its way from 
 place to pliice, or of avoiding the dangers of the road. Neither com- 
 mon sense, good taste or humanity, can find a single redeeming 
 quality in the barbarous over-check, as we have illustrated 
 elsewhere. 
 
 If a check must be used — and, so far as beauty is concerned, high- 
 spirited horses look best without the check — but, we repeat, if it must 
 be used, it should never interfere with the movement of the head or 
 the neck. A strap passing loosely back- 
 ward from each side of the bit, over a hook 
 on the hames, performs all that a check- 
 rein should be expected to do — keep the 
 horse reminded that it is not to swerve 
 from the path of duty either to the right 
 or left. And even in this respect it is 
 useless, if the driver is attending to his 
 business. See the illustration elsewhere 
 of horse driven without blinders or check- 
 rein 
 
 The Collar and Other Portions of the 
 Harness. 
 
 The best collar is that which is not too 
 loose nor too tight when placed upon the 
 horse. Above all it should perfectly fit 
 the projections of the horse's shoulders, 
 and be made of such soft material next 
 to the skin as not to chafe or gall the 
 animal. The hames, made of substantial 
 wood, rimmed with iron, should also be 
 
 i 
 
 Preservation of Mane in Grooming. 
 
 In combing mane and tail a very coarse wooden-tooth 
 comb should be used, care being taken that no hairs be 
 broken or pulled out. When occasionally washed and 
 . ^1 I!.* J * .1. 11 « „„ „„*■ +„ combed thus, some horses will grow a very long and beau- 
 
 perfectly fitted to the collar, so as not to (jf^j mane. e .j & 
 
 contract the latter and oppress the horse's 
 
 neck. The crooper, which, if too loose, flaps or chafes when the 
 horse is in motion, should be large and soft. Breeching is seldom 
 needed in double harness, except in hauling very heavy loads, or in 
 hilly countries. If it can be dispensed with, its absence will con- 
 tribute to the beauty and comfort of the animal. 
 
 Buckles should be of the best material, in order to withstand the 
 strain which is constantly put upon the harness. 
 
 Side-saddles for ladies should have three horns, two of which, on 
 the left side of the horse, respectively serve as supports or fulcrums 
 for the right and left knees of the rider. The girths should be 
 sufficiently broad and strong, and properly adjusted and fastened 
 before the lady mounts. 
 
 All harness is worth care and frequent cleansing and oiling, with 
 occasional varnishing. Plated ornaments, when tarnished, may be 
 rubbed with whiting. Polished-steel bits may be brightened by 
 rubbing them with a little oil and a woolen cloth. 
 
 have a slightly sloping floor, at the upper sides of which the 
 stalls should be placed. The stalls should be six or seven feet wide, 
 and seven or eight feet deep, in order to afford sufficient room for 
 the horse to lie down and sleep, stretch its limbs, and move easily 
 about, even when tied to its manger. There should be sufficient 
 ventilation, by means of an open cupola in the roof and sliding 
 windows in the lower walls of the stable, to change the air within it 
 every hour without exposing the horse to a draught. The stable 
 should be provided with enough daylight to see all objects in every 
 part of it, especially in and about the stalls, without straining the 
 eyesight. Just behind the row of stalls there should be a gutter, two 
 inches deep and one foot wide, by which the filth running from the 
 stall may be washed into an outside reservoir. This sort of drainage 
 should be perfect enough, with the sloping floor, to keep the stall clear 
 of undue moisture. If possible, only one horse should occupy 
 a stall. 
 
 Hay-Rack and Feed-Box. 
 
 The comfort of the horse also requires such an arrangement of its 
 feed-box and hay-rack that its food can always be easily reached 
 without straining a muscle or getting out of a natural position. The 
 rack should be so made as to prevent more 
 hay from being pulled out by the horse 
 than he can consume without waste. 
 Care should be taken, also, to prevent 
 hayseed and dust from falling oat of the 
 rack into the horse's eyes. 
 
 Cleanliness, warmth and dryness are 
 desirable features in every stable. 
 
 Horse-Bedding. 
 
 Litter for stalls should be soft and abun- 
 dant — dry, long straw, or fine wood-shav- 
 ings, are the best. The wet portions 
 should be thrown out of the stable every 
 morning, the dry saved for another night, 
 and the bed carefully renewed each even- 
 ing. A horse would rather sleep in a 
 standing position all night, which is not 
 restful nor healthy, than lie down upon a 
 cramped -up, wet floor. 
 
 The Best Stables. 
 
 A good stable, whether built of wood, brick or stone, ought to be 
 twelve feet high Inside, and not less than eighteen feet square, and 
 
 Stable-Grooming. 
 
 Horses exposed to disagreeable weather 
 
 all day, with hard work, when turned 
 
 out at night in the open air, require but little grooming, as it tends 
 
 to make them sensitive to atmospheric changes. Such horses need 
 
 little besides rubbing dry with a wisp of hay or a cloth. 
 
 On the other hand, the saddle or carriage-horse, which passes 
 much of its time in the stable, and is less active, requires careful 
 grooming. The tendency of this care is to make the horse more 
 valuable, because it removes whatever is hurtful from its body and 
 limbs, excites the healthy action of the skin, aids the circulation of 
 the blood, and energizes the natural faculties of the animal. To rub 
 a horse dry when it has been exposed to cold storms or muddy roads, 
 to wash away the filth of the stable from its surface, to comb and 
 brush its ruffled hair, and thus quiet its excited nerves and sinews 
 after a tiring drive, to exercise judgment in supplying it with food 
 and water of the most beneficial kinds and in proper quantities, and 
 to provide for its rest and other comforts, comprises good grooming, 
 and will more than pay for the trouble and expense incurred; while 
 a contrary course is only a loss aiul a source of vexation to both 
 owner and animal. 
 
 An important item in the proper care of a horse is to prevent the 
 destruction of its vitality by continued inactivity in the stable. To
 
 ^CJ 
 
 HOW TO (iliooM, THE liKST KINDS OF FOOD AND HOW TO FEED THE HU14SE. 
 
 I5y 
 
 ]/. 
 
 ^^. 
 
 avoid this result, gystematic and eufticient exercise in the open air 
 should be daily supplied. If the wants or pleasures of the owner or 
 his family, or bis business, do not require its constunt service, 
 regular hours should be frequently set apart for walking, light trot- 
 ting, or easy running, under the earn of an efficient groora. 
 
 Order of Exercises in Grooming. 
 
 First. Tie the horse in an open ^^pacc where there is, if possible, 
 sufficient air stirring to drive away dust. 
 
 Second. With a short-tooth curry-comb loosen all the hair, dandruff 
 and scurf over the animal's entire body. 
 
 Third. Follow with a wisp of straw, rubbing the horse until the 
 hair is thoroughly cleaned from dust. 
 
 Fourth. With a hand-broom, or brush, sweep out all dust that 
 may lie left. 
 
 Fifth. With a large-tooth wooden comb carefully straighten 
 the hairs of mane and tail, taking care that the hairs be not pulled 
 out. By taking proper precautions some horses may be made to grow 
 very beautiful manes and tails, as shown in the illustration. 
 
 Sixth. The final finish of the grooming should be by wiping the 
 horse over its entire body with a soft cloth. 
 
 " Docking " and " Nicking." 
 
 Cutting off the tail of the colt, which is called *' docking," and 
 severing the muscles of the tail on the under-side, in order to train 
 it to stand up in an unnatural position, which operation is known as 
 *' nicking," are barbarities that should never be practiced. The 
 long tail of the horse is necessary to its comfort in keeping away 
 troublesome insects, and if its natural use is destroyed by the crip- 
 pling process referred to, the horse becomes a great sufferer and loses 
 its native grace and beauty. 
 
 "Clipping." 
 
 This is another barbarous custom in vogue among senseless horse- 
 fanciers. It consists in closely cutting the beautiful hair of the horse's 
 body and limbs, until the animal is subjected to every inconvenience 
 that any change of weather may produce. The results are not only 
 positive discomfort, but the liability to disease and death is greatly 
 increased. 
 
 Danger From Too Much Food. 
 
 There is more danger from overfeeding and feeding irregularly 
 than from many other sources of disease. The horse will not exer- 
 cise judgment in this matter,but will eat hay, if kept before it, for 
 pastime, until the stomach is overloaded and its fluids absorbed; 
 becoming thirsty, as a natural consequence, the horse then drinks 
 more than it ought. This course, if protracted, will result in pro- 
 ducing weakness of the stomach, and induce, by that debility, other 
 disorders of the system. 
 
 Amount of Food Required by the Horse. 
 
 Ten pounds of hay in twenty-four hours, instead of thirty that 
 some animals will gormandize, is a full ration; while eight pounds 
 should, for most horses, be sufficient, with a fair meal of oats, to 
 maintain its vigor and spirits during the same period. A too free 
 nse of hay, as of other food, tends to make the horse wasteful of it, 
 and careless about properly chewing what it eats. Whatever, there- 
 fore, will serve to make it chew its food before swallowing it, or to 
 eat more slow^ly, will aid in strengthening its digestive organs, afford 
 more nourishment, and conduce to a better state of health. For this 
 purpose it has been proposed to mix cut-feed with the oats, corn, 
 beans or other grain. The horse cannot swallow the harsh, sharp 
 cut-feed without chewing it, and in doing this the grain also is 
 masticated. This process prevents the horse eating too fast or too 
 
 much. If the coarse grains are bruised and broken up with the cut- 
 feed, the time for eating is considerably shortened, and the opportu- 
 nity for healthful rest is increased. 
 
 A horse under five years old does beet on grass gathered by him- 
 self in the pasture, after a day's labor. It cannot cat too fast, 
 has the benefit of the open air, and is enabled to cat and rest more 
 in accordance with the laws of nature than its stabled mate. But 
 this can only be done in safety by hard-working horses before the 
 first of August, when the night air grows chilly. 
 
 Best Kinds of Food for Horses. 
 
 As a general rule, hay and oats are invigorating enough for any 
 horse, whatever his work may be. About three-quarters of the oat 
 is nourishment, if the grain is perfect, and oats are at their best 
 when a little less than one year old, heavy, dry and sweet. New 
 oats are more weighty and more difficult to digest, but by kiln-drying 
 they may be greatly improved, and this process removes the musty 
 smell from them. Corn, barley, peas and beans are sometimes 
 advantageously given, especially if ground and mixed with roots, such 
 as turnips and carrots, cut up small. If the feed is not salted, the 
 horse should have a separate salt-dish in its manger- Hay differs in 
 kind and quality. Timothy and clover, well cured, are best; but 
 prairie hay is nourishing. Green grass, to horses unaccustomed to 
 any but dry food, should be fed sparingly. Horses, not employed in 
 warm weather, do well in pastures. 
 
 Cut-feed should be made from equal quantities of meadow or 
 clover hay, and oat, wheat or barley straw. Oats mixed with cut- 
 feed should be bruised. For hard-worked horses two parts of hay 
 and one of straw improve the quality of the cut-feed. To such a 
 horse eight pounds of oats, two pounds of bruised beans and twenty 
 pounds of cut-feed may be fed at once. The best time to feed a full 
 or double ration is at night, affording ample time for digestion and 
 the accumulation of nutrition, with lighter meals two or three times 
 on the following day. Salt should be added to the ration quite 
 often, though sparingly, not only as a relish, but as a positive benefit 
 to the animal's digestion. 
 
 Among other varieties of food, bruised or cut up, and mixed with 
 each other or cut-feed, are Indian com, Swedish turnips, carrots and 
 steamed potatoes. 
 
 Flax-seed is a fair diet for a sick horse. Clover may be given as 
 a laxative food. 
 
 When and How to Water the Horse. 
 
 The water used by horses in drinking should be always the best — 
 quite as good as the owner can obtain for himself. Too much water 
 at once, or water too cold, when the horse is working or traveling, is 
 bad; frequent and moderate drinking of cool water is safest. Water 
 freshly drawn from a deep well has been known to produce in a horse 
 colic, spasms and even death. 
 
 If the horse in. the stable has the privilege of helping itself to 
 water at will, it will not over-drink, nor even as much as one on the 
 road which has to drink whenever it can. 
 
 An overdriven, overheated horse should be restrained from drink- 
 ing cold water, or too much of it at a time. A little water, given 
 often, with a free use of a saturated sponge about the mouth and 
 head, would prevent any possibility of founder or other bad result. 
 If a horse has been drinking too much cold water it should be at once 
 driven rapidly, to prevent the perspiration from being too suddenly 
 checked. If a horse, after half a day's travel, seems to have lost 
 its appetite and acts in a listless manner, a drink of fresh water has 
 been known to prove a good restorative, and the appetite returns. 
 
 Good judgment is needed to meet all the circumstances under 
 which horses should be properly fed, groomed and watered. 
 
 I
 
 ? 
 
 i^ 
 
 !*: 
 
 160 
 
 HOW TO OVEECOME BAD HABITS IN THE HOESE. 
 
 k 
 
 III BAD HABITS 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 OF HORSES. 
 
 Their Cause, and How to Overcome Them Throug-h Humane Treatment. 
 
 jIIE BAD habits of horses, as of men, are trace- 
 able either to inheritance from vicious parent- 
 age or the carelessness of their trainers. 
 A horse's natural temper, like a man's, may 
 display itself in its infancy, and be eradicated 
 by humane and proper training; but if neg- 
 lected, or perpetuated as something amusing, 
 the mature animal will retain it to a vicious 
 degree through life. 
 
 Among the most common of these evil habits are balking, kicking, 
 crib-biting, running away, rearing, shying, pawing, and dislike to 
 being mounted, and these, and the remedies to be applied for their 
 correction, are here described, several of the suggestions being those 
 effectually practiced by Mr. Pratt the noted horse-trainer. 
 
 To Prevent Pawing. 
 
 Attach a rope from the fore-feet to a ring in a surcingle, and 
 thence to a crupper under the tail. Have this sufficiently tight to 
 make a sharp pull on the crupper whenever the horse indulges in 
 pawing, and the pain inflicted will cause the horse ultimately to cease 
 the habit. 
 
 Rearing. 
 
 This habit is broken up by the use of a strong martingale. If a 
 horse rears in a carriage, attach a cord tightly around the thickest 
 part of the body, tied with a loop-knot, and have the other end in the 
 carriage. Unable to expand its body on account of the rope around 
 it, it is impossible for the animal to rear. This plan never fails. 
 
 To Make a Horse Gel Up That Refuses to Rise. 
 
 A sulky hnrM.', in Ilu- hjit)it of lying down and expressing unwill- 
 ingness to get up when told to do so, may be be cured by lifting up 
 the head and pouring a pint of cold water into the nostrils from a 
 cup. The water stops the breath, as if in the act of drowning, and 
 the horse becomes frightened and springs to its feet. The remedy 
 is simple, but is said to be effectual. 
 
 To Prevent Crib-Biting. 
 
 Horses accustomed to crih-bitiiig should have their mangers built 
 on the floor. The attempt to gnaw it requires the animal to get his 
 mouth below his chest, which prevents indulgence in the habit. 
 
 A remedy that will effectually break up the vice, is to cover the 
 edges* of Jhe manger and hayrack, etc. , with sheep-skins, having the 
 wool outfide, and the wool well Hprinkled with cayenne-pepper. 
 
 To Prevent Running Away. 
 
 Horses will Bometimcs acquire this habit, ijossibly by fright at first, 
 
 and afterward indulge in it viciously. A strong, cool-headed driver, 
 a curb-strap and sharp bit is the best treatment known. 
 
 When the opportunity offers and the horse is resolved to run, a 
 most excellent method of preventing the desire is to give the horse a 
 full opportunity to run, and that, too, right under the whip, until the 
 animal is badly exhausted. A few vigorous runs of this kind will 
 remind the horse that running is not an agreeable exercise. 
 
 To Prevent a Horse Kicking at Persons Who Enter its StaM. 
 
 Put the Bonaparte bridlr, (.■Isewhcre described, on the horse. 
 Drive a staple at the side of the stall, near the manger, three or four 
 feet from the floor, and fasten another staple at the entrance of the 
 stall, the same distance above the floor. Pass the halter-cord through 
 both staples and tie it at the outer one. When entering the stall, 
 pull sharply on the rope, saying '^go over." The head of the horse 
 will be drawn towards the person and its heels to the opposite side. 
 All danger is thus averted, and the horse soon learns to abandon its 
 bad habit. 
 
 To Prevent Shying. 
 
 This fault is usually the result of early fright. To overcome the 
 habit, lead the horse up to anything of which it is afraid, let it smell 
 of the object and see that no harm comes from it. A plan pursued 
 by some horse-trainers is to throw the animal, and when in this 
 position rub the nose with a buffalo-skin, throw the skin upon its 
 head, open and shut an umbrella over it, and thus familiarize the 
 creature with the presence of those things at which it shies until it 
 understands that these can do it no injury. The horse that shies in 
 the blinder will frequently be found much more brave when the 
 blinder is removed and the horse is fully able to see all the objects 
 about him. Patience aiid gentleness must be exercised with the 
 timid horse. Harshness and whipping only aggravate the difliculty. 
 
 To Prevent Pulling on the Haller. 
 
 Put a common halter on the horse from which the hitching- strap 
 has been removed. Then double a small cord, about eighteen feet 
 long, in the center, place the loop under the tail and cross the cords 
 on the back; bring the ends of the cord each side of the neck and 
 place them through the strap of the halter under the mouth and tie 
 to a tree or post. Tie a strap from the mouth to a post or tree so 
 that It will be one foot shorter than the rope after tightening it at the 
 tail; then cut the strap half off, and afterward frighten the h*)rse by 
 rolling a barrel in front of it. This will cause it to dodge backward, 
 breaking the strap, when it will be caught under the tail by the rope 
 and be severely punished. After this process has been repeated two 
 or three times the horse will learn not to pull on the halter again. 
 
 -<>
 
 PREVENTION AND Cl'KK OF BAD IIAI;ITS IX HOUSES. 
 
 To Prevent a Horse Getting Cast in the Stall. 
 
 In the ci'iling over the niiuigt-r, at the side of tlu- stiill, drive ii 
 staple, and another in the center of the ceilinj;, over the horsc'g head. 
 Pass a small cord through the staple at the side of the stall, and to 
 the end of it attach a horse-shoe or piece of iron of about the same 
 weight, 8o that the cord will not draw out of the t^iaple. Then pass 
 the other end of the cord through the staple in the center of the stall, 
 bring it down within two and a half feet of the floor, cut it off and 
 attach a common harness snap to il. Fasten a ring in the strap of the 
 halter at the top of the horse's head and into this hook the snap. 
 When the horse raises up its head the weight goes down, and when 
 its mouth is on the floor it can lie down to rest, but it cannot get the 
 top of its bead down to the floor, and unless it can do this it cannot 
 roll, and if it cannot roll it cannot get cast. 
 
 To Keep the Tongue in the Mouth. 
 
 The habit of allowing the tongue to dangle from the mouth may be 
 prevented by a circular piece of leather on each side of the bit that 
 extends down to the tongue when it is out. Attached to this leather 
 should be sharp points, the pricking of which will cause the animal 
 to withdraw its tongue. These pins thus worn for awhile, and the 
 tongue severely pricked every time it is bung out, on one side or the 
 other of the mouth, the horse will soon learn to keep its tongue 
 where it belongs. 
 
 Another plan suggested is to take an ordinary straight-bit, five- 
 eighths of an inch in diameter, and drill two boles, each one three- 
 fourths of an inch from the center; then procure a piece of very 
 small chain, attach to It iron bullets about the size of a musket-ball, 
 and let them hang in the mouth about one and a half inches, by the 
 chain, from the bit. Use this instrument and bit for a week or more. 
 
 To Prevent Uneasiness While Being Mounted. 
 
 Two causes make horses unsteady or uneasy while being mounted. 
 Either it arises from eagerness to start, or unwillingness to be rid- 
 den, and in both cases it involves the rider in danger. Severity 
 beyond firmness does no good, but is rather an injury. A strong, 
 agile, energetic man is necessary to break the habit where eagerness 
 to start causes it. The rider should be free from fear, carelessly 
 and confidently approach the horse, gather the reins in his left hand 
 and help himself quickly into the saddle with the other. Once there 
 bis energies must be exerted to control the moti<in of the horse, 
 patting it and not permitting it to go forward until under perfect 
 submission. If the uneasiness of the horse is due to unwillingness 
 to be mounted or driven, to conquer it will require frequent contests 
 of strength and waste of time, for the horse cannot be depended 
 upon with any certainty after all attempts to subdue the habit. 
 
 To Cure the Habit of Kicking. 
 
 Raise one fore-foot of the animal and fasten it there. Then attach 
 a strap to the hind foot and from thence to a rope around the neck of 
 the animal. Release the fore-foot and let the horse kick. As every 
 strike results in punishment to the horse itself, it will soon desist 
 from further kicking. Another plan is to place a thorn-bush behind 
 the animal and let it kick until it ceases from the pain inflicted upon 
 itself. 
 
 Pratfs method was to throw the horse, as described elsewhere, 
 while held with a strong and hard bridle in the mouth. While down, 
 with a board he then irritated the legs, and every time the horse 
 kicked he jerked upon the bridle and said "whoa." The horse was 
 given to understand in this treatment that kicking meant punishment. 
 
 and Anally when it ceased and submitted to the rubbing of the board, 
 be caresped the animal. Afterward the horse was allowed to rise 
 and its power to resist the habit was then tried. If the animal 
 kicked, a severe i)ull on the bridle and the word "whoa" wan again 
 a reminder that punishment followed kicking. Finally the horse was 
 placed in a cart and every inducement given it to kick. If the horse 
 yielded to the habit, vigorous jerking and the word "whoa" made 
 the practice so very uncomfortable for the animal as to effectually 
 overcome the habit. 
 
 To Overcome Unwillingness to be Caught. 
 
 Horses thai are turned into pasture with a whoop and a blow as 
 they jump over the bottom rail of the fence or gate-bar, are usually 
 the ones which get into a habit of not liking to be caught again, 
 through fear. To break up this babit its cause should be stopped, 
 and the Bonaparte bridle should be used. Put the bridle on 
 the horse and tie a knot at the mouth to prevent its slipping down to 
 the teeth, lest it be bitten in two. Carry the cord up to the mane 
 over the shoulder. Tie part of the mane together with a string. 
 Pass the cord through the loop thus made in the mane, and bring it 
 through a loop made in the same way in the tail, leaving the cord 
 from ten to fifty feet long, dragging on the ground. To train the 
 horse, carefully approach it from behind, grasp the cord firmly and 
 say "come here!" at the same time pulling strongly on the cord. 
 After three or four lessons the cord may be removed, but the horse 
 will then have learned to obey the command — the effect of the pun- 
 ishment received from the cord at its mouth. 
 
 Another method of producing willingness to be caught when in the 
 pasture, is that of frequently visiting the horses when in the field, 
 calling them and feeding a small amount of grain, as a reward for 
 their coming, at the same time caressing them. .The confidence of 
 almost any domestic animal can, by kindness, be secured iu a man- 
 ner such as to make it willing to serve us. 
 
 To Prevent Balking. 
 
 Time and much patience are necessary to remedy this fault, and 
 various are the devices used to overcome the habit. One course to 
 pursue, when a horse balks in a public place, is to speak gently to 
 the animal, and while standing beside it, by little raps on the fetlocks, 
 with the foot, cause it to set its fore-feet further and further for- 
 ward until, gradually, it will move ahead. 
 
 Sometimes a pebble in the ear, dirt in the mouth, a nail under the 
 harness or any contrivance that will divert the mind of the horse from 
 its intention to stop, may effect good results. All or any of these 
 serve the purpose better than harsh treatment. 
 
 Another method is to hitch the horse to a light load in an unfre- 
 quented street or road, and drive it moderately until it balks. Then 
 tie the reins to the wagon, dismount and wait until the animal is ready 
 to goon again, without remonstrance or other treatment of any kind. 
 Hours may elapse before it will feel inclined to go forward, but its 
 obstinacy will at last subside; especially if hunger prompts it to 
 move homeward. Take it all as a matter of course, and after a few 
 experiences of this kind, the horse will understand that nothing is 
 gained by balking and give up the habit. 
 
 If the balk can be traced to too heavy a load for the horse to draw, 
 it should be lightened before proceeding to other measures. To 
 stamp, yell and flourish the whip, like one insane, can have no good 
 effect on the horse, for such actions only serve to confuse its senses. 
 If the collar galls its neck or chest, the pain may cause the 
 balk; the remedy, then, is to apply proper padding to the chafed 
 places, and gently encourage the animal to be led far enough to con- 
 vince it that the soreness has been relieved. 
 
 •? -(b^— 
 
 i 
 
 11
 
 ><l^?^ — 
 
 162 
 
 THE EDUCATIOX OF THE HORSE. 
 
 J^^-a 
 
 TRICKS AND 
 
 PERFORMANCES 
 
 OF HORSES. 
 
 He*-- 
 
 The Means by Which Trick-Horses are Trained. 
 
 i 
 
 'ANY CURIOL'S performances of trick-horses at the cir- 
 cus and agricultural fairs attract the attention and 
 excite the admiration of spectators. Among these 
 are the following: To walk up and down stairs; 
 to'Maugh"; to push a vehicle; to sit down; to say 
 "Xo"; to walk on its knees; to mount a box; to 
 waltz; to walk on its hind-feet; to go lame; to d live a 
 boy off a box; to bow, and to shake hands. 
 The first requisite in this sort of training is 
 
 A Bonaparte Bridle, 
 
 which is tbuy made and apjdic-d: Take a 
 piece of clothes-line, or a cord a little 
 larger, ten feet long; tie a loop at one end 
 just large enough to loosely encircle the 
 lower jaw of the horse when placed in 
 its mouth; then pass the rest of the cord 
 over the hor^-e's head on the off-side, just 
 behind its ears, bring it down to and pass 
 it through the loop on the other side, pull- 
 ing il firmly. The loop in the mouth 
 forms the bit, the cord passed over the 
 head makes the bridle, and the remainder 
 of the cord is an effectual halter in the 
 hands of the trainer. This bridle is rec- 
 ommended by Professor O. S. Pratt, the 
 horse-trainer, author of a most excellent 
 work entitled *' The Horse's Friend," as a 
 perfect restraint upon the movements of 
 the horse while teaching him to drive, 
 carry burdens, or amuse the spectators. 
 To make this bridle doubly effective, after 
 adjusting it as above described, pass the 
 loose cord through the right hand; then 
 
 with the left hand take the cord, place it over the top of the horse's 
 head, bringing the cord down with the left band under the upper lip, 
 resting against the upper teeth, forming another loop. 
 Mr. Pratt instructed a horse to 
 
 Walk Up and Down Stairs 
 
 by putting u rope aroumi iIk: mck, bringing it down through the 
 mouth and back through the loop on the neck; then he jerked the 
 rope until the fore-feet were ever so slightly raised, and then stopped 
 operations to caress and sooth the horse; then he checked the horse's 
 head up to a surcingle — from the bit to the side-ring; then the cord 
 was jerked again, saying, "get up, sir!" and causing the horse to 
 rise on his hind-feet alone. By repeating these operations carefully, 
 and caressing the horse each time that it does well, it may soon be 
 made to perfr>rm the trick of going up and down steps by the motion 
 of a whip alone. 
 
 Teaching the Trick-Horse. 
 
 To"Laugti." 
 
 The horse's lip is to be pricked with a common pin till it lifts its 
 upper lip; then caress and pet it, and ere long, when pointed at, and 
 hearing the word "laugh," it will know that its lip must he turned 
 up or pricked. 
 
 To Sit Down. 
 
 This requires a tractable horse to begin with. Having put on the 
 Bonaparte bridle, to control its movements, put a harness collar on 
 the neck. Buckle a pole-strap around 
 each hind leg, below the fetlock-joint, and 
 to the other end of each strap fasten a 
 cord ten or twelve feet long; then pass 
 each cord through the collar towards the 
 head, on each side of the horse; then bring 
 the ends back behind the animal, at the 
 same time holding the end of the Bona- 
 parte bridle. Pulling strongly on both 
 cords, repeating the words " sit down,"' the 
 horse will be drawn backward until he 
 sits down. This position should not last 
 more than a few seconds at first. The 
 operation having been repeated three 
 times a day for about a week, the trainer 
 indicating by a whip what is expected, 
 and uttering the command, the horse will 
 sit down when told to do so. 
 
 To Mount a Box and Pusti a Veliicle. 
 
 Witli Iliu J!(.iiaparte bridli- U-;ul \\\v Imrse 
 to the box — one eighteen inches high — and 
 tell it to "mount it." Not understand- 
 ing the order, it will not do it until it 
 learns what is required. The trainer 
 holding the horse by the bridle, the assistant gently lifts its fore- foot, 
 places it upon the box, and leaves it there. Caress the horse while 
 it holds its foot on the box, and give the command to "get down," 
 hacking it by a slight strain on the bridle. When the foot is taken 
 down caress the horse again. Repeat the operation until the animal 
 obeys both orders promptly, and then train it in the same manner 
 to put the other foot upon the box and take it down. Then repeat 
 again, placing both feet upon the box at once, and teach as in the 
 first two instances. A little practice, with caresses to sooth the 
 horse's nerves, will soon result in obedience without the use of the 
 bridle. 
 
 The same process has to be gone through in teaching the horse to 
 push along a vehicle, if it has not been previously trained to mount 
 a box. With its feet planted on the hind platform of the vehicle, 
 the horse need only be encouraged to move its hiud-feet, by leading 
 
 :^ 
 
 1-
 
 
 HOW THE HORSK MAV BK TAUGHT Til 1>KIJK(>I{.M TRICKS. 
 
 163 
 
 at the head, with the command to '*pu8h. " It soon learns to do ae 
 told, and some horses appear to be pleased with this new acquire- 
 ment. 
 
 To Say ''No." 
 The horse is pricked by its trainer, with a pin, in the neck where 
 the mane terminates, until it shakes its head sideways. Then caress 
 the horse; then again apply the pin as before: then caress, and after 
 a few trials the motion of the trainer to prick him, without doing so, 
 will be the sig^nal for tlic hori^o to t-ay " no,"' by shaking its head. 
 
 To Walk on Its Fore-Knees. 
 
 In teaching this trick no shoes should be on ihjd hind-feet of the 
 horse, lest they produce injury and fright. A surcingle is to be 
 strapped on tightly, and a strap attached to the nigh fore-foot between 
 the hoof and fetlock-joint. Draw the foot up to within eight or ten 
 inches of the body; then take a cord or strap sis or seven feet long 
 and fasten it to the off fore-leg in the same manner. Then let a 
 strong assistant stand on the off-side and, when directed, pull up the 
 foot. Putting the Bonaparte bridle on the horse, take a position in 
 front of it, holding the bridle, and request the assistant to pnll. 
 This movement brings the horse to its knees, when the trainer pulls 
 on the bridle and says "come here." The early result of this treat- 
 ment, if frequently and briefly administered, with caresses, is subju- 
 gation and obedience. 
 
 To Waltz. 
 
 The horse's bead should be fastened to its side by a surcingle and 
 cord, the latter being hitched to the mouth. A light touch of the 
 whip will set it in motion, and that, of course, must be rotary, after 
 the manner of a waltz. The word '* waltz," repeated by the trainer, 
 and the motion of the whip are the instruments of tuition. In due 
 time the cord and surcingle may be taken off, but the trick will be 
 remembered and practiced at the word of command. 
 
 Tio Walk on its Hind-Feet. 
 
 To succeed in tlii> the Bonaparte bridle, a bit-bridle and a sur- 
 cingle are used. By the latter the horse's head is drawn well up and 
 in towards its chest, the reins being attached to the surcingle on each 
 
 side of the animal. The trainer, jerking the horse's head upward by 
 the rope bridle several times, repeats the words "stand upon your 
 hind-feet." If it fails to understand what is wanted, the trainer 
 takes hold of one leg, raising up the horse with one hand, holding the 
 bridle with the other. Any indication of nervousness, while trying 
 to obey, should be quieted by caresses. Patience and kindness are 
 to be exercised until the horse stands on its hind-feet. Then stand 
 in front of it and teach it to walk uprightly by saying "get up," 
 shaking the whip before its eyes, moving backward slowly and 
 repeat "come here," sharply, using the whip very gently on ite 
 knees. In a short time the animal learns the trick. 
 
 To Go Lame. 
 
 Lightly kick or strike the horse on the right fore-leg until it holds 
 it up, and then caress it kindly; wilh the left hand at the bit lead It, 
 and tap the left fore-leg with a stick held in the right hand; repeat 
 the word "lame — lame — lame," and the horse will soon learn and 
 obey the command by holding up one leg as if in pain. 
 
 To Drive a Boy Off a Box. 
 
 Having taught a horse to mount a box, as elsewhere described, put 
 on the Bouaparte bridle, the cord being about twenty feet long. 
 Then the trainer sends the horse from him by the whip as far as the 
 cord will permit, and gives a slight pnll, saying "come here." When 
 the horse starts to obey, tlie trainer steps upon the bos, and it will 
 endeavor to mount too, at which time the trainer leaps off. After 
 this process has been repeated several times, the trainer induces a 
 boy to stand on the box, and urges the horse to " come here and 
 mount," and as soon as the horse raises its feet upon the box the 
 boy leaves it, as if driven away in fright. This affords much amuse- 
 ment to the spectators who are not in the secret. 
 
 To Bow. 
 
 With a pin prick the horse in the breast till it throws its head 
 down and up ever so little, when the pin is taken away and the horse 
 kindly caressed. After this has been repeated a few times, the 
 trainer can stand back and attract the horse's attention, and the latter 
 will nod its head, expecting the pin to prick it again. 
 
 SHOEING THE HORSE. 
 
 A skilled horse-shoer should always be employed, if possible. 
 
 When a colt is first taken to be shod, it should be accompanied by 
 an old horse for company. Before beginning work on the colt let it 
 stand hitched with the other horse for a short time. 
 
 The smith should approach the colt gently, pat it on the neck, rub 
 its legs and bead with his hands, and in a few minutes the colt will 
 lose all fear and suffer itself to be freely handled. 
 
 No impatience or undue haste should be manifested while shoeing 
 a colt, nor should its foot be held up too long at a time, lest it become 
 tired and restless. 
 
 Much depends upon properly preparing the foot to receive the 
 shoe. If the hoof does not rest squarely on the floor, the rim or 
 shell on the under-surface only needs leveling, taking care not to 
 cut the "frog" or "braces," or the sole. The frog especially 
 should be spared the use of the knife. 
 
 Having brought the foot to a level with the floor, make the shoe to 
 fit the pared hoof. The outer edge of the shoe should closely follow 
 the outer edge of the shell all the way around the hoof to the heels. 
 Do not turn the ends of the shoe out after it reaches the heels, but 
 flatten them a little. The shoe should match the size of the horse 
 in weight — heavy shoes for heavy animals only. What is known as a 
 "b;ir' ^hoe should never be used. 
 
 No point of a nail should be allowed to penetrate the shell of the 
 foot and irritate the flesh. Have the nails well clinched on the outer 
 surface of the hoof. The number of nails used should be no more 
 than is required to hold the shoe firmly to the foot, and they should 
 always be as small as is consistent with the strain upon them. 
 
 Calks should be short, and in frosty weather sharp enough to keep 
 the horse from slipping. 
 
 The shoe should be taken off and reset once in five or six weeks. 
 It is true that some workmen can fasten a shoe in such a manner as 
 to make it available for months; but it is considered better to 
 remove the shoe oftener and refit it. In this way the foot is kept in 
 good order, and the horse benefited. If the shoe is left on too long, 
 the "coffin" and pastern joints become sore, the knees sprung, the 
 cords of the legs contract and the horse stumbles in his gait. 
 
 The use of the rasp is to be avoided as much as possible in shoeing 
 a horse. The front of the "wall" of the hoof should never be 
 rasped, lest it become thin and brittle and finally destroyed. \Vhere 
 the lower end of this part of the hoof has been neglected too long, 
 and when the old shoe is taken off, the rasp will remove the surplus 
 growth, but nothing more should be filed away. 
 
 Much bad horse-shoeing is due to the ignorance, brutality and 
 heedlessness of those intrusted with this important work. 
 
 i:
 
 i 
 
 -^1 
 
 c?*^ 
 
 tion with, 
 X n d d e - 
 poadence 
 < u, low- 
 r ani- 
 mal life 
 s m ore 
 thin iSfTcnerally 
 supposed. As 
 servmts many 
 f thtm gladly 
 do c ur bidding ; 
 as (ompanious, 
 oi(({k(^ tliej make our jour- 
 31 "'^-^ nc^ through life 
 pleasant in many ways. As 
 friends, their attachments 
 are strong and enduring; 
 while in the industrial world 
 the part performed by the 
 lower animals for human 
 welfare is beyond our ready 
 comprehension. The silk and wooh^n factories of the 
 world, the multitude of jieople engaged, and the millions 
 of capital employed in the disposition of their products, 
 attest the magnitude of the mission served by the silk- 
 worm and the .sheep. The butter, cheese, eggs, milk and 
 meat interests have but to be studied for a niomc^nt 
 that we may realize their greatness. The leather, fur 
 
 and feather industries occupy each a great place in com- 
 mercial affairs ; while in many other avenues of effort 
 for human welfare we are largelj' dependent upon the 
 labor and products of lower auimal life for sustenance, 
 pleasure and comfort. 
 
 Very naturally, therefore, we turn to a stud}' of these 
 animals with which we come in contact, asking what 
 of their history — what of their genealogy? 
 
 Our faithful, affectionate dog, that comes far away 
 down the road and welcomes our return to the home, 
 what of his ancestry 1 
 
 Our intelligent horse, that knows our footstep aud 
 neighs a signal of friendly recognition when we approach, 
 what of his nativity ? 
 
 The friendly puss, that purrs away a contented and 
 happ3' existence on the sofa near us, whither did it ctnne ? 
 
 The multiplied breeds of horses ; the numerous kinds 
 of cattle, sheep and swine ; the wide variety of dogs, cov- 
 ering the range from the minute black-and-tan to the 
 strong St. Bernard ; the indefinite number of fowls, from 
 the tiny bantam to the stately cochin ; the many varieties 
 of pigeons, from the pretty tumbler and the proud fan- 
 tail to the fulM)rcasted pouter and the swift-flying car- 
 rier; the brilliantly colored pcac<ick, the graceful swan. 
 the sweet singing canary — animals and birds we see 
 aroumi us each day, yet of which we know but little — 
 what of them '? 
 
 To answer these questions are given the sketches on llif 
 succeeding pages.
 
 "^: 
 
 DOMESTIC AKIMALS lOUJS'D IN 'rilK IWrTKO STATES AND KVUOl'K. 
 
 The Sheep, although its original character 
 has never been fully determined, has been 
 traced to several countries of which it is a 
 native, us follows: The Beardiyl Sheep, 
 found in the high lands of Egypt and in 
 Barljary; the Argali, in tlie highest mount- 
 ains of Central A.-ia, and on the elevated 
 plains of Northern Asia; the Musmon in the 
 mountains of the Mediterranean Sea and in 
 Turkey-in-Europe ; and the Rocky Mountain, 
 on the mountains of North America. From 
 one or all of these varieties the modern breeds 
 of this useful animal have undoubtedly been 
 derived. 
 
 The Dog, with the wolf, fox and jackal, 
 belougs to the genus Canis of the natural 
 classes of domestic animals. It is native to 
 numerous portions of the globe, including 
 all varieties of climate. Thus the Esqui- 
 maux Dog is a native of the Arctic regions, 
 and possesses the characteristics which 
 render it most useful in that desolate and 
 inclement climate. In Asia, other species 
 are found denuded of hair, because outer 
 coverings are unnecessary for their comfort; 
 and there is no animal better fitted for hunt- 
 ing and protective purposes than the mod- 
 ern breeds of domesticated dogs. 
 
 The Cock and Hen belong to what the 
 naturalists designate as the "gallinaceous" 
 family of birds, which also includes the 
 pheasant tribe. They were originally na- 
 tives of Asia, and have figured in the annals 
 of nations from the earliest periods; but it is 
 difficult to determine from which of them, if 
 any, the present domestic fowls have de- 
 scended. As a source of profit and comfort 
 they have long been nurtured with eminent 
 success for their eggs, their chickens, their 
 flesh and their plumage. 
 
 OUR COMMON 
 
 '^4'— DOMESTIC —>■«*- 
 
 The Horse, one of the most common and 
 useful uf the domestic animals in all parts of 
 the civilized world, was probably fir.st made 
 serviceable to man in Central Asia or in 
 Northern Africa. These animals exist in a 
 wild state in Northern Asia and in America, 
 being usually descendants of domesticated 
 horses of a former period. When wild they 
 congregate in troops, each company being 
 under the guardianship and care of a strong 
 male, who has won his place by superior 
 power and courage. There are several useful 
 breeds of horses adapted to the climate and 
 wants of different regions of all countries. 
 Thus in Arabia, where long distances are to 
 be traveled, we find a horse distinguished 
 for speed and endurance. In Germany, 
 France and Holland, the heavy draught horse 
 is greatly in favor, while in England and 
 America the wealthy classes have paid much 
 attention to the horse that could exhibit the 
 greatest speed in racing. 
 
 The Pigeon now exists in Europe and 
 America in great profusion and variety, and 
 is native to those countries. In the former 
 it can be traced back to the Blue Rock Pigeon, 
 sub-varieties of which inhabit Europe, Asia 
 and Africa. The English Blue Rock is found 
 on the sea-coasts of Great Britain, living in 
 rocks and caves, and differs but little from 
 the common Blue Flying Tumbler, the two 
 being identical in color, and nearly the same 
 in size. In America there is very little dif- 
 ference between the common domestic dove 
 and the wild pigeon, which, in spring, mi- 
 grates in flocks numberinghundredsof thou- 
 sands. As a food-bird and barnyard pet, the 
 Pigeon is valued for its beauty of plumage, 
 docility, tameness and excellence of flesh. 
 Fancy pigeons all breed freely together, and 
 are only kept up to the best standards by the 
 skill of experienced pigeon-fanciers. 
 
 The Hog i- a lineal descendant of the 
 Wild Boar, wliich is a native of nearly all 
 the temperate zone countries in Aala and 
 Europe, and there is a Htrong family resem- 
 blance to it in the modern swine. The latter, 
 however, as a general rule, exhibits smaller 
 tusks and longer ears, and has undergone 
 many changes in physical form, until it has 
 become greatly improved as a domestic ani- 
 mal. While certain classes of people, as the 
 Jews, refuse to eat its flesh, it is now almost 
 universally esteemed as food, and itsnurture 
 receives careful attention in all civilized 
 countries. It possesses the advantage of 
 being more easily fattened than other do- 
 mestic animals. 
 
 The Cow belongs to the Ox family, which 
 is one of the animal species known to the 
 naturalists under the common name of the 
 genus Bos, and is of the greatest antiquity, 
 receiving mention in the earliest records of 
 Egypt and the Holy Land. The wild ox of 
 the ancients is described as having been an 
 animal of enormous size and great fierceness. 
 Successive generations of domestic nurture 
 have changed these characteristics, and pro- 
 duced the docile, beautiful and extremely 
 useful ox and cow which are now universally 
 known and cherished. There are numerous 
 varieties of this animal, and nearly all pos- 
 sess merits that make them indispensable to 
 domestic economy and comfort. Indeed they 
 rank among the choicest blessings of society. 
 
 The Cat belongs to a race of animals clas- 
 sified under the genus Felts, which numbers 
 about fifty species, and these are found in all 
 portions of the world except IheSouth Pacific 
 Islands and Australia. To this race belong 
 the panther, tiger, lion, wild-cat and the 
 domestic cat. The latter is believed to have 
 descended to us from the Egyptian cat, a na- 
 tive of North Africa. 
 
 A. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 (2>-
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 1(36 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF HORSES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 The Morgan if? a favorite American steed, which had his origin in 
 Vermont at the beginning of the 
 })r(_'Sfnt century. The stock, it 
 is claimed, springs from a horse 
 (iwncd by Justin Morgan, of Ran- 
 dolph, Vt. , from whom the name 
 is derived. But from whatever 
 source he came, he is deservedly 
 valued as a horse for road and 
 general purposes. The original 
 " Morgan " is described as about 
 14 hands high, weighing about 
 950 lbs. , having a dark-bay color, 
 with black legs, mane and tail. 
 To a long body and a short back 
 were added muscular and broad 
 loins; a broad, deep chest; short 
 and sinewy legs and hairy fetlocks. His walk was fast, and his trot 
 easy, with a short step. His descendants have an excellent record. 
 
 Morgan Horse. 
 
 The ConestOga receives his name from the valley of the Cones- 
 toga River, in Pennsylvania, and 
 ranks high in the scale of work- 
 ing animals. Having a large 
 frame and a notable development 
 of muscular power, he is often 
 17 hands, and more, in height, 
 indicating great strength and en- 
 durance. In build he closely 
 resembles the heaviest Flemish 
 and German draught- horse, from 
 which, brought over by early 
 settlers, he is supposed to have 
 originated. With these advan- 
 tages he also possesses compar- 
 atively light limbs and active 
 motions, and is chiefly used for 
 hauling ladened wagons, drawing canal-boats, etc. His prevailing 
 colors are iron-gray, bay, brown, and occasionally black. 
 
 ConestOga Draught-Horse. 
 
 The English Cart-Horse 
 
 seldom seen in America, is a mixture 
 of black horses from Holland 
 and Belgium and the English 
 horse. As a rule he is short- 
 jointed, muscular and strong- 
 boned, with substantial and well- 
 formed but large feet. His 
 crest is moderately elevated, with 
 a heavy mane. The body is 
 short, the croup high, and the 
 flanks quite full; the legs are 
 hairy, and the tail is thick and 
 long. Plodding, faithful and do- 
 cile, with an action considered 
 rather better than that of the 
 Clydesdale, he is one of the most 
 useful of draught- horses in existence. Hie weicht varies from 
 1,050 to 1,HOO lbs., and his price from $1,200 to $2,000. He possesses 
 a hardy constitution, is useful, gentle and a good feeder. 
 
 English Cart-Horse. 
 
 The Shetland Pony 
 
 k 
 
 a native of the islands on the northern 
 coast of Great Britain, from 
 which he derives his name. 
 There he is raised in a wild state 
 on the pasture-lands and heaths, 
 and caught and exported in large 
 numhc-rs. In size he is very 
 diminutive, seldom measuring 
 more than four feet in height. 
 Being well-proportioned, and 
 gentle and tractable in dispo- 
 sition, he has become a uni- 
 versal favorite. lit; possesses 
 most of the best traits of other 
 horses. While hi.4 hair is in- 
 clined to he fihaggy, his fine flowing mane and tall and general ap- 
 pearance and motion render hini very attractive. In this country, 
 and in England, he Is Koldom used except ae a curiosity in traveling 
 ebowe, and as the cherished playmate of favored children. 
 
 Shetland Pony. 
 
 The Cleveland Bay is most frequently found in New England, 
 either unmixed ur crossed with 
 the English draught-horse, and 
 is supposed to be, even when 
 pure, a mixture of varied stocks 
 imported from Europe. His 
 average weight is about 1,35U 
 lbs. ; his height, l(j to Hj'a 
 hands; possessing a hardy con- 
 stitution, large eyes, medium 
 ears, small head, heavy quar- 
 ters, large bones, a long neck, 
 medium shoulders, high with- 
 ers, a broad chest, a short back, 
 medium legs; fine hair; extra- 
 sized hoofs, a stylish action, 
 and a good disposition. His 
 
 color varies from bay to brown; he matures at six years old, 
 price ranges, as a stallion, from $1,200 to $1,500. 
 
 Cleveland, Bay Horse. 
 
 and his 
 
 The Clydesdale originated in the valley of the River Clyde, in 
 Scotland, ami has made that 
 locality famous by his strength 
 and value as a draught-horse. 
 The original color of the animal 
 was black, but he now wears 
 the varied hues that distinguish 
 all ordinary breeds of horses. 
 In several particulars he re- 
 sembles the French Percheron, 
 but is larger and slower in mo- 
 tion; is of ft very hardy nature, 
 docile, and easily kept : in form 
 is round, compact, muscular 
 and short-bodied, with smooth 
 hair; thick neck, high crest and 
 croup, stout legs and large feet. 
 Whatever the color of the body, the feet are usually white, as indi- 
 cating purity of stock. Stallions sell at from $400 to $1,500. 
 
 Clydesdale Horse. 
 
 The Barb derives his name from Barbary, his native region, com- 
 prising ilie States of Morocco, 
 Fez, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis, 
 on the northern coast of Africa. 
 He is distinguished by his small 
 head; thick high neck; scanty 
 mane; light, broad shoulders; 
 thin and high withers; straight 
 and short loins ; round and full 
 ribs and flanks; long croup; 
 muscular quarters; clean and 
 sinewy legs; flowing tail. His 
 heiirht is about Hi/j hands. In 
 point of speed, animation or 
 endurance, he is inferior to 
 the Arabian, but makes a good 
 road horse. The celebrated "Godolphin Arabian," in England, 
 supposed by some authorities to have been a Barb. 
 
 Barb Horse. 
 
 :in, 
 
 The English Thoroughbred is undoubtedly of Arabian orij 
 but so cru^^^ell wilh oilur slink 
 as to i)roduce reliable horses 
 for the turf, the hunt, the army, 
 or the road. His record in 
 each of these capacities is ex- 
 cellent. Ilis usual weight is 
 from 1.000 to 1,150 lbs. ; height, 
 l(i hiindt;; constitution, hardy; 
 eye, large; head, small; quar- 
 ters, muscular; bones, small; 
 neck, long; withers, high; 
 chest, medium; back, short; 
 legs, \ouiz'- hair, fine: hoofs, 
 good: action, superior; disposi- 
 tion, fiery; color, varied; value, 
 from $200 to $15,000, according 
 
 to parentage and development. Among the best representatives 
 of the Thoroughbred upon the English race-course Is "Fishernnin. " 
 
 English Thoroughbred. 
 
 k
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF HORSES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 The American Rnnning-Horse, Jibly represented in tlie ccle- 
 
 liruli-d racer " Iroquois," wiii- 
 lu-r of the St. Leger fiiul Derby 
 stakes in England, in 1881, is 
 a tine descendant of the English 
 Thoroughbred. The existence 
 of this apceic-s of turf- heroes 
 dates back nearly MOU years, and 
 when crossed with almost any 
 other good breed improves it for 
 speed and road service. Ills 
 characteristics, when unmixed 
 with inferior blood, strongly re- 
 semble those of his English 
 brother; and to his progeny he 
 distributes these great advan- 
 tages. Thi! trotter derives from him endurance and agiUty, and in 
 the army horse and the tield-hunier are reproduced certain of his 
 Iniit- Ibat enliance their value. 
 
 American, Running-Horse. 
 
 The Canadian is 
 
 Canadian Horse. 
 
 probably a descendant of the Norman horses 
 brought into North America by 
 the early settlers, and exhibits 
 a number of the characteristics 
 of that famous breed. Possess- 
 ing great hardihood, he is en- 
 abk'd to travel long distances 
 without exhaustion ; but his 
 speed is not remarkable, un- 
 less he has been crossed with 
 a faster species. In height he 
 is 14 or 15 hands, and presents 
 a pleasing appearance, with 
 marked indications of gclf-con- 
 fidence, endurance and bravery. 
 With an elevated crest and thick 
 
 neck, he combini's a full and ample chest; powerful and heavy shoul- 
 ders; a broad back; a round, muscular and fleshy croup; strong, sin- 
 ewy legs; shaggy fetlocks, and a graceful, curly mane. 
 
 The Mustang Pony is a native of the Southwestern wilds of North 
 
 America, where he is chased 
 and captured by the Indians 
 with long lassoes. Like most 
 native breeds, he is below the 
 size of ordinary horses, weigh- 
 ing from 450 to 500 lbs. , and 
 averaging about 14 hands in 
 height. To a rugged constitu- 
 tion he adds a small head, small 
 eyes, small ears, small bones, a 
 long neck, a narrow chest, a. 
 long back, long legs, tough 
 hoofs, coarse buir, a bushy 
 tail, a straggling mane, varied 
 color, agile motion, and a mean disposition, and is valued at from 
 SlO to $25. He reaches maturity at 3 years old, and the keeping of 
 one costs less than $20 per annum. They are used extensively 
 in Mexico and Texas. 
 
 Mustang Pony. 
 
 The Ass dates back to a very early period of the world's history, 
 
 and is among the first animals 
 mentioned in the Scriptures, 
 In the East.wherehe originated, 
 he is used under the saddle or 
 for carrying burdens. His av- 
 erage weight is from 500 to 000 
 lbs., and his height 14 or 15 
 hands. With a large and clumsy 
 head he combines enormous 
 ears, small eyes, a short neck, 
 heavy quarters, small bones, 
 low withers, a moderate chest, 
 a long back, short legs, bard 
 and serviceable hoofs, and 
 coarse hair. The " burro," 
 common in Texas and Cen- 
 tral America, is a smaller ani- 
 mal of the same species, with similar characteristics and usefulness. 
 
 ■■%¥m'^^ 
 
 Ass. 
 
 The Hambletonian is the name of a breed of horece originating 
 
 in Orau^M- Cn., .\. V. , where the 
 
 first stallion, owned by Mr. 
 
 Kysdyk, was born in 1849. 
 
 During his life of 27 years he 
 
 became the progenitor of 1,324 
 
 colts, commanding fabulous 
 
 prices for hih services. Of his 
 
 descendants, Dexter, Bruno, 
 
 Goldsmith Maid, Belmont, and 
 
 several others, ranked high for 
 
 speed upon the trotting course. 
 
 The average Hambletonian 
 
 weighs about 1,100 lbs. ; stands 
 
 15'/^ hands high; matures at 5 
 
 years; has a hardy constitution, 
 
 a large head, heavy quarters, 
 
 large bones, a long neck, a medium chest, a short back, medium le; 
 
 fine hair, is of a bay color, and is worth from $1,000 to $2,000. 
 
 Hambletonian Horae. 
 
 animals for heavy hauling 
 
 The Fercheron, one of the most use 
 and general work, is so named 
 
 i from Le Perche, formerly a sec- 
 
 I tion of France adjoining Nor 
 mandy, in which he is supposed 
 to have originated. The Nor- 
 man Horse is a native of Nor- 
 mandy, and with the Percheron 
 ranks high as a beast of burden. 
 As individual or combined stock 
 both possess similar characteris- 
 tics. The Percheron- Norman 
 has an average weight of about 
 1,G50 pounds; is IOV2 hands 
 high, has a hardy constitution, 
 small head and ears, heavy quar- 
 ters, large bone&, medium neck 
 and shoulders, wide chest, a short back, medium legs, line hair, 
 broad hoofs, grayish color, fine action, and a kind disposition. 
 
 Percheron Horse. 
 
 The Arabian is known to have existed sometime before the Chris 
 tian era. His origin is uncer- 
 tain, some attributing it to 
 Egypt, and others to Arabia. 
 His form is compact and muscu- 
 lar, with graceful outlines; his 
 coat is smooth; his size is me- 
 dium, his height averaging about 
 14!4 hands; his color varies from 
 black to white, gray, chestnut or 
 bay; his motions are agile, his 
 speed ranging, per mile, from 
 three to four minutes; is con- 
 sidered better for riding or driv- 
 ing, rather than heavy work. 
 In India his value ranges from 
 $750 to $1,000. It is stated that 
 wild horses are yet found in small numbers in the deserts of Arabia, 
 where the Arabs hunt them for food and for improving the breed. 
 
 Arabian Horse. 
 
 The Mule is the hybrid offsprin; 
 bines many of the better traits 
 of both. The union of the male 
 ass and the mare produces the 
 most serviceable and valuable 
 mule, which often is superior in 
 intelligence to both of his pro- 
 genitors. His weight is about 
 1,000 lbs. ; his height, 15hands; 
 his constitution, hardy in the 
 extreme; hisdisposition, docile; 
 his head is large, as are hie ears; 
 he has heavy quarters, large 
 bones, a short neck, low withers, 
 a narrow chest, a short back, 
 short legs, a good hoof, coarse 
 hair, varying color (mostly 
 dark), and is valued at from $15 
 to $250. The jiroduct of the horse and female ass i; 
 
 of tlic ass and horse, and com- 
 
 ^^^0^^'^^^, 
 
 called a hinny. 
 
 I 
 
 ^^^m 
 
 i
 
 M 
 
 168 
 
 The 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF CATTLE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 a deep 
 thishs: 
 She lUs. 
 gree of 
 
 Ayrshire is a native of Scotland, where the breed does not 
 appear to have existed 200 years, 
 and its origin is not certainly 
 known. The present stock, 
 however, seems to he an im- 
 provement over the former gen- 
 erations, and the cow is greatly 
 prized for the excellence and 
 amount of her milk. The true 
 Ayrshire cow has a compact ;ind 
 well-proportioned form, with 
 small head, bones and horns: a 
 long and slender neck; light 
 fore-quarters and heavy hind- 
 quarters ; a straight, broad back ; 
 body; wide hips; round, firm, small and short leg?; fleshy 
 a long and small tail; a square, broad udder, and s-hort teats, 
 o possesses a fine constitution, hardihood, and a moderate de- 
 animation, and excels also as a yielder of good butter. 
 
 Ayrshire Cow. 
 
 The Devon is one of the most ancient breeds of British cattle, 
 
 coming from Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, and maintaining a high 
 standard of excellence. Its 
 value rests less upon the quan- 
 tity of milk it yields than upon 
 its superior quality. The horns 
 are of medium length and 
 spreading. The weight varies 
 from 800 to 1,600 lbs,, and when 
 fatted is still greater. The 
 head is short, with broad fore- 
 head and a tapering muzzle: 
 the neck level with the head and 
 shoulders; the back long and 
 straight: the brisket full; the 
 chest full; flanks full and low; 
 hips level with the b.ack, and wide; loins full and level; thighs 
 fleshy; legs small, muscular and flat, and tail like a rope. 
 
 Devon Co'w. 
 
 The Holderness came to us from Yorkshire, England, where it hag 
 
 existed for a long period, and 
 was imported into this country 
 about 1818, or sooner. It be- 
 longs to the short-horn family, 
 and is classed among the best 
 of dairy cows. A large num- 
 ber have been bred in Oneida 
 county, N. Y. ,and the excel- 
 lence of the stock has been 
 there proven and maintained. 
 Among its peculiar characteris- 
 tics are its medium size, small 
 „ ,- -. bones, large udders and milk- 
 
 Holderness Cow. ^^.^^^ ,^^^^j „„if„,j„ excellence. 
 
 The color varies from deep red, with white-line back and belly, to 
 a choeolate and black back, body and black legs. The breedini:-iu- 
 and-in system, resorted to in the ])ropagation of this animal, has 
 resulted in a remarkable and vigorous progeny. 
 
 The Jersey, a iirimc 
 
 ' animal for dairy purposes, was first reared 
 in Normandy, in France, but 
 was carried to the islands of 
 Jersey, AUlerney and Guern- 
 sey, in the liritish Channel, 
 and there reached its present 
 ixisition as u distinct and val- 
 uable breed. Its popularity 
 may be judged by the fact that 
 more than 4.000 head are an- 
 nually exported from the Is- 
 lands to this and other coun- 
 tries. In appearance, and in 
 those traits* which make up a 
 genuine and attractive dairy 
 cow, the Jersey, rather below the medium size. Is pleasing and sat- 
 isfactory. No excellence is claimed for it beyond the richness of 
 its milk and th*; butter which it produces; but in these it stands pre- 
 eminent. As u *' household pet," It is not surpassed for gentleness. 
 
 Jersey Cow. 
 
 The Galloway originated in Southwestern Scotland, in the dis- 
 trict fntm wtiieh the animal is 
 named, and dates back possibly ^/J- -\ - ,, - 
 a century. Its peculiarity i^ -^ J * 
 hornless head, the effect of Q 
 cultivation. Although not a 
 prolific milker, its milk is rich 
 in quality, and yields a large 
 proportion of butter. As to 
 its form, the neck is short and 
 thick; the back straight and j 
 broad, and nearly level from 
 bead to tail; the body, from 
 shoulders to loins, is round and 
 full; the chest is deep and 
 broad; the legs are short, with fine bones in the shank; the head has 
 rather a clumsy appearance; the ears are rough and large; and the 
 eyes are small and deepset. The skin is moderately thick, and the 
 hair is silky, soft and long. Its colors are black and brown. 
 
 
 Gallow^ay Ccw. 
 
 The Hereford takes its name from its native district. TTereford- 
 sbire. EiiL'laiiii, where it is sup- 
 posed to have flourished for 
 more than a century past. As a 
 milker it does not excel, but in 
 the shambles is considered good 
 beef. Larger than the Devons, 
 and easily fattened, it is greatly 
 esteemed, either unmixed or for 
 crossing with inferior stock. 
 The head is small; the neck 
 slender and long; the forehead 
 broad and open; the eyes brill- 
 iant and lively; the expression 
 gentle aiul pleasing; the chest prominent; horns wide apart and 
 slender; the body round; shoulders and hips full: bones small; hind- 
 quarters long and fleshy; legs slender below the knee, straight and 
 short; the skin loose; face almost hairless; tail rather lean; hair 
 soft and fine. 
 
 -«*^^^i^iiitf£i 
 
 Hereford Cow. 
 
 The Holstein is a native of Holland, where it has been in exist- 
 ence for many hundreds of years 
 and was introduced into this 
 country within the past quarter 
 of a century. As a dairy cow 
 it sustains an excellent rep- 
 utation. Large in frame, yet 
 compact in structure, it is also 
 admirably adapted for food, and, 
 as an ox, for team-work, pos- 
 sessing, as it does, great strength. 
 In weight the full-grown cow 
 will average about 1,300 lbs. 
 One has been known to yield 
 over 500 gallons of milk within 
 
 two months, and in one day 35 quarts. The accompanying cut will 
 convey a good idea of the general appearance of this animal, which 
 belongs to the short- horn family. Its hair is also short, silky and 
 fine in texture. 
 
 3rr$fj 
 
 Holstein Cow. 
 
 The Long" Horn is English, but the name of its native county is 
 as unM-ttk-d as that of Homer's 
 birthi)lace, even Ireland claim- 
 ing the distinction. Yorkshire, 
 however, makes a plausibh- plea 
 for the honor. In this animal 
 the horns curve downward, past 
 the front of the ear, and up un- 
 til the point is on a level with or 
 below the top of the skull. Its 
 neck is short and thick; its head 
 nmtlerately large; its body com- 
 pact, round and full: its back 
 long and nearly straight from the shoulder to the tail; the haunches 
 full ami solid; the legs thick above the knee, and tapering below it; 
 the tail long and slim, and the whole appearance indieutes a hearty, 
 energetic and gooil-naliired animal. lis advocates strongly advance 
 its claims both for dairy purposes and the butcher's stall. C'rosseil 
 with other breeds its progeny would probably be improved. 
 
 XiOne Horn Cow.
 
 -.(p- — 
 
 r 
 
 VARIOUS BREEDS OF CATTLE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 169 
 
 The West Highland is a native of the North of Scotland or of 
 
 the isljindf* which \\v. uIoiili 
 its co;ist. The pi-culiarily of 
 this animal i^ its luirdiliood 
 and Biibsisting on llie rours- 
 est paeture-IundM and com- 
 monest provender; that it 
 thrivc& rapidly npon better 
 food; that its flesh admirably 
 combines fat and lean, and 
 is fine In prain and llavor. 
 The true Ilij^hland is of a dark 
 color, with a medium head; 
 broad in the face; the liorns 
 taperiiis; gracefully to a point 
 West Highland Cow. and of a waxy color; the neck 
 
 slender and gently curving; the shoulders broad; the back straight, 
 wide and tlat ; thighs tapering to the hocks, legs short ami straight; 
 tlie hair thick and long, witiiout curling. For butchers it ranks high. 
 
 The Model Horned Milk Cow is not supposed to belong to any 
 pure or special breed, but illus- 
 trates in her make-up and appear- 
 ance a mixture of good blood and 
 excellent traits. One, described 
 as half Short-Horn and half De- 
 von, gave milk twelve years in 
 succession and bred many calves. 
 Another, of uncertain ancestry, 
 is described as having yielded a 
 large quantity, and was only milk 
 dry three weeks in two years. 
 A distinguished writer, Mr. Hax- 
 ton, referring to this subject, 
 siiys^: '* The points to be attended to, in judging of a good milk cow, 
 are, by universal consent, considered to be shape and size of the 
 animal, both as a whole and in detail; texture of the skin and hair; 
 development of the lactiferous ( milky ) parts; temperaznent or habit 
 of body and disposition, and, finally, strength or endurance." 
 
 Model Homed Cow. 
 
 The Model Polled ( or Hornless ) Milk Cow is a favorite among 
 citizens of New Jersey, in the 
 vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., on 
 Long Island, N. Y. , and in other 
 parts of the United States. 
 Wherever it originated, it cannot 
 be classed with any known reg- 
 ular stock, but possesses charac- 
 teristics that indicate descent 
 from hornless cattle of Norfolk 
 and Suffolk counties in England. 
 As milch cows they are exten- 
 sively bred and cherished in the 
 above named American localities, 
 and commend themselves alike 
 to rich and poor as a good family cow. A tendency to leanness of 
 llesh, and an abundant flow of rich milk and cream that commends 
 them alike to the housekeeper and the cheese and butter-maker, are 
 evidence that they are better for dairy purposes than the shambles. 
 
 Model Polled Cow. 
 
 The Texan Steer is a descendant of cattle imported into Mexico 
 
 from Spain in the 16th cen- 
 tury. It is prolific and nu- 
 merous, and is kept in enor- 
 mous herds on the plains, and 
 caught and shipped north- 
 ward when required. As a 
 whole it is an inferior race of 
 cattlp, of raw-boned and sham- 
 bling appearance, with long 
 and slender horns curving 
 backward over the head, which 
 is of a medium size. The 
 neck is short and inclined to 
 fullness. The fore-quarters 
 and shoulders are large, heavy 
 and elevated; the hind-quar- 
 in length and thickness; the 
 
 Texan Steer. 
 
 ters more slender: the legs medium 
 
 haunches narrow; the color varying from roan and brindle to red 
 
 The English Short-Horn is a lineal descendant, it is claimed, of 
 
 a l>n-<-d uf (•:,\U>- Ti.iriM- to 
 Denmark, imported iiito(;reat 
 Ilritain hundreds of years ugo. 
 In Yorkshire it received care, 
 nurture and perpetuation, un- 
 til at the present day it Is es- 
 tei-ined as a valuable bovine. 
 In 1801 a steer five years old 
 weiglied 3,024 lbs. , on foot. 
 At its death, when 11 ytrars 
 old, its four quartt-rs and tal- 
 low weighed 2,47S lbs. A 
 few of tiie Short- IIornM were 
 imported into the United 
 States soon after the Revolu- 
 tionary war ended, and one of these cowk, it is stated, gave 32 quarts 
 ()f milk per day. There are two species of them, one appreciated as 
 a dairy acquisition; the other for working or fattening. 
 
 English Sbort-Hom Cow. 
 
 The Short-Horn Hjeifer, herewith portrayed, represents one of 
 
 the most admired bree<ls of 
 cattle seen in the United States. 
 It comes to us from England. 
 It is very large in size, standing 
 from 4% to 5 feet high, and 
 weighing from 750 to 2,200 lbs. ; 
 is principally raised for its beef, 
 which is of excellent flavor ; fat- 
 tens easily, and the carcass, 
 when ready for the shambles, 
 has an estimated value of $40. 
 As a milch-cow it yields, under 
 proper management, six to eight 
 gallons per day, and from 12 to 18 lbs. of butter weekly. The color 
 of this animal varies, being sometimes red and sometimes white, and, 
 again, of mixed red and white. Its principal distinguishing mark is 
 its short horns, which curve forward and slightly downward from the 
 upper level of the forehead. 
 
 Short-Horn Heifer. 
 
 The Swiss Cow, like most of the cattle bred in the vicinity of the 
 Alps, is strong and active, and 
 noted for its great size. In the 
 neighborhood of Gruyeres, rich 
 pastures abound, on whicii 
 herds of the Fribonrg race are 
 kept. Those rated best are 
 distinguished by compactness 
 and strength of bone, short and 
 strong horns, large and wide 
 flanks, and a remarkable prom- 
 inence at the root of the tail, 
 which is considered derogatory 
 to the symmetry of the animal. 
 These cows are especially val- 
 ued as rich milk-producers, 
 
 when either stall-fed on good provender or pastured. One imported 
 into Massachusetts yielded, within 14 months, 10,905 lbs. of but- 
 ter. The oxen of this breed are heavy and slow in action. 
 
 S^viss Cow^. 
 
 The Guernsey Cow, like the Jersey, is a native of one of the Brit- 
 ish channel I>lands, on the 
 northwestern coast of Nor- 
 mandy, in France, and, also, 
 like the Jersey, is distinguished 
 for the extreme richness and 
 finecolorof its milk, from which 
 the choicest cream and butter 
 are produced. The yield of 
 milk is not large, but in quality 
 is not surpassed. The Guern- 
 sey is a heavier animal than the 
 Jersey, and as it also fattens 
 easily, the probability is that 
 where both are known they will rank together in popularity and 
 value. Crossed with our common cattle, the latter are greatly im- 
 proved for dairy and market purposes, cream and butter acquiring 
 increased richness and excellence of flavor. The Guernsey is about 
 one-third larger than the Jersey. 
 
 Quemsey Covr. 
 
 h
 
 17u 
 
 VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 The Shropshire, ii? it* namo indicates, is a native of the county 
 
 of Salop, northwesterly fnim 
 London, England, and was ori- 
 ginally, but is not now, a horned 
 sheep. Its weight varies from 
 140 to 20b lbs. ; it yields 6 lbs 
 of wool to the clip; is more es- 
 teemed for its flesh than for the 
 quantity or quality of its wool, 
 and is cout^idered fair eating. 
 Having a hardy constitution, and 
 thriving in pasture, it is an 
 economical sheep. It was dis- 
 tinguished about a century ago, 
 
 Shropshire Sheep. 
 
 aside from its horns, by the color of its face, which was either black, 
 or brown, or spotted. The present breed is more or less mixed with 
 the Leicester, Cotswold, or South-Down, and to its native excellence 
 are added many of the good qualities of the eheep named. The Morfe 
 is a favorite variety of the Shropshire, which is very numerously bred. 
 
 The Cheviot is a native of Scotland, bred among the Cheviot hills, 
 andrauks well as amiddle-wooled 
 sheep. In its home it is much 
 inferior to the improved Amer- 
 ican breeds, somewhat resembling 
 a cross between the Leicester and 
 a common sheep. It is by nature 
 hardy, thriving on poor food and 
 bravely enduring winter storms, 
 fattening under indifferent treat- 
 ment, and is described by Mr. 
 Spooner as "having a white 
 face and legs, an open counten- 
 ance, lively eyes, large earg, a 
 long carcass, circular ribs, good 
 quarters, legs and body covered 
 with wool, which is fine, and 
 lbs. " Formerly the wool was ex- 
 tensively used for making Cheviot cloths. 
 
 Cheviot Sheep, 
 yields a fleece averaging about 3 
 
 The Ryeland Sheep is cnltivated in Herefordshire, Eng. , and 
 
 is thus named from one of the 
 southern districts of that country 
 in which large quantities of rye 
 were formerly raised, and where 
 this sheep was extensively bred. 
 It is a small animal, hornless 
 (or polled), having a white face, 
 on which the wool grows close 
 to the eyes, sometimes cover- 
 ing them. Its body is round 
 and compact; the bones small; 
 the legs slender and clean, and 
 the haunches and loins are no- 
 tably developed. One peculiar- 
 ity of the old race of Ryelands 
 was tiiat it would endure privation of food better than any other 
 known sheep; and the modern breed possesses a form that itidicates 
 patience when hungry, and capable of thriving upon very scanty fare. 
 
 Ryeland Sheep. 
 
 The Anglesey for Polled Welsh) Sheep is a native of North 
 
 Wah'^, i)rincipal]y of the county 
 of Anglesey. The old style of 
 this animal was freckle- faced, 
 with a fair growtli of wool, 
 neither long nor short. The 
 introduction of Sontii-Down 
 stock, many years ago, has ma- 
 terially changtid the breed, for 
 its resemhlance to the unim- 
 proved South- Down is quite 
 marked. It in long In the neck, 
 light in the brisket, narrow and 
 loo!*e in the loin, stce]) and short 
 in the hind-quarters, and hiu'li 
 on the legs. It is generally 
 without horns. The face is 
 sometimes of a dusky white, 
 or yellow, and sometimes freckled with dusky yellow. 
 
 AiiKlGHey (or Polled "Welsh' Shcop. 
 
 The Kentish Sheep, found in the county of Kent, England, is the 
 product of a crti^s between the 
 Romney -Marsh nativi- sheep and 
 the Leicester, and is highly val- 
 ued as one of the long-wooled 
 class. The Romney-Marsh sheep 
 has been known in Kent from 
 time immemorial, and until a 
 few years ago underwent no 
 improvement. The present 
 breed, shown in the engraving, 
 is smaller, shorter bodied, short- 
 er legged, and more compactly 
 built than the native stock, 
 does not consume so much food, 
 
 is ready for market a year sooner than the old, and accumulates fat 
 outwardly as well as inwardly. The wool, although shorter and 
 lighter than fornu-rly, is improved in fineness, in color and feltini^' 
 property. The Ktntish Sheep is more hardy than the pure Leicester. 
 
 Kentish Sheep. 
 
 The Borset Sheep is a valuable breed, pfculiar to Dorsetshire, 
 England, but bearing some re- 
 semblance to that of Devon- 
 shire. Most of them, especially 
 of native purity, are entirely 
 white, with a long and broad 
 face, having a tuft of wool on 
 the forehead: the shoulders are 
 low but broad, the back straight, 
 the chest deep, the loins broad, 
 the legs rather long, and the 
 bones small. They are, as the 
 form of the ewe in the illustra- 
 tion indicates, a hardy and use- 
 ful animal, furnishing a profit- 
 able fleece and well-flavored 
 mutton. Th^ wool is not as 
 
 good in quality as that of the South-Down, but is intermediate be- 
 tween the short- wooled Down and the Devon. 
 
 Dorset Sheep. 
 
 The Black-Faced Sheep, whatever its origin, has been for cen- 
 turies bred in Scotland, and it 
 is related that one of the Scot- 
 tish kings kept 5,000 of them for 
 the use of the royal household. 
 The modern specimens have 
 mostly horns, with more or less 
 spiral twist, but the ewes are 
 frequently without horns. The 
 faces and legs are either black 
 or mottled; the eyes are wild 
 and fierce. They are covered 
 with wool about the forehead 
 and lower jaw, and the wool 
 generally is somewhat open and 
 long, and coarse and shaggy — 
 not so long, however, but the sheep may be properly classed among 
 the middle-wooled breeds. They are active and hardy, and endure 
 cold weather better than other sorts of sheep, except the Cheviot. 
 
 Black-Faced Sheep. 
 
 The Fat-Tailed Sheep demands attention on account of its 
 remarkable peculiarities. It 
 is undoubtedly derived from 
 Syri.'i, where the early shep- 
 herds dwelt with their flocks, 
 but it IS now found scattered 
 over a large extent of country. 
 One of these sheep, of the 
 weight of 50 to 00 lbs., will 
 carry a tail weighing 15 or 1(5 
 lbs. In cases where it has 
 been carefully fattened until 
 it turned the scale at I.^O lbs. 
 lli<! tail has weighed fully one- 
 third of that amount. The 
 tail is broad and raiher flat, 
 mostly covered with long wool, as shown in the engraving, and en- 
 tirely formed of a substance" between marrow and tallow; and this, 
 it is said, is used in households instead of butter. 
 
 Fat-Tailed Sheep.
 
 ■.(?- 
 
 VARIOUS BREEDS OF SHEEP AND GOATS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 The Cotswold taUr^ itn name from the Cotswold hill-district of 
 En^lund. It was at llret bred 
 upon the hills, and fatted in the 
 valleys of the Thanien and Severn 
 rivers. The modern ('otswold 
 is a cross between the original 
 stock and the Leicester. It is 
 valued holh for its miuton and 
 wool, tlie first of which is con- 
 sidered good, and the latter 
 yields 14 Ihs. per head per an- 
 nnm. The weight of the animal 
 varies from 200 to 300 lbs. ; it 
 has a hardy constitution ; thrives 
 well in pasture; has an average increase of 500 per cent in 5 years, 
 valued at $200; is docile in disposition; its cost of keeping is about 
 $;;i. 25 per bead yearly ; and prices for bucks and ewes of the best 
 grades range from $40 to $60 each. This is the highest price asked 
 for any breed of sheep in this country. 
 
 Cotswold Sheep. 
 
 The Leicester was formerly an inferior breed existing in mid- 
 England, heavy, large and coarse 
 in wool; but after years of im- 
 provement, instituted by Robert 
 Bakewell, in the 18th century, 
 its quality changed for the 
 better. General Washington in- 
 troduced the Leicester into this 
 country, and to-day it ranks 
 nearly equal to the Cotswold. 
 Its weight ranges from 150 to 
 200 lbs. The flesh is palatable 
 and nourishing. The yield of 
 its disi)Obition is 
 docile, and it is a fair forager. Its average of increase is 500 per 
 cent, in 5 years, valued at $100. Annual cost of keeping, $2.25. 
 The wool is long, averaging at the second shearing, and afterward, 
 six inches. Its coarseness and length ]irevent its extensive use in the 
 manufacture of woven cloth, but for knit goods it is excellent. 
 
 lieicester Sheep, 
 wool at a clip is H lbs. Its constitution is hardy. 
 
 The South-Down originated in the Southern part of England; is 
 
 one of the oldest breeds now 
 known, and has attained a 
 wide popularity, both on ac- 
 count of its excellent mutton 
 and the good quality of its wool. 
 It belongs to the hornless class 
 of sheep ; is of medium size, 
 weighing, at 2 years old, from 
 140 to 200 lbs. Its constitu- 
 tion is hardy; it thrives \vell 
 in pasture; is docile in dispo- 
 sition, and yields 9 lbs. of wool 
 at a clipping. The wool, which 
 is coarse and light-colored, is 
 need in the manufacture of flannel goods. The sheep itself has a 
 good shape, and is well-proportioned, and presents a fine appear- 
 ance. Crossing with other breeds always improves the stock ; and in 
 all respects it is one of the best animals for use on ordinary farms. 
 
 South-Down Sheep. 
 
 The Oxfordshire Down is a recent breed established in England 
 from a scries of cross-breeding, 
 and received its name in 1857. 
 The only claim it has to the title 
 of Down is its color, while its 
 size and wool class it among the 
 long-wooled sheep. Partaking 
 originally of Hampshire, Cots- 
 wold and some South-Down 
 blood, its patrons, by inter- 
 .- J. breeding, have produced this 
 
 ^-^ V\ — tk ■ _ --a,^ J^ .^^^.^^^ animal, which possesses the ad- 
 _ ^ , , . _ vantages of uniform excellence, 
 
 Oxfordshire Down Sheep. ^ ^.^^^^ constitution, a large 
 
 frame, and a good fleece; fattens 
 easily, and yields mutton of superior quality. A gentleman who 
 first imported it into the United States speaks highly of it, the un- 
 washed fleece averaging 8>2 lbs., and the yield of lambs 275 per cent 
 on the number of lireeding ewes. It has an admirable form. 
 
 The Merino of to-day i^ a descendant of either the ancient Span- 
 ish or the Siixon aninnil. The 
 American Merino, now a distinct 
 breed, iw of Spanish origin, and 
 was introduced in tin; United 
 States aljout the beginning of 
 this century. Of medium size, 
 but well-proportioned, it haw a 
 well-rounded and full body; 
 weighs from 130 to 150 lbs. ; is 
 heavily covered with rolls or 
 folds of the finest white wool, of 
 which it yields a clip of from 10 
 to 20 lbs., and for which it is 
 most greatly valued, its flesh being considered only fair mutton. It 
 has a hardy constitution: is the best of foraging sheep; its forehead 
 and cheeks are thickly covered with wool; its legs are short and 
 strong, ami encased in wool, and like all other sheep it manifests a 
 gentle dispo.sition. Crossing it with inferior stock improves it. 
 
 Merino Sheep. 
 
 The Lincoln is another English eheep, classed as a long-wool, 
 which has been imported into 
 this country, and here crossed 
 and recrossed with Leicester 
 and Cotswold breeds until it 
 partakes largely of their respec- 
 tive characteristics. A ram and 
 ewe of the Lincoln were im- 
 ported in 1835 from Yorkshire, 
 Eng. The flock formed of their 
 progeny was generally regarded 
 as very valuable, being hardy 
 in constitution, hearty feeders 
 and very prolific. The present 
 animal ranges in weight from 
 200 to 300 lbs. ; matures at two 
 years old; has a hardy constitution; gains an average increase of 500 
 percent, in five years; yields 11 lbs. of wool annually; is raised both 
 for wool and mutton, the latter of which is good. 
 
 Iiincoln Sheep. 
 
 The Angora Goat takes its name from the capital of the Turkis 
 proviner nf Ang(u;i, in Asia 
 Minor, the mild climate of 
 which has been instrumental 
 in producing the valuable pro- 
 ducts of this animal — a beau- 
 tiful silky white hair, 8 inches 
 long, and a skin from which 
 fine Oriental morocco is man- 
 ufactured. The hair is made 
 into what is known as Turk- 
 ish yarn or mohair, and then 
 wrought into shawls and cam- 
 let cloths. Importations of 
 this goat into Europe dete- 
 riorate the quality of its hair. 
 At home it is sheared twice a 
 year. It is estimated that in 1869 the province of Angora contained a 
 million of these goats, from which the annual yield was 2,700,000 lbs. 
 
 Angora Goat. 
 
 The Cashmere Goat is reared upon the cold, dry table-lands of 
 Thibi-l, in Central A>ia, adjoin- 
 ing China on the west, for the 
 sake of its hair, or down, which 
 grows beneath its coarser out- 
 ward coat. Its hair is long, 
 silky and straight, and it has 
 large pendulous ears and slender 
 legs. The wool, or down, is 
 taken to Cashmere, and after 
 being bleached is dyed numer- 
 ous colors, and woven after de- 
 sired patterns. One loom is ca- 
 pable of producing five shawls a 
 year; sometimes all the work- 
 ing force of a shop — from two 
 to four persons — is employed to 
 complete one shawl within twelve months. London, Paris, Brussels, 
 Berlin and New York import these shawls in larire quantities 
 
 ^rr!.— 
 
 Cashmere Goat. 

 
 ! 
 
 VARIOUS BREEDS OF HOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 The Large Yorksliire Hog, essentially English in origin, has be- 
 come an American representa- 
 tive of the mammoth race of 
 swine. The unimproved animal 
 wan hardy and quite a prolific 
 bleeder, but s^ddom exceeded 
 800 lbs. in weight. Experiments 
 in crossing it with the Berkshire 
 succeeded in producing a hardy, 
 useful hog, that fattened too 
 slowly to be profitable. Crossing 
 it with the White Leicester re- 
 sulted in a large animal, with 
 a smaller head than the Tork- 
 jiecimens of which have weighed from 1,100 to 1,200. 
 
 Large Yorkshire Hog. 
 
 The Suffolk 
 
 from England many years ago, has become 
 a favorite in this country, but 
 has undergone certain changes. 
 The original breed was long- 
 bodied and long-legged, with a 
 narrow back, a wide head, small 
 hams, and white hair. The 
 modern Suffolk matures before 
 it is two years old, and weighs 
 from 300'to 350 lbs. It fattens 
 fairly in pasture or pen; has a 
 hardy constitution, small bones, 
 broad shoulders, a short body, a short nose, moderately long hair of 
 a white color, and possesses a docile disposition. The best breed is 
 that produced by crossing with the Chinese or Lincoln. 
 
 Suffolk Hog. 
 
 The Chester White i-^ an American breed, supposed to have orig- 
 inated from the crossing of the 
 Bedford Hog with the native 
 white swine of Chester County, 
 Pa. Hence the name. They 
 have been known since 1818, 
 in which year the Bedfords 
 were imported from England. 
 The present excellence of the 
 breed is traced to the careful 
 selection and crossing by stock- 
 owners of its native county, 
 and is now considered a well-built and easily-fattened animal. Its 
 weight, when a year and a half old, ranges from 350 to 400 lbs., and 
 its price from §10 to $25. It has a hardy constitution. 
 
 Chester "White Hog. 
 
 The Chinese, unless mixed with better and more profitable breeds, 
 can hardly prove a satisfactory 
 investment for a progressive 
 farmer. Crossed with the Polish 
 Hog, or the Berkshire, great im- 
 provement and consequent in- 
 creased value are attained. 
 There are two varieties, one 
 white and the other l)Iack, which 
 differ little in their characteris- 
 tics. Both fatten easily, and 
 while in most other hogs this is 
 anexcelleuttrait, it addsnothing 
 to the worth of this animal, its meat becoming too greasy for pork 
 and unfit for good bacon. Its appearance is not prepossessing. 
 
 Chinese Hog. 
 
 i 
 
 The Jersey Red. Ilrsi raised in New Jersey, is supposed to be a 
 
 descendant of the original Pol- 
 ish Hog. It reaches maturity 
 early: weighs 400 or 450 lbs. ; is 
 a good feeder, and fattens read- 
 ily; hati a hardy constitution, a 
 lung nose, lop ears, a long body, 
 long legs, large bones, long red 
 hair, a heavy tail, coarse, inclin- 
 ing bristles; sluggish in action, 
 dneilo in disposition, a prolific 
 O..I V y iv.-.. ii >K. breeder and a fair nur^c. The 
 
 Duroc Hog, first well-known in 
 Saratoga County, N. Y.. is of finer bone and carcass than the Ked, 
 which it rceembles in color, while its shape is very similar to that of 
 the Poland-China. It grows to a large size and Is very hardy. 
 
 ^fSm^' 
 
 The Small White Yorkshire, a native strain of the English York- 
 shire Hog, is liitle known to 
 American farmers. The re- 
 port of the committee at the 
 Indianapolis ( Ind. ) Convention 
 says: The Yorkshire are the 
 most valuable swine to breed 
 from, or to cross with, that we 
 have ever met.... Size, shape 
 and flesh are desirable for fam- 
 ily or packers' use, as they 
 have a hardy, vigorous consti- 
 tution; a good coat of hair; are Small "White Yorkshire Hog. 
 very quiet and good graziers; 
 feed well, fatten quickly at any age, and are very prolific. 
 
 The Essex, now a prime favorite, originated in England, and un- 
 til iui[irn\cd by crossing with 
 the Neapolitan hog, in 1839, 
 was a coarse, black and white 
 animal, large in frame, and a 
 slow eater. The result of 
 crossing and breeding-in-and- 
 in is a hog of small or me- 
 dium size, rivaling the Berk- 
 shire in feeding and fatten- 
 ing, and in the excellent qual- 
 ity of its lard, bactm and haras. When Hi years old, its weight 
 ranges from 300 to 350 lbs. , and its value from $10 to 825. Its 
 fattening qualities are equal to the best of any other breed, and, 
 being a fair forager when at large, it is as economical as any. 
 
 Essex Hog. 
 
 The Poland-China originated in Southwestern Ohio, and is the pro- 
 geny (if tlie native (.)hio stock 
 united with the Chinese, Po- 
 land and other swine, between 
 1815 and 1835. By careful se- 
 lection and cultivation the val- 
 ue and excellence of the breed 
 was maintained and improved 
 by crossing it with the Berk- 
 shire and the Irish Grazier, 
 until a very perfect stock has 
 been established. At 20 months 
 old the average weight is about 416 lbs., and for fattening purposes 
 it is reckoned among the best. It thrives well in the fields, having a 
 hardy constitution, is a hearty feeder, and has a docile disposition. 
 
 Folajid-China Hog. 
 
 The Berkshire was originally, in its English home, of a reddish 
 color, spoiled with black, and 
 the breed is known to have 
 existed hundreds of years ago. 
 The modern Berkshire is the 
 result of crossing with Siam- 
 ese, Chinese and Neapolitan 
 stocks, and ranks high as a 
 handsome and profitable hog. 
 At eighteen months old its 
 weight ranges from 325 to 375 
 lbs. ; its fattening qualities 
 
 are of the best; its disposition is gentle: its prevailing color is black; 
 its neck short; its back broad and slightly curved; its body of me- 
 dium length. It is greatly esteemed m England and America. 
 
 Berkshire Hog< 
 
 The Cheshire, one of tlie old English breeds, has been superseded 
 in this country by another of 
 more modern origin, eslal)lisbed 
 in Jefferson county. N, Y. , and 
 possessing greatly improved 
 qualities. From that locality 
 it has been widely distributed 
 throughout other portitms of the 
 United States, having a good 
 reputation as a stock hog. It 
 has along body; a long, slen- 
 der, well-j^haped head, with full 
 cheeks: fine, erect aiul tliin ears: full hams; wiile shoulders: a thin, 
 pink skin: hairtliin and pure white: fine-grained flesh, and isgreiitly 
 valued for the amount of clean mess jiork it yields in proportion 
 to its offal. The old Cheshire Hog is from 3'/a to 4H feet higb. 
 
 Oheshire Hogr.
 
 «>^c>- — 
 
 SUPERIOR VARIETIES OF TURKEYS AND GEESE ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 17;^ 
 
 The Bronze Turkey — otherwise known as the rnmbrid^e — is oneof 
 tbf only two varieties of this do- 
 mestic fowl recognized inEriglnnd, 
 the other being the Norfolk. The 
 latter is black all over: bnt the 
 lironze is of all colorn, from one 
 of wliirli it derives iti* name — a 
 dark eopiier bronze. Fawn-color 
 and pure wliite are often seen, as 
 are, also, variegated birds, some 
 of which present a magnificent 
 appearance. The Wliilc is cnn- 
 sitlered the most delicate and difii- 
 cnlt to rear of all, but tlie dark 
 Cambridge grows to the greatest 
 size, and la the most esteemed. 
 Wherever else the domestic Tur- 
 key originated, it is a well-known 
 fact that it was found in a wild 
 state in America, and is still rated among our game-birds. A cross 
 of it with the English Turkey would probably improve the latter 
 materially in hardihood of constitution. In Honduras is a wild race 
 of turkeys said to possess surpassing beauty, exhibiting in the great- 
 est brilliancy all the colors of the rainbow. 
 
 Bronze Turkey. 
 
 The Toulouse Goose is said lo excel all others in size and weight, 
 either as a stock binl or fattened for 
 market. This is undoubtedly owing to 
 careful selection, proper care and feed- 
 ing. Its plumage on the breast and 
 body is light gray, on the back dark 
 gray, on the neck a darker gray, and on 
 the wings and belly shading off to white 
 in the best specimens, with but little 
 pure white visible, except on the 
 posterior parts. The bill is stout and 
 reddish, or flesh-color; the legs and 
 feet a deep orange, with a slight red- 
 dish tinge; carriage erect, tall and 
 dignified, the singular folds of flesh 
 from the neck to the abdnnieii neiirly 
 touching the ground. In weight a pair 
 frequently turns the scale at from 40 
 to 45 lbs., and in some cases specimen 
 birds have weighed 60 lbs. per pair. 
 In constitution it is hardy, easily kept in confinement, is a good layer, 
 and its flesh is tender and well-ilavored. It hasnot become so widely 
 bred in tliis country as it deserves, but is gradually growing in favor, 
 commanding high prices where its value is appreciated, young 
 birds frequently selling for $35. It is said to have been originally 
 imported from the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Toulouse Geese. 
 
 The Bremen Goose, better known, perhaps, as the Embden, was 
 originally imported from Bremen, 
 and has been raised as a distinct 
 breed iu America since 1821. Its 
 distinguishing colors are an un- 
 mixed white plumage, with hand- 
 some yellow bill, legs and feet, 
 and the iris of the eye has a pecu- 
 liar blue tint in all well-bred birds. 
 A full-blood specimen will weigh 
 20 lbs. or more. As compared 
 with the common barnyard goose, 
 it furnishes nearly twice as many 
 feathers, and will set and hatch 
 with rather more certainty of suc- 
 cess. As a table-fowl, its flesh 
 has especial freedom from the dry- 
 ness that pertains to that of other 
 and more common kinds, but ex- 
 hibits a juiciness and tenderness 
 resembling that of a wild fowl, and shrinks but slightly in cooking. 
 In flavor it has been pronounced quite equal to that of the Canvas- 
 Back Duck. The Bremen arrives at maturity when 2'/2 years old; 
 has a tender constitution and consequently requires good care; is a 
 fair forager; does not bear confinement well; is a poor setter, a bad 
 mother, and only lays, on an average, 20 eggs a year. It is considered 
 a better fowl for the market and table than for other purposes. 
 
 Bremen. Geese. 
 
 the Flemieh, tracing 
 
 The White Holland Turkey, known ; 
 its orii;iii to the Xetherlands ami Bel- 
 gium, has grudnally grown Intcj favor 
 in this country, although not »s nu- 
 merously bred as the Bronze and other 
 varieties of American turkeys. It la 
 smaller than the Bronze, but appears 
 to occupy a merited place between the 
 Bronze and the comuKni domestic 
 fowl, antl belongs to a distinct race, 
 having many valuable qualities of its 
 own. Its plumage is pleasing, its 
 size commanding, its flesh white, 
 tender and juicy, and it is a i)roliflc 
 layer. The female makes a good and 
 watchful mother. Both sexes fatten 
 readily, are of quiet disposition, and, 
 if properly cared for, are not apt to 
 stray far away from home. Farmers 
 who have raised other kinds consider them an admirable bird for 
 general use. Their feathers are very valuable, having the softness 
 of the down of geese, and are preferred to those of any other. This 
 turkey is not to be confounded with the common White Turkey so 
 often seen in barnyards. The White Holland is much larger. 
 
 White Holland Turkey. 
 
 The White Chinese Goose very closely resembles the Brown 
 most particulars, but is larger in 
 size, and more swan-like. Its 
 color, however, is a spotless, pure 
 white; its bill is a bright orange- 
 yellow, and the bunch at the 
 junction of the upper bill and the 
 forehead is of the same color; the 
 knob on the head is also larger 
 than that of the Brown, and of a 
 different shape. Whether walking 
 on the land or floating on the 
 water it is very handsome, its 
 long and slender neck being beau- 
 tifully arched when it swims. Its 
 eggs are quite small, considering 
 the size of the fowl, averaging 
 only about half the dimensions of 
 those laid by the common goose. 
 It rarely incubates its own eggs 
 
 successfully; but is considered a good setter, and hatches the eggs 
 of the common goose remarkably well. This is owing, it is thought, 
 to the ease with w-hich its own eggs chill, while the eggs of other 
 geese are less sensitive to the cold. The female is a good mother, 
 and takes excellent care of her goslings, of which she can produce 
 three or four families during the season. 
 
 Wliite Chinese Geese. 
 
 The Brown Chinese Goose, as well as the White Chinese, appear?^ 
 to lie a ^[tecies ranking midway 
 between the goose proper and the 
 swan, both of which it resembles 
 in the length of its neck. It is of 
 a general brown color, changing 
 gradually into light gray or yellow 
 brown on the breast, with a dark 
 stripe running down the back of 
 the neck. It possesses much of 
 the beauty of the swan, which it 
 also resembles in having a dark 
 bunch around the base of the up- 
 per part of the bill. Its voice is 
 harsh and peculiar. Its entire 
 length, when full-grown, is 3 feet. 
 It seems to be well understood 
 that it originated in China, but is 
 now generally bred throughout 
 Europe, Asia and Africa, and is 
 
 becoming quite a favorite in the Cnited States. Owing to its char- 
 acteristics it is better adapted to living in the barnyard than for 
 grazing in the fields. Its carriage is quite dignified, walking erect, 
 with its neck elevated, much like a swan, but is easily alarmed, and, 
 when excited, is very noisy. If crossed with the common goose, the 
 product is a very prolific layer. In some specimens of the Brown 
 the bills and legs are black, the belly white, and the throat wattled. 
 
 Brown Chinese Geese.
 
 >^ 
 
 2:^: 
 
 ■•? 
 
 ITi 
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED. 
 
 S*: 
 
 The Plymouth Rock, jiu American fowl, has not existed as a dis- 
 tinct breed for many years, but has 
 risen with wonderful facility in 
 the estimation of poultry-raisers. 
 It is supposed to bea cross between 
 the China and either the Domi- 
 nique, the Fawn-Colored Dorking, 
 the Black Java, or the Great Malay. 
 In size it rivals the Asiatic fowls, 
 and possesses marked symmetry, 
 a dquarely-built and heavy body, 
 a rich and variegated plumage, and 
 is a prolific layer. Pullets com- 
 mence laying at five months old, 
 and, under proper treatment and 
 care, will lay daily all the year 
 round. The eggs are of medium 
 size, rich in material, and have a 
 reddish-yellow color. For mar- 
 ket purposes this bird is also desirable and profitable. As hatching- 
 fowls they are faithful and efficient, and bestow excellent care upon 
 their chickens. They also possess another satisfactory trait, — being 
 less destructive to gardens than the smaller kinds. When a year old 
 the cock stands from 32 to 35 inches high, and weighs about 10 lbs. 
 
 Plsnaiouth Rock Fowl. 
 
 The Silky Fowl is so named because the filaments of its 
 feathers, instead of being fasten- 
 ed together, as in other birds, 
 are separate and loose, giving 
 the plumage asilky, hair-like ap- 
 pearance, and destroying any 
 symmetry of shape that the bird 
 may possess. This peculiarity 
 also gives a deceptive size to the 
 fowl, making it seem much lar- 
 ger than it is. The cock seldom 
 weighs 3 lbs. or the hen over 2 
 lbs. It is also called the "-ANfe- 
 gro " fowl, on account of the som- 
 bre color of its bones and skin. 
 The latter is of a dark violet 
 tint; the comb and wattles a dull, 
 dark purple. The bones are cov- 
 ered with a film that is nearly 
 black. The tlesh itself is white 
 and palatable, being better than that of most other fowls. The comb 
 should resemble that of the Malay, with a small crest on the top of 
 the head. The legs are usually feathered. Its crumpled and abund- 
 ant plumage eminently fits it forcovering young chickens of its own 
 or other breeds. Another species resembles the Cochin in all partic- 
 ulars except its feathers. 
 
 Silky FowL 
 
 vort 
 
 ion t 
 tlnti 
 It8| 
 
 The Great Black Java, of pure blood, ranks, for excellence, with 
 the Malay, is a native of the is- 
 land of Java and Sumatra, and by 
 some breeders is considered su- 
 perior to all other large poultry 
 in i)()int of beauty, while other 
 fowl- fanciers, again, deem the 
 Malay the finest of the two. In- 
 deed there is a great eimilarity 
 of characteristics between the two 
 birds; but the pure Java is sel- 
 dom seen inthiscountry. Around 
 the. eyes and throat is an absence 
 of feathers : the comb is large and 
 serrated (resembling eaw-leeth), 
 and the wattles quite prominent. 
 Long golden hackles adorn the 
 head, sides of the neck, back and 
 nimp. The tail is black, with a 
 (*tately carnage and exhibiting a fine mi-tallic luster. The legs are 
 thick and large. With those who know them best they are rated 
 among the most valuable of barnyard fowls, laying large and well-lla- 
 vored eggs. The body colors vary from black beneath to abluinh black 
 on the upper back, while the wing feathers are richly variegatedwith 
 tints of deep cheftnnt, steel-blue, brownish-black and reddish-yellow. 
 Ita gait is slow and majestic. The forked-tailed cock, found in Java, 
 is another large and remarkable epecles of this bird. 
 
 Gical i- , 
 
 The Black Spanish is of uncertain origin, and there is no reason 
 for belie\iiig iliat it was brought 
 from Spain. Whatever its source, 
 it has been long and favorably 
 known by the pul)lic. Its digni- 
 fied carriage and large white eggs 
 commenditalike to fowl-fanciers 
 and breeders. Of the several 
 varieties exhibited the White- 
 Face takes precedence, owing to 
 its beautiful characteristics, 
 principal among which are its 
 aristocratic bearing, black and 
 glossy plumage, bluish legs, 
 red, erect and large comb, and 
 white smooth face. A full grown 
 bird weighs from 7 to 8 lbs. The 
 pullets lay when sis months old, 
 and then 5 or 6 eggs per week; 
 but to insure many eggs the hen-house should be kept warm. The 
 young chickens are ^delicate and require generous diet and care in 
 order to successfully raise them. The White-Faced variety is es- 
 teemed as the most profitable, as there is a good demand for it, and 
 prices generally rule high. 
 
 Black Spanish Fowl. 
 
 The Frizzle is a puzzle to naturalists, both on account of the ob- 
 scurity attending its origin and to its 
 very remarkable peculiarities. The 
 theory that it was formerly a native 
 of Friesland, and that it received its 
 name from that circumstance, has no 
 foundation in fact: nor is there any 
 evidence that it came originally, as is 
 sometimes claimed, from Japan. It 
 is almost certain that its name is de- 
 rived from its appearance, every 
 feather of the bird being curved, 
 or turned back from the body, 
 so as to show a portion of the under- 
 surface. This fowl does not rank 
 high as a distinct or ]>rofitiible breed. 
 It is not at all hardy in constitution, 
 and cannot be depended upon as a 
 trustworthy layer. The fle.sh is in- 
 ferior for table purposes; the bird is 
 
 far from ornamental, and, except for its singular characteristics, does 
 not possess any special commercial value. The plumage is usually 
 white, but there are other colors extant, and specimens are exhibited 
 with either single or double combs. The principal attraction of this 
 fowl consistsin its peculiarity of feather, in which it rivals the Silky, 
 
 The Malay was among the earliest importations of the large 
 Asiatic ])oultry, and is remarkable 
 for its giganticstature, which is said 
 to exceed that of any other domes- 
 tic fowl. The cock, at maturity, 
 should weigh from 9 to 11 lbs. , and 
 stand at least 30 inches high. It is 
 quite long in the head, beak, neck 
 and legs, and when in an upright 
 posture has a shelving back. The 
 wings arc elevated, and project at 
 the shoulders. The body narrows 
 toward the tail, which is small, that 
 of the cock drooping. The plu- 
 mage is firm, close and glosi^y, re- 
 flecting light with a peculiar eflfect. 
 The usual standard color is a brown- 
 ish-red, but there are other shades 
 of color, as welt as a pure white, 
 which is deemed the most beautiful 
 
 of all. The legs are yellow, and devoid of feathers. The comb is 
 low and flat, covered with wart-like knobs. The eye is usually yel- 
 low. The red and mikod face and throat indicate the cruel disposi- 
 tion — the ferocious character — of this bird. It is improved by cross- 
 ing with other fowls, as the Dorking, but is <jf itself a most excel- 
 lent table-fowl. It has another peculiarity, that of thriving well in 
 Ihc courts and alleys of crowded cities. 
 
 ^- 
 
 Malay Fowl. 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^<m
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 
 
 The Wyandotte is rt-murkuble for itw plumage, which (Uffcrs ma- 
 terially in !i])pcarjuu;t! from that of 
 other fowls, and also ranks well in 
 the list of useful and fnncy poultry 
 of the larger breeds. In size it re- 
 sembles the Plymouth Uock, and 
 exhibits the principal coIofh of the 
 Silver-Spangled Hamburgh and the 
 Dark Urahma, with a more decid- 
 edly artistic union of shades. The 
 ground-color is white, with heavy 
 lacings of black, those on the breast 
 being especially attractive. The 
 comb is similar to that of the Ham- 
 burgh, but not so large in propor- 
 tion, and more closely set upon the 
 bead. The face and ear-lobes are 
 bright red, and the legs yellow and 
 without feathers. Notwithstanding 
 its size, it is easily confined within fences of ordinary height, and, 
 when running about the barnyards or pastures, is an industriout for- 
 ager. With a hardy constitution, it combines the qualities of a good 
 layer of large eggs, a good hatcher, a careful mother, and displays a 
 contented and harmless disposition. Its flesh is excellent for food. 
 
 Wyandotte Fowl. 
 
 The Buff Cochin, nest to the White, is the most popular of this 
 variety. The entire race of Cochins 
 possess much merit. The chickens, 
 although they slowly acquire perfect 
 l)liini;ige, are considered more hardy 
 of cont^titution than any other kind, 
 ixcept the Brahma, and thrive where 
 others would perish. So rapid is 
 their growth of body that when three 
 months old they are ready for the 
 table. In confinement they do well, 
 are very tame, easily domesticated, 
 and peaceable in disposition; and, as 
 they cannot fiy, high fences are not 
 required to keep them from roaming. 
 As a market-fowl they are deemed 
 inferior to some otiier varieties, but 
 are useful for supplying family de- 
 mands for chickens or eggs. They 
 are good hatchers. The Buff, so 
 called, may possess any shade of that color, but an absence of black 
 feathers and of black pencilling in the hackle is desirable. The 
 color of the cock should correspond w ith that of the hens on the 
 breast and lower parts of the body, but its hackles, wing-coverts, 
 back and saddle are generally of a rich gold tint. It has been found 
 that in reproducing itself the chickens are lighter in color. 
 
 Buff Cochin Fowl. 
 
 The Perfect Game Fowl, of any ordinary breed, has a strong, long, 
 curved and sharp beak; a small, 
 thin and single comb, low in front, 
 erect and evenly serrated, usually 
 of a red color, but sometimes 
 darkish red; a long, sharp head, 
 with lean and thin face and throat; 
 small red ear-lobes ; a well-arched, 
 strong, long neck; a hard, close, 
 firm and short hackle, broad in 
 feather; a short back, very hard 
 both in feather and flesh; broad 
 shoulders ; a narrow, neat and 
 short rump, round at the sides; a 
 broad and hard breast, neither too 
 full nor too lean, and thus able to 
 easily resist opponents ; short, 
 close and hard saddle- feathers; 
 strong wings, of medium length, 
 well fitted to the body, and carried neither too high nor too low-, but 
 protecting the thighs; the tail of moderate length, carried erect, but 
 not curved over the back, and well spread, with sickle-feathers of a 
 full round curve; short, muscular, hard and firm thighs, placed wide 
 apart, and running well up toward the shoulders, thus aiding the 
 bird to stand firmly; flat, broad, spreading and thin feet, and long, 
 sharp and rather thin spurs, placed low down, curving upward a 
 little; plumage very close, short, and hard, with glossy reflections. 
 
 Perfect Game Fowl. 
 
 The Partridge Cochin is a prominent variety of this very large 
 and estfcmcd race of domestic fowls. 
 The cock should weigh from 10 to 13 
 lbs. ; the hen from H to 10 lbs. The 
 breast should be full and broad in 
 both the cock and hen; the neck 
 short; the back short between head 
 and tail, and very broad; the legs 
 short, and set widely apart; the gen- 
 eral apix'iirance as massive as possi- 
 ble; the legs yellow and feathered to 
 the toes, and the thighs covered with 
 a fine down. The head is neat and 
 rather small, and the C(mib of mod- 
 erate pize, erect, straight and ser- 
 rated; the ear-lobes ore clear red; 
 the eye bright and lively, and re- 
 sembling the plumage iu color. The 
 hackles of the hwi are bright gold, 
 striped with black, the rest of the 
 
 body being a light brown, i)cncilled with a very dark shade of the 
 same color: the cock's hacklesare bright red. striped with black: the 
 hack and wings dark red, the latter crossed with a bar of metallic 
 greenish-black: the breast and under part of the body black. 
 
 Partridge Cochin Fowl. 
 
 ncilled," 
 
 The Dark Brahma, sometimes known 
 similar Id the Light in comb, 
 form and symmetry, but very op- 
 posite to it in color. The head of 
 the cock is crowned with a "-pea- 
 comb," or three small combs run- 
 ning parallel along the bead length- 
 wise, the middle one being the 
 highest, but all straight and ser- 
 rated, aud set low and firmly on 
 the head. The beak is strong, well- 
 curved and of a horn color. The 
 wattles are full, and the ear-lobes 
 purely red, well-roundedand hang- 
 ing below the wattles. The neck 
 is short, neatly curved, with full 
 hackles of silver- white, streaked 
 with black and flowing well over 
 the back and sides of the breast. 
 The head-feathers are white. The 
 
 back is almost white, short, flat and wide, rising at the rump, 
 where the plumage merges into a soft, small tail, with consi<i- 
 erable upright carriage. The neck and saddle-feathers are white, 
 striped with black, and their length gives character to the breed. 
 From the saddle to the tail, and on the sides of the tail, are lustrous 
 green-black feathers, with a few white ones next to the saddle. 
 
 Dark Brahma Fow^l. 
 
 The White-Crested Poland is most widely known of the several 
 varieties of this favurite fowl. The 
 weight of the cock is 5 or 6 lbs., 
 and that of the hen, 4 or 5 lbs. In 
 constitution it is delicate, and par- 
 ticularly subject to roup. The 
 cock, in carriage, like that of 
 other varieties of the Poland, is 
 bold and graceful, with the neck 
 thrown rather back toward the tail. 
 The crest is large, regular and full 
 throughout, white in color, but 
 havinga/<?»'blackfeaihers in front. 
 There is no comb. The wattles 
 are full and of a bright rod color, 
 but the ear-lobes are a pure white. 
 The body plumage is black all over, 
 with bright reflections on the sad- 
 dle, hackles and tail. The hen is 
 very compact and well rounded 
 
 and filled in form. Its plumage is a rich black: its crest like a ball, 
 white in color, with a few black feathers in front. This crest of the 
 Poland, it is stated, proceeds from a peculiar swelling or protuber- 
 ance at the top of the skull, which contains a portion of the brain. 
 This fowl is a good forager, does not bear confinement well, is a good 
 layer, but a poor hatcher, and a bad mother; has flesh of a fine 
 grain but poor flavor, and is docile, domestic and cheerful. 
 
 "White Crested Poland Fowl.
 
 ^ 
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 
 
 The Sultan is a favorite ornamental fowl in England. In size it 
 is rather small, tbe cocli weighing from 
 4 to 5 lbs. Easily tamed, and possess- 
 ing a brisk and lively disposition, added 
 to many endearing and amusing traits, 
 peculiar to itself, it occupies the posi- 
 tion of a cherished pet bird. In its 
 white plumage and crest it resembles 
 the White Poland, but differs materially 
 from it in its short and full-feathered 
 thighs, legs and feet. The crest, also, 
 nnlike that of the Poland, stands more 
 erect, and does not interfere with the 
 sight. The throat is muffed and whisk- 
 ered with thick feathers, and the tail 
 of the cock is very full and flowing. 
 The comb consists of two small spikes 
 growing in front of the crest. The legs 
 are white, and the foot has five toes, like the Dorking. At maturity 
 the Sultan is quite a hardy bird. It is understood to belong to the 
 Polish race of fowls, and possesses many of their characteristics. 
 The birds known as Ptarmigans should not he confounded with the 
 present race of Sultans, for if ever they belonged to it they have 
 greatly degenerated. 
 
 Sultan Fowl. 
 
 La Fleche, 
 
 standard French fowl, possesses traits that indicate 
 its Spanish origin; but in size and 
 weight it greatly exceeds the Span- 
 ish breed, the cock often weighing 
 from 8 to 10 lbs. Both male and fe- 
 male have long and large bodies and 
 long and muscular legs. The plu- 
 mage, like that of the Spanish fowl, 
 is black, with a greenish reflection, 
 and with dense featliers clo.-^ely fits 
 the body. The legs at maturity are 
 slate-ct)lored, becoming a leaden gray 
 as the bird grows older. Like that of 
 tbe Creve-C'osur, the comb has two 
 horns near the top of the head, and 
 two little points just in front of the 
 nostrils. Formerly there was a crest 
 to the head, butin modern specimens 
 this has disappeared. The wattles 
 are long and pendulous, and of a 
 bright red color. The carriage of La Fleche is courageous and in- 
 telligent, with active motions and a lively spirit. Its constitution, 
 however, is not hardy, in cold weather requiring care and warm 
 shelter, and without proper attention in the winter does not lay well. 
 In moderate weather and with fair treatment it is a good layer of 
 large white eggs, but has no disposition to hatch its own chickens. 
 
 La Fleche Fcnrl. 
 
 The Creve-Coeur is the fowl most preferred in France for the 
 quality and quantity of its flesh. It 
 may be classed as a large bird, aver- 
 aging about 8 lbs., but frequently 
 weighing 10 lbs. It is very full and 
 compact in body, with exceedingly 
 short legs. The hen especially 
 seems, on this account, rather to 
 crei-p than walk; and the effect in 
 both cock and hen is a quiet and de- 
 liberate gait. It is stated, also, that 
 in confinement it appears the most 
 contented of any fowls. The plu- 
 mage is mostly black, but in some of 
 the best specimens tlie hackle and 
 saddle are varii'gated with gold or 
 straw colors. Pure black all over, 
 however, is considered correct. Aside 
 from its value as a table-fowl, the 
 Creve-Coeur possesses several other 
 excellent traits, including its early maturity, the ease with which it 
 can be reared and kept within narrow apartments, its very large 
 white eggs, and its indisposition to hatch its own progeny. The 
 comb of the cock is in the form of two dark-nd horns, surrounded 
 by a large black crest, which with the full ami dark-red wattles, and 
 the throat well covered with beard and whiskers, gives the bird a 
 Satanic upi)earancc. 
 
 Oreve-Coeur Fowl. 
 
 about the size of 
 
 The American Dominique is a distinct varin 
 the common loul. It is said to re- 
 semble the "Cuckoo" poultry 
 known in England as '* Scotch 
 Grays," with the exception of hav- 
 ing double combs and yellow legs. 
 The i)lumage consists of blue and 
 white feathers, so arranged that it 
 presents throughout tolerably well- 
 defined greenish tints, although in 
 some specimens gray is the pre- 
 vailing color in both the male and 
 female. It is 8upi)0sed to have ori- 
 ginated in the island of Dominica, 
 in the British West Indies, whence 
 its name. It ranks more generally 
 as a useful fowl than one calcula- 
 ted to please the fancy, it being 
 hardy of constitution, usually free 
 from disease, a capital layer, plump 
 
 and tender for the table, a successful hatcher, and a good nurse. 
 In crossing with other fowls the pure breed possesses the faculty of 
 transmitting most of its desirable qualities to its progeny. Expe- 
 rience claims for it a high place in public estimation. 
 
 American Dominique Fovrl. 
 
 The Dorking is peculiarly an English fowl, and in all its varieties, 
 the Willie, the Silver-Gray and 
 Gray, or Colored, is much admired, 
 especially by ladies, for its beauty 
 of a]>pearance and its excellence as 
 a table-bird. The White is sup- 
 posed to have been the original 
 stock-fowl, from which the other 
 kinds have been derived by cross- 
 ing it with large colored breeds, 
 snch as the Sussex. The true 
 Dorking has a full, deep body, a 
 prominent, broad and rounded 
 hreast, a broad back, and a general 
 neatness and compactness of figure. 
 The weight should range from 8H 
 lbs. upward in the hen, and the 
 cock about 2 lbs. more. The legs 
 should be white, or have a slight 
 rosy tint, and the feet marked with 
 
 the characteristic double toe perfectly developed. The comb may be 
 either single or double— the single one large, npright and serrated, 
 and the double one (which every White Dorking should have), broad 
 in front at the beak, ending in a raised point behind. White ones 
 are smaller than the colored; and inter-breeding tends to degenerate 
 any species of this fowl. 
 
 Dorking Fowl. 
 
 The Hondan, another French fowl, is supposed to be a cross 
 between the English Dorkingand the 
 White Poland, and like the other 
 French standard breeds is classed 
 among the best domestic table- birds. 
 In form it resembles tbe Dtirkiiig 
 as to its size, compact and full body, 
 its short legs and fifth toe, but pos- 
 sesses smaller bones. Its plumage 
 is usually white, with black spang- 
 les, each about the size of a quarter- 
 dollar. In weight it exceeds most 
 other French fowls, when grown to 
 a full size, but theroare many small 
 specimens exhibited. Like the Po- 
 land race, its head is covered with a 
 large crest of black and white feath- 
 ers. The wattles arependiilousand 
 prominent features, and the comb 
 
 of the cock is described as resembling "two leaves of an open book 
 with a long slrawlierry in the center;" that of the hen is smaller. 
 In constitution tbe lloiidau is hardy, and ranks high as a prolific layer. 
 The live weight of the cock is TIJ lbs. ; of the hen, 5 lbs. The av- 
 erage number of eggs laid during the year by a single heu is ITO, of 
 which 9 should weigh 1 lb. It does not bear confinement well; is 
 not a good hatcher and is a poor nurse for chickens. Its flesh is fine 
 in grain, and of the best flavor. 
 
 HouJ 
 
 y?r 
 
 d:
 
 ra 
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 
 
 177 
 
 
 The Game Bantam 
 
 m:irked by mof^t of the peculiuritiL-s that 
 (iistin{,'ni!?h other gume- fowls, unci 
 is coiiyuierecl u proiitat)!^ variety 
 for rait^ing on farniH. The: plumage 
 is t-imihir to that of the corre- 
 sponding speciesof game-chickens, 
 anil Ihf bird Itself ia no doubt the 
 result of continued inter-brceding 
 and selection of the smallest spec- 
 imens, with, now and then, a 
 crossing with some other Bantam. 
 In form and cariiagc it sliouUl 
 closely inutate other game-birds. 
 In constitution it is the hardii-st of 
 all the Bantams, and, in endurance, 
 courage and fighting qualities, is not 
 inferior to the larger kinds. The 
 weight of the cock should be less 
 than IVz lbs. and of the hen 20 ounces. The well-bred Game has a 
 peculiar hardness and wiriness of plumage, and a solid compact body, 
 unsurpassed for the table. The illustration represents the Black- 
 Breasted Red Game Bantam, which is to be preferred to other species 
 aa being the best fitted for out-door foraging in all weathers; five or 
 six of them can roost in a house two feet square. 
 
 Game Bantam Fowl. 
 
 The Cochin Bantam i^ deemed the most remarkable of this justly 
 esteemed race of imported fowls. 
 It was first publicly exhibited in 
 England in 1863, the original birds, 
 it is alleged, having been stolen 
 from the Summer Palace at Pekin, 
 the Chinese capital, during the war 
 with Great Britain. The Buff (or 
 Nankin) breed is another that for- 
 merly flourished but became nearly 
 extinct. Like the Buff, the Cochin 
 is of a pale orange color, and resem- 
 bles it in form, having a rose comb, 
 feathered legs, and all the charac- 
 teristics of the original in perfec- 
 tion, unless the progeny have been 
 deteriorated by inter-breeding, too 
 much of which causes sterility and 
 constitutional weakness. The best 
 breed extant is produced by crossing the Cochin with other feather- 
 leg Bantams, thus introducing fresh blood, and then rebreeding with 
 the pure race. The Cochin is very tame, and a favorite pet. Ban- 
 tam chickens require more animal food than most others, and, when 
 young, should be kept in comfortable quarters. A roomy, boarded 
 coop, in a dry, sunny spot, is best for them during the first month; 
 after that it may be left open during the day. 
 
 Cochia Bantam Fowl. 
 
 The Brown Leg^horn is avery superior bird in many respects. In 
 body it greatly resemldes a small 
 Spanish fowl, showing the same 
 kind of large comb; the red face of 
 the Minorca, the same color of 
 plumage as the Bhick-Breasted 
 Red Game, and bright yellow legs. 
 Of the Leiihorn there are three 
 varieties — the Brown, White and 
 Dominique (or Cuckoo-Colored), 
 — all of which are hardy birds and 
 very remarkable layers, averaging, 
 in many cases, more than 200 eggs 
 per annum. In the United States 
 the Brown species is most esteem- 
 ed and held at high prices; but in 
 England the White is yet the 
 mostpopnlar. It lays amuchlarger 
 egg than the Hamburgh, and it 
 bears confinement better than many 
 other fowls. The Leghorn is believed to have originated on the shores 
 of the Mediterranean Sea. Among other characteristics they are not 
 good setters, but mature rapidly, and begin to lay early, are easy to 
 raise, and appear to turn most of tlieir food into eggs. One has been 
 known to lay 159 days without cessation. In general they manifest 
 agility and enerjry, with sufficient courage to defy hawks, and readily 
 pick up their own living on the farm. 
 
 ^.^^^i__ 
 
 Brown Log'horn Fowl. 
 
 The Sebright Bantam has the proudest conceited carriage (so 
 far as the cock is concerned) to be 
 imagined in a bird bo small. The 
 head is thrown back until it touches 
 the nearly upright tail; the wings 
 droop halfway down the legs; its mo- 
 tions are lively and restless, and Its 
 gait is a strut that defies all other 
 l)irds. Its courage in indomitable, and 
 with the utmost energy it attacks the 
 largest fowl that crosses its path. The 
 cock is sometime ** hen-feathered " 
 throughout, having a square, straight 
 tail, without sickle feathers, and the 
 neck and saddle-hackles resemble those of a hen; the better kind 
 has a tail tending to the sickle shape. The plumage is compact and 
 close, and every feather is laced with black around its edge. The 
 comb is a perfect rose, with u small epike behind, pointing upward, 
 and rather pale. The eye is a sparkling dark red, and the face 
 around the eye is rather dark. The bill is slate-colored; the legs 
 blue and free from feathers. There arc two varieties of the Sebright 
 — the gold-laced and the silver-laced. The former has a body color 
 of a bright yellow; the latter is pure white; the lacing in both is 
 the black edging of each feather. 
 
 Sebright Bantam FowL 
 
 The Japanese Bantam receives its name from the country where 
 it was originally bred, and from 
 which it is comparatively a new 
 importation; consequently it is, 
 perhaps, not so well known as 
 it should be. It is described 
 as very short-legged, and vary- 
 ing from other species by having 
 a very large single comb. The 
 color of this bird is sometimes 
 mottled, but the best specimens 
 have a pure-white body and a 
 glossy, jet-black tail. The Ban- 
 tam, in general, whatever its 
 variety, after the first two weeks, 
 may be as easily reared as other 
 
 fowls, and do well upon scanty food, or, otherwise, they grow too 
 large. The hens are good layers and nurses. Their eggs, however, 
 are below the medium size, but very tempting to the palate of an in- 
 valid, and are well cooked by pouring boiling water over them. The 
 principal use of the Bantam is to keep the garden free from insects, 
 without destroying vegetation. The name of Bantam is given to this 
 fowl, it is said, from a town of the same name in the island of Java, 
 but there seems good reason for believing that it came first to Eng- 
 land from Japan, and thence to America. What is known as the 
 Turkish cock closely resembles the Bantam, 
 
 Japanese Bantam Fowl. 
 
 The Light Brahma has been in dispute for many years as to its 
 origin — wlietht-r it is be consid- 
 ered, in connection with the Dark 
 Brahma, a distinct race of these 
 fowls, or a cross with the Cochin 
 China. The Light is chiefly white 
 in the color of its plumage on the 
 surface, with a bluish-gray be- 
 neath, which indicates that there 
 is no mixture of the Cochin, 
 whose feathers are always white 
 throughout. The backs of both 
 the cock and hen are quite white. 
 When folded, although the flight- 
 feathers are black, the wings 
 should appear white. The tail is 
 black in both sexes, sometimes, 
 in the cock, exhibiting beautiful 
 green reflections in the light, 
 
 stands rather upright, sind has a fan-like spread when open; the legs 
 are yellow, well covered with white feathers, occasionally mottled 
 with black; the comb is either of the "-pea" or single variety. The 
 Light Brahma cock should average, in weight, 11 li lbs. , and the hen 
 8 lbs. 'It has an average constitution; is a poor forager; endures 
 confinement well: is a fairlayer, a heavy setter, a clumsy mother; has 
 a fair quality of flesh, and lays an average of 1.^0 eggs per year. 
 As a breed, the Brahmas possess real and substantial merit. 
 
 Light Brahma Fowl. 
 
 '^.(y — 
 
 12
 
 » 
 
 ITS 
 
 ^k - 
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED— CONTINUED. 
 
 ? 
 
 The Langshan is a distinct bird, which originated in China, where 
 
 it is honored asa "sacred breed," 
 and has become generally and 
 favorably known, both in Europe 
 and America, for its excellent 
 qualities and peculiar traits. It 
 is a large, showy fowl, very 
 hardy, and less liable to disease 
 than most others of the Asiatic 
 races, is domestic in its habits, 
 endures confinement well, and 
 ranks high as a layer in cold 
 weather; indeed its prolific char- 
 acteristics have given rise to the 
 expression that it "lays itself 
 poor." Its plumage is a deep 
 black, with a rich beetle-green 
 tint displayed on its back, wings 
 and sickle tail-feathers; the tail 
 is large, wide-spread, and well 
 elevated; the hackle is full, flowing and very glossy; the head is 
 comparatively small; the comb and wattles are of a deep, rich red 
 color; the legs are of a dnrk slate shade and slightly feathered to 
 the outer toe, and the soles and web of the feet are of a pink tint. 
 
 liangshan Fowl. 
 
 Tlie Duck-Wing Game is shown in varieties — the Silver-Gray 
 and Yellow, or Birchen. The for- 
 mer is white- skinned when of 
 pure breed. The plumage of the 
 cock is of a silver-gray color; the 
 hackle clear in color on the sur- 
 face, but striped beneath with 
 black; the breast either a clear, 
 mealy, silver color, or bluish- 
 black; the back a clean silver- 
 gray; a steel-blue bar across the 
 wing, the lower part of which is 
 of a creamy white, and the tail a 
 glossy greenish- black. The hen 
 is of a silvery-bluish-gray, thick- 
 ly frosted with a silver hue; the 
 neck hackle is silver-white, and 
 striped with black; the breast is 
 a pale fawn tint. In both cock 
 and hen the comb and face are of a bright red color, and the legs either 
 willow-hued, blue or white, the latter harmonizing best with the sil- 
 ver plumage; but willow is most common in birds of the least purity 
 of race. '1 he true Silver Duck-Wing has either white or bine legs. 
 In the willow or blue-legged the eyes should be red, and in the yel- 
 low or white-legged yellow. The Yellow Duck-Wing Game varies 
 little from the Silver-Gray Duck-Wing, except in the straw color. 
 
 I>uck-*Wine Game Fowl. 
 
 The Gold-Spangled Hambargh is one of six varieties of a very 
 clioice bird, all of which are hand- 
 some in form and feather, grace- 
 ful in carriage, and rank high as 
 fancy birds. Besides the Gold- 
 Sp:uiL.'k-d, there are the Silver- 
 SpiM.L'k'd, the Golden -Pencilled, 
 tli<- Silver-Pencilled, the White, 
 atid the Blaek, and all are about 
 lli(! size of the ordinary barnyard 
 fowl. None of them manifest any 
 disposition to hatch their young, 
 but continue to hiy regularly near- 
 ly every day, except during the 
 molting season. The origin of 
 the Hamburgh is uncertain, but 
 the name would indicate a Gor- 
 man connection. Characteristics 
 common to all varieties are size, 
 brilliant rose combs, ending be- 
 hind in an upward projecting Bpfke, blue legs, and *<pangl(;d or pen- 
 cilled plumage. There seem to be two varieties, alfo, of both the 
 Gold and Silver clasHeK, the principal difference being in the shape 
 of their respective t*pangles. In England those witli round or moon- 
 Rhaped spangles are known an "Mooneys. " The color is a rich 
 golden bay, with a rich black spancle, which presents a gloswy green 
 reflertinn in llie litjht, and all tin- ^[)angleH arc regular in shape. 
 
 Oold-Spangled Hambiureh Fowl. 
 
 The Spangled Poland, like the Hamburgh, is classed as the Sil- 
 ver-Spangled and the Gold-Span- 
 gled. The plumage of the former 
 has a ground-color of silver-white, 
 with well-defined, moon-sh;iprd, 
 black spangles. In the cock the 
 feathers are white, edged and tip- 
 ped with black; in the hen each 
 hackle-feather has a spangle at the 
 end. The tail-feathers are clear 
 white, with a large spangle on the 
 end of each, and the wings of both 
 cock and ben are double- barred 
 with spangles. The breast-color 
 of the cock should be free from any 
 black shade and finely spangled. 
 The Gold-Spangled fowl is very 
 similar to the Silver-Spangled, sub- 
 stituting only a rich golden ground- 
 color for the silver-white. The 
 
 tail of the cock, however, is dark bay, the sickle-feathers being 
 tipped with black, and the side-feathers edged evenly with the same 
 tint. Frequently both of these varieties of Spangled Polands are 
 marked with lacings. 
 
 Spangled Poland Fowl. 
 
 The Red Pile Game receives its name from the arrangement of 
 
 colors in its plumage, which, in the 
 cock, iscomposedof a white ground, 
 piled with a bright red; the breast 
 is mostly white, frequently touched 
 or marked with red; the back 
 is chiefly red, and the tail clear 
 white, or mixed with red. The true 
 species show briglit red eyes, the 
 hackle red and white striped, and 
 the legs white. The hens have a 
 white body, veined or streaked with 
 red, a more rubicund breast than 
 the cock, and a white tail, some- 
 times slightly sprinkled with red. 
 Those birds in which the red color 
 most predominates are considered 
 the best specimens. The cock av- 
 erages 714 lbs. in weight, and the 
 hen 5 lbs. They mature at 1 year 
 
 old, lay, on an average, 170 eggs per annum; possess hardy constitu- 
 tions; are the best kind of foragers; do not bear confinement well; 
 are fine setters, and the best of mothers, and their flesh is of excel- 
 lent quality for the table. Altogether they are profitable farm fowls, 
 taking good care of themselves, laying numerous extra- sized eggs, 
 and crossing well with the several varieties of other breeds. 
 
 Bed Pile Game Fowl. 
 
 The Silver-Spangled Hambnrgh, in both classes, is a much better 
 layer than the Gnld-Spaiigied. 
 The Lancashire Silver "Moon- 
 ey" shows large round span- 
 gles, like those of the Golden 
 variety, set upon the silvery- 
 white feathers wliicli constitute 
 its plumage. In the hen the 
 outside tail-feathers are silver- 
 white, with only black '* moons" 
 at the tips. In both sexes the 
 moons on Iho wing covert- feath- 
 ers form two black bars across 
 the wings, and the more regular 
 these bars the greater the value 
 of the bird. The Y'orkshirc 
 " Pheasant" class of this breed 
 of llaraburghs has smaller span- 
 gles, neither as round as tliose 
 of the "Mooney" nor jxTfeclly 
 crescent- shaped. In both cock 
 
 and hen the tail is white, with blaek spangles at the feather ends; 
 and the breast of the cock has fewer spangles than that of the 
 *'Mooney " class. There is also anoMier sort of "Mooney " which 
 produces cocks with dark tails and reddish ear-lobes, wliich is sup- 
 posed to be across of the "Pheasant" class. Either of the Ham- 
 burgh breeds is considered profitable. 
 
 Silver-Spangled Hambiurgb Fowl. 
 
 4 
 
 /^(d^~~- 
 
 .A
 
 2S 
 
 
 STANDARD VARIETIES OF FOWLS ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED-CONTINUED. 
 
 17!> 
 
 The White Cochin ie one of the principiil varictic-p of this diftin- 
 guit*hf(l cla^sof fovvln, und, iifidu 
 from its own puculiarities, pos- 
 gesses most of tbo churactLTietics 
 belonging to the otlicrs. lis 
 gigantic size, docility and prolific 
 production of eggs ut first created 
 enormuiisly exaggerated prices 
 for this hreed, and it is on record 
 that in the excitement $r)l)0 was 
 repeatedly paid for a single cock. 
 The race of Cochins is now very 
 perfect. The cock should weigh 
 from 10 to 13 lbs., and the hen 
 from 8 to 10 Ihs. , the true size 
 and fcirin being retained; the 
 hreapt full and broad; the neck short, but not clumsy in appearance; 
 the back short from head to tail, and very lintad; the thighs covered 
 with fine down, and the shanks heavily feathered to the toes; the legs 
 yi'llow; the head neat and rather small; the comb of moderate size, 
 erect, straight, and avenly serrated; the ear-lobes pure red; the eye 
 bright and sprightly; the tail very small. The White Cochin should 
 be perfectly white in every feather throughout, and the legs of the 
 standard yellow color without a shade of green. 
 
 Wliite Cochin Fowl. 
 
 The Aylsbury Duck is one of the principal two varieties raised 
 in England, the other being the 
 Rouen, described opposite. It re- 
 ceives its name from the place 
 where it: is most numerously bred, 
 and it is computed lliat the sales of 
 it there amount to about $100,000 
 per annum. As for size the right 
 weight is from 8 to 9 lbs. Its plu- 
 mage should be of the purest snow- 
 white throughout; the head full; 
 the bill well set on the skull, so that 
 the beak is seemingly almost in a 
 line from the toj) of the head to the 
 tip. The bill is quite long, and 
 when seen from the front resembles 
 a woodcock's, is of a delicate flesh- 
 color, without spot or blemish, with 
 a slight fleshy excrescence where 
 the feathers commence; the eye is 
 full, bright and quite black; the legs are strong, and the feet well 
 webbed, and in color of a rich dark yellow or orange; the body is 
 rather long, but broad across the shoulders; the neck is quite long 
 and sk-nder; the drake has one or two sharp curls in its tail. In 
 stdecting breeding-fowls the drakes should be chosen with very long 
 bills, like a woodcock' s^ and duck's with broad backs and large bodies. 
 
 Aylsbury Duck. 
 
 The Pekin Duck was nnknown in the Tnited States and Europe 
 
 until the year I8T2, when an 
 enterprising American obtained 
 the eggs in China, placed them 
 under hens at Shanghai (China), 
 and shipped the product to New 
 York, and thence to Stonington, 
 Conn. Since then they have 
 thriven and increased in a nota- 
 ble degree, those brought froni 
 China proving very prolific. The 
 breed faas been kept pure and 
 improved by later importations 
 from Asia. These ducks are 
 white, with a yellowish tinge to 
 the under part of the feathers. 
 Their wings are a little less than 
 medium length as compared with other varieties, and, as they cannot 
 easily fly, they may be kept in low inclosures. At four months old 
 a pair of them should weigh about 12 lbs. Their eggs are remarkably 
 fertile, and produce a larger percentage than those of chickens. They 
 may be hatched under hens or incubators. The ducklings are very 
 hardy, only requiring to be kept dry during stormy weather, to have 
 fresh water handy, and all the soft food that they want four times a 
 day. They grow much faster than any other kind of poultry. They 
 should be kept out of the water until they are feathered. When 
 matured they will thrive and keep their plumage clean. 
 
 Pekin Buck. 
 
 The White Leghorn is a favorite among American poultry- 
 fanciers, und, liUe the Domi- 
 ni(iue, on another page, justly 
 esteemed lor its hardy constitu- 
 tion and coutinuouB habit of lay- 
 ing eggs. They are easy to raise, 
 begin to lay at an early age, do 
 not like to set, are good foragers, 
 and average from 175 to 200 eggs 
 per annum. Indeed they are 
 counted among the most useful 
 of all the non-setting fowls. No 
 other breed matures so soon as 
 this, the juvenile cock crowing 
 at six weeks, and the pulletB 
 frequently laying at four or 
 five months after hatching. The 
 White is a good table-fowl, and, 
 
 when crossed with the Asiatic or other large breeds, makes a most 
 desirable fowl for the market. The former difficuliy with them, the 
 freezing of the single comb in cold weather, checking their laying, 
 and disfiguring the birds, has now been largely overcome by the 
 cultivation of the Rose-Comb variety, which is found to be a great 
 improvement in this respect. 
 
 ¥^iy<f 
 
 "White Leghorn FowJU 
 
 The Rouen Duck is reared much the same as the Aylsbury, but 
 rarely commences laying until 
 February or March. It is a band- 
 some bird, weighing 8 or 9 lbs., 
 and is valued for its excellent 
 flesh as well as its other good 
 .qualities. In plumage it almost 
 exactly matches the American 
 Mallard Duck, but is larger in 
 body. The drake has a command- 
 ing appearance, with a rich green- 
 and j)urple head, and a fine long 
 bill, in shape and attachment to 
 the skull like that of the Aylsbury. 
 The C(dor of the Ijill is a yellow 
 ground, with a very pale wash of 
 green over its surface and the 
 " bean," at the tip, jet black. 
 There should be a sharp, clearly 
 
 defined white ring around the neck, with a slight break in it at the 
 back. The breast is a deep, rich claret-brown, reaching down to the 
 water-line, where it merges into the beautiful French-gray of the 
 under body-color, which gradually shades into while near the tail. 
 The back is a rich greenish-black, exending to the tail-feathers, the 
 curls of which are a rich dark-green. The wings are a grayish-brown, 
 with distinct purple and white ribbon-marks. 
 
 Rouen Duck. 
 
 The Caytlga Suck, originating in North America, is widely valued 
 for domestic culture, having a 
 liardy constitution and the rep- 
 utation of a good layer. It is 
 also known as tlie Large Black 
 Duck, and its weight varies from 
 5 to 8 lbs. each — somewhat lighter 
 than the Aylsbury or Rouen, 
 but its flesh is superior in flavor 
 to theirs, »nd the bird is more 
 easily fattened. The plumage is 
 black, approaching brown, with a 
 white neck or collar, which poul- 
 try fanciers will undoubtedly, by 
 cultivation, transform into a neat, 
 defined ring. Kept in a garden, 
 or within a commodious inclosure 
 where s'ngs and worms may be 
 found, with a small pond or tank 
 
 conveniently furnished, most domestic ducks do well. ' It is a mis- 
 take to suppose that they may be neglected; and, if well cared for, 
 will prove a profitable investment. In the garden, they are valuable 
 for destroying slugs and worms, doing but little damage to vegeta- 
 tion, except to strawberries, for which they have a peculiar appetite; 
 but other garden fruit generallj- grows too high for them to reach. 
 It is not unusual for ducks to lay from 150 to 200 eggs a year, and 
 some have laid more than this. 
 
 Cayuea I>uck. 
 
 k 
 
 .Qi, —
 
 V^Q- 
 
 I 
 
 ISO 
 
 The 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 
 
 9 
 
 English Mastiff tmcpp his origin to a remarkably early date, 
 and it is a question whether 
 the mastiff aud bulldog were 
 then distinct breeds, and to 
 which the modern representa- 
 tives of those breeds can trace 
 their ancestry. It is doubtful, 
 alho, whether the present mas- 
 tiff is untainted with the blood 
 of other breeds. As he is, how- 
 ever, be is a vaUuible animal. 
 His head is broad, flat and full, 
 with square jaws; his eyes 
 small, mild, and of a brown or 
 huzel color; his ears small, 
 hanging downward close to the 
 cheek, and vine-shaped; his 
 muzzle short, with square nose ; 
 
 ■k muscular and symmetrical; height about 30 inches. 
 
 English Mastiff. 
 
 The Bulldog originated in England, several centuries ago, when 
 
 hull-baiting was one of the pop- 
 ular amusements. The main 
 distinctive qualities of this ani- 
 mal consist of his enormous 
 strength, endurance, bravery 
 and determination. His ap- 
 pearance indicates all these ; 
 with a savage expression ; a 
 large, square skull; large, dark 
 eyes; small fine ears; high 
 cheek-bones; a short, thick 
 muzzle; and a broad black nose; 
 the lower jaw wide and square; 
 neck arched and very muscular; 
 chest wide and deep; back short 
 and arched at the loins; legs, 
 short, straight, and very sinewy; weight, 50 lbs. ; hair fine, short, 
 even and close; color white, brindle, red, fallow, or pied. 
 
 BuUdog. 
 
 The Dalmatian or spotted Coach-Dog. is a native of Dalniatia, in 
 
 Austria, but is now quite com- 
 mon in other countriiv, where 
 he is valued as a carriage-dog. 
 He belongs, undoubtedly, to 
 the pointer species by nature, 
 and to the race of watch-dogs 
 T)y cultivation. His head re- 
 sembles that of the pointer, 
 with thin, vine- shaped and 
 flat ears, and small, dark and 
 brilliant eyes. The neck also 
 resembles that of the pointer. 
 The body is sturdy, but not 
 heavy or clumsy, with sloping 
 shoulders and muscular loins; 
 straight legs and cle;in hocks, with strong and close feet, and horny 
 soles. The tail is small and tapering, with a slight uiiward curve. 
 The hair is short, close and straight, and its color varied. 
 
 Dalmatian Dog. 
 
 The Truffle Dog i 
 
 ' an English breed, engendered and cherished 
 for a special purpose in his 
 native land. Wehster defines 
 theTruflleus "a Uindof mush- 
 room, of a fleshy, fungous 
 structure, and of a roundish 
 fil.'ure, found buried in the soil 
 of the woods lit a ilepth of sev- 
 eral inches, much esteemed as 
 an esculent." The mission of 
 the TruflleDog is, by his sense 
 of smell, to determine ihe best 
 placing where Ihe trullh- may 
 be dug up. Originally brought 
 from Spain, it is sauI, 200 
 years ago, lie has become nu- 
 merous and liighly esteemed. 
 He is a small poodle, of nearly pure blood, and weighs about 15 lbs. ; 
 Ih either white or black, or white and black, with black mouth and 
 under-lip; possesses great intelliir'tiee, vlirrwdncss and oddiry 
 
 The Newfoundland, a native of the island of that name, is a large 
 black animal, remarkable for 
 his majestic appearance and 
 the benevolent expression of 
 his face; and the latter is sus- 
 tained by his disposition, so 
 ably and often manifested by 
 his fidelity and earnestness in 
 saving drowning people. The 
 head is broad, rather flat on 
 lop, but exhibiting a distinct 
 forehead, with a wide nose, of 
 average length; the face-hair 
 short; height about 25 inches; 
 
 neck usually short; chest large, inclining to roundness; back seldom 
 muscular; legs bony and straight, displaying considerable muscle; 
 feet wide and large; symmetry often defective; the color black; the 
 coat shaggy, thick and oily ; the tail long, covered with thick, long 
 hair and gently curled to one side. 
 
 Kewfoundland Dog. 
 
 The Bull-Terrier, in his modern and improved condition, is a hand- 
 some, symmetrical dog, com- 
 pounded, it is said, of terrier 
 and hound, and has lost nearly 
 all his ferocious nature and ap- 
 pearance. The genuine ani- 
 mal should exhibit long and 
 powerful jaws, a large, black 
 or spotted nose; small black and 
 sparkling eyes; regular, close- 
 shutting teeth; a long and 
 graceful neck, tapering from 
 the shoulders to the head; 
 strong and slanting shoulders, 
 a wide and deep chest; a short 
 and muscular back; long and 
 straight fore legs; long and muscular hind-legs, with straight hocks; 
 strong feet, with arched and close-set toes; short and close hard hair, 
 rather than silky ; color of pure breed, white; tail carried straight. 
 
 Bull -Terrier. 
 
 The Colley, or English Sheep-Dog, appears to have no direct 
 family history, and undoubt- 
 edly is a mixture of unknown 
 origin, owing much to the train- 
 ing of successive generations 
 for his superior intelligence and 
 utility. His fox-like heaii, wide 
 between the ears, is flat on top 
 and tapering toward the eyes; 
 the muzzle is lean and peaked, 
 with a muscular jaw; the ears 
 small and pricked, with short 
 hair, and their tips turned over 
 and forward; the eyes are near 
 together, of medium size and 
 generally brown; the shoulders muscular; the chest moderately wide, 
 but deep: tlie loins strong and slightly arched; the legs muscular and 
 straight in front, and bent behind; the feet rather long; the coat shaggy 
 and thick, or else short, hard and close; the ctdor hlack-and-tan. 
 
 Colley Bog*. 
 
 The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog ("Loup-loup") is an importation 
 fnun Pouieraiiia, in Prussia, and 
 France, but now bred in Eng- 
 land and America. InPomerania, 
 his native country, he is em- 
 ployed as a sheep-dog. His in- 
 telligence is small, and he is not 
 successful as a trick dog. About 
 the house, unless molested, he- 
 is cheerful, generally free from 
 offensive smell, and cleanly in 
 habits. Ilis head is wide be- 
 tween the ears, which are small 
 aiul fox-like, as is his nose: eyes 
 large and usually hmwn or hazel 
 color: chei-t round and deep ; Ic^ge 
 straight arul stnmg. with small 
 and cat-like feet; hair resembles 
 coarse fur, with a more hair-like 
 and heavy frill; color principally pure flake white; has a shaggy tail. 
 
 PomeranlaJi Dog*. 
 
 A- 
 
 — sC);
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA— CONTINUED. 
 
 181 
 
 The English Setter — especially the '^Laverack" breed, which is 
 
 j;;reialy rsltjcmcd us tin; best 
 — has reached a hif^h degree of 
 excellence, ehietly hy the breed- 
 iiii; in- mid -in process. Tins 
 breed dates l)ack to 17H0, but 
 has been materially improved 
 since 1825. The head is a little 
 more than medium size, with 
 a nose at least 4 inches lonj; 
 and moderately wide, and hav- 
 ing a dark end. and jaws of 
 iiL-arly equal length. The ears 
 are shorter than the pointer'.« 
 and rounded. TIu; eyes are of 
 medium size, of a rich brown color, and full of animation. The neck 
 is of modL-riite length and thickness; thecliest rather deep than wide: 
 the legs muscular and bony, and the feet hairy. The tail is long, 
 with a slight upward curve, and well "■flagged " with silky hair. 
 
 English Setter Dog. 
 
 The 
 
 (lisposi 
 
 Deer Hound, a native of Scotland, in the days of romance, 
 as depicted by Sir Walter Scott, 
 was a prime favorite with coun- 
 try gentlemen and their ladies, 
 on account of his heroic size and 
 shape, and his usefulness in the 
 deer-hunt. At the present time 
 he has been partially superseded 
 in the field by other and less 
 majestic dogs, but is still bred 
 and cherished for his good qual- 
 ities. With the elegant frame 
 of the greyhound he unites a 
 rough, shaggy coat, which adds 
 to the beauty of his outlines by 
 softening them; and he displays, 
 when attacked, great power, 
 quickness and courage. His 
 
 tiiin, however, is unpleasant, especially toward children. 
 
 Deer Sound. 
 
 The Greyhound is formed largely on the principle of the thorough- 
 bred race-horse, especially as 
 to leanness and length of body, 
 slender legs and quick action, 
 all of which eminently fit him 
 for the chase; and for centuries 
 he has been a favorite with 
 sportsmen. In height about 
 25 inches; a head wide between 
 the ears, through the narrow 
 head is by some deemed more 
 elegant; neck resembling that 
 of a drake, long, round and slim; 
 chest moderately deep and 
 wide; shoulders and fore-legs thrown well forward; back like abeam; 
 loins, broad and strong; stifles wide apart, and powerful hocks; feet 
 cat-like and hare like; tail fine and gracefully curled; colors black, 
 red or brown. This dog possesses the faculty, which is rather rare, 
 of hunting with the eye instead of the nose. 
 
 Greyhound. 
 
 The "Wavy-Coated Retriever is supposed to be a cross between 
 
 the Labrador dog, or the small 
 St. John's (Newfoundland), and 
 the setter, but by this name the 
 pure Labrador is sometimes in- 
 dicated. 1 he true Retriever has 
 a head long, wide, and flat at 
 top, with a slight furrow through 
 the middle; the jaws are long; 
 the nose wide, with open nos- 
 trils, and a cool moist end; the 
 ears, of medium size, lie close 
 to the head and are set low; the 
 eyes are of moderate size, mild 
 and intelligent; the neck of me- 
 dium length; the loins and back wide and deep, with mnscular quar- 
 ters and stifles, the latter well apart; the chest broad and deep; legs 
 [ and sinewy, with broad knees and well-developed hocks; the 
 
 
 Wavy-Coated Retriever. 
 
 long 
 
 feet rather large and compact; the tail bushy and carried gaily. 
 
 The Pointer, a cultivated English hunting-dog, exhibitH two dis- 
 tinct varieties, each marked by its 
 color — the liver- and -while and 
 lemon-and-white. All other va- 
 rieties of color are deemed 
 strains of these standards, both 
 of wliich, in their purity, are 
 higlily esteemed. There is. also, 
 a great similarity between the 
 genuine pointer and the setter 
 in point of race and work. The 
 head of the pointer is of medium 
 size, with considerable forehead; 
 a nose long, broad and square 
 
 at the end; eyes of medium size, soft, and brown; ears moderately 
 long and thin, hanging close to the cheeks?, and covered with soft 
 hair; neck arched, long and round; chest deep rather (ban wide; 
 body moderately long and rounil; loins mnscular; Inps wide; legs 
 iMuiy and sinevvy; feet cat-like; tall long and tapering, without curl. 
 
 Pointer Dog. 
 
 The English Fox-Hound has been known in England, witli vari( 
 degrees of excellence, pro- 
 bably 200 or more years, and 
 has, in general, remained un- 
 mixed with other breeds. 
 His requisite traits are a 
 nose exquisitely sensitive 
 to game- scents, great speed, 
 and strength of wind. His 
 head is large, but not un- 
 wieldy, with neither very 
 high nor low forehead; ears 
 long, wide and rounded ; a 
 long, substantial nose; neck 
 tapering and long; shoulders 
 long and muscular; chest 
 should girth 30 inches or 
 more; back and loins close 
 knit and muscular; hindquarters very strong and legs straight. 
 
 English Fox-Hound. 
 
 The Dachshund, or German Badger- Dog, originated in Southern 
 and Central Europe, and is now 
 extensively bred in England, 
 ^^ here he is used for hare hun- 
 ting and fighting badgers. The 
 crooked -legged is considered 
 the purest blood; possesses 
 great strength in proportion to 
 his height and weight, and short 
 and crooked forelegs that give 
 him a roiling and ungainly gait, 
 but admi rably fit faim for digging 
 in the earth for badgers or 
 
 foxes. He is also used in hunting deer, butaetraighter-legged breed 
 is j)referred for this sport. Th^ head is long and slightly arched, 
 with considerable width; the jaws are long and tajiering, the ends 
 nearly square; teeth level and strong; ears long: eyes rather small, 
 deeply-set, dark-brown, ornearly black, and piercing; neck short 
 and thick; chest long and full; legs short and muscular. 
 
 Dachshund. 
 
 The Irish Water Spaniel is known by two breeds of the same 
 name in Ireland, of which he is a 
 native. The McCarthy Spaniel, 
 however, originatingless than half 
 a century ago, is deemed the one 
 best worthy of consideration. Of 
 him it is said that, if properly 
 trained, he is the most tractable 
 and obedient of all dogs, and pos- 
 sesses in a marked degree the 
 quality of unyielding firmness, 
 besides being very intelligent, 
 plucky and companionable. His 
 usefulness is developed in wild- 
 fowl hunting. To a head moder- 
 ately long and wide, and covered 
 with curls, he adds a long face 
 with short, smooth hair, a broad nose, small eyes, no eyebrows, 
 peaked topknot between and over the eyes, and long curly ears. 
 
 Irish Water Spaniel. 
 
 i:
 
 1S2 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA—CONTINUED. 
 
 The Black Curly-Coated Retriever, extensively bred in Great 
 
 Britain, cannot be satisfactorily 
 traced to any exact source, un- 
 less it is to the union of the 
 small Newfoundland and the 
 Water-Spaniel. The following 
 are the points wherein he varies 
 from the Wavy- Coated: The 
 tail, where the hair is short and 
 curly, is stiff and but slightly 
 bent. The hair is intermediate 
 between wool and hair, with a 
 crisper curl than that of the 
 The wh()le face is covered with 
 
 Black Wavy-Coated Retriever. 
 
 Astrokan sheep, and quite oily 
 hair, nearly to the middle of ihe ears, that is quite short, without 
 the slightest wave. The hair of the whole body is a series of short 
 curls. The appearance of both breeds is quite symmetrical and 
 pleasing. There seems to be a greut similarity in their usefulness 
 in the hunting field, but this breed is not now so popular as formerly. 
 
 The Sussex Spaniel, as a distinct class of English dogs, dates back 
 
 to 1 872, and belongs to the same 
 family of liver-colored span- 
 iels as the Clumber. He, how- 
 ever, is quicker and has more 
 energy than the Clumber, and 
 is a good hunter, but apt to 
 sulk if displeased. His head 
 is long, wide and centrally in- 
 dented, with the forehead pro- 
 jecting over the eyes, which 
 are full, sdft and languishing; 
 the nose long and broad, with 
 a liver-colored end; the ears 
 pendulous, narrow at top, 
 wider in the middle, rounded at the ends, and covered with soft, 
 wavy and silky hair; the neck rather short and strong; the chest 
 round and moderately deep: the body, long, low and strong; legs bony 
 and muscular, with large and strong hocks, and partially feathered. 
 
 Sussex Spaniel. 
 
 The King Charles Spaniel derives his name from Charles II. of 
 England (" the Merry Monarch "), 
 who patronized the breed on ac- 
 count of its beautiful character- 
 _^ , .^ istics. Of course great changes 
 
 yS^r^^f^^^^^i>^^- ^S^^WEl^ have been effected during the in- 
 MV^^^'0^<W^^^l'fW^^^ tervening period, and the present 
 
 "^/^/:'^^j>^,J^',<it^'WmLvWn\- Iff.n^ spaniel is a different dog, but re- 
 
 tains traits that make him afavor- 
 ite. The head is high and hemi- 
 ephericalin shape, sometimes pro- 
 jecting over the eyes and nearly 
 reaching the upturned nose, which 
 is short, deep and wide, and black 
 at the end; the ears are so long 
 that they reach the ground, and 
 are heavily covered with hair, and fringed; the eyes jire large, lus- 
 trous and of a dark color; the body is compact; the back broad; the 
 chest wide, and the legs strong and stout; the weight from 5 to 10 lbs. 
 
 King Charles SpanieL 
 
 The Otter Hound is a peculiarly British sporting dog. and prin- 
 cipally employed in hunting the 
 otter, which, if not disturbed, 
 wastefully destroys the fish cul- 
 tivated and preserved in lakes 
 and streams. He is probably the 
 descendant of a Southern hound, 
 iinproved and changed by selec- 
 tion and a careful breeding, but 
 ret;iiuing the trails of a hound 
 in every respect. His outward 
 hair is rough and long, but under 
 this is a thick woolly undercoat, 
 which wards off the ill effects of 
 long-continued and w<'t excur- 
 sions. His style of hunting is 
 low and slow, but very sure, 
 owing to his tender sense of pmclJ. The dog represented is of a 
 grizzled black-and-tan color, and of very fine shape. 
 
 Otter Hound. 
 
 The Clumber Spaniel takes his name from the home of the Duke 
 of Newcastle, in Nottingham- 
 shire, Eng. , where the breed 
 was first established. He is 
 useful as an assistant to sports- 
 men, never ranging far from 
 his master, is slow in his work, 
 but has a keen scent for game, 
 and is easily controlled. As a 
 result of too much in-breeding 
 he is rather delicate in consti- 
 tution, and without voice. He 
 has a heavy, flat head, a long 
 and broad nose, large and soft 
 eyes, vine-shaped and feath- 
 ered ears, and a long, lean neck, heavy shoulders, a large cheat, a long 
 body, a strong back, short legs, soft and silky hair, not long but 
 slightly wavy. It is doubtful whether he is equal to the full-blooded 
 setter for hunting purposes. 
 
 Clumber Spaniel. 
 
 The Cocker Spaniel is an English species of hunting-dog, which 
 has madehimself popular among 
 sportsmen by his activity, fidel- 
 ity and enthusiasm in the field. 
 He is seldom found in a pure 
 strain, but crossed with other 
 good breeds, so that marked 
 changes in his weight and some 
 other characteristics have been 
 made. As he is now, he is ver- 
 satile, useful and industrious 
 when on duty. The true Cock- 
 er's head ia long, with a distinct 
 brow, a long and broad nose, ears lobular and pendant, and covered 
 with soft and wavy hair, and eyes expressive, soft and gentle; neck 
 of medium length, strong and arched, growing gracefully from be- 
 tween the well-shaped shoulders; chest deep and of good girth; back 
 and loins muscular, with well-turned hind-quarters; legs bony, 
 straight, and feathered, with round and cat-like feet. 
 
 Cocker Spaniel. 
 
 The Blenheim Spaniel received his name from his patrons, the 
 celebrated M;irlbtiiough family of 
 England. The Oxfordshire Blen- 
 heim of former times was a little 
 red and white dog, resembling the 
 Cocker in miniature. The moderu 
 Blenheim more nearly matches the 
 King Charles, and both are great 
 favorites as pets. Like the King 
 Charles, the Blenheim has a head 
 high and semi-globular in shape, 
 occasionally projecting over the 
 eyes until it almost reaches the up- 
 turned nose, which is short, deep 
 and wide, and black at the end; the 
 ears are a little shorter than those 
 
 of the King Charles, heavily covered with hair, and fringed; the eyes 
 are large, lustrous, and of a dark color: the body is compact; the 
 back broad; the chest wide, and the legs strong and etout. 
 
 Blenheim Spaniel. 
 
 The Poodle was originally a water-spanie) in the lowlands of 
 Europe, and in overrtowed dis- 
 tricts is still esteemed as a val- 
 uableassistant to the sportsman. 
 As civilization i)rogressed, and 
 the marshes were drained, he 
 gradually lost hi.s prestige as a 
 hunter and became the dtunestic 
 home-dog that we know. There 
 are different breeds of this ani- 
 mal. The "great poodle" ori- 
 ginated in Nortliwesteru Africa. 
 The medium-sized poodle isonly 
 ft smaller variety of the same 
 dog. The little poodle, only 
 half as largi' as the medium, is 
 the rehiilt of crossing with other breeds. The spi'cimeu presenteil 
 in IIh- above illustration is aFrench white poodle, " shaven and shorn" 
 as to his hind-quiirters, but otherwise showing his appearance. 
 
 Foodie Doer*
 
 ^: 
 
 1 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA— CONTINUED. 
 
 183 
 
 The White English Terrier differs from the BIuck-and-Tan only 
 in color. In size, eliapc; and 
 other characteristics the two are 
 identical. Both are tlic most ele- 
 gantly shaped and graceful in 
 outline of ail the terrier varieties, 
 and either is an affectionate, 
 lively and tractable companion, 
 never qiuirrcltionie, very active 
 and graceful in bis actions, witli 
 pluck enough (and a keen zest) 
 for hunting and destroying rats. 
 As a house -dog he is nnexcelled. 
 His weight is from 10 to 1(5 Ibe. ; 
 the lap-dog tt-rrier is smaller. 
 He has a long and narrow head, 
 with flat skull; a black, long and taper nose; black, small and briglit 
 eyes; ears either tulip shape, button or folded back — almost always, 
 cropped; neck light and well-proportioned; chest deep but not broad. 
 
 "White English Terrier. 
 
 The Smooth Fox Terrier is the outgrowth of various old-time ter- 
 riers used for hunting foxes in 
 England. Within the last fifty 
 years several improved breeds 
 have been established, some 
 of which have elicited much 
 admiration from sportsmen. 
 Among them is the Smooth, 
 possessing the following points 
 of appearance and quality : The 
 head flat, broad between the 
 ears and tapering to the eyes; 
 ears v-shaped and rather small, 
 dropping forward closely to the 
 cheek; eyes dark- rimmed, and 
 rather deep-set, and full of 
 animation; the nose black; teeth level and strong; neck of fair length, 
 and muscular; chest deep, and not very broad; back straight and 
 strong, as are the hind-quarters; color, principally, white. 
 
 Smooth Fox-Terrier. 
 
 The Rough Fox-Terrier woul. 
 
 seem to be an irregular English 
 breed, of no great antiquity, 
 and so named in opposition 
 lo the Smooth Fox-Terrier, 
 which in many points he re- 
 sembles: The head flat, broad 
 between the ears and taper- 
 ing to the uose; ears v-shaped 
 and rather small, dropping 
 forward closely to the cheek; 
 eyes small, rather deep-set 
 and full of animation ; the 
 nose black; teeth level and 
 strong; neckof fairlength and 
 muscular; chest deep and 
 not very broad; back and 
 hind- quarters straight and 
 strong; tail muscular, set high and carried jauntily, but not over the 
 back; legs strong and straight; feet round, compact, of niediuni size. 
 
 Rougli Fox-Terrier. 
 
 The Scotch Terrier, a small rough dog, well-known in England, 
 
 is a native of Scotland, where 
 his great antiquity is recog- 
 nized. In disposition he is ex- 
 tremely courageous, docile and 
 affectionate, and for vermin- 
 hunting is unsurpassed. The 
 head is fairly long, and covered 
 with short, hard hair; the muz- 
 zle is muscular and tapers to the 
 nose, which is black; eyes wide 
 apart, of a dark-brown color, 
 small, piercing and very bright ; 
 ears pricked audsharp-pointed, 
 with velvety hair; neck short, 
 thick and muscular; chest broad 
 and deep ; body moderately long, 
 and somewhat flat-sided; hiud-qnarters strong; legs, all around^ short 
 and heavy in bone; fore-legs straight or slightly bent. 
 
 Scotch Terrier. 
 
 The Black-and-Tan (Manchester j Terrier i 
 representative of the original 
 English breed of terriers lie is 
 described as "a nice pet tlmt 
 docs not need nursing, an affec- 
 tionate, lively aiul tractable 
 companion, never quarrelsome, 
 very active and graceful in his 
 action, with pluck enough (and 
 a keen zest) for hunting and 
 destroying rats. ...Asa house- 
 dog, he is unexcelled, always 
 on the alert, and quick to give 
 alarm." His weight is from 10 
 to Hi lbs. ; the lap-dog terrier 
 is smitller. He has a loug and 
 narrow head, with flat skull; a 
 black, long and tapering nose; 
 
 considered a fair 
 
 Black-and-Tan Terrier. 
 black, small and bright eyes; ears either of tulip shape, or bu 
 
 his name from the county in 
 
 The Yorkshire Terrier receives 
 
 England in which he is prin- 
 cipally reared. He belongs to 
 the "household pet" class of 
 diminutive andattractive dogs, 
 and often finds comfortable 
 quarters in the parlors of the 
 wealthy, whose luxuries he 
 shares. He is an admitted 
 mongrel, partaking, it is sup- 
 posed, of the black- and- tan 
 and Paisley or Skye terrier 
 breeds. The desirable points 
 in him are long, straight, eilky 
 hair, in such abundance as to 
 obscure nearly every portion 
 
 of the body and limbs, and the longer and more abundant is this coat 
 the more the animal is esteemed; a body-color of clear, soft, silvery 
 blue, varying in shade; the head a golden tan. 
 
 -^-m' 
 
 Yorkshire Terrier. 
 
 The Airedale Terrier is the new name of the old Yorkshire 
 (Eng. ) Waterside terrier, which 
 careful breeding has improved 
 in appearance. In all proba- 
 bility heis a mongrel, whose ori- 
 gin cannot be traced to its source. 
 He is described as having a keen 
 scent, and a partiality for rats 
 and rabbits; is a good water-dog, 
 intelligent and companionable, 
 but lacks '*gameness. " The 
 specimen here exhibited is one 
 of the best of his kind; has a 
 flat and fairly wide head, with 
 a long nose and tight lips; small 
 and dark eyes; vine- shaped and 
 
 large ears, a deep chest, a long back, a well- ribbed body, powerful 
 loins, straight and muscular forelegs, compact feet, profuse hair that 
 is weather-defving, of a blue color on the back. 
 
 Airedale Terrier. 
 
 The Dandie Dinmont Terrier is of uncertain origin, but about 
 lialf a century ago he seems to 
 have been known and admired 
 in Scotland as a dog with com- 
 paratively short ears and body 
 and a narrow chest. Such a one 
 did Landseer paint in his por- 
 trait of Sir Walter Scott. There 
 is a belief that this dog was a 
 cross with the German Dachs- 
 hund. The modern Dandie has 
 a large and strong head, broad 
 between the ears, and round, 
 high forehead; hazel eyes wide 
 apart, large, round, bright and 
 indicative of firmness, intelli- 
 gence and dignity; ears large, 
 hanging downward, tapering almost to a point, and covered with 
 soft straight black or brown hair. Weight should average 18 lbs. 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^y . 
 
 Dandie Dinmont Terrier. 
 
 7 iCi — 
 
 :;S: 
 
 i
 
 # 
 
 184 
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA— CONTINUED. 
 
 The Bedlington Terrier dates back, under other names, to abont 
 
 the last of the 17th century. 
 It h:is borne Us present name, 
 tak'-n from its native town of 
 Bi-'llington, Eng. , since 1825. 
 'Ihe modern specimen wei^^hs 
 from 16 to 25 ]b.=., and is de- 
 gcribetl thus: Head high, nar- 
 row and pciiked, vith a lung 
 muzzle of considerable thick- 
 ness; ears filbert-shaped, lying 
 close to the cheek, and slightly 
 feathered at the tips; eyes 
 small, sunken, close together, 
 and of an amber or hazel color; 
 Teeth regular and large; nose either black, red, or pink; neck long. 
 
 Bedlineton Terrier. 
 
 The Prick-Ear Skye Terrier is a variety of the native dog of the 
 
 Isle of Skye, one of the He- 
 brides, of Scotland. The other 
 is the Drop-Ear, and the char- 
 acteristics of the two are very 
 r-hnilar, but the Prick-Ear has 
 lieculiaritics tliat the other has 
 not. For instance, he possess- 
 es a larger head, a shorter body 
 and usually a rougher coat of 
 hair. The ears stand well np 
 without any bend, and are cov- 
 ered only with the short silky 
 The eyes are brown or hazel, of 
 The back is long, mus- 
 
 --i- ' '' '^'^ /WV9 
 
 Prick-Ear Skye Terrier. 
 
 hair that adorns the whole head, 
 medium size, and rather soft in espression, 
 
 cular and straight. The undercoat of the hair is soft and woolly, and 
 covered with coarse straight hair, free from curl, and falling down- 
 ward so evenly that it can be easily parted on tlie back without a 
 comb. The color varies from slate and black to black and grizzled. 
 
 The Irish Terrier, a native of Ireland, and by no means a new 
 
 breed, however improved, has 
 a most excellent rei)utation as 
 a sporting dog. In constitu- 
 tion lie is particularly hardy, 
 and bears exposure to wet, 
 told and hardslJip without ex- 
 haustion. Oil land and in the 
 water his qualities as a hunter 
 are manifested with equal 
 ability. His courage is un- 
 surpassed, and his social traits 
 fit him for the society of wo- 
 men and children, so thathe is 
 also an excellent house-dog. 
 He has a long, flat and narnow 
 head, a black nose, strong, mnscular jaws, formidable teeth and lips, 
 small and v-sha])ed ears, a moderately long neck, tapering up from 
 the shoulders, and hard, wiry hair, of a red, yellow or gray color. 
 
 Irish Terrier. 
 
 The Pug is of uncertain origin, butof considerable value among dog- 
 fanciers, SITjO baving bt-en asked 
 for a gi-nuine one abont 1850. 
 Since then the breed has been 
 creased with the bull-dog, so that 
 it is difficult to procure a i)ure 
 strain. Tiie best specimens, bow- 
 ever, exhibit a rounil skull, with a 
 hliort face, the nose being particu- 
 larly square and *' pnggy," and 
 the chuck very full and muscular. 
 The car.'* are small, vino-shaped, 
 black and thin, lying quite flat up- 
 on the face. The eyes arc dark- 
 brown and full, with a soft expres- 
 sion. A black mole, with two or 
 three Iiairs sprinciiig from it aj)- 
 pears on each check; the neck la full, stout and muscular; the body 
 thick and strong, with a wide cliest and muscular loins and quarter.-*; 
 legs straight, with fine bones, and quite sinewy; feet either hare-like 
 or cat-like, according to hreed; haSr short, soft nnd glossy, and of a 
 rich yellow or gold-stone color; height from 10 to 12 inches. 
 
 Pub Dog. 
 
 The Maltese Dog, it is believed, is not a native of the Island of 
 ISIaltu. as its name indicates, but 
 was introduced from the Man- 
 illa Islands or some other far-ofE 
 land. In shape, color and tex- 
 ture of hair it is not considered 
 the equal of the King Charles or 
 Blenheim Spaniel, although 
 very fine in these respects; is 
 considered sweeter in breath 
 and skin; is delicate in consti- 
 tntion, and more difBcultto rear 
 than the spaniel. Its weight _ 
 
 should not exceed 6 lbs. The '^"~' 
 
 hair is long, silky and slightly Maltese Dog. 
 
 wavy, but not curly; the color pure white, seemingly transparent. 
 
 The Drop-Ear Skye Terrier is a variety of the native dog of the 
 Isle of t?kye, onu of the llehri- 
 des, of Scotland. The other is 
 the Prick-Ear, and the charac- 
 teristics of the two are very 
 similar, but the Drop-Ear has 
 peculiarities that the other has 
 not. For instance he possesses 
 a smaller head, a longer body, 
 and a smoother coat of hair. 
 The ears are high-set, about 
 three inches long, covered with 
 long hair, and hang downward 
 and close to the cheeks. The 
 
 eyes are hazel or dark-brown, of medium size, and rather sharp than 
 soft in expression. The back is very long, muscular and straight. 
 The undercoat of the hair is soft and woolly, and covered with long, 
 line straight hair, free from curl, and falling downward so evenly that 
 it can be easily parted without a comb. Color black and grizzled. 
 
 Drop-Ear Skye Terrier. 
 
 The Chinese Crested Dog, imported from the Celestial Kingdom, 
 is marked \\\\\\ a cru.-ted li'_-ad 
 and tufted tail; body and limbs 
 almost totally devoid of hair; a 
 spotted skin; quick in motion, 
 and a rapid runner. The speci- 
 men here shown was born in 
 Great Britain, of native Chinese 
 stock. He greatly resembles the 
 Greyhound in the structure of 
 bis body and limbs, and the ta- 
 pering nose. This species has 
 never been imported for exten- 
 sive proj)agation; but it is pro- 
 bable that it would become a fa- 
 vorite, owing to its fine appear- 
 ance and affectionate disposition, 
 commonly used for food among the natives, but a less prolific sort. 
 The skin is spotted as shown in the engraving. 
 
 CQiinese Crested Dog. 
 
 This is not the Chinese dog so 
 
 The Italian Greyhound is not a hunting d. 
 
 copy, in sliapo and colur, of 
 the English Greyhound, and 
 an elegant drawing-room pet. 
 It is distinguished, also, for its 
 dancing-j>rancing pait; has a 
 weight of 5 to V; lbs. ; a bead 
 anil nosy less snake-like tlian 
 the EnL'Iish Greyhound, but 
 oIli('r\\isc similar to it; a neck 
 long and elegant; ryes of me- 
 dium size, soft and languish- 
 ing, and Ihe iris a dark-brown 
 color; logs straight nnd strong; 
 chest capacious ; shoulders 
 long and muscular; hind-quar- 
 tcre very strong; back and 
 loins close-knit and sinewy; 
 hair i»hort., soft and silky; 
 color, golden fawn, with molli- 
 fications; the tail quite lonu', smooth and tai«-ring, with a 
 l)ipe'' curve; symmetry Ix'tter than that of the J-Inglish Iidu 
 
 but a diminutive 
 
 Italian Greyhound. 
 
 ^- 
 
 >\
 
 STANDARD BREEDS OF DOGS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA— CONTINUED. 
 
 185 
 
 -er 
 
 The Beagle, nn old English breed of hunting-dog, is, in most par- 
 
 liciiliirs, a miniuturc of the 
 English fox-liound. Packs of 
 tlit'in are liept for tliu nt*v- of 
 hare and rabbit ImntcM-s on fool, 
 and provi- tlu*msclvcs very efli- 
 cient in tins work. Tbeir size, 
 bowcviT, prevents tbeir use 
 for heavier duties, the true 
 Beagle having a regulation 
 height of 9 inches, and a lengih 
 of :i ft. 4 inches. lie should 
 be formed e.vactly upon the 
 model of the fnx-bound, wilh 
 the exception of tlie bead and 
 ears, the former of which ia 
 much larger proportionally, 
 both in width and height, while 
 the latter closely resemble those of the bloodhound in size and 
 banging. Like the fox-honnd's, his neck must be Imig and taper- 
 ing; back and loins, muscular ; hind-quarters very strong; legs sin- 
 ewy and straight; feet round and cat-like; hair short, thick, hard 
 ami glossy; tail gently arched, carried gaily, slightly fringed with 
 hair below, and tapering to a point. The Beagle was in great favor 
 in C^ueen Elizabeth's time, and, was bred as small as possible. 
 
 Beagle Dog. 
 
 The Harrier is another peculiarly English dog, but not entirely 
 
 unmixed with the fox-hound, 
 so that the nature of the animal 
 has been greatly changed from 
 his former state. His pecu- 
 liar and greatest vocation, how- 
 ever, is hunting hares, and it is 
 necessary that he should pos- 
 sess combined intelligence and 
 a keen scent for tracking this 
 game. His head is therefore 
 often found, in the genuine dog, 
 to be wider and heavier than 
 that of the fox-hound; the nose 
 is also longer and broader, and 
 the ears are set farther back, 
 and not rounded at the tips. 
 These are the princii)ul marks 
 by which he can be distinguished from the fox-hound. The neck 
 tapers gracefully from the shoulders to the head; the shoulders are 
 muscular and well-sloped; the chest full: the hack and loins very 
 muscular and closely joined to each other; hind-quarters very 
 strong, with straight stifles; the legs straight; feet round and cat- 
 like, with strong claws; the hair dense, hard, short and glossy, and 
 of black-tan-and-white color; height from 16 to 20 inches. 
 
 Harrier Dog. 
 
 The Basset Hound originally tlourished in France, presumably in 
 the provinces of Artois and Flan- 
 ders, many long years ago, and 
 now appears as an improved 
 breed, or rather two distinct 
 varieties, both retainingthe traits 
 of their ancestry. The difference 
 between the tw'o is the rough coat 
 of one and the smooth coat of the 
 other, but the smooth is most 
 liidily estimated, while both are 
 u-^rfiil to tne sportsman. The 
 head of the breed is long and 
 narrow, with a wrinkled fore- 
 head, and a dignified cast; very 
 long ears, hanging in loose folds, and thin and velvety; eyes of a 
 gentle expression; neck powerful; chest deep and full; forelegs 
 short, with massive paw; quarters muscular and prominent; gait 
 waddling; tail coarse underneath, and carried hound-like; hair short, 
 smooth, fine and glossy; color black, white and tan, variegated. 
 In appearance he is extremely picturesque. Deer and roebuck 
 driving is his particular work, but he is exctdlont for hunting hares, 
 rabbits, etc. Two or three are sent into a covert, while the sports- 
 men take their positions where the game is likely to be seen, or where 
 the ringing voice of the little hound directs them. Deer and hares 
 are said to actually play before these dogs, stopping to listen to them 
 coming, and giving the hunter every possible advantage. 
 
 Basset Hound. 
 
 The Bloodhotind traces his lineage to the days of cattle stealing 
 outlaus Oh ilu- fronti(;r of Eng- 
 land and Scotland, and was then 
 known as a sleuthhound or as a 
 Talbot. Originally he was tall, 
 slow, square-headed, with lonu', 
 pendulous ears, heavy, drooj)ing 
 jaws and lips; had a broad chest, 
 a deep-toned, melodious voice, a 
 slow, untiring gait, and a stern, 
 majestic expression of feature. 
 He received his name from the 
 certainty with which he followed 
 the track of any wounded animal 
 if he once smelt its blood; fresh 
 blood crossing his track, he would 
 leave the old and follow the new. 
 These characteristics are partially 
 developed iu the modern Blood- 
 hound; but of late years he has 
 been less used for heavy work, 
 and may, possibly, have been 
 transformed into a more companionable, peaceful favorite. In color 
 he is either black- and -tan, or tan only. The hair is short and hard 
 on the body and limbs, but silky on the ear and scalp. 
 
 Bloodhound. 
 
 The St. Bernard Dog has a world-wide reputation, and a historv 
 replete with intense interest. 
 For one or more centuries he 
 has filled an important mission 
 in the dreary Swiss Alps, at the 
 Hospice { or monks' iiouse) on 
 the heights of the Great St. 
 Bernard mountain, where num- 
 bers of these dogs have longbeen 
 kept and trained to hunt for 
 benumbed and lost travelers 
 amid the snows of that frozen 
 and desolate region. Every 
 morning at 8 o'clock, duringthe 
 severe weather, four monks, 
 their servants and two dogs, 
 leave the hospice and descend 
 the mountain, in two parties, on opposite sides of it. Here the true 
 value of tlie dogs is found in the fidelity with which they keep the 
 regular mountain paths, however filled with snow. At certain dis- 
 tances along each route are stone caves, or refuges, built for the 
 shelter of travelers, and each one of these is visited, while the keen 
 scent of the dogs, with their energy in overcoming every obstacle in 
 their way, enables them to find the frozen and freezing travelers who 
 have fallen by the wayside. Many have thus been timely rescued. 
 
 Rough St. Bernard "Dog. 
 
 The St. Bernard Dog* exhibits such energy and sagacity as are 
 exercised in no otlur domestic 
 animal, and has justly become 
 celebrated in song and story. 
 There are two species of them 
 — thcrougli and smooth- coated, 
 both of which are here exhib- 
 ited, yet the main difference, 
 between them is in their hairy 
 coats. They have been impor- 
 ted into England, and have 
 there proved themselves excel- 
 lent watchdogs. The advan- 
 tage of the smooth-haired over 
 the curly-toated breed is best 
 appreciated in their mountain 
 work, where the latter clogs 
 easily with snow and ice, rendering the dogs' researches uncomfort- 
 able and less efficient. The head is large and massive, chiefly in 
 height and length; the face long and cutoff square at the nose; lips 
 drooping, similar to the bloodhound's: ears of medium size carried 
 close to the cheeks, and covered with silky hair; eyes large, but 
 deeply sunk; a full chest, twice the girth of the head and half the 
 length of the body; loins full, with wide hips: size that of the Eng- 
 lish mastiff ; legs straight and strong; feet large, with double dew- 
 claws; hair red and white, or fawn and white, or brindled and white, 
 with white bands round the waist and neck. 
 
 Smootti St. Bernard Dog. 
 
 d: 
 
 =^^
 
 ISO 
 
 EXISTING AND WELL-KNOWN VARIETIES OF RABBITS. 
 
 The Silver-Gray Babbit ranks next to the Lop-Efired in promi- 
 nence and value, and stands fore- 
 most among the silvered varieties. 
 When and where it was first 
 produced is not certainly known, 
 but it was probablj' imported into 
 England from some other coun- 
 try. It is not a large rabbit, and 
 its ears are not of great length, 
 and yet it presents a unique 
 appearance, owing to its ele- 
 gant coat of fur; and this is its 
 principal distinctive character- 
 istic. It is of medium size, 
 weighing from 6 to 8 lbs. ; is 
 compactly built, with a neatly 
 formed head and ears, and in its best condition indicates a good de- 
 gree of health and vigor. Its color resembles that of a rich blue- 
 roan horse, and is made up of the varying shades of its double coats 
 of fur. The exceptional colors, which indicate inferiority of class, 
 are darker shades on the nose, ears, fore-feet and tail, the object be- 
 ing to secure evenness of tint throughout. The eyes of this rabbit are 
 full and large, and its ears from 8 to 10 inches in length. The far 
 is short and close fitting, with a smooth, hard feeling. 
 
 Silver-Gray Rabbit. 
 
 Himalayan Rabbit. 
 
 The Himalayan Rabbit ranks among the most interesting of 
 fancy puts. Whether it originated 
 in Himalaya, China, or other far- 
 off lands, remains unknown. Dar- 
 win refers to it as an evidence of 
 his evolution theory, from the 
 fact that many Himalayan rabbits 
 have been bred from Silver-Grays 
 completely isolated from the 
 original Himalayans; but Him- 
 alayans cannot be bred from Sil- 
 ver-Grays. The true Himalayan 
 weighs about 6 lbs. The body is a 
 happy medium between the lan- 
 ky and long and the stumpy and short. The fur is of superior qual- 
 ity, fine, fairly short, and very glossy. Almost the entire body is 
 pure white, or ha? a very light bluish tinge. The ears, nose, fore- 
 legs and feet, the hind-legs and feet, and the tail, are coal-black 
 or the darkest brown. These dark markings, however, will some- 
 times fade out, owing to some unknown cause. The eye is a point of 
 particular attractiveness in this rabbit. It is of a very beautiful 
 bright color, somewhat similar to that of the Angora Rubliit. to 
 which it is considered superior. The average number at birth is 
 about six, and the young mature in about 7 months. As a food- 
 animal the Himalayan is much esteemed. The skiu is of much more 
 value than that of the common rabbit. 
 
 The Lop-Eared Rabbit, as indicated in the ilhistration, is the 
 most remarkable of the species, 
 not only for the extreme length 
 of its ears, which are its princi- 
 pal cliaracteristic, hut for the 
 variety and richness of its colors. 
 These include a light sandy or 
 fawn tint; gray, black and blue; 
 clouded fawn; black and white, 
 tortoise-shell, fawn and wliite, 
 gray and white?, and blue and 
 white, with other mixeti sIkuU-s. 
 The cars of a good sjiecimen of 
 this animal measure 22>i or 23 
 inches in length, and sliould be 
 about 5 inches wiihs its weight 
 should vary from li! to 10 ll)s. ; 
 the back arched to a point higher 
 than the top of the head, and if 
 it has a clear eye and straiirlit 
 limbs, its beauty will be ack- 
 nowledged by all. The question 
 whether the long ears of this rab- 
 bit arc natural or caused by disease has Jed to so?ne discussion. 
 Darwin, the English naturalist, favored the disease theory, and de- 
 voted a chapter to this animal in his volume on "Variations of Ani- 
 mals and Plants." 
 
 Lop-Kurod Rabbit. 
 
 The Angora Rabbit, although possessed of considerable beauty, 
 require?^ a lar larger amount of 
 care than any other of the spe- 
 cies. Its fur is long and woolly, 
 resembling that of the Angora 
 sheep and goats, and from this 
 circumstance, rather than to any 
 other, it is supposed that it re- 
 ceived its name. It is some- 
 times known, also, as the An- 
 gola Rabbit. Formerly it was 
 bred in France, in large num- 
 bers, for its fur. Its disposi- 
 tion is exceedingly docile, and 
 it is evidently a common stock 
 rabbit. Although its frame is 
 of a moderate size, its long fur gives it an appearance of being large ; 
 yet its weight should not exceed 6 or 7 lbs. The fineness and length 
 of its fur determine its value. Msny are white in color, bnt others 
 are black, white and black, brown, white and brown. The eye is 
 beautiful, full and of a pink color; the ears are short, neat and cov- 
 ered with wool. On account of its peculiar fur, it requires close at- 
 tention, in order to keep it clean, in proper apartments, bedding, etc., 
 and for this reason it is sometimes designated "the ladies' rabbit." 
 
 An^^u 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 The Belgian Hare has acquired a high reputation as a fancy rab- 
 bit in England, and from year 
 to year its popularity is increas- 
 ing. The name of the Hare does 
 not properly belong to this ani- 
 mal, which is simply a raljbit of 
 a hare-like appearance. It is a 
 native of Belgium and adjacent 
 countries, and is imported into 
 England, under the name of Os- 
 lend Rabbits, for food. These, 
 however, differ from the fancy 
 animal shown in the illustration, 
 cultivation having changed the 
 clumsy Belgian into a hand- 
 some pet. It differs, also, materially from the English Hare, the lat- 
 ter never giving birth to more than two of its young at once, while 
 the Belgian has from 14 to 16 at a time. The true Modern Belgian 
 should weigh about 10 lbs. , and bear a close resemblance to the wild 
 English Hare, ha\ing a body not too broad, nor a head too round. 
 The bones throughout should be slender, especially in the limbs and 
 feet, and the latter should be shod beneath with close coarse hair. 
 The outer hair should be close, short, fine and glossy, and of a bright 
 foxy (or sandy) color all over the animal, the under fur being very 
 fine and of a yellowish- white tint. The ears should be short and 
 thin, and the eyes clear, round and bright. 
 
 Belgian Hare Rabbit. 
 
 The Dtitcb Rabbit, laying claim to great beauty, has been culti- 
 vated for nian\ years in France, 
 on account of its hardy nature 
 and prolific progeny. So do- 
 mestic is this little animal in 
 its formation and habits, that It 
 can nurse five or six young 
 ones and bring them up in bet- 
 ter condition than another four 
 or five times larger than itself. 
 It possesses a great variety of 
 colors, primary and mixed, and 
 many haven white collar around 
 the neck. In size it is very 
 small, some specimens weigh- 
 ing less than I'/a lbs., and 
 
 others averaging 5 or 6 lbs., but the smaller it is the more valuable it 
 is considered. The eyes should be prominent and full, and the col- 
 ors rich, the most popular being black, blue, gray, tortoise-shell, or 
 yellow and fawn. The white collar should be a clear white, extend- 
 ing all ar()und the head and covering the fore-legs and sh<mldcrs. In 
 order to produce ami retain a nice, sleek coat of hair upon this rab- 
 bit, and keep the animal in good condition, its food is reconmiended 
 to consist of plenty of cauUllower leaves, clover, turnips (Swedish), 
 dandelions and chicory, all of which should be free from dampness 
 or frost, with an occasiomd feed of crushed oats. Much depends, 
 also, upon having jjroper kennels, fine soft bedding and cleanliness. 
 
 Dutch Rabbit. 
 
 I>
 
 M 
 
 ? 
 
 EXISTING VARIETIES OF PIGEONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 1^: 
 
 The 
 
 amoiiK 
 awUwu: 
 
 Fantail Pigeon i» a native of Hindostan, in India, where it 
 is found in large numbers, and 
 whence it is exported to otliLT 
 countries. U has been rultivated 
 in England for aliout i.MO years, 
 and was formerly calli'd "The 
 Shaker," owing to the constant 
 wagging uj) and down of itt* head. 
 The modern name is derived 
 from its broad tail, which, when 
 walking, is Ppread in the shape 
 of a fun. The neck is long, slim 
 and grucefnl, like u Pwiin's; tlie 
 breas^t is full; the Imck short, 
 and the tail usujilly contains 
 twenty -four or more f<'atliers. 
 As found in India, this bird i^ 
 usually white, has a long back, 
 and either a peak-creeted head. 
 or groupc-feathered legs. Other 
 species are blue or ash-colored, 
 but various colors have been de- 
 veloped. It is particularly classed 
 
 the " fancy" pigeons^ from its untitness for traveling, it being 
 
 rd on the wing and unsteady on foot. 
 
 Fantail Pigeon. 
 
 The Priest Pigeon is extensively bred in Germany, and is found 
 in numerous varieties. In gen- 
 eral it is a stoutly-built, thick- 
 set bird, rather larger tluin the 
 common field pigeon, which it 
 resembles in the shape of its 
 head and beak. Tlie varieties 
 are as follows : The common 
 Priest, in black, blue, red, yel- 
 low and "off" colors, with a 
 whitehead; the double-crested 
 Priest, in all of the colors above- 
 named, with the second crest, 
 on the forehead, falling over the 
 nostrils; the white -stockinged 
 Priest, with the feathers of the 
 legs and feet white, but with col- 
 ored feathers on the thighs and 
 belly; the white-barred Priest, 
 with white or colored stockings and white wing bars, sometimes bor- 
 dered with black: the white winged, white-barred Priest; the whiie- 
 winged, burred and white-tailed Priest; the rare and beautiful star- 
 ling-barred, white-winged and tailed Priest, and a variety having 
 triangular or rounded white spots near the ends of the wing-feathers, 
 and the bar-feathers are similarly marked. 
 
 Priest Pigeon. 
 
 The Beard Tumbler is so called because it is peculiarly marked 
 
 by a long white spot extend- 
 ing from the under-jaw and 
 cheek a little way down the 
 throat, and regularly shaped, 
 which has a pretty effect as 
 an ornament. This beard is 
 not confined to any partic- 
 ular color, as it may be found 
 either in the i)lue, black, red, 
 silver oryellow species. Other 
 styles of beards are the "pep- 
 pered," and one where a col- 
 ored line down the throat di- 
 vides the white beard intotwo 
 parts. The "long-faced" 
 Beard is marked the same as 
 tlie common one, but is much 
 larger. As a match-flyer and messenger, it is recorded as being ca- 
 pable of doing over 100 miles. Indeed, the Beards, as a general 
 thin:;, appear to be excellent on the wing. Other fine varieties of 
 Itiis bird are on the continent of Europe, including the Berlin, the 
 dappled I*rague, the Magdeburg, the high-flying Bantzig. the Vienna 
 riser, the Stralsund, the Hallersladt, the Gamsel, the Flntchter, the 
 Hanoverian and the white-pointed beard Tumblers, or Brunswicks. 
 The Beard is a careful breeder and nurse. 
 
 Beard Tumbler Pigeon. 
 
 The English Carrier lias Ion; 
 pigeons, on account of its beauty 
 and sagacity. It originally came, 
 it is said, from Bassora, in Per- 
 sia. The description of the 
 true Carrier designates a large 
 size, with u standard measure- 
 ment of not less tlian 10 inches 
 from the point of the beak to 
 the end of the tail, and a greater 
 length is considered desirable. 
 The flesh is firm; the feathers 
 close ; the neek long, slender, 
 and symmeiriciil, beautifully 
 arched and rounded at the l)at:k 
 of the bend, and without thick- 
 ness of gullet under the jaw; 
 the beak long, straightand thick ; 
 the head long, narrow and flat 
 on top; the eye large and prom- 
 inent, red in black and blue 
 carriers, haze] in white ones, 
 and lighter in the dun birds. 
 
 been cBtcemed as the king of 
 
 English Carrier Pigeon. 
 
 Its main value consists in its instinct and power of safely conveying 
 letters great distances. It has long been celebrated in song and story. 
 
 The English Pouter is considered one of the finest varieties of 
 pigeons, r;inkin;; among the 
 
 fancy breeds with the English 
 Carrier. Its principul pecu- 
 liarity is that of swelling its 
 crop with air to an enormous 
 size, larger, indeed, than the 
 body of the bird. It has ex- 
 isted in England since early 
 times, and is so great a favor- 
 ite that nearly $300 has been 
 paid for a single specimen. 
 The true Pouteris alarge bird, 
 very tall and upright, with 
 slenderness of girth, legs at 
 least 6*4 inches long, a hollow 
 hack, the wings close to the 
 body and well elevated, and 
 a dignified posture and walk. 
 The colors vary from yellow to 
 black, blue-pied and white. 
 On the front of the crop, as 
 seen in the illustration, is a 
 
 English Pouter Pigeon. 
 
 crescent, or half-moon white mark, the right development of which 
 adds to the value of the bird. 
 
 The Mahomet, also called the "Mawmet,"' in shape and size of 
 body, resemliles the Barb r;ice 
 in many particulars. The head 
 is full and round, the beak 
 short and thick, but not hook- 
 ed; the eyes are bright orange 
 or deep yellow, and the beak 
 and eye wattles, though almost 
 black, are covered, when in 
 health, with a powder that 
 give a fine blue tint. In color 
 this pigeon is a lovely light 
 blue, frosted nearly all over 
 as if with powder. The lower 
 part of the neck is brilliant 
 with hues of very light green 
 and purple. The beak and 
 nails are black and the feet and 
 legs bright red, and sometimes 
 stockinged. L'nder the tinted surface the neck and body feathers are 
 of a dark bluish-black shade: but this bird shows the outward pow- 
 dered blue color in the very highest degree of beauty. 1 be Mahomet 
 is comparatively a rare bird, but in a collection of different kinds it 
 asserts its right of superiority and is often pointed out by strangers 
 as the most attractive. It crosses well with the blue or silver pigeon, 
 reproducing its own beautiful tints. 
 
 Mahomet Pigeon. 
 
 
 ^^^:
 
 ><l.(>-~ 
 
 188 
 
 VARIETIES OF PIGEONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD-CONTINUED. 
 
 The Archangel Pigeon ".i? introduced into England, from Ghent, 
 
 in 1839, by Mr. Frank Kedmond. 
 Its name is probably derived 
 fiom the brilliant metallic lus- 
 ter of the back and wing feath- 
 ers, somewhat resembling that 
 usually given by painters to the 
 wiuL's of anaels. In Germany 
 it is called the Gimpel, or BuU- 
 iinch Pigeon, and has there been 
 known for half a century or 
 more. Its origin has been quite 
 positively traced to India, or 
 Persia. It is about the size of 
 the common field pigeon, and 
 of about the same shape and 
 style. The correct head is peak- 
 crested, the feathers at the back of the head drawing to a point and 
 ending in a finely pointed crest, the height of which should be quite 
 marked. The head, neck, breast, belly and thigh feathers should he 
 of a bronzed copper color, bearing the characteristic metallic luster, 
 solid and even. The under-side of the feathers is dark, and thia 
 color is sometimes loo much manifested about the thigh. The back, 
 wing and rump feathers, outwardly, should be jet black. 
 
 Arciianeel Pigeon. 
 
 The Swiss Pigeon i 
 
 a German bird, known as the Moon, Crescent, 
 or Badge of Honor Pigeon, and is 
 so called from the crescent 
 or breast-plate with which It is 
 marked. It differs little from 
 the common pigeon in head, beak 
 and body; has no crest; its legs 
 and feet are heavily feathered; 
 the iris of the eye is yellow or 
 orange, and the color cf the beak 
 and nails corresponds with that 
 of the markings. These mark- 
 ings are either red, yellow or 
 black, but the body color of all 
 is a satin-like white tint, shad- 
 ing off into a very clear light 
 mealy, buff, or blue, according 
 to the marks. The crescent is 
 a clean-cut half-moon, as seen in the illustration, well-lustered, but 
 the points should not pass over the neck. Cross-lsreeding with other 
 varieties of pigeons destroys the distinctive characteristics of this 
 bird, and should be avoided. Ihe object is to get the body color very 
 nearly a pure white, and the wing bars, or cross-stripes, as narrow 
 and dark as possible. The red and yellow Swiss Pigeon, with durk 
 eyes and crescent, is a rare but beautiful variety, for which high 
 prices are demanded. 
 
 Swiss Pigeon 
 
 The Leghorn Rnnt, well-known in England, although quite an 
 
 original type of pigeon, is be- 
 lieved to be so designated be- 
 cause it about equaled the 
 Spanish I^iiut. The peculiarity 
 of thia bird is its long, iinfeath- 
 ered legs, its short, erect tail, 
 and swan-like crooked neck. 
 The beak is thick and rather 
 short, and the eye is nearly des- 
 titute of wattle. The Hunt is 
 siipi)osed to have originated on 
 the hhores of the Mediterranean 
 Sea, but has become widely dis- 
 rributed throughout Europe. 
 In Germany it is classed as n 
 "fowl-pigeon," on account of 
 its short, upright, hen-like tail. 
 In some specimens the wings 
 cross over the tail; in others 
 they meet the tail on both sides, 
 and in others the tips touch each other below the tail. The last is 
 considered correct, as being in harmony with the shape of the bird. 
 Several varieties of the Hunt have been noted, as the Maltese and 
 Hungarian Ppecles. The engraving illuslnites the EngliHh breed. 
 The MalteHc is the size of a small Englis-h banlam fowl, and origi- 
 nally white; the Hungarian is much liked and verv beautiful. 
 
 lioehom Runt Pigeon. 
 
 The Bavette, so named from its white bib, is nearly the reverse 
 of the Nun, having a black shell 
 crest; a bib coming well down 
 upon the breast and sharply de- 
 fined; a white or a black beak; 
 dark hazel or orange eye; a 
 white tail; st(*ckiuged legs and 
 feet,white from the bocks down, 
 and IS an exceedingly pretty 
 pigeon. Its peculiarities class 
 it among the field pigeons, but 
 not the Tumbler species. The 
 position, size and shape of the 
 crest are as seen in the Tsun. 
 As a body color, black is the 
 most common, but there are 
 probably yellow, blue and red 
 varieties. The Bavette with 
 black beak and orange eyes is 
 remarkable for its rapid flight, and is justly esteemed for exhibition. 
 The existence of bhick Nuns with white heads, in France, is men- 
 tioned in connection with the Bavette, but they are a different bird; 
 and the Jacobin Pigeon is also called a Nun in France. The fast-fly- 
 ing Bavette is sometimes called the " Lightning- Conductor. " 
 
 Bavette Pigeon. 
 
 The Magpie Pigeon, a favorite in England, is a variety of the 
 Tumbler, and is imported from 
 Germany. It is to be had in 
 black, red, yellow, blue, silver 
 and "off" colors, of which the 
 first three are the choicest, the 
 black having the preference. 
 The colored portions of the 
 plumage include the head, neck 
 and breast, the back and scap- 
 ular feathers and the rump and 
 tail, all other feathers being 
 white; the beak is flesh-color, 
 or only lightly tinged with dark 
 colors; the eyes are a pearly 
 white; the legs and feet, free 
 from feathers, a very bright red; 
 the smooth bead is preferable, 
 although some have apeak crest. 
 Certain fanciers would prefer the pleasant-faced Tumbler variety, 
 both in shape of body and in head and beak; but more attention is 
 given to the color and arrangement of the feathers, as above described. 
 There is another Magpie Pigeon known in Germany, which varies 
 from that described above by being white on the head where the hel- 
 met is colored, and a colored spot on the forehead. The legs and 
 feet of this beautiful variety are feathered. 
 
 Magpie Pigeon. 
 
 The Nun, from its marked contrast in colors, has always held j 
 high place among fancy pigeons. 
 It seems to have belonged ori- 
 ginally to the Tumbler race, 
 which it now somewhat resem- 
 bles in its head, beak and pvixrl 
 eye. It is a compact, trimly 
 built bird, of upright carriage, 
 in several colors — black, blue, 
 dun, red and yellow-headed — 
 but the black is the most com- 
 mon. The name isdiTixed from 
 the shell, miscalled the hood, 
 which grows up from the back 
 of the head. The beak of the 
 variety shown in the engrav- 
 ing slionhl be black, as, also, 
 should the bead as far back as 
 the shell, which is white. Bright vermilion-colored legs and feet 
 add much to the attractiveness of this species, especially if the nails 
 of the toes are black. Yellow and red- headed Nuns Iiave not been 
 so favorably or extensively considered by pigeon fanciers as the black 
 ones; at least, they do not exist in such perfection, being, as a rule, 
 very deficient both In shell and quality of C(dor. If they could be 
 produced of the t-ame rich and lustrous colors as are dis])layed by 
 some other pigeons they would be considered triumphs of the breed- 
 ers'' art. These birds have light-colored beaks and nails. 
 
 Nun Pieeon.
 
 VARIETIES OF PIGEONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD-CONTINUED. 
 
 IMt 
 
 Th,e Trumpeter i^ quite common in Knropo. It derives its name 
 
 from the peculiar t^ound of its 
 voice. Excited by love or 
 anyer, its ordinary tone, or 
 cooiiiK, is Buddenly clianf;e<l 
 into a rolling, quivcrini;, dcej) 
 hollow dm milling. Fn-quent 
 and coiitinuous drnniming— 
 say for ten niinnte^ at a time 
 — adds value to the bird. By 
 turns the sounds l)ecome weak 
 and strong, and subside until 
 they can scarcely be heard. 
 The subdued notes arc ven- 
 triloquial, as if made by an- 
 other bird. The general appearance of the genuine Trnmp-jtcr is 
 that of a very low standing, broad-set, short-necked pigeon, but a 
 little larger than the average of fancy pigeons. Its crest inteferes 
 with its sight, so that it can only look downward, and it gropes about, 
 hunting retired corners, where it drums to i;s mate. The "rose '' is 
 the distinguishing mark of the Trumpeter, and is formed by the crown 
 feathers of the head growing from a central point in regular form, 
 like a carnation. The crest is the ornamental shell-shaped hood sur- 
 rounding the back of the head, reaching nearly from eye to eye. 
 
 Trumpeter Fieeon. 
 
 The Tumbler Pigeon receives its name from its natural propen- 
 sity of turning overin its flight, 
 tlie reason of which remarkable 
 movement is still unknown, 
 although many theories have 
 been advanced in explanation 
 of it. Air-tumblers are the 
 most successful in this acro- 
 batic performance, and also the 
 most systematic, and are held 
 in England at high prices on 
 account of this accomplish- 
 ment. There are several styles 
 of tumbling, and the one gen- 
 erally admired is that in whicli 
 the bird frequently turns itself 
 over once, without hindering 
 its speed of flight; others alter- 
 nately soar and roll, with several backward turns, while others turn 
 at right angles in their course, and throw themselves about so rap- 
 idly that the eye can scarcely follow their turns. High-flying Tum- 
 blers go very high, often quite out of sight, but tumble bofh while as- 
 cending and descending. This bird is found in great variety through- 
 out Europe and Asia, and has long been known andnurtured in Eng- 
 land. It is a small pigeon, thin in the neck, full in the breast, having 
 a moderate length of wing and tail, and short legs free from feathers. 
 
 Almond Tumbler Pigreon. 
 
 The Latz Pigeon is so called from the fnct that the head, front 
 _ and sides of the neck and breast 
 
 have the appearance of being 
 covered with a latz, or bodice, 
 of a diflferent color from the 
 body coat, which is white. An- 
 other peculiarity is that from 
 the liack of the head to half- 
 way down the back of the neck 
 the feathers run up and to the 
 side, formingan extensive hood, 
 helmet, or shell, which is white. 
 In size and form it bears a close 
 '—^ - resemblance to the field-pigeon, 
 and is considered a good flyer 
 and breeder. Whatever the 
 color of the bodice, the beak 
 has the same tint. The eye 
 has a brownish-black or a yellow iris. The legs and feet are gener- 
 ally stockinged, or trousered, and sometimes heavily feathered. The 
 Latz is certainly a pretty pigeon, with its well-contrasted markings 
 and its tendency to truly perpetuate its colors and characteristics in 
 its progeny. The original blueblack and yellow LaTz seem to have 
 died out, but in Germany a black species is stmietimes found and 
 designated the Vienna Bodice Pigeon. It is probable that the Latz 
 is a lineal descendant of the Rock species, which has an extensive 
 existence in Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. 
 
 Latz Pigreon. 
 
 The AlPrican Owl belongs to a race of pigeons coneidered the most 
 beautiful and attractive, and haa 
 become a general favorite. It 
 is the smallest domestic plge{m 
 known, a pair seldom weighing 
 more than one pound, and often 
 less. The smaller sizes possess 
 the greatest value, if the other 
 characteristics of the breed are 
 maintained. The best specimens 
 are imported from Tunis and 
 other countries of Northern 
 Africa, on the southern ccjust of 
 the Mediterranean Sea. They 
 are very delicate l)irds, but when 
 acclimatized are quite hardy and 
 good breeders. The neck and 
 
 African Owl Pif^eon. 
 
 tail are sliort, the chest broad, the head round and carried well up, 
 the beak short and thick, eyes large and prominent, and centrally 
 placed in the head, the legs and feet small and neat, and bright red 
 in color. The color of the bird varies from white to blue andblack. 
 The blue Tunis Owl is often of a good sound, deep shade, with jet- 
 black bars, or cross*stripes, on the wings, and the black is generally 
 of a dull color, with blacker bars. 
 
 The Barb has been in existence in England, it is believed, for 300 
 years, and receives mention in 
 Shakspeare's writings. Another 
 species was imported into Eng- 
 land, several years ago, from 
 Southern France, which is known 
 as the Polish Pigeon. The gen- 
 uine Barb is distinguished by its 
 smooth head and clean legs; an- 
 other sort has the legs slightly 
 feathered, and another, in Ger- 
 many, has a frilled breast. The 
 larger sizes of this bird are most 
 esteemed. The neck should be 
 short and thin, the breast very 
 broad, the legs short, the throat 
 without swelling, the head broad 
 and rather flat, with a fullness at 
 the back. The wattle of the eye is a peculiar mark nf the Barb, as 
 seen in the engraving. It extends in a wide circle around the eye, 
 and is of a bright red, in age becoming very much lighter. The Barb 
 belongs to the same race of pigeons as the Carrier, and possesses 
 similar characteristics, with less gracefulness of outline. Its beak, 
 neck and legs are shorter than those of the Carrier, and its carriage 
 is less dignified. The weight of the Barb is from 13 to 16 ounces; 
 its length, from beak to tail, 12',^ to 14 inches. 
 
 Barb Pigeon. 
 
 The Jacobin has been tlie source of much controversy among 
 pigeon fanciers as to what con- 
 stitutes the true species. The 
 name appears to have origi- 
 nated in tlie Netherlands, from 
 the fact that certain feathers, 
 turning upward, encompasslhe 
 hinder part of the head, like 
 the hood of a monk when 
 pushed back to uncover his 
 head. In size the smaller bird 
 is often preferred. The true 
 Jacobin should have a longiieck 
 and the body also long and nar- 
 row in girth; the head broad 
 across the crown, and well 
 rounded off over the eyes, with 
 a little tuft of feathers projectingovereacheye, like two small horns; 
 the beak short and thick at the base, but tapering to a hooked point; 
 the eyes should be of a pure pearly white color, encircled by a red- 
 dish tinge; the legs and feet smooth, small, neat and bright red in 
 color: the feathers soft and silky, and of great length; and the stand- 
 ard colors are red, yellow and black. The Jacobin is now more 
 greatly esteemed than it formerly was, ranking as a very high-class 
 bird, whose characteristics it is difficult to breed, and one of the 
 most beautiful known. Among pigeon fanciers it is justly deemed 
 a favorite. In Germany it is known as the "■ U'ig-Piseon. 
 
 Jacobin Pigeon. 
 
 ~vc).-J>iC
 
 ? 
 
 190 
 
 BIRDS THAT CHARM THROUGH INTELLIGENCE, BEAUTY AND SONG. 
 
 I 
 
 Tlie Skylark, f^o long aud widely celebrated in song and story, is 
 found in a native statein Europe, 
 Northern Africa and Asiatic 
 countries Its form is beautiful, 
 although its plumage is far from 
 brilliant; but its morning song, 
 cheerful and prolonged, as the 
 bird rises far above the earth 
 and is lost to sight, delights the 
 listener and adds a charm to 
 the rural walk at sunrise. This 
 SKylarlc. g^^^g jg singularly modulated, and 
 
 those accustomed to hear it can tell whether the lark is stationary, 
 
 rising, or descending, by the change of its melody. 
 
 Song'-Thrush. 
 
 The Song-Thrush, a native 
 of Europe, (known, also, as the 
 Mavis, or Throstle) is consid- 
 ered one of the finest house- 
 birds on the continent, singing, 
 when free, melodiously during 
 the warm seasons, morning and 
 evening, from the tops of trees 
 or bushes. Not only is it es- 
 teemed as a cage-bird, but its 
 flesh, in a wild state, and to- 
 ward winter, is very fat and 
 iuicv, and so makes an excel- 
 lent dish for the table. 
 
 The Mocking-Bird, of tht- 
 
 native American species, is found 
 extensively in the Southern 
 and Southwestern States, de- 
 riving its name from the rapid- 
 ity and ease with which it 
 imitates the songs of other 
 birds and the language of nearly 
 all animals. In addition to its 
 powers of mimicry it utters a 
 full, bold and varied song of 
 its own, and has justly become 
 a domestic favorite. Besides 
 its imitation of birds and ani- 
 mals, it has the faculty of re- 
 producing whistling- winds, etc. 
 
 The Gray Parrot, which is, 
 wilh the (ireen Parrot, most 
 commonly prized as a cage pet 
 in America, possesses remark- 
 able fluency as a talking-bird, 
 and is esteemed, also, for its 
 gentle disposition. It was orig- 
 inally found upon the Western 
 coast of Africa, whence it is 
 still imported. Among its other 
 peculiarities is its longevity, 
 specimens having lived from 70 
 to 90 years. Its length is about 
 a foot; its color an ash-gray, 
 with grayish feet and toes. 
 
 Ciuiiirv Blrrl. 
 
 The Canary, now a universal 
 favorite as a singing bird, 
 belongs tn the Finch variety, and 
 is found in the Canary Islands — 
 hence its name. Its peculiari- 
 ties are so well known that a 
 very brief notice of them will 
 sulllce. Tliosc- seen in cages in 
 this country ditTer materially 
 from those bred in their native 
 land, and arc larger in size. At 
 home it builds its nest in the 
 dense f(diage of trees and 
 IfU^hes, mates in February, 
 hatches five or six broods a 
 year, and is highly prized for 
 latneness and its clear, ringing 
 
 The American Yellow Bird, 
 
 Goldfinch, and otherwise known 
 as the ''Thistle Bird," is small 
 and symmetrical, the male being 
 of a bright yellow body-color, 
 while the top of the head, the 
 wings and the tail are black, with 
 white markings. As a cage-bird 
 It is a fair substitute for the 
 Canary, having a melodious and 
 cheerful song, which, in its wild 
 state, is remarkable for its brisk 
 and ringing notes. Thousands 
 are annually trapped for pets. 
 
 sometimes called 
 
 American 
 
 American Yellow Bird. 
 
 The Nightingale was known to the ancients by the name of Philo- 
 meln, ;iinl lias for centuries 
 ranked among the most delight- 
 ful of European song-birds. 
 Its plumage is far from brilliant. , 
 During the winter season in 
 Europe it resorts to Northern 
 Africa, but on the approach of 
 warm weather it returns and is 
 found over the greater part of 
 Europe. As soon as it mates, 
 in the early spring, it begins to 
 sing, and its cheerful notes con- 
 tinue until its progeny hatches. 
 
 Nightingale. 
 
 The Nonpareil derives its name from its superior beauty as a 
 bou^e-biiii, ;aul is also known 
 as the "Painted Finch,"' or 
 "Painted Bunting." The head 
 and neck are of a violet color; 
 the eye brown, with a red circle 
 around it; the feet and beak are 
 brown; the back a yellowish- 
 green; The sides, throat, chest 
 and the whole underpart of the 
 body bright red; the wings 
 variegated with red, green and 
 reddish-brown, and the tail of 
 the latter color. When tamed it 
 is very social and warbles finely. 
 
 Nonpareil. 
 
 The Chaffinch is a native of 
 Europe, and rated as one of the 
 most beautiful of the small 
 singing birds. Tt remains in 
 England all the year round, and, 
 like the Sparrows and Buntings, 
 is quite familiar, flocking in the 
 winter around the doors of farm- 
 houses in ([uesl of food. DuriuL; 
 May and u]> to the middle of 
 June, it frequents the lanes and 
 gardens in numbers, repeating 
 its cheerful hut ratlier monot- 
 onous ''twink, twink," and 
 gathering insects for its young. 
 
 The American Linnet belongs to the genus Fincli, and th 
 European Linnet that closely 
 resembles it. There are also two 
 classes of this bird — the Lesser 
 Red-Poll Linnet and Mealy Ked- 
 Poll TJnnel. Anotlu'r s]>ecies, 
 found in the New England States, 
 and called a Linnet, is said to be 
 the Purpli' Finch. The Ked-Poll 
 is found in America, during the 
 warm weather, alont; the north- 
 ern tier of States fron\ Maine to 
 Washington Territory. Its plu- 
 mage and appearance are pleas- 
 ing, and its song is soft and mel- 
 low, with Huflicient variation 
 and swe(!tness to make it a fa- 
 vorite cage-bird. 
 
 ere is a 
 
 (b- —
 
 >^ 
 
 ? 
 
 SEVERAL VARIETIES OF FOWLS AND QUADRUPEDS. 
 
 v.n 
 
 ? 
 
 The Oninea-Pig h a native of South America. Tt is not found in 
 
 (luintm (Wi!»l,('rn Africa) nor 
 (iocH it bcloiif^ to tbi; Hwini? 
 family; l»ut it« namu is siip- 
 jiosed to hn a corruption of 
 "Guiana" (a country in South 
 America) and its ^TuntinK 
 noise. It is remarlvabk- for its 
 beauty, gentle disposition and 
 itH fecundity, easily bringing 
 forth from four to twelv(* off- 
 spring every six weeks. There 
 i.s great variety of color-mark- 
 
 ; in its fur; those with a dark tortoise-shell tint are most valued. 
 
 Guinea-Pier- 
 
 The Guinea-Fowl. sometimes called the Pintado, belongs to the 
 Turkey family, and is found 
 wild in Africa, where there seem 
 to be ten or twelve varieties, 
 only two of which have been do- 
 mesticated in this country. It 
 mates in pairs, so that an equal 
 number of males and females 
 should be provided. They are 
 best raised from the eggs hatch- 
 ed by a common barnyard hen, 
 old birds being apt to wander 
 away from home. Their flesh 
 is excellent for the table, and 
 their eggs are useful in the cook 
 room. 
 
 Guinea-Fowl. 
 
 Pheasants belong to the race of ornamental birds rather than 
 to any class of poultry, and is 
 reared for the amusement of 
 sportsmen as well as by fowl- 
 fanciers on account of its 
 beauty. They are found wild 
 in Europe and America, and de- 
 light in seclusion, seldom laying 
 or rearing their young in open 
 inclosures, but are prolific lay- 
 ers and good mothers. They 
 are scrupulously fond of clean 
 and verdant surroundings, and 
 require green food and animal 
 flesh much more than do other 
 
 fowls. Tiie Golden Pheasant is a most magnificent addition to an 
 
 amateur collection. 
 
 The Pheasant. 
 
 The Pea-Fowl 
 
 The Pea-Fowl. 
 
 to the Pheasant family, and is distin- 
 guished by only two varieties, 
 both of which originated in In- 
 dia, but are found in nearly all 
 other parts of the world. Al- 
 though classed among the do- 
 mestic fowls, it cannot be con- 
 sidered a profitable bird, being 
 always kept for ornament. Tbe 
 flesh, however, when the fowl 
 is one year old, is said to be 
 nutritious and well flavored; 
 but the full-grown bird is unfit 
 for the table. It reaches ma- 
 turity when three years old. 
 With its general appearance and 
 characteristics the public is fa- 
 miliar. The newly hatched 
 chickens, for two or three weeks, 
 are exceedingly tender, and 
 require even better care than 
 the common hen-mother is able 
 to provide; it is, therefore, con- 
 sidered best to let the Pea-Fowl 
 do her own halcliing and nurs- 
 ing. If regularly fed, and 
 treated with ordinary kindness, 
 they become very tame, but are 
 naturally ill-natured, quarreling 
 with other fowls, and even at- 
 tacking children, while their 
 voices are shrill and harsh. 
 
 The SwaXL is a native of Europe and America, but was known and 
 revered by tiie aTJcientn. It be- 
 longs to the Duck family, and 
 po>*sesses tbi^ web- foot and broad 
 bill, with other peculiarities of 
 most aquatic birds. In size it is 
 larger than the Goose, and in 
 jioint of beauty and gracefulness 
 i.s superior to any other known 
 water-fowl, its curved neck, clear 
 eye and smooth plumage making 
 it very attractive in lakes and 
 ponds. Like most aquatic birds 
 it has short legs, and its gait on 
 land is very infi^rior; but it is 
 easily domesticated and justly 
 prized as a pet. 
 
 The Persian Cat b.iongs to the 
 to the prrsi riln li character- 
 istics, sliould posseHS a large 
 body and very long, silken and 
 glossy hair. The head of the 
 male should be very broad and 
 high above the eyes; the ears 
 short, well feathered inside, 
 and pointing downward and 
 forward. In the female the ? 
 head is much smaller and 
 sharper. The color is light 
 bluish -gray, with an inter- 
 
 haired race, and, according 
 
 Persian Cat. 
 
 mingling of dark-brown, which becomes more dense at the back. 
 
 The Angora is one of tbe English varieties of the domestic cat 
 that meets v\'ilh much favor at 
 the public exhibitions. It be- 
 longs to the long-haired class, 
 but by what process of crossing 
 with other breeds, or by what 
 other methods, it has been ob- 
 tained we are not informed. Its 
 size is large, and its fur very 
 long, silken and glossy, with its 
 eyes prominent and yellow. 
 The one shown in the accom- 
 panying illustration is the prop- 
 erty of an English lady, and a 
 fine specimen of this variety. 
 The body-fur is slate-colored, 
 the face "vandyked" with 
 white, and it has a beautiful 
 snowy apron in front. Its eyes 
 are green and sparkling, and it 
 manifests a surly grandenr, 
 which is a characteristic of the 
 Angora. The same lady hasanother, imported from Smyrna, all white, 
 with small round head, long hair and beseeching eyes. 
 
 Angora Cat. 
 
 animal. 
 
 distiu- 
 
 The Brown Tabby-Cat, a favorite domesti( 
 guished l)y its largr, long, 
 massive body, shortisb legs, and 
 its great strength and agility. 
 The head is large and round, 
 with perpendicular stripes con- 
 verging toward tbe eyebrows 
 and branching off over the 
 cheeks. The face has an intel- 
 lectual cast, and the ears are 
 short. The body- fur has a 
 brown groundwork of rich tint, 
 with deep-black markings uni- 
 formly arranged; the legs are 
 also striped transversely with 
 black, and the tail is long and 
 moderately bushy. The general 
 appearance of this cat is fine and 
 noble, and in disposition it is 
 docile, honest and faithful, fond 
 of children, and careful and do- 
 mestic in its own family relations. There are also several other 
 varieties of the Tabby— the Blue, the Red, and the Spotted, differing 
 principally in color. 
 
 Brown Tabby-Cat. 
 
 -^;- 
 
 A. 
 
 K 
 
 i
 
 •:c>— 
 
 id'2 
 
 PORTRAIT OF FARADAY, THE CHEMIST. 
 
 Louis John Rudolph Agassiz, Faraday and ^sop. 
 
 AMERICAN naturalist of great 
 eminence in scientific circles in 
 Europe and America, Agassiz, was 
 born in Motiers, Switzerland, in 
 1807, of Huguenot (French) ances- 
 tors. He was educated partly at 
 home and partly at Bienne, the 
 college of Lausanne, at Zurich, the 
 university of Heidelberg, and the 
 university of Munich, Bavaria. 
 At the latter place he formed the 
 acquaintance of eminent men and 
 studied the science of plants, the 
 embryonic development of animals, 
 ralogyand philosophy, under com- 
 t teachers. Subsequently he pre- 
 tho 
 
 •4tt ■ 
 
 ment of 
 tins' great work on Brazil 
 for publication in a man- 
 ner that placed him in the 
 front rank of naturalists. 
 Hiy next important work was the 
 "Natural History of the Fresh-Water 
 Fishes of Europe,*' on which he 
 labored many years, publishing it in 
 1839-MO. In the meantime he had 
 won the degrees of doctors of philos- 
 ophy and medicine, and became pro- 
 fessor of natural histdry in the 
 reorganized college at Neufchatel, 
 Switzerland. His work on "Fossil 
 Fisheb" filled five volumes and a folio 
 atlas of about 400 plates; its publica- 
 tion was an important event in the 
 scientific world, and Agassiz found 
 himself justly appreciated by the 
 learned men of Europe. The univer- 
 sities of Edinburgh and Dublin con- 
 ferred on him the degree of LL. D., 
 and he was made a member of 
 
 several scientific corporations. He also published otiu-r works of 
 considerable value to scientists. From 1836 to 1845 he cimtinued 
 his researches among the Alps, engaged in the study of the glaciers 
 and the geological phenomena that they produce. These researches 
 and their results were published in 1840 and in 1847, in two separate 
 volumes, and ewtabUsh the fact that the rocky boulders seen in so 
 many portions of the world, were conveyed to the places where they 
 are found by the action of ice-rivers, or bodies of moving ice. 
 Agassiz, coming to America in 1846, further confirmed his glacial 
 theory by researches in an excursion to Lake Superior. In Bosteni 
 he delivered a series of public lectures, listened to by large audi- 
 ences, giving a general review of the animal kingdom, and another 
 course upon the glaciers and their work. Otlier portions of the 
 east and south were visited, to compare the animals of the northern 
 and southern latitudes. In 1847 he continued his scientific researches 
 along the Atlantic cr)ast with the govenimctit coast tsurvcy; the saiue 
 
 year he accepted the professorship of zoology and geology in Abbott 
 Lawrence's scientific school in Cambridge; in 1848 he made a scien- 
 tific exploration of the Lake Superior region, and about that time he 
 published his "Principles of Zoology," for use in schools; in the mean- 
 time lecturing on scientific subjects in different portions of the country. 
 In 1850 he investigated the Florida reef, and in 1851 explored the 
 State of New York. In 1852 he accepted a professorship of com- 
 parative anatomy in the medical college of Charleston, S. C. , making 
 within two years a thorough study of marine animals on that coast, 
 and in Georgia and North Carolina. Finding that the climate dis- 
 agreed with him, he resigned and returned north. In 1868 he was 
 appointed a non-resident professor in Cornell university, at Ithaca, 
 N. Y. In 1865 he started, with six assistants, at the expense of a 
 Boston merchant, on a scientific excursion in Brazil. The excursion 
 lasted about fifteen months, and was rich in scientific results, ifs 
 immense collections being preserved in the Cambridge museum. 
 Subsequently Agassiz made an excur- 
 sion to the Rocky Mountains, and in 
 1872 he made an ocean voyage around 
 Cape Horn in a coast survey steamer, 
 with other scientists, for deep-sea 
 dredging, the results of which proved 
 important in the study of oceanic 
 animals. His next great work was the 
 establishment of a scientific school 
 at a point on the Northern Atlantic 
 coast, in which he continued to teach 
 until his death, in 1873. 
 
 
 Michael 
 
 Cheniint, Electrician, ai 
 
 IWICHAEL FARADAY. 
 
 HE chemist and natural philos- 
 opher, Michael Faraday, was born 
 at Newington, England, in 1791, 
 learned the book-binders'' trade, after- 
 wards studied electricity, and became 
 chemical assistant to Sir Humphry 
 Davy at the Royal institution. For a 
 long series of years he pursued his 
 scientific investigations, made several 
 distinguished discoveries, received 
 great honors and emoluments, and 
 filled several important stations in 
 scientific institutions. Among his 
 discoveries are the chlorides of carbon, the mutual rotation of a 
 magnetic pole and an .electric current, the condensation of gases, 
 diamagiu'tism. The influence of magnetism upon light, the magnetic 
 character of oxygen, and the magnetic relations of flame and gases. 
 He died at Hampton Court, near London, in 1867. 
 
 Faraday, 
 
 iiii Einiiiunt Pliilosopher. 
 
 AESOP. 
 
 THE ancient pliilosophi-r and fabulist, ^Esop, was born in Phrygia 
 (Asia Minor), and flourished about 600 years before Christ. While 
 a slave at Athens, Greece, he exhibittid so much virtue and talent 
 that he was set at liberty. Croesus, the rich Grecian, sent him on a 
 mission to Delphi, where he so incensed the people by bis ridicule 
 and plain-speaking that they precipitated him from a rocky eminence 
 and killed him, after bringing against him a calumnious charge of 
 sacrilege. His fables, and others alleged to have been written by 
 him, are loo well-known to require more than mere nu'nt'<>n. 
 
 .Qfy 
 
 ^ 
 
 ;^.
 
 UlSCOVEREKiS AND SCIENTISTS. 
 
 NTTL 1865 the university at 
 Jena, in Gcrmimy, hud 
 no professorship of zool- 
 ogy. In that year one 
 WHS created expressly 
 forErnst Ilcinrich 
 Haeckel, who was born 
 at Potsdam, Prussia, in 
 1834. At an early age 
 he made botany, anat- 
 omy, and histology his 
 studies, and practiced 
 medicine for ii time in 
 Berlin, but abandoned it 
 for his favorite pursuits in 
 
 the study of nature, with such success that he introduced many new 
 
 genera and species of rhizopods. Upon 
 
 being appointed to his professorship he 
 
 began the formation of a scientific 
 
 museum that has since become 
 
 extremely valuable. He has publituhed 
 
 several scientific works, giving the 
 
 results of his zoological investiga- 
 tions, and largely demonstrating the 
 
 correctness of Darwin's theory of 
 
 evolution, with modifications. Dar- 
 win, indeed, considers that almost all 
 
 the conclusions at which he has arrived 
 
 are confirmed by Haeckel, who, he 
 
 concedes, possesses fuller knowledge 
 
 on many points than himself. 
 
 Haeckel, Pitman, Hitchcock, Guyot and Harvey. 
 
 ISAAC PITMAN. 
 
 ■ySAAC PITMAN, distinguished as 
 the inventor of the system of 
 \ phonography, or short-handwriting, 
 was born at Trowbridge, England, in 
 1813. His education was completed 
 at the normal British school, in Lon- 
 don, and after leaving that institution 
 he was employed in several different 
 schools as principal. As early as 1768 
 Franklin had suggested a system of 
 jihonography. Mr. Pitman invented 
 his system in 1837, and in 1843 the 
 Phonetic society, whose object was • 
 
 to render our method of writing and printing more in accordance 
 with sound, was established, with Mr. Pitman as secretary. 
 His first book was entitled "Stenographic Sound Hand." Estab- 
 lishing a printing-office at Bath, England, he printed a weekly paper 
 called the Phonetic Journal^ several manuals relating to short-hand 
 writing, and the Bible and other books in phonetic language. 
 
 Amherst college from 1825 to 1845, and pret^idont of that institution 
 from 1845 to 1854, retaining the chair of natural theology until his 
 death, in 1804. In 183U he was appointed State geologist of Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1836 of the first district of New York, and in 1857 of 
 Vermont. He was also a member of the Massachusetts State board 
 of agriculture, and in 1850 was commissioned by the State govern- 
 ment to investigate the agricultural schools in Europe. His most 
 important writings are those which relate very fully to the geology 
 and fossil remains of his native State and of the Connecticut valley, 
 although he wrote more than twenty volumes concerning geology, 
 temperance, diet, etc. His last work was -'lleminiscencesof Amherwt 
 College,"' with the interests of which institution he was so long and 
 clos(dy connected, and which he so materially aided and strengthened 
 by his personal efforts. He was also the first president of the 
 American Scientific association. Among his works are; "History 
 of a Zoological Temperance Convention in Central Africa," "Lec- 
 tures on the Peculiar Phenomena of 
 the Four Seasons," and "Illustrations 
 of Surface Geology." 
 
 '{Q/iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit**^' 
 
 Isaac Pitman. 
 
 Inventor of Phonography, a System of Short-Hand Writing. 
 
 EDWARD HITCHCOCK. 
 
 niE .\merican geologist, Edward Hitchcock, was born atDeerfield, 
 Mass. , in 1793. In his younger days he became principal of 
 the Deerfield academy and pastor of a Congregational church at 
 Conway. He was professor of chemistry and natural history in 
 
 ARNOLD HENRY GUYOT. 
 
 UK Anurican gL'ographtT, Arnold 
 II. Guyot, was born near Neuf- 
 chatel, Switzerland, in 1807. He 
 studied natural science with Agassiz, 
 besides obtaining a knowledge of phys- 
 ics, meteorology, chemistry, mineral- 
 ogy, zoology, and botany. For ten 
 years (1835 to 1845) he made scientific 
 journeys in France, Belgium, Hol- 
 land, Switzerland and Italy, studying, 
 mainly, the ^geologic peculiarities of 
 the Alps. From 1839 to 1848 he was 
 professor of history and physical 
 geography in the academy of Neuf- 
 chatel. Removing, in 1848, to the 
 United States, he lectured on physi- 
 cal geography and history; organized 
 a system of meteorological observa- 
 tions for the Smithsonian institution; 
 lectured in the normal schools of 
 Massachusetts ; studied the altitudes 
 of various American mountains; was 
 appointed professor of physical geog- 
 raphy at Princeton college (of New 
 Jersey), and published several books 
 and lectures on hia favorite sciences. Died, Feb. 8, 1884, 
 
 WILLIAM HARVEY. 
 
 jylLLIAM HARVEY, an KiiL'lisli physician and philosopher, was 
 h/ born at Ffflkestone, England, in 1578. He studied exten- 
 \\^ sively at Cambridge and elsewhere, and then settltMl as a physi- 
 cian in London. There he became physician to St. Bartholomew's 
 hospital and lecturer in the college of that name on surgery and 
 anatomy. He partially announced his great discovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood in 1616, but did not fully publish it until twelve 
 years later. He was physician to both Kings James I. and Charles I. , 
 and published a learned work on " Generation. " He died in 1657. 
 
 13
 
 ^C) K 
 
 ly-i 
 
 A POKTRAIT OP^ LIEBIG, TIIK GEKMAX CUKMIST. 
 
 Baron Liebig, Gunter, Graham, and Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 
 
 GERMAN chemist. Baron Justus von 
 Liebig, was born at Darmstadt, Germany, 
 in 1803. He was educated at tbe univer- 
 sity of Bonn, and studied cliemistry in 
 Paris two years. In 1826 he was appointed 
 professor of chemistry in the university 
 at Giessen, Germany, and established his 
 laboratory for the practical study of 
 chemistry, which became the resort of 
 chemical students from different portions of the 
 civilized globe, including many noted developers 
 of that science. Liebig's most important additions 
 to science are undoubtedly his alleged discovery of 
 chloroform, and his celebrated treatise on " Chemistry in 
 its Application to Agriculture and Physiolog}'," followed 
 by another, entitled (in the English translation) "■Familiar 
 
 Letters on Chemistry and its Relations to Commerce, Physiology and 
 
 Agriculture." In the first of these works he informs the reader that 
 
 his object is to develop, in a manner correspondent to the present 
 
 state of science, the fundamental principles of chemistry in general, 
 
 and the laws of organic chemistry in 
 
 particular, in their applications to 
 
 agriculture and physiology; to the 
 
 causes of fermentation, decay and 
 
 putrefaction, to the vinous and acetic 
 
 fermentations, and to nitrification. 
 
 He also shows how woody fiber is con- 
 verted into wood and mineral coal, 
 
 the nature of poisons, contagions and 
 
 miasms, and the causes of their action 
 
 on the orgaus of living beings. Pur- 
 suing the subject further, he produced 
 
 other works: '■'Animal Chemistry," 
 
 " Researches on ihe Chemistry of 
 
 Food," " The Motions of the Juices 
 
 of the Animal Body," etc. He also 
 
 gave much attention to the subject of 
 
 using the sewage of cities to the best 
 
 advantage as a means of fertilizing 
 
 exhausted soils; he also expressed his 
 
 views of the value of extracting the 
 
 " essence of meat," and preparing it 
 
 for future use, instead of the raw 
 
 material. Few men have ever turned 
 
 chemistry to so many valuable and 
 
 practical uses in every-day life as 
 
 Liebig, and his services in this direc- 
 tion were duly appreciated and 
 
 rewarded with honors and honorable positions during hia life-time. 
 
 He died at Munich, Bavaria, in 1873. 
 
 SYLVESTER GRAHAM. 
 
 YLVESTER GRAHAM, the oiiu'inatoi of ''Graham bread," was 
 born at Suftleld, Conn., in 1794. He was dyspeptic and rheu- 
 matic from an early age, and tried farming and several other 
 occupations, but without attaining good health. Entering Amherst 
 college in 1823, he prepared for the pulpit, and some three years 
 afterwards became a Presbyterian minister. He began lecturing 
 on temperance in 1830 under the auspices of the Pennsylvania 
 temperance society, studying physiology and anatomy, and became 
 convinced that judicious habits of life were the only cure for intem- 
 perance. He prepared an essay on cholera in 1832, and wrote, 
 delivered, and published his "Lectures on the Science of Human 
 Life,"' which were printed in book-form in 1839. Among his other 
 writings was a treatise on "Bread and Bread Making," which gave 
 his name to bread made from unbolted flour. His " Philosophy of 
 Sacred .History," which was designed to show the harmony between 
 the teachings of the Bible and his own views on dietetics, was pub- 
 lished after his death. He was married in 1826, previous to entering 
 upon the ministry. His death occurred at Northampton, Mass., in 
 1851. 
 
 Liebig, 
 Weil-Known Cheuiist and Author. 
 
 EDMUND GUNTER. 
 ■/HE ENGLISH mathcin;Hi(i;iii ami aytnmonier, Edmund Gunter, 
 was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1581. He was educated 
 at Westminster and Oxford, and was for six years professor of 
 astronomy at Gresbam college. He was also the inventor of the 
 " Gunter scale," well known by its nse in solving problems and in 
 navigation, etc. ; improved various mathematical instruments, known 
 as " Gunter's chain," "Gunter's line," and "Gnnter's quadrant." 
 The surveyor's chain of the present day was introduced by him. 
 He published several mathematical works, and died in 1620. 
 
 WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. 
 HE AMERICAN journalist, 
 reformer and philanthropist, 
 William Lloyd Garrison, was 
 born at Newburyport, Mass., in 1804. 
 Learning the printer's trade in his 
 native town, he wrote for the paper on 
 which he worked, and at twenty-two 
 owned and edited the Free Press. 
 Afterwards, in Boston, he edited the 
 first paper ever devoted to total 
 abstinence from intoxicating drinks, 
 and, after that, a political reform 
 journal at Bennington, Vt. In 1829 
 he went to Baltimore and assisted in 
 editing the Genius of Universal 
 Ejnancipafion. An unfortunate article 
 led to his being fined and imprisoned. 
 In 1833, at Boston, he founded the 
 Liberator., a reform journal, devoted 
 to anti-slaver}', national peace, tem- 
 perance, woman suffrage, the abolition 
 of capital punishment, and religious 
 freedom. This sheet he continued to 
 issue until December, 1865. In 1833, 
 he aided in founding the New England 
 Anti-Slavery society, and, in 1838, the 
 American Anti-Slavery society, of which he was the continuous 
 president from its youth until 1865. His bold stand in the cause of 
 negro freedom created many enemies to him in the South, and among 
 certain politicians in the North. The latter of these attacked him at 
 a put)lic meeting in Boston, in 1835, and his life was endangered, 
 but the authorities managed to rescue him from the mob. The 
 proclamation of emancipation ended the contest for the freedom of 
 the slaves, and he lived to celebrate the triumph of his principles. 
 During his life ho made several visits to England. On the occasion 
 of his visit in 1867, he was feted by Englishmen, and presented with 
 the freedom of the city of Edinburgh. Several collections of his 
 prose and poetic writings have been published. He died in New 
 York, in May, 1879.
 
 DISiTINOUISHED INDIVIDUALS IN VARIOUS FIKLDS OF LABOK. 
 
 li>5 
 
 ? 
 
 Linnaeus, Gillott, Huxley and Mrs. Cady Stanton. 
 
 j HE Swedish imtiinilist, Carl von Linnieup, was 
 born in 1707, at Kasbult, Sweden. From 
 infancy he manifested a fondness for the 
 study of plants. He studied at the univer- 
 sities of Lund and Upsal, and at an early 
 a:^e formed the idea of that botanical system 
 which made him famous. Between 1731 
 and 1738 he explored Lapland, lived three 
 years in Holland, as superintendent of 
 Clifforl's celebrated garden, received a 
 medical degree, and visited England and 
 France. In 1738, returning to Sweden, he 
 practiced medicine at Stockholm, and pros- 
 His fame spread througli all parts of the 
 civilized world; he was freely enrolled as a member 
 of scientific societies, and acquired considerable 
 wealth. He published several scientific works. He 
 married, about 1738, a lady to whom he had been 
 betrothed five years previously. While lecturing on botany, 
 f' 'I in 1774, his health was impaired 
 i^ ''^ "" """Ck of apople-iy, and 
 two years later his right side was 
 paralyzed, which resulted in his death, 
 January 10, 1778. Linna-us was a man of 
 untiring energy, and his death was generally 
 mourned at Upsal. 
 
 "V WORD that has come into the language within the past few years 
 jL is "protoplasm," which represents the Idea that a combination 
 ^J' of compounds, carbonic acid, water and ammonia, bro[i;,'ht 
 together, will produce life. The theory was advanced in a lecture 
 on "The Pliysiciil Basis of Life," delivered by Professor Huxley, in 
 1868. Thomas Henry Huxley was born at Middlesex, England, May 
 4, 1825. Graduating from the Charing Cross Medical college, in 184.5, 
 he became a contributor on medical subject." to the Medical Times 
 soon afterwards. While in Ilaslar Hospital, in the service of the 
 royal navy, he was selected as an assistant surgeon, in IS-IB, to 
 accompany Captain Stanley on an expedition to the South Pacific on 
 the ship Rattlesnake. The voyage consumed four years' time, a 
 portion of which was spent in Australia. These years of travel and 
 exploration Mr. Huxley improved by study and observation of the 
 natural history of the countries he visited, the range of zoological 
 knowledge being largely increased by his communications in the 
 meantime. Returning from this journey and resigning his position 
 in the navy, he became a professor in the Royal School of Mines; 
 
 took up his residence 
 
 JOSEPH GILLOTT. 
 
 y^OSEPH GILLOTT, who distinguished 
 himself as the improver and most exten- 
 \} sive manufacturer of steel pens, was 
 born in Warwickshire, England, about the 
 year 1800. Early in life he became a grinder 
 of cutlery at Sheffield. Afterwards he re- 
 moved to Birmingham, and began to manu- 
 facture steel ))cns, being assisted by his 
 wife, making them, it is said, in a garret, 
 and selling them to small dealers in goods 
 in the city. At first they manufactured 
 what are known as the black " barrel " pens, 
 which were not much better than the ordi- 
 nary quill pens. His first improvement in their manufacture was 
 accomplished in 1880, and was so marked that his trade began to 
 flourish. The use of machinery in their manufacture was the next 
 step in his enterprise, together with some other minor improvements, 
 which tended to make his pens more desirable, until the demand for 
 them gradually increased with such profit to himself that he was 
 able to build a large manufactory at Birmingham, and supply dealers 
 in other countries besides his own. The tendency of his enterprise 
 has been to cheapen the price of this very useful article of commerce, 
 and by this means to increase the facilities of correspondence. By 
 his skill and energy he amassed a large fortune. His works at 
 Binniugham consume about five tons of steel weekly in producing 
 150.000.000 pens a year. Compared with softer pens the black 
 " barrel " article was stiff and unwieldy, but on making his improve- 
 ment as indicated by cutting three slits in lieu of one, it became 
 quite serviceable. When he commenced the business the price of 
 a steel pen was many hundreds of times greater than at the time of 
 his death. Mr. Gillott was a patron of the fine arts, and at his death, 
 in 1878, he had collected a celebrated gallery of paintings at his 
 country residence, near Edgbaston, England. The story of Gillott 
 is ilhistrative of what may be accninplished by continuous industry. 
 
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 
 Organizer of the First Woman's Rights Convention. 
 
 degrees from various uni\'crsities 
 
 in London, and thenceforward devoted his 
 time to scientific research, in which field he 
 has done much toward i>opulariziug science 
 by lectures. A prominent member of vari- 
 ous philosophical societies, he was also an 
 active member in the London school board 
 of education from 1870 to 1872, during 
 which time he strenuously opposed denom- 
 inational teaching in the schools, and was 
 conspicuous in his denunciation of Roman 
 Catholicism. Accepting Darwin's theory of 
 "natural selection, " he has done much in 
 acquainting the world with the suiiject of 
 evolution , while the science of zoology has 
 been greatly advanced by his contributions. 
 In defense of the theory of evolution, in 
 his lectures "On Man's Place in Nature," 
 he claims that the anatomical difference 
 between man and the higher apes is less 
 great than that existing between the highest 
 and the lowest apes. A corresponding 
 member of the principal foreign societies. 
 Professor Huxley has received honorary 
 
 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. 
 
 ^AMOUS in the wouiau-suffrage movement is Elizabeth Cady 
 Stanton, who was born at Johnstown, N. Y. , in 181G. Receiving a 
 liberal education, she studied law, and delighted in horseback 
 riding. During a visit at the residence of Gerril Smith, at Peterboro, 
 N. Y. , she met her future husband, Henry B. Stanton, a young anti- 
 slavery orator, and they were married a few months later. In 1840 they 
 visited Europe. On their return Mr. Stanton practiced law for five 
 years, and afterwards removed to Seneca Falls, X. Y. In 1848 Mrs. 
 Stanton distinguished herself by being the chief agent in calling, a1 
 Seneca Falls, the first woman's-rights convention known in history. 
 In this convention she participated largely and actively, drafting its 
 resolutions and declarations of sentiment, and making a pul)lic 
 speech in favor of woman suffrage with great boldness of opinion. 
 This convention was held July 19 and 20, 1840. Her father was 
 alarmed at her advanced position, deeming her insane, and labored 
 assiduously but iuelTectuftlly with her, trying to reason her out of the 
 position she had taken. Since then she has maintained those views 
 as vigorously as when she first promulgated them. 
 
 — jO.
 
 ^ 
 
 ■.Q- 
 
 196 
 
 THE ENGIXEEK, EADS. THE IXVEXTOE, MOKSE. 
 
 m 
 
 ^■laxfiu 
 
 Jamss B, Eads, 
 
 S. F. B. Morss, i 
 
 7Z5xS3-r 
 
 JAMES B. EADS. 
 
 Prof. S. F. B. MORSE. 
 
 ^^P Weil-Known Engineer. 
 
 Electrician and Inventor. 
 
 HE SUBJECT of this sketch, James B. Eads, was 
 born at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, in 1820. and 
 afterwards, in 1839, with his parents, removed 
 to Louisville, Ky. At eleven years of age, having a 
 fondness for mechanics, he constructed a practical 
 steam-engine, and this led to furtherdevelopraentsand 
 facilities for mechanical ingenuity. The family 
 becoming poor, and failing to find employment in Louis- 
 ville, James went to St. Louis, working his passage, 
 without a coat, or shoes on his feet; not finding work, he took to 
 peddling apples on the street until he should secure a situation. 
 Getting employment at last, in a mercantile house, he had access 
 to the library of one of his employers, and his studies of machinery, 
 mechanics and engineering were resumed. Afterwards he was 
 employed as a clerk on a Mississippi river steamer for several years; 
 thus he obtained a useful knowledge of that important water-course. 
 At twenty-two he. with others, entered upon the employment of 
 raising sunken or wrecked steamers on the river, their operations 
 extending from Galena, 111., totheBalize, La., and several tributaries 
 of that stream. The enterprise became very successful. Selling 
 out. he established a glass factory at St. Louis, but, with a new com- 
 pany, he soon returned to the work of rescuing sunken steamers. 
 In ten years the company made $500,000. 
 
 In 185V, owing to ill-health, he was forced to retire from business, 
 but when the Rebellion came, Mr. Eads threw the weight of his 
 money and restored energies on the Union side, building gunboats 
 for the government and receiving handsome emoluments; fourteen 
 gunboats, heavily armored, and four mortar-boats were turned out, 
 with seven "tin-clad" transports, or musket-proof boats, for the 
 Union. After the war be obtained a government contract for building 
 "jetties "' at the mouths of the Mississippi river, at a big price, and 
 with such success that large ocean vessels may now enter the Missis- 
 sippi river without hindrance, through the improved channels that be 
 has made. 
 
 Captain Eads has lately given much attention to tht- matter of 
 ebivating vessels upon wheels and triinsportiug them by railway 
 arroHs the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 AMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE was a native of 
 Charlestown, Mass., where he first saw the light, 
 April 27, I79I. Having perfected his education at 
 Yale College in 1810, he visited Europe with Washington 
 AUston, studied art under the supervision of that cele- 
 brated painter and the renowned Benjamin West, and 
 became quite proficient both in painting and sculpture, 
 remaining abroad until 1815. Returning home, he 
 followed his profession in Boston. Charleston and New York city, 
 and was one of the organizers of the National Academy of Design, 
 established in New York in 1826. For sixteen years he was presi- 
 dent of this institution. In 1829 he revisited Europe for the purpose 
 of completing his art studies, and returned in about three years. As 
 professor of literature of the arts of design in the University of New 
 York, he delivered a course of lectures on the affinity of those arts, 
 in 1835. A student of chemistry and natural philosophy, as well as 
 art. it is not strange that in 1820 -'27 ho became interested in the 
 science of electro-magnetism and made it, in connection with tele- 
 graphy, the subject of intense study and the object of another voyage 
 to Europe. 
 
 In 1832 he conceived and practically demonstrated the great electric 
 telegraph system, which now bears his name. After various failures 
 in seeking government aid to perfect his invention, he was surprised 
 and delighted, in 1843, by an appropriation of $30,000 from Congress, 
 with which to erect his first telegraph line between Washington and 
 Baltimore. Upon its completion his success was assured, and 
 wealth and honor were attained. His own countrymen proudly 
 acknowledged the superiority of his genius, and the crowned heads 
 of the old world bestowed upon him rich and elegant tokens of their 
 high apprepiation of his invention. To him also is the world 
 indebted for electro-magnectic sub-marine telegraphy and the 
 Atlantic cable, of which he made, it is believed, tlie first suggestion 
 in 1843. 
 
 In June, 1871, in commemoration of his invaluable scientific dis- 
 coveries, ji bronze statue of him. provided by the telegraphers, wae 
 publicly unveiled in Central Park. N. Y. , by William CuUin Bryant. 
 He died in New York, April 2, 1872. 
 
 x5^
 
 ML 
 
 ilKN I'XiUMIA'liNT IN MEDICAL SCIENCE. 
 
 1U7 
 
 ? 
 
 
 Eminent Physicians. 
 
 Dr. Abernethy. ' tiW 
 
 ■m 
 
 "w 
 
 Distinguished for Skill and Medical Discovery. 
 
 \17 
 
 HE ECCENTRIC surgeon, John 
 Abeniethy, was boru either in Scotland 
 or Ireland, in 1764. Probably no man 
 ever more lightly esteemed the opinions 
 of others, or endeavored to impress his 
 own views upon the minds of others 
 with more clearness. Whatever may 
 be thought of his bhnit and offensive 
 manners, his professional and private 
 character rank high. At first, as a medical student, he was a scholar 
 of Sir Charles Blick, surgeon of St. Bartholomew's hospital, and 
 afterwards of the learned John Hunter. Early in life he nearly 
 revolutionized the science of surgery by his exposition of the funda- 
 mental principles upon which surgical operations have since been 
 conducted, and by the boldness and success with which he tied up 
 ruptured jug\ilar veins and iliac (or main flank) arteries in the 
 human body. Having acquired great distinction in his profession, 
 he was successively appointed surgeon to St. Bartholomew's and 
 Christ's hospitals, and, in 1814, professor of anatomy and surgery to 
 the Royal college of surgeons. As a writer of books relating to his 
 favorite science, he became a standard authority in nearly all the 
 medical colleges of Europe and America. Among these were tracts, 
 treatises, essays and collections of his medical lectures. He died 
 at Enfield, England, in 1831. 
 
 EDWARD JENNER. 
 
 N THE year 1718 Lady Mary Wortley Montague brought from 
 Turkey to England the practice of inoculating persons with small- 
 pox, as a means of preventing any future attack of that disease in 
 the natural way. It was highly successful, but involved the same 
 risk of infection to others as did the disease when accidentally 
 taken. In 179B, Dr. Edward Jenner, an English physician, bad his 
 attention turned to the cow-pox by discovering that those who had 
 been affected by it were incapable of receiving the small-pox infec- 
 tion. In May of that year he made his first experiment in what is 
 now known as " vaccination," by applying the pus, or matter, from 
 a sore on a milkmaid, who had caught the cow-pox from the cows, to 
 the person of a healthy child, and the usefulness and triumph of his 
 discovery were completely established. The practice of vaccination 
 spread to all quarters of the globe, and honors and applause were 
 showered upon Dr. Jenner from all quarters. Oxford college pre- 
 sented him with a diploma, the Royal society admitted him as a 
 member, and parliament voted to give him $100,000. Before his 
 discovery the deaths from small-pox in London every year were 
 
 4,000, and afterwardB only .3,000. Dr. Jenner was born in Glouces- 
 tershire, England, in 1749, wa.s apprenticed to a surgeon, and subse- 
 quently settled at Berkeley, England, as a physician and surgeon. 
 He wrote extensively concerning the cow-pox, and also a volume 
 of observations on the natural history of the cuckoo. He died in 
 1833. 
 
 SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH HAHNEMANN. 
 
 'HE discoverer of the medical system of homteopathy, Samuel C. 
 F. Hahnemann, was bom at Meissen, Saxony, in 1755. At the 
 age of twenty he studied medicine at Leipsic, Germany, teaching 
 languages, and translating foreign medical Iwok? during his leisure 
 hours. In 1777 he was appointed to the care of a ward in a govern- 
 ment hospital, and was subsequently for two years librarian and 
 physician to the governor of Transylvania. In 1787, having married, 
 he settled at Dresden, and began to gain reputation a« a writer on 
 medical subjects, when he made the important discovery that a drug 
 produced in a healthy individual the very symptoms which that drug 
 was used to cure in a sick person. This principle became the 
 foundation-stone — the bed-rock — on which Hahnemann, revolution- 
 izing his previous beliefs in the science of medicine, built up hLs 
 now widely-known system, the motto of which is, " Like cures 
 like. " He experimented, tested, and studied, in the interest of his 
 discovery, until the most satisfactory results were obtained. Then 
 he put his system into practice among his patients with the best 
 effect. But his theories, notwithstanding the proofs in their favor, 
 met with severe opposition for fifteen years. In the meantime he 
 wrote several works in advocacy of his system, which was thoroughly 
 organized and named "homoeopathy," in a volume called the 
 " Organon," published at Dresden in 1810. This work brought on a 
 bitter warfare among the medical men of that age, but Hahnemann 
 continued to practice the new system at Leipsic, gathering around 
 him many friends and disciples. A highly satisfactory test of the 
 correctness and usefulness of homceopathy was made in 1813, during 
 the prevalence of malignant tj-phus fever at Leipsic, when Hahne- 
 mann treated seventy-three of these patients, and all but one 
 recovered, and that was an old man. This success led to a new 
 persecution against him, and in 1820 he removed to Kothen, where 
 he also encountered, for a time, the same hostility that had driven 
 him from Leipsic; but a reaction in his favor sixm occurred, and 
 when he wished to change his residence to Paris, in 1835, he had to 
 leave the town secretly, at night, lest the populace should refuse to 
 let him go. After reaching Paris he continued to practice his system 
 of medicine there until his death, in 1843. 
 
 fe^ 
 
 h 
 
 ^<^
 
 198 
 
 PHILANTHROPISTS AND REFORMERS. 
 
 Theodore Parker, Gerrit Smith, and the Beecher Family. 
 
 HE American scholar and rational- 
 istic preacher, Theodore Parker, 
 was born at Lexington, Mass. , in 
 1810. He entered Harvard col- 
 lege, in 1830, and the theological 
 school in 1834, remaining two 
 years. In 1836 he went to preach 
 at Barnstable, Mass., to the Uni- 
 tarians, and in 1837, after his 
 marriage to Miss Cabot, removed 
 to West Roxbury. Soon he began 
 to advance religious opinions 
 which were considered radical in the extreme by most Unitarians, 
 and when he declared at Boston, in 1841, his belief in the absolute 
 humanity of Christ, they arrayed themselves in opposition to him. 
 In 1843-'4 he visited Europe, and on his return to Boston he began 
 preaching his peculiar doctrines to his 
 adherents at the Melodeon. Over this 
 congregation he was regularly installed 
 in 1846. From 1847 to 1850 he edited 
 the Massachusetts Quarterly Revieiv^ 
 lectured on various political and social 
 topics, corresponded with many prom- 
 inent men, and gave attention to other 
 intellectual pursuits. Particularly did 
 he oppose the fugitive- slave law, and 
 sheltered runaway slaves in his own 
 house. His earliest published book 
 was the "Discourse of Matters Per- 
 taining to Religion," which contains 
 the fundamental principles of those 
 peculiar tenets known as "■Parker- 
 ism." In 1859, for the purpose of 
 recruiting his health, he visited the 
 West Indies, and that summer he 
 went to Europe, spending the fol- 
 lowing winter at Rome. In the spring 
 he went to Florence, Italy, where he 
 died in May, 1860. His comprehen- 
 sive and valuable collection of books, 
 amounting to more than 13,000 vol- 
 
 rauch confidence or over-zeal he was persuaded to contribute to the 
 attempt of John Brown, of Ossawattomie, to raid Virginia in the 
 cause of anti-slavery, and its failure, together with the loss of life 
 attending it, is said to have unsettled the mind of Mr. Smith to a 
 degree that caused his confinement for some months in an insane 
 asylum. During the Southern rebellion he contributed freely of his 
 means for the raising of L'nion troops, but his universal philanthropy 
 led him afterwards to become a bondsman with Horace Greeley for 
 the release of Jefferson Davis. Mr. Smith built a church at Peter- 
 boro, N. Y. , in which he used to preach. At first he was orthodox 
 in his faith, but became, subsequently, very liberal. He died in New 
 York city, in 1874. Some of his publications are: "The Theolo- 
 gies," "Speeches in Congress," "The Religion <pf Reason," "Nature 
 the Base of a Free Theology," and "Correspondence with Albert 
 Barnes." Mr. Smith from time to time lectured in the great centers 
 of population on religious or political topics. He was an earnest 
 advocate of what he considered to be 
 just and right, and his writings, which 
 he had printed in pamphlet form for 
 free distribution, were spread among 
 the people on all proper occasions, 
 whenever or wherever he came before 
 them. 
 
 Theodore Parker, 
 
 Independent Clergyman and Representative of 
 Theologry. 
 
 Liberal 
 
 nmes, he left mostly to the Boston public library. 
 
 GERRIT SMITH. 
 
 ("HE American philanthropist, Gerrit Smith, was bom at Utica, 
 N. Y. , in 1797. He inherited large landed estates in New York 
 and other States from his father, who had been a partner of 
 John Jacob Astor in the fur business. He was educated at Ham- 
 ilton college, Clinton, N. Y. , from which he graduated in 1818. For 
 years he was occupied in looking after the interests of his estate, but 
 was admitted to the practice of the law at the age of fifty-six. He 
 was a member of the colonization society, which had for its object 
 the emigration of colored people from the United States to Africa. 
 Subsequently he joined the American anti-slavery society. His 
 philanthropy KmI him to give away large quantities of land to indi- 
 viduals and for the benefit of the public; thus, in 1848, he donated, 
 in parcels averaging fifty acres each, aoO,000 acres. He was elected 
 to Congress in 1852, but resigned before the end of his term. In 
 his congressional career he voted with the anti-slavery party, and 
 made several speeches in behalf of itn prlnrlj)les. Thmugh tno 
 
 THE BEECHERS. 
 
 Vy^HE well-known family of this 
 name is eminently literary and 
 \ reformatory in its work, as 
 shown by the principal publica- 
 tions which different members of 
 the family have contributed to Amer- 
 ican literature, as follows: 
 
 Catherine E. — "Educational Rem- 
 iniscences." " Domestic Service," 
 "Appeals to the People as the Au- 
 thorized Interpreters of the Bible," 
 "Common-Sense Applied to Religion, 
 or the Bible and the People," "House- 
 keeper and Healthkeeper, " ' ' Manual 
 of Arithmetic," " Letters to the Peo- 
 ple on Health and Happiness," "Physiology and Calisthenics." 
 "Treatise on Domestic Economy," "Religious Training of Children 
 in the Family. School, and Church." "Duty of American Women to 
 their Country," "The American Woman's Home," etc. 
 Ltman — "Political Atheism" and "Sermons." 
 Charles — "Redeemer and Redeemed," "The Incarnation, or 
 Pictures of the Virgin and Her Son," " Pen-Pictures of the Bible," 
 "Spiritualism Reviewed," and the "Life and Correspondence of 
 Lyman Beecher," a divine and father of the Beecher family. 
 
 Henry Ward — "Illustrated Bible Biographies," "Lectures to 
 Young (Men, " "Industry and Idleness," "Star Papers," "Life 
 Thoughts," " Life of Jesus the Christ," " Norwood," a novel, "Fruits 
 Flowers, and Farming," "The Plymouth Pulpit " (sermons), "Ser- 
 mons on Liberty and War," " Yale Lectures on Preaching," etc. 
 
 Ei>WARD — "Baptism, its Imports and Modes," "The Confiict 
 of AgcH," "The Concord of Ages." "The Papal Conspiracy." 
 
 Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (Mrs. Stowe) — "The Mayflower," 
 " I'nclc Tom's Cabin," "A Key to Uncle Tom's C'al)in, " " Dred, 
 a Tale of the Dismal Swamp," "The Minister's Wooing," "My 
 Wife and I." " Ladv Hvron Vindicated. " etc. 
 
 ^^
 
 5iL2^ 
 
 MEN CELEBKATED FOK ASTKIIKUMIUAL UlHUOVEltY. 
 
 ly.* 
 
 d/a*-' .A^^ 
 
 
 1 t 
 
 
 Men Who Have Devoted Their Lives to the Investigation 
 of Astronomical Science. 
 
 PYTHAGORAS. 
 
 BOUT 580 years before Christ, was 
 born at Samos the illustrious Grecian 
 metaphysical philosopher, geometri- 
 cian and astronomer, Pythagoras. At 
 the age of eighteen he began his 
 travels, visiting Phoenicia and Asia 
 Minor, and even, it is said, Persia 
 and India. He resided for twenty - 
 five years in Egypt. Returning to 
 Samos he taught geometry, subse- 
 quently settling at Crotona, where he 
 established a school of philosophy that 
 became famous. His pupils were 
 required to observe strict silence for 
 five years, to dress simply, eat but little 
 and abstain from animal food. Women 
 were admitted to his lectures, and fif- 
 teen attended his school. He taught 
 the doctrine of "metempsychosis" — 
 the passing of a human soul, at death, 
 into the body of some animal, 1,000 
 yeiirs being required in this manner 
 to expiate the sins of the human life and restore it to a blissful im- 
 mortality. While he had many admirers and disciples, he was sub- 
 jected to persecution and driven from Samos. He then took refuge 
 in the Temple of the Muses at Metapontum, where it is doubtfully 
 said that he starved to death about 497 years before Christ. While 
 he entertained crude ideas concerning a future state of existence, it 
 is doubtless true that he was one of the most learned of the philoso- 
 phers who lived prior to the Christian era. As evidence of this it is 
 claimed that he conceived the idea of the rotundity of the earth and 
 that it revolved around the sun, which he believed to be the center of 
 the solar system. This, in an age of such limited opportunity, was 
 a wonderful discovery. 
 
 CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY. 
 
 THE life of Claudius Ptolemy, the distinguished astronomer, 
 geographer and mathematician, is somewhat obscured by the 
 absence of authentic records. Pelusium, in Greece, is men- 
 tioned as his birthplace, and the second century as the time of his 
 career. His intelligence concerning the earth and the starry worlds 
 around it, although varied and extensive, has been proven to be erratic 
 in some of its conclusions. For instance, he projected the Ptolemaic 
 system of astronomy, which placed our planet in the middle of the 
 universe, so that the whole creation moves about it as a common 
 center. This theory was prevalently received until the present 
 (Copemican) belief, which makes the sun the center orb of the solar 
 system, was adopted a few centuries later. Ptolemy, however, was 
 wise in much that he advanced concerning the heavenly bodies. His 
 principal work, the "Great Astronomical Construction," contains a 
 catalogue of the stars, following but imiiroving that of Hipparchus, 
 and treats of the correspondence of the earth with the other planets, 
 the effect of the earth's position, etc. With all his errors he com- 
 puted future eclipses with great exactitude and determined the 
 orbits of the various planets. Nor was it in astronomy alone that he 
 excelled his predecessors and contemporaries, for he wrote a geogra- 
 phy, which became and remained a standard authority until the 
 sixteenth century, and was the first to use the terms latitude and 
 longitude in the earth's measurement, proving it to be a globe. His 
 geography and its accompanying maps are still in existence. His 
 various acquirements included a practical knowledge of music, and 
 he wrote, or compiled, papers on that art. chronology, mechanics 
 and astrology. The date of his death, as of his birth, is not known. 
 
 COPERNICUS. 
 
 THIS distinguished discovenr of tht- ;;ystem of planetary science 
 which bears his name, Nikolaus Copernicus, was born at Thorn, 
 Prussia, in 14T3. He studied medicine and philosophy, but 
 abandoned them for mathematics and astronomy. He became mathe- 
 matical profussor at Home, canon of Frauonburg. and an arch-deacon 
 
 ?fe=::: 
 
 . ^■ 
 
 ^^^^
 
 ? 
 
 200 
 
 MKN WHO MAPPED OUT THE HEAVEJiS. 
 
 in his native town. His theory of a reform in the current (Ptolemaic) 
 system of astronomy was first meditated in 1507, but its details were 
 not completed nntii 1530, and so great was his fear of opposition 
 that he did not publish his work until 1543. just before his death. 
 His system, now universally believed to be true, announced that 
 the planets revolved around the sun, instead of the sun revolving 
 around the earth — a theory which previously prevailed. 
 
 JOHANN KEPLER. 
 
 GERMANY produced one of the most famous of the world's 
 astronomers in the person of Johann Kepler, at Magstatt, 
 Wurtemburg, in December, 1571. His education was received 
 at a monastic school and the university of Tubingen, at the latter of 
 which he acquired a master's degree in 1591. Devoting himself to 
 the study of astronomy he began his scientific career. Near the 
 last of the sixteenth century he became professor of mathematics in 
 the rniversity of Gratz. About 1598 he assisted Tycho Brahe in 
 preparing new astronomical tables, by order of the Emperor Rudolph 
 II. Tycho died soon afterwards, and Kepler became the royal math- 
 ematician, but this did not keep him out of poverty, so that he 
 resorted to astrology for support. Subsequently he made some 
 important di.scoveries in the movement of certain planets in their 
 orbits, and his theories and exposition of these were adopted as 
 authorities. The labor and assiduity of Kepler in pursuing these 
 studies were profound and earnest, yet he obtained little or no profit 
 from their publication. Misfortunes overtook him, but still tie 
 struggled on. until he made his greatest discovery — that the squares 
 of tlie periodic tnmes of the planets are proportional to the cubes of 
 their average distances from the sun. He also largely elucidated the 
 truth of the Copernican system of astronomy. Pecuniary disap- 
 pointments, however, continued to depress him, and finally threw 
 him into a fever, which caused his death in 1630. 
 
 GALILEO. 
 
 THE distinguished Italian a^Irminnier and scientist, Galileo Galilei, 
 a son of a nobleman at Florence, was born at Pisa in 1564. He 
 was designed for the medical profession, but preferring mathe- 
 matics instead, he attained such proficiency in this science that at the 
 age of twenty-four he was appointed professor of mathematics at 
 Pisa. There his opposition to the philosophy of Aristotle created so 
 many enemies to him that he resigned in 1592, and accepted the pro- 
 fessorship at Padua. He remained in the latter position eighteen 
 years. In 1609, becoming acquainted with the invention of the tele- 
 scope, he constructed one for himself, with which he discovered the 
 four moons of the planet Jupiter, the phases of Venus, the starry 
 nature of the milky way, the hills and valleys of the moon, and the 
 spots on the solar disk, from the motion of which he inferred the 
 rotutlon of the sun. Becoming convinced of the truth of the Coper- 
 nican system of astronomy ( the revolution of the earth on its axis, 
 and the planets around the sun ), he avowed his belief and was twice 
 l)ersecuted by the Inquisition, in 1615 and 1633, (m the charge of 
 heresy. On both occasions his tormentors required him to openly 
 recant bis belief in the ('opernican system, but he is said to have 
 stamped the earth with his foot after his last abjuration, with the 
 remark. "'It moves. nevertheless. " Three years before his death he 
 was stricken with blindness. In addititm to the foregoing discov- 
 eries he noted the gravity of the atmosjiherc, invented the cycloid 
 and simple pendulum, and was the tlrst to make a clear exposition 
 of the principles of motion. He died in 1042. 
 
 T 
 
 SIR ISAAC NEWTON. 
 
 ins great philosophi-r wn-- In. in ;il \Vii()I--thorpe. Lincolnshire, in 
 1642. Being educated at Grantham school and Trinity college, 
 ( 'anibridL'c. he rarly i:vincrd a tab-nt fur nuchanits and drawing. 
 
 At college he studied mathematics assiduously, in 1669 became pro- 
 fessor of mathematics, and in 1671 a member of the Royal society. 
 During his stay at Cambridge he made his three great discoveries, of 
 fluxions, the nature of light and colors, and the law of gravitation — 
 the latter suggested by seeing an apple fall from a tree. His 
 '■* Principia," which unfolded to the world his theory of the universe, 
 was published in 1687. He was elected member of the university in 
 1688 and 1701; was appointed warden of the mint, in 1696, and 
 master of it in 1699. He was chosen president of the Royal society 
 in 1703. and knighted in 1705. He died in 1727. Newton's theory 
 of universal gravitation involved the principle (according to Sir 
 David Brewster), "that every particle of matter in the universe is 
 attracted by, or gravitates to. every other particle of matter, with a 
 force inversely proportioned to the squares of their distance." 
 
 WILLIAM HERSCHEL. 
 
 ONE of the most distinguishrd of luixk-rn astronomers was William 
 Herschel, who was born at Hanover, Prussia, in 1738. Being the 
 son of a musician, young Herschel was himself a player of military 
 music besides being an organist. Astronomy was one of the occu- 
 pations of his leisure, and to save the expense of purchasing a tele- 
 scope he constructed one for himself, with great success. He also 
 manufactured numerous others of great power. Forsaking music 
 and prosecuting the study of astronomy, on March 13, 1781, he dis- 
 covered a new planet, which he named Georgium Sidus (now 
 Uranus). Continuing his astronomical researches, in 1816 he was 
 knighted. He died in 1822. Of his numerous discoveries the fol- 
 lowing are some of the principal: Volcanoes in the moon; the sixth 
 and seventh moons of Saturn; the sis moons of Uranus, and others 
 of less general interest, but of great astronomical value. His 
 famous telescope, the expense of which was defrayed by XCing 
 George III., of England, was forty feet long, with a four-foot mirror 
 and weighed 2,118 pounds. Herschel was a member of the principal 
 scientific societies of Europe and America, and the first president of 
 the Royal astronomical society of England. Herschel's <mly son, 
 Sir John W. F. Herschel, baronet, is another prominent English 
 astronomer. He was born in England, 1790. In 1834 he established 
 an observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, at his own 
 expense, remaining there and prosecuting his star- studies for four 
 years ( 1834-'38 ) in the whole southern sky, deriving a vast fund of 
 valuable astronomical and meteorological information. He has pub- 
 lished several scientific works, and received a high appreciation, with 
 distinguished scientific honors and positions. His intellecttial powers 
 have won him many golden opinions. 
 
 LAPLACE. 
 
 AN astronomer who won much distinction by his knowledge of the 
 heavenly bodies and their motions, was Pierre Simon, the Mar- 
 quis de Laplace, who began his existence at Beaunnmt-en-Auge, 
 Lower Normandy, March 23, 1749. Although of obscure parentage, 
 wealthy friends aided him in early life to gain an education at the 
 college of Caen and the military school of Beaumont. Going to 
 Paris when eighteen, he soon attracted the attention of the scientist, 
 D'Alembert, by the production of a shrewd paper on mechanical 
 principles, and thriuigh this influence Laplace obtained, about 1769, 
 a professorship of mathematics in the military school at Paris, 
 lie died at Paris in 1827. His attainments in science, and 
 especially in astronomical discovery, evidence his great superiority 
 over his contemporaries. Ilis genius is best exemplified in his 
 writings, which in some degree stand unrivaled by those of more 
 modern scientists. His theories and celestial expositions are stand- 
 ard authorities in nstnmomical investigations, but his fame rests 
 principally on bis "Mecanique Celeste," a comprehensive epitome 
 or analysis of astronouiic;i] learnini:, gathered frcni \ariiuis sources.
 
 TIIK llli.VVKNLY 13UDIES. IIOW TUKY HAVE BEEA' DiaCOVEIiED. 
 
 --^: 
 
 K 
 
 i'-)i 
 
 ^^Wm 
 
 What is Known 
 
 -iOFi 
 
 Astronomy. 
 
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 The Progress of Astronomical Science. 
 
 I 
 
 lEW OF the heavens on a clear night reveals 
 a vuf-t iiumb(.T of stars, and if in the right 
 period in the month, a moon. By day 
 the stars and moon have disappeared 
 from sight and the sun is the only object 
 vi.sible in the heavens. 
 
 The study of these heavenly bodies 
 occupied the attention of the ancients 
 many centuries before the advent of 
 Christ, but detinite knowledge concern- 
 i n i:: 
 
 limited, and ^uch may be suid tu 
 bt; the case yet. With the in- 
 troduction of the telescope, how- 
 ever, much information has been 
 gained in the past three ceatu- 
 ries. 
 
 Various were the conjectures 
 of the ancients concerning the 
 shape of the earth and tbe rela- 
 tions which the sun, moon and 
 stars held to our planet, the im- 
 pression being that the earth was 
 flat, and was the center of the 
 universe, the various heavenly 
 luminaries revolving around it. 
 
 Six hundred years before the 
 Christian era, Thalesof Miletus, 
 a Grecian philosopher, taught 
 astronomy, and succeeding him 
 came Pythagoras and Plato. 
 Some of these conceived the idea 
 that the world was round and 
 that it bad two movements, one 
 
 being diurnal upon its axis and the other around the sun. They 
 taught that the sun. which they thought the center of the universe. 
 was a globe of fire, which lighted the moon and gave heat and light 
 to the earth. 
 
 In the second century after Christ. Ptolemy, another philosopher, 
 prepared a treatise on astronomy, the first systematic work of the 
 
 FIG. I. --The Supposed Structure of the Universe. 
 
 ^iippnspfl to 
 1 minimis of 
 
 ^HE infinity of spn.v 
 olt, he studded \vitli init 
 1^ suns, each of whiili is nit- I'l'mt'i- 
 of a pi'oup of plani'ts. similar tu our 
 planetary system. These suns, eaeh 
 with the family of planets that circu- 
 late about them, it is supposed, could 
 they be seen, would present an appear- 
 ance similar to the illustration shown 
 
 kind, in which, rejecting the system of Pythagoras, be announced 
 that the earth was tbe center of the universe and the heavenly bodies 
 revolved around it. For thirteen centuries this idea possessed the 
 inhabitants of the earth. 
 
 Near the middle of the fifteenth century, a Prussian physician, 
 named Copernicus, announced his adherence to the Pythagorean 
 theory thut the sun instead of the earth was the center of the planet- 
 ary system, was immovable, and the earth revolved around it- 
 between the orbits of Venus and Mars. Copernicus studied the 
 subject for some thirty years and did much toward the establishment 
 
 of the science of astronomy on 
 a reasonable basis. 
 
 Kepler, a German astronomer, 
 succeeded Copernicus fiftj' years 
 after, and demonstrated that the 
 planets, instead of revolving 
 around the sun in perfect circles, 
 made their revolutions in an 
 ellipse, and that tbe moons made 
 also their revolutions in elliptic 
 ■ irbits. Kepler also determined 
 the dimensions of the orbits of 
 tbe several planets and their ve- 
 locity of movement. 
 
 Galileo, an Italian, was busy 
 about the beginning of the seven- 
 teenth century with the telescope 
 in a survey of the heavens. 
 His researches resulted in a close 
 inspection of the moon, which 
 very clearly determined its char- 
 acter. The satellites revolving 
 about Jupiter were discovered. 
 
 above. The immensity of creation can 
 
 be dimly imagined when we consider 
 
 that each of these groups is as great 
 
 as is our solar system, and these 
 
 frroups numbering' millions, billions ^^j many facts relating to the 
 
 and trillions of planets, vast numbei's 
 
 of which may be inhabited, extend into celestial bodies were made 
 
 boundless space which no finite mind 
 
 can comprehend. known. 
 
 Up to this point, however, 
 
 while the dimension, orbits, velocity of movement, and revolutions 
 
 of many of the planets had been fully settled, the power that held 
 
 them in place and caused their movement was yet a mystery. 
 
 Then came the discovery by Newton, an English philosopher, of 
 
 the means by which all the heavenly orbs may be held in place 
 
 by the law of gravitation; and later many discoveries by Herschel 

 
 THE SUN AND THE KNUWN PLANETS THAT REVOLVE AROUND IT. 
 
 of heavenly orbs, among them being Uranus and various satellites. 
 Astronomy with the aid. of mathematics, which determines the 
 equinoxes, conjunctions, and eclipses, has now settled itself into 
 one of the positive sciences, concerning which considerable is 
 known, and yet when a view is taken at night of the thousands 
 of brilliantly shining orbs, as they appear in the heavens, and the 
 question is asked, whence came these stars, are they worlds, and are 
 they peopled, the mind is lost in conjecture and forced to the conclu- 
 sion that we know indeed but very little. 
 
 Near the middle of the eighteenth century Laplace, a learned 
 French astronomer, advanced the idea called the nebular theory, — a 
 theory that has been largely adopted by the evolutionists and pro- 
 gressionists, that the heavens are studded with iimumerable groups of 
 planets, in the center of each of which is a sun around which a certain 
 number of planets revolve in a manner similar to the movements of 
 our planetary system. The idea was further advanced that the sun 
 once filled all the space now occu- 
 pied by the orbits of the several 
 planets. That from the sun has 
 been thrown off from time to time 
 an emanation of gaseous substance 
 which formed in a ring about the 
 sun, and in due time broke, col- 
 lected together and made a planet. 
 That the sun has gone forward 
 gradually contracting and throwing 
 off rings thus until all the planets 
 in the solar system have been in 
 this manner developed. 
 
 That this solar system of ours, 
 with its sun and planets revolving 
 in space, is but one of millions 
 of similar systems, thousands of 
 whose planets are inhabited, while 
 some once inhabited are dead, 
 and others are yet too young and 
 gaseous to admit of habitation. 
 
 That while the planets revolve 
 around the sun, this sun with its 
 family of planets revolves with 
 many other systems around a 
 greater sun, and this greater sun 
 with its multitude of systems 
 revolves around a great central 
 sun. 
 
 the sun with the planets as they 
 
 revolve in their oi'bits about the 
 
 same. As will be seen Mercury occu- 
 
 The groups of planetary systems PJes the orbit next the sun Venus is 
 
 ^ f ^ J J next. Outside and beyond that is the 
 
 which fill immensity of space, earth with its one moon. Mars is yet 
 
 . , ... -^L li. a greater distance awav from the sun. 
 
 each group of which with Its sun Then are found still farther otr sev- 
 
 ift snnnosed to he revolving around ^'"^' ■'^mailer planets. Jupiter, with 
 iH supposca tone revolving arouna j^g f^^^ moons, is plainly defined. 
 
 a great center, is represented in Then Saturn, with its brilliant rinprs 
 
 and eight moons, is one oC the con 
 Figure 1. 
 
 The definite intelligence which ah^tronomers have of the heavenly 
 bodies is confined to the size, revolutions, orbits, density, and con- 
 junctions of the planetH which revolve about our sun. The prin- 
 cipal of these planets are named in their order as they go out from 
 the sun as follows: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, 
 rriinus, and Neptune. There are also several moons and secondary 
 planets that are mentioned elsewhere. 
 
 The relative size of each of the primary or principiil planets in 
 our solar syptem may be judged by the following comparison i)rc- 
 sented by an astronomer, the sun being represented as a globe two 
 feet in diameter standing in an open field: A pin-head 164 feet away 
 will represent Mercury; a pea 2H4 feet from the t*un, Venus; another 
 pen 430 feet. Earth; a large pin-head 054 feet, Mars; a medium-sized 
 orange nearly half a mile from the irlnbr represents Jupiter: a small 
 
 FIC. 2. --The Planets of our Solar System 
 
 hi 
 
 TITHE above illustration represents 
 
 orange four-fifths of a mile, shows Saturn; a small plum a mile and 
 a half, represents Uranus, and an ordinary phim two miles and a 
 half from the globe shows Neptune. 
 
 All the planets of our system together would not equal in bulk a 
 six-hundredth part of the body of the sun. 
 
 A specific description of the sun and the several planets, their 
 moons and the asteroids, herewith follows : 
 
 The Sun. 
 
 While the discoveries of modern astronomers and other scientific 
 men have effected something toward developing the true nature and 
 composition of the sun, it is still comparatively an unsolved 
 problem. Science, however, establishes it as the center of our great 
 solar system, the source of light and heat to all other planets within 
 this system, and an immense power in the production and mainte- 
 nance of animal and vegetable life. Of the sources of the sun's 
 heat, nothing is positively known, 
 although it is believed that it is 
 derived from electrical influences. 
 Astronomy, with mathematics, 
 places the sun's distance from the 
 earth at 92,000,000 of miles, to us 
 an incomprehensible distance, if 
 we judge alone by our natural 
 senses. It is around the sun that 
 all the other planets within the 
 solar system revolve at various 
 periods, according to their position 
 and distance from it. Thus Mer- 
 cury, the nearest to the sun, is 
 still 37,000,000 of miles from it, 
 and passes entirely around it 
 within eighty-five days, while the 
 earth requires 3651-4 days to ac- 
 complish one revolution. 
 
 The diameter of the sun is 
 882,000 miles, so that it is about 
 111 times thicker than the earth. 
 It has no orbit, for it is station- 
 ary, bnt it revolves upon its axis, 
 with the speed of 4,564 miles an 
 hour, or more than four times 
 faster than the earth turns upon 
 its own axis; but with all this 
 velocity, so large is the sun that 
 
 ler off yet is Uranus, with its four 
 moons, and away millions of miles 
 yet. in the distance, is Neptune. 
 Crossing the orbits of these several 
 
 Crossing the orbits of these several ^ requires 251-4 days to complete 
 planets is .'*een the erratic track of ^ _ . 
 
 one entire revolution. 
 So far as science has determined. 
 
 the eumet which, in obedience to some 
 
 unknown and peculiar law, conies 
 
 from out the boundless space of the 
 
 universe, crosses the path of the ,i^ • i u .-nj „,,k,i p^nhc 
 
 planets, wheels about the sun and ^^^ '^"" "^ ^ "**^'>- *^^^ ^"'^*^ g»00e, 
 
 returns again into the unknown abyss surrounded by two coverings of 
 
 of space. 
 
 gaseous material, each of consider- 
 able thickness, the one nearest to the body of the sun not being 
 light-giving, but somewhat like our own atmosphere, while the outer 
 one is a light-giving gas or tiame, from which onr sunlight and heat 
 arc derived. 
 
 Some scientific people, judging from observations made during 
 total eclipses of the sun, conclude that there is another, or third, 
 gaseous covering to the body of the sun. above the second, which is 
 cloudy and extends thousands of miles outward from the sun. 
 
 Others, considering the first or inner covering of the sun as an 
 atmosphere of a cool material, producing a delightful climate on the 
 lx>dy of the sun, liavc conjectured that animate beings inhabit the 
 great planet; but of course this suggestitni. however probable, is 
 unsupported by facts. 
 
 Dark spots of irregiiliir form, rarely to be seen ^vith the naked eye,
 
 TllK l'LA:^i:Tb ANU TllKUi UIFFEKKNT SIZES. 
 
 2o:j 
 
 sometimes puss over the sun's surfucc from east to west, within a 
 period of nearly fourteen day*. They are supposed to be ruptures or 
 openings in the outer fiery envelope of the sun. They usually 
 present a dark nucleus, surrounded by a strip of shaded light, and 
 that by n margin of light more brillinnt than the sun itself. As a 
 general thing the spots are neither permanent nor uniform. Some- 
 times small siu)ts unite, nnd again large ones separate into smaller 
 ones, some continuing days, weeks or months together, while others 
 appear but a few hours. Galileo is said to have first discovered sun- 
 spots about Itill ; since then observation has shown that they appear 
 almost every year, but from HiTO to 1084, none were seen. Some of 
 the largest have been estimated to be from 30,000 to 50,000 miles in 
 length, and sometimes a spot seems to be spanned with a bridge of 
 light. See spots on the sun, Fig. 4. 
 Mercury. 
 
 With the exception of the asteroids (See Astronomical Diction- 
 ary), Mercury is the smallest of the principal planets in our solar 
 system, its diameter being only 2,984 miles. Its distance from the 
 sun is nearly 37,000,0|^0 miles. Turning on its axis from west to 
 east, at the speed of 370 miles an hour, it performs one revolution 
 within twenty-four hours, five minutes and twenty-eight seconds, 
 so that its day is a trifle longer than ours. It moves in its orbit 
 around the sun at the astonishing velocity of 110,725 miles an hour, 
 thus perfectim,' an entire revolutiou in eighty-eight days, which is 
 
 offices alternately 2t>2 days, appearing as the former in the western 
 horizon and as the latter in the east. The change from one to the 
 other is wrought by its orbital departure from the sun and its return. 
 It is called one of the ••interior" or '■inferior'" planets because, 
 like Mercury, its orbit is between the sun and the earth. Twice in 
 a century Venus passes between us and the sun. traversing the disk 
 of the latter. This is called the "transit of Venus,"' and is consid- 
 ered among astronomers one of the most interesting of celestial 
 events. In December, 1874, it attracted universal attention, and in 
 1882 this phenomenon again occurred, creating no less interest 
 than before. Mountains of great height have been discovered on its 
 surface, which is believed to be mostly cohered with water. Whether 
 it IS inhabited or not its climate, on the plains, is thought to be 
 warmer in summer than ours, with a less degree of average coolness 
 In winter. 
 
 The Earth. 
 
 The earth on which we live, and from which all our astronomical 
 phenomena must be observed, is the third jdanet in our system 
 from the sun, being distant from it about 1)2,000,000 miles. It is a 
 sphere, or globe, in form, but not perfectly round, as it is considera- 
 bly flattened at the north and south ends, which we call the poles, or 
 ends of the imaginary axis on which the whole structure is supposed 
 to turn from west to east once in twenty-four hours. This revolu- 
 tion is called " diurnal " because it forms one entire night and day- 
 
 FIG. 3. --The Relative Sizes of the Planets. 
 
 the length of its year, equaling about three of our months. Tele- 
 scopes have revealed some of the mysteries of its surface, and one 
 mountain (it is said) has been discovered in its southern hemisphere 
 that is estimated to be ten and a half miles high. Nothing is 
 known of its Inhabitants, if any there he. but it is demonstrated that 
 the light and heat of the sun on the surface of this planet are seven 
 times greater than on the earth's. The nearness of Mercury to the 
 sun prevents, except at certain periods, the correctness of observa- 
 tions afforded by most of the other planets. 
 
 Venus. 
 
 This is the second planet from the sun. and the brightest star in 
 the heavens. It is about 08.000,000 miles distant from the sun, 
 around which it revolves from west to east in 224*3 days, moving in 
 its orbit at the rate of 80,000 miles an hour. Its true diameter is 
 7,621 miles, but as its distance from the earth constantly varies, its 
 apparent size and brilliancy also continually change. It turns upon 
 its axis once in twenty-three hours, twenty one minutes and seven 
 seconds, and its year is equal to about thirty-two of our weeks. 
 Venus is best known to us by her constant position either as the 
 earth's evening star or mornintr star, continuing in each of these 
 
 The earth has a circumscribed pathway through space, called its 
 orbit, over which it passes around the sun once in 3651-4 days, thus 
 measuring one of our entire years. Our globe is composed of seven 
 strata, or layers of different sorts of rocks and earth, and is about 
 8,000 miles in thickness through its center. It has one satellite, or 
 moon, (see "Moon," in the following Dictionary), and contains 
 1,300.000,000 inhabitants. As large and wonderful as it seems to us, 
 it is in size, as compared with some of its sister planets, and especially 
 the sun, a very Insignificant affair. On the first of January the 
 earth is about 3,000,000 miles nearer the sun than on the third of 
 July, but its surface being slantingly placed toward the sun at the 
 former period, the heat is lessened instead of increased. The earth 
 revolves on its axis at the speed of about 1,000 miles an hour, and 
 on its journey around the sun at 68.000 miles during the same time. 
 About two-thirds of its surface is water. (See " Seasons," *' Atmos- 
 phere, "and "Moon.") 
 
 Mars. 
 
 Mars is the fourth planet as regards distance from the sun, and the 
 first of the *■' exterior planets," or those whose pathways around the 
 sun are outside that of the earth. It is to us a fine cherrv-colored 
 
 » 
 
 i 
 
 R>— 
 
 -~-^:
 
 f 
 
 ■:(;>■ — 
 
 204: 
 
 --<): 
 
 THE SUN AND ITS SFUTS. 
 
 star, whose brilliancy increases or decreases in proportion as it 
 approaches or moves away from the earth, varying from 50,000,000 
 to 240,000,000 miles. Its average distance from the sun is 145,000,- 
 000 miles; its average rate of speed in its own orbit around it is 
 55,000 miles an hour, and one complete revolution on its axis 
 requires twenty-four hours, thirty-nine minutes and two and one- 
 half seconds, so that its day is something longer than ours. Its 
 average diameter is 4,222 miles at the equator, and about one- 
 sixteenth less at the poles. Mars, it is claimed, has two moons. Its 
 year comprises about 687 of our days, or one year and ten and a half 
 months:. Its atmosphere is much thinner than ours, it has seasons 
 resembling ours, and fhe telescope has revealed to us the existence 
 on its surface of oceans, continents, mountains, arctic regions, hills, 
 valleys and rivers, similar to ours. That animals, and perhaps 
 beings superior to ourselves, inhabit Mars is conjectured as rea- 
 sonable, for the planet seems fitted for such animated creations, and 
 nothing, it is said, was ever made in vain. 
 
 The Asteroidat Planets. 
 
 See "Asteroids," "Ceres," "Juno," "Pallas" and "Vesta," 
 in the following Dictionary. 
 
 Jupiter. 
 
 This, the largest of all the 
 planets in our solar system, 
 and one of the brightest, has 
 an average distance from the 
 sun of about 480.000,000 
 miles. Its diameter, or thick- 
 ness at its equator, is about 
 91,000 miles, or twelve times 
 as great as that of the earth 
 at our equator, while its sur- 
 face exceeds in area that of 
 the earth 115 times. Al- 
 though it moves in its path- 
 way around the sun at a speed 
 of nearly 30, 000 miles an 
 hour, it requires almost 
 twelve of our years (4,332V; 
 of our days) to accomplij-h 
 its annual circuit. One pecu- 
 liarity of this planet is the 
 fact that it revolves on a per- 
 pendicular (or upright) axis — standing, as it were, straight on end, 
 instead of a slanting position — at the speed of about 28.000 miles 
 an hour, accomplishing one whole daily revolution in nine hours and 
 fifty-six minutes of our time. Its days and nights are of equal 
 length; no change of seasons occurs, perpetual spring prevailing, 
 and four moons contribute to the interest of its nights. Astrono- 
 mers differ as to the character of this planet, some claiming that it 
 may be covered with vegetation and inhabited by human beings and 
 animals, while others object to this idea because of the singularly 
 stormy appearance of its atmosphere, and the apparently unsettled 
 conditiim of its surface, covered with vapors, as if it had not suffi- 
 ciently cooled off. but still glowed with internal fires. Proctor 
 thinks that it possesses .self-illuminating properties. To us it 
 appears of a cold, steel-blue color. 
 
 Saturn. 
 Outside of Jupiter and inside of I'ranus is the orbit, or pathway 
 around the sun, of Saturn, a planet 732 times as large as onr earth. 
 Its distance from the sun is 872. 132. 000 miles; its thickness, at its 
 equator, is 71.003 miles, and at its poles 04,213 miles. It moves 
 around the sun at the rate of 22.30G miles an hour, requiring twenty- 
 nine and a half of our years to accomplish one of its annual circuits. 
 It turns very rapidly ui)on its axis, making a complete revolution 
 
 FIC. 4- 
 
 once in ten and a half of our hours, its year containing 25,150 of 
 these short days. Saturn has eight moons, and derives great interest 
 from a broad and magnificent zone, or ring, above and around its 
 equator, encircling it with perpetual light, brighter to the observer 
 than the planet itself. This zone consists of two great rings havin" 
 a common center, and divided by a dark band. The spread of the 
 outer ring is 109,530 miles, its thickness 10, 160 miles; the extreme 
 spread of the inner bright ring is 146,769 miles, its thickness 16,503 
 miles; the dark band between the bright rings is 1,725 miles wide, and 
 the distance between the planet and inner bright ring is 20.427 miles. 
 These two bright rings and dark band move regularly around the ball 
 of the planet over its equator. The inner one is believed to be 
 nebulous, and the outer one and dark space to consist of solid 
 material, like that of the planet itself. Speculation as to whether 
 Saturn is inhabited is averse to that belief, as the planet's form has 
 been known to change in such a manner as to make it inconvenient 
 for actual settlers by the upheaving of the soil. 
 
 Uranus. 
 
 This planet, whose distance from the sun iSj 1,822.360,000 miles, 
 was discovered by Dr. Ilerschcl, in 1781, and received his name, but 
 
 was afterwards known as 
 Gcorgium Sidus, being so 
 called in honor of George III., 
 of England. Its diameter, at 
 the equator, is 34.331 miles, 
 and it is said to revolve on its 
 axis once in seven hours and 
 five minutes. It moves in its 
 magnificent pathway around 
 the sun at the rate of 15,600 
 miles an hour, but such is 
 its sweep in the universe that 
 each annual revolution occu- 
 pies 30.687 of our days, or 
 a trifle more than eighty-four 
 years. Owing to its position 
 on the outer bounds of our 
 solar system, the sun must 
 appear to its inhabitants as 
 merely a brilliant day-star. 
 Uranus has six moons, which, 
 instead of revolving around 
 it from west to east, as all other moons do around their respective 
 planets, except in the case of Neptune, apparently move from east 
 to west. Any conjectures as to the character of the residents of this 
 far-off world, or its natural productions, must of course be only idle 
 imaginings. 
 
 Neptune. 
 
 The outermost planet of our solar system yet observed, was dis- 
 covered by the German astronomer Galle, September 23, 1846. Its 
 distance from the sun is 2, 745,998. 000 miles, and it moves once around 
 the central orb in nearly 164f^ of our years. Its diameter at the 
 equator is about 38,000 miles. Its daily revolution on its axis 
 appears to be nnestimated, and very little of its climatic, vegetable 
 and animal peculiarities, owing to its great distance, is known. One 
 moon has been discovered, but astronomers insL-^t that this majestic 
 planet is entitled to five more. The motion of the moon already 
 observed is, like those of t'ranus, contrary to the common movement 
 of most planetary satellites. Leverrier noted and pondered over the 
 perturbations of I'ranus, measuring their intensity and direction, 
 and concluded That a body far beyond the orbit of that planet was the 
 cause of its irregularities. He wrote to Dr. Galle. requesting him 
 to point his glass in a certain quarter, where ho must find another 
 planet. Dr. Galle did as directed, and thus Neptune was discovered. 
 
 Size of the Sun Compared with the Planets 
 
 Showing Spots upon the Sun. 
 
 d 

 
 TIIIO lOAlMll AS ir Al'l'KAKS IN Sl'AC.'K. 
 
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 :;2^ STI10N0MICAL J)ICTIONARY,f 
 
 
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 Words and Terms used in Describing Various Matters Relating to Astrononny. 
 
 berratlon— A small, apparent motion 
 in thf lixed stars, discovered in 1725. 
 Acceleration of the Moon— 
 
 The moon's present period of revolution 
 is shorter than formerly, owing to the 
 increase or acceleration of ita mean 
 motion in its orbit. 
 
 Acceleration of the Planets — The in- 
 creased rapidity of their movements while chang- 
 ing position from nearness to the earth to the 
 farthest range of their orbits. 
 
 Acceleration (Dally) of the Fixed 
 Stars— The unuiunt by which their daily mutiun 
 seems to exceed that of the sun, so that they 
 reach the meridian of any place about four 
 minutes sooner each succeedint^day. 
 
 Acolyte — A 
 
 star attending, as 
 a companion, nii- 
 other star in its 
 orbit. 
 
 Acronycal— A 
 
 star that rises at 
 
 sunset and sets at 
 
 sunrise. 
 
 A 4l umbra II on 
 
 —The faint shad- 
 ow of the moon, 
 
 shown in favorable 
 
 weather, when it 
 
 becomes "new," or 
 
 during an eclipse 
 
 of the sun. 
 Aerollte-A 
 
 meteoric stone, or 
 
 other substance. 
 
 coming totheearth 
 
 from far-off i-e- 
 
 gionsof space; sup- 
 posed to be a f ra;;- 
 
 ment of anothtr 
 
 planet. 
 
 Alcyone —The 
 most brilliant star 
 in the cluster of 
 the Pleiadeslin the 
 constellation of 
 Taurus, the Bull), 
 and surmised to be 
 the central sun 
 around which our 
 
 Altair— The principal star in the constellation 
 of Aquiia, or the Eagle. 
 
 Altltuae of a Star— The height of any star 
 above the horizon, and is trueor apparent accord- 
 ing as it is reckoned f I'om the sensible or rational 
 horizon. The "parallax of altitude" is the dif- 
 ference of distance between these two horizons. 
 See Horizon. 
 
 Aniplltiiile — An arc of the horizon inter- 
 cepted between the east or west points and the 
 cent^?r of the sun or stars at tlieir rising and set- 
 ting, it is "ortive," or eastern, when the star is 
 rising, and "occiduous," or western, when the 
 star is setting. 
 
 Annual Parallax— See Parallax. 
 
 Antarctic- The riunie of a circle of the globe 
 
 Fig. 5--The Earth as it Appears in Space. 
 
 Showing Earth, Sun, Moon, a Comet and various Planets as they revolve in the immensity of space. 
 
 solar system appears to be 
 moving. 
 
 Aldebaran— The biightest star in the con- 
 stellation of Taurus, in the group Hyades, in the 
 face of the Bull. 
 
 Alerol— A fixed star of the second magnitude in 
 the constellation of Perseus. 
 
 Almanac— A calendar or record, published 
 annually, of the months and days, with an 
 account of the rising and netting of the sun and 
 moon, the movements of other planets, and other 
 astronomical and miscellaneous mattej-s. 
 
 Alphonsine Tables— Astronomical tables, 
 publi;.lu'(l under the auspices of .\lphonso X. , 
 king of Spain, iu the latter part of the fifteenth 
 I'cnlury. 
 
 which is opposite to the arctic, or northern pole, 
 and is nearly twenty-three and a half degrees 
 distant from the antarctic, or southern pole. 
 
 Andromeila- .V constellation of sixty-three 
 stars in the northern heavens, representing a 
 woman chained. 
 
 Anser— A star of the fifth magnitude in the 
 Milky Way. 
 
 Annular- Havingthe form of a ring: annular 
 space is the interval between an inner and outer 
 ring. See Eclipse. 
 
 Anomalistic Year — The time that the 
 earth occupies in passing through its orbit. 
 
 Aphelion- That point at which any planet is 
 farthest from the sun. See APogke. 
 
 AqiiarliiN (or the Water-Bearerj- A constelleu 
 
 lion in the zodiac, immediately .south of *lhe 
 equinoctial, and the eleventh sign in the zodiac. 
 
 Aqulla and Antlnoun- A double constel- 
 lation, directly south of the Fox and Goose and 
 Innncdiatcly west of the Dolphin; it contains 
 seventy-one stars. 
 
 Arc Diurnal — That part of a circle 
 described by a planet or star between its rising 
 and setting; the "nocturnal arc" is that parsed 
 between its setting and rising. 
 
 Arctic Circle — That portion of the earth 
 immediately surrounding the north pole, bounded 
 by a line paralk-l witii the equator about twenty- 
 three and a half degrees from the pole. 
 
 Arcturu»t-A fixed star of the fii-st magnitude 
 in the constellation 
 of Bootes. 
 
 Aries (the 
 Ham >— A constella- 
 tion now second 
 in the zodiac, sit- 
 uated next east of 
 Pisces, and con- 
 taining sixty-six 
 stai'Si nine of these 
 are called "nauti- 
 cal stars," because 
 sailors use them in 
 determining their 
 longitude at sea. 
 
 A rm Ilia ry 
 
 Sphere —An in- 
 strument arranged 
 like a globe, but 
 made of a number 
 of circles of wood, 
 metal or paper, 
 representing the 
 several cii-cles of 
 the sphere of the 
 world put together 
 in their natural 
 order; the whole 
 turns upon an axis 
 within a horizon, 
 which is divided 
 into degrees, 
 moves in every di- 
 rection, and when 
 revolved exhibits 
 all the phenomena of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Artro NaviM (the Ship)— ,\ constellation of 
 the southern hemisphere, containing sixty-four 
 stars, two of wiiich (Canopusand Sliaplacidus) are 
 of the fii'st magnitude; this constellation com- 
 memorates the mythological stoi-y of Jason's 
 expedition to Colchis to recover the golden 
 fleece. 
 
 Apogee- That point of a planet's orbit where 
 it is most distant from the earth; this term, as 
 well OS " Perigee " (which see), was in use among 
 the ancients; since modem astronomers have 
 made the sun the center of the solar system, 
 the terms ' ' Aphelion " and ' ' Perihelion " are 
 more commonly used to express the same things. 
 Apparition— The visibility of any star: the 
 
 (> —
 
 dm. 
 
 2<)») 
 
 ASTROXOMICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 THE MOON. 
 
 "circle of apparition" is an imaginary line 
 within which stars are always visible in any eiveu 
 latitude. 
 
 Appulse — The approach of a planet toward 
 a conjunction «ith the siui or any of the fixed 
 stars. 
 
 Apsides— The two points in the orbit of a 
 planet, at the greatest and least distance from the 
 sun. 
 
 Ascension— That degree of the equator reck- 
 oned from the tii-st of the constellation Aries east- 
 ward, which rises with the sun or a star; and is 
 either rigftf or oblique according as it rises in a 
 right or obliciue sphere; " ■ ascensional difference " 
 is the difference between the right and oblique 
 ascensions in any point of the heavens. 
 
 Asteroids— The numerous small planets whose 
 orbits- are situated between those of Mars and 
 Jupiter; these include Astraa, Ceres, Iris. Hebe, 
 Juno, Pallas, Vesta, and more than one hundi-ed 
 others, discovered since 1801. They are supposed 
 to be fragments cast oflE from other remote plan- 
 ets, and are held in their places by solar influences. 
 
 Astrsea— One of the asteroidal planets 
 in our solar system. 
 
 Astrolabe — An instrument for taking 
 the altitude of the sun or stars at sea, resem- 
 bling the armiilarj- sphere, but is not nojv 
 used. 
 
 Astronomy— The science which treats 
 of the sun, moon, earth, planets, comets, 
 etc. , showing their magnitudes, order and 
 distances from each other, measuring and 
 noting their risings^ settings, motions, ap- 
 pearances, the dates and number of their 
 eclipses, etc. ; amixed mathematical science. 
 
 Atmosphere, or Air— The invisible and 
 delicate element which we breathe, and 
 which closely envelops the earth to a depth 
 of about forty miles; the substance of winds. 
 
 Aarisra (the Wagoner)— A constellation 
 in the northern hemisphere, between Per- 
 seus and Gemini, on the same meridian with 
 Orion, containing sixty-six stars, of which 
 Capella is one of the most briUiant in the 
 heavens. 
 
 Aurora Borealls (" The Northern 
 Twilight " )— An extraordinary meteoric or 
 luminous appearance, visible at night, in-the 
 northern heavens, usually known, also, as 
 "northei-n lights;" its origin and nature have long 
 puzzled the votaries of science, to whom its mys. 
 terious beauty ever attracts attention; its source 
 is believed to be electrical; its phenomena varies 
 almost constantly, assuming the form of an arch 
 of light and brilliant, colored streamei-s flashing 
 throngli the sky. In the ^ncinity of the southern 
 pole, where it is called "Aurora australis," it is 
 also witnessed. 
 
 Autumn— The third season in the solar year. 
 which begins, in the northern hemisphere, Sep- 
 tember 22. when the sun enters the constellation 
 of Libra, the Scales, and terminates about Decem- 
 ber 21; during this season the sun also passes 
 through the other two constellations of Scoi"pio. 
 the Scorpion, and Sagittarius, the Archer, and 
 these three constellations arc known as " Autum- 
 nal Signs." 
 
 AxIk of the Earth— An Imaginary line pass- 
 ing through the centirr of the globe, north and 
 ftouth, from pole ^> pole, about M'hich its dally 
 revolution Is performed; the axis of the earth 
 during Its revolution round the sun remains par- 
 alli-l to itself, inclined to the plane of the ecliptic 
 ( which see > In an angle of 23>^J degrees. 
 
 .\xl« ol* Che Heaven* — Tlie axis of the 
 'iirtli. fruni mn-th to H-nitli. ru' f rom east to went. 
 
 presented both ways to the concave surface of the 
 heavens. 
 
 Azimuth — An arc of the horizon intercepted 
 between the meridian of the place and the verti- 
 cal circle passing through the center of the 
 object. '• Azimuth circles" are imaginarj- great 
 vertical circles passing through the zenith and 
 nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. 
 " Magnetical azimuth," an arc of the horizon, 
 intercepted between the vertical circle (azimuth) 
 passing through the center of any heavenly body 
 and the magnetical meridian. "Azimuth com- 
 pass," an instrument for defining, in a more 
 accurate manner than by the common compass, 
 the magnetical azimuth of the sun or stars. 
 
 Beard of a Comet— The rays which a comet 
 sends out toward that part of the heavens to 
 which its course seems to direct it. 
 
 Berenice^ Hair — A beautiful cluster of 
 forty-three stars in the northern hemisphere, 
 about five degrees east of the equinoctial colure; 
 its principal stars are between the fourth and fifth 
 magnitudes. 
 
 Fig- 6 — The Moon. 
 
 The Satellite which revolves around the earth, 9,162 miles in 
 
 diameter, with a surface thirteen times less than the earth, 
 
 and giving light to the eai-th by reflection from the sun. 
 
 Binocular— See Parallax. 
 
 Bootes (the Bear-Driver) — A constella- 
 tion of the northern hemisphere, said to contain 
 fifty-four stars; represents a huntsman, with two 
 greyhounds, pursuing the constellation of the 
 Great Bear; its principal star, of the fii-st magni- 
 tude, is Arcturus. 
 
 Bouleversement— .A. French-Latin woitl. ex- 
 ]>ressive of " the wreck of matter and the crash 
 of worlds ;■' a general disorder. 
 
 Cancer (the Crab) — The fifth eonstell.ation 
 and fourth sign of the zodiac; situated in the 
 ecliptic, with Leo. the Lion, on the east, and Gem- 
 ini, the Twins, on the west; conUiins eighty-three 
 stars, of which Beta, of the third or fourth mag- 
 nitude, is the brightest, besides several double and 
 nebulous stars; it reatrhes the meridian March 3. 
 Sec Tropics. 
 
 Cameiopard — A constellation between the 
 Pole Star and the Great Bear, an<i directly north 
 of .\uriga; it contains fifty-eight umall stars, the 
 flvf largest being of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 <'ane« Venntici — The constcllatiuTi of the 
 Gi"<'ylioinids, whidi see. 
 
 CanlN MiO**i'""() CanU Minor— Two con- 
 stellations ill tile soutlii-rii hcini^phcrc, known as 
 
 the Great Dog and the Little Dog; the first, con- 
 taining thirty-one visible stars, is southward and 
 eastward of Orion; its principal star is Sinus, the 
 Dog Star, the most brilliant in our heavens ( see 
 SiRius); the second, a small one, containing only 
 fourteen stars, has Procyon, of the first magni- 
 tude, for its brightest star, and Gomelza, of the 
 second magnitude, for its next most important; 
 its place in the heavens is about five degrees north 
 of the equinoctial, midway between Canis Major 
 and Gemini. 
 
 Caprlcornns (the Goat)— The tenth sign in 
 the zodiac, a constellation of fifty-one stars, the 
 largest three of which are only of the third mag- 
 nitude; situated in the southera hemisphere, 
 south of the Dolphin and east of Sagittarius. See 
 Tropics. 
 
 Castiiopela- A beautiful constellation in the 
 northern and southern hemisphere, representing 
 a queen seated in a chair, her head and body in 
 the Milky Way and her foot resting upon the 
 arctic circle — situated midway between Andro- 
 meda and the north polar star; it contains fifty 
 five visible stars, the five brightest, of the 
 third magnitude, and one or two smaller 
 ones, forming the " chair;" the star Caph is 
 useful to mariners and surveyors in deter- 
 mining the ti-ue position of the polar star. 
 
 Castor — A star of the first magnitude in 
 the constellation of the Twins. 
 
 Celestial Globe — An artificial globe, 
 like those representing the earth, which con- 
 tains a view of the various constellations 
 and signs of the zodiac in their places in 
 the heavens. 
 
 Centaurns (the Man-Horse)— A constel- 
 lation of the extreme southern hemisphere, 
 containing thirty-five stare, including two of 
 the flr^t magnitude, which are not visible in 
 the United States; it represents a horse's 
 body with a man's head and arms, holding a 
 spear. 
 
 Centripetal Force— That force which 
 draws a body toward the sun; "centrifugal 
 repulsion " is that power which the sun has 
 to repel other bodies; both forces keep the 
 planets in their places. 
 
 Cepheus (the King) — A constellation in 
 the northern hemisphere, about twenty-five 
 degrees northwest of Cassiopeia, to whom 
 the king seems to extend his scepter, while his left 
 foot is over the north pole; it contains thirty-five 
 visible stars, the largest of which, Alderamin, is 
 of the third magnitude. 
 
 Ceres — One of the asteroids, discovered 
 Januaiy J. 1801. by Piazzi, of Palermo, who 
 named it after the goddess of grain and hao'cst. 
 (See Asteroids. ) It revolves around the sun in 
 four years iuid seven and one-thiixl months; has a 
 diameter estimated at 1,582 miles, and a velocity 
 in its orbit of 41.000 miles an hour, and Is never 
 seen with the naked eye. 
 
 Cvtus (the Whale)— The largest constellation 
 in (he heavens, filling a space fifty degrees in 
 length and about twenty degrees in breadth; Is 
 situated below Aries and the Triangles, and con- 
 tains ninety-seven stars, but none of the first 
 magnitude. and only two of the second magnitude. 
 Circumference — The distance around the 
 outer surface of a ciixle or sphere. 
 
 Columha (the Dove)— A constellation of only 
 ten >tars, only one of which is of the second mng- 
 nitude; situated about sixteen degrees south of 
 the Hare, and nearly on the same meridian with 
 the "three stars" in Orion's belt; it was named 
 after Noah's dove, sent out from the ark to find 
 di-j- land. 
 
 7m^
 
 AMKoNoMICAL UK IJi )N A i; V. 
 
 -UIOAT C').Ml-,r OI' l^V'J. 
 
 Colares— Two great imapinai^ circles In the 
 lieavcriH. which intersect each other at right 
 antfU's, dividing tin- ecliptic into fonrccmal parts, 
 «nd marlf tlie ^*^■asons of the year; one passes 
 throngh the e<ininoxes at Aries and Libra, and is 
 called the " equinoctial colure;" the other, north 
 and south, is the solstitial colure. " 
 
 Comet— Around, transparent body, resembling 
 a planet, which performs irregular or eccentric 
 revolutions about the snn in long and narrow 
 orbits, which have the sun in one of their focuses; 
 itconsiats of a spherical, transparent light, enclos- 
 ing a transparent nucleus, or ball, and a long 
 train, or tall, of Hery particles, by which comets 
 are distinguished from other heavenly bodies; it 
 is estimated that there are upward of one million 
 of these wandering wonders in space, and while 
 many of them have regular times for returning 
 to the sun and departing again at gi-eater or less 
 periods, othei-s have been noted but once in 
 human history as visitors to our solar system; 
 their composition and mission are profound 
 mysteries, which science fails to reveal; snpei-sti- 
 tlon has, however, made them objects of terror, 
 in past ages, lest they portended evil to the world 
 and its inhabitants. 
 
 Concave— The interior of an arched or spheri- 
 cal surface. 
 
 Complement— The distance of a star from the 
 zenith. 
 
 Coiijiiuctlon — The meeting of two planets in 
 the same degree of the zodiac. 
 
 Coui«lellu.tlon — An assem- 
 blage of fixed stars, imagined to 
 represent the form of some 
 creature or other object, such 
 as a bear, a ship, t>r noted 
 heathen god or goddess, from 
 which they derived those names 
 that are now used in designatiJig 
 and describing the stars. 
 
 CoustellAtloiis (Origin) ~ 
 The division of the heavens into 
 constellations is very ancient, 
 probably as old as astronomy 
 itself. Frequent mention is 
 made of them by name in the 
 Christian Bible, especially in the books of Job 
 and Amos; some of them are also mentioned by 
 Homer and Hesiod, about 900 years before Christ. 
 Originally there were forty-eight constellations 
 known to Ptolemy, called the Old Constellations, 
 to which others have been since added, until the 
 list now comprises 100 or more. 
 
 Convex— The exterior surface of a sphere or 
 arc— opposite of concave. 
 
 Corona— A luminous appearance, with diver- 
 gent points of light, surrounding the dark body of 
 the moon during an eclipse of the sun; also that 
 phase of the aurora borealis, where a crown-like 
 illumination diverges from the main arc near 
 tbf ii.n-th pole. 
 
 Copernlcau System — A particular system 
 of the heavenly bodies fli-st proposed by Pythag- 
 oras and afterwards ^e^'ived by Copernicus, a 
 Polish astronomer; their theory is the one now 
 univei-sally adopted, placing the sun in the center 
 of the solar system, with all the other planets re- 
 volving round it in a particular and regular order. 
 Cofona Borealis (the Northern Crown)— A 
 beautiful constellation, situated directly north of 
 the Serpent's Head, between Bootes on the west 
 and Hercules on the east; it contains twenty-one 
 Btai-s, none of the fli-st magnitude, six of which 
 form a circular figure much resembling a wreath 
 or crown. 
 CorvuB (the Crow^— A small constellation east 
 
 of the Cup, In the southern hemisphere, on the 
 same meridian as Berenice's Hair, but as far south 
 of the equinoctial as Berenice's Hair is north of 
 it; containing nine stars, but none of the llrst or 
 second magnitudes. 
 
 CnKmtciil — A term having reference to the 
 grand harmonious system of the universe, or of 
 the solar system, or to any heavenly body that 
 rises and sets with the sun. See Acrontcal. 
 
 Coup-de-so-lell— The peculiar effect of the 
 sun's heat upon men and animals known aa *' sun- 
 stroke. " 
 
 Crescent of the I*f oon— The moon's appear- 
 ance wlien new or in the last cpiarter. 
 
 Cytrniis (the Swan)— A rennxrkahle constella- 
 tion, composed, according to different estimates, 
 of eighty-one or one hundred and seven stars, 
 situated in the Milky Way, directly east of the 
 Lyre, and nearly on the same meridian as the 
 Dolphin; the principal stars that nuirk the wings, 
 the bill and the body of the Swan form a large 
 and regular cross; it has but one star of the first 
 magnitude. 
 
 Days and Xlghts— The unequal lengths of 
 the days and nights are occasioned by the annual 
 revolution of the earth around the sun, with its 
 axis inclined to the plane of its orbit; the contin- 
 uance of the sun above the horizon of any place 
 depends entirely u))on his declination or altitude 
 at noon; at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, 
 March 21 and September 23, he has no declination, 
 ;iii'i till- ,l;tv- :iii'! niu'hf- ■■<y rfvn -l' --|(f.[ l-TVJ-th- 
 
 Fig. 7--The Great Comet of 1843, 
 
 The t;iil uf which was i;iO. 000. 0(1(1 miles in length. 
 
 and the sun's declination or obliquity between 
 these two dates regulates the seasons, pro- 
 ducing spring and summer on one side of the 
 equator, and autumn and winter on the opposite 
 side. An astronomical day is rated from noon of 
 one day to the noon of the next; a civil day is 
 reckoned from sunrise to sunrise, or sunset to 
 sunset. 
 
 Bepression— The distance of a star from the 
 horizon below it; "depression of the pole" is 
 said of a pei"3on sailing from either pole toward 
 the equator; " depression of the visible horizon," 
 or** dip," is its dipping, or sinking, below the 
 true horizontal plane by the observer's eye being 
 above the surface of the sea. 
 
 IJeseensloii- An arc of the equator which de- 
 scends or sets with any sign or point in the zodiac, 
 and descension is either " right " or "oblique" 
 according as it takes place in a right or oblique 
 sphere: " descensional difference" is the differ- 
 ence between the right and oblique descension of 
 a star, etc- 
 
 Declination — The distance of any star or 
 point of the heavens from the equator, either 
 north or south; the greatest declination is twenty- 
 three and a half degrees. 
 
 Degree- The three hundred and sixtieth part 
 of the circumference of a cii-cle. 
 
 Delphinus (the Dolphin)— A beautiful cluster 
 of eighteen stars, only one being above the third 
 
 magnitude, about fourteen degreeti northeast of 
 the Eagle; the four principal wtars In the head 
 form a diamond figure. 
 
 Diameter — A right lino paealng through a 
 cin.'Ie or sphere. 
 
 Difference or Ijonicltutle — An arc of the 
 earth's equator, coniprelK-'iided between the me- 
 ritllans of two places on earth. 
 
 Direction— The motion and other phenomena 
 of a planet when It Is direct, or going forward In 
 the zodiac according to the natural order of the 
 
 sigim. 
 
 Disk — The body or face of the sun or moon ait 
 it appears to us. 
 
 Diurnal— Constituting the measure of a day— 
 the time expended by any planet in making one 
 revolution around Its own axis; "diurnal arc" 
 is the space apparently traveled by the sun or 
 moon from its rising to its setting. 
 
 Draco (the Dragon)— A large constellation in 
 the polar sky, containing eighty stars, four of 
 which are of the second magnitude. 
 
 Draffon's-head — The ascending node of a 
 planet, represented in almanacs by a figure 
 exactly resembling the eye of a hook-and-eye; the 
 name is derived from a fanciful figure caused by 
 deviation of the planet from the ecliptic in pass- 
 ing from one node to the other. 
 
 Earth— (See Introduction to this Dictionary.) 
 
 Eccentric Circle — The circle that circum- 
 '•■nti.- th-' t'lliptical orbit of the jilanet. 
 
 Eccentricity— The distance 
 between the sun and the center 
 of the eccentric. 
 
 Equation of Time— The 
 difference between mean and ap- 
 parent time, or the reduction of 
 the apparent unequal time or 
 motion of the sun, etc., to 
 equable time or motion. 
 
 Eclipse — ' ' An eclipse of the 
 sini takes place when the dark 
 body of the moon, passing di- 
 rectly between the earth and 
 sun. intercepts his light; this 
 can happen only at the instant 
 of neto moon, or when the moon is in coujuuction, 
 for it is only then that she passes between us and 
 the sun. An eclipse of the moon takes place when 
 the dark body of the earth, coming between her 
 and the sun, intercepts his light and throws a 
 shadow on the moon; this can happen only at 
 the time of full moon, or when the moon is in op- 
 position, for it is only then that the earth is be- 
 tween her and the sun. The magnitude of the 
 sun is such that the shadow cast by each of the 
 primary planets always converges to a point 
 before it reaches any other planet, so that not 
 one of the primary planets can eclipse another; 
 the shadow of any planet which is accompanied 
 by satellites may, on certain occasions, eclipse its 
 satellites, but it is not long enough to eclipse any 
 other body; the shadow of a satellite, or moon, 
 may also, on certain occasions, fall on the primary 
 planet and eclipse it." — (Biirritt.) Eclipses are 
 total or partial, according to the relative posi- 
 tions of the two planets at the time of the eclipse, 
 so that the whole of the eclipsed body may be 
 darkened, or only a portion of it. An " annular 
 eclipse" is one of the sun in which the moon con- 
 ceals the whole of the sun's disk, except a bright 
 ringai-ound the border. — {Brande.) There cannot 
 be less than two eclipses, nor more than seven, in 
 any year; usually there are two each of the sun 
 and moon. 
 
 Ecliptic — A great circle of the sphere in 
 which the sun performs his apparent annual mo- 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
 Iv-
 
 ASTKONUMICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 1 
 
 tion ; it is supposed to be drawn through the mid- 
 dle of the zodiac, and makes an angle with the 
 equinoctial of nearly twenty-three degrees and 
 thirty minutes, which angle is called "the 
 obliquity of the ecliptic." 
 
 Equator -An imaginary great circle drawn 
 around the earth from east to west, half-way be- 
 tween the north and south poles. 
 
 Eqaator of the Heavens (or Equinoctial 
 Line.-.4n imaginary great circle in our solar sys- 
 tem, answering to the equator on the earth; 
 whenever the sun comes to this circle, the days 
 and nights are equal all over the earth. 
 
 Equinoxes-The times when the sun enters 
 the borders of the constellations of Aries and 
 Libra, about the twenty-first of March and the 
 twenty-third of September, at which dates the 
 days and nights are of equal length throughout 
 the world. 
 
 Eqnnlna (the Little Horse)— A small cluster of 
 stars, about half-way between the head of the 
 constellation Pegasus and that of the Dolphin; it 
 contain.s ten stars, none of which are of more 
 than the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Elliptical - -'in oblong figure with rounded 
 ends. 
 
 Elllptlclty — The deviation of the earth's 
 shape f nmi the form of a true sphere or globe. 
 
 Elongatlou- The removal of a planet to the 
 farthest distance it can be from the sun, as seen 
 from the earth. 
 
 Emer«loQ-The reappearance of the sun and 
 moon after they have undergone an eclipse; also 
 of a star that emerges from under the rays of the 
 sun. 
 
 EphemerU— An astronomical almanac or 
 table, showing the state of the heavens for every 
 day at noon. 
 
 Epicycle — A little circle in the center of a 
 greater circle. 
 
 Epicycloldal— A curve generated by a point 
 in the circumference of a movable circle, which 
 rolls on the inside or outside of the circumference 
 of a tlxed circle, as the moon's orbit in connection 
 with the earth's aroimd the sun. 
 
 Erldanus (the River Pol- An eccentric con- 
 stellation of eighty-tour stars, only one of which 
 is of the first magnitude, meandering, like a 
 river, irregularly through the heavens a distance 
 of 130 degrees; that part of it which lies between 
 Orion and the Whale is known as the ' ' northern 
 stream," and the remainder as the "southern 
 sti-cam." 
 FalllnE Star«-See Meteoric Showebs. 
 Force* (-Vttractive and Repelling) — See Cen- 
 
 TKIl-ETAL. 
 
 Fixed Stars — Those which do not change 
 their ijositions in regard to each other. 
 
 First Quarter— .Sec Phases. 
 
 Pull Moon-That phase of the moon when 
 the sun shines squarely upon its hemisphei-e pi-e- 
 sented to our vision, so that one-halt of its »ui-- 
 foce is completely illuminated. 
 
 <JemInI (the Twins)- The fourth constellation 
 and the third sign In the order of the zodiac, 
 between Cancer on the east and Taurus on the 
 west, and south of the Lynx, the orbit of the 
 earth paiislng through the center of the constella- 
 tion, which contains clghty-nve stars; one of 
 these. Castor, Is of the llrst magnitude, and 
 Pollux of the second, both appearing In the head 
 of the Twins, not far apart. 
 
 Oeocentric— See Pabam-ax. 
 
 Olblious- The convex shape of the light part 
 of the moon during her course from full to new 
 when the dark pai-t of that body appeai-s homed 
 —the opposite of the "crescent of the moon," 
 which see. 
 
 Olobe- An artiflcial round body, solid or 
 hollow, on which is drawn a representation of the 
 earth, or of the heavens; the llrst is called a 
 terrestial globe; the other, a celestial globe. 
 
 Onomon— An astronomical instrument or 
 app.Tratus for measuring altitudes. 
 
 Oravitatlon — That particular force which 
 the earth possesses for attracting all exterior sub- 
 stances tuward its own center, in a greater or less 
 degree. 
 
 Greyhounds — A modem constellation, em- 
 bracing two in one, was made by Hevelius out of 
 the unformed stars of the ancients which were 
 scattered between Bootes on the east, and the 
 Great Bear on the west, and between the handle 
 of the Dipper on the north, and Berenice's Hair 
 on the south; the noithern hound is called Ast<^ 
 rion and the southern one Chara, and the largest 
 star is of the third magnitude. In the neck of 
 Chara. 
 
 Harmony of the Spheres— A kind of mu- 
 sic, supiKised by the ancients to be produced by 
 the combined motions of the stars and planets. 
 
 Heaven— That immense region wherem the 
 planets, stars and comets are located and perform 
 their motions; commonly known as "the heav- 
 ens." the astronomers having variously assumed 
 as many heavens as they observed different celes- 
 tial motions. 
 
 jf ebe— One of the asteroidal planets in our 
 solar system. 
 
 Heliacal — A term applied to the stars or 
 planets when they rise and set with or at the same 
 time as the suil. 
 
 Heliocentric— Whatever relates to the center 
 of the sun. See Pabalu-V. 
 
 Hellometer— A sort of telescope formed of 
 t^vo object-glasses of equal focal strength, placed 
 side by side, and having but one e.ye-glass. 
 
 Hemisphere— One-half of the earth or any 
 other sphere, real or imaginary. 
 
 Hercules- A constellation of 113 stars, none 
 of which arc of the first magnitude, situated in 
 the northern hemisphere, with one foot resting 
 on the head of Draco, at the north. Lyra being on 
 the east of it and the Serpent and the Crown on 
 the west. It represents Hercules, the mytholog- 
 ical hero, clad in the skin of the Nemajan lion, 
 holding a club in his hand, with the three-headed 
 dog, Cerebus, at his left. 
 
 Hersehel— (See the Introduction to this Dic- 
 tionary. ) 
 
 Horizon—" -\pparent horizon." the apparent 
 junction of the sky with the earth, at any stand- 
 point on the latter, called, also, "Sensible Hori- 
 zon." "Rational horizon— An imaginary great 
 circle, whose plane, passing through the center of 
 the earth, divides the heavens into two heini- 
 spheies, of which the upper one is called the 
 visible hemisphere, and the lower one the invisi- 
 ble hemisphere; tt is the plane of this circle 
 which iletcrmines the rising and setting of the 
 heavenly bodies. "— ( nttrriti . ) 
 
 Hyiira— A constellation in the southern hemi- 
 sphere, extending almost fiom the Little Dog to 
 the Scales, a distance of <ivcr 100 degiees; It con- 
 tains sixty stars, but none of the llrst magnitude. 
 The center of this constellation Is a crescent of 
 six stars of the fourth magnitude, called the Cup, 
 Hydra Is also known iw the Watcr-.Seri)ent. 
 
 Immersion— A term applied toso near an 
 approach of a planet to the sun that the former 
 cannot be seen; also, the commencement of an 
 eclipse of the moon — that moment when she 
 begins to darken. 
 
 Anpact— The single or simple act of one body 
 upon another so as to set it in motion. 
 
 Ingress— The sun's entrance into a sign of the 
 zodiac, or the entrance of the moon into the 
 shallow of the earth, at the time of an eclipse. 
 
 Interior Planets- Those planets which are 
 situated within the orbit of the earth. 
 
 Ij.i8_0ne of the asteroidal planets in our solar 
 system. 
 
 Juno— One of the asteroidal planets in our 
 solar system. (See Asteroids. ) It revolves 
 aroimd the sun in four years and four and a half 
 months, its aver.age distance from it being about 
 254.000.000 miles, and moving in its orbit at the 
 rate of il.OOO miles an hour. Its diameter is esti- 
 mated at 1.393 miles. Its orbit is so eccentric that 
 in perihelion it is nearer by 130.000.000 miles than 
 when in aphelion, and owing to solar attraction, 
 moves through the half of its orbit that is nearest 
 to the sun in half the time that it takes to trav- 
 erse the remainder. 
 
 Jupiter— (See Introduction to this Diction- 
 ary. ) 
 
 Latitude on Earth — Parallels of latitude 
 are small imaginary circles on the earth's surface 
 running parallel with the equator on both sides 
 of it; between the equator and each pole are 
 ninety of these lines, each marking a geographical 
 degree of about sixty-nine miles. 
 
 I>ntltude In the Heavens- The distance 
 north or south of the ecUptic and at right angles 
 with it. 
 
 I,eD (the Lion)— The fifth sign in the zodiac and 
 the sixth constellation, situated next east of the 
 Crab and south of the Little Lion and the Great 
 Bear; it contains- ninety-five visible stars, and two 
 — Rcgulus and Denebola— are of the tlrst magni- 
 tude. 
 
 l,eo Minor (the Little Lion) - Hevelius 
 formed this constellation of fltty-three stars, 
 including none of the first or second magnitude, 
 out of stars unappropriated to other constella- 
 tions by the ancients, between the Lion on the 
 south and the Great Bear on the north. 
 
 L.CPUS (the Hare)— A constellation of nine- 
 teen stars, none above the third magnitude, 
 dii-ectly south of Orion, with which it reaches the 
 meridian January U. and about eighteen degrees 
 west of the Great Dog. 
 
 Iiibra (the Scales) — This seventh sign and 
 eighth constellation in the zodiac, next cast of 
 the Virgin, contains fifty-one stars, none of them 
 of the dvst magnitude; when the s\m enters this 
 sign, the days and nights are of eqvial length all 
 over the world, suggestive of an even lialaiice. 
 
 I.,lbratlon of the Earth- A motion, real or 
 apparent, of the poles, resembling that of a bal- 
 nnci> before coming tfl a rest — an oscillatory 
 movement of the earth on its axis. 
 
 I.lbratlon of the Moon - An appaient 
 irregularity in its motion. 
 
 I..lml>— The utnu)st edge or border of thi- body 
 of the -sun or moon. 
 
 I.,onKltHdc— An arc of the ecliptic intercepted 
 between some given point called the first merid- 
 ian and the meridian passing through the pro- 
 posed place; this may be either east or west, 
 according as it Is reckoned on the east or west 
 side of the first meridian. 
 
 it 
 
 ;0v—
 
 ASTRONOMICAL DICTIONAKY. 
 
 :>'.ii.t 
 
 L.onKltiiile oil the Earth— Distance either 
 eiibt o!' wuHt from some llxed meridian, measured 
 on the t-quator. 
 
 LtODKitude In the Ileuvens— Distant-o cast 
 from the rtrst point of Arius, tlic Ram. meaaurcd 
 on the ecliptic. 
 
 Liupua (the Wolf)— A constellation low down 
 in the southe>'ii hemisphere, next east of the Cen- 
 taur and south of the Scales, containing twenty- 
 three stars, none of the tli-st or second-magnitude. 
 
 Lynx— A constellation in the northern hem- 
 isphere, containing forty-four small stars, "and 
 none of note," and is sitiiated between the Wag- 
 oner and the Great Bear, and north oC the Twins. 
 
 r.yra (the Harp)— A constellation in the north- 
 ern hemisphere, south of Draco, between the 
 Swan on the east and Hercules on the west, and 
 contains twenty-one stars, of which Vega, of the 
 first magnitude, is one of the most brilliant in 
 the northern heavens; its surpassing brightness 
 has attracted the admiration of astronomers in 
 all ages. 
 
 L.unai — Relating to the moon, its phases, 
 eclipses, effects, etc. 
 
 liMnatlon- Otherwise called a " synodical 
 month," by which is meant one revolution of the 
 moon, or the time between one new moon and 
 another. 
 
 Mars— (See Introduction to this Dictionary.) 
 
 Meridians—" Imaginary great circles drawn 
 through the poles of the world, cutting the equa- 
 tor and the equinoctial at right angles. Evei*y 
 place on earth and every corresponding point in 
 the heavens is considered as having a meridian 
 passing through it. although astronomers apply 
 but twenty-four to the heavens, thus dividing the 
 concave surface into twenty four sections, each 
 fifteen degrees in width. These meridians mark 
 the space which the heavenly bodies appear to 
 describe, every hour, for the twenty-four houi's 
 of the day, they are thence sometimes denom- 
 inated 'hour-circles.' In measuring distances 
 and determining positions on the earth, the equa- 
 tor and some fixed meridian, as that of (ireen- 
 wich " (or Washington) "contain the primary 
 starting points; in the heavens these points are 
 in the ecliptic, the eq\iinoctial, and that great 
 meridian which passes through the first point of 
 .\ries, called the equinoctial colure. "—(Burrift.) 
 
 Magruetlcal Meridian— A great circle in 
 the heavens which intersects the horizon in the 
 points to which the magnetic needle (as the mar- 
 iner's compass), when at rest, directs itself. 
 
 Muenitiiden of Stars— Modern astronomers 
 have been accustomed to distinguish stars in the 
 various constellations by the lettei-s of the Greek 
 alphabet and also according to their sizes, rang- 
 ing fiom the " first magnitude," or largest star, 
 to the " sixth magnitude," or smallest star visible 
 to the naked eye. 
 
 Mean — Average; intermediate between two 
 extremes of quantity or situation; as mean 
 motion, mean time, mean distance. 
 
 Mean Time—" Apparent time" is that indi- 
 cated by the sun; "sidereal tiine " is that meas- 
 ured by the stars; " mean time " is that equably 
 marked by a perfect clock, as if every day in the 
 year is of a uniform length. 
 
 Medusa*H Head— See Perseus. 
 
 Mercury— i.See Introduction to this Diction- 
 ary. ) 
 
 Meteoric Showers —The recurrence of 
 meteors falling through space in great numbers 
 at various periods has led to much study, observa 
 tion and speculation on the part of scientific men. 
 
 and certain data appear to produce tho following 
 conclusions: That the tneteors have their origin 
 beyond the limits of our atmosphere; on one 
 occasion the height of the meteoric cloud, or 
 radiant point, above the earth's surface was, 
 according to Professor Olmsted's observations, 
 not less than 2,238 miles; they are composed of 
 very light, combustible materials; the cause of 
 this wonderful phenomena is tlius stated by Pro- 
 fessor Olmsted in connection witli the remarkable 
 meteoric shower of November 13, 1833: "The 
 meteors emanated from a nebulous body which 
 was then pursuing its way along with the earth 
 around the sun ; this body continues to revulvc 
 around the sun in an elliptical orbit, but little 
 inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, and having 
 its aphelion near the orbit of the earth; the body 
 has a period of nearly six months, and its peri- 
 helion is a little below the oibit of Mercury." 
 Showei-s of meteors are now regularly expected 
 November 13 and August 13, each year, although 
 they sometimes fail to appear. 
 
 Micrometer — An astronomical machine 
 which serves to measure extremely small distan- 
 ces in the heavens, etc. It. is used in connection 
 with the telescope or microscope, and there are 
 several varieties of the instrument for different 
 sorts of scientific observation. 
 
 Mill£y "Way (the Galaxy) — This is that 
 "luminous zone or pathway, of singular white- 
 ness, varying from four degrees to twenty degrees 
 in width, Avhich passes quite around the heavens; 
 the Greeks called it Galaxy, on account of its 
 color and appearance; the Latins, for the same 
 rea-son. called it Via Lactea. or the 3Iilky "Way."- 
 (Burritt. ) Astronomy develops the fact that this 
 zone is composed of innumerable small stars, so 
 many, indeed, that Dr. Herschel, with his best 
 glasses, counted 558 stars in a single spot, without 
 moving his telescope, and while he steadily gazed 
 at one point and the motion of the earth brought 
 new ones to his telescopic vision, there passed in 
 one-fourth of an hour no less than 116,000 stars 
 and on another occasion, in forty-one minutes, no 
 less than 258.000 stars. It is also a belief of 
 astronomei-s that all the stars of the univei-se are 
 arranged in clustei-s, or groups; which are called 
 nebula, or starry systems, each of which contain 
 many thousands of stars; our sun, it is also said, 
 belongs to the nebula of the Milky Way, and 
 although at such an immense distance from other 
 planets in that zone, is considered as near to any 
 one of them as they are to one another. Of the 
 character, motions and peculiarities of the innu- 
 merable stars that form the Jlilky Way, little or 
 nothing is known, although it appeai-s that they 
 are unequally dispersed and arranging them- 
 selves into separate cIustei"S; that various 
 changes are taking place among the nebula, some 
 increasing by accessions of stars, and othei-s 
 growing smaller by dissolution. More than 2,500 
 nebula have been observed, each of which may 
 contain as many stars as the Milky Way, and 
 human understanding fails to grasp the immensity 
 of the visible universe. 
 
 Monoceros (the Unicom) — A constellation 
 containing thirty-one small stars, made out of 
 those previously unformed which were scattered 
 between the two constellations of the Great Dog 
 and the Little Dog; extending a considerable dis- 
 tance on each side of the equinoctial; none of its 
 stai-s are of more than the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Moon— The " lesser light " tiiat was created to 
 illuminate the earth in the absence of the sun. 
 Recent observations indicate that it is a "dead 
 planet." once filled with internal fires and volca- 
 noes, which have burned out and left it a moun- 
 tainous, desolate, barren waste, without an atmos- 
 sphere or inhabitants. Its distance from the 
 
 earth 1h about 240,000 milcH; itH diameter Ik 2. 1C2 
 niilcM. ItM apparent daily average motion in 
 itti orbit in more than tliirteuu degrees in u 
 day, but this is understood as a motion in a 
 small orbit, embracing a great number of 
 degrees, with comparatively few miles. In iho 
 opinion of some a^tronomcitt thl» body won 
 once attached to the earth, and when ncbulouit 
 matter forming tile latter contracted to its pres- 
 ent size, was thrown off from it and became a 
 satellite. The moon revolvun once on il« axis 
 exactly in the same time that it performs a revo- 
 lution around the earth, which is evidenced by its 
 always presenting the same side to the earth, for 
 if it did not rotate on an axis, every part could be 
 seen from our own planet. It follows, then, that 
 the moon's year contains but one day and one 
 night, botli together embracing twenty-nine days, 
 twelve houis. forty-four minutes and three sec- 
 onds. While revolving about the earth the 
 moon is carried with it at the same time around 
 the sun, so that its path is extremely irregular, 
 describing during one of our years about u dozen 
 curves around the earth and only one around the 
 sun. The reason why the body of the moon is not 
 seen in its new phase is because of its being in the 
 dazzling light of the sun, and its position 
 toward that orb as seen from the earth. 
 The "Harvest Moon"— "The moon near to its 
 full at the time of harvest in England, or 
 about the time of the autumnal equinox (in Sep- 
 tember), when, by reason of the small angle of 
 the ecliptic and the moon's orbit with the horizon ,- 
 it rises nearly at the same early houi- for 
 several evenings." ( Vf'ebster Tmprvvcd.) " Horn- 
 Moon " is the sharp point in the crescent form 
 of the new moon. "Horizontal Moon" — Some- 
 times the moon, OS well as the sun, wnen on the 
 horizon at rising or setting, appears two or three 
 times larger than when thirty or forty degrees 
 higher in the heavens, although when measured 
 by an instrument at the horizon its diameter is 
 really not at all increased. This has puzzled the 
 scientists greatly, but its cause is probably due 
 to atmosphei"ic causes affecting the eyesight. 
 *' Moon's Quarters "-^ee Phases. 
 
 Xadir— That point in the heavens opposite to 
 the zenith, and directly under our feet, in the 
 lower hemisphere of the earth. 
 
 Neptune — (See Introduction to this Dic- 
 tionary. ) 
 
 Nebula— Spots in the heavens, some of which 
 are clusters of very small stai-s, while others 
 appear like luminous spots in various forms. 
 
 Nebular Hypothesis— A theory that from 
 nebula in their earliest forms, planets, satellites 
 and stars were produced by cooling, contracting 
 processes, while revolving in space. 
 
 Nebulosity— A faint, misty light, suiTOund- 
 ing certain stai"s. 
 
 Newtonian Fhllosophy— The doctrine of 
 the univei"se as explained by Sir Isaac Newton, 
 I'especting the properties, affinities, forces, 
 motions and laws of celestial and terrestrial 
 bodies. 
 
 Nodes— Two points where the the orbit of a 
 planet intersects the ecliptic; the northern or 
 ascending node is called the dragon's head, and 
 the southern or descending node, the dragon's 
 tail. 
 
 Nocturnal— Relating to night; as anoctumal 
 ai-c — the arc in the heavens traversed by a star 
 in the night. 
 
 Nucleus— The body of a comet, surrounded by 
 its coma, or hair, otherwise called the comet's 
 head: this nucleus is known to be transparent. 
 
 t^ 
 
 A- 
 
 14
 
 210 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL DICTIONAKY. 
 
 Xutaitlon— A tremulous motion of the earth's 
 axis, by which its inclination to the plane of the 
 ecliptic is constantly varying in a small degree. 
 
 ObscaratioQ — Hiding from view any 
 heavenly body by clouds or eclipse. 
 
 Observation— The scientific noting of the 
 phenomena of the heavenly bodies by means of 
 any instrument. 
 
 Obftervutory — A place in some lofty situa- 
 tion prepared and fitted up with telescopes, 
 quadrants and other instruments for the' pur- 
 pose of making astronomical observations. 
 Those of Greenwich (England), Washington 
 (D. C. ), Paris (France), and Munich (Bavaria), 
 are among the most noted of modem observa- 
 tories. The ancient Chaldeans had similar 
 observatories. 
 
 Observatory (Equatorial or Portable) — An 
 instrument for solving numerous astronomical 
 problems, such as finding the meridian, directing 
 the telescope to any particular star in broad day- 
 light, etc. 
 
 Occident — Westward, or the west, as the 
 Occident equinoctial. 
 
 Occultation — The obscuration, or hiding 
 from view, of any star or planet by the interposi- 
 tion of any other body, as the moon. " Circle of 
 occultation " is an imaginary circle around the 
 poles which contains those stars that are not 
 visible in our hemisphere. 
 
 Opposition — One of the aspects of the 
 planets, when they are 180 de<;^rees distant from 
 each other, or in a diametrically opposite relation 
 to each other. 
 
 Optic O lasses— Instruments, as microscopes, 
 telescopes, or spectacles for viewing objects 
 otherwise difficult of observation. -'Optic place 
 of a star," that point of its orbit in which it 
 appears to be to our eye. 
 
 Orb—A sphere, or ball, solid or hollow, espe- 
 cially one of the celestial spheres, as the sun, 
 moon, or a star; also .a celestial circle, as the 
 orbit of a planet; also, a period of time marked 
 off by a heavenly body. 
 
 Orbicular— Resembling, or having the fonn 
 ut an orb. 
 
 Orbit— The path of a planet or comet while 
 pur>uiiig its i)roper cimi-se through the heavens. 
 
 Orient — The east, opposite to the Occident; 
 the point of the sun's rising. 
 
 Oi-ion- A magnificent constellation of about 
 2,000 stars, seventy -eight of which arc visible, 
 situated midway between the poles of the 
 heavens an<i directly over the earth's eciutttor, 
 coming to the meridian about January 23. It 
 represents a man in the attitude of assaulting the 
 Hull, having a sword in his belt, a huge club in liis 
 right hand, and a shield of lion's skin in his left. 
 Two of the stars arc of the first magnitude, four 
 of the second, three of the third, and fifteen of 
 the fourth. It is full of interest to the 
 astronomer. 
 
 Orrery — An astronomical instrument for 
 exhibiting the several motions of the heavenly 
 bodies, and derives its name fi-oni the Earl of 
 Orrei-y, for whom, it was supposed, the first one 
 was ma<le, but this appears to be a mistake. It 
 represents the principal planets all in their proper 
 plact!s. Illuminated by the sun In the center, and 
 revidviuK' together in their various orbits. 
 
 ONclllutlon — Swinging forward and back- 
 ward, like a pendulum; a fluctuation or vibration 
 between llxed limltj^. 
 
 Pullaw— One of the asteroldal planets of our 
 solar Hystem, situated between the orbits of 3Iai-s 
 iiwi -Inplter. diseuv-red Maieh ■2H. imi. by M. 
 
 Olbers, of Bremen. Its average distance from the 
 sun is 264,000.000 miles; it revolves around the sun 
 in four years and seven and two-thirds months; 
 it moves in its orbit at the speed of 41,000 miles 
 an hour, and its diameter is estimated to be 2,025 
 miles, but little less than that of our moon. 
 
 Parallax— A change in the apparent place of 
 any heavenly body when seen from different 
 points of view. The greatest annual apparent 
 change of place of a body as seen from the earth 
 or sun is called an " annual parallax;" the differ- 
 ence between the position of an object as seen by 
 one eye, and that in which it is seen by the other, 
 the head remaining unmoved, is a "binocular 
 parallax;" the .apparent change of a body with 
 reference to the earth's center is a "geocentric" 
 or " diunial " jiarallax; the parallax of a body 
 with reference to the sun, or the angle extended 
 beyond a body by lines drawn to the earth or sun, 
 is a '■ heliocentric parallax;" the diurnal paral- 
 lax of a star or planet when in the horizon, or the 
 angle extended beyond the body by the earth's 
 radius, is a "horizontal parallax." i^Webster.) 
 
 Parallel — A name for lines, surfaces or bodies 
 everywhere at an equal distance from each other. 
 "Parallel sphere," the situation of the earth 
 or other sphere when its equator coincides with 
 the horizon and its poles with the zenith and 
 nadir. " Parallels of latitude" are small circles 
 imagined to be drawn on the earth's surface, 
 north and south of the equator, and parallel to it. 
 "Parallels of declination" are small circles im- 
 agined to be drawn on the concave surface of 
 the heavens, north and south of the equinoctial 
 and parallel to it, or as circles formed by apply- 
 ing the earth's parallels of latitude to the heavens 
 above it. 
 
 Parhelion — A mock sun or meteor, or lumi- 
 nous appearance, sometimes seen a few degi-ees 
 from either both sides, or on one side, of the sun, 
 in frosty weather, supposed to be a concentrated 
 reflection of the sun's rays upon the atmosphere, 
 partaking of the nature of a halo. 
 
 Paraselene— A mock moon, or a meteor in 
 the form i>f a luminous ring around the moon. 
 
 Pegr»siis (the Flying Horse)— A constellation 
 of eighty-nine stars visible to the naked eye 
 (none of the fii-st magnitude), representing a por- 
 tion of a horse with wings, in an inverted posi- 
 tion ; it is situated between the Swan, the Dolphin 
 and the Eagle on the west, and the Northern Fish 
 and Andromeda on the east, having an average 
 length, east and west, of about fony degrees, 
 and extending north from the equinoctial thirty- 
 five degrees. 
 
 Penumbra— The partial shade or obscurity 
 observed on the margin of the perfect shade in 
 an eclipse; also, the zone of a lighter shade seen 
 around each of the larger black spots on the sun's 
 surfivce. 
 
 Perlgc**— That point in the heavens in which 
 the sun or any planet is least distant from the 
 cefcter of the earth. Since the true center of 
 motion has been discovered, the tenn ' ■ perihe- 
 lion " is used to denote the corresponding points. 
 
 Perlhenon— (See Pkiiioke.) That point of a 
 planei 's (II bit in which it is nearest to the sun. 
 
 Perloil -Tlic entire revolution of a planet. 
 
 Periphery— The circumference of any circle, 
 curve, etc. 
 
 PerneiiH — A constellation in the northern 
 hemisphere, representing Perseus, son of .luplter 
 and Danae, who slew one of the three Oorgons 
 (Medusa) and cut off her head, which also forms 
 part of this constellation, crowned with colling 
 snakes. Sixty-seven stars compose this constclla- 
 llori. wbi.h is >lluated directly north of Ihe Ple- 
 
 iades and the Fly, between Andromeda on the 
 west and Auriga on the east. It contains no 
 stars of the first magnitude. 
 
 Phases — The various "quarters," or appear- 
 ances, of the moon at different epochs, presenting 
 first a crescent of light, then a semicircle, then 
 becoming gibboue, and lastly full, when it returns 
 by the same gradation to the state of a new 
 moon. These phases are produced by the varied 
 positions of the moon in respect to the sun and 
 earth. 
 
 Piscis ^ustralls (the Southern Fish) — A 
 constellation of twenty-four stars visible to the 
 naked eye, directly south of Aquarius, the Water- 
 Bearer, and representing a fish drinking the 
 water that fiows from the urn of Aquarius. Its 
 position has been accurately determined, to assist 
 navigators in finding the longitude in the southern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 Pisces (the Fishes) — This constellation is now 
 the first in order of the twelve constellations of 
 the zodiac, and is usually represented by two fishes 
 tied a considerable distance apart, at the extrem- 
 ities of a long undulating cord or ribbon. It 
 occupies a large triangular space in the heavens, 
 and its outline at first is somewhat difficult to he 
 traced. The two Fishes and the cord between 
 them make two sides of a large triangle, thirty 
 and forty degrees in length, the open part of which 
 is toward the northwest. This constellation is 
 bounded north by Andromeda, west by Andromeda 
 and Pegasus, south by the Cascade, and east by 
 the Whale and the Triangles. (Burritt. ) 
 
 Plane — An imaginary surface, conveying the 
 idea of a straight line, " coinciding with, or con- 
 taining, some designated astronomical line, 
 circle or other eui"ve; as the plane of an orbit, 
 the plane of the ecliptic, or of the equator," 
 (nV(is^-c.) 
 
 Planets— Stars that change their position, in 
 distinction from the fixed stars. They are divided 
 into two classes— primary and secondary; the 
 first are those that are supposed to revolve 
 around the sun, such as the Earth, Jupiter. Mer- 
 cury, Venus, and others; the secondary include 
 those which i-evolve around the primary planets, 
 as our moon and the satellites of Saturn, Jupiter 
 and Uranus. The original number of planets was 
 six— Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars. Jupiter 
 and Saturn, which were distinguished by some 
 mark or attribute of the deities whose names they 
 bore. Since then numerous other planets have 
 been added— Uranus. Neptune, the Asteroids, etc. 
 To understand the manner in which the planets 
 are retained in their orbits, see Centripetal 
 Force. 
 
 Planisphere— A projection of a sphere and 
 its various circles on a plane, such as maps, etc. ; 
 especially of the celestial spliere, representing 
 tlie various constellations, stars, etc. 
 
 Pleiades — A remarkable cluster of stars in the 
 constellation of Taurus, the Bull. Only seven are 
 visible to the naked cyo; their names are Alcyone, 
 Morone, Maia, Electra, Taycta, Sterope and 
 Celeno. The Pleiades. accoTxling to fable, were 
 the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph 
 Pleione, who were turned into stars, with their 
 sisters, the Hyades. on account of their amiable 
 virtues and mutual affection. Mi-rone married a 
 mortal, and for that reason her star shines 
 dimly. The number of stars developed In this 
 cluster by the telescope varies from seventy-eight 
 to two hundred. 
 
 Point — The name for certain parts in the 
 heavens, as the cardinal points, solstitial points,
 
 Polntem — Two stars in the constellatton of 
 the (Jroat Bear, so called because they always 
 point nearly in a direction toward the polar 
 Htar. 
 
 Poliir Clrclen — Two small circles, each 
 about iixty-Hix and a half deprees from the 
 (■(limlor. heinif always at the same distance from 
 the poles that the tropics are from the equator; 
 the nctrthcrn Is called the arctic circle and the 
 southern the antarctic circle. (Biwritt.) 
 
 PolCH ot* the Earth— The extremities of its 
 axis — imaKinaiy points on its surface of the 
 sphere, two in number, the arctic or north pole, 
 and the antarctic or south pole. Encompassed 
 with perpetual ice and severe cold, no navigator 
 has yet reached either of them. ' ' Poles of the 
 heavens"— The imaginary extremities of their 
 axis. "Poles of the horizon"— Two points, one 
 of which is directly overhead, called the zenith; 
 the other, direetly under foot, is called the 
 nadir. 
 
 Polar Star, or Pole-Star — The present 
 pole-star is the last one in the tail of the constel- 
 lation of the Little Bear, near the north pole, 
 which, owing to its nearness to the earth, never 
 Sets, and is therefore of great use to mariners in 
 ascertaining the latitude, etc. " The time taken 
 for one revolution of the pole of the equator 
 around that of tlie ecliptic, or, what is the same 
 thing, for the first point of Aries (the Ram) to 
 perform a complete circle around the ecliptic is 
 25,800 miles; as a consequence it follows that the 
 pole-star is not the same at different epochs; at 
 present the (north 1 pole of the earth is approach- 
 ing more nearly the direction of the bright star 
 Polaris, but it will .soon begin to recede from it, 
 and some other star, coming more nearly in the 
 direction, will be the polar star." (Plummer.) 
 The present one is of the second magnitude. 
 
 Pollux— A star of the second magnitude in the 
 constt-lhitiMU of the Twins. 
 
 PreccHHioii of the Equinoxes— A slow 
 motion of the equinoctial points, by which they 
 change their place, going from east to west, con- 
 trary to the order of the signs of the zodiac; in 
 other words, the sun, in its apparent annual 
 course, does not cross the equinoctial, in spring 
 and autumn, exactly in the same places, but every 
 year a little behind those of the preceding year; 
 theetiuinoctial points do thus go back upon the 
 ecliptic at the rate of about fifty and one-fourth 
 seconds of a degree every year; therefore "reces- 
 sion of the equinoxes " would be a more appro- 
 priate phrase than " precession. " 
 
 Ptolemaic Syntem — The system of astron- 
 omy prepurril by Ptolemy, the celebrated 
 Egyptian astronomer and mathematician, 
 founded on the theory that the earth is imraov- 
 ably fixed in the center of the whole univei-se. 
 the sun, moon, planets and stars all moving from 
 east to west around it once in twenty-four hours; 
 this theory, however, has been set aside as 
 erroneous. "Pythagorean system" — See Coper- 
 NiCAN System. 
 
 itiiaitrutiire — When the moon is midway 
 betwri-ii the points of conjunction and opposition, 
 or niiH.-ty degrees from each (or a quarter-circle), 
 it is ill quadrature. 
 
 Quutlrunt — An instrument for noting the 
 altitudes of the sun and stars; of these there are 
 several sorts, but Hadley's quadrant is most 
 esteemed. 
 
 Radiant Point — Any point from which rays 
 of light pruceeii. 
 
 RadiiiM Vector of an Orbit — Any line 
 
 joining the sun to a planet. • ' Radius "—Half the 
 diameter of a circle, or a straight line drawn 
 from the center to the circumference of a circle. 
 
 ResrulUH — A star of the first magnitude in the 
 Constellation of the Lion. 
 
 Reflection — A motion of rays of light or 
 heat, whereby, after falling upon, or otriklng 
 against, a solid surface, are forced, or recede, 
 from it. 
 
 Refraction— The bending or deviation of a 
 ray of light from that right line in which it would 
 have continued if not jirevented by the thickness 
 of the nieiiium throutfh which it passes; thus the 
 sun's rays passing Ihrough our atmosphere are 
 refracted or bent down, making the sun to 
 api>ear liiglu r llian it really is. 
 
 Refrantclbillty — A disposition of rays of 
 light to be refracted or turned out of a direct 
 course, in passing out of one transparent body or 
 medium into another. ( JVi-bntfr. ) 
 
 Retrocession of the Equinoxes — The 
 going b.ockwards of the equinoctial points of the 
 signs of the zodiac, the Ram and the Bull. 
 
 Retrogr>*u.datlon — A going backwards; a 
 retrocession, recession or precession of equinoxes. 
 
 Revolution — The motion of any heavenly 
 body in a circular line or orbit, until it returns to 
 the same point again; also the revolving of a 
 planet on its own axis, which is more properly a 
 rotation; the earth revolvesaround the sun once a 
 year, but rotates on its own axis once a day; this 
 latter is called "diurnal revolution;" a " synod- 
 ical revolution " is a period extending from one 
 conjunction (as of the moon or a planet with the 
 sun) to the next; a "sidereal revolution" is the 
 orbit of a planet that returns to the same place in 
 respect to the stars. [Note- So far as the aster- 
 oidal planets of our solar system are concerned, 
 it is not known that they have a diurnal rotation 
 on their axes.] 
 
 Rotundity— Roundness of form; spherical. 
 
 SagittariuH (the Archer)— The ninth sign of 
 the zodiac, and a constellation of sixty-nine stars 
 (none of the first magnitude), in the southern 
 hemisphere, next east of tlie Scorpion. 
 
 Sn.tellite — A secondary planet revolving 
 around another, as the moon moves around the 
 earth; the name is devised from the custom of 
 eastern princes, who had satellites attending 
 upon them as a guard. 
 
 Saturn— See introduction to this dictionary. 
 
 Scorpio (the Scorpion) — The eighth sign of 
 the zodiac, and an interestingconstellation in the 
 southern hemisphere, situated southward and 
 eastward of the Scales, and containing forty-four 
 stars; one of these stai-s. Antares, is of the fli"st 
 magnitude, and the whole constellation is readily 
 distinguished from all othei-s by the peculiar 
 luster and position of its principal stars. 
 
 Scruples Eclipsed— That part of the diam- 
 eter of the moon which enters the shadow. 
 
 Seasons— The four portions or quarters of the 
 solar year, namely: Spring, when the sun enters 
 the constellation of Aries, the Ram: summer, 
 when he enters Cancer, the Crab; autumn, when 
 he enters Libra, the Scales, and winter when he 
 enters Capricorn, the Goat. The regular rotation 
 of these seasons produces seed-time and harvest 
 on the earth, and is caused by the varied positions 
 of the earth's surface toward the sun at different 
 stages of its journey around it. 
 
 Secondary Circles— Circles which intersect 
 the six greater circles of the sphere at right 
 angles. 
 
 Secondary Planets— Those which revolve 
 as moons or satellites around the primary 
 planets. 
 
 Seleiioffraphy— A description of the face of 
 the moon. 
 
 Serpent-Ileurer — A constellation !n the 
 mid-hcavrns. whose center in very nearly over the 
 earth's e<iuator, opposite to Orion, and directly 
 south of Hercules. It represents a man with a 
 venerable beard, having both hands clenched in 
 the foldw of an enormous serpent, which is 
 writhing in his grasp, and contains seventy-four 
 stars, none of which are of the fli"st magnitude. 
 This constellation is also called Esculapius, the 
 god of medicine. 
 
 Serpent — Four kinds of serpents have places 
 in constellations — Hydra, south of the zodiac, 
 below the Lion, Crab and Virgin; Hydinis, near 
 the south pole; Uraco, about the north pole; 
 Serpens Oi)hluchl, situated chlefiy between the 
 Scales and the Northern Crown. 
 
 Sextans (the Sextant) — " Urania's sextant," a 
 modern constellation made by Heveliua out of 
 unfonned stars between the Lion on the north 
 and Hydra on the ^outh, and contains forty-one 
 very small stars; it represents a sextant, an 
 astronomical instrument resembling a quadrant. 
 
 Sidereal — Pertaining to any star or planet; as 
 a "sidereal day," the time in which any star 
 appeal's to revolve from the meridian to the 
 meridian again, which is twenty-three hours, 
 fifty-six minutes and four seconds of average solar 
 time, there being ;i6fi sidereal days In a year, or in 
 365 diurnal revolutions of the sun. 
 
 Signs— The ecliptic, like every other circle, 
 contains 360 degrees, and is divided into twelve 
 equal arcs of thirty degrees each, called signs, 
 which the ancients distinguished Ijy particular 
 names. This division commences at the vernal 
 equinox, and is continued eiu.twardly round to 
 the same point again, in the following order: 
 .\ries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, 
 Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capriconius, Aquarius, 
 Pisces. The sun, commencing at the first degree 
 of Aries about March 21, passes, at an average 
 rate, through one sign evei-y month. (Burritt. ) 
 
 Sirlus (the Dog Star)— A vei-y bright star of 
 the first magnitude in the constellation of the 
 Great Dog. In ancient times the rising and set- 
 ting of Sirius was watched with much solicitude. 
 The Thebans determined the length of the year 
 by the number of its risings. To the Egyptians it 
 was ominous of agricultural prosperity or blight- 
 ing drought, since it foretold to them the over- 
 flow of the river Nile (or Siris) when they sowed 
 their grain. The Romans annually sacrificed a 
 dog to Sirius, to court its favor. The Eastern 
 nations looked to its rising as the precursor of 
 great heat on the earth, hence to that portion of 
 the year the ancients gave the name of dog-<iays. 
 It is with us overhead in the day-time during the 
 dog-days, and so invisible, and is at night in the 
 lower hemisphere, but is visible to us about mid- 
 winter. 
 
 Solar System — That system of astronomy 
 which is founded on the theory that the sun is the 
 immovable center of an important portion of the 
 great universe, round which all the planets within 
 a circumscribed circle revolve at different dis- 
 tances and within various spaces of time. 
 
 Solstices— Tiie time when the sun is^at the 
 greatest distance from theociuator (twenty-three 
 degi'ees and twenty-eight seconds), which happens 
 about June 31, when he enters the tropic of 
 Cancer, or the summer solstice, and about Decem- 
 ber 21, when he entere the tropic of Capricorn, 
 which is the winter solstice. 
 
 Spectroscope— An instrument similar to a 
 spy-glass or telescope, used in making observa- 
 tions of heavenly bodies for the purpose of deter- 
 mining their physical constitution. This is 
 accomplished by analyzing the light of objects.
 
 ■^':]i^ 
 
 T 
 
 212 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL DICTIOJSTAKY. 
 
 as the sun. moon, planets, stars. comets or nebula, 
 by means of the spectroscope. The spectra of 
 the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, 
 show, besides the signs peculiar to the reflected 
 light of the sun, signs which are evidence of the 
 presence about those bodies of an atmosphere 
 containing aqueous vapor. 
 
 Stars— A general name given to the heavenly 
 bodies seen from the earth, except the sim a»id 
 moon. •■Fixed" stars are those that do not 
 change their positions in respect to one another. 
 ■■Variable" stars are those whose brilliancy 
 periodically or irregularly increase and 
 decrease: some appear to be gradually gaining 
 luminosity, and others are becoming more 
 obscure, while some have suddenly blazed forth 
 with great splendor, then become dim and 
 finally disappear. '* Clusters" appear at several 
 points in the heavens, which, under the telescopic 
 view, become groups of many stars; in the 
 Pleiades, six or seven stars appear to the naked 
 ej'e. but one astronomer affirms that he 
 counted 200 in this cluster, and some clusters, 
 it is estimated, contain at least 10,000 or 20,000 
 stars. ' ' Double " or ' * Binary " stars are revealed 
 by the telescope in various portions of the 
 heavens, two or more stars being either placed 
 verj' near each other and revolving around each 
 other, and both around a common center, or else 
 they may be at a great distance from each other, 
 but nearly in the same line of vision from the 
 earth. ' ' Nebula " are light spots in the heavens, 
 some consisting of clusters of exceedingly small 
 stai-s, while othei-s, like luminous clouds of dif- 
 ferent forms, resemble comets, rings, etc. 
 What they are astronomy does not yet 
 reveal. Many of the stars vary in color, 
 cui'iously contrasting with each other in the 
 heavens; Mars is a red star; Jupiter is of a cold, 
 steel-blue color; some have green tints, some 
 yellow, others are white, etc. At a moderate 
 estimate man has discovered 13,000.000 stars. The 
 enormous distances of the stars from our planet 
 can only be generally referred to here, Sirius 
 being twenty trillion miles away. 
 
 Sun-Dogs, or Mock-Suns— The sun shining 
 on icy particles of the atmosphere- Sun-dog's 
 occur during the cold season, in the early morn- 
 ing, and, when conditions are favorable, even late 
 in the forenoon. When the air is full of floating 
 frost crystals, after sunrise, sun-dogs may be 
 formed before the vision of the spectator, as many 
 as seven at a time, accompanied or joined by 
 large bright circles, making a spectacle of unusual 
 brilliancy. Sometimes one great bright spot will 
 indicate the position of the rising sun on a cold, 
 fi'osty morning, the image of which will be trans- 
 mitted by refraction of its light in different 
 directions and in contiguous portions of the 
 heavens. Sun-dogs are thus (I) -an effect of the 
 sun shining on the frosty ice-crystals of the 
 atmosphere, which produces, by the reflection of 
 its light, a large bright spot or image of itself; 
 (2) the refraction of light from this flrKt bright 
 image into the surrounding fronty atmosphere, by 
 means of which it is duplicated, and accompanied 
 by halo.s or gn.-at circles of light. 
 
 .Snn-Sp€»t»t— Supposed to he irregular openings 
 in the outer, light-giving covering of the sun, 
 like a break in our own cloudy sky, showing us 
 the dark body of the sun below it. 
 
 Sphere— The concave vault, or expanse, which 
 surrounds all portions of our earth, and in whicli 
 
 the stars and planets appear to the eye to be 
 pLaced nearly equidist mt from us. 
 
 Xaurus (the Bull) — A constellation of the 
 northern hemisphere, representing the head and 
 shouldere of a furious bull, and is the second sign 
 of the zodiac, Ai-ies, the Ram, being first. It is 
 found between Perseus and the Charioteer on the 
 north, the Twins on the east, and Orion and the 
 River Po on the west. It contains Ul visible 
 stars, including the two beautiful clusters of the 
 Pleiades and Hyades. the first on the shoulder and 
 the latter in the face of the Bull. See Pleiades. 
 
 Xides " The regular periodical current of 
 water, which, when it rises, is called the flow, 
 and when it goes hack is the ebb. Newton attrib- 
 uted this phenomenon to the influence, prin- 
 cipally, of the moon, and also of the sun in a less 
 degree. Plummer says that the waters of the 
 ocean vertically below the moon experience an 
 attraction, heaping them up below the nocturnal 
 planet, and a similar wave on the opposite side of 
 the globe, and that these waves follow the diurnal 
 motion of the moon about the earth. The sun, 
 also, causes a similar but smaller wave on both 
 sides of the globe. When the combined influences 
 of the sun and moon cause two waves at the same 
 time, it is called a '_' spring tide. " The height of 
 the solar tide is to the height of the lunar tide as 
 two to five, when the moon is in her first and 
 second quarters. The tides are lowest (called 
 ' ' neap tides ") because then the planet is farthest 
 from the earth. The general theory of the tides 
 is this, that when the moon is nearest to the 
 earth, her attraction is strongest and the tidal 
 waves are highest, but when she is farthest from 
 the globe the tides are lowest. 
 
 Xransit — The passage of any planet just over 
 or by a fixed star ot the sun's disk, particularly 
 the transit of Venus and Mercury, which always 
 greatly interests astronomei-s. 
 
 Twilleht— By the atmospheric refraction of 
 the rays of the sun its li&'lit is reflected upon the 
 earth before its rising and after its setting. " In 
 the morning, when the sun has arrived at eighteen 
 degrees below the horizon, his rays pass over our 
 heads into the higher region of the atmosphere, 
 and are thence reflei;ted or. as it were, bent down 
 to the earth. The day is then said to dawn, and 
 the light gradually increases imtil the sim n ppears 
 above the horizon; this is called morning twilight, 
 or aurora. In the evening, after sunset, the rays 
 of the sun continue to illuminate the atmosphere 
 till he sinks eighteen degrees below the horizon, 
 and a similar effect, called the evening twilight, 
 is produced. " (Burritt.) 
 
 Time— A certain measure or portion of eter- 
 nity— " a strip of time between two eternities" — 
 graduated by the motions of the heavenly bodies. 
 ' ' Apparent time " is that reckoned by the sun. so 
 that the sun's center passes over the meridian at 
 precisely 12 o'clock (noon). " Mean time" is that 
 indicated by a perfect clock, rightly adjusted, 
 which slightly differs from the sun or apparent 
 time. 
 
 Ur«a Mu.|ur (tho(Jrcat Bear)— An important 
 constellation in the northern hemisphere, con- 
 taining eighty-sevt?n visible stars, of which one is 
 of the flrst magnitude and three of the second. 
 It is situated between the Little Rear on the north 
 and the Little Lion on the stmih, and is one of the 
 most conspicuous and noti-d in this hemisphere. 
 Among Its remarkable features is the cluster of 
 
 seven stars familiarly known as the "dipper," 
 the" plow," or "Charles' Wain." Although 
 there is no resemblance whatever to a bear or 
 other animal, it is stated that both the remote 
 American Indian tribe of Iroquois aud the earliest 
 Arabs in Asia, probably without having ever 
 communicated with each other, gave this constel- 
 lation the name of ' ' Great Bear. " 
 
 Tlrsa Minor (the Little Bear)- Another con- 
 stellation of the northern hemisphere, containing 
 twenty-four stai-s, of which the seven principal 
 ones form a figure resembling that in the Great 
 Bear, only the '"dipper" is reversed and about 
 half as large as the one noticed above. The flrst 
 star in its handle is the present polar star, and 
 the others revolve constantly about it. All the 
 stars in the group, being situated near the pole of 
 the heavens, seem to move very slowly around it 
 in circles so small that they never sink below the 
 horizon. (See Polar Stab). 
 
 Vertical— Pertaining to the zenith— as planets 
 are vertical when directly overhead. 
 
 Vertex — Another term for the zenith — the top 
 of a perpendicular line. 
 
 Virgo (the Virgin) — The sixth sign of the 
 zodiac, and a constellation situated next east of 
 the Lion and about halfway between Berenice's 
 Hair on the north and the Crow on the south. It 
 covers a large field in space, and contains 110 
 stars, including only one of the flrst magnitude. 
 (Flajnstead. 1 
 
 Vesta — One of the asteroidal planets in our 
 solar system, discovered by Dr. Olbers of Bremen, 
 March 29, 1807, in the constellation of the Virgin. 
 It appears like a star of the fifth or sixth magni- 
 tude, shining with a steady radiance, and can be 
 seen with the naked eye. Its orbit is so eccentric 
 that it is sometimes farther from the sun than 
 either Ceres, Pallas, or Juno, although its average 
 distance is many millions of miles less than theirs. 
 Its orbit crosses those of all three in two opposite 
 points. 
 
 Vulcan— A planet discovered in 1859, situated 
 between Mercury and the sun. According to Pro- 
 fessor Tice's estimat«, it is as large as Uranus, 
 having a diameter of 33,000 miles. It was re-dis- 
 covered by Professor Watson, at Rawlins, Kas. 
 
 "Winter— That season of the year when, in the 
 northern hemisphere, the sun is in the tropic of 
 Capricorn, and at his greatest declination from 
 the equator; known us the coldest portion of the 
 year in countries north of the equator. 
 
 Zenith— The vertical point of the heavens, 
 ninety degrees distant from the horizon. 
 
 Zodiac — A zone, or girdle, about sixteen 
 degrees in breath, extending quite around the 
 heavens, and including all the heavenly bodies 
 within eight degrees on each side of the ecliptic. 
 It includes, also, the orbits of all the pianet^i, 
 except some of the asteroids, since they are 
 never seen beyond eight degrees either north or 
 south of the ecliptic. {Burritt. ) It has also 
 twelve constellations within its bounds, which are 
 called the twelve signs of the zodiac. See Signs, 
 and Ecliptic. 
 
 "Zone— A division of the earth's surface, of 
 which there .ire five, distinguished accoi-ding to 
 the degi-ec of heat to which each part is exposed, 
 into two temperate, two frigid, and otir torrid 
 zone, the latter being central. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ■■■ --sji).- S«
 
 iG 
 
 WHAT IS TlIK Illi.IKCT l)K I. IKK J 
 
 -'j;j 
 
 
 
 ■0m-]k 
 
 What Causes Good and Evit Actions Among Men. 
 
 IIAT is the object of man's 
 creation? That is a muttt-r 
 of question. Why he should, 
 without choice of his own, 
 be brought into existence, 
 unci forced to pass through 
 life — possibly a long life- 
 time—with trouble on every 
 side, is a mystery that no one 
 can solve. 
 ';is man 
 made sim- 
 ply to de- 
 monstrate 
 that he 
 could be created, or was he placed here for 
 a purpose, living his brief time on earth 
 and then passing on to other spheres of 
 existence where, with broader opportuni- 
 ties, he may till a grander destiny than falls 
 to the lot of most men here? All this is a 
 matter of speculation, and yet faith leads 
 to the beliff that this life is not all. 
 
 Thf mechanic does not construct a 
 machine to simply demonstrate that he can 
 make it. On the contrary, he designs it 
 for a purpose. Reason teaches that the 
 Supreme would not create man for the brief 
 and purposeless existence which he passes 
 here. Were that all, life would not be 
 worth the living. What then would be the 
 object of man's creation? 
 
 We are forced, in the examination of this 
 subject, to the conclusion that there is a 
 beyond toward which we are all drifting. What that future is none 
 may absolutely know on earth. We may conjecture, but the certainty 
 is withheld because it would not be well for us to know the future. 
 Aspiration, anticipation, hope — would all die if we kuuw to an abso- 
 lute certainty the duties of the morrow. 
 
 If there is a sphere in which man will retain his individuality 
 beyond this existence, what will be his condition there? That is a 
 question about which, again, there is nothing definitely known. The 
 inference is, however, that if man retains his individuality in 
 another existence, the hopes entertained, the loves cherished, and 
 the wisdom acquired here will be retained and possessed there. 
 
 Joseph Franz Gall, 
 
 Distinguished Phrenolocist who Fii-st Mapped Out and 
 Designated the Phrenological Organs. 
 
 Our future condition, then, will depend upon the life daily lived on 
 earth. This leads us to a study of man, and to an examination of 
 the causes which influence his action and develop his character. 
 
 It was a former belief with many people that all good actions were 
 the result of an angel influence acting upon the individual from ihe 
 outside; that all evil was the work of an evil spirit. A study of 
 human nature, however, brought a change of opinion on this subject. 
 It was discovered that men possessed various grades of intellectual 
 capacity and moral development, depending upon parentage and 
 education. That human action thus was the result of training and 
 surrounding influences, but even when this 
 belief was arrived at it was not fully deter- 
 mined that character and intellectual 
 capacity could be told by the appearance of 
 the face and the contour of the head. 
 
 Dr. Gall. 
 
 To map out the several faculties of the 
 mind was the work of Joseph Franz Gall, 
 who was born at Tiefenbronn, in Baden, 
 March 9, 1T58, and died at Monlrouge, near 
 Paris, August 22, 1828. 
 
 Dr. Gall had pursued his literary studies 
 at Baden, had studied anatomy and natural 
 history at Strasburg, and afterwards re- 
 ceived his diploma as a physician at Vienna. 
 From boyhood he had observed the 
 difference of talents displayed by his com- 
 ]tanions, and particularly bad he noticed 
 that all those students who excelled in 
 committing compositions to memory, had 
 large eyes. Commencing with the idea 
 that individual characteristics could be 
 determined by certain outward manifesta- 
 tions, he continued the study, visiting lunatic asylums, prisons, 
 universities of learning, and other places where certain grades of 
 intellectuality and morality could be found, until he had determined 
 that all the manifestations of the mind had their seat in the brain 
 instead of in the heart, as had been before supposed. 
 
 After twenty years of study he decided the location of some 
 twenty of the different organs of the mind, and satisfied himself that 
 the activity of these could be determined by the protuberances on 
 the head. In accord with this discovery he published a general 
 medical work in 1791, and began lecturing on the subject in 1796, at 
 Vienna, where the novelty of the theory created a marked sensation. 
 
 -<);-|>v
 
 >il 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■214: 
 
 PHRENOLOGICAL TEACHERS. 
 
 1 
 
 Spurzheim, 
 
 Distin(^uit;he(i Teacher of Phre- 
 nology and Early Uisciple of 
 Dr. Gall. 
 
 Hig first written exposition on phrenology appealed in a paper pub- 
 lished at Wieland, in 1798. 
 
 Spurzheim. 
 
 About this time Johann Caspar Spurzheim, who was bom at 
 Longwich, in 1776, espou.sed the theory of Dr. Gall, and did much to 
 popularize the doctrine. In 1802 Gall's lectures were forbidden by 
 the Austrian government as dan- 
 gerous to religion. In company 
 with Spurzheim, Gall then lec- 
 tured for the succeeding eleven 
 years in central and northern 
 Europe, finally settling in Paris, 
 in 1807, where his theories met 
 with much opposition, but grad- 
 ually made headway. 
 
 Spurzheim remained with Gall 
 until 1813, and then commenced 
 lecturing on the brain and its 
 manifestations. He delivered a 
 series of lectures in Great Britain 
 in 1 825, and afterward;? went to the 
 United Stales, where, in Boi^ton, 
 he delivered several lectures in 
 1832, in which year he died. 
 
 George Combe. 
 
 It was during the visit of Gall and Spurzheim to Scotland, in 
 1816, that George Combe, who was born in Edinburgh, in 1788, 
 became interested in the subject, and at last a firm believer in 
 phrenology. Combe subsequently issued "Essays on Phrenology'' 
 and his " Constitution of Man," the latter of which had a large sale. 
 
 In company with his brother Andrew, 
 he established, in 1823, the Edinburgh 
 Phrenological Journal, and for twenty- 
 three years thereafter was a contributor 
 to its pages. 
 
 Accompanied by his wife. Combe vis- 
 ited the United States in 1836, and 
 remained here two years, during which 
 time be delivered 158 lectures. lie died 
 in 1858, at Moor Park, in England. 
 
 0. S. Fowler. 
 
 Orson Squire Fowler, who was born at 
 Cohocton, N. Y. , in 1809, hud become 
 interested in the subject of phrenology 
 through the lectures of Spurzheim, and 
 after hie graduation at Amherst college, 
 in 1834, he commenced lecturing upon 
 the subject, and, in company with his 
 brother, Lorenzo Nile.-*, he opened an 
 oflke in New York city, in 1835. They 
 jointly published, in 1836, a work entitled 
 *' Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and 
 Applied." and together they issued, in 
 1849, " The Self-Instructor in Phrenology 
 and Physiology." 
 
 In 1838, O. S. Fowler issued, in Phil- 
 adelphia, the first number of the Ameri- 
 can Phrenolofjical Journal, where it was published during the 
 succeeding four years, when it was removed to New York in 
 1842, and published by O. S. and L. N. Fowler until 1844. Mr. S. 
 R. Wells, a brother-in-law of the Fowlers, became a».«ociated with 
 them, the llrm being known as Fowler & Wells for twenty-three 
 years, during which time this widely-known publishing-house, 
 
 Ceorge Com 
 
 Author of ■ Cimibe's Constitu- 
 tion of Man." " E: 
 Phrenology." etc 
 
 C(! (Si (Eji^n/Av, 
 
 through the Phrenological Journal, "Life Illustrated," and their 
 many books relating to the science of mind and the laws of 
 health, did a great and most beneficial work in the educating of the 
 masses in a correct knowledge of the laws of life. 
 
 The Fowlers withdrew from the firm in 1863, L. N. going to 
 London the same year, where he established himself as a phreno- 
 logical lecturer. Since then he 
 has lectured repeatedly through- 
 out Great Britain, besides publish- 
 ing various works, among his 
 principal books being "The Syn- 
 opsis of Phrenology and Physiol- 
 ogy," "Marriage, its History and 
 Philosophy, with Directions for 
 Happy Marriages," etc. 
 
 O. S. Fowler has been an inde- 
 fatigable worker in the cause from 
 the time be first entered the field. 
 Aside from almost continuous 
 lecturing in all parts of the United 
 States and Canada, he has issued 
 numerous books, among them 
 being: " Memory and Intellectual 
 Improvement Applied to Self- 
 Education," "Physiology, Animal and Mental, Applied to Health of 
 Body and Power of Mind," "Matrimony, or Phrenology Applied 
 to the Selection of Companions," "Self-Culture and Perfection of 
 Character," "Hereditary Descent, its Laws and Facts Applied to 
 Human Improvement," "Love and Parentage Applied to the Improve- 
 ment of Offspring," "A Home for All," and " Sexual Science." 
 In the past twenty years, through the efforts of an army of lec- 
 turers in the field, the subject of phre- 
 nology has been very thoroughly taught 
 in nearly every village and hamlet in the 
 land. 
 
 Physiognomy. 
 
 People instinctively judge of the mental 
 ability of the persons whom they see. 
 No one could fail to determine in his own 
 mind the intellectual capacity of the 
 different heads as shown in Fig. 1, 
 entitled " Varying Grades of Intelli- 
 gence. " While the profile of the extreme 
 right, with thick lips, sloping chin and 
 forehead, bears the evidence of small 
 intellect, the face at the left we readily 
 <liscover to be the possessor of vigorous 
 mind and strong intellectual power. We 
 judge these faces by the shape of head, 
 the nose, the chin, and the lips; by the 
 texture of the hair, the brilliancy of the 
 eye, the color of the skin, and the chang- 
 ing expression of the face as we converse 
 with the individual. 
 
 Lecturer and Teacher of the Science of Mind and the 
 Laws of Life. 
 
 Two Faces. 
 
 Again, we quickly determine the mental 
 status of the two faces. Figs. 2 and 3. 
 In Fig. 2 are s^hown all the evidences of vulgarity and ignorance — a 
 face that no amount of training could make into anything but a low 
 order of human being. On the contrary, in Fig. 3, we see a face 
 that exhibits certain well-defined chnracteristics which are evidences 
 of superior mental endowment. Examination shows an eye sharp 
 and brilliant, a nose that indicates character, a forehead that shown a
 
 DIFFKKKNT KINDS OF FAUKb. 
 
 well-defined perceptive talent, and a mcmtb and thin tliat reveal 
 decision of purpose. 
 
 While the firi't would be a menial, we at once recognize the fact 
 that the latter U a face full of culture, refinement and power. 
 
 Three faces and heads are placed before us, differing in shape and 
 expression. In the one, • 
 
 Fi{^. 4, we see the scowl ^/^ 
 and the wrinkles, which ^^:0l.c::<e»» 
 
 
 indicate fear and anxiety, 
 This individual, fearful 
 that he may come to want, 
 and tbinkinj^ only of him- 
 self, hoards his money 
 and ignores the wants and 
 sufferings of others. 
 
 Another face, Fig. 5, 
 stands out in contrast with 
 this: a face beamini^ with 
 a genial and pleasant ex- 
 pression. We intuitively 
 recognize this man as 
 jiood and kind. With a 
 kindly regard for the 
 wants of all, he is partic- 
 uliirly distinguished for 
 his benevolence. 
 
 A third face, Fig. 6, is 
 in the group. No one 
 would accuse the pos- 
 sessor of this face of being miserly, and no one woiild attribute 
 to him any benevolence. In short, his appearance indicates only a 
 disposition to gratify his lower appetites. Such we judge him and 
 such is a fact. 
 
 Divisions of the Brain. 
 
 The steps will be readily perceivtd which led up to the classifica- 
 tion of the different organs of the 
 mind. Thus, in Fig. 7, we have 
 lines drawn which clearly define 
 the difference in the shape of 
 heads. 
 
 The line drawn from c to d 
 divides the brain into two portions, 
 the one below being called the basi- 
 lar and the one above the coronal. 
 Observation proved that if the 
 brain above this line was larger 
 than that below, then the moral 
 and intellectual sentiments would 
 liave the ascendancy. If, on the 
 contrary, the brain lay mostly be- 
 low this line, then the animal 
 nature would predominate. 
 
 Figs. " and 8 reveal two distinct 
 types of faces often seen, the 
 peculiarities of which are as differ- 
 ent as are the shapes of the faces. 
 Thus, while in Fig. 8 there is large 
 perceptive power shown by the 
 protuberance above the eyes, the 
 rofiectivc faculties and the moral 
 
 are so wanting as to show depression at i. In such a head as this 
 the discoverersof phrenology found the moral and reflective faculties 
 lacking, and the lower nature in control of the individual. The 
 sharp, perceptive faculty would make the individual keen 
 und active, but in cases of emergency the man could not be 
 
 Fig. 1--Varying tirades of Intelligence 
 
 Coarse, Vulgar, Brutal and 
 Ignorant. 
 
 relied upon implicitly for steadiness of moral purpose. 
 
 In Fig. T it was found there was so much of the brain in front of 
 a and b whidi gave intellectual power, and so mu(;h above d and c 
 which gave moral strength, that the man possessing such a head could 
 be depended upon as a person of moral integrity, however adverme 
 
 might be the circum- 
 stances about the indi - 
 .5=33»2^ vidual. 
 
 J^ A long series of exam- 
 
 inations and experiments 
 convinced Gall that there 
 were seven prominent 
 divisions of the brain 
 which might be mapped 
 out as shown in Fig. 9; 
 that the upi)er part per- 
 tained to the spiritual, the 
 front to the intellectual, 
 and the lower part behind 
 the ears related to the 
 propensities. 
 
 Further study convinced 
 him also that each divis- 
 ion, i)rovided it was de- 
 ^^? ")"^i^ veloped in harmony and 
 ^kj balanced with the others, 
 ■* was essential to man's 
 
 progress and happiness; 
 that the animal propen- 
 sities were necessary to the procreation of the species, and that they 
 cared for self and gave force of character: that the Intellectual 
 enabled the individual to grapple with the difficulties of life, while 
 the moral nature guided into the higher and better ways. 
 
 For general convenience the phrenologist divides the brain into 
 three distinct compartments, as shown in F'fj. lo. 
 
 What Phrenology Has Taught. 
 
 The advocates of phrenology do 
 not claim that it is yet complete as 
 a science, but they aflirm that they 
 have demonstrated beyond ques- 
 tion that the brain is the organ 
 through which the mind manifests 
 itself, and that each faculty of the 
 mind has a separate and distinct 
 organ in the brain; that the organs 
 relating to each other are grouped 
 together in the brain as shown in 
 the moral faculties, the propensi- 
 ties, etc. ; that other things being 
 equal, the power of the brain may 
 be estimated by its size; that the 
 manifestations of brain are affected 
 by the bodily conditions ; that every 
 faculty of tlie mind is devised 
 for a good purpose, but may be 
 perverted, and every faculty may 
 be cultivated and enlarged by exer- 
 cise, or may be lessened by 
 neglect. 
 Most phrenologists and physiognomists claim also that character 
 
 can be determined by many evidences existing outside the contour 
 
 of the head. 
 
 After showing the conformation of the head, they note the features 
 
 of the face, the color of the hair and eyes, the complexion of the 
 
 Briglit. Intelligent and 
 Educated.
 
 •:c> 
 
 :?l(^ 
 
 THE temperam:ents. 
 
 skin, the ?bflpe of mouth, nose and face, brilliancy of the eyes, arch 
 of the eyebrows and nose, fineness of the hair, length and size of 
 neck, breadth of chest, strength of lungs, size of body, shape of feet 
 and hands. 
 
 Even beyond and ontside all these physical characteristics, it is 
 claimed that the mental peculiarities of the individual can be seen 
 and known in the tone of voice, the rapidity of speech, the spright- 
 liness of motion, the firmness of step, the heartiness of a laugh, and 
 the L'rasp of the hand. 
 
 Temperaments. 
 
 Fie. 4---MiserIy 
 
 It is a well-known fact ' 
 that many men with large 
 heads do not accomplish 
 as much as others who 
 have heads and bodies of 
 much less size. This 
 fact is cited as one of the 
 objections to the claim 
 that mental ability can be 
 determined by the size of 
 the brain. 
 
 The phrenologist an- 
 swers by saying that there 
 are four temperaments, 
 called the lymphatic, the 
 sanguine, the bilious and 
 the nervous; that every person possesses more or less of these in 
 his physical constitution: that the lymphatic temperament is indi- 
 cated by the predominance of stomach, which makes roundness of 
 form, softness of flesh, a weak pulse, and a languid condition 
 of the system. With such the hair is light, complexion pale, eyes 
 blue and dull. 
 
 The sanguine temperament largely depends upon a preponderance 
 of the arterial system. The person possessing it will have light hair 
 and blue eyes, will be fairly rounded in muscle, will be ardent, 
 active, enthusiastic, impressible, and will possess much greater 
 energy than the person 
 who is under the control 
 of the lymphatic. 
 
 With the bilious tem- 
 perament the liver is 
 taken as the basis. This 
 temperament is indicated 
 by black eyes and hair, 
 a dark and tawny skin, 
 solid and spare flesh, 
 angular form, great en- 
 ergy, activity, and, if 
 coupled with superior 
 mental development, 
 large power. 
 
 The nervous tempera- 
 ment rests upon a pre- 
 pcmdurance of the nervous 
 
 system. Those possessing it arc known by their delicacy of 
 health, thin and angular features, light, thin hair, rapid movements, 
 keenly sensitive natures, and mental activity. 
 
 These temperaments are, fortunately, generally found blended 
 more or less with each other, and out of the combination the phre- 
 nologists designate another class of tempcramentB called the motive^ 
 th^ vital, and the mental. 
 
 The persons possessing the motive temperament In a large degree 
 ',', ill he known by large, angular frames, ]»roininent features, hair 
 
 Fig. 6— Idiotic. 
 
 abundant, strong, and usually dark; are active, robust, energetic, 
 capable of endurance, and are noted for executive force. If pos- 
 sessed of a high order of brain, the person will be an intellectual 
 power. If deficient in mental capacity, the person will be noted for 
 brute force. 
 
 The vital temperament is shown in the full chest, the rounded form, 
 fondness for outdoor exercise, debate, and sport. Those who pos- 
 sess this temperament are good livers, liable to excesses in eating 
 and drinking, and naturally genial, but are liable to be passionate, 
 
 and are prone to go to 
 extremes, though not al- 
 ways so if the tempera- 
 ment is balanced by a 
 good organization. 
 
 The mental tempera- 
 ment gives its possessor 
 a slight frame, a large 
 forehead, light, soft hair, 
 clear - cut features, a 
 graceful figure, refine- 
 ment, love of the artis- 
 tic and beautiful, sensi- 
 tiveness, and keen emo- 
 tions. 
 
 Quality of Brain. 
 
 The phrenologist rests 
 his case also on other conditions, without which, he admits, we cannot 
 determine the mental power of the individual. Among these are 
 quality of the brain, which is indicated by the muscles of the body; 
 that a loose and flabby flesh reveals a soft and spongy brain; that a 
 close-knit frame, firm flesh, and favorable temperaments, show a 
 compact brain and correspondingly strong intellectual power. 
 
 Added to this must be taken into account the state of the health of 
 the individual. If in perfect health, the brain will be strong in 
 proportion. If in ill-health, the manifestations of brain will be 
 weak. 
 
 To give the brain ample 
 opportunity for a full dis- 
 play of its power, there 
 must be lungs sufticiently 
 large to take in a full 
 supply of air with which 
 to vivify the blood, which 
 blood must have a full 
 and free circulation with- 
 out I hi.' least restraint. 
 
 The powers of digestion 
 must also be in perfect 
 condition, aided by a 
 suftieii-ncy of exercise, 
 which will each day pro- 
 duce a perspiration 
 through the pores of the 
 skill, the pores being kept 
 open by a daily application of moisture, and rubbing. 
 
 The mind should be free from undue excitement, the sleep should 
 be all that the individual requires, the occupation should be con- 
 genial, the associates agreeable, and all the habits of the individual 
 should be temperate. 
 
 When these conditions arc fully understood, the power of (he 
 brain may be readily estimated, and llie mental ability and character 
 of the individual may be told by the form of the person, the shape 
 of the f;i('t , :iii(l llir idnlour of the head. 
 
 TS^ 
 
 =<r
 
 LOCATION OF DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 217 
 
 THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS. 
 
 Step by step the advocates and etudents of phrenology have dis- 
 covcri'd and determined the location of some forty-two of the distinct 
 divisions of the human mind, of which number Dr. Gall definitely 
 located twtiity. 
 
 Definition off the Organs. 
 
 I. Amativeness. Love 
 between the sexes — desire 
 to marry. 
 
 A. Conjugality, Mat- 
 rimony — love of one — 
 union for life. 
 
 H. Parental Love, Re- 
 gard for oifspring, pets, 
 etc. 
 
 3. FRiENDSHir, Adhe- 
 siveness — sociability — 
 love of society. 
 
 4. Inuabitiveness, 
 Love of home and country. 
 
 5. Continuity, One 
 thing at a time— consecu- 
 tiveness. 
 
 E. Vitativeness, Love 
 and tenacity of life — dread 
 of annihilation. 
 
 •j. CoMBATivENESs. Resistance — defense — courage — opposition, 
 
 7. Destructiveness, Executiveness — force — energy. 
 
 8. Alimentiveness, Appetite — hunger — love of eating. 
 
 9. Acquisitiveness, Accumulation — frugality — economy. 
 10. Secretiveness, Discretion — reserve — policy — management. 
 
 II. Cautiousness, 
 Prudence — provision — 
 watchfulness 
 
 12. Approbative- 
 NKhiS, Ambition — display 
 — love of praise. 
 
 13. Self-Esteem, 
 Self-respect — independ- 
 ence — dignity. 
 
 14. Firmness, Decis- 
 ion — perseverance — sta- 
 bility — tenacity of will. 
 
 15. Conscientious- 
 ness, Integrity — love of 
 right — justice — equity. 
 
 16. Hope, Expectation 
 — enterprise — anticipa- 
 tion. 
 
 17- Spirituality, In- 
 tuition — faith — " light 
 within" — credulity. 
 
 18. Veneration, 
 Reverence for sacred 
 thing!* — devotion — re- 
 spect. 
 
 19. Benevolence, Kindness — goodness 
 thropy. • 
 
 20. CoNSTRUcxrvENEss, Mechanical ingenuity — sleight of hand, 
 31. InEALiTY, Refinement — love of beauty — taste — purity. 
 
 B. Sublimity, Love of grandeur — infinitude — the endless. 
 
 Tbc different organs of the brain, as they have been finally claesi- 
 fied, located and numbered, are t^h()wn in Fig. 11, a brief eynoppift 
 
 of which numbers are shown herewith, 
 these, see other pages. 
 
 The Subdivisions of the Brain, 
 
 And the General Grouping of the Phrenological Organs. 
 
 For a fuller description of 
 
 Definition of the Organs. 
 
 22. I M iTATiON, Copy- 
 ing — patterning! — mimic- 
 ry — f ol lo w i ng e xam- 
 ples. 
 
 23. M1RTHFULNE88, 
 Perception of the absurd 
 — jocosenet-s — wit — fun. 
 
 24. Tsdividuality, Ob- 
 servation — desire to see 
 and examine. 
 
 25. Form, Recollection 
 of shape — memory of 
 persons and faces. 
 
 20. Size, Cognizance of 
 magnitude — measuring by 
 the eye. 
 
 27. Weight, Balancing 
 — climbing — perception of 
 the law of gravity. 
 
 28. Color, Perception 
 
 -system — arrange- 
 
 Location of Phrenulocrical Organs, 
 
 - sjTnpathy — philan- 
 
 and judgment of colors, and love of them. 
 
 20. Order, Perception and love of method- 
 meut. 
 
 30. Calculation, Cognizance of numbers — mental arithmetic. 
 
 31. Locality, Recollections of places and scenery. 
 
 .32. Eventuality, 
 
 Memory of facts and cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 33. Time, Cognizance 
 of duration and suc- 
 cession of time — punc- 
 tuality. 
 
 34. Tune, Sense of 
 harmony and melody — 
 love of music. 
 
 35. Language, Ex- 
 pression of ideas — mem- 
 ory of words. 
 
 30. Causality, Ap- 
 plying causes to effect — 
 originality. 
 
 37. Comparison, In- 
 ductive reasoning — anal- 
 ysis — illuf-tration. 
 
 C. Human XATmE, 
 Perception of character 
 and motives. 
 
 D. Agkeeableness, 
 Pleasantness — suavity — 
 persuasiveness- 
 
 The student in the study of phrenologj* i.s much assisted by 
 the phrenological bust which shows a well-balanced head, with all 
 the organs located and distinctly marked. The best school, how- 
 ever, for the acquisition of a practical knowledge of the subject is 
 to study the characteristics of various people.
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT ORGANS OF THE BRAIN. 
 
 The exact location of the different organs of the brain are quite 
 fully ghowu in Fig. 12, accompanying which is the following 
 description of the organs as determined from their size, taken 
 from the "Self-Instructor in Phrenology," published by Fowler 
 & Wells, New York. It may be remarked also that this descrip- 
 
 tion, which is greatly condensed, does not do ihe subject justice. 
 It is only by a study of all the organs in combination that we 
 may understand the mental characteristics. The " Self-Instruc- 
 tor" and the larger phrenological works very fully explain all 
 this. 
 
 1. A3IATIYE\ESS. 
 
 Conjugal love; attachment to the opposite seX; 
 desire to love, be loved, and marry; adapted to 
 perpetuate the race. It causes those mutual 
 attractions which exist between the sexes; creates 
 love; induces marriage; eventu- 
 ates in offspring; renders woman 
 winning, persuasive, urbane, affec- 
 tionate, loving, and lovely, and 
 develops all the feminine charms 
 and graces; makes man noble in 
 feeling and bearing; elevated in 
 aspiration; tender and bland in 
 manner; affectionate toward wo- 
 man; pure in feeling; highly sus- 
 ceptible to female charms, and 
 clothes him with that dignity, 
 power, and persuasiveness, which 
 accompanies the masculine. Per- 
 verted, it occasions a grossness 
 and vulgarity in expression and 
 action; licentiousness in all its 
 forms; a feverish state of mind, 
 and depraves all the other propen- 
 sities; treats the other sex merely 
 as a minister to passion, now 
 caressing, and now abusing them, 
 and renders the love-feeling every 
 way gross, animal, and depraved. 
 
 Largfe— Is strongly attracted 
 toward the opposite sex; admires 
 and loves their beauty and excel- 
 lent qualities; easily wins their 
 a ff ret ionate regard, or kindles 
 Ihtir love; has many warm 
 fru-iids, if not admirers, among 
 thiMii ; loves young and powerfully, 
 and wields a potent intluence for 
 good or evil over the destinies of 
 its subject, according as it is well 
 or ill placed. 
 
 Averitge — Is capable of fair 
 sexual attachments and conjugal 
 lovH. provided M i- jm i).i rl\ pia<-.d 
 and fully calji .1 -nii , .-. ,n.|■||.n(.,■^ a 
 greater or If-- '!• i^- i l'<\-f in 
 
 Proportion to It- .utivii v ; it-ndeis 
 he son quite att.Lchcd to mother 
 and sisters, and fond of female 
 society, and endowed with a fair 
 share of m.asculine clenient. yet 
 not remarkublc for its pnlectinn; 
 makes woman quite wiimiiig iiniJ 
 attractive, yet not jxiilicularly 
 HiiHceptible to love; renders the 
 d.inirhter fond of father and 
 brothf-rs, and desirous of the soci- 
 ety of men. yet not extremely so, 
 and capable of a fair share of con- 
 juu'al devoledncsts under favorable 
 circumstances. 
 
 SmuII — Feels little conjugal or sexual love 
 anddcMJre to marry; is cold, coy, distant, and 
 r«;Herved toward the other sex; experiences but 
 little of the beautifying and elcvnting influence 
 of love, and should not marry, because incapable 
 of appreciating its relation "and making a com- 
 j)anion happy, 
 
 'J. IMIILOI»KO(JKNITIVKNESS. 
 
 Parental love; attachment to one's own off- 
 Mpring; love of children, pets, and animals 
 gcnirrally. cHpoclally those young or timall; 
 adapted to that infantile condition in which man 
 entern the world, and to children's need of 
 parental ejij-c and education. This fac^nlty renders 
 irhildrcn the riche«t trcranure of their parents; 
 .-mt- into the -lindc nil th.' t-'ll mid .-vi.t'n-e they 
 
 cause, and lacerates them with bitter pangs when 
 death or distance tears them asunder. It is much 
 larger in woman than in man, and nature requires 
 mothers to take the principal care of infants. 
 Perverted, it spoils children by excessive 
 
 perverted, it forms attachments for the low, vul- 
 gar, or vicious, and leads to bad company. 
 Adapted to man's requisition for concert of 
 action, copartnership, combination, and com 
 munity of feeling and interest, and is a leading 
 element of his social relations. 
 
 I^arge — Is a warm, cordial, 
 ardent friend; readily forms 
 friendships, and attracts friendly 
 regard in return; must have soci- 
 ety of some kind. 
 
 Average — Is capable of tol- 
 erably strong friendships, yet 
 their character is determined by 
 the larger faculties; enjoys pres- 
 ent friends, yet sustains their 
 absence. 
 
 Small — Thinks and cares little 
 for friends; dislikes copartnership; 
 is cold-hearted, unsocial, and sel- 
 tish; takes little delight in com- 
 pany, but prefers to be alone: has 
 few fi-iends, and, with large selfish 
 faculties, many enemies, and man- 
 ifests too little of this faculty to 
 exert a perceptible influence upon 
 character. 
 
 A. UNION FOR LIFE. 
 
 Attachment to one, and but one 
 conjugal partner for life. Adapted 
 to the pairing principle in man 
 and animals, and is located be- 
 Iween Adhesiveness and Amative- 
 ness. Some birds, such as geese, 
 eagles, robins, etc. , pair for life, 
 and remain true to their connubial 
 attachment; while hens, turkies. 
 sheep, horses, and neat cattle, 
 associate promiscuously, which 
 shows that it is a faculty distinct 
 from Amativeness and Adliesive- 
 ness. 
 
 Ijarge — Seeks one. and but one 
 
 sexual mate; experiences the 
 
 keenest disappointment when love 
 
 iipti-d; i~ ]ierr.-.-tly 
 
 i> inic 
 lied with 
 
 ictv 
 
 of tbnt < 
 
 id 
 
 iid can truly love no other 
 etains that love even after it; 
 bjet't isdead; may lovean<i niarr> 
 nother. but it will be more iron 
 iii.tives of policy than pure coiiju 
 
 id .--liMnM < 
 
 TV 
 
 Fig. 12-The Human Head, 
 
 And the Location of the Various Organs of Mind. 
 
 fondness, 
 T^ai'Kc 
 
 values Ihei 
 lid 
 
 ■ faults 
 
 tiK 
 
 til. 
 Interest. 
 
 A veruice 
 
 well, yet care 
 
 pampering, 
 
 - Loves its 
 M above all 
 leiij]: 
 
 and humoring. 
 
 ovnx children devotedly. 
 
 pri<'e, r-hccrlullv endures 
 
 lluir sake. Inrliears with 
 
 ins tlieir love, dclik'lits t-. play with 
 
 i:s to proiiiole their 
 
 -Loves its own children toleral>lv 
 I but little for those of others. 
 
 Small — Cares little for its own ehildreii, and 
 still less for those of others. 
 
 3. AOHESIVKNESS. 
 
 Krlendshlp; social feeling; love of society; 
 desire to congi'cgatc, associate, visit, seek com- 
 pany, entertain friends, form and reciprocate 
 nttar-hnients. and indulge friendly feelings. When 
 
 larnllv !<• will the lieart and liaiul 
 i.i the. .lie beloved, nor alJMw aiiv- 
 tliing to alienate their affections, 
 because certain min to mind and 
 body is consequent thereon. 
 
 Averaiee- Is disposed to love 
 but one for life, yet is capable of 
 changing its object. 
 
 Small— Cares but little for (Irst love, and 
 seeks the promiscuous society and alfeetion of the 
 opposite sex. rather than a single partner for 
 life. 
 
 4. INHABITIVKNESS. 
 
 The home feeling; love of house, the place 
 where one was born or has lived, and of houu- 
 fissociatlons. Adapted to man's need of an abid 
 i tig place, in which ti) exercise the family feelings; 
 patriotism. Perversion — liomeslckness when 
 iiway from home. 
 
 ■ Has a strong desire 
 
 Ijtivac 
 
 h 
 
 lein 
 with 
 hous* 
 
 n liomc 
 
 ■\trei 
 
 itli trie 
 deliglit^ 
 
 to locate young. 
 
 cluslv'ly to it.self; 
 
 rclui'tance, and returns 
 
 <nii beconii'S a(Ia<ln-(l to 
 
 ardeii. IK-I<ls, funillurc. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^5
 
 DESCEIPTION OF THE VARIOUS OKGANS OK ■rillO MIMj 
 
 2l'.> 
 
 etc.; iiiid hiKhly prizes domestic associations, nor 
 Is satisfied till it has a pluoe on which to expend 
 this huint* instinct. 
 
 Averuire — Loves home tolerably well, yet 
 witli no K'rciit frrvor, and changes the place of 
 aboili- iis tJir lit li.-r r'iuiilties may dictate; takes no 
 jri'i'iit uitiTc-l iFi lii>ii>^i- or place, as such, or pleas- 
 uri' in ihiii- iiiipi-.)\ .lufnt, and is satisHed with 
 ordinary liuiin; cunifuits. 
 
 Small— Cares little for home, leaves it without 
 much roprret, conteinplates it with little delight, 
 t<ikoM little pains in its improvement, and, with 
 Acquisitiveness large, spends reluctantly l^ur its 
 improvement. 
 
 5. CONTINUITY. 
 
 A patient dwelling upon one thing till it is fin- 
 ished, consecutiveness and connectedness of 
 thought and feeling. Adapted to man's need of 
 doing one- thing at a time. Perversion — prolixity, 
 repelition, and excessive amplification. 
 
 I^ai'tre — Gives the whole mind to the one thing 
 in liiiiid rill it is llnishrfl, ooTupli-tr^s as it goes; 
 ki-i'ps ii|i nil.- cnriiin.iti iijiii i.f llLi.iiLrlit. or current 
 iii'r.'.-liiitr. till- a tniiu'iimi-; isdiM-Mii.^.-rted if atten- 
 tuiTi IS dirci-ti'ii III ;i st.-coiid uhjvct, and cannot 
 duly L-onsidt-r another. 
 
 Averafire — Can dwell upon things, or divert 
 atlpuliun to others, as occasion requires; is not 
 confused by interruption, yet prefers one thing at 
 a time. 
 
 Small — With activity great, commences many 
 things, yet finishes few; craves novelty and 
 variety; puts many irons into the fire; Iack.s 
 application; jumps rapidly from premise to con- 
 clusion, and fails to connect and carry out ideas; 
 is a creature of impulse; lacks steadiness and 
 consistency of character; may be brilliant, yet 
 cannot he profound; humming-bird like, flies 
 rapidly from thiuir lo tliiim'. hut dues not stay 
 long; has many guml tllmlk'ilI^, v<'t tiiev are scat- 
 tered; and talks on a grt-at v;uiety of subjects in 
 a short time, but fails sadly in eonsecutiveness of 
 feeling, thought, and action. 
 
 A. VITATIVENESS. 
 
 Tenacity of life, resistance to death, love of 
 existence as such, dreads annihilation, loves life, 
 and clings tenaciously to it for its own sake. 
 
 L.artfe — Struggles resolutely through fits of 
 sickness, and will not give up to die till it is abso- 
 lutely compelled to do so. 
 
 Average — Enjoys life, and clings to it with a 
 fair degree of earnestness, yet by no means with 
 passionate fondness. 
 
 Small — Likes to live, yet cares little about 
 existence for its own sake. 
 
 6. COMBATI^'ENESS. 
 
 Resistance, opposition, defense, defiance, bold- 
 ness, courage, resentment, spirit, wiinhgness to 
 encounter, self-protection, presence of mind, 
 determination, get-out-of-my-way, let^me-and- 
 mine-alone; adapted to man's requisition for over- 
 coming obstacles, contending for rights, etc. 
 Perversion— anger, contrariety, fault-finding, 
 contention, ill-nature, and fighting. 
 
 Large- Imparts a bold, resolute, fearless, 
 deterniintd >-|iiiit; disl>•l^.■^ tu grapple with and 
 reinovf .ilista.li >, ami liiiM^ whatever it under- 
 takes: loves ilrhali- atnl iippo-^ition; gives great 
 coolness, intrepidity and presence of mind in 
 time of danger, and nerves one for encounter. 
 
 Averapre — Evinces the combative spirit 
 
 iifconlintr to cii-eninstanff's: whm vigorously 
 npp,, -rd, or- when aii> ot tie- >,ile i tarulties work 
 111 inniiiiiri iun u illi < 'iiiiili.! I n (III-- , -hnws a good 
 dejj-i-rcoi theiippoMng, -■n.i ^•-.■t e> spnit; but, when 
 any oT tlie other faculties, such as large Cautious- 
 ness or Approbativeness work against it, it evinces 
 irresolution, and even cowardice. 
 
 Small — Is inefficient, can accomplish little, 
 never feels its own strength, and with large moral 
 and intellectual organs, is too gentle and easily 
 satisfied. 
 
 7. DESTRrCTIVEXESS. 
 
 Executiveness. severity, sternness, the destroy- 
 ing and pain-causing faculty, harshness, extermi- 
 nation, indignation, disposition to break, crush, 
 and tear down, the walk-right-through spirit. 
 adapted to man's destroying whatever is prejudi- 
 
 cial to his happiness; performing aiul enduring 
 surgical operations, undergoing i)ahi. etc. Per- 
 version—wrath, revenge, malice, disposition to 
 murder, etc. 
 
 W-arice— Imparts that determination, energy, 
 and force which removes or destroys whatever 
 impedes its progression. 
 
 Average- Manifests itself in a similar man- 
 ner as when full, due allowance being made for 
 diminished power. 
 
 Small — With large moral faculties, possesses 
 too tendei' a soul to enjoy our world as it is, or to 
 endure hai'dships or cruelties. 
 
 8. ALIMENTIVENESS. 
 
 -Appetit-e. the feeding instinct, relish for food, 
 hunger, adapted to man's need of food, and creat- 
 ing a disposition to eat. Perverted, it produces 
 gormandizing and gluttony, and ends in dyspepsia 
 and all its evils. 
 
 K-arere- Has a hearty relish for food, sets a 
 high value upon table enjoyments, ant! solid, 
 hearty food. 
 
 Average — Enjoys food well, and eats with a 
 fair relish; yet rarely over-eats except when ren- 
 dered craving by dyspeptic complaints. 
 
 Small — Eats with long teeth, and little relish; 
 hardly knows or cares what or when he eats, and 
 should pay more attention to duly feeding the 
 body. 
 
 0. ACQriSITIVENESS. 
 
 Economy; frugality; the acquiring, saving, 
 and hoarding instinct: laying up of surplus, and 
 allowing nothing to be wasted; desire to possess 
 and own; the mine and thine feeling; claiming 
 of one's own things; love of trading and amass- 
 ing property. Adapted to man's need of laying 
 up the necessaries and comforts of life against a 
 time of future need. Perversion- a miserly, 
 grasping, close-fisted penuriousness. 
 
 I^arge — Saves for future use what is not 
 wanted for present; allows nothing to go to waste; 
 turns every thing to a good account ; buys closely, 
 and makes the most of all it gets; is industrious, 
 economical, and vigorously employs means to 
 accumulate property and desires to own and pos- 
 sess much. 
 
 Average — Loves property; yet the other 
 faculties spend quite as fast as this faculty accu- 
 mulates. 
 
 Small — Holds money loosely; spends it often 
 without getting its full value; cares little how 
 his money goes. 
 
 10. SECRETIVENESS. 
 
 Self-government, ability to restrain feelings, 
 policy, management, reserve, evasion, discre- 
 tion, cunning. Adapted to man's requisition for 
 controlling his animal nature. Perverted, it 
 causes duplicity, double-dealing, lying, decep- 
 tion, and alt kinds of false pretensions. 
 
 Liarge — Throws a veil over the countenance, 
 expression, and conduct; appears to aim at one 
 thing while accomplishing another; loves to sur- 
 prise others; is enigmatical, mysterious, guarded, 
 foxy, politic, shrewd, managing, employs hum- 
 bug, and is hard to be found out. 
 
 Average — Maintains a good share of self- 
 government, except when under excitement, and 
 then lets the whole mind out fully. 
 
 Small -Is p 
 
 just what, ami 
 cealment in all i 
 sive and uuliiih 
 
 ■iilv transparent: seems to be 
 h ii It really is; disdains con- 
 iMKi , isnoliypocrite. but pas- 
 al HI all it says or does. 
 
 11. CAUTIOUSNESS. 
 
 Carefulness, watchfulness, prudence, provis- 
 ion against want and danger, solicitude, anxiety, 
 apprehension, security, protection, avoiding 
 prospective evils, the sentinel. Adapted to those 
 dangers which surround us. and those provisions 
 necessary for our future happiness. Perversion- 
 irresolution, timidity, procrastination, inde- 
 cision. 
 
 Large — Is always on the look-out; takes 
 ample time to get ready: pro\'ides against pros- I 
 
 pectlve dungem; makeH every thing ftafe: guardH 
 against loHKCH and evllH; Incurs no risk; sure 
 bindM that It may sure find; with large Combat- 
 iveness, Hope, and an active temperament. 
 drives, Jehu like, whatever Is undertaken, yet 
 driven cautiously. 
 
 Averuire — Ha« a good share of prudence, 
 whenever this faculty works In connection with 
 the larger organs, yet evlnccb but little in the 
 direction of the smaller organs. 
 
 Small — Is rash, reckless, lucklefs; and with 
 large Hope, always In trouble; with large Combat- 
 Iveness, plunges headlong into diftlcultleH in full 
 sight, and should assiduously cultivate this 
 faculty. 
 
 12. APPKOBATIVENESS, 
 
 Desire to be esteemed, regard for character, 
 appearance, etc.; love of praise, desire to excel, 
 ambition. afTabllity, politeness, desire to display 
 and show off, sense of honor, desire for a good 
 name, for notoriety, fame, eminence, distinction, 
 and to he thought well off. pride of character. 
 sensitiveness lo the speeches of people, and love 
 of popularity. Adapted to the reputable and 
 disgraceful. Perversion — vanity, affectation, 
 eeremoniousness, aristocracy, pomposity; eager- 
 ness for popularity, outside display, etc. 
 
 Large — Loves commendation, and is cut by 
 censure; is keenly alive to the smiles of public 
 opinion; minds what people say; strives to show 
 off to advantage, and is affable, courteous, and 
 desirous of pleasing; loves to be in company, 
 stands on etiquette and ceremony; aspires t-o do 
 and become something great; sets much by 
 appearances, and is mortified by reproach; with 
 large Cautiousness and moderate Self-Esteem is 
 careful lo take the popular side, and fears to face 
 the ridii-uli- ol others; yet with Conscience and 
 Combaliveness large, sticks to the right, though 
 it is unpopular, knowing that it will ultimately 
 confer honor. 
 
 Average— Evinces only a respectable share 
 of this faculty, except when it is powerfully 
 wrought upon by praise or reproach. 
 
 Small — Cares little for the opinion of others, 
 even ol tiend-. is comparatively insensible to 
 praisi , .h M-Mi|s style and fashion; despises 
 etiqui iir and li'i mal usages; never asks what will 
 persons think, and puts on no outside appearance 
 for their own sake; with large Self-Esteem. Firm- 
 ness, and Coinbativeness. is destitute of polite- 
 ness, devoid of ceremony, and not at all flexible 
 or pleasing in manner; with large Combativeuess 
 and Conscienti<msness, goes for the right regard 
 less of popularity, and is always making enemies. 
 
 13. SELF-ESTEEM. 
 
 Self-appreciation and valuation, self-respect and 
 reliance, magnanimity, nobleness, independence, 
 dignity, self-satisfaction and complacency; love 
 of liberty and power, an aspiring, self-elevating, 
 ruling instinct, pride of character, manliness, 
 lofty-mindedness. and desire for elevation. 
 Adapted to the superiority, greatness, and exalted 
 dignity of human nature. Perversion — haughti- 
 ness, forwardness, over-bearing, tyranny, ego- 
 tism, and superciliousness. 
 
 Large — Piit> 
 
 saying-. doiTiu's. 
 its own nnaidi-'l 
 but in.--ists upon 
 minded; will never 
 
 rh estimate upon itself, its 
 apahiliii.>: falls back upo., 
 II-, \mU not take advice. 
 g it'i own master; is high- 
 toop or demean itself; aims 
 
 high; is not satisfied with moderate success, or a 
 petty business, and compfu-ts and expresses itself 
 with dignity, and perhaps with majesty, and is 
 perfectly self-satisfied. 
 
 Average — Shows this faculty mainly in 
 combination with those that are larger. 
 
 Small — Feels diminutive in its own eyes; 
 lacks elevation and dignity of tone and manner; 
 places a low estimate on .self; and, with Appro- 
 bativeness large, is more anxious to appear well 
 in the eyes of others than in its own. 
 
 14. FIRMNESS. 
 
 Stability, decision, perseverance, fixedness of 
 purpose, tenacity of will, and aversion to change. 
 Adapted to man's requisition for holding out to 
 the end. Perversion— obstinacy, willfulness, 
 mulishness. stubbornness. unwillingness to 
 change, even though reason requires. 
 
 ? 
 
 d 
 
 -<):
 
 ><l-<?" 
 
 !- 
 
 220 
 
 DESCKIPTION OF J HE VAKIOUS ORGANS OF THE MIND. 
 
 Laree — Is set in it« own way, sticks to and 
 carries out what it commences, holds on long 
 and hard, continues to the end, and may be fully 
 relied upon. 
 
 Small — With activity great, and the head un- 
 even, is fitful, impulsive, and, like the weather- 
 vane, shifts with eveiT changing breeze, and is 
 ruled by the other faculties, and as unstable as 
 water. 
 
 15. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 
 
 Moi'al principle, integrity, perception and love 
 of right, innate sense of accountability and obli- 
 gation, love of justice and truth, regard for duty, 
 desire for moral purity and excellence; disposi- 
 tion to fulfill promises, agreements, etc. ; the 
 internal monitor which approves the right and 
 condemns the wTong, sense of guilt, contrition, 
 desire to reform, penitence, forgiveness. Adapted 
 to the rightness of right, and the wrongness of 
 ■wrong, and to the moral nature and constitution 
 of things. Perverted, it makes one do wrong 
 from conscientious scruples, and torments with 
 undue self-condemnation. 
 
 IiSirge— Loves the right as right, and hates 
 the wrong; is honest, faithful, upright in motive; 
 means well; consults duty before expediency; 
 feels guilty when conscious of having done wrong; 
 desires forgiveness for the past, and to do better 
 in future; with strong propensities, will some- 
 times do wrong, and then be exceedingly sori'y 
 therefor; and. with a wrong education added, is 
 liable to do wrong, thinking it to be right, because 
 these propensities warp conscience, yet means 
 right. 
 
 Averuee— When not tempted by stronger 
 faculties does what is about right, generally 
 justities itself, and does not feel particularly 
 indignant at the wrong, or commendatory of the 
 right. 
 
 Small — Has few conscientious scruples, has 
 little penitence, gratitude, or regard for moral 
 principle, justice, duty, etc. , and is governed 
 mainly by the larger faculties. 
 
 10. HOPE. 
 
 Expectation, anticipation of future success and 
 happiness. Adapted to man's relations with the 
 future. Perverted, it becomes .visionary and 
 castle-building. 
 
 I*arffe — Expects much from the future; con- 
 templates with pleasure the bright features of 
 life's picture; never desponds; overrates prospec- 
 tive good, and underrates and overlooks obstacles 
 and evils; calculates on more than the nature of 
 the case will warrant; expectS. and hence attempts 
 agi-eatdeai. and is therefore always full of busi- 
 ness; is sanguine, and rises above i)resent trouble 
 by hoping for better things in future, and though 
 disappointed, hopes on still; builds some air cas- 
 tles, and lives in the future more than in the 
 present. 
 
 Average — Expects and attempts too little, 
 rather than too much; with large Cautiousness, 
 dwells more on dilticulties than encouragements; 
 is contented with the present rather than lays out 
 for the future. 
 
 Small — Expects and undertakes very little; 
 with largfc Cautiousness, puts o(f till it is too late; 
 is always behind; may embark in projects after 
 evei-y body i-Isl- ha?, siicccnk-d, but, will then be 
 too late, and in t.'fiicr.il kimck^ at tin- 'Imir just 
 after IMias hr.-n holhrl. uitli lar^'- Cautiousness, 
 is forever in doubt; with laigr Ap|iri)b(itiveness 
 and Cautiousness, though most desirous of praise, 
 has little hopes of c)htaihing it, and therefore is 
 exceedingly backward in society. 
 
 17. SIMKITrAUTY. 
 
 Faith, prescience, the " light within." trust in 
 divine guiding, perception and feeling of the 
 spiritual; interior perception of truth, what is 
 about to transpire, etc. Adapted to a spiritual 
 Htate of mind and feeling. Perversion— supersti- 
 tion, witchcraft, and with Cautlousnons large, 
 fear of ghosttt. 
 
 I^artce — Foroeives and knows things Independ- 
 ent of the senses or intellect, or as It were by 
 spiritual intuition: expericiie»-s an internal coil- 
 sclousnesH of what Is best, and that spiritual 
 communion with <;nd which eonstitut<'» the 
 essence of trueidoty; loves to meditate; bestows 
 a species of waking clairvoyance, and Is as It 
 wen- '' r<in-wanie<l nf Oud; '* conituned with large 
 
 Veneration, holds intimate communion with the 
 Deity, for whom it experiences profoimd adora- 
 tion, and takes a world of pleasure In that calm, 
 happy, half-ecstatic state of mind caused by this 
 faculty. 
 
 Average — Has some spiritual premonitions 
 and guidings, yet they are not always sufficiently 
 distinct to secure their being followed. 
 
 Small — Perceives spiritual truths so indis- 
 tinctly as rarely to admit them; is not guided by 
 faith, because so weak; like unbelieving Thomas, 
 must see the fullest proof before it believes; has 
 very little credulity, and doubts things of a super- 
 human origin or nature; has no premonitions, 
 and disbelieves in them. 
 
 18. VENERATION. 
 
 Devotion, adoration of a Supreme Being, rever- 
 ence for religion and things sacred, disposition to 
 pray, worship, and observe religious rites. 
 Adapted to a belief in the existence of a God, and 
 the pleasures .and benefits experienced by man in 
 worshiping him. Perverted, it produces idolatry, 
 bigotry, religious intolerance, etc. 
 
 Ijarse — Experiences an awe of God and 
 things sacred, loves to adore the Supreme Being, 
 especially in his works; feels true devotion, fer- 
 vent piety, and love of divine things; takes great 
 delight in religious exercises; has much respect 
 for superiority; regards God as the center of 
 hopes, fears and aspirations. 
 
 Average — Will adore the Deity, yet oft«n 
 makes religion subservient to the larger facul- 
 ties. 
 
 Small — Experiences little devotion or respect, 
 and is deficient in fervor; cares little for religious 
 observances, and is not easily impressed with the 
 worshiping sentiment. 
 
 19. BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 Kindness, humanity, desire to make others 
 happy, a self -sacrificing disposition, philanthropy, 
 generosity, the accommodating, neighborly spirit. 
 Adapted to man's capability of making his fellow- 
 men happy. Perversion— misplaced sympathies. 
 
 Jjarge — Delights to do good; makes personal 
 sacrifices to make others happy; cannot witness 
 pain or distress, and does what it well can to 
 relieve them; manifests a perpetual flow of dis- 
 interested goodness. 
 
 Average — Manifests kindness only in con- 
 junction with Adhesiveness and other large facul- 
 ties; and with only full Adhesiveness, if lund is so 
 for selfish purposes. 
 
 Small — Cares little for the happiness of man 
 or brute, and does still less to promote it. 
 
 20. CONSTBITCTIVENESS. 
 
 The making instinct, the tool-using talent; 
 sleight of hand in constructing things. Adapted 
 to man's need of things made, such as iiouses. 
 clothes, and manufacturing articles of all kinds. 
 Perverted, it wastes time and money on perpetual 
 motion, and other like futile inventions. 
 
 Large — Loves to make; is able to, and dis- 
 posed In tinker, mend, and fix tip. build, manu- 
 factuif. impluy iiiiicliiiicry, etc.; shows mechan- 
 ical skill :iii<l i|i\triity Ml whatever is done with 
 thehiinil>. Willi l;ui,'i' Citusality and perceptives, 
 is given to inventing. 
 
 Moderate — Is rather awkward in the use of 
 tools, and in manual operations of every kind. 
 
 Small— Is deficient in the tool-usin^ capability, 
 awkward in making and fixing up Ihings. jjoorin 
 understand iiig and managing maeliinery. takes 
 hold of work awkwardly onii wrong end first, 
 writes ptiorly, and lacks both mental and physical 
 construction. 
 
 21. lOEAIJTY. 
 
 Perception and admiration of tlie beautiful and 
 perfect, gooti taste and refinement, purity of 
 feeling, sense of propriety, elegance, and gentil- 
 ity, polish and Imagination. Adapted to the 
 beautiful In nature and art. Perverted, it gives 
 fastidiousness and extra nlceness, 
 
 I^arge — Appreciates and enjoys beauty and 
 iierfeetion wherever found. e^plM■iaIly in nature; 
 U glared by purily and inojiiicty of expressinn 
 
 and conduct; by gracefulness and polish of man- 
 ners, and general good taste; is pure-minded; 
 enjoys the ideal of poetry, elegance and romance; 
 longs after perfection of character, and desires to 
 obviate blemishes, and, with Conscientiousness 
 large, moral imperfections. 
 
 Average —Prefers the plain and substantial 
 to the ornamental, and is a utilitarian ; with large 
 intellectual organs, prefers sound, solid matter 
 to the ornament of style, and appreciates logic 
 more than eloquence. 
 
 Small — Shows a marked deficiency in what- 
 ever appertains to taste and style, also to beauty 
 and sentiment. 
 
 B. SrBLIMITT. 
 
 Perception and appreciation of the vast, illimit- 
 able, endless, omnipotent, and infinite. Adapted 
 to that infinitude which characterizes every 
 department of nature. Perverted, it leads to 
 bombast, and a wrong use of extravagant ideas. 
 
 Large — Appreciates and admires the grand, 
 sublime, vast, magnificent, and splendid in nature 
 and art ; admires and enjoys exceedingly mountain 
 scenery, thunder, lightning, tempest, vast pros- 
 pects, and all that is awful and magnificent, also 
 the foaming, dashing cataract, a storm at sea; 
 the lightning's vivid flash, audits accompanying 
 thunder; the (■oniniotion of the elements, and the 
 star-spaiiLTlt'ii eaiinjiy of heaven, and all manifes- 
 tition;-cii otnnipoti-nce and infinitude; with large 
 Veneration, i?. p;irtieularly delighted by the infin- 
 ite as appertaining to the Deity, and his attributes 
 and works. 
 
 Average — Possesses considerable of this ele- 
 ment, when it is powerfully excited, yet, imder 
 ordinary circumstances, only an ordinary share 
 of it. 
 
 Small — Shows a marked deficiency in this 
 respect, and should earnestly cultivate it. 
 
 22. IMITATION. 
 
 Ability and disposition to copy, take pattern, 
 and imitate- Adapted to man's requisition for 
 doing, talking, acting, etc. , like others. Per- 
 verted, it copies even their faults. 
 
 Large — Has a great propensity and ability to 
 copy and take pattern from others; do what is 
 seen done. 
 
 Average — Can copy tolerably well when this 
 faculty is strongly excited, yet is not a mimic, nor 
 a natural copyist. 
 
 Small — Copies even commonplace matter with 
 extraordinary difficulty and reluctance; is origi- 
 nal, and generally does everything in its own 
 way. 
 
 23. MlKTHEriiNESS. 
 
 Intuitive perception of the absurd and ridicu- 
 lous, dispositionandability to joke and make fun. 
 and laugh at what is improper, ill-timed, or unbe- 
 coming; pleasantness; facetiousness. Adapted to 
 the absurd, inconsistent, and laughable. Per- 
 verted, it makes fun on solemn occasions, and 
 where there is nothing ridiculous at which to 
 laugh. 
 
 Large — Enjoys a hearty laugh at the expres- 
 sions and .absurdities of .othei-s exceedingly, and 
 delights to make fun out of every thing not ex- 
 actly proper or in good taste, and is always 
 ready to give a,s good a joke as it gets. 
 
 Average— Is generally seriotis and sedate, 
 except when this faculty is excited, yet then often 
 l;iughs heartily, and evinces considerable wit. 
 
 Small — Makes little fun, is slow to perceive, 
 and still slower to turn jokes; seldom laughs, and 
 lliinks it foolish or wrong to do so. 
 
 24. INDIVinrALlTY. 
 
 Oliservation. desire to see and examine, cogni/ 
 ance of individual objects. Adapted to individual 
 existence, or the thingness of Ihings. and Is tho 
 door through which most forms of knowledge 
 enter the mind. Perverted, makes the starerand 
 the impudently observing. 
 
 l*arge — Gives a great desire to see. know, 
 exaniine, experience, ete. ; is a great and prjietteal 
 observer of men ami tlnn^.s. sees whatever Is 
 
 .,^ 
 
 ^
 
 DESCIill'TKl.N OK Till-; XAKIOfS OK(;aNS (iK TIM-; .MJMj 
 
 ¥ 
 
 trttiispirlnp around, what should be done, etc.; Is 
 quick of pcTcei)ti<)ii; knowing. 
 
 Avfrairc — <>l»Mfrves only the more consplc- 
 11.111-^ ..i,i. I Is .■iroiind it, and these more in Keii- 
 i-ial llii.n in .ii-ijiil. und what especially interests 
 til.- l;uK'-i I.HMiltu-s. 
 
 Smull — Ohserves only what is thrust upon his 
 attention, and is (iiiite deficient in thia respect. 
 
 25. FOItM. 
 
 Cognizance and rccollHClion of shape, memory 
 of countenances and the looks of persons and 
 things seen, perception of resemblances, family 
 likenesses, etc. Adapted to shape. Perverted, 
 aees imaginai-y shapes of persons, things, etc. 
 
 LairCP — Notices, and for a Innf time remem- 
 
 b(-l>. til.- f:H-is. r.Ulllti ri;iii<es. fniril-., looks, etc., 
 of pi I'Mii-.. In ;lsr^, iuid tllUlKs i.ii.r seen; knows 
 by ^-ik'iit iii;iiiy whose ii;iitn.'s are not remembered. 
 
 AveriiKe — Has only a fair natural recollec- 
 tion of shapes, eountenances. etc. ; yet with much 
 practice may do tolerably well, but without prac- 
 tice will be comparatively deficient in these re- 
 spects, and should cultivate this faculty. 
 
 Smitll— Has a poor recollection of persons, 
 books, etc. ; often meets persons the next day 
 after an introduction, or an evenintj: interview, 
 without knowinf? them; with Eventuality large, 
 limy remember their history, but not their faces; 
 with Locality large, where they were seen, but 
 not their looks, etc. 
 
 ■26. SIZE, 
 
 Cognizance of bulk, magnitude, quantity, pro- 
 portion, etc. ; ability to measure by the eye. 
 Adapted to the absolute and relative magnitude 
 of things. Perverted, it is pained by slight depart- 
 ures from proportion, or architectural inaeeura- 
 cies. 
 
 I^arffe — Has an excellent eye for measuring 
 angles, pi-oportions, disproportions, and depart- 
 ures therefrom, and with large Constructiveness, 
 gives a good mechanical eye, and judges correctly 
 of quantity in general; loves proportion, and is 
 pained by disproportion, and i:> necessary to arti- 
 sans, mechanics, all kinds of dealers, students, 
 etc. 
 
 Average — Has a fair eye for judging of bulk, 
 weight, by the size, etc., and with practice would 
 do tolerably well in this respect. 
 
 Small ~ Is obliged always to )-ely on actual 
 measurements, because the eye is too imperfect 
 to be trusted. 
 
 27. >VEIGHT. 
 
 Intuitive perception and application of the laws 
 of gravity, motion, etc. Adapted to man's requi- 
 sition fur motion. Perverted, it runs imminent 
 risk pt falling. 
 
 LarKe — Has an excellent faculty for preserv- 
 ing and regaining balance; riding a fractious 
 horse, skating, carrying a steady hand, etc. ; 
 easily keeps from falling, when aloft, or in 
 dangerous places; throws a stone, ball, or arrow 
 straight ; is pained at seeing things out of plumb ; 
 judges of perpendiculars very exactly; loves to 
 climb, walk on the edge of a precipice, etc. 
 
 Averuce — Similar, only less gifted in this 
 respect; with only average Constructiveness and 
 pereeptives. should never engage in working 
 machinery, because deficient in this talent. 
 
 Small— Is quite liable to sea-sickness, dizzi- 
 ness when aloft, etc., and naturally clumsy; with 
 large Cautiousness, is afraid to walk over water, 
 even on a wide plank, and where there is no 
 danger; never feels safe while climbing, and falls 
 easily. 
 
 28. COLOR. 
 
 Perception, recollection, and application of 
 colors, and delight in them. .Adapted to that 
 infinite variety of coloring interpei-sed through- 
 out nature. Pei-verted, is over-particular to have 
 coloi-s just right. 
 
 Lariee— Can discern and match colors by the 
 eye with accuracy; with Comparison large, can 
 compare them closely, and detect similarities and 
 differences. 
 
 Averapre— Possesses a fair share of this talent, 
 yet is not extraordinary. 
 
 Small — Can tell the primitive colors from 
 each othej*, yet rarely notices the color of drcHS. 
 eyes, hair, etc.; eannot dcscrlbi; perMons and 
 things by them, and evinces a marked defieieiicy 
 in this respect. 
 
 2V». ORDER. 
 
 Method, system, arrangement. Adapted to 
 heaven's first law. Perverted, it overworks, and 
 annoys others to kcej) things in order, and is tor- 
 mented by disarrangement. 
 
 Larire — Has a desire to conduct business on 
 methodical principles, and to be systematic in 
 every thing; with large Acquisitiveness an(l 
 Causality, has good business talents; with large 
 Locality, has a plact- for every thing, and every 
 thing in its place; with large Time, has a time for 
 every thing, and every thing in season; with large- 
 Continuity. Comparison ancl the mental tempera- 
 ment, has every idea, paragraph, and head of a 
 subject in its proper place; with large Construct- 
 iveness, has its tools where it can always lay 
 hands upon them in the dark. 
 
 Average — Likes order, yet may not always 
 keep it, and desires more than it practically 
 secures. 
 
 Small — Has a very careless, inaccurate way 
 of doing every thing; leaves things where it hap- 
 pens; can never find what is wanted; takes a 
 long time to get ready, or else goes unprepared, 
 and has every thing in periietual confusion. 
 
 30. CAUrLATION. 
 
 Cognizance of numbers, ability to reckon figures 
 in the head, mental arithmetic. Adapted to the 
 relations of numbers. 
 
 Large — Excels in mental arithmetic, in 
 adding, subtraetiiig. multiplying, dividing, reck- 
 oning figures. liisTliii,'' aeeounts. etc.. in the head; 
 with large peieejitivi's, has excellent business 
 talents, and large Lueality and Causality added, 
 excels as a mathematician. 
 
 Average — Can learn arithmetic and do quite 
 well by practice, yet is not naturally gifted in 
 this respect. 
 
 Small —Is dull and Incori'ect in adding, sub- 
 tracting, dividing, etc. ; di.-^Iikes figuring; is poor 
 in arithmetic, both practical and theoretical, and 
 should cultivate this faculty. 
 
 31. LOCALITY. 
 
 Cognizance of place; recollection of the looks 
 of places, roads, scenerj-, and the location of 
 objects, where on a page ideas are to be found, and 
 position generally; the geographical faculty; 
 desire to see places, and the ability to find them. 
 Adapted to the arrangement of space and place. 
 Perverted, it creates a cosmopolitic disposition, 
 and would spend every thing in traveling. 
 
 I^arge —Remembers the wheieabout of what- 
 ever it sees; can carry the i>.)iiits oi \hv compass 
 easily in the head, and is Itjst wiili diilii-ulty either 
 in the city, woods or country; desires to see 
 places, ami never forgets them ; studies geogra- 
 phy and astronomy with ease, and rarely forgets 
 where things are seen. 
 
 Average — Recollects places and positions 
 seen several times, yet in city or roads is occasion- 
 ally lost ; has no great geographical talent, yet by 
 study and practice can do tolerably well. 
 
 Small — Is decidedly deficient in finding places, 
 and recollects them with difficulty even when per- 
 fectly familiar with them. 
 
 32. EVENTUALITY. 
 
 Memory of facts, recollection of circumstances, 
 news, occurrences, and historical, scientific, and 
 passing events; what has been said, seen, heard, 
 and once known. Adapted to action, or those 
 changes constantly occurring around or within us. 
 
 Large — Has a clear and retentive memory 
 of historical facts, general knowledge, what has 
 been seen, heard, read, done. etc.. even in detail; 
 considering advantages, is well informed and 
 knowing; desires to witness and institute experi- 
 ments; find out what is and has been, and learn 
 anecdotes, particulars, and items of information, 
 and readily recalls to mind what has once entered 
 it; has a good genera! matter-of-fact memory, 
 and picks up facts readily. 
 
 Average — Recollects leading events and 
 
 interesting particulars, yet In rather deficient in 
 memory of items and details, except when It in 
 well cultivated. 
 
 Small — Has a treochcrouH and confuHcd 
 
 memory of circumstance)!); often forgets what is 
 wanted, what was intended to be said. done. etc. ; 
 has a poor command of knowledge, und «hould 
 strenuously exerci«e this remembering power. 
 
 33. TIME. 
 
 Cognizance and recollectioti of duration and 
 succession, the lapse of time, when things or-- 
 curred. etc.. and ability to carry the time of the 
 day in the head punctually. Adapted to period- 
 icity. Perverted. It l.s exceiwively pained by bad 
 time in nmaic, not keeping steps in walking, etc. 
 
 Large — Can generally tell when things oc- 
 curred, at least the order of events and the length 
 of time between one oceurrence and another, etc. : 
 tells the time of the day without timepiece or sun. 
 well, and keeps an accurate chronology In the 
 mind of dates, general and particular. 
 
 Average— With practice, has a good memory 
 of dates and successions, yet without it rather 
 deficient. 
 
 Small — Has a confused and indistinct idea of 
 the time when things transpired, and forgets 
 dates. 
 
 34. TCXE. 
 
 Ability t(» learn and remember tunes by rote; 
 the music instinct and faculty. Adapted to the 
 musical octave. Perversion— excessive fondness 
 for music to the neglect of other things. 
 
 Large — Loves music dearly; has a nice con- 
 ception of concord, melody, etc., and enjoys all 
 kinds of music. 
 
 Average — Has fair musical talents, yet to be 
 a good musician, requires considerable pnwtice; 
 can learn tunes by rote, yet with some difficulty. 
 
 Small — Learns to sing or play tunes with great 
 diflficulty, and that mechanically, without emo- 
 tion or effect. 
 
 35. LAXGIAGE. 
 
 Expression of ideas and feelings by words, 
 written or spoken; gesture, looks, and action; the 
 communicative fjLculty and instinct in general. 
 .\dapted to man's requisition for holding commu- 
 nication with man. Perverted, it creates gar- 
 rulity, excessive talkativeness, telling what does 
 harm, etc. 
 
 Large — Expresses ideas and feelings well, 
 both verbally and in writing; can learn to speak 
 languages easily; recollects words and commits to 
 memory well; gives freedom, copiousness, and 
 power of expression. 
 
 Average — Has fair communicating talents, 
 yet not extra. 
 
 Small — Has poor lingual and communicative 
 talents; hesitates for words, speaks with extreme 
 difficulty and very awkwardly, and should cul- 
 tivate this faculty by talking and writing much. 
 
 36, CAUSALITY. 
 
 Perception and application of causes ; adaptation 
 of ways and means to ends. Adapted to the insti- 
 tution in nature of causes and effects. Perverted 
 by selfishness, it reasons in favor of untruth, and 
 attains injurious ends. 
 
 Large — Desires to know the why and where- 
 fore of things, and to investigate their laws; 
 reasons clearly and correctly from causes to 
 effects, and from facts to their causes; gives 
 uncommon capabilities of planning, contriving, 
 inventing, creating resources, and making the 
 head save the hands; kills two birds with one 
 stone; predicts results, and arranges things so as 
 to succeed; synthetizes, and puts things together 
 well. 
 
 Average — Plans and reasons well in con- 
 junction with the larger faculties, but poorly with 
 the smaller ones. 
 
 Small — Is deficient in reasoning and planning 
 power; needs perpetual telling and showing; 
 seldom arranges things beforehand, and then 
 poorly; should work under others: lacks force of 
 idea and strength of understanding. 
 
 — sC): 
 
 S
 
 37. COMPARISON. 
 
 Inductive reasoning; ability and disposition to 
 classify, compare, draw inferences from analog, 
 etc. Adapted to those classifications which per- 
 vade universal nature. Perverted, is too redun- 
 dant in proverbs, fables, and figures of speech. 
 
 I.arBe —Reasons clearly and correctly from 
 conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws 
 which govern them; discerns the known from t lit 
 unknown, detects error by its incongruity with 
 facts; has an excflk-nt tah-iu t\<v .ruinpanng, ex- 
 plaining. expoiiiKliiiL', 'Titirisum', i-xpo^ing. etc.; 
 employs simik's ami iiri.ii.1imi> wlH, puts this and 
 that together, and draws inferences from them. 
 
 Average— Shows this talent in a good degree 
 in conjunction with the larger faculties, but is 
 rather wanting in reference to the smaller ones. 
 
 Small — Has a poor talent for drawing infer- 
 
 ences; lacks appropriateness in eveo' thing, and 
 should cultivate this faculty. 
 
 C. HUMAN NATIRE. 
 
 Discernment of character, perception of 
 motives, intuitive physiognomy. Adapted to 
 man's need of knowing his fellow-men. Perverted, 
 it produces suspiciousness. 
 
 Larsce — Reads men intuitively from their 
 looks, conversation, mannei-s. and walk, and 
 other kindred signs of character; with Individu- 
 ality and Comparison' large, notices all the little 
 things they do. and founds a correct estimate 
 upon them, and should follow first impressions 
 touching persons; with full Seeretiveness and 
 large Benevolence added, knows just how to take 
 men, and possesses much power over mind, 
 
 Average — Has fair talents for reading char- 
 
 acter, yet is not extra in this respect, and may 
 safely cultivate it. 
 
 Small — la easily imposed upon by others; with 
 large Conscientiousness and small Seeretiveness, 
 thinks every body tells the truth ; is too confiding, 
 and falls sadly in knowing where and how to take 
 things. 
 
 D. AGREEABLENESS. 
 
 Persuasiveness, pleasantness, blandness, etc. 
 Adapted to please and win others. 
 
 Large — Has a pleasing, persuasive, concilia- 
 toi-y mode of addressing people, and of saying 
 things. 
 
 Average —Has a good share of pleasantness 
 in conversation and appearance, except when the 
 selfish faculties are excited, but is then repulsive. 
 
 Small — Says even pleasant things very 
 unpleasantly, and fails sadly in winning the 
 good graces of people. 
 
 SIZE OF HEAD AS INFLUENCING CHARACTER. 
 
 Size of head and organs, other things being 
 equal, is the great phrenological condition. 
 Though tape measurements, taken around the 
 head, from Individuality to Philoprogenitiveness, 
 give some idea of the size of brain, the fact that 
 some heads are round, others long, some low, 
 and othei-s high, so modifies these measurements 
 that they do not convey any very con-ect idea of 
 the actual quantity of brain. Yet these measure- 
 ments range somewhat as follows: Least size of 
 adults compatible with fair talents, 20J<-, 20^ to 
 2VA, moderate; 21^4 to 22, average; 23 to 22^, full; 
 22ai'to233^, large; above 235^. very large. Female 
 heads. J^ to 5i^ below these averages. 
 
 Large — One having a large-sized brain, with 
 activity average, will possess consJder.able energj' 
 of intellect and feeling, yet seldom manifest it, un- 
 less it is brought out by some powerful stimulus, 
 and will be rather too indolent to exert, especially 
 his intellect; with activity full, will be endowed 
 with an uncommon amount of the mental power, 
 and be capable of doing a good deal, yet require 
 considerable to awaken him to that vigorous 
 effort of mind of which he is capable. If his 
 powers are not called out by circumstances, and 
 his organs of practical intellect are only average 
 or full, he may pass through life without attract- 
 ing notice or manifesting more than an ordinary 
 share of talent, but if the perceptive faculties 
 are strong, or very strong, and his natural powei-s 
 put in vigorous re(iuisition, he will manifest a 
 vigor and energy of intellect and feeling quite 
 above mediocrity — be ade(iuate to undertakings 
 which demand originality of mind and force of 
 character— yet, after all, be rather indolent. With 
 activity great. or very great, he will combine great 
 power of mind with great activity, exercise a 
 commanding inttuence over those minds with 
 which he comes in contact; when he enjoys, will 
 enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer 
 eipiallyso; he susceptible of strong excitement, 
 and. with the organs of the propelling powers 
 and of practical intellect large or very large, 
 will possess all the mental capabilities for con- 
 ducting a large business, for rising to eminence, 
 if not pre-eminence, and discover great force of 
 character and power of Intellect and feeling. With 
 activity moderate, when powerfully excited, will 
 evince consi(U*raI>le energy of intellect and feel- 
 ing, yet bo too indolent and too Hhiggish to do 
 much; lack clearnesj* and force <)f idea, and 
 IntenHencHHof feeling; unless literally driven to 
 it. will not be likely to be much or to do much, 
 and yet actually possess more vigor of mind and 
 
 energy of feeling than he will manifest. With 
 activity small, will border upon idiocy. 
 
 Very Large — One having a very large 
 head, with activity average or full, on great 
 occasions or when his powers are thoroughly 
 roused, will be truly great, but upon ordinary 
 occasions, ^vill seldom manifest any remarkable 
 amount of mind or feeling, and perhaps pass 
 through life with the credit of being a person of 
 good natural abilities and judgment, yet nothing 
 more. With great activity and strength .-ind large 
 intellectual organs, will be a natural genius, 
 endowed with very superior powers of mind and 
 vigor of intellect, and, even though deprived of 
 the advantages of education, his natural talents 
 will surmount all obstacles, and make him truly 
 talented. With activity verj- great, and the organs 
 of practical intellect and of the propelling powers 
 large, or very large, will possess the first order of 
 natural abilities; manifest a clearness and force 
 of intellect which will astonish the world, and a 
 power of feeling which will carry all before him, 
 and. with proper cultivation, enable him to 
 become a bright star in the firmament of intellec- 
 tual greatness, upon which coming ages may gaze 
 with del i ght and astonishment. His mental 
 enjoyment will be most exquisite, and his suffer- 
 ings equally keen. 
 
 Full- One having a full-sized brain, with 
 activity great, or very great, and the urgans of 
 practical intellect and of the propelling powers 
 large, or very large, although he will not possess 
 greatness of intellect, nor a deep, strong mind, 
 will be very clever; have considerable talent, and 
 that so distributed that it will show to be more 
 than it really is; is capable of be'ng a good 
 scholar, doing a fine business, and with advan- 
 tages and application, of distinguishing himself 
 somewhat, yet he is inadequate to a preat under- 
 taking; cannot sway an extensive infiuence. nor 
 be really great. With activity full, or average, 
 will do only tolerably well, and manifest only a 
 common share of talent; with activity moderate, 
 or small, will neither be nor do much worthy of 
 notice. 
 
 Average— With activity great, manifests a 
 quick, clear, sprightly mind, and off-hand talents, 
 and is cjipable of doing a fair business, especially 
 if the slamina is good. With activity very great, 
 and the organs of the propelling i>owers and of 
 ])ractlcai intellect large, or very large, Is capable 
 of doing a good business, and may pass for a man 
 of fair talent, yet will not ho original or profound; 
 will be quick of perception; have a good practi- 
 
 cal understanding; will do well in his sphere, yet 
 never manifest gi'eatness, and out of his sphere, 
 be commonplace. With activity only average, 
 will discoveronly an ordinary amount of intellect; 
 be inadequate to any important undertaking: yet, 
 in a small sphere, or one that requires only a 
 mechanical routine of business, may do well. 
 With moderate or small activity, will hardly have 
 conmion sense. 
 
 Moderate — One with a headof only moderate 
 size, combined with great or very great activity, 
 and the organs of the propelling powers and of 
 practical intellect large, will possess a tolerable 
 share of intellect, yet be more showy than sound; 
 ivith others to plan for and direct him. will exe- 
 cute to advantage, yet be unable to do much 
 alone; will have a verj' active mind, and be quick 
 of perception, yet after all, have a contracted 
 intellect; possess only a small mental calibre, and 
 lack momentum, both of mind and character. 
 With activity only average or fair, will have but 
 a moderate amount of intellect, and even this 
 scanty allowance will be too sluggish for action, 
 so that be will neither suffer nor enjuy much. 
 With activity moderate, or small, will be idiotic. 
 
 Small, or Very Small— One wth a small 
 or very small head, no matter what may be the 
 activity of his mind, will be incapable of much 
 intellectual effort, of comprehending even easy 
 subjects, or of experiencing much pain or pleas- 
 ure; in short, will be mentally imbecile. 
 SIZE OF BRAIN AS AFFECTING MENTALITY. 
 
 Most great men have great heads. Webster's 
 head measured over 2i inches, and Clay's con 
 sidcrably above 23; and this is about Van Buren's 
 size; Chief Justice Gibson's, the gi'eatest jurist in 
 Peimsylvania, 24J^; Napoleon's reached nearly 
 or iiuite to 24. his hat passing easily over the hood 
 of one of his officers, which measured 23^. 
 and Hamilton's hat passed over the head 
 of a man whose head measiired 2.'J>^. Burke's 
 head was very large; so was Jefferson's, 
 while Franklin's hat passed over the ears of a 24- 
 inch head. Small and average-sized hen<ls often 
 astonish us by their brilliancy and learning, and. 
 perhaps, eloquence, yet they fail In that com 
 manding greatness which Impresses and sways 
 min<l. Thi' phrenological law is. that size, other 
 things being equal. Is a measure of power, yet 
 these other conditions, such as activity, power of 
 motive, health, physiological habits, etc.. 
 Increase or diminish the montality, even more 
 than size. 
 
 :(b> —
 
 sLe: 
 
 THE TWO KOADS. 
 
 -Hr<-*- 
 
 ^>i::i—<S' 
 
 ■-■^^ 
 
 T©— 2x5<-.- 
 
 -^ 
 
 -r-^^ 
 
 How Training and Circumstances May Change the Mind. 
 
 .^._j_^^ 
 
 What the Boy May Become. 
 
 -^-« 
 
 N THE success and fnilnres of life much allowuncc must 
 be made for training and circuinstances. The iuberitance 
 at birth of a favorable temperament, physical constitution, 
 and mental organization, is, in the beginning, a most 
 important factor toward the accomplishment of grand 
 purposes in life. To be born of evil parentage, to inherit vi'eak- 
 nesscs and gross appetites, to have bad training in infancy — these 
 are circumstances that will very probably strongly tend to consign 
 the individual to the lower walks of life. And yet, notwithstanding 
 bad parental influence and inferior mental endowment, the cour&e of 
 life can be so regulated through education as to enable the person 
 to become a respected and honored citizen. On the contrary the 
 
 I individual, though the possessor of naturally superior qualities of 
 . mind, may pursue a course which will bring sorrow and unhappincHH 
 through life. 
 
 The illustrations upon this page Phow the " TwO Boads," which 
 the boy, as he journeys toward manhood, may travel, the result of 
 surrounding circumstances favorable or otherwit^e. Temptation 
 crosses the pathway in youth. Possibly wise counsel comes at an 
 opportune time, and the lad is thus enabled to resist the evil. No 
 guiding hand, however, coming to the rescue, and adverse influences 
 being at work undoing good admimitions, he falls into evil ways and 
 wrecks the happiness and usefulness of his after-life. The following 
 pictures tell the fact more forcibly than pen can portray. 
 
 The Downward Path. 
 
 SHAT the debused man may 
 have been a guileless youth, in 
 the beginning, we show here the 
 innocent face of the lad as pre- 
 sented in No. 1. 
 
 ^GAIN we see him in No. 2, 
 when the efi'ect of evil conijuiny, 
 late hours, profanity, neglect of 
 personal appearance, and irreg- 
 ular life 
 selves manifest. 
 
 begin to make them- 
 
 ^EARS go by, and at No. 3 we 
 see our boy, fair-faced in the 
 ^ beginning, now a listless loung- 
 ei', with little ambition above 
 tobacco, liquor, and the gratifi- 
 cation of his low appetites. 
 
 <PR( )KEX down and worn-out 
 nuicli before his time, we see 
 him lastly at No. 4. The face 
 tells its own story of dissi])ation, 
 crime, degradation, and final 
 misery. 
 
 Happy, Prosperous Life. 
 
 @GAIX we see, at No. 5. the 
 guileless face of the boy, before 
 whom the world stretches so far 
 and wide with its opportunities 
 and its teinptations. 
 
 'gK- FEW years and our boy is 
 a smooth-browed, clear-eyed 
 youth, whom we see at No. 6. 
 He is living correctly, and he 
 is doing rightly. This is shown 
 in every lineament of his face. 
 
 'fJ^VR boy has matured into 
 manhood, at No. 7, with an 
 evenly balanced mind, and aspi- 
 rations all in the right direction ; 
 consequently success and pros- 
 perity greet him at every turn 
 in his career. 
 
 BIFE has been well-lived, and 
 his last years find him, as seen 
 at No. 8, in the midst of plenty, 
 honored and beloved, resting 
 serenely at the close, ready to 
 live and ready to die.
 
 •224 
 
 ARTEMUS WARD AND JOSH lillLLINGS. 
 
 Humorists. 
 
 -■.A.A.^A^^!"J".^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^?i??^^^»^^^ 
 
 
 ■■J ■ I I MiMW ■ ■ I ^ ■ T !' m at^MSasfc— ^ 
 
 A Sketch of Some of Those Who Have Made People Laugh. 
 
 CHARLES F. BROWNE. 
 
 ^IIARLES FARRAU BROWNE, (Artemus Ward), was born at 
 Ij Waterford, Me., April 26. 1834. He was by trade a printer, 
 Ijll working in Maine, in Boston and on various papers in Ohio, 
 
 \ fiiiidly settling down for a four years' stay on the Plaindealer, 
 in Cleveland, where he established himself as a humorist of the 
 first class. It was while here that the following letter, purporting to 
 come from a traveliug showman, written in 1858, went the rounds of 
 the pai)ers. It was so true to human nature, and withal, so comical 
 as to commend itself at once to the laughter-loving people, and 
 directly cstubUshed the reputation of the < ^^»y y 
 author. In 1862 his first book appeared, 
 entitled. ' •Artemus Ward: His Book, 
 which was followed by three others. 
 
 Commencing as a humorous lecturer in 
 1861. he afterwards went on a successful 
 lecturing tour to England in 1866, where 
 he died' of consumption. The following 
 is the first article of his which had a 
 general circulation. 
 
 Letter From a Traveling Showman. 
 
 Tn thf Edilur of the 
 
 SIR— I'm movin along— slowly jilong— down 
 lords ymir place. I want you should rite me 
 a letter, aayin how is the show bizniss in your 
 place. My show at present consists of three 
 moral Uan's, a Kangaroo (a ainoozin little 
 Iljutkal— t'would make you larf yet-self to deth 
 to see the little cuss jump up and squealj wax 
 tltrcers of G. Wiu-^hintftou Gen. Taylcr John 
 Ituny.an Capt. Kidd and Dr. Webster in the 
 avt of kilHn Dr. Parknian, besides several mis- 
 cfllanyus moral wax statools of celebrated 
 pinits & murderers, &c. , ekalled by few 
 & exceld by none Now Mr. Editor, scratch 
 orf a few lines sayin how is the show bizniss 
 
 down to your place. I shall hav my hanbillsdunatyour offlss. Depend up()n 
 it. I want you should git my hanbills up in flamin stile. Also get up a trc- 
 mcnjuM excitement in yr. paper 'bowt my onparaleld Show. We must 
 fetch the public sumhow. Wo must wnrk on their fcelins. Cum the 
 moral on 'em stronpr. If It'.s a temperance couimunity tell 'etn 1 sined the 
 pled(fe llftcen mlnSts arter Ise bom, but on the contrery ef your popio 
 take their tods, say Mister Ward is as .lenial a feller as we ever met, full 
 of conviviatity, A the life an sole of the Soshul Ilored. Take, don't you! 
 If you say nnythin abowt my show say my snaiks is as harmliss as the 
 new bom Mnbe. What a interestln stndy it is to see a zewolofrlcol animal 
 like a snaik under perfeck subjeeshun! My kanpraroo is the most larfable 
 lltth' cuss I ever saw. All for 1.5 cents. I am anxyus to skewer your 
 IttllMoiinre. I repcet In re^nrd to them hanbills that I shall git 'em struek 
 
 orf up to your printin office. My perlitercal sentiments agree with youm 
 exackly. I know thay do. becawz I never saw a man whoos didn't. 
 Respectively yures, 
 
 A. Waed. 
 P. S. — You scrntrh my bark & lie scratch your back. 
 
 CHARLES F. BROWNE. 
 
 HENRY W. SHAW-'^JOSH BILLINGS.'' 
 
 |V0R TWENTY years or more the reading public have been fami- 
 *lV liar with the writings of " Josh Billings," the fictitious name 
 ^ of Henry W. Shaw, who was born at Lanesborongh, Berkshire 
 ' county, Mass., in the year 1818. During the war of 1812, his grand- 
 father had been conspicuous as a member of congress, and in 1820 his 
 father, then a member of the same legisla- 
 tive body, took a remarkable position in 
 the Missouri-compromise discussion of 
 that day. 
 
 At the age of fifteen the lad left home 
 and emigrated to the West and engaged in 
 the combined avocation of a farmer and an 
 auctioneci'. For twenty-five years he con- 
 tinned these pursuits, and then, turning 
 his face eastward again, he established 
 himself in the auction business at Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y. 
 
 Until he was forty-five years of age Mr. 
 Shaw never wrote a line for publication, 
 unless it was an occasional advertisement, 
 his first production, over the name of 
 "Josh Billings," having been written May 
 25, 1863. His reputation as a humorist 
 was, however, of rapid growth and his pop- 
 ularity soon became very great. 
 Under those encouraging circumstances he 
 from that lime forward devoted his talents 
 to writing and public lecturing, with nat- 
 tering success. His published works comprise several volumes of 
 laughter provoking sketches, and a series of annnal collections of 
 sharp and witty sentences on various topics in social life, under the 
 name of "Allmiuax. " Died at Monterey, Col., Oct. 14, 1885. 
 
 The peculiarities of his genius are manifi^sted in gentle sarcasm, 
 great good sense fonnded on his knowledge of human nature, and 
 orthography ludicrously distorted, regardless of tlie rules of Kirk- 
 ham or Webster; for instance: 
 
 " F'aith that iz fonnded on an ernest and tnithfnl convickshun iz 
 butifnl tn behold; but faith that iz founded simpla on courage aint 
 enny thing more than good grit." 
 
 ^■}
 
 Prominent Satirist, Widely Known as Petroleum V. Nasby. 
 
 ^ E\V SATIRISTS in the language have been 
 quoted so extensively as "Nasby." 
 His letters, usually purporting to come 
 from a Democratic politician, had such 
 a political significance, mingled with 
 satire and ridiculous spelling, as to make 
 them of very general service in the Repub- 
 lican papers, where they have been published. 
 It was while publishing the Findlay Je^ff'er- 
 sonia/i, in Ohio, that he wrote and issued in his paper a letter that 
 purported to come from a whisky-loving, ignorant, penniless, pro- 
 slavery Democrat, in Kentucky, who wanted to be a postmaster. This 
 letter, over the signature of the '*Rev. Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby," 
 
 had a large circulation, and paved the way for the multitude of 
 other letters that followed. 
 
 D. R. Locke was born at Vestal, N. Y., September 20, 1833. He 
 learned the printing trade at Cortland, N. Y. , from which point he 
 drifted westward, and became a reporter on various papers, and 
 afterwards a newspaper publisher in several of the interior towns in 
 Ohio, the ' ' Nasby " letters commencing their appearance about 1860. 
 
 Later. Mr. Locke becoming connected with the Toledo Blade, 
 the letters were transferred to that journal, in which they have been 
 issued for several years, finally appearing in book form under 
 various titles. One of his last enterprises is that of play-writing. A 
 popular comedy of his, entitled "Widow Bedott, " is at this writing 
 meeting with good success on the theatrical boards. 
 
 NASBY GIVES AN ACCOUNT OF HIS FIRST MARRIAGE—WHAT HE EXPECTED AND WHAT HE GOT. 
 
 [Toledo Blade.] 
 
 CONFEDRIT X Roads (wich is in the State uv 
 Kentucky), February 15. 1881. — I wuz a young 
 man, and sin(?lerly averse to work. Work never 
 agreed with me. My prinsiple employment wuz 
 to hiy under trees all day and commune with 
 Nftcher, onless ther wuz a grosery convenyent, 
 wich wuz liable to ask the house up to take suthin. 
 I didn't feel the need uv much eggsercise. but wat 
 I needed I cood git at playin' seven-up or euker in 
 the t'rosery I hev menshuned. ShuHin and dealin 
 keerds develops the muscles uv the arms wonder- 
 ful. Billyards wuz alluz too much for me. 
 
 The time cum. however, when it becum neces- 
 sary to do suthin for a livelihood. I wuz too 
 yung to go into politix, and the old man, my 
 father, he got to that age when it was all that he 
 cood do to borrer for hisself. He wuz a gittin old 
 ami wiiziit ez strong ez he wunst hed bin. He 
 intiniiitiii to me that the sooner I shifted for 
 mysrlt the better he'd be pleased. Wot cood I do! 
 I hed no perfeshen that wood enable me to live 
 without laber, and laber I wooden't. 
 
 My father solved the problem. "Marry awid- 
 der." said he, — " a widder with a farm, and make 
 her do the work. Yoo are ekal to overseein a 
 farm. Aint yer?" 
 
 1 remarked that I cood see other men swet with- 
 out materially fatiguin myself, and that I thot his 
 segestion a good one. I wood adopt it. 
 
 Hard-by wuz the widder Thompson, wich wuz 
 the owner uv one uv the best farms of the seck- 
 shun. It wuz 200 akers of good land, well-im- 
 proved and well-stocked. She wuzn't eggsackly 
 wat wood be called a handsome woman, and wuz 
 16 yeei-s older than me, but I didn't mind that. 
 What cared I that her teeth wuz all out. and that 
 she hed a goiter, and weighed 200 pounds ? Wat 
 cared 1 that she hed a habit uv goin about with 
 her stockins down at her heels, and that she con- 
 sidered the time spent in comin hair ez wastid ? 
 She hed a farm, and that wuz enuff for me. 
 
 1 Iitiil sifge to this venerable female, and to my 
 dilil.' ImiukI her not averse to a second chance at 
 inatrniiMny. I wuz a helthy young man. and not 
 bjid lixikin, and looked ez Iho I mite run two er 
 three farms to wunst. She wuz ruther lonesome 
 on the farm, and it cost a pile uv money to hire 
 help, and then they needed a man to look after 
 
 15 
 
 'em ; and, to make a long story short, she accepted 
 me, and we wuz yoonited in the holy bonds uv 
 matrimony. 
 
 For a few days I lived in a elysium, watever that 
 may be. I hed the best uv eatin. suthin the Nasby 
 family did not indulge in, and Mrs. Nasby wuz ez 
 complaisant ez a woman cood be. 1 hed cider to 
 drink, the late Thompson left a good supply uv 
 terbaker, and things wuz a goin ez smooth ez 
 cood be. 
 
 The fourth day Mrs. Nasby remarked that we 
 hed hed a long rest, and it wuz time we got about 
 our work. 
 
 " Pete, " said she, "Yoo want to take the oxen 
 this mornin and go and break that lot behind the 
 barn. It must be done to wonst, and shood hev 
 been a week ago. but for this marrying biznis. " 
 
 " Excoose me. Mrs. Nasby," sez I, goin out and 
 layin down und<'r a apple tree, with my pipe 
 lightid, "breakin ground is not my best hold. 
 This soots me better. I didn't marry to break 
 ground." 
 
 "What," she eggsclaimed. 
 
 " I merely say that 1 shall not break grounds. 
 My biznis on this farm is merely ornamental. I 
 am willin to go and lay down in the field to be 
 broke and oversee the breakin. pervidid there is a 
 shade-tree under which I kin lay. But ez for 
 takin hold uv a plow myself, never." 
 
 Tlie woman looked at me in a dazed sort of way, 
 foraminit. She held in her rite hand a pale of 
 soap-suds wich she was a-goin to pour on the roots 
 uv a grape-vine near me. Without a word uv 
 warnin she histid that buckit of suds, hot ez it 
 wuz. all over mc. and in another second hed me 
 by the hair. It wuz time that I assertid myself. 
 I made up my mind to whale her then and there, 
 wunst for all. and hevin establisht my soopeiior- 
 ity, hev it all my way, ever afterward. 
 
 Assertin one's sooperiority is all well enufF, but 
 yoo want to be shoor about your strength, that 
 bein the main pint in any assertin biznis. I riz 
 and grappled her. and found that assertin wuz one 
 thing and establishing quite another. In less 
 thiin a minit that infooriatid and muskeler female 
 hed ma on my back, and wuz a makin me bald- 
 headid at a rate wich I never dreamed possible. 
 She tore out my hair by the handful, she peeled 
 my face in a minit. and in less than four minits I 
 
 looked very much like an old-fashioned frigate 
 after an encounter at short range. 
 
 "Yoo won't work, won't ye '- well I guess you 
 will! Yoo'U work on this farm, or ye won't eet. 
 Yoo won't work, won't ye ?" 
 
 And then, ez if that thot incited her to madnis. 
 she tore out wat little hair 1 hed left, and knocked 
 the last bit uv skin off my face, and dragged me 
 out to the lot. 
 
 "There is the plow, there is the oxen, and there 
 is the ground. Yoo sooperinlent ! I'll do that 
 eend uv the biznis. Git to work, yoo broot, er— " 
 
 I saw she wuz in earnest, and I yoked them oxen 
 meekly, and went to work in the hot sun and she 
 sot down under a shadetree and kept me at it, 
 without a minit's rest, till nite. 
 
 Her soopremacy wuz a.^sertid and established. 
 Whenever I dared to murmur she wood exhibit a 
 lock uv my hair, which she kept by her, and that 
 wuz enuff. I dared not question her authority- 
 Two mizrable yeers I spent on that farm, —two 
 yeers uv agonizin labor. When slie died I diskiv- 
 ered that the place wuz mortgaged for all it wu^ 
 worth, and that the money she gi>t for it she had 
 bequeathed to a neece of hern, and I wuz turned 
 out on a cold world, with nothin' 'cept wat I man- 
 aged to git off the place the night before I left. 
 
 That wuz why I went into politix. After driftin 
 some time, subsistin on wat chance threw in my 
 way nites, I found that men uv my caliber are 
 needed in politix, and that it is a shoorer livin 
 than marryin widders; and I likewise made up my 
 mind that ef I ever shood marry another widder 
 it wood be one which didn't weigh more than 
 ninety pounds: and that I shood eggsamine the 
 records afore the ceremony wuz pemounst. and 
 see that the farm didn't hev no incumbrance onto 
 it. Eggsperience is the only teacher. 
 
 Butt 1 shel never do it. Age ha-s dimmed my 
 arder. and long eggsperience in borrerin enables 
 me to live in suthin like comfort, ef not in luxurj-. 
 And then so long ez there is a Democrisy sich men 
 ez me are in demand; and jist before eleckshuns 
 I am shoor uv enuf to drink anyhow. I kin alluz 
 pick up enuf to eat. and close are not difficult to 
 come by in a keerlis and confldin kenlr>-. Pos- 
 sibly I have did ez veil ez though the widder cood 
 hev bin molded to niy will. 
 
 PETROLEr^ V. NaSBT. 
 
 =<5r 
 
 E 
 
 ^
 
 ■>-2*'> 
 
 SAMUEL L. CLEMENS, HUMORIST, BEST IvNOWN AS "MARK TWAIX. 
 
 
 TWAIN. 
 
 
 
 ■". ■')t.'i.. ■^"^■'Ji- li'\}l "■' 
 
 Newspaper Reporter, Lecturer and Humorist. 
 
 
 AM TEL L. CLEMEN'S, humorist, was born at Florida, 
 Mo., November 30. 1835. He was an apprentice to the 
 printing business in the Courier office at Hannibal, at the 
 age of thirteen, and subsequently worked at his trade in 
 St. Louis, Cincinnati, Phihulelphia and New York. 
 
 Becoming acquainted with steamboating, he secured a 
 situation as pilot on a Mississippi river steamer in 1855; 
 was a private secretary to bis brother, the Secretary of the Territory 
 of Nevada, in 1861; worked at raining for a time; was city editor of 
 the Virginia City, Nev. , E/UerpHse, in 1862; afterwards, for several 
 months, was a reporter on the Morning 
 Call newspaper, in San Francisco; 
 went to the Hawaiian It^landw in 1866; 
 
 — — 5 • -^0C=$«- • l 
 
 The following was one of Twain's 
 first sketches: 
 
 The Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. 
 
 In compliance with the request of a 
 friend of mine, who wrote me from the 
 East, I called on good-natured, garmlous 
 old Simon Wheeler, and inquired after my 
 friend's friend, Leonidaci W, Smiley, as 
 requested to do. and I hereunto append 
 the result. I have a lurking suspicion 
 that Lfoiiidas W. Smiley is a myth; that 
 my friend never knew such a personage; 
 and that he only conjectured that if I asked 
 old Whet'Ier about hJm, it would remind 
 him of his infamous .7i»i Smiley, and he 
 wfuild go to work and bore me to death 
 with .some exasperating reminiscence of 
 him as long and as tedious as it should be 
 useless to me. If that was the design, it 
 succeeded. 
 
 I found Simon Wheeler <iozing comforts 
 ably by the bar-room stove of the dilapi- 
 dated tavern In the decayed mining camp 
 of Angel's, and I noticed that he was fat 
 and bald-headed, and had an expression 
 of winning gentleness and simplicity upon 
 his tranquil countenance. Ho roused up, and 
 gave me good-day. I told him a friend of mine 
 had commissioned me to make some inquiries 
 about a cherished companion of his boyhood 
 mimed Lvonitldn W. Smiley — Rev. Leonidnn W. 
 Smiley, a young minister of the gospel, who he 
 had h«Mird wan at ime time a resident of Angel's 
 Ca«)p. I added that If Mr. Wheeler could tell me 
 
 Samuel L. Clemens, 
 
 Distinguished humorist, bettor known as " Mark Twai 
 
 anything about this Itev. Leonidas W. Smiley, I 
 would feel under many obligations to him. 
 
 Simon Wheeler backed me into a comer and 
 blockaded me there with hla chair, and then sat 
 down and reeled off the monotonous narrative 
 whW'h follows tills paragraph. He nevei- smiled, 
 he never frowned, he never ehamred his voice 
 from the gentle-Mowing key to which he tuned his 
 Initial sentence, he never betrayed the sliglitewl 
 
 returned to San Francisco a few months afterwards, and engaged 
 successfully in lecturing through California and Nevada. 
 
 In 1867 he accompanied a large party of travelers in the ' ' Quaker 
 City" on a pleasure excursion to Egypt and the Holy Land, from 
 which joinrney he gathered the material for a humorous volume, 
 entitled "The Innocents Abroad," a work that bad a large sale. 
 •■Roughing It," "The Gilded Age." "Tom Sawyer," "The 
 Tramp Abroad." and other books of his, have each had a large 
 circulation. 
 
 In 1872 and 1873 he was engaged in lecturing in England. He has 
 spent considerable time of late years 
 in Europe, though his residence is 
 in Hartford, Conn. 
 
 suspicion of enthusiasm; but all through 
 the interminable narrative there ran a vein 
 of impressive earnestness and sincerity, 
 which showed me plainly that, so far from 
 his imagining that there was anything 
 ridiculous or funny about his story, he 
 regarded it as a really important matter, 
 and admired its two heroesas men of trajv 
 scendent genius nnd. Ji»€sse. I let him go 
 on in his own way, and never interrupted 
 him once. 
 
 " Rev. Leonidas W. H'm, Reverend Le— 
 
 well, there was a feller here once by the 
 
 name of Jim Smiley, in the winter of '40— 
 
 or may be it was the spring of '50—1 don't 
 
 recollect exactly, someliow. though what 
 
 makes me think it was one or the other 
 
 is because I remember the big Hume wam't 
 
 finished when he Ili-st come to the camp; 
 
 but any way, he was the curiosest man 
 
 about always betting on anything that 
 
 turned up you ever see, if he eould get 
 
 anybody to bet on the other side; and If 
 
 he couldn't he'd change sides. Any way 
 
 that suited the other man would suit /i(»i— 
 
 any way just so's he got a bet he «'as satis- 
 
 lied. lUit still he was lucky, uncommon lucky; he 
 
 most always come out winner. He was always 
 
 ready and laying for a chance; there couldn't be 
 
 no solitary thing mentioned but that fellor'd offer 
 
 to bet on it, and take ary side you please, as I was 
 
 just telling you. If then- was a hoi"se-race. you'd 
 
 find him Hush or you'd find Iilin busted at the enil 
 
 of it; if there was a d-ig-ilght. he'd bet on It; 
 
 if there was a eat-tight, he'd bet on it; if there 
 
 5^
 
 'kl.t? 
 
 JIM SMILEY AKD THE JUMl'ING FROG OF CALAVERAS COUNTY. 
 
 waa a chicken-rtght, he'd bet on it; why, if there 
 was two birds settinp on a fence, he would bet j'ou 
 which ont! would fly fli"3t; or if there was a camp- 
 meetinff. he would be there reg'Iar to bet on 
 Parson Walker, which he jedged to be the best 
 exhorter about here, ancl so he was, too, and a good 
 man. If he even see a straddle-bug start to go any- 
 wheres, he would bet you how long it would take 
 liiui to get to— to wherever he was going to, and 
 if you took hini up, he would toiler that straddle- 
 bug to Mexico but what he would And out where 
 he was bound for and how long he was on the 
 road. Lots of the boys here has seen that 
 Smiley, and can tell you about hiui. Why. it 
 never made no difference to fttm— he'd bet on any 
 thing— the dangdest feller. Parson Walker's wife 
 lay very sick once, for a good while, and it seemed 
 as if they warn't going to save her; but one 
 morning he came in, and Smiley up and asked him 
 how she was, and he said she was considable 
 better— thank the Lord for his inf'nit mercy— and 
 coming on so smart that with the blessing of 
 Prov'dence she'd get well yet; and Smiley, before 
 he thought, says, "Well, I'll resk two and a half 
 she don't anyway." 
 
 Thish-yer Smiley had a mare — the boys called 
 her the fifteen-minute nag, but that was only in 
 fun, you know, because of course she was faster 
 than that — and he used to win money on that 
 horse, for all she was so slow and always had the 
 asthma, or the distemper, or the consumption, or 
 something of that kind. They used to give her 
 two or three hundred yards start, and then pass 
 herunderway; butalways at the fag-end of the 
 race she'd get excited and desperate-like, and 
 come cavorting and straddling up, and scattering 
 her legs around limber, sometimes in the air, and 
 sometimes out to one side amongst the fences, 
 and kicking up m-o-r-e dust and raising m-o-r-e 
 racket with her coughing and sneezing and blow- 
 ing her nose — and always fetch up at the stand just 
 about a neck ahead, as near as you could cipher it 
 down. 
 
 And he had a little small bull-pup, that to look 
 at him you'd think he warn't worth a cent but to 
 set around and look ornery and lay for a chance 
 to steal something. But as soon as money was up 
 on him he was a different dog; his under-jaw'd 
 begin to stick out like the fo'castle of a steam- 
 boat, and his teeth would uncover and shine like 
 the furnaces. And a dog might tackle him and 
 bully-rag him, and bite him. and throw him over 
 his shoulder two or three times, and Andrew 
 Jackson— which was the name of the pup— Andrew 
 Jackson would never let on but what he was satis- 
 fled, and hadn't expected nothing else— and the 
 bets being doubled and doubled on the other side 
 all the time, till the money was all up; and then 
 all of a sudden he would grab that other dog jest 
 by thej'int of his hind leg and freeze to it— not 
 chaw, you understand, but only just grip and 
 hang on till they throwed up the sponge, if it was 
 a year. Smiley always come out winner on that 
 pup, till he harnessed a dog once that didn't have 
 no hind legs, because they been sawed off in a cir- 
 cular saw, and when the thing had gone along far 
 enough, and the money was all up, and he come to 
 make a snatch for his pet holt, he see in a minute 
 how he'd been imposed on. and how the other dog 
 had him in the door, so to speak, and he 'peared 
 surprised, and then he looked sorter discouraged- 
 Uke. and didn't try no more to win the flght, and 
 so he got shucked out bad. He give Smiley a look, 
 as much as to say his heart was broke, and it was 
 his fault, for putting up a dog that hadn't no hind 
 legs for him to take holt of, which was his main 
 dependence in a fight, and then he limped off a 
 piece and laid down and died. It was a good pup. 
 was that Andrew Jackson, and would have made 
 a name for hisself if he'd lived, for the stuff 
 
 was in him and lu- had genius— I know It, 
 because he hadn't n(» opi)ortunities to speak of, 
 and it don't stand to reason that a dog could make 
 such a flght as htr could under them circumstances 
 if he hadn't no talent. It always makes me feel 
 sorry when I think of that lost flght of hls'n, and 
 the Way it turned out. 
 
 Well, tliish-yer Smiley had rat-tarriers, and 
 chicken-cocks, and tom-cats and all them kind of 
 things, till you couldn't rest, and you couldn't 
 fetch nothing for him to bet on but he'd match 
 you. He ketch'd a frog one day, and took him 
 home, and said he calc'lated to educate him; and 
 so he never done nothing for three mouths but set 
 in his back yard and learn that frog to jump. 
 And you bet you he did learn him, too. He'd give 
 him a little punch behind, and the next minute 
 you'd see that frog wliirling in the air like a 
 doughnut— see him turn one sunnnerset, or may 
 be a couple, if he got a good start, and come down 
 flat-footed and all right like a cat. He got him up 
 so in the matter of ketching flies, and kep' him in 
 practice so constant, that he'd nail a fly every 
 time as fur as he could see him. Smiley said all a 
 frog wanted was education, and he could do 'most 
 anything— and I believe him. Why, I seen him 
 set Dan'l Webster down here on this floor— Dan'l 
 Webster was the name of the frog— and sing out, 
 "Flies, Dan'l, flies!" and quicker'n you could 
 wink he'd spring straight up and snake a fly off'n 
 the counter there, and flop down on the floor ag'in 
 as solid as a gob of mud. and fall to scratching 
 the side of his head with his hind foot as indiffer- 
 
 ■ The Jumpine Frog. 
 
 ent as if iie hadn't no idea he'd been doin' any 
 more'n any frog might do. You never see a frog 
 so modest and straightfor'ard as he was, for all 
 he was so gifted. And when it come to fair and 
 Sfjuare jumping on a dead level, he could get over 
 more ground at one straddle than any animal of 
 his breed you ever see. Jumping on a dead level 
 was his strong suit, you understand; and when it 
 come to that, Smiley would ante up money on him 
 as long as he had a red. Smiley was monstrous 
 proud of his frog, and well he might be, for 
 fellers that had traveled and been everywheres, 
 all said he laid over any frog that ever they see. 
 
 Well. Smiley kep' the beast in a little lattice box, 
 and he used to fetch him down town sometimes 
 and lay for a bet. One day a feller— a stranger in 
 the camp, he was — come acrost him with his box, 
 and says : 
 
 "What might it be that you've got in the 
 box ?" 
 
 And Smiley says, sorter indifferent-like, "It 
 might be a parrot, or it might be a canaiy. may- 
 be, but it ain't—its only just a frog. " 
 
 And the feller took it, and looked at it careful. 
 
 and turned It round thlH way und that, and says, 
 " H'm— so 'tis. Well, what'«/i^ good f or ( " 
 
 "Well," Smiley says, easy and careless, "he's 
 good enough for one thing, I should judge— he can 
 outjump any frog in Calaveras county." 
 
 The feller took the box again, and took another 
 long, particular look, and give It back to Smiley, 
 and says, very deliberate, "Well," he says. "I 
 don't see no p'ints about that frog that's any 
 better'n any other frog." 
 
 " Maybe you don't." Smiley saya. "Maybe you 
 understand frogs and maybe you don't understand 
 'em. maybe you've had experience, and maybe you 
 ain't only a arnature, oh it were. Anyways, I've 
 got7«y opinion and I'll resk forty dollars that he 
 ean outjump any frog in Calaveras county." 
 
 And the feller studied a minute, and then says, 
 kinder sad like, " Wull, I'm only a stranger here, 
 and I ain't got no frog; but if I had a frog I'd bet 
 you." 
 
 And then Smiley says, "That's all right— that's 
 all right— if you'll hold my box a minute, I'll go and 
 get you a frog." And so the feller took the box, 
 and put up forty dollars along with Smiley's, and 
 set down to wait. 
 
 So he set there a good while thinking and think- 
 ing to hisself, and then he got the frog out and 
 prized his mouth open and took a teaspoon and 
 fliled him full of quail shot— filled him pretty near 
 up to his chin— and set him on the floor. Smiley 
 he went to the swamp and slopped around in the 
 mud for a long time, and finally he ketched a frog, 
 and fetched him in, and give him to this feller, 
 and says : 
 
 "Now, if you're ready, set him alongside of 
 Dan'l, with his fore-paws just even with Dan'l's, 
 and I'll give the word." Then he says, " One— 
 two— three— y(7 .' " and him and the feller touched 
 up the frogs from behind, and the new frog hopped 
 off lively, but Dan'l give a heave, and hysted up his 
 shoulders— so— like a Frenchman, but it warn't no 
 use— he couldn't budge; he was planted as solid as 
 a church, and he couldn't no more stir than if ho 
 was anchored out. Smiley was a good deal sur- 
 prised, and he was disgusted, too, but he didn't 
 have no idea what the matter was, of course. 
 
 The feller took the money and started away; 
 and when he was going out at the door, he sorter 
 jerked his thumb over his shoulder— so— at Dan'l, 
 and says again, very deliberate, " Well," he says, 
 "/don't see no p'ints about that frog that's any 
 better'n any other frog." 
 
 Smiley he stood scratching his head and looking 
 down at Dan'l a long time, and at last he says. ' • I 
 do wonder what in the nation that frog throw'd 
 off for— I wonder if there ain't something the 
 matter with him— he 'peai-s to look mighty baggy, 
 somehow." And he ketched Dan'l by the nap of 
 the neck, and hefted him, and says, '* Why blame 
 my cats, if he don't weigh five pound !" and turned 
 him upside down and he belched out a double 
 handful of shot. And then he see ho%v it was, and 
 he was the maddest man— he set the frog down 
 and took out after that feller, but he never 
 ketched him. And " 
 
 [Here Simon Wlieeler heard his name called 
 from the front yard, and got up to see what was 
 wanted.] And turning to me as he moved away, 
 he said: "Just set where you are, stranger, and 
 rest e^lsy— I ain't going to be gone a second. " 
 
 But, by your leave. I did not think that a con- 
 tinuation of the history of the enterprising vaga- 
 bond Jim Smiley would be likely to afford me 
 much information concerning the Rev. Leonidas 
 W. Smiley, and so I started away. 
 
 At the door I met the sociable Wbeeler return- 
 ing, and he button-holed me and re-commenced: 
 
 "Well, thish-yer Smiley had a " However, 
 
 lacking both time and inclination, I did not wait 
 to hear further about Smiley, but took my leave. 
 
 h
 
 228 
 
 THE AUTHORS OF "TEXAS SIFTINGS. 
 
 
 Alex. E. Sweet ^^ J. Armoy Knox, 
 
 ^ — ^ OF ^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 "I j g ■ I •! 
 
 UM 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^»^^ 
 
 5i^^iUxfY\^, 
 
 ^*? 
 
 ■ «« 
 
 _^^ 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 A Sketch of the Men who have Made Famous the Humorous Peculiarities of 
 Certain People we Have Seen. 
 
 '3^ 
 
 4 
 
 ALEXANDER E, 
 
 — -*— 
 
 SWEET. 
 
 ^^•^ 
 
 HE SENIOR publisher of Texas Si/tings, Alexander 
 -^ Edwin Sweet, the son of Jameg It. Sweet, a mer- 
 chant of St. Johns, N. B.y in the Canadian Dominion, was 
 born in the year 1841. In 1849 the family removed to 
 Texas, settling in the city of San Antonio. When seven- 
 teen years of age the youth was placed for a year and a 
 half in the College Hill seminary, at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 
 and was then sent to Germany to finish his education. While there he 
 pursued a course of 
 
 study in the Polytecb- ^^^^^^ a^sj^i 
 
 nic school at Carls- 
 ruhe, and was mar- 
 ried to ft lady of that 
 city. Returning to 
 Texas with his wife, 
 in 1863, he joined 
 the Thirty-third regi- 
 ment of Texas Con- 
 federate States caval- 
 ry as a private soldier, 
 serving until the war 
 ended, principally in 
 the Indian Terri- 
 tory and on the Rio 
 Grande. At the close 
 of his military career 
 he studied law in the 
 office of Thomas T. 
 Devine, at San Anto- 
 nio, and, after his ad- 
 mission to the bar, 
 practiced his profes- 
 sion in that city, with 
 very limited success, for a number of years. Under these cir- 
 cumstances he drifted into journalism as an assistant of the San An- 
 tonio ICxpretin, and afterward as a local reporter on the San Antonio 
 Herald. That paper collapsing, however, Mr. Sweet next bi-came 
 the correspondent of the Galveston (Texas) News, and in 1870 he 
 removed to Galveston and became an associate-editor of that paper, 
 retaining his connection with it about fourteen months. In May, 
 1881, he united his cai)ital and talents with those of J. Annoy Knox 
 
 ALEXANDER E. SWEET. 
 
 in the pablication of Texas Si/tings, at Austin, Texas, which they 
 have given a reputation and circulation of surprising magnitude. It 
 was while engaged on the San Antonio Daily Herald that Mr. Sweet's 
 humorous writings attracted great attention, were more quoted than 
 those of any other journalist of that time, and gained for him a 
 national reputation. In his labors he is versatile, not only writing a 
 large part of the humorous papers in the Siftifigs, but all those com- 
 ments on politicians and political matters that have made his paper a 
 
 power in the land. He 
 
 t^&^)_, e^3^1 ^^"^"^^ rapidly, and 
 
 writes as fast as he 
 thinks. As a speci- 
 men of the manm-r 
 in which he performs 
 his arduous labor, a 
 friend states that he 
 has had sometimes 
 three articles, on as 
 many subjects, in the 
 course of production 
 at once, keeping three 
 active compositors 
 employed in the print- 
 ing-office at the same 
 time. In furnishing 
 them with "copy "he 
 writes ten or twelve 
 lines of one article, 
 sends them to the 
 c o m p o s i u g-room ; 
 then indites a page of 
 article number two; 
 then tackles numl)er 
 three, and then resumes number one again. Mr. Sweet has not conlined 
 his genius or labors to the specific duties of a mere journalist. In 
 company with his partner, J. Armoy Knox, he explored a large por- 
 tion of tlu;ir adopted State of Texas, on jmnies. And together they 
 have given the story of experiences of travel in a large and profusely 
 illustrated volume, entitled " On a Mexican Mustang. " It is an en- 
 tertaining book, with sullleient variety of adventure and character to 
 (■onvi-y a very good idea of the country and people. 
 
 ^5
 
 T 
 
 -<): 
 
 Mli. KNOX RELATES HIS EXI'HKIENCE. 
 
 iJiiO 
 
 <i§)?-0-{lS> 
 
 '^M A Brief History of the Beginning of "Texas Siftings." m- 
 
 [An Answer to a I^etter 'Written to Mr. Knox.] 
 
 _ENTLEMEN: I am in receipt of your esteemed favor, 
 asking me to give you a few points in my life's history. 
 I was born, when I was quite young, in Armoy, Ireland. 
 A^_<2i5^ I was also born in March. 
 
 Tbirty-two times have the wild goose and gander winged their way 
 from the sunny Southland to their arctic home since I came into this 
 world of sin, sorrow and past due-bills. 
 I bad quite a large number of ancestors. 
 Many of them are dead. 
 The wages of sin is death. 
 
 Some of my ancestors were bad men, who lived in Scotland several 
 centuries ago, and who aided the king in some of his deviltries. For 
 this they were rewarded by grants of land in the north of Ireland, on 
 which they settled. First, however, they had to settle the natives 
 who owned the land. They did that by sticking knives into the na- 
 tives, and by prying their heads off with an edged-tool called a clay- 
 more. 
 
 When I was a boy I went to school. My schoolboy days were 
 rather uneventful. I can remember hardly anything of that period 
 of my existence that would be of interest to the public. I think I 
 remember having a gum-boil part of the time. I also had aspirations 
 — was afflicted with them for years. 
 
 After I left school I was placed on a high stool in a bank, that I 
 might learn business. I gave more of my time to books of travel and 
 adventure than to ledgers and cash-books, and I became filled with a 
 desire to see more of the world and the men in it than could be seen 
 after banking hours, in a billiard-saloon, in a small provincial town 
 in Ireland. After remaining three years in the bank, I resigned my 
 position and came to the United States^ stayed a year in Georgia, and 
 then, in 1873, came to Texas and traveled on board of a Mexican 
 mustang for several months, on the frontier; then settled down to 
 business, and got married. 
 
 For several years managed the Texas and American business of an 
 Eastern manufacturing company. Bought a plantation, and raised 
 corn and cotton. The negroes attended to the practical department 
 of the business; /, the theoretical. They dug down into the earth 
 with hoes, spades and plow. / bore the heat and burden of the day, 
 sitting on the fence, making mental calculations as to the profits that 
 I would realize from their labor. From a financial point of view my 
 planting experience was not encouraging. The negroes made a liv- 
 ing. I made an assignment. 
 
 In 1878 I met Alex. E. Sweet, who la now my accomplice In the 
 publication of Texas Siftings. Mr. Sweet was then correspondent of 
 the Galveston News and New York Herald. 
 
 Soon after we became acquainted, wc had a foreboding that the 
 American people would like to read just such literature as we felt 
 tbat we could extract ont of ourselves. We had also a premonition 
 that they would like to receive it In weekly installments. The result 
 of this was that in May, 1881. we began the publication of Texas 
 Siftings. 
 
 For a weekly paper, published away out on the ragged edge of civil- 
 ization, to be sold all over the United States, and to have reached a 
 hundred thousand copies, each issue, before it was in existence three 
 years, is some evidence that our forebodings were correct. Some 
 people wonder how such a success could l)e achieved under the disad- 
 vantage of publication so far from what is considered the intellectual 
 center of the country. I shall not tell how it has been done, but 
 will say that steady work sixteen hours a day had something to do 
 with it. 
 
 Last year we wrote a book of sketches that had a large sale and 
 was republished in England. 
 
 We have also found time to write a book entitled ' On a Mexican 
 Mustang through Texas." This work contains 700 pages, illustrated: 
 is descriptive of travels through Texas and Mexico, and is now being 
 sold by subscription in this country, and a reprint of it in England. 
 There is also a German translation being sold in Germany. 
 
 It is my habit to have business on tap during the day. It is only at 
 night, with a pipe to stimulate me, when my family is in bed, and 
 when the sound of the hired-girl enjoying her sleep in the basement 
 comes floating up like a benediction through the murky midnight air, 
 that the humorous spiggot is pulled out and some of those soul-har- 
 rowing, liver-regulating views of men and things that are published 
 in Texas Sif Zings flow out of me. 
 
 In the matter of religion, I believe that it is wicked to flsh on Sun- 
 day in the Guadaloupe river. 
 
 There are no fish in the Guadaloupe river. 
 
 Politics, did you say? Haven't got any. Too busy. Can't afford 
 to have politics, but I like to climb upon the fence and throw rocks at 
 the bold, bad men in all political parties. 
 
 I believe in a Republican form of government, and I always have 
 my eggs soft-boiled and scooped out into a glass by the nigger- 
 waiter. J. Armot Knox. 
 
 ooo ff 
 
 Sketch of a bad boy. 
 
 — After one of the Old Masters. 
 
 .? 
 
 ,i
 
 230 
 
 A TRIO OF DISTINGUISHED HUMOfilSTS. 
 
 <^=- 
 
 -^>- 
 
 Detroit 
 FREE PRESS. -I PECK'S SUH. 
 
 
 Burlington 
 HAV/KEYE 
 
 
 L 
 
 ^^^— 
 
 Eminent Representatives in the Field of Wit and Humor, 
 
 mo, which has become famous as the birth-place of 
 presidents and other distinguished people, gave 
 Charles B. Lewis, the humorist of the Detroit 
 (Mich. ) Free Press to the world, at the town of 
 Liverpool, in that State. 
 
 At the age of fourteen he was an apprentice 
 in the printing-office of the Lansing (Mich.) 
 Journal,' but when the war of the Rebellion 
 began he threw down his composing-stick, en- 
 listed in the Sixth Michigan volunteer cavalry, 
 ? a private, and all through that memorable contest served gallantly. 
 
 drowning about forty persons, and injuring many others. Mr. Lewis, 
 horribly scalded, was found blown upon the bank of the stream, 
 picked up for dead, and taken to a morgue. On exhibiting signs of 
 life he was transferred to a hospital, where he remained for several 
 weeks. In the meantime he had by the delay lost his place in the 
 office of the Maysville Bulletin, and, as soon as he was able, he re- 
 turned to Michigan. 
 
 While once more in search of employment, he visited the office of 
 the Jacksoniaiu at Pontiac, and in that paper printed an article, set- 
 ting it up himself without copy, entitled "■ How it Feels to be Blown 
 Up." Its humor and graphic word-picturing attracted much atten- 
 
 Hiimuri^t «r the Uetruit Free Press, 
 
 When Lee surrendered, the regiment was not mustered out, but for 
 nearly a year was stalitmed in the wilds of Utah. At one period of 
 this frontier campaign the command fought one of the bloodiest In- 
 dian battles on rc^cord, in which its colonel was killed. Mr. Lewis, 
 wearing a lieutenant's shoulder-strajjs, returned to Michigan, when 
 the regiment disbanded, in February, 1860, and again applied himself 
 to the printer's trade. 
 
 Through the influence of a friend, sometime afterward, he secured 
 u position as local editor on the Maysville {Ky. ) liulletin; but while 
 rjii his way to his new home, the steamer on which he had taken pas- 
 sage down the Mississippi river exploded her boiler, killing and 
 
 PECK, 
 
 Peck s Sun. 
 
 ROBT. J. BURDETTE, 
 
 Funny-Man of tho Buiiiiiffton Hawkeye. 
 
 ; all < 
 
 tion, and it soon found a place in newspapers all over the Union, anrt 
 started its author on the road to fame. 
 
 lie also sued tlu; steamboat company for damages received, and ob- 
 tained a verdict of $10,000. With this money he purchased an inter- 
 est in the Detroit Free Press, with which he still retains a prosperous 
 connection. For its columns he has written much and well. 
 
 At one time in his career, with a sick wife and family cares for a 
 stimulus, he regularly contributed articles to twenty-one papers 
 and magazines, nnd this continued Xor a considerable time. After- 
 ward, when ]>rosperity came, he wrote less and enjoyed life better, 
 because he had more leisure. Of course, with his reputation, book-
 
 ISL 
 
 AtEN WHO llAVi; MADK, HUMOliOL'6 WlUTINGii A bl'i^CIALTY. 
 
 'IVA 
 
 publishers tind it convenient to seek engagements with liim for buolvs, 
 but he hiia principally, of late yearti, confined hii* hihort* to tlie col- 
 umns of his own journal. 
 
 Hi» recent field of work has been a series of articles relating to the 
 South, her battle-fields, mines, railroads^ factoriut*, schools, planta- 
 tions, etc., with the inducements which she offers to settlers and 
 capitalists. Although they are of a heavier caliber than his usual 
 prcss-itims, they possess a peculiar interest, because the author can 
 not help being witty. 
 
 Mr. Lewis, in person, ienot above medium size, is middle-aged, 
 and weighs about one hundred and thirty-five pounds. His long and 
 brilliant career is likely to continue, unless old age or minfortiinc 
 intervene. 
 
 His income from literary pursuits is, it is stated, $6,000 a year. As 
 a tribute to his genius it may be incidentally mentioned that the 
 London Pall Mall Gazette and London Times publiwhed his humorous 
 police court sketches as genuine illustrations of American manners. 
 
 With him the transmission of thought from mind to paper is like a 
 flash, as he writes page after page of humor and brings to bear the 
 wittiest sarcasm upon the follies and frailties of the day. And yet, 
 it is said, he rarely smiles, and is very quiet and unassuming in bis 
 manner. 
 
 
 GEORGE W. PECK, 
 
 Editor and Proprietor ol" '* Peck's Sun.'* 
 
 fllE EDITOR of Peck's Sun^ the widely-known humorous 
 ^vi '' .' journal of Milwaukee, is a self-made man. Born in the 
 .-'■(Jl''/^ village of Henderson, Jefferson County, N. Y. , September 
 
 ^^'•^ 28, 1840, became west with his parents about two years 
 later, and was reared for thirteen years at Cold Spring, near White- 
 water, Wis. , attending district schools during winters and working at 
 whatever his hands found to do. He is represented as having been 
 an apt scholar, with a largely developed spirit of mischief. 
 
 At the age of fifteen he began his professional career as '' devil " (or 
 apprentice lad) in the office of the Whitewater (Wis.) Register, where 
 he remained until fitted for the duties of a journeyman printer. In this 
 capacity he worked in various offices, and was, at one time, foreman 
 of the Watertown (Wis. ) Republican. With three cents in his pocket, 
 in 1860, he purchased a half-interest in the Jefferson County ^f/??/6- 
 licari, at Jefferson, Wis., and in company with J. E. Atwater, who 
 edited the paper, he published it about a year, when they sold the 
 establishment. 
 
 Mr. Peck now worked at his trade when and where opportunity 
 offered until, in 1863, he joined the Fourth Wisconsin volunteer 
 cavalry regiment as a private. His regiment went South and for two 
 years and a half did good service in Texas and on the southern border. 
 From a private he rose, by promotion, to a lieutenancy, for a time 
 acting as post-quartermaster and commissary. His company was 
 mustered out in the spring of 1866. In the fall of that year he went 
 to Ripon, Wis., and started the Representative., a newspaper, which 
 he conducted for about two years, doing a large portion of the 
 mechanical work of the concern himself, besides editing the paper. 
 In this journal appeared many odd and humorous paragraphs, similar 
 to those which have made Peck's Sun so immensely popular. One of 
 his comic letters attracted the attention of ''Brick " Pomeroy, who 
 was then publishing the La Crosse (Wis.) Democrat, and finding Mr. 
 Peck a congenial spirit, Pomeroy engaged his services as a writer for 
 the Democrat. 
 
 With this paper he remained until 1871, when he went to Mil- 
 
 
 waukee and for a brief period worked on the Evening Wisconsin 
 The offer of a fair salary from "Brick" Pomeroy, howes-er, again in 
 duced him to go to Lacrosse and edit the Daily Democrat. When 
 the paper changed hands, the following year, Mr. Peck became a 
 half-owner of it, and altered its name to the Liberal Democrat. Soon 
 afterward he became chief-of-police of the city of La Crosse, filling 
 the oftice acceptably. In 1874 he was chief-clerk of the State legis- 
 lative assembly of Wisconsin. In May of that year» he started a 
 newspaper called the Sun., at La Crosse, which even bis humorous 
 articles could not make self-sustaining. Removing the paper to 
 Milwaukee in March, 1878, he changed its name to Peck's Sun. gave 
 it a new dress, and infused new energy and humor into its columns. 
 Its first issue numbered 2,000 copies, and now its weekly circulation 
 averages at least 25,000. It is very funny and very prosperous. 
 
 ROBERT J. BURDETTE, 
 
 The BtumorlHt of the ** Biirliufftoii Ilaukeye.** 
 
 ^HE SUBJECT of this sketch, whose own sketches i*re a 
 source of continual merriment to their readers, was born 
 ^V'' at Greensboro, Greene county. Peun., July 30, 1844, and is 
 of French, Welsh and German descent. The family re- 
 moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1846, and from that city to Peoria, 111., 
 in 1853. 
 
 The unfledged humorist received his education in the common 
 schools of Peoria, with a course at the high-school, from which he 
 graduated in 1861. 
 
 From July, 1862, to the close of the war of the Rebellion, in 1865, 
 he served as private in Company C, Forly-seventh Illinois infantry, 
 and then for seven years assisted in carrying on the local mail- ser- 
 vice. In 1869 he became night-editor of the Peoria (111. ) Tran- 
 script. 
 
 In the spring of 1870, he was married to Miss Carrie Garrett, of 
 Peoria, and with that event began his successful career as an acknowl- 
 edged humorist; for in this direction did his gentle wife greatly en- 
 courage him to persevere. 
 
 For a time he continued with the Transcript as its city-editor; but 
 in 1870 or 1871 he became one of the editors and part-owner of the 
 Peoria Evening Review., in which paper he gave a loose rein to his 
 mirthful proclivities, and laid the foundation of his subsequent fame. 
 The newspaper, however, was but short-lived, and Burdette soon 
 found himself adrift. 
 
 At this juncture, in 1872, he obtained a situation as city editor of 
 the Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye. By rapid promotion he advanced to 
 the several positions of political and managing editor; but in 1876, 
 he relinquished the management of the paper and traveled and lec- 
 tured to delighted audiences in the central States of the Union. A 
 year later he extended his lecture-field to the East and elsewhere, 
 and since then has devoted a large portion of his energies to that 
 department of humor, while retaining the position of writer in the 
 office of the Haivkeye. He has also published the following witty 
 books: "■ The Rise and Fall of the Moustache," *' Hawkeyes," and 
 "Life of William Penn.'" His lectures are respectively entitled: 
 "Rise and Fall of the Moustache," " Home," "Pilgrimage of the 
 Funny-Man," and "Advice to a Young Man." 
 
 In person he possesses less than medium height and pleasant 
 features; weighs about one hundred and thirty-five pounds, and is 
 a gentleman of genial presence. Asa writer he is versatile, his 
 sketches, whether in verse or prose, covering a multitude of topic?, 
 with a remarkable flow of wit mingled with good sense. 
 
 i:
 
 — <j: 
 
 o?,-2 
 
 NAST AND HIS CARICATUEES OF THE OLD TAILMANY EING. 
 
 
 — Kj^sHS^-t.-^ 
 
 ..(3 
 
 T&TfcTfc\.'«x'amT]hT&T&.T&'oa,TfcmTfcm^'gi\aa>Tfcvn'g3\'a.TfcT^^ 
 
 Thomas ITast. 
 
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 \ - \ .\\\ \ A;V>V^\;-S;Vj V.V A •V-V-V.V-V.V-^.V-V.y •V.-V-V.V-V A A -V A A A A A A A A ■v: ' 
 
 -^^->5^E£.«.-^ 
 
 
 Brilliant Caricaturist and Artist. 
 
 -T^-^ 
 
 ANDAU. Bavaria, was the birthplace. September 27, 1840, 
 of Thomas Nast. an artist whose caricatures of noted 
 Xj ^rh\ politicians and social pests have made him famous 
 
 throughout the United States. Coming to this 
 country when about six years old, and possessing 
 natural talents of a high order as a draughtsman, 
 we find him engaged at the age of fourteen in 
 preparing pictures for Frank Le8lie''s Illustrated 
 Paper. When about sixteen he made a journey 
 to England to sketch the heroes and incidents of the notorious prize 
 fight between John C. Heenan and Thomas Savers, and these draw- 
 ings ap p eared 
 among the attrac- 
 tions of the Xew 
 York Illustrated 
 News oi XhdX period. 
 Not long afterwards 
 he attached himself 
 to the military force 
 of Garibaldi, the 
 Italian patriot, with 
 whom he entered 
 Naples and wit- 
 nessed the sieges of 
 Giieta and Capua, a.^ 
 the sketching cor- 
 respondent of tilt 
 London News, the 
 New York IUuk- 
 trated News and 
 the Paris Illustra- 
 ted World. In 
 July. 1863, having 
 returned safely to 
 N('w York from the 
 Heat of war in Italy. 
 he formed an en- 
 gagement with the 
 
 proprietors of //a/yjfrV TrtfcA:/7/ to regularly provide that jiaper witli 
 drawings of heroes and scenes of the war of the rebellion and of 
 noted politicians and their peculiar weaknesses. This engagement 
 ref*ulted in signal benefit to the Harper's and the country ut large, 
 his striking illustrations adding greatly to the popularity of the 
 Itaper. while the moral illuKtrated in the war pictures made a deep 
 imi)ression on the i)ublic mind and greatly strengthened the North. 
 When his war-work was ended hit* ready pencil and sarcastic humor 
 
 WHO STOLE THE PEOPLtS MOKEr ? - DO TELt 
 
 found a fruitful field in the exposure of the enormous frauds of the 
 political "rings" of New York, in which "Boss" William M. 
 Tweed was the principal conspirator. Week after week and month 
 after month, he illustrated with great fidelity, through the columns of 
 the Harper's^ the rascality of the men who had robbed the city 
 treasury to enrich themselves under the cover of alleged "public 
 improvements." These sketches excited both laughter and anger: 
 laughter at the ridicule which Nast heaped upon Tweed and his com- 
 panions, and anger at the frauds which had been perpetrated by these 
 officials. The attempt of these ring thieves to screen themselves 
 i by throwing the blame upon others, made the subject of one of 
 
 Nast's famous car- 
 toons, which is 
 herewith represent- 
 ed, entitled "Who 
 Stole the Money?" 
 This illustration, 
 with others, which 
 were widely noted 
 ut the time, origi- 
 nally appeared in 
 the Weekly and 
 afterwards in Har- 
 per's Jf out hit/. 
 One of his most re- 
 markable achieve- 
 Mients as an artist 
 was the painting 
 with water colors, 
 within thirty days, 
 in 18»J6, for a pic- 
 torial paper of New 
 York, sixty carica- 
 tures of prominent 
 editors, politicians, 
 actors and artists, 
 on sheets varying 
 in size from four 
 feet by three to six fe<-t by four. Several years ago he began a brief 
 career as a public lecturer in the chief cities of the Uni<m. drawing 
 during his discourses caricatures illustrating their salient points. Mr. 
 Nasi has not confined his peculiar talents to humorous sketches for the 
 papers and platform exhibitions, but has jiroduccd many important 
 illustrations of serious character to embellish various books and peri- 
 odicals. At this writing his facile pencil is yet busy alTordintramuse- 
 inriif and instruction tlirnui:h the various publications of the Harpers. 
 
 NY.TIMES. 
 
 'TWAS H»M. 
 
 ^
 
 — ^: 
 
 I'UUK, ANU A SKETCH OF KEFl'LEK. 
 
 Y 
 
 — ?;i^ gg^aj!a^7'S- 
 
 ^1 ^■^'^'^■'''■■'^"-OXWTSW^I-X :;%»? 
 
 
 Joseph Keppler, the Weil-Known Caricaturist of "Puck," 
 and Some of His Assistants. 
 
 JOSEPH KEPPLER. 
 
 , rCK NEEDS no introduction to our 
 reader!*. With it;* original, striking, 
 colored illustrations, tempered with 
 wit, satire, and generally contain- 
 ing a moral, it is to-day one of the 
 best known publications in the 
 United States. The personal his- 
 tory of its author, however, is not 
 so well known, and hence the object 
 of this writing. 
 
 It was in Vienna, Austria, that, 
 in 1838, Joseph Keppler was born. His father was 
 a confectioner, and it fell to the lot of Joseph to aid 
 in putting ornaments upon the candies, a work in 
 «'hich he displayed such originality as to induce his 
 father to send him to a drawing- school when he 
 was nine years old. 
 
 It was soon after this that his father. Johann 
 Keppler, was Obliged to flee from Austria in conse- 
 quence of the too free expression of his political 
 sentiments, which necessitated the return of Joseph 
 to the candy store as an assistant of his mother, 
 where he remained until twelve years old, when he 
 entered the Academy of Design two years earlier 
 than the regulations allowed, because of the proficiency he exhibited 
 in his examination. He was an apt student, but was a severe 
 trial to his teachers, because of his disposition to draw figures and 
 forms outside of his lessons. Tiring, after a two-years' stay, of 
 the restrictions of the school, he returned again to the confections, 
 where he remained some years, but only to dream of some day 
 becoming a great artist. 
 
 With a view to becoming a master of his art, he resolved upon a 
 visit to Italy, to accomplish which he commenced his journey on foot 
 across the country, his expenses being paid by portrait-making on 
 his way. It was at this time, when he was seventeen years old, that 
 the opportunity offered for him to join a theatrical troupe, with 
 which he returned to Vienna, where he continued on the boards for 
 three years, interspersing his time witli retouching negatives for the 
 photographers and drawing cartoons for the Cock-a-doodle-doo, a 
 sort of Puck, then and yet published in Vienna. 
 
 A letter about this time from his father brought him to New York, 
 and thence to Missouri, where his father resided. In St. Louis he 
 
 went upon the stage again, at the Apollo Theater, which he left 
 at the end of six months, having commenced with Frederick Herrold 
 the publication of Pack, which was discontinued at the end of two 
 years in consequence of the death of Mr. Herrold. 
 
 He then came to New York, entered the employ of Frank Leslie, 
 where he continued for three years, when he established a partner- 
 ship with A. Schwarzmann, publisher of the New Yorker Musick 
 Zeifun.g, They together revived Puck in the year 1876, and printed 
 it for six months only in German, when the demand of the 
 English-speaking public became such as to cause it to be afterwards 
 issued in both German and English. Taking a liberal, radical, and 
 independent stand on the current topics of the day, Puck has been 
 a success from the first, its circulation rapidly reaching up into the 
 tens of thousands. 
 
 Some of the cartoons of Mr. Keppler have caused the paper to 
 increase in circulation many thousands in a single week. The 
 illustration at the time of Madame Restell's death, representing the 
 strong and healthy women in contrast with the weak and sickly, made 
 so by abortion, increased the circulation over 10.000. The spider 
 picture, showing the pitfalls which surround the country merchant 
 when he goes to the metropolis to buy goods, had au enormous sale, 
 as have also the political cartoons both on the Republican and Demo- 
 cratic sides. 
 
 Mr. Keppler is ably assisted by Mr. J. A. Wales and Mr. F. 
 Opper, either of whom, if they turn their pencil against a man 
 deserving of censure, will be very likely to make him wish that he 
 had never been born. 
 
 Frederick Opper, who is of German descent on his father's side, 
 was born at Madison, Ohio, January 2, 1857. Was for a time a 
 printer and compositor at Madison, but, coming to New York, wont 
 into picture-making on Wild Oafs at the age of eighteen. After- 
 wards he served two years with Frank Leslie, when his love of the 
 funny and his genius for delineation of the grotesque and the 
 humorous carried him to Puck. 
 
 J. A. Wales is a native of Clyde, Ohio, where, in his boj-hood, he 
 assisted his father, who was a merchant in that town. His love of 
 picture-making took him into the work of engraving, first at Cleve- 
 land, and afterwards in Chicago, and other large cities. Like many 
 others of the best engravers, he also drifted to New York, where his 
 facile pencil found ready work on mid Oats, Leslie's, Harper's 
 Weekly, and finally on Puck. 
 
 1{ .(y^ 

 
 ><[^?^ 
 
 f_ 
 
 234 
 
 EIGHTEEN DISTINCT EXPRESSIONS WROUGHT BY CHANGE OF COUNTENANCE. 
 
 MIRTH. 
 
 MIRTH is high 
 excitement of 
 pleasurable feel 
 ing, and, not- 
 withistanding 
 the sadness that 
 attends on mor- 
 tal s, nearly 
 every one likes 
 to laugh. ''Then 
 I commended 
 mirth," says 
 the preacher. 
 It does not re- 
 
 quire much art to represent the face 
 of laughter. The student of elocu- 
 tion must be a close observer of nat- 
 ure, and the conceits of different 
 persons carefully reproduced will 
 excite laughter in an audience. Be 
 natural, overcome all mannerisms by 
 practice Imitate the different kinds 
 of laughter, as the 'He, he, he." of 
 the bashful miss, on high pitch of 
 voice, and the full and hearty "ha, 
 ha, ha, ha," of the jolly parson. 
 
 HYPOCRISY. 
 
 WE call this the 
 face of a sleek, 
 or hypocrite. It 
 is the affected, 
 insincere ex- 
 pression of de- 
 votion — strain- 
 ed and absurd. 
 Ridicule is a 
 good weapon to 
 use against this 
 affectation. 
 Strong denun- 
 ciation is use- 
 
 less. Ju ordinary intercourse men 
 exhibit only the outward crust to 
 each other. They are withheld by 
 mistrust or indifference from allowing 
 others to look into what passes within 
 them: and so to speak with anything 
 like agitation or emotion of that 
 which is nearest their hearts is con- 
 sidered unsuitable to the tone of 
 polished society. The orator and 
 the dramatist find means to break 
 through these barriers of conven- 
 tional reserve. 
 
 THIS 18 the med- 
 itative, calm, 
 contcmj>lative 
 face, and so we 
 call it Hamlet. 
 Intel li'ct and 
 sensibility arc 
 strong in him. 
 Heiscalled the 
 poelical plulos- 
 op h e r. The 
 forehead is 
 smooth; the 
 eyes raised, as 
 if rellucliiig upon every person or 
 thing wllhiu and without his range 
 of vision. This is part of his nature, 
 and life's experiences have encour- 
 aged rather than hindered its devel- 
 opment. All of Sliakspearc'H char- 
 acters say jiiHt what would seem to 
 hc! natural and necessary if they were 
 alive and talking to us; and this is 
 whatcouHtituteH thegeninsof Shaks- 
 pciire — his creations, like the sca- 
 -nri", are fctr all tiiur. 
 
 MEDITATION. 
 
 Character and Feeling 
 
 ^ Illustrated by Expression of the Face. 
 
 OR THE instruction of the reader illustrations of 
 facial expression are herewith given as presented 
 by Prof. Allen A. Griffith, prominent as an elocu- 
 tionist, whose work on this subject has been a 
 standard for some years. 
 
 Professor Griffith was born in Wyoming Connty, 
 N. Y. . but received his early education in Ohio, where his 
 parents removed in his youth. He was a great admirer of 
 Murdoch in his boyhood, and from him he received a few 
 suggestions on the subject of that which he has made his 
 life-work. 
 
 Among other educational institutions in which he has taught, 
 he was elected to a Professorship of English Literature and 
 Elocution at the Normal Schools of Michigan, in 1870, and seven 
 years afterward he was appointed to the Presidency of the 
 Illinois College, of Fulton, 111. , which position he resigned 
 some three years thereafter to engage in lecturing on facial 
 expression, in the treatment of which he is a pioneer and 
 a representative man. 
 
 THIS German is in 
 broken English. The 
 expression is un- 
 mistakably German. 
 By a wise arrange- 
 ment, the frame- 
 work of the head 
 and face is made to 
 receive the wealth 
 of brow, cheeks, 
 chin, lips, nose and 
 eyes, that nniUe the 
 human face 80 at- 
 tractive and ex- 
 pressive. There are 
 nerve fibers and 
 bruin cells that oc- 
 
 earnest, trying to enforce his opinions in 
 cupy and control 
 these different mus- 
 cles, that are as del- 
 icate aslife threads, 
 and yet they adapt, 
 arrange, controland 
 play with the feat- 
 ures, and upon 
 them, when direct- 
 ed by an intelligent 
 will, as a musician 
 l)lays upon the keyd 
 of a complicated in- 
 strument. So we 
 may exhibit char- 
 acter in the face. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 " Latlefl und Shentlemansl— How phnll dot nlilokens lir* tn dot i'ptkT 
 Dolls mo floti You sfhonst (Inn'd knows mo iinich ns vestcrliiv' Vc-n 
 UivVKK vus inlt tif<Ii.-ll ai-..iml II. niid todiiy, lonl; y-wl.-k' Ti-^ n.. <.^^K— 
 a nleii— nlen— ! It v/iIkH, lui.l tiilks, Mild lilts -und plrnil.y soiiie.llines 
 pretty irwifk, ifltM on hirii fiiillniis nnd Mddrr dinu's nil lonn t<-i.-i,'tr- 
 ynn doiid kiKjw.llki-uH.lilld nut riiou.-li," 
 
 LADY Macbeth 
 
 says that in the 
 face of her hus- 
 band men may 
 read strange 
 matters. Un- 
 doubtedly this 
 countenance is 
 influenced by 
 the state of the 
 mind. ** Is this 
 a dagger that I 
 see before me?" 
 is the important MACBETH. 
 
 question this murderer is a?^king. 
 He is moving in a way in which dag- 
 gers gleam, asthat instrument he is to 
 use. This is one of the most pro- 
 found studies in expression. Xo 
 amount of surface polish, or training, 
 will enable a person to express the 
 profound convictions of the mind. 
 There must be ability to understand 
 and feel the power of thought. 
 
 " Is this a dapger that I see before me — 
 The handle toward my hand? " 
 
 THE meddler 
 thrusts himself 
 in, to gossip 
 about the latest 
 bit of scandal. 
 
 The proverb 
 says "Every 
 fool will be 
 meddling." 
 This face sug- 
 gests malicious 
 mischief. It has 
 in it the gos- 
 sip's glee, and 
 the linesindicate the lowest taste. The 
 facial muscles may be so trained that 
 they will express nearly every mood 
 of the mind. The face is a sign of 
 the character, as the repeated emo- 
 tions of the mind impress, in time, 
 dunible lines upon the soft and flex- 
 ible parts of the face. An agreeable 
 change may add a feature of beauty; 
 if frequently repeated, a disagreeable 
 expression adds a feature of de- 
 formity. Thoughts in the soul 
 blossom in the face. 
 
 MEDDLER. 
 
 THE firm, de- 
 fiant face of 
 Shy 1 oc k, in 
 the expression 
 of reveng e^ 
 makes a study 
 for the artist. 
 The question 
 is sometimes 
 asked how it 
 is possible to 
 change the 
 
 contour of the 
 
 nose,the lines SHYLOCK. 
 
 about the eyes, and the curve of !be 
 lips, so as to make up the Shylock 
 face, which is in such contrast with 
 the lover's face and the face ofinirtli. 
 
 The exterior of man was intended 
 to mirror the thoughts of (he >u\\\. 
 When the physical man shall keep 
 pace with the iulellcclnal, moral and 
 spiritual, tlie body will become a 
 refined instrument of expression. 
 
 The orator should /ooA: tiiought as 
 well as voice it. 
 
 vn ^^ — 
 
 siO.'l
 
 now EXI'KESSION MAY REPEESENI' CIIAKACTEK AND FKKI.IN(/ 
 
 f 
 
 WE hiive here the 
 earnest fuce of 
 a man who is 
 aceuBtomud to 
 investigate. 
 
 The expruB- 
 t*iim is of con- 
 tin nous deep 
 thought, and bo 
 we name it in 
 the group the 
 Scientist. II<' 
 observes carc- 
 f 11 fly, as if he 
 would solve the 
 problems of science. The eyes arc 
 shaded by tlie brows, which are, as 
 movable types, set to give the looli 
 of inquiry, shutting out the natural 
 light to catch a glimpse of the 
 brighter light of scientific truth; like 
 an astronomer who remembers the 
 face of the sky, and whose vision is 
 led along a star lighted way to worlds 
 and systems with whose places and 
 paths he is familiar. 
 
 SCIENTIST. 
 
 BOOBY. 
 
 'CHASTEN thy 
 son while there 
 is hope, and let 
 not thy soul 
 spare for his 
 crying.'" Laugh- 
 ter and crying 
 are studies in 
 facial espresion 
 that should be 
 comparatively 
 easy, but to 
 give examples 
 in good taste is 
 quite difficult. 
 Do not overdo it. To become elo- 
 quent and impressive in reading and 
 speaking, and to become natural, ac- 
 cording to a high standard of natur- 
 alness, is reward enough to secure 
 the most persistent study and prac- 
 tice. It is thought that examples of 
 natural expression in reading in most 
 schools would cause surprise and 
 astonishment. Horace Mann thought 
 it would pay the State to have model 
 readings in every school -district. 
 
 THE most diffi- 
 cult expression 
 of countenance 
 is the represen- 
 tation of faces 
 of public men. 
 We remember 
 such faces. 
 They are not 
 ideal but real. 
 The Elocution- 
 ist made a spe- 
 cial study of 
 Douglas in his 
 most brilliant 
 and emphatic pulilic speeches, before 
 the war; and, while we cannot put 
 upon paper a shake of the head nor a 
 flash of the eye, we can catch, as the 
 sculptor does, an attitude or head- 
 poise, or firm and strong expression 
 of features, as given in the celebrated 
 Springfield speech, in 1861, when 
 this statesman came out so strong for 
 the Union against its enemies. 
 
 DOUGLAS. 
 
 THE un- 
 stead y , 
 bleared 
 face of 
 a drunk- 
 ard car- 
 ries in it. 
 its own 
 condem - 
 nation. 
 Tbe ut- 
 1 1; r a n c e 
 is thick, 
 profane, 
 illogical, 
 and in harmony with the ex- 
 pression of the roaming eyes. 
 The stage of tippling is passed 
 aiul the man has become a 
 drunken sot. The orator makes 
 use of action, as the painter 
 does his colors, to give variety 
 to his piece. 
 
 DRUNKARD. 
 
 THE po- 
 litenesHof 
 a Freuch- 
 m a II is 
 proverb- 
 ial, hut he 
 can l)e so 
 op posed 
 as to ex- 
 hibit the 
 most fiery 
 temper. 
 
 •* As in 
 smooth 
 oil the ra- 
 zor best is wliet, so wit is by 
 politeness keenest set. " The 
 French are eminently gentle, 
 polite and agreeable in their 
 manners. The study and 
 practice of this art is not un- 
 profitable. If the heart is right, 
 politeness will be natural. 
 
 FRENCHMAN. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Facial Expression. 
 
 ROM THE real face of Prof. Griffith, shown on the oppo- 
 site page, are given seventeen distinct characters, every 
 one of which is recognized as a very natural expression. 
 In examining these we discover their naturalness. 
 From the intense earnestness of Macbeth, we glance at 
 Mirth, and are ourselves disposed to laugh, a feeling that is 
 checked, however, by a study of the face representing Hypocrisy. 
 
 No one could fail to recognize the Meddler, who is continually 
 poking his nose into other people's business, and we see the 
 Sliylock in the sinister expression and neaily closed eyes of that 
 character. The anxious, phlegmatic German is well-known, and 
 so also Meditation. 
 
 TurTiingtc this page we see the thoughtful face of the Scientist 
 in contrast with the bleared eyes of the Drunkard, who tries to 
 appear wise, but whose ideas are all befogged. The jolly 
 Frenchman, who is all suavity and expression, shrugs his 
 shoulders and has his own opinion about the Lover, who is 
 trying to look his very sweetest. 
 
 The man who breaks down at discouragement and gives vent 
 to his sorrow in tears is well represented by the Booby, who 
 contrasts strongly with the self-poised, solid Douglas, who was 
 always strongest when in the midst of opposition. 
 
 The middle face on the right clearly expresses Fright, and is 
 quite unlike the Tippler, who evidently has too little sense to be 
 afraid of anything. The stern face of The Judge indicates that 
 he is disposed to mete out full punishment to law-breakers, and 
 he will undoubtedly do full justice to the person beside him, 
 whose close-shut mouth, rolling eye, and gross face plainly 
 reveals Brutality in his character. 
 
 WE know 
 it is not 
 easy for a 
 good face 
 to express 
 contempt 
 or aver- 
 sion, but 
 the just 
 Judge, in 
 his nat- 
 ural calm 
 face of 
 probity, 
 can be- 
 come so indignant at the useless 
 wrangling of attorneys, and the 
 dishonesty of clients, that the 
 facial lines will express disgust, 
 though great effort is made at 
 self-control. 
 
 THE JUDGE. 
 
 :: 
 
 THE ug- 
 ly poise 
 of the 
 head, de- 
 fiant lip, 
 g 1 aring 
 eyes, pro 
 t r u d e d 
 chin, in- 
 d i c a te 
 the brute 
 character 
 without 
 kindly 
 feelingor 
 sympathy, a savage in heart and 
 manners. Revenge, hate, and all 
 malignant passions characterize 
 this face. All action in speak- 
 ing depends upon the passions, 
 of which the face is the picture. 
 
 BRUTAIilTY. 
 
 LOVE brightens 
 every face that 
 can respond to 
 the pleasing 
 emotion. Like 
 8 u n s !i i n e it 
 blesses those 
 who feel its 
 power. 
 
 A lover isone 
 who is pleased 
 and has a pas- 
 sion, as for 
 books, or any 
 favorite study. 
 
 The "lover" is a person who is 
 in love with another of the oppositt- 
 sex. This amiable, delightful emo- 
 tion will give a marked poise to the 
 head, good-natured charm to the lips, 
 oi)eu and fill the eyes with a peculiar 
 light, and make the whole face ra- 
 diant. Tennyson, in his poem 
 "Locksley Hall" gives us some lines 
 which, properly uttered, bring the 
 countenance into suitable cxpressioL. 
 
 LOVER. 
 
 LAVATER 
 
 says that the 
 emotions of 
 the mind pro- 
 duce their ef- 
 fects upon the 
 countenance, 
 and that the 
 face is a mir- 
 ror of the soul. 
 What is plant- 
 ed in the soul 
 blossoms and 
 bears fruit in 
 the face. 
 
 A good face is the sign of a good 
 heart, and may be acquired by liab- 
 its of right living. This face of friglit 
 is a striking proof of the effect of 
 head-poise, raising the eye-brows, 
 opening the mouth, and "pulling 
 up" the nose. Beside the face of 
 the Judge, or Shylock, the lack of 
 spirit and courage in this counte- 
 nance is very striking. The face and 
 the voice are signs of character 
 which decide destiny. 
 
 FRIGHT. 
 
 WITLESS and 
 unsteady of gait, ^ 
 the t i ]} p 1 e r 
 comes or goes as 
 aimless as use- 
 less. His face 
 expresses ir- 
 resolution and 
 silliness. 
 
 He is in the 
 excessive use of 
 liquor, without 
 absolute drunk- _ _ „ 
 
 enness. When TIPPLER, 
 
 reproved for his excesses, he always 
 promises to reform, but has not the 
 power to do so. 
 
 Rip Van Winkle was always say- 
 ing — " But I stops now; I drinks no 
 more; if anybody ask me to drink, 
 I'll say to dem, 'Here's your good 
 health, and your family's good health, 
 and may yon all live long and pros- 
 per.'" And then he drinks all the 
 same. We should knon\ without 
 feetitigy how others are undone. 
 
 ;(>-
 
 ? 
 
 236 
 
 TYPES OF PEOPLE HAVING DISTINCT PECULIARITIES. 
 
 @=!-$S>/^.< 
 
 FACIAL EXPRESSION t CHARACTER-ACTING, t 
 
 
 
 ^¥-y — 
 
 ^r 
 
 ^y 
 
 Showing Nationality and Peculiar Types of People. 
 
 WELL-KNOWN actor in the sphere of comedy is 
 John G. Whitfield, of Brooklyn, N. Y., his special 
 ties consisting of short recitations and represen- 
 tations of national and 
 
 JOHN G. 
 
 Comeiiian, Humori^ 
 
 individual characteris- 
 tics. With a face 
 which he has trained 
 to assume almost any 
 expression, and hair 
 of sufficient length to be immediately 
 used to assist in any representa- 
 tion, he can so change his physiog- 
 nomy in a few seconds — from Yankee 
 to German, from Jew to Irishman, 
 from man to woman, from young to 
 old» or from sadness to mirth — as to 
 excite surprise and laughter on the part 
 of every beholder. Realizing that he is 
 in facial expression, truthful acting and 
 elocutionary power, one of the best char- 
 acter-actors before the public, we repro- 
 duce for the edification of our readers 
 some of the postures and characters 
 which he illustrates. His life-history, 
 in which he has received his training, is 
 briefly outlined in the following: 
 
 In Pontiac, Mich., he was born July 5, 
 1849. At the age of three years, through 
 the death of his parents, be was taken to 
 
 the home of an aunt in Lapeer county, where he remained till he was 
 six years old, when, disagreement arising, he left to seek bis fortune in 
 . the great world, among his first labors being ^:-t:$« 
 that of newsboy on the Detroit ^ree Press,' )L 
 thence he sojourned in the family of Mr. : 
 Crawford, a blacksmith at Romeo, Mich., 
 where he had good school advantages, and 
 there remained until he went into the Union 
 service soon after the opening of the war. 
 With dramatic longings he drifted to the 
 stage, and made his first appearance at 
 Parker's theatre, Alexandria, Va. , in 18()3, as 
 a colored member of the "Octoroon,'" suc- 
 ceeding which he became a member of the 
 burlesque troupe of the *' Seven Sisters," 
 taking a minor part at the small salary of 
 three dollars a week. To trace his wander- 
 ings since then, during whicli lime he has )( 
 been almost constantly on the stage as negro, 
 Dutch or Irish comedian, Swiss bell-ringer 
 or character-actor, would make a lengthy narrative, his travels during 
 thifl period extending from the Pacific slope to the Atlantic States 
 and from Canada to the West Indies. Having had experience in 
 the personation of many characters he conceived the idea of com* 
 
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 -loooft 
 
 bining them in a single entertainment, and instead of elaborate dress 
 for each he makes a cap, shawl, fan, eye-glasses, whiskers, a bat- 
 tered hat, and his hair, with the aid of his wonderful facial muscle, 
 serve bis purpose, the transformations 
 from one character to another being 
 made in a second in presence of the 
 audience. 
 
 The incidents of his entertainment 
 and travels are many. On one occasion 
 a gentleman in the audience in Cleve- 
 land went into convulsions from 
 laughter, and had to be carried home. 
 
 At another time, while playing an en- 
 gagement in Salt Lake City, Utah, as 
 he was returning to his hotel after the 
 performance, he met a parly of roughs, 
 who were about to rob him of his valu- 
 ables. There were seven or eight of 
 them in the gang. He saw at a glance 
 that it would be useless to show fight, 
 so he beat a hasty retreat. The roughs 
 gave chase. Mr. Whitfield was a few 
 yards ahead, so ho darted around the 
 corner, changed the expression of his 
 face to that of an old man, and, turn- 
 ing quickly around, walked leisurely 
 back toward the pursuing party, passed 
 them unrecognized, and went unmo- 
 lested to his hotel. 
 When not on the stage, Mr. Whitfield spends much of his time in 
 tudying the dialects, habits and peculiarities of different nationali- 
 ties, and the other characters he imitates; 
 fj\ and to this careful, painstaking study may be 
 • attributed much of his success. The follow- 
 ing illustrations, representing various na- 
 tionalities and types of people, are among the 
 many which be personifies during an enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 WHITFIELD. 
 
 it and 'J}»aracter-Actor. 
 
 t 
 
 -*^ 
 
 WHITFIELD as "Mother Pitkin." 
 
 Old Mother Pitkin Tells the News. 
 
 **WcH, Mrs. Smith, I s'pose you hain't 
 heard the news?" 
 
 " Lii, nt)! Wliat on airth is it?'* 
 " You recollect Seth Slope that used to be 
 about here?" 
 
 "Yes: well, \\iiiit al)out him?" 
 " You know he went on a whalin' voyage? " 
 "Yes." 
 
 " Well, it appears from an advertisement in the paper that lie was 
 settin' on the starn of the vessel, when the vessel give a lee lurch, 
 and ho was sent overboard and drowned, and hain't written to hia 
 friends since. Oh, dear I it's dreadful to think on. Poor critturl 
 
 =^l 
 
 I
 
 ? 
 
 tMOCULIAK CIliUiACTKRISTIOS OK CP:iiTAIN rKOl'LK. 
 
 he was sich a good-natured, clever soul. I recollect when he was 
 about here, how he use to come in the house and set down, and get 
 up and go out. Then he'd go down to the I)arn, and throw some hay 
 to the critters, and then he'd come in the houye agin, and git up and 
 go out, and go down to the Ptore and git a jug of rum, and sometimes 
 he'd talic a leetle sucli on't himself. But lor souls! I never cared 
 uothin' at all al>out that. Good, clever crittur! Then arter he'd 
 come back with the rum, he'd ait down a little while, and git up and 
 
 go out and pick up chips, and drive the hogs ont of the garden: and 
 then he'd come in the house, and go in the but'ry and drink, and then 
 he'd come out and kick over the swill-puil, and set down and stick 
 his feet over the mantel-piece, and whittle all over the harth, and 
 spit tobacco-juice and blow his nose all over the carpet, and make 
 himself so 8oci.able! And poor fellcrl now he's gone! Oh, dear! 
 Well, Mrs. Smith, it goes to show that we are all accountable 
 critturs!" 
 
 WHITFIELD as ''Levi Solomons." 
 
 {With peculiar shimg of shoulder.) 
 
 Oscoose me, mine frent. My name is Levi Solomons, and I am a 
 pceshniss man, and I vork on peeshuiss brincibles. I keepsh a 
 cioding shtore, and I sell efery artikel for de lowesht prishe. I can 
 sell de best snshpenders in de market, all vool and a yart vide, 
 stresh a helf a mile and never rip; and I sell you a pair for a helf a 
 tollar. Dond you vand some cloding to-day? I sell you der best 
 coat in de market — a sblendit vit for de shendleman. It makes yon 
 look shut-t like von Bismark. So helb me kracious, sir, dot garment 
 coi?ht me twendy toUars. You dake it for ten — nine — eight — 
 come, how much you gif me? You no vant de coat? Come, I tell 
 you vonce, de lowesht vat I vill dook is sefen tollars. Y'ou dond 
 dake it? Veil, have it for six. I lose fourteen tollars on dot coat, 
 so helb me Moses. Rachel! {Calls to his wife.) Take in de ofer- 
 coats — de four o'clock loafers ish comiu. Ef ye vant enuyting else 
 in my line, shust call aroun. Goot efening! 
 
 WHITFIELD as ''Dennis O'Brien." 
 
 ( With North of Ireland dialect.) 
 
 As I was walken down the strate this mornen I met Tommy Mulli- 
 gan down on the corner. Ye say. Tommy an Oi were out to a 
 champoon supper the other noight, an' taulk aboot shtyle! — ye never 
 saw the loikes uv it. Thay had a programme aboot two fate long, wid 
 all the delicacies uv the sasun. Hoigh-tone was no name fur it. The 
 names would brake yer jaw if ye thried to spake thim. They had 
 three koinds uv poi — ramberry, cramberry and jamberrypoi; an' 
 they had catchup tarts, but the tarts wur all catchM up afore I got 
 there; an" they had fore koinds uv soop — noodle, boodle, skoi- 
 hoodle and bumble-bee soop; and the bumble-bee was stingiti' 
 good. An' all the big buys uv the counthry wur there. Gineral 
 Mooligan and Kurnol O'Conner was there. An' shtyle, ye niver 
 saw the loikes'uv it! Yees will have to excuse me. Oi have an 
 appointment to mate Gineral Soollivan down here, to play a game of 
 fufthy-foive, an' by the powers Oi'U bate him! 
 
 .A-
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■t 
 
 23S 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE YANKEE AND THE DUTCHMAN. 
 
 ? 
 
 "OUR YANKEE COUSIN 
 
 Good-evening, folks, how are ye? T s'pose you don't 'zackly know 
 who I be. Well, I'll tell ye. My name is Elijah Ho Diket Peeler 
 Pancake, Esquire, Junior, the Second. I was born, hauled out, and 
 dragged up in Pumpkin County, Vermont. I am a whole team — a 
 boss to let and a dog under the wagon, and candidate for Postmaster 
 in Hardscrabble township; and old man Scroggins thinks I'll be 
 elected. 
 
 You see, I lived on a farm with dad till I was twenty-one, and then 
 I told dad I wanted to go to New York City and see the sights. Well, 
 you see, I had no money, so dad told me to hitch up our old team 
 and take a load of pumpkins to town — sell them, and do what I was a 
 mind tew with the money. 
 
 Well, that just suited me, for I wanted to go down to the village 
 before I went to New York to see the sights. 
 
 You see, I wanted to go down to the village of SkiUsterville, because 
 
 ^*- 
 
 I went down back of the barn and I hitched up our young team — the 
 brindle steers. 
 
 Then I went down in the back lot and put on one of the darndest, 
 biggest loads of pumpkins you ever see put on a lumber-wagon. 
 Well, I cut a big fourteen-foot black gad. I dumb up on that load of 
 pumpkins and started for town. 
 
 Well, everything went first-rate till I got in the edge of the village. 
 I went to drive across the railroad track, and just then them steam- 
 cars came along and screeched out, and you had ought to see them 
 oxen. Why, that off ox, when he heard that steam-concern screech, 
 he just commenced to rear and tear, right in the harness, and he 
 jumped more than four foot right off the ground; but that nigh ox, 
 with one blind eye — darn him, anyhow — why, when he heard that 
 concern toot — he just squatted right down like a darn fool. Well, I 
 knew I'd have to do something pretty considerable all-fired quick ; so 
 
 ■-*->>$•«' 
 
 
 T 
 
 V.i/ 
 
 Wi^ 
 
 i"<-*- 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 "•*-)>^' 
 
 WHITFIELD as "Our Vaiikoe Cousin. 
 
 WHITFIELD as " II mis Sclililidt.' 
 
 
 my gal lived down thar, and I wanted to hid her good-by before going 
 to New York City to see the sights. 
 
 You see, I used to Bpark Sal Scroggins for two years. I took her 
 tew spellin'-school and to Bingin' -school. Now, one winter, I paid 
 out more than two shillingP for singin* lessons, and then the ne.Kt 
 summer I took her to IJarnum's Circus to sec the old clown, and I 
 ppent fifteen cents for peanuts, and I have come to the epontaneous 
 conclusion that these gals are getting to be all-fired expensive. 
 
 Well, dad wanted me to hitch up the old team to take the pump- 
 kins to town; but lie couldn't come none vf his old teams on me: so 
 
 I just hauled up and give that old nigh ox one clip. You had ought to 
 see him git; and about the time that nigh ox got up, the tail end- 
 board got out of my wagon. Well, I made one jump for the front 
 endboard and I missed it, and I'll be teetotjilly gumsquaddled if I 
 didn't go out pretty considerably, gol darncdly, well-scattered around 
 on the ground myself. 
 
 Well, I got up and looked around, and if there didn*t stand Josiah 
 Scroggins's oldest chirter Sal, looking right square at me I I felt so 
 blame streaked wlu-n I see Sal that my heart come right up out of my 
 throat and slid rii'Iit <>lT oti my "iisjii'iiders ! 
 
 J
 
 BASIIKUL TIMIDITY ANU SELF-ASSUKANCE ILLUSTKATEU. 
 
 2:v.i 
 
 HANSSCHMIOrS MISTAKE. 
 
 nans Schmidt, tlii^ DiiU liiii;in, iiiaUcN ii iiltlc inistiike, as written 
 by Chai'les Francis Adams, and portrayed in character by Wliitlichi. 
 
 I gccjjs me von leetlc schtore town Proadway, nnd does a pooty 
 ^oot peesnis, bnt I ton't got mooch gapital to vork mit, go i finds id 
 hard vork to get me all dcr gredits vot I voiild like. Last veek I hear 
 aboud some goots dot a barty vas going to sell pooty sheap, nnd so I 
 writes dot man if he vould gief me der refusal of dose goots for a 
 gouple of days. He gafe me der refusal — dot is, he salt I goiildri't 
 haf deni — but he salt he vould gall on me and see mine schtore, uiid 
 den if mine schtanding in peesnis vas gool, berhaps ve might do 
 somedings togedder. Veil, I vas behint mine gounter yesterday, 
 yen a shentleman gomes in nnd dakes me pyderhantund say: "Mr. 
 Schmidt, I pelieve. " I says " Yaw," und den I dinks to mineself, 
 dis vas der man vot has dose goots to sell, und I musd dry to make 
 some goot imbressions mit him, so ve gould do some peesnis. "Dis 
 vas goot schtore," he says, looking roundt; "but yon don't got a 
 pooty pig schtock already." I vas avraid to let him know dot I only 
 
 hat 'bout a tousand tollars vort of goots in derblace, 80 1 says: "You 
 ton't vould dink I hat more as dree tousand tollars In dls leetle 
 schtore, ain't idV" He says; "You ton't tole me! Vos dot bos- 
 siblel" I says: "Yaw." I meant dot it van Oossllile, dough It 
 vasn't so, vor I vas like Shorge Vashingtons ven he cut town der 
 "old elm" on Poston Gommons mit his leedie hadchet, und gouldn't 
 dell some lies aboud id. 
 
 "Veil," says der shentleman, "I dinks you ought to know petter 
 as anypody else vot you haf got in der schtore." Und den he takes 
 a pig l)ook vrom under his arm und say: "Veil, I pools you town vor 
 dree tousand tollars. " I ask bira vot he means py " poots me town," 
 nnd den he says he vos von oU der dax-men, or assessors of! brop- 
 erty, nnd he tank me so kinlly as nefer vos, pecause he say I vos 
 Booch an honest Deutscher, und didn' I dry nnd sheat der gofcrmants. 
 I dells you vot it vos, I tidn't veel any more petter as a hundred ber 
 cent, ven dot man valks oudt of mine schtore, und dcr ncxd dime I 
 makes free mit sdrangers I vinds first dcir peesnis oudt. 
 
 
 ^■p^C^s^^- 
 
 WHITFIELD as the "Silly Boy 
 
 WHITFIELD as the " English Snell. 
 
 
 i 
 
 "You don't know who I is! I'm my ma's pet — I is. Ma told me to 
 tell you, that if you wanted to play with me you must be careful not 
 to scare me, cos ma thinks I've got the heart-disease. When Vm 
 home I do as I please, and my ma doesn't whip me, neither; cos 
 when ma goes to lick me I have ^fits—I do. When I was a little baby 
 the girls used to come down to our house and borrow me to play with. 
 1 wish they would borrow me ?iow/ 1 goes to school every day, an' I'm 
 always to the head of my class in school, cos there aint no one but 
 me in the class now. My brother John is older nor I be, an' John 
 use to sleep with me {scratching); he don't sleep with me now, cos 
 he saya I'm nervous. I've got to go home now; good-by." 
 
 By Jove ! aw — I was out last evening, and had a weal clever time— 
 I did I assure you, ha, ha, ha! A young friend of mine, by the name 
 of Arry, and Arry, he, ha, ha, ha — he was so bashful, ha, ha, ha, ha, 
 that ha, ha, he, he, ha — that I thought I would have to laugh — ha, ha, 
 b;i, ha 
 
 *■' Any fellah feelth nervouth when he knowth he'th going to make 
 an ath of himthelf. " 
 
 *' That's vewy twue, — I — I've often thed tho before. But the fact 
 is, evewy fellah dothn't make an ath of himthelf, at least not quite 
 such an ath as I've done in my time. I — don't mind tellins: you. but 
 
 — <);
 
 ■:(> — 
 
 240 
 
 MANY WORDS, GREAT NOISE AND LITTLE SAID, 
 
 'pon my word now, — I — I've made an awful ath of mythelf 
 on thorae occathions. You don't believe it now, — do you? I — 
 thought you wouldn't — but I have now — weatly. Particularly with 
 wegard to women. 
 
 "To tell the tvvuth, that is my weakneth, — I s'pose I'm what they 
 call a ladies' man. 
 
 I wanted to tell you of one successful advenchaw I had,— at least, 
 when I say successful, I mean it would have been as far as / was 
 concerned, — but, of course, wlien two people are engaged — or 
 wather — when one of 'em wants to be engaged, one fellah by himthelf 
 can't engage that he'll engage the affections that are otherwise 
 engaged. By the way, what a lot of 'gages that was in one then- 
 tence, and yet — it seems quite fruitless. Come, that's pwetty smart, 
 that is — for me. 
 
 Well, as I was saying, — I mean, as I meant to have said, — when I 
 was stopping down at Wockingham, with the Widleys, last autumn, 
 there was a mons'nus jolly girl staying there too. I don't mean tivo 
 girls, you know — only—only one girl — But stop a minute, — is that 
 right? How could one girl be stopping there (wof What doosid 
 
 queer expressions there are in the English language! Stopping 
 
 there too! It's vewy odd / — I'll swear there was only one girl, — at 
 least, the one that / mean was only one — if she'd been two, of course, 
 I should have known it — let me see now, one is singular, and two is 
 plural, — well, you know, she was a singular girl — and she — was one 
 too many for me. Ah, I see now, — that accounts for it, — one two 
 many — of course — I kne^v there was a 
 two somewhere. 
 
 But, as I was saying, these picture pwoverbs were all hung up in 
 our nursery, and a more uncomfortable set of makthims — you never 
 wead. For instance, there was one vewy nonthensical pwoverb 
 which says: 
 
 "a B-BIRD in the hand 18 WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH." 
 
 Th-the man who invented that pwoverb must have been a b-bom 
 idiot. How the dooth can he t-tell the welative v value of poultry in 
 that pwomitbcuous manner? Suppothe I've got a wobbing wed- 
 bweast in my hand— (I nearly had the other morning— but he flew 
 away — confound him!) — well — suppothe the two birds in the bush 
 are a bwace of partwidges — you — you don't mean to t-tell me that 
 that wobbin wed-bweast would fetch as m-much as a bwace of 
 partwidges? Abihard! P-poor Richard can't gammon me in that 
 sort of way. 
 
 A fellah once told me that another 
 fellah wrote a book before he was born 
 — I mean before the first fellah was 
 born (of course the fellah who wrote it 
 must have been born, else, how could 
 he have written it?) — that is, a long 
 time ago — to pwove that a whole lot of 
 of pwoverbs and things that fellahs are 
 in the habit of quoting were all non- 
 sense. 
 
 I should vewy much like to get that 
 book. I — I think if I could get it at 
 one of those spherical — no — globular 
 — no, that's not the word — circle — cir- 
 cular — yes, that's it — drculatingWh'Wii- 
 wies (I knew it was soinething that 
 went round) — I think if I could just 
 borrow that book from a circulating 
 libwawy — I'd — yes, upon my word now 
 — I'd twy and wcad it. A doothed good 
 sort of book that, I'm sure. I — I 
 always did hate pwoverbs. In the first 
 place they, they're so howwibly con- 
 fusing — I — I always mix 'em up to- 
 gether — somehow, when I twy to weckoraember them. And besides, 
 if evewy fellah was to wegiilate his life by a lot of pwoverbs, what — 
 what a beathtly sort of uncomfortable life he would lead! 
 
 I remolect — I mean remember — when I was quite a little fellah 
 — in pinafores — and liked wasbewwy-jam and — and a lot of howwid 
 things for tea — there was a sort of collection of illustwated pwoverbs 
 hanging up in our nursery at home. They belonged to our old nurse 
 — Sarah — I think — and she had 'em fwamed and glazed. *' Poor 
 Richard's," I think she called 'em — and she used to say — poor dear — 
 that if evewy fellah attended to cvewything Poor Richard wote, that 
 he'd get vewy wich, and 1-live and die — happy ever after. However 
 — it — it's vewy clear to me that — he couldn't have attended to them 
 — himself, else, how did the fellah come to be called Poor Richard? 
 I — I hate a fellah that pwcaches what he doesn't pwactice. Of courtli, 
 if what he said was twue, and he'd 8tnck to it — he — he'd have been 
 railed — Rich Richard — Stop a minute — how's that? Rich Richard I 
 Why that would have been too rich. Pwaps that's the reason he 
 pwefcrred being Poor. How vewy wich! 
 
 WHITFIELD as **Parson Skinner 
 
 Parson Skinner's Sarmon to fhe Skilleitvillers. 
 
 My breethering, I am a plain-spoken preacher. You hev called 
 me fur till preach onto you, and I shill preach with a vengeance, and 
 also with a determination to wake you to a realizin' sense of your 
 duty. 
 
 My breethering, the question arises, why did you call me to be your 
 preacher? How did it come to pass that you called me fur till speak 
 fiery words onto you? I reckon some of you had heerd me preach at 
 Bolivartown and also at Biggertown and you arriv at the conclusion 
 that you couldn't hev done any bet- 
 ter than to call upon me to come 
 and pour down the truth upon you. 
 And you couldn't hev done any 
 better either, fur I will stand before 
 you and urge you on to do your whole 
 duty, and I will pour my burnin' 
 eloquence upon you, hevin' in view the 
 welfare of the whole community. 
 
 My breethering, you live in Skillett- 
 ville, that is, a consid'able portion of 
 you do. Some of you are from the val- 
 leys and the hills around Skillettville, 
 but you shill ail be t^iken as one whole 
 — you shill all be called Skilletvillers 
 in my addresses unto you. 
 
 Now, Skillettvillers, what are you 
 doin' at the present time? Are you 
 endeavorin' fur till do your duty? As 
 far as my observation goes I should say 
 you ain't. The hour has come, Skillett- 
 villers, when it devolves upon every 
 man to do his duty; the hour has come 
 when every man should fly to the 
 wheel, as it were, and prepare to 
 obey the orders which at any mo- 
 ment may come crashin' along the line: 
 the hour has come when every man and woman, boy and girl, should 
 slioiilder his or her gun and stand ready to fire. My breethering, 
 are you standin' ready and waitin' fur any occasion which may sud- 
 denly roll over upon you? Have you shouldered your gun, and are 
 you standin' ready fur till tire? 
 
 My breethering, some preachers commence to preach and they have 
 no te.v' whereupon to found their remarks; they jest commence and 
 whack away without thinkin' about a tex', and as a general thing 
 them preachers which preach in that way pour out as good sartnons 
 and as sound reasonin' as tliem which take a tex' and stick to it with 
 great pertinacity. Some preachers are in favor of a tex' and sonie 
 go agin it. Fur my part, I think some sarmons should hev a tex' and 
 some shouldn't. This is my first sarmon to you, iiud it sliall hev a 
 tex', and the tex' shall be in these words: 
 
 *' And T/ou ought fur till take a plow and plow deep and plow long, 
 and you ought fur till sow goodseed, and you ought fur till hnrrer 
 your ground with great fierceness. And when you hev done all this 
 yon kin expert to reap a whillakin'' harvest. Thafs so f" 
 
 — nxo:- 
 
 ^.^
 
 WHITFIELU AS TME BLLtSllIMi MAIUEN AND THE OLD MAID. 
 
 241 
 
 ? 
 
 AUNT JERUSHA ON WOMAN'S RIGHTS. 
 
 Aunt .Icru^ha Priinrone gives her opuiioii as follows on the subject 
 of w'orniin's rights: 
 
 '•My hearers — male and female — Sqiienchiir my native modesty, 
 which is natural to all iiv the vessels uv 
 whom I am whicli, I feel impelled to speak 
 to yoo this evenin' on the subji*ck uv 
 woman — her drij^in, her mission, licr des- 
 tiny — a subjeck, hein' ez I :im a woman 
 myself, I hev given much attention to. 
 
 Man, my hearery, claims to be the soo- 
 perior uv woman! Is it so? and ef so. in 
 what, and how much? Wuz he the fust 
 creation? He wuz, my hearers; but what 
 does Ihat prove? Man wuz made fust, hut 
 the experience gained in miikin' man wuz 
 appliL'd to the nuikin' uv a buttcrer or a 
 morefinerer bein', uv whom I am a sample. 
 Nacher made man, hut eaw in a biief 
 space uv time that he cooddent take care 
 uv hisself alone, and so he made a woman 
 to take care nv him. and that's why we 
 wuz created, though seein' all the trouble 
 we hev I don't doubt that it would hev 
 been money in our poekiits ef we hedn't 
 been made at all. 
 
 Imagine, my auliqtiated sisters, Adam 
 afore Eve wuz made I Wlio sewed on his 
 shirl-hutlons? Who cooked his beefsteak? 
 Who madi* his coffee in the mornin' and did 
 
 his washin'? He wuz mizable — he wuz — he must hev boarded out 
 and eat hash! But when Eve come the scene changed. Her gentle 
 hand soothed his akin brow when he come in from a hard day's 
 work. She hed his liousc in order. She hed his slippers and 
 drcssin'-gown ready, and after tea lie 
 smoked his meerschaum in peace. 
 
 Men, cruel, hard, bard-hearted men, as- 
 sert that Eve wuz the cause uv his expul- 
 sion from Eden — that she plucked the 
 apple and give him half; oh, my sisters, 
 it's true! it's too true, but what uv it? It 
 proves, fustly, her goodness. Hed Adam 
 plucked the apple, ef it hed bin a good one, 
 he'd never thought uv his wife at home, but 
 would hev gobbled it all. Eve, angel that 
 we all are, thought uv him, and went 
 havers with him. Secondly, it wuz the 
 means uv good, anyhow. It interdoost 
 death into the world, which separated 'em 
 while they still hed love for each other. 
 I appeal to the sterner sex present to-night. 
 WiMild you, oh would you desire for 
 immortality, onless, indeed, you lived in 
 Injeany, where you could git divorces and 
 change your names wunst in ten or fifteen 
 years? S'pose'n all uv you hed bin 
 fortunate enough to win sich virgin souls 
 ez me, could you endure charms like mine 
 for a eternity? Methinks not. I know 
 thai ef I hed a husband he would bless 
 Eve for interdoosin' death into the world. 
 
 I progress. Woman, then, is man's ekal, but is she okkepyin' her 
 pinper speer? Alas not: we are deprived uv the. ballot, and ain't 
 allowed to make stump speeches or take part in politix. Is it 
 right? True, we ain't ez yit learned in these matters, but what uv 
 that? How many men vote who know what they're votin' for, and 
 bow many stump speakers know what they're talkin' about? I 
 demand the ballot. I want to be a torch- light procession. I want 
 to sit in Congris among the other'old grann.ies. I want to demon- 
 
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 oooOTO 
 
 WHITFIELD as ^'■Auiit Jeruslia 
 
 strate my Illness for governin' by comin' home elevated on 'leck^hnn 
 nights. I want to assoom that epeer which nacher fitted me for 
 ekally witb man, but from which maskellne jealousy hez thus far 
 excluded me. Don't say we are weak and 
 frivolusl Weakl why I wunst know'd a 
 female friend uv mine who hed ntrength 
 reglerly to carry her husband, who weighed 
 200 pounds averdupois, into the house 
 every night, after he was lifted off from a 
 dray onto which his friends, wbich conid 
 stand more fluids than he could, hed depo.s- 
 ited him. Many a time I've seed her lift 
 that barrel uv whiskey with a man outside 
 uv it. 
 
 Ez I heard some wicked boys who wuz a 
 playin' cards say, I pass. 
 
 Matrimony, thus far in the world's his- 
 tory, hez bin our only destiny. I am glad 
 I hed alius strength uv mind enough t<> 
 resist all propositions lookin" to my en- 
 slavement. I hed too much respeck for 
 myself to make myself the slave uv a man. 
 Wunst, indeed, I might hev done so, but 
 the merest accident in the world saved me. 
 A young man, in my younger days, when 
 the bloom was on the peach, ere sleepless 
 nights spent in meditatin' the wrongs uv 
 my sex hed worn furrows into these wunst 
 blushin* cheeks, a young man come to (nir 
 house and conversed sweetly with me. It was my r'ust bean; and oh, 
 my sisters, hed he that night asked me to be his'n I should bev bin 
 weak enough to hev sed yes, and I would hev bin a washer uv dishes 
 and a mender uv stockins for life. But fate saved me. HE DIDN'T 
 ASK ME — that night nor never afterwards 
 — ai^d, hallelujy! I'm free! " 
 
 WHITFIELD as ^*Sal Scroggiiis. 
 
 Sal Scroggins Visits the City. 
 
 Good evening, folkse:^, Perliaps you 
 don't know -me. My name is Sal Scrog- 
 gins. I live down at the Four Corners. Pa 
 was coming down to the village to-day with 
 a load of hay, so I thought I would jump on 
 and run down and spend the day with 
 Minnie. You see Minnie Spilkins is a 
 cousin of mine on ma's side, and Minnie 
 was down to our house, down in the 
 country, last summer, spending the "um- 
 mer, and she gave me an invitation when 
 T come to the city to call and seeker. Well, 
 I was down to Minnie's house this after- 
 noon and I rang the door-hell for half an 
 hour, and set on the steps all the afternoon 
 and Minnie never come to the door, and I 
 do think she is real mean ! I s'pose she is 
 jealous of me on account of a young fellow 
 who keeps company with me — his name 
 is Chawley. You see, Chawley is a 
 clerk in a dry-goods store, and he gets 
 three dollars and a half a week, and pays 
 four dollars a week for board ; and you should see him on Sundays 
 — he just looks too sweet to live. He dresses up mighty stylish, 
 parts his hair in the middle, and he has got such a high forehead — 
 like a cow. He is awful intelligent. Well, I would slop all day, 
 but T promised ma I would be home in time to help her milk the 
 cows. So, good afternoon. Call, if you should come our way. 
 Our pump is broke; but we churn every day, and we have jam-up 
 bntlermilk ! 
 
 A- 
 
 10
 
 Mi2:r: 
 
 ::^ 
 
 242 
 
 MEN DISTIXGUISHED IN THE LEGAL TKOFESSION. 
 
 ^-^— fir 
 
 Eminent Lawyers, 
 
 B. F. BUTLER. SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE. CHARLES OCONOR 
 
 
 ENJA5IIN F. BUTLER, tlie American 
 lawyer, politician and soldier, was 
 born at Deerfield, N. H., in 1818. 
 Few men of modern times have at- 
 tuined such proficiency in the knowl- 
 edge of international law. He was 
 educated at the Lowell high school 
 and at Wuterville, Maine, college ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1841, and 
 became a prosperous attorney, being es- 
 pecially successful in criminal cases. In 
 1853 he was elected a member of the lower 
 house of the Massachusetts legislature, and 
 in 1859 a State senator. In 18G0 he was 
 chosen a delegate to the National Demo- 
 cratic conven- - ^.^,^.. 
 tion at Charles- y*^ 
 ton, S. C. , and 
 when the con- 
 vention divided he went to Baltimore with 
 the secedcrs, hut withdrew because he 
 would not remain in a convention that 
 approvingly advocated the slave-trade, 
 which by the laws of the country is piracy. 
 In 1860 he was also Democratic candidate 
 for governor of Massachusetts, but was 
 defeated. At the first call for Union troops 
 at the breaking out of the Southern rebel- 
 lion, in 1801, he took command of the 
 eighth Massachusetts regiment and was 
 placed in charge of the military district, 
 extending from Annapolis to Baltimore, 
 Md. In May, 18(31, he became commander 
 of the department of Virginia; in August 
 of that year he commanded the Union 
 troops at the capture of Fort Ilatteras, 
 and or;;ani/.ed the expedition against New 
 Orleans. The federal fleet, under Admiral 
 Farragut having virtually captured New 
 Orleans in the following spring, General 
 
 Butler took possession of the city on the first of May and governed 
 it with a firm discipline until November, 18U-^, when he was recalled. 
 In November, 1863, he became commander of the eighteenth army 
 corps^and, in 1864,of the troops operating on the James river, in 
 Virginia, in conjunction with General Grant's campaign against Uich- 
 mond. From this last-named command he was relieved in 1865. Since 
 then he has represented his Stale in congress for several terms, and 
 after several unsuccessful efforts to secure the governorship of 
 MasHucliusettrt, was elected to that position in that fall of 1882. 
 
 Benjamin 
 
 Prominent Lnwyii-. I'nli 
 
 Ui'pifsi'iilali 
 
 HE jurist, Sir William Blackstonc, son of a silk merchant, was 
 born in London in 17^3. He was educated at the Charter House 
 seminary and Pembroke college, Oxford, and at both institutions 
 exhibited superior talents. At twenty years of age he composed 
 for his own use a *' Treatise on the Elements of Architecture. " Hav- 
 ing decided to adopt the legal profession, he entered upon its study in 
 the Middle Temple, London, in 1741, at which time he wrote his ele- 
 gant valedictory poem, entitled "The Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse. " 
 In 1743 he was elected a fellow of All-Souls' college, and in 1746 he was 
 admitted to the practice of the law, but obtained very little business. 
 For several years he lived in comparative obscurity, but in 1753 he 
 began to deliver, at Oxford, his lectures on the English law. These 
 were published in 1765-69, and formed his celebrated "Commen- 
 taries on the Laws of England," which have, by common consent, 
 become a standard publication. In consequence of these lectures his 
 business greatly increased, and he was 
 elected Vinerian professor of law in the 
 Oxford university. In 1761 he entered 
 parliament as the member for Hindon, and 
 was appointed king's counsel and solic- 
 itor-general to the queen. In 1770 he was 
 made a judge of the king's bench, and 
 soon afterwards was transferred to the 
 court of common pleas. Besides his 
 "Commentaries," he published, in 176:i, 
 a series of law tracts, and prepared two 
 folio volumes of "Law Reports," which 
 were printed after his death. Of him it 
 is said that he was " the first who wrote 
 on the dry and repulsive subject of Eng- 
 lish law in such a manner as not to excite 
 disgust in a reader of taste." He died 
 in 17H0. , 
 
 CHARLES OXONOR. 
 
 X AAIKKU'AN lawyer. Char les 
 ()'t;onor, was born in New York city, 
 in 1804. He was instructed in the 
 primary English branches and in the Latin 
 and French langnages. He also sludied 
 law, and was admitted to its practice in 1824. From the start he 
 api>ears to have held a prominent jjosition as an advocate, and from 
 1835 to 1874 he was employed in lawsuits Involving great public 
 interests and large sums of money, such as, the slave Jack, the Lis- 
 pcnard will, the Forrest divorce, Mason will, Lenimon slave, "Boss" 
 Tweed, and olher cases. For more than a year he was United States 
 district attorney for New York, and was a member of the two conven- 
 tions to form new constitutions for New York, in 1846 and 1864. 
 nicd. May 12, 1884 
 
 F. Butler, 
 
 iid Congressional 
 
 =:sr 
 
 "^^^
 
 PROMINENT LAWYERS. 
 
 Riifiis Choate. Caleb Cashing. 
 
 'fw^ 
 
 m^ 
 
 UOMINENT as a lawyer :n the early 
 part of the century wis? Rufus 
 Choute, who was greatly ■ulmired 
 for his excellent judgment, supe- 
 rior tact in the management of 
 lawsuits, and convincing oratory. 
 He was i)orn at Essex, Maf^s. , in 
 1799, and was educated at Dart- 
 mouth college, where he graduated 
 in 1819, and uiicre he remained as 
 tutor for a year longer. Adopting 
 the profession of the law, uftcr 
 devoting himself for some time 
 to its study, he began to practice 
 at D an vers, 
 Ma^s., in 1S-.34, 
 but he soon 
 afterwards re- 
 moved to Salem. 
 In 1825 he was 
 elected a member of the Massachusetts 
 legislature; in 1827 he became a State 
 senator, and w as elected to the lower house 
 of Congress in 1832. On the expiration 
 of his term be declined a re-election, and 
 established himself in the practice of his 
 profession at Boston, where he soon 
 achieved the highest reputation as an 
 acute lawyer and an able advocate. 
 Daniel Webster having retired from the 
 United States senate, to enter President 
 Harrison's cabinet as Secretary of State, 
 in 1841 Mr. Choate was elected his suc- 
 cessor in the senate, but in 1845, at the 
 expiration of his term, he returned to 
 Boston and resumed the practice of law. 
 In 1853 he was made attorney-general of 
 the State, and from that time until his 
 death, at Halifax, N. S. , in 1859, his career 
 as a hiwyer was brilliant and uninterrupted. Not only was he an 
 eloquent and effective pleader, but he was also distinguished by his 
 addresses and orations on several public occasions, including a eulogy 
 on President Harrison, one on Daniel Webster, and an address on the 
 landing of the pilgrims at Plymouth. 
 
 Rufus Choate. 
 
 Widely Known, Successful Boston Lawyer. 
 
 CALEB CUSHING. 
 
 /^ALEB CUSHING proved himself an acute diplomatist, and in 
 L. the public service of the United States obtained an enviable repu- 
 V tation. His birth occurred at Salisbury, Mass. , in 1800. He was 
 educated at Harvard college, where he graduated in 1817. For two 
 years he was a tutor in the college, then turned his attenticm to 
 the law, jmd in 1835 was admitted to the bar. He first practiced 
 law at Newburyport, Mass., and at this period became a contributor 
 of historical and legal articles to the North American Heview. In 
 1825 he was also elected a member of the Massachusetts legislature, 
 andin 1826 he was chosen a State senator. In 1829-"31 he vi-ir.-d 
 
 Europe, and on his return he published two volumes: "Reminis- 
 cences of Spain" and "A Review of the Revolution of Ibe 'Three 
 Days' in France, and the Consequent Events in Europe." In 1833 
 he was re-elected to the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature 
 from Newburyport, in which he remained for two years. In 1834 he 
 was elected as a whig to Congress, and was re-elected for three suc- 
 cessive terms, remaining there until 1843. Upon the accession of 
 President Tyler, after the death of Mr. Harrison, in 1841, Mr. Cnsh- 
 Ing became an adherent of Mr. Tyler's rather unpopular administra- 
 tion. His appointment as Secretary of the Treasury, in 1843, was 
 rejected by the senate. Mr. Tyler thereupon appointed Mr. Ciishing 
 a national commissioner to China, and it was in this position that he 
 concluded the first American treaty with the Chinese government. 
 This was done in 1844. When Mr. Gushing returned from his mis- 
 sion he was re-elected a member of the 
 Massachusetts legislature. In that assem- 
 bly, in 1847, he urged a measure to raise 
 and equip a regiment of soldiers to par- 
 ticipate in the Mexican war. The measure 
 was defeated, but Mr. Gushing raised tlie 
 regiment and equipped it at his own 
 expense, and then accompanied it, as its 
 crommander, to Mexico. Soon afterwards 
 he was appointed a brigadier-general by 
 General Taylor. After his return from 
 the war he was chosen one of the justices 
 of the supreme court of Massachusetts, 
 and in 1853 President Pierce appointed 
 him Attorney-General of the Vnited 
 States. In 1857-'59 he was again in the 
 State legislature. In 18G0 he presided 
 over the national Democratic convention, 
 at Baltimore, that nominated John C. 
 Breckinridge for president. In 1866 he 
 was appointed by President Johnson one 
 of the three commissioners to codify and 
 revise the federal laws. He was also 
 active in preparing the treaty by which 
 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, 
 and in 1869 he consummated a treaty with the government of the 
 United States of Columbia (known as the Gushing treaty), which 
 permits our country to construct a ship-canal across the isthmus of 
 Darien. In 1872 he was one of the counsel for the settlement of 
 the claims against the British government for damages done to Amer- 
 ican citizens by tbe confederate cruiser " Alabama;" and in 1873 he 
 published a book, called "The Treaty of Washington," in which he 
 sharply criticised the conduct of tbe British arbitrator. In Decem- 
 ber, 1873, he was nominated for United States Minister to Spain, and 
 in the following month for Chief Justice of the United States: but 
 both nominations failed, the latter being withdrawn by President 
 Grunt. Gushing was not popular in ladies' society, and never sougbt 
 it, but he finally married Caroline Wildes, a judge's daughter, and 
 a woman with tastes as studious as his own. He had a passion for 
 liglit reading, and when not very busy would keep a novel near by 
 to read in his spare moments. He possessed a vast fund of informa- 
 tion, and «ould always quote authorities. He died in 1879. 
 
 -vO.K
 
 
 PEESIDENTS> ^^1^ 
 
 Their Place of Birth, Occupation and Principal Events in Their Lives. 
 
 GEORGE '^A.SMI'SGTO'S— First President. Served 
 t'ighr vears. Hi.s part in freeing the United States from 
 the domination of Great Bi'itain. is related elsewhere in 
 this volume, in the chapter on " Military Heroes;" was the 
 primary President of the newly-organized republic. His 
 ti)>t iii;ni;:m'atii..n .k-i.-ui ivd April 30. 17S9. and l»uth <.f his 
 ;uliEiiiii-lT-:itii>n-. I t'lr lit- was i_deeted to a second It-nm wuce 
 iii.u kt-d liv tlir >arnt.' calm In-mness, prudencL- and ability 
 that di»tiiigu]>hfd his previous private and nliliIar.^■ career. 
 He was burn at Westmoreland, Va., February 22. 17;J2; was 
 Chief Magistrate from 1789 to 1797, and died December 14, 
 nay. Of him it has been truly said that he was " first in 
 "■'"'"'""'" war. first in peace, and tiist in the hearts of his country- 
 
 men." The nation tliat he founded has survived the initial century of Its 
 existence, and is the wonder and admiration of foreign powers. 
 
 jiiJ- 
 
 JOHX A.'DA.'MS— Second Preaideitt. Served four years. 
 Burn in Massachusetts. October 19. 1735. and was from 
 early manhood distinguished for sterling business talents 
 andsagacitv. Began his career as a lawyer at Qnincy, 
 Mass.. in 1759; man ied Miss Abigail Smith in 17G4. was a 
 jiowerful advocate for the independence of the American 
 colonies; aided in forming the Federal Congress, in 1774. 
 and in preparing the Declaration of Independence; also 
 organized the war-system of the colonies, the foreign 
 depiirtment of the new goveniTnent. and assisted in nego- 
 tiating treaties with Great Britain, France and Holland; 
 was chosen Vice-President, under Washington, and Presi- 
 dent in 1797, and after a successful adniini>tiution retired 
 He died July 4, 1826, a few hours after President Jefferson 
 
 IHOMAS JEFFERSON— r/dVrf President. Served 
 ■ight years. Born at Shadwell, Va. . April 2, 1743. he 
 received a collegiate education, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1766; at twenty-five, he was a member of the Vir- 
 ginia Stat^ Legislature; in 1775 he was elected a member 
 of the Continental Congress, and. in 1776, drafted the 
 Declaration of Independence, in l777-'79 he assisted in the 
 revision of the laws of Virginia, and in the latter year was 
 chosen Governor of the State; in 1783 was re-elected to Con- 
 gress; in 1784 was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to 
 aid in clfecting comrnerci.il treiitHs with foreign nations, 
 and from 178,t to 1789 ua- rnit.-d Mates Minister to 
 '""'""' France: in 1789 was apin-intrd Sr.i i-tary of St;tte by 
 
 President Washington; was Vice-President in 1797. and Chief Magistrate from 
 
 ISOl tu 1809. He died at Monticello, Va. , July i, 1826. 
 
 JAMES MABISOX- fo»w;i President. Served eight 
 years. Born al King Gi'orge. Va., March 16, H.'il, the 
 eldest of seven clnMnn, he received a liheral education, 
 graduating from Priiicetun Cut lege in 1771, and siihsiipn-nll v 
 pui-sued a course of legal, theological, and lil<i,.is -imh , 
 in 1776 was elected a member of the Virgiina i ri v . iin..ii, 
 and also a member of the Virginia State L.'ui-l Muir m 
 17H7, at Philadelphia, assiste.l in fiaming the l-.d.i.il c.ri 
 stitutlon; in 1789 became a nieuil.rr .il I he liist Atnerican 
 Congre.'*s. and was elected ri>-.id>-nt dI tin- riiilni siai.-, 
 serving until 1817. his ftdniini--ti aii.m l»ing distinguished 
 by the second war with Great Britain, 1«12-"14. and other 
 important political events. At the close of his executive 
 
 he retired from public life, .spending his latest years in agricul- 
 
 I oti his farm, where he died June 28, 1836. 
 
 TAMES MOSnOE— Fifth Pn-Mident. Served eight 
 * years. Born In Westmoreland county. Va. , April 28, 
 1758. he received his education at William and Mary Col- 
 lege (Va.); joined the Hevcjhilionary army in 1776; after- 
 wardx studied law with Thomas JelTei-son; was stent. In 
 1783. to Congress, in I7R7 was elected to the Legislature; 
 In 17WI was a member of the Virginia tN)nstitutional 
 Convention; In 1790 was chosen United States Senator; 
 fi'om 1794 to 1706 was Minister to France; was (Jovernor ot 
 Virginia from 1799 to 1802; was sent to France, in 1802. to 
 negotiate for tlie purchase of Louisiana, and to England 
 to seenre Aniciican feamen against Impressment, subse- 
 fpiently elKisen Governor of Virginia, was appointed Seere- 
 of stfilc nnd then Secretary of Wai'. was elected Pi-esldent in 1817, 
 atr^'iri ill IM-Ji. Di.-d in New Vuik city, July 4. 18:il. 
 
 **0NB0^ 
 
 JOHN QUIXrX A.nA.M»-Si.Tth President. Served 
 four years. Born at Braintree, Mass.. July 11, 1767; 
 was educated at Harvard college; was admitted to the bar 
 in 1791, and practiced in Boston; in 1794 was appointed 
 Minister to Holland, and. in 1797, Minister to Prussia; was 
 elected State Senatoi- in 1801, and United States Senator in 
 istii; 111 1S06 became professor of rhetoric in Harvard 
 c.llege; three years later, went to Russia as United States 
 Minii-ler; in 1814 assisted in negotiating peace with 
 England; in 1817 President Monroe app'-inttii him Secretary 
 of State; in 1824 Jackson, Adams, and I'lawtmcl lan foV 
 the Presidency, but there being no choicr. the sue<-fe(iing 
 session of Congress gave the office to Mi-. Adams, who tilled 
 it until 1829; in 1829 he was elected a member of Congress from Massachu- 
 setts. continuing there until his death, at Washington. D.C. , February 23. 1848 
 
 ^/iJ.ADAttS 
 
 ANDREW JACKSOX-5erfH//(Pres(rfe7i(. Served 
 ■^*- eight years. Born in Mecklenburg county, N. C. . 
 March 15, 1767, became a lawyer; settled at Nashville, 
 Tenn., in 1791; became district attorney of the State; in 
 1795 vvaselected the first Congressman from Tennessee, in 
 1797 was chosen United States Senator, resigned his seat 
 the following spi-ing. and was elected a justice of the 
 SupremeCourt of Tennessee by the Legislature; resigned 
 in 1804; in 1812 commanded a detachment of the Ten- 
 nessee militia; became a Ma jor-O intra 1 in 1814, and 
 January 8. 1815. fought his fatn-Mi- batilc .if New Orleans, 
 in 1818 was fighting the Seminni,. Indians, m Florida, of 
 which be was. in 1821. appointed (i'n f_Tnur: in 1823 was 
 again elected United States Senator from Tennessee; in 1828 was elected 
 President, and re-elected in 1832. He died near Xashville, June 8, 1845. 
 
 J/4CKS0N 
 
 ATARTIN VAX BUREN ~ Eighth Preside7it. 
 ■^** Served four years. Born at Kinderhook. N. Y. , 
 ■December 5. 1782, in 1S12 was elected State Senator, and 
 from 18i5 to 1819 was Attorney-Genera! of the State; in 
 1816 he was re-elected State Senator, and in 1818 became 
 the leader of the famous Democratic clique known as the 
 " Albany Regency." in 1821 he was chosen United States 
 Senator, and re-elected in 1827, but becoming Governor of 
 the State in 1828. he resigned his seat in the Senate: in 
 1829 was appointed Secretary of State by President 
 Jackson, but, in 1831. was sent as Minister to England; in 
 1832 was elected Vice-President on tlie Jackson ticket; in 
 1836 was elected President over Harrison, and in 1840 
 Harrison defeated him and became President; in 1848. on the 
 ticket, waa defeated by General Taylor. Died at Kinderhook. July 24, 1862. 
 
 ' Free-soil" 
 
 WII-I.IAM HEXRT HARRISON - Ninth 
 " Pre.sidfnt. Serve<l one month, Boi-n at Berkeley. 
 Va.. February 9. 1773; at nineteen he engaged in the war 
 ai_':iiTi-t Wcsteiii Indians; in 1797 was appointed Secretary 
 Ml (li. Nniihwestern Teri'itory, from which, in 1799, he was 
 iliMsrn a delegate to Congress; in 1801 was app()inted 
 iJi.v.irMi- iif huliana Territory, cnmprii-ing the present 
 .states ..t Indiana. Michigan. Illui.u;-. and Wi>eonsin; in 
 ISII he deleate,! the Jm^tMe hid). in fliief Te^llTn^eh. at 
 Tipr-'f-^"'"'; '" "<l- eninniande.i the Northwestern 
 frontier; in 1813 complete] v runted the British at the 
 battle of the Thames, ()et..l.rr.^, m IKlfi was elected to Con- 
 gress, and in 1824 a United States Senator; in 1828 Minister 
 to Colombia, S. A., i-eturning in 1820; in 1840 was elect-ed President on the 
 Whig ticket, but died one month after his inauguration, April 4, 1841. 
 
 '^'iRRiSO^ 
 
 JOHN T'YJ^K'R-Tenth President. Served nearly four 
 ** years. Born in Charles Citv county. Va, , Marcdi 29, 
 1790; was aiimitted tn the bar in 1809: in 1811. ami for five 
 years moie, wus a inend)er of the Virginia Legislature, 
 in 1816 w^is elected to Congress, and twice re-elected, re- 
 signing be fine the close of his last term ; in 1825 was 
 chosen Governor hy the Legislature, and re-eh-cted at the 
 next session: in 1827 was chosen United States Senator, 
 and re-elected In 1833. resigning in 1836; in 1840 was elected 
 Vice-President, and on the death of President Bai'rison suc- 
 ceeded to the Presidency: having twice vetoed a bill _ 
 authorizing a national bank, a favorite Whig measm-e. his Tyler 
 Cabinet resigned. Mr, Tyler was a member of the Confederate Congross 
 when liedie<l. at Klehmond. V«.. January 17. 1862. 
 
 '.^
 
 Sketch of the Presidents in Civil, Political and Military Life. 
 
 %w^ 
 
 4,' 
 
 ,^ 
 
 1 'i^- I, 
 
 - 
 
 Achievements as Civilians and Successes as IVIilitary Heroes. 
 
 
 H 
 
 [AMES K^'OX POl^lL-Khyfiith President. Served 
 lour years. Born in Mi-ckkMihurir county, N. C. , 
 Novembers, ITas, and ednratt'il iit tin' University of North 
 Oai'olina. The family reinovcd to TL-nnessee in 1806. In 
 IRW lie was udniitteii to thi_- bar; in 1823 was elected a 
 meinber- of the Tennessee Lejfislature. and. In 1K25, a 
 member of Contrress. retaining; the latter office fourteen 
 years, durinn which he was twice chosen Speaker of the 
 House: in 1839 was elected Governor of Tennessee, but 
 failed of a re-election in 1841: in 1844 the Democrats 
 elected him President, with George M. Dallas as Vice- 
 President, his iuhiiinistratinii b.-intr distinguished by the 
 war with M.-vini. tlit- .-itMlinn nf ilir interior Department at 
 
 Washinifton, the adoption ol \\u- Imv imid, vt<; Tliree months after his 
 
 retirement, in 1849, he died at Nu.-.hville. Tunn., June Ki. 
 
 POLK 
 
 f ATHARY TATTL-OK— rHvyV/i President. Sen-ed 
 ixterii months. Born in (irancfe coiintv. Va, . September 
 ■24, 17M; son ..f a R.-volutionary om.er. The family 
 rtinov.rl to Kriitucky. in 17S.'i. oceiipymi: a plantation near 
 Lt-Miisville. ami there Zaehary was employed until his 
 twenty-fourth year. In 1808 he succeeded his dead brother, 
 Hancock, as a Lieutenant in the army, in 1812 commanded 
 Fort Harrison, on the Wabash river, defending it success- 
 fully, with Ilfty t\^n men. a^rainst a large force of Indians; 
 sci\eil tbiouKli tilt- war, u licn he resigned; served in the 
 Hla.-k Hawk ami S..niin..l.' Indian wars of 1832. 1836-1840; 
 then in the Si.nth\vf>t. Hrnl was actively eng-agod in the 
 war with Mexico. l84.7-"47, winning renown by his bravery 
 
 and success; in 1848 was elected President as a Whig, with'Millard Fillmore 
 
 as Vice-President. He died at Washington, July 9, 1850. 
 
 M» 
 
 riLLARD FH.T.^OK.E— Thirteenth President. Suc- 
 cee<ied Taylor. Bom at Summerhill, N. Y. . January?, 
 1800; receiving a limited education, he was apprenticed to 
 a fuller when fourteen; six years afterwards he bought a 
 release from his apprenticeship, and. in 1821, went to 
 Butfalo, studied law, taught school and assisted the Post- 
 master; was admitted to the bar in 1823, and began to 
 practice law at Aurora, N. Y.. in 1827, and in 1829 began to 
 practice as attorney and counselor in the State Supreiiie 
 Court, removing to Buffalo in 1830; in 1828 was elected a 
 member of the Legislature by the Anti-Masons, and twice 
 iiLwai**^ re-elected; in 1832 was elected a member of Congress; in 
 
 1836, 1838 and 1840 was re-elected as a Whig, retiring in 
 1843: in 1847 he was elected Comptroller of the State, and in 1848 wa,s elected 
 Vice-President. Became President in 1850. He died March 8, 1874. 
 
 j^RANKLIN 'PJE.Rf'E—FourtetitthPresideitt. Served 
 four years. Bom at Hillsborough. N. H., November 
 
 ■^.f, 1S04; was fdnc^ted at Bowdoin college; began legal 
 )irarti.-.' at llill^-linrinigh abc ut 1827: was elected a member 
 nt 111.- Slat.- l.<L:isl,iiun> in 1827 and 1831; in 1833 and 18(5 
 wu'' ilfcte.i a nil in)>fr of Congress, and in 1837 was chosen 
 United States Senator: in 1842 resigned; in 1847 he volun- 
 teered as a soldier, subsequently commanding a regiment, 
 heeoming afterwards a Brigadier-Oeneral, serving under 
 'W-nrrnl Smtr in the war with ^Ifxie... and participating in 
 llir li.Mll.- Ml r..iitr.-i'as ,anil Chiiruhnsi-o; in IS.'iO prr^i.led 
 ■ ■\<'i tlir \rs\ Haniiishiic Stalf ( 'on^t iluti.mal < ''tnventiun; 
 in l.s.Vj w a- .-l.-c-lcl Pr.-siiit'iit by the Dt^niocrats. From 
 t.'i7 to I860 he traveled in Europe, and on his return espoused the cause of the 
 onfedcrates in the war of the Rebellion. Died at Concord, N. H. , in 1869. 
 
 PlERce 
 
 AMES RVOMA'SA'S— Fifteenth President. Served 
 f.iur years. Born at Stony Batter, Penn.. April 22. 1791: 
 graduated at Dickinson college. Carlisle. Penn., in 1809: in 
 1812, served as a volunteer in defense of Baltimore; in 1814 
 was elected a member of the State Legislature, and was. from 
 1821 to 1831. a continuous member of Cimgress: in 18.31 was 
 appointed Minister to St Peti'rsbiirtf. where he concluded 
 til.- lirsf r.iminf trial trratv hctwf. n ]!ii--ia and the United 
 Stall's, fi.mi is:;:; In i,^4j \\,a- :iLrain a 1 ' tni-.i States Senator, 
 aii.l th.-n I'r.'-i.lrni p.. Ik ,i|.i.Mint.-il liini s^.r, tary of .State; 
 in l,s(,", h,' irlu.d to private life, but in 18,i3 President 
 Phi re app"iTiti-il liiin .Minister t.j England, where he 
 iiinaiiifd until 1S,*>6. when he returned and was elected 
 
 Pre.sidL-nt by the Denuicrats. In IfiOl Mr. Buchanan retired permanently to 
 
 private life, and died at Lancaster. Penn. , June 1, 1868. 
 
 1 
 
 ABRAHAM 'L.l'SCO'L.'S-Sixteenth President. Ser- 
 ved four years and a month. Born in Hardin county, 
 Ky., February 12, 18'>y; in 1.S16 his parents removed to 
 Indiana, the lad being employed on the farm : in 1825 he 
 managed a ferry across the Oliio river ; in 1830 the family 
 removed to the vicinity of Decatur, HI., where he split 
 rails and aided in clearing the farm : in 1831 he piloted 
 the first steninhoat on the Sangamon river, and enlisted as 
 a inivatr m iht- Black Hawk war. b.-ioniini^ laptain ; in 
 1H34 th*- Whig- fleeted him a meinl.ei .-f iln- I,.-i5isl.iture 
 re-ehrting hi in in isl36, 18:j8and lH4n ; in ]>t:i7he practiced 
 law successfully at Springfield ; was elected to Congress in 
 184fi ; in 18.^,8 held the tamoiisdebate with Douglas for the 
 Senatorship, but was defeated. In 18*i<i and 1864 Lincoln was elected 
 Presiilenl. and was assassinated April 14, 1865, by Wilkes Booth. 
 
 i-iNCOLt* 
 
 W^ 
 
 ANDRETV *10II\S0N — Seretitenith Prt'Hidnit. 
 ■**■ Served three years anil eleven niontlii*. Born ;tt 
 Raleigli. N. C. . Di-cember 29. 180H; at ten was appicntic.-d 
 to a tailor; emigrated to Tennessee In 1820: In 18*1 
 became a State Senator, and in 1843 was elected n member 
 of Congress; for ten year.^. by ro-electloiiN, lie held thlH 
 office, working with the Democracy; In 1853 and I8.').'i wa» 
 electe<l Governor of Tennessee, and, in 1857. United Siatt-j 
 Senator: in 1800 opposed sec<-sslon. and was mobbed nn.l 
 burned in etllgy on his return to Tennessee, in 1861; In Iho;; 
 Pi-esident Lincoln nmde liim Military Governor of Ten 
 n<'s.see; in 1864 he was elected Vice-l'iC'-iil.iit on the 
 Lincoln ticket. When Mr. Lincoln died, Apnl i:., 186,'.. Mr. 
 Johnson became President, In 1808 he j.i ...-l;iini> il a full pardon to all i>(;r- 
 aons concerned in the rebellion. He died at Greenville, Tenn., July 31, 1875. 
 
 •'OtiNSOn 
 
 TTI."V8SE8 8. ORANT — Eighteenth President. 
 ^ Served eight years. Born at Point Pleiu^ant. Ohio. 
 April 27, 1822: in 18.19 entered the West P<dnt Military 
 A<'ademy. graduating in 1843; served on the Mis^.i.tiii 
 frontier, and. in 1845, j<uned General Taylor's army in tin- 
 Mexican war, participating in several important battles; 
 married Miss Dent, at St. Louis, in 1M8; 1852-".54 was 
 stationed on the Paellle coast; then resigned and lived on 
 a farm near St. Louis: then went into the leather trade .it 
 Galena, HI.; in I86J aifled 'iovernor Yates as inust.jing 
 officer at .Springfield, and. a-s colonel nf a regiment. s.Tved 
 in Missouri and Tennessee-, wiis successful as a military 
 officer; captured Vicksbui-g. nnd finally forced Lee to sur- 
 render, in 1805: in 1866 was made General of the army, and. in 1868. by a 
 popular vote, was elected President of the United Slates, and again in 1872. 
 
 GRAN' 
 
 RX'THERFORD B. HAYES-Wji^f^-CTifft PreM- 
 dent. Served four years. Bom in Ohio, in 1822, 
 studied law and practiced in Cincinnati: in 18.52 marrieil 
 Miss Lucy W. Webb; was a Whig in 1852: in the war of the 
 Rebellion was Major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteers, 
 participating in the operations in West Virginia and tlir 
 battle-- nrai U'lnch.M.r. and was wound. 'd in tin- e..nte-t 
 at South Mountain, in 1X64 was elected a nieiiiln-r ..1' Con 
 gress from < Hii..); siibse.|nentiy was twice eh<)sen 'iovcni'M 
 of that Slate, and. in 1876. was nominated for Presideiii l'\ 
 the Republicans, in opposition to Samuel J. Tilden. whom 
 he defeated at the election by such an uncertain iiiajorit> 
 that an electoral commission was created to decide the .'t._- 
 
 contest. The vote in the eomnii-ision was eight to seven in favor of Mr. 
 Hayes. Personally, both Mr. and Mrs. Haye» have been deser\'edly popuhir. 
 
 JA3IES ABRAM GA.KTTEL.'D—Ticrnti.fh 
 Pri'sifipnt. Bni-n in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, November 
 19, 18:U; during his youth he worked on the farm in 
 summer and at the can'^ntei''s bench in winter: when 
 seventeen years old he worked on a canal-boat; then, 
 preparing to enter college, he earned money for that 
 purpose by teaching school and carpenter's work; w.as 
 educated at Geauga (Ohioi Academy and Williams col- 
 lege. Mass.. graduating m 18.54: became tutor in. and then 
 president of , Hiram (O. ) Eclectic Institute, a raniphellite 
 seminary; in 1859 wag elected a state Senat.u-: in IKC.l en 
 tered the army of the Union. li•^inL' to the rank of inaj 
 gen. ; waselected to the thirty-eiL'hthand other ('ongri->si-~ 
 UD to the Forty-sixth, from which he was elevated Co the U- S. S<-r 
 1880 elected President. Wounded by an assassin July 2, and died Sept. 
 
 ate. In 
 19. 1881. 
 
 CHESXER AI-r-AN ARTVf.JJ R-Tu-enty-first 
 President. Served three vears and five and one- 
 half months. Born at Fairfield. Vt., Oct. 5. 1831 . was 
 educated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.. grad- 
 uating in 1848 ; was admitted to the bar in 1850 ; taught 
 school in Vermont, and in 18.'>3 commenced practicing 
 law in New York City : distinguished himself by 
 defenbes against the fugitive-slave law in behalf of the 
 colored people ; was State quartermaster-general of 
 New York and adjutant- genera I during the rebellion ; 
 resumed his law-practice in 1864 ; was twice 
 appointed collector of the port of New York by President 
 Grant ; was elected Vice-President on the Garfield Pres 
 idential ticket in 1880. and succeeded to the Presidency Sept. 19, 1881. 
 administration was a successful one. 
 
 ARTHUR- 
 
 G ROVER CI-EVET>AXl>-ricen/w-5ermirf Pres- 
 ident. Was born at Caldwell, N. J.. March 18, 1837 ; 
 was educated at the Clinton (Oneida county, N. Y.t 
 academy ; removed to New York City, where he worked 
 for a season as ,a clerk in a business house, and then took 
 up his abode at Buffalo. N. Y. ; studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar; succeeded so well that he became 
 assistant district attorney of Erie county, and. in 1H7(i. 
 was elected Sheriff ; in 1881 he was chosen mayor of the 
 city of Buffalo, and, the following year be became Gov- 
 ernor of the State: July IJ. 1884. at Chicaero. HI., the 
 Democratic National Convention nominated him for 
 President of the United States, with Thos. A. Hendricks 
 for Vice-President : and at the succeedi:ii.' flection. Nov. 4. 1884, he received 
 a majority of the electoral votes of the Union. 
 
 CLEVELAND. 
 
 1 
 
 ==<m
 
 THE PEODUCEKS OF MUSICAL HARM4JNY. 
 
 ' ,v V -W- v; v^ -V w; V v v n 
 
 -'^^'■%^. 
 
 !► Musicians s Composers. 
 
 -«^^t-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _^|^,.^^^ 
 
 Beethoven, Mozart and Clara Louisa Kellogg. 
 
 1 AMOUS AS a composer was 
 Ludwig Van Beethoven, who 
 wap born at Bonn, Gerniiniy, 
 in 1770. His musical edncjition 
 began when he was five years 
 old, under the tuition of his 
 father, who was a tenor singer 
 in the chapel at Bonn. He 
 received, also, at a later period, 
 instruction from M. Pfeiffor, and 
 U-arned organ-playing from M. 
 Van Der Eden. In 1787 the great 
 comi)oser Mozart predicted the 
 success of Beethoven. At 
 Vienna, in 1792, Beethoven was 
 the* pupil of that other noted 
 composer, Haydn, remaining with 
 him until the latter went to 
 London. Up to this time Bee- 
 thoven appears to have exhibited 
 more genius as an extemporary 
 performer than as a composer 
 of inii^ic. Taking up bis resi- 
 di-nce in Vienna, he composed 
 his first quartets. From IHUd to IS03 he was engaged in the com- 
 po:?iti«n of his oratorio of ''Christ on the Mount of Olives.''' The 
 opera of " Leonia " was finished in 1804, and in 1805 he wrote his opera 
 of " Le(niora,"' known, also, as "Fidelio. '' About this time he began 
 to grow deaf, and this affliction continued to increase until he c(Juld 
 only communicate with others by writing. Independent in spirit, far 
 from being rich, he depended upon his musical creations for subsist- 
 ence. The public taste also changed, and Italian music superseded 
 •the German in popularity. Beethoven, therefore, deemed it prudent 
 to b(!Come a chapel-master under Jerome Bonaparte, then King of 
 M'estphalia, at a salary of about S*iOO per annum, but changed bis 
 mind when the archduke Rudolph, of Austria, and the Princess Loliko- 
 witz settled upon him an annuity of 4,000 tlorins (possibly ©1,200). 
 In 1810 he brought out his first mass. In 1812 he won the friendship 
 of Goethe. In 1813 were first performed " The Battle of Vitoria " and 
 the *' Symphony in A Major." In 1815 he wrote harmonies to Scotch 
 songs for an Edinburgh gentleman. From this date domestic ditfi- 
 rultiefi, his deafness, neglect and other causes rendered his life 
 troublous, and produced bodily disorders that terminated in his 
 dfjith in 1827. Beethov<'n possessed a large bead and brain, and was 
 cupable of intense iippllration. Beitig fond <if reading, be spent 
 
 a portion of his time among books for self-improvement, having 
 a predilection for history. In politics he was early and for life a 
 republican. 
 
 JOHANNES CHRYSOSTOIViUS WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART. 
 
 GEIiM AN couip»>siT, Julianui's Cbiysoslomus Wolfgant; Aniadeus 
 Mozart, was born at Sulzburgh, Germany, in 1756. He began to 
 displaj' his musical talents when he was only three years old, and 
 at six years he was listened to as a prodigy in various parts of 
 Germany. In subsequent visits to France, England and Italy, he 
 was everywhere received with enthusiastic applause. In his tenth 
 year he earnestly set about studying the science of composition, 
 forming his musical taste on the works of the most celebrated mas- 
 ters. In his fifteenth year he produced his first serious opera of 
 " Mithridates," which was publicly performed for twenty nights. 
 In 1777, with his mother, he made another journey to Paris, where 
 his mother died, and he returned home in 1779. Some time after 
 this he went to Vienna and entered the service of the emperor as 
 "■concert-master and court and cathedral organist,"' at a small salary. 
 In 1782 he married Constanza Weber. Many tempting offers to leave 
 the ser\ice of the emperor were made to him, but he remained in 
 the royal service until his death, in his thirty-sixth year, December 
 5, 1792. His last production was his celebrated "Requiem." Of 
 the twelve operas which he composed (besides his other works, which 
 are too many to be even mentioned here) the principal are: " Ido- 
 meneo," *•■ The Clemency of Titus,'' "Bon Giovanni,"' "The 
 Marriage of Figaro," and " The Enchanted Flute." 
 
 CLARA LOUISA KELLOGG. 
 
 "HIS American soprano singer, wliose reputation extemis through- 
 out this country and England, and whose parents were New 
 England people, was born at Sumter, S. C, in 1842. Having a 
 natural affinity for harmony, she read dittlcnlt music at siglit when 
 only seven years old. Her musical training was completed in the 
 Tuited States, and her first appearance as a pulilic singer was made 
 at the New York academy of music, in February, 1861, in the part of 
 Gilda, in Verdi's "Higoletto. " In the following mouth she made 
 her first how to a Rost<m audience in " Linda di Chiimouuix.'' From 
 tliat time her success was assured. From 1865 lo 1868 she sang in 
 Italian opera in New York and London, achieving a constant ly- 
 increasing fame. Another professional visit to Loudon was niad<' in 
 1872. During the winter of 1873 and 1874 she formed an English 
 opera comi>any, which visited the i)riTu'ipal cities of the rniled 
 States, and has since carefully mainlaineil her musical prestige.
 
 •(>- 
 
 U]STI.\(:i;iSliKl) (JD.MI'iisKlt.S AND MUhH I AN.S. 
 
 ^7 
 
 % 
 
 t\\ 
 
 Haydn, Christine Nilsson and the Patti Sisters. 
 
 HE AUTHOR of the oratorio 
 of *' Belshaz/.ar" 
 and other miiHical 
 w(>rk^i. (Jeorge 
 Frif'drich Handel, 
 waH born at Halle, 
 Saxony, in 1(585. 
 It was intended 
 that he yhould fol- 
 low the profession 
 of the law, but the 
 musical bent of 
 the boy's mind led 
 his father to con- 
 sent to his instruc- 
 tion in music. 
 B*' At nine years of age he began to 
 compose musical pieces. Eight 
 years later he wrote music as easily 
 as he did grammar. In 1702 he was 
 installed as organist in the church 
 at Halle, In 1703 he made music 
 his profession, and at the age of 
 twenty he went to Hanover and Ham- 
 burg. Winning reputation as he 
 grew in years, he vit^ited Italy in 
 1708, but at the end of two years 
 he returned to Germany and entered 
 into the service of the elector of 
 Hanover, who was afterwards King 
 George I., of Englaud. When George ascended the British throne, 
 Handel accompanied him to England. In 1720 Handel was placed 
 at the head of the Italian opera, but his life for twenty years was 
 an unprofitable struggle against pecuniary embarrassments and 
 poverty. Almost discouraged, he relinquished opera, and by his 
 oratorios regained a fortune of considerable magnitude. Eight 
 years before his death, which occurred in London in 1759, he lost his 
 sight, a fact that led to the production of his pathetic composition of 
 "Total Eclipse, Without all Hope of Day," adapted from Milton's 
 "Samson Agonistes." Handel was in many respects considered a 
 matchless composer. Among his prominent works are found the 
 operas of " Almeria," " Nerone. '" " Rodrigo," "Agrippina," 
 " Rinaldi," and the oratorios of "Esther," "Messiah,'" "Samson," 
 "Joseph and His Brethren," and "Jephthuh." 
 
 JOSEPH HAYDN. 
 
 yoSEPH HAYDN, the author of the onitorio of " The Creation,'' 
 was born of humble parents at Rohniu, Austria, in 1T33. His 
 \/ father, who did not possess any l^nowledge of music, used to 
 accompany the songs of his wife on a rude sort of harp, and a neigh- 
 boring schoolmaster, seeing the delight of the lad and his correctness 
 in beating time to his father's thrnmming, gave hira some musical 
 instruction. When eight years old Haydn was admitted as 
 one of the choristers at the cathedral of Vienna, where he remained 
 under the tuition of Renter until his voice broke, when he was 
 dismissed. For several years he struggled against poverty by 
 teaching and composing music, but after some time he was appointed 
 director of music in the establishment of Count Marzin. This 
 position he held until 1791. when he entered the service of Prince 
 Anthony Esterhazy, as chapel -master. He remained with this 
 
 prince until th>; latter was succeeded by Prince Nicholai', into whose 
 chapel-service Haydn then entered. The prince both loved and 
 honored the composer, and kept him with him until the death of 
 Haydn in IROfl. Haydn's musical compositions numbered 1,200 or 
 1,300, including nineteen operas and five oratorios, and are remark- 
 able for their blending of elegance with science. Among his most 
 noted works, besides the "Creation," is "The Seasons," based on 
 Thomson's poem of tlie same name. Twice Haydn visited Eng- 
 land: once in 1790, when he remained there eighteen months, giving 
 concerts and composing music with great popularity. In 1794 he 
 returned to England, remaining about the same length of time. 
 
 CHRISTINE NILSSON. 
 
 /ifHRISTINE NILSSOX, daughter of an ardent admirer of music, 
 L and a leading singer in his church, at Uussaby, near Wexio, Swe- 
 
 V den, was bom in 1843, the owner of a voice that has charmed the 
 world. Her education was simple and domestic. Sometimes she 
 was employed in household duties, and sometimes in the field. Her 
 brother's fiddle was her delight, and with her songs and his playing 
 they won money and applause at fairs and weddings to which they 
 were invited. A neighboring magistrate, having beard them on one 
 occasion, liberally offered to educate Christine at his own expense. 
 In his family she was carefully trained in music, and from there she 
 went to Stockholm and Paris, receiving instruction from prominent 
 teachers. In October, 1864, she sang to a Parisian audience, at the 
 Lyric theater, in the " Magic Flute," with encouraging success, and 
 during her engagement at that theater and another at the academy 
 of music, her popularity and the superiority of her genius were 
 established. From Paris she went to England to win a new triumph 
 at the Handel festival in the crystal palace, at London, before an 
 audience of 34,000 spectators and musicians. Her singing was a 
 perfect success, and she was engaged, for $40,000 in gold, to sing in 
 the principal towns in Great Britain. In 1870 she came to the United 
 States, where a hearty welcome was accorded to her, and she 
 appeared first in concerts and then in opera. In 1873 she married, in 
 London, at Westminster abbey, a merchant of Paris, Mr. Augnste 
 Rouzaud, and in the following winter she sang at St. Petersburg, 
 Russia, with great success. In 1873 she returned to the United 
 States and sang during the winter of 1873-4. Her home is in 
 Europe. 
 
 THE PATTI SISTERS. 
 
 /^CRROTINDED by musical influences, with parents who were pro- 
 ^( fessional vocalists, Adelina M.\ria Clorixda Patti was born at 
 Al Madrid, Spain, in 1843. The following year the family removed 
 to New York, where the musical education of the little girl received 
 particular attention from her near relatives. At eight years of age 
 Adelina sang in concerts, and in her sixteenth year she made her first 
 public appearance, as a leading singer, in the opera of " Lucia di 
 Lammermoor. " She first appeared in London in 1861, and in Paris 
 in 1862. In 1868, in London, she was married to the Marquis de 
 Caux, a French nobleman. The union did not prove to be a happy 
 one, and after a few years had passed they were legally separated. 
 
 Carlotta Patti, a sister of Adelina, was born at Florence, Italy, 
 in 1840, and both in the United States and Europe has distinguished 
 herself in concerts by her powerful soprano voice and her faculty of 
 expression. She has appeared successfully in opera, bat a slight 
 lameness is understood to have influenced her in seeking other 
 channels for the exercise of her splendid talent. 
 
 (3^ 
 
 ^^
 
 M 
 
 248 
 
 -^'K 
 
 INDIVIDUALS DISTINGUISHED IN THE MUSICAL WORLD. 
 
 Lowell Mason, Ole Bull and Jenny Lind. 
 
 DWELL MASON, as a com- 
 poser of music, attained 
 a national reputation. 
 Born at Medfield, Mass. , 
 in 1792, from his child- 
 hood he developed a 
 marked love for mut-ic and 
 a talent for teaching it. 
 When about twenty years 
 (lid he went to Savannah, 
 Ga. , where he gave in- 
 structions, superintended 
 musical associations and 
 - led church choirs. The success of his first 
 volume of church music, the old *' Handel 
 and Haydn Boston Collection," which was pub- 
 lished in 1821, recalled him to Boston. There 
 he began an extended career of musical instruc- 
 tion, advocating the Pestalozzian system of 
 teaching, and gratuitously forming children's 
 classes for improvement in vocal harmony. In 
 these arduous labors he was for some time 
 assisted by Mr. G. J. Webb, and, together, 
 they prepared and published more than twenty 
 books of sacred and church music, several 
 glee-books, and more than a dozen juvenile 
 musical collections. While Mr. Mason was an industrious adapter 
 from the compositions of other persons, musical pieces of his own 
 composing are found in all these books. His last work, "The Song 
 Garden,'' was published in 1866. He died at Orange, N. J., in 
 I8T2. 
 
 OLE BULL. 
 
 LE BORNEMANN BULL, well-known master of the violin, was 
 a native of Bergen, Norway, where he was born in 1810. Music 
 was with him, in his youth, a passion, which his father (a chem- 
 ist) opposed, designing to educate the lad for the pulpit. Having been 
 nent, at the age of eighteen, to the university at Christiania, be 
 wiis given, on one occasion, temporary charge of the orchestra 
 (whose leader was sick) at one of the theaters, and the result was 
 his separation from the university. 
 
 He went to Casscl, Germany, in 1829, to study music, but not 
 liking his instructor, he began to study law at Gottingen ; his fondness 
 for music, however, interfered with this design. Going to Minden, 
 Prussia, he fought a duel and mortally wounded his antagonist. He 
 tlien went to Paris, where he suffered so much for want of the com- 
 forts of life that he at.temi)tcd suicide, but was rescued and found a 
 friend in a lady who had lost a son whom he strongly resembled. 
 She took him to her own house, and enabled him to make his first 
 appearance as a violinist. With the means thus procured he made 
 a musical tour tlirough Italy, and subsequently, for s(!ven years, he 
 traveled and performed on the violin in Italy, France, Germany, 
 England and Russia. 
 
 By this time he had become wealthy. In IH.'iH, with his wife — a 
 lady from Paris — he returned to Bergen, bought an estate and settled 
 upon it. Five years later he made a professional visit to the United 
 
 States, remaining two years. From 1845 to 1852 he traveled and 
 gave concerts in the principal cities of Europe ; joined General 
 Yusufs campaign against the Kabyles, in Algeria; built a theater at 
 Bergen, and projected national schools of literature and art in 
 Norway, besides making some improvements in musical instruments. 
 
 At his theater he permitted political sentiments to be incorporated 
 in the dramas, and this course brought him within the strong grip of 
 the law, and inaugurated a ruinous series of lawsuits. Losing con- 
 siderable money in this way. he came again to the United States. 
 Having still sufficient means remaining, he purchased 120,000 acres 
 of uncultivated land in Potter county, Pennsylvania, and attempted 
 to form a colony. A few families gathered there, but the attempt 
 failed, and the colony was broken up. 
 
 In 1854 he resumed his concerts, and leased the New York acad- 
 emy of music, with a view of establishing Italian opera in that city, 
 but that project also proved a failure. Since then, residing in the 
 United States, he has several tim^s revisited Europe. In 1870 he 
 married his second wife, in Wisconsin. He died in August, 
 1880. 
 
 JENNY LIND. 
 
 OPULARLY known as " the Swedish Nightingale," a vocalist 
 possessing great range and sweetness of voice and an enviable 
 reputation, Jenny Lind, was born at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1821. 
 Her musical education began at an early age, and when nearly eleven 
 years old she sang juvenile parts in public, manifesting considerable 
 dramatic talent as well as musical genius. After performing for two 
 years, it was discovered that her voice was becoming disagreeably 
 affected, and she retired into obscurity for four years, studying 
 instrumental music without singing. An accidental exercise of her 
 vocal organs when she was about sixteen years old, showed that her 
 voice was restored with increased power and purity. From that 
 time, for about two years, she was the principal singer in the Stock- 
 holm opera performances. For the improvement of her voice she 
 went to Paris, in 1841, and under the instructions of Garcia and the 
 encouragement held out by Meyerbeer, she was induced to sing 
 at Berlin, in 1844, with such success that in Vienna and other 
 empires of music she was received with great enthusiasm. In 
 1847 she first sang publicly in London, in the opera of "Robert le 
 Diable,'* creating an almost unrivaled sensation. The next three 
 years were years of triumph in England, Germany and Sweden. In 
 1850, under an engagement with P. T. Barnum, the American 
 showman, she came to the United States and gave a series of con- 
 certs in several of the principal cities, and was received with the 
 wildest enthusiasm, the choice of seats at her concerts bringing 
 premiums of fabulous sums, one citizen, of New York, paying StiOO 
 as his bonus for a choice. During her stay in America she was 
 honored almost as greatly for her munificent gifts for various chari- 
 table purposes, and her estimable jirivate character, as for lu-r 
 musical superiority. At Boston she was married to Otto Gold- 
 Schmidt, a young pianist, who had accompanied her during her 
 American concerts. Going to Europe, they dwelt for a while at 
 Dresden, but in 1858 they made London their residence. Although 
 she refused to sing again professionaUy, she has appeared in feverid 
 public performances in brhalf of tlie jioor in L(tnd()n and else- 
 where. 
 
 tO' —
 
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 I'EOI'LK BUim TO KULE. 
 
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 • ** »» 
 
 Queen Elizabeth— Forty Years a Reigning Sovereign Over a Prosperous Kingdom. 
 
 W 
 
 I N THE palace of Greenwich, SeptcinbtT 
 7, 153;i, was born the Engliti-h sov- 
 ereign, Queen Elizabeth, known as 
 "the Virj^in Queen." She was the 
 (laugbter of Henry VIIT. and his 
 second wife, Anne Boleyn. Her 
 education was intrusted to Protestant 
 teachers, and she acquired consid- 
 erable knowledge of classical lit- 
 erature. In 1558, at the age of 
 twenty-five years, she ascended the 
 throne, the successor of her half 
 sister known in history as "■ Bloody 
 Mary." Elizabeth's right to be the queen of England was denied 
 by all the Catholics in that kingdom and in other countries, for the 
 English Catholics looked upon the young and beautiful Mary, 
 queen of Scots, as the rightful heir to the throne. Mary was 
 a grandniece of Henry VIII. , the father of Elizabeth, and daughter of 
 James V. of Scotland. She had been trained in the Catholic religion 
 at the French court. The year after Elizabeth became queen, Mary 
 was married to Francis II. , then a prince, who became king of France 
 in tile following year, but who died in the succeeding year. In 1561 
 Mary returned to Scotland and was received as Us rightful sovereign. 
 In 1558 the Catholic powers of Europe determined, if possible, to 
 drive Elizabeth from the throne, and Spain fitted out that celebrated 
 collection of vess-jls and armies of soldiers, called ** the invincible 
 armada," the largest tleet then ever known, to invade England. It 
 consisted of 129 ships, 3,000 cannon and 20,000 men, while 34,000 
 other armed men composed a land force to co-operate with the fleet. 
 The "armada" reached the English channel in July, 1588, and there 
 encountered the British fleet ot thirty vessels. The contest between 
 the two fleets lasted for several days, and the superior character of 
 the little English vessels enabled them to harass and drive the big 
 ships of their enemies to the French coast The Spanish commander 
 then attempted to return to Spain by sailing his vessels around the 
 north coast of Scotland, but furious storms scattered them hitlier and 
 thither, destroying many, and only one-third of the great "invincible 
 armada," and that in a bad condition, ever returned to report the 
 disaster. The result was a weakening of the influence of Spain over 
 other countries of Europe, and a strengthening of the cause of Prot- 
 estantism. Elizabeth, fortunately for herself and her people, had 
 two excellent advisers: Lord Burleigh, a wise statesman, who was 
 her lord treasurer, and Sir Francis WalsiuLiham, her secretary of 
 state. For forty years she was guided by the advice of Lord Bur- 
 
 leigh, and during those years her reign was glorious, the nation was 
 raised to a high degree of prosperity, and its enemies were baflled. 
 Art, education, discoveries and literature throve during her adminis- 
 tration; the age produced Shakspeare Bacon and others, the greatest 
 men and women that the world has known, while commerce and 
 manufactures experienced a vast improvement. Mary, queen of 
 Scots, after her return to Scotland, met with great opposition from 
 the Protestant supporters of Elizabeth. Seven years she braved 
 these storms of wrath, but was at length compelled to flee to England 
 to implore the pity of Elizabeth. The queen received her more as a 
 prisoner of state than a suppliant for favor, and kept her in confine- 
 ment for eighteen years. During these years numerous plots were 
 formed by the Catholics to harass Elizabeth, until finally a law was 
 passed that made Mary personally responsible, although a prisoner, 
 for any conspiracy created against the queen by the friends of the 
 captive. Soon afterwards a plot to assassinate Elizabeth was formed 
 and discovered, and for this the unfortunate Mary was formally tried, 
 sentenced to die, and beheaded, at theageof forty five, in the year 1587. 
 In the latter portion of her life the favorite noble of Queen Elizabeth 
 was the earl of Essex, a young man, described as possessing great 
 courage, but headstrong and weak, who presumed so far upon his 
 favor with the queen that he became insolent to her, and one day she 
 gave him a hearty box on the ear. In one of his freaks, afterwards, 
 he attempted, in the streets of London, to raise an insurrection 
 against her. For this he was arrested and condemned to die. At 
 some previous time she had given Essex a certain ring, with instruc- 
 tions to send it to her whenever he might be in any danger, and now 
 she waited to receive the ring. It did not come, and she unwillingly 
 was obliged to sign his death-warrant. After his execution a laay 
 confessed upon her dying bed that Essex had confided his ring to her 
 to carry it to the queen, and that she had been induced by her hus- 
 band, a bitter enemy of Essex, not to deliver it. On hearing this, 
 the rage and grief of the queen, who had never been happy since the 
 death of Essex, were«terrible. Ten days and nights she lay upon the 
 floor, refusing food and medicine; then falling asleep, she died, in her 
 seventieth year, March 24, 1603. Possessing many good qualities, with 
 numerous weaknesses of character, she derived glory from the 
 national prosperity of England during her reign of forty-five years, 
 and as a brilliant scholar. She was familiar with Greek and Latin, 
 and, besides writing an original comment on Plato, some poetry and 
 various prayers, meditations and speeches, she translated a play of 
 Euripides, a dialogue of Xenophon, two orations of Isocrates, Sal- 
 lust's " Jugurthine War," part of Horace's "Art of Poetry," and 
 Bcethius' "Consolations of Philosophy."
 
 250 
 
 PUKTKAIT OF QUKEN VICTORIA. 
 
 
 Queen Victoria. Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 The One Successful and Prosperous; the Other Unfortunate. 
 
 HE PRESENT queen Victoria Alexandrina 
 Guelph, of Great Britain and Ireland and 
 L-mpress of India, is the daughter and only 
 i-hild of Edward, duke of Kent, fourth son 
 of George III., by his wife, Victoria Mary 
 Louisa, of Saxe CoburgSaalfield, Ger- 
 many. She was born at Kensington 
 palace, England, May 24, 1819. Her father 
 died in 18::^u, and her general education, 
 
 under her 
 
 ni other's su- 
 pervision, was 
 
 conducted by 
 
 the duchess of 
 
 Northumber- 
 
 hmd, and until 
 
 within a few 
 
 weeks before 
 she ascended the throne, she lived in 
 comparative retirement, diversified by 
 visits to various portions of the United 
 Kingdom. The death of the reigning 
 king, William IV., occurred in June, 
 1837, and on the 28th of that month 
 Victoria, by royal succession, was 
 crowned queen of Great Britain and 
 Ireland at Westminster abbey. She 
 came into power in a time of England's 
 l)rosperity, and among her first acts was 
 a prayer to God for strength and wisdom 
 to rule her people aright. And it is 
 remarkable that during her long reign 
 Great Britain has enjoyed more and 
 richer advantages in religion, science, 
 art, commerce, and literature than 
 under any other modern sovereignty. 
 She immediately became a favorite with 
 her people, and has managed to retain 
 their esteem and affection up to the 
 jjreseiit moment by her womanly and 
 queenly character. In 1840, Victoria 
 
 was united to Albert, prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, second son of 
 duke Ernest, who was born in Germany in 1810, and was in every 
 way H suitable husband for the young and popular queen. He was a 
 man of peaceful habits and refined taste, whose pursuits were of 
 an exalted, benevolent and useful character; and he was a compe- 
 tent and active participator in public measures, which tended to 
 increase the happinej»8 and prosperity of the English i)eoplc. Nine 
 children were born to thiJ? royal couple, as follows: Victoria Adehiidc 
 Miiry Louisa, who was married in 1858 to the crown prince, Frederick 
 William, of Prussia; Albert Edward, princi- of Wales, who was 
 murried In 18(53 to the Princess Ab-xiindni, of l)i-nmnrk; Alice Maud 
 
 Mary, who was married in 1862 to Prince Louis, of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt, Germany, and died in 1878; Alfred Ernest, duke of Edinburgh, 
 who was married in 1874 to the grand duchess Marie Alexandrovna, 
 only daughter of the emperor of Russia: Helena Augusta Victoria, 
 who was married in 1866 to Prince Christian of Schieswig-Holstein, 
 Germany; Louise Caroline Alberta, who was married in 1871 to the 
 marquis of Lome, afterwards governor-general of Canada; Arthur 
 William Patrick Albert, duke of Connaught; Leopold George Duncan 
 Albert, and Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore. The duchess of Kent, 
 Queen Victoria's mother, died in March, 
 1861, and her dearly-beloved husband. 
 Prince Albert, suddenly expired in the 
 following December. The whole king- 
 dom was thrown into grief by the death 
 of the prince consort, and for many 
 years she deeply mourned her heavy 
 loss; indeed, that event has been the 
 means of inducing continuous habits of 
 seclusion in her private life, while she 
 has continued to exercise her powers 
 and duties as the sovereign of a mighty 
 nation with great fidelity to her sub- 
 jects. Her public history is that of 
 Great Britain during the past five 
 decades. As a wife, a mother and a 
 queen she has experienced only the 
 changes, the sorrows and joys ^vhich 
 usually fall to the lot of ordinary 
 women, but in all and through all she 
 has proven herself an honor to her sex. 
 
 Victoria 1, of England. 
 
 LADY JANE GREY. 
 ADY JANE GREY, who was the 
 daughter of the duke of Dorset, was 
 born at Bradgate, Leicestershire, 
 England, in' 1537. She was a great- 
 granddaughter of King Henry VII. Her 
 talents, which were of a superior order, 
 were developed at an early age, so that 
 when slie was fifteen years old she had 
 learned the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Clmldee, Arabic, French and Italian 
 languages. In 1553 she was married to Lord Guilford Dudley, son 
 of the duke of Northumberland. Edward VI., reigning sovereign at 
 that time, being opposed to the religious principles of his sister 
 Mary, was disposed to bequeath his crown to Lady Jane. After his 
 death she n-luctantly accepted the crown of England. She reigned 
 twelve days when Mary, Edward's sister, whom the Catholics had 
 declared for as sovereign, became queen, and Lady Jane was com- 
 mitted as a prisoner, with her husband, to the tower of London, and 
 in February, 1554, both were belieaded at the command of (^Ufcn 
 Mary. Liuly Jam- refused to the la>-t to renounce Protestantism. 
 
 ^
 
 -^v 
 
 IS l7tH», ia:ij:i: uvi:u tiii; iussjan k]m,i>i»m. 
 
 Former Distinguished Emperor of Russia, 
 
 |;ETEK I., ALKXEIEVITCH, one of the czars of 
 
 Riissiii, (■(Hiimonly called "the Great/' wiis born 
 nviiT Mdiscow, ill that empire, in liS72. In 1683 he 
 inid his brother Ivan became joint heirs to the crown, 
 and wUen Ivan diedin 1096, Peter became the sole emperor. Early in 
 his rei^'n Peler began to form projects to increase the civilization 
 and the greatness of Russia. His first attention was turned to mili- 
 
 repeatedly defeated, but at length the tide of battle turned, and he 
 gained a decisive victory at Pultowa, in 1709, and wrested several 
 provinces from the Swedes. Upon a part of the lerriiory thus guined 
 he founded the city of St. Petersburg, the present great capital city 
 of the empire. In a war with the Turks, in 1711, he was surrounded 
 by Ihe enemy in force, on the hanks of the river Prulh, and obliged 
 to sign a disadvantageous treaty of peace. In a war against Pfp'^ia 
 
 A^ooo » 
 
 View of the English Throne-Room. 
 
 tary and naval improvements, and in these he was ably ass?istfd by 
 his confidential counselor, Lefort, a native of Geneva, Switzerland. 
 Twice, once in 1697, and again in 1716, Peter made journeys in order 
 to acquire knowledge. In the course of his first tour he came to 
 Saardam, where be worked as a shipwright in the dockyard. He was 
 also instrumental in inviting men of talent and mechanical skill in 
 other countries to settle in Russia. From 1700 to 1721 he was 
 engaged in a war with Sweden, at the beginning of which he was 
 
 be was more successful, and in 1723 he compelled that power to cede 
 extt?nsive possessions to Russia. In his latter years Peter was 
 brought to sorrow by the undoubted unfaithfulness of his wife, 
 Catharine, and the disobedience of Alexis, his son. He spared the 
 life of the empress, but his son was arraigned for trial and put into 
 prison, and it is believed that he was there put to death. The real 
 greatness of Alexeievitch is found in the extensive internal 
 improvements which he projected and carried to completion.
 
 t 
 
 THE BUILDER OF THE TEMPLE AT JERUSALEM. 
 
 f 
 
 Famous Philosopher of Olden Times. 
 
 ING SOLOMON was born at Jerusalem 
 in tbe year 1033 before Christ. 
 He was the son of King David and 
 Bathsheba, his wife, of Iffrael. 
 His education was superintended 
 by his father, and was of such a 
 character as befitted his station 
 and the designs foreshadowed of 
 his career. Adonijah, also a son 
 of David by another wife, having 
 attempted to assume the reins of 
 government, Solomon was ap- 
 pointed his father's successor on 
 the throne of Israel, and inaugu- 
 rated amid the acclamations of 
 the people. His reign having been estab- 
 lished, he formed an alliance with Pharaoh, 
 king of Egypt, whose daughter he married and 
 brought to Jerusalem. At Gibeon, on one 
 occasion, he offered a thousand burnt sacrifices 
 before the Lord, and when he slept, God appeared 
 to him, it is said, in a dream, and said, " Ask 
 of Me what you desire." In reply, Solomon 
 asked for divine wisdom, an understanding 
 heart, and such other qualifications as were nec- 
 essary for his good government of the people. 
 The request, it is stated, was granted, with 
 the promise of great prosperity, of riches and 
 honor, so that there should be no king like 
 him. This wisdom and prosperity were soon 
 manifested, as his history shows. His 
 dominions extended from the Mediterranean 
 sea to the river Euphrates, from the Orontes 
 sea and the Persian gulf, and it is recorded that 
 he "had peace on all sides rouiul about him."' At that time the 
 Hebrews were the ruling people in the west of Asia. The scrip- 
 tural account of the glory of Solomon's reign is plain and decisive. 
 It is found in the Iwoks of Kings and the Chronicles in the Christian 
 liible. The temple at Jerusalem, as a national house of worship for 
 the Jews, was Solomon's first great undertaking, and in this he was 
 directed both by the charge of his dying father and his own desire. 
 In the needful preparations he derived important iiid from Hiram, or 
 Huram, the king of Tyre, the friend and ally of his father, and the 
 Tyrians, then the most skillful mechanics and sailors in the world, 
 were engiigcd in tlie service of the Hebrews. Timber from the 
 forests of Lebanon was drawn to the Mediterranean sea, floated to 
 the sea-port of Joppa, and paid for In the agricultural products of 
 Jndea. Probably 180,000 men were employed in the fnresis and the 
 quarries where the sttme was hewn for the temple, besides those 
 engaged in preparing its site and in other hibor. Seven and a half 
 yiiiTH this splendid fabric silently but rapidly proceeded toward 
 
 to the 
 
 completion. Every part and material of the immense structure, 
 even the largest beams and the most ponderous stones, were fitted to 
 each other before they were brought to the building. It was the 
 most costly and magnificent edifice of which an account is given in 
 history. When it was completed it was dedicated to the service of 
 God with much solemnity in the presence of all the Hebrews, the 
 feast of dedication being kept Jor seven days, and concluded with a 
 solemn assembly. When the temple was completed, Solomon erected 
 other splendid buildings. His own palace occupied thirteen years 
 in its construction at Jerusalem, and employed the utmost skill of 
 the artificers of that day and the vast resources of wealth and power 
 at his command. "The whole house was built of white marble, 
 cedar, gold and silver, with precious stones upon the walls and ceil- 
 ing," according to the account in Josephus' works. He had 
 abundance of horses and chariots of war, and his court was a scene 
 of unparalleled and gorgeous magnificence. His vast resources of 
 wealth were various. A large income was derived from commerce 
 with Tyre and other countries, as the trade of the civilized world 
 then almost entirely passed under the control of Solomon and Hiram. 
 Business was not conducted by individuals; the profits were not 
 subject to much competition; all was controlled by kingly authority, 
 and a large proportion of the advantages was gathered into the royal 
 treasury. An inland trade from Egypt on the south, for linen and 
 horses, through Judea to Syria and other countries to the north and 
 east, brought considerable profits to Solomon, in addition to those 
 resulting from the spice-merchants, or the Arabian caravans which 
 traversed his kingdom, carrying all the precious commodities of the 
 East, together with other caravans proceeding directly across Asia 
 from Babylon and the Euphrates to Tyre. Solomon, it is claimed, 
 was the wisest man of his time, and his reputation spread through 
 all nations. " He was the greatest philoso]>her of antiquity, as well 
 in natural history as in morals, being acquainted with the nature of 
 plants and trees, also of beasts, of birds, of reptiles and of fishes. 
 There was a concourse of strangers from all countries to hear hia 
 wisdom, and embassadors from the most remote princes. He made 
 gold and silver very abundant in Jerusalem, and cedars as plentiful 
 as the sycamore trees in the valley."' In his literary hibors he was 
 also famous for the composition or collection of 3,000 proverbs and 
 1,005 religious songs. Of his writings there remain to us only his 
 book of " Proverbs,"" a portion of his " Psalms," his " Ecclesiastes," 
 and his "Song of Songs," known in the Bible as "Solomon's Song.'' 
 In his domestic arrangements he was extravagant, having 700 legiti- 
 mate wives and 300 other women in his houseliold. In his latter years 
 he was led by some of his heatlien wives to worship their idols, for 
 whom he built temples, in which he burned incense and offered 
 sacrifice. This delusion, it is calculated, overtook him about the 
 thirty-fourth year of his reign and the fifty-fourth of his age. 
 Whether he ever again turned to the worship of the Supreme God is. 
 not known. In liis writings are purity, imu-ality, and sublimity, 
 leaving no intimation of anythini; Init llie excellence of his 
 character. 
 
 :^c>
 
 KN'UUIDLALS DISTINGULSIIED FDK EASE OF EXl'KESSIoN. 
 
 •<^ 
 
 ^^^^mi^^'rt 
 
 ^'•- i • '/ 
 
 Famous Orators. 
 
 Words Fitly 
 
 The Magnetism of Graceful 
 Oratory. 
 
 ,^^The Power of Gesture, Expression and Voice. 
 
 ENRY CLAY, one of America's 
 greatest ^talesmen, the son of a 
 clergyman, was born near Rich- 
 mond, Virginia, in a humble 
 tUvelling, in 1777. His educa- 
 tion was elementary, and gained 
 at the district school. At an 
 early age he was employed as a 
 copyist in the office of the clerk 
 of the court of chancery at Richmond. At 
 nineteen he began the study of the law, and 
 within a year, such rapid progress had he 
 made, he was admitted to practice. In 1799 he 
 removed to Lexington, Ky. , and opened a law 
 office, taking also an active interest in public 
 politics, working for the election of delegates to 
 the convention to revise the constitution of Ken- 
 tucky, who would favor the emancipation of the 
 slaves. Unpopular as this effort was. Clay by his 
 judicious action in regard to other State interests, 
 overcame the public prejudices, and became a 
 In 1803 he was elected to the State legislature by 
 His skill in argument and eloquence of speech 
 led to his election to the United States senate, in 1806, to fill a 
 vacancy caused by the resignation of his predecessor, and there 
 he soon acquired his lasting and brilliant reputation as an orator and 
 judicious statesman. At the end of his term in the senate, he was 
 again elected member of the Kentucky State legislature for two 
 sessions. In 1809 he was re-elected to the United States senate, 
 to fill a vacancy, and for two years he took a prominent part in the 
 discussion of the political questions of the day. In 1811 he was 
 elected a member of the lower house of Congress, and was 
 chosen speaker, an office which he filled with general satisfaction 
 until 1814, when he was sent as one of the United States commis- 
 sioners to Ghent, to prepare the terms of a treaty of peace with 
 England. In this mission he proved his ability as a skillful diplo- 
 matist. Returning to Kentucky in 1815, he was re-elected amemher 
 of Congress. During that term he became prominent by his advocacy 
 of a protective tariff upon imports from abroad, and his active partic- 
 ipation in the adjustment of the famous "^ Missouri Compromise," 
 
 political favorite, 
 a large majority. 
 
 which provided that Missouri should be admitted into the Union as a 
 .slave holding State, but that in future t^lavery slioiild never be estab- 
 lished in any States formed from lands lying north of hititude thirty- 
 six degrees, thirty minutes; a provision which was adopted by 
 Congress. Owing to the condition of his private business, Mr. Clay 
 retired for three years from public life, but in 1823 he was re-elected 
 to Congress and again chosen speaker of the house. It was during 
 this term that he ably seccmded the efforts of Daniel Webster for the 
 relief of the oppressed Greeks. When John Quincy Adams became 
 President of the United States, Mr. Clay was appointed Secretary 
 of State, a position which he honorably filled until after the elec- 
 tion of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. In 1831 he was 
 re-elected United States senator from Kentucky, and in 1832 was nomi- 
 nated for the presidency in opposition to Jackson, who defeated him, 
 and was elected for a second term. In 1836 Mr. Clay was once more 
 sent to the United States senate, serving until 1842. In 1844 the 
 Whigs nominated him again for the presidency, against James K. 
 Polk, and again he was defeated. In 1849 Mr. Clay was again 
 returned to the senate, where he fought once more the policy of per- 
 mitting slavery to extend its encroachments upon new States and 
 Territories of the Union, and the " Compromise of 1850 " was agreed 
 upon. [Many persons who have heard of " Mason and Dixon's line" 
 in connection with the old controversy between s-lavery and anti- 
 slavery advocates without understanding its meaning, will be pleased 
 to learn of its origin in this connection. Mason and Dixon were two 
 English civil engineers who were authorized in 1763 to survey the 
 disputed boundary line between Pennsylvania, a free State, and Mary- 
 land, a slave State. The line surveyed by them and their successors 
 extended 310 miles due west from the northeast corner of Maryland.] 
 Mr. Clay's health failing after this arduous contest, he sought to 
 restore it by a voyage to the West Indies, but after returning to 
 Washington he died there in June, 1852. He has left his epitaph in 
 one of his sturdy sentences: "I would rather be right than 
 President." 
 
 GEORGE WHITEFIELD. 
 
 Vy^HIS pulpit orator, who introduced into England the practice of 
 
 open-air preaching, was born at Gloucester, England, in 1714. 
 
 \ His father was an innkeeper, who had the lad educated at the 
 
 Crypt school in his native city, and at Pembroke college, Oxford. It 
 
 '/^'.(^
 
 t 
 
 -<')■ 
 
 254 
 
 CELEBRATED ORATOKS. 
 
 was at this latter place tliat he became associated witli John Wesley 
 in the formation of a Methodist society, and he is esteemed as the 
 founder of that branch of Methodism known as *' Calvinistic. " 
 His religious enthusiasm led him to live rather a rigorous life. In 
 173G he was ordained a deacon, and ere long the power of his 
 eloquence began to be acknowledged, and he became quite popular as 
 a preacher. In 1737 he made his first voyage to America, sailing for 
 Georgia, in which colony he remained nearly two years. After 
 having introduced the practice of open-air preaching into England, 
 and meeting with astonishing success in his ministrations, he 
 returned to Georgia, residing there until 1741. Subsequently he 
 made five more visits to that colony, where, among other benefits 
 conferred upon the people, he founded his orphan-house. About 1741 
 the diflference of opinion between Whitefield and Wesley respecting the 
 doctrine of " election " was manifested, and led to their separation, 
 but not to extinction of their friendt-hip. In 1748 Whitefield num- 
 bered among the converts to his preaching the Countess of Hunting- 
 don, who appointed him her chaplain. Having visited many parts 
 of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, he made his seventh and 
 last voyage to America, in September, 
 1769, and died at Xewburyport, Mass., in 
 September, 1770. 51 r. Whitefield was an 
 untiring as well as an attractive and effect- 
 ive preacher of the gospel. He has left 
 it on record that during the term of his 
 ministry, thirty-four years, he preached 
 more than 18.000 sermons, or an average of 
 about eleven a week. His " short allow- 
 ance" was nine sermons a week. Once, 
 on Boston common, he preached to 20,000 
 persons. Great crowds attended his meet- 
 ings both in England and America, and the 
 amount of good performed by his minis- 
 trations is simply incalculable. The day 
 before his death he preached two hours at 
 Exeter, N. H. 
 
 In 17715 he was appointed the first governor of Virginia, and to this 
 otfice he was repeatedly re-elected. In 1786 he was appointed by 
 the Virginia legislature one of the delegates to the convention, at 
 Philadelphia, called to revise the federal constitution. In 1788 he 
 was a member of the convention which met in Virginia to consider 
 the constitution of the United States, and strenuously opposed it 
 because it too little recognized State rights and was not sufficiently 
 democratic. In 1794 he retired from the practice of the law. His 
 death occurred at Red Hill, Va. , in 1799. "Without extensive 
 information upon political or legal topics,"" says one biographer, "he 
 was a natural orator of the highest order, possessing great powers of 
 imagination, sarcasm, and humor, united with great force and energy 
 of manner, and a deep knowledge of human nature."' 
 
 $5*^ 
 
 «^*^ 
 
 PATRICK HENRY. 
 
 /"HIS orator and statesman came into 
 
 the world in Virginia, in 1736. After 
 
 receiving a common school education, 
 and passing some time in commercial and 
 agricultural pursuits, he studied law for six 
 weeks and then began to practice it In the 
 
 courts. For several years he struggled with poverty, without acquir- 
 ing either fame or a profitable business as an attorney; but in 1763, by 
 his adroit management of a case involving the income of the clergy, 
 in which he opposed the claims of the latter, he obtained distinction 
 and made the question one of importance in the politics of the 
 colonies. In 1765 he was elected a member of the Virginia legisla- 
 ture, in which he boldly opposed the British "■stamp-act," and had 
 the honor of beginning the opposition to the measures of the '* mother 
 country" which terminated in the American revolution. He was 
 also one of the delegates sent from Virginia to the first general 
 congress of the colonies at Philadelphia, in 1774, and still further 
 distinguished himself by the boldness and eloquence of his speeches 
 in that assembly. In the spring of 1775, in a convention at Rich- 
 mond, Va., Mr. Henry moved that the militia be organized and the 
 colony be immediately put in a state of defense. His motion was 
 looked upon as warlike, and opposed as too precipitate and ill-ad 
 vised. It was then that Henry immortalized his name by exclaiming: 
 " There is no retreat but in sulnninsion and slavery. Our 
 chains are forged. Their chinking may be heard on the j>Iain; 
 
 Frederick Douglass, 
 Famous Colored Orator, Bom and Reared a Slave. 
 
 of 
 
 Boston. The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our 
 ears the clash of resounding arms ! . . . I know not what course 
 others may take; but as for me — give me liberty, or give me death I" 
 
 FREDERICK DOUGLASS. 
 
 S AN orator and journalist, FiLUL-iii-k Douglass, suffering under 
 the disadvantages of having been a slave and a mulaltci by 
 birth, is a remarkable man. Born at Tuckahoe, Md., about 
 the year 1817, of a negro mother, his 
 father being a white man, he followed the 
 "manifest destiny" of his race in the 
 Southern States, and was reared until ten 
 years old on a plantation. At that age he 
 was sent to Baltimore to serve a relative of 
 his master. It was there, while employed 
 in a shipyard, having clandestinely learned 
 to read, he secretly left his master, Sep- 
 tember 3, 1836, and went to New York, and 
 from there to New Bedford, Mass. At the 
 latter place he found employment in work- 
 shops and on the wharves, and married. 
 Atan anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, 
 in 1841, he spoke upon the prevailing topic 
 with much vigor and intelligence, and 
 created such an interest in his behalf as to 
 secure his appointment as agent of the 
 Massachusetts anti-slavery society. For 
 four years he visited New England towns 
 and cities, lecturing upon the evils of 
 slavery. In addition, he also published 
 the story of his life. In 1845 he visited 
 England, and lectured in the principal 
 cities throughout the United Kingdom, 
 being received with great enthusiasm at almost every place. During 
 his stay of nearly tw() years in Great Britain, his friends amassed 
 about $600 with which to purchase his freedom from his former 
 master, for he was then, it must be remembered, but a fugitive 
 slave. Returning to America, he took up his abode at Rochester, 
 N. Y. , and there, in 1847, established a weekly newspaper, first 
 known as the North Sfar, and afterwards as Frederick Douglass" 
 Papcr^ and its publication was continued for several years. His 
 autobiography appeared in 1855, rewritten and enlarged, as "My 
 Bondage and My Freedom," which is still extant. In 1855 he was 
 suspected of complicity in John Brown's raid into Virginia to free 
 the slaves of thai commonwealth, and Governor Wise issued a 
 requisition for his arrest upon the Governor of Michigan; but 
 Douglass avoided this trouble by going to England. On his return 
 home he resumed his editorial duties at Rochester. During the late 
 war he advocated the use of colored troops and a general emancipa- 
 tion of the Southern slaves, and in 1863 he assisted in organizing 
 negro regiments in Massachusetts and elsewhere. In 1870 he 
 assumed editorial control of the Xew National Era, at Washington. 
 In 1871 he was secretary of the national commission to San Domingo, 
 and has since held j)rominent political positions of trust. 
 
 A- 
 
 % 
 
 -^
 
 TlIK WIDELY KNOWN OKATOKS, OUUOll AND Sl'UUOKON. 
 
 loo 
 
 9- 
 
 John B. Gough. Charles H. Spurgeon. 
 
 ALMOST every town and city of tht- Tnited 
 States, the peculiarities of John B. 
 Gough, the popular lecturer, and hii* 
 talents as an orator, are familiarly known. 
 Born at Sandj;ate, England, in 1817, ho 
 emigrated to New York in 1829, learned 
 the trade of a bookbinder, and became 
 noted for hia habits of intemperance. 
 Through some influence he was induced 
 to attend a temperance meeting in Octo- 
 ber, IH12, where he signed the temper- 
 ance pledge, and from that time was 
 thoroughly reformed. He not only prac- 
 ticed total abstinence, but began to advo- 
 cate it from the platform with the earnestness and eloquence for 
 which he is now so greatly distinguished. His reputation as an 
 orator widely increased as he traveled and lectured throughout the 
 United States and 
 Canada. His fame 
 extended also to 
 England, and in 1853 
 the London temper- 
 ance league invited 
 him to visit Great 
 Britain. He did so, 
 !ind eloquently advo- 
 cated the temper- 
 ance cause in all 
 parts of England for 
 about two years, 
 when he returned 
 to America. Up to 
 this time, in the 
 two nations, he had 
 traveled more than 
 29,500 miles, deliv- 
 ered 1,045 lectures, 
 and obtained many 
 thousands of signa- 
 tures to the tem- 
 perancepledge. The 
 beneficial effects of 
 his labors are immeasurable. 
 
 John B. Gough. 
 
 Distinguished Orator and Temperance 
 Lecturer. 
 
 After his return he continued 
 to labor in this manner, and in 1857 he again sailed for England, 
 where he lectured with still greater success than on his former visit. 
 In iStiO be came back to the United States. He now added lectures 
 on other subjects to his course, and continued to maintain his popu- 
 larity, amassing wealth by his eloquence, and building an elegant 
 residence near Worcester, Mass. In 18T8 he made a third visit to 
 England. His autobiography was published in 1870. He was a 
 devout member of the Congregational church, and noted for his 
 benevolence. lie died at Frankford, Pa., after a brief illness, 
 Feb. 18, 1886. 
 
 wi 
 
 CHARLES HADDON SPURGEON. 
 
 niE English Baptist clergyman and pulpit orator, Charles Haddon 
 
 1 Spurgeon, is the son and grandson respectively of two Independ- 
 
 \ ent clergymen — a sect who believe that every organized church 
 
 is complete in itself, competent to govern itself, and independent 
 
 of all other church authority. He was born at Kelvedon, England, 
 
 in 1834, and educated at Colchester. He then became an assistant 
 
 teacher in a school at Newmarket. His friends desired him to oecome 
 an Independent preacher, but as his preferences were in favor of the 
 Baptist doctrine.H, he joined a "lay-preachers' association" at Cam- 
 bridge, where he had also been employed as a leuchcr, and became a 
 village preacher and tract-distributer at Faversham, near Cambridge. 
 Here he was known as the *' boy-preacher. " A short time afterwards 
 he was called to be the pastor of a small Baptist chapel atWalerbeach. 
 lie was not yet eighteen years old. Such was the power of his oratory 
 that not only was the chapel filled, but crowds gathered outside of the 
 building to hear the sound of his voice. Neighboring congregations 
 called upon him to preach in their houses of worship, and his fame 
 spread so widely that he was offered charge of the chapel in New 
 Park-street, Southwark, London. His first appearance in the British 
 metroi>olis was made in 1853, and such was the favor with which he 
 was received that within two years it was found necessary to enlarge 
 the building. While the workmen were engaged in making the neces- 
 sary improvements in the chapel Mr. Spurgeon preached for four 
 
 months at Exeter 
 hall, London, to 
 crowded houses, and 
 hundreds were una- 
 ble to gain ad- 
 mittance. The 
 enlargement of the 
 Southwark chapel, 
 too, proved insuffi- 
 cient to admit to it 
 all Mr. Spurgeon's 
 admirers, and to ac- 
 commodate a larger 
 number of hearers 
 the services were 
 conducted in the Sur- 
 rey music hall. In 
 1856, a serious acci- 
 dent having occurred 
 in the hall, the build- 
 ing of a new " taber- 
 nacle '■ at Newington 
 Butts, which was 
 opened to the public 
 in 1861, was begun, 
 and there he has continued to officiate. This chapel holds between 
 5,000 and 6,000 people, and is always well filled. During his minis- 
 trati(ms Mr. Spurgeon has received probably about 20,000 persons 
 into his church, and has erected about forty chapels in London, 
 which have been supplied with ministers who were trained in a 
 college also founded by himself. Numerous volumes of his sermons 
 have been printed, and he has also written and published several 
 other religious works, besides editing a periodical called the Sword 
 and Trowel. Mr. Spurgeon is remarkable for the plainness of his 
 discourses and the common sense, mingled with the deepest piety, 
 which pervades them. His language is Anglo-Saxon, terse and 
 comprehensive, but never coarse. The flowers of rhetoric receive 
 less cultivation at his hands than the sterner truths and tender senti- 
 ments of the Christian religion. His eloquence consists mainly of 
 his power in presenting the doctrines of his belief, and his earnest- 
 ness in applying them to every phase of human necessity, so that 
 they carry conviction to the mind and address themselves to the 
 hearts and consciences of his audiences. His church is well filled, 
 and stormy weather rarely prevents the attendance of his admirers. 
 
 Charles H. Spurgeon, 
 
 Eminent Baptist (.'leryyinan and 
 Pulpit Orator.
 
 -.•(tr — 
 
 ? 
 
 256 
 
 COL. INGERSOLL, AUTHOR OF '' SKULLS, 
 
 ■ MISTAKES OF MOSES, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Eminent Liberalist, Political Speaker, Lawyer and Orator. 
 
 ?ir UHN INGERSOLL, the father of the distin- 
 guished orator, was a native of Rutland county, 
 VcrinoiiT. 
 
 Havin*^ graduated at Middlebury college and 
 having wedded Miss Mary Livingstone, of Lis- 
 bon, X. Y. , he 
 entered upon 
 the ministry as 
 ' ' on g r e ga- 
 ualis^t in the 
 Green Moun- 
 tain State, in 
 the town oi 
 Pittsford. Af- 
 terwards the 
 family resided 
 in Oneida 
 county in New 
 York, where 
 the subject of 
 
 this sketch, Robert G. IngersoU, 
 
 was born about 1834, being the 
 
 youngest of five children, of whom 
 
 there were three sons and two 
 
 daugliters. 
 
 Of ther'O John IngersoU, jr., 
 
 became a physician and settled in 
 
 Wisconsin. One of the daughters 
 
 became Mrs. Dr. Carter, whose resi- 
 dence is in Buffalo, N. Y., and the 
 
 other, Mrs. Piatt, some time since 
 
 deceased, lived at Laporte, Ind. 
 
 Ebon C. and Robert G. , the other 
 
 sons, settled in Illinois, 
 
 The early education of these chil- 
 dren was such as would naturally 
 
 come to a family whose parents 
 
 were liberally educated, who changed 
 
 their abode frequently and who 
 
 always had the best of society. 
 
 From New York they went to Ohio, 
 
 thence to Wisconsin, and thence to 
 
 Illinois, the Rev. Mr. IngersoU 
 
 preaching in these several Stales. 
 
 Having reached nn age snOiciently mature to determim- their choice 
 
 of avocation, Ebon and Robi-rt entered upon the study of the law 
 
 in the ofllce of Colonel Corwin, in Shawneetown, 111. , and in that town 
 
 commenced their law practice. 
 
 It wat* here that Robert began to show liis heretical tendencies. 
 
 The first public demonstration was on one Fourth of July, when the 
 
 orator of the day, having failed to make his appeannin-, Kfdiert 
 
 Robert C- IngersoU, 
 
 DJstingTiishetl oiutiii- ami Piomunnt Ojiptisor of Orthodox 
 Tlu-olot-.v. 
 
 was called upon at the last minute to supply his place. 
 
 In the course of his address on that occasion, which was of neces- 
 sity extempore, the speaker, adverting to the history of American 
 independence, strongly eulogized Thomas Paine. Whether IngersoU 
 would have espoused the cause of Paine thus had he had more time 
 for deliberation, is not certain. As 
 it was he announced himself as an 
 admirer of Paine, and in doing so he 
 threw a fire-brand into the audience, 
 which became a public theme of 
 discussion for a long time afterwards. 
 About that time IngersoU was a can- 
 didate for the office of district 
 attorney, which he lost, it is claimed, 
 tbrough his heretical opinions. 
 
 His brother Ebon in the meantime, 
 had been elected to the Illinois 
 legislature, and both the brothers, 
 seeking a wider field for the exercise 
 of their profession, resolved upon 
 going to Peoria, where they located 
 in 1857. 
 
 In this city they remained some 
 twenty-two years, both growing into 
 a large law practice, especially as 
 railroad lawyers. Ebon was chosen 
 the successor of Owen Lovejoy in 
 Congress, and was four times elected 
 to the oftice. Subsequently he settled 
 in Washington, where he died in 
 1879. 
 
 In 18G0 Robert was a Democratic 
 candidate for Congress in his dis- 
 trict, but was defeated because of his 
 outspoken anli- slavery sentiments. 
 He. went out as the colonel of an 
 Illinois regiment of cavalry during 
 the rebellion, but failing health and 
 a natural repugnance to shocuiugmen, 
 caused him to resign after being in 
 the service for a little time. He said 
 his hope was, whenever his men fired 
 upon the enemy, that tbey would miss 
 their mark. 
 
 He was appointed by Governor Oglrsby and served during his 
 appointment as attorney-general for Hliuois, butdi'riined to aIlo«' his 
 name to be used for re-election. In 1808 hi; was a candidate for 
 governor before the State convention for the nomination of Stute 
 oflicers, bnt was again defeated because of his heterodox sentiments 
 on religious questions. 
 
 He was urged by his friends to lu-cept the position of minister to 
 
 (s:^
 
 INGEKSULL S TKIBL'TE Tu HIS UltUTUEU. 
 
 257 
 
 .,iiJj*J«„ 
 
 m 
 
 n- 
 
 lujuiUiiJLAii.j-LUjjjjjjLujuxujjjaiJujj.ui.aiiuiu^ 
 
 iriif"f!|.;il^pffj^fj 
 
 !^ 
 
 Berlin, ill 1HT7, but this also wns (Ifclini^d, his time then being too | Mis 
 
 fully cKxupied in 
 
 lecliirinj;. 
 
 For years he 
 had been regarded 
 by thofe who knew 
 him II? one of the 
 most effeclivepub- 
 lic ijipeukers in the 
 country. The Ro- 
 fiublifun conven- 
 tion, which met iit 
 Cincinnati, inlSTO, 
 for the purpose of 
 selecting a presi- 
 dential candidate, 
 afforded the oppor- 
 tunity for making 
 this reputation na- 
 tional. It was at 
 this time, as the 
 representative of 
 the Illinois dele- 
 gation in the con- 
 vention, that he 
 gave his reasons 
 and proposed the 
 name of Jnmes G. 
 Blaine as presi- 
 dential candidate 
 in such a fitting 
 and happy speech, 
 as to win for him- 
 self the plaudits of 
 the people every- 
 where. Although 
 the candidate of 
 his choice was not 
 selected, he en- 
 tered vigorously 
 upon the work of 
 the campaign, 
 and made many 
 speeches, which 
 stamped him as a 
 speaker of great el- 
 oquence and com- 
 manding power, 
 an orator of the 
 very first order. 
 
 He has latterly 
 divided his time 
 between law prac- 
 tice and the lecture 
 field, his residence 
 being in Washing- 
 ton, where he lo- 
 cated in 18 77, 
 much to the regret 
 of the citizens of 
 Peoria, his former 
 home, where he is 
 remembered by 
 
 the people who most intimately knew him, as a genial, large-hearted, 
 public-spirited citizen. His family consists of hi"; wife, formerly 
 
 
 Mppi'ilifi'i 
 
 Colonel Ingrersoll's Funeral Sermon. 
 
 fKL(>\V is llif funeral serninu reatl l»y Colonel Uot)ert G. IngersoU 
 at the burial of his brother, Ebon C. IngeraoU, ex-represen- 
 tative from Illinois. It was a touching tribute of brotherly 
 affection and eulogy upon the dead man's life and character, and 
 expressed in the very highest art of eloquence, of which Colonel 
 IngersoU is master. The love between the brothers was always a 
 matter of comment among their associates, and it was the voice of 
 affection which spoke : 
 
 Dear Friends : I am ^o\n<^ to ilo that whicli the dead oft promised he 
 would do for me. 
 
 The loved and loving brother, husband, father, friend, died where man- 
 hood's morning ahnost touches noon, and while the shadows still were 
 falling toward the west. 
 
 He had not passed on life's highway the stone that marks the highest point; 
 but, being weary for a moment, he lay down by the wayside, and. using his 
 burden for a pillow, fell into that dreamless sleep that kisses down his 
 eyelids still. While yet in love with life and raptured with the world, he 
 passed to silence and pathetic dust. 
 
 Yet, after all, it may be best, just in the happiest, sunniest hour of all the 
 voyage, while eager winds are kissing every sail, to dash against the unseen 
 rock, and in an instant hear the billows roar above a sunken ship. For 
 whether in mid sea or 'mongthe breakers of the farther shore, a wreck at 
 Last must mark the end of each and all. And every life, no matter if its 
 every hour is rich with love and evtry motuent jeweled with a joy, will, at 
 ' its close, become a tragedy as sad and deep and dark as can be woven of the ' 
 warp and woof of mystery and death. 
 
 This brave and tender man in every storm of life was oak and rock ; but 
 in the sunshine he was vine and flower. He was the friend of all heroic 
 souls. He climbed the heights, and left all superstition far below, while on 
 his forehead fell the golden dawning of the grander day. 
 
 He loved the beautiful, and was with color, form, and music touched to 
 tears. He sided with the weak, tlie poor, and wronged, and lovingly gave 
 alms. With loyal heart and with the purest hands he faithfully discharged 
 all public trusts. 
 
 He was a worshipper of liberty, a friend of the oppressed. A thousand 
 times I have heard him quote these words : " For Justice all place a tt^mplp, 
 and all season, summer." He believed that happiness was the only good, 
 reason the only torch, justice the only worship, humanity the only religion, 
 and love the only priest. He added to the sum of human joy ; and were 
 every one to whom he did some loving service to bring a blossom to his 
 grave, he would sleep to-night beneath a wilderness of flowers. 
 
 Life is a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two eternities. 
 We strive in vain to look beyond the heights. We cry aloud, and the only 
 answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless lips of the unre- 
 plying dead there comes no word ; but in the night of death hope sees a 
 star and listening love can hear the rustle of a wing. 
 
 He who sleeps here, when dying, mistaking the approach of death for the 
 return of health, whispered with his latest breath, " I am better now." Let 
 us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas, of fears and tears, that these dear 
 words are true of all the countless dead. 
 
 And now, to you, who have been chosen, from among the many men he 
 loved, to do the last sad office for the dead, we give the sacred dust. 
 
 Speech cannot contain our love. There was, there is. no gentler, stronger, 
 manlier man. The record of a generouslife runs like a vine around the 
 memory of our dead, and every sweet, unselfish act is now a perfumed flower. 
 
 Eva Parker, whom he married at Groveland, 111., near Peoria, 
 
 in 1802, and two 
 daughters, now 
 nearly grown to 
 womanhood. 
 
 Colonel IngersoU 
 is perhaps bent 
 known because of 
 his severe crlti- 
 cinm of the church 
 and its beliefs. In 
 defeaise of his po- 
 sitions he has 
 deli vered many 
 lectures variouwly 
 entitled "The 
 Gods," "Ghcsts," 
 " Liberty for Man, 
 W Oman an d 
 Child," "Skulls," 
 ''Thomas Paine." 
 the "Mistakes of 
 Moses" and "The 
 Great Infiilels. " 
 
 In his work on 
 "The Gods" oc- 
 curs this oft- 
 qnoted phrase: 
 
 "An honest God is 
 the noblest work 
 of man." 
 
 Phrenologically, 
 Mr. IngersoU has 
 large combativc- 
 ness, which dis- 
 poses him to com- 
 bat what he deems 
 to be an evil. The 
 social in his na- 
 ture is largely de- 
 veloped, hence his 
 eulogy of home 
 and the family. 
 Benevolence, 
 causality and com- 
 parison, are all 
 large; so also is 
 ideality, which 
 makes him pas- 
 sionately fond of 
 the beautifnl and 
 the poetic in 
 nature. He has 
 a large brain, his 
 head measuring 
 t w e n t y - 1 h r e e 
 inches; an inch 
 larger than the 
 average head, 
 which measures 
 twenty-two. This 
 l)rain is sustained 
 by a strong body, 
 with large lung power. All these combined make him a man of great 
 iritellectnal strength, and as an orator one of the foremost of the a-je. 
 
 
 17
 
 ? 
 
 i 
 
 258 
 
 A BRIEF RECORD OF A GREAT MAN. 
 
 r^ 
 
 99(i|9990(3fq!3<^^ 
 
 i-^-»i^a^m&&^^9s^'S' 
 
 ul- » 
 
 Daniel Wetster. 
 
 
 >jii jj^^^^^■J■J^J^^^^^^^^^J^ .^ 
 
 A Distinguished Representative in the Councils of the Nation. 
 
 HE American orator and statesman, 
 Daniel Webster, second son of a farmer 
 in moderate circumstances, was born at 
 Salisbury (now Franklin), N. H. , in 1782. 
 His earli- 
 est educa- 
 tion was 
 apparently 
 derived 
 principally from 
 the instruction of 
 his parents. At 
 fourteen years of 
 age he was sent to the 
 Phillips - Exeter acad- 
 emy. After remaining 
 for a while in the fam- 
 ily of Rev. Mr. Wood, at Boscawen, he 
 entered Dartmouth college in 1797, 
 earning his living and fitting his brother 
 Ezekiel for college by teaching school 
 during the winter months. As a stu- 
 dent he appears to have been earnest 
 and industrious, and a persistent reader 
 o.' history and general English litera- 
 tu.-e. Already he began to manifest 
 something of the oratorical powers that 
 in after-life stirred senators and the 
 people, in his addresses before college 
 societies, some of which were pub- 
 lished, and throughout his college 
 career he was the foremost man of his 
 
 class. In 1801 he graduated, and immediately afterwards he 
 began to study law at Salisbury. During a part of 1802 he was 
 principal of the Fryeburg academy in Maine, at a light salary, which 
 he increased by copying in the recorder's office He continued to 
 study law at Salisbury until in February, 1804, when he removed to 
 Boston, where he entered another law-office and completed his 
 studies. In 1805 he was admitted to the bar, and during the ensuing 
 year practiced as an attorney at Boscawen. In 180G he was 
 admitted to practice in the superior court of New Hampshire, and 
 efltablished himself in business at Portsmouth, then the capital of 
 that State. In 1808 he was married to Miss Grace Fletcher, of 
 Hopkinlon, N. II. Rising rapidly in his profession, he also identi- 
 fied himself with the political party of federalists, and in 1812 was 
 elected a member of Congress. In 1814 he was re-elected to Con- 
 gress. Mr. Webster having lost by fire his house, library, and other 
 valuables, at Portsmouth, N. H. , he was induced to remove to Boston, 
 Mass., which he did in IHIO, at the close of his congressional term. 
 For seven years he devottd himself almost exclusively to the practice 
 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Lawyer, Politician, Statesman, and Distinguished Orator. 
 
 of the law in his new home, and built up a business and a reputation 
 almost unsurpassed by that of any other member of his profession. 
 In 1822 he was elected to Congress from Boston. In 1826 he was 
 chosen United States senator from Massachusetts. In 1830 occurred 
 his famous controversy in the senate 
 with Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, 
 on the subject of Southern "nullifica- 
 tion" — the right of a State to nullify, 
 or make void, a law of Congress — a 
 doctrine of so-called "State-rights,"' 
 that Mr. Webster admirably refuted, 
 and which, among other things, subse- 
 quently brought on the civil war of 
 1861-5. In 1839 he made a tour of 
 England, Scotland, and France. In 
 1841, under the administrations of Har- 
 rison and Tyler, Mr. Webster was Sec- 
 retary of State, until 1843. In 1845 he 
 again took his seat in the United 
 States senate, as the successor of Mr. 
 Choate. In 1847 he visited the Southern 
 States, and was cordially received. In 
 the spring of 1850 he made his much 
 criticised speech in support of the fugi- 
 tive-slave law. In the summer of that 
 year he was called to the cabinet of 
 President Fillmore as Secretary of 
 State. In 1852 he met with a severe 
 carriage accident, and his health failed, 
 so that he tendered bis resignation, 
 which was not accepted, and retired to 
 his home at Marshfield, Mass. Grad- 
 ually his giant frame succumbed to his chronic diseases, and he died 
 October 24, 1852, lamented and honored in his death, as in his life, 
 by thousands of admirers and friends, and funeral orations and ser- 
 mons were delivered throughout the country in great numbers. His 
 remains were attended to his tomb at Marslifield by a great concourse, 
 and there be rests from his arduous and important labors. It was 
 not alone as a politician and statesman that Mr. Webster acquired 
 distinction by his powerful oratory. In 1820 he pronounced his 
 celebrated discourse at Plymouth, Mass. , on the landing of the pil- 
 grim fathers; in 1825 and in 1843 he delivered his two great orations 
 over the commencement and completion of the Bunker Hill monu- 
 ment; in 1820 his eulogy on Adams and Jefferson, and, in 1851, his 
 address at the laying of the corner-stone of the addition to the 
 capito! at Washington. His record in public life is intimately con- 
 nected with Ihe history of his country, and both go down to posterity 
 together. After the death of Mr. Webster's first wife, in 1828, he 
 married, in 1829, Caroline Bayard Le Roy, daughter of a New York 
 merchant.
 
 WIUELV KNOWN AND l'Kf)MINENT I'l lU'l'IClAN. 
 
 259 
 
 —8=: . .jv- 
 
 Hoscoe Conkling. CM? 
 
 For a Number of Years a Member of the United States Senate. 
 
 HE early part of President Gar- 
 field's administration, 
 in 1881, brought very 
 prominently before 
 the people of this 
 country United Slates 
 Senator Roscoe Conk- 
 ling, of the State of 
 New York. Although still 
 comparatively young, he had 
 previously achieved emi- 
 nence in the councils of the 
 nation by his participation 
 important political gatherings 
 and his 
 advocacy 
 of the 
 principles 
 of the Republican party. The contro- 
 versy with President Garfield arose 
 from Mr. Conkling's opposition to 
 the appointment of a custom-house 
 collector for the port of New York. 
 The senator, feeling that as a political 
 lender in the State of New York his 
 wishes had not been sufficiently con- 
 sulted by the president, and finding 
 that the senate was in favor of con- 
 firming the presidential appointment, 
 deemed it his duty to resign his posi- 
 tion in the senate and retire to private 
 life. 
 
 Whatever opinions may exist as to 
 Mr. Conkling's course in this contro- 
 versy, he merits a place of honor in 
 these pages for the statesmanship which 
 he manifested in the previous history 
 of the nation. Deriving his existence 
 from honorable ancestry, he was born 
 at Albany, N. Y. , in 1828. His father 
 was a member of the seventeenth Con- 
 gress, was appointed Minister to Mexico 
 
 in 1852, and associated judicially with the United Slates district 
 court in the State of New York. 
 
 Koscoe Conkling was educated for the practice of law, and soon 
 after entering upon the duties of his profession became prominent 
 as an attorney. The political arena, however, presented a fine field 
 for the exercise of his executive talents and oratory, and about a year 
 
 Roscoe Conkling. 
 
 Lawyer, Statesman and Prominent Public Speaker. 
 
 after his admission to the bar he was appointed district attorney for 
 Oneida county. 
 
 Residing at Utica while pt^rforming the duti(;s of his position, in 
 1858, he received the nomination for mayor of that city, and by his 
 popularity secured his election. Filling this office satisfactorily, his 
 friends in the district united their forces and elected him a member 
 of the thirty-sixth Congress. The able manner in which he there 
 maintained the interests of the nation and his constituency resulted 
 in his re-election, successively, to the thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth, 
 thirty-ninth and fortieth Congresses. 
 
 During the war of the Southern rebellion, Mr. Conkling repre- 
 sented in the halls of Congress the patriotism and energy of the 
 people of New York by his cultivated oratory and active participa- 
 tion in measures tending to preserve the integrity of the Union, 
 winning not only the approval of 
 his personal and political opponents, 
 but the admiration of all the loyal 
 people of the North. 
 
 The result of his increased popularity 
 was shown, in 1867, by Mr. Conkling's 
 election as a United States senator by 
 the legislature of his native State. Six 
 years later he was re-elected, and at 
 the time of his resignation, in May, 
 1881, he was serving his third term in 
 that high office. 
 
 Whether Mr. Conkling is considered 
 as a statesman, a political leader, or an 
 attorney; whether his ruling motive be 
 personal ambition, political influence or 
 patriotism, it is evident that he has 
 striven to excel in the use of all his 
 natural gifts and acquired accomplish- 
 ments. All his life he has been a dig- 
 nified, shrewd, hard-working, temperate 
 man, bestowing upon the law cases 
 entrusted to his care great research, 
 thoughtfulness, and energy. Retiring, 
 yet social in his habits, he is possibly 
 too eager in following his ambition to 
 lead in the political contests of his 
 State and nation. 
 In his younger days Mr. Conkling wedded a sister of Hon. Horatio 
 Seymour. Their only child, a daughter, was married in 1880. 
 
 Mr. Conkling's person is consistent with his oratorical and execu- 
 tive talents — tall and commanding, with a face possessing con- 
 siderable manly beauty. As a public speaker he is eloquent and 
 effective. 
 
 ■Q^ —
 
 ? 
 
 200 
 
 A DISTINGUISHED POLITICAL DEBATER AND UKATOK. 
 
 Journalist, Politician and Statesman. 
 
 HE distinguished legislator, James 
 Gillespie Blaine, is a native of 
 Pennsylvania, having entered upon 
 the stage of life in L^nion town- 
 ship, Washington county, January 
 31, 1830. 
 
 His education was received 
 between the ages of twelve and 
 seventeen years, at a Presbyterian 
 institution in his native county, 
 known as the college of Washing- 
 ton and Jefferson. Graduating in 1847, 
 he subsequently went to Kentucky and 
 engaged himself as professor of niathc- 
 niatics in the 
 e s t e r n 
 litary in- 
 tute at 
 Lick 
 rings, 
 maining 
 •re two 
 rs, he re- 
 \' e d to 
 i ne in 
 not long 
 wards, he married 
 Harriet Stanwood. 
 tering upon the 
 profession of journalism about that 
 period, for a time he assisted in 
 editing the Portland (Me.) Daily 
 Advertiser, and then, going to 
 Augusta, the State capital, he assumed 
 editorial control of the Kennebec 
 Journal. 
 
 In politics, he and his paper \vork<'d 
 in the interest of the Kepnblirau 
 party with so much energy and ability 
 as to insure his election to the Maine 
 
 legislature in 1858, and his re-election and participation in the 
 sessions of 1859-02. During his last two terms he was speaker of 
 the house. 
 
 In thi.-^ position he had so fuiliifully repre.'^ented the interests of 
 bis State that, in 1802, he was elected to represent the Kennebec 
 district in the thirty-eighth Congress, and re-elected by the Repub- 
 licans to the six succeeding terms of Congress. In 1869 he was 
 chosen Speaker of the House of Representatives, retaining this high 
 oHlce for about si.x years, when the Democrats came into power and 
 he succumbed to partisan pressure. 
 
 In 1875 the Maine legislature elected Mr. Blaine a United States 
 -.Mintrir 11- tin- snrcrs^or of Hon. Lot Morrill, who had ln-cii apiHiiiited 
 
 secretary of the United States treasury. At the close of the term 
 for which he was chosen Mr. Blaine was re-elected for the term 
 ending March 4, 1883. 
 
 In the beginning of the presidential campaign of 1876, Mr. Blaine 
 came prominently before the people as the possible successor of 
 General Grant. His friends were very sanguine of his nomination 
 at the Cincinnati convention, and it was on that occasion that Robert 
 G. Ingersoll advocated the claims of the senator from Maine in one 
 of his most forcible bursts of oratory, from which the following 
 is an extract: 
 
 ''Like an armed warrior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine 
 marched down the halls of the American Congress and threw his 
 shining lance full and fair against the brazen forehead of every 
 defaniLT of this country and maligner of its honor. 
 
 "■For the Republican party to desert that gallant man now is as 
 an army deserting their general upon 
 the field of battle. James G. Blaine 
 has been for years the bearer of the 
 sacred standard of the Republic." 
 
 The convention, however, either 
 failed to appreciate the claims of 
 *'the plumed knight" as highly as 
 did Mr. Ingersoll, or political 
 "policy " required the nomination of 
 some one else, so that Rutherford B. 
 Hayes, of Ohio, carried off the honors 
 and won the chief magistracy of the 
 nation. 
 
 In 1R80, at the Chicago national 
 Republican convention to nouiinate 
 another candidate for the presidency, 
 Mr. Blaine's friends again pressed his 
 claims for that office with so much 
 vigor and determination as to defeat 
 the nomination of General Grant 
 without securing the prize for their 
 favorite, for very unexpectedly the 
 convention declared for the nomina- 
 tion of General James A. Garfield. 
 
 General Garfield, after his elec- 
 tion, did not forget the merits of 
 Mr. Blaine, but invited him into his cabinet of counselors as 
 Secretary of State. At this writing, in these "piping times of 
 peace," it is too soon to declare his success as one of the highest 
 officers of the Union— a position which has been honored by tlu' 
 Adamses, Webster, Clay and Seward, and otlier statesmen of X\\v 
 most brilliant talent and executive skill. 
 
 Mr. Blaine is not so remarkable for profound statesmanship as for 
 his thorough understanding of parliamentary usages and tactics, by 
 his knowledge of which he is capable of turning the tables upon his 
 opponents in the halls of legislation and defeating all their arts and 
 designs against the measures tliat he advocates. Nominated for thr 
 Presidency, June 0, IHHl, he was defeated by a small majority. 
 
 James G. Blaine, 
 
 .1 Number of Years Memlier of the United States Senate 
 from .Maine.
 
 THE TALKKTKl), VEKSATILK LKOTUKEIJ AND WlilTEU, ANNA DICKINSON. 
 
 WL 
 
 SI 
 
 r^h'> ? ■■"'llllk^'*'* '"Ik AllMllHllllllllHiuHiniiiniiiu'HniiiHUDiiifMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifiii 
 
 'lL-^>-J'. m. \ ,'• j',ll' 
 
 fl':>G|i'*""* Anna Dickinson. ,,,f- 
 
 ''iTh's ■'il:!L™...„-™nu..„,...„ „™„....™.™„. „»>«1;S.£l^ 
 
 
 --//,',>• f /jit 
 
 , _^ __._ ._ ,., „ "^^'^^f 
 
 Prominent Advocate of Woman-Suffrage and the Rights of the Oppressed. 
 
 NNA E. DICKINSON, the remarkable female 
 orator, is the daughter of a merchant in 
 Phihidelphia, and was born in 1842. When 
 but two years old, her father died, leaving a. 
 widow and fivechildren. '* Asababy," says 
 Mrt;. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Anna was 
 loss, sleepless, restless and crying contin- 
 ;dly with a loud voice, thus preparing her 
 lungs for future action." As a child she 
 ' wayward, willful, intensely earnest and imagina- 
 tive, causing herself and her elders much trouble and 
 unhappiness. " At school, 
 under the ruling discipline, 
 "she was generally in a 
 state of rebellion." She 
 was educated in the free 
 schools of the Society of 
 Friends, and the circum- 
 stance of her poverty and 
 ^ her love for her care-worn 
 
 '?7J mother no doubt had a 
 ^ strong influence in shaping 
 till- character of her after-life. The 
 iinuiediate result was a desire to do 
 something for her own support. In 
 her school-days she read the current 
 literature of the times freely and 
 extensively. Blessed with a won- 
 derful memory, the lesson once read 
 needed no study; she was master of 
 it. When about thirteen years old 
 she secured a job of copying, and 
 did it so well that she obtained more 
 W(n-k of the same kind. Two things 
 were uppermost in her mind: how to 
 improve her capabilities, and how to 
 aid her mother. Once she scrubbed 
 a sidewalk to obtain money to 
 admit her to Wendell Phillips' lecture 
 
 on " The Lost Arts. " " She had a passion for oratory," and money, 
 fairly earned by labor, paid her way to the enjoyment of hearing 
 Curtis or Beecher lecture. After a while she obtained a saleswoman's 
 place in a store, but finding that it required misrepresentation to sell 
 poor goods, she quit at once. In January, 1800, she was present at 
 a womans-rights-and-wrongs meeting, at which ladies were invited 
 to speak, aud she spoke for twenty minutes, right to the point. A 
 few days afterwards she spoke again, on the same subject, at another 
 meeting, and made a powerful reply to the objections of her male 
 opponent. Sue now began to be in request at piil)]ic niiM\' = jiirs on the 
 
 Anna Di 
 
 Lecturer, Author, PulitiL-al Spi 
 
 subject of woman's rights. She also taught a district school in Bucks 
 county. Pa. At Kennett square. Pa. , on her eighteenth birthday, she 
 spoke in favor of anti-slavery and resistance to tyranny. She aIso 
 spoke that summer before several large audiences in New Jersey, 
 on temperance, woman's work, and anti-slavery, producing excellent 
 impressions on her auditors and winning distinction by her oratory. 
 In the following February she addressed 800 persons for two hours 
 in Concert hall, Philadelphia. Her speech was unwritten and suc- 
 cessful. Some time afterwards she obtained employment in tbc 
 United States mint as an adjuster. Just after the battle of Ball's 
 Bluff, Va., in a public speech .she alleged that the contest went 
 against the Unionists on account of 
 General McClellun's '* treason," In 
 1864, when McClellan was running 
 for president, she repeated the accu- 
 sation of treason, and it was ind<)rsed 
 by her hearers. But her first utter* 
 ancc of it, in 1861, cost her her situ- 
 ation in the mint. After that she 
 continued to lecture on the political 
 aspects of the war with great suc- 
 cess, reaping enviable distinction by 
 her oratory and independence of 
 thought and speech. From that 
 period dated her well-known success 
 as a public lecturer. Time was 
 spent in studying, reading and visit- 
 ing soldiers in the government hos- 
 pitals, until she could go out and 
 tell the listening people what she 
 knew of the civil war, its causes and 
 progress. Her lecture on " Hospital 
 Life," repeated in New Hampshire 
 and many places, resulted, with 
 other causes, in carri'ing the State 
 for the Republicans in 1862. New 
 Hampshire safe, she traveled and lec- 
 tured in Connecticut amid great 
 enthusiasm, and with the same happy 
 result. She next spoke at the Cooper institute, in New York 
 city, on '* The Day — the Cause," and reaped honor and large 
 pecuniary profits on that occasion. Then she was called to 
 speak before the Philadelphia Union league, where she received 
 marked attention, and more money. After that she was in great 
 demand as a lecturer, and for many years was one of the most popu- 
 lar and successful speakers before the people. About the year 1875 
 she entered upon the work of play-writiug, and assumed the leading 
 characters in her own dramas of " Mary Tudor," "Anne Boleyn" 
 and other plays. As a lecturer she hu.s been most successful. 
 
 ckiason, 
 
 aker. Play writer and Actress, 
 
 I>3:
 
 2(W 
 
 THE HL'NGAUIAN PATRIOT. 
 
 THE PLYMOUTH PASTOR. 
 
 Louis Kossuth. Henry Ward Beecher. 
 
 Liberalists and Famous Orators. 
 
 JV^URING THE period between the 
 
 years 1640 and 1850, eminence 
 
 in statesmanship, patriotism 
 
 and oratory was achieved by 
 
 Louis Kossuth, the leader of the 
 
 opposition in Hungary to Austrian 
 
 rule. Born of a noble family, at 
 
 Monok, Hungary, April 27, 1802, he 
 
 enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education, and 
 
 as a journalist early distinguished himself in the 
 
 stirring events of ihose times. His talents as a 
 
 legislator and eloquent appeals to his countrymen 
 
 soon made him their leader 
 in the popular cause, and 
 also led to his arrest and 
 imprisonment. The history 
 of his struggles in this con- 
 test is detailed on another 
 page. Escaping to the United 
 States, with a party of his 
 co-patriots in 1851, he soon won the sym- 
 pathy and admiration of the Americans by 
 the eloquence of his public addresses, no- 
 bility of character, and the story of his 
 wrongs. For a while he was the lion of the 
 day, and left his impress most emphatically 
 upon the American people through a soft, 
 black, slouch, wool hat that he wore, known 
 as the '* Kossuth," which style has been 
 almost universally adopted by our people. 
 Subsequently he returned to Europe, settling 
 at Turin, greatly esteemed by all liberal 
 people. 
 
 ^fe^ 
 
 
 HENRY WARD BEECHER. 
 
 MOXG fln(juciit American pulpit and platform orators Henry 
 Ward Beecher occupies a conspicuous place. His father, Lyman 
 Beecher, was a sturdy and powerful representative of Christian- 
 ity in New England, and at the time of Henry's birth, June 24, 1813, 
 was pastor of a church at Litchfield, Conn. Henry, with all his 
 brothers and sisters, gave evidence of unusual literary and oratorical 
 talent. Receiving his education at Amherst college, Mass., where 
 he graduated in 1834, he entered upon the study of divinity at the 
 Lane Theological seminary, at Cincinnati, of which institution 
 bis father was then president. Three years later, in 1837, he became 
 the pastor of a Presbyterian church at Lawrenceburg, Ind., where 
 he laid the foundation of his future greatness. In 1839 he removed 
 to Indianapolis, engaged in pastoral duties, until, in 1847, he accepted 
 a call to the pulpit of Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn. 
 Whatever the condition of Plymouth church may have been at that 
 time, it is certain that his influence and oratory soon raised it 
 from obscurity to distinction. While he filled the saered desk and 
 
 Louis Kossuth. 
 
 ministered to the spiritual wants of his congregation, he did not 
 confine his oratory to religious theories, but preached upon current 
 events and advocated popular political reforms and the moral and 
 educational improvement of society. His strong expressions upon 
 these topics soon gave him celebrity, and thousands of citizens and 
 strangers from all parts thronged the aisles and pews of his church. 
 To his vocation of a preacher he soon added that of a public lecturer, 
 in which he achieved increased popularity. His fame was still 
 further augmented by his contributions to the principal religious 
 papers of the Union, especially to the New York Independent^ of 
 which he becajne a leading spirit. On literary and social topics he 
 wrote and spoke eloquently and forcibly, and exercised a wide- 
 -i>ooo^. spread influence upon the minds of the 
 people. At one period of the war of the 
 rebellion he visited England to advocate there 
 the policy of the North, and vindicated the 
 cause of the f nion successfully. In 1865, 
 after the war had ended, he delivered an 
 oration at Fort Sumter, on the anniversary 
 of its surrender in 1861. In 1867 Mr. 
 Beecher wrote for the columns of a Kew 
 York story-paper a serial novel, entitled 
 ** Norwood," which, while it contained many 
 excellent passages, really conferred more 
 honor upon the paper than upon the writer. 
 A few years later the country was startled 
 by a report that Mr. Beecher had committed 
 a "great transgression" with a prominent 
 lady member of his church, the wife of his 
 friend and business partner, Theodore Tilton. 
 As usual the story grew in magnitude and 
 filthiness, and brought about the customary 
 effect — contumely upon the church and all the 
 parties connected with the affair. A tedious 
 investigation of the scandal followed, and al- 
 thuiigh the lady insisted it was true, Mr. Beecher and his friends as 
 stoutly denied it. The arbitrators eventually decided that the lady had 
 cither willfully falsified, or was suffering from an unfortunate delu- 
 sion. The trial resulted in the dismissal of the lady from the church 
 and the retention of Mr. Beecher as its pastor. Mr. Beecher is the 
 author of several publications. The first of these, printed in 184J. 
 and since then considerably enlarged, was entitled "Lectures to 
 Young Men," warning them against the popular vices of the day. In 
 1865 he published " Star Papers," a volume of his essays printed 
 originally in the New York Independent, and so called because the 
 articles in the paper were signed with a large star. A second volume 
 of the same character was subsequently issued under the caption of 
 "New Star Papers.*" Several volumes of his sermons, and of 
 extracts from his discourses, a collection of his church prayers, a 
 compilation of articles contributed to the New York Ledger^ entith'd 
 " Eyes and Ears," and a " Life of -lesus the Christ," arc among 
 his publications. 
 
 o - oo^ 
 
 ;(!)> —
 
 I'uKTIiAIT OF liUWIX FOKRKST. 
 
 >^^4^m 
 
 
 Distinguished in Tragedy and Connedy. 
 
 I) WIN FORREST, the cclebniU-d 
 tragedian, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., in 1806, of 
 Scotch-German parents. His 
 dramatic talent was mani- 
 fested in his early years when 
 a member of an amateur 
 club, and in 1820 he made his 
 first public appearance on the 
 stage as young "Douglas" in 
 the play of that name. In a 
 traveling engagement in the 
 South and West, soon after- 
 wards, he won considerable 
 ji r o f e 8 • 
 sior.al repu- 
 tation. At 
 Cincinnati, 
 in 1822, he 
 success- 
 fuUy began 
 his repre- 
 sentations 
 of Shaks- 
 p e a r i a n 
 characters 
 as "Richard 
 in.,'' and 
 "Othello." It was in this last imper- 
 sonation, at the Park theater in New 
 York, in May, 1826, that he achieved his 
 first great success as a tragedian, and 
 during an ensuing engagement at the 
 Bowery, and a later one at the Park 
 theater, in 1829, he established the fame 
 that he sustained throughout his long 
 dramatic career. Aside from his Shaks- 
 pearian characters he won distinction as 
 "Metamora," in Stone's tragedy of that 
 
 name; Spartacus, in the "Gladiator," and Aybnere in "Jack 
 Cade." He visited Europe in 1835, playing with great success 
 and reputation. Before his return to the United States in 1837 
 he married Miss Catharine Sinclair, the daughter of a well- 
 known singer. With this lady he lived until about 1850, when 
 a separation ensued, which resulted in the wife obtaining a divorce 
 
 and an alimony of $3,000 a year. Forrest opposed this measure 
 through all the courts without reversing the situation. Forrest 
 returned to America in 1841, and was heartily welcomed in Philadel- 
 phia and New York. In 1845 he sailed again for Europe, where he 
 remained two years. It was during this visit to England that he 
 quarreled with the actor Macready, with whom he had been on terms 
 of great friendship, and this quarrel is said to have caused, almost 
 directly, the disgraceful not that attended Macready's subsequent 
 engagement at one of the New York theaters, in May, 1849. Forrest 
 was wealthy, and in 1855 purchased a residence near Philadelphia, 
 where he lived during the remainder of his career, except when ful- 
 filling his professional engagements in various portions of the Union. 
 He died at Philadelphia in 1872, leaving a large part of his fortune, 
 more than $1,000,000, for the establishment of an asylum for aged 
 and destitute actors. A few weeks after 
 his death his valuable library was almost 
 wholly destroyed by fire in Philadelphia. 
 
 Edwin Forrest, 
 
 Eminent Representative of Shakspearian Characters. 
 
 DION BOUCICAULT. 
 
 YW"HIS play-wriler and play-actor was 
 born at Dublin, Dec. 31), 1822, the 
 A^ son of a merchant of French birth, 
 doing business in thai city. He was 
 educated at the London university, Eng- 
 land, for the profession of a civil 
 engineer, but his preference was for a 
 dramatic career. His first play was 
 "London Assurance," which appeared in 
 1841, and was followed by numerous 
 others, most of which have achieved great 
 popularity both in England and America. 
 Among the most noted of these are " The 
 Colleen Bawn," "The Octoroon," "The 
 Corsican Brothers," "Arrah ua Pogue," 
 "The Willow Copse," "The Long 
 Strike," " Hunted Down," and, in con- 
 nection with Charles Reade, " Foul Play. " 
 As an actor Mr. Boucicault excels in 
 Irish characters; in play-writing he is concise, pointed in dialogue, 
 skillful in stage effects, and dramatic in construction. His first 
 visit to the United States was made in 1853, at which time he 
 delivered several lectures in New York and wrote two or three of his 
 popular dramas, remaining here until 1860. Since then he ha-^ 
 visited Europe and America from time to time.
 
 w^ 
 
 iQ 26i 
 
 PORTKAIT OF CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN. 
 
 Play-Actors Distinguished in Tragedy. 
 
 nARLOTTE SAUNDERS CUSHMAN, 
 the actress, was born at Boston, Mass. , 
 in 1816. When twelve years old. her 
 father having failed in business, the 
 support of the family required her to 
 seek employment. She possessed, 
 '^^ even at this age, some local distinction 
 as a singer, with a fine contralto voice 
 ;\, and considerable musical taste, and by 
 the advice of Mrs. Wood, the cele- 
 vocalist, she set about cultivating her 
 for the stage. Her first appearance in a 
 resort {except in a preliminary concert) 
 at the Tremont 
 _jj-^^,9.,7^J^ temple, in Boston, in 
 %^^'cvJ "/^^ April, 1835, and resulted 
 in her engagement to 
 sing in English opera 
 at New Orleans. The 
 change of climate 
 proved disastrous to her 
 voice, in addition to her 
 attempt to change it from a contralto to a 
 soprano. Relinquishing music, she then 
 studied for the stage, and fitted herself to 
 play the part of Lady Macbeth, in which 
 she succeeded with entire satisfaction. 
 Returning to New York, she made a three- 
 years' engagement at the Bowery theater. 
 A fit of sickness, after a week's perform- 
 ance, confined her to her apartment, and 
 before she - recovered, the theater, with 
 all her professional wardrobe, was burned. 
 She next appeared at the Park theater as a 
 stock-actress, and for three years performed 
 in various characters. Her sister Susan, 
 also an actress, had an engagement at the 
 same theater, and, together, they repre- 
 sented male and female personages, Charlotte playing, for instance, 
 Jiomeo to Susan's Juliet, appearing in this manner for several seasons 
 in New York and Philadelphia. Prior to 1844 she managed one of the 
 Philadelphia theaters, and then accompanied Mr. Macready in high 
 tragic parts on a successful tour through the northern States. In 
 1845 she visited England and was received with great enthusiasm, 
 appearing as lilanca. Lady Macbeth, Julia (in the "Hunchback"), 
 Mrs. Ilaller, Beatrice, Lady Teazle, etc., for eighty- four nights at 
 the Princess' theater. Several years were spent, in company with 
 her sister, in perfonnances in various parts of England. Upon 
 returning to the United States, in 1849, she won new fame by her 
 vigorous representation of Meg Merrxlies in the play of "Guy 
 Mannering," dramatized from Scott's novel of that name. By her 
 dramatic talent t*hc aceuniulatrd a fortune, and altorimtcd in her 
 
 visits between the United States and England, sometimes retiring 
 from the stage, and again playing or reading in public, until her 
 death, which occurred in this country in 1876. 
 
 Charlotte Cushman. 
 
 Distinguished Actress and Elocutionist. 
 
 WILLIAM C. MACREADY. 
 
 TRAGEDIAN of undoubted dramatic genius was William C. 
 Macready, who was born in London, England, in 1793. At ten 
 years of age his father, a lessee and manager of country theaters, 
 sent him to school at Rugby, where, within the next seven years, he 
 became noted for his classical attainments. His father failing in 
 business in 1810, the youth was induced to become an actor. In this 
 profession he soon began to acquire considerable reputation in 
 theaters outside the metropolis. In 1816 
 he made his first appearance in London at 
 Covent garden, and gradually rose in popu- 
 larity until his superiority as an actor was 
 generally acknowledged. Not only was he 
 successful in his Shakspearian tragedies, 
 but in the marked characters of other 
 dramas. His first tour of the United 
 States was made in 1826, and was quite 
 successful. From 1837 to 1840, inclusive, 
 he was successively manager of Covent 
 garden and Drury Lane theaters in London, 
 and endeavored to elevate the standard of 
 dramatic representation. Other profes- 
 sional visits were made to the United States 
 in 1843-4 and 1848. Owing to a quarrel, 
 in England, with Edwin Forrest, the 
 American tragedian, the friends of the 
 latter made violent war upon Mr. Macready 
 and undertook to prevent his appearance 
 as an actor in New York, on the occasion 
 of his last engagement, in 1848. So great 
 was the bitterness manifested toward him 
 that on the 10th of May the Astor Place 
 opera house, in which he was performing, 
 was attacked by a mob of his enemies arnuMl with stones and other 
 missiles. The police were unable to restrain the assaulting party, 
 and the military were called upon to suppress the rioters, which 
 was not effected until twenty-two persons had been killed and 
 thirty-six wounded. Mr. Macready, although assured of ample 
 protection, refused to act longer in New York and soon returned 
 to Europe. He formally retired from the stage in London, on Feb- 
 ruary 2G, 1851, at the Drury Lane theater. A few days afterwards he 
 was given a complimentary dinner, which was largely attended. He 
 never afterwards returned to the stage. His success was owing to 
 excellent voice, a good stage presence, self-command, and diligent 
 study. He earnestly strove to elevate the art, and to him is awarded 
 the credit of having done much in that direction. He died in 
 Somersetshire, England, in 1873.
 
 ^[:c>~ 
 
 TWU WELL-KNOWN CHAKACTKRS UN THE THKATKIGAL liUAKUS. 
 
 2«o 
 
 ? 
 
 
 Prominent French Actress, a Popular Comedian. 
 
 MiAH BERNHARDT'S mother was of 
 Dutch birth. Her father was a French- 
 man. It would not be fair to tell when 
 she was born, but we may say that she 
 received an excellent education in a con- 
 vent, where her self-will and peculiar- 
 ities made her a sore trial to her 
 teachers, but from which she graduated 
 with many prizes. 
 She was 
 
 Ascending step by step, she had become the most celebrated 
 actress in France, when she turned her attention to sculpture and 
 painting, in both of which she has measurably 
 
 undecided 
 when she 
 came forth whether she 
 would be a nun or an 
 actress, but receiving a 
 training afterwards. at the 
 conservatory fitting her for 
 the stage, she entered the 
 Theater Francaise about 1866. 
 
 A quarrel with, and the slapping of 
 a lady companion in the face, caused 
 her to leave the Theater Francaise, 
 when, after playing in a spectacular 
 piece at the Porte St. Martin, she 
 finally made an engagement at the 
 Odeon theater. She remained here 
 for five years, gradually taking parts 
 of importance, until she was again 
 engaged at the Theater Francaise, to 
 which she returned with a reputation 
 for some ability and many eccentric- 
 ities. 
 
 Here her reputation grew rapidly, 
 and when she essayed to take the 
 parts that had been assumed by Rachel 
 in the years before, and acquitted 
 herself to the satisfaction of the 
 critics, her success was assured. Her 
 triumph was the greater because her 
 health was at this time very frail, and 
 the effort was such a trial of her 
 physical constitution as to often cause 
 her to spit blood, fall and faint away 
 
 ^ 
 
 afterwards 
 succeeded. 
 
 When not engaged in the play or in her studio, she i8 very likely 
 inditing a correspondence to some publication, or else is speeding 
 across the fields on horseback. 
 
 Eccentric, self-willed, attractive and romantic in appearance, 
 she Is a genius of a very high order, which will always make her star 
 Tjj) °' success a brilliaiit one. She married 
 Monsieur Damala, April 4, 1888. 
 
 -&- 
 
 -*Hr 
 
 gi f^ 
 
 MLLE. 
 
 W 
 
 at the close of her play. Hers was the triumph that came through 
 force of will. 
 
 Of tall and very slender figure, she possesses the form on which 
 elegant dress shows to fine advantage, added to which is the vivacity 
 and fire of the great actress, coupled with a voice of singular 
 sweetness. 
 
 BARNEY WILLIAMS. 
 
 N THE year IH-jy, ;,l (.'ork, Ireland, 
 was born Bernard Flaherty, widely 
 known in this country and England 
 as the comedian, Barney Williams. 
 HeLriiining theatrical life as a "super- 
 uumerary," he drifted to America at 
 an early age, and in 1836 appeared 
 as an actor in New York city, at the 
 Franklin theater, in the "Ice Witch," 
 under the management of William 
 E. Dinneford. Continuing his chosen 
 profession, he visited Philadelphia 
 in 1845, where he played at the old 
 National theater, and the same year 
 assumed control of Vauxl>all garden, 
 in the Bowery, in Xew York. In 
 1850 he married II rs. Mesteyer, for- 
 merly Miss Maria Pray, a sprightly 
 young ballet-girl. Four years later 
 they \isited San Francisco together 
 and opened the Metropolitan theater. 
 In 1855 they sailed for England, Mr. 
 Williams making his first appearance 
 on the stage of the Adelphi theater, 
 London, in the character of "Rory 
 O'More," winning distinction. He 
 afterwards traveled through Europe, 
 and returned to New York in 1859, ap- 
 pearing on the boards at Niblo's. 
 Some time later he became manager of 
 the Broadway theater, but since 1869 he has. with his wife, played 
 star engagements throughout the Union. Mrs. Williams was born 
 in New York in 1828, and when fifteen years old was a ballet-girl on 
 the stage. Her marriage to Mr. Williams was a great advantage to 
 him in his profession. Her first appearance as an actress occurred 
 at the French theater in New York in 1867. Both are very popular. 
 
 i 
 
 SARAH -BERNHARDT 
 
 Si^ 
 
 I>3 
 
 h 
 
 ^^-
 
 Widely Known and Popular Play-Actors. 
 
 5| LBAXY, N. Y. , was the birthplace of the 
 J; American comedian, William J. Florence, 
 in 1831. He first appeared as an actor at 
 the Richmond Hill theater in New York, 
 in December, 1849, as Peler, in the play 
 of " The Stranger," and was afterwards 
 engaged at Niblo's theater, first perform- 
 ing there in May, 1850. Subsequently, 
 
 in the character of .Vacdnff 
 at Providence, R. I., he suc- 
 cessfully supported the elder 
 Booth in the tragedy of " Mac- 
 beth." A little later he 
 connected himself with 
 Brougham's theater in New 
 York as the able personator 
 of Irish characters. In 1853 
 he married the divorced wife 
 of a Mr. Littell, who was a 
 sisterof Mrs. Barney Williams 
 and had been a dancing-girl 
 at Wallack's theater. This 
 marriage was, professionally, 
 a great success, he appearing 
 as the Irish Boy, and she 
 as the Yankee Gal. In these 
 respective characters both 
 evinced great versatility, hu- 
 mor and superior representa- 
 tion, so that they soon became 
 prime favorites. A starring 
 journey to London in 1856 
 increased their eminence, and 
 
 for fifty nights they performed 
 to good houses at Drury Lane 
 thculcr, afterwards playing at 
 
 the principal places of amuse- 
 ment in other parts of Great 
 
 Britain. Returning to .\mer- 
 
 ii:a the same year they re- 
 sumed their career as favorite 
 
 actors with gratifying success 
 
 and meeting with hearty re- 
 
 ccpticms in all sections of the 
 
 country. One of hie later 
 
 and best plays has been the 
 
 "Mighty Dollar," in which, as the Hon. 
 
 conu-dian will he i 
 
 W. J, 
 
 As UoTl. Mr. Slutc, ir 
 
 Mr. Slote, this popular 
 igiiized In the accompanying engraving. 
 
 "V LTHOUGH born in Liverpool, England, in 1830, Edward Askew 
 «5),b Sothern, owing to his popularity in the United States, and 
 ^jy the appreciation with which he met in his own play of "Our 
 American Cousin," may he considered an American actor. It was 
 originally designed that he should grace an English pulpit, but the 
 dramatic profession being much more congenial to his inclinations, 
 he went upon the stage. In 1851 he came to the United States, 
 appearing in Boston and New York. In the latter city he continued 
 
 """^^^^^^7^ ^^ Pl'iy leading characters for 
 
 ^~jl several years with more or less 
 W success, but his reputation 
 ^ r rapidly increased after his first 
 
 appearance as Lord DiLndreavy 
 in "Our American Cousin." 
 The play in his hands was a 
 wonderful success, its repre- 
 sentation being repeated more 
 than 1,100 times in this coun- 
 try. Going to England in 1 863 
 he brought out his Lord Dun- 
 dreary at the Haymarket thea- 
 ter, in London, where it had 
 a wonderful "run" of 496 
 consecutive nights. In 18G4 
 he produced his popular new 
 characters of David Garrick 
 and "Brother Sam," and ap- 
 peared in other plays. In 
 1867 he performed in Paris, 
 afterwards coming to the 
 United States, and returning 
 to England in 1874 for an 
 extended professional visit. 
 Coming again to the United 
 St.'iles he made " star" engage- 
 inenls in many of the principal 
 cities, ad<ling to his list of 
 jjopular characters another 
 successful one, "The Crushed 
 Tragedian." In his career as 
 an actor till 1858, Sothern was 
 known as Douglas Stewart, 
 when he commenced using his 
 own name. He first appeared 
 in this country as Dr. Pangloss 
 at the Boston National theater. 
 Sothern's last visit to the United States was in 1880. He died 
 England in 1881. 
 
 l!f 
 
 Florence, 
 
 in "Mlk'hly Dollar." 
 
 7?t 
 
 •:(>- — 
 
 8 
 
 ■i
 
 — ^: 
 
 I'OIiTliAIT OF JOSEPH JEFFEKSON. 
 
 HOi 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 m^^^^^ 
 
 <-42l^*^ 
 
 Prominent in Tragedy. Distinguished as a Comedian. 
 
 MODERN family, two of whom have 
 trhed luster upon the dramatic pro- 
 fession by their efficiency as actors, 
 and one of whom eternally dis- 
 graced himself by becoming the 
 assassin of President Lincoln, 
 April 14, 1865, was the Booths. 
 
 Junius Brutus Booth, distin- 
 guished as a tragedian of great 
 ability, was born in London, Eng- 
 land, in 1796. Before going upon 
 the stage, in 1813, he tried his hand 
 at seamanship in the navy, at print- 
 ing, at studying law, and at painting 
 and sculpture. For about two years 
 he played in minor theaters in Eng- 
 land and other parts of Europe, and 
 then, in 1815, made his first appearance 
 at Covent Garden theater, in London. 
 From there he went into country districts 
 and performed, and having succeeded in 
 playing Sir Giles Overreach with dis- 
 tinguished effect, he was recalled to 
 Covent Garden in 1817, where he per- 
 formed "Richard III.'" Edmund Kean 
 was then playing in London, at another 
 theater, the manager of which induced 
 Booth to leave Covent Garden and play for 
 him alternately with Kean. Returning 
 shortly afterwards to Covent Garden, 
 Booth played "Richard IXL," Sir Giles 
 Oferreach, and "King Lear," with such 
 success as to bring him into great repute. 
 In 1821, after visiting Holland and the 
 island of Madeira, he sailed for the United 
 States, and began a dramatic career which 
 lasted for thirty years, during which time 
 he played in nearly every theater in the 
 
 Union, and established a brilliant reputation as a tragedian, but con- 
 fining himself to such effective parts as la go, "Othello," "Lear," 
 "Richard III.," "Hamlet," Shylock^ Sir Giles Overreach^ and 
 Sir Edward Mortimer. His home, when not professionally 
 engaged, was on a farm, twenty miles from Baltimore. He died 
 while traveling from New Orleans to Cincinnati, December 1, 1852. 
 
 Edwin Booth, son of Junius Brutus Booth, also an actor who has 
 distinguished himself in representing prominent characters in 
 Shakspeare'g and other tragedies, was born at Belair, Md. , in 1833. 
 When a boy he "supported" his father on the stag3, by taking 
 subordinate parts in plays. His first regular appearance was 
 announced and made in Boston in 1849, and in 1851, when his father 
 was sick, he took the old tragedian's place on the stage in " Richard 
 III.," at the Chatham- street theater, in New York. In 1852-3, he 
 performed miscellaneous stage duties {as "utility man") at San 
 Francisco, Cal. In 1854 he went to the Sandwich islands and 
 
 Australia, returning to New York in 1857. There he appeared as a 
 leading tragedian at Burton's theater. In 1860, at the Winter 
 Garden, he became distinguished for his representation of 
 Shakspearian characters. In the following year he played in England, 
 and studied dramatic art on the continent of Europe. He returned 
 to the United States in 1862, and entered upon his present brilliant 
 career as a " star " tragedian, excelling nearly all his contemporaries 
 in that department of the legitimate drama, and winning a national 
 distinction by his careful personations. In 1869 he built a theater 
 in New York city, which bore his name, and the cost of which in- 
 volved the loss of his private fortune. He married Mary, daughter 
 of J. H. McVicker, Esq., of McVicker's theater, Chicago. 
 John Wilkes Booth, another son of Junius Brutus Booth, was 
 born at Belair, Md., in 1839. He took 
 to the stage as a profession and appeareii 
 with considerable success, but without 
 brilliancy, in several of Shakspeare's plays 
 as a leading tragedian. Becoming an en- 
 thusiast in the cause of the South during 
 the civil war in the United States, he at- 
 tempted to avenge the fancied wrongs of 
 his Southern friends, and shot and killed 
 Abraham Lincoln at Ford's theater, Wash- 
 ington, during the performance of "Our 
 American Cousin. " Having fired the fatal 
 shot, he escaped in the confusion and 
 terror of the occasion and fled to Virginia. 
 Pursuit was made for him, and April 26, 
 1865, he was surrounded, and shot dead by 
 Sergeant Boston Corbett, near Bowling 
 Green, Va. 
 
 Joseph Jefferson 
 
 Comedian, Widely Known for his Presentations of 
 " Rip Van Winkle." 
 
 JOSEPH JEFFERSON. 
 
 has won 
 distinction by his perfect personation 
 of Washington Irving's good-natured, 
 idle Dutch character of " Rip Van Winkle," 
 dramatized by Dion Boucicault. His grand- 
 father was also a celebrated actor, and bore the same name. His 
 mother was Mrs. Burke, a celebrated vocalist. Joseph was born in 
 Philadelphia in 1829, took naturally to the stage when very young, 
 and soon became a talented comedian, being recognized as such both 
 in the United States and England. He is a versatile actor, his range 
 of personations extending to a great number and variety of charac- 
 ters in comedy and farce, with great fidelity to nature and without 
 descending to buffoonery. He is best known as " Rip Van Winkle," 
 which he has delineated in about every city of the United States, 
 and by this personation alone he has won fame and fortune. 
 He has also made professional visits to Australia and England. He 
 owns a sugar-plantation in Louisiana, and a fine farm in New Jersey, 
 near New York city. A disease of the eyes has recently interfered 
 with his stage performances, making them less frequent than for- 
 merly. His son, Joseph Jefferson, jr., has also exhibited consider- 
 able talent as an actor. 
 
 =^1X
 
 •f 
 
 26S 
 
 A. BRONSON ALC'OTT AND HIS DAUGHTER LOUISA MAY. 
 
 :<vli^ 
 
 ~v 
 
 r «-!«-»: 
 
 v^ i»r,.Y-»i-»:-Y- ly- '-?'^"?^'^-' '■^'■vv"'^-"^^''? 'Y y-"^ 
 
 "SOg© 
 
 ■H^Mf^ 
 
 Noted Literary Cskbritiss. 
 
 0> 
 
 I" 
 
 People Well-Known in the World of Letters. 
 
 A. BRONSON ALCOTT. 
 
 THE amiable "philosopher of Concord,'' Amos Bronson Alcott, is 
 a welcome visitant in families where his varied accomplishments 
 and teachings are known and appreciated. The son of a farmer, 
 he came into existence at Wolcott, Conn., November 29, 1799. In 
 early life he traveled in Virginia from place to place, carrying with him 
 a trunk of merchandise belonging to a merchant in the vicinity of his 
 
 home, which he 
 
 , gLOO '" 
 
 sold here and '^ 
 there in the 
 planters' fami- 
 lies. It was 
 here that he 
 found oppor- 
 tunities in dif- 
 ferent house- 
 holds to borrow 
 and read books, 
 and so to lay the 
 foundation of 
 his subsequent 
 education. 
 When he re- 
 turned home he 
 became the 
 teacher of an 
 infant school, 
 in which voca- 
 tion he was soon 
 remarkably suc- 
 cessful. Going 
 to Boston in 
 1828, be again 
 
 attracted attention by his mild and conversational manner of teach- 
 ing boj's and girls from five to seven years old in his private school. 
 His system met with so much opposition from the press on account 
 of its peculiarities that he closed his school, which was held in the 
 Masonic temple. He now becnme a resident of Concord, Mass., 
 pursuing his studies with reference to educational reforms, natural 
 theology, the improvement of society in important particulars, and 
 proper Cict as a source of health. In 1842 he visited England, by 
 invitation of a prominent educator in I^ondon, Mr. James P. 
 rjreaves, V >o died, however, before Mr. Alcott reached the British 
 metropolis. The fame of the Concord philosopher had preceded him 
 and he met with a gratifying reception from his admirers, wtio had 
 
 A. Bronson Alcott, 
 
 Philosopher, Teacher and Conversational Lecturer, 
 
 already given his name to a school near London. Messrs. Lane 
 and Wright, two of his English adherents, came to America with 
 Mr. Alcott when he returned, and with him, at Harvard, Mass., they 
 founded a community on a farm which they called "Fruitlauds,'" 
 but this enterprise soon failed, the Englishmen went home, and the 
 fjirm passed into other hands. After this episode Mr. Alcott resided 
 for a time at Boston, and subsequently again at Concord. Since then 
 
 he has devoted 
 *^ himself to de- 
 livering his 
 conversational 
 lectures, which 
 have become a 
 literary feature 
 in numerous 
 commn nities. 
 They are nearly 
 always repeated 
 in series at pri- 
 vate houses in 
 accordance with 
 special invita- 
 tions, and the 
 su bj ccts are 
 usually an- 
 nounced on 
 cards. His dis- 
 courses treat 
 principally of 
 physical health 
 and comfort, 
 especially in 
 relation to con- 
 stitutional peculiarities and systems of diet, theology, ethics 
 and practical social training. He is also the author of several 
 noted magazine articles and a volume or t^vo of more or less general 
 interest. 
 
 Author of 
 
 Louisa May Alcott, 
 
 'Little Men," "Little Women," Etc. 
 
 LOUISA MAY ALCOTT. 
 
 AVERY popular American writer i)f Imiilis for youth and children 
 is Louisa May Alcott. the daughter of the social philosopher. A. 
 Bronson Alcott. Her l)irth occurred at Gerntantown, Pa. , in 1833. 
 In her youth she wrote fairy tales, and published her fir.st book in 
 185.^. During the war of the rebellion she served as a hospital nurse 
 in the Union armv. Since then she ha.s been a contributor to the 
 
 .(J.
 
 T. S. AUTIlUli. UKOKCiE BANCliUFT, Till'; lllSTHRIAN. 
 
 
 Atlanfic Monthly and other periodicals, and is the author of numtToiiH 
 
 attractive volume.s. 
 '* Hoj^pilal Sketches 
 Old-Fashionetl Girl, 
 
 Her principal works arc: ''Flower Tables.'" 
 " "Moods "(a novt'l), " Little Women, " "An 
 ' " Little Men," etc. 
 
 AMONG the most proliti. 
 domestic tales, durinj^ the first Iialf 
 of the present century, was Timothy 
 S. Arthur, who was born at Newburgh, 
 N. Y. . in 1809. In bis youth he was ap- 
 prenticed to a trade at Baltimore, Md. ; 
 then served as a clerk, became a journalist, 
 und began the composition of the host of 
 short novels, temperance and moral 
 stories that have given him a wide celebrity 
 all over this country. He also, for many 
 years, edited and published a monthly 
 magazine at Philadelphia. His contri- 
 butions to literature comprise hundreds 
 of articles and scores of volumes. ' *■ Ten 
 Nights in ft Bar- Room" and ''The Wash- 
 inglonians" are among his popular tem- 
 perance tales. Died March 6, 1885. 
 
 TIMOTHY S. ARTHUR. 
 
 I |)opiiI;ir Arncriian writers of social and 
 
 D" 
 
 T. S. ARTHUR, 
 
 Novelist, Author of Temperance and Other Moral Tales, 
 
 GEORGE BANCROFT. 
 
 THK American historian George Ban- 
 croft was born lU Worcester, Mass., 
 Oct. 3, 1800. Receiving his educa- 
 tion at Harvard college, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1817, he traveled in Europe and 
 studied history, philosophy and literature 
 
 at Gottingen and Berlin. It had been his intenlion to become a 
 minister of the gospel, but upon returning to America, in 1822, he 
 relinquished this design and turned his attention to literature. For 
 a time he served as a professor of the Greek 
 language in Harvard college, but in 1823, in 
 company with Br. Coggswell, he founded the 
 Round Hill school at Northampton, Mass. 
 The first volume of his great " History of the 
 United States'" was published in 1834. 
 Entering the political arena, in 1838, he was 
 appointed customs-collector at Boston, retain- 
 ing that office for about three years. In 1844 
 he was a candidate for the Governorship of 
 Massachusetts, as a Democrat, but was de- 
 feated. Upon the accession of President Polk, 
 in 1845, Mr. Bancroft became a member of his 
 Cabinet, as Secretary of the Navy. In this 
 position he established the national naval 
 academy at Annapolis, Md. In 184G he was 
 sent as minister to Great Britain, and during 
 the period of this office he added largely to 
 his historical collections, and formed valuable 
 friendships. Returning to the United States, 
 he continued his labors upon his American «r«oi%r- n>>i/»n/^>-T 
 
 btUKub DANunUri, 
 
 History, the tenth and last volume of which Authorof "BancroffsHistorvof theUnitedStates,' 
 In 1867 he was and Other Works. 
 
 HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN. 
 
 lENMARK had the honor of giving to the world one of the most 
 fascinating writers of modern times, Hans Christian Andersen, 
 who was born of poor parents at Odense. in 1805. In his youth, 
 he was charitably instructed for stage singing at Copenhagen, but his 
 voice failing within six months, he led a precarious existence for a 
 few years, sometimes studying and sometimes working in the the 
 ater. Some tragedies that he wrote at this 
 period attracted attention, but were not 
 produced on the stage. Later, an inthi- 
 ential citizen procured Andersen's free 
 admission to a government school, and be 
 was subsequently admitted to the Royal 
 College of Copenhagen. In 1829 his first 
 work, *'A Journey on Foot to Amok,'" 
 was printed, and was received with great 
 favor. Other books followed. In 1833 
 he visited Italy, and in after-years he 
 traveled in Europe, the East, England 
 and America, his writings having prepared 
 the way for his kind reception every- 
 where. His principal works are: *'The 
 Improvisatore " (a novel). "■ O. T. ,'" 
 ' ' Only a Fiddler, " ' ' Fairy Tales, " * * Pic- 
 ture Book Without Pictures." "Travels 
 in the Hartz Mountains," "A Poet's 
 Bazaar." "The Story of My Life." an 
 autobiography, and numerous volumes 
 of poetry, dramas, fairy comedies, etc. 
 He died in August, 1875. 
 
 was published late ir. 1874. 
 
 appointed minister to Prussia; in 1868, to the North German 
 
 Confederation, and in 1871 to the German empire, but was recalled 
 
 at his own request in 1874. His principal works are Ms standard 
 
 "History of the United States" and a volume of "Miscellanies," 
 
 comprising a number of his contributions to the North American 
 
 Jieview. 
 
 MONCURE D. CONWAY. 
 
 AMONG the prominent litetary and political reformers of the day, 
 Moncure D. Conway holds a high rank. He was bom in Stafford 
 county, Va. , in 1832, and graduated at Dickinson College, at Car- 
 lisle, Pa., in 1849. 
 
 For awhile he studied law, but relinquished 
 it in order to become a Methodist minister, 
 entering the Baltimore Conference in 1850. 
 Experiencing a change in his political and 
 religious views, be joined the divinity school 
 at Cambridge, Mass. , at which he graduated 
 in 1854. He attempted to reside in Virginia, 
 but on account of his changed political opin- 
 ions he was obliged to leave the State. Soon 
 afterwards he became the pastor of the Uni- 
 tarian Church at Washington, D. C. His anti- 
 slavery discourses proving unpalatable to 
 his flock, he was dismissed. In 1857 he was 
 pastor of the Unitarian Church at Cincinnati. 
 Subsequently he lectured in New England on 
 slavery and its relations to the Southern 
 rebellion. During the civil war his father's 
 slaves escaped from Virginia, and were col- 
 onized by him at Yellow Springs, Ohio. 
 
 In 1863 he went to England, and wrote and 
 lectured on the anti-slavery features of the 
 American rebellion, contributing to prominent 
 English periodicals. In 1863 he began preaching in the vicinity of 
 London, and since then has lectured before learned societies and 
 written freely for English journals and American periodicals and 
 newspapers. He has also published the following books: "The 
 Rejected Stone," "The Golden Hour," "The Earthward Pilgrimage," 
 "Republican Superstitions," and "Sacred Anthology.'* 
 
 :<!
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 270 
 
 GRACE GREENWOOD FANNY FERN. 
 
 s 
 
 MRS. LIPPINCOTT. 
 
 ARA .JANE, daughter of Dr. Thaddeus Clarke, was born at 
 Pompey, Onondaga county, N. Y. , in 1823, but much of her child- 
 hood was lived at Rochester. Her father, aboui the year 1843. 
 removed with her to New Brighton, Pa., ^ 
 and eleven years afterwards she became the ^. 
 wife of Leander K. Lippincott, of Philadel- 
 phia. Her tastes were literary, and in 1844 
 she contributed her first prose article to the 
 New York Mirror, under the name of 
 ' ■ Grace Greenwood. " Since then she has 
 written and published many adult and juve- 
 nile books of an excellent character, has 
 distinguished herself as a lecturer on liter- 
 ary topics, and has also contributed freely 
 to the current periodicals. Among her 
 most noted works are "Greenwood Leaves." 
 • ' History of My Pets, " • • Haps and Mishaps 
 of a Tour in Europe, " ' ' Stories of Many 
 Lands, " etc. Her domestic relations have 
 not been happy. Her only daughter mani- 
 festing a dramatic talent, Mrs. Lippincott 
 has trained her for the stage. 
 
 OAR.' 
 
 
 
 "«# 
 
 LYDIA MARIA CHILD. 
 
 NE of the most philaiitbrupic of Amer- 
 ican authors was Lydia Maria Child, 
 who was born at Medford, Mass., in 
 1802. She was the daughter of David 
 Francis, a baker, and began a literary life in her youth, publishing 
 her first book in 1824, and her second in 1825, the latter displaying 
 unmistakable genius. About 1831 she became interested in the anti- 
 slavery question, and identified herself with the abolitionists by her 
 publications. In 1841 she removed to New York, where for two years 
 she edited the National Anti- Slavery Stand- 
 ard (assisted by her husband, Mr. David L. 
 Child, to whom she was married in 1828). 
 In 1859 she wrote a letter of sympathy to 
 .John Brown, the unfortunate champion of 
 the slaves, which involved a correspondence 
 with Governor Wise, of Virginia, and Mrs. 
 Mason, of that State. These letters were 
 collected and published in a pamphlet, and 
 no less than 300,000 copies were circulated. 
 Mrs. Child's publications are as follows: 
 '■ Hobomok, an Indian Story ;" " The Rebels. 
 a Tale of the Revolution;" The Juvenile 
 Mar/azine^ which she conducted from 1826 
 to 18.34; "The American Frugal House- 
 wife;" "The Girls" Own Book;" "The 
 Mothers' Book;" " .\ppeal in Behalf of 
 that class of Americans called .\fricans;" 
 "Philothea, a Grecian Romance;" " Letters 
 from New York," "History of the Condi- 
 tion of Women in All Ages and Nations," 
 '■ Hiograptiies of Good Wives," "Life of 
 Isaac T. Hopper," "Progress of Religious 
 Idi'iis," "Autumnal Leaves," "Looking 
 Toward Sunset," "The Freedman's Book. " 
 
 "A Romance of the Republic," and several books of children's 
 stories. The publication on the subject of slavery {in behalf the 
 Africans), is one of the largest and best of her works, and that on 
 domestic economy, or frugal housewifery, has not been displaced by 
 any similar book. Her works are among those which have made a 
 deep iinpressiiin on Ihc' ]iublic minil. She diid in ISSO. 
 
 > Mrs. Sara Jane Lippincott, 
 
 Widely and Favorably Known as an .\uthoress over 
 the signature, Grace Greenwood. 
 
 "? Sara Payson Parton, 
 
 Known to the world as Fanny Fern. .Vutlior 
 Leaves." etc. 
 
 SARA PAYSON. 
 A PAYSON, better known as "Fanny Fern," a daughter of 
 timniel Willitj, sister of Nathaniel P. Willig (the poet), and wif..- 
 of James Parton, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1811, and edu- 
 cated in the seminary of Miss Catherine K. 
 Beecher, with whom was then associated 
 Miss Harriet Beecher (Mrs. Stowe), at Hart- 
 ford, Conn. She appears to have possessed 
 remarkable independence and energy of 
 character from her earliest years, qualities 
 which gave spice in after-life to her literary 
 productions, '^'with her heart as full of 
 frolic as a lark's breast is of singing.'' 
 (GraceGreenwood. ) With her first husband, 
 Mr. Eldridge, of Boston, Fanny Fern lived 
 in comfort and domestic felicity, until death 
 robbed her of her protector and her first- 
 born daughter. Some time afterwards she 
 entered upon married life with a Mr. Har- 
 rington, with whom she did not find hajjpi- 
 ness, and from whom the law gave her a 
 release. Poverty came with her other 
 troubles, accompanied, as usual, with neg- 
 lect and suffering; but Fanny was equal to 
 the emergency. She wrote a little sketch 
 in the vein which afterwards made her so 
 popular as an authoress, and sold it to a 
 Boston editor for "a half-dollar, whose 
 jingle was to her like the sound of Bow-bells 
 in Whittington's ears," a promise of subsistence and future pros- 
 perity. Her little venture was well received, and the public called 
 for more with the voracity of hungry Oliver Twist. Fanny's sketches 
 were in demand, and again competency and distinction came to her 
 little household. She was original, sharp and pleasing in her notes 
 on every-day persons and things, versatile 
 in themes, and vigorous in expression; so 
 that whatever she wrote was attractive, even 
 when she scolded at the cherished follies of 
 social life. And thus she succeeded in 
 establishing a literary reputation that soon 
 became national. Again she married; this 
 time an author of celebrity, Mr. James 
 Parton, and her life appears to have been 
 one of medium happiness. The death of 
 her married daughter, however, clouded her 
 spirit. She died in Xew York, in 1872. 
 Of her works, the first edition of "Fern 
 Leaves," a collection of her newspaper 
 sketches, was probably the most popular, 
 its sales soon reaching 70. 000 copies. Seven 
 series of these ("Fern Leaves,'' ** Fresh 
 Leaves," "Folly as it Flies," "Ginger- 
 Snaps." and "Caper-Sauce." with "Little 
 Ferns" for children) were published. Her 
 other books were two novels, ' ' Kuth Hall " 
 and "Rose Clark," and "The Play-Day 
 Book." 
 
 15. 
 
 Fern 
 
 MARY ELIZABETH BRADDON. 
 
 THE above named was born in London, in 1H3". She early displayed 
 literary talent, and is now well-known through her works, among 
 which are : ' ' The Lover of Arcadia. " a comedietta ; • ' Oaribahli ;" 
 ' • Lady .\ndley's Secret. " " Aurora Floyd. " ' ' Sir .Jasper's Tenants," 
 "Only a Clod," "To the Bitter End," etc. She is editor of llet- 
 grarin, a London miiga7:ine. 
 
 :Ci — 
 
 ^: 

 
 CHAKLOTTE BRONTE, AUTHOli OF "• JANE EYKK. 
 
 271 
 
 ? 
 
 THE BRONTE SISTERS. 
 
 FIVE (Iflughters were born to Ruv. Patrick Bronte, curate of Thorn- 
 toil, Yorkshire, England, ami afterwards minister of Ilaworth. 
 CUnrh)ttL', the most distinguished of the family, first saw the light 
 at Thornton, in 1810. Four of the sinters were sent to sehool at 
 Cowan's Bridge, but two died from disease contracted there. 
 Charlotte and Emily left the school in 1835, and for several years 
 lived at home with Anne, another siHter, the care of the household 
 devolving on Charlotte. Still she found time for literary pursuits, 
 lier mind and talents showing a remarkable development. In the 
 winter of 1831, Charlotte was again sent to school, where she 
 remained nearly two years. In 1835 she re-entered the school 
 as a teacher, but the labor proved too severe, and she relinquished it. 
 For two or three years she was a governess. A year or two were 
 spent at Brussels by Charlotte and Anne, for the purpose of qualify- 
 ing themselves to open a school at 
 Haworth, but on their return the 
 scheme failed for want of patron- 
 age. From that time (1844) the 
 sisters remained at home together, 
 and in 184(3 (under the fictitious 
 names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton 
 Bell) they published a volume of 
 poems, which was coldly received. 
 Not discouraged, they wrote each a 
 prose tale, proposing to have the 
 three published together, under 
 their respective fictitious names. 
 These stories were: Charlotte's 
 '*The Professor;" Emily's ''Wuth- 
 ering Heights;" and Anne's "-Agnes 
 Gray." Only the last-named two 
 could find a publisher, Charlotte's 
 not being given to the world until 
 her death, ^yithout yielding to 
 her disappointment, Charlotte next 
 wrote ' ' Jane Eyre, '' which was 
 published in 1847, and was greeted 
 with great favor by the public, it 
 being translated into many foreign 
 tongues, and dramatized in Eng- 
 land and Germany. Emily died in 
 1848. Anne lived to finish her 
 second novel, "The Tenant of 
 Wildfell Hall," and died in 1849. 
 Charlotte's second book, "Shir- 
 ley," was published in 1849. and 
 her third. "Villette," in 1853, 
 
 meeting with success. Some months afterwards Charlotte married 
 Mr. Nicholls. a curate. One complete novel, " The Professor," and 
 an unfinished one (or parts of it) were published after her death at 
 Haworth, in 1855. 
 
 THE CAREY SISTERS. 
 
 ALICE and Phrobe Carey were born near Cincinnati, Ohio, the 
 former in 18iI0 and the latter in 1824. Both manifested consid- 
 erable literary talent in their early years, and both became con- 
 tributors to periodicals in their youth, writing prose and poetry with 
 great facility and freshness. Alice, however, wrote more of prose 
 than Ph{el)e, whose poems breathed a more independent spirit than 
 those of her sister. Both wrote several volumes during their livi-s. 
 which met with much favor and established their fame. Alice died in 
 New York, in 1871, and Phoebe at Newport, R. I., the same year. 
 Jointly they published as their first work, "Poems of Alice and 
 Phcebe Carey" (1849). The volumes written by Alice were: Two 
 series of " Clovernook Papers, " "Clovcrnook Children," '*IIagar. " 
 " Lyra and Others Poems," "Married, not Mated," "Pictures of 
 Country Life," " Lyrics and Hymns, " "The Bishop's Son," "The 
 Lover's Diary," and "Snow Ber- 
 ries." Phcebe's books were prin- 
 cipally compilations of her own 
 fugitive poetry, including "Poems 
 and Parodies," "Poems of Faith, 
 Hope and Love, " and a large por- 
 tion of Rev. Dr. Deems' collection 
 of '-Hymns for all Christians." 
 
 Author of ' 
 
 CHARLOTTE 
 
 Jane Eyre," " V 
 
 BRONTE. 
 
 illette," and Other Works, 
 
 FREDERIKA BREMER. 
 
 NEAR Abo, Finland, wa^ born Frudt-rika Bremer, in 1801; she 
 removed, in 1809, with her wealthy parents, to Sweden, where 
 she was carefully educated, her last school year being passed 
 in Paris. On her return she taught in Stockholm. Her first 
 novel, "The Neighbors," was published in 1824, and enjoyed a 
 wide European translation. In 1849 she visited the United States, 
 where she was received with a hearty welcome. Two years were 
 spt-nt in this country and in a short visit to Cuba. In 1851 she 
 visited England. Died in 1865, 
 
 MARY RUSSELL ffltTFORD. 
 
 THE charming authoress, Mary 
 Russell Mitford, was born at 
 Alresford, England, in 178tS, 
 the daughter of a physician of 
 limited means. Hereducalicm was 
 mostly obtained at a Chelsea school. 
 At an early age she developed a 
 taste for literary labor, and when 
 twenty years old published three 
 volumes of narrative and other 
 poems. About six years later she 
 began to contribute tales and 
 sketches to the periodicals of that 
 day. For more than forty years 
 she resided in Berkshire, in her 
 humble cottage, engaged in literary 
 pursuits. Her principal works are: 
 "Our Village," a volume of at- 
 tractive and rural sketches in five 
 series, " Country Stories. " "Rec- 
 ollections of a Literary Life." and 
 the dramas of "Julian," "Foscari," 
 Charles the First. " She also edited three volumes 
 
 Her death. 
 
 "Rienzi," and 
 
 of " Stories of American Life by American Authors." 
 
 preceded by the paiuful consequences of an accident three years 
 
 previous, occurred near Reading, England, in 1855. 
 
 DINAH MARIA MULOCK. 
 
 THE graphic writer of n«ivf.ls, tales and sketches, Dinah Maria 
 Mulock, was the daughter of a clergyman, and was bom at Stoke- 
 upon-Trent. England, in 1825. Her first novel. " The Ogilvies, " 
 was published in 1849, and was well received. Since then she has 
 written numerous others, but in "John Halifax, Gentleman," pub- 
 lished in 1857, her genius found scope for such superior portraiture 
 of character as to largely increase her reputation as a novelist. In 
 1865 she became the wife of Mr. George L. Craik. Her books are 
 in good demand in this country. 
 
 -ntD;
 
 ? 
 
 9,7-2 
 
 KLIZABKTll teXUAKX I'lIEH'S. 
 
 "LiEOliCiE SAND. 
 
 I 
 
 ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS. 
 
 AT Aiidover. Mass., in 1844, was born the talented authoress. 
 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, the daughter of literary parents. Pre- 
 vious to 1868 she had written several miscellaneous books, but 
 in that year the publication of "The Gates Ajar" gave her renewed 
 celebrity by its energetic and original 
 treatment of death and bereavement. It 
 passed to a twentieth edition within a year. 
 Tbi.- was followed by others of less power 
 and popularity, but possessing the elements 
 of success: "Men, Women, and Ghosts." 
 ' • Hedged In. " "The Silent Partner, " and 
 " Poetic Studies. " 
 
 the ship ,was wrecked on Fire Island, near the latter port, and all 
 three were drowned, July 16, 1850. Her published books are as 
 follows: " Woman in the Nineteenth Century. " "Letters of Gun- 
 derode and Bettina " (a translation), "A Summer on the Lakes, " 
 ' ' Papers on Art and Literature. '' 
 
 HANNAH MORE. 
 
 HANXAH MORE, the thoughtful Eng- 
 lish authoress, whose "Shepherd of 
 Salisbury Plain." and " Ccelebs in 
 Search of a wife,'" are well-known in Eu- 
 rope and America, was born at Stapleton, 
 England, in the year 174.5. At the age of 
 sixteen she wrote a pastoral drama. This 
 was publislied in 1TT3, and fnun that time 
 until 1779 she produced a succession of 
 secular plays and poems. Her tragedy 
 of "Percy" was brought out by Garrick 
 in 1777. About 1780 she became relig- 
 iously inclined, and henceforth turned her 
 attentibn from stage-writing to other 
 literary work more acceptable to the Christian world. She wrote 
 much and well, and her hooks are numbered among the standard 
 religious publications. The pecuniary results of her works were 
 upward of $125,000, one-third of which she gave to charitable 
 purposes. She died at Clifton, England, 
 in 1833. 
 
 ONE of the 
 elists, •■( 
 
 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 
 
 Author of "Gates Ajar." " The Silent Partner, 
 and Other Works. 
 
 C 
 
 MARGARET FULLER. 
 
 lAMBRIDGEPORT. Mass., in 1810, was 
 the birthplace of the brilliant American 
 authoress, Margaret Fuller. She was 
 very precocious, reading Latin at six years 
 old, and at eight she studied Shakspeare, 
 and was partially educated at a school in 
 Groton. Mass. At fifteen years she began 
 educating herself, and, in 1832, German 
 literature became her study. About 1836 
 she began teaching languages at Boston 
 for a livelihood, and in 1837 she became 
 principal of a school at Providence, R. I. 
 In 1840, while residing in the vicinity of 
 Boston, she engaged in editing the /)iat^ 
 a quarterly magazine, in which labor she 
 was assisted by lialph Waldo Emerson. 
 George Ripley and others. With this peri- 
 odical she was connected for two years. In 
 1843 she traveled to Michigan and Lake- 
 Superior. In 1844 she went to New York 
 and wrote hook reviews for the New York Tribune. In ]84(i-'7 
 she was in Europe, and in December, 1847, was married, at Rome. 
 to the Martpiis Ossoli, a Roman nobleman. When Rome was 
 besieged by the French, in 1849. she was appointed directress of 
 one of the liospitals for the wounded Italians. In Ifl.^O, with her 
 hu-band and infant son. she sailed from Leu'horn for New York, hut 
 
 "GEORGE SAND." 
 
 most famous of French nov- 
 George Sand," was born in 
 Paris in 1804, and was brought up 
 under the care of her grandmother, the 
 Countess de Horn. After spending about 
 two years in a boarding school at Paris, 
 she was married to Casimir Dudevant 
 in 1822. They were poor and did not har- 
 monize. She began to write for the Paris 
 Figaro in 1831, hut was not successful as 
 a journalist. At that time she received 
 an allowance of 1,500 francs per annum 
 from her husband. In order to visit theaters 
 and other resorts without observation, she 
 dressed in men's clothing. In connection 
 with a friend she wrote her first novel, 
 "Rose and Blanche " (literally ''■Red and 
 White"). It was so successful that her 
 publisher encouraged her friend to pro- 
 duce another. He had none ready^ but 
 Madame Dudevant had ready "Indiana," 
 which was published under the name of 
 " George Sand. " This and her next novel, " Valentine," were well 
 received. After that she wrote novels for the Revue des Deux Sfondes. 
 "Leiia" was produced in 1833. Its freedom of morals commanded 
 attention and created suspicion. Afterwards she became indoctrin- 
 ated with socialism, which was manifested 
 in several books. She separated from her 
 husband and attended to the education of 
 her children, writing pastorals, novels, 
 several plays, and political articles. During 
 her life-time she wrote about sixty novels 
 and more than twenty plays, beside several 
 other works, including the history of her 
 life. She died in 1876. 
 
 THE L-sIeenn-d aiilhur>, husband ai 
 William and Mary Howitt. we 
 
 Madame Dudevant— "George Sand." 
 
 Famous French No 
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY HOWITT. 
 
 band and uife, 
 ere chil- 
 dren of Quaker families. William was 
 born in Derbyshire, England, in 1795; 
 Mary, at Uttoxeter, England, in 1804. Both 
 jiossessed fine literary tastes, and have 
 made the writing of books the business of 
 their lives. Several of their works are 
 joint productions, and botli have made 
 creditabh; and extensive additions to the 
 literature of England. Mr. Howitt. for 
 some years, conducted two literary period- 
 icals, which no longer exist. Their 
 publicati<ms also include translations of the works of foreign authors, 
 both prose and poetry. William's principal works are: "Popular 
 History of Priestcraft," "Co]oni/,ati(m and Christianity," "Stories of 
 English Life," etc. Mary wrote the novels "Wood Leighton" and 
 "The Heir of Wast Wayland," also " Biographical Sketches of the 
 Queens of England," " Birds and Their Nests," etc. 
 
 , Tort and I'luy-Writor. 
 
 J5^-
 
 i>: 
 
 WASIIINOTON IKVIISU. 
 
 'OKOKGE ELIOT. 
 
 i 
 
 ONE of 
 ton In 
 
 WASHINGTON IRVING. 
 
 the most cstccnu'd authors in the United States, Wftshing- 
 1 Irving, was horn in New Ycirli, in 1783. At the age of about 
 sixteen he began the study of law, and in 1808 contributed to the 
 Moriiinij Chronicle several articles of a social and dramatic character, 
 under the name of "Jonathan Oldstyle." 
 On account of ill-health, he visited Europe 
 in 18U4-'G. On his return he resumed the 
 study of law. In 180", in company with 
 his brother and James K. Paulding, he 
 started the serial "Salmagundi, or the 
 Whim-whams and Opinions of Launcelot 
 Langstaff,'' the humor, wit and social allu- 
 sions of which won a reputation for it. 
 Twenty numbers were issued. In 1809 he 
 published "Knickerbocker's History of 
 New York." In 1813-14 he edited the 
 Aiialecflc Magazine in Philadelphia. While 
 a silent partner in tlie mercantile business 
 with two of his brothers, lie became aid- 
 de-camp and military secretary to Governor 
 Tompkins, and in 1815 sailed for Europe, 
 rambling in England and Scotland and be- 
 coming acquainted with Sir Walter Scott 
 and other prominent literary men. The 
 failure of his mercantile firm obliged 
 him to live by authorship, and be remained abroad until 1833. 
 During his absence in Europe he published his "Sketch Book,' 
 "Bracebridge Hall," " Tales of a Traveler," "Life and Voyages 
 of Columbus. " ' ■ Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada, ' 
 ' ■ Voyages of the Companions of Columbus, " and the ' ' Alhambra. '' 
 In 1889 he was appointed secretary of 
 legation at London, and in 1831 he 
 received the degree of LL. D. from Oxford 
 university. After his return to America 
 he accompanied Commissioner Ellsworth 
 in the expedition to remove the Indians 
 across the Mississippi, a voyage that re- 
 sulted in his "Tour on the Prairies," 
 which, with other papers, was published 
 as the " Crayon Miscellany." In 1836 he 
 published "Astoria;" in 1837. "The 
 Adventures of Captain Bonneville;" in 
 1855, " Wolfert's Roost" (written in 
 1839-'41); in 1841, a life of Margaret 
 Miller Davidson. From 1842 to Is^u he 
 was United States Minister to Spain; in 
 1849 he published his " Life of Oliver 
 Goldsmith," .and, in 1850, his "Maho- 
 met. " In 1848-"50 he revised his works, 
 and from 1855 to 18.59 he devoted himself 
 to the preparation and publication of his 
 "Life of George Washington," in five 
 volumes, the last appearing al)out three 
 months before his death, which occurred 
 at Tarrytown, N. Y. , in 1859. During 
 
 his life-time, it is stated, 300,000 copies of his books were sold, and 
 since his death the sales are estimated at 30,000 annually. His 
 "Spanish Papers and Other Miscellanies" were published after his 
 death, by his nephew. Mr. Pierre M. Irving, who also edited his 
 honored relative's " Life and Letters. " Owing to the early death of 
 Matilda Hoffman, a young lady whom be favored, Irving was never 
 married. He was a man of tranquil temperament, genial and char- 
 itable, with delicate suavity of manners and conversation. 
 
 M' 
 
 WASHINGTON IRVING, 
 
 Genial Esauyist, Nuvelisl and Hi.storian. 
 
 'GEORGE ELIOT." 
 
 \KIAN EVANS, better known as "George Eliot," wae an Eng- 
 HhIi authoress of an independent, philosophical turn of mind, 
 who gave her theories to the world in the guise of fietion. She 
 was born in Warwickshire, England, about 1820. Possessing literary 
 genius of a high order, her numerous pub- 
 lications have been received with great favor 
 by tlitr public. Among the nioi't prominent 
 of these are "The Mill on the FIohh," 
 "Felix Holt," and " Daniel Deronda;" and 
 she haw also published several translations, 
 besides two or three volumes of poetry. 
 She excelled in delineations of the devel- 
 opment of character, "in seizing and em- 
 bodying thoroughly human types of mind 
 and tliought, so that each one of her charac- 
 ters becomes a living representative of 
 some traits which every reader recognizes, " 
 and in a form of expression that by its 
 terseness serves to retain a place in the 
 mind. Her peculiar independence in social 
 philosophy is well exemplified in her alli- 
 ance with George Henry Lewes, another 
 distinguished English author and philoso- 
 pher, whereby she became to him a wife in 
 everything but the marriage ceremony, 
 which they seemed to hold in contempt as regarded persons of their 
 own degree of Intellectual perfection. After the death of Mr. Lewes, 
 Miss Evans married John Walter Cross, a merchant of London, witb 
 whom she lived but a few months. Her death occurred December 
 22, 1880. Her strong individuality of character is well illu^rated in 
 the massive features of her face, as 
 shown in the portrait herewith given. 
 
 A 
 
 "GEORGE ELIOT," 
 
 Distinguished English Novelist and Poet. 
 
 GEORGE HENRY LEWES. 
 
 N English author, of positivist opin- 
 ions, and noted for his investigations 
 of mental phenomena and philosoph- 
 ical systems, was born in London, in 
 1817. After receiving his education, he 
 entered upon a mercantile life, which he 
 abandoned in order to study medicine, 
 and, subsequently, leaving his medical 
 studies, he devoted his time and talents 
 to literature and philosophy. The years 
 of 1838-'9 he spent in Germany, studying 
 his favorite subjects, and after his re- 
 turn to London he entered upon a literary 
 career. He contributed papers to the 
 principal British magazines, and from 
 1849 to 1854 wag literary editor of the 
 London Leader. In 1865 he established 
 the London Fortnightly Review, which 
 he edited until the close of 1866, when 
 he retired on account of ill-health. His 
 principal philosophical works are: *'A 
 Biographical History of Philosophy, from Thales to Comte. "and 
 "Problems of Life and Mind." His other writings embrace lives 
 of Goethe and Robespierre; the tales of "Ranthorpe" and "Rose, 
 Blanche and Violet, " ' ' The Spanish Drama, " * ' The Xoble Heart " 
 {a tragedy), " Comte' s Philosophy of the Sciences. " " Seaside Stud- 
 ies," "Physiology of Common Life," "Studies in Animal Life." 
 etc. He demanded certainty upon every subject of human inquiry — 
 fact instead of speculation. He died November 30, 18T8. 
 
 /^:(>— 
 
 i 
 
 18 
 
 --no;
 
 HAWTHOENE AND THE EARL OF BEACONSFIELD. 
 
 BENJAMIN DISRAELI. 
 
 THE history of the recent distinguished first lord of the English 
 treasury, Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconslield, is two-fold — 
 political and literary. The first is connected with the govern- 
 ment and political prosperity of Great Britain, while the latter is 
 a part of the history of the world's literary 
 progress in the nineteenth century. Of the 
 former little need be said in this connection ; 
 this is the place only for a sketch of his literary 
 labors. He was born in London, in 1805, 
 educated by his father and private tutors, and 
 intended for the practice of the law ; but at an 
 early age he abandoned his law studies, and 
 began his brilliant career as an author. 
 When nineteen years old he published his 
 first novel, ' ' Vivian Grey, " which stamped 
 him as an original, vivacious and witty writer. 
 His next book was a satire, entitled ' ' The 
 Voyage of Captain Popanilla. " After an 
 extended tour in Europe, Syria, Egypt and 
 Nubia, he published, in 1831, his novel of 
 " The Young Duke, " and between then and 
 184" he gave the world the following publica- 
 tions: "Contarini Fleming, " "The Wondrous 
 Tale of Alroy, " "The Rise of Iskander, " 
 "Henrietta Temple," " Venetia;" in 1834 
 and 1835 several political pami>hk*ts ; in 1839 
 alive-act tragedy, "Count Ahircos;" in 1844 
 "Coningsby;" in 1845 ''Sybil, or the Two Nations;" in 1847 
 " Ixion in Heaven" and other tales, and "Tancred," a novel; in 
 1849 a biography of his father, Isaac Disraeli; in 1852 a life of Lord 
 George Bentinck; in 1870 his remarkable novel of "Lothair," 
 which in the L'nited States alone reached 
 a circulation of more than 80.000 copies, 
 and in 1881 "Endymion. " His work, 
 " Coningsby, or the New Generation," 
 was one of his most popular productions, 
 its success depending largely upon the 
 fact that its leading characters were drawn 
 from real life, and had special reference 
 to persons living at the time of its publi- 
 cation. Disraeli died in London, April 
 19, 1881. 
 
 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 
 
 AMONG the sons of New England who have achieved fine literary 
 reputations was Nathaniel Hawthorne, who was born at Salem, 
 Mass., in 1804, and with the poet Longfellow and President 
 Pierce, studied at Bowdoin college, Maine. He first appeared in 
 public, as an anonymous author, in 1832. 
 In 1837 his ' ' Twice-told Talcs " were pub- 
 lished. In 1838 he was appointed to a 
 position in the Boston custom-house, remain- 
 ing there three years. In 1840 he was given 
 the office of surveyor in the Salem (Mass.) 
 custom-house, but retained it only about a 
 year. In 1853 President Pierce appointed 
 him consul to Liverpool, a post that he held 
 until 1857. After making a tour in Europe 
 he returned to America and settled at Con- 
 cord. He was a genial gentleman and pos- 
 sessed a superior faculty for writing interesting 
 books. His principal novels are ' ' The Scarlet 
 Letter," "The House of the Seven Gables," 
 "The Blithedale Romance, "" The Marble 
 Faun. " He died at Plymouth, N. H. , in 1864. 
 
 EDWARD GIBBON. 
 
 BENJAMIN DISRAELI, 
 
 Known as the Earl of Bfaconsfield. 
 
 THE great English historian, Edward 
 Gibbon, was born at Putney, England, in 
 1737, and was educated at Westminster 
 
 ISAAC DISRAELI. 
 
 ISAAC DISRAELI, father of the carl 
 of Beaconslield (the late British Prime 
 Minister) was born near Enfield, Eng- 
 land, in 1766. He was intended for 
 commercial pursuits, but disgusted his 
 own father by writing poetry. He was 
 educated at Amsterdam, after which he 
 traveled in France, henceforth devoting 
 himself to literary pursuits with singular 
 assiduity, and producing several impor- Author of 
 
 tant additions to the literature of his 
 
 country. His principal writings, in prose and poetry, arc as follows: 
 "The Curiosities of Literature, " " Calamities of Authors, " " Quar- 
 rels of Authors, " " Illustrations of the I^itcrary Character, " " Amen- 
 ities of Literature," " Life and Reign of Charles I.," "Miscellanies, 
 or Literary Recreations," "Vaurien, a Philosophical Novel," a vol- 
 ume of " Romances, " or short tales, "Narrative Poems, "" Despo- 
 tism, " a novel, ' ' Flim-FIams, or the Life and Errors of my Uncle, 
 and the Amours of my .-Vunt, " etc. He died in 1848. 
 
 school, Magdalen college, at Oxford, and at Lausanne, Switzerland. 
 Having been brought up a Protestant, he became a Papist, but was 
 reclaimed from popery, and settled into a confirmed skeptic. For a 
 time he was in the military service of England, but having read 
 and traveled extensively, he turned his 
 thoughts to literature. His first great 
 work, "The Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire," was published between 
 1776 and 1778, and established his fame as 
 a historian. He entered parliament in 
 1774. and for some time was interested in 
 politics. He died in England, in 1794. 
 
 A 
 
 FRANCIS BRET HARTE. 
 
 notable AnuTioan writur of the hu- 
 morous school, Francis Bret Harte, 
 was born at Albany, N. Y. » in 1839. 
 Going to California, in 1854, he engaged 
 in mining, teaching, printing and editing 
 a newspaper. From 18()4 to 1870 he was 
 secretary of the Government mint at Sau 
 Francisco. He also contributed articles 
 to current periodicals, and in 1868 became 
 editor of the new Overland Monthly, 
 in which he published several of his 
 tales, sketches, and poems. The most 
 notable of the series was " The Heathen 
 Chinee," which obtained a wide circula- 
 tion. Mr. Harte came East in 1871, residing first in New York and 
 then in Boston. In 1878 he was appointed United StatCH consul 
 at Crefelt, Prussia. His writings have been mostly published 
 originally in magazines and then collected into volumes. Among 
 hiH prominent books arc "The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other 
 Sketches," "Poetical Works," "Select Poems." and the "Story 
 of a Mine." Among his best short poems are ' 'The Society upon the 
 Stanislau" and "John Burns of Gettysburg." 
 
 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, 
 
 •Thf S.Mik-t Lfttt-r" iiiMl Other Novels. 
 
 :6.^^>- 
 
 -a
 
 275 '^^^: 
 
 WII.KIE COLLINS. 
 
 'ETEE HAKLKY.' 
 
 WILLIAM WILKIE COLLINS. 
 
 THE favorite English novulist, WiWinm Wilkie Collins, is the son 
 of William Collins, an Englisli artist, and was born in London, in 
 .January, 1824. After receiving a private education and sojourn- 
 ing witli his parents in Italy for two years, he was apprenticed to a 
 tca-honse for four years. Subsequently he 
 studied law. His first literary publication 
 was a biography of his father, in 1848. 
 Since then he has devoted himself to the 
 production of books, mostly novels. His 
 principal works are — Dramas : '* The Frozen 
 Deep," "The Lighthouse," and "Black and 
 White." Novels: "Antonina," "Basil," 
 " Mr. Wray's Cash-Box," "Hide and .Seek," 
 "After Dark," "The Dead Secret," "The 
 Queen of Hearts," "The Woman in White," 
 "No Name," "Armadale," "The Moon- 
 stone," "Man and Wife," "Poor Miss 
 Finch," and "The New Magdalen. " Other 
 publications: "Rambles Beyond Rail- 
 ways" and " Miscellanies. " He visited the 
 United States in 1873, and gave public read- 
 ings from bis own writings. With Charles 
 Dickens he wrote : " The Lazy Tour of Two 
 Idle Apprentices" and " No Thoroughfare. " 
 
 CERVANTES. 
 
 1HE renowned author of "Don Quixote," 
 
 Peter Parley's ifagazine, "Peter Parley's Almanac. "and Merry's 
 Museum (another magazine), the latter of which was published until 
 1854. He also edited "The Token," an illustrated annual, for 
 which he also wrote, from 1828 to 1842. In 1851 he was appointed 
 consul to Paris, and while there published a book about the United 
 States in the French language. Besides 
 his other works issued in this country were: 
 "The Outcast, and other Poems," "Recol- 
 lections of a Life-Time" (his autobiog- 
 raphy), "Fireside Education," "Sketches 
 from a Student's Window," and a *' Natural 
 History of Animals." Hedied in 1860. 
 
 WILLIAM WILKIE COLLINS, 
 
 Eminent Englihh Nuvflist. Author of "Basil. 
 
 m: 
 
 I Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes, was born 
 
 at Alcala de Henares, Spain, in 1547. Joining the military ser- 
 vice of his country about the year 1571, he fought bravely at the 
 buttle of Lepanto, where he was wounded and crippled for life; but 
 he remained in the army until 1575, in which year, as he was return- 
 ing home, he was captured by an Algerine 
 corsair, taken to Algiers, and kept a prisoner 
 for six years. Having been ransomed, he 
 returned to Spain in 1581, aiid, in 1584, 
 published "Galatea," and was married. 
 Little is known of his subsequent life. 
 His writings, however, indicate literary 
 industry and talent of a high order. Of 
 all his works, "Don Quixote " is the 
 greatest, and has immortalized his name. 
 His other publications include about thirty 
 dramas and twelve tales; "Filena," "Gala- 
 tea,"' and "A Journey to Parnassus" 
 
 (poetry), and "Persiles and Sigismunda," 
 a romance. Cervantes died at Madrid, 
 Spain, in 1616. 
 
 SAMUEL G. GOODRICH. 
 
 THE well known "Peter Parley," 
 Samuel Griswold Goodrich, a prolific 
 writer of books for children and youth, 
 was born at Ridgefield, Conn., in 1793. He 
 first established himself in the publishing Author of ' 
 business at Hartford, Conn. He visited 
 
 Europe in 1824, and on his return re-established his publishing house 
 in Boston. Soon afterwards he began the publication of the "Peter 
 Parley Books," which admirably served the purpose of making 
 popular and interesting a large amount of illustrated information 
 about geography, history, travels, and various arts and sciences. 
 More than 100 volumes of these books, including stories, were 
 successively and successfully issued. Mr. Goodrich also established 
 
 CHARLES ANTHON. 
 
 THE classical AniL-rican author and edu- 
 cator, Charles Anthon, was born in the 
 city of New York, in 1707, and educated 
 at Columbia college, where he graduated In 
 1815. In 1819 he was admitted to the prac- 
 tice of the law, and the following year was 
 appointed adjunct professor of languages 
 in Columbia college. In 18.30 he became 
 rector of the college grammar-school, and 
 rose to the head of the classical department 
 of the institution in 1835. His classical 
 works number about fifty volumes, well 
 known in America as standard publica- 
 tions, and all were republished in England; 
 they comprise Latin classics and helps to 
 fine Latin lexicon and a "Dictionary of Greek 
 and Roman Antiquities. " He was active and industrious, for many 
 years it being his custom to retire at ten o'clock and rise at four; thus 
 much of his day's work was done before the breakfast hour. He 
 died in New York, in 1867. 
 
 classical study. 
 
 AN ext 
 Mary 
 
 MARY ABIGAIL DODGE. 
 
 xtrcnifly satirical authoress, Miss 
 y Abigail Dodge, better known as 
 Gail Hamilton," was born at Ham- 
 ilton, Mass., about 1830, the daughter of a 
 farmer. Her country living and country 
 thinking appear to have established her 
 health without reducing the natural caus- 
 ticity of her disposition. In 1851 and for 
 a few years afterwards she taught physical 
 science in the high-school at Hartford, 
 Conn., and contributed articles to the New 
 York Independent^ the National Era at 
 Washington, and the CoiigregalXonalist. 
 Afterwards she was one of the writers for 
 the Atlantic Monthly and editor of Our 
 Young Folks. Several volumes have been 
 compiled from her contributions to these 
 periodicals, such as "Country Living and 
 Country Thinking," " Stumbling-BIocks," 
 " Gala-Days," " Woman's Wrongs," " A 
 New Atmosphere," " Twelve Miles from 
 a Lemon," etc. Of late years she has been the Washington corre- 
 spondent of the New York Tribune, and her pen portraits of cele- 
 brated men and women, as they appear in society, at the national 
 capital, are looked for with interest and are read with avidity by the 
 public who study Washington gossip. Her letters relating to mat- 
 ters of general interest are also equally entertaining and valuable 
 as exponents of the leading events at the capital. 
 
 S. G. GOODRICH. 
 
 Peter Parley's " Works for Young Folks.
 
 THE FRENCH NOVELIST, VICTOE HUGO. J. O. HOLLAND. 
 
 VICTOR MARIE HUGO. 
 
 THE life of the eminent French novelist and poet, Victor Marie Hugo, 
 is intimately connected with some of the stirring events of French 
 history in the nineteenth century, and it is stated that " in a 
 certain degree he has revolutionized French literature by his leader- 
 ship of the romancists in their war upon 
 the classicists. " He was born at Besancon, 
 France, in 1802, and as his father was a 
 soldier his childhood was passed in Elba, 
 Corsica. Switzerland, and Italy, going to 
 Paris in 1809. His literary tastes were de- 
 veloped in his youth, and in 1817 he pre- 
 sented to the French academy a poem upon 
 " The Advantages of Study. " A volume of 
 "Odes and Ballads," published in 1833, 
 created a sensation ; the second volume 
 appeared in 1826. In 1833 he published a 
 novel, and in 1825 another. His drama of 
 " Cromwell " was issued in 1827. Other 
 works appeared in rapid succession, and 
 his literai'y superiority was established. In 
 1845 he was created a peer of France by 
 King Louis Philippe. In the revolution of 
 1848 he was a conservative member of the 
 constituent assembly, but on his re-election 
 he exhibited democratic and socialistic ten- 
 dencies, and denounced the secret policy of 
 Louiy Napoleon. Owing to his constitu- 
 tional position in the celebrated violent 
 measures of December 2, 1851, Hugo was 
 denounced and took refuge in Jersey Island, 
 continuing his opposition to Napoleon III. , 
 and performing literary work. In 1853 he 
 
 was obliged to flee to the island of Guernsey, and in 185D refused to 
 accept the amnesty offered to political exiles. After the fall of Louis 
 Napoleon, he returned to Paris, and in 1871 he was elected to the 
 national assembly from the department 
 of the Seine. He opposed the parlia- 
 mentary treaty of peace between France 
 and Germany, and was treated with so 
 much violence that he resigned. In the 
 insurrection of the commune in Paris, he 
 protested in vain against the destruction 
 of the column Vendome. Going to 
 Brussels, he gave expression to senti- 
 ments opposing the protection of the 
 communists by the Belgian government, 
 and was forced to leave the country. 
 Retiring to London be remained there 
 until the leaders of the commune had 
 been condemned, when he returned to 
 Paris and pleaded the cause of Rochcfort 
 and others of them. After that he 
 devoted himself principally to literary 
 work. His books are numerous. Among 
 the most popularof tin.-m in this country 
 are ' *■ Les Miserables, " '■ ' The Toilers of 
 the Sea," and "The Man Who Laughed. " 
 A history of the famous coup Wefat in 
 Parts, in 1851, was among his latest vol- 
 umes. " L'Annee Terrible, " a book of 
 [loelry, illustrative of the tnisfortunes of 
 I'Vanee, wivH published in 1873. Some of his novels were published 
 at <>m:e in eight or ten difEcrcnt languages. He died May 23, 1885. 
 Twij (Jons and a brother actiuired ct-lebrity in literature in France. 
 
 VICTOR HUGO. 
 
 Politician, Novtlist. Poet and Play-Writer. 
 
 THOMAS HOOD. 
 
 THE very genial and versatile writer of prose and poetry 
 (both humorous and sentimental) Thomas Hood, was born in 
 London, in 1798. He first attempted commercial pursuits, but his 
 
 health failing, he abandoned the counting-house and. after making 
 some literary contributions to the Dundee 
 Magazine^ undertook to learn the art of 
 engraving. His verses, meanwhile, at- 
 tracting attention, he was, in 1831, made 
 sulveditor of the London Magazine^ in 
 which capacity he formed acquaintance with 
 the prominent literary men of the day. 
 Among these was Charles Lamb, with whom 
 he became very intimate. Hood's first book 
 was in rhyme — "Odes and Addresses to 
 Great People" — to which his brother-in- 
 law (Reynolds) contributed. His" ^\'hims 
 and Oddities" appeared in 1826; "National 
 Tales," and a volume of sentimental poetry, 
 in 1837; " The Epping Hunt," in 1829; the 
 "Comic Annual," in 1830, continuing 
 through eleven years; " Hood's Own," in 
 1838-'9; "Tylney Hall," a novel, about 
 1831. From 1837, for several years, he 
 lived on the continent of Europe for the 
 benefit of his health, and while in Belgium 
 published his "Up the Rhine." When he 
 returned to England he edited the Xeio 
 Monthly Magazine until 1843; in 1844 he 
 started Hood's Magazine, which he con- 
 trolled until his death. To Punch.in 1844, 
 he contributed his famous "Song of a 
 Shirt," which was written on a sick bed. 
 
 ' ' Whimsicalities " appeared in 1843, and, like most of his books. 
 
 was composed of his periodical contributions. Toward the close of 
 
 his life he received a pension from the government of about S500 
 annually. He died in London, in 1845. 
 
 TK 
 
 J. G. HOLLAND. 
 
 Lecturer, Essayist, Editor and Poet. 
 
 JOSIAH GILBERT HOLLAND. 
 
 HE successful journalist, essayist, 
 novelist, historian, biographer, and 
 poet. Dr. Josiah G. Holland, was 
 born at Belchertown, Mass., in 1819. 
 He studied medicine and practiced it for 
 three years; edited a literary journal 
 at Springfield, Mass., for several 
 months, and was superintendent of ]>ub- 
 lic schools for ayear at Vicksburg, Miss. 
 From May, 1849, to 1806, he was suc- 
 cessively associate editorand proprietor 
 of the Springfield (Mass. ) Jiepublican, 
 and since 1870 be has been the editor 
 and part i)ublisher of Scribner's Monthly 
 in New York. For years he has been 
 widely known ns a public lecturer on 
 literary and other subjects, and as the 
 writer of numerous books. His * ' Tim- 
 othy Titcomb Series " comprises ' ' Let- 
 ters to the Young," "Gold Foil," 
 "Lessons in Life, " and "Letters to 
 the Joneses. " He has also written the 
 " Life of Abraham Lincoln. " His ** Bit- 
 ter-Sweet," a poem written in dramatic form, has been largely read. 
 A book entitled "Garnered Sheaves, " containing his poems com- 
 plete, was published in New York in 1878. Died Oct. 12, 1881.
 
 ^ 
 
 — ^^ y 
 
 277 i^: 
 
 J. T. ilEADLEY AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN AUTHOKS. 
 
 JOEL TYLER HEADLEY. 
 
 THE well-known hi^'tcirian, Joel T. Headley, was born nt Wakon, 
 N. Y. , in 1814. Graduating at Union college, Schenectady, he 
 f*tudied theology at Auburn and preached two yearH at Stock- 
 bridge, Mass. His health failing, he traveled in Europe in 1842-'3, 
 and on his return gave the results of 
 his journey to the public in two volumes 
 relating to Italy, the Alps and the Rhine. 
 Since tlien Mr. Headley has prepared nu- 
 merous biographical and historical works, 
 Ijrominent among which are: "Napoleon 
 and his Marshals," "Washington and his 
 (ienerals," lives of Cromwell, Generals 
 lliivelock, Scott, .Jackson and Washington, 
 a history of the war of 1812, and another 
 of the Southern rebellion ; ' ' The Chaplains 
 and Clergy of the Revolution," "Sacred 
 Mountains ," " Sacred Scenes and Charac- 
 ters," "Sacred Heroes and Martyrs." 
 Mr. Headley was Secretary of State in 
 New York in 1856-7. 
 
 EDWARD EVERETT HALE. 
 
 AMONG the popular American Unitarian 
 ministers and magazine writers is 
 Edward E. Hale, who was born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., in 1832. Graduating from 
 Harvard college, in 1839, he studied for 
 
 the pulpit, and has beeil the pastor of Unitarian churches at Boston 
 and Worcester, Mass. He has traveled as a public lecturer, and con- 
 tributed to current periodicals for many years. The most noted of 
 his collected writings are the following; "The Ingham Papers," 
 "The Man Without a Country," " Ups and Downs," "His Level 
 Best," and " Workingmen's Homes." 
 
 admitted to the bar in 1848, and became queen's counsel in 1809. 
 He has been a Liberal member of parliament for several years, and is 
 distinguished for his efforts in behalf of the laboring classes and the 
 interests of education. He visited the United States in 18G9 and 
 1870, and received a hearty welcome. Since then he has established 
 
 a social and industrial colony in the State 
 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 THE prolifl 
 was bom 
 
 JOEL TYLER HEADLEY. 
 
 Author of "Napoleon and his Mar.slials," and Other Works. 
 
 CAROLINE LEE. 
 
 A POPULAR American writer of 
 novels and tales, Caroline Lee, 
 daughter of General John Whit- 
 ing, was born at Lancaster, Mass., 
 in 1800. In 1835 she married Mr. 
 N. M. Hentz, who subsequently be- 
 came connected with Chapel Hill 
 college, N. C. From Chapel Hill 
 they removed to Covington, Ky. , and 
 afterwards lived at Cincinnati, Flor- 
 ence, Ala., and Tuscaloosa, Tuske- 
 gee and Columbus, Ga. Among her 
 books are: *'De Lara" (a play), 
 "Aunt Patty's Scrap-Book, " "The 
 Mob -Cap," "Linda," " Rena," 
 "■Marcus Marland," "Eoline," 
 "The Planter's Northern Bride." 
 "Ernest Linwood, " "Helen and 
 Arthur, or Miss Thusa's Spinning- 
 Wheel." and "Wild Jack." Mr.s. Hentz died at Mariana, Fla, 
 in 1856. 
 
 GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD JAMES. 
 
 fie novelist. G. P. R. James, 
 m in London, in 1801. He waw 
 educated at Greenwich, England, and 
 was Bent to France when he was fifteen 
 years old. There he remained for several 
 years. At seventeen he wrote a collec- 
 tion of Eastern stories, which he pub- 
 lished in 1832 as "A String of Pearls.'' 
 In 1822 he published (by the counsel of 
 Washington Irving) a life of Edward, the 
 Black Prince. "Richelieu," his first 
 novel, was written in 1825, and given to 
 the world in 1829. He died in Venice, 
 in 1800, having publi.>jhed more than eighty 
 original works, including his many noveln, 
 several volumes of poetry, and a number 
 of histories and biographies. He removed 
 to the United States about 1850, and was 
 British consul at Norfolk,Va.. from 1852 
 to 1858. He was then appointed consul to Venice. Two of hie 
 novels have a basis in American history — ' ' Ticonderoga " and ' ' The 
 Old Dominion." In connection with Maunscll B. Field, he wrote 
 ' ■ Adrian, or the Clouds of the Mind. " His works embrace a history 
 of chivalry, and lives of Charlemagne, Richard Cceur de Lion, Henry 
 IV. of France, and Louis XIV. He 
 was for some time official historian of 
 England, having been appointed to 
 that position by William IV. A com- 
 pact edition of his writings has been 
 published in England. 
 
 Residence of Joel T. Headley, near Newburgh, N. Y. 
 
 THOMAS HUGHES. 
 
 AN author of considerable celebrity for his "Tom Brown's School- 
 days." "Tom Brown at Oxford," and "The Scouring of the 
 White Horse, " Thomas Hughes, was bora at Newbury. England, 
 in 1823. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford, studied law. was 
 
 FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS. 
 
 THE widely-known Jewish histo- 
 rian Flavius Josephus, descended, 
 on his mother's side, from the 
 Maccabean race, was born at Jeru- 
 salem, A. D. 37, and was early edu- 
 cated in Hebrew learning. He wrote 
 the '* History of the Wars of the 
 Jews," "Jewish Antiquities," and 
 other works, which have become pop- 
 ular in this country in the English 
 translation by Rev. William Whiston. 
 L'Estrange also translated Josephus 
 into English. When twenty-six years 
 old Josephus was sent to Rome in 
 order to defend the cause of a number of Jewish priests held in 
 durance by the governor Felix, and on his way escaped from ship- 
 wreck. The results of this mission were: An introduction to Popprea 
 (Nero's wife), the liberation of the priests, and reception of many 
 presents from the empress. In 67 he desperately resisted the 
 approach of Vespasian in the strong Galilean city of Jotapata. After 
 its fall he was held by the Romans until Vespasian became emperor. 
 Josephus is supposed to have died about the year 100. 
 
 :(!> — 
 
 ^<I-
 
 ;^ 
 
 -cj: 
 
 27S COOPER, THE DISTINGUISHED NOVELIST. THE AUTHOR OF "ROBINSON CRUSOE." 
 
 JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 
 
 DANIEL DE FOE. 
 
 
 ONE of the most celebrated writers of American fiction was James 
 Fenimore Cooper, a son of Judge Cooper, the founder of Coopers- 
 town, Otsego county, N. Y. James was bom at Burlington, in 
 1789, and his earliest education was derived from a private tutor at 
 Burlington. In 1802 he entered Yale college, but left it in 1805, in 
 order to enter the United States navy as a midshipman. He remained 
 in the naval service six years and then re- 
 signed. Removing to Mamaroneck, N. Y. , 
 soon after his marriage to a sister of 
 Bishop De Lancey, he entered upon his 
 literary career. His first novel was pub- 
 lished in 1819 at his own expense, and 
 received but slight notice. His next book, 
 "The Spy," a tale of the American revo- 
 lution, became very popular in the United 
 States and Europe, it being translated into 
 several foreign languages. Two years after 
 he published the first of the famous 
 ' 'Leatherstocking tales," * 'The Pioneers," 
 on which his fame as a writer firmly rests. 
 "The Pilot," a sea-story, which appeared 
 in 1823, greatly increased his reputation. 
 ' ' Lionel Lincoln " was issued in 1825, 
 and "The Last of the Mohicans" in 1826. 
 In 1827 he raade a six years' visit to Europe. 
 During his absence he published "The 
 Red Rover, " " The Prairie. " " Notions of 
 the Americans, by a Traveling Bachelor." 
 ' ' The Wept of the Wish-ton- Wish, " ' • The 
 Water- Witch," "The Bravo," "TheHeid- 
 
 enmauer, " and " The Headsman of Berne." While in Europe he 
 became interested in the character of the French, and the three last- 
 named volumes are supposed to illustrate his views and impressions 
 made upon his mind by European events, which also led him into a 
 sharp political controversy. He returned to America in 1833, and in 
 1835 published his "Monikins" and "The 
 American Democrats," espressive of his 
 opinion of his countrymen and the news- 
 papers in America. His prejudices were 
 severely criticised by the American press 
 and a series of libel suits followed. The 
 bitterness against Mr. Cooper was increased 
 by the publication of two more novels 
 entitled " Homeward-Bound, " and *'Home 
 as Found," in 1838. Other works suc- 
 ceeded these, as follows: "Sketches of 
 Switzerland," "Gleanings in Europe," 
 "France," "Italy," "Naval History of 
 the United States," "The Pathfinder." 
 •■' Mercedes of Castile, " " The Deerslayer," 
 "The Two Admirals, " ** Wiug-aud-Wing," 
 "Wyandotte," "Autobiography of a 
 Pocket - handkerchief, ' ' ' Ned Myers, " 
 " Afioat and Ashore," "Miles Walling- 
 ford, " "Satanstoe," "The Chaiubcarer, " 
 ' ■ The Redskins, " ' * Lives of Distinguished 
 American Naval Officers." "The Crater" 
 (a supernatural romance), "Oak Open- 
 ings," "Jack Tier," "The Sea-Lions," 
 and *'The Ways of the Hour." Mr. Cooper died at Cooperstown, 
 N. Y. , in 1851. His books have passed through numerous editions, 
 and although not read as much as formerly, about the middle of the 
 century were among the most popular of the novels of that time. 
 
 JAMES F. COOPER, 
 
 Political writer, though widely known as a Novelist. 
 
 THE son of a butcher, Daniel Defoe, the popular author, was bom in 
 London, in 1661. Ho studied for the pulpit, but joined in Mon- 
 mouth's rebellion, in 1685. From this he escaped without evil 
 consequences. His literary taste had already developed itself in a 
 satirical pamphlet and a treatise against the Turks. He now unsuc- 
 cessfully applied himself to business as a hosier, and then as a tile 
 manufacturer, but his literary inclinations 
 continued. He wrote voluminously irony 
 and satire, pointing Ms pen against living 
 persons and institutions. A pamphlet of 
 his, " A Short Way with the Dissenters," 
 brought him before a court of justice, 
 where he was sentenced to be fined, im- 
 prisoned and put in the pillory. Even 
 this severity could not stop his pen dur- 
 ing his two years' confinement. In the 
 reign of Queen Anne he was again Im- 
 prisonedN'or an offense similar to his first. 
 Meeting with another political reverse after 
 that, he abandoned politics and turned his 
 attention to other subjects. In 1719 he 
 wrote his celebrated ' ' Adventures of 
 Robinson Crusoe," founded on the cast- 
 away experiences of Alexander Selkirk, 
 a Scotch sailor, on the island of San Juan 
 Fernandez. Few books ever attained a 
 more enviable and wide-spread reputation. 
 Other books followed, and the mere cata- 
 logue of his entire productions is said to 
 cover sixteen printed pages. He died in 
 Cripplegate, London, in 1731, in poverty and sorrow caused by the 
 misconduct of a son. Among his principal works, besides "Rob- 
 inson Crusoe," are "The Adventures of a Cavalier," " A Jour- 
 nal of the Plague in 1665," "The Political History of the Devil."' 
 and ' ' A System of Magic. " He is represented as a man of unshaken 
 probity, strong natural powers, a lively 
 imagination, solid judgment, and invincible 
 integrity in his political sphere. 
 
 } 
 
 DANIEL DE FOE 
 
 voluminous writer, best known as the author of 
 "Robinson Crusoo." 
 
 THOMAS DICK. 
 
 ONCE-FAMOUS writer of scientific- 
 religious books and lectures was 
 Thomas Dick, born near Dundee, Scot- 
 land, in 1774. He studied for the pulpit, 
 and was settled as a minister at Stirling, but 
 resigned, and for ten years followed the 
 profession of a teacher at Perth. His first 
 book, "The Christian Philosopher," proved 
 so successful that he devoted his time to 
 the production of other scientific books, 
 and to the delivery of popular U-ctures on 
 scientific subjects. His literary labors were 
 not profitable in a pecuniary sense, and 
 his latter years were brightened by the 
 receipt of subscrii)tions taken up in the 
 ITnited States for his benefit, and by a 
 small pension from the British government. 
 His works are well known in this country, 
 and comprise, besides the one previously mentioned, "The Philos- 
 ophy of Religion," "The Improvement of Society by the Diffu- 
 sion of Knowledge," "The Philosophy of a Future State," "The 
 Sidereal Heavens," ''Telescope and Microscope." He died in 1857. 
 
 ,(_^)^^— «w 
 
 :<! 
 
 i 
 SI
 
 ? 
 
 — ^ 
 
 MABY CLEMMEK, DISTINGUISHED NEWSPAPER CORUESPONDENT. 
 
 27J* 
 
 MARY CLEMMER. 
 
 AN American lady who is well known to newppaper and periodical 
 readers as an intelligent and interesting writer upon, current 
 events, is Mary Clemmer. Miss Clemmer was born at ULica. 
 N. y., about 1840. When fourteen years old she contributed prose 
 and poetry to several journals. In 1801 
 she became the Washington correspondent 
 of leading New York papers, and has 
 followed this occupation with more or 
 loss brilliancy and assiduity ever since. 
 She has also written the following novels: 
 "Victor," "Irene," and '-His Two 
 Wives, " besides a memorial of the Carey 
 
 sisters, and a volume of Capital sketcbea. 
 
 In 1883 she married Mr. W. H. Hudson. 
 
 Died at Washington, August 18, 1884. 
 
 GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. 
 
 THE well-known editor of Harper's 
 Weekly and author of several books, 
 George William Curtis, was born at 
 Providence, R. I., in 18::i4. He was edu- 
 cated at a private school, and was after- 
 wards a clerk in a store in New York. 
 In 1842 he went to Massachusetts, near 
 Roxbury, where he spent one and a half 
 years in studying and laboring on a farm, 
 and jiassed another eighteen months in 
 tilling land for himself and with his 
 brother, near Concord, Mass. In 1840 he 
 
 visited Europe, sojourning in Italy and Berlin, and traveling in Egypt 
 and Syria. Returning to the United States, he published his first 
 book, in 1850, "Nile Notes of a Howadji. " Soon afterwards he 
 became one of the editors of the New York Tribune^ and in 1852 
 published another book, "The Howadji 
 in Syria. " The same year he became one 
 of the editors of Putnam's Magazine, in 
 New York, continuing with it as long as 
 it existed. Portions of his contiibutions 
 to this periodical were afterwards pub- 
 lished in a book, * ' The Potiphar Papers " 
 and " Prue and I." Mr. Curtis has also 
 been successful as a public lecturer and 
 as a political speaker in the interest of 
 the Republican party in the Presidential 
 contest of 1850. Besides pursuing his 
 editorial duties, contributing papers to 
 periodicals, occasionally issuing a book, 
 and lecturing, Mr. Curtis has achieved 
 popularity by his orations and poems 
 delivered before literary societies. He 
 has also held some honorable political 
 positions, and also the office of a regent 
 of the university of New York State. 
 
 MARY CLEMMER. 
 
 Poet, Novelist and Newspaper Correspondent, 
 
 and Ireland. From December, 180.'i, to IHOH, he was educated at 
 Oxford. Visiting London, in 1804. he was attacked with rheumatism, 
 and in order to relieve his pains he resorted to opium, with the result 
 of becoming an opium-eater, enjoying all the delights and suffering 
 all the misery that the deadly drug, under euch circumstances, can 
 bestow. From 1809 to 1810 he occupied 
 a cottage atGrassmere, having among his 
 associates, Wordsworth, Southey and 
 Coleridge. Later in life he sojourned 
 in London, Bath, and Edinburgh, studying 
 German literature and philosophy, and 
 making translations from Germanauthors. 
 In 1813, owing to a painful disease, he 
 resorted again to opium, and confirmed 
 his habit of using it in large doses. He 
 attempted an important literary enter- 
 prise, but the enervating drug had weak- 
 ened his faculties, and he could do 
 nothing successfully. Still he had suffi- 
 cient strength of mind, after one or two 
 failures, to overcome his besetting habit, 
 and then began his literary labor, which 
 continued from 1821 until his death, in 
 1859. His principal works are: "Con- 
 fessions of an Opium-Eater, " and "The 
 Logic of Political Econcmiy," several pa- 
 pers in the " Encyclop;edia Britannica," 
 and numerous contributions of biogra- 
 phies, sketches, and essays to periodicals. 
 
 R 
 
 THE DAN A3. 
 
 ICHARD II. DANA, poet and essayist, was born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., in 1787. Completing his studies at Harvard college, 
 Newport, R. I., Boston and Baltimore, he entered upon the 
 ^ practice of the law at Cambridge, in 1811, 
 and was elected a member of the Massa- 
 chussetts legislature. In 1814 he con- 
 nected himself with the North American 
 Heview, ^ud some of his earliest literary 
 writings appeared in that magazine, of 
 which he became a co-editor in 1818. 
 His principal publications arc "The 
 Buccaneer and Other Poems. " first issued 
 in 1837. and •• Poems and Prose Writings, '' 
 in 1850, the latter in two volumes, con- 
 taining his essays and reviews from the 
 Noi'th American^ and some others, with 
 his former poems. In 1839-40 he deliv- 
 ered eight lectures on Shakspeare, in 
 Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. 
 He died in 1879. 
 
 GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, 
 
 Editor of Harper's Weekly. I.eeturer and well-known 
 Political Writer. 
 
 THOMAS DE QUINCEY. 
 
 THE celebrated man of genius and a victim of opium-eating. 
 Thomas De Quincey, came into the world near Manchester, Eng- 
 land, in 1786, and was 'educated in various schools, where he 
 acquired a knowledge of the Greek tongue. His guardian refusing 
 to send him to the university, he ran away, and wandered about the 
 country and to London, suffering from hunger and exposure to an 
 intense degree ; but after his rescue a reconciliation was effected, and 
 he went again to school, traveling, also, in several parts of England 
 
 Rirn.\RD Hexrt Dana, Jr., son of the 
 above-named, was born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., in 1815. Entering Harvard col- 
 lege, in 1832, his eyesight became so 
 affected that in 1834 he undertook a sea 
 voyage around Cape Horn to California, a country then little known. 
 On his return he again entered college, studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in Boston, in 1840. He was one of the founders of the 
 Free-Soil party, and afterwards active in the Republican movement. 
 He has added to the literature of the United States several important 
 works, including *' International Law, " and ' - Two Years Before the 
 ]\Iast, " '*The Seaman's Friend" (a treatise on seamanship), and 
 ' • To Cuba and Back, a Vacation Voyage. " He died Jauuarv 8, 18^2. 
 
 ? 
 
 -J
 
 DUMAS THE NOVELIST. THE FOUNDEE OF THE NEW YORK "HERALD 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 J. G. BENNETT. 
 
 rpHE founder of the New York Ihrald. James Gordon Bennett, was 
 bom at New Mill. Scotland, 1795. In bis youth be studied for 
 the Catholic ministry, but abandoned that design and sailed for 
 
 America in 1819. Arriving at Halifax, N. S- , he taught school, but 
 
 reached Boston in 1819, and read proof for a livelihood. From thence 
 
 he went to New York in 1822. and then to Charleston, S. C. , where he 
 
 performed editorial work on the Courier, of that city. A few months 
 
 later he returned to New York and delivered a 
 
 course of lectures on political economy. From 
 
 1825 to 1834 he worked on various newspapers in 
 
 New York and Philadelphia. In May, 1835, he 
 
 issued the first number of the New York Herald, 
 
 which, notwithstanding several adverse circum- 
 stances, prospered fairly, and the energy and 
 
 shrewdness of its editor soon brought it into 
 
 popularity. It was the first paper that published 
 
 a daily money-article and stock-lists. In 1837 it 
 
 set up a ship-news establishment, to board 
 
 incoming ships and obtain foreign intelligence and 
 
 passenger-lists, arranging for correspondence 
 
 from all parts of Europe, and received the first 
 
 speech that was ever reported by telegraph. The 
 
 Herald was Democratic and advocated the fugitive 
 
 slave law, but came over to the Republicans and 
 
 Fremont in 1856, and supported the Unionists 
 
 in the Southern rebellion. It was at that time a 
 
 power in the land. In 1871 Mr. Bennett fitted 
 
 ont an expedition, under Henry M. Stanley, to explore Africa and 
 
 discover the whereabouts of Dr. Livingstone, which was entirely 
 
 successful and added to geographical science. A second expedition 
 
 under Stanley also produced important results. Mr. Bennett died in 
 
 1872, in New York, leaving the Herald, — in itself a large fortune. 
 
 — to his son. James Gordon. Jr. The latter remains its editor and 
 
 proprietor. 
 
 n 
 
 
 u 
 
 James Gordon Bennett, 
 Founder of the New York Herald, 
 
 THE ABBOTTS. 
 
 Two brothers of this name h;ivL- mad<_- numerous and valuable addi- 
 tions to American literature. Jacob Abbott was born at Hal- 
 lowell, Me., in 1803. He received his education at Bowdoin 
 college and the Andover Theological seminary. After graduating he 
 served four years as professor of mathematics and natural philosphy 
 at Amherst college, and subsequently superintended the Mount 
 Vernon girls' school. From 1834 to 1838 he was a Congregational 
 minister of the gospel, but having retired from 
 the pulpit, he devoted himself to literary work, 
 producing books under more than 200 titles. 
 Most of his writings took a serial form, and 
 among these the principal were the following: 
 "Young Christian" series, four volumes; "Rollo 
 Books," twenty-eight volumes; "Franconia 
 Stories," ten volumes; "Harper's Story-Books, "" 
 thirty-six volumes; '-Marco Paul" series, six 
 volumes, etc., with numerous illustrated histories 
 and historical school-books and a series of 
 readers. 
 
 John S. C. Abbott was born at Bruns- 
 wick, Me., in 1805. Like his brother, he was 
 educated at Bowdoin and Andover. In 1830 he was 
 ordained a Congregational minister, preaching the 
 gospel until 1844, when he left the pulpit and 
 turned his attention to literary pursuits, after- 
 wards resuming his pastoral duties. As a 
 writer he is peculiarly attractive in the ele- 
 gance and vigor of his language and fine descriptive powers. His 
 books have had a large sale, and several have been translated into 
 foreign languages. His principal works embrace a florid "History 
 of Napoleon Bonaparte, " "Napoleon at St. Helena," History of 
 Napoleon III. , " ** History of the Civil War in America, " *' Romance 
 
 ^ 
 
 Spanish History,' 
 
 ALEXANDRE DUMAS. 
 
 THE favorite French play-writer and nov- 
 elist, Alexandre Dumas, the elder, was 
 bom at Villers-Cotterets, France, in 
 1803. Before beginning his literary career 
 in earnest, while at school, he became pro- 
 ficient in several gentlemanly accomplish- 
 ments. He was clerk for a notary, and held 
 a small office in the household of Louis 
 Philippe, devoting his spare time to the 
 perfecting of his education. From 1825 to 
 1830 he wrote several plays for the stage, 
 soroe of which were successful as dramas 
 and profitable to Dumas. In 1835 he pro- 
 duced his first novel, **Isabelof Baviere," 
 and frora that time until just before his 
 death, in 1870, he was a prolific writer of 
 fiction, by the publication of which he 
 realized a large income and great fame. 
 Among his principal novtds, which have been 
 widely translated, may be mentioned the 
 following: '* The Three Musketeers," 
 
 "Twenty Ycar« After,'' "Count of Monte Cristo, " "Captain 
 Paul," "Memoirs of a Physician," "The Queen's Necklace, " and 
 "Forty-five Guardsmen." besides twenty-three others and a large 
 number of dramas. Ilis natural son, Alexandre D., has also pro- 
 duced numerous poems, novels, and plays, which his countrymen 
 have stamped with their approval. 
 
 ■History of Frederick the Great," "Kings 
 and Queens," "Practical Christianity.'' 
 and ten volumes of illut-trated histories. 
 He died in June, 1877. 
 
 W" 
 
 Alexandre Dumas, 
 
 Distinguished I'lay-Wiiter ainl Novelist, Author of 
 " Twenty Years .MtL-r," etc. 
 
 THE ALGERS. 
 
 ILLIAM R. ALGER was born at Free- 
 town, Mass.. in 1823, and educated at 
 Harvard college, where he graduated 
 in 1847. He then studied for the ministry, 
 and became pastor of the Unitarian Church 
 at Roxbury, Mass., but subsequently suc- 
 ceeded Theodore Parker at Music Hall, 
 Boston. He has written several books, 
 among which are the following: "The 
 Poetry of the Orient, " " A Critical History 
 of the Doctrine of a Future Life," "The 
 Genius of Solitude, " ' ' The Friendships of 
 Women, " etc. 
 
 Horatio Alger, Jr. , a cousin of William 
 K. , was born at Revere, Mass., in 1H34. 
 He also received his education at Harvard 
 college. Subsequently he taught school, 
 and became a journalist in Boston. After 
 having traveled a year in Europe he re- 
 turned luune. resumed his business of teaching, and engaged in 
 literary pursuits. Removing to Now York in 18Cn. he became inter- 
 ested in the street boys of that city, and in his numerous books for 
 the young he has shown up the good and evil peculiarities of this 
 class of youth. His principal works are; "Ragged Dick Series," 
 * ' Tattered Tom Si-rles, " besides contributions to periodicals. 
 
 :(d- — 
 
 -S:
 
 -CY 
 
 JAMES TARTUN, THE lilOUKAl'lIEK. OKUliOE ^[ACIJOXALIJ, bCUTCII NOVELIST. 
 
 l^.Si 
 
 JAMES PARTON. 
 
 TTTE biographer and misccllantjoue author, James Parton, was born 
 at Canterbury, En^'land, in 1822. lie came to America while a 
 child. About 1841 he became a teacher at While Plainn (X. Y.) 
 academy, and afterwards taught in Xew York and Phihulelphia. For 
 three years he was connected editorially 
 with the Home Journal, in New York city, 
 and for several years he has been before the 
 public as a lecturer and writer of miscel- 
 laneous and biographical publications. His 
 ■'Life of Horace Greeley" first appeared 
 in 1855, and the revised edition in 18G8. 
 He has also written the lives, in separate 
 volumes, of Franklin, Aaron Burr, and 
 JefEerson, "The People's Book of Biogra- 
 phy," "Famous Americans of Recent 
 Times," "General Butler in New Orleans," 
 "Smoking and Drinking, " ' ' Caricatures 
 in all Times and Lands," "Triumphs of 
 Enterprise, Ingenuity and Public Spirit," 
 and other works. 
 
 THE 
 wh< 
 
 JULES MICHELET. 
 
 French historian, Jules Michelet, 
 \ho won a good reputation, was born 
 at Paris in 1798. He was called to be 
 professor of history in the college of RolUn 
 in 1821, and until 1826 he was professor of 
 ancient languages and professor of philosoj)hy in the same institution. 
 In 1830 he was made chief of the historical section of the archives 
 of France. In 1838 he was appointed to the chair of history in 
 the college of France, and elected a member of the institute. His 
 academical lectures were remarkable for 
 their advocacy of democratic ideas and 
 assaults upon the Jesuits, and the govern- 
 ment of Louis Philippe suppressed them. 
 After the revolution of 1848 he resumed his 
 lectures with so much political bias that the 
 government of Louis Napoleon suspended 
 his course. In 1851 he was removed from 
 his position in the office of the archives for 
 refusing to take the necessary oath. He 
 then retired from public life to literary 
 pursuits. Among his published works are 
 the following: "The History of France" 
 (sixteen volumes, 1833-1867), ' ' History of 
 the French Revolution," "The Women of 
 the Revolution," '* Birds," "Insects," 
 "Love," "Woman," "The Bible of Hu- 
 manity," "A History of the Nineteenth 
 Century," etc., several of which have been 
 translated into English. Michelet died at 
 Hyeres, France, in 1874. 
 
 LINDLEY MURRAY. 
 
 THE well-known grammarian, Lindley Murray, was bom at Swatara, 
 Pa., in 1745. He was educated at a (Quaker school in Philadel- 
 phia and another school in New York, and began life in a counting- 
 house, but abandoned commercial pursuits for the study of the law. 
 After his admission to the bar he obtained 
 a profitable practice. During the Revolu- 
 tionary war he entered upon a mercantile 
 business with so much success that he soon 
 acquired an ample fortune, with which be 
 retired to England and turned his attention 
 to literature. Besides his "Grammar of 
 the English Language." he wrote "The 
 Power of Religion on the Mind," "English 
 Exercises, " a " Key " to his grammar, 
 " The English Reader," an ' • English 
 Spclling-Book," etc. He died near York, 
 England, in 1826. His autobiography was 
 published after his death. 
 
 A' 
 
 JAMES PARTON, 
 
 Widely Renowned as an Tnterfsting and Faithiul 
 Biographer. 
 
 SAMUEL AUSTIN ALLIBONE. 
 MONG American authors who have dis- 
 tinguished themselves by the produc- 
 tion of useful books of reference and 
 instruction, is Samuel Austin Allibone, who 
 was born at Philadelphia, in 1816. His 
 principal works are: "A Critical Diction- 
 ary of English Literature and British and 
 American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts 
 to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century," in three volumes, and 
 containing notices of 46,499 authors and their writings: several 
 religious essays, contributions, American periodicals, and a number 
 of tracts. 
 
 JOSEPH CLAY NEAL. 
 
 THE genial journalist and author, Joseph C. Neal, was born at 
 (Trt;*enland, N. H. , in 1807. In 1831 he became the editor of the 
 Pennsylvanian, a Philadelphia newspaper. In 1841 he went 
 abroad, returning the following year. In 1844 he established, at Phil- 
 adelphia, Neal'^ Saturday Gazette, a literary paper, and in 1846 was 
 married to Miss Emily Bradley, who wrote for the press under the 
 name of * ■ Cousin Alice. " NeaVs hooks were popular, and bore the 
 titles of "Charcoal Sketches," " Peter Ploddy," etc. He died in 1848. 
 
 GEORGE MacDONALD 
 
 Favorite Scotch Novelist, and Formerly the Pastor 
 of an Independent Church. 
 
 GEORGE MacDONALD. 
 
 THE favorite Scotch author, George 
 MacDonald, was born at Huntly. Scot- 
 land, iti 1824, and graduated at King's 
 college and university, at Aberdeen. 
 He studied for the ministry in London, 
 and was for a short time in the pulpit 
 of an independent church, but retired 
 from the ministry and became a lay 
 member of the church of England. Since 
 then he has followed literary pursuits, and 
 has written numerous poems, romances, 
 novels, and books for the young. Besides 
 these he is the author of a volume of ' 'Un- 
 spoken Sermons," and a treatise on "The 
 Miracles of Our Lord. *' In 1877 the English 
 government, in consideration of his literary 
 labors, bestowed upon him a pension of 
 about S500 annually. For some time he 
 was principal of a young ladies* seminary 
 in London, and later traveled in Europe 
 and America. His "Within and Without" was published in IS.iS. 
 "Poems" in 1856, followed by " Phantastes, a Fa?rie Romance," 
 "David Elginhrod," "The Portent," "Alec Forbes of Howglen," 
 "Adela Cathcart," "Dealings with the Fairies," "The Disciples 
 and other Poems," "Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood," "The Sea- 
 board Parish," "Robert Falconer," "Guild Court," "England's 
 Antiphon," "Ranald Bannerman's Boyhood," "At the Back of the 
 North Wind," and others. 
 
 ;(i — 
 
 ^: 

 
 •;cS-" 
 
 282 
 
 THE AUTHOR OF THE "'AGE OF KEASON. 
 
 THOMAS PAINE. 
 
 THE English politician and liberalist, Thomas Paine, was bom at 
 Thetford, England, in 1737- He was brought up as a stay-maker 
 and became an exciseman. Having offended the authorities and 
 left that position, he came to America and joined the colonists in their 
 revolution against the mother country, and materially aided their 
 cause by his writings. Returning to England, he excited considerable 
 opposition by his book on the '* Rights of Man," a reply to Edmr.nd 
 Burke's "Reflections on the French Revolution." In 1792 Paine 
 was elected a member of the French national convention by the citi- 
 zens of Pas-de-Calais, and on bis arrival at Calais he was received 
 with gratifying enthusiasm. In England the second part of his 
 *' Rights of Man " led to Paine' s prosecution, but as he was then in 
 France he was beyond the reach of English law. As a French legis- 
 lator he excited the auger of the Jacobins, who had him imprisoned, 
 and their hatred nearly cost him his life. At length he returned to 
 America, dying in New York in 1809. His writings created a most 
 marked sensation in behalf of liberty. What he wrote in favor of 
 political freedom was sure to make friends or enemies for him. His 
 *' Age of Reason " ranks among the most 
 fearless and influential of the liberal 
 publications of the world. 
 
 epic poet, as well as for his writings in prose. In religion he was 
 atheist. Some of his latest words were: '* I die worshiping God, 
 loving my friends, not hating my enemies, but detesting supersti- 
 tion." His collected works, in the Beaumarchais edition, form 
 seventy volumes. 
 
 Author of the ' 
 
 FRANCOIS M. AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. 
 
 AFKENrll uuthnv, referring to Fran- 
 cois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, says 
 of him: "He was one of the greatest 
 poets — the most brilliant, the most ele- 
 gant, the most fertile, of our prose 
 writers." Born at Paris, France, in 
 1694, he was educated at the Jesuits' col- 
 lege, in Paris, where, in his youth, he took 
 delight in studying charaj:ter in the gay 
 society about him. His father intended 
 to prepare him to assume the functions 
 of a magistrate, but nothing could over- 
 come the literary propensity of the 
 young poet. In his twenty-second year 
 he was imprisoned in the Bastile on an 
 unfounded suspicion of being the author 
 of a libel. While thus confined he 
 conceived the plan of his "Henriade" 
 and completed his tragedy of " (Edipe," 
 which was put on the stage, with dis- 
 tinguished success, in 1718. Having been released, a second charge 
 was preferred against him, and he was again confined in the Bas- 
 tile. This treatment induced him, upon regaining his liberty, to 
 reside in England for three years. There he was favorably received 
 and gained a large patronage for "The Henriade. *' In 1738 he 
 returned to France, and previous to 1749 he produced his tragedies 
 of "Zaire," "Alzirc," "Mahomet," " Me rope," and many other 
 works; became a member of the French academy, and was appointed 
 a gentleman of the king's bedchamber and historian of France. By 
 invitation of the king of Prussia, in 1750, he visited Berlin, remain- 
 ing there about three years on the most amicable terms. Something 
 occurring to break their friendship, Voltaire quitted Prussia. Not 
 caring to return to Paris on account of the intrigues of his enemies, 
 he wandered to Geneva, Switzerland, and other jilaces, and finally 
 Bcttled at Ferncy, France, where he purchased an estate. He was 
 in posscflsion of a large fortune, surrounded by friends, and had 
 plenty of leisure for literary creation. After an absence of nearly 
 thirty years, he returned to Paris in 1778, and was received with 
 enthusiasm, and his bust was crowned on the stage; but he was near 
 his end, and in May, 1778, he died. Voltaire became renowned as an 
 
 ALPHONSE MARIE LOUIS DE LAMARTINE. 
 
 THE poet, diplomatist, historian and statesman of France, Alphonse 
 M. L. de Lamartine, was born at Macon, France, in 1790, and 
 was educated at home and at Belley. Leaving school, he visited 
 Italy, and then took up his residence at Paris, devoting himself to 
 literary pursuits. In the events that followed the restoration of 
 the Bourt)ons he served as a soldier for a few months, and on the 
 return of Louis XVIII. resumed his pen. His first volume of 
 poems — " Poetic Meditations " — published in 1820, although ;in 
 unpretending book, met with a rapid sale and firmly established bi;^ 
 reputation as a poet. As one result of this fame the French govern- 
 ment appointed him to a post in the embassy at Florence, Italy, and 
 afterwards secretary of legation, first at Naples and then at London. 
 While at the latter post he inherited a 
 fortune from an uncle, and about the 
 same time he married a wealthy English 
 lady, and was soon afterwards sent as 
 charge d'affaires to Tuscany. He was 
 recalled from, his residence in Italy, 
 where he had written and published 
 several new works, in 1829, and was then 
 elected a member of the French acad- 
 emy and sent as a special envoy to King 
 Otho, of Greece. The revolution of 
 1830, however, interfered with his diplo- 
 matic duties, and he retired to private 
 life in order to write historical and other 
 prose works, for the time abandoning 
 poetry. Having failed to secure a seat 
 in the chamber of deputies, he visited 
 Jerusalem and the East, but was recalled 
 on account of his subsequent election, 
 and in 1833-'4 he took his seat in the 
 legislative assembly, entering actively 
 into public measures relating to the East, 
 education and literature. After the de- 
 thronement of the Orleans family, he 
 became a member of the provisional gov- 
 ernment and the foreign minister of the republic. His popularity 
 was now world-wide, especially among the middle classes, by whom 
 he was almost worshiped; but this adoration was subsequently 
 changed into indifference when their opinion of his statesmanship 
 underwent an alteration, and he was considered a mere puppet in the 
 hands of other men, so that he was with diflicuUy elected again to tlic 
 chamber of deputies. As a candidate for the presidency of the repub- 
 lic he was far behind Louis Napoleon or Cavaignac. After the coup 
 d'etat of 1851 he retired from political life, greatly embarrassed in 
 pecuniary matters. Vast subscriptions were afterwards raised fur 
 him in France, and the government of Napoleon III. bestowed upon 
 him a certain income, but he was little bettor than a literary drudge. 
 His industry, however, resulted in the production of numer(»ns 
 important books. He died in 1869. His principal works, aside from 
 his poems, embrace a " History of the Girondists," " History of the 
 Revolution of 1848," " History of Turkey," " The Great Men of thi- 
 East," "The Life of Ciesar," "The Men of the Revolution." 
 Lamartine was lu.\urious in his style of living, and in 18S2 he sailed 
 from Marseilles in a vessel furnished by himself, made a tour of the 
 East, traveling like a king; the Arabs called him the French emir. 
 
 THOMAS PAINE, 
 
 Age of Reason," " Rights of Man, 
 
 Qx- —
 
 MOTLEY, TUK UlSTOKIAA. 
 
 CAKLYLE, THE ESSAYIST. 
 
 JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY. 
 
 TTTE eminent Amcricun historian, John Lothmp Motley, was bom 
 at Dorchester, Mut^s. , in 1814. lie graduated at Harvard college, 
 in 1831, studying a year at the nniverbity of Gottingen, and another 
 at Berlin, and traveled for a time in the south of Europe. Return- 
 ing to the I'niled States, he studied law. and 
 was admitted to practice in 18.36, but literary 
 pursuits engrossed much of his attention. 
 In 1840 he was appctinted secretary of the 
 American legation at St. Petersburg, Russia, 
 where he remained for about eight months, 
 when he resigned and returned home. In 
 1846 he began to collect material for his 
 history of Holland, but found it necessary, 
 in 1851, to return to Europe with his family 
 in order to study the national records, and 
 remained abroad five years. "The Rise of 
 the Dutch Republic,'' in three volumes, the 
 result of his European investigations, was 
 published in London and New York, in 1856^ 
 and was translated into German, Dutch, 
 French and Russian. In 1860 the second 
 part of this work appeared — "The History 
 of the United Netherlands, from the Death 
 of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' 
 Truce, in 1609," and, in 1807, it was con- 
 cluded in two additional volumes. lu 1874 
 was published "The Life and Death of 
 John Barneveld, Advocate of Holland, with 
 a View of the Primary Causes of the Thirty Years' War. " Mr. 
 Motley has been elected a member of various learned societies in 
 Europe and America; has received the degree of D. C. L. from the 
 university of Oxford, and of LL. D. from Harvard college, and also 
 from the university of Cambridge, Eng- 
 land. In 1861 he was appointed United 
 States Minister to Austria, a position that 
 he resigned in 1867. In 1869 he was 
 appointed by President Grant minister to 
 England, but was recalled in 1870. He 
 has written two novels, " Morton's Hope " 
 and "Merry Mount," and numerous con- 
 tributions to periodical literature, etc. 
 Mr. Motley died in 1877. 
 
 John Lothrop Motley, 
 
 Historian, NuveU.st iiinl L'nitL-d States Minister 
 Abroad. 
 
 JOHN BUNYAN. 
 
 BORN at Elstow, England, in 1628, of 
 humble parents, John Bunyan fol- 
 lowed the trade of traveling tinker 
 In his youth he was dissipated and pro- 
 fane in the utmost degree, during which 
 time he became a soldier, but was con- 
 verted and reformed, and became a re- 
 ligious teacher at Bedford. For preaching 
 as a dissenter from the church of England, 
 he was imprisoned in the jail at Bedford 
 nearly thirteen years, where he wrote 
 many of his immortal works. After his 
 release he resumed his ministry at Bed- 
 ford. His principal works, which are 
 
 numerous, are "The Pilgrim's Progress." "The Holy War," and 
 "Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners" {his autobiography), 
 "Pilgrim's Progress " has probably been translated into more lan- 
 guages than any other book except the Bible. He died in London 
 in 1688. 
 
 WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR. 
 
 AMONG the literary celebrities of England stands Walter Savage 
 Landor, who was born at Ipsley Court, England, in l"".*), of very 
 wealthy parents, and was educated by private teachers, at Rugby 
 8cho(d and at Oxford. Instead of entering the army, or of studying 
 law, as was at first intended, Landor deter- 
 mined to follow the profession of literature. 
 Succeeding to his father's immense estate, 
 \w first improved it, and then in a wayward 
 mood sold it all, and determined to live 
 abroad. At the outbreak of Spain against 
 Napoleon, in 1808, Landor raised a body of 
 troops at his own expense and presented 
 them, with a large sum of money, to Spain, 
 and was made a colonel in the Spanish army. 
 On the restoration of King Ferdinand, he re- 
 signed his commission, and married Julia, 
 the daughter of Baron Nieuveville, in 1811. 
 After that he resided sometimes in England 
 and sometimes in Italy, devoting himself to 
 literary work. One of his books, published 
 in 18.58, libeled an English lady whom Landor 
 dir^liked, and a suit and judgment against 
 him of about $5,000 followed. He died at 
 Florence, Italy, in 1864. He wrote a number 
 of publications, poems, dramas, etc., but 
 his genius is probably best manifested in 
 his "Imaginary Conversations" with dead 
 celebrities of past and present times, in 
 which a variety of personal and national peculiarities and opinions 
 are presented. His " Pericles and Aspasia," " A Satire on Satirists 
 and Admonition to Detractors," "Pentameron and Pentalogia," 
 and the drama "Andrea of Hungary and Giovanna of Naples," were 
 written in Italy, and later, at Bath, he 
 published the "Hellenics," "Antony and 
 Octaviiis," etc. 
 
 0' 
 
 Thomas Carlyle, 
 
 Scotch Historian. Biographer and Essayist. 
 
 THOMAS CARLYLE. 
 
 NE of the stalwart representatives of 
 modern pbiloeophy and English liter- 
 ature, Thomas Carlyle, was born at 
 Ecclofechan, Scotland, in 1795. His edu- 
 cation was received at Annan and Edin- 
 burgh. With a view of becoming a min- 
 ister of the gospel, he studied divinity, 
 but, relinquishing this intention, he en- 
 tered the sphere of letters as a hook- 
 writer at Edinburgh. He has contributed 
 freely to British periodicals of the better 
 class, and notwithstanding his inelegant 
 style of composition, he ranked high 
 among the essayists of Great Britain. 
 Aside from his translations of German 
 authors, he wrote and published the fol- 
 lowing works, on which his reputation 
 rests: "Life of Schiller," biographical 
 sketches incorporated in the ' ' Edin- 
 burgh Cyclopsedia. " "Miscellanies" (a 
 book of essays), "Sartor Resartns. " 
 "The French Revolution. " ■■Chartism." "Heroes and Hero Wor- 
 ship," "Past and Present," ■•Letters and Speeches of Crom>vcll." 
 "Life of John Sterling," ■• History of Frederick the Great. " ctc- 
 Carlyle was earnest in belief, audacious, and untiring in his work. 
 He died in March, 1881. 
 
 \ 
 
 j5i-
 
 :c>= 
 
 284 
 
 PEESCOTT, THE HISTORIAN. DR. WORCESTER, AUTHOR OF WORCESTER S DICTIONAUV. 
 
 WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT. 
 
 ONE of America'^ most di!>tinguishe(l historiiins, William H. 
 Prescott, was born at Salem, Mass., in 1T9G. and graduatfd at 
 Harvard college, in 1814. By an accident toward the close of his 
 college career his sight was permanently 
 affected, greatly to his disadvantage dar- 
 ing the latter part of his life. For two 
 years he traveled and sojourned in 
 Europe. Coming home, he married and 
 took up his abode in his father's family, 
 in Boston. In 1819 he began the study 
 of ancient and modern literature, and 
 contributed a series of essays relating to 
 Moliere and Italian poetry and romance 
 to the North American Heview. About 
 1835 Mr. Prescott began collecting ma- 
 terials for his "History of Ferdinand 
 and Isibella of Spain,"' which was pub- 
 lished in Boston and London, in 1837. 
 It met with a highly favorable reception, 
 and was translated into German, Span- 
 ish and French. His *' History of the 
 Conquest of Mexico" was published in 
 New York and London in 1843, and his 
 *' Conquest of Peru "' in 1847. All these 
 w'orks were received with much distinc- 
 tion, and their author was elected a mem- 
 ber of nearly all the literary societies 
 of Europe. Columbia college bestow-ed 
 upon him the degree of LL. D. and Oxford 
 university (England) that of D. C. L. 
 Europe. His "History of Philip II." appeared in 1855 and 1858. 
 The work, however, was never completed. A stroke of paralysis 
 in 1858, and another eleven months afterwards, caused his death, 
 which occurred in Boston in 1859. Mr. 
 Prescott was an illegible penman, writing 
 with the aid of a blind scholar's instrument, 
 all his manuscript being copied by his 
 secretary, corrected and recopied for the 
 printer. The revised edition of his works 
 fill fifteen volumes. 
 
 issued his "Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English 
 Language;" in 1855 a "Pronouncing, Explanatory and Synonymuus 
 Dictionary;" and in 1860 his quarto "Dictionary of the English 
 Language" (1,854 pages). Besides his dictionaries, he published a 
 " Pronouncing Spelling-Book of the 
 English Language," " Remarks on Lon- 
 gevity," and for twelve years edited the 
 "American Almanac" (1831 to 1843). 
 He died at Cambridge, Mass., in 1865. 
 
 William H. Prescott, 
 
 Author of the "Conquest of :\Iexi(.'n," "Conquest of Peru^ 
 Other Histories. 
 
 In 1850 he acain visited 
 
 JOSEPH EMERSON WORCESTER. 
 
 THE author of a (piariii I^fi^lisli Diction- 
 ary and other works, Joseph E. Wor- 
 cester, was born at Bedford, N. H. , in 
 1784. In 1811 he graduated at Yale college, 
 and for a number of years taught scliool 
 at Salem. At that place he prepared most 
 of his " Universal Gazetteer," or geograph- 
 ical dictionary, which was published at 
 Andover, Mass., in 1817. In the following 
 year he issued his "Gazetteer of the 
 United States." In 1819 he removed to 
 Cambridge, Mass. , and published a series of 
 educational Ijooks, between 1819 and 1828, 
 as follows: "Elements of Geography, 
 Ancient and Modern," "An Epitome of History," "Outlines of 
 Scripture Geography," "Johnson's English Dictionary," comliiued 
 with Walker's, and improved and abridged. He alno prepared an 
 abridgment of Webster's "American Dictionary." In 1830 he 
 published his "Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dic- 
 tionary. " That year and the next he visited English and Scotch 
 universities, examining works relating to language. In 1840 he 
 
 CHARLES LAMB. 
 
 CHARLES LAMB, the genial and witty 
 author and poet, was born in London, 
 in 1775, and was educated between 
 his seventh and fifteenth years, in the 
 school connected with Christ Church 
 hospital. From 1789 to 1792 he was 
 employed in the South Sea house, and 
 as a clerk in the accountant's office of 
 the East India company, in London, 
 from 1792 until 1825, when he was retired 
 from service with a pension of about 
 $2, 250 per year. During this long 
 engagement he found time to exercise 
 his tastes and talents in literary labors, 
 and to form an intimate acquaintance 
 with Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth, 
 Hazlitt, Talfourd, Leigh Hunt, Procter 
 (Barry Cornwall), De Quincey, Hood, and 
 other literary men. Lamb lived with 
 his sister Mary, who in a temporary fit of madness had killed her 
 mother, and while rational she would indicate whenever a fit of mad- 
 ness was approaching, and Lamb would take her to the asylum to 
 remain until the fit passed off. Lamb was insane for some six weeks 
 when about twenty years old, but was no 
 more troubled with this malady. Together 
 the brother and sister wrote a volume of 
 ' ' Tales from Shakspeare, " and a collection 
 of juvenile stories. She was remarkable 
 for the placidity and sweetness of her dispo- 
 sition. Lamb's first published work con- 
 sisted of poems. In 1798 he produced his 
 prose tale of "Rosamund Gray," and, with 
 Coleridge, prepared a volume of fugitive 
 poetry, called the "Annual Anthology." 
 " John Woodvil," a tragedy, was published 
 in 1801; "Specimens of English Dramatic 
 Poets," in 1808: the first series of "Essays 
 of Elia," in 1823, and the second in 1833. 
 lie died in 1834, at Edmonton, England. 
 
 Joseph 
 
 Author of " W<,iv,st. 
 • ' Woret-'htcr'i 
 
 AN ostLM'nu'd American authoress, 
 (.'atharini'M. Sedgwick, descended 
 
 CATHARINE MARIA SEDGWICK. 
 
 Miss 
 1 from 
 a distinguished New England family, 
 and was born in Stockbridge, Mass., in 1789. 
 "The New England Tale, " her first book, was published anony- 
 mously, in 1822, and at once achieved popularity. " Redwood," 
 issued in 1824, was republished in England, and translated into four 
 European languages. Her subsequent works included "Hope Leslie," 
 "The Linwoods," "The Poor Rich Man and the Hich Poor Man," 
 a life of Lucretia Maria Davidson, " Lett<;rs from Abroad," after a 
 trip to Europe, etc. She died near Roxbury, Mass., in 1867. 
 
 -<)}
 
 TilE AUTHOR UF ^'MAliUO BOZZAKIb. 
 
 2^.3 
 
 FITZ-GREENE HALLECK. 
 
 THE celebnited American merchant and poet, Fitz-Greene Ilalleck, 
 war* born at Guilfoni, Conn., in 1700. In 1813 be entered a bank- 
 inj;-bonHi' in New York city, and until 1849 remained there, occu- 
 pied in commercial ])ursuit9. He returned to Connecticut in 1849. 
 Afterwards he was engaged by John Jacob Astor to assist him in his 
 business affairs, and was one of the first trustees of the Astor 
 library. In conjunctitm with J. Rodman Drake (author of *'The 
 American Flag"), Ilalleck, in 1819, contributed various miscella- 
 neous iioems and odes of a humorous and satirical t)rder to the New 
 York Et'ening Post, under the f^ii,'nuture of "Fanny." From 1823 
 to 1827 Ilalleck was in Europe, and on his return published a volume 
 containing his poems of "Alnwick Castle," "Burns," "Marco Boz- 
 zarie," etc. In 1835 another volume of his fugitive poems was 
 issued. " Fanny," a satire on fashions, follies and public characters 
 of the day, was first printed in 1819. " Young America" appeared 
 in the New York Ledger in 1864. He died at Guilford, Conn., in 
 18(57. 
 
 He was a member of the extreme left in the French ageembly, in 
 1850, but the famous coup d'etat at Paris, in 1851, drove him out of 
 the city. In his exile he continued his literary industry, dying at 
 Annecy, France, in 1857. 
 
 MRS. EMMA D. E. N. SOUTHWORTH. 
 
 OXE of tliu most voluminous writers of 
 American romances, Mrs. Emma D. 
 E. N. Southworth, was born at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, in 1818. In 1841 she mar- 
 ried Mr. Nevitt, but in order to earn a 
 livelihood, two years later, she began to 
 write for the press. " Retribution," her 
 first novel, was published serially in the 
 National Era, at Washington, and then in 
 book form in 1849, Among the most 
 prominent of her subsequent romances 
 are: "The Deserted Wife," " The Curse 
 of Clifton," "The Lost Heiress," "A 
 Beautiful Fiend," " The Specter Lover," 
 "India," " Vivia," etc., and about forty 
 others. 
 
 DAVID H. 
 artist am 
 
 DAVID H. STROTHER. 
 
 STROTIIER, the genial 
 
 and author, was born at Mar- 
 'tinsburg, Va., in 1816. In his early 
 manhood be studied drawing and painting. 
 In 1845 he visited New York and was 
 
 engaged in the illustration of books, and returned to Virginia in 
 1849. For several years he wrote illustrated sketches of Southern 
 peculiarities for Harper's Monthly, among which was "Virginia 
 Illustrated," afterwards published as a book in New Y'ork and 
 London. When the Southern rebellion began, in 1861, he entered the 
 United States army, became a colonel of cavalry, and subsequently a 
 brevet brigadier-general of volunteers. During the last ten or 
 fifteen years he has continued to furnish other occasional illustrated 
 sketches of Southern characters and incidents. 
 
 BAYARD TAYLOR. 
 
 THE eminent traveler, poet and novelist. Bayard Taylor, was 
 born at Kennett Square, Pa., in 1825, and learned the printer's 
 trade at West Chester, in that State. He began his pedestrian 
 tour of Europe in 1844-45, and in 1846 published, after his return, 
 his "Views Afoot, or Europe Seen with Knapsack and Staff." He 
 edited, for a year, a newspaper at Phceuixviile, Pa. Then, going to 
 New York, he ct)ntributed to the Literary World. Not long after- 
 wards he was employed as one of the editors of the New York 
 Tribune, and to this paper he for many years contributed copious 
 notes relating to his subsequent travels. He visited California in 
 1849, returning by way of Mexico. In 1851-52 he made extensive 
 tours in the east, up the Nile and over portions of Asia Minor, .Syria 
 and Europe, thence to Calcutta and China; 
 other journeys succeeded. In 1862-'G3 he 
 was secretary of legation at the court of 
 Russia. In 1874 he was in Egypt again, 
 and visited Iceland to participate in the 
 millennial celebration of that country. 
 He resided in Germany for several years, 
 and afterwards in Pennsylvania. In 1877 
 he was appointed Minister to Germany, 
 where he died in 1878. Mr. Taylor was 
 distinguished as a public lecturer on 
 literary subjects, wrote many poems of 
 acknowledged talent, four novels of a mod- 
 erate reputation, and a number of books 
 of travels, which must rank among his 
 best and most lasting performances. 
 
 A' 
 
 Fitz-Greene Halleck. 
 
 Merchant, Poet, Author of "Marco Bozzaris" 
 Other Poems. 
 
 HARRIET ELIZABETH SPOFFORD. 
 
 T CALAIS, Maine, in l.s:jr), was born 
 the author of "The Amber Gods" 
 and other stories, Harriet Elizabeth 
 
 (Prescott) Spofford. She was educated at 
 
 Newburyport, Mass. , and married to Mr. 
 
 Richard S. Spofford, of that place. Mrs. 
 
 Spofford is the author of " Sir Rohan's 
 
 MARIE JOSEPH EUGENE SUE. 
 
 SUE, the powerful writer of French romances, was born in Paris,in 
 1804. Learning the profession of surgery, he was engaged as a 
 surgeon in both the army and navy of France. In 1829 he inher- 
 ited a fortune, and henceforth turned bis attention to writing sea- 
 novels, prominent among which was "The Salamander." He also 
 wrote, under the patronage of his government, a "History of the 
 French Marine in the Seventeenth Century," in five volumes. Prob- 
 ably the best known and most widely read of all his novels in 
 America are the translations of " The Mysteries of Paris," and " The 
 Wandering Jew," which have passed through numerous editions. 
 
 Ghost," "New England Legends," etc. 
 
 mi 
 
 JOHN WALTER. 
 
 THE founder of the London Tum^s, .John Walter, was born in Eng- 
 land, in 1739; was a printer by trade and invented "logographs," 
 or types representing words (as " and " and " the "'), or the begin- 
 ning of more important words in frequent use. In 1785 he started 
 a paper in London called the Universal Register, printed with 
 logographs. The system failed, but the paper survived, and in 1788 
 its name was changed to the Times. Mr. Walter died at Teddington, 
 Engkind, in 1812. His son, John, succeeded him in the publication 
 of the Times. He was bom in London, in 1784; was nineteen years 
 old when he became the manager of the TimeSy which greatly 
 increased its circulation in his hands, and in 1814 he issued the 
 number for November 29 as the first sheet ever printed by steam. 
 Mr. Walter was in parliament for several terms. He died in 
 London in 1847. The present proprietor of the Times is Lis son, 
 who also bears the name of John. In 1851, 13,000,000 copies were 
 sold. The "Walter press," invented by Macdonald & Calverley, 
 prints about 17,000 an hour, perfected, 1862-9. 
 
 i: 
 
 '•O''--'*-
 
 -<)■: 
 
 286 
 
 THE VETERAN JOURNALIST, THURLOW WEED. 
 
 THURLOW WEED. 
 
 ONE of the oldest American Journalists, Thurlow Weed, was born 
 at Cairo, N. Y. , in 1797, and learned the printer's trade at Cats- 
 kill. In the war of 1812 he was a private soldier and quartermas- 
 ter-sergeant on the northern frontier of New York. In early manhood 
 he began publishing the Agriculturist at Norwich, N. Y. , and within 
 the succeeding ten years was connected editorially with various 
 journals, among which was the Anti-Masonic Enquirer, at Rochester. 
 In the Masonic- Morgan excitement in Western New York, in 1826- 
 '27, he opposed the Masons, and was twice elected to the State 
 legislature- In politics he displayed great tact, was instrumental 
 in securing the election of De Witt Clinton as governor of the State 
 in 1826, and fought the " Albany Regency," a conclave who managed 
 the Democratic party of the State. In 1830 he removed to Albany 
 and became the editor of the Albany Evening Journal. From that 
 time until 1862 he was acknowledged leader in the Whig and Repub- 
 lican political parties, was promi- 
 nent in securing the nominations 
 of Harrison, Taylor and Scott for 
 the presidency, and advocated the 
 election of Fremont and Lincoln in 
 1856 and 1860. Mr. Lincoln, in 
 1861, sent him to Europe as a semi- 
 official embassador. After a so- 
 journ of about six months abroad, 
 he returned to America, and soon 
 afterwards retired from the man- 
 agement of the Evening Journal. 
 In 1865 he removed to New York, 
 where he edited the Commercial 
 Advertiser for a time. For some 
 years ill-health prevented his en- 
 gaging in active pursuits, altliough 
 he wrote more or less for the press 
 on current topics of the day, besides 
 publishing a volume of " Letters 
 from Eu/ope and the West Indies," 
 in 1866. He died in New York City 
 Nov. 22, 1882, leaving a fortune 
 estimated at a large figtire. 
 
 CHARLES ROLLtN. 
 
 THE eminent historian, Charles Rollin, was born at Paris, in 1661, 
 and studied languages, philosophy and theology. He was for about 
 ten years professor of rhetoric and eloquence at the college dc 
 Plessis and the Royal college of France. In 1094 he was appointed 
 rector of the university, and in 1696 coadjutor of the college de 
 Beauvais. He held this last office for fifteen years, but having been 
 driven from it by the hatred of the Jesuits, he gave his time wholly 
 to literary pursuits. His principal works are his "Ancient His- 
 tory,"' '•'Roman History,"' etc. He died in 1741. 
 
 THURLOW 
 
 For Many Years Editnr uf th. 
 
 In 1750 he gained the prize 
 r his celebrated essay on the 
 
 JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU. 
 
 THE eccentric Frenchman and 
 popular writer, Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau, was born at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, in 1712. The former 
 part of his life was employed, prin- 
 cipally, under the patronage of his 
 mistress, Madame de Warens, in 
 various pursuits and wanderings, 
 offered by the academy of Dijon, 
 question " Whether the Progress of vne Arts and Sciences has Con- 
 tributed to Corrupt or Purify Manners." by maintaining that their 
 effect was injurious. After that he produced the words and music 
 of "The Village Conjurer," "A Letter on French Music," "The 
 Origin of the Inequality of Ranks," ''The Social Contract," "The 
 New Eloisa," and "Emilius. " This last book gave great offense 
 to the government, and he was forced to flee from France. Hence- 
 forth he wandered from place to i)lace, to escape real or fancied 
 persecution. He died in 1778, afler having written a remarkable 
 book of "ConfcHflions." His remains were finally deposited in the 
 Pantheon at Paris, where a statue of him was erected about 1794, and 
 the sovereigns honored his memory by relieving the town where he 
 died from tlu- duty of paying' war-taxes. 
 
 JOSEPH ERNEST RENAN. 
 
 THE noted student of ancient lanL,ni;iL:i.>. JoMi»b Ernest Renan, is 
 also the author of several works calculated to bring the Christian 
 scriptures into ill-repute. He was born at Treguier, France, 
 in 1823. He studied for the church, but was too independent for the 
 priesthood, and devoted himself to 
 the literature of theology. He won 
 distinction by his acquaintance with 
 the Semitic and Greek languages 
 and by his subsequent books. 
 Among these was a "Life of 
 Jesus," "Studies in Religious 
 History,"' "The Book of Job," 
 "The Song of Songs," etc. The 
 cross of the legion of honor was 
 conferred upon him in 1860. 
 
 CAPTAIN MAYNE REID. 
 
 IN THE North of Ireland, in 1818, 
 was born Captain Mayne Reid, 
 the widely-known and prolific 
 writer of sensational books of ad- 
 venture. In 1838 he visited the 
 American prairies, trading and 
 hunting with Indians along the Red 
 and Missouri rivers, remaining 
 there five years. Afterwards he 
 traveled extensively in the United 
 States, became an officer with the 
 American army during the war 
 with Mexico, fought gallantly, 
 and was nearly killed at the battle 
 of Chapultepec. When the war 
 was over he organised a body of 
 armed men to assist the Hungarians 
 in their struggle for independence, 
 but was too late to render them 
 any assistance before their com- 
 plete subjection was accomplished. He then returned to London 
 and engaged in the production of his numerous works of fiction, 
 among which are prominent "The Boy-Hunters." "The Bush 
 Boys," and "The White Chief." Died Oct. 31, 1883. 
 
 WEED. 
 
 Albany Evening Journal. 
 
 c 
 
 :(d- — 
 
 CHARLES READE. 
 
 IIARLES READE, the eccentric Enslish novelist nnd plny-writcr, 
 \v;is l)orn at Ipsden, England, in 1814, and i^radnated at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, from which he subsequently rcceivetl the deforce 
 of D. C. L. , in 1835. He was called tu the bar in 1843, but abandoned 
 law soon afterwards and entered upon a successful literary career. 
 Of his novels which have been extensively read in America, are ' ' Peg 
 WotlluKfou," "It is Never too Late to Mend," "Love Me Little, 
 Love Me Long," " (iriltith (Jaunt," etc. lie died April 11, 1884. 
 
 3<5:
 
 —^ 
 
 NOAU WEBSTER. 
 
 T. U. MACAULAV. 
 
 ■J.'ii 
 
 T 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER. 
 
 HE great American author of several distinguished works relating 
 to the English language, Noah Wehster, was born at West Hart- 
 ford, Conn., in 1758. In 1777 he served as a soldier in his father's 
 ri-giment, and graduated at Yale college in 1778, having entered it in 
 1774. After teaching school for a time, he was admitted to the bar 
 in 1781. He began the publication of school-books at Hartford, in 
 1783, and within three years published as many parts of his " (>ram- 
 luatical Institute of the English Language;" also, about this period, he 
 undertook the publication of " Governor Wiutbrop's Journal," 
 and wrote political newspaper articles. In 178G he delivered a 
 course of lectures on the English language in several cities, after- 
 wards printing them in a book. In 1788 he published the At/ierican 
 Magazine for a year — a very unprofitable venture — in New York. 
 Returning to Hartford, he practiced law for several years. In 1793 
 he established a political daily paper in New York, called the 
 Minerva, and a serai-weekly paper, the Hei-ald, which papers were 
 recently still published under other titles. Besides his political 
 articles, he published, in 1799, a 
 history of pestilential diseases. 
 He resigned his editorial work in 
 1798, removing to New Haven. In 
 1802 he published a book relating 
 to the rights of neutral nations in 
 time of war, and another on bank- 
 ing and insurance. In 1807, his 
 "Philosophical and Practical Gram- 
 mar of the English Language" 
 was published, and the same year 
 he began the preparation of his 
 "American Dictionary of tlie 
 English Language," having pre- 
 viously published his "Compen- 
 dious Dictionary." In order to 
 obtain a better knowledge of the 
 structure of words, he spent ten 
 years in ascertaining the origin of 
 the English tongue and its relation 
 to the languages of other countries, 
 and then spent seven years more 
 in bringing his Dictionary nearly 
 to completion. In 1824 he sailed 
 for Europe, spent two months ex- 
 amining books in the royal library 
 at Paris, and eight months more 
 in finishing his Dictionary at 
 Cambridge university. In 1838 he 
 issued 2,500 copies of it in the 
 United States, and 3,000 in Eng- 
 land. In 1840 a second edition of 
 3,000 copies appeared, several abridged editions having been, in the 
 meantime, given to the world. Mr. Webster was one of the 
 founders of Amherst college, and for several years president of its 
 board of trustees; he also represented Amherst township in the 
 State legislature for several terms, having previously served in the 
 same capacity when living at New Haven, besides being a judge in 
 one of the State courts. He died at New Haven in 1843, just after 
 finishing a revision of the appendix to his Dictionary. Since his 
 death the Dictionary has been re- issued several times in revised and 
 improved editions, and for a number of years the annual sales of all 
 his Dictionaries have reached more than 30,000 copies. Of his 
 "Elementary Spelling-Book" several million copies were sold previ- 
 ous to 1876. His name goes down to posterity renowned for literary 
 excellence, combined with social worth. 
 
 
 
 Author of ' 
 
 THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY. 
 
 NE of England's most celebrated authors, Thomas Babington 
 Macaulay, was born at Rothley, England, in 1800. At eighteen 
 he entered Trinity college. Cambridge, and there he soon exhibited 
 the superior genius and intellect that distinguished him in after-life. 
 He received his master's degree in 1825, and was called to the 
 London bar in 182G. Previous to this time he bad written his poems 
 of " Pompeii," " Evening," " The Spanish Armada," " Moncontour," 
 "Ivry, " etc., with several essays and reviews, which appeared 
 l)rincipally in Knight's Quarterly Magazine. From 1825 until 1845 
 he contributed largely to the Edinburgh Review. He also wrote 
 poetical squibs of a political character for the London Times about 
 1825. His first public office was that of commissioner of bankrupts. 
 His first public speech, in 1826, was made at the annual anti-slavery 
 meeting in London, and was a brilliaul effort. In 1830 he entered 
 parliament, made several speeches, and resigned his scat in 1834 in 
 order to go to India as a member of the supreme council, the object 
 being to prepare a new code for the government of the Indian 
 
 provinces. His mission was a 
 failure, because the code which he 
 prepared was impracticable for the 
 condition of the people for whom 
 it was designed. He returned to 
 England in 1838, was elected to 
 parliament from Edinburgh in 
 1839, and appointed secretary of 
 war under Lord Melbourne. In 
 parliament be again made his mark 
 on important public questions. On 
 the re-accession of the whigs to 
 power in 1846, he was made pay- 
 master-general, but failed, for 
 political reasons, in a re-election 
 to parliament in 1847. He then 
 devoted himself to the production 
 of his History of England, which 
 he did not live to finish. Five vol- 
 umes only, being the records from 
 the time of James II. down to the 
 year 1701, were completed. The 
 first and second volumes were 
 published at the close of 1848; the 
 third and fourth volumes at the 
 close of 1855, and the fifth was 
 issued after his death, by his sister, 
 in 1861. It ranks among the most 
 brilliant of English histories. In 
 1849 Macaulay was elected lord 
 rector of the university of Glasgow; 
 in 1852 he was re-elected to 
 parliament by the people of Edinburgh, and took his seat, but his 
 health was too much impaired to permit him to enter into debates. 
 In 1857 he was created a peer of England, with the title of Baron 
 Macaulay. and his promotion was universally approved. He died 
 in Kensington, England, in 1859. As a reviewer of current publi- 
 cations he was usually just, but extremely candid and frequently 
 caustic whenever the character of a public man or of a book appeared 
 to demand severity. His own writings generally treated of topics of 
 common interest to the English people. As an essayist, he was 
 unsurpassed by most of his contemporaries. His complete works, 
 ranging with remarkable power and elegance over a great variety 
 of topics, fill eight octavo volumes. Macaulay suffered from an 
 affection of the heart, and the immediate cause of Ms death was a fit 
 of coughing. His remains were buried in Westminster AI)bev. 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER. 
 
 Webster's Dictionary," "Webster's Grammar," "Web- 
 ster's Spelling-Book," etc. 
 
 -<)/
 
 THE FOUNDEK OF TUE NEW YORK 
 
 TRIBUNE. 
 
 H' 
 
 HORACE GREELEY. 
 
 f GRACE GREELEY^ the popular American journalist, author 
 and humanitarian, was born at Amherst, N.H. , in 1811. He served 
 an apprenticeship at the printing business at Vermont, and in 1831 
 went to New York city, the scene of hig future dif-tinction, and was 
 employed as a journeyman printer in various offices. In 1834 he 
 became a co-proprietor of the New York Mirror, a weekly literary 
 paper, with which he remained about seven years, but as it proved 
 unprofitable its publication was relinquished. In 1841 Mr. Greeley 
 founded the New York Tribune^ which prospered greatly under his 
 management as a Whig and Republican journal, and attained a 
 national reputation, which it maintained during Mr. Greeley's life- 
 long connection with it. In 1848 he was elected a member of the 
 thirtieth Congress; in 1851 he visited Europe and was chairman of 
 one of the juries in the London world's fair. As a journalist, he 
 was outspoken in the cause of freedom, justice, and the rights of 
 man. As an author, he contributed to American literature a history 
 of his travels in Europe, ''Hints Toward Reforms" (a series of 
 addresses, essays, etc. ), " A History of the Struggle for Slavery 
 Extension ■' (1856), "The American 
 Conflict" (a history of the Southern 
 Rebellion), " What I Know About 
 Farming," and his autobiography, 
 under the title of "Recollections of 
 a Busy Life." In 1872 he was in- 
 duced to accept the Democratic nom- 
 ination for the presidency, but was 
 beaten by General Grant who was then 
 running for his second term. This 
 defeat, undoubtedly, unhinged Mr. 
 Greeley's mind; he became sleepless, 
 and then insane, and in November, 
 1872, he died. Mr. Greeley was gen- 
 erous to a fault, his philanthropy 
 leading him to loan money without 
 security, to become bail for Jefferson 
 Davis, and to advocate the cause of 
 the oppressed and the suffering every- 
 where. He was a humanitarian in the 
 larfiest sense of the word. 
 
 M'S. 
 
 .6. 
 
 LOUIS ADOLPHE THIERS. 
 
 THE distinguished French statesman 
 and author, Louis Adolphe Thiers, 
 
 was born at Marseilles, France, in 1797, and educated at the 
 lyceum of Marseilles and the law school at Aix. From 1818 to 1821 
 he practiced law, then, going to Paris, he wrote for several news- 
 papers. In 1823-27, his "History of the French Revolution" was 
 publifihed in ten volumes. In 1830, with two others, he established 
 a journal called the NatiotiaU which advocated the policy brought 
 about by the revolution of July of that year. He then became a 
 public oflicial under Louis Philippe, and he has since been 
 prominently connected with the political history of his country. 
 The province of this sketch is to indicate his relations to French 
 literature rather than to follow him in the intricacies of his public 
 career. In 1840 he began his "History of the Consulate and the 
 Empire," which filled twenty volumes, and was published between 
 18-13 and 1862. Among his other works are a " History of Law," 
 and " The Monarchy of 1830. " He had in contemplation a history of 
 art, for which he had gathered u portion of the material, but whicli, 
 it is understood, was never written. To his other accomplishments 
 he added an effective oratory, remarkable for its animation, legislative 
 skill and thorough knowledge of current political topics, and was a 
 forcible advocate of a republican form of government. He died in 1877. 
 
 THE TROLLOPES. 
 
 Frances Milton, the most voluminous English author of 
 time, was born at Heckfield, England, about 1780, and was 
 married to Anthony Trollope, a lawyer, in 1809. A three-years' 
 visit to the United States was begun in 1829, most of her time being 
 spent at Cincinnati. When she returned to England she published 
 " Domestic Manners of the Americans," whose peculiarities of 
 character and habits were portrayed in rather a ridiculous manner. 
 Two novels were also based on her American observations. About 
 1844 she removed from England to Florence, Italy, where she resided 
 until her death, in 1863. Besides a host of other novels she wrote 
 travel-books, as follows: " Belgium and Western Germany in 1833," 
 "Paris and the Parisians in 1835," "Vienna and the Austrians," 
 "A Visit to Italy," etc. Anthony Tbollope, her son, is also well 
 known as a prolific novelist. He was born in 1815. For a number 
 of years he was connected with the British postal service, and has 
 visited the United States, Australia and other nations. At one 
 period he was editor of St. Paul's, London magazine, to which he 
 contributed several of his stories as serials. His "OrleyFarm," 
 " Barchester Towers," " Framley 
 Parsonage," " The Last Chronicle of 
 Barset," " Phineas Finn," "The Vicar 
 of Bullhampton," and others equally 
 well known are among his numerous 
 novels. Died, Dec. 6, 1883. Thomas, 
 a brother of Anthony, was born in 
 1810, and has written several histories, 
 books of travels and a few novels, 
 some of which have been reprinted in 
 the L'nited States. He has resided 
 many years in Italy. 
 
 Tt-S 
 
 Horace Greeley, 
 Founder and for Many Years Editor of the New York Tribti 
 
 JUSTIN McCarthy. 
 
 USTIN MCCARTHY, the London 
 journalist and author of several 
 novels and other hooks, was bom 
 at Cork, Ireland, in 1830, and was 
 liberally educated in that city. In 
 1853 he became connected editorially 
 with a Liverpool newspaper, and in 
 I860 with the London Morning Star, of 
 which he became the chief editor in 
 1864. In 1864 he resigned his posi- 
 tion and for nearly three years traveled 
 in the United States, visiting thirty-five States. He has been a con- 
 tributor to several English and American periodicals; has written 
 *'Con Amore, " a volume of critical essays, and "Prohibitory 
 Legislation in the United States," relative to the working of temper- 
 ance hiws in several States, together with several novels, including 
 " Dear Lady Disdain," and "Miss Misanthrope. " 
 
 1 
 
 JOHN P. KENNEDY. 
 
 fJlIIE AUTHOU of " Swalhiw-ilarn," " llurse-Shoe Robinson" and 
 " Rob of the Bowl," John P. Kennedy, was born at Baltimore, 
 Md., October 35, 1795; graduated at Baltimore college in 1812; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1816; in 1818-20 published a weekly paper 
 called the Red-Book; represented his district in the State legislature 
 from 1820 to 1823; was elected to congress in 1838, 18-U and 1843; in 
 1846 was returned to the legislature, serving as speaker; was appoin- 
 ted Secretary of the Navy in 1852; resigned in 1853; afterward filled 
 high olllces in several educational, literary and scientific societies; 
 was chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody academy; died 
 at Newport, It. I., August 18, 1870.
 
 r^ 
 
 THK AUTIIOU OF -"TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNOEX4 THE SEA. 
 
 2»y 
 
 JULES VERNE. 
 
 A ROMANCE writer with wonderful powers of imii<rination is Jules 
 \'erue, whose works abound with extravagant incidents and scien- 
 tilie application;^, who wan born at Nantes, France, in 1838. He 
 studied law, but wrote plays and operatic i>ieces. His first romance, 
 "Five Weeks in a Balloon," appeared in 1863, and has since been 
 followed by "A .Journey to the North Pole," "The Field of Ice," *'A 
 Journey to the Center of the Earth," "Twenty Thousand Leagues 
 Under the Sea," "From the Earth to the Moon," "Dropped from the 
 Clouds," "The Mysterious Island," "Around tho World in Eighty 
 Pays," etc. The last named met with great success as a play when 
 dramatized in 1H74. Verne has also, in ecunpany with M. Lavellee, 
 published an illustrated geography of France. 
 
 CONSTANTINE FRANCIS VOLNEY. 
 
 COUNT de Chaeseboeuf, an eminent French author, better known 
 as Constantine F. Volney, was born at Craon, in Brittany, in 1757. 
 He was educated at Angers, and for three years studied med- 
 icine at Paris. He spent three more ^f? 
 years traveling in Syria and Egypt, 
 and a volume of his travels, pub- 
 lished after his return, established his 
 literary reputation. He was then ap- 
 pointed to an important public office 
 in the island of Corsica. In 1789 he 
 was elected a member of the national 
 legislature (states-general), and in 1791 
 returned to Corsica. In 1793-*i)4 he 
 was imprisoned during the reign of 
 terror for ten months for being a Giron- 
 dist, and in 1794 was appointed pro- 
 fessor of history in the normal school. 
 In 1795 he visited the United States, 
 remaining about three years. When 
 he returned t{) France Napoleon made 
 him a senator, in 1808 a count, and in 
 1814 Louis XVIII. created him a peer. 
 He died at Paris in 1820. His principal 
 works are his "Voyage to Egyi)t and 
 Syria," "The Ruins, or Meditations 
 on the Changes in Empires," "The 
 Natural Law," "Lessons of History," 
 "Views of the Climate and Soil of the 
 United States of America," "New 
 Researches in Ancient History," "The 
 
 York, London, Paris and Leipsic. The series reached many voluracB. 
 In 187« he establisiied the Popular Science Monthly in New York, 
 and has continued, with the help of his sister, to make it a valuable 
 record of scientilie dist^overies. His sister has also published eev- 
 eral text- books on botany, etc. 
 
 AN AUTHC 
 workingn 
 
 SAMUEL SMILES. 
 THOR whose writings have been mainly in the interest of 
 ngmen and their improvement, Samuel Smiles was horn at 
 Haddington, Scotland, in 18IG. He was educated for a surgeon 
 and for some time practiced his profession at Leeds, edited the Leeds 
 Times^ and subsequently became secretary of the Leeds and Thirsk 
 railway and, in 18.52, secretary of the Southeastern railway, a |>osition 
 that he retained until 1806. His works include a volume on " Physi- 
 cal Education," a "History of Ireland and the Irish People Under 
 the Government of England," a " Life of George Stephenson," 
 "Self- Help" and "Character," companion books, "Workmen's 
 Earnings, Strikes and Savings," " Lives of the Engineers" (tlve 
 v(dumes), " Industrial Biography," a 
 book relating to the Huguenots 
 in France, and another about the 
 Huguenots in England and Ireland, etc. 
 
 CAPTAIN FREDERICK MARRYAT. 
 
 lAPTAIN Frederick Marryat. the 
 
 CAPn 
 wr 
 
 JULES VERNE 
 
 Author of " Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 
 the World in Eighty Days, "' 
 
 European Alphabet Applicable to the Languages of Asia, 
 
 " etc. 
 
 ' 'Around 
 
 etc. 
 
 EDWARD LIVINGSTON YOUMANS. 
 
 THE thoroughly scientilie autlinr, Edward I,. Youmans, was born at 
 Coeymans, N. Y. , in 1H21. Owing to disease at the age of thirteen 
 years, his eyesight became seriously injured, resulting in tempo- 
 rary blindness for several years and defective vision afterwards, but 
 with the aid of his sister, Eliza Anne, and a writing-machine of his 
 own contrivance, he was enabled to study chemistry and physics. His 
 "Class-Book of Chemistry" was first published in 1853, "Alcohol 
 and the Constitution of Man" in 1853, "Chemical Atlas" in 1855, 
 "The Hand-Book of Household Science " in 1857, " The Correlation 
 and Conservation of Forces" in 1864, "The Culture Demanded by 
 Modern Life" in 1867. The last two were compilations, with 
 original introductions, and the latter contained an original lecture on 
 "The Scientific Study of Human Nature." He has delivered two 
 courses of scientific lectures in public, " The Chemistry of a Sun- 
 beam" and "The Dynamics of Life." In 1871 he planned the 
 publication of an "International Scientific Series" nf books at New 
 
 riter of several well-known sea- 
 tales, novels, and books for youth, 
 was born in London, in 1792. He 
 entered the naval service as araidsbip- 
 num about 1806, and it is said that he 
 participated in no less than fifty engage- 
 ments, being severely wounded in one. 
 He is also credited with having saved 
 tlie lives of several drowning shipmates 
 by jumping overboard and rescuing 
 them, feats for which the British 
 Humane society awarded him a medal. 
 During the war between the United 
 States and Great Britain, his ship was 
 stationed on the North American 
 coast, and shortly before the hattle of 
 New Orleans he was engaged in a fight 
 with gunboats in Lake Pontchartrain, 
 La. He visited the United States in 
 1838, and published the diary of his tour in the following year. His 
 first novel, "■ Frank Mildmay. " was written in 1829. and is said to 
 contain many of his own personal adventures. In 1837 he published 
 a code of marine signals for merchant vessels, which has been 
 adopted by several nations, and for which King Louis Philippe, of 
 France, bestowed upon him the cross of the legion of honor. His 
 books have been very popular, and are distinguished for their health- 
 ful moral tone as well as their fullness of entertaining incidents 
 and adventures. He died at Langham. England, in 1848. His 
 daughter Florence (Mrs. Ross Church) published his life and corre- 
 spondence in 1872, and has herself written several novels. His son 
 Samuel, who was born in 1826, was also an officer in the British 
 navy, but resigned, went to California in 1850. returned to England 
 in 1853, and wrote a book about California. "Mountains and Mole- 
 hills," which was published in London in 1855, the year of his 
 death. Some of Marryat's novels are: "The King's Own," "The 
 Pacha of Many Tales," "The Pirate and the Three Cutters," " Mid- 
 shipman Easy," "Japhet in Search of a Father," "Percival Keene," 
 "The Phantom Ship." " Poor Jack," " The Privateersman," etc. 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ :Ca " 
 
 h 
 
 19
 
 6 
 
 290 
 
 SHERIDAN, AUTHOR OF " PIZAERO AND OTHER PLAYS. 
 
 i 
 
 
 ^=^ 
 
 «#^ 
 
 ,^/rj 
 
 
 
 
 
 Poet, Play-Writer and Politician. 
 
 ^^i^3""®<^ 
 
 ' EREWITH is presented the sketch 
 of one who, though never con- 
 spicuously distinguished as " a 
 poet, nevertheless so favorably 
 impressed the British public with 
 his literary talent, as to find a 
 place in the poet's corner in West- 
 minster Abbey at his death. 
 
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan, a 
 prominent dramatist and politician, 
 was born in Dublin, Ireland, in Sep- 
 tember, 1751. His father, Thomas, 
 was a son of Thomas Sheridan, 
 senior, an Irish clergyman, while 
 his mother, Frances, was of English 
 extraction. 
 
 Richard's father was an elocu- 
 tionist, for some years manager of 
 the Dublin Theater, and a literary 
 man of note. His mother was a 
 novelist. Richard thus came into 
 the world with a considerable in- 
 heritance of genius, and was 
 destined to make his mark. 
 
 At the age of eleven years he 
 was sent to Harrow, and later went 
 to Bath, where his family had 
 settled. Here, with an associate, 
 he engaged in literary work. 
 Falling in love with a beautiful young vocalist, Miss Linlcy, of 
 that city, he suddenly left with her and proceeded to Calais. France, 
 in 1772. where they were secretly married. This movement was 
 made in order to escape the annoyance of a libertine named Matthews, 
 who pursued the lady. Subsequently two duels were fought with 
 Matthews, Sheridan being wounded in the second. He became a 
 law-student in the Middle Temple in 1773. and was soon married 
 by license, when he domiciled himself in a cottage at East Burnham. 
 In 1775 his play of "The Rivals" was produced at Covent Garden, 
 London; it became a favorite and has since remained so. This was 
 followed by a fur--.- nnd Ihi- <oniic npcni of * ■ Thr- niicnn.i." which 
 
 had a successful run. He became 
 interested in the Drury Lane theater, 
 and in 1777 brought out "School for 
 Scandal," which made him famous in 
 the sphere T)f dramatic literature. 
 
 Later he joined the whig party, and 
 connected himself with a periodical 
 called The Englishman. He was ^ 
 made a member of parliament from 
 Stafford, in 1780, and afterwards was 
 under-secretary of state during the 
 Rockingham ministry. The latter 
 position was resigned and he became 
 secretary of the treasury. On the 
 occasion of the impeachment trial of 
 Warren Hastings, he made the great- 
 est speech of his life, four days being 
 spent in its delivery. In 1790 he 
 was again sent to parliament from 
 Stafford. 
 
 On the death of his wife, in 1792. 
 he married Miss Ogle, a daughter of 
 the dean of Winchester. In 1799 the 
 play of "Pizarro'" was brought for- 
 ward, and has ever since possessed a 
 charm over lovers of pure drama. 
 
 Sheridan's improvident habits in* 
 volved him in debt and misfortune; 
 while the loss by fire of Drury Lane 
 theater, his failure of re-election to / 
 
 office in 1812. together with drink and ( 
 
 waste of liealth, completed his ruin. r^ 
 
 He died in London, in July, 1816, \ 
 
 attended by his medical adviser and J 
 
 three other friends, who remained 
 true to him till the end. 
 
 Sheridan and his associate, at Bath, wrote "A Translation of Aris- 
 ta:netus." His life by Thomas Moore was published in 1825, and 
 his speeches were edited and issued in London in 1816. His poems, 
 ilraniMs, mid olln-r iiuillcr, wr-n' prinli'd in 1S74. 
 
 m
 
 A DISTINGUISHED, DESUUIl'TI VE, FK.TIDN WRlTKi; 
 
 ^IJl 
 
 1 ?. -V .^.>, 't"^/? 
 
 
 at work 
 
 a blacking 
 
 \E OF THE most popular and fascinating of 
 modern novelists, was Charles Dickuns. the 
 son of John Dickens, a clerk in the pay oflice 
 of the British navy. He was born near Ports- 
 mouth, England, in 18V2. In 1816 the 
 family removed to Chatham, where Charles' 
 education was begun, and so precocious was 
 his literary talent that he wrote a tragedy 
 when nine years old. The father having 
 become bankrupt, the family suffered the in- 
 conveniences of poverty; Charles was set 
 manufactory, and the father found employ- 
 ment as a reporter on the London Morning Chronicle, being helped 
 also, materially, by the receipt of a small legacy. After two years' 
 schooling, Charles was placed in an attorney's office, and read novels 
 and visited theaters when not at work. He then applied himself 
 lo the study of short-hand writing with so much assiduity that 
 ;iT the age of nineteen was engaged as a reporter for two London 
 newspapers. 
 
 His first published literary sketch, '' Mr. Timms and his Cousin, " 
 appeared in the Old Monthly Magazine, in 1834, and was soon 
 followed by others, under the signature of "Boz. " a name that 
 originated in the ludicrous nicknaming of a younger brother. Sub- 
 sequently these sketches, for which Dickens received two guineas a 
 week in addition to his regular salary on the Evening Chronicle^ 
 were published in book form, in 183(5. That year Dickens married 
 Miss Kate Hogarth, the eldest daughter of a newspaper writer. 
 About this time Dickens began, as a serial, the publication of the 
 •' Pickwick Pai)ers. " a work which won him fame and money, and 
 paved the way for his life-long career as a successful novelist. It 
 became exceedingly popular in Europe and America. ' ' Oliver 
 Twist" appeared in book form in 1838. having previously run 
 through Ben/ley's Miscellany as a serial — a magazine of which he was 
 at one time the editor. Other- books followed, the most noted of 
 which, "Nicholas Nickleby, " was concluded in October. 1839. 
 "The Old Curiosity Shop" and -'Barnaby Rudge " appeared in 
 numbers in 1840 and 1841. and added to his growing fame. 
 
 ? 
 
 In 1842 Dickens and hi? wife visited America for a few months, 
 and were received with fulsome enthusiasm l>y the people. The result 
 of the visit was two books — ' ' American Notes " and ' ' Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit" — in which American institutions and character were severely 
 criticised. 
 
 Continuing his literary labors, Dickens went to Italy, in 1844, 
 remaining there about a year. In January, 1846, he became 
 editor of the London Dailij Neim, but this ijosition he only held four 
 months. In 1858 Dickens and his wife amicably separated for 
 private reasons. In 1859 he closed up Household Words, a weekly 
 magazine which he had started in 1850, and began another similar 
 periodical. All the Tear Eoimd. which he conducted until his death, 
 bequeathing it to his oldest son. 
 
 In 1858 Dickens begiin his career as a public reader of his own 
 writings, in which he met with great success in Great Britain, 
 Ireland, France and America. On the occasion of his second visit 
 to this country in 1867 he was received with enthusiasm, the ani- 
 mosities attending his assaults upon our institutions and people, in 
 1843, were forgiven, and he went home, after a few months, better 
 pleased with the Americans and they with him. His last public read- 
 ing was given in England, in March, 18T0. He was then engrossed 
 iu the production of a new serial novel, "Edwin Drood, " which was 
 about half finished at the time when he suddenly died at Gadshill, 
 near Rochester, England, June 0. 1870. 
 
 Dickens was emphatically the people's novelist, and his faculty 
 of teaching some wholesome public moral by his fictions did much 
 toward the adoption of some important reforms. He was buried 
 in Westminster Abbey, without pomp. Shortly before his death 
 he visited Queen Victoria at her request, and was offered the 
 honor of knighthood; but he declined it. His works, besides those 
 mentioned above, include the following: Eight " Christmas Stories, " 
 which met with great favor as they respectively appeared; "Pictures 
 from Italy, " " Dombey and Son, " ■ • David Copperfield, " " A Child's 
 History of England," "Hard Times," " Bleak House, " "Little 
 Dorrit, " "A Tale of Two Cities. " • • Great Expectations, " ' • The 
 Uncommercial Traveler," and " Our Mutual Friend," not to mention 
 farces and>ome uncollected short stories. 
 
 ^
 
 
 292 
 
 THAOKEKAY, WELL-KNOWN ENGLISH NOVELIST. 
 
 ^^BBmmi^mm 
 
 Lecturer, Poet and Novelist. 
 
 ^HE AGREEABLE English author of high rank, 
 William M. Tbackeniy, was born at Calcutta, 
 India, in 1811. while his fatht;r way in the 
 service of the East India Company, and was 
 educated in London and Cambridge univer- 
 sities, England. Inheriting about $100,000 
 in 183'^, he traveled in Europe and studied 
 art, remaining abroad for several years. 
 Losing the most of his fortune by specula- 
 tion, he entered upon a successful literary 
 career, which he continued until the close of 
 his life. 
 He wrote for F/'aser's Magazine, under the 
 ■Michael Angelo Titmarsh "' and "George Fitz-Iioodle. " 
 and to the hondon Punch, in which appeared "Jeames' Diary, " 
 "The Fat Contributor," and "The Snob Papers," now found 
 among the later editions of bis works. " Vanity Fair, " a novel, 
 
 names of 
 
 published as a serial, greatly enhanced his reputation, in l846-'8. 
 In 1845 he visited the East. In 1848 he was admitted to the bar, 
 but did not practice. In 1851 he delivered to London audiences his 
 popular lectures of the "English Humorists of the Eighteenth 
 Century;" in 1852 he repeated them to American houses, and in 
 1855-'G again delivered them in this country, together with his other 
 course of lectures on "The Four Georges." From 1859 to 1862 he 
 edited the Cornhill Magazine, in London, which gained a large cir- 
 culation under his management. 
 
 He died in December, 1863. His fame rests as much on "Vanity 
 Fair" as on any of his subsequent books, among which the principal 
 are "Pendennis, " "Henry Esmond," "The Newcomes. " "The 
 Virginians, " "Lovel the Widower, " ' ■ Adventures of Philip, " 
 and the "Book of Snobs." His daughter, Anne Isabelhi, has 
 written and published "The Story of Elizabeth," "The Village on 
 the Cliff," and other books. 
 
 The Age of Wisdom. 
 
 BY WILLIAM MAKEPEACE TUACKERAT. 
 
 ■•.6i 
 
 ¥¥0: PRETTY page, with the dimpled chin, 
 AA That never has known the barber's shear. 
 
 All your wish is woman to win; 
 
 This is the way that boys begin^ 
 Wait till you come to forty year. 
 
 Sj?(5urly gold locks cover foolish brains; 
 
 ^^ Billing and cooing is all your cheer — 
 Sighing, and singing of midnight strains, 
 Under Bonnybell% window ])anes — 
 Wait till you come to forty year. 
 
 ^Cfforty times over let Mii'haelmas speed; 
 
 *- (irizzling hair the brain doth ch^ar; 
 Then you know a boy is in need 
 Of much more sense, much more indeed— 
 ftnee you havtr come to forty year 
 
 [Pledge me round; I bid yc declare, 
 '' All good fellows whose beards are gray — 
 Did not the fairest of the fair 
 Common grow and wearisome ere 
 Ever a month was past awayV 
 
 The reddest lips that ever have kissed, 
 ^' The brightest eyes that ever have shone, 
 May pray and whisper and we not list, 
 Or look away and never bo missed — 
 Ere yet ever a month is gone- 
 
 e^ 
 
 illian's deiidl God rest her bier — 
 
 How I loved her twenty years syne! 
 Marian's married; but I sit here. 
 Alone and merry at forty year, 
 
 l>il>pini: niv nnse in the (iasmn wine. 
 
 :(> 
 
 -nC);
 
 THE OELEBItATEU SCOTCH NOVEI.ISI'. 
 
 2'.r.i 
 
 Q' 
 
 
 Author of the Waverley Novels." 
 
 1792. Literature, 
 
 tllE EMINENT novelist, poet and 
 historian. Sir Walter Scott, was 
 born at Edinburgli, Scotland, in 
 1771. He was educated at the 
 high school and university of 
 Edinburgh. In 1 786 he entered his 
 father's law office, and was ad- 
 mitted to the practice of the law 
 however, soon engrossed his thoughts. In 
 1797 he married Miss Charlotte M. Carpenter, and in 1799 he was 
 appointed to a sheriff's office. In 1806 he became one of the prin- 
 cipal clerks in the Scottish court of session, with a good salary and 
 plenty of time for literary pursuits. 
 
 Previous to 1817 he had written most of the poems, tales in 
 verse, ballads, translations and metrical romances that have made 
 him famous as a poet. He also edited Dryden's works and wrote 
 a life of that poet. *' Waverley. " his first distinguished novel, was 
 published in July, 1814, anonymously, but paved the way by its 
 literary excellence for the extensive series of '■'Waverley Novels," 
 on which his reputation is based. In the meantime he had founded 
 and built his castellated mansion of " AJbbotsford, " to which his 
 literary fame has given a popular interest. In 1815 " Guy Manner- 
 ing" succeeded "Waverley." and from that period to I8'25 he wrote 
 his other novels in rapid succession. Besides these he had written 
 some of his dramas, edited the works of Swift and other authors, 
 contributed to the leading reviews and other periodicals of the day, 
 
 and wrote several articles for the ' ' Encyclopa-dia Britannica. '' 
 His wealth and popularity made Abbotsford a great resort for vis- 
 itors of every degree and rank. In 1820 King George r\'. conferred 
 upon him a baronetcy. In 1826 he became pecuniarily embarrassed 
 by the failure of his Edinburgh publishers, and another firm, by its 
 failure, also involved his means. He owed the creditors of both 
 houses about $600,000, and at the age of fifty-five years he set about 
 the task of paying off these demands by his literary labor. In 1826 
 appeared his "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," and other works well 
 known to bis readers, hut it was not until 1827 that be acknowledged 
 himself to be the author of "Waverley" and the "Waverley Novels. " 
 although he had long been credited with that distinction. He con- 
 tinued to write voluminously, including two scries of bis "Tales of a 
 Grandfather;" his " History of Scotland," "Letters on Demonology 
 and Witchcraft," and reduced his indebtedness materially. 
 
 His health began to fail about 1830, and a hereditary disease mani- 
 fested itself so severely that literary labor was suspended by medical 
 advice, and he visited Italy in a ve.ssel furnished by the admiralty. 
 Finding himself failing, he desired to be taken home, but was insen- 
 sible when London was reached in June, 1832, and died within a 
 short time after his arrival at Abbotsford. He was buried in Dry- 
 burgh Abbey, and a noble Gothic structure, erected at Edinburgh in 
 l844-'6, perpetuates his memory. 
 
 Before his death he had liquidated about one-third of his indebted- 
 ness, and the remainder was paid through the sale of the copyrights 
 of the ' ' Waverley Novels. " 
 
 HYMN OF THE HEBREW MAID. 
 
 BY SIR WALTER SCOTT. 
 
 HKN Israel, of the Lord beloved. 
 
 Out. f rum the land of bondnge came, 
 Her father's Ood before her moved. 
 
 An awful trnitlc in '^innke and flame, 
 liv dav :iI"nK tin- aslMiiislied lands 
 
 Tlu- rl.Mid.v pillar M:li<l^-d slow; 
 By niplit Aial)iaV trJm~Mnfd sands 
 
 Returned the Hery column's glow. 
 
 There rose the choral hymn of praise. 
 
 And tiuni|i and timbrel answered keen; 
 And ZiiinN .i;iiii.'litfrs poured their lays. 
 
 With |iii(">l'> and warrior's voice between. 
 No po^teIl^^ now our foes amaze — 
 
 Forsaken Israel wanders lone; 
 Our fathers would not know Thy ways. 
 And Thou hast left them to their own. 
 
 But. present still, thouph now unseen. 
 
 When brightly shines the prosperous day, 
 Be thoughts of Thee a cloudy screen. 
 
 To temper the deceitful ray. 
 And oh, when stoops on ,7udah's path 
 
 In shade and storm the frequent night, 
 Be Tliou, long-sutfering. slow to wrath, 
 
 A burning and a shining light! 
 
 Our harps we left by Babel's streams — 
 
 The Tyrant's jest, the Gentile's scorn; 
 No censer round our altar beams. 
 
 And mute are timbrel, trump, and horn. 
 But Thou hast said, the blood of goats, 
 
 The flesh of rams, I will not prize— 
 A contrite heart, and humble thoughts, 
 
 Are mine accepted sacrirtce. 
 
 i: 
 
 -voT^ 
 
 X
 
 ><] (7 — 
 
 T- 
 
 •2'Ji 
 
 HOME OF MRS. SIGOURJMEY. 
 
 Distinguished Poets. 
 
 H. Sigourney, Swinburne, Virgil and Robert Pollok. 
 
 Prose and \'r 
 in 1815; "Letters to Young 
 Ladies," in 1833; "Pocahontas and 
 Other Poems," in 1841; "Pleas- 
 ant Memories of Pleasant Lands," 
 the outgrowth of her visit to 
 Europe, in 1842; "Past Meridian,'' 
 in 1854, and " The Man of Uz, and 
 Other Poems," in 1862. She died 
 at Hartford in 1865, and her auto- 
 hiography was published in the 
 following year, under the title of 
 "Letters of Life.'*' 
 
 TDIA nrXTLEY was born at Norwich, Conn., 
 in 1791, and during her life-time 
 seventy-three years, contributed 
 nearly sixty volumes of original 
 poetry and prose and selected writ- 
 ings to the literature of the United 
 States. At the age of twenty-three 
 >he taught a private school at Hart- 
 find, and in 1819 she was married to 
 Mr. Charles Sigourney, a merchant 
 nf that city. Her " Moral Pieces in 
 was published 
 
 mB 
 
 A'^^"' 
 
 Home of Mrs. Sigourney, 
 
 Rural Resilience which nvfilouked the City of Hartfniti 
 
 
 ALGERNON SWINBURNE. 
 
 LiiKKNOX CIIAKLES, j^on of 
 late British Admiral 
 Swinburne, was born in Lon- 
 don in 1837. He entered Balliol 
 college, Oxford, in 1857, but left it 
 without taking a degree. Up to 
 1865 he had published the follow- 
 ing plays: "The C^ueen Mother," "Kosamond," " Atalanta in 
 Calydon," and " Chastelard." In 1866 he published a volume of 
 "Poems and Ballads," which was bitterly criticised, and inaugu- 
 rated a literary warfare, resulting in one volume by W. M. 
 Rossctti, and a rejoinder by Swinburne. Since then the latter 
 has published " A Song of Italy," " William Blake," " Siena," some 
 '*Notesonthe Koyal Academy Exhibition " of 1868, "Ode on the 
 Proclamation of the French Republic" (September 4, 1870), "Songs 
 Before Sunrise " (a {^lorillcation of pantheism and reijublicanism), 
 " Bothwell " (a tragedy), " Essays and Studies," " A Note on Char- 
 lotte Bronte," "George Chapman" (a critical essay), "Erechtheus" 
 (a play). In addition to his other works, he edited "Christabel, 
 and the Lyrical and Imaginative Poems of Samuel T. Coleridge," the 
 works of George Chapman, and a seconti series of " Poems and 
 Ballads." 
 
 VIRGIL. 
 
 jHE greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Virgilius (or Vergiliue) 
 Maro Virgil, was born at Andes, near Mantua, Italy, seventy 
 years before Christ, and was educated at Cremona, Milan, and 
 Naples. In his thirtieth year he visited Rome, seeking to obtain the 
 restoration of his lands, which the soldiers of Augustus had seized 
 after the battle of Philippi. Augustus granted him the necessary 
 papers of restoration, but on bis return Virgil was compelled to 
 swim across the Mincio river in order to save his life. Another 
 mandate was granted by Augustus, and with this Virgil accomplished 
 his desire. The remainder of his 
 life was devoted to literary labor, 
 and was cheered by the friendship 
 of Augustus, Maecenas, and all the 
 other eminent men of the age. 
 His fame is founded on his 
 " Eclogues," " The Georgics." and 
 " The ^neid," although he did not 
 live to give the latter the finishing 
 touches. He died at Brnndusium 
 in the year nineteen before Christ, 
 and \\as buried at Naples. 
 
 T" 
 
 ROBERT POLLOK. 
 
 HE son of a farmer, Robert 
 Pollok was born near Muir- 
 house, Scotland, in 1798. With 
 the view of becoming a preacher, 
 after some years of labor on the 
 farm, he entered the university of 
 tJlasgow at the age of nineteen, 
 remaining there five years. Hav- 
 ing graduated, he began his theological studies at Glasgow, and in 
 1837 became a preacher in the United Secession church. In the 
 spring of this year he published his poem of " The Course of 
 Time," which became very popular owing to its firm religious char- 
 acter, as well as its originality and poetic excellence. It has reached 
 a wide circulation, both in Europe and America. Pollok did not 
 long survive its publication, consumption causing his death at South- 
 ampton, England, in September, 1827, as he was about to embark on 
 a voyage to Italy for tlie benefit of his health. While a student he 
 wrote three tales in prose, entitled "Helen of the Glen," "Ralph 
 Gemmell," and "The Persecuted Family." These have since 
 been collected and published as "Talcs of the Covenanters." 
 Upward of twenty editions of his principal work (the "Course of 
 Time") have been issued in this country, besides, as indicated, the 
 large number in Britain. 
 
 ^<5;
 
 ji,i\i-:ii WKxmaj. ]ii)LMi';s, JMivhiciAiX AiN1> pokt. 
 
 29i: 
 
 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 
 
 TilK popular AnuTinui i)!iysici;ui, pout, essayist and novelist, 
 Oliver Wendell Ilolnics, war? bom at Cambridge, Mass., in 1809. 
 He was educated at Harvard eollej^e, where he graduated in 1829. 
 He first chose the ])rofession of law, but forsook it in order to pre- 
 pare liimself for a phyf*ieian. In pursuit of this plan he visited the 
 Purls and other European hospitals, and began to praetice medicine 
 in Boston in 1835. In lH;i8 he was elected professor of anatomy and 
 physiology at Dartmouth college, and in 1857 he was appointed to 
 that chair in Harvard college. His literary contributions to periodi- 
 cals date back to 1830, and his reputation us a poet was enhanced by 
 his metrical essay on "Poetry," which was followed by numerous 
 others of superior merit. For years be was a popular public lec- 
 turer, and has achieved an enviable fame by bis verse-recitations ut 
 class and literary reunions, and by bis songs, lyrics and poems for 
 festive occasions. In science he has won distinction by bis 
 researches in the use of the stethoscope and microscope and bis 
 contributions to current medical literature. His principal books 
 include "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "■ The Professor at 
 the Breakfast Table," "Elsie Vcnner," "Songs in Many Keys," 
 "Soundings from the Atlantic," "The CJuardiau Angel," 
 " Mecbitnism in Thought and Morals,* 
 etc. 
 
 papers. In 185(3 he conni*cted himself editorially with the Jlonie 
 Journal iti New York, retaining this ponition for three years. Since 
 then he has written freely, both of prose and poetry. Ilis principal 
 books are: "The Bells imd Other Poems," " Babie Bell and Other 
 Poems, " " The Course of True Love Never Did Run Smooth," *' Pam- 
 pinea and Other Poems," "Out of His Head" (a prone romance), '*The 
 Story of a Bad Boy," and one or two other books. He was once 
 editor of Krenj Saturday, and in 1881, of the Atlantic Monthbj. 
 
 R" 
 
 FELICIA DOROTHEA HEMANS. 
 
 FELICIA, the daughter of Mr. Browne, 
 a merchant of Liverpool, England, 
 WHS born in that city in 1794, but 
 her infant years were passed in Wales. 
 In her childhood she wrote a number 
 of poems which were collected and 
 printed in book-form while she was in 
 her fourteenth year. Another volume of 
 poems, on the domestic affections, pub- 
 lished in 1812, established her poetic 
 reputation. Having been married in 1812 
 to Captain Hemans, she became the 
 mother of five sous, after which her hus- 
 band parted from her and went to Italy 
 to recuperate bis failing health, and they 
 never met again. In order to meet the 
 expense of educating her children, she 
 wrote for periodicals, in which many of 
 her shorter poems appeared. Between this period and that of her 
 death, near Dublin, in 1835, she published "Tales and Historic 
 Scenes," "Modern Greece," "Dartmoor" (a prize poem), "The 
 Skeptic," "The Vespers of Palermo," a play, which was successfully 
 acted at Edinburgh, although its representation in London failed. 
 Before her death she rezuoved to Dublin, where a brother resided. 
 Her last poem was " A Sabbath Sonnet. " 
 
 1 Scutche 
 ■»"4- talent, j 
 
 * T nrm tl 
 
 Author of ' 
 
 THE BROWNINGS. 
 
 OBERT BROWNING wat< born at Camberwell, England, in 1812, 
 and was educated at the London university. Alwut 1832 he went 
 to Italy, and remained there several years, studying the history and 
 characteristics of the people. In 1835 was published his dramatic 
 poem of "Paracelsus, and in 1837 his tragedy of "Strafford" was 
 produced in a London theater, but Imlb met with ()nly moderate 
 popularity. His poem of "Sordello" appeared in 1840, but was 
 condemned by the public as an "unintelligible rhapsody, with no 
 meaning." "Bells and Pomegranates," a serial collection of bis 
 dramatic and lyric poems, was published between 1842 and 1840. 
 Among its other contents was his tragedy of " A Blot on the 
 tcheon," which displayed much poetic 
 and was publicly jdayed at Drnry 
 Lane theater in 1843, with indifferent 
 success. In 1846 Mr. Browning mar- 
 ried Miss Elizabeth Barrett, a poetess 
 of acknowledged genius, who died inl861. 
 Browning especially cultivated the arts 
 of music and painting, becoming familiar 
 with the history of both. In 1856 ap- 
 peared bis " Men and Women." Among 
 bis other works the following are noted: 
 " King Victor and King Charles," 
 "Dramatic Lyrics," "Return of the 
 Druses," " The SouTs Errand," and "The 
 Ring and the Book." Mrs. Browning's 
 literary reputation rests on lier " Aurora 
 Leigh," "The Drama of E.xile," "Iso- 
 her? Child," " Casa Guidi Windows," 
 The Cry of the Children," "My Doves," 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, I "The Sleep," and several minor 
 
 and poems. 
 
 + :: 
 
 The Autocrat uf the Breakfast Table 
 Many Charming Poems. 
 
 THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. 
 
 IN 1836, Portsmoutli, N. XL, had the honor of being the birthplace 
 of Thomas Bailey Aldrich. While preparing to enter college he had 
 the misfortune to lose bis father, and abandoned his studies in order 
 to work in his uncle's mercantile counting-house in New York. 
 Achieving some success as a contributor of verses to the New York 
 papers, he forsook the counting-house at the end of three years and 
 devoted himself to the more genial pursuits of literature. In 1855 a 
 collection of his pbems was published, and in 185(5 his reputation 
 was greatly enhanced by the publication of "Babie Bell," which bad 
 an extensive " run " through the newspapers. He became a frequent 
 contributor to Patnain's. the Knickerbocker, and the weeklv literarv 
 
 JOHN DRYDEN. 
 
 NOTED among British poets as a superior satirist, and the author of 
 twenty-seven plays, John Dryden represented the age in which 
 he lived. He was born in Northamptonshire, England, in 1631, 
 the eldest of fourteen children of one of Cromwell's magistrates, and, 
 while receiving his education, his poetical talent early manifested 
 Itself. Although he graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 
 1654, he remained there about three years longer. Going to London 
 be obtained an inferior position as a clerk. ^\TiiIe Cromwell lived, 
 Dryden supported bis cause, and lamented his death in heroic verse. 
 Upon the restoration of the kingdom, however, he gave in his adher- 
 ence to Charles II. in a flattering poem. At this time be was doing 
 literary drudgery for the publishers, but adverse circumstances could 
 not restrain his natural genius, and by his plays, essays and verses 
 be rapidly grew into public favor. In 1663 be married the daughter 
 of the earl of Berkshire, and five years later be was appointed poet 
 laureate of England. His poetry is sadly disfigured by personal and 
 political bitterness, but is vigorous and brilliant. Several of his 
 plays were successful at the time of their first represention, but all 
 are now nearly obsolete. He died May 1. 1700, and was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. His best fame is founded on bis " Fatdes. "' 
 
 ? 
 
 :(>—
 
 >k|.C>- 
 
 ? 
 
 296 
 
 GOETHE, SCHILLEK, HUMEK. 
 
 A 
 
 JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE. 
 
 f~niIE German play-writer, poet and statesm-in, .Tdliaiin Wolfgang 
 von Goethe, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1T49. He was 
 taught, at an early age, the classics and modern languages by his 
 father, an imperial councilor. Goethe was handsome, lively and 
 sensitive when a child. Before he was ten years of age he could 
 write in several languages, meditated poems, and had a knowledge 
 of works of art. In 1765 he was sent lo the college at Leipsic, 
 where he studied jurisprudence, medicine, logic, rhetoric, philoso- 
 phy, morals, drawing, etc., and wrote two dramas. In 1770 he was 
 transferred to the university at Strasburg, where he became 
 acquainted with English classical literature. He left the university 
 in 1771, and in 1772 he went to Wetzlar to practice law. In 1773 he 
 published his play of "■ Gotz von Berlichingen,'' which excited the 
 greatest enthusiasm in the literary 
 world. In 1774 appeared *'The 
 Sorrows of Werther," founded on 
 a love adventure of his own and 
 the suicide of a friend who had 
 an unhappy passion for another 
 friend's wife. This novel produced 
 a huge sensation. *' Clavigo," a 
 drama, was written the same year. 
 Goethe's fame as the author of 
 "■Werther" secured hira the notice 
 and friendship of Charles Augustu.'?. 
 grand duke of Saso-Wcimar, who 
 invited the poet to visit his court in 
 3775. Goethe's reception at court 
 induced him to make Weimar his 
 permanent home, and there he 
 made the acquaintance of many 
 distinguished personages and re- 
 ceived enthusiastic homage. After 
 a long series of enjoyments, Goethe 
 returned to literary labor, and in 
 177'J produced his "Iphigenie auf 
 Tauris," a prose drama, which he 
 afterwards versified, and an opera 
 which was inspired by a brief visit 
 to Switzerland. He then turned 
 liis attention to the study of natural 
 science, attaining great proficiency. 
 Between 1780 and 1783 he wrote a 
 jiartof " Wilhelm Meister,'' a novel, 
 and numerous small poems. Nearly 
 two years {beginning in 178tj) were 
 paj'sed in Italy, where lie studied 
 antiquities *nd wrote " Torquato 
 Tasso," a drama founded on the 
 court life of the great poet, and 
 alt'o a narrative of his travels, 
 he published " Egmont,"' a romantic drama, A love adventure with 
 an uneducated d()mestic in his house, named Christiane Vulpius, 
 resulted in his marrying her after the birth of their child. In 1792 
 hi* accompanied the Prussian army and the duke of Brunswick in 
 tlieir campaign into France, and of this lit? wrote a narrative. After 
 hif* return he was appointed minister of state. He also wrote several 
 scientific works. He made the acquaintance of the poet Schiller at 
 Jena, in 175)4, and they soon became fast friends, The first and 
 ^'econd parts of "Wilhelm Meister" appeared respectively in 1795 
 and 1818. In 1805 he first gave his masterpiece, "Faust,'" to the 
 world, the second part appearing in 1831. In 1807 Alexander of 
 Itus^ia confi-rrt-d on liiin tin- (trder of Si, Alexander Xew^^ki, and 
 
 afterwards Napoleon bestowed upon him the grand cross of the legion 
 of honor. Goethe died at Weimar in 1832. Besides the works above 
 mentioned, he wrote several others which affected his previous fame 
 in a greater or less degree. 
 
 JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER. 
 
 AN AUTHOR of many works with which the public are familiar, 
 Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller, was born at Marbach, 
 Germany, in 1759. In his youth he studied medicine and became 
 a military surgeon. His drama of "The Robbers " was published in 
 his twenty-second year, and so established his reputjition as a man of 
 genius that he decided to devote himself to literary occupations. In 
 1787 he removed to Weimar, acquired the friendship of the prominent 
 German authors, Goethe, Wieland and Herder, and became aulic 
 ■;^ counselor and professor of history 
 and philosophy at Jena. Besides 
 "The Robbers" he wrote the 
 tragedies of "Fiesco and Cabal," 
 "Love," "Don Carlos," "Wallen- 
 -tein," "Mary ^tuart," "Joan of 
 Arc,"' "The Bride of Messina" and 
 "William Tell." He also wrote 
 " The History of the Thirty Years' 
 War,"' and "The History of the 
 Revolt in the Netherlands." At 
 Mannheim he translated "Mac- 
 beth," and wrote other tragedies. 
 Later, at Weimar he met Charlotte 
 von Lengefeld, who became his 
 wife. He died in 1805. Schiller 
 held that the cultivation of the in- 
 tellectual find moral faculties was a 
 sure means to gain liberty. Per- 
 ?<onally he was tall and slender, with 
 high brow, pale complexion, aqui- 
 line nose, exquisite mouth, blue 
 eyes and brown hair. His remains 
 were finally deposited in the new 
 cemetery at Weimar. Memorial 
 cnlumns have been erected in honor 
 nf him in Berlin and in Vienna, as 
 well as at other places. Statues 
 by Thornwaldsen, in Stuttgard, and 
 Rietschel, at Weimar, are said to be 
 the finest made of the celebrated 
 author. 
 
 GOETH 
 
 Poet. I'lay-Wi 
 
 Returning to Weimar in 1788, 
 
 and Statesman. 
 
 TWO( 
 poei 
 
 HOMER. 
 
 of the most remarkable epic 
 poems that the genius of man 
 has yet produced — the "Iliad" 
 and the "Odyssey" — had their origin in Greece, as is supposed, 
 about the year 900 before Christ, and are popularly ascribed to one 
 Homer, a beggar poet of that country. Respecting the life of this 
 distinguished writer, we must be content to remain in ignorance, no 
 memorials of it having been preserved, for the biography of him, 
 which it is said was prepared by Herodotus, is denounced as fabu- 
 lous. In such obscurity is his life shrouded, that some have even 
 doubted whether he cverexisted. While Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, 
 Salamis, Chios, Argus, and Athens (cities of Greece), contended for 
 the honor of having been the birthplace of this distinguished poet, 
 the probability remains that he was an Asiatic Greek. One legend 
 declares that Homer died of vexation because he could not solve a 
 riddle prtniininded In hiin by soini' fishermen at los. 
 
 ? 
 
 ~<y.
 
 DISTINUUISUKU I'OKTS. 
 
 James Thomson. Alexander Pope. 
 
 ONE of the Briti!?li pa^^toral poctB, James Thomson, the son of 
 ;i Scotch cicrgymiui, wiiin born at Ednam, Scolhmd, in 1700, 
 jiiid was educated at Jedburgh and Edinburgh. Four years 
 i i w e r c d c V o t c d t o 
 
 '-f^*- ■—- — ♦^►■♦^ iircpariiig for the 
 
 pulpit, but this de- 
 sign wa.s given up, 
 and Thomson went 
 to London, where 
 he was for several 
 monlhs a tutor in 
 the family of Lord 
 Binning. The first 
 of his '■'Seasons," 
 a poem on which 
 his fame chietly 
 rests — " Winter " — 
 was published in 
 1720, and the three 
 other seasons re- 
 spectively, in 1728, 
 1729 and 1730. 
 During these years 
 he also produced 
 his tragedy of 
 "Sophonisba," the poem of "Britannia,'* and a poem on Sir 
 Isaac Newton. As one result of his literary success, Lord 
 Chancellor Talbot selected him in 1731 to travel with his son on the 
 continent of Europe. Dur- 
 ing the three years thus 
 occupied Thomson and his 
 companion visited most of 
 the European courts, and 
 after their return to Eng- 
 land the lord chancellor 
 retained Thomson in his 
 employment as secretary of 
 briefs until the death of tlie 
 former in 1737, when Thom- 
 son was removed Soon 
 afterwards he received a 
 pension of about $500 a 
 year from the Prince of 
 Wales, and was appointed 
 surveyor-general of the Lee- 
 ward islands. The office 
 was a sinecure, the duties 
 being performed by a dep- 
 uty, and Thomson's net 
 salary reaching about $1,500 
 a year. Thus being placed 
 i n e a s y circumstances, 
 Thomson continued his lit- 
 erary labors until his death, 
 near Richmond, England, in 
 1748. Besides the works 
 enumerated above, he wrote 
 
 the tragedies of " Agamemnon, " " Edward and Eleanora," " Tancred 
 and Sigismunda," the poems of " Liberty " and "■ The Castle of Indo- 
 lence."' His play of " Coriolanus," published after his death, was 
 jjresented at Cbvent Garden. He had the reputation of a rough 
 exterior and a decided propensity for indolence. 
 
 T 
 
 HE celebrated poet, Alexander Pope, the f>on of a linen-draper, 
 was born in London in 1088. He was a precociouKchild, writinga 
 play before be was twelve years old, and composing poetry at an 
 
 age no early that 
 be tells us be 
 '* lisped in num- 
 bers." His educa- 
 tion was acquired 
 at two private 
 schools, from two 
 Roman Catholic 
 priests, who were 
 e m p 1 o y e d a 8 his 
 tutors, and from 
 his own persever- 
 ing studies. He 
 wrote his "■ Pasto- 
 rals " when he was 
 sixteen years old, 
 and they secured 
 him the friendshij) 
 of many eminent 
 persons. 
 " Pastorals 
 followed 
 publication, 
 Messiah," 
 
 The 
 ' were 
 by the 
 successively, of 
 'The Rape of thi 
 
 Pope's Residence 
 
 his "Essay on Criticism," "The 
 Lock," "The Temple of Fame," 
 Windsor Forest" and "The Epistle from Eloisa,*' and by these his 
 
 reputation as a poet was 
 permanently established. 
 In 1720 he completed his 
 translation of Homer's 
 *' Iliad," by which he gained 
 more than §25,000. In the 
 translation of Homer's 
 " Odyssey " he was aided by 
 Broome and Fenton. The 
 " Essay on Man" appeared 
 in 1733; the first three 
 books of "The Dunciad" 
 in 1723, the fourth book in 
 1742. His later literary 
 work was the production of 
 satires. In 1725 he pub- 
 lished a poor edition of 
 Shakspeare's works. The 
 "Ode on Solitude" was 
 written when Alexander 
 was near twelve years; 
 from thirteen to fifteen he 
 labored upon an epic poem 
 entitled " Alcander," of 
 which he completed four 
 books and then destroyed it. 
 Two plays, a comedy and 
 tragedy, which he had writ- 
 ten, were similarly disposed 
 of. He studied painting a year and half, but his poor physical body 
 and defective eyesight interposed an effectual bar to success, and 
 that pursuit was accordingly abandoned. He was so deformed that 
 it was necessary to prop his body in i)Osition in order to enable him 
 to accomplish his work. He died at Twickenham, in May, 1744. 
 
 d:
 
 •■? 
 
 298 
 
 DISTINGUISHED POETS. 
 
 Ben Jonson, Thomas Moore. George P. Morris, 
 
 EXJAMIN JONSON, the famous poet and 
 dramatist, and contemporary of Shaks- 
 peare, was born at Westminster, England, 
 in 1574, subsequent to the death of his 
 father, a clergjTuan. His mother having 
 married a bricklayer, she took Benjamin 
 from school at Westminster in order to 
 have him learn his step-father's trade, 
 but the youth, preferring some other 
 employment, enlisted as a pri^-ate soldier 
 in the British army. His regiment was 
 sent to Holland, and there he manifested 
 so much courage during a campaign as to 
 gain the applause of his officers. After 
 leaving the army he entered St. John's 
 college at Cambridge, England, but a lack 
 of the requisite funds did not permit him to 
 remain. Removing to London at about the 
 age of twenty years, he sought employment 
 as an actor (a position that he filled with 
 indifferent success), and began to write plays 
 for the stage, a 
 work in which he 
 subsequently be- 
 came eminent. 
 In 1598 his first play, "Every Man in His 
 Humor/' was brought out at the London 
 Globe theater, with Shakspeare appearing 
 in one of its characters. About this time 
 Jonson was imprisoned for a season for 
 having killed Gabriel Spenser, an actor, in 
 a duel. His nest play, "Every Man Out 
 of His Humor," was brought out, and in 
 1599 " Sejanus," a tragedy, in which Shaks- 
 peare is said to have made his farewell 
 appearance on the stage in 1603. Other 
 plays followed, with several poems. In 
 1613 Jonson traveled in Europe as the tutor 
 of the son of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1619 
 he was appointed poet laureate, and about 
 that time made a tour on foot to Scotland. 
 In 1628 he was attacked with palsy, and 
 compelled by poverty to write for the stage. 
 King Charles I. sent him $500 and raised 
 his salai'y as poet laureate, but Jonson's 
 
 improvident habits kept him poor. His later writings were hardly 
 up to his former standard. He died in 1637. His works comprise 
 seventeen plays, a number of poems, and some prose writings. 
 
 In 1803 he accepted and was appointed to an office under the 
 admiralty in the Bermuda islands, but not liking the position after 
 reaching the station, he left a deputy in charge of the business and 
 returned home, traveling for a short season in the United States and 
 Canada. His "Odes and Epistles," published in 1806, contained 
 many references to his American travels, and was severely criticised 
 by Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review. Moore challenged Jeffrey, but 
 the duel never took place. Byron sarcastically referred to the affair, 
 and received a challenge from Moore, but the disagreement was 
 settled, and the poets became firm friends, as did, also, Moore and 
 Jeffrey. Moore married Miss Dyke, an actress, in 1811, and settled 
 down to a literary life. Owing to the mismanagement of his Ber- 
 muda agent, Moore, about 1819, became involved in pecuniary liabil- 
 ities to the amount of S30,000, and to avoid arrest (although assistance 
 was offered to him), he went to France and Italy, and then, having 
 sent for his family, resided in Paris, and resumed his literary labors. 
 Within three years his pecuniary difficulties were settled by the 
 payment of the claim against him, and he returned to England, 
 remaining there until his death at Devizes, in 1852. In addition to 
 his numerous poetical works, so widely known, he published a 
 
 'Life of Sheridan," 
 
 Notices of the Life of Byron," " Memoirs of 
 Lord Edward Fitzgerald," "Travels of an 
 Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion," 
 and a " History of Ireland." Moore lost 
 all his children by death before he died, and 
 in his latter days became imbecile by the 
 softening of his brain. 
 
 Till 
 
 Ben. Jonson. 
 
 Pot-'t, Play-wnter ami Omi temporary uf Will 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 THOMAS MOORE. 
 
 IIIE Irish poet, Thomas M ■>-. w;i~ born in Dublin, in 177!). 
 
 Ilis 
 
 mi 
 
 father was a grocer, who brought him up in the Roman Catholic 
 faith. At school he acquired a taste for music, declamation and 
 the drama. When about fourteen years old he contributed short i)ooms 
 to a Dublin magazine. In 1798 he graduated at Trinity college, 
 Dublin, and the following year went to London to study law. In 
 1800 he published his translation of the " Odes of Anacreon," which 
 met with gratifying Buccess, and, through the influence of the 
 Earl of Moira, he soon gained entrance into the fashionable circles 
 of London. In 1801 he published "The Poetical Works of 
 the Late Thomas Llttb-," a hit at his own diminutive form. 
 
 GEORGE P. MORRIS. 
 
 E journalist and song-writer, George 
 P. Morris, was born at Philadelphia, in 
 1802. Going to New York city at an 
 early age, he wrote for two newspapers, the 
 Gazette and the A77i€rican. He was in his 
 fifteenth year when he began to write for 
 the Gazette. In 1823 he and Samuel Wood- 
 worth established the Xew Tori: Mirror, 
 a weekly literary paper, which was kejit 
 up until 1842, with the assistance of N. P. 
 Willis and Theodore Fay. In 1843 Morris 
 and Willis began the publication of a similar 
 journal, called the New Mirror, and in 1844 
 they started a daily paper — the Evening 
 Mirror. In 1845 Morris established, alone, 
 another weekly journal — the National Presfi. In 1846 Willis again 
 joined him, and they changed the title of the paper to that of the 
 Home Journal. Morris, either in prose or poetry, was a genial 
 writer, but his fame rests principally on his songs, several of which 
 became prime favorites; such were "Woodman, Spare that Tree," 
 " Long Time Ago," " My Mother's Bible," " Whip-poor- Will," etc. 
 He also wrote the libretto of the opera of "The Maid of Saxony," a 
 drama entitled "Briercliff," which made a successful run on the 
 stage, and a volume of prose sketches — "The Little Frenchman and 
 His Water-lots. " Some of his other .^ong-productions were: "We 
 were Boys together," "Land, hoi" and "The Origin of Yankee 
 Doodle. "For a considerable time ho was general of state militia. 
 It will be observed that Morris' connection with the press was quite 
 liberal, and he was therefore a prominent and valuable member uf 
 the newspaper fratrrnity. llu died iti New York city on the llth nf 
 July, 1864.
 
 JUbTINGUISHKD TOETS, 
 
 'Jii 
 
 James R. Lowell. Nathaniel P. Willis. Charles Wolfe. 
 
 Year's Life," ap- 
 1843, with Robert 
 
 '<^ EW England takes pride 
 in her niunerous poets, 
 amoni^ whom she num- 
 bers James Russell 
 Lowell, who was born at 
 I ';inibridge, Mass. , in 
 1819. He was educated 
 at Harvard college, where 
 lie graduated in 1838, and 
 his "class poem" on that 
 occasion was remarkable 
 for its superiority as a 
 witty satire. In 1840 he 
 l)egan the practice of law 
 in Boston, but soon re- 
 linquished it for literary 
 pursuits. His first vol- 
 
 ume of poetry, "A 
 l)eared in 1841. In 
 Carter, he began the publication of a 
 monthly magazine called the Pioneer, of 
 which only three numbers were issued, 
 although the best talent of the country 
 contritiuted to its pages. '* A Legend of 
 Brittany," with other poems, was issued 
 in 1844 ; a prose volume, '* Conversations 
 on Some' of the Old Poets," in 1845; 
 "The Present Crisis," with other 
 poetry, in 1848; "The Vision of Sir 
 Launfal," inl845; "The Biglow Papers" 
 (first series), a satire mainly directed 
 against slavery and the Mexican war, in 
 1848; "A Fable for Critics" in 1848 
 — a satire (anonymously published) upon 
 sundry eminent American authors. In 
 1851 and 1852 he traveled in Europe. 
 In 1854 and 1855 he delivered his course 
 of lectures on the British poets. In 
 1855 he was appointed professor of 
 modern languages and polite literature 
 in Harvard college. Another year's 
 \ isit to Europe, for study, followed. 
 From 185T to 1862 he was the editor 
 of the Atlantic Monthly, and from 18 
 uditors 6f the North American Heview. 
 appeared in 1864; a second series of the ' 
 
 N. P. Willis. 
 
 Poet, Essayist and for Many Years Connected with the 
 New York Home Journal. 
 
 to 1872 he was one of the 
 His "Fireside Travels" 
 
 ' Biglow Papers" in 1867; 
 " Under the Willows," with other poems, in 1868; " The Cathedral,'' 
 in 1869, and two volumes of essays "Among my Books," and "My 
 Study Windows," in 1870. His "Commemoration Ode," in honor 
 of the alumni of Harvard college who died in the Southern rebellion 
 armies, ranks as one of the noblest of his poems. From 1872 
 to 1874 he was again in Europe. Oxford university, England, in 
 1873, conferred upon him the degree of D. C.L. , and in 1874, Cam- 
 bridge university gave him the title of Doctor of Laws. The United 
 States government, in its liberal appreciation of individual worth, as 
 well as of the republican principles on which it is founded, a few 
 years since selected Mr. Lowell to represent it at the court of Great 
 Britain, and the oftice has seldom been filled by a more acceptable 
 diplomatist. His writings indicate the possession of a versatile 
 genius, capable of ranging with equal facility "from grave to gay, 
 from lively to severe. " 
 
 THE son of Nathaniel WilliH, 11 well-known Boston journalist, and 
 brother of " Fanny Fern," Nathaniel Parker Willis, was born at 
 Portland, Maine, in 1806. He was educated at Yale college, grad- 
 uating in 1827. He then became the literary assistant of S. G. 
 Goodrich (Peter Parley) for a brief period. In 1828 he started the 
 American Monthly Magazine, which, after two years* existence, was 
 merged in the New York Mirror, a weekly literary paper, previously 
 established by George P. Morris. Willis was associate editor of the 
 Mirror, and while occupying this position and visiting Europe, he 
 wrote letters to that journal, which were collected in 1835 and pub- 
 lished in three volumes of " Pencilings by the Way. " In Paris he 
 was attached to the American legation. On his return to England 
 in 1835, he was married to Miss Stace, the daughter of the com- 
 mandant of the Woolwich arsenal, near London. He remained in 
 England until 1837, and while there published his "Melanie and 
 Other Poems," and "Inklings of Adventure," a collection of bis 
 magazine tales and sketcht^s. Returning to the United States in 1837, 
 he lived for two years in retirement at 
 '^Glenmary," a small estate which he 
 owned near Owego, N. Y. , on the banks 
 of the Susquehanna river. For a few 
 mouths in 1839 he wrote for the Cor- 
 sair, an ephemeral literary paper in 
 New York, and then revisited England. 
 While there he published two dramas, 
 " Tortesa, the Usurer," and "Bianca 
 Visconti," "Loiterings of Travel," 
 "Letters from Under a Bridge and 
 Poems," and an illustrated edition of 
 his poems. Coming again to New York, 
 he started, in connection with George P. 
 Morris, a daily paper called the Evening 
 Mirror, but the death of his wife and his 
 own failing health induced him to return 
 to England. There he published another 
 collection of his magazine articles, 
 entitled "Dashes at Life with a Free 
 Pencil." In 1846, again in New Y'ork, 
 he married the daughter of Hon. Joseph 
 Grinni'll, of New Bedford, Mass., and 
 settled at " Idlewild," a seat on the 
 Huds^on river. In 1846, also, besides pub- 
 lishing a complete edition of his works, 
 he joined George P. Morris in establishing the Home. Journal, a weekly 
 paper, to which he continued to contribute until his death, in 1867. 
 Besides the books mentioned he published about a dozen others. 
 
 A- 
 
 CHARLES WOLFE. 
 
 POET of limited production, Charles Wolfe was bom at Dnb- 
 
 Ireland, in 1791. He was educated at Trinity college, 
 
 Dublin, where he graduated in 1814, but where he remained for 
 
 some time after in the capacity of a tutor. In 1817 he took priests' 
 
 orders, and was curate of Ballyclog and Donoughmore, Ireland. His 
 
 health failing, he visited the south of France, but died, after his 
 
 return to Cork, of consumption, in 1823. He is best known by his 
 
 celebrated poem on the "Burial of Sir John Moore:" 
 
 " We buried him darkly at dead of night. 
 
 The sod with our bayonets turning. 
 
 By the struggling moonbeams' misty light. 
 
 And our lanterns dimly burninff. " 
 
 :(> — 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^>
 
 f 
 
 300 
 
 JUUN G. SAXE, TIluMAS (iEAY AND UTllKK I'OETS. 
 
 I 
 
 Joaquin Miller. John G. Saxe. James Hogg. Thomas Gray. 
 
 NDER the name of "Joaquin Miller" 
 Cincinnatus Hiner Miller is well- 
 knowu. lie was born in Indiana in 
 1841. During boyhood he went with 
 his father to Oregon, and when 
 about fourteen years old removed to 
 California. There, with very little 
 knowledge of grammar or the art 
 of pDCtry, he wrote verses and led 
 a wandering life for seven years. 
 Returning home, in 18G0, he became 
 a lawyer's clerk at Eugene. Oregon. 
 Next year be was an express mes- 
 senger in the gold-mining districts of 
 Idaho, a position that he abandoned in 
 order to edit a Democratic newspaper 
 at Eugene. 
 The unpa- 
 triotic char- 
 acter of the 
 paper during 
 the Southern 
 rebellion 
 caused its 
 suppression, 
 and Miller, 
 in 18 6 3, 
 opened a law- 
 office at Ca- 
 non city, 
 Oregon. For 
 about four 
 years (1866 to 1870) he was county judge 
 of (irant county, and while thus occupied 
 he wrote and published his first collection 
 of poems. In 1863 he married Minnie 
 Theresa Dyer, who obtained a divorce 
 from him in 1870, and he went to London, 
 where, in 1871, he published his "Songs 
 of the Sierras" and "Pacific Poems." 
 In 1873 appeared bis "Songs of the Sun 
 L;tnds "^ and a prose volume, " Life Among 
 
 tin- Modocs, Unwritten History." "The Ship in the Desert" was 
 published in 1875, together with "First Fam'lies in the Sierras," 
 followed, from time to time, by "The One Fair Woman," a novel, 
 and "Songs of Far Away Lands. " 
 
 King and Other Poems," "Clever Stories of Many Nations," "The 
 Masquerade and Other Poems," "Fables and Legends in liuyme," 
 "Leisure Day Rhymes," etc. 
 
 JAMES I 
 parish 
 
 Joaquin Miller, 
 
 Author of "Sonprs of the Sierras." "Pacific Poems 
 Songs of "Far Away Lands," etc. 
 
 JOHN GODFREY SAXE. 
 
 HI(;1I<;ATE, Vt., in 1816, was the birthplace of John (J. Saxe, the 
 humorous American author and lecturer. He was educated at 
 Middlebury college*, where he graduated in 1839. In 1843 he was 
 admitted to the practice of the law, at St. Albans. In 1850, and 
 f'T about five years afterwards, he was the proprietor and editor of 
 the Burlington Sentinel. In 1856 he became State's attorney. In 
 185I*-'60 he was unsuccessfully nominated for governor of the State 
 by the Democrats. He has achieved considerable celebrity by his 
 humorous poetry and his public literary lectures. Among his pub- 
 lished works are: "Progress," a satire, "The New Rape of the 
 Lock," "The Proud Miss McBridc," "The Times," "The Money 
 
 JAMES HOGG. 
 AMES HOGG, known as " the Ettrick Shepherd," was born in the 
 of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, Scotland, in 1772. Like his 
 ancestors, he was a shepherd, and the probability is that he had 
 but little or no schooling in his younger days. When twenty-four 
 years old he began to compose poetry, but his imperfect penman- 
 ship hindered his work of composition. In 1800 his patriotic song, 
 called "Donald MacDonald," became very popular, although the 
 name of its author was unknown. From 1790 to 1799, while employed 
 as a shepherd by Mr. Laidlaw, of Blackhouse, he was permitted to 
 use that gentleman's library freely, so that at the age of thirty he 
 had read extensively and greatly improved his education. In 1801, 
 w-hile visiting Edinburgh with sheep for 
 the market, he arranged for the publica- 
 tion of a small collection of his songs, 
 entitled "Scottish Pastorals, Poems and 
 Songs." Meeting soon afterwards with 
 Sir Walter Scott, who was then searching 
 for material for his "MinstreUy of the 
 Scottish Border," and to whom Hogg gave 
 some old ballads, Scott encouraged him to 
 publish a second collection of hvs poems, 
 entitled "The Mountain Bard." Two 
 attempts to establish himself as a farmer 
 having proved unsuccessful, Hogg went to 
 Edinburgh, iu 1810, to follow the pro- 
 fession of an author. A connection as 
 editor for a year with a weekly paper 
 called the Spy barely earned him a liveli- 
 hood. In 1813 he published his poem of 
 "The Queen's Wake," which made him 
 famous. Another attempt at farming, 
 under the patronage of the duke of 
 Buccleuch, threw him into bankruptcy 
 after a few years. During this period 
 he contributed to Blackwood's Magazine. 
 In 1831 he went to London to superintend 
 the publication of some of his works, 
 and was there received with much distinction. He died at Altrive, 
 Scotland, in 1835. He wrote several volumes of prose and poetry, 
 ijicluding "Winter Evening Tales," " Madoc of the Moor," "The 
 Pilgrims of the Sun," and "The Altrive Tales." 
 
 THOMAS GRAY. 
 
 THE widely-known author nf ilu- " Elegy Written in a Country 
 Churchyard," Tiiomas (Jray, was born in London in 1716, and was 
 educated at Eton and Peter House, Cambridge. He accompanied 
 Horace Walpole on a Euro]>ejni continental tour, from whicli he 
 returned in 1741. Several years of literary retirement succeedt-ii. 
 together with visits to the English lakes and Scotland. The post of 
 poet laureate was offered to him on the death of Cibber, but he 
 refused it. In 1768 he accepted the chair of modern history at 
 Cambridge, and died in 1771. His poems are few in number, but of 
 a superior quality. His "Elegy" is considered by many the best 
 poem ever produced in the English language. 
 
 — <):■ 
 
 h
 
 iJltjTlNGL'lSHJiU riJK'l'S. 
 
 yul 
 
 Dante Alighieri. William Wordsworth. Charles Mackay. Edward R. B. Lytton. 
 
 ? 
 
 HE Italian poet, Dante 
 Alij^hicri, whose name 
 was a contraction of 
 " Durante," was born at 
 Florence, Italy, in 12G5. 
 He was educated by his 
 mother, with the assist- 
 ance of Brunetto Latini, 
 the distini;!;uislied statesman, poet and 
 scholar, completing his studies at the 
 univLTsities of Bologna and Padua. 
 Afterwards he studied theology at 
 Paris. In 1289 and 1200 he tooic an 
 active part in the war between his 
 country and the Aretines, and was 
 •also employed on fourteen occasions 
 as an envoy. In his twenty-eixth 
 year he married Gemma, one of the 
 Donati family, with whom he lived 
 unhappily, and from whom be finally 
 separated. In 1300 he became one 
 of the eight chief magistrates of the 
 country. In the subsequent inter- 
 nal dissensions he joined the 
 "Bianchi" (white) party, but their 
 opponents, the " Neri '■ (black), having 
 gained the ascendancy, Dante was banished 
 from Florence, under the penalty of being 
 burned alive in case he should fall again 
 into their hands. After that he became a 
 wanderer until he fonnd an asylum with 
 (iuido Novello, lord of Ravenna, and in this 
 retreat he died in 1321. He wrote several 
 books in Latin, and numerous sonnets, 
 lyrics, etc., in Italian. His fame rests, 
 however, upon his " Divine Comedy," 
 written while he was a poor wandering 
 exile. It consists of three distinct acts, or 
 poems, entitled (in English) "Hell,'' 
 " Purgatory " and " Heaven. " It was the 
 first poem written in the Italian language, and has been several times 
 translated into English — notably by Henry W. Longfellow, and Cary, 
 of England. It is marked by sweetness and digniiied by grandeur 
 and en(;rgy. 
 
 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. 
 
 ONE of the notable "Lake Poets'" of England, William Words- 
 worth, was born at Cockermouth, in 1770. He was educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge, and while sojourning there 
 spent his vacations in wandering about the country. In 1790 
 he made a three months' tour in France, Switzerland, to the Italian 
 lakes and the Rhine. In 1791 he quitted the college, having taken 
 his degree of bachelor of arts. His first publication was "An Even- 
 ing Walk,'' partly written at college, and issued in 1793. " Lyrical 
 Ballads," written by himself and Coleridge, appeared in 1728, and 
 parsed to a second edition. By the receipt of an inheritance Words- 
 worth was enabled to live in literary retirement, and before 1819 had 
 published his "Sonnets," " Essays on Epitaphs," " The Excursion," 
 "The Prelude," "Peter Bell," "The Wagoner," and other smaller 
 pieces. In 1813 he was appointed distributor of stamps for the 
 <i>unty of Westmoreland, an office worth about $2,500 a year. In 
 1S43 he was appointed poi^t laureate of England, to fill the vacancy 
 
 caused by the death of Southey. Wordsworth lived to write much 
 
 poetry with whicli the world is tolerably familiar, and was a very 
 fair delineator of the true and beautiful in nature, without rising to 
 " sparkling" dencriptions. He died at Kydal Mount, England, after 
 achieving honor by his publications, and receiving dif-tinguished 
 tokens of approval from the worthy and learned. In 1802 he married 
 Miss Mary Hutchinson, whom he had known in childhood, and whcjm 
 he celebrates in tt poem beginning: 
 
 "She was a pli;iiifniu of delight." 
 
 CHARLES MACKAY. 
 
 THE journalist, poet and lecturer of considerable celebrity, 
 Charles Mackay, was born at Perth, England, in 1812, and was 
 educated in London, and at Brussels, Belgium. In 1834, and for 
 about ten years afterwards, he was one of the editors of the London 
 Morning Chronicle, and from 1844 to 1847 he edited the Glasgow 
 (Scotland) Argua. During the S<Hithern rebellion in the United 
 States he was for about three years the special American correspond- 
 ent of the Ltmdon Tunes. Between 1834 and 1874 he published a 
 multitude of poems, which were collected and republirthed in numer- 
 ous volumes, besides a few prose works of considerable merit. For 
 some time be was engaged upon a book relating to the Gaelic etymol- 
 ogy of the English language. In 1877 he received from friends a 
 gift of nearly S4,000 in money to enable him to pursue his literary 
 labors with comfort. 
 
 EDWARD ROBERT BULWER-LYTTON. 
 
 OF THE poets and novelists of the times, Edward Robert Bulwer- 
 Lytton ranks with the most popular of English men of letters. 
 He was born in 1831. His early education was received at the 
 Harrow school and from private tutors, and afterwards he studied 
 the modern languages at the university of Bonn, Germany. From 
 1849 to 1873 he was almost constantly employed as an attache, secre- 
 tary of legation or charge d'affaires in various British embassies: at 
 Washington, U. S. A. ; at Florence, Italy; twice at Paris, France; 
 at the Hague, Holland; at St. Petersburg, Russia; at Constantinople, 
 Turkey; at Vienna, Austria, four times; at Copenhagen, Denmark; 
 at Athens, Greece; at Lisbon, Portugal; at Madrid, Spain; in 1860. 
 for a short time, he was consul-general at Belgrade, and was sent on 
 a special mission to prevent a renewal of the hostilities between the 
 Turks and Servians, and in 1868 he successfully concluded the nego- 
 tiations for a commercial treaty between Great Britain and Austria. 
 In 1873, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the title of Baron 
 Lytton. In 1874 be was appointed embassador at Lisbon. In 1870 
 he was nominated for the high office of viceroy of India, and he 
 immediately stjirted for Hindostan, on his journey meeting the Prince 
 of Wales, who was then returning home from India. At Calcutta 
 Baron Lytton was sworn in as viceroy and governor-general, April 
 12, 1876. January 1, 1877, he presided over the gorgeous ceremonial, 
 on the plains of Delhi, of proclaiming Queen Victoria of England as 
 Empress of India. In the same year the queen conferred upon him 
 the grand cross of the civil order of the bath. At this writing he is 
 still viceroy of India. His lordship has proved himself an eminent 
 literary genius by his poetry. His first work, "Clytemnestra," with 
 other poems, appeared in 1855 under the nom de plume of "Owen 
 Meredith." "The Wanderer," another collection of poems, was 
 published in 1859;" "Lucile," his well-known novel in sprightly 
 verse, in 1860; " Tannhauser " (anonymously), in 1861; "National 
 Songs of Servia" in the same year; "The Ring of Amasis," a i)rose 
 romance, in 1863; "Poetical Works of Owen Meredith" in 1867: 
 "Chronicles and Characters," in 1868; "Orval," in 1869. In 18G4 
 he married the niece of the earl of Chircndon. 
 
 ^^
 
 :cr^~ 
 
 :<M 
 
 302 
 
 THE AUTIIOKS OF "THE VAGABONDS AND "'BETSEY AND I ARE OUT. 
 
 Will. M. Carleton. John T. Trowbridge. 
 
 i 
 
 ILLIAM M. CARLETOX holds 
 an enviable place in American 
 literature, in consequence of 
 a union of common sense, a 
 ricli appreciation of human 
 ■ nature and the love of the 
 beautiful, which with facility and 
 :tptness characterize his poetical 
 works. He can boast, it is true, 
 of no elevated ancestry, and began 
 life on a farm near Hudson, in 
 Michigan, October 21, 1845. The 
 family of his forefathers dwelt in 
 England and Scotland, and his 
 father, emigrating from New 
 Hampshire, was one of the pioneers 
 Michigan. Farm- work occu- 
 pied the earlier years of the lad, 
 and as he grew to manhood he 
 divided his time between laboring 
 on his native soil during the sum- 
 mer and attending school — the old- 
 fashioned district school — when snow and 
 frost prevailed. So thoroughly did he per- ^ 
 severe in his studies tliat when but sixteen 
 years old he was qualified to teach, and alter- 
 nately taught school, increased his own stock 
 of knowledge, and worked on the farm. About 
 this time, also, he began to contribute articles 
 to several newspapers in his neighborhood and 
 other portions of Michigan, both in verse 
 and prose, over various signatures. In 1865 
 he abandoned the home-farm and entered 
 Hillsdale college, in his native State, where 
 he remained four years. Graduating in 
 1869, he engaged in writing for newspapers, 
 and from time to time produced those many 
 popular ballads by which he has won the 
 reputation of a most successful poet. These 
 labors he also diversified by lecturing upon 
 literary and kindred topics, meeting with 
 flattering receptions throughout the West. 
 The first volume of his collected poetry was 
 printed for private circulation about two 
 years after leaving college. '* Betsey and I 
 are Out" was first published in the Toledo {O.) Blade ^ in 1872, 
 but soon afterwards it reappeared, with several illustrations of 
 rural home-life, in Harper's Weekly. Carleton subsequently con- 
 tributed other poems to Harper's, and his next collection of poetry, 
 a volume of " Farm Ballads," was issued in 1873- It contains many 
 favorite productions which have been widely quoted and recited, 
 and greatly .«trengthencd his reputation. This was followed by 
 a volume of *' Farm Legends," and quite recently he has pub- 
 lished another companion-book, " Farm Festivals," in which the 
 spirit of his former pictures of American rural peculiarities is per 
 petuated. His style of phraseology is well illustrated in the follow- 
 ing fir.st stanza of "Betsey and I are Out:" 
 
 .^^RAW up the papers, lawyer, and make 'cm good and stout; 
 
 C^r; For things at home arc cross-wny.s, and Betsey and I are out. 
 We v.'ho have' worked together so long as man and wife, 
 Must pull in single harnesfi the rest of our nat'ral life. 
 
 OOO - O^ - 
 
 AN EXCELLENT place in the history of American literature, both 
 as a writer of prose and poetry, is occupied by John Townsend 
 Trowbridge, and his life is a fine example of successful 
 struggles against adverse circumstances in the early portion of 
 his career. His father was one of the pioneers of the Genesee 
 country, in western New York, settling in the vicinity of the present 
 city of Rochester, about 1812. The subject of this sketch was born 
 on his father's farm, in a log-house, September 18, 1827, the eighth 
 child of his parents, both of whom possessed distinguishing traits, 
 which evidently aided in forming the character of the young author. 
 His education at a district school, in the winters of his childhood, 
 alternated with his duties on the farm at other seasons; but he early 
 manifested his aptness as a scholar, for before he was fifteen years 
 old he could, under self-instruction, read and translate the French 
 language. He also studied Latin, and read Scott and Byron, whose 
 works he found in the public library. These books aroused the 
 literary genius of the lad, and he soon began to jdan romances and 
 think in verse, while his hands were busy with farming implements. 
 At sixteen he wrote "pieces" for country magazines and news- 
 papers. Soon afterwards he attended a classical school at Lockport, 
 N. Y. , taught school one winter, and became a farmer in Illinois, but 
 only for one season. Going back to Lockport, he engaged as a school - 
 teacher for one term, and then, when nineteen 
 years old, he went to New York, a total 
 stranger in that city, in hopes, by writing for 
 the press, to earn a living and gain reputa- 
 tion. There he found a friend in the distin- 
 guished journalist, Mordocai M. Noah, of the 
 Sunday Ti?7ies, who counseled him to write 
 prose rather than verse, on account of its being 
 more in demand and bringing larger remunera- 
 tion. Mr. Noah introduced him to several 
 publishers, and then began the oft-repeated 
 struggle of a young literary aspirant to gain a 
 livelihood by his pen in a great city. There 
 are many such instances. Young Trowbridge 
 lived in the traditional garret, and almost 
 starved while writing for bread. Forced by 
 circumstances, he then engaged in ot!ier work, 
 and when that failed he fell into the hands 
 of a charitable French family. With these 
 people he remained until August, 1848, when 
 he went to Boston and obtained employment 
 as a writer of sketches and stories, under 
 the literary name of "■Paul Creyton." A 
 newspaper enterprise in which he was interested failed in 18-19, 
 and he then associated himself with Benjamin Perley Poore for a 
 brief season, as assistant editor of the Boston Sen(i?ieL Trow- 
 bridge's first book, "Father Brighthopes," was issued in 1853, 
 and from this time onward he wrote other books of a similar sort, 
 gained reputation and made some money. In 1855 and 185tj he 
 traveled in Great Britain and Europe, and after his return published 
 and dramatized his "Neighbor Jackwood," which became very 
 popular in both forms. Since then Mr. Trowbridge has written 
 much and well, both in his i)ublished hooks and as a copious con- 
 tributor to the Atlantic Monthly and Our Young Folks. His books, 
 several of them made up frtun his magazine articles, probably number 
 thirty or more. He married, in 1860, Miss Cornelia Warren, of 
 Lowell, Mass. , but death separated them about four years afterwards. 
 or his poetry, "The Vagabonds," "The Name in the Bark," and 
 one or two others of a humorous character, arc considered his be?t. 
 
 ■ oooo* 
 
 Carleton. 
 
 7m^
 
 
 ■.(?- 
 
 AUTIIOli IlK • ,MAl'l) .Mi:i.l,l';ii AND o'lllKl; i'MI'UI.AI; I'OK.M,--. 
 
 .;ii: 
 
 Y 
 
 -»5^ 
 
 «I : 
 
 John G. i , 
 
 I ■ - ™. . , . 
 
 ■ '^«3*/i'. 
 
 : yp" A A'A A A A~A \V. 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 ,^^ iM ^££££££*££******,^ 
 
 Birthplace of Whittier. 
 
 The Quaker Poet of New England^ Anti-Slavery Agitator and Reformer. 
 
 HE QUAKER POET, J. G. Whittier, 
 first saw the light at Haverhill, 
 Mass.. December 17, 1807, or the 
 spot which his ancestors had in- 
 habited for four or five generations. 
 In the district schools and on the 
 farm he passed his youth until 
 twenty years of age, when he went 
 to Boston, where he soon became 
 the editor of the American Manu- 
 u, M ''f^'\^ iii V-^ facturer^ a publication designed to 
 
 ~l!lL' I /^^^L^-^^^^^ assist the manufacturers, and 
 
 ~ol^'-,'iy /T a '^^^^ largely devoted to the interests of 
 
 a protective tariff. 
 
 In 1830 he took charge of the 
 New Engla?id Weekly Review, at 
 Hartford, Conn. , and a year after- 
 wards he returned to Haverhill to 
 engage again in rural pursuits. 
 Here he remained for the succeed- 
 ing five years, and represented his 
 ^ town in the legislature, in 1835-'6. 
 
 Appointed secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he 
 removed to Philadelphia, where, in 1838-'9, he edited the Pennsyl- 
 vania Freeman, the office of which was burned by u mi>b. From 
 
 that time forward he became one of the prominent anti-slavery 
 men of the country, his pen, in prose and poetry being devoted to 
 the cause. 
 
 He took up his residence at Amcsbury, Mass.. in 1840, where he 
 has since continued to reside, although never married. Much senti- 
 ment pervades many of his poems, as illustrated in "Maud Mnller. " 
 and '^School Days, " the latter of which is devoted to showing the 
 regret of a brown-eyed New England girl at having spelled down 
 
 ** the little boy 
 
 Her childish favor singled." 
 
 *'I'm sorry that I spelt the word. 
 I hate to go above you. 
 Because " — the brown eyes lower fell — 
 "■ ' Because, you see, I love you. " 
 
 * ' Still memory to a gray -haired man 
 That sweet child face is showing; 
 Dear girl, the grasses on her grave 
 Have forty years been growing. 
 
 •'He lives to learn in life's hard school 
 How few who pass above him 
 Lament the triumph and his loss \ 
 
 Like her — because they love him." 
 
 His poems, which date back to 1828, and all breathing the spirit of 
 freedom and hatred of oppression, have fulfilled their mission and 
 done their work in the moral elevation of mankind. 
 
 SEED-TIME AND HARVEST. 
 
 BY JOHN GKEENLEAF WHITTIP:K. 
 
 S O'ER his furrowed fields, which lie 
 
 Beneath a coldly-dropping sky. 
 Yet chill with winter's melted sno>w, 
 Tiie husbandman goes forth to sow: 
 
 Thus, freedom, on the bitter blast 
 The ventures of thy seed we cast. 
 And trust to warmer sun and rain 
 To swell the germ, and fiJl the grain. 
 
 Who calls thy glorious service hard? 
 Who deems it not its own reward? 
 Who, for its trials, counts it less 
 A cause of praise and thankfulness? 
 
 It may not be our lot to wield 
 The sickle in the ripened field; 
 Nor ours to hear, on summer eves, 
 The reaper's song among the sheaves; 
 
 Yet where our duty's task is wrought 
 In unison with God's great thought. 
 The near and future blend in one. 
 And whatsoe'er is willed is done ! 
 
 And ours the grateful service whence 
 Comes, day by day. the recompense — 
 The hope, the trust, the purpose staid. 
 The fountain, and the noonday shade. 
 
 And were this life the utmost span. 
 The only end and aim of man. 
 Better the toils of fields like these 
 Than waking dream and slothful ease. 
 
 Our life, though falling like our grain. 
 Like that revives and springs again; 
 And early called, how blest are they 
 Who wait in heaven their harvest-day I 
 
 /<|:(>-~
 
 I 
 
 IHE AUTHOR of this, onr 
 
 of the sweftest lyrics ev>,T 
 
 written, John Howard 
 
 Payne, was born in New 
 
 York City, Jane 9, 1792. 
 
 His infancy was passed on 
 
 Long Island, N. Y. , and in 
 
 Boston, and his youthful 
 Iiiition was derived principally from his father, 
 who was at that time professionally engaged in school -teaching. 
 
 At an early age the lad manifested considerable talent in oratory 
 and an interest in dramatic literature. When about tw^elve years 
 old he was placed in a store, in New York City, as a clerk, and 
 while still thus employed at the age of thirteen, he edited a small 
 newspaper called TTie Thespian Mirror. His contributions to its 
 columns attracted much attention by their excellence, and induced 
 a Mr. Seaman to send the boy to Union college, at Schenectady, 
 N. Y. , in order to improve his talents by a better education. 
 
 Young Payne, however, with his father's permission, and without 
 waiting to finish his collegiate course, made his first appearance 
 on the stage as an actor, at the Park theater, in New York, February 
 24, 1809, as Norval^ in the play of "Douglas." In this character 
 he was favorably received and heartily applauded. This recep- 
 tion settled his destiny, and for several years he played in various 
 cities with marked success and increasing reputation, until he 
 ranked among the very best American actors. 
 
 In 1813 he sailed for England, and, on June 4, made his appearance 
 at Drury Lane theater, London, as Norval. His success continued, 
 and brought him within the acquaintance of many distinguished per- 
 sonages. He also visited Paris, where he was the room-mate of 
 Washington Irving. 
 
 For twenty years he remained in Europe, engaged in acting and in 
 translating and adapting French dramas and operas for the London 
 theaters. Among his other dramatic productions were the plays of 
 "■Charles the Second," and "Therese, or the Orphan of Geneva." 
 He also wrote, for Edmund Kean, in 1S18, his play of "Brutus, 
 or the Fall of Tarquin,'' which met with great favor and is still 
 sometimes put upon the stage. He was then twenty-seven years 
 old. Not long afterward he assumed the management of Sadlers Wells 
 theater, in London, but it proved a bad speculation, for he lost his 
 money, ran into debt, and was thrown into a debtors* jirison. In 
 This strait he translated and adapted two of Victor's French plays, 
 with the proceeds of which he was enabled to pay olT his indebted- 
 ness and obtain his release. He then resumed his business as a 
 playwright, and after playing three nights in London, in " Richard 
 MI," he abandoned the stage and returned to Paris. 
 
 His celebrated musical composition, tlie opera of " ('lari, the 
 Maid of Milan," was put upon the stage at Covent Garden 
 theater, London, May 8, 1823, and in this occurred the song of " Home, 
 Sweet Home," sung by Miss M. Tree, who sustained the part of 
 Clari. The song immediately became immensely popular, one hun- 
 
 JOHN HOWARD PAYNE, 
 
 Autliur of " Home, Sweet Hume. 
 
 Ired thousand copies of it having been sold 
 uring its first year, although Payne's name 
 was omitted fiom the title. 
 
 In 1833 he returned to the United States, and 
 on his arrival at New York received a brilliant 
 ovation and a benefit at the Old Park theater, 
 his own play of "Brutus" being the principal 
 attraction, with Edwin Forrest as Brutus. The 
 tickets sold at five dollars each. " Home, 
 Sweet Home," was sung, and there was a poetic address prepared 
 for the occasion. Payne's play of "Charles 11." was the after- 
 piece, with Forrest, Kemble, J. W. Wallack and other first-class 
 actors in the cast. The receipts were more than $7,000. 
 
 In 1842 Mr. Payne was appointed consul at Tunis; was recalU-d 
 in 1845, and reappointed in 1851. But in April, 1852, he sickened 
 and died while at his post, and was buried at Tunis. At his grave, 
 by direction of the LTnited States government, a slab was erected, 
 bearing a suitable inscription, to which is added: "This stone is 
 placed here by a grateful country." Also the following verse by 
 R. S. Chilton: 
 
 ■'Sure, wlien thy gentie spirit fled 
 
 To realms beyond the azure dome. 
 With jiinis outstretched God's angels said 
 '■ Welcome to heaven, ' Home, Sweet Home.'" 
 
 Mr. Payne never married, and never knew, except in infancy, the 
 joys of which he so feelingly wrote in his undying song. 
 
 In 1883, by the munificence of Mr. W. W. Corcoran, the well- 
 known banker at Washington, the remains of John Howard Payne 
 were brought from Tunis to the United States capital and re-interred 
 on the ninth of June with appropriate memorial ceremonies, it 
 being the ninety-first anniversary of the poet's birth. The interest 
 of the occasion was heightened by the recitatitui of an original i)oem, 
 tenderly commemorative of the dead, by the same gentleman, Mr. 
 Chilton, who inscribed the foregoing touching verse upon his foreign 
 tombstone, and the famous song was sung at the grave. A fine mon- 
 ument, surmounted with a bust of the song-writer, and properly 
 inscribed, marks the spot where he calmly rests. 
 
 The following are the words which made immortal the subject of 
 our sketch: 
 
 'Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam. 
 
 Be it ever so humlile, there's no place like home. 
 A clinrin from the skies seems to hallow us tlu-re, 
 Which seek through the world, is not met with elsewhere. 
 Home! home! sweet, sweet home! 
 
 There's no place like home. 
 There's no place like home. 
 
 An exile from home, splendor dazzles in vain. 
 
 Oh, give me my lowly-thatched cottage again! 
 The birds singing gayly that came at my call,^ 
 
 Give me them with that peace of mind, dearer than all. 
 Home! home! sweet, sweet home! 
 
 There's no place like home, 
 There's no place like home. 
 
 1
 
 VILLAGE of Eden, Erie 
 
 county, N. Y. , was the 
 
 birthplace of the author of 
 
 "Sweet Bye-and-Bye. '' 
 
 re he first saw the light June 
 
 1836. When two years old 
 
 caiue with his parents to 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 Phiinfield, 111. After a three- 
 years' sojourn the family removed 
 
 to Lake Zurich, 111., and there settled upon a farm. 
 Here the subject of our sketch learnt'd to labor, while he communed 
 with nature in the summer, attended the district schools in the 
 winter and read all the books to which he could get access, in the odd 
 times between bis other duties. 
 
 At the age of sixteen he entered the academy at Waukegan, 111., 
 taught his first school near Wauconda, 111. , at the age of eighteen, and 
 entered the university of Michigan in 1858. At the end of the uni- 
 versity year he look the place of principal in the Richmond (III.) 
 public schools, which position he resigned in 1861. to become 
 associate editor and proprietor of the Elkborn (Wis.) Independent^ 
 with Frank Lehind, afterward United States consul to Hamilton, 
 Canada. In 1864 he enlisted in Company D, 40th Wisconsin volun- 
 teers, was elected second lieutenant, and in that capacity served 
 during the term of enlistment. 
 
 Selling his newspai)er interest, he opened a drug-store in Elkhorn 
 in 1866, and at the same time began the study of medicine. Five 
 years afterward he returned, for a year, to the Richmond high school, 
 as a teacher. In 1874, having completed the curriculum of study in 
 Rush Medical college, Chicago, he graduated as doctor of medicine, 
 being accorded the honor of class valedictorian. Commencing in 
 Richmond the practice of medicine soon after graduating, he yet 
 resides there, enjoying a large practice, holding, at the same lime, 
 the ])osition of United States pension surgeon, to which he was 
 appointed soon after graduating. 
 
 Mr. Bennett commenced his literary career when a mere boy, by 
 the publication of his verse in numerous newspapers, and he has been 
 a voluminous writer from that day on. As his work in this direction 
 has been done mostly for the daily and weekly press of the country, 
 it is, in the main, lost amid the vast mass of similar work from the 
 hands of tens of thousands of writers in the same field. 
 
 During bis residence in Elkhorn be became associated with 
 J. P. Webster, the composer, then best known to the world through 
 his still famous song, "Lorena. " Together for several years they 
 published numerous songs, in sheet-music form, many of which 
 became popular, but none attained to the fixed place in the heart of 
 the world that the ''Sweet Bye-and-Bye" did. In the time men- 
 tioned they published three musical works, "The Beatitudes," a 
 Sabbath-school cantata, the "Cantata of the Great Rebellion," and 
 the "Signet Ring," a book of §unday-school music, to which Mr. 
 Bennett contributed nearly one hundred original hymns. In the 
 "Signet Ring" the "Sweet Bye-and-Bye" was first published. 
 
 S. FILLMORE BENNETT, 
 
 Author of " Swt-et Bye-aud-Bye." 
 
 We give the history of the song as written 
 by Mr. Bennett himself in a newspaper 
 article : 
 
 " In the year of 1801, I became a resident of 
 
 the village of Elkhorn, Wis., the home of the 
 
 composer, J. P. Webster, and shortly after 
 
 became associated with him in the production of 
 
 sheet-music (aongs) and other musical works. 
 
 In the summer or fall of the year 1867 we c<yn- 
 
 menced work on the 'Signet Ring,' a new Sabbath -school book, 
 
 afterward published by Messrs. Lyon & Healy, Chicago. The 
 
 ' Sweet Bye and- Bye ' was one of the songs written for that work. 
 
 " Mr. Webster, like many musicians, was of an exceedingly nervous 
 and sensitive nature, and subject to periods of depression, in which 
 he looked upon the dark side of all things in life. I had learned his 
 peculiarities so well that on meeting him I could tell at a glance if he 
 was in one of his melancholy moods, and had found that I could rouse 
 him from them by giving him a new song or hymn to work on. On 
 such an occasion he came into my place of business, and, walking 
 down to the stove, turned his back to me without speaking. I was 
 at my desk writing. Presently I turned to him and said: 
 " ' Webster, what is the matter now?' 
 
 " ' It is no matter,' be replied, ' it will be all right bye-and-bye. ' 
 " The idea of the hymn came to me like a flash of sunlight, and I 
 replied: 'The Sweet Bye-and-Bye! Why would not that make a 
 good hymn?' 
 
 " 'May be it would,' said he, indifferently. 
 
 "Turning to the desk I penned the following words as fast as I 
 could write: 
 
 "There's a land that is fairer than day. 
 And by faith we can see it afar. 
 For the Father waits over the way. 
 To prepare us a dwelling-place there: 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 
 We shall meet on that beautiful shore — 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 We shall meet on that beautiful shore. 
 
 "We shall sing, on that beautiful shore, 
 
 The melodious songs of the blest. 
 
 And our spirits shall sorrow no more — 
 
 Not a sigh for the blessing of rest! 
 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 
 We shall sing on that beautiful shore^ 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 We shall sing on that beautiful shore. 
 
 "To onr bountiful Father above. 
 
 We will offer the tribute of praise, 
 For the glorious gift of His love. 
 
 And the blessings that hallow our days: 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 
 We shall praise on that beautiful shore — 
 In the Sweet Bye-and-Bye, 
 
 Wc shall praise on thai beautiful shore. 
 "In the meantime two friends, N. H. Carswell and S. E. Bright, 
 
 /<|;C>/~- 
 
 h 
 
 20 
 
 ^^m<
 
 I 
 
 •6 
 
 306 
 
 THE "■ STAK-SPAKGLED BANNER, AND A IJISTOKY OF ITS AUTHOKSUIP. 
 
 had come in. I handed the hymn to Mr. Webster. As he read it 
 his eye kindled, and his whole demeanor changed. Stepping to the 
 desk he began writing the notes In a moment. Presently he requested 
 Mr. Bright to hand him his violin, and he played the melody. In 
 a few moments more he had the notes for the four parts of the chorus 
 jotted down. I think it was not over thirty minutes from the time 
 I took my pen to write the words, before the two gentlemen men- 
 tioned, myself and Mr. Webster were singing the hymn, in the same 
 form in which it afterward appeared in the 'Signet Ring.' While 
 singing it, Mr. R- R. Crosby, now a resident of Richmond, 111., came 
 in, and, after listening awhile, with tears in his eyes, uttered the pre- 
 diction: * Thiit hymn is immortal.' I think it was sung in public 
 shortly after, for within two weeks almost every child on the streets 
 was singing it. 
 
 "The 'Sweet Bye-and-Bye' was published in the 'Signet Ring' in 
 1868. The publishers of the book, Messrs. Lyon & Hcaly, Chicago, 
 heralded its advent by distributing a very large number of circulars, 
 upon which selections from the work were printed; among them the 
 'Sweet Bye-and-Bye.' These circulars first brought the hymn to 
 the notice of the public, and created the principal demand for the 
 book. Sometime toward the close of the year 1868, 1 think, the hymn 
 was first published in sheet-music form, first by Messrs. Lyon & 
 Healy. Its publication passed from their hands to 0. Ditson & Co., 
 Boston. It is now published in numerous collections of vocal 
 music in America, and, as a newspaper account says, it is trans- 
 lated into various foreign languages, and 'sung in every land under 
 the sun. ' " 
 
 S. Key. 
 
 Author of the Song of "The Star-Spangled Banner." 
 
 ' HE ORIGIN of this stirring melody is thus related: Dr. 
 Beans, of Upper Marlborough, Md. , after the capture of 
 Washington, in August, 1814, was taken prisoner and 
 carried on board the British fleet. Upon this fact be- 
 coming known, Mr. Francis S. Key, with a friend, visited the fleet 
 to arrange, if possible, for his release, and their request was granted, 
 but all three, in view of the approaching attack on Baltimore, were 
 detained on shipboard. 
 
 On the 12th of September British troops were landed near Balti- 
 more, and while these advanced upon the city, the fleet furiously 
 bombarded Fort McHenry, which defended the port, for twenty-five 
 hours. During the night the fort did not reply to the cannonade, 
 and whether the flag still waved above it, or had been hauled down 
 in the darkness, could not be ascertained until the dawn, 
 
 Mr. Key and his friends passed an anxious and sleepless night, 
 and when morning came they beheld, with joy, the stars and stripes 
 gallantly surmounting the ramparts. It was during this long and 
 exciting night that Mr. Key composed the song, which during our 
 
 more recent conflicts has been an inspiration to many a weary 
 soldier and his anxious friends. The fort was not taken by the fleet, 
 the land force was repulsed by American troops, and Baltimore was 
 saved. 
 
 Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," 
 was born in Frederick county, Md. , August 1, 1779- His education 
 was received at St. John's college, Annapolis; and after having 
 studied law and secured admittance to the bar he began to practice 
 his profession at Frederick City, Md. 
 
 Afterward removing to Washington, he became district attorney of 
 the District of Columbia and retained that ofKce for many years. 
 
 He wrote numerous other poems, a collection of which was pub- 
 lished in 1857, but his fame rests chiefly upon "The Star-Spangled 
 Banner." 
 
 He died at Baltimore, January II, 1843, and the lute James Lick, 
 of San Francisco, Cal. , so highly appreciated his genius that in his 
 will he bequeathed $00,000 for the purpose of erecting a suitable 
 monument to Mr. Key's memory. 
 
 STAR-SPANGLED 
 
 ^ 
 
 BANNER. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 n I say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, 
 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? 
 Whose broad stiipes and bright stars through the perilous flght, 
 
 O'er the ramparts wc watched were so gallantly streaming; 
 And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air. 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; 
 Oh I say, docs that star-spangled baimer yet wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 
 
 N the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 
 
 Whore the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes. 
 What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep. 
 
 As it lltfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 
 Now it (flitches the gleam of the morning's first beam. 
 In full glory reflected now shines on the stream; 
 
 'Tis the star-spangh'd banner! oh, long may it wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave I 
 
 'TT'ND where is that bund, who so vauntingly swore 
 A^ That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion 
 A home and a country should leave us no more? 
 
 Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. 
 No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
 From the terror of death and the gloom of the grave; 
 And the star-spauglcd bainu-r in triumph shall wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave I 
 
 O 
 
 H ! thus be it ever, wlu^n freemen shall stand 
 
 Between flu'ir loved homes and war's desolation; 
 ItU'f'l with victory and peace, may the heav'n-rescucd land 
 
 PraisL- the power timt has made and preserved us a nation. 
 Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just. 
 And this he our motti), *' In God is our trust. " 
 
 And the star-spangled banner iu triumph shall wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
 
 -^■'^. 
 
 nUl.WKIi-LYTTO^, I'OKT AND NOVKI.IST. 
 
 auT 
 
 9-- 
 
 Poet, Novelist and Member of the British Parliament. 
 
 HE CELEBRATED English novelist. Edward 
 George Earle Lytton, Baron, was born in 1805, 
 of an ancient family. 
 He was educated by private tutors and at Trinity 
 Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated in I82G. In the 
 , meantime he had made pedestrian tours through Eng- 
 . land and Scotland, and on horseback through a large 
 portion of France. His literary tastes developed at an 
 early age and continued until his death to be mani- 
 fested in his voluminous writings. He succeeded to the Knebworth 
 estates in 1844; mainly assisted in founding the guild of literature 
 and art; became lord rector of the University of Glasgow in 1850, and 
 again in 1858. He entered parliament in 1831, and again in 1853 and 
 1857. He was created a baronet in 1838, and in 1858 became secretary 
 of state for the colonies in the cabinet of the earl of Derby, but this 
 
 office he resigned in 1859. In 1866 he became Baron Lytton and a 
 member of the peerage. He died in London, 1873. Among his works 
 were the following: 
 
 Poems: "Sculpture," "Weeds and Wild Flowers," "O'Neill, 
 or the Rebel," " The New Timon, " " King Arthur, " " The Odes 
 and Epodes of Horace," "The Siamese Twins," "The Lost Tales 
 of Miletus." Dramas: "The Duchess de La Valliere, " The Lady 
 of Lyons," "Richelieu," "Money," "Not so Bad as We Seem. " 
 Other works: "Falkland," " Pelham. " "The Disowned," " Dev- 
 ereux, " "Paul Clifford," "Eugene Aram," "England and the 
 English," "The Student," "The Pilgrims of the Rhine, "" The 
 Caxtcms, " "A Letter to John Bull," "Confessions of a Water 
 Patient," "My Novel," "What will He Do with It?" "The Paris- 
 ians, " ' ' Kenelm Chillingly, " and ' ' The Crisis, " a political paper. 
 
 Lady Buhver, his wife, also wrote several novels. 
 
 CLAUDE MELNOTTE'S APOLOGY AND DEFENSE. 
 
 BY LORD EDWARD BULWER-LYTTON. 
 
 Pauline, by pride 
 Angels have fallen ere thy time; by pride, — 
 That sole alloy of thy most lovely mould — 
 The evil spirit of a bitter love 
 And a revengeful heart, had power upon thee. 
 From my first years my soul was filled with thee; 
 I saw thee midst the flowers the lowly boy 
 Tended, unmarked by thee, — a spirit of bloom, 
 And joy and freshness, as spring itself 
 Were made a living thing and wore thy shape! 
 I saw thee, and the passionate heart of man 
 Entered the breast of the wild-dreaming boy; 
 And from that hour I grew — what to tlic last 
 I shall be — thine adorer! Well, this love, 
 Vain, frantic, — guilty, if thou writ, became 
 A fountain of ambition and bright hope; 
 I thought of tales that by the winter hearth 
 Old giissips tell, — how maidens sprung from kings 
 Have stooped from their high sphere; how Love, like Death, 
 Levels all ranks, and lays the shepherd's crook 
 Beside the sceptre. Thus I made my home 
 In the soft palace of a fairy Future! 
 My father died; and I, the peasant-born. 
 Was my own lord. Then did I seek to rise . 
 Out of the prison of my mean estate; 
 And, with such jewels as the exploring mind 
 Brings from the caves of Knowledge, buy my ransom 
 From those twin jailers of the daring heart, — 
 Low birth and iron fortune. Thy briglit image, 
 
 Glassed in my soul, took all the hues of glory 
 
 And lured me on to those inspiring toils 
 
 By which man masters men ! For thee, I grew 
 
 A midnight student o'er the dreams of sages! 
 
 For thee, I sought to borrow from each Grace 
 
 And every Muse such attributes as lend 
 
 Ideal charms to Love. I thought of thee, 
 
 And passion taught me poesy, — of thee. 
 
 And on the painter's canvas grew the life 
 
 Of beauty! — Art became the shadow 
 
 Of the dear starlight of thy haunting eyes! 
 
 Men called me \'ain, — some, mad, — I heeded not; 
 
 But still toiled on, hoped on, — for it was sweet. 
 
 If not to win, to feel more worthy, thee I 
 
 At last, in one mad hour, I dared to pour 
 
 The thoughts that burst their channels into song. 
 
 And senr them to thee, — such a tribute, lady. 
 
 As beauty rarely scorns, even from the meanest. 
 
 The name — appended by the burning heart 
 
 That longed to show its idol what bright things 
 
 It had created — yea, the enthusiast's name. 
 
 That should have been thy triumph, was thy scornl 
 
 That very hour — when passion, turned to wrath, 
 
 Rfsembled hatred most; when thy disdain 
 
 Made my whole soul a chaos — in that hour 
 
 The tempters found me a revengeful tool 
 
 For their revenge! Thou hadst trampled on the worm,- 
 
 It turned, and stung thee! 
 
 G] 
 
 ^:
 
 >kl-^^^^ 
 
 30S 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHER AND PLAY-WRITER, SHAKSPEARE. 
 
 Life and Works of the Distinguished Dramatist. 
 
 LTHOUGH no exact record of the 
 date of his birth exists, it is sup- 
 posed that William Shakspeare was 
 born April 26, 1564, his birthplace 
 being Stratford-upon-Avon. He 
 was the third of eight children. His 
 father was a prominent man, at one 
 time, in the town of 1,500 people, 
 being successively, a glover, a 
 butcher, a dealer in wool, and filled 
 in order the offices of constable, alderman, and 
 mayor. — all that, and yet not able to write his own 
 name, which indicated that he was a man of such 
 J^lv^-K natural ability as to take high rank, even with no 
 "*^i '-■' \^V' ' liucation. 
 g[ *tV'^ '^^^ mother came from an aristocratic family of 
 some note, and with the small estate that she brought 
 her husband, the couple were in well-to-do circum- 
 stances, and amid these pleasant surroundings, it is 
 supposed William attended the Stratford grammar 
 school and assisted his father at butchering and wool- 
 buying, and afterwards as an attorney's clerk and schoolmaster. 
 
 In the future poet's rovings about the neighborhood, he met 
 Anne Hathaway, whom he married at the age of eighteen. Anne 
 being at the time twenty-six. Five months afterwards she bore him 
 a daughter, and before he was twenty-one, three children were born 
 to him. the la.^t two being twins. 
 
 About this time his father's circumstances became embarrassed, 
 and William was compelled to turn his attention to something besides 
 his father's business with which to get a living. The tradition is 
 that having stolen a deer from Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, near 
 Stratford, he received such persecution as compelled him to leave 
 his native town for the time. Be that as it may, having often wit- 
 nessed the plays of traveling actors from London in Stratford, and 
 some of his acquaintances being in the metropolis, he engaged in 
 theatrical work. He went to London, and was soon employed as an 
 assistant in general utility work, it is claimed, at tlie Bluckfriars 
 Theater, where he also soon joined a theatrical company. 
 
 At that period there was great demand for nrw play«, and he very 
 
 soon commenced rearranging and adapting old plays to the stage, 
 succeeding which he began to write plays of his own, which became 
 so popular as to make him, in ten years from the time of his first 
 arrival in London, the most distinguished literary man in Great 
 Britain. For sixteen years, it is said, after he commenced play- 
 writing he frequently took a part in his own plays. He then ceased 
 to go upon the stage, but continued his writing and remained 
 in London, from the time of his first arrival, a period of twenty-four 
 years. At the expiration of this time, with an income of $12,000 a 
 year from his writings, he returned to Stratford, where he wrote 
 three more plays, one of which was the "-Tempest." 
 
 Shakspeare had, years before, purchased one of the handsomest 
 homes in Stratford for his family, but rumor has it that he was never 
 a husband to his wife after going to London, though he visited Strat- 
 ford annually. Engaged in a drinking spree with Drayton and Ben 
 Jonson, Shakspeare contracted a fever, from which he died, April 
 23, 1616, aged fifty-two, leaving a wife who survived him seven 
 years, and two married daughters. One of these. Susanna, the 
 eldest, had married a Dr. Hall, of Stratford, and Judith had wedded 
 Thomas Quincy. His other child, a boy called Hammet, died at the 
 age of eleven. 
 
 Shakspeare's remains were buried in the chancel of Trinity 
 Chapel, at Stratford. This church, which contains also the remains 
 of his wife, the monument that stands near it. upon which is a 
 portrait-bust of the poet, the grammar school in which he was 
 educated, and tlie house where he was born, purchased by the 
 national government at a cost of $20,000, may lo-day all be seen by 
 the pilgrim to Stratford. Thousands of the admirers of Shakspeare, 
 from all parts of the world, come here every year, and although 
 three hundred years have gone by since the jmet's birth, the centuries 
 seem but to add brilliancy and a halo to his memory. 
 
 The great dramatist left to posterity thirty-seven play-i. in which 
 were interblended poetry, love, wit, religion, philosophy and knowl- 
 edge of human nature, in such measure as no one had ever written 
 before, and no one will ever be likely to surpass. 
 
 On the following page are given some of the well-known sayings 
 from this famous playwright. It will be seen, from their study, 
 that the fame which Shakspeare has enjoyed for three hundred 
 years, was well and justly merited.
 
 SKKMONS IN A SINGLE LINE. 
 
 au'j 
 
 ? 
 
 Familiar Quotations from Shakspeare's Writings. 
 
 S-^-g^! 
 
 WEET are the uses of adversity. 
 
 Which, like the toad, uc;ly and venomous, 
 Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 
 And this our life, exeni])t from public haunt. 
 Kinds tongues in trees, h(»)ks in Ilic running brooks, 
 Sermons in stones, and good iu everything. 
 
 .'Is You Like If. Act ii. Sc. 1. 
 
 As merry as the day is long. 
 
 Much Ado About Nothing. 
 
 Act ii. Sc. 1. 
 
 Every one can master a grief but he that has it. 
 Mucfi Ado About Nothing. Act iii. Sc. 
 
 The man that hath no music in himself, 
 
 Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds. 
 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils: 
 
 The motions of his spirit are dull as night, 
 
 And his affections dark as Erebus. 
 
 Let no such man be trusted. 
 
 Merchant of Venice. Act v. Sc. 
 
 1. 
 
 All the world 's a stage 
 And all the men and women merely players; 
 Tbey have their exits and their entrances; 
 And one man in his time plays many parts, — 
 His Acts being seven ages. At first, the Infant, 
 Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. 
 Then the wliining School -boy, with his satchel 
 And shining morning face, creeping like snail 
 Unwillingly to school. And then the Lover, 
 Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad 
 Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a Soldier, 
 Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard; 
 Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel, 
 Seeking the bubble Reputation 
 
 Even iu the cannon's mouth. And then the Justice, 
 In fair round belly with good capon lin'd. 
 With eyes severe and beard of formal cut. 
 Full of wise saws and modern instances, — 
 And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts 
 Iiuo the lean and slipper'd pantaloon. 
 With spectacle on nose and pouch on side; 
 His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide 
 For bis shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, 
 Turning again toward childish treble, pipes 
 And wliistles in his sound. Last scene of all, 
 That ends this strange eventful history. 
 Is second childishness and mere oblivion; 
 Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans — everything. 
 As You Like It. Act ii. Sc. 7. 
 
 She never told her love ; 
 But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud. 
 Feed on her damask cheek: she pined in thought; 
 And. with a green and yellow melancholy, 
 She sat, like Patience on a monument, 
 Smiling at grief. 
 
 Twelfth Night. Act ii. Sc. 4. 
 
 Some are born great, some achieve greatness. 
 And some have greatness thrust upon them. 
 
 Tivelfth Night. Act ii. Sc. 5. 
 
 Thus the whirligig of Time brings in his revenges. 
 Twelfth Night. Act v. Sc. 1. 
 
 When Fortune means to men most good. 
 She looks upon them with a threatening eye. 
 
 King John. Act iii. Sc. 4. 
 
 To gild refined gold, to paint the lily. 
 
 To throw a perfume on the violet. 
 
 To smooth the ice, or add another hue 
 
 Unto the rainbow, or with taper-light 
 
 To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish. 
 
 Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. 
 
 King John. Act iv. Sc. 3. 
 
 Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 
 
 King Henry IV. . Part II. ,4fMii. Sc. 1. 
 
 Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep. 
 King Henry [7., Part II. ActWx. Sc. 
 
 The smallest worm will turn, being trodden on. 
 King Henry ['/., Part III Act W. Sc. 
 
 So wise ho young, they say, do ne'er live long. 
 
 King Richard III. Act iii. Sc. 
 
 A horse! u horse I My kingdom for a horse! 
 
 King liichard III. Act v. Sc.4. 
 Farewell, a long farewell to all my greatness! 
 This is ihe statt; of man: to-day he puts forth 
 The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow l)lr)ssom.i. 
 And bears his Idusbing honors thick u|)om bim: 
 The third day comes a frost, a killing frost. 
 
 King Henry VIII. Act iii. Sc. 2. 
 
 What 's in a name? that which we call a rose 
 By any other name would smell as sweet. 
 
 liomeo and Juliet. Act ii. Sc. 2. 
 
 For nought so vile that on the earth doth live. 
 But to the earth some special good doth give; 
 Nor aught so good, but, slrain'd from that fair use, 
 Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse: 
 Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied. 
 And vice sometime 's by action dignifred. 
 
 liomeo and Juliet. Act W. Sc. 3. 
 
 Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for 
 my cause; and be silent that ytm may bear. 
 
 Julius desar. Act iii. Sc. 2. 
 
 Not that I loved Ctesar less, but that I loved 
 Rome more. 
 
 Julius Ccesar. Act iii. Sc. 2. 
 
 But yesterday, the word of CECsar might 
 
 Ha\e stood against the world: now lies he there, 
 
 And none so poor to do bim reverence. 
 
 Julius desar. Act iii. Sc. 2. 
 There is a tide in the affairs of men. 
 Which, taken at the flood. leads on to fortune: 
 Omitted, all the voyage of their life 
 Is bound in shallows and in miseries. 
 
 Julius Voisar. Act iv. Sc. 3. 
 
 His life was gentle; and the elements 
 
 So mix'd in him. that Nature might stand up 
 
 And say to all the world, " This is a man !" 
 
 Julius Censor. Act v. Sc. 5. 
 
 To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, 
 
 Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. 
 
 To the last syllable of recorded time: 
 
 And all our yesterdays have lighted fools 
 
 The way to dusty death. Out, out. brief candle! 
 
 Life "s but a walking shadow; a poor player. 
 
 That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. 
 
 And then is heard no more: it is a tale 
 
 Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, 
 
 Signifying nothing. 
 
 Macbeth. Act v. Sc. 5. 
 Frailty, thy name is woman! 
 
 Hamlet. Act i. Sc. 2. 
 He was a man, take him for all in all, 
 I shall not look upon his like again. 
 
 Hamlet. Act i. Sc. 2. 
 A countenance more 
 In sorrow than in anger. 
 
 Hamlet. Act i. Sc. 2. 
 Let the galled jade wince, our withers are unwrung. 
 Ikniilet. Act iii. Sc. 2. 
 There 's a divinity that shapes our ends, 
 Rough-hew them how we will. 
 
 Hamlet. Act v. Sc. 2. 
 
 Have you not heard it said full oft. 
 A woman's nay doth stand for naught? 
 
 Ibid. xiv. 
 
 h 
 
 -— jO:
 
 i 
 
 a reckless, dissipated captain 
 in the guards, whose first 
 prominent escapade was to 
 flope, at the age of twenty- 
 three, with the wife of a mar- 
 quis, the couple taking up 
 ^ _ ,- ^ their residence in France, 
 
 *^ where the wife died in 1784, 
 
 leaving a daughter — Augusta — who afterwards became Mrs. Leigh. 
 Two years later, the fortune of the first wife being squandered, John 
 made the acquaintance of Catherine Gordon, a Scotch girl, who was 
 reputed to be worth $250,000. Byron openly boasted of his inten- 
 tion to marry her for the purpose of obtaining the money with which 
 to pay his debts, and he carried out his purpose. This marriage was 
 very satisfactory to Byron's creditors, who came upon the estate 
 before the honeymoon was over. First went the ready money, 
 $15,000; next, $5,000 in bank and other stock; then $45,000 worth 
 of timber was cut and sold from the estate. Then the property 
 was mortgaged for $24,000, and all the money thus raised was spent 
 in paying the debts of the spendthrift. 
 
 First settling in England, where the property was squandered, the 
 wife afterwards went to Aberdeen to live on the income of $10,000 
 that had been settled upon her at marriage, which amount the 
 husband could not obtain. When everything else had been wasted, to 
 even the interest on this last amount, the husband followed her from 
 England and borrowed all he could get, and then abandoned her 
 and their child, a hoy then three years old, and started for Paris, 
 
 but died before reaching there. With all the meanness of the man, 
 his wife loved him devotedly and her shrieks were of the most violent 
 kind when the news came of his death. 
 
 Such was the parentage of the poet, Byron. The father was a 
 wild, reckless, passionate spendthrift. The mother was irrational 
 and emotional; sometimes storming with anger, and again over- 
 flowing in her heart with love. What wonder that the future Byron 
 should have possessed those traits of character that poisoned his 
 morals and shadowed the purity of his social existence. It was as 
 natural that his domestic life should be darkened and cursed as that 
 thistles shall grow where the seed of thistle is sown. It will be seen 
 in these biographies of great lives that while training has done much, 
 a smoothly, evenly- rounded, successful life is almost invariably 
 preceded by an intellectual, moral, well balanced, superior parentage. 
 
 George Gordon Byron, the subject of our sketch, was born in 
 London, January 22. 1788. It was while living with his mother in 
 Aberdeen, in 1798, that the news came of the death of his great 
 uncle. William Lord Byron, of Rochdale, and Newstead Abbey, who 
 had died without direct heirs, and George Gordon succeeded to the 
 title and the wealth which he left. The future poet was then ten 
 years old. — a bashful, imaginative boy, who was very sensitive 
 because of lameness. — a trouble that had afflicted him from birth, 
 at which time the bones of his. right foot had been misplaced. 
 
 The widow and her son removed to the Abbey, and from there \\v 
 was sent to a school at Dulwich. Two years afterwards he was 
 transferred to Harrow school, where he remained five years, proving 
 a careless student but a great reader of fiction and history. He was 
 ambitions to excel in athletic sports, and became an expert swimmer 
 and boxer. His poetic temperament and amative, passionate nature 
 predisposed him to fall in love, and three times before he was fifteen, 
 it is averred, ho was madly infatuated with as many girls. 
 
 It was during a few weeks' vacation when sixteen years old. that 
 he made the acquaintance of Mary Anne Chaworth, whom he loved 
 most devotedly. Two years his senior, she married soon afterwards, 
 the news of which nearly throw him into ctmvulsions. Byron in 
 after years claimed that this boyish passion was the turning-point 
 of his life. 
 
 h
 
 BYKON S TOMU, NEAR NEWSTEAI) ABBEY. 
 
 ;iii 
 
 His yoiitlifiil training was as nnfortunate as wer(i the niL'ntal 
 chamctoristics which he inherited. His mother wouUl at timt-H 
 intliil^^o in tits of rage toward him and taunt him a^ u "hime brat;" 
 again she would indulge him in any whim, caress and praise him for 
 hiK bright eyes. Thus, with a bad mental organization to commence 
 with, an unfortunate training in his youth, petted and humored for 
 the sake of his title, the wonder is that there was any good left in 
 Iiim. 
 
 He went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1805, and the next year 
 appeared a small volume of his poems, which, along with other 
 verses, were issued in 1807 under the title, "Hours of Idleness." 
 This volume was severely criticised by the Edinburgh Jieview, and 
 Byron retorted by a satire, published in 1807, entitled "English 
 Bards and Scotch Reviewers." 
 
 On coming of age, in 
 1809. Byron was in debt 
 $50,000, to incur which he 
 had run a course of youth- 
 ful dissipation that im- 
 paired his health. This, 
 with the limited income 
 from his estate, made him 
 resolve to leave England 
 for a journey to the East, 
 where a portion of his time 
 was spent in Greece. Here 
 be wrote, "Hints from 
 Horace," "The Curse of 
 Minerva," and the first and 
 second cantos of " Childe 
 Harold." 
 
 Returning to England, 
 Byron showed these poems 
 to a relative, who urged 
 their publication, many of 
 the weakest passages being 
 stricken from them, and the 
 strongest and best being 
 added as they were passing 
 through the press. 
 
 The want of affection 
 between Byron and his 
 mother, was shown in the 
 fact that though absent from 
 England two years. Byron 
 did not go to see her upon 
 his return, her last impre- 
 cation upon him, when he left home two years before, being a hope 
 that he would become as deformed in mind as he was in body. Soon 
 after his return, she died from the effects of a fit of rage, brought 
 on through a quarrel with a tradesman. 
 
 ' ' Childe Harold " came from the press, and was at once a success. 
 Through it he may be said to have attained the highest literary repu- 
 tation of any man of his age. He had, in the meantime, also, made 
 two or three speeches in the House of Peers, of which he was a 
 member by virtue of his rank. His prolific pen caused, to follow, in 
 rapid succession, about this time, the "Giaour," "Bride of 
 Abydos," "Corsair" and, lastly, "Lara," which appeared in 1813. 
 
 In spite of dissipation and the fates which had been so terribly 
 against him, Byron was at this period, undoubtedly, the most popular 
 literary man in Europe. He had developed into a fine personal 
 appearance, having only a slight limp as he walked; he was regarded 
 as a talented member of the House of Lords, and he was an author 
 of acknowledged superior genius. Byron could, had he chosen, 
 have been pecuniarily independent from that time forward. 
 
 Byron's Tomb, at Hucknall, England 
 
 His only near relative was his half-sister, Augusta, who had been 
 reared by her grandmother, the Countess of Holderness, He had no 
 dependents upon him, and yet his loves with women of questionable 
 character, and his spendthrift habits, kept him poor and in debt. 
 
 About this time he sold his estate for S700, 000, of which sum 
 $100,000 was paid at time of purchase, which was to be forfeited if 
 the remainder was not forthcoming. No more was paid,' and Byron 
 used the sum thus furnished in part liquidation of his obligations, 
 but after all was exhausted, he was yet overwhelmed with debt. 
 
 His friends advised him to marry, and he listened to the suggestion. 
 He had before been impressed with the beauty and modesty of Miss 
 Anne Isabella Milhanke. Her father was a baronet, with large 
 estates, and she was the prospective heiress to an estate of an uncle, 
 which yielded an income of $40,000 a year. Byron proposed to her 
 
 and was refused. At the 
 suggestion of a friend he 
 propo.sed to another heiress, 
 and was rejected; where- 
 upon he reopened corre- 
 spondence with Miss Mil- 
 hanke. and was finally 
 accepted, the marriage 
 taking place January 2, 
 1815, Byron being then 
 twenty-seven years old, 
 and his wife four years 
 younger. 
 
 During the succeeding 
 year he wrote the ' • Siege 
 of Corinth," "Parisina, " 
 and other smaller poems. 
 During the year, also, his 
 creditors, understanding 
 that he had married a rich 
 heiress, pressed their 
 claims, and his wife's for- 
 tune rapidly melted away; 
 several executions were 
 placed upon his house, and 
 he escaped personal arrest 
 only by virtue of being a 
 member of the House of 
 Peers. At the end of a 
 year, a child was born to 
 Byron and his wife, known 
 in his verse as "Ada, sole 
 daughter of my home and 
 heart." The mother had no sooner risen from childbed than Byron 
 insisted upon her returning to her father's house, which she did, and 
 soon after a formal separation took place, the grounds of complaint 
 being harshness and cruelty on the part of the husband, though 
 flagrant infidelity on his part was suspected, among his amours being 
 incestuous intercourse with his half-sister, Mrs. Leigh, then a 
 married woman and the mother of four children. 
 
 Public sentiment turned upon Byron as soon as the separation from 
 his wife became known. He was now as unpopular as he had before 
 been famous, and to escape the lashings of the press and his enemies, 
 he left England, went to Brussels, and thence up the Rhine to 
 Switzerland, traveling in state in a carriage fitted up with bed, 
 library, etc., having with him a physician and three servants. 
 
 At Geneva he met a young woman by whom he had a daughter, 
 born nine months afterwards. This child was seut to him, at Venice, 
 when it was twenty months old. Named AUegra, she died when five 
 years of age. 
 
 In Switzerland he wrote the third canto of "Childe Harold. "' the 

 
 :c>- 
 
 ? 
 
 312 
 
 A Sl'ECIMKN OF BYKON S VEKSES. 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 The Destruction of Sennacherib. 
 
 '■Prisoner of Chillon," several smaller poems, and outlined the 
 novel, subsequently published, called "The Vampire." 
 
 From Switzerland he went to Venice, where he hired a palace, 
 fitted up a harem, filled with a low class of Venetian women, and 
 remained here three years, during which time he wrote '■'■Manfred," 
 
 '■'The Lament of Tasso, " "Beppo, " " Ode on Venice, " "Mazep- 
 pa, '" the fourth canto of "-Childe Harold," and four cantos of '■^Bon 
 Juan," with many smaller poems. 
 
 In 1819 he met the Countess Teresa Guiccioli, ayoung lady then 
 but sixteen years of age, who had recently become the third wife of 
 Count Guiccioli, a wealthy nobleman, then sixty years old. Byron 
 and the countess fell in love with each other at first sight, and the 
 result was that Byron disbanded bis harem and attached himself to 
 her. Afterwards, when the husband took his young wife to Ravenna, 
 she fell sick, and, as a last resort, the father, brother, and husband 
 urged Byron to go and visit her, which he did; and taking up his 
 residence in the husband's 
 
 home, remained there two 
 years, the openly recognized 
 lover of the countess. Dur- 
 ing this time he wrote 
 "Marino Faliero," "Sar- 
 danapalus," " The Two 
 Foscari, " ' ' Cain. " ' ' The 
 Vision of Judgment," 
 ' 'Heaven and Earth, " "The 
 Prophecy of Dante, " the 
 fifth canto of ' ' Don Juan, " 
 made some translations, and 
 commenced "Werner" and 
 "The Deformed Trans- 
 formed." 
 
 The count, it appears, at 
 last objected to the relations 
 existing between Byron and 
 his wife, which resulted in 
 a separation between the 
 countess and himself; but 
 after Byron's death, in 1824, 
 tbey became reconciled, and 
 she received an annuity from 
 his estate. In 1851 she 
 married the French Marquis 
 de Boissy, who used to refer 
 CO her as "My wife, for- 
 merly mistress of Lord 
 Bvron. " Her husband died 
 
 famous, and infamous, and famous again; he had wasted his health 
 with intemperance, and had partially recovered it. He had done an 
 immense work as an author, from which literary labor he now con- 
 cluded to rest. It was at this period that he began to turn his atten- 
 tion to political matters, feeling that the time had come for him to 
 verify the assertion, made years before, that he would some day do 
 something besides writing poetry. 
 
 The Greeks had risen against the Turks. Byron resolved to cast 
 his fortunes with Greece in her struggle for independence. He 
 furnished some money, and in January, 1824, he joined the ranks of 
 the Grecian soldiery, and was appointed commander-in-chief of an 
 expedition Intended to be sent against Lepanto. He left Genoa 
 and sailed for the Greek islands, making his headquarters at 
 Missolonghi, and on the 22d of January, 1824, he wrote his last 
 poem, entitled, *'On Completing My Thirty-sixth Year." On 
 April 15, he was seized with a convulsive fit. from which he died 
 
 four days afterwards, while 
 
 -^^ 
 
 ^-==^ 
 
 in 1866. In 18G8 she published in 
 French, afterwards translated into English, a work entitled, "My 
 Recollections of Lord Byron. " 
 
 In 1821 the poet had become rich. His works were having a large 
 sale. He had sold his estates for cash, and a portion of his wife's 
 inheritance, settled upon him at marriage, had come into his hands. 
 
 At this time Byron and the Countess Guiccioli took up their abode 
 for nine months in Pisa, Italy, going thence to Genoa. In this 
 period he finished "Werner, "and "The Deformed Transformed," 
 wrote "The Age of Bronze," "The Island." and the hist cantos of 
 " Don Juan " that were published. The countess claimed that he 
 wrote five more cantos, in which he brought the poem to a happy 
 conclusion. He also wrote his memoir, the manuscript of which 
 he presented to Moore, who sold it to Murray for $10,000, the 
 condition being that It shouhl not be published until afti-r the 
 poet's death. 
 
 Byron was now thirty-six years old. He had been rich, and poor, 
 and rich, in turn. He had lived the life of aprntligate; had been 
 
 vainly endeavoring to give 
 a direction, in which were 
 articulated the names of his 
 wife, daughter and sister. 
 The countess was at this 
 time in Genoa. 
 
 His death was most sin- 
 cerely mourned by the 
 Greeks for a period of 
 twenty-one days. His body 
 was embalmed and sent to 
 England, where it was in- 
 terred in the tomb of his 
 ancestors, at Hucknall. near 
 Newstead Abbey. 
 
 By will he left his fortune 
 to his sister, Mrs. Leigh. 
 Jtuch of the memoir 
 which he wrote Moore de- 
 stroyed just before the work 
 appeared in public print, it 
 is said, at the instigation of 
 Lady Byron; a record of 
 what might have been of 
 considerable interest to the 
 world, was thus denied to 
 those who, through this 
 
 memoir, would doubtless 
 
 have known much more of 
 the inner existence of this eccentric character. 
 
 Such was the short life of the sensitive, erratic, fickle, weak and 
 talented Byron. As a poet, he is claimed by some to stand at the 
 very head in English verse; others place him second only to Homer, 
 Shakespeare and Dante. It is certain that he occupies a place in the 
 foremost rank as a descriptive writer, as shown in the third and 
 fourth cantos of "Childe Harold," while in "Don Juan," his blend- 
 ing of pathos, scorn, wit, humor, gloom and vivacity, is of the very 
 highest order. 
 
 His powers of description arc shown in the poem on this pngc 
 entitled "The Destruction of Sennacherib," every line of which, 
 it will be seen, so vividly illustrates that which is described as 
 to enable the reader very plainly-to behold the scene. 
 
 Owing to the varied feelings of the people concerning the blame 
 attaching to him. when parentage and youthful training are con- 
 sidered, the merits of his writings have been exalted or undervalued 
 from time to time. The opinion prevails, however, that his phut- 
 in literary merit is amnn^ the very highest of the English poets. 
 
 BV LORD BYRON. 
 
 HE Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold, 
 And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; 
 And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, 
 When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. 
 
 Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green, 
 That host with their banners at sunset were seen; 
 Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath flown, 
 That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. 
 
 For the angel of death spread his wings on the blast. 
 And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed; 
 And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill. 
 And their hearts but once heaved and forever grew still! 
 
 And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide. 
 But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride; 
 And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf, 
 And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. 
 
 And there lay the rider distorted and pale, 
 With the dew on his brow and the rust on his mail; 
 And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, 
 The lances uplifted, the trumpets unblown. 
 
 And the widows of Ashnr are loud in their wail; 
 And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal; 
 And the migbt of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword. 
 Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord! 
 
 I
 
 Author of "Paradise Lost" and Other Poems. 
 
 [ONDON was the birthplnce, in 16U8, of 
 John Milton, one of the most sedate 
 of British poets. lie was educated 
 at St. Paul's school and Christ's col- 
 lege at Cambridge, and then spent 
 five years in studious retirement in, 
 his father's house at Horton, Eng- 
 land. It was during this period that he 
 produced his " Comus," "Lycidas," 
 and some other poems. 
 >Y- /=*'^S5V^io$S*»*j/^J Going to France in 1638, he spent 
 
 "^VpSi^T ^"^^5Jv*w^ fifteen months there and in Italy. On 
 his return to England, he opened an 
 academy in London, and took part in the current controversies of his 
 day. He was married iu llj43, and within a month his wife deserted 
 
 him, going home to her parents; but a reconciliation ensued, and 
 she, with her father and brothers, took up her residence in his 
 house. After her death he married again, and subsequently, being 
 widowed, he married n third wife. His political work on the tenure 
 of kings and magistrates, in which he vindicated the execution of 
 Charles I., induced the council of state to appoint him Latin secre- 
 tary. He then published two other political books, in the writing of 
 which he lost his eyesight. 
 
 After the restoration of the kingly government of England, he 
 spent the remainder of his life in retirement, during which period 
 he composed his "Paradise Lost." This was published in 1667, 
 and brought him as a remuneration about $25 for th<! first edition, 
 with a promise of about $50 more if two other editions should be 
 sold. Later in life he produced his •• Paradise Regained, " *■ Samson 
 Agonistes, " and the '■'•History of Britain." He died in 1074. 
 
 Poems by Milton. 
 
 i 
 
 To the Nightingale. 
 
 "NIGHTINGALE, that on you bloomy spray 
 
 Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still, 
 Thou with fresh hope the lover's heart dost fill. 
 
 While the jolly hours lead on propitious May. 
 
 Thy liquid notes that close the eye of day, 
 First heard before the shallow cuckoo's bill, 
 Portend success in love. Oh, if Jove's will 
 Have linked that amorous power to thy soft lay. 
 
 Now timely sing, ere the rude bird of hate 
 
 Foretell my hopeless doom iu some grove nigh; 
 As thou from year to year hast sung too late 
 
 For my relief, yet hadst no reason why. 
 
 Whether the Muse or Love call thee his mate, 
 Both them I serve, and of their train am I. 
 
 From *'Comus." 
 
 He that has light within his own clear breast 
 May sit in the centre and enjoy bright day; 
 But be that hides a dark soul aud foul thoughts 
 Benighted walks under the middav sun. 
 
 Eve's Lament on Leaving Paradise. 
 
 UNEXPECTED stroke, worse than of death 1 
 Must I thus leave thee, Paradise? thus leave 
 Thee, native soil ! these happy walks and shades. 
 Fit haunt of Gods? where I had hoped to spend, 
 Quiet though sad, the respite of that day 
 That must be mortal to us both. O, flowers 
 That never will in other climate grow, 
 My early visitation and my last -^ 
 
 At even, which I bred up with tender hand 
 From the first spriug bud, and gave ye names! 
 Who now shall rear thee to the sun, or rank 
 Your tribes, and water from the ambrosial fount? 
 Thee lastly, nuptial bower, by me adorn"d 
 By what to sight or smell was sweet! from thee 
 How shall I part, and whither wander down 
 Into a lower world, to this obscure 
 And wild? How shall we breathe in other ait 
 Less pure, accustomed to immortal fruits? 
 
 — Paradise Lo: 
 
 A^^ — 
 
 h. 
 
 -^O:
 
 
 POE S "'EAVEN. 
 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe 
 
 r^t'-^ ^i-""^ '^^■^:^- "" ■ ^ '^"" '^snw \'^'" '^r^ >> -^ 
 
 An Erratic, Sensitive and Peculiar Genius. 
 
 HE AUTHOR of "The Raven," E. A. Poe, 
 was born at Boston. February 19, 1809. 
 His father and mother, who belonged to the 
 theatrical profession, botli died about the 
 same time, leaving three children, one of 
 whom, Edgar, the second child, was adopted 
 by John Allan, of Richmond, who, being in 
 wealthy circumstances, gave the boy good 
 educational advantages. At the age of seven 
 he was sent to a school in England, near 
 London. 
 
 Returning at the age of thirteen, he pursued 
 his studies at home, under private instruc- 
 tors, until he was seventeen years old, when 
 he entered the University of Virginia, at 
 Charlottesville. He was a bright student, but 
 his love of gambling and dissipation caused 
 him to leave his school at the end of twelve 
 months, after which he remained at home three 
 or four years. In the meantime, when 
 about twenty, he published a volume of poems 
 at Baltimore. 
 
 A short time afterwards, he was, through the influence of Mr. 
 Allan, admitted to West Point Military Academy, but neglect of his 
 studies and intemperance caused his expulsion from this institution. 
 Returning to Mr. Allan's, his conduct was such as to cause his 
 benefactor to turn him out of doors, and the will left by Mr. Allan, 
 when he died soon after, made no mention of Poe. 
 
 Thrown upon his own resources, the poet then turned to litera- 
 ture, winning two prizes, offered by a Baltimore publisher, of $100 
 each — one for the best poem, and the other for the best story. He 
 soon afterwards took the editorship of the Southern Literary Mes- 
 senger, at Richmond, subsequently the Gentleman's Magazine, and 
 
 afterwards of Graham's Magazuie — the latter two in Philadelphia — 
 with the publishers of each of which he quarreled, and because of 
 his irregular habits was dismissed from both. 
 
 Two volumes of his w-ritings, published at Philadelphia, appeared 
 in 1840, entitled ''Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque." 
 
 In 1845, in the Am€7'ican Review, appeared * ' The Raven, ■" through 
 >vhich he became widely and favorably known. 
 
 About this time he was employed on the Mirror, as an assistant 
 editor with N. P. Willis, which position he abandoned to take the 
 editorial management of the Broadway Journal, which soon after- 
 wards ceased to exist. 
 
 Following this, Poe was so much reduced in circumstances as to 
 cause several newspapers to make an appeal for aid in his behalf. 
 
 He was married to his cousin about 183G, and in 1848 this wife 
 died. In 1849 he was engaged to a lady of wealth and intelligence in 
 Richmond, to whom he was soon to have been married. Starting for 
 New York, to make preparations, he fell in with some of his former 
 dissolute companions in Baltimore, and with them spent a night in 
 drinking. He was found in the streets nest day, unable to care for 
 himself, and, being taken to a hospital, died in a few hours. 
 
 Eleven years afterwards, Mrs. Sarah Helen Whitman, the lady to 
 whom Poe was said to have been engaged previous to his death, 
 published a volume in defense of Poe, entitled " Edgar A. Poe and 
 his Critics," and various other volumes have been published in his 
 defense. He was a versatile and strong writer in prose, and several 
 of his poems arc among the most beautiful in the language. Of 
 these are "The Bells" and "The Raven." 
 
 Poc'e remains, after his death, were deposited in Westminster 
 churchyard, in Baltimore, where they rested for twenty-sis years 
 with nothing to mark the place of burial. The teachers of Balti- 
 more, whose recitations had so often been enlivened by the gems of 
 the erratic poet, at last resolved to do him an houor, and, in 1875, 
 they erected a monument above his grave. 
 
 The Raven- 
 
 BY EDGAR A. POE. 
 
 ['E, upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak niid 
 
 weary. 
 Jver many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten 
 
 lore — 
 While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a 
 tapping, 
 As of pome one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door: 
 
 'Tis some visitor." I muttered, "tapping 
 Only this, and nothing more." 
 
 at my chamber door — 
 
 Ah. distinctly I remember! it was in the bleak December. 
 And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the lloor. 
 Eagerly I wished the morrow; vainly I had tried to borrow 
 From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for the lost Lenore — 
 
 ^5^^ 
 
 -vST
 
 For the rare and radiant maiden whom the ungcls niimc Leiiore — 
 Nameless here for evermore. 
 
 And the pilkeii. yad, uncertain ru8tling of each purple curtain 
 Thrilled nie — filled me with fantastic terrors never felt hefore; 
 So that now, to still Ihe heating of my heart, I stood repealing, 
 "'Tis some visitor eiitreatins entrance at my chamber door — 
 Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; — 
 This it is, and nothinj^ more." 
 
 Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, 
 "Sir," said I, "or madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; 
 But the fact is I was nappiug, and so gently you came rapping, 
 And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber lioor. 
 That I scarce was sure I heard you, " — here I opened wide the door: 
 Darkness there, and nothing more I 
 
 Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, 
 
 fearing, 
 Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; 
 But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token. 
 And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, 
 
 " Lenore V 
 This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word "Lenore!" 
 Merely this, and nothing more. 
 
 Then into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning. 
 Soon I heard again a tapping, somewhat louder than before: 
 "Surely." said I, "surely that is something at my wintiow lattice; 
 Let me see, then, wliat thereat is, and this mystery explore — 
 Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore; — 
 'Tis the wind, and nothing more V 
 
 Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter. 
 
 In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore; 
 
 Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed 
 
 he; 
 But. with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door — 
 Perched npon a bust of Pallas, just above my chamber door — 
 Perched, and sat, and nothing more. 
 
 Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling. 
 By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore; 
 "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," 1 said, "art sure 
 
 no craven — 
 Ghastly, grim, and ancient raven, wandering from the nightly shore — 
 Tell me what thy lordly name is on the night's Plutonian shore 1" 
 Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." 
 
 Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly — 
 Though its answer little meaning, little rele\ancy bore; 
 For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being 
 Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door — 
 Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, 
 With such name as ' ' Nevermore. " 
 
 But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only 
 That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. 
 Nothing farther then he uttered — not a feather then he fluttered — 
 Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown 
 
 before — 
 On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before." 
 Then the bird said ' ' Nevermore. " 
 
 Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken 
 "Doubtless." said I, " what it utters is its only stock and store — 
 Caught from some unhappy master, whom unmerciful disuster 
 Followed fast and followed faster, till his songs one burden bore- 
 Till the dirges of his hope the melancholy burden bore 
 Of ' Never — Nevermore. ' " 
 
 But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling. 
 
 Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and 
 
 door; 
 Then ujjon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking 
 Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore — 
 What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore 
 Meant in croaking ' * Nevermore. " 
 
 Then I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing 
 To the fowl, whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core; 
 This, and more, I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining 
 On the cushion's velvet lining that the hiniplight gloated o'er; 
 But whose velvet violei lining, with the lamplight gloating o'er. 
 She shall press — ah, nevermore! 
 
 Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen 
 
 censer 
 Swung by angels, whose faint foot- falls tinkled on the tufted floor. 
 "Wretch!" I cried, "thy God hath lent thee, by these angels he 
 
 hath sent thee. 
 Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! 
 (^uaff, oil quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!" 
 Quoth the raven, "Nevermore." 
 
 "Prophetl" said I, "thing of evil I — prophet still, if bird or devil! 
 Whether tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore — 
 Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted, 
 On this home by horror haunted — tell me truly, I implore — 
 Is there — is there balm in Gilead? tell me — tell me, I implore!" 
 Quoth the raven, * ' Nevermore. " 
 
 "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! — prophet still, if bird or devil! 
 By that heaven that bends above us — by that God we both adore — 
 Tell this soul with sorrow laden if. within the distant Aidenn, 
 It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore — 
 Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore. " 
 Quoth the raven, •■ ■ Nevermore. " 
 
 "Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, up- 
 starting — 
 
 "Get thee back into the tempest and the night's Plutonian shore! 
 
 Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken I 
 
 Leave my loneliness unbroken! — quit the bust above my door! 
 
 Tak^ thy beak from out ray heart, and take thy form from off my 
 door I "' 
 
 Quoth the raven, ' ' Nevermore. " 
 
 And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting 
 
 On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; 
 
 And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming. 
 
 And the lamplight, o'er him streaming, throws his shadow on the 
 
 floor; 
 And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor 
 Shall be lifted — nevermore! 
 
 /^.(^ 
 
 A.
 
 Hero of a Long and Eminent Literary Career. 
 
 HE subject of this 
 sketch was born at 
 Cummington, 
 Mass. , Nov. 3, 
 1794. Some of the 
 literary celebrities 
 displayed their 
 talents very young in years. Taseo, when 
 nine years old, wrote verses to his mlither 
 that were praised. "The Tragical History 
 Pyramus and Thisbe. " was written by Cowley 
 when he was ten. At twelve, Pope wrote his 
 ''Ode to Solitude," and other poems of much 
 merit. But these youths exhibited no more pre- 
 cocity than did William C. Bryant, who wrote good 
 'f/fjV^^ ' '^ verse and translated from Latin for the newspapers 
 • A''^^ at ten. and at fourteen wrote a political satire entitled 
 1*4^^ "The Embargo," directed against President Jefferson 
 J^^^J and the Democratic party at that day, which, published in 
 book form, passed to the second edition in a brief time, 
 with other poems attached. 
 Bryant's father was a physician, distinguished for his 
 scholarly acquirements, good judgment and taste, and under his 
 supervision the boy's talent was carefully nurtured. 
 
 The young poet entered an advanced class in Williams College, at 
 the age of sixteen, and immediately took fntnt rank as a classical 
 scholar. He retired from the institution, however, before the com- 
 pletion of his course, to enter upon the study of the law. Being 
 admitted to the bar in 1815, his practice commenced in Plainfleld, 
 Mass., but he soon after removed to Great Barrington, Mass., 
 where he married. He was then twenty-one years old. 
 
 Ten years passed in successful practice in the uncongenial profes- 
 sion of the law. which he concluded to abandon for the i)urpose of 
 devoting himself more exclusively to literature. With this object in 
 view he reninvcd ;.o New York in \H2T). With a friend lit- I'stablit^hed 
 
 Young 
 
 the Neiv York Review and Atheneum Magazine, in which appeared 
 many of his finest poems. 
 
 In 1826 he commenced editorial work upon the New York Evening 
 Post, and with that journal he continued his connection during life, 
 the Post being known as a leading Democratic organ, favorable to free 
 trade. He occasionally edited various annual publications, and, 
 from time to time, were issued volumes of his own poetry. 
 
 Intermixed with his editorial labors were travels in various por- 
 tions of Europe and America, an account of which he wrote under 
 the heads of * ' Letters of a Traveler " and * ' Letters from Spain, " etc. 
 
 In the later years of his life he was frequently called upon to pay 
 public tributes to the memory of eminent Americans. 
 
 In 1845 he purchased an old vine-embowered mansion, near 
 Roslyn, on Long Island, where, amid the birds, the flowers and the 
 trees, he resided in the declining years of his life. 
 
 In 18(34 the Century Club of New York celebrated his seventieth 
 birthday by a festival, at which many of the distinguished literary 
 men of the country were present. While, at seventy, his work 
 might have seemed finished, considering how early he commenced 
 his literary labors, he yet went forward with his active employment, 
 and six years later he issued the "Iliad. "and the next year the 
 ' ' Odyssey, " being translations of Homer into English blank verse. 
 
 Subsequently he edited various important publications, and made 
 various public addresses, prominent among them being one on the 
 occasion of the dedication of the statue of Professor Morse, at Central 
 Park, New York, in 1871, and on a similar occasion on the life and 
 services of Scott and Shakspearc. in 1873. 
 
 With a literary career so long and nobly rounded out. Bryant died 
 June 12, 1878, being between eighty-three and eighty-four years 
 old at the time of his death: there being in that time seventy-four 
 years in any period of which his pen could write that which was 
 worthy of preservation for future generations to read. 
 
 It is dilHcult to designate the best of his poems. "Thanatopsis, " 
 one of his earliest written, is excellent, and the "Snow-Shower," 
 is very true to nature. 
 
 i
 
 :cr 
 
 -9 
 
 WILLIAM V. JiKYANT S HOME. 
 
 ;iT 
 
 Stanza from Thanatopsis. 
 
 So live, that when thy puininoiiH comes to join 
 The inniimtTJible caravan that moves 
 To the pak' realms of shade, where each nhall take 
 His chaniher in the silent halls (jf deatli. 
 Thou go, n<Jt like the quarry-.«lave at night, 
 Scourged to his dungeon, but. sustained and soothed 
 By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave 
 Like one wlto wraps the drapery of his couch 
 About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. 
 
 William Cttllen Bryant. 
 
 Residence of Bryant, near Roslyn, Long Island. 
 
 •^^THE SNOW-SHOWER. 
 
 Xl'^fl^ 
 
 ' TAND here by my side and turn, I pray, 
 I On the lake below thy gentle eyes; 
 ' The clouds hang over it, heavy and gray, 
 And dark and silent the water lies; 
 And out of that frozen mist the snow 
 In wavering flakes begins to flow; 
 
 Flake after flake 
 They sink in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 See how in a living swarm they come 
 From the chambers beyond that misty veil; 
 
 Some hover awhile in air. and some 
 Rush prone from the sky like summer hail. 
 
 All. dropping swiftly or settling slow. 
 
 Meet, and are still in the depths below; 
 Flake after flake 
 
 Dissolved in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 Here delicate snow-stars, out of the cloud, 
 Come floating downward in airy ploy, 
 
 Like spangles dropped from the glistening crowd 
 That whiten by night the Milky Way; 
 
 There broader and burlier masses fall; 
 
 The sullen water buries them all. — 
 
 Flake after flake, — 
 
 All drowned in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 And some, as on tender wings they glide 
 
 From their chilly birth-cloud, dim and gray, 
 Are joined in their fall, and, side by side. 
 Come clinging along their unsteady way; 
 
 As friend with friend, or husband with wife, 
 Makes hand in hand the pasf^age of life; 
 
 Each mated flake 
 Soon sinks in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 Lo! while we are gazing, in swifter haste 
 
 Stream down the snows, till the air is white. 
 
 As, myriads by myriads madly chased. 
 
 They fling themselves from their shadowy height. 
 
 The fair, frail creatures of middle sky. 
 
 What speed they make, with their grave so nigh; 
 Flake after flake 
 
 To lie in the dark and silent lake! 
 
 I see in thy gentle eyes a tear: 
 
 They turn to me in sorrowful thought: 
 
 Thou thinkest of friends, the good and dear. 
 Who were for a time, and now are not; 
 
 Like these fair children of cloud and frost. 
 
 That glisten a moment and then are lost, — 
 Flake after flake,— 
 
 All lost in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 Yet look again, for the clouds divide; 
 
 A gleam of blue on the water lies; 
 And far away, on the mountain- side, 
 
 A sunbeam falls from the opening skies. 
 But the hurrying host that flew between 
 The cloud and the water no more is seen; 
 
 Flake after flake 
 At rest in the dark and silent lake. 
 
 imrMmrhfflmfTmrnmffm^^ 
 
 1:
 
 LONGFELLUW: A tjKETCIl OF HIS LIFE AND A VIEW OF IlIS HOME AT CAMBKIUGE 
 
 H^^i^K'^KfeK't^K^KKKW 
 
 THE POET 
 
 Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 ■▼■▼■T'T'T'^'^ 
 
 Longfellow 
 
 ;^tr*«<Cli^ 
 
 AND 
 
 HIS HOME. 
 
 
 Henry W, Longfellow, 
 
 Author of '"Hiawatha," "Psalm of Life/' "The Village Blacksmith," etc. 
 
 ^HE POET Lon^'fellow w.is bnrn February 27. 1807, 
 at Portland, Me. He entered Bowdoin college 
 at fourteen, and graduated three years afterwards. 
 
 Appointed to the professorship of modern languages 
 in the college where he was educated, he spent three 
 years and a half in visiting and residing in France, 
 Spain. Italy. Germany, Holland and England. Return- 
 in 1831, he married and commenced his labors. 
 Tendered the professorship of modern languages and belles-lettres 
 in Harvard college, in 1835, he again visited Europe, spending some 
 time in Denmark, Sweden and Germany, in which latter country hie 
 wife died. He returned to the United States, entered upon his 
 duties at Harvard, and took up his residence at Cambridge, Mass., 
 in 1836, where he has since dwelt, holding his professorship at 
 Harvard for seventeen years. 
 
 During a visit to Europe in 1868-9 he was the recipient of many 
 honors, especially wherever the English language is spoken, he 
 being one of the best known abroad of American poets. In England, 
 Oxford University conferred upon him the degree of D. C. L. , that 
 of LL. D. having ten years before been given him by Harvard 
 college, in America. 
 
 He has edited several fine collections of poems; he has performed 
 a great deal of labor in translations, being singularly fortunate in the 
 ability to impart the spirit and idea of the original into the English, 
 and he is himself one of the most prolific and charming of the writers 
 of poetry, his effusions having frequently and numerously appeared 
 since 1825. Died, March 24, 1882. 
 
 How plainly we see the village blacksmith in tbe following, as 
 "children coming home from school, look in at the open door." 
 
 The Village Blacksmith. 
 
 BY HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. 
 
 '-t^ 
 
 NDER a spreading chestnut tree 
 The village s-mitby stands: 
 
 The smith — a mighty man is he. 
 With large and sinewy hands; 
 
 And the muscles of his brawny arms 
 Are strong as iron bands. 
 
 His hair is crisp, and black, and long; 
 His face is like the tan; 
 
 His brow is wet with honest sweat- 
 He earns whate'er he can; 
 
 And looks the whole world in the face, 
 For he owes not any man. 
 
 Week in, week out. from morn till ni-^ht. 
 
 You can hear his bellows blow; 
 You can hear him swing his heavy sledge. 
 
 With measured beat and slow — 
 Like a sexton ringing the village bell. 
 
 When the evening sun is low. 
 
 And children, coming home from school 
 
 Look in at the open door; 
 They love to see the flaming forge, 
 
 And hear the Ix'Hows roar. 
 And catch tlie burning sparks, that fly 
 
 Like chalT frniu a Ihn-sliiiii: llnor. 
 
 He goes on Snnday to the church. 
 
 And sits among his boys; 
 He hears the parson pray and preach— 
 
 He hears his daughter's voice. 
 Singing in the village choir. 
 
 And it makes his heart rejoice. 
 
 It sounds to him like her mother's voice. 
 
 Singing in Paradise! 
 He needs must think of her once more. 
 
 How in the grave she lies; 
 And with his hard, rough hand he wipes 
 
 A tear out of his eyes. 
 
 Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing — 
 
 Onward through life lie goes; 
 Each morning sees some task begin, 
 
 Each evening sees it close — 
 Something attempted, something done. 
 
 Has earned a night's repose. 
 
 Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend. 
 For the lesson thou hast tanirht ! 
 
 Thus at the [laming forge of lifr 
 Our fortunes must be wronglit — ■ 
 
 Thus on its soiindini.' an\il shajH-d 
 Eacli biirniuL' dtH-d and thoiiirht ! 
 
 i 
 
 m
 
 AUTHUli Of "qUEKN UF TilE MAY," " ENOCH AliUE.N " AND UTJIEli I'OEMS. 
 
 :ji'.) 
 
 
 ti^f^ 4 
 
 Poet Laureate of England. 
 
 JLFRED TENNYSON, the English poet, 
 author of " Enoch Arden, " and other 
 poems, was born at Somersby, Eng- 
 land, in 1809. His mother was the 
 daughter of a vicar, and his father, 
 the Rev. George Clayton Tennyson, 
 was the rector of Somersby and the 
 vicar of Bennington and Grimsby. 
 
 With such a parentage, it was very 
 natural that our future poet, who 
 'was the third of twelve children, 
 should have good schooling in his 
 childhood, and that he should after- 
 w'ards have the advantage of a liberal 
 education, which was accorded at 
 Trinity college, where he gained the Chancellor's medal for a poem 
 in blank verse, entitled "Timbuctoo. " With his brother Charles, 
 who was also a poet, and who became vicar at Grasby, he published 
 a small volume of verses when he was eighteen years old, entitled 
 
 "Poems, by Two Brothers." Six years later, in 1833, appeared 
 a volume of his poems, in which were "The Lady of Shalott, " 
 
 ' ' The May Queen, " " A Dream of Fair Women, " and ' ' The Lotos- 
 Eaters. " 
 
 "English Idyls, and Other Poems,'" in two volumes, which 
 appeared in 1842, brought the author forward to the front rank as a 
 poet. Among this collection were ' ' Locksley Hall, " " The Talking 
 Oak," "The Day-Dream. " "The Two Voices," and "Ulysses." 
 Following these came other popular effusions from his pen, which 
 secured Mm the appointment as poet laureate on the death of 
 Wordsworth, in 1850. 
 
 "Enoch Arden and Other Poems," which were issued in 1864, 
 included "Sea-Dreams, an Idyl," about which there was nothing 
 noteworthy, save that Tennyson had received S50 a line for it when 
 it had originally appeared in Macmlllan's Magazine. "Enoch 
 Arden," which was the principal article in this volume, became one 
 of the most popular of Tennyson's later poems. 
 
 He lived many years in London, but after his marriage, in 1851, he 
 took up his residence at Farringford, Isle of Wight. 
 
 T COME from haunts of coot and hern; 
 ■*■ I make a sudden sally, 
 And sparkle out among the fern, 
 To bicker down a valley. 
 
 T>Y thirty hills I hurry down, 
 ^ Or slip between the ridges; 
 By twenty thorps, a little town, 
 And half a hundred bridges. 
 
 WILL last by Philip's farm I flow 
 -^ To join the brimming river; 
 For men may come and men may go. 
 But I go on for ever. 
 
 "fjlTITH many a curve my banks I fret 
 ** By many a field and fallow, 
 And many a fairy foreland set 
 With willow-weed and mallow. 
 
 SONG OF THE BROOK. 
 
 BY ALFRED TENNYSON. 
 
 ' CHATTER, chatter, as I flow 
 ' To join the brimming river; 
 For men may come and men may go, 
 But I go on for ever. 
 
 ' WIND about, and in and out, 
 • With here a blossom sailing. 
 And here and there a lusty* trout. 
 And here and there a grayling; 
 
 ND here and there a foamy flake 
 
 Upon me, as I travel. 
 With many a silvery waterbreak 
 Above the golden gravel ; 
 
 % 
 
 n 
 
 ND draw them all along, and flow 
 
 To join the brimming river; 
 For men may come and men may go. 
 
 But I go on for ever. 
 
 r STEAL by lawns and grassy plots; 
 L I slide by hazel covers; 
 I move the sweet forget-me-nots 
 That grow for happy lovers. 
 
 r SLIP, I slide, I gloom, I glance, 
 >■ Among my skimming swallows; 
 I make the netted sunbeam dance 
 Against my sandy shallows. 
 
 [MURMLTR under moon and stars 
 In brambly wildernesses; 
 I linger by my shingly bars; 
 I loiter round my cresses; 
 
 ND out again I curve and flow 
 To join the brimming river; 
 
 For men may come and men may go. 
 But I go on for ever. 
 
 n 
 
 :,L 
 
 aR>~~ 
 
 — «£p.|>^ 
 
 1:.
 
 •><i-y^ 
 
 Maillii 
 
 NE OF THE sweetest writers of verse 
 was Robert Burns, who was born 
 near Ayr. in Scotland, January 25, 
 1759. Though of humble birth, and 
 reared on a farm, he drank of the 
 poetic from every bud and blossom. 
 Genial, generous and loving, his 
 overflow of spirits sought outlet in 
 tippling, love-making, rhyme and 
 metre, in the intervals as he followed 
 the plow. 
 In addition to the rudtments of an 
 education, he had a little library, 
 ith the Bible, Mason's Collection of Prose 
 . Shakspeare, Po[)e, and others. 
 / His first poetry began to appear in his sixteenth 
 * year, and from that time forward his verses found 
 ,i favor. When nineteen years old, he had published 
 "The Dirge of Winter," "The Death of Poor 
 'Maillie's Elegy, " and "John Barleycorn." Two years 
 afterwards, while struggling with his brother Gilbert on a little farm 
 at Mossgiel to support his parents, he wrote, "The Holy Tailzie," 
 "Holy Willie's Prayer," "The Ordination," "The Holy Fair." 
 and other satires upon the churchmen of that period. About this 
 time, also, appeared, "To a Mountain Daisy, " "Man was Made to 
 Mourn, "and "The Cotter's Saturday Night," besides many love- 
 songs to the country girls whom he met from time to time. 
 
 When twenty-seven years old he was a poet of considerai)le 
 reputation; a most genial fellow with his companions, but with no 
 money. In addition to this, he had had illicit intercourse with'Jean 
 Armour, who had borne him twins, and by her relatives he had been 
 prosecuted for their support. It was at this time that he had 
 resolved to go to Jamaica and improve, if possible, his pecuniary 
 condition. To get the means with which to go, he concluded to issue 
 a volume of his poems. Of these, GOO copies were published, and 
 from their sale he realized $100, with which he arranged to leave the 
 country. 
 
 Ah he was upon the verge of going, a letter was received by a friend 
 of Burns, recommending that he come to Edinburgh, where the 
 people were lond in their praise of his poems. He accepted 
 the invitation, and in the metropolis was the literary lion of the year. 
 Twelve months afterwards he returned with S'-i500, the proceeds of 
 
 his sale of books, with which he stocked a farm at Ellisland. and, 
 1788. married Jean Armour. 
 
 He was appointed a collector of excise at a salary of $350 a year, 
 and the hope was that this, with the returns from the farm, would 
 yield the family a support; but the convivial habits of the poet drew 
 so heavily on his revenues as to compel him to relinquish the farm. 
 Retiring to a small house in Dumfries, he meagerly supported his 
 family by his salary and occasional contributions to various publica- 
 tions; but such had been the inroads on his health by intemperance 
 and exposure, together with disappointment in not getting better 
 office, as to cause his death in his thirty-seventh year. At that time 
 the lofty sentiment, the pathos, the hatred of cant and the liberty of 
 thought which pervaded the poems of Burns, had not been 
 appreciated. As the decades went by, however, the world at last 
 learned to do him honor. 
 
 Some time since, Robert G. Ingersoll, the distinguished orator, 
 visited Scotland and the childhood home of the poet. As he surveyed 
 the interior of the little cottage near Ayr, where Burns was born, 
 he indited the following graceful tribute to the famous jioet: 
 
 The Birthplace of Burns. 
 
 BY RORERT G. IVGKRSOI.L. 
 
 HOUGH Scotland boasts a thousand names 
 
 Of patriot, king and peer, 
 The noblest, grandest of them all, 
 
 Was loved and cradled here. 
 Here lived the gentle peasant- prince. 
 
 The loving cotter-king; 
 Compared with him the greatest lord 
 
 Is but a titled thing. 
 Tis but a cot roofed in with straw, 
 
 A hovel made of clay, 
 One door shuts out the snow and storm, 
 
 One window greets the day. 
 And yet I stand within this room 
 
 And hold all thrones to scorn, 
 For here, beneath this lowly thatch, 
 
 Love's sweetest bard was born. 
 Within this hallowed hut I feel 
 
 Like one who clasps a shrine, 
 When the ghul lips at last have touched 
 
 The siiniething seemed divine. 
 And here the world, through all the years, 
 
 As long as day retm'ns. 
 The- tribute of Its love and tears 
 
 Win pny to Robert Burns, 
 
 7^ 
 
 (^ — 
 
 ^: 
 
 ^
 
 UIKTHPLACK OF KOIJEKT IIUKNS. 
 
 HIGHLAND MAKY. 
 
 During his last sickness the people thronged his humble dwelling, 
 and rich and ]>oor, who hud learned to love the gt-niul i)OL't, in a mul- 
 titude attended hin funeral. Seventeen years afterwards, a monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory at Dumfries, and at the centenary 
 of his birth-day, in 1859, the people in many parts of the civilized 
 world paid tribute to his genial nature and his talent. 
 
 Burns left four sons, one of whom, William, a colonel in the 
 service, purchased the house where hif* father died, and there his 
 
 mother lived until her death, in 1834. By the provisions of William's 
 
 will, the house and garden were left for the use of the Dumfries 
 Education Society, upon a payment of an annuity to certain relatives 
 of the poet during their life-time, with the further jirovi^ion that the 
 house should thereafter be kept in repair. 
 
 The poetry of Burns, full of passion, pathos, wit. and lldttity to 
 nature, appeals directly to the heart, and will ever hold a prominent 
 place among the sweet songs of the English language. 
 
 i 
 
 BY ROBERT BURNS. 
 
 4^^W E bonks, and braes, and streams around 
 X^ The eastle o' Montgomery, 
 
 <^ Green be your woods, and fair your flowers. 
 Your waters never drumlie! 
 There simmer first unfald her robes 
 
 And there she langest tarry! 
 
 For there I took the last fareweel 
 
 O' my sweet Highland Mary. 
 
 How sweetly bloomed the gay green birk! 
 
 How rich the hawthorn's bIost;oni! 
 As underneath their fragrant shade 
 
 I clasped her to my bosom! 
 The golden hours, on angel wings. 
 
 Flew o'er me and my dearie; 
 For dear to me as light and life 
 
 Was my sweet Highland Mary. 
 
 Wi' monie a vow and locked embrace 
 
 Our parting was fu" tender; 
 And pledging aft to meet again, 
 
 We tore ourselves asunder; 
 But, oh! fell death's untimely frost. 
 
 That nipt my flower sae early ! 
 Now green 's the sod, and cauld 's the clay, 
 
 That wraps my Highland Mary! 
 
 Oh pale, pale now, those rosy lips 
 
 I aft hae kissed sae fondly! 
 And closed for aye the sparkling glance 
 
 That dwelt on me sae kindly! 
 -■Vnd mould'ringnow in silent dust 
 
 That heart that lo'ed me dearly! 
 But still within my bosom's core 
 
 Shall live my Highland Mary. 
 
 
 1^1
 
 AUTHOR OF '* BATTLE OF HOHENLINDEN AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 
 JIOMAS CAMPBELL, a descendant of the 
 r ancient Scottish family of that name, 
 ; was born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 
 
 A jfi'V^ ^ s^ 1777, and educated at the Cniver- 
 
 \i& -' r 7'^' ^ity of Glasgow, where he became 
 '^ Irf/jj^^ very proficient in the Greek lan- 
 guage. After leaving school he 
 spent a year in Argyleshire, where he wrote 
 several of his poems, and then went to Edin- 
 burgh to enter upon a literary career. Here 
 I he composed and published, in 1799, one of 
 his most popular works — '^ The Pleasures of 
 Hope " — which soon won for him fame and an 
 entrance into good society. With the profits 
 of its sale he was enabled to visit the European 
 continent. At Gottingen, Germany, he 
 resumed his study of the Greek language, and 
 elsewhere was an eye-witness of the battle of 
 Hohenlinden. which forms the subject of one of hi:- best-known poems. 
 On his return to Great Britain he found that his foreign associa- 
 tions had produced suspicions against him as a French spy. and on 
 arriving at Edinburgh it was difficult for him to convince the authori- 
 ties of his loyalty. During his travels he composed several of his 
 well-known pieces. 
 
 In 1803 ne removed to London, and afterwards to Sydenham, 
 England, where he remained for seventeen years engaged in literary 
 employments, but at times despondent on account of pecuniary 
 embarrassments. 
 
 In 1806 a literary pension of about $1,000 annually was bestowed 
 upon him, and in 1809 he published " Gertrude of Wyoming." with 
 other poems. Previously he had contributed a history of Great Brit- 
 ain to the * ■ Edinburgh Cyclopjedia. "' a history of the reign of George 
 in. , etc. In 1812 he lectured on poetry at the Royal Institution, in 
 1814 he visited Paris, in 1818 he traveled in Germany, and for ten 
 years afterwards he edited Colburn's J^'ew Monthly Magazine, occa- 
 sionally printing a new poem. 
 
 He was the original projector of the London Cniversity. In 1826 
 be was elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow, and was 
 twice re-elected to that position. In 1831 he started the London 
 MetropoUtan Magazine. In that year he wrote this remarkable 
 passage: "My wife is dead, my son is mad, and my harp unstrung," 
 and he might have added that his constitution was prematurely 
 broken. Still he labored on in literary work, and made one or two 
 more journeys abroad. In 1843 he removed to Boulogne, France, 
 where, after a lingering illness, he died in 1844. 
 
 His poems bave their place in the standard libraries of famous 
 British poets, and are too well known to require even further mention 
 in this sketch. 
 
 THE SOLDIER'S DREAM. 
 
 BY THOMAS CAMPBELL 
 
 T'H bugles sang truce; for the night cloud had lowered, 
 And the sentinel stars set tbeir walch in the sky, 
 And thousands had sunk on the ground overpowered — 
 The weary to sleep, and the wounded to die. 
 
 'f^HEN reposing that night on my pallet of straw, 
 •^] By the wolf-scaring faggot that guarded the slain. 
 
 At the deiul of the night a swot^t vision I saw. 
 And thrice ere the nmrning I dr(*amt it again. 
 
 ETHOUGHT from (he battle-field's dreadful array 
 
 Far. far I had roamed on a des()]ate track: 
 
 'Twas autninn — uiui sunshine arose on tin* way 
 
 T" the liome of jnv fiifhers. \\vM wcIcdTued me back. 
 
 FLEW to the pleasant fields, traversed so oft 
 
 In life's morning march, when my bosom was young; 
 I heard my own mountain-goats bleating aloft. 
 
 And knew the sweet strain that the corn-reapers sung. 
 
 HEN pledged we the wine-cnp. and fondly I swore 
 
 From my home and my weeping friends never to part; 
 My little ones kissed me a thousand times oVr, 
 And my wife sobbed aloud in her fullness of heart. 
 
 TAY. stay with us! — rest; thou art weary and worn! — 
 And fain was tbeir war-broken soldier to stay; 
 But sorrow returned with the dawning of morn. 
 And the \<>iee in my dreaming ear nielted away. 
 
 Q^ —
 
 adi)is(jn; essayist and poet. 
 
 323 
 
 ? 
 
 
 Author of the "Spectator" and other Works. 
 
 k 
 
 4NE OF THE most brilliant of English authors 
 and essayists was Joseph Addison. Born at 
 Milston, England, in 1671:2, he was educated at 
 the Charterhouse, London, and at Oxford. He 
 early manifested literary talent, and under the 
 facilities afforded by a liberal government pen- 
 sion, he was enabled to travel in Italy for three 
 years, collecting literary material, and writing. 
 In 1706 he was appointed under-secretary of state; about 1710 he 
 
 4^ 
 
 became keeper of the public records at Dublin, and in 1717 was Fe| 
 made secretary of state. Ill health and other circumstances, 
 however, led him to resign this position, and he retired on an 
 annual pension of about $7, 500. His principal works are : ' ' Cato. " 
 a tragedy; '■'Rosamond," an opera; **The Spectator;" "A 
 Treatise on the Christian Religion, " and numerous poems and 
 contributions of essays to contemporary publications. The "Spec- 
 tator," however, is that on which rests his undying fame as a pure 
 and elegant writer. He died in England, iu 1719. 
 
 ^-^^-^^ 
 
 HYMN. 
 
 BT JOSEPH ADDISON. 
 
 OW are Thy servants blest, O Lord I 
 How sure is their defence ! 
 Eternal wisdom is their guide, 
 Their help omnipotence. 
 
 foreign realms, and lands remote. 
 
 Supported by Thy care, 
 Through burning climes I passed unhurt. 
 And breathed in tainted air. 
 
 HY mercy sweetened every soil. 
 Made every region please; 
 The hoary Alpine hills it warmed. 
 And smoothed the Tyrrhene seas. 
 
 HINK, O my soul, devoutly think. 
 How with affrighted eyes 
 Thou saw'st the wide-extended deep 
 In all its horrors rise ! 
 
 ONFUSION dwelt in every face. 
 And fear in every heart, 
 When waves on waves, and gulfs in gulfs, 
 O'ercame the pilot's art. 
 
 TET then from all my griefs, O Lord, 
 Thy mercy set me free; 
 Whilst in the confidence of prayer 
 My soul took hold on Thee. 
 
 'tlOR though in dreadful whirls we hung, 
 -^'L High on the broken wave; 
 
 I knew Thou wert not slow to hear. 
 Nor impotent to save. 
 
 ^HE storm was laid, the winds retired, 
 ^ Obedient to Thy will ; 
 
 The sea, that roared at Thy command, 
 At Thy command was still. 
 
 ■^N midst of dangers, fears, and deaths, 
 © Thy goodness I '11 atlore — 
 
 And praise Thee for Thy mercies past. 
 And humbly hope for more. 
 
 gUJYlife, if Thou preserv'st my life, 
 ^ Thy sacrifice shall be; 
 
 And death, if death must be my doom. 
 Shall join my soul to Thee. 
 
 LikJlf-^lt^iit^liJ 
 
 b.
 
 >4:^ 
 
 T 
 
 32i 
 
 THE TRAVELING FLUTE PLAYER. 
 
 b .^ 
 
 Author of the "Deserted Village" and Other Poems. 
 
 LIVER GOLDSMITH was the 
 son of a clergyman. He 
 was born at Pallas, Ireland, 
 in 1728, and educated at the 
 ■^ universities of Dublin, 
 Edinburgh, and Leyden, 
 with a view of adopting the 
 medical profession. In a 
 sudden freak he left Leyden 
 with a flute, a ginglc shirt 
 in his pocket, and no money, 
 and wandered over a consid- 
 erable part, of Europe, sometimes earning food and lodging by play- 
 ing his flute to the peasantry. In 1758 he returned to England in a 
 
 penniless condition, and was employed as an usher in a school at 
 Peckham, but this position was soon resigned in order that he might 
 devote his time to literature. He appears to have been industrious, 
 producing various works, but his want of economy kept him em- 
 barrassed in money matters. 
 
 Between 1759 and his death, in 1774, he produced " An Essay on 
 the Present State of Polite Learning;" the poems of ' ' The Traveler, " 
 "The Deserted Village, " and "Retaliation;" the comedies of the 
 "The Good-Natured Man" and "She Stoops to Conquer;" the 
 novel of "The Vicar of Wakefield;" his Histories of Greece, 
 England and Rome; "Animated Nature," "The Citizen of the 
 World, " and several lesser compositions. He numbered among his 
 friends Dr. Samuel Johnson, Garrick, Burke and other eminent 
 characters. 
 
 AN ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF A MAD DOC, 
 
 BY OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 OOD people all, of every sort. 
 Give ear unto my song. 
 And if you find it wond'rous short — 
 It cannot hold you long. 
 
 X Islington there was a man. 
 
 Of whom the world might say 
 That still a godly race he ran — 
 Whene'er he went to pray. 
 
 KIND and gentle heart he had. 
 To comfort friends and foes; 
 The naked every day he clad — 
 When he put on his clothes. 
 
 ND in that town a dog was found. 
 As many dogs there be, 
 lioth mongrel, puppy, whelp, and hound. 
 And curs of low degree. 
 
 f 
 
 n 
 
 ip 
 
 HIS dog and man at first were friends; 
 But when a pique began, 
 This dog, to gain his private ends, 
 Went mad, and bit the man. 
 
 ROUND from all the neighboring streets 
 The wondering neighbors ran, 
 And swore the dog had lost his wits. 
 To bite so good a man. 
 
 HE wound it seemed both sore and sad 
 To every Christian eye; 
 And while they swore the dog was mad, 
 They swore the man would die. 
 
 B 
 
 ^j^Mi^^nd^^ 
 
 UT soon a wonder came to light, 
 
 That showed the rogues they lied; 
 The man recovered of the bite — 
 Tbf dog it was that died.
 
 Author of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," and Other Poems. 
 
 returned to 
 enthusiasts, 
 from a want 
 After a visit 
 
 ESIDES BEING an eminent poel, 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was 
 born at Ottery St. Mary, England, 
 in 1772, was also distinguished as 
 a theologian and philosopher. Edu- 
 cated at Christ's Hosi)ital. London, 
 and Jesus college, Cambridge, he 
 *" early exhibited a fondness for meta- 
 
 physical studies and classical knowledge. 
 During his stay at Cambridge he went to 
 London, and enlisted in a cavalry regiment under an 
 assumed name, but after an absence of four months was 
 his friends. With Southey and Lovell, two other 
 he projected a model colony in the United States, which, 
 of money and other facilities, was never carried out. 
 to Germany for the purpose of studying the language. 
 
 Coleridge settled in the "lake district" of England. In 1804 he 
 visited Malta, and, in 1810, went to London, but soon afterwards 
 took up his residence at Highgate, England, remaining there until 
 his death. 
 
 In politics, he changed from a Republican to a Royalist; in relig- 
 ion, from a Unitarian to an Established Churchman. He was also 
 a confirmed opiura-eater. As a philosopher he was speculative, but 
 had no fully-defined system. As a writer he possessed a fine imagi- 
 nation and an elegance of expression. 
 
 He died at Highgate, London, in 1834, leaving behind him many 
 beautiful poems and influential treatises. Among his principal 
 writings may be named " Christabel, " "The Rime of the Ancient 
 Mariner." "Hymn Before Sunrise in the Valley of Chamouny. ■' 
 ''The Statesman's Manual," "Literary Biographies." "Aids to 
 Reflection," "Table Talk," etc. He ranks among the standard 
 British poets. 
 
 Poems by S. Taylor Coleridge. 
 
 t 
 
 Severed Friendship. 
 
 .& 
 
 AS! they had been friends in youth; 
 But whispering tongues can poison truth; 
 And constancy lives in realms above; 
 And life is thorny; and youth is vain; 
 And to be wroth with one we love, 
 Doth work like madness in the brain. 
 And thus it chanced, as I divine. 
 With Roland and Sir Leoline. 
 Each spake words of high disdain 
 And insult to his heart's best brother: 
 They parted — ne'er to meet again! 
 But never either found another 
 To free the hollow heart from paining— 
 They stood aloof, the scars remaining. 
 Like cliffs which had been rent asunder'; 
 A dreary sea now flows between; 
 But neither heat, nor frost, nor thunder, 
 Shall wholly do away. I ween. 
 The marks of that which once hath been. 
 
 Answer to a Child's Question. 
 
 z-^- 
 
 ^() YOU ask what the birds say? The sparrow. 
 
 the dove. 
 / jL^ The linnet and thrush say "I love, and I 
 ^Wd love !" 
 
 In the winter they're silent, the wind is so 
 
 strong; 
 What it says I don't know, but it sings a loud 
 
 song. 
 But green leaves, and blossoms, and sunny 
 
 warm weather. 
 And singing and loving — all come back together. 
 But the lark is so brimful of gladness and 
 
 love. 
 The green fields below him. the blue sky 
 
 above. 
 That he sings, and he sings, and forever sings 
 
 he. 
 "I love my Love, and my Love loves me." 
 
 -^^===- 
 
 •S^ 
 
 :0d. 
 
 vC).'
 
 3l'6 
 
 AUTIiOK OF ''JUDGE NOT THE LORD BY FEEBLE SENSE. 
 
 f 
 Author of "Light Shining Out of Darkness," and Other Beautiful Poems. 
 
 'WILLIAM COWPER, the son of a 
 clergyman, was bom at Berk- 
 hampi^tead, England, in 1731. 
 After studying at the West- 
 minster school, it was intended 
 to fit him for the legal profes- 
 sion, but he seems to have 
 acquired but little legal knowl- 
 edge. He was afflicted with 
 nervous weakness and constitu- 
 tional timidity, which made him 
 very retiring in his disposition; 
 and he was obliged to resign a clerkship in the House of Lords owing 
 to an agitation of mind that resulted in temporary insanity, for which 
 
 he was consigned to a private lunatic asylum. After a time he 
 recovered his reason, and went, in 1765, to reside with Rev. Mr. 
 Unwin's family at Huntingdon, and after the death of Mr. Unwin 
 Cowper continued his residence with the widow at Olney and Weston, 
 England. She also died in 1796. 
 
 Insanity again attacked him in 177.3, continuing until 1778; and 
 from 1794 until his death, which occurred at Dereham, England, in 
 1800, he suffered from this terrible affliction. In his lucid hours, 
 however, he established his undying fame as a standard British 
 poet. Besides his own principal poems of "The Task, "Tiro- 
 cinium, "and minor poetry, he translated Homer into blank verse 
 with great fidelity, and also some of Madame Guyon's religious 
 poems. His letters, also published, are considered as elegant 
 specimens of epistolary composition. 
 
 ra| 
 
 q-<-^ ^-P 
 
 -i 
 
 t Light Shining Out of Darkness. ^ 
 
 " ill 
 >■ 'i'lj 
 
 ^ ,1 
 
 r, 
 
 - BY WILLIAM rOWPER. 
 
 «r/>^OD moves in a mysterious way 
 '7^ His wonders to perform; 
 ®^ He plants His footsteps in the sea. 
 
 And rides upon the storm. 
 
 gyJf\EEP in unfathomable mines 
 ^ Of never-failing skill, 
 ^^ He treasures up His bright designs, 
 
 - 1!^ 
 
 y 
 
 And works His sovereign will. 
 
 y h 
 
 ^WE fearful sjunts, fresh courage take! 
 J*) The clouds ye so much dread 
 
 '■ 4 
 
 - \ 
 
 ^ Are big with mercy, and shall break 
 
 - ■■'! 
 
 ■ ■li 
 
 In blessings on your head. 
 
 i 
 
 • iin [j— *- -*-- 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 rrDGE not the Lord by feeble sense, 
 ' But trust him for His grace: 
 Behind a frowning providence 
 He hides a smiling face. 
 
 jIS purposes will ripen fast, 
 ♦ Unfolding every hour; 
 
 The bud may have a bitter taste, 
 But sweet will be the llower. 
 
 )LIND unbelief is sure to err, 
 T And scan His work in vain: 
 God is His own interpreter. 
 And He will make it plain. 
 
 H*- 
 
 ^^'^^^^'^P*^! iP^'^P^PfSB^R'S^ 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 ,^L.^. 
 
 d,
 
 A FKW OF THE WELL-KNOWN AIITISTS. 
 
 '6-27 
 
 ^ ..mm. ^ 
 
 I ARTISTS, I 
 
 ^£/4J^V^iH>' 
 
 :» > » 
 
 iv CELEBRATED FOR SKILL Z 
 
 <«« »-• — « >»» 
 
 F 
 
 Michiiel AnKt'lo. 
 
 
 '^»»»»» W »^»^»»T^¥<»>»»^»^»»»»»^y^^^T^»^»^<l^ y T^Ttll^ ^ y ^V^ T'S V^V l t 
 
 Individuals Distinguished in Sculpture. Painting and Pen-Drawing. 
 
 ^IIE distinguished artist, Raphael, 
 was a painter of whom it 
 has been said that " no 
 other artist ev»r united with 
 bis own peculiar excellence 
 all the other parts of the 
 art in an equal degree with 
 him." He was born at 
 Urbino, Italy, in 1483, and 
 was the son of a painter, 
 who afforded him facilities 
 for acquiring an art educa- 
 tion, and Raphael improved 
 his original style of paint- 
 ing by studying the works 
 of Da Vinci and Michael 
 Angelo. ^ At the age of 
 twenty-flve he was invited by Pope Julius II. to go to Rome and 
 embellish the papal edifice. Nine years were spent in adorning 
 three apartments with his pencil, and some of his finest work was 
 there performed, notably "The School of Athens." He was an 
 industrious artist, and produced many paintings. Among these 
 were numerous pictures of the Virgin Mary, "The Marriage of the 
 Virgin," " The -\gnuy in the Garden," "The Dispute of the Sacra- 
 ment," " Altila Terrified by a Celestial Vision," "St. Peter Delivered 
 from Prison," "The Death of .\nanias," "The Conversion of St. 
 Paul," and many other scriptural scenes. Raphael was also an arch- 
 itect, superintended a part of the works at St. Peter's church in 
 Rome and designed several splendid edifices. He was likewise a 
 sculptor and a poet. He died at Rome in 1530. His real name was 
 Sanzio. 
 
 MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. 
 
 Yy/HE brilliantly pre i.-miiK-iit puiiilcr, Michael Angelo, was also 
 j noted as a sculptor, an architect, and a poet. He was born at 
 \ Arezzo, Italy, in 1474. His family were poor, bnt noble, and 
 he was brought up in a village that boasted many carvers and sculp- 
 tors in stouH. One Ghirhindaio was his instructor in the art of 
 
 painting. While amusing himself by modeling in clay the antique 
 statues in the garden of Lorenzo de Medicis, one of these attracted 
 the attention and procured him the patronage of de Medicis, who 
 received him into his own family. One of his notable productions 
 at this time was an admirable has relief of " The Battle of the Cen- 
 taurs. " De Medicis dying, Angelo continued his art-career at 
 Bologna and afterwards at Florence, Italy. In the latter city he 
 sculptured his "David and Goliath," and painted a battle-scene for 
 the ducal palace. His reputation was then so great that Pope Julius 
 II. invited him to Rome, and it was there he produced some choice 
 works in sculpture and painting, including the statue of Moses, the 
 picture of the Holy Family, and his cartoon of the war of Pisa. 
 At a Inter date he cast a statue of the pope in bronze, and painted 
 the dome of the Sistinc chapel, a work that occupied him for twenty 
 months; still later he added to the riches of this chapel his compo- 
 sition of the "Last Judgment.'" Under the reign of Pope Leo X. 
 he was engaged in opening marble quarries and constructing roads. 
 Under Pope Adrian VL he was chiefly occupied with the monument 
 of Julius II. During their brief struggle for liberty the Florentines 
 chose him engineer and superintendent of their fortifications, an 
 office in which he achieved honorable success. When peace was 
 restored, Pope Clement VII. called him again to Rome and intrusted 
 to him as an architect the task of carrying on the work of building 
 St. Peter's church. For seventeen years he labored to make that 
 structure one of the wonders of the world. Dnring this same 
 period he executed numerous other works, among which was the 
 building of the Farnese palace; constructing another palace on the 
 Capitoline hill and adorning the hill with antique statues; making a 
 flight of steps to the church of the convent of Ara Coeli ; rebuilding 
 abridge across the river Tiber, and converting the baths of Diode 
 tian into the magnificent church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli. For all 
 his care and labor on St. Peter's church Angelo would accept no 
 remuneration. As a poet his sonnets are considered among the 
 noblest of that species of verse, and it is stated that he was familiar 
 with anatomy and the science of mechanics. As an artist it is 
 probable that he has never been surpassed. In February, 1563, 
 at Rome, he was attacked by a slow fever and died in a few days. 
 His remains were interred at Florence. 
 
 A- 
 
 ■ *
 
 f 
 
 328 
 
 PORTRAITS OF ALBERT BIERSTADT AND GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. 
 
 9 
 
 Bierstadt. Gilbert Stuart. George Crviikshank. -^| 
 
 ^^^^WS"^^' 
 
 W^- 
 
 ^^w 
 
 LTHOUGH America claims the popular 
 artist, Albert Bierstadt, Germany has 
 the honor of his birth, for he was wel- 
 comed into 
 the world at 
 Dusseldorf in 
 1829, about 
 two years bc- 
 forehis family 
 TL-movi'd to Massachu- 
 setts, Albert's youth 
 and early manhood haviug 
 been passed at New Bed- 
 ford. At the age of about 
 twenty-two years he began 
 to paint portraits in oil 
 colors. In 1853 he visited 
 Europe and studied art at 
 Dusseldorf and Rome, making 
 sketching tours into Germany 
 and Switzerland during the 
 summer months. In 1857 he 
 returned to America, and in 
 1858 accompanied General 
 Lander, of the United Slates army, in an expedition to survey and 
 ctmstruct a wagon-road to the Pacific coast. During this and later 
 visits to the Rocky mountains and 
 other romantic scenery of the ''New 
 West," he gathered the necessary 
 " inspiration " for his celebrated 
 paintings of "The Yosemite," 
 "Storm in the Rocky Mountains," 
 "Laramie," "Mount Hood," and 
 others, including " Lander's Peak" 
 in the Rocky mountains, which has 
 been publicly exhibited in the United 
 States and Europe. For several of 
 his paintings he has received highly 
 remunerative prices, and in recog- 
 nition of his merits as an artist 
 tin- Academy of Fine Arts at St. 
 Pi'tursburg, Russia, in 1871, con- 
 ferred upon him a membership. 
 
 Albert Bierstadt. 
 
 GILBERT CHARLES STUART. 
 
 KSCiaUKl) as iiul oiiiy nw of 
 
 I.h(! first painters of his time, 
 
 but alrto a very extraordinary 
 man out of his profession, iJilbcrt 
 ('. Stuart was born at NarnigansL'tt, 
 R. L , in 175G. When about eighteen 
 ycarH of age he accompanietl his first 
 instructor in the art of painting, a 
 Scotchman named Alexander, to '*^ George 
 
 Edinburgh. His master died, and 
 Stuart worked his passage home to America as a common sailor, am 
 
 bfgan painting portraits at Newport. Removing from that place he 
 went first to Boston, then to New York, and in 1778 to London, where 
 for about two years he met with but little success and suffered from 
 poverty. Making the acquaintance of Ben- 
 jamin West, the great painter, w-ho took him 
 into his family and instructed him in his 
 art, Stuart began again, in 1781, to practice 
 his profession on his own account, and soon 
 rose to eminence as a portrait-painter and 
 achieved a high reputation both in England 
 and Ireland. After sojourning in Dublin and 
 Paris for a time, he returned to America 
 in 1793. At Philadelphia he painted, after 
 one ineffectual attempt, his well-known 
 portrait of Washington, the original study 
 of which, together with the head of Mariba 
 Washington, is now in the possession of the 
 Boston Athenipum. This painting of Wash- 
 ington by Stuart has, from the first, been 
 regarded as a standard likeness and has been 
 the model for many copyists. Subsequently 
 he practiced his art at Washington, and in 
 1806 he settled at Boston, where he re- 
 mained until his death in July, 1828. As 
 a delineator of human flesh-tints he was unsurpassed, and on the 
 whole rivaled the best of his English contemporaries. 
 
 ^ 
 
 GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. 
 HE mind of the educated reader 
 always reverts to the individual 
 bearing this name with interest 
 and pleasure, for few artists, includ- 
 ing William Hogarth, ever more 
 deftly depicted the social follies of 
 his times, or more pointedly excited 
 mirthfulness by the creations of his 
 pencil. It is not the events of his 
 quiet life that awaken our admira- 
 tion, but the display of his genius in 
 seizing and illustrating his own 
 ideas and those of others, appealing 
 at once to our better natures or our 
 sense of the ludicrous, as occasion 
 demands. When he burlesqued the 
 monument to Napoleon by repre- 
 senting the skeleton of that ambi- 
 tious warrior standing with folded 
 arms upon a hillock of hunniu skulls, 
 ghastly as the i)icture necessarily 
 was, its appropriateness and justice 
 instantly struck the beholder. When 
 he ])ublishcd his series of cartoons, 
 i-ntitled "Thf Bottle," showing the 
 drunkard's career from the first glass 
 of ardent spirits to his execution at 
 temperance discourse more effective than 
 
 Cruikshank. 
 
 1 I Newgate, he preached 
 
 A
 
 ELECTION FOR BEADLE; ONE OF GEOKUE CKUXKSILVNK. iS CAUTOONb. 
 
 ■ L".) 
 
 the eloquence of Gough. This was his mission, to gmtify the 
 senses and reform the morals of the public with his pencil, as 
 Dickens did with his pen, bringing deserved contempt upon human 
 meanness, and elevating art to its proper position. 
 
 Cruikshank was a native of London, of true English birth, and 
 entered upon the stage of existence September 27, 1792. He came 
 legitimately by his talent for drawing, his father and elder brother 
 being engravers and sometimes designers of caricatures. George 
 also manifested, at an early age, a fondness for dramatic perform- 
 ance, and, it is said, appeared several times upon the stage while in 
 his youth. The talent 
 thus developed re- 
 mained with him long 
 after he had attained 
 eminence as an artist, 
 and was, on a few oc- 
 casions, manifested in 
 notable amateur theat- 
 ricals under the man- 
 agement of Dickens. 
 As a designer he first 
 applied himstdf to 
 illustrating song-books 
 and books for children. 
 Owing to adverse cir- 
 cumstances he was pre- 
 vented from becoming 
 a student at the Royal 
 academy, to which he 
 afterwards, however, 
 made several contribu- 
 tions of his art pro- 
 ductions. As the 
 CO -publisher of two 
 monthly magazines — 
 the Meteor and the 
 Scourge — he found 
 ample scope as an 
 illustrator of current 
 political and social 
 themes, ardently em- 
 bracing the principles 
 of the liberal party 
 of his day. In this 
 field he won consid- 
 erable distinction by 
 his designs. He was 
 now busily engaged, 
 and for about thirty 
 years prior to 1855 he 
 worked industriously 
 and successfully in his 
 profession, adding 
 greatly to the value of 
 the publications of other authors by his own creations. The list 
 includes histories, novels, poems, periodicals, and almanacs, besides 
 his own Omnibus, a serial, for which Laman Blauchard wrote 
 extensively, Cruikshank enriching it with his engravings. "The 
 Bottle " was very popular, was dramatized, and occupied the stages 
 of no less than eight theaters in the metropolis at the same time. 
 Cruikshank also sketched other but smaller cartoons, with the signifi- 
 cant titles of the "Gin-Shop," the "Gin-Juggernaut." etc., with a 
 moral bias. He was also a temperance reformer, an advocate of total 
 abstinence in his public addresses and writings. In his later years 
 he devoted himself to the production of oil-paintings, with charac- 
 
 teristic skill and success. He died in 1878. Hih designs are num- 
 bered by thousands, and have ever been highly valued by an appre- 
 ciative public. A copy of his "Election for Beadle" is glvt-n on 
 this page, illustrating a humorous sketch by Dickens in one of his 
 earlier volumes, which very fairly indicates bis sense of the humor- 
 ous, but not 80 broadly as in many other instances. For the 
 information of American readers it may be well to explain that the 
 election of a beadle was a local event of considerable importance in 
 many parishes of England. The duties of the beadle, however, were 
 not of a high order, but various, embracing the preservation of 
 
 order during church 
 services, the chastise- 
 ment of petty offend- 
 ers, etc. 
 
 Election for Beadle. 
 
 By George Cruikshank; from a Humorous Sketch by Charles Dickens. 
 
 PETER P. RUBENS. 
 
 HE artist, Peter 
 Paul Rubens, was 
 born at Siegen, 
 Germany, in 1577. 
 Ilis father died in 1587, 
 and the following year 
 Rubens went to Ant- 
 werp, Belgium, with 
 his mother, and became 
 the page of the count- 
 ess of Salalng. Not 
 long afterwards he re- 
 linquished this posi- 
 tion in order to study 
 art under competent 
 masters, and then went 
 to Italy to obtain an 
 acquaintance with the 
 works of the great 
 artists who had pre- 
 ceded him. Halting at 
 Venice, he found a 
 friend in the duke of 
 Mantua, who attached 
 him to his court, and 
 enabled him to reside 
 in Rome. After visit- 
 ing Milan and Genoa, 
 hi? was invited to return 
 to the Netherlands by 
 Archduke Albert and 
 the Infanta Isabella, 
 who honored him with 
 office and a pension. 
 Rubens then settled at 
 Antwerp, and rose to 
 the highest eminence 
 as a painter. In 1G20, 
 at the request of Mary of Medicis, he embellished the Luxemburg 
 gallery with a series of pictures, and in 1628 Isabella dispatched him 
 to Madrid, Spain, on a political mission. Here he executed several 
 fine works, for which he was knighted and appointed a gentleman of 
 the royal bed-chamber. The following year he was sent on an embassy 
 to England, and, at Whitehall, painted " The Apotheosis of James 
 I." and other pieces, receiving a gold-chain and the title of knight 
 from Charles I. In 1626 he lost his wife, whose portrait he fre- 
 quently introduced into his paintings. In 1630 he married Helen 
 Forman, at Antwerp. In 1633 he was sent again as an embassador !<> 
 Holland. His paintings numbered 1,800. He died at Antwerp in 16-10. 
 
 — <);■
 
 "<):U< 
 
 330 
 
 PEOMIXENT PAINTERS AND SCULPTORS. 
 
 
 -|— _,— |-" -Vy\/>^- 
 
 --ve£££/E~^«. 
 
 Hubert Herkomer. Phidias. August Kiss. 
 
 
 - -/\£j2j2j2''©^^^ 
 
 HE father of Hubert Herkomer, a painter 
 of scenes in social life, whom England 
 has honored for his talents, and whom 
 art-critics extol, was anative of Bavaria, 
 in which country Hubert was born in 
 1849. About two years later the family 
 removed to the United States, remaining 
 here six years. His father was a wood- 
 carver by trade, and believing that Eng- 
 land offered a better field for his talents, 
 the family emigrated to that country. 
 Hubert was not a rugged child. He was sent to the art-school of 
 
 Southampton at the age of '/^y-^^^y^ 
 
 thirteen, where he won a V"^ 
 medal the first year for his y 
 improvement. Then fol- { 
 lowed a five months' 
 sojourn at Munich, where 
 the father was temporarily 
 employed in his own art. 
 Returning to England, 
 Hubert resumed his studies 
 inartin South Kensington, 
 and then went to South- 
 ampton. At the latter 
 place he assisted in organ- 
 izing a life-school and an 
 exhibition of the works of 
 young artists in that 
 locality, and sold his first 
 painting. In 1869 he ex- 
 hibited his pictures for the 
 first time in London, in 
 which metropolis he estab- 
 lished himself as an artist. 
 From that period he con- 
 tinued to paint pictures, 
 win fame and prosper. In 
 18T9 he became an asso- 
 ciate of the Royal academy, 
 and is now a member of 
 several of the distin- 
 guished art societies on the 
 continent of Europe. His 
 paintings, which are nu- 
 merous, are studies of 
 human nature in military 
 and social life, as will be 
 observed by some of their 
 titles: ''Reading War- 
 news," "The Last 
 Muster," "At the Well," 
 .ife. Light iind Melody" 
 (a Bavarian viHage Hcene), portraits of Richard Wagner, Alfred 
 Tennyson, and other celebrated characters. ** The Last Muster " ap- 
 
 pears to have best satisfied the public sentiment and has become very 
 popular. "Eventide," on the opposite page, representing the vari- 
 ous avocations in which old ladies are wont to engage in the decline 
 of life, is also a fine illustration of his skill. 
 
 PHIDIAS. 
 
 "HE ancient artist Phidias, around whose life a good deal of 
 obscurity is thrown, was born at Athens, Greece, it is supposed, 
 about 490 or 488 years before Christ. Statements vary as to his 
 instructors, and in this connection Hippias, Eladus and Hegesias are 
 mentioned. Pericles, it is said, made him general director of all the 
 great art-works in Athens. Among th^ productions attributed to 
 
 him are nine statues of 
 Minerva; a bronze statue, 
 fifty or sixty feet high 
 of Athena Promachos, 
 erected in the Acropolis at 
 Athens; the colossal gold 
 and ivory statue of Athena 
 in the Parthenon, the gold 
 in which is estimated at 
 about $50,000; the colossal 
 statue of Jupiter, nearly 
 sixty feet high, represent- 
 ing the god as seated on a 
 throne of cedar- wood, hold- 
 ing in one hand a statue 
 of Victory made of ivory 
 and gold, and in the other 
 a scepter, while his feet 
 rested upon a foot-stool, 
 which with the throne and 
 its base was richly orna- 
 mented with ivory, gold 
 and gems, paintings, sculp- 
 tures of precious metals, 
 etc. ; and he also executed 
 statues for deities at Athens 
 and other cities of Greece. 
 He died about 433 years 
 before Christ. 
 
 Hubert 
 
 English Portrait-PaintLT. I'ist 
 of Muni 
 
 AUGUST KISS. 
 
 NATIVE of Silesia of 
 Prussia, August Kiss 
 was born near Pless in 
 I H03, and was first educated 
 at Gleiwitz, at the age of 
 twi'nty years becoming an 
 art-pupil of Ranch, at the 
 academy of Berlin. His 
 genius was first exercised 
 in the production of bas- 
 reliefs for churches and other edifices, and groups of nymphs and 
 tritons for gardens, fountains, etc. His principal after-works were 
 
 Herkomer, 
 
 iiit,'ui>lu'(l for Superior Portraiture 
 an Nature.
 
 ? 
 
 QUIET DAYS IN THE OLD LADIKb IJOME. 
 
 
 the Htatiiary of "The Amiizoii ami the Tiger," "St. George ami 
 the I)rag(ni," " Frederick the Great," "St. Michael overthrowing the 
 Driiiioii," and a tiger's head killing a. serpent, done in bronze. KisB 
 died in 18135. 
 
 THOMAS CRAWFORD. 
 
 niE sculptor, Thomas Crawford, remarkable for the numlwr and 
 excellence of his works, incUulinj^ statuary for public edifices and 
 other resorts, was born in New York in IHH. His first art-hibor 
 was wood-carving. When nineteen years old he devoted himself for 
 two years to monumental design in a studio in his native city, and 
 
 married, and returned to Kome the next year with numeroua orders 
 for the exerciee of hisj,%'nius and skill. Two other visits lo the 
 United States were made in 1849 and 1856, At the latter date a 
 painful disorder of the brain, originating In a cancerous tumor, 
 incapacitated him for further work. Hiw family returned to Rome, 
 and he was removed to Paris and Uomlou, unsuccessfully seeking 
 relief in medical treatment. He died in the hitter city in 1857. 
 Among his many prominent productions are the monument erected 
 to the memory of Washington by the State of Virginia; the bronze 
 statue of Beethoven in the Boston Music hall; the colossal equestrian 
 statue of Washington, twenty-five feet high, at Richmond, Va. ; the 
 
 By H. Herkomer 
 
 "EVENTIDE." 
 
 From the Picture Exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1878. 
 
 , enah 
 
 1 crea 
 
 I reso 
 
 ) stril. 
 
 ^ -C^. — 
 
 while there produced busts of Chief Justice Marshall and other per- 
 sons. At the end of that time he went to Italy and studied and worked 
 withThorwaldsen, the famous sculptor, for several years, barely being 
 able to support himself, yet industriously pursuing his art. The 
 fame of his statue of "Orpheus" having reached his native land, a 
 copy was subscribed for at the instance of Charles Sumner. Its 
 reception in Boston was an epoch in the artist's life. He was now 
 enabled to fit up studios of his own, and to give attention to his ideal 
 creations as well as the production of busts; his numis were the 
 resort of visitors, and fortune followed the fame growing out of the 
 striking originality of his sculpturt-s. lie visited America in 1844, 
 
 statue of " Armed Liberty'' for the dome of the United States capi- 
 tol at Washington, the bronze doors, with other statuary and designs 
 for the same editice; statuary in Central park at New York, in the 
 Boston Athemeum, in the chapel at Mt. Auburn, and elsewhere; 
 statues of Henry Clay, Channing, AUston, Josiah Quincy, sr. : several 
 mythological sculptures, and scriptural groups of statuary. In all 
 Crawford finished over sixty works, many of tiiem being of immense 
 size, particularly the bronze statiie of Washington, twenty-five feet 
 in height, cast under his supervision in Munich, which is noxv in 
 Richmond, where it arrived in 1858. He left, also, about fifty 
 designs of various kinds in plaster. 
 
 ?
 
 ■:c>- 
 
 33l' 
 
 PORTRAIT OF BRITON EEVIERE. 
 
 -e 
 
 Briton Heviere, A. R. A. |^ 
 
 ...^ 
 
 One of a Family of Distinguished Painters. 
 
 RITON REVIERE, who was born in London, Augnst 14, 
 1840, is a descendant from a race of painters, his 
 
 grand- ^.l_ 
 
 father, 
 
 :\ 
 
 Mr. D. 
 V. Re- 
 viere, 
 
 being 
 an exhibitor of rarL- 
 paintings in water- 
 colors at the Royal 
 academy. William 
 Reviere, father of 
 Mr. Briton Reviere, 
 was at the head of 
 the drawing- school 
 at Cheltenham col- 
 lege, and it was 
 through his energy 
 and zeal that art 
 was introduced into 
 the curriculum at 
 Oxford. Thus the 
 father was one of 
 the best of in- 
 structors to his son 
 Briton, the subject 
 of this sketch, who 
 studied drawing 
 and painting from 
 early childhood; 
 first for nine j'ears 
 at Cheltenham and 
 afterwards at Ox- 
 ford, from which 
 university he grad- 
 uated as a B A. in 
 1867, and later as 
 M. A. in 1873. 
 This possession of 
 a liberal education, 
 however, did not 
 wean him in tin* 
 least from his 
 chosen field of 
 labor, which he had 
 prominently 
 entered as far back 
 as 1858, when, 
 his eighteenth year 
 he exhibited at the 
 
 Royal academy C^i— ♦^— 
 
 pictures entitled BRITON 
 
 '* Ret»t from Labor," " Slieep on the C()tHWoldp," and " On the Himd 
 to Gl'mcester Fair." In 1800 hi.« work began to obtain recognition, 
 and in the following year bis painting entitled "The Long Sleep,* 
 
 hung at taeoil exhibition of the Dudley, won for him a large amount 
 of public approbation. This painting represented an old man as 
 
 ^ ;q having died sitting 
 
 in his chair, at- 
 tended by bis two 
 faithful dogs, who 
 evidently divined, 
 as they looked with 
 wondering gaze 
 into the face of 
 their dead master, 
 that all was not 
 right. At the Royal 
 academy, in 1869, 
 the attention of 
 visitors was par- 
 ticularly attracted 
 to a painting en- 
 titled "-Prisoners," 
 a pathetic scene 
 representing a dog 
 and his master 
 enduring misfor- 
 tune together, the 
 expression of each 
 indicating the bond 
 of sympathy be- 
 tween them. At 
 the international 
 exhibition at 
 V i e n n a» Mr. 
 Reviere was 
 awarded a medal 
 for his painting, 
 "Charity,'" atouch- 
 ing scene repre- 
 senting an outcast 
 child on the street 
 door-step sharing 
 her last crust with 
 two outcast dogs. 
 This artist has 
 painted several 
 other greatly- 
 admired pictures 
 which pertain to 
 the pathetic and 
 are true to lifi'. 
 This is mentioned 
 to show the versa- 
 t i 1 i t y of Mr. 
 i'C' Reviere, whosecms 
 equally at home in 
 
 REVIERE. 
 
 other fields of the art, as shown in tbi- engraving on the opposite 
 page, representing *' A Stern Chase is Always a Long Chase. " His 
 broad and liberal culture has greatly aided him in his efforts. 
 
 ~?s 
 
 i
 
 ■? 
 
 SKLKISHNKSS AMONG THE DUCKS. 
 
 2^ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Thomas Cole.i 
 
 American Landscape Painter, and Famous Designer of Ideal Pictures. 
 
 ©T^ e? 
 
 <ijii^ 
 
 stein, resolved to become a painter. 
 
 IIOMAS COLE, the American painter, 
 ■'~- was born at BoItnn-le-Moors, 
 
 in England, February 1, 1801. 
 -^- __- Aside from being possessed of 
 ^^ — large love of the poetic and 
 the romantic in scenery, he 
 exhibited in hia youth an apti- 
 tude for making designs for a 
 print factory and for engravers. 
 His father having emigrated to 
 America and settled at Steu- 
 benville, Ohio, it was there 
 that young Cole, having met 
 a portrait - painter named 
 After a time of practice, in 
 
 York, the spring of 1825 found him with a studio in his father's 
 garret in that city, from which he sallied forth from time to 
 time to paint various landscape views along the Hudson, promi- 
 nent among which were several paintings of the CatsklUs, which, 
 being exhibited, made him reputation and brought him many com- 
 missions. Among the sketches which he afterwards made were 
 views of the Niagara and the White mountains. With a fair cer- 
 tainty of success in landscape painting, he turned aside at this point 
 and commenced representing scenes of imagination. Of these were 
 " The Garden of Eden " and " The Expulsion," which were exhibited 
 in 1828. A year later he visited Europe, painted two years in 
 London, thence went to Florence and to Rome, in which latter city 
 he remained some time and painted various views of Italian scenery. 
 He returned to New York, was married in 1836, and went to Europe 
 again a few years afterwards, but remained but a short time. 
 
 *^A Stern Chase is Always a Long Chase. '^ 
 
 From the Picture by Briton Reviere, A.R.A., in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 18T6. 
 
 which he attempted landscape and portraits, he went in his 
 twenty-first year to Clairsville, where he established himself as a 
 portrait-painter, the only result being that he was in debt for his 
 board when he returned home a few months afterwards. He studied 
 carefully through the summer, and in the following winter established 
 himself as a landscape painter at Philadelphia, where he obtained 
 a meager subsistence, being often compelled to ornament chairs 
 and other furniture. His father's family having removed to New 
 
 Though a very superior landscape painter, the poetic and the 
 imaginative in his nature caused him to give much time to the pro- 
 duction of ideal pictures, among them being *' Departure," 
 "Return," "Dream of Arcadia," "The Voyage of Life," "The 
 Angel Appearing to Shepherds," *' Cross in the Wilderness," etc. 
 With the engraved copies of these the public is familiar, some of 
 them, finely executed in steel, having had an extensive sale. He died 
 at Catskill, N. Y., in 1848. 
 
 X
 
 t>- 
 
 f 
 
 334 
 
 POKTKAIT OF VIUAT COLE. 
 
 Hosalie Bonheur. The Beards. Vicat Cole. 
 
 AN ARTIST, Rosalie Bonheur has become 
 famous, her skill being exercised in the 
 painting of quadrupeds. She was born 
 at Bordeaux, France, in 1822. Her father 
 was a painter, and instructed her, but 
 her success in depicting animals is due 
 to her study of living creatures. In 
 1841 she sent two pictures — '* Goats and 
 Sheep," and "Two Rabbits" — to the 
 French exposition. From that time she 
 frequented stables, fairs and other places 
 where animals were to be found, and 
 
 studied their structure and habits under various circumstances. 
 
 This sort of study resulted 
 
 in a perfection of animal 
 
 portraiture that has estab- 
 lished for her an enviable 
 
 reputation as a painter. Her 
 
 most noted pictures embrace 
 
 "The Horse Fair," "The 
 
 Ploughing in Nivernais," 
 
 "The Horse for Sale," "A 
 
 Drove on the Road," "Cows 
 
 and Sheep in a Hollow 
 
 Road," "Horses in a Mead- 
 ow," etc. She has been 
 
 directress of the Paris free 
 
 school of design, and has 
 
 received several medals and 
 
 prizes for exhibitions of hi-r 
 
 art, both as a painter and 
 
 sculptor. 
 
 He has produced several paintings of this sort, and at least one of 
 these was engraved in London. For several years he has been 
 painting domestic animals and composition pictures, distinguished 
 for their correctness, force and humor. 
 
 William H. Beard, a brother of James, was born at Painesville, 
 about 1824. He followed the business of portrait-painting in early 
 manhood, opening a studio at Buffalo, N. Y. ; but abandoning this 
 branch of his art he, like his brother, began painting animals and 
 scenes in ordinary life. With a fair American reputation, he spent a 
 year or two abroad (1858-'60), and tlien returned to New York, where 
 he opened a studio. The peculiarity of his art is its fabulous char- 
 acter, the animals in his pictures representing the foibles and dispo- 
 sitions of human beings, sometimes with considerable humor and 
 
 frequently with unmistaka- 
 ble satire. "Bears on a 
 Bender," and"A Bear 
 Dance" are among his best 
 productions in this vein. 
 
 THE BEARDS. 
 
 HE American painter, 
 James IL Beard, was 
 born at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 1815. R e m <) v i n g t o 
 
 Painesville, O., in infancy, 
 he began to paint portraits at 
 the age of fourteen years, 
 after having taken but a few 
 lessons in the art. Portrait- 
 painting was afterwards fol- 
 lowed in various portions of 
 Ohio, but Ihially he drifted 
 to Cincinnati and settled. 
 It was there that he gained 
 the friendship of Generals 
 Harrison and Taylor, Henry 
 Clay and other public men, 
 most of whom sat to him for 
 ])ortraits, and in this depart- 
 ment of art he was an 
 
 acknowledged leader. His first original picture, aside from portraits, 
 was painted in 1840, entitled "The North Carolina Emigrunts. " It 
 was exhibited and sold in New York, and gave him a lasting reputa- 
 tion as !i painter of scenes* illustrating overy-day life and manners, 
 
 VICAT COLE, 
 
 Eiifflisli LundHfiiin- I'liintL-r, and l-'i-lluw of tilt' Royal A' 
 
 VICAT COLE. 
 
 ICAT (.'OLE, the spir- 
 ited landscape painter, 
 was born at Portsmouth, 
 England, in 1833. His father 
 was a port rait -painter, of 
 considerable reputation, bnt 
 subsequently turned his at- 
 tention to painting land- 
 scapes and animals with 
 equal success, becoming 
 vice-president of the society 
 of British artists. The father 
 instructed the son in his 
 profession, the family re- 
 moving during the latter's 
 boyhood. For his " studies" 
 he had the paintings of Tur- 
 ner and two other contem- 
 porary artists. At an early 
 age he succeeded in getting 
 his pictures into the Pall 
 Mall British institution, but 
 they sold only at nominal 
 prices and were scarcely re- 
 munerative. In 1853 or 1854 
 his paintings were admitted 
 to the walls of the Royal 
 academy, and as his repiita- 
 tion increased from year to 
 year he was elected, after 
 long waiting, an associate 
 member of that institution. 
 His pictures arc remarkable 
 for their fidelity to nature 
 and consistency with genuine art; that is, while he correctly depiets 
 nature in his landscapes, he ennobles the details of the scenery by 
 the magic touches of his pencil. A very fine specimen of his skill 
 in this direction, o?i the following page, forms the subject of the 
 
 ■/].(;), —
 
 "SUM.MKK RAIN," A PAINTING BY VICAT COLK. 
 
 ? 
 
 accompanying engraving of his '* Summer Rain," in which the char- 
 acteristicp of his geniup are preserved. Though it does not attempt 
 to " iini>rove " niiture, the heholder is led to admire the g<!iiiu8 
 dirtplayed in the distribution of liglit, shade and perspective, and its 
 grarefuhieas throughout. While he is evidently fully alive to Ihe 
 
 the summer foliage sleeping in the evening shadow, and the animal 
 creation resting lazily in the drowsy iiaze of dreamy quiet. Mr, 
 Cole is described as emphatically manly and kindly in his pernon 
 and life. The portrait which is presented elsewhere indicates the 
 possession of those sterling qualities that make men beloved ae well 
 
 ''SUMMER RAIN," 
 
 the Painting by Vicut Cole, F.R.A. , Exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1873. 
 
 poetic, wherever it may be found in nature, his genius seems to 
 have the fullest play when he is engaged in painting smooth water, 
 
 as famous. He has painted many meritorious pictures already, and 
 as he is still young, his fair fame promises to increase. 
 
 SIR EDWIN LANDSEER. 
 
 S A PAINTER of animals, Sir Edwin Landsecr was justly dis- 
 tinguished. He was born in London, in 1803. His father was 
 an engraver, and Edwin in his childhood manifested such a 
 fondness for drawing that the parent encouraged him first to make 
 sketches from living domesticated animals, and then to color them, 
 so that by the time he was fourteen years old the fidelity of his pro- 
 ductions attracted attention. About 1819 he exhibited his picture of 
 "Dogs Fighting," which was sold to Sir George Beaumont. Soon 
 afterwards he exhibited his painting of St. Bernard dogs rescuing 
 a traveler. In 1837 he was elected a member of the Royal academy. 
 A visit to the highlands of Scotland, about this time, furnished him 
 with materials and impressions that subsequently appeared in his 
 paintings. In 1847 he was elected a member of the Royal academy 
 
 of Belgium; in 1850 he was made a knight, and at the Paris expo- 
 sition of 1855 he was the only English artist who received a gold 
 medal for his pictures. In private life he was social and witty. He 
 never married. He died in London in 1873, leaving behind him a 
 number of valuable paintings in his peculiar department of art, 
 all remarkable for character and the lessons they conveyed. 
 Among these maybe mentioned "The Return' from Beer-Stalk- 
 ing," -'Sir Walter Scott and his Bogs," "A Distinguished Member 
 of the Humane Society," and "The Stag at Bay," most of which 
 have been reproduced in America in fine engravings. Of his other 
 productions are: "High Life and Low Life," "The Shepherd's 
 Prayer," "The Random Shot," "The Children of the Mist," 
 " TaminiT of the Shrew," " Windsor Forest," " The Sanctuarj'," etc. 
 
 i:
 
 ? 
 
 33B 
 
 INDIVIDUALS CELEBKATKU FOE SKILL IN MODELINU. 
 
 i 
 
 Sculptors. 
 
 '^^^a^m 
 
 y>>y> 
 
 -^!¥^ »— • «l 1*1 — ^ >»» 
 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 E^ -gu- •:— r^>- 
 
 Hiram Powers. Antonio Canova. 
 
 *^M^^^+' 
 
 ^^^V^ 
 
 Prominent as Artists in Sculpture-Work. 
 
 ^ct- NE of the most escellent of Amer- 
 ican sculptors, Hiram Powers, 
 was born near Woodstock, Vt. , 
 in 1805, the eighth child of plain 
 country parents living on a farm. 
 His resources of education were 
 confined to the home life and the 
 district school. The family emi- 
 grating to Ohio, and the father dy- 
 i n g 
 soon 
 afterwards, Hiram 
 went to Cincin- 
 nati, being first 
 employed as a 
 clerk and then as 
 an apprentice to 
 a clockmaker. Under the instruc- 
 tions of a German sculptor, he 
 learned the art of modeling figures 
 in clay, making some busts and 
 medallions with creditable skill. For 
 seven years he superintended the 
 waxwork department of the Western 
 museum, at Cincinnati. Going to 
 Washington in 1835, he found employ- 
 ment in modeling busts for eminent 
 individuals. In 1837, under the pat- 
 ronage of Nicholas Longworth, the 
 Cincinnati millionaire, he was enabled 
 lo make a journey to Italy, and, settling 
 in Florence, he made that place his 
 residence during the remainder of his 
 life. While there he invented a val- 
 uable improvement in the formation 
 of plaster-cdsts for models, and pro- 
 duced those masterpieces of his sculj)- 
 
 tor'a art tuni have isivvn him great celebrity. Among these the fol- 
 lowing are prominent. Statues of '' Eve," the "Greek Slave," the 
 *' Fisher-Boy," *' II Penseroso,''* "California," "America," Wash-' 
 ington, Webster, Calhoun, and the "Indiau Maiden;" busts of 
 *' Proserpine," Adamn, Jackson, Webster, Calhoun, Chief Justice 
 Marshall, Everett and Van Buren. Of his ideal works are "The 
 Lust of his Tribe," and a "Head of Jesus Christ." His "Greek 
 Slave," a piece of sculpture admired for its exquisite beauty, has 
 served to more fully develop appreciation in the public mind ftir the 
 sculptor's art. Powers died at Florence, in 1873. 
 
 Hiram Powers 
 
 Sculptor, Distinguished for his Statue of the "Greek Slave," 
 and Other Works. 
 
 HE Italian sculptor, Antonio Canova, whose works are quite 
 numerous and were produced one after another in quick succes- 
 sion, was born in 1757 at Possagno, Italy. When twelve years 
 old he modeled a lion in butter with such fidelity and skill, that the lora 
 of tlie village, Falieri, took him under his protection and had him edu- 
 cated in art. At seventeen years of age he produced his statue of 
 "Eurydice. " In 1799 he was invited to Rome, received an ovation, 
 and was knighted and appointed inspector-general of the fine arts 
 by Pope Pius VII. In 1802 he visited Paris by the desire of the 
 first consul, was received with re- 
 spect and chosen n foreign associate 
 of the French institute. On his 
 return to Paris, in 1815, as the em- 
 bassador of the Pope, to superin- 
 tend the sending back to Italy the 
 works of art which the French 
 had carried away, he was received 
 with ridicule, anger and hatred. 
 Proceeding to England, he had a mag- 
 nificent reception, was treated as a 
 brother by all art-lovers, and was pre- 
 sented by the prince regent with a 
 valuable snuff-box. On his return 
 to Rome the academy of St. Luke 
 went in a body to meet him, and the 
 Pope gave him a pension of 3,000 
 crowns, which Canova devoted en- 
 tirely to the benefit of the arts and 
 artists. The Pope also created him 
 marquis of Ischia, and inscrbed his 
 name in the book of the capital. 
 Canova freely spent his ])rivate for- 
 tune for the cause of benevolence and 
 the advancement of art, by establish- 
 ing prizes, endowing academies and 
 relieving the unfortunate and the 
 aged. He died at Venice in 1822. 
 His sculpture is distinguished, among other excellencies, by 
 exquisite grace. Besides several sepulchral monuments, he 
 produced statues and groups of "Psyche," "Cupid and 
 Psyche," "Venus and Adonis," a "Repentant Magdalen," 
 "Perseus," "Hebe," "The Graces/' several "Vcnuses" and 
 a crowned "Religion" of colossal size. Among his works was a 
 figure of Washington, of large size, in a sitting position, which was 
 secured for the state-house at Raleigh, N. C. This piece was 
 destroyed by fire in 1831. His last work was a bust of Count 
 Cicognara. 
 
 ^
 
 ? 
 
 ARTISTS IN MODELING KIGUKES. 
 
 337 
 
 ?• 
 
 s^ 
 
 -—-*-*-***''*- *^-*-^-*- -^^^"*^^-^^^*^^'^^^^^ 
 
 jo 
 
 Harriet G. Hosmer. 
 
 John Rogers. 
 
 Randolph Rogers. John Q. A. Ward. 
 
 
 Artists Widely Known as Sculptors. 
 
 NCLUDED among 
 the most promi- 
 nent of artists is 
 Harriet G. Hos- 
 mer, the Amer- 
 ican sculptor, who 
 was born at Wa- 
 tertown, Mass. , 
 in 1830. Asearly 
 as her sixteenth 
 year she showed a 
 marlied incUua 
 tion for^her art, 
 and soon became 
 skillful in model- 
 ing figures in clay 
 and plaster. 
 Three years she 
 attended school 
 at Lennox, Mass. 
 She then entered 
 a studio in Bos- 
 ton, intending to 
 devote her life to 
 sculpture. In 
 order to perfect 
 herself in human 
 anatomy she went 
 to St. Louis, ami from the nu-dicul college in that city, where her 
 father was a professor, she obtained the necessary facilities. Her 
 first work in marble was a diminished copy of Canova's bust of 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, and her next, " Hesper, or the Evening Star," 
 an ideal study. Going to Rome, in 1852, she became a pupil of 
 Gibson, and has mostly resided in that city ever since. Her first 
 full-length statue in marble, " 05 none," was completed in 1855; 
 her second, "■ Beatrice Cenci Sleeping in Her Cell," in 1857. " Puck " 
 was modeled in 1805. Other notable productions of her chisel are 
 busts of "Daphne" and "Medusa," the " Will-o'-the-Wisp," a 
 statue of the Hon. Thomas H. Benton, the "Sleeping Faun," the 
 "Waking Faun," a colossal statue of "Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 
 in Chains," and the design for a Lincoln monumental memorial. 
 
 JOHN ROGERS. 
 
 yOHN ROGERS, an American sculptor, was born at Salem, Mass., in 
 1829, and has made statuettes popular by clothing them with origi- 
 \/ nality of conception and fidelity to nature. At first he was a mer- 
 chant's clerk in Boston for years, then a voyager to Spain for bis 
 
 health, a machinist for seven years at Manchester, N. H. , the 
 superintendent of a railroad machine-shop at Hannibal, Mo. , in 1856, 
 a tourist to Paris and Rome in 1857, a draughtsman in Chicago, and 
 a famous artist in New York city during the first years of the 
 Southern rebellion. Such is a brief record of the early career of 
 the man whose quaint designs and happy execution make his works 
 welcome to a thousand firesides. Several of his groups are founded 
 on scenes and incidents of the rebellion, such as "The Returned 
 Volunteer," "The Wounded Scout," "Taking the Oath," etc. 
 There is also a series illustrating the story of "Rip Van Winkle," 
 while several ideal creations of a pleasing character, such as 
 "Coming to the Parson," "Courtship in Sleepy Hollow," "The 
 Favored Scholar," and "The Chanty Patii^nt," only need mentioning 
 to recall their beauties to the minds of numerous readers. 
 
 RANDOLPH ROGERS. 
 
 'V NOTHER American sculptor whosL* giMiius has added much to the 
 dtb adornment of our public edifices and other resorts, Randolph 
 J^y Rogers, was born in the State of New York about 1835. He 
 studied art at Rome for several years, and, coming home, he laid the 
 foundation of his national rei)utation by the production of his statues 
 of " Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pompeii," his "Boy and Dog," etc. 
 But he did not remain long in America. Returning to Rome he made 
 that city his home. One of his greatest works is the design and model 
 of the bronze door for the eastern entrance to the rotunda of the cap- 
 itol at Washington, which is seventeen feet high and nine feet wide. 
 In each of its eight panels is represented a scene in the life of Chris- 
 topher Columbus. He also finished the uncompleted designs for the 
 Washington monument at Richmond, Va. ; made the colossal bronze 
 statue of Abraham Lincoln at Philadidphia; a statue for the Colt 
 monument at Hartford, Conn. ; memorial war-monuments for the 
 States of Rhode Island and Michigan, and ideal creations, in stone, 
 of "Isaac" and "Ruth. " 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS WARD. 
 
 ""HE American sculptor, John Quiiicy Adams Ward, is the author 
 of the bronze statues of "The Indian Hunter," "A Private of the 
 Seventh Regiment," and "Shakspeare," all to be seen in Central 
 park, New York. Urbana.O. , was his birthplace in 1830. After par- 
 tially preparing himself for the medical profession he studied sculp- 
 ture; spent two years in Washington, modeling busts; settled in New 
 York in 1801, and became president of the National Academy of 
 Design in 1874. Among his other works are "The Good Samaritan," 
 a statue of Commodore Perry, "The Freedman," and several bas- 
 reliefs, groups, etc. 
 
 7n>= 
 
 — -O: 
 
 h. 
 
 .tk
 
 Me^ 
 
 ? 
 
 33S 
 
 DISTINGUISHED SCULPTOKS. 
 
 -? 
 
 HE sculptor, Benjamin Puul Akers, was bom 
 
 at Saccarappa, Maine, in 1825. Going to Port- 
 
 tl land when he wa* eighteen years old^ after 
 
 ^5) work- 
 
 ing for 
 s u ni e 
 tinu* in 
 a print- 
 ing office, he 
 turned his at- 
 tention to the 
 art of sciilp- 
 t u r e , and 
 when about twenty- 
 four he began business 
 as a sculptor at that 
 city. Among the re- 
 sults of his labors dur- 
 ing the nest two years 
 was a bust of the poet 
 Longfellow. After a 
 visit to Italy in 1851-2, 
 he returned to Maine 
 and produced the statue 
 of ''Benjamin in 
 Egypt," which was on 
 exhibition at the world's 
 fair in New York in 
 1853. In 1855 he again 
 visited Europe, resid- 
 ing for three years in 
 Home, where he exe- 
 cuted his superior 
 statues of *'Una and 
 the Lion," ''St. Eliza- 
 be t h o f Hungary'" 
 (three copies in mar- 
 ble), ''The Dead Pearl 
 Diver," and an ideal 
 head of Milton. Mr. 
 Akcrs revisited Rome 
 in 1859, returning to 
 America in the 
 following year, and 
 
 resided during the remainder of his life at Portland and IMiila- 
 delphia. 11.- died in the latter city in 18G]. 
 
 Joseph Edgar Boehme, English Sculptor. 
 
 JOSEPH EDGAR BOEHME. 
 
 [UK English artist, JnFejdi K. Hodimc, was born at Vienna, 
 Austria, in 1834. His father was an admirer of paintings, and 
 possessed, in Joseph's youth, a valuable coMection of art-trcas- 
 urcH, Illustrative of the power of genius, ranging in great variety 
 
 from Egyptian antiquity to the present day. The father, who occu- 
 pied a high position under the government, carefully encouraged 
 his son, by proper schooling, to cherish a love for art, without 
 
 intending that he 
 should adopt it as a 
 profession. The youth, 
 however, after receiv- 
 ing a partial educa- 
 tion at Vienna, was sent 
 to one of the seats of 
 learning in England, 
 where he remained 
 three years. During 
 this period he studied 
 the works of the old 
 masters in the British 
 museum, and copied 
 designs from the Elgin 
 marbles. Returning to 
 Au st ria, he was em - 
 ployed in a government 
 office, but his love of 
 art prevailed, and, 
 abandoning his official 
 position, he went to 
 Paris to become a 
 sculptor. While this 
 change was without his 
 father's approval, the 
 parent assisted him in 
 his early struggles 
 against the obstacles 
 that opposed his suc- 
 cess. Joseph's genius, 
 therefore, unhindered 
 by the disadvantages of 
 poverty, began soon to 
 manifest its superior- 
 ity, and at the age of 
 twenty-two he received 
 the imperial prize at 
 Vienna, and was hon- 
 ored with other favors. 
 Since then he has re- 
 reived a nu-nib(-rshi|) iu the Fl()rence art academy, an associate 
 membership of the British Royal academy, and other tokens of the 
 high estimation that has been placed upon his statuary, indudinua 
 medal at the international exposition in Paris. All these evidences 
 of appreciation appear to be the reward of untiring devotion to a 
 worthy object, and show a ready response to true merit. Among his 
 works are a full-length statue of Lord John Russell, one of Curlyle, 
 one of St. (leorge and the Dragon.
 
 STATUE OF LOUD JOHN KUfciSELL. 
 
 
 HE sculptor, Jean Pierre 
 
 Angers, France, in 1789. 
 
 of genius 
 
 for sculp- 
 
 mru won 
 
 for him a 
 J iiu-dal of 
 
 iiu'ourngc- 
 t h c F ru n c h 
 
 David, was born at 
 His early exhibition 
 
 m n I fro in 
 Academy of Fine Arts when 
 h(; was but twenty years old. 
 In 1811, by his bas-relief of 
 "Epaminondas," he carried 
 oflf the first prize for sculp- 
 ture, besides the grant of :i 
 pension to enable him to 
 pursue his art - studies in 
 Italy. After remaining five 
 years at Rome he visited 
 London and Paris, and in the 
 latter city gained a reputation 
 by executing a statue of the 
 prince of Conde. In 1836 he 
 was elected a member of the 
 French Academy of Fine Arts, 
 and became a professor in that 
 institution. His great work, 
 the sculptures of the present 
 church of St. Genevieve, in 
 Paris, then the Pantheon, 
 occupied the years 1835 to 
 1837. Among his otherwise 
 notable productions are bas- 
 reliefs of the battles of 
 Fleurus and Heliopolis for the 
 arch of Marseilles, France, and 
 "Epaminondas," now in the 
 museum of his native town; 
 busts of Washington and 
 Lafayette, in the capitol at 
 Washington, of Beranger, 
 Lamartine, Chateaubriand and 
 Rossini at Paris, of Goethe 
 and Humboldt. Of his funeral 
 monuments the one of Marco 
 Bozzaris, at Missolonghi, pos- 
 sesses great beauty. lie died 
 at Paris in 1856. 
 
 SIR FRANCIS CHANTREY. 
 
 /HE fame of the celebrated 
 
 sculptor, Sir Francis 
 
 Chantrey, rests not only 
 upon his excellent art-works, but also upon his munificent contri- 
 butions of money for the advancement and permanency of art in 
 Great Britain. He was born at Norton, England, in 1781. When old 
 
 Statue of Lord John Russell. 
 
 Executed by J. E. Bot'linie. Exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1880. 
 
 he was apprenticed to a carver at Sheffield, but sometime after- 
 he began the business of modeling busts and other 
 works in clay succeauively at 
 Dublin, Edinburgh and Lon- 
 don. A popular sculptor, 
 named Nollekens, having seen 
 a specimen of Chantrey's art- 
 productions, became interested 
 in the young artist, brought 
 him into public notice, and ere 
 long Chantrey achieved fame 
 by his genius. In 1818 and 
 1810 be was made a member 
 of the Royal academy of Great 
 Britain and of the academies 
 of Rome and Florence. So 
 mucb popularity did he derive 
 from the production of monu- 
 mental figures that he amassed 
 a fortune. He was knighted 
 in 1835. Although he exe- 
 cuted numerous busts of liv- 
 ing individuals, his imagina- 
 tive art-works are but few and 
 unimportant. He died in Lon- 
 don in 1841, and was buried in 
 the family vault which he had 
 constructed for himself in 
 the church at Norton. He 
 left certain bequests to the 
 clergymen and others of the 
 place on condition of his tomb 
 beingkept in order. Among the 
 most distinguished of his mon- 
 umental memorials are " The 
 Sleeping Children," in Lich- 
 field cathedral; several sculp- 
 tures in Westminster abbey, 
 London, including a fine statue 
 of Canning; a bronze statue 
 of William Pitt, in Hanover 
 square, London; the statue of 
 Washington in the state house 
 at Boston, Mass. ; the statue 
 of James Watt, in the church 
 at Aston, England, and one of 
 Bishop Heber, at Calcutta. 
 Dying without children or 
 near relatives, having made a 
 suitable provision for the 
 support of his widow, the 
 bulk of his fortune was left to 
 the Royal academy for the 
 n painting and sculpture. The 
 '50 for otficial salaries, is about 
 
 promotion of British fine art 
 amount available, including $1, 
 $12,500 annually. 
 
 ? 
 
 d-
 
 ? 
 
 341) 
 
 POETEAIT OF MEISSONIER. 
 
 k©^— ^f^ 
 
 -^s^-H'—lt-^^ 
 
 ^.---..^/z^^ls'^-e^ 
 
 Meissonier. G. P. A. Healy. Guido Reni. 
 
 ||-^^/i^i^-^ 
 
 -^^•H-^o^l--^ 
 
 -c-J^-^i-l/2^^ 
 
 ,IIE tminent figure-painter, Jean Louis Ernest 
 Meissonier was born about 1813, at Lyons, 
 France. Early in life he began to study art 
 as a labor of love, and received competent 
 instruction at Paris. A picture which he 
 exhibited in 1836, entitled "The Little Mes- 
 ' senger," drew attention to his merits as a 
 painter. Adopting a style of art that presents 
 scenes illustrative of every-day life and manners, Meissonier 
 has become one of the most 
 popular and the best- (^S^dJ-L •tJ'-^ 
 remunerated of modern 
 French artists. In his work 
 he uses small canvas, which 
 seldom exceeds twenty 
 inches square, but his style 
 of painting is remarkable for 
 its dflicacy and finish, with 
 a faithful portraiture. Sev- 
 eral years ago he executed a 
 painting representing a 
 battle scene, containing Na- 
 poleon L surrounded by his 
 staff, and which the artist 
 named " 1807. " This paint- 
 ing was purchased by the 
 late A. T. Stewart, mer- 
 chant-prince of New York, 
 in Europe for a sum ex- 
 ceeding $60,000. Promi- 
 nent among his other 
 paintings are ''The Chess- 
 Players,"' " A Game of 
 Piquet,'* "The Painter in 
 his Studio," "The Body- 
 Guard," "The Emperor at 
 Solferino," " The Charge of 
 Cavalry" (which brought 
 him about $30,000), and " A 
 Barricade, June, 1848. " He 
 has also prepared desi^s for 
 several publicatiouM, and has 
 been freely honored and 
 decorated by royalty and eminent institutions. In disposition he ie 
 said to be rude and insolent, and jealous of his competitors in art. 
 
 MEISSONIER. 
 
 The Famous KiRure I^ainter of France. 
 
 GEORGE PETER ALEXANDER HEALY. 
 
 "■ EOROE P. A. Healy stands in the front rank of American portrait- 
 c. painters, and has transferred to canvas, with great ftdelitv, the 
 \^ features of King Louis Philippe, of France, Marshal Soiilt, M'eb- 
 Hter, Calhoun, General Sherman, the poet Longfellow, the historian 
 Prescott, and other distlnguiHhed characters. In Faneuil hall, at Bos- 
 ton, hangs his lar^e hi^-torical picture of "Wcbr^ti-r Replying to 
 
 Hayne" in the United States senate, which he finished in 1851, and 
 which contains 130 portraits. Another remarkabk- picture, repre- 
 .senting Franklin advocating the claims of America before Louis XVL 
 of France, and thirteen portraits were exhibited at the Paris exposi- 
 tion in 1855, and received a medal of the second class. Mr. Healy 
 was born at Boston in 1813. He first went to Paris in 1836, and 
 since then has alternately resided in America and Europe. Chicago 
 was his home from 1855 to 186T, where, by his portraitures of 
 prominent citizens and high social position, he added materially to 
 
 his fame. 
 
 GUIDO RENI. 
 
 NE of the most eminent 
 of Italian painters, 
 Guido Reni, was bom 
 near Bologna in 1575. He 
 first studied art with Denys 
 Calvaert, and then in tlie 
 school of Ludovico Carracci. 
 Going to Rome he achieved 
 a reputation by bis painting 
 of " The Martyrdom of St 
 Cecilia," and his splendid 
 talents soon created a de- 
 mandfor his pictures. 
 Popes, cardinals, princes and 
 nobles employed, honored 
 and caressed him, and he 
 practiced his art alternately 
 at Rome, Bologna and Na- 
 ples, but finally settled at 
 Bologna. After having 
 greatly distinguished him- 
 self by his works, he gave 
 way to his passion for gam- 
 ing, and in spite of all that 
 nature and superior talents 
 had done for him, he died 
 in 1642 in a state of poverty 
 and dejection. His paint- 
 ings are pre-eminently 
 esteemed for their beauty, 
 expression and grace. 
 The Penitence of St. Peter," 
 the latter of which has been 
 
 Among his masterpieces are rated 
 and "Christ Crowned with Thorns, 
 copied in a variety of forms until it is one of the most familiar of 
 the pictures representing the crucifixion and the death of Christ. 
 To the magic touch of Guide's pencil is the Christian world thus 
 indebted for the lesson it has learned of Christ's sufferings that 
 truth might be triumphant. Of his other pictures "The Massa- 
 cre of the Innocents," the frescoes of the "Aurora," *'The Concert 
 of Angels" and "Fortune" arc prominently named, as indicating 
 the excellence of his genius, with special reference to the por- 
 traiture of the highest type of creation. 
 
 i
 
 PLATT K. SPENCKIi, DISTINGUISHED TEACIIEK OF PENMANSHIP. 
 
 3il 
 
 
 Piatt R. Spencer. 
 
 / 
 
 ^A 
 
 
 Originator of the Spencerian System of Penmanship. 
 
 ' EREWITII a portrait is presented of 
 the famous pen artist, Piatt R. 
 Spencer, who was born at Fishkill, N. 
 Y. , in 1800. His father emigrated with 
 his family to Windham, N. Y. , about 
 1807, and there died two years after- 
 wards. The widow then removed 
 with her children to the (at that time) 
 wilderness of Northern Ohio, where, 
 although the school opportunities were 
 very limited, young Piatt R. cultivated 
 a knowledge of penmanship with such 
 success as to be able to teach the art 
 at the age of fifteen. His boyhood 
 was a struggle with poverty and lack 
 of school advantages, and yet, in 
 spite of these adverse circumstances, 
 he became, when quite young, a suc- 
 cessful teacher of writing-schools in the 
 smaller villages of the region where ho 
 lived. 
 
 As a teacher Mr. Spencer was greatly 
 esteemed and beloved, but it was in his 
 creative genius as an artist where lay 
 the power that was to distinguish his 
 name. He made the few fundamental 
 principles of beauty in nature his study. 
 As ho lay on his mother's hearthstone 
 in their humble home by the bright 
 firelight, he drew the curved lines, and 
 studied the nature and necessity of 
 shades. The artistic in his nature 
 resolved these into beautiful forms, and the result was a new system 
 of penmanship. 
 
 In due time the fame of Mr. Spencer as a teacher had spread so 
 extensively as to bring applications for insi>truction from hundreds of 
 persons, who were desirous of improving their penmansliip, in 
 various distant portions of the Union. In obedience to this call, Ik- 
 
 
 ► 
 
 'T'^'^'^'^'T«V'^'^'T'V"V'T»V^<^ 
 
 Portrait of Piatt R. Spencer, 
 
 Pen-Artist, Author and Distinj^ished Teacher. 
 
 erected at Geneva, Ohio, where he lived, a log- house, a rnde struc- 
 ture, in exterior appearance, in which he arranged all the needed 
 conveniences for his writing-classes. Hither gathered pupils from 
 all the region about, and many came long distances from abroad. 
 
 In time this log-cabin seminary, known as "Jericho," acquired a 
 national reputation, many of Mr. Spencer's pupils becoming suc- 
 cessful teachers, all of whom sounded the praises of the Spencerian 
 penmanship and its author. 
 
 From the log-cabin Mr. Spencer was called to teach penmanship in 
 various commercial colleges of the country, and in the later years of 
 his life he spent much time in the revising and perfecting of his 
 copies for publication. He died at Geneva, Ohio, in 1864. 
 
 Through the ideal and artistic in his nature, Mr. Spencer gave to 
 the world a style of writing that combined the beautiful with the 
 practical more fully than any system had done heretofore. He did 
 this, and he did more. He reared a family of sons an<l daughters that 
 honored the founder of the Spencerian penmanship, in their ability 
 to dignify the work of commercial education and perpetuate the 
 system of writing in all the perfection which the father originated. 
 
 Of these, Robert C. Spencer, the oldest of the sons, is at the head 
 of a popular business college at Milwaukee, Wis. Henry C is 
 successfully conducting a commercial school at Washington, D. C. 
 Piatt R. is at the head of a similar institution at Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Harvey A. controls a commercial institute at Dallas, Texas, and 
 Lyman P., who lives at Washington, devotes his entire time to 
 superintending the preparation of Spencerian publications. 
 
 Of the two daughters, Sarah, with her husband, Mr. Junius R. 
 Sloan, a well-known artist of celebrity, resides in Chicago. Ellen is 
 the wife of Gen. R. D. Mnssey, an able lawyer of Washington, D. C. 
 Both were accomplished teachers of penmanship in commercial col- 
 leges before their marriage. 
 
 To gi^e the reader a knowledge of the Spencerian style, specimens 
 of i>enmanship prepared for this work by the Spencerian authors are 
 shown in the two following pages. 
 
 i
 
 v> 
 
 ^^ 
 
 342 
 
 THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES UPON WHICH THE SPENCEEIAN PENMAJSSHIP IS FOUNDED. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE SPENCERIAN PENMANSHIP. 
 
 HS efforts of the author of the Spencerian writing was 
 mainly directed to the achievement of Jirst making 
 letters that should bu isimple in form, easy of execution, 
 and at the 
 
 same time 
 beautiful. 
 
 The second step in 
 the work was to intro- 
 duce exercises the prac- 
 tice of which would 
 give freedom and ease 
 of movement while 
 writing, and at the same 
 time train and strength- 
 en the muscles of the 
 hand and arm. 
 
 Tlie third point at- 
 tained was the selection 
 of seven simple, ele- 
 nu-'ulary forms, called 
 principles, from which 
 all the letters of the 
 alphabet can be formed, 
 an understanding of 
 these enabling the stu- 
 dent to much more 
 easily master the con- 
 struction of letters. 
 These principles and 
 their combination in the 
 making of letters are 
 shown in the diagram 
 herewith. 
 
 Semi-angular. 
 
 Mr. Spencer accom- 
 plished another impor- 
 tant result in his efforts 
 to improve the penman- 
 ship of the country, and 
 that was in striking the 
 golden mean between 
 the sharp, angular writ- 
 ing and the old round 
 hand of our forefathers. 
 The angular hand could 
 be rapidly written, but 
 it was illegible. The 
 round hand was plain, 
 but it took a long time 
 to execute it. To com- 
 bine the virtues of both 
 was the object sought, 
 and that this aim was 
 realized is very clearly 
 shown in the business 
 writing on the succeed- 
 ing page, a sufficiency 
 of the round being re- 
 tained to give legibilily, 
 give rapidity of execution 
 
 il oTiceTtsn jy[edium}feid« 
 
 ScaZe^of 
 
 Slojti' 
 
 PHINCrPLXS 
 
 SHORT LETTERS 
 
 Z \Z Z 12 1 Z 2I2122 3I3I 
 
 3131312 312Z333333Z2 3321Z21Z 23 122 2 1221 12 2 
 
 ^y^^y^^rx^/y/M^/yx/rx/y^r.^yyy^yJyJy 
 
 SEMI-EXTENDEO LETTEHS 
 
 EXTENDED OR LOOP LCTILKS 
 
 w. 
 
 'j/y^Jyyy/^yyy/yy^f^^ 
 
 STANDARD CAPITAL; t-ETTERS 
 
 c^ha:y^\ 
 
 ; f9/3.rJ// r rtfj 
 
 COPYRIQBT, BTlViaOK. Bl&KEMAN. TAYLOa&Co. 
 
 Th' 
 
 '^I'ljx', foriii- 
 
 while enough of the angular is adopted to 
 
 Principles. 
 
 , jiroportions and analysis of the standard 
 
 medium hand, as taught in the copy-books, is illustrated upon this 
 page, while upon the next is shown the style, as applied in the writing 
 of a business letter. Having determined the form of the letters and 
 
 the principles from 
 which they should be 
 made, the author of the 
 systt-m then prescribed 
 the following directions 
 in regard to position 
 for sitting and move- 
 ment of fingers, hand 
 and arm when writing; 
 
 Position. 
 
 The Spencerian sys- 
 tem teaches positions 
 while writing, either 
 standing or sitting, as 
 follows: The person 
 squarely fronting the 
 desk, or either the 
 right or left side may 
 be turned angularly to- 
 wards it. 
 
 Movement. 
 
 Ist. Finger Move- 
 ment—This is produced 
 by extending and uun- 
 tracting the first and 
 second fingers and the 
 thumb, the band restinir 
 un the nails of the third 
 and fourth fingers; it is 
 applied in forming the 
 extended letters. 
 
 a fl . P o r e - A t' ni 
 Movement — This is a 
 movenientof the fore-arm 
 and whole hand in any 
 direction, resting upon 
 the large, fleshy part of 
 the arm just forward of 
 the elbow, and upon the 
 7iaiU of the third and 
 fourth fingers. In this 
 movement the fingers and 
 thumb are in a paattiir 
 roiKlitini), having no iii- 
 tlL-pcndent motion of their 
 own, the movements be- 
 ing made entirely by the 
 musclesof the fore-arni; it 
 is applied in forming tlu- 
 short letters and capitals. 
 
 :t(l. Whole A.rm 
 M o V e m e n t — T h i s 1 s 
 made by raising llio fore- 
 arm from one to two inches 
 from the desk, and sliding 
 the hand upon the nails 
 of the third and fourth 
 fingers. This is a liold 
 movement, and is em- 
 ployed in making large 
 capitals, and in Hourish- 
 ing. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Z 
 
 4th. Compotinil. or Mixed Movement — This is a harmonious 
 union of the first twt) movements, ami is produced by simultaneous action of 
 the fore-arm, hand, and fingers, and is by far the most practical movement 
 in writing. In producing the Fore-arm and Compound movements, the wrist 
 shotild be elevated from the paper at least one'foiirth o/ mi inch. 
 
 m^
 
 -^K 
 
 A ISPIJCIMKN Vf SPENCEKIAN llUSliNKbS VVKlllNU. 
 
 3iy 
 
 ^: 
 
 r^^ 
 
 'f^^G>4/jJ^.y/f?. 
 
 
 
 
 ^^yi£j4l,^^t 
 
 Copy-rijM IS79.by IvisonBlakcmn.Tiyloria 
 
 1:
 
 •? 
 
 su 
 
 PEN-FLODRISHING, AND ONE OF ITS MOST ORIGINAL KEPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 i 
 
 ;^ Cx — 
 
 AXY READERS of tiiis page will 
 remember the time when the 
 "Writing-School" was an insti- 
 tution that came and went in the 
 rural villages almost as regularly 
 as one season followed another. 
 These were the days when the 
 youth of the land were dependent 
 upon the "master" of the dis- 
 trict school for a "copy" to 
 follow in their writing. That 
 was the time when the goose- 
 quill flourished, and the indi- 
 vidual was held in high esteem 
 who possessed the genius to 
 make a first-class pen. 
 
 In those years, the writing- 
 teacher traveled from town to 
 town, and secured excellent 
 patronage from the fact that the 
 writing-school was the only 
 place where the student could 
 with certainty learn to write. 
 
 The writing-master was 
 usually a stranger in town, and, 
 upon his arrival, various were 
 the devices that he was com- 
 pelled to resort to in order to 
 organize his classes. Prominent among these was an elaborate 
 display of penmanship, pen-drawing and nourishing, in the shape of 
 s])ecimens, which were exhibited at the post-oftice and various public 
 places in the village about the time of opening the school. 
 
 It was true that most of the students in the writing class had little 
 occasion to use this ()rnainental flourishing in the business pursuits 
 of Iffe. The tenrhcr was justified, however, In this display of his 
 
 Portrait of John D. Williams, 
 
 Author of "Packard & Williams' (irms of PL-uinanbhip," and Other 
 Works on Writing and Flourishing. 
 
 -•—i-^ie-i 
 
 talent in pen-drawing from the fact that its practice gave command 
 of the hand and arm in writing, and from the further fact that it 
 demonstrated to what proficiency in the art of pen-drawing the 
 skillful penman might attain. 
 
 The advent of the printed copy-book and the public school has 
 made the traveling writing-teacher less a necessity than formerly: 
 but while recollection lives in this generation, we shall not forget the 
 awe inspired and the genuine admiration elicited for the professor of 
 l)enmanship, when he drew with a flourish the swooping eagle, the 
 handsome bird, and the graceful swan. 
 
 Of that time and generation was John D. Williams. Though born 
 in Pittsburgh, in 1839, he passed the first eleven years of his life at 
 Newcastle, Pa., where he early evinced a fondness for writing and 
 drawing, a smooth board and a piece of charcoal serving e^'ery 
 purpose for a display of his art, his excellence consisting principally 
 in off-hand flourishing, a few specimens of which are shown on the 
 next page. 
 
 Mr. Williams first came prnmiueutly before the country through 
 the advertising of Peter Duff, proprietor of Duff's commercial col- 
 lege, at Pittsburgh, in whose employ Mr. Williams was for some years, 
 during which time he originated those off-hand specimens of 
 flourishing which afterwards appeared in " Packard and Williams' 
 Gems of Penmanship," and other publications. From his works 
 the penmen of the country have copied their flourishing, probably, 
 more generally than any other books extant. 
 
 In the later years of his life he gave muchattentinu to the i)repara- 
 ti(m of his work for the engravers, thus transmitting to future 
 generations those "Gems" which will ever have admirers as long 
 as the principles of beauty in proportion, shades, and curved lines 
 endure. He died at Albany, N. Y. , in January, 1871. 
 
 -sC);
 
 are: 
 
 First. The rules of proportion. The 
 birds and swans here shown exhibit the 
 forms we see in life. 
 
 Second. He gave graceful curve to 
 every line he made ; there are no 
 straight lines. 
 
 T}urd. He made contrast by an in- 
 terblending of light and heavy shades. 
 
 Fourth. Where lines extend in the 
 same direction they run parallel with 
 each other. 
 
 Essentials in Flourishing. 
 
 .WING mastered the principles of 
 ^^ proportion, cur\'es, sliades 
 
 ?f 
 
 
 ■U.7T,0^ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -9^°^ 
 
 
 parallels, the student must have: 
 
 First. Command of arm movement 
 to carry the pen rapidly to the point 
 the mind determines, thus leaving the 
 mark graceful in outline. 
 
 Second. There must be perfect con- 
 fidence in the ability to execute the 
 flourish, else tremor and irregular 
 lines will show themselves. 
 
 Tiiird. The individual should love 
 the beautiful and have a high appreci- 
 ation of the ideal and the artistic, else 
 the attempt to excel will be futile. i' 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 le Bird- 3 Nest and the Swans. as Flouiished witli a Pen by John D. WiUianis. 
 
 l
 
 >^ 
 
 U. T. AMES, EXPERT IN HANUWKITING. 
 
 ? 
 
 iy5J>: 
 
 ^ Daniel T. Ames. ^ 
 
 »WM..klH. A'm 'B .k I 1' k v.i.'.TT' 
 
 Commercial Teacher, Author and Professional Expert 
 In Penmanship. 
 
 6 
 
 ANIEL T. AMES, 
 the chirographic 
 artist of New 
 York, holds the 
 relation to pen- 
 drawing that 
 Spencer did to 
 practical penman - 
 ship, and that 
 Williams did to 
 flourishing. Both 
 of the latter stood 
 at the head in 
 iln'ir respective depart- 
 im-nts, and so does the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 Both Spencer and 
 Williams systematized 
 their work and gave it to 
 the world for a copy, 
 y^^>.^v '-• V^i^^^''A ^^'^ Mr. Ames has done the same. 
 ,^**^^__\&&3 (^^v^ '^^'" ^^'^'^'^ °^ Vershire, Vermont, was 
 — >>«-^^f iii^ birthidace in 1835. Here he as- 
 
 >i.'rted upon a farm in the summer, and 
 atti'ndfd the district school in the 
 winter. At the age of sixteen, when a 
 student at Chelsea academy, he attended 
 the writinj^-classes of Professor S. L. 
 Lyman, soon after which from teach- 
 ing; district schools, Mr. Ames became 
 an instructor of penmanship and other 
 branches at the Topsfleld (Mass. ) academy where he remained four 
 years. After hia graduation at that institution he entered the law 
 oflice of .Judge Cobb, at Strafford, Vt. Atwo years' experience here, 
 involving the trial of various cases requiring a knowledge of book- 
 keeping, caused him to enter the Oswego (X. Y. ) commercial col- 
 
 Portrait of Daniel T. Ames, 
 
 Editor of the 
 
 PeniiKiiis Art Journal." Designer and Skillful 
 Artist in Pen-Drawing'. 
 
 lege, of which institution he became erelong a part owner and sul)?if- 
 quently principal. 
 
 In 1860 he established at Syracuse, N. Y. , the "Ames National 
 Business College," which he conducted very successfully until he 
 sold the same, in 1868, to enter again the practice of the law, becom- 
 ing a member of the New York bar in 1869. 
 
 By urgent solicitation he subsequently became a member of the 
 publishing house of H. W. Ellsworth & Co. , in New York, and assisted 
 in the revision of the Ellsworth system of penmanship, largely in 
 use in the New York city schools. From this copartnership he 
 retired in 1871, and opened rooms as a publisher and general pen- 
 artist. 
 
 Since that date, with the aid of photo engraving, Mr. Ames has done 
 more than any person in the United States to systematize and utilize 
 for commercial and artistic purposes the art of ornamental penman- 
 shij), being assisted by the Peiwia/is Art Journal, a monthly publi- 
 cation of large circulation, which he established in 1877, and " Ames' 
 Compendium of Practical ami Ornamental Penmanship,"" which he 
 issued in 1878. 
 
 To the lover of the artistic and the beautiful, Mr. Ames' studio on 
 Broadway, nearly opposite the p(»st-oftice, in New York, is one of the 
 most interesting places in the city to visit. Here a corps of pen- 
 artists are busy engrossing in elegant style for framing, forms of 
 resolutions, memorials, invitations, cards, diplomas, etc., the walls 
 in the meantime being hung with elaborate and ornate specimens of 
 p(!n-drawing. 
 
 Possessing good command of language, decision of purpose, dear 
 judgment, legal knowledge, and a keen discernment for determining 
 the authorship of different handwritings, the services of Mr. Anu's 
 are much called for of late in the various courts as an expert in tiand- 
 writing. 
 
 Upon the two following pages may be seen copies of Mr. Ami;^' 
 pen- drawings.
 
 TKSTIMUNIAL IN UONUK OF PRESIDENT UAKKIELD. 
 
 ;;4:7 
 
 ?■ 
 
 
 James A. Oar field was born i Graduated at Williams college, 
 in Oranee township, flftet-n miles 1855; elected State senator In Ohio 
 from Muntor. Ohiu, Nov. 19.1831. 1 1859; first sent lo C.m^i:ress. 1862. 
 
 For braTery at battle of Chiea- 
 mauga.Tenn.. in 1863, was made Mnj. 
 Gen. : chosen U. S. senator. Jan. 18S0. 
 
 Elected President of U. S.. 1880: 
 wounded by an assassin. July 2; died 
 at Lontr Branch. >'. J.. Sept. 19. ISSl.
 
 T 
 
 MAERIAGE CERTIFICATE AS EXECUTED WITH A PE.N JiY D. 1'. AMES. 
 
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 fieyJ<ay-aJ<>^r^ A^^icM^cd.. ^a^ti^yir/ .<2^^/i2_ 
 
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 -vfeES-t :'(X) t-^^^-''- 
 
 T;? 
 
 Ig 
 
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 IIUUARIII. 
 
 
 ............v.......v...<.......,...........-..,-....--.,-..-.,..,..v,..,.,v,.,..,..,..,..,.,,..,.,..,.,,..,,,^,^^ 
 
 Hogarth. The Peales. Paul Rembrandt. 
 
 
 Ills painter of scenes in human life, 
 William Hogarth, was born in London, 
 ill lt;97, and from cliildhood exliihited 
 a fondness for drawing. At an early 
 age he was apprenticed tn a silver- 
 plate engraver, and having served out 
 his time, he began life as a copper- 
 ])late engraver for the book-pub- 
 lishers. Led to try his hand at painting, 
 he pro- ';^eo«« 
 duced, 
 among 
 
 hi!> firi^t works, a series of illustra- 
 tions of Butler's "Hudibras," from 
 
 which he engraved plates. He also 
 
 painted portraits with considerable 
 
 success, and in this manner earned 
 
 his subsistence. In 1T30 he married, 
 
 without the consent of her father, the 
 
 daughter of Sir James Thornhill, and 
 
 a reconciliation was not effected be- 
 tween them until Hogarth's fame was 
 
 established by his production of 
 
 "The Harlot's Progress," in 1733. 
 
 Hogarth continued to maintain his 
 
 popularity by a succession of those 
 
 admirable pictures and engravings 
 
 which are now so extensively known 
 
 as his masterpieces. He also pro- 
 duced several pictures of a differ- 
 ent class, which were severely 
 
 criticised, and have not obtained 
 
 great celebrity. These include his 
 
 " Paul Before Felix, " " Dauie," 
 
 " The Pool of Bethesda," and " Sig- 
 
 ismunda Weeping." In 1753 he 
 
 produced his '* Analysis of Beauty,'' 
 
 :ai ingenious work, in which he 
 
 argued that a curved line, similar 
 
 to the letter S, is the true line of 
 
 beauty. The book was received with 
 
 ridicule by his contemporaries. In 
 
 1757 he became a " serjeant-painter " 
 
 to the king. According to some 
 
 authorities his death occurred on the 26th of October, 1764. 
 
 Pennsylvanni State legislature. About 1785 he founded the well- 
 known *' Peale's Museum " at Philadelphia, by gathering a collection 
 of curiosities and lecturing on natural history. He also aided in 
 establishing the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He died at 
 Philadelphia in I8Si7. 
 
 The second son of Charles W. Peale, Rembrandt, was bom in 
 Bucks county, Penn., in 1778. In 179G he began his career as a 
 portrait-painter at Charleston, S. C. About 1801 he went to Eng- 
 land and studied art, under West, for three or four years, and after- 
 wards spent several years in Paris, 
 returning to Philadelphia in 1809. 
 While the painting of portraits en- 
 grossed most of his time, he found 
 opportunities for producing his two 
 historical pictures of "The Court of 
 Death" and " The Roman Daughter," 
 which have acquired considerable 
 celebrity, especially the former, cov- 
 ering a canvas twenty-four feet in 
 length by thirteen feet in width, 
 which was exhibited in many sec- 
 tions of this country and reproduced 
 as a colored lithograph. Mr. Peale 
 died at Philadelphia, where he resided 
 after his return from Europe in 1860. 
 
 William Hogarth, 
 
 Author of the Work Entitled 'The Aiialysi 
 
 THE PEALES. 
 
 /SUCCESSIVELY a saddler, harness -maker, silversmith, watch- 
 \ maker, carver, portrait-painter, naturalist, machinist, dentist and 
 j^ showman, Charles Wilson Peale has a place among eminent 
 Americans. He was born at Chesterton, Md. , in 1741; studied art 
 in America and England, under Hesselins, a German painter, Copley 
 and West, and at Annapolis, Md.„and Philadelphia became quite 
 distinguished as a portrait-painter. Among his art-enterprises was 
 a series of national portraits, with several of Washington. In the 
 revolutionary battles of Trenton and Germantown, he was in com- 
 mand of a company of volunteers. He was also a member of the 
 
 PAUL H. REMBRANDT VAN RYN. 
 
 N ARTIST, whose real luime was 
 Gerretz, but who is best known 
 as Paul Rembrandt, was born in 
 a windmill on the banks of the river 
 Rhine, near Leyden, Holland, in 1607, 
 and studied the art of painting under 
 several masters. He settled at Am- 
 sterdam, and so skillful, original and 
 successful did he prove in his profes- 
 sion and in teaching art, that he be- 
 came celebrated and acquired great 
 wealth. His first distinguished work 
 was his mother's portrait. Twice 
 he married, having by his first wife 
 four children, none of whom outlived 
 hira. His second marriage involved 
 him in pecuniary difficulties which reduced him to poverty. Per- 
 sonally be is described as indulging in low habits, and so avaricious 
 as to descend to the meanest tricks in order to make money. The 
 catalogue of his paintings includes 640, valued at from $500 to 
 $20,000. Among the best of his productions are rated his"Staal- 
 meesters," " The Ship Builder and his Wife," " The Jew Merchant," 
 "The Night Watch," "The Duke of Gueldres Threatening his 
 Father," "Moses Destroying the Tables of the Law," '*The Sacrifice 
 of Abraham," "The Woman Taken in Adultery," "The Descent 
 from the Cross," "The Nativity," "Christ in the Garden with 
 Mary Magdalene," and 'The Adoration of the Magi." He died at 
 Amsterdam in 1669. 
 C. Vosmaer. 
 
 . of Beauty. ' 
 
 An account of his life was given in French by 
 
 A
 
 k 
 
 ?2kGE AT WHICH NOTED WORK 
 
 — ^-^rirqWAS D O N E t^iJ^'^^^ — 
 
 IN THE LIVES OF PROMINENT PEOPLE. 
 
 " ".--''"'' L'. " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " '»'■ ■' '■ p= _ ^ , ^ ,-^= 3= 
 
 Early Brilliancy with Some; Later Achievement with Others. 
 
 Pitman invented phonography at 24. 
 Aldrich's ' ' Babie Bell '■ appeared at 20. 
 Pope*8 "' E&say on Man " appeared at 45. 
 Bismarck became prime minister at 56. 
 Poe wrote ' ' The Raven "' at tlie age of 36. 
 Howe patented his sewing-machine at 26. 
 Colt was 20 when he patented his revolver. 
 Stanley was 31 when he found Livingstone. 
 Hulleck wrote his " Marco Bozzaris" at 37. 
 Locke, as " Nasby," was weII-kno\vn at 27. 
 Clemens issued " Innocents Abroad "at 32. 
 Handel commenced musical education at 9. 
 £<liKon invented his duplex telegraphy at 22. 
 Miss Sedgwick's first novel appeared at 33. 
 Mrs. Sou til worth wrote her first novel at 25. 
 "Victoria ascended the English throne at 18. 
 Columbus was 57 when he discovered America. 
 Pollok's "Course of Time" appeared at 29. 
 
 Dlckeas* first volume of " Sketches" appeared 
 at 24. 
 
 ^Vaiter Scott wrote his first Waverley novel 
 at 43. 
 
 Macaulay began his "History of England" 
 at 47. 
 
 Worcester published his first large dictionary 
 at if,. 
 
 Blaine was elected to Congress from Maine 
 at 32. 
 
 Spurgreon crowded his church with hearers 
 at 18. 
 
 Alexandre Dumas wrote his first plays 
 at 22. 
 
 Biertttadt painted the "Yosemite" at the 
 age uf 31. 
 
 De Foe wrote his " Robinson Crusoe" at the 
 age of 58. 
 
 Ciivler had become distinguished, as a natur- 
 alist, at 26. 
 
 John Milton was 41 when he wrote "Para- 
 dise Lost. " 
 
 fj. Fenimore Cooper published his llrst 
 novel at 30, 
 
 I,<amnrtine's first volume of poems was pub- 
 lished at :«». 
 
 MrH. HemauH* first volume of poems ap- 
 Iieared at 14. 
 
 Stuart painted his famous picture of Wash- 
 iiigtftn at 38. 
 
 Curleton wrote " Betsey and I are Out" at 
 the age uf 26. 
 
 Harvey at 38 hod discovLTcd the circulation 
 of the blood. 
 
 Browne, as " Artemus Ward," was first cel- 
 ebrated at 24. 
 
 Horace Oreeley founded the New York 
 
 Trihniu- ;it :i(l. 
 
 •lenny I^lnd was 29 wIm'H she Hang In tlie 
 United States. 
 
 Uuvard Taylor** first book of travels wos 
 
 putilis1i.-d at 21. 
 
 Byron*8 first volume of poerascame out when 
 he was 18. 
 
 Darwin proclaimed his theories on evolution 
 at the age of 50. 
 
 Pullman was raising buildings in Chicago at 
 the age of 28. 
 
 CanipbelPs " Pleasures of Hope" appeared 
 wht-n he waa 22. 
 
 Webster was 48 when he made his celebrated 
 reply to Hayne. 
 
 Tennyson was 24 when his first volume of 
 poems appeared. 
 
 Aristotle was called by Plato "the intellect 
 of his school " at 17. 
 
 De l<esseps was 64 at the time of the build- 
 ing of the Suez canal. 
 
 Victor Hugo's first volume of poems ap- 
 peared when he was 20. 
 
 Charlotte Bronte published "Jane Eyre." 
 her greatest fiction, at 23. 
 
 Orant was 42 years old when he achieved his 
 brilliant military success. 
 
 Barnum was the proprietor of the American 
 museum. New York, at 31. 
 
 Adelina PattS sang in concerts at 8, and 
 was a leading singer at 16. 
 
 Dr. Gall announced the location of the 
 phrenological organs at 33. 
 
 f J ales "Verne wrote his first romance, " Five 
 Weeks in a Balloon." at 35. 
 
 TVilliam III. (King of England), at 22 was 
 an able general in Holland. 
 
 McCormIck invented a grain cratile at 15, 
 and produced his reajjer at 22. 
 
 Hoe gave the double cylinder printing-presa 
 to the people at the age of 25. 
 
 Carl Linnfcus, great Swedish botanist, bad 
 achieved high reputation at 24. 
 
 Sliakspeare was at the height of his work 
 in play-writing at the age of 40. 
 
 Wilkie Collins* first important literary 
 work appeared when he was 24. 
 
 Morse was 40 when he demonstrated the 
 practicability of the telegraph. 
 
 Bouclcault's first play, " London Assur- 
 ance," appeared when he was 10. 
 
 Thiirlow Weed began the publication of 
 the Albany Evening Journal at 33. 
 
 Mrs. Stanton called the first woman's- 
 rights convention at the age of 32. 
 
 Schiller, the famous German poet, attained 
 celebrity at 23 by his " Brigands." 
 
 Xapnlcon was made emperor of France and 
 was at the height of his glory at 36. 
 
 flohn AditniH, second President of the United 
 States, was active a-n a politician at 30. 
 
 O. P. R. flames wrote the stories entitled 
 "A String of I'carls " when he wa.4 1". 
 
 tlamoH Oonlnn Bennett lutran the pub- 
 lication uf thy New Ynik Ihrolil at 40. 
 
 Burns* first 
 lu' uiis 16. Mr V 
 
 h.-gan til 
 
 Ihtinguislu 
 Th4»inaH Mooi'c I'lib 
 
 I at 
 
 ap|K>ar when 
 
 LlttK''H 
 
 Poems, " and found himself famous thereby at 23. 
 
 Prescott was 41 when his "History of Fer- 
 dinaiul and Isabella of Spain " appeared. 
 
 Andrew Jacl^son Davis dictated "Na- 
 ture's Divine Revelations " at the age of 23. 
 
 Sir Robert Peel, British statesman, began 
 his public life in parliament as a Tory at 21. 
 
 Goldsmith's " Deserted Village." and his 
 other best works, appeared after he was 31. 
 
 Alexander Volta, an Italian electrician, 
 at 44 invented the voltaic battery or ' ' pile. " 
 
 Bryant \vrote poetry for the newspapers at 
 10. and was the author of ' ' Thanatopsis " at 19. 
 
 Hogarth established his fame as an artist 
 at 36, when he painted ' ' The Harlot's Progress, " 
 
 Charles I^amb, an English poet and essay- 
 ist, published his fii-st collection of poems at 32. 
 
 George Stephenson, British engineer and 
 father of railways, made his fii-st steam-engine at 
 43. 
 
 Beethoven, the famous Prussian musical 
 composer, began to publish his own compositions 
 at 13. 
 
 Mozart displayed musical talent at 3. was a 
 prodigy at 6, and had produced his first opera 
 at 15. 
 
 <Tames Parton came prominently before the 
 people through his "Life of Horace Greeley" 
 at 33. 
 
 Anna Dickinson was 18 when she startled 
 a woinan's-rights convention with her oratorical 
 I»ower. 
 
 Ben Jonson, the English dramatist, became 
 famous at 24 by bis comedy of " Every Man in His 
 Humor." 
 
 Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox, British 
 statesman and orator, at 25 was distinguished in 
 parliament. 
 
 (John Dryden, an English poet, wrote well 
 at 29. but was 50 before recognized as a writer of 
 the first order. 
 
 Michael Angelo was near 80 when, a-- an 
 architect, he designed the grand dome of St. 
 Peter's at Rome. 
 
 Sir 'William Herschel made his own tel- 
 escoi>cs ond iK'canie rcnov.ned for his scientitle 
 discoveries at 43. 
 
 Humboldt*8 first work on natural history 
 was published at 21; he concluded his "Cosmos^' 
 at J>2, and died at 'JO. 
 
 Noah Webster began work upon hin great 
 dictionary at i'). and brought it out twenty-one 
 yeai"s afterwanis. 
 
 Alexander Pope published bis "Pastor- 
 als" at Ifi. and frunslatod Homer's " Iliad" when 
 butwi-en 25 and 30. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton had made his three 
 grand discoveries concerning light, fiuxions and 
 gravitations at 24. 
 
 rJohii Napier, a Scottish banm. was born 
 whiM his lather was only 10; he published his sys- 
 tem of higarithms at 64. 
 
 Georice "W* Ciirtts published )ifs first book, 
 " Nile Notes of a Ilown.ljl," the result of a visit 
 to Egypt and Syria, at 2(1.
 
 WliKNC'Ji COLLliGES ul;TAINl:lJ ■rillClR NAMES. 
 
 ]^ 
 
 William <'owi»er, an esteenit-rt BriliHh poet, 
 iliil nut ln>:ui Lu write until past mitldlc age, and 
 t,'uiiu'(i his llrat suct-eHs at M. 
 
 Wllllilin Wordsworth, ono of tho gentlest 
 ;ui(l purest of liiilish poets, did not attain high 
 liiiik a.s a writer until abuul 40. 
 
 I^urd tlohn RiiHNell, Dritis^h statesman, at 
 ■27 heirari his eareer as u jmiliumentary reformer; 
 was three times prune minister. 
 
 Ilfury J. Temple (Lord Palmei-ston), Brit- 
 i^h >tatestnan. was luUy 45 before ho elearly dis- 
 played liis powers as a statesman. 
 
 Haunibiil, the famous Carthagenian war- 
 rior, held a liigh military eommand al IH, and had 
 beeome eminent as a genei-al at 20. 
 
 VoUali*e, while in prison on suspicion of 
 being the author of a libel against the govern- 
 ment, wrote his lli-st tragedy at 22. 
 
 ICt Hon. BeiiJnmBn Dliirucll (earl of 
 Beaconstleld), wius t anions as a novelist al22; at 44 
 waii a political leader in parliament. 
 
 Alcxuiider the Great governed Macedo- 
 nia wisely at 16, began his career lus a successful 
 concpieror of nations at 20, and died at 32. 
 
 William PMt (earl of Chatham). British 
 statesman, won di-tinetion as a debater in parlia- 
 ment at 32 by his reply to Horatio Walpole. 
 
 Bartholdy MendelsHohii possessed at an 
 early age a strong inclination i'or music, and his 
 Ilrst musical compositions were published at 15. 
 
 l.O|>e de VcKa, a Spanish poet of consider- 
 able leputation, found time during a life of 73 
 yeai-s to wi'ite 4117 plays and much other matter. 
 
 Maria Edffewortht a British authoress, 
 began to write the series of novels and tales by 
 which she achieved a lasting literary fame, at 34. 
 
 ijames "Watt, a Scotch mathematical instru- 
 ment maker, at 14 constructed an electrical 
 machine, at 27 invented the modern steam- 
 engine. 
 
 Wllllnm Pitt (2d), British f^tatesman. son 
 of the carl of Cliatham. was an excellent scholar 
 at 14, was chancellor of the excheqiipr at 24, and 
 prime ndni.-*ter at 2u. 
 
 Sir lliimphry Uavy, famous British chem- 
 ist and pliilosoijher, published his first esaayn at 
 21, and was professor of chemistry at the Royal 
 institution at 23. 
 
 Sir l^homaft More, Englisli statesman, pre- 
 cocious in wjl iuid learning, succcHsfnl as a law- 
 yer, was liTiighted and made secretary of the 
 exchetpicr at 41. 
 
 Sir Robert Walpole. English statesman, 
 irt 32 WHS British seeietary of war and leader of 
 the «higs in the House of Commons; was prime 
 minister 21 years. 
 
 Torqiiato XaMNOi noted Italian poet, was 
 exceedingly precocious in youth; at 17 had written 
 his " Uinaldo;" at 31 published his famous "Jeru- 
 salem Delivered," 
 
 I^amartlne pulili-;hi-d his "Poetical Medita- 
 tions" at 30. selliiiK l.'i.ODi) copies in four years, 
 and reajjing coric^pxiHting fame; at &7 appeared 
 his "History of the Girondists." 
 
 W^llllam W^llberforoe, British statesman 
 and philanthropist, displa-ycd talent for elocution 
 at 7 ; at 21 entered parliament, and had gained a 
 high reputation before he was 2&. 
 
 Fraiieis *Io8ei>h Haydn* the celebrated 
 Prussian composer, brought out six grand sym- 
 phonies in London at 59, and produced his greatest 
 work, ' * The Creation, " at 67, at Vienna. 
 
 liVaHhineton Irving oontrihuted to the peri- 
 odical press of the United States at 19, published 
 his " HistoiT of Hew York" at 26, his "Sketch- 
 Book" at 35, and his " Life of Washington" at 
 72-76. 
 
 fjohn Stiiii-rt Mill, an English philosopher, 
 became Hist widely known at 37 by the publication 
 of his ■ ' System of Logic, " and his second great 
 
 work, "Principles of Political Economy," ap- 
 peared at 42. 
 
 Jay Gould was Iti when he published a 
 
 history of Delaware county. New York. He waa 
 21 when he aufK-'r in tended* the extensive tunning 
 worka of Pratt & (Jould at Guuldsburough In 
 Pennsylvania, and was diatlnguUhed on Wall 
 street before he was 30. 
 
 The I>ukc of TTellliiirton, greatest of 
 modern iSrltlsh wari-iors. subdued the Mahratta 
 donniiioii in India at 35^ ut 39 commanded ttie 
 allied liiitish army in Spain, and won the battle of 
 Waterloo and Iini.<<lied the dynasty of Napoleon i. 
 by the time he was 46. 
 
 Corretficio, the illustrious Italian artiat, 
 became a painter through bi^ natural genius and 
 without a technical education; at 30 he began his 
 greatest wurk. the fresco of " The Assumption of 
 the Virgin " in the cathedral at Purma, which waa 
 completed in about four years, 
 
 Francis Bacon, philosopher and lord chan- 
 cellor of England, distinguished for boyish wit, 
 at 11 speculated on the laws of the imagination; 
 was called to the bar at 21; ;a 28 was counsel 
 extraordinary to Queen Elizabeth; entered parlia- 
 ment at 32; at 57 was created lord higli chan- 
 cellor. 
 
 Rctijamin Franklin, American philosopher 
 and sljitisman. at M founded the university 
 of Pennsylvania and the Anieri(;an Philosophical 
 society; about 46 invented the lightning rod, and 
 about the same time prodncerj his well-known 
 " Franklin" or opeii stove, at 50 Oxford and Edin- 
 burgh universities conferred upon him their iiigh- 
 est degrees. 
 
 Galileo, illustrious as an Italian a.stronomer, 
 
 in childhood constructed mech.inical toys; at 19 
 discovered peculiarities of the jjendulnm: at 25 
 was professor of mathemaiii-s in the university at 
 Pisa; at 46 discovered the satellites of Jupiter; at 
 56 suiTered persecution for declaring that the 
 earth moves and the sun does not. 
 
 J^ 
 
 % 
 
 if 4; ORIGIN OF NAMES OF WELL-KNOWN COLLEGES. -I^^i 
 
 Xo 
 
 ti)*" 
 
 Bates CoUcKe — At Lewiston. Me. ; controlled 
 by the Free Baptists; founded in 1863, and named 
 at^er Benjamin E. Bates, of Boston, who contrib- 
 uted «200,0lW to its endowment fund. 
 
 Bowdoln Colleffe — At Brunswick. Me.; con- 
 trolled by the Congregationalists; founded in 
 17114, and named after Hon. James Bowdoin, Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts, in 1785. His son, James 
 Bowdoin, jr. , United States Minister to Spain 
 from 1805 to 1808, bequeathed to this college an 
 extensive library, philosophical apparatus, a col- 
 lettiori of paintings. 6,000 acres of land, and the 
 rtv. rsiun of Naushon, one of the Elizabeth 
 islamls, in Buzzards' bay, on the south coast of 
 Massachusetts, which had been his favorite resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Brown University — At Providence, R. I. ; 
 controlled by the Baptists; founded in 1765 as the 
 Rhode Island university; changed its name in 
 1794) to Brown university, in honor of Nicholas 
 Brown, a wealthy merchant, who was that year 
 elected its secretary, and remained such until 
 182r). At that time he gave the college 85.000 and 
 a good law-library, and in 1823 he built a second 
 college edilice at his own expense; his total gifts 
 to the institution amounted to 8100.000. 
 
 Cornell University — At Ithaca, N. Y. ; con- 
 trolled by the State educational department; 
 founded in 186S by the St^te under the authority 
 of Congress and named after Ezra Cornell, a capi- 
 talist of Ithaca, who gave it an endowment fund 
 of 8500.000; 200 acres of land on which it is situ- 
 ated; the Jewett college in geology and paleontol- 
 ogy, with about 810,000, and other donations 
 amounting to more than $100,000. 
 
 Dartmouth Collepre — At Hanover, N. H. ; 
 controlled by the Congregationalists; founded in 
 1770, originally for the education of Indians; was 
 chartered by Governor Wentworth, of NewHanipi- 
 shire, under British rules and regulations, and 
 named after Lord Dartmouth, of England, who 
 was president of its lirst board of trustees. It 
 was built and sustained by private donations from 
 England and parties in this country. It has since 
 received many rich gifts. 
 
 Harvard Colleare — At Cambridge, Mass.; 
 controlled by no religious denomination; founded 
 in ir,38 by the authorities of the commonwealth of 
 Massachusetts, and named after Rev. John Har- 
 vard, who bequeathed to the college a small 
 library and about 83,500, in 1638. Mr. Harvard 
 
 was a native of England, who immigrated to 
 Massachusetts, where he preached tlie gospel at 
 Charlestown. 
 
 Howard University — At Washington, D. 
 C. ; controlled by the Congregationalists; founded 
 in 1866 under a special act of Congress, and was 
 named after one of its founders. General Oliver 
 O. Howard, a distinguished American soldier, 
 who was its pi-esident from 1869 to 1873. It admits 
 students without regard to color or sex. 
 
 E^oyola College — At Baltimore. Md. ; con- 
 trolled by the Roman Catholics; founded in 1855, 
 named after Loyola, the founder of the order of 
 Jesuits. 
 
 Hf cKendree College— At Lebanon. St. Clair 
 county. 111. ; controlled by the Methodists founded 
 in 183ri; probably named after Bishop McKendree, 
 of the .\merican Methodist cliurch, and a revolu- 
 tionary officer. 
 
 Miihlenbers College — At Allentown, Pa. ; 
 controlled by the Lutherans; founded in 1848; 
 named undoubtedly after Peter John Gabriel 
 Muhlenberg, the founder of the German Lutheran 
 chureli in America. 
 
 Rutgers College — At New Brunswick, N. 
 J. ; originally founded by a royal charter, in 1770, 
 as Queen's college; in 1825 it received its present 
 name in lionor of Hon. Henry Rutgei-s, who con- 
 tributed 85,000 to its fund. Prior to 1865 it was 
 controlled by the Protestant Reformed Dutch 
 church, but since then it has been an independent 
 literary institution, and in a prosperous condi- 
 tion. 
 
 ShiirtlefT College—At Upper Alton, 111. ; con- 
 trolled by the Baptists; founded in 1835 as Alton 
 college, but in 1S36 its name was changed to 
 Shurtleff ccdlege, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Shurt- 
 leff. of Boston, who gave the institution 810.000; 
 both sexes are admitted to it. 
 
 Tnfts College — At College Hill. Medford. 
 Mass. ; controlled by the TniviTsalists; founded in 
 1853 and named alter ('haih-s Tufts, who gave it 
 70 acres of land for a Incatinii. It has now an 
 endowment of more than SI. 000. 000. 
 
 William and Mary (College of) — Near 
 Williamsburg. Va. ; controlled by the Episcopa- 
 lians; founded in 1693 and named after the reign- 
 ing king and queen of England, who appropriated 
 lands, money, a duty on tobacco, and the office of 
 surveyor-general of the colony for its support. 
 
 Its buildings have been destroyed by flre several 
 limes, and were burned during the war of the 
 rebellion. 
 
 'Williams College— At Williamstown, Mass. ; 
 controlled by the Congregationalists; founded in 
 1793, and named after Colonel Ephraira Williams, 
 who by his will, in 1755, left an estate for the 
 benefit of this institution, which is now prosper- 
 ous. 
 
 Vassar College— Near Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; 
 controlled by no religious denomination; founded 
 by Matthew Vassar, a native of England and a 
 brewer, in 1861, and named after him. .Mr. Vassar 
 endowed his college, which was intended only for 
 the education of females, during his life and by 
 his will, with 8.i58,000 and 200 acres of land on 
 which the college buildings are located. Mr. 
 Vassar died in 1868, having live<i to see the success 
 of his enterprise fairly established. 
 
 Yale College — At New Haven, Conn. ; one of 
 the oldest and largest of American educational 
 institutions; fii-st located at Say brook, Conn. ; 
 removed to New Haven in 1716; controlled by the 
 Congregationalists; named in honor of Elihu 
 Yale, who made donations for its benefit, between 
 1714 and 1721, amounting to about 82,.t00. at a time 
 when the money was much needed. Jlr. Yale was 
 born at New Haven in 1618 of English parents who 
 came to America in 1638. In 16.58 the son returned 
 to England with his parents and never revisited 
 this country, going to the East Indies and after- 
 wards returning to England, where he was chosen 
 govei-nor of the East India company, and whei-e 
 he died in London in 1721. He is said to have been 
 the first person to cause a sale by auction in Eng- 
 land. The college is highly prosperous. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution— At Washington, 
 D. C. ; controlled by the United States govern- 
 ment in the interest of science; founded by Con- 
 gress in 1846. in accordance with the will of James 
 Smithson, an English scientist, which bequeathed 
 for its establishment property that realized 
 8515.169 in gold. More than 8500.000 has' been 
 expf-nded for the buildings. Another legacy, the 
 residue of another bequest in Mr. Smithson's 
 will, amounting to $26,210. was received in 1865. 
 Congress, also, has appropriated freely for the 
 enlargement, impruvement and support of the 
 institution, which was named in honor of its lib- 
 eral piojector. and in January, 1876, It had total 
 resources of 8701.909. 
 
 h 
 
 23
 
 354 
 
 A MAN DKESS-MAKEK. 
 
 4. nr^ i^ 
 
 ^T7!l!15^^^^5TTTfinnTTt^ 
 
 
 ? Charles F. Worth 
 
 
 -i:^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 *v^ •nA/- •vA/» •s^/* -^ Celebrated for Artistic Designs in the Manufacture of Women's Wearing Apparel. 
 
 HIS famous '* man-milliner 
 of Paris," the one man in 
 whom all admirers and 
 wearers of costly and 
 fashionable female ap- 
 parel in foreign and 
 American social circles 
 have a deep and undying 
 interest, takes his place in 
 this volume among the 
 other distinguished char- 
 acters whose portraitures it endeav- 
 ors to present. 
 
 Charles 
 Frederick 
 Worth has 
 no military 
 ur literary 
 ach i e V e- 
 ments of 
 which to boast^ 
 and yet he 
 wields a power 
 over society which the bravest soldier, the 
 wisest statesman or the most successful 
 writer might not disdain to possess. 
 
 Although France claims him as the cyno- 
 sure of fashion, Mr. Worth is a native of 
 England, he having been born in Lincoln- 
 shire, but his age, like that of the older 
 I)ortion of his lady-patrons, appears to be 
 veiled in mystery. Ilis protrait, however, 
 indicates that he is still in his prime. 
 
 His father was a lawyer. While Frederick 
 and the other children were young, some 
 domestic misfortune required them to leave 
 their studies and engage in other pursuits to 
 enrn their support. 
 
 Frederick, at twenty, went to Paris to seek employment and learn 
 the French language. He first engaged himself as a cutter in the 
 fashionable dress-making house of Gagelin. Here he found the 
 liidy whom he soon after married employed as a shop-girl. After 
 their marriage tliey begun to work together for themselves and laid 
 the foundation of the immense business which they now Cimtrol. 
 Their estublishmenl fiiniishes employment for about a thousand 
 
 Charles Frederick Worth, 
 
 Di.'^tingiiished for the ITnittne and th' 
 in Dressmaking. 
 
 persons in manufacturing robes and costumes for fashionable people 
 in all parts of the world. Their workshops are commodious and 
 numerous, each being assigned to some special labor in the formation 
 of a complete outfit for a lady's wardrobe. 
 
 So carefully is this business conducted that Mr. W^orth personally 
 superintends the design and construction of every article made in his 
 establishment, so that his own remarkably correct taste is exercised 
 to invest each garment with a charm of which his patrons are univer- 
 sally proud. That a dress "came from Worth's" is a recommenda- 
 tion that no fashionable lady dares to scorn. 
 
 In his shops the models of new designs, which Mr. Worth himself 
 either originates or adopts, are first made of a cheap material to 
 exhibit the effect of form and arrangement. If a dress fails to please 
 him, after being made up of costly goods, 
 he has it taken to pieces, reformed and 
 remade, and any dress that will not cost 
 at least SlOO when finished he will refuse 
 to make. In his way he is the autocrat of 
 society. 
 
 That he has amassed wealth by his perse- 
 vering industry, exquisite taste in his art, 
 and extensive patronage, no one can doubt. 
 On the Versailles road, about seven miles 
 from Paris, in the handsome suburb of 
 Suresnes, is his private residence, a red 
 brick mansion, with towers and turrets and 
 surrounded by a high garden wall. Inside 
 of this mansion the excellent taste of the 
 owner is displayed in the furniture and 
 fittings, a series of apartments separated 
 from each other only by drapery of curlains, 
 filled with costly, remarkable and beautiful 
 productions of art and nature that captivate 
 the eye and arouse the admiration of the 
 visitor. Here the "■man-milliner" spends 
 his summer Sundays, his only respite from 
 the arduous duties and cares of the week. 
 He also owns a winter-garden, beautifully laid out and teeming with 
 out-door flowers and vines, a conservatory of rare and elegant foreign 
 plants and a grotto-fountain, with rich tropical vegetation. Stables for 
 horses, extremely neat and tasteful in their arrangements, with a 
 horse- hospital, parrots, dogs, rare birds and other delightful append- 
 ages to a gentleman's home-residence, are attached lo the man- 
 sion, and Mr. Worth's "lines" seem indeed to "have fallen lo him 
 in pleasant places. " 
 
 Ariistie
 
 irS 
 
 ]^ 
 
 ? 
 
 NATUEE AS 'i'lIK (^'IDK IN TilK A IMIKNMIONT OK THK PERSON. 
 
 gi 
 
 srr 
 
 ^ 
 
 *rS{- 
 
 -^»-S!- 
 
 ^ 
 
 -*-H 
 
 ^^ 
 
 THE LAW OF PROPORTION 
 
 AMI 
 
 PARALLEL LINES. 
 
 ■*-H 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 ^^^ SCIENCE ^^ 
 
 BEAUTIFUL DRESS 
 
 CONTRAST BETWEEN STRAIGHT 
 
 ANIJ — 
 
 CUBVED LINES. 
 
 *^S4^ 
 
 --»-£*— 
 
 c-^*- 
 
 •s^-;* 
 
 As Shown in and Drawn from Original Illustrations in Nature. 
 
 lU: PURPOSE of this cliaptcT 
 is to present tlie fiindii- 
 iiiental principles by wliicli 
 dress on human beings may 
 
 be made l)eautit'ul. To favorably iiiijircss ujion 
 the mind of tlie reader tiiese truths, vai'ious j)ic- 
 torial illustrations are herewith given, whieli. 
 b}' the contrasts, clearly convey the idt'a. 
 
 Symmetry and Proportion. 
 
 To handsomely adorn the person, the firj^t principle j cii!?toraer'ti peculiarity of shoulder 
 
 -i#^ 
 
 to be understood is 
 Q that of symmetry, or 
 
 proportion. To understand these, an 
 examination of the contour of the male 
 and female human body is necessary. 
 In Figs. 1 and 2 we show the 
 malf and female form. The dotted 
 line reveals certain peculiarities in 
 these. In the male it will be seen the 
 shoulders are high and extend consid- 
 erably outside the line. The shoulder 
 of the female, it is seen, is sloping and 
 much narrower than that of the male, 
 while the lower portion of the form is 
 shown to be considerably broader. 
 Upon this understanding the tailor must 
 work, building the coat, if he would 
 please the eye, high and broad upon 
 the shoulder but narrow upon the hip; 
 while the dressmaker, in order to 
 create the mosr. pleasing effect, must 
 make the lady's dress as small and 
 narrow as comfort will allow, while 
 at the same time she is permitted to 
 arrange tuck and bow and flounce 
 without stint below the waist. 
 
 The law is that the dress of man 
 should make him look masculine, 
 while the dress of woman slumld be 
 made to make her appear effeminate 
 and be in accord with her form. 
 
 What Tailors Must Understand. 
 
 That the reader may more fully 
 understand this, we present in Fig. 3 
 
 the man somewhat naturally sloping in the shoulder who patronized 
 at first, a tailor who did not understand, and took no note of hii 
 
 Fig. 1..MALE FIGURE. 
 
 Brofld at Shoulder. 
 
 Fig. 2-FEMALE FIGURE, 
 
 Narrow at Shoulder. 
 
 The result was that instead of 
 overcoming thin defect by thickening 
 or padding the cout upon the upper 
 part of the body, as shown in Fig". 4, 
 the gentleman was allowed lo come 
 forth with a coat that made him look 
 woman-like, with a shoulder round 
 and narrow. 
 
 Not only was the coat made ."^niall 
 across the shoulders, but the tailor 
 allowed another error, and that was 
 the making of side-pockets on the hips, 
 in which the man placed his gloves, 
 mittens and various articles he had to 
 carry in his pockets. Added to this 
 his pants were made large, baggy and 
 rather short. The consequence was 
 he was made to look entirely dif- 
 erent from what nature designed him 
 — see Fig. 5. Instead of appearing 
 to be the bold, broad-breasted, trim- 
 limbed man that he was. the tailor 
 turned him out a short, broad-hipped, 
 narrow -shouldered individual, appar- 
 ently possessed of weak lungs, little 
 strength, with nothing of the strong 
 and masculine seemingly about him. 
 
 It is not necessary to tell the reader 
 Ihat there is an underlying principle 
 in this, entirely independent of the 
 spring or fall styles, to be observed in 
 order to create a pleasing effect. 
 
 What Tailors Cannot Do. 
 
 Whatever peculiar cut of garment 
 the tailor might invent, he could never 
 make his customer look well in the suit shown in Fig. 5. 
 
 The gentleman visits another tailor, who understands the science 

 
 35(3 
 
 PRINCIPLES THAT MAKE BEAUTY IN DRESS. 
 
 Fig. 3--Wrong. Proportion Bad. 
 
 Shoulders narrow, cuat-collar extends to hair 
 and no relief from white. 
 
 ilways close-fitting 
 
 Mjjon the hips, 
 
 I dr 
 
 of dress. The result is the broad shoulder, as shown in Fig. 4, and | 
 
 the trim, manly form 
 
 that we see in Fig. 6, 
 
 with no pockets on the 
 
 hips, pants close-fitting 
 
 and sufficiently long to 
 
 jjive length of appear- 
 
 iince to the figure. 
 
 The reader would 
 hardly suppose that tin 
 pt-rson shown in Figs. 
 5 and 6 w^as the same 
 individual; yet such i^ 
 the fact, and that, too, 
 the result of making the 
 garment, in Fig. 6, to 
 correspond with the 
 male figure, which, 
 naturally, is broad upou 
 the shoulder, and from 
 that point gradually 
 sloping to the feet, the 
 lower portion of the coat being 
 
 What Dressmakers Must Do. 
 
 If the tailor fiIH.l^^ it important 
 to understand these principles, 
 it will be seen to be equally 
 necessary that the dressmaker 
 should also be informed upon 
 this subject. As shown in 
 the female form, in Fig. 2, 
 while the lower portion of the 
 body is broad, the shoulder 
 is narrow, and the dressmaker 
 must make her garment to 
 correspond accordingly, if she 
 would produce, in the dress, 
 the best effect. 
 
 The violation of this rule is 
 shown in Fig. 9. In this we 
 see ornamentation on the drees 
 that has been made to extend 
 over the shoulders in a manner 
 such as to elevate and broaden 
 the shoulders, at the same time 
 the lower part of the dress is 
 made narrow. The whole 
 effect is to make the woman, 
 thus dressed, look masculine 
 and unnatural, assuming, as she does in this, the form of man. 
 
 < )n the contrary, the dre.ss in Fig. 10 ete-e- 
 is at once seen to be made in accord 
 with the natural form of woman. The 
 tnhoulders slope and are narrow, the 
 dress being close-fitting, though not 
 unduly so, upon the upper part of the 
 body to the lower part of the waist, 
 where the robe widens by graceful 
 fold and flounce into pleasing propor- 
 tions. 
 
 No matter what may be the mandates 
 of fashion, the first law to follow, in 
 dressing the person, is that of making 
 thf t^armeiitH in accord with the generally recognized 
 
 Fig. 4"Right. Proportion Good. 
 
 Shoulders broad, suitable contrast and relief 
 because of white collar above coat. 
 
 Fig. 5— Proportions Bad. 
 
 Shoulders sloping antl narrow. Hips 
 broad. Pants loo shoi't. 
 
 Fig. 7--Long Neck, 
 
 Seems lonjfcr from style of 
 
 dresa. 
 
 standard of 
 
 physical perfection in the male and female form. If the tailor finds 
 
 »ooort. liis male customer has 
 an exceedingly round 
 or sloping shoulder, 
 has one shoulder lower 
 than the other, or pos- 
 sesses any other physi- 
 cal defect, such peculi- 
 arity must, as far as 
 possible, be overcome 
 by cutting the garment 
 accordingly. One 
 means of remedying a 
 defect of the person i< 
 shown in Figs. 7 and 
 8. As seen in the 
 illustration. Fig. 7 pre- 
 sents a very long neck, 
 and the style in which 
 the dress here shown 
 is cut, makes the neck 
 appear even longer than 
 To overcome this peculiarity the neck is dressed higher, as 
 shown at Fig. 8. 
 
 Effect of Color in Dress. 
 
 The apparent size of the 
 person is very materially af- 
 fected by stripes in clothing, 
 by color, by ornaments, trim- 
 ming and amplitude. Toillu.s- 
 trate: A lady dressed in white 
 will appear larger than if 
 dressed in black. If to white 
 be added stripes running per- 
 pendicularly, she will appear 
 taller, the result of the stripes ; 
 and if bows, ribbons, fiounces 
 and breadth of skirt be added, 
 she will appear much larger in 
 consequence of such trimmings 
 and amplitude of skirt. 
 
 On the contrary, the black 
 dress, with little trimming, 
 will make woman look smaller 
 in size, especially if the dress 
 be cut somewhat short and 
 have a close-fitting skirt. 
 Length of skirt adds to appar- 
 kirt diminishes apparent stature, as do also 
 any lines that run horizontally. 
 
 For this reason those persons who 
 desire to add to their apparent height, 
 should avoid those garments that ter- 
 minate, at their lower edge, near the 
 middle of the person. Thus the gen- 
 tleman, whose coat comes no lower 
 than his hips, looks shorter than he 
 does in a coat that extends near to the 
 knees. Thus the longer the coat, and 
 Fig. 8"Neck Shortened. ^^"^ ™*''*^ continuous the perpendicular 
 
 Apparently, by trlmmlnj: of l'"''' the taller he looks. For this 
 f^i'^^^- reason the man appears much 
 
 taller when dressed in woman's costume, and woman is appari'utly 
 
 Fig. 6-Proportions Correct. 
 
 Shoulders broad. Hips narrow. Pants 
 close-tlttiD^ at the bottom. 
 
 ent height. 
 
 1 
 
 =^^
 
 SViMMKTUV OK rivOl'liliTli IN, AM) nil', IJl'Klil : 1 oK VAUIKI'V IN D14KS.S. 
 
 iM 
 ^ f 
 
 much IcfH in height in inah' iitliiv, hecaiise of Ih<- horizontal line 
 miuU: by the lower uilj^i! of a nhoit garnirnt. 
 
 Ono of Uiu ntasoiis why the hloomor costumo never found general 
 favor among the female sex was becauHe Us want of long perpen- 
 dicular lines made woman Heem to be much smaller than she appeared 
 to he when robed in a longer ^qooq 
 dresn. 
 
 Relief and Variety. 
 
 Tin- re is iinniliiT \ cry im- 
 portant prineiple to be applied 
 in the manufacture of wearing 
 apparel, in order to secure the 
 best effect, and that is the ap- 
 plication of that which will 
 give such relief to the garment 
 a* will lireak a monotony of 
 appearance. This is done by 
 a variety of trimming on a 
 dresf and a suitable interbleud- 
 ing of harmc)niouM colors. The 
 jirinciplf aj)plies in household 
 decoration, architecture and 
 landscape gardening. There 
 should be a sufficient variety 
 of object, shape and color as to 
 iilTord pleasant relief to the 
 
 leads up to the mountain, that clearly outlines itself agnlnnt the Bky, 
 which is delightfully relieved by the fleecy cloudu uh they float, jn 
 their while, fantastic forms, through the azure blue. 
 
 This whole scene is a most charming one to gaze npon, and that, 
 too, because of the continual variety which meets the eye. 
 
 
 Fig. 9--Wrong. Lack of Symmetry. 
 
 Shoulders made to appear too high 
 
 and broad, and dress narrow 
 
 below the waist. 
 
 Nature ttie Teacher. 
 
 As we went to nature to con 
 suit symmetry and proportion 
 so we will study the principle of relief as shown in landscape scenes. 
 
 To illustrate this we present two marine views, one representing 
 but little variety, the other considerable. Thus in Fig. 11 we see 
 an exceedingly dull and dreary scene, the result of lack of relief in 
 the view. Examination shows that the sandy shore exhibits but 
 little differ- ^^e-e- 
 ence from the 
 water, which 
 seems to be 
 merged in the 
 horizon, with 
 little contrast 
 between the 
 water and the 
 sky. In fact 
 were it not for 
 the two or 
 three objects 
 in the shape 
 of man, vessel 
 and rock, 
 which are 
 shown in the 
 vieu , ihiTe 
 w o u Id be 
 scarcely any 
 variety with which to relieve the monotony of this cheerless scene. 
 
 We turn to another view shown in Fig". 12, which is a most agree- 
 able one to behold because of the pleasant variety which gives relief. 
 A brief study of the picture shows in the foreground a man and 
 horse, the winding roadway and the woody ledge. A little farther 
 away is a sheet of water broken by a miniature island and the white 
 sail of a boat. Beyond is the grove, and further yet is the hill which 
 
 Fig. 10--Right. Well Proportioned 
 
 Dress trininied at neck, made narrow 
 
 at shoulders: broad and ample 
 
 below the waisl. 
 
 Fig. 11"Lonely, Cheerless Scene. 
 
 of no contrast and ni'v;iin-ty Sin 
 
 in water, water into sky, with no relt^'f between. 
 
 j merged 
 
 As music is beautiful from 
 variety of tone — as the bouquet 
 is more charming from varied 
 color — as oratory is more pleas- 
 ing from the relief which comes 
 from a sometimes higher, suc- 
 ceeded by a lower tone of voice, 
 interspersed with changing 
 gesture; an the landscape, 
 shown in the picture, is more 
 delightful to the eye when 
 varied by tree, shrub, water, 
 island, hill, mountain and 
 cloud, so dress is more pleas- 
 ing to the eye when relieved 
 by varied color, suitable trim- 
 mings and appropriate orna- 
 Mi.-nl- 
 
 Dress for Men. 
 
 The severe taste of the more 
 highly cultured does not, at the 
 (present time, admit of ex- 
 tended variety on the dress of 
 gentlemen, yet good taste 
 positively demands that there 
 be some relief. This is shown 
 in tlie contrasting pictures 
 of Figs. 3 and 4. In Fig. 3 the coat-collar, it will be seen, rises 
 into the liair, as does the water into the blue horizon, without relief, 
 as shown in Fig. 11. As the view is improved by woodland and 
 mountain coming between water and sky, as seen in Fig. 12, ^'* 
 the back of man's head is materially im])roved by the contrast of a 
 
 white collar 
 coming be- 
 tween coat 
 and hair, as 
 represented 
 i n Fig. 4. 
 
 If the nj)- 
 |nr [)art of 
 the coat is 
 improved by a 
 strip of white 
 above it, mak- 
 ing a clear 
 division be- 
 t w e e n the 
 hair and the 
 coat, so the 
 coat- sleeve is 
 equally bene- 
 fited, in ap- 
 pearance, by 
 
 the white cuff which clearly determines the length of the sleeve and 
 gives relief between hand and coat, or coat and glove, should the 
 latter be worn. The proof of this is seen in Fig. 13, in contrast 
 with Fig. 14, the one showing no cuff, consequently no relief, the 
 other being greatly improved in consequence of clear white project- 
 ing beyond the sleeve for the space of an inch or less. 
 
 Care must be exercised that the cuff and collar do not extend too 
 
 Fig. 12--Charming Scene in Nature. 
 
 Because of contrast and %-ariety. The view being inter- 
 spersed with trees, water, island, mountain and cloud. 
 
 :Cd.
 
 f- 
 
 358 
 
 TlIK EFFECrr OF PAKALLEI, LINKS ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Fig. 13--Hand With No White Cufl. 
 
 Consequemly no relief between hand 
 and coat. 
 
 a portion of the shirt-bbsoni, wliich may, ami 
 for a short sjjace, depending sonunvhal npnn tlie 
 
 far from beneath and the coat thus show too much white. As a rnle 
 the projection of each should not exceed, in space, an inch. 
 
 For the reason 
 that the standing, 
 white collar will 
 usually show itself 
 distinctly above the 
 coat, it gives, when 
 worn by gentlemen, 
 a better appearance 
 than does the turn- 
 down collar, which 
 usually sits so low 
 upon the neck as to 
 be hidden from 
 view under the coat- 
 colUir as shown in 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 A^^ide from the 
 cuff and collar but 
 little else of white 
 can be shown upon 
 the gentleman's 
 dress, unless it be 
 really should, show, 
 fashion, be- ^^e^* 
 low t h (■ 
 crevat. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 As a land- 
 scape sceni! 
 is improved 
 by unnum- 
 bered varia- 
 tion s, so 
 the attire of 
 woman ad- 
 mits of al- 
 most end- 
 less variety 
 of relief- 
 work, care 
 being duly 
 observed to 
 secure colors suitable for the various complexions and seasons. 
 
 As with the ffentlcman, the upper portion of the lady's dress is 
 seen to better advantage when 
 it terminates with a white col- 
 lar as shown in Fig. 10, and a 
 very clear illu?-tr;ition of this 
 is shown at Fig. 24, iu con- 
 trast with Fig. 23, Itif latter 
 of which reveals the sanie lady 
 !n a dress that shows no relief 
 at collar or wristbands. 
 
 As before remarked, the 
 lady's dress admits of endless 
 opportunity for relief of vari- 
 ous kinds, but very much care 
 has to be observed that tliere 
 be not too much trimming, as 
 
 a confu^-ion of ornamentalion, or an excess of variety, resemble 
 yard t<^»n full of trees, nlirubbiTv and llowers. 
 
 Our purpose in ibis is to -show that certain fundamental principles 
 underlie the matter of handsomely decorating the person. To prop- 
 
 perly apply these 
 principles is largely 
 a matter of experi- 
 ence and cultivated 
 taste. 
 
 Law of Parallels. 
 
 Among the laws of 
 nature which tend 
 to produce beauty 
 is that of parallel 
 lines. An exem- 
 plification of the 
 beauty which comes 
 from parallels * is 
 shown in a forest 
 in which the trunk 
 of every tree is 
 perfectly straight 
 from the ground 
 upward. A grove 
 every one of which is straight and 
 a beautiful sight which is 
 ni a r r e d 
 
 Fig. 14--Contrast From the White Cuff, 
 
 White givint' clear contrast between coat 
 and hand. 
 
 of ten thousand such tiee; 
 consequently parallel to every other, i 
 
 Fig. 15— Lines Irregular. 
 
 Objects all leaning in various directions, consequently 
 disorder and confusion characterize the scene. 
 
 Fig. 17--Disordtred Appearance. 
 Hair irrcg-ular in direction and there- 
 fore In disorder. 
 
 Objects all point perpt-niiirularly ot- ictrularly with others 
 certain directions. The i>-suit is appjirent (Jrood order. 
 
 Thus a 
 field of grain, every stalk of which stands upright, is a l)eautifut 
 sight. If a breeze sweeps across and all the heads sway together il i-^ 
 
 then just as charming, becausi- 
 all the stalks bend in the same 
 direction and each is i)arallel 
 with all the others. But how 
 quickly this beauty is dissi- 
 pated when the grain, through 
 storm or other cause, is 
 trampled into irregularity! 
 
 A field of corn, or an orchard 
 of trees, each row of which is 
 straight, presents a pleasing 
 effect because of regularity. 
 So do we look with pleasure 
 upon parallel rows ()r lines, 
 wherever we find them. 
 For the purpose of fully illustrating this idea we present, in Fig. 15, 
 a rniidway .and a L'oodly number of Ims In the scene. Examinaticin 
 
 Fig. 18— Hairs Parallel. 
 
 Combed, each hair in same direction. 
 the eflTect ly pleasing.
 
 ■nil': BKATTV UV TlIK ClIRVI';!) I, INK IN LANDSCATK, ARCIIII KCTl! RK AND HUKSK. 
 
 :5.V.t 
 
 i 
 
 til roil ;,'li()iit, evi<U-nIly Ihi- 
 OOoo 
 
 rtliowsi Ilml vvvy inurli di^-irdor n 
 result of Bt'rious ncjiU'i-i,. Look- 
 ing closely we see the uprij^lit lini?H 
 of the house out of plumb, the 
 cornice i^ irregular, the window- 
 framea show want of uniformity, 
 the trellis-lines of the grapery are 
 not straight, the pickets in the 
 fence slant in various ways and 
 the trees lean in all directions. 
 
 The scene represents disorder, 
 and is painful to behold. If asked 
 tlie cause of the ill-look which the 
 neighborhood presents, the reader 
 would attribute it, probably, to 
 neglect, which doubtless may be true; but the actual reason for the | 
 unpleasant 
 appearance 
 
 yooo o- 
 
 Fig. 19"Lines Irregular. 
 
 Cinisequfiitly drt-ss and hai 
 aiipear in ilisotflei". 
 
 I uijon hi;- ri'turn. and whyV Because the wash ban rumoved 
 the dirt that marred one aide of 
 Ills face, making both of hin cheekB 
 look alike; and further, in the 
 act of combing, each separate hair 
 has been made to run in the name 
 direction with otliers; and thus we 
 have a clear expOHition of the 
 benefit of paralhd lines as an aid to 
 beauty. 
 
 This law is yet more fully showii 
 in the succeeding illustration. Fig. 
 19, showing not only disheveled 
 tiair, but a badly deranged dress, 
 the result of neglect to observe 
 
 Fig. 20--Lrnes Parallel 
 
 The result is order, nt- 
 buauty in tlie dr 
 
 IS :iiuJ 
 
 this law; the whole exhibiting lack of neatness and order. 
 
 varietj-T of 
 direction^ 
 
 In Fig. 
 16 we see 
 tin- scene 
 materially 
 changedand 
 all is much 
 more :igreeJil)]e to the eye 
 
 Fig. 2I--Plam. Lines Straight. 
 
 Home neat and in urtlt-r. Imt lacking' in i.-iiivi-il Uni 
 gives the highest order of beaut \. 
 
 Uniformity, regularity and parallel lines | ally upon tlie dres 
 
 characterize all parts of the 
 dwelling; the trees stand per- 
 pendicular and all point the 
 same way. The rows of straw- 
 berry plants are all straight, the 
 timbers of the grapery all run 
 in parallel lines, as also do the 
 fence-pickets. And thus 
 
 throughout, all the lines, 
 whether horizontal, perpendic- 
 ular or otherwise, that are de- 
 signed to correspond in shape 
 and form with others, take the 
 same uniform direction. 
 
 Johnny's Uncombed Hair. 
 
 .A clear ilhistrntion of the 
 bad appearance resulting frora 
 irregularity of lines is pre- 
 sented in Johnny's head. Fig". 
 17, as he appears at break- 
 fast. Being reminded of the 
 importance of arranging his 
 toilet before coming to the 
 table, the lad retires, makes 
 use of water and comb, ami soon 
 afterward comes back exhibiting the face we see in Fig. 18. 
 
 Examination reveals that Johnny's appearance is very considerably 
 
 Fig. 23--Straight Lines. 
 
 Lady's hail" and dress mostly in 
 slraigrht line. 
 
 Fig. 24"Curved Lines. 
 
 Hair and dress exhibiting an abtind- 
 ance of cufved line. 
 
 on the porch, nothing 
 paths run straight, the 
 
 The effect conveys the impression o 
 
 '^- Curved Lines. 
 
 There is yet another huv 
 that constitutes an element of 
 beauty in all nature, and as we 
 have used it elsewhere, in this 
 volume, when illustrating the 
 science of beauty in landscape 
 gardening, in penmanship and 
 household decoration, so we 
 will make use of it here In the 
 construction ^ of handsome 
 dress. We have reference to 
 the curvi'd line. 
 
 House With Straight Lines. 
 
 There is no object in art that 
 is not improved by the appli- 
 cation of curving outline. To 
 represent this principle clear- 
 ly, we give a pictorial view of 
 a home, located on the level 
 prairie, in which the builder 
 evidentlj' had no thought other 
 than the straight-line: see 
 Fig. 21. Examination, shows 
 no curve in the windows, none 
 kind upon or about the house. The 
 
 >f the 
 
 same applies to the fence, the woman's dress 
 
 ^
 
 ^ 
 
 at>o 
 
 ^ 
 
 DIFFERENT STYLES OF DRESS COMPARED. 
 
 hangs straight, the road shows no curve, the clouds extend straight- 
 wise across the horizon, and even the old horse, with its projecting 
 angles, exhibits very little of the curve. The whole scene is 
 inclined to the severely straight. 
 
 House With Curved Lines. 
 
 We turn the reader's attention now to Fig. 22, where we behold a 
 similar house, in size and expense of erection, located on a 
 slight elevation which, of itself, makes a curving surface of the 
 ground. Tn a study of the picture we find the windows all rounded 
 at the top. The curved line is abundant on the porch, in balustrade, 
 in cresting on the top of the house, on the summer-house in the dis- 
 tance, and on the bridge that leads to it. The lady's dress shows 
 graceful curve; so do flower-vase, roadway, horses, the hill-top in 
 the distance, and the clouds beyond. 
 
 It needs no admonition to induce the reader to appreciate the 
 curved line in this. The whole scene portrays its presence and its 
 beauty. 
 The two 
 homes — the 
 one no more 
 expensive 
 than the 
 other — 
 plainly 
 show how 
 the hand of 
 taste and an 
 understand 
 ing of this 
 principle 
 will change 
 a solemnly 
 straight mo- 
 notonous, 
 unattrac - 
 tive home 
 intoa bower 
 of beauty 
 and a most 
 cha rming 
 place of 
 jibodu. 
 
 Dress. 
 
 How does 
 this apply 
 in dress? 
 Let us see. 
 In Fig. 23 
 wc have a 
 ladydressed 
 in a cos- 
 tume composed largely of the straight line. The hair is combed 
 straight: the dregs, cut low in the neck, has straight lines and right 
 anglcH; square buttons adorn the front. A straight band across the 
 waist and others at her wrists exhibit the same absence of curve. 
 Although exceedingly prim in this dress the whole is severely plain 
 and certainly not very attractive. 
 
 In Fig. 24 we have the siime lady dressed in a different garb, and, 
 the reader will admit, much more handsomely. Why? Because of 
 the large predominance of the curve. Let us study the picture and 
 ^'ee. The Saratoga wave and curving folds of hair, in the beginning, 
 very handsomely become and relieve the face. The oval ear-ring, 
 L'raccful lace-work alwut the neck, bouquet, curving outline of form, 
 
 Fig. 25— Very Precise. 
 
 The dress beintr neat, stiff find 
 rich. 
 
 Fig. 26--Very Plain. 
 
 The dress beini; without any quality 
 that gives chami. 
 
 curved trimming on the front of the dress, round buttons, curved 
 relief-work about the wrist, and arching line at the lower part of 
 the basque — all create a most lovely and beautiful effect. As the 
 curved line was the principal element of beauty in the residence, 
 with its winding pathways, so the same law has wrought the charm 
 which we find in the lady thus elegantly dressrd 
 
 Three Ladies. The Dress of Each Described. 
 
 In Fig. 25 we give the full-length view of a ladydressed very 
 fashionably and expensively in a costume severely stiff, cold and 
 formal in its precision and straight line. This dress is relieved con- 
 siderably by trimming, and it exhibits order upon the part of the 
 wearer, in the due observance of parallel lines, but symmetry is 
 largely lacking because of the high shoulders, and grace is also want- 
 ing because of lack of curved line. 
 
 Fig. 26 shows a costume which is certainly not very attractive be- 
 cause of lack of nearly all those requisites that make beauty in dress. 
 
 We have but 
 to study it 
 to discover 
 its deficien- 
 cies, which 
 may be 
 enumerated 
 as follows : 
 First. The 
 woman in 
 this cos- 
 tume ap- 
 pears badly 
 proportion- 
 ed. The 
 shoulders 
 are broad 
 and high, 
 while cloak, 
 being close- 
 fitting at the 
 lower part, 
 gives too 
 narrow an 
 appearance 
 to the form 
 below the 
 waist. 
 
 Second. 
 The cos- 
 tume exhib- 
 its toomuch 
 straight 
 line. This 
 is seen in 
 the hat, the 
 edge of the cloak in front, with its straight lower edge, in the liipgls 
 of the pockets, in the straight fall of the dress-skirt, with straight 
 edge at the ankles, square buttons, etc. 
 
 Third. The dress presents loo much irregularity. The trimming 
 about the neck is irregular. The buttons are at irregular distances 
 apart; ear-rings are unmatched, and the lapels on the cloak are not 
 alike in appearance. 
 
 Fourth. There is too little relief on the dress throughout. It is 
 too plain to be attractive. The relief about the neck is not sufficient. 
 The cloak is without any trimming whieh gives variety. No white 
 cuff at the wrist gives contrast at the hand, and the skirt possesses 
 no ornamentation calculated to attract or charm the eye. 
 
 Fig. 27--Very Graceful. 
 
 The dress conibininff those principles 
 that make beauty. 
 
 =<f 5 
 
 ^5^-
 
 \l 
 
 ?!
 
 
 BLONDES.
 
 
 
 BRUNETTES, 
 
 "tr®\9®^

 
 y' 
 
 rilK lOi'FKCr ii\ Al'I'lvAKA.NI-K i\V HANDSOMELY ITirl.Mi Cl.irni l.\(.. 
 
 ;iGi 
 
 Tho costume Hrcii al Fig. 27 prcscntH a pl(-asini; cnmhiiiatioii uf 
 the various principles wu. have cuuincrali-d, hciiiK h11 unibodied In 
 tliis dresB. The hat gracefully curving,', surmounted by a bimdin^' 
 plume, is well balanced upon a head rich in abundant, waving hair. 
 The white colhir, cull, liaudkerchief and trimmiujL; of drees, give a 
 fair amount of relief. The garment is bo fashioned as to give 
 feminine appearance and eyrametry to the form; and throughout the 
 ( urving line gives a delicate grace which renders the lady pleasingly 
 attractive. 
 
 Two Men. How to Dress Most Handsomely. 
 
 The application of thi' laws, ur rather lack nf upjjlication. relating 
 to dress, which we have considered, is very clearly presented in Fig. 
 28. The person here shown is evidently a gentleman of fine manners 
 who only needs a skillful tailor in order to appear to advantage. As 
 lie is now dressed it is very evident, he has been imposed upon by a 
 dealer in ready-made clothing, and the fact is further clearly proven 
 that he himself lacks iiBw^i^. 
 an understanding of T? 
 what constitutes 
 handsome attire, as 
 shown by the suit 
 in which he here pre- 
 sents himself. 
 
 From the study we 
 have thus far given 
 of the principles that 
 make beauty in cloth- 
 ing, we now readily 
 enumerate the faults 
 revealed here, and 
 among them we may 
 designate first lack of 
 relief. The face, 
 without beard, mus- 
 tache or whisker, is 
 too smooth for the 
 highest form of 
 beauty. The coat- 
 coUar is too high, 
 allowing, conse- 
 quently, no relief 
 from the white which 
 should be shown be- 
 tween coat and hair. 
 There is not enough 
 white shown about 
 the cravat, which has 
 but a small, turn- 
 down collar. Added 
 to this deficiency the 
 white cuffs are also 
 lacking. And second, 
 
 in this suit of clothes the form lacks symmetry, for the following 
 reasons: The shoulders are made to appear very narrow and very 
 sharp in slope. The pockets are placed at the side of the hips, and 
 with lapels and contents, give a width to this portion of the body 
 which makes the person look ungraceful. 
 
 The pants are too large and too short. The consequence is the 
 various horizontal lines, those made by the pockets and by the lower 
 edge of the coat at the hips, the other by the pants at the ankles, 
 lessens the apparent stature, so that the gent seems to be considerably 
 shorter than he is, or than he would appear if clothed in a longer 
 garment with no horizontal lines. Apparently he is not as tall as the 
 gentleman in the next illustration, hut measurement will find the 
 
 Fig. 28--Badly Proportioned, 
 
 Shoulders made to appear too narrow anil too slop- 
 ing. Coat too broad at hip and too short, 
 too large and too short. No relief at v 
 
 Pants 
 A'rist. 
 
 height In be the same. Arul thin), the pockets at the side of tin; 
 hips causes the lower portion of the coat to stand out In u position 
 exhibiting straight line so that, as a whole, the figure in this suit of 
 clothing is far from eleu'ant and L'riicr-ful in appearance. 
 
 Gent Elegantly Dressed. 
 
 We turn now to Fig. 29 and study it with a view to ascertaining 
 what may l»e the law in gentleman's dress that gives handsome ap- 
 pearance to the form as a whole. Examination shows that this figure 
 possesses all the favorable points that we have considered in this 
 chapter, as essential to excellence. Of these we find here perfect 
 symmetry, shoulders liigh and broad, hips somewhat tuirrower than 
 the shoulders, no horizontal lines at the hips, made by pockets or a 
 short coat, and pants gradually lessening in size until they reach the 
 feet. The length of coat and pants gives dignity to the form, and 
 the contour of the dress, as a whole, in symmetry and curving line 
 is very pleasing to contemplate. To this is given, also, parallel line, 
 
 shown in regularity 
 of cuflfs wiiich are of 
 even size, buttons at 
 regular distanceB 
 apart, each side of 
 collar of even height, 
 etc. To this is added 
 all the relief that this 
 style of dress on the 
 gent will admit. The 
 mustache and side- 
 whiskers give variety 
 on the face, the white 
 collar and shirt- 
 bosom give pleasant 
 contrast at the upper 
 part of the body, 
 while the cuffs make 
 a clear distinction 
 between gloves and 
 coat. 
 
 Though styles may 
 change somewhat, the 
 coat being longer or 
 j shorter, pants larger 
 or smaller, etc. , yet 
 in all this, whatever 
 be the style, those 
 principles we have 
 : presented in this 
 sf/ chapter must be ap- 
 plied if the individual 
 would dress hand- 
 somely. For proof 
 of this we present 
 the illustrations in 
 contrast, thus giving our readers the opportunity to study and deter- 
 mine for themselves. 
 
 From the foregoing it will be seen that, in order to dress hand- 
 somely always with certainty, it will be necessary to apply the follow- 
 ing: First. The dress must bring out the most perfect natural form. 
 Second. Wherever there is opportunity for parallel lines, such must 
 be used. TJiii'd. A certain amount of variety «hould pervade the dress 
 in order to prevent a monotony of appearance. Fourth. Care must 
 be taken to have every part of the garment present a curving outline. 
 When thus a dress is made, which presents the person in fine pro- 
 portion, curving in outline, orderly in appearance, with relief sufficient 
 to please the eye. the wearer is certainly handsomely dresj^cd. 
 
 Fig. 29--Elegant Appearance. 
 
 Shoulders broad and hi^h. Coat slim and narrow 
 
 at hip. Pants gracefully long. White collar 
 
 and cuff handsomely relieve neck and wrist.
 
 Y 
 
 362 
 
 SHOKTEE HOUKS WILL BKINLi BErfEK TIMES. WHY < 
 
 •fe 
 
 .^ ^'-w~w*0-V- ~.-'-\-^~^'> 
 
 LESS HOURS FOU A DAY'S LABOR, 
 
 A Personal Sketch of a Prominent Labor-Reformer. 
 
 i 
 t 
 
 T 
 
 ABOE agitation in an honorable direction, and an earnest- 
 ness that carried with it convictions of the truth, 
 distinguished the life-work of Ira Steward, who 
 was born March 10, 1831, at No. 35 Truman street. 
 New London, Conn. In his career, also, was dis- 
 tinctly exemplified the science of life in the direct 
 inheritance of parental character and peculiarities. 
 * ^ His father, a contractor and builder, was extremely 
 
 radical in his opposition to intemperance and negro- slavery, and so 
 outspolien in defense of his views that 
 on one occasion he excited the anger 
 of a mob for his freedom of expression. 
 On his father's side he was a lineal de- 
 scendant of the famous old English 
 martyr, John Rogers, who was burned 
 at the stake at Smithfleld, England, in 
 1555, for his persistent adherence to 
 the Protestant religion. Indeed, the 
 old martyr's Bible was long kept as a 
 highly prized heir-loom in his grand- 
 father's family. 
 
 At an early age he found employ- 
 ment in a machinist's shop at Provi- 
 dence, R. I. ,. and there laid additional 
 foundations for the structure of the 
 philosophy and philanthropy of his 
 life, by his experience as a laborer. 
 At nineteen we find him giving utter- 
 ance to this sentiment in the columns 
 of the Providence Mirror, to which he 
 had then already become a contributor: 
 ■' I make the statement boldly, for it 
 can be proved, that this one feature in 
 society— that of the long hours for the 
 masses lo work — does more to de- 
 TMuralize than all other causes com- 
 bined." 
 
 It was thus, while still an apprentjce 
 and working fourteen hours a day, that 
 he employed his leisure moments in 
 writing about and advocating his views 
 iif the labor question ; a favorite saying 
 
 of his being, relative to the political writing of the time, that "The 
 political economy of to-day is written to save the blushes of the rich 
 wlien they look into the faces of the poor." 
 
 At that period a strong movement was in progress to shorten the 
 hours of work in the Rhode Island factories lo ten hours per day, 
 and Mr. Steward became enth\isiastic in favor of the i)roposed law. 
 Although only a mere lad, he availed himself of such opportunities 
 as were presented to him to advance the measure, and at his solici- 
 tation live and ten-cent contributions were collected from the work- 
 men sumcient to defray the expenses of sending a special agent to 
 
 IRA STEWARD 
 
 Dlslinguished '' Eight Hour ' 
 
 all the factories to secure signatures to a monstrous petition urging 
 the justice of the contemplated act. The result was the passage of 
 a ten-hour law, which, however, was not in its effects all that had 
 been anticipated. 
 
 Mr. Steward's labors in the machine-shop having been brought to a 
 close with his apprenticeship, he united with Alvin Flanders and 
 other citizens of Boston in the publication, in that city, of a labor- 
 journal called the A'etr Era, then recently established. In the channel 
 thus afforded for the promulgation of his principles, he labored faith- 
 fully for the recognition of the rights of 
 the workingmen by State legislatures, 
 but with indifferent success. 
 
 Among other events of his life, was 
 his visit to Kansas in the interest of 
 humanity and the labor- reform. The 
 East, in 185G, became deeply interested 
 in the border-warfare in Kansas — the 
 bloody struggle for the introduction of 
 slavery, and the fight to keep it out, 
 and colonies from other States were 
 flocking to the fertile prairies of that 
 Territory. Mr. Steward was one of 
 those who accompanied the " Second 
 Massachusetts colony," which left New 
 England in June of that year, and his 
 advent in Kansas, if not productive of 
 great results, was instrumental in 
 spreading the doctrines which he ad- 
 vocated. 
 
 In 1863 Mr. Steward again actively 
 began his agitation of the labor ques- 
 tion, and fitted up, largely at his own 
 expense, an office in. Boston, where, 
 for some years, was located the Bos- 
 ton Labor-Reform association. This 
 organization, however, was afterward 
 overshadowed by the Massachusetts 
 Eight Hour league, and this was, also, 
 succeeded, in 1869, by the Boston 
 Eight - Hour league, of which Mr. 
 Steward was chosen president. For 
 thirteen years this last-named soci- 
 ety was actively engaged, by conventions, resolutions and ad- 
 dresses, in forwarding the interests of the workingmen, advocating 
 less hours of labor per day with undiminished remuneration, and 
 prob'ibly contributed more to advance sterling ideas upon the subject 
 than all other existing associations combined. Mr. Steward was also 
 chosen president of the National Ten-Hour league. 
 
 The mission of the AV«' Era having been, comparatively, kept in 
 the background by other aiul more gem^ral topics of discussion, Mr. 
 Steward for a season laid aside his armor and retired from the paper. 
 Turning his attention to business as a machinist, he opened a small 
 
 h
 
 ,o 
 
 How INK <'oNlH'ri()N (»K i'l [ Iv WoUKINU (JI.AnSKS MAV UK IMlMioVKU. 
 
 j-hop at Ciiml)rid,t,'e. lu^iir Hostim, i?i whicli, cinployiiit^ only two or 
 thrrc men, be was actively vw^agvd in workini^ for the celebrated 
 " liiverside Prey's"' establishment. Thi:* occupation he followed 
 until the great fire of 187^ swept awiiy a valuable portion of the city. 
 
 After this Mr. Steward aj^ain relinquished the anvil ami forge and 
 rctnriu'd to liis labors in behalf of the principles of labor-reform, 
 wriliiiii and speaking extensively under the auspices of the Boston 
 Eiglit-IIour league. Perhaps the most important service that he 
 rendered to the movement was the effort expended in i^stahlishing the 
 Massachusetts Bureau of statistics of labor. Tn the establishment 
 of this department a Mr. Kufus Wyniim was the originator, in 18(14, 
 ()f the idea which resulted, in lH(i9, in the Massachusetts Bureau 
 of labor. 
 
 Hitherto Mr. Stewards Held of etTort had been principally confined 
 to the Kasteru States; but in 1S80 he removed to Piano, Kendall County, 
 
 111., where he resided wJIIi his wife until his death, which occurred 
 March 13, 1883. 
 
 Through a very refined, courteous, and scholarly manner, .Mr. 
 Steward won friends to his teachings, which, in the main, were that 
 labor-reform should and would elevate the individual physically, 
 mentally, morally and hocially. Low wages he considered as the 
 natural outcome of low conditions and proposed to raise wages by 
 elevating the wage-workers, and by increasing among them the 
 demand for more of the comforts and even the luxuries of life, (bus 
 enabling them to become larger consumers of their own industry. 
 
 That our readers may understand, in brief, the purpose of Mr. 
 Steward, the object he proposed to accomplisli, and his reasons 
 for the faith which he entertained, we condense herewith the prin- 
 cipal arguments which may be adduced in behalf <»r shortening the 
 hours of factory labor. 
 
 Benefits Resulting from Shortening the Daily Time of Factory Labor. 
 
 In the early ages man was compelled to labor continually during 
 his waking hours to supply the barest necessities of life. Man's un- 
 developed intellect, at that time, had invented no labor-saving devices. 
 He picked the fruit, gathered the nuts, and dug the roots with his 
 bare hands, having no tool to aid him. 
 
 Gradually, as civilization progressed, he invented appliances to aid 
 himself. The hoe came as an assistant in loosening the earth, and 
 closely followed by the plow. Then came the axe, the shovel, the 
 sickle and the scythe. Steadily the labor-savers were brought for 
 war<l until man was able to respectably feed, clfjthe and keep himself 
 warm, and that too while working fourteen hours a day. 
 
 Invention yet went forward. The fanning-mill, the threshing- 
 machine, the power-loom, the carding-machine, the power-printing 
 press, and other improvements, made it possible for mankind to rest, 
 and the time of labor in the factories came down, after a severe dis- 
 cussion, to twelve hours. 
 
 Still the world advanced in methods of lessening physical labor. 
 The sewing-machine made its appearance. The mower, the planing- 
 macbine, the horse-rake — the multiplied facilities for doing work 
 through the agency of steam — all these came to man's assistance and 
 made it possible to shorten the time of daily toil to ten hours. 
 
 Ten hours was not reached, however, without a hard fought com- 
 bat. Capitalists opposed it. Business men tiid not approve tlie idea. 
 Manufacturers almost universally objected to it, and a large number 
 of all classes argued against it, on the ground that if the factory 
 classes were given the extra hours of freedom from daily toil they 
 would spend that time in getting drunk. The labor-reformers, how- 
 ever, ftiugbt vigorously, and finally ten hours became the recognized 
 period of daily labor, with most favorable results, among them being 
 that the masses rapidly became more intelligent through the extra 
 time thus gained for study, wages became higher, and times grew 
 better for all classes. 
 
 The Chang-es of Thirty Years. 
 
 Since the time of factory labor \\as shortened to ten hours, the ap- 
 plication of steam to the industries has multiplied three or four fold. 
 The use of the sewing-machine has become universal; the reaper and 
 binder have been jjerfected; and the facility of production in every 
 department of manufacture has immensely increased, until the power 
 to supply vastly exceeds the ability to consume. The result is that 
 when the full power to produce is turned on, there is very soon a 
 vast over-production, which is followed by a stoppage of manufac- 
 turing and conseq\ient distress of the working classes, accompanied 
 by general bankruptcy. 
 
 What Less Hours of Labor will Accomplish. 
 
 That the shortening of the daily period of general labor to eight 
 hours will improve the condition of the employer, as well as the 
 laborer, the manufacturer, the merchanl and all classes, is shown in 
 the following, whicii would result from shorter hours: 
 
 To illustrate: The stove manufacturers meet in convention and 
 resolve that instead of frequently discharging their workmen, they 
 will run their foundries henceforth but eight hours per day, paying 
 their men $1. liO for a day's labor instead of $a for ten hours. 
 
 The first argument in behalf of this measure is that it is better to 
 pay workmen SO. ()0 every Saturday night regularly the year round, 
 than to pay them $12 per week a portion of the twelve months, while 
 they are entirely idle another large part of the year. Another argu- 
 ment in behalf of this course is in the fact that shortening the supply 
 of stoves by shortening the hours will make a brisk demand which 
 will result to the benefit of stove-makers. 
 
 Let us suppose that all manufacturers shorten working time to 
 eight hours, and we note the result in a single industr}-, that of stove 
 making. The stock lessened, and demand coming forward, it is not 
 long before the stove manufacturer is in need of more men to assist 
 in tilling orders. To find these the superintendent goes ton boot and 
 shoe factory where there could be heretofore idle men found. 
 
 No men are to be obtained here. Instead of discharging workmen, 
 in consequence of working less hours, they are employing more. An 
 application at the furniture-factory, the reaper-works and the sugar- 
 factory reveals in each case the same state of affairs. They are all 
 working shorter hours, and consequently are obliged to employ mote 
 men. 
 
 The stove-maker returns to his office, to find orders increasing 
 much beyond his power to supply with his present force of assistants. 
 He takes a little time for reflection and resolves to increase the price 
 of stoves to offset the extra wages he will have to pay to a greater 
 number of workmen, and then advertises for more men, agreeino' to 
 pay the same price for eight hours that he formerly paid for ten. He 
 will in due time obtain sufficient help to fill bis orders. 
 
 How all Classes will be Benefited. 
 
 By a little examination we see how all the different grades of peo- 
 ple are assisted by thus lessening the number of the hours of labor. 
 As we show, the stove-maker, probably for the first time in years, 
 experiences an active demand for his stoves, so much so that he can 
 raise the price. The same is true of all the different factories. Or- 
 ders for goods come in faster than they can be filled with the old 
 
 7? -6- — 
 
 A
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 t>: 
 
 ;3tii 
 
 AN IMPORTANT ESSENTIAL TO FINANCIAL PROSFERITV. 
 
 force of workmen; the manufacturers increase the price of their 
 productions, and realize an active demand for goods at a profit. 
 
 The manufacturer is compelled to compete for laborers, and in 
 doing so is obliged to pay his men a higher price, which he can 
 afford, having advanced the price of his wares. 
 
 From the manufacturer and the workmen we turn now to the mer- 
 chant, whom we find enjoying a new experience and busily engaged in 
 the distribution of goods at a profit, the prices of all articles he sells 
 having advanced. 
 
 How stands now the condition of things in consequence of working 
 a less number of hours? 
 
 The factories overflow with orders, possibly running sixteen or 
 twenty-four hours with two or three sets of hands. The idle men 
 now all have employment at better wages than before. The merchants 
 are rejoicing in better profits, because the laboring classes all have 
 steady employment and are consequently able to buy freely and sur- 
 round themselves with the comforts of life. 
 
 All the idle having gone to work, and thus enabled to buy, causes 
 an immense increase of consumption, results in an era of active man- 
 ufacturing and a period of general financial prosperity which is most 
 beneficial to all classes of the community. 
 
 But even did prices of goods not rise materially, the profit to the 
 manufacturer would be greater than now. because of an immensely 
 greater business being done in consequence of the laboring people all 
 having steady employment. This would give the working classes 
 the ability to buy and consume in such quantity as to drive all fac- 
 tories to their fullest capacity in supplying the demand. Thus, at even 
 less prices than now, manufacturers would be greatly the gainers. 
 
 The People become more Intellig-ent. 
 
 Another great point gained in the fewer hours of labor is the oppor- 
 tunity whereby the hard-worked laborer thus obtains time for reading 
 and study, through which he elevates his condition into intelligent 
 citizenship. At the same time the inventive genius of the people, 
 with opportunity for investigation, rapidly devises other and greater 
 labor-saving contrivances, so that the general time of physical toil 
 may be yet further lessened. 
 
 Power of Consumption must Balance Power of Production. 
 
 A point claimed by the short hour advocates is, that the power to 
 consume must be kept continually up to the capacity to produce; that 
 if the balance is not preserved, great distress is the result, as shown 
 when there is a large over-production of goods in the market, and 
 general discharge and idleness of workmen ensue. 
 
 This may be illustraied by a colony of ten thousand people on an 
 island where, through steady labor, at ten hours per day, there is 
 produced nearly exactly what is consumed. 
 
 In due time labor-saving machines and foreign laborers are intro- 
 duced in such numbers as to permit of all the manual labor being 
 performed in one-third less time than heretofore. If, with the aid of 
 the machinery and more laborers, factories continue to run ten hours a 
 day, it is clearly evident there will soon be a surplus of goods that 
 cannot be consumed as fast as they are made. The consequence is, 
 manufacturers and merchants find themselves with stocks of goods 
 on band that they cannot sell. Business will then become dull. 
 Times will be " hard. " Men are discharged. The power to buy and 
 consume is then destroyed with them. Then the stocks of unsold 
 goods accumulate faster than ever. More workmen are discharged, 
 and they and their families swell the list of those who cannot buy. 
 And so derangement goes forward, the manufacturer struggling to 
 keep up for n time by reducing the wages of his remaining workmen 
 and the laborers striking against the reduction. In the moan time, of 
 
 the men who are idle, some resort to burglary and some to beggary, 
 while others, driven by hunger to desperation, are ready to participate 
 in riot. At last the whole support of the idle falling upon a cert&in 
 few who have property to be taxed, those few, if they survive bank- 
 ruptcy, pass through a severe ordeal in their attempt to support the 
 dependent until better times return. 
 
 It is seen that during this stagnation in business, the poor, when 
 they are thus kept idle, are compelled to part with their little homes 
 and all their possessions for what they can get, and usually at a great 
 loss. Thus, by long working-hours, which create a surplus, and re- 
 sult in a cessation of trade, and in the discharge of the laborer, the 
 poor are oppressed, while the capitalist, standing ready to take ad- 
 vantage of the poor when they are compelled to sell, buys at his own 
 price and thus rapidly enriches himself. It is therefore plain that 
 long hours of labor, when there exists no demand for the same, will 
 fast make a few of the rich richer and the poor poorer. 
 
 In the light of these facts, what was the course to have pursued in 
 that island colony of ten thousand people? Simply this, to have re- 
 duced the time of general labor to correspond with the power of the 
 labor-saving machine and the extra laborers to produce. In that 
 colony they should have reduced the period of labor one-third the 
 time, in which event no discharge of laborers would have been neces- 
 sary. All would have continued in steady employment, would have 
 had regular wages, and this would have bestowed upon the entire 
 colony continued prosperity. 
 
 All Countries should Join in the Movement. 
 
 But, says the objector, suppose manufacturers of the United States 
 lessen the time of a day's labor and raise the price of all productions 
 thereby, will not foreign countries, having a surplus of goods pro- 
 duced by long hours and cheap wages, send in their productions here 
 and ruin our manufacturers? 
 
 The reply of the eight-hour men is "not if the tariff rate is kept 
 sutficiently high to protect us." No danger need be apprehended 
 from this source, liowever, for another reason. Bettering the condi- 
 tii)n of the laboring classes, making increased consumption, will be 
 followed by increased production at lower prices, ultimately, whereby 
 nothing need be feared from foreign competition. 
 
 But, better yet, all the managers of great industries should meet in 
 convention and there consider this question and the benefit resulting 
 from shorteningthe hours. This should be followed by an international 
 convention of the civilized nations, which might secure nearer uni- 
 formity in working-time throughout the more enlightened world. 
 
 The need of international action is shown in the fact that it is as 
 essential that the poorer people of Europe be relieved from poverty, 
 idleness and bard toil, the result of over-production, as that the 
 laboring classes in America he benefited by shorter hours. 
 
 With the shortening of the hours there need be no further dread of 
 the labor-saving machine or the incoming of the foreign laborer. 
 Let them come. Even the Chinaman, who is a labor-saver whi-n 
 properly utilized — let him come. He can do us no injury. 
 
 Lastly, the paramount duty of the hour, on the part of Congress, is 
 the appointment of a Labor- Bureau, the purpose of which shall be to 
 gather facts and statistics relative to the number of hours it is now 
 necessary to labor in factories, with the labor-saving appliances in 
 use, in order to produce all that may he consumed. The report of this 
 committee, from time to time, would determine what the best inter- 
 ests of the country require in regard to the h<iurs necessary for ;i 
 day's labor. 
 
 In any event our nation and all nations can only permanently pros- 
 per when they give the people the facilities for moral and intellectual 
 advancement and an opportunity to suiround themselves, in fair pro 
 portion, with the luxuries and the comforts of life.
 
 liOSTON AND SOMK <IV HIJI ( ITI/.KNS. 
 
 .•}(;, 
 
 BOSTONIANS, 
 
 Sketches of a few Men, Past and Present, prominently identified with the 
 Interests of Boston and its Suburbs. 
 
 HE CAPITAL city of Massachusetts, Bo^^ton, 
 had an honorable history prior to thi- Revo- 
 lutionary War and during that struggle, 
 and in the century which has passed jiway 
 since the colonies became free and indepen- 
 dent States, has maintained its reputation 
 \ as a seat of social and mental culture un- 
 rivaled by any of its sister cities. Litera- 
 ture, art, music and science have been prom- 
 inent in the pursuits of its people, and the 
 list of men and women who have been born 
 and lived within its precincts, and have 
 shone conspicuously in the annals of the 
 nation, is verylarge. The first settlemenlof 
 Boston was made in 1630, by a party of colonists who 
 came from England with Governor John Winthrop. As 
 a town it began a corporate existence about 1634, and in 1822 it first 
 became a city. All its early records, as well as its later ones, are 
 filled with important and interesting events. On several occasions 
 it has been ravaged by destructive fires, an earthquake and pest- 
 ilence, and *Mn the good old colony times," its streets and harbor 
 were the scenes of earnest patriotism and bloodshed in the defense of 
 local and national liberty. In 1790 its populatitm numbered 18,038 
 souls; in 1840 (' half acentury later;. 93,383, and in 1880, 369,832. 
 Arcfong those whose business enterprises, eloquence and literary gen- 
 ius have added lustre to Boston, are the persons whose life-sketches 
 and portraits are here presented. 
 
 JOHN WINTHROP, 
 
 Oue of the Eurly OoTernorfl of Mnssachunettft. 
 
 LITERARY talent and executive skill formed leading characteris- 
 tics in the life of John Winthrop, who was born at Groton, 
 Suffolk county, England, January 11, 1588. In his youth he 
 adopted the law for his profession. A charter f<jr a corporation for 
 establishing a colony in America having been obtained in 1629 — 
 known as '* The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in 
 New England" — Mr. Winthrop, April 7, 1630, sailed from Yarmouth, 
 Eng., withacompany of nearlya thousand persons, arrivingat Salem, 
 Mass., June 12. Upon his arrival, the former executive, Endicott, 
 transferred to him the control of the colony, and for three successive 
 years he was re-elected governor. When Sir Henry Vane became 
 tjovernor, in 1636, Mr. Winthrop was chosen deputy-governor. In 
 1637 Winthrop was again elected governor, and was re-elected in 
 
 1638, 1639, 1642 and 1643. Two years he served as deputy-governor 
 — 1644-1645 — but in 1646 was once more elected governor, and was 
 continuously re-elected antil 1649. On his voyage to America, in 
 1630, he wrote "A Modell of Christian Charity, " which is still pre- 
 served in the archives of the Massachusetts Historical society, and 
 during his stay in America he kept a journal of events occurring in 
 the Massachusetts colony, which has been printed at Boston. In 
 politics he was the friend of civil liberty, and the people whom he 
 brought with him from England were mostly of a wealthy and edu- 
 cated class, whose presence in Massachusetts tended to improve the 
 general character of the commonwealth. He died at Boston, March 
 36, 1649. 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK, 
 
 Slstlneulshed Promoter of Amerlcun Independence. 
 
 ONE OF the most famous patriots of Massachusetts, John Hancock, 
 was born at Quincy, in that State, January 12, 1737, under cir- 
 cumstances that permitted him to advance his education at Har- 
 vard university. From that institution he graduated at the age of 
 seventeen, and soon afterward began a commercial life in the count- 
 ing-house of a favorite uncle. About ten years afterward, his uncle 
 dying, the nephew inherited a large portion of his fortune, and became 
 a prominent merchant and a provincial legislator. In the troublous 
 times previous to the war of the Revolution, the seizure of his sloop 
 in 1768, by the government custom officers, created a riot, in which 
 the officials were severely handled. What is known as the " Boston 
 massacre" occurred 1770, and Mr. Hancock was one of the committee 
 appointed to demand the removal of the soldiers from the city. At 
 the funeral of the citizens who were slain in the afifray, he publicly 
 and eloquently denounced the conduct of the troops and their comman- 
 ders, and thus seriously incensed the governor against him. In 1774, 
 he represented the city of Boston in the provincial congress and the 
 commonwealth of Boston in the continental congress, and in 1755 was 
 chosen president of the latter. In 1776 he distinguished himself by 
 affixing his bold signature to the Declaration of Independence, remark- 
 ing that the members of the British parliament could " read that with- 
 out spectacles. " Owing to ill-health, he resigned his seat in congress 
 in 1777, but assisted in framing the new constitution for Massachu- 
 setts, and under it, in 1780, was chosen the first federal governor. 
 From that time until his death, with the exception of two years, he 
 was annually re-elected. In all his official duties, as well as in pri- 
 vate life, he commanded the respect of his fellow citizens. He died 
 at Boston October 8. 1793. 
 
 Y 
 
 ;Cv~~
 
 
 WKI.I.-K.NOWN MEN IN NKW KNCI.AM). 
 
 ytii
 
 t 
 
 3(i8 
 
 DIVINE, GOVERNOES A2*D AMERICAN' I'ATIIIdTIS. 
 
 INCREASE MATHER, 
 
 Distingrnishetl Siviue and Aulhor in MuBsachusetts. 
 
 RICH ARD, Ihe father of the subject of this sketch, an English cler- 
 gyman, immigrated to Massachusetts in 1635. The son was 
 bora at Dorchester, Mass., June 21,1639. A portion of his 
 classical studies was pursued at Harvard college, where he gradua- 
 ted in 1656. He then sailed for Ireland, entered Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin, graduating in 1658, and followed the profession of a clergyman, 
 preaching in England and the island of Guernsey. Returning to 
 Massachusetts in 1661, he was " called" as pastor of the North Church, 
 in Boston, and this relation he sustained during the remainder of his 
 life, a period of sixty-two years. In the synod of 1679, he bore a 
 conspicuous part by his views of baptism. He was elected president 
 of Harvard college, in 1681, but declined the oflice because it would 
 separate him from his church and people. Four years later be ac- 
 cepted the position, with the proviso that it should not sever his rela- 
 tions in the pastorate, and his proposition was accepted. A rule re- 
 quiting the president of the college to reside at Cambridge was adopt- 
 ed, in 1701, by the legislature, and Mr. Mather resigned rather than 
 leave Boston. Among his other work as college president he obtain- 
 ed State authority for the faculty to grant degrees of bachelors of divin- 
 ity and doctors of divinity, and was himself, in 1692, the first in America 
 upon whom the latter degree was conferred. In 1684 he visited 
 England iif behalf of the colony charter. In 1688 he obtained a new 
 charter, which gave him control of the appointive offices in the colony. 
 Upon his return home, in 1693, the authorities set apart a day of pub- 
 lic thanksgiving for the success of his mission. He was studious, 
 and possessed a retentive memory, which greatly aided him in the 
 preparation and delivery of hi s sermons. The daughter of John Cotton 
 became his wife, and from this union sprang the noted Cotton Mather, 
 also a clergyman. Mr. Mather's charitable disposition led him to 
 give away to worthy objects one-tenth of all his income. He wrote 
 ninety books in English, and two in Latin, but few of which survive. 
 He died August 23, 1723. 
 
 NATHANIEL P. BANKS, 
 
 statesman, Soldier and Governor of MaseachusettB. 
 
 FROM the ranks of the common people came the distinguished sub- 
 ject of this sketch, who was born at Waltham, Mass. , January 
 30, 1816. At an early age he was employed in a cotton factory 
 in which his father was overseer, studying during his leisure hours, 
 and even in his youth becoming a public lecturer at temperance, 
 political and other meetings. The transition to the editorial control 
 of the village newspaper was an easy one, and, by apiiointment from 
 President Polk, he was next elevated to an oflice in the Boston 
 custom bouse. Fitting himself for the practice of law, he obtained 
 admission to the bar. In 1849 he was chosen a member of the lower 
 branch of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1851 was elected 
 speaker of the house. His advocacy of a union between the Demo- 
 crats and Frec-Soilers, as against the Whigs, resulted in his re-elec- 
 tion to the legislature and also his first election as a member of 
 Congress. This was in 1852, and the following year he was called to 
 preside over the State Constitutional convention. In 1854 he was re- 
 elected a member of Congress, where, in 1856, he was elected speaker 
 of the house. In 1856 he was also re-elected a member of Congress. 
 In 1857, 1858 and 1859 — for three successive terms — he was chosen 
 governor of the State, and in 1860 became president of the Illinois 
 Central railroad. In the early days of the war of th(^ Rebellion, in 
 1861, he was appointed a major-general of volunteers in the army of 
 the Potomac, and assigned to the fifth corps. His flelil of operations 
 was at first on the upper Potomac, and then in the Slienumloah valley. 
 Part of his command gallantly participated in the fight at Winchester, 
 Va. , March 23, 1802. Under (ieneral Pope, he fought the battle of 
 
 Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862, and in the following month took 
 command of the troops at Wasliingtou, D. C. He succeeded General 
 Butler as commander of the di-partment of the Gulf, with headquar- 
 ters at New Orleans, in December, I.S62; in April, 1863, captured 
 Opclousas, and in July, 1863, occupied Port Hudson, and opened the 
 Mississippi river to the Union war-vessels. After an unsuccessful 
 expedition up the Red river, in the spring of 1864, he was retired 
 from his command. Returning to Massachusetts, he was succes- 
 sively re-elected a member of Congress in 1866, 1868 and 1870. 
 
 P' 
 
 PAUL REVERE, 
 
 An Amt^rican Patriot of Revolutionary Fame. 
 
 jAUL REV'EKE, whost.- patriotic night-ride from Boston to Con- 
 cord, Longfellow has immortalized in one of his poemt-, was 
 born at Boston, Mass., January 1, 1735. His father was a 
 goldsmith by trade and taught the boy the mysteries of the business, 
 which he turned to good account later in ii."'^. At the age of twenty- 
 one, in the Anglo-French war. he entered in colonial army as a 
 lieutenant of artillery. Upon being mustered out he returned to 
 Boston, began his business career as a goldsmith, and acquired a 
 know^ledge of copper-plate printing, an art in which he achieved con- 
 siderable reputation by publishing prints of iuterebting local events. 
 In 1773 he formed one of the celebrated " Boston Tea-Party," in 
 Boston harbor. In 1775 he engraved the plates, made the press and 
 printed the colonial paper-money which is now so highly prized as 
 relics. The Continental congress also authorized him to build and 
 operate a powder-mill for the benefit of the colonies. He appears, 
 also, to have been, on several occasions, emploj'ed ae a messenger for 
 conveying important information from place to place for the provin- 
 cial government. In April, 1775, when the British General Gage 
 designed to destroy the military stores of the citizens at Concord, 
 Mass., General Warren, of the Continental army, on the night of the 
 eighteenth, sent a mounted messenger to Lexington by one route, 
 and Revere by another, to rouse the people to resist the assault. 
 Fortunately he met with no hindrances, butnvas enabled to awaken 
 all the inhabitants along his route and arouse their patriotism. Both 
 messengers arrived at Lexington soon after midnight, apprised John 
 Hancock and Samuel Adams of the proposed attack, and proceeded 
 to Concord. Both were taken prisoners at Concord, but were soon 
 afterward released. During the war of the Revolution he served in 
 defense of his native colony, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and 
 upon the return of peace engaged in manufacturing cannons and 
 church-bells, building copper rolling-mills at Canton, Mass., which 
 were, in 1875, still operated by a company bearing his name. He 
 died at Boston, May 10, 1818. 
 
 M 
 
 JOHN A. ANDREW, 
 
 War-OoTernor of MaMsachusetts. 
 
 ]( MASSACHUSETTS justly reveres the memory of her eminent 
 war-governor, John Albiou Andrew, who was born at Wind- 
 ham, Me., May 31, 1818. In bis youth he was enabled to 
 receive a liberal education, and before he was twenty years old had 
 graduated at Bowdoin (Me.) college. A course of law-studies, in 
 Boston, followed, and in 1840 he was admitted to the Massachusetts 
 bar. Opening his oflice in Boston, he i)racticcd his profession for 
 many years, and was distinguished for his connection with suits 
 uri.^ing under the fugitive-slave law. In 1858, as a member of the 
 Anti-Slavery party in Massachusetts, he was called to represent his 
 district in the State legislature, and in 1860 was a delegate to the 
 Republican Nati(mal convention, at Chicago, that nominated Mr. 
 Lincoln for president. In the autumn of that year he was chosen 
 governor of Massachusetts by an Immense majority, indicative of hie 
 great popularity with the people. Active in duty, and foreseeing
 
 ^9 
 
 JUUKNALIST, UNITED STATES SENATOK AND PIANO MANL'FACTL'KEli. 
 
 the coniini; conlUct with thu South, hu prepared for the outbreak, and 
 when the first call for volunteers was istsued, in tlie cprin^ of IHOl, 
 he sent five regiments of infantry, one battery and a. battalion of 
 riflemen promptly to the front. Nor did his patriotism end with 
 this important addition to the Union army, for during the war he 
 continued to aid the government, in eeveral ways, in suppreSHing the 
 Rebellion. Five times, successively, he was chosen governor, and 
 niiglit have been again, but he declined, retiring to private life and 
 resuming his law-business in January, 18tJC. He died at Boston, 
 October 30, 1807, greatly lamented. 
 
 JAMES REDPATH, 
 
 A-CtlTe tjournallstt Author uiid Philanthropist. 
 
 THE NATIVE talent of James Keilpath— who waa boni at Berwick- 
 on-Tweed, in the south of Scotland, August 38, 1833 — and the 
 advantages derived from a roving acquaintance with men, hooks 
 and newspapers, have bestowed upon him a reputation as a writer 
 and reformer that is almost universal. The father, who immigrated, 
 with his family, to the United States in 1848, settling on a farm in 
 Allegan,. Slicb. , was also a noted writer and teacher in his own 
 Scotch country. How the early education of James was effected is 
 left obscure, but the probability is that home-training had much to 
 do with his development. Drifting into a printing office he acquired 
 the rudiments of "the art preservative of all arts," and became a 
 traveling journeyman, working for two or three years at offices in 
 Kalamazoo, Detroit and Chicago. Leaving the West and reaching 
 New York, he engaged in the work of a journalist, writing for sever- 
 al papers in that city, and within a short time gained an editorial chair 
 in the office of the New York Tribune. In 1854, as a health- restora- 
 tive, he journeyed through the Southern Slates on foot, writing up his 
 observations of the people and negro-slavery for the columns of the 
 Anti-Slavery Standard, in New York city. Journeying as far as 
 St. Louis, he was for a short season employed as a reporter on the 
 Democrat, and then, in 1855, went to Kansas, where the border-war 
 between slavery and freedom in the new Territories was bitterly rag- 
 ing. His sympathies being with the "Free-State" people, and op- 
 posed to the extension of slavery, he soon became actively engaged in 
 the contest, wielding his pen and influence in behalf of his principles 
 At this time, when " Bleeding Kansas" occupied universal attention, 
 his frequent and pungent letters to the press of St. Louis and Chicago 
 and the New Y'ork Tribune earned him a national reputation. After 
 particii)ation in this stirring border-life for two years, he left the West 
 in 1857 for Boston, where he married Mrs. Mary A. Kidder and be- 
 came a resident. With his roving proclivities, however, he could not 
 be content to remain long at the East, and in the autumn of 1857 he 
 returned to Kansas. At Doniphan, in that State, December 15. he is- 
 sued the first number of a radical, anti-slavery newspaper called 
 The Crusader of Freedom, It.s publication, owing to the failure of 
 its friends to properly support it, ended early in the following spring, 
 and Mr Redpatb returned to his home at Boston. In 1859 and 18C0 
 hdi visited the republic of Hayti, wrote a book descriptive of the 
 country, and established, with the authority of the Haytian govern- 
 ment, a bureau for the emigration of negroes from the United States 
 to that island. Upon his return from Hayti, in 1859, he espoused 
 the cause of " Old John Brown of Osawatamie," and with his pen ad- 
 vocated the justice of the Harper's Ferry raid, wrote a life of the old 
 man and one or two other publications in the same interest. After 
 a third visit to Hayti, Mr. Kedpath devoted himself to the work, for 
 two years, of colonizing negro emigrants for Hayti but the manage- 
 ment on the island was not equal to the enthusiasm of the colonizer, 
 and the work proved to be a failure, and he resigned. In tbe mean- 
 time he had been appointed a Haytian Commissioner to work for the 
 recognition of the Dark Republic by the United States, a measure 
 
 that was eventually crowned with success. His next enterprise was 
 a book-puhlishing house, but this was soon abandoned for some cause 
 not well defined. In 1804, going South, he became a war-corre- 
 spondent and witnessed some stirring events of the national contest. 
 At Charleston, then held by the Union provincial governor, be was 
 appointed superintendent of schools, and day and night schools were 
 numerously organized, with a reading-room and library for freedmcn 
 and a colored orphan asylum, and established the custom of decorating 
 the graves of soldiers with flowers on a special holiday, accompanied 
 by civic and military ceremonies. The Hrst celcbralion of Uccora- 
 tion-day occurred May 1, 1805, in South Carolina, and was attended 
 by a concourse of more than ten thousand citizens, besides a full bat- 
 talion of soldiers. Shortly afterward Mr. Rcdpalh was appointed 
 general superintendent of education of frecdmen for the department 
 of the South; but business affairs compelled him to decline this oflice. 
 Coming North again, he devoted his time and talents to writing, ed- 
 itorially and otherwise, for the leading newspapers of Boston and 
 New York. In 1868, with a friend, he established the " Boston Ly- 
 ceum ( lecture ) bureau," and has since then been instrumental in 
 bringing into celebrity the best talent of the country for jilatform ex- 
 ercises. Mr. Redpath has been elected an honorary member of sev- 
 eral distinguished foreign reformatory societies, and has published 
 a number of interesting books of a descriptive character. 
 
 ROBERT C. WINTHROP, 
 
 Webster's Sucveni-ur in the I nited Stated Senate. 
 
 THIS GENTLEMAN, cotemix.rary with Daniel Webster, and a 
 student in his office, was born at Boston, Mass., May 12, 1809, 
 a lineal descendant of the sturdy pilgrim-governor of Massa- 
 chusetts. Pursuing the regular course at Harvard university, from 
 which he graduated in 1828, he turned his attention to the study of 
 the law under Mr. Webster, and was licensed to practice the legal 
 profession in 1831, but soon afterward withdrew from it. Entering 
 the political arena, he represented his district in the Massachusetts 
 legislature in 1835, 1836, 1837, 18.38, 1839 and 1840, during two 
 sessions occupying the speaker's chair. From 1840 to 1850 he was, 
 by successive elections, continuously a member of Congress, and 
 speaker of the house during the sessions of 1847-48. When Daniel 
 Webster was called to a seat in President Fillmore's cabinet as Sec- 
 retary of State, in 1850, Mr. Winthrop was chosen his successor in 
 the United States senate, but failed of a re-election by the Massachu- 
 setts legislature in 1851. In 1851, also, he was nominated by the 
 Whigs of Massachusetts for governor of the State, but was defeated 
 in the election. Afterward, pursuing literary, archajological and 
 charitable employments, he became, in lime, president of the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical society, .and was influentially connected with 
 other institutions. His publications include the ■' Life and Letters 
 of John Winthrop," a " Memoir. of Nathan Appleton," two volumes 
 of his own orations, addresses, lectures and congressional speeches, 
 and a volume entitled " Washington, Bowdoin and Franklin, with a 
 Few Brief Pieces on Kindred Topics. " 
 
 JONAS CHICKERING, 
 
 One of the Eiirliewt .Vniei-ican Piano-SIal&ers. 
 
 THE WORD "Chickcriug, " emblazoned above the key-board of a 
 ■piano, conveys to the mind the impression of a most melodious 
 instrument. The magic of the name is derived from the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, who was born at JIason Village, N. H. , April 5, 
 Whatever advantages he enjoyed, or losses he suffered i:i 
 
 17 
 
 obtaining his early education, his youthful energies were expended 
 as an apprentice in a cabinet-makers' shop. While thus employed, 
 and possessing a natural love for music, he undertook to readjust 
 
 ? 
 
 24 
 
 ^^m
 
 — iij: 
 
 370 
 
 NOVELIST, EXPEKSS FtlUNDER AND IIOTEL-KEEPEli. 
 
 and tunc an old worn-out piano-forte wliicli came iu liis way, and his 
 labor upon it proved so highly satisfactory that when about twenty 
 years of age he changed his vocation and went to work in a piano- 
 forte factory at Boston. In 1823 he had obtained sufficient means to 
 establish a factory of his own in that city. After some years he 
 increased his pecuniary ability by taking a partner: but the partner 
 dying, in 1841, Mr. Chickering, having acquired the necessary 
 capital, continued the business alone until his manufactory had 
 become one of the most extensive in the Union, giving employment 
 to nearly five hundred workmen and making over fifteen hundred 
 pianos a year. In 1S53 he had the misfortune to lose his factory by 
 fire, involving the destruction of property estimated at more than 
 $200,000, but he at once rallied and began the erection of another 
 larger and finer one. He died, however, December 8, 1853, before 
 the factory was finished, and his sons succeeded him in the business, 
 with eminent prosperity. 
 
 WILLIAM D. HOWELLS, 
 
 An American Poet, Novelist and Play-Writer. 
 
 LITERATURE has a graceful exponent in William Dean Howells, 
 whose versatility of talent is only equaled by the freshness and 
 elegance of his productions. His father was a printer at 
 Martinsville, Belmont county, Ohio, where the son was born March 1, 
 1837. The educational facilities which he enjoyed in his infancy are 
 veiled in obscurity, but in his youth he learned the printing trade in 
 his father's oflice, devoting twelve years to his occupation. Going 
 to Columbus, the capital of his native State, he obtained employment 
 as assistant-editor in the office of the Ohio State Journal, in that 
 city. Naturally gifted with a genius for writing verse, he con- 
 tributed poems to the Atlantic Monthly, and before he was twenty- 
 four years old he had published a life of Abraham Lincoln, and in 
 conjunction with John J. Piatt — another young poet — a volume of 
 miscellaneous verses, entitled "Poems of Two Friends." When 
 Mr. Lincoln became president, he appointed Mr. Howells consul to 
 Venice, Italy, a post that he retained until 1865. Upon his return 
 ho was engaged as a writer on the Nation, a New York periodical, 
 and soon afterward became assistant- editor of the Atlantic Monthly. 
 Of this last-named magazine he subsequently became the chief 
 editor, efficiently maintaining its excellent reputation. Since then, 
 both before and after he relinquished his editorial chair, he has pub- 
 lished a variety of entertaining volumes, which have greatly aug- 
 mented his literary fame. The following is a list of his various 
 publications, not previously mentioned: ''Venetian Life." "Italian 
 Journeys," "Their Wedding Journey," "Suburban Sketches," "A 
 Chance Acquaintance," "A Foregone Conclusion," "The Lady of 
 the Aroostook," "The Undiscovered Country," "Poems," "The 
 Parlor-Car," a farce; "Out of the Question," a comedy; "A Coun- 
 terfeit Presentment," a comedy; "A Day's Pleasure," with other 
 sketches; "Dr. Breem's Practice," .and "A Woman's Reason;" be- 
 sides several serial volumes of " Choice Autobiography." which he 
 edited and enriched with critical and biographical essays. 
 
 ALVIN ADAMS, 
 
 Founder of the .\«l;im*. Kxi»rei*»> Company. 
 
 THE NAME of Alvin Adams stands prominently among the self- 
 made men of New England, and they number very many of her 
 most eminent representatives in nearly all departments of science, 
 literature and art. His father was a farmer, residing at Andover, 
 Mass. , where Alvin was born, June 10, 1804. His parents dying when 
 he was eight years old, and both within the samS week, he, with his 
 brothers and sisters, remained on the farm for about eight years long- 
 er, under the care of the eldest son. Tiring of this mode of living, 
 when sixteen years old, he obtained permission to (piit the farm and 
 seek other employment. At Woodstock, Vt. , soon after leaving 
 
 home, he hired out to a village hotel-keeper, Robert Barker, who 
 also owned several lines of stages. With him Alvin remained four 
 years. Going to Boston, he found employment in one or two hotels 
 for a brief season, anil then engaged iu business as a merchant. For 
 twelve years he sold goods in Boston, and then removed to New York, 
 continuing in the same business, but with little success. At last, 
 after a struggle of two years in the metropolis, he returned to Boston, 
 in 1840, subdued but not discouraged. In the mean time Harnden's, 
 Express had been established between New York and Boston, and a 
 new transportation route having been established between the same 
 two cities, Mr. Adams also started an express line, similar to Harnden's, 
 putting it into effective operation in May, 1840. This was the begin- 
 ning of the now well-known and popular Adams Express, and the 
 freight-money received on the first trip from Boston was $2. 75. The 
 business did not rapidly increase for a few weeks, and his capital was 
 small, so that he had not means to hire all the assistance that he re- 
 quired. This embarrassment, however, ended within a few months, 
 when the business began to enlarge and prove self-sustaining. Grad- 
 ually it extended South and West, until the discovery of gold in Cali- 
 fornia, when the consequent increase of merchandise for transporta- 
 tion crowned the enterprise of Mr. Adams with complete success. 
 In 1852 he and his assistants carried his express facilities into Aus- 
 tralia. Money flowed in and the company prospered. Five years 
 afterward the express lines were withdrawn from .\ustralia and Cali- 
 fornia and the business was concentrated in the eastern, central and 
 southern States. In 1804 Mr. Adams retired from active business 
 to his homestead at Watertown, six miles from Boston, whidi nature 
 and art have combined to render every way elegant and desirable. 
 Here, amid choice paintings, statuary and engravings, highly cultiva- 
 ted grounds, and charming surroundings, he passes life's evening. 
 
 HARVEY D. PARKER, 
 
 Bniltler of the Pnrker House, Boston. 
 
 TN the town of TempU", Keimebcck county. Maine, May 10, 1805, 
 I was born Harvey D. Parker, the founder and proprietor of one of 
 ■*■ the most noted and excellent hotels of New England — the " Parker 
 House," in Boston. His early tuition appears to have been received 
 from the local schools of Paris, Oxford county, Ale. , to which place 
 the family removed in Mr. Parker's childhood. In 1825, before com- 
 pleting his twentieth year, he set out from home to seek his fortune 
 in Boston, with a cash capital of four dollars in his pocket. For sev- 
 eral years he found employment in various occupations in the city, 
 and in February, 1833, he established a restaurant, known as " The 
 Tremont," in rather humble circumstances. The business, however, 
 under his watchful care, continued to prosper, notwithstanding the 
 competition and disadvantages of location against which il had 1o 
 struggle, and within ten years his restaurant became the most popular 
 one in New England. Having accumulated means lo jnirchaso a 
 more favorable site for his business, in 1854 he erected a commodious 
 building in School street, having in iiddilimi to its dining-room, one 
 hundred lodging- rooms for transient guests. This hotel was opened 
 in October, 1855. as the "■ Parker House,"' and proved to be a success- 
 ful enterprise. As business demanded it, the house, four years later, 
 was enlarged by the additions of ground and buildings, the new ap- 
 artments being thrown open for accommodation of guests in January, 
 I860. Two years later another enbirgement became necessary, and 
 was c<mipleted in February, 1863. The present structure, comprising 
 the original hotel and the later additions, with two hundred and fifty 
 guest-rooms, stands oppo.site the City Hall, in the immediate vicinity 
 of the first houses erected in the Boston colony, at the old "North 
 End." Mr. Parker's success was ever due as much to the energy 
 of >iis character and skillful management ns to the location of his 
 business. He struggled for years against depressing circumstances, 
 reaping the reward of his untiring perseverance. Died May 31, 1884. 
 
 =;s 
 
 ?r
 
 ^p^ 
 
 :2<^ 
 
 STATESMAN, IIUMANITAUJAN AND I'UIiLISHKli. 
 
 :i71 
 
 9-- 
 
 CHARLES SUMNER, 
 
 An KliMiiieiii 0|>poMt_>i* »(' .Southern Mlitvcry. 
 
 TAlilXCIPAI, aiMi-'iii; tin- rhnnipioiis of th(.' anti-slavery inovcnicnt 
 1 which preceded tlie war of the Southern liebclUoii, stands 
 -^ Charles Sunuier, who was born in Boston, Jamiiiry G, 1811. 
 UU t'tlucation was derived from the Boston I^atiii school and Harvard 
 university, from the hitter of which he graduated in 1830. lie then en- 
 ^'ajied as reporter of cases in the circuit court of the United States, 
 which were published, and was editor of The American Jurist, a legal 
 periodical of considcrabh; celebrity. He also assisted Judge Story, 
 in the Harvard university law-school, by lecturing on conslitutional 
 and international law. From 1837 to 1K40 he traveled in Kuroi)e, and 
 resided in England for nearly a year, receiving many parliautentary and 
 judicial favors from eminent personages. Keturning home, he pub- 
 lished an annotated edition of Vesey's law reports, in twenty volumes. 
 Iu]S4.')hemadchis remarkable oration, before the municipal authorities 
 of Boston, in opposition to war as an arbiter in national differences, 
 which attracted much attention, gained a wide circulation, and 
 created much controversy. He also opposed the admission of Texas 
 into the Union on the ground that it would add" another slave State, 
 and the war with Mexico in the interests of peace. Upon the forma- 
 tion of the Free-Soil party, Mr. Sumner abandoned the Whigs and 
 supported Van Buren for president, in 1848. In 1851 be was chosen 
 as Daniel Webster's successor in the United States senate, and con- 
 tinued his membership in that body during the remainder of his life. 
 His course in the senate was marked by his radical opposition to 
 slavery and the legislation that favored its perpetuation and control, 
 and for his sentiments in this direction. May 23, 1856, he was 
 assaulted by Senator Preston S. Brooks, with a cane, while writing 
 at his desk in the senate chamber. In this encounter he received 
 injuries from which he did not recover for several years. In 1857, 
 and again in 1858, he went to Europe for medical aid and the benefit 
 of travel. Returning in 1859 be resumed his powerful attacks upon 
 the evils of slavery; in 1860, supported Mr. Lincoln for the presi- 
 dency, and during the war of the Rebellion earnestly opposed all 
 compromise or concessions to slavery, advocated negro emancipation, 
 and opposed the informal seizure of Mason and Slidell, the Confed- 
 erate commissioners, in a British vessel, while on their voyage to 
 Europe. In 1872 he supported Horace Greeley for president, in 
 opposition to General Grant's renomination, and again visited 
 Europe. In the senate he w^is one of the strongest supporters of the 
 present civil-rights law. He died at Washington, March 11, 1874. 
 
 GEORGE T. ANGELL, 
 
 The Earnest Advocate of Humanity. 
 
 THE SUPPRESSION of cruelty to iinimals and the csercise of 
 humanity in all the relations of life finds one of its most 
 earnest advocates in George T. Angell, the son of a clergyman, 
 who was born at Southbridge, Mass., June 5, 1823. He advanced 
 his academical education by a course of study at Dartmouth (Mass. ) 
 college, at which he graduated in 1846. Turning his attention to the 
 study of the law in the otiico of a leading counselor at Boston, and 
 in the law-school of Harvard university, he obtained admission to 
 the bar in 1851, and entered upon a large and lucrative practice in 
 Boston, in company with one of the eminent attorneys of the State. 
 While tlius engaged he became interested in the suppression of cruelty 
 to dumb beasts, several extreme cases of which came under his notice, 
 and he decided to devote his personal efforts and property to the work 
 of circulating in schools and elsewhere such intelligence as would 
 tend to secure a more perfect protection to domestic animals. In 
 ISOSlie, with others, founded the Massachusetts Society for the Preven- 
 tion of cruelty to animals, of which he was for many years after- 
 ward the honored president. A visit to Europe, in 1860, in search of 
 health and to promote the cause in which be was engaged, resulted 
 
 beneficially. Tlie lirirish Royal Society for Prevention of cruelty to 
 animals gave him a covilial greeting, and listened with interest to the 
 history of the work in the United Slates and his plans for its future 
 develoi>ment. Among those who encouraged him in England was the 
 celebrated philanthropist. Baroness Burdett-Coutls. Ills labors were 
 now strongly directed to the education of the peojile in the exercise 
 of humanity towards their speechless servants. For this purpose he 
 established u journal called Oitr numb Animats, the first one ever 
 started with this design. Two hundred thousand copies of its first 
 number were ordered by the Massachusetts society for distribution. 
 Through liis influence, also, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts was led to 
 form the Ladies' Humane Educational committee of England, and the 
 publication of The Aiiimal World by the Royal society of England 
 was also another result of his suggestions. A congress of the humane 
 societies throughout the world was he'd at Zurich, Switzerland, in 
 1870, and in this Mr. Angell was a zealous participant. Nor is it 
 alone in this great work of humanity that the influence of Mr. Angell 
 is beneflcially exerted. As a director of Ihe American Social Science 
 association he has devoted much time to investigating the growth and 
 increase of crime and the means of its prevention, and has lectured 
 and written extensively upon this topic, lie also has connection 
 with various institutions established for the relief of the needy and 
 suffering. But the great object of his life— to secure the comfort and 
 safety of the lower creation— furnishes almost constant employment 
 for his tongue and pen, and he has written numerous tracts, lectures 
 and essays on the subject in which his being is absorbed. As an 
 instance of the success of his publications it is stated that his tracts 
 have had a wide circulation wherever the claims of animals have 
 received attention, and .liave made his name as familiar as a house- 
 hold word in tbat large field of humane labor. Translations of some 
 of them have been made in the French, German, Italian and Danish 
 languages, and probably others. They have also been reprinted in 
 India, Australia and South Africa. 
 
 HENRY 0. HOUGHTON, 
 
 X Boston Publisher who in Widely Knoipn. 
 
 THE BIRTH of Henry O. Houghton occurred on the summit of one 
 of the Green Mountains of Vermont, inthe village of Sutton, April 
 30, 1823. When the lad was ten years old, with his parents, he 
 was removed to Bradford, Vt. His education, which began in the 
 local schools at Sutton, was continued at the Bradford academy. At 
 the age of thirteen ho went to Burlington, Vt., to learn the art of 
 printing in the office of the Burlington Free Press, and while thus 
 employed he found time, during his evening hours, to master the 
 Latin language. His family having removed to Portage, N. T. , Mr. 
 Houghton followed them to that place in 1839, and engaged in the 
 work of preparing himself to enter college, at the same time laboring 
 with his hands to procure the means to defray the cost of his educa- 
 tion, but lost his money by the failure of his employer. At nineteen 
 he was mentally prepared to enter the university of Vermont, at 
 Burlington, and did so with a cash capital of twelve and one-half 
 cents. He remained in the college, however, during the whole four 
 years' course, working hard, studying assiduously, and graduating as 
 a bachelor of arts. At this time he owed for college expenses cbout 
 $300, and to pay this amount he proposed to teach school until he 
 could save enough to cancel the obligation. Failing, however, to ob- 
 tain a school, he journeyed to Boston, where he found employment, 
 at $5 a week, in the oftice of the Boston Daiti/ Keening Traveler. 
 Another firm of printers, soon afterward, offering him a more ad- 
 vantageous position, he left the newspaper ofHce, and it was not 
 long before he found himself a partner in the printing-house of 
 Bolles & Houghton, at Cambridge, Mass. In 1852, Mr. Bolles re- 
 tired, and the office was removed to a more eligible site, the burden 
 
 -<);• 
 
 S:
 
 Y' 372 
 
 I'lUiLISIlEKS AND AUTHOR WELL KNOWN IN THE LITERAEY WORLD. 
 
 and responsibility of tlie bnsiness resting principally upon Mr. 
 Houghton. In 18li4, he associated with him Mr. M. M. Kurd, of 
 New York, and thus began the career of the famous publishing house 
 of "Hurd & Houghton— The Riverside Press." The firm-name has 
 since then changed several times, but Sir. Houghton has always re- 
 mained in the business which he so successfully established — a busi- 
 ness remarkable for the extent and beauty of "the art preservative 
 of all arts "' which it has exhibited in so many different publications. 
 All the improvements in printing necessary to maintain the character 
 of the house he represents for fine work have from time to time 
 been pressed into its service, and its patronage includes many of the 
 most distinguished publishing firms in Boston, New York, Philadel- 
 phia, and other cities, and numbers among its productions some of 
 the choicest works in American and English literature. A thousand 
 tons of Webster's Dictionary, the public.ition% of the American Social 
 Science Association, the American Tract Society, and numerous 
 others, bear their honored imprint. 
 
 WILLIAM LEE, 
 
 Piibliataer and Partner in the Firm of I.ee A Staepard. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL town of Boston, or that portion known as North 
 End, was the infantile home of William Lee, who was born 
 there April 17, 1826. The family were in moderate circum- 
 stances, but the boy at an early age enjoyed the benefit of a public 
 school education. Before he was eleven years old his father died, 
 and he and his five brothers and sisters— all younger than himself — 
 were thrown upon their own poor resources to battle with the world. 
 Under these circumstances William, who had a hopeful disposition, 
 abandoned his educational advantages and hired out as clerk in the 
 book store of Samuel G. Drake, with whom he remained three years. 
 Two years were then passed amid country scenes, where his young 
 life was divided between physical labor and mental improvement. 
 Returning to Boston at the age of sixteen, he again found employ- 
 ment in a bookstore, and when eighteen was engaged as clerk in the 
 publishing house of Phillips & Sampson, whose imprint was in those 
 days found upon the title pages of many valuable books. Here his 
 natural activity and shrewdness found opportunity to manifest them- 
 selves in his duties as auctioneer at the evening book sales of the 
 house, and with the other departments of its business he soon be- 
 came familiar, so that he became extremely useful to his employers 
 and won their lasting esteem. When abont twenty-one, he was by 
 them allowed a share in the profits of the business, and three years 
 afterward he was admitted an equal partner. For seven years longer 
 the business of the house greatly prospered, and at the end of that 
 period he sold his interest in it to his partners for §65,000 and re- 
 tired from the firm. Having now the means, and requiring a season 
 of relaxation from business cares, Mr. Lee spent a large portion of 
 the years 1857 and 1858 traveling in the United States and Europe. 
 In Paris, France, on one occasion, he was arrested as a "Red Repnl)- 
 lican,'' owing to the peculiar color of his hat and " sandy whiskers. " 
 In 1859 both Phillips and Samp.«on died, leaving their business bank- 
 rupt, and indebted to Mr. Lee in a very large sum of money. With 
 the remnants of this financial catastrophe Mr. Lee, in February, 1860, 
 became a partner in the publishing house of Crosby & Nichols. Bos- 
 ton, who had secured a valuable portion of the stock in trade of 
 Phillips »fc Sampson. Tlu^ new firm hud large sums due them from 
 parties living in the Southern States, and when the war of the Rebel- 
 lion came, the business hopelessly collapsed, involving the partners, 
 and leaving Mr. Lee penniless. But his energy and talent soon in- 
 spired him to retrieve his lost fortunes, and in Febriniry, 1862, with 
 Mr. Charles A. B. Shepard, he founded the present prosperous imd 
 influential publishing house of Lcc & Shepard. The new firm did a 
 very modest business at first in a small, old wooden building on 
 
 Washington street, Boston, opposite the "Old South Church." Here 
 they obtained a foothold, however, and when their business demanded 
 more room, they found more suitable accommodations in the edifice 
 which they now (1883) occupy, and where they have amassed a for- 
 tune by their industry and commercial integrity. The number and 
 variety of their publications are very great, comprising whole libra- 
 ries of the choicest literature in all departments, and their sales, in 
 connection with their New York branch, figure up into the millions. 
 
 CHARLES A. B. SHEPARD, 
 
 Of the Booli-Fubllshine Firm of L.ee * Shepard. 
 
 HAVING BRIEFLY glanced at the life-history and struggles of 
 Mr. William Lee, interest naturally attaches to the career of 
 his business partner and friend, Charles A. B. Shepard, who 
 was born at Salem, Mass., October 18, 1829. His education was lim- 
 ited to the instruction dispensed in the public schools of that day, 
 but in later years acquaintance with current literature and its authors 
 took the i>lace of systematic tuition of the schools and involved the 
 innate talent of the youth for literary and business pursuits. At fif- 
 teen he became clerk in the bookstore of John P. Jewett, at Salem, 
 Mass. , retaining his position during the following eleven years, ex- 
 hibiting those traits of industry, endurance and faithfulness that 
 made his services invaluable to his employers. In 1855, Mr. Shep- 
 ard, going into business on his own account, became a member of the 
 bookselling firm of Shepard, Clark & Co. , which carried a successful 
 trade until the financial panic of 1859 brought its operations to a close 
 with heavy losses. In 1862, in company with Mr. William Lee, he 
 founded the prosperous book-publishing and book- selling house of 
 Lee &> Shepard. In his department of the business and in whatever 
 concerns the interest of the firm he exhibits the same careful com- 
 prehension of its details that marked his experience as a clerk, while 
 his social and literary titstes and familiarity with the noblest ideas of 
 the greatest authors make him an agreeable companion when the 
 cares of business are laid aside. 
 
 WILLIAM T. ADAMS, 
 
 Kiioivn In ]L.iterature as "Oliver Optic.** 
 
 OLIVER OPTIC, a name familiar to most lads in tht-ir teen?, is^ the 
 literary name of William T. Adams, who was born at Medwuy, 
 Mass., July 30, 1822. Ilis family immigrated from England in 
 1630. His father was a hotel-keeper, both at Mcdfield, Mass. , and at 
 Boston, and the early years of the subject of this sketch were passed 
 amid the surroundings of public houses. His education was acquired 
 at various local public schools. The family , removed to a farm in 
 West Roxbury, Mass., when William was sixteen, and in that retire- 
 ment, during the succeeding two years, the lad began to display his 
 ajjtitude for writing for publication. His first printed magazine arti- 
 cle, however, did not appear until 1841, but was quickly followed by 
 others. In 1842 he taught school at Dorchester, Mass. , and in the 
 spring of 1843 lie was selected for i)rinci])al of w!uit was then known 
 as " the lower road school," but is now the Harris School, in Boston. 
 After applying himself to this vocation for more than three years, 
 with the most complete success, he engaged with his father in the 
 management of the well-known Adams House (hotel), in Boston. 
 The father soon retired, leaving William and one of his brothers tn 
 continue the business, but the enterprise failed, and William went to 
 New Orleans. Keturning to Boston, in 1847, he resumed his pro- 
 fession as a teacher in the- Boylston and Bowditch schools, until ISOrj. 
 He then resigned and made an extensive tour in Europe, during 
 which he collected material for books which he afterward published. 
 In the mean time his pen had not been idle, for he wrote several 
 stories for newspapers, only one of which was ''declined." One of 
 
 «^-,^.-^xC).'
 
 \r(?^ 
 
 MUSICAL MANAGElt AND PliOMINENT I'ROMOTKR OK THE U.NK^.N I'A( UK JiAIIJ:oAl) 
 
 ItiiiM was publislifd in hook form, under an :ihsuiiu*(1 name. It, wax 
 ciiIUmI *' IInLrhie, the Uiiurdiun Slave; or, Tlic Heiress of BcUeviic," 
 and proved to be quite popular. A story that he wrote in six hours, 
 for a Uoston newspaper, brought him in $11.00 — the first cash received 
 for simihir work. He then began to write others, of a similar sort, 
 for the papers, at the rate of a dollar a column. Most of these were 
 very well received by the public, and as the demand for them in- 
 creased, he began to reap larger profits for his brain-work. The 
 numlierof his stories, mostly short and of a domestic character, 
 written for periodicals, exceeded eight hundred, and nearly all were 
 published under his assumed name of " Oliver Optic. " Nor did he 
 write stories alone, but poems, poetic addresses for various societies, 
 and odes and hymns for public gatherings. In 1854 be began the com- 
 piling of his former writings into volumes for a Boston house, and 
 then the creation of the serial books that have made him a favorite 
 with the children and youth of the United States, which aggregated, 
 between 1854 and 1871, sixty volumes, of which a million eopies were 
 sold. These books are less instructive than entertaining, but they 
 enter into such a variety of familiar things and incidents, with a 
 spice of romance running through all, as to quickly create an interest 
 in the mind of any active or intelligent lad. At one time he also 
 edited and wrote Oliver Optic's Magazine for boys, in which his 
 stories were published as serials before appearing aa books. Amid 
 all his literary labor, Mr. Adams found time to serve upon local school 
 (timmittees, and make a second visit to Europe in search of more lit- 
 erary material. 
 
 EBEN TOURJEE, 
 
 Prominent in Boston Mtuftlcitl Affaira. 
 
 AS AN example of what natural talent combined with fair oppor- 
 tunity and the will to perform may effect, the life-history of 
 Eben Tourjee, the director of the New England Conservatory of 
 Music, is full of interest. His parents were of French descent and 
 living at Warwick, R. I., in humble circumstances, when their son 
 was born, June 1, 1834. When only eight years old, Eben was em- 
 ployed in a cotton print manufactory at East Greenwich, R. I., work- 
 ing fourteen hours a day, for one dollar a week, and at a little later 
 period he worked in a woolen factory, without a material increase in 
 his wages. He was ambitious, however, to gain an education and 
 saved up something from his earnings for that purpose; and at length 
 effected an arrangement to do cliores at an East Greenwich school for 
 his tuition. This opportunity was improved during several terms, 
 and as he was a shrewd, earnest student, he made considerable 
 progress in learning. When thirteen years old, he went to work in 
 the cotlon mills of Hon. Elisha Harris, and in his employer soon 
 found a substantial friend, ready to advise and assist him. Under 
 this influence the lad became a regular church-goer and Sunday- 
 scholar. About this time the sweetness of his voice as be sang in 
 the village choir attracted much attention, and his love for music was 
 rapidly developed. Encouraged by his employer, he quickly mas- 
 tered the church organ, which was then placed under his control. 
 Fr(mi that period dates his growth and success as a musician. With 
 his limited means he employed a music-teacher at Providence, and 
 often walked the thirteen miles between his residence and that city 
 as a matter of economy. To aid him in his purpose, he afterward 
 obtained a situation as clerk in a music-store at Providence, and gave 
 all his otherwise unoccupied time to his favorite study. Before he 
 was eighteen years old, he was the proprietor of a music-store at 
 Fall River, Mass. ; was employed as a teacher of mnsic in the public 
 schools, and conducted a paper, called The Key-Xote^ in which he 
 endeavored with considerable ability to promote the interests of his 
 cliosen profession — the advancement of musical culture. In 1855 
 this paper consolidated with the Mas.^achnseffs ^f>fsical Journal^ 
 
 which was published under his editorial supervision. Removing to 
 Newport, R. I., he continued to leach music in the public schools, 
 play a church organ and superintend numerous musical conventions. 
 In 1859 he founded and conducted a muHical institute at his old home 
 in East Greenwich, meeting with eminent success in this undertjik- 
 ing, and constantly adding to his own musical knowledge through 
 the medium op the best foreign and domestic authorities. Finding 
 his field of labor loo contracted, he removed to Providence and es- 
 tablished a music-school upon the same elevated principles. His 
 reputation becoming greater, year by year, he removed to Boston, 
 and there, in 18ti", founded the celebrated New England Conservatory 
 of Music, with which he long retained an active and prosperous con- 
 nection. In 1875 it employed nearly forty accomplished music in- 
 structors and enjoyed the largest patronage of any similar institution 
 in America. At the suggestion of P. S. Gilmore, in 1809, he organ- 
 ized and drilled, most effectually, the monster chorus for the World's 
 Peace Jubilee. He also paid much attention to the improvement of 
 church music, instrumental and vocal, with such succeBS as to win, 
 in 1869, the degree of doctor of music from the Wesleyan university. 
 Personally he possesses a slight, graceful figure, pleasing manners, a 
 most amiable disposition, and a philanthropic spirit. In 1871 he was 
 elected president of the Young Men's Christian Association of Boston. 
 
 OAKES AMES. 
 
 ManuTacturer and Promoter of the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 THIS eminent manufacturer of steel implements of labor, legis- 
 lator and patron of the principal trans-continental railroad of 
 America, was born at Easton, Mass. , January 10, 1804. For 
 two years he represented his district in the executive council of 
 Massachusetts. In 1862 he was elected a member of the Thirty- 
 eighth Congress; was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Con- 
 gresses, and in all distinguished himself by hie outspoken opinions 
 relating to the interests of American manufacturers and kindred 
 political topics. He was also a delegate to the " Loyalists* conven- 
 tion" at Philadelphia, in 1860. He is principally noted, however, 
 for his energetic promotion of the Union Pacific railroad, to which 
 he freely devoted his influence and money. In 18G3 a wealthy cor- 
 poration was organized, ostensibly to do a banking business, under 
 the name of "The Credit-Mobilier of America," having a capital of 
 $3,500,000. Tn January, 1867, when the Union Pacific railroad was 
 about being built, the company which proposed to engage in that 
 work purchased the charter of the Credit-Mobilier and increased its 
 stock to $3,750,000. In February, 1873, a report was made by the 
 committee appointed by Congress to investigate the acts of the 
 Credit-Mobilier, about which a great scandal had arisen in connec- 
 tion with the Union Pacific railroad. The first revelation of the 
 alleged bribery was made in a law-suit instituted in Pennsylvania, 
 in 1873, in which it appeared that the stock of the Union Pacific rail- 
 road had been distributed among prominent officials of the United 
 States government, in order to secure their favor in the projects of 
 the corporation. The country was astonished, and an investigation, 
 prolonged and deep, was instituted. In this examination Oakes 
 Ames was the principal witness, who refreshed his memory, en- 
 lightened Congress, and verified his transactions in managing the 
 stock of the Credit-Mobilier, by his "little memorandum-book." 
 The exposure damaged the characters of some persons high in public 
 life. Mr. Ames and Congressman Brooks, of New York, were cen- 
 sured by the House. Yet his friends believe that Mr. Ames only in- 
 tended to insure, in a manner that seemed to him perfectly legitimate, 
 the completion of the great enterprise that he had undertaken, and 
 later history regard? him as a real benefactor. He died May 8, 1873. 
 
 
 d. 
 
 15^ 
 
 ^■:
 
 ><j:G'' — 
 
 37i 
 
 EMI.NEM' MKN OF .MASSA(_ HUbETTb. 
 
 EDWARD EVERETT, 
 
 Stiite»iiuan, diplomat au*l Eloquent Orator. 
 
 THE birth of this favorite American orator occurred at Dor- 
 chester, Mass., April U, 1794, and his education was received 
 at Harvard college, from which he graduated in 1811. Not long 
 afterward he was employed as a tutor in that institution while pursuing 
 theological studies. In 1813 he became pastor of the Brattle-street 
 church and soon established a line reputation for oratory and power- 
 ful preaching. In 1814 he published a " Defense of Christianity. ■' 
 and was chosen Eliot professor of Greek in Harvard college, but 
 preparatory to taking this chair, he visited Europe for a wide range 
 of study and acquaintance with learned men, remaining abroad from 
 the spring of 1815 until 1819, and sojourning two years at the univer- 
 sity of Gottingen, in Germany. On his return he entered upon the 
 duties of his professorship, lecturing before the students and Boston 
 citizens on Greek literature and ancient art. He also edited the 
 North American Review until 1834, contributing liberally to its pages 
 during those years and afterward. In 1824 he was elected a member 
 of Congress, and by successive re-elections retained his seat for ten 
 years, serving all that time on the foreign relations committee, and on 
 various others from time to time. In 1827 he wrote a series of letters 
 to Hon. George Canning, of England, on colonial trade, with several 
 other able papers for the press on current topics. Declining a re- 
 election to Congress in 1834, his friends, in 1835, elected him 
 governor of Massachusetts, he holding the office, by re-elections, 
 four years. In 1840 Piesident Harrison appointed him minister- 
 plenipotentiary to England, and during this mission he secured for 
 American tishermen the long-controverted right to take flsh in the 
 Bay of Fundy, and procured the release of sixty or more .\merican 
 citizens who had been sent as prisoners to Van Dieraan's Land for 
 making war on Canada in 1839. In 1844 he declined an appointment 
 as government commissioner to China to establish commercial rela- 
 tions. In 1845, on his return from England, he was chosen presi- 
 dent of Harvard college; but in 1848, owing to ill-health, he resigned 
 this position. Turning to literary pursuits, he prepared a collection 
 of his own orations and addresses in two octavo volumes, and super- 
 intended a new edition of Webster's works, adding an elaborate 
 memoir of the great statesman. When Webster died, in October, 
 1852, Mr. Everett was appointed Secretary of State to fill a four- 
 months' vacancy toward the close of President Fillmore's adminis- 
 tration, transacting considerable important international business in 
 that brief space. In 1853, having been elected by the Massachusetts 
 legislature, he took his seat in the special executive session of the 
 United States senate, and in 1854 he ably opposed the passage of the 
 famous "Kansas-Nebraska bill" for the propagation of slavery in 
 new Northern Territories when coming into the Union. Having 
 become interested in the project of purchasing Mount 'Vernon as a 
 Washington memorial, he pronounced an oration on Washington, for 
 tlie benefit of the enterprise, to an immense audience in Boston, Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1856, repeating it in other places nearly 150 times, and 
 devoting most of the proceeds to the same purposes; in 1858, in 
 consideration of $10,000 being paid in advance to the same fund, he 
 engaged to contribute one article a week to the New York Ledger for 
 one year, and these papers were subsequently published in book- 
 form in the same interest; so that Mr. Everett's labors in behalf of 
 the Mount 'Vernon fund brought to it more than $160,000. In 1860, 
 on the "Union ticket" with John Bell, he was defeated as a candi- 
 date for the vice-presidency of the United States, and in 1864 he was 
 chosen as elector on the presidential ticki't of Lincoln and .Johnson, 
 .lanuary 9, 1865, he addressed the citizens of Boston in behalf of 
 ihe suffering people of Savannah, Ga. , and died on the 15th of the 
 same month. As a writer, orator, and statesman his reputalicm is 
 unsurpassed. 
 
 JOSIAH QUINCY. 
 
 statesman, tJiiriMt and t'oUege President. 
 
 HONORED among the eminent citizens of Boston, in the jiast, is 
 found Josiah Quincy, who was born in that city February 
 4,1773. His educational training was received at the Phillips 
 academy, at Andover, Mass., and Harvard university, from the latter 
 of which he graduated in 1790. Three years later he began to prac- 
 tice law in his native city, and in 1804 was elected a State senator. 
 From 1805 to 1813 he served as a member of congress as a Federalist, 
 and distinguished himself by his opposition to the embargo on trade 
 along the Atlantic coast, the war with Great Britain in 1812, the ad- 
 mission of Louisiana into the Union, and the continuance of negro- 
 slavery in the South. At the termination of his last term in congress 
 he was immediately elected a member of the State senate, in which 
 he remained until the close of the year 1820, and was then elected 
 a member of the lower house, of which he was chosen speaker. In 
 1822 he was made judge of the municipal court of Boston, and. the 
 following year, was elected mayor of the city. After filling that office 
 for about five years, he was, in 1828, chosen president of Harvard 
 college, a post which he resigned, however, in 1839, and retired to 
 private life. In 1856 he advocated the election of Fremont to the 
 presidency. During his long and eventful career he found time 
 to write and publish several historical and biographical books of con- 
 siderable importance. He died at Quincy, Mass., .July 1. 1864. 
 
 ALEXANDER H. RICE, 
 
 Pormerly tioveriior ol" M»!sN:ieliUMettBf 
 
 AMONG THE distiuguisbfd statesmen of Massachusetts, spring- 
 ing from humble parentage, and winning success by his talent? 
 flnd industry, was Alexander H, Rice, whose birth occurred at 
 Newton, Mass. , August 30, 181S. His limited education was confined 
 to the incomplete common -schools of that period, and while still a 
 small boy he began a commercial life as a clerk in his father's paper- 
 mill. Afterward he was enabled to enter Union college at Schenectady^ 
 N.Y. , at which he graduated in 1844. Going into business on his 
 ov^n account, at Boston, he achieved so excellent a reputation that in 
 1853 he was elected a member of the municipal common council, of 
 which he was chosen president; and in 1856 and 1S57 was the success- 
 ful candidate for mayor of that city. In 1858 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of congress, and re-elected in 1860, 1862, 1864, and 186G, serving 
 on the House committee on expenditures in the treasury department, 
 and chairman of the committee on naval affairs. After his retire- 
 ment from congress ho was nominated and flccled Governor of Mass- 
 achusetts, serving from 187 6 to 18"8. 
 
 HENRY L. DAWES, 
 
 £iniiieiit Stati'Miii:iii I'l-uni (lie Old Bay Stiite. 
 
 FEW Mt;N in public life have enjoyed so continuous an apprecia- 
 tion of their worth and talents as Henry L. Bawes, tlie able 
 representative of Massachusetts in the national halls of legisla- 
 tion. The record of his earlier years may be brielly sketched: but 
 the history of his labors in congress would fill a bulky volume. Born 
 at Cumminglon, Mass., October 30, 1816, he received his education a! 
 Yale college, Xew Haven; taught school, edited two local newspapers, 
 entered upon the practice of law, and represented his district in the 
 Massachusetts legislature in I81H and 18i0; in 1850 was elected a 
 member of the State senate, and in 185*2 was returned to the lower 
 house. He was also a delegate to the State Conslitulional convention 
 of 1853, and from 1853 to 1857 was district attorney. In 1857 he was 
 elected a member of Ihe Thirty-fifth congress, and successfully re- 
 elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty- 
 ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second and Forty-third congresses, 
 declining a re-election to the Forty-fourth. March 4, 1875, he took 
 his seat in the t'nited States senate as the successor of Cluirles Sum- 
 ner, and when his term expired, March 3, 1881, he was re-elected. 
 His present term will expire March 3, 1887. 
 
 ■^^'
 
 EMIJJKNT MEN UF TIIIO l..MI'I]JIO CITY. 
 
 •^■i 
 
 I'oliticiiiiis, 
 
 T-j- 5 Successful 
 
 Financiers. 
 
 Men of Letters. 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 
 Rssidsnts of HswYork, 
 
 Past and Present. 
 
 I'romfnent ? _i/J 
 
 JuurnalistK. 
 
 Well-KnuHH 
 
 Statesmen. 
 
 Brnitani OratorH. 
 
 W&^\ 
 
 Men Widely Known in Oratory, Journalism, Legislation and Finance. 
 
 ] RANK LESLIE, the father of illue- 
 trated journalism in America, was 
 born at Ipswich, Suffolk county, 
 England, March 23, 1821. After 
 receiving a fair education, he en- 
 tered hie father's glove manufac- 
 tory, but the employment was not 
 to his taste and he relinquished it, 
 at his earliest opportunity, to pur- 
 sue artistic work. His father sent 
 him to London, where a relative 
 was engaged in the wholesale dry- 
 goods trade, but Frank was born 
 with a taste for art, and when the 
 Illustrated London News was 
 started, Frank Leslie (a nom de 
 crayon — his rt-al name was Henry Carter) began to send sketches 
 to it, and of course he was greatly gratified to find that they 
 were promptly accepted, and he soon became a regular contributor to 
 its pages. Cutting loose from commercial pursuits, he attached 
 himself to the engraving department of the Newfi, and there he 
 prepared for his life-work, mastering all the details of the busi- 
 ness before him. In 1848 Mr. Carter came to New York, and was 
 surprised to find that the reputation of " Frank Leslie," as an artist, 
 had i>reced('d him, and by act of the legislature he had his name 
 changed to that of Frank Leslie. His first work was done for Glea- 
 so/Vs Pictorial, in Boston, one of the first illustrated papers issued in 
 America, by Frederick Gleason. Coming to New York in 1854 he 
 first iippeared as a publisher on his own responsibility. His paper 
 was called the Gazette of Fashion, afterward merged in Frank 
 Leslie's Lady's Magazine. For a time he published the Xen: York 
 Journal. In 1855 he issued the first number of Frank Leslie's Illus- 
 trated Newspaper. In 1865 appeared the Chimney Corner. After- 
 ward, he published in quick succession Boys and Girls' Weekly., 
 Pleasant Hours., the Lady's Journal, the Popular Monthly, the 
 Sunday Magazine, the Budget, and the Illustrated Zeitung. To 
 this list of publications may he added almanacs, holiday books 
 and various other publications. He was a man of fine physique 
 and handsome presence, and nature had endowed him with immense 
 energy. He was hardly sixty years of age when a tumor devel- 
 oped in his neck, and after a short illness he died on the 10th of 
 
 January, 1880. His success was due to a determination to follow the 
 bent of his artistic taste, and then with painstaking perseverance 
 mastering the details of his art. Spurring hira on was ambition to 
 excel, and courage to undertake new projects. 
 
 WILLIAM H. VANDERBILT. 
 
 Distinguished Kuilroad Msignate and Capltalittt. 
 
 WILLIAM U. VANUEKBILT, who wa^ born on Stateu Island, 
 in the State of New York, in the year 1S21, was the favorite 
 son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, the eminent capitalist, who 
 bequeathed to him the most of his immense fortune, amounting, it 
 was estimated, at from $45,000 000 to $85,000,000. With this ciipital 
 under his control, William invested largely in railroad stocks of the 
 better class, and assumed a ruling position in Wall street, contin- 
 ually adding to his immense wealth by successful speculations, until, 
 at the date of his death, December 8, 1885, he had amassed about 
 $200,000,000 and ivas counted among the richest men in the world. 
 In his early days, like many other American lads, he lived on his 
 father's farm ; then occupied a subordinate position in a railroad 
 office ; then became a manager of business affairs, and by his indus- 
 try and prudence won tlie confidence of his father, whom he succeeded 
 in the management of the growing estate. By his wealth he became 
 the controlling spirit in the Hudson River, the Michigan Central, the 
 North- Western and other great railway enterprises. With his 
 unlimited means he employed an army of workmen, built palaces for 
 himself and his children, filled them with elegant furniture and costly 
 art-works, and drove the beat blooded horses. In person he was 
 stout and tall, possessing a large head balanced npou broad shoulders, 
 a high forehead, and a full round face, free from any indications of 
 the false pride or scorn that sometimes disfigures the features of 
 men arduous iu the strife for riches. Up to the moment of his death, 
 which was very sudden, he retained all his faculties, and the 
 shrewdness and prudence that marked his great financial career. 
 And still the railroads that he fostered and controlled are iron bells 
 that extend across many States, and aid to bind tuem iu closer union 
 and harmony ; and his locomotives are shuttles that pass the golden 
 thread of commerce over the continent, entwining the warp of »-he 
 West with the woof of the East so firmly that no disaster is likely to 
 mar the pattern of prosperity that he began to weave, and which 
 remains to illustrate the tact and energy of the great capitalist.
 
 BUSINESS AND I'ROFESSIONAL MEN OP" NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 GEORGE LAW, 
 
 Successful Contractor uud Fiiia.iioler. 
 
 QEORGE LAW, the contractor, business man and successful finan- 
 cier, was bom in Jackson, Washington county, N. Y. , October 
 25, 1806, and died in the city of New Yorlt in 1881. His father 
 was a farmer in moderate circumstances, and George had little oppor- 
 tunity to obtain even a common-school education. Thurlow Weed, 
 speaking of Mr. Law, said, in substance, that although he handled 
 millions of dollars he could not spell correctly a word of three 
 syllables. When eighteen years of age he had saved $40. With that 
 amount of money in his pocket he walked to Troy, N. Y., where he 
 worked a month at hod-carrying. Afterward he tried his hand at 
 mason work, but his master failed, and he lost his summer's labor. 
 His nest venture was as a sub-contractor, then as a contractor-in- 
 chief, and before he was thirty years of age he had made a fortune, 
 was married and had "olive plants" about his table. He then left 
 Pennsylvania, where he had made his money, and returned to his 
 native State, where he bid for and secured a contract for some sec- 
 tions of the Croton aqueduct. The contract for building High 
 Bridge was also awarded to him, and the profits on these jobs made 
 him a millionaire. Afterward he engaged in ocean steam navigation, 
 and at one time he owned half a score of steam-ships. He put a 
 good deal of capital and energy into the Panama railroad enterprise, 
 and he invested largely in several of the ferries between New York 
 and Brooklyn. About 1855 he was talked of as the "■know-nothing" 
 candidate for the presidency. Mr. Law was a giant in stature, being 
 six feet four inches, or thereabouts, and he had a mind to match his 
 physical frame, for if he could not spell he could think. He studied 
 Daboll's arithmetic so closely that he knew most of its contents by 
 heart, and this knowledge was of vast help to him in making calcula- 
 tions for his contracts. Another source of his success was his 
 ability and willingness to work, to which may be added the fact that 
 his habits were good and his tastes inexpensive, until he could 
 afford the luxuries of an elegant home on Fifth avenue. He walked 
 until he could afford to ride, and he carried the hod until he found 
 better work; he studied his plans before he made his contracts, and 
 when he was able he purchased the farm on which his father lived 
 and gave it to him. 
 
 HORACE B. CLAFLIN, 
 
 Prominent WholeNule Mei*chant, IVew York City. 
 
 HORACE B. CLAFLIN stood at the front with the millionaire 
 merchants of New York. His dry-goods house rankeil with 
 the largest in the country; indeed, his annual wales exceeded 
 those of any other wholesale establishment in the city of New York. 
 He was born at Milford, Mass., in 1812. After leaving school he 
 was employed as a clerk in his father's store. When he became of 
 age he bought his father's business, and, associated with a friend, 
 began to trade with his neighbors. Bnt the place was too narrow, 
 80 he and his partner sought broader fields "and pastures new" in 
 Worcester, Mass. By liberal and judicious advertising he built up a 
 large trade. In 1843 he disposed of his interest in the business at 
 Worcester and went to New York City and joined Mr. Buckley in 
 the wholesale dry-goods trade in Cedar street. In six years the 
 business increased to such an extent that the firm sought better 
 and greater accommodations at 57 Broadway. At the end of two 
 years this j)rosperous concern had to move again to larger quarters, 
 which the firm found in Trinity building. But the tide of trade 
 flowed deeper and broader than ever before, amounting in 1860 to 
 more than thirteen millions of dollars a year. Having to arrange 
 for larger accommodation.'*, an immense dry-goods palace was erected 
 for Mr. Claflln and his partners on the site fronting West Broadway, 
 Worth and Church streets. This commercial structure threw its 
 
 shadow upon the low haunts of vice and sin in the vicinity, and they 
 soon disappeared, for progress tramples the dens of iniquity in the 
 dust. In 1863, the goods sold amounted to thirty-eight millions; 
 in 1865, to sixty-eight millions, and in 1866 to seventy-two millions. 
 More than 700 men were employed in and about the establishment. 
 Mr.Claflin was aquiet, modest gentleman, of medium stature. His 
 success was due, in the main, to his sagacity, industry, quickness of 
 perception and self-control. A large head, bald on the top, a face 
 smoothly shaved and round and full, lighted up with earnest eyes, 
 and lips closely pressed, completed the picture of the great merchant. 
 He was an active member of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher's church. 
 Died November 14, 1885. 
 
 EDWIN D. MORGAN. 
 
 Ex-GoTcrnor, Ks-lTnitecI States Senator. 
 
 THE subject of this sketch was a marvel of success in busi- 
 ness and in politics. He was a native of Washington, Berk- 
 shire county, Mass., and born February 8, 1811. He 
 followed the plow on his father's farm until he was seventeen years 
 of age, when he obtained a clerkship in Hartford, Conn. By his 
 diligence and discretion he soon won the confidence of his employer, 
 who doubled his salary before the expiration of his third year. 
 Having been sent to New York to buy two or three hundred bushels 
 of corn, his " boss " was surprised and alarmed when informed that 
 young Morgan had bought two cargoes of corn, but was greatly 
 relieved when told that the purchaser of it had sold most of it at a 
 handsome profit on his way home. The next morning, when Mr. 
 Morgan commenced sweeping the store as usual, he was told that 
 somebody else would do the chores and that he conld have a partner- 
 ship in the concern. Soon after he attained his majority he was 
 honored with a seat in the Hartford City common council. About 
 1843, wishing for a wider field for the exercise of his commer- 
 cial taste and skill, he began business as a wholesale grocer in the 
 city of New York. He earned a great fortune, and gave like 
 a prince to sustain educational and religious institutions. As 
 governor of New York and as United States senator he distinguished 
 himself by his foresight, his great ability, discretion and valor. He 
 was tan, being fully six feet in height, and well formed. His face and 
 head would distinguish him anywhere as a superior man — a born 
 commander of men. Look at his strongly marked features, and you 
 see a face showing firmness of purpose and a courage that never 
 fails in the time of peril. He well deserved the title of " War 
 Governor.*' There is no position in the State nor in the nation that 
 he was not fitted to adorn, and, perhaps it may be added, none that 
 he might not have filled had he accepted the honor of office and 
 relinquished the ease of private life. He died February 14, 1883. 
 
 JOHN T. HOFFMAN, 
 
 Ex-Mayor and Cx-Gotcimioi* of Xew Tork. 
 
 IT was at Sing Sing, Westchester county, N. Y. , that cx-Governor 
 John T. Hoffman first saw the light, January 10, 1828. He 
 entered Union College in 1843, and graduated in 1846; thin 
 studied law, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1849. After 
 a few years' practice he assumed the ermine. In 1860 the democrats 
 elected him to the recordcrship, when he distinguished himself in the 
 riot cases as a brave and impartial administrator of justice. In 1863 
 he was elected mayor; from the mayor's ollice he was elccled to the 
 gubernatorial chair, and in both positions his constituents seemed lo 
 be prou<l of his management of affairs. Helms traveled extensively 
 at home and abroad. He is a man of elegant carriage and striking 
 appearance. His dark hair and eyes, thick moustache and heavy 
 chin, give him the appearance of a French nobleman. 
 
 ^^<m:
 
 ritoMIMlON'T l-Klll-LK Ol'' TIIK KMl'IRK IJITV. 
 
 CARL SCHURZ, 
 
 Edittii- <it' lli4T IVfW ^'4»rk ** I'^eiiliiu PoNt." 
 
 THIS journalist, orator and ex-cahinet minister was horn at 
 Liblay, Prussia, March 2, 1839. lie was uducated at Cologne 
 and the university of Bonn. In 1848 he joined Gottfried 
 Kinkel in the puhlication of a liberal newspaper. In 1849 he tied, 
 with his literary associate, to the Palatinate to avoid arrest, entered 
 the revolutionary army us an adjutant, and was engaged in the 
 defense of Kastudt. On the surrender of the fort, he, after many 
 adventures, escaped to Switzerland, secretly returned to Germany, 
 and, ut the risk of his own life, secured the freedom of his friend 
 Kinkel, who hud been condemned to twenty years' imprisonment. 
 In 1851 he was employed as a Parisian correspondent for (Jcrman 
 newspapers. Afterward he spent a year as a teacher in London. 
 In 1852 he came to this countiy, residing three years in Philadelphia, 
 and then settled in Wisconsin. In 185G he •■' took the stumii," and 
 made speeches in German for the Uepuldican party. In the contro- 
 versy between Douglas and Lincoln, he made his first public speech 
 in English, in favor of the latter. His next move was to Milwaukee, 
 where he practiced law. President Lincoln, in 1861, appointed him 
 minister to Spain, but he resigned the mission to enter the American 
 army in 18G2, when he was commissioned brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers, and took part in the second battle of Bull Run. He was mude 
 general in 1863, and ut the battle of Chancellorsville commanded a 
 division of General Howard's corps. He was also at the battles of 
 Gettysburg and Chattanooga. In 1865 he was the Washington corre- 
 spondent of the New York Tnbune. In 1866 he founded the Detroit 
 Posi^ and the year following took charge of a German paper in 
 St. Louis. In 1869 he was chosen United States senator from Mis- 
 souri. He presided over the convention which nominated Iloraee 
 Greeley for the presidency. He was appointed a cabinet minister by 
 President Hayes. He is now the editor of the New York Evening 
 Post. He is an educated gentleman of refined taste, a vigorous 
 writer and eloquent speaker. He is tall and slender, graceful in his 
 manner, and of winning address, and his face, so often caricatured, 
 is that of a refined scholar of assthetic taste and culture. 
 
 WILLIAM L. MARCY, 
 
 tVurist, St:tteftitiiiii stud Governor. 
 
 WILLIAM L. IMAKCYwiiB Ijorii at Soiilbl)iiilt;L-, Mass., December 
 13, 178(i, and pursued his studies at Brown university, Prov- 
 idence, R. I., graduating in 1808. Choosing the profession 
 of the law, he began to practice it at Troy, N. Y. , but when the 
 United States declared war with England, in 1812, betook the lield 
 as a lieutenant of militia and served throughout the conllict. In the 
 fight at St. Regis, N. Y. , in October, 1812, with his own hands he cap- 
 tured the first British standard taken during the conflict. Returning 
 lo private life, he served us Recorder at Troy from 181(1 to 1818, and 
 then assumed the editorship of the Troy Budget, a Democratic news- 
 paper. In 1821 he was chosen Adjutant-General of the State niililiii, 
 and in 1823 was elected Comptroller of the State, which required his 
 removal to Albany, N. Y. In 1829 he was appointed one of the 
 judges of the Supreme court of the State, and in 1831 was chosen 
 United States senator. In the senate he served as chairman of the 
 judiciary committee; but his term was ended in 1832 by his resigning 
 in order to accept the nomination for Governor of the State. The 
 canvass resulted in his election to that oftice, in which he continued, 
 by two re-elections, until 1838. From 1839 to 1842 he was one of 
 the commissioners to investigate the claims of Mexico against the 
 United States. In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of War in the 
 Cabinet of President Polk, in which position he was brought into in- 
 timate relations with the war with Me.\ieo, In 18.13 he was invited 
 
 into the cabinet of President Pierce a« Secretary of State. This 
 olTlco be helrl until the inauguration of President Buchanan, March 4. 
 18.'>T. Four months later, while reading in bed at Hallston Sjui, N. Y. , 
 he suddenly expired, having exceeded the allotted three-score and 
 ten years of human life. 
 
 JAMES K. PAULDING. 
 
 American Author anil <'ahlnet Officer. 
 
 THE FRIEND anil cotemporary of Washington Irving, .JanicH 
 Kirke Paulding, a genial writer of miscellaneous literature, 
 was born at a place called "Nine Partners," in Dutchess 
 county, N. Y. , August 32, 17T9. His educational advantages were 
 confined to a local school, but the lad was studious, and, in a great 
 degree, self-instructed. When about twenty-one years of age he 
 went to New York City to reside with his brother-in-law, William 
 Irving, with whom, and Washington Irving, in 1807, he entered upon 
 a prosperous literary career, in the publication of a series of satirical 
 essays, printed periodically, under the name of Salmagundi. This 
 magazine was discontinued after the appearance of its twentieth num- 
 ber. All three of the friends contributed to its pages, which are re- 
 printed entire in the works of Washington Irving. In 1813 he wrote 
 a humorous poem, called "The Lay of a Scotch Fiddle," a parody on 
 Scott's " Lay of the Last Minstrel. " In 1814 he became secretary of the 
 Board of Naval cominissioncrs, afterwards receiving the apiiointment 
 of Navy agent at the ]>ori of New York. In 1818 he published his poem 
 of " The Backwoodsman," and in the following year a new series of 
 Salmagundi from his own pen. Between that time and 1837 he wrote 
 " A Sketch of Old England by a New England Man," " The Book of St. 
 Nicholas," "Tales of the Good Woman, ' "The Dutchman's Fire- 
 side," and other works. Upon the accession of President Van Buren, 
 in 1837, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy, which office he held 
 until 1841. Up to the time of his death, which occurred in his native 
 county, April 6, 18li0, he continued to write extensively. 
 
 DR. WM. A. HAMMOND, 
 
 Prominent .Vnthur of >f edical Works. 
 
 ■^R. IL-^MMONU, the famous physician and autlior of medical 
 ^ works, was born at Annapolis, Md. , August 28, 1828. .\fter the 
 usual course of study he graduated with honor in the meilical 
 department of the New York university in 1843. From 1840 to 
 1850 he was emj)loyed as assistant-surgeon in the army. In 1860 he 
 was appointed professor of physiology and anatomy in the university 
 of Maryland. Serving in the army again in 18(51 as assistant- 
 surgeon, the next year he was made surgeon-general, but in -August, 
 18()4, he was, after a trial, dismissed from the service by the sentence 
 of a court-martial. He then took up his residence in the city of 
 N(!w York, where he has been engaged in various hospitals. He has 
 a large private practice and is the recipient of a handsome revenue, 
 lie is a resolute and combative man, and strikes out right and left, 
 hitting whoever and whatever comes within his reach. His reputa- 
 tion rests chiefly on his works, among which may be named '*.\ 
 Treatise on Hygiene," " Physiological Memoirs," " On Wakefulness," 
 " Insanity in its Medico-Legal Relations," " Sleep and its Derange- 
 ments," "Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism." He has also 
 edited "Medical and Surgical Essays." He is large and tall, well- 
 formed, and his pleasant, good-natured face does not foreshadow the 
 intellectual-fighting qualities of the man. His portrait shows an 
 agreeable face, a lofty dome of brow, made more conspicuous by 
 incipient baldness; mild, not to say smiling, eyes; nicely-chiseled 
 nostrils, and a full beard, gently touched with white. He looks like 
 a very amiable man, but he can arouse with earnest opposition ^vlH■Il 
 his views or his rights are assailed. 
 
 :Gv—
 
 -^w 
 
 PKUMINENT CLKKGYMAN, LAWYER AND TEACHER. 
 
 REV. ROBERT COLLYER, 
 
 Eloquent UDit;triaii Clergyman, New Tork City. 
 
 THE Kcv. Robert CoIIyer was born December 8, 1833, at Keighley, 
 a village in Yorkt^hire, England. His father was a black- 
 smitb, one of the best in the county. In 1844 his father, 
 while at \vork, fell dead in his shop. Robert was sent to school in 
 his childhood and remained at his studies four years, and that was all 
 :he schooling he had. At his home he read "The Young Man's 
 Companion," "Pilgrim's Progress," "Robinson Crusoe'' and the 
 Bible. At this time he was living in Fewstone Parish, where the 
 children of the poor worked in the linen factories, and from the age of 
 nine to fourteen Robert's life was spent in that way as a little laborer 
 in a factory. He was afterward apprenticed to a blacksmith at 
 Ilkley, where he mastered his trade, and doubtless won the physical 
 strength and robust health which he still enjoys. All the money he 
 could spare at this time was invested in books, which he kept on a 
 shelf in the smithy. On Sundays he attended the Methodist chapels 
 in the neighborhood, and aired his rude eloquence by relating his 
 experience, afterward as an exhorter, then as a local preacher, and 
 in that way he prepared himself for his life-work as a clergyman. 
 In 1850 he concluded to visit America, and landed in this country on 
 the 11th of May, accompanied by his wife. Having provided him- 
 self with letters to the Philadelphia conference, he was granted a 
 local preacher's license, and a week later he found employment at 
 Shoemakertown, Pa. There he pounded iron on week-days and 
 expounded the scriptures on Sundays. For ten years he worked at 
 the forge and in the pulpit, winning honest bread by the sweat of his 
 brow. His salary from the conference for ten years' service con- 
 sisted of an almanac, a few household necessaries and ten dollars in 
 money. During the latter part of his career as a blacksmith he 
 became acquainted with Lucretia Mott and the Rev. Dr. Furness; 
 with the latter he exchanged pulpits, and, by so doing, incurred the 
 displeasure of the conference and a renewal of his license was 
 refused. This was in 1859. In February of tlie same year he was 
 commended by Dr. Furness to the First Unitarian Society of Chi- 
 cago. There he met with great favor, and under his ministry the 
 church became one of the largest and most flourishing in the West. 
 He was recognized as one of the lions of the city and Unity church, a 
 noted landmark in the great city of the lakes. After twenty years 
 of labor, under the auspices of his progressive church, he reluctantly 
 consented to accept the pastorate of the Church of the Messiah in the 
 city of New Y'ork, where he ranks with the highest as a pulpit 
 orator. Mr. Collyer (he does not care much for titles) is stout of 
 build, and his broad chest is surmounted by a large, well-ordered 
 head, covered with a vigorous growth of hair, flecked with silver. 
 His face shows purity, sincerity and sympathetic kindness, lighted 
 with intelligence and culture. 
 
 HON. WILLIAM M. EVARTS, 
 
 Prominent I^awyer and Ex-Secretary of State. 
 
 PROMINENT in public life and possessinu a wide scope- nf legal 
 lure, Mr. Evarts stands high in the estimation of the people. 
 He first saw light in Boston, February (i, 1818, and early 
 displayed a wealth of inherited literary taste and aptitude for learn- 
 ing. He studied the classics at Yale college, read law at Harvard 
 law school, and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1841. 
 Union college honored him with the degree of LL. D. in 185T. Yale 
 duplicated the ciimpliment in 1805, and Harvard crowned him with 
 a ^'imilar distinction in 1870. During Ihesc; years he was industri- 
 ously at work in his ofllce, in the courts, and on the platform, and 
 an a public speaker at lyccums and universities. He has won great 
 renown by his wit and eloquence at the bar and wherever he has 
 -pnken. He was the leading counsel In Prc-'ldent Andrew Johnson's 
 
 trial in the spring of 1868. From July 15 of that year to the close 
 of Johnson's administration he was attorney -general for the United 
 States. In 1872 he was counsel for the United States in the tribunal 
 of arbitration on the Alabama cUiinis at Geneva, and he was Secretary 
 of State during the administration of President Hayes. As chief 
 counsel in the Beecher-Tilton trial, he won great distinction by his 
 legal acumen and skillful management. Mr. Evarts' sentences are 
 remarkable for their great length. His varied reading and njarvelous 
 memory have made him, in the language of Lord Bacon, a full man. 
 He is familiar with questions of political economy, the abstract 
 principles of government, the policy of parties, the details of modern 
 history, and the personal biography of leading men. He is tall, thin, 
 erect and wiry, and can perform an astonishing amount of labor in 
 a given time and with apparent ease. His wonderful success is due 
 to habits of persevering industry. Having been endowed by nature 
 with a finely balanced intellect, he availed himself of his opportunities 
 to turn his talents to the best account. The portrait of Mr. Evarts 
 shows a large and evenly-developed brain. The brow is a dome of 
 thought that would distinguish him as a man of mark in any audience. 
 The nose, long and hooked like an eagle's bill, is an unmistakable 
 proof of power, and the closed mouth seems as firm as carved granite, 
 while the eyes penetrate to the thought and emotion of the witnesses 
 and the jury. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1885. 
 
 S. S. PACKARD, 
 
 Author and Founder of Packard's Commercial College. 
 
 MR. S. S. PACKARD, as editor, author and teacher, has made a 
 favorable impression upon a large constituency of men of 
 influence in every State in the Union. Born in Curaming- 
 tou, Mass., April 38, 1836; he was seven years of age when he 
 moved with his parents and four brothers to Ohio. At fourteen he 
 attended a boys' academy at Granville, Ohio, doing "chores" as 
 payment for his board, paying the bill for his tuition in after- 
 days. At that time, and ever since, he excelled in penmanship. 
 When sixteen years of age he opened a writing-school, giving a 
 course of lessons at fifty cents a head, payable in wheat, which he 
 afterward sold for $4.75, the price for six weeks' work. After ten 
 months' experience as a teacher, at S7 per month, in the fall of 1845, 
 he went to Kentucky, where he remained three years. While 
 there he became acquainted with Henry Clay, and also heard Cassias 
 M. Clay, pistol in hand, speak against slavery. In January, 1848, 
 he removed to Cincinnati, where he spent two years in the service 
 of Bartlett's commercial college, going next to Adrian, Mich., and 
 subsequently, in 1851, to Lockport, N. Y'., where he remained two 
 years, and then halted at Tonawanda to take the editorial charge of 
 a village newspaper called the Niagara liiver Pilot. There he 
 was not only editor, but agent for a land company, village clerk, 
 chorister of a village church, superintendent of a Sabbath-school, and 
 mastered the art of telegraphy and filled the duties of telegraph 
 operator. Being defeated by a man who had more money than he 
 possessed, as a candidate for canal collector, he left the place in dis- 
 gust, and in the fall of 185G he joined Messrs. Bryant & Stratton, in 
 their t-fforts to oi)en a commercial college in every important 
 city in the United States. In 1858 he established in New Ytirk 
 the well-known Packard's commercial college, which he has in charge 
 at this writing; and at various times he has prepared for publication 
 three separate works on bookkeeping, besides founding, in May, 
 18G8, Packard's Monthhj, which was a brilliant meteor in the literaiy 
 firmament while it lived. He is a pleasant, genial genllenuni, of 
 fine literary taste, ordiiuiry stature, and hair somewhat frosted, with 
 a beardless face of thoughtful cast. As a public speaker he is clear, 
 distinct and effective; as a debater he is ready an<i brilliant, and as 
 an instructor he is, at tlii-; writing, in the very front rank of the com- 
 mercial educators.
 
 riio.MINKN'i' MKN UF NKW VUUK CITY. 
 
 :;>[ 
 
 F. A. p. BARNARD, 
 
 Pi-cKldcnt of <'oltiiiilil:i Colli-Ki', New Vufk. 
 
 PliEDEKIC AUGUSTUS POKTEK ItARNARD, LL.I)., President 
 of Cnliunbia eoUegu, New York, is wv]] and widely known in 
 l)nlii hcniisi)licrcri us a k'lirncd and ri'tlned teacher and gentle- 
 nuiu. He was born May 5, 1809, in Sliefliehl, Mass. At tlie aye of 
 fifteen, having passed a rigid examination, he was admitted into Y'ale 
 college, and four years later lie graduated, taking the highest hon- 
 ors. He at once began his life-task in a grammar-school at Hartford. 
 In 1830 he became a tutor at Yale, but withdrew after serving one 
 year, to take charge of a department in the AmiTican asylum for 
 deaf mutes. Twelve months later he was calle<l to the deaf and 
 dumb institute in New York, where he remained live years, going 
 afterward to Alabama, to lake a professorship in the university at 
 Tuscaloosa. After six years' service there, he took the chair of 
 mathematics, natural philosophy and civil engineering in the Univer- 
 sity of Mississippi. Iii 18G2-3 he made observations at Santiago, 
 Chili, under the direction of the United States coast survey. In 
 May, 1863, he was elected president of Columbia college. New York, 
 which honorable and important post he still occupies, showing in this 
 position excellent administrative ability. He is the author of sev- 
 eral text-books, which are considered of great value in many of our 
 schools and colleges, besides being a copious contributor to the 
 Journal of Educalion and the American Journal of Science. In 
 1867 he was appointed by the President of the United States one of 
 the commissioners to look after American interests at the interna- 
 tional exposition at Paris. An active man, he has accomplished a 
 vast amount of intellectual labor. v 
 
 MOSES TAYLOR, 
 
 Eminent Merchant of Xe\%' "Work City. 
 
 MOSES TAYLOR was a practical man. His motto was bus- 
 iness before amusement. He cared less for art and the cul- 
 ture that comes of the study of science and belles-lettres than 
 he did for business. With him the love of trade and commerce 
 dominated the love of money. He came of English stock, but was 
 born in the city of New York, January 11, 1808, and died on the 23d 
 of May, 1883, leaving to his heirs an estate valued at $40,000,000. 
 After the advantages secured by hard study at school, he obtained a 
 clerkship, first, and for a short time only, in the house of J. D. 
 Brown, then with the firm of the Rowlands, where he remained ten 
 years, W. H. Aspinwall being a fellow clerk with him. Mr. Taylor 
 began business on his own account when he was twenty-six years of 
 age, with a capitpa! of Sirj.OOO. At that time the cholera was preva- 
 lent in the city of New York, and Mr. Taylor, with his brother mer- 
 chants, suffered under its shadow, and in 1835, when he was making 
 headway, the disastrous fire of December in that year swept away his 
 store. While the building was in brands at his feet, he bargained 
 for the erection of another upon the same spot of land, and the day 
 following the memorable fire he was found doing business in the 
 basement of his dwelling-house. His new store was one of the first 
 to rise, like the fabled Phcenix, from its ashes. He was prompt, 
 faithful, honest and industrious, and prospered. In 1855 he was 
 elected president of the city bank, and held that office till he died. 
 He was a " war Democrat," and favored loans for the support of the 
 government during the outbreak of the civil war. He never specu- 
 lated in stocks, but was ever ready to lend a helping hand to aid great 
 schemes for the advancement of the nation, and in such worthy 
 enterprises be found immense wealth for himself and his associates. 
 He was one of the company of five who assumed the responsibility of 
 laying the Atlantic cable. He was interested in the Manhattan Light 
 company, and he was mainly instrumental in developing some of our 
 coal mines. He was a strong man, physically and intellectually. 
 His magnetic countenance beamed with hope and courage. 
 
 SAMUEL SULLIVAN COX, 
 
 £<uwyer, Eilltoi-, ..luthur uiid (-^uiiicreNiiniun. 
 
 THIS gentleman is recognized as an eminent author, scholar and 
 politician. By profession he is a lawyer. He was born at 
 Zanesville, Ohio, September 30, 1824. He is a graduate of 
 Brown university. Later in life he became a lawyer and editor, 
 traveled in Europe, wrote an account of his journeyings, and, in 
 1855, was appointed secretary of legation to Peru. The next year 
 he was elected to Congress from Ohio, and re-eiected in 1858, 18G0 
 and 1862. During the war of the Rebellion he was conspicuous in 
 his opposition to the policy of the administration. In IStJfi he look 
 up his abode in New Y'ork City, where he found sympathizers whr* 
 sent him to Congress in 1868, and who re-elected him in 1870. In 
 1872 he was defeated au candidate-at-large for the State. Was again 
 in Congress, and in 1885 went as minister to Turkey. He is ambitious 
 of leadership, shrewd and witty, and his speeches sparkle with puns 
 and stories, quotations and quaint allusions. He has published "The 
 Buckeye Abroad," "Eight Years in Ccmgress," "Search for Winter 
 Sunbeams,'' "Why Do We Laugh?" and other readable books. He is 
 of short stature, but well built, quick in his movements, and over- 
 flowing with magnetic force. He wears a pleasant face and never 
 forgets (save, perhaps, in the heat of debate) to play the part of a 
 gentleman. Especially is he desirous to seek the welfare of his 
 friends, not ignoring the humblest who ask for his advice and assist- 
 ance. A glance at his portrait will convince any observant mind that 
 it represents an intellectual man of superior force of brain. The 
 broad and towering forehead, the clear and penetrating eyes, and the 
 indefinable lines of culture in the countenance, show that the 
 prototype of the picture is a man of a-sthetic taste and fine dis- 
 crimination. He has risen into notice because he had the courage 
 to gratify his ambition for distinction, and because he had the 
 plication which fitted him for political leadership. 
 
 ap- 
 
 WILLIAM H. ASPINWALL, 
 
 Prominent Merchant and Steam-Boat Otvner. 
 
 WILLIAM H. ASPINWALL deservedly won an enviable reputa- 
 tion as one of the most enterprising American merchants. 
 The son of a staunch business man, he did honor to his 
 class. He was born in New York in 1807; began his career as a 
 commercial man in the counting-hou.'Je of G. & S. Howland, as a 
 clerk, and when be was twenty-five years of age he became a member 
 of the firm. The trade prospered beyond precedent, and iu 1850 Mr. 
 Aspinwall retired from an active supervisorship of the business and 
 devoted his skill and energy to the Panama Railroad and the Pacific 
 Steamship companies, and with these vast enterprises his name is 
 honorably associated. At the close of the Mexican war, Congress 
 authorized contracts for the establishment of two lines of steamers, 
 to render California easier of access — one from New York and New 
 Orleans to Chagres; the other from Panama to California. Mr. 
 Aspinwall secured the line on the Pacific side and George Law that 
 on the Atlantic sea-board. In 1849 a contract was made by him for 
 the construction of a road across the isthmus, and the work was 
 completed amid many discouragements. The settlement at the ter- 
 minus at Navy Bay was named Aspinwall, in honor of the leading 
 spirit of the enterprise that sent the iron horse with mane of smoke 
 and lungs of flame over the iron track. In 1856 Mr. Aspinwall. 
 founder, principal director and president of the company, retired. 
 He was a brave operator and not afraid of the vast ventures that 
 would liave intimidated ordinary men. He traveled considerably in 
 foreign lands, and in the administration of his great wealth he did 
 not neglect the duties of charity. He died in 1875. His portrait 
 shows a soul of honesty, earnestness and benevolence, and the liigb- 
 toned character of the man and merchant-prince that he was. 
 " Only the actions of the just 
 Smell sweet and blossom in the dust." 
 
 ><|;(p. — 
 
 — s£L).-
 
 f- 
 
 3S2 
 
 DISTINGL'lSIIEl) JOUKNALIbTS OF NEW VOKK. 
 
 CHARLES A. DANA, 
 
 Encyfloi»?ediKt and Editor of Xew York "Sun." 
 
 LITERATIKE and journalism owe much lo Charles A. Duna, the 
 noted uewspiiper writer, who is a native of New Hampshire, 
 he having heen born at Hinsdale, in that State, August 8, 1819. 
 He entered Harvard college in 1839, but remained there only two 
 years, owing to a disease of the eyes. In 1842 he became a member 
 of the famous and historical Brook Farm community, in Roxbury, 
 Mass., whose record may be found in Hawthorne's story of "■ Blythe- 
 dale. " He remained there two years, and then, in partnership with 
 Messrs. Ripley, Dwight and others, edited TJie Harbinger^ a weekly 
 sheet devoted to social reform and general literature. During a 
 part of this time he wrote articles for the Boston Clironotype, edited 
 by filizur Wright. In 1847 he became associated with Horace Greeley 
 in the conduct of the Xew York Tribune, as its managing editor, and 
 continued his connection with that paper until 1861. His literary 
 labors were not confined to the Tribune^ for in 1855 he joined with 
 the well-known critic and scholar, George Ripley, in the project of 
 compiling and publishing the "New American Encyclop:vdla,"' which 
 was completed in 1803. In 1858 he published a bulky volume of 
 lyric poetry. From 1862 to 1866 he was in the service of the war 
 department of the government, and a part of the time he was Assist- 
 ant Secretary of War. In 186G he became editor in-chief of the 
 Chicago Bepttbtican. In 1808 he bought an interest in the New York 
 Sun, and became its editor. He has a strong mind and a sound 
 healthy physical organization. His head is large, with a fine devel- 
 opment of the intellectual faculties; his forehead is high and liroad; 
 his eyes are deeply set and piercing, and his nose is indicative of 
 commanding power. 
 
 ROBERT BONNER, 
 
 Editor and Proprictoi- oTllie Xew York. *'Ijedger." 
 
 POLITE literature and social journalism have found a popular 
 (■.\]>anent in Robert Bonner, printer, founder and editor of the 
 New York Ledger, who entered life in the vicinity of Lon- 
 donderry, Ireland, April 28, 1824. When fifteen years of age he 
 came to Hartfonl, Conn., to visit his uncle, a wide-awake and pros- 
 perous farmer in that neighborhood. But our hero, instead of 
 tilling the fields, turned his attention to type-setting, and entered 
 the oflice of the Hartford Cotirant as an apprentice. There he mas- 
 tered the *'art preservative of all arts," and laid in the solid granite 
 of industry and accuracy the foundation of his fortune. Re removed 
 to New York in 1844, and was employed on the Evening Mirror, 
 writing occasional letters for the Hartford Courant. In 1851 he 
 founded the New York Ledger. His skill in the conduct of the 
 paper and his generous outlay in advertising gave it an immense 
 circulation, at times reaching to 400,000 copies. Among his contri- 
 butors are many writers of national fame. He has the finest stable 
 of trotting horses in this country, which he, under no consideration, 
 will allow to appear as competitors at public races. He is 
 recognized as a millionaire. In person he is stout, compact 
 and of common stature. His head is large, his hair brown, 
 his forehead full and projecting over bright hazel eyes; hie 
 face is florid, and he *' cultivates " a full beard. He has the 
 exact liabits of a careful, punctual business man, and is not disposed 
 to waste words on trivial topics. He is a leading man in Dr. John 
 Hall's church, and give? generously to sustain educiUional and 
 Christian institutions. He pays the best prices for Ihc contributions 
 he accepts for (he Ledger. On his list of writers are such names as 
 Dr. John Hall, Bishop Clark and Dr. English. Longfellow received 
 from Mr. Bonner about four dollars per line for writing *'The Hang- 
 ing of the Crane.'' and he has paid Tennyson higher prices for verse 
 for hiw favorite Ij'dgcr. 
 
 HENRY JARVIS RAYMOND, 
 
 Founder ol' tlie New York "Time*.** 
 
 JOURNALISM in New York was, in his day, brilliantly rcprcsi-nted 
 by Henry J. Raymond, who was born January 24, 1820, in Lima, 
 Livingston county, N. Y. , and died in the city of New York, 
 June 18, 1869. In his boyhood he worked on his father's farm. Al 
 the age of sixteen he taught a country school and at twenty graduated 
 at the university of Vermont. This was in 1840, and after studying 
 law for one year, he became associate-editor of the Tribune, under 
 the supervision of Horace Greeley, having previously contributed lo 
 the columns of Ihc Neiv Yorker, edited by the same distinguished 
 journalist. In 1843 he joined the staff of the CouHer and Inquirer^ 
 in which journal he had adiscussion with Mr. Greeley on Fourierism. 
 Six years later he was elected by the whigs lo a scat in the State 
 legislature, and was re-elected the following year, 1850, when he 
 became speaker of the house. .^ September 18, 1851, he founded 
 the New York Times. In. the whig national convention at Baltimore 
 (to which he was a delegate), in 1852, he made a speech of great force 
 against slavery, and he did it in the storm of angry opposition. Two 
 years afterward he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State of 
 New York. He was also one of the organizers of the Republican 
 party, and wrote its brilliant " Address to the People." During the 
 war of the Rebellion he was an ardent and able supporter of the 
 government, and in 1864 was elected to Congress. While there he 
 sustained the policy of Andrew Johnson. He wrote the "' History of 
 the Administration of President Lincoln," and other works. He 
 excelled as a rapid writer, was an eloquent speaker, a model parlia 
 raentarian and a natural leader of men. He was a little below the 
 ordinary stature, compact and wiry. His face glowed with emotion 
 when on the rostrum, and his voice rang out like a cornet in his 
 public speech. 
 
 WHITELAW REID, 
 
 Editor of the New York •• Tribune." 
 
 FEW metropolitan editors are better known or carry more influ- 
 ence than Mr. Whitelaw Reid, who was born in Xenia, Ohio, 
 a town settled and, it is thought, named by his father, who was 
 a Cameronian covenanter and an elder in the church. The son pre- 
 pared for college in the town of his birth, and matriculated at Miami 
 university in 1850, with high-class honors. His first literary venture 
 was the editorship of the Xenia News, which he owned and conducted 
 with so much skill and vigor that he won golden opinions from 
 many of his contemporaries, and was invited to a place on the staflr 
 of the Cincinnati Gazette. His letters from Columbus to that paper, 
 bearing the signature of "Agate," were brilliant gems of corre- 
 spondence. At the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion he joined 
 the staff of General Morris. In the field he witnessed a number of 
 battles, of which he afterward gave vivid descriptions in his two 
 war-books, entitled " After the War" and " Ohio in the War." We 
 next hear of him as the Washington writer for the Cincinnati 
 Gazette, where he shone with marked brilliancy as a writer and 
 critic. Leaving the capital, he tried his hand at cotton-planting in 
 Louisiana, on a farm of 2,500 acres. Not succeeding in accordance 
 with his expectations he returned to journalism. In 1608 he went to 
 New York, having been invited by Horace Greeley to take a position 
 on the editorial staff of the Tribune, of which he is now chief 
 editor and part proprietor. Few men of his age can point to 
 such a record of usefulness and honor as can Mr. Reid. He 
 is one of the acutest political controversialists of the time. Person- 
 ally amvable and generous, he commands a caustic pen. He is tall, 
 being fully six feet high, square-shouldcrod and symmetrical. His 
 face shows refinement and culture. He is fastidiously particular in 
 matters of dress and polite in his address. He married a daughter 
 of D. O. Mills, Esq., the millionaire. 
 
 :(>-
 
 SKISICII OF MO\V>il'AI'KK OW.SKK, ]<JNAN<J1KJ4, AND CKLICBKATEU JJl\'l.NE. 
 
 asa 
 
 JAMES GORDON BENNETT, 
 
 Ownei-ol'the »\*' "I'oi-k "Hei-ald." 
 
 Till'- I)iitlipIaciM)f Jaiiieii (iordoii Ik'iiiictI, stuond, tin- .-^on and heir 
 of Ibc founder of the New York Herald^ whose name he bears, 
 was New York City. Ilis birth occurred in 1838. Having 
 received the advantages of education which American and European 
 teachers conld give him, he was well fitted for a life of literary labor. 
 His distinguished father, who married rather late in life, pub- 
 lished half a column of enthusiastic rhetoric in honor of his son at 
 the time of his birth. Mr. Bennett, though absent most of his time 
 in Europe, is all the time the editor-in-chief of the New York 
 Heraldy communicating with his subordinates through the tele- 
 graph when out of town. In 1809 he sent H. M. Stanley to Africa in 
 search of the missionary, Livingstone. Mr. Stanley found the good 
 man on the 10th of November, 1870. In 1873 Mr. Bennett, in con- 
 junction with the proprietors of the London Telegraphy sent Mr. 
 Stanley to Africa on a second expedition. About two years later Mr. 
 Bennett sent out the steam-ship Jeannette in search, of the North 
 Pole. It proved to be a disastrous failure. The enterprise and liber- 
 ality of Mr. Bennett cannot be questioned. His Herald is a marvel 
 of success as a newspaper. Its correspondence comes from every 
 point of the compass and from every civilized land. No cost is 
 spired in the procurement of the earliest news; no task is too diffi- 
 cult for ite editorial and reportorial force to undertake. Locomotives 
 and steam-ships are chartered, if need be, to obtain important facts 
 for the Herald. Mr. Bennett is the controlling spirit of the vast 
 concern, and he never drops the lines nor allows another man to drive, 
 whether he be for the time resident in Paris or at his home in the 
 city of New York. 
 
 RUFUS HATCH, 
 
 ]>ealer in Stocks and Steam-Boat Owner. 
 
 RUFUS, or " Uncle Kufus," as he is frequently culled by those 
 who know him best, came into the world at Wells, York 
 county, Maine, in 1832. The son of a farmer, he worked on a 
 farm in his boyhood; then in a saw-mill; then at a trade; then 
 as clerk in a store, turning to the best account the little education 
 that he had picked up in a country common school. Being a keen 
 observer he constantly added to his stock of knowledge a good deal 
 of practical wisdom, which has been of vast value to him in his 
 remarkable career. Before Horace Greeley bad given his advice to 
 "go west/' Mr. Hatch was at work as an employe on the Galena rail- 
 way, assisting the engineer. We next hear of him at Rockford, 111., 
 at which place he arrived on a Sunday morning in a destitute condi- 
 tion, looking like a tramp. He strayed into the village chnrch, and 
 the organist being absent he volunteered to preside at that instru- 
 ment, and played it so well that be won the admiration of the wor- 
 shipers and found employment forthwith. He had occupied his 
 leisure at home in the study of music, and his passion for sweet 
 sounds even now surpasses the love of the clinking of coins. In a 
 short time he assumed the management of a provision warehouse, 
 and in 1858 he entered into a partnership in the grocery business in 
 Chicago, where he prospered well for a time, but afterward failed. 
 In 1862 he came to New York and began to try his luck with the 
 "bulls " and "bears " in Wall-street. Again he was overtaken with 
 disaster and failed. But the time came when the wheel of fortune 
 turned in his favor, and he paid every dollar of his indebtedness. His 
 operations in stocks and shares, in steam-boat and railroad enter- 
 prises, in grain and beef speculations, are immense. His cattle 
 ranches in the far west are the largest and perhaps the most profitable 
 on the continent. His trade in wheat, flour and beef is enormous. 
 In the measurement of values he has no superior, and he has the 
 foresight and vision of a prophet in discovering approaching panics. 
 He is the most formidable fighter that the New York Central rail- 
 
 road has had to encounter. While he ie a generous friend and a true 
 one, he is a hard hitter in a figbt. He is a good-natured and a 
 charitable man, an early riser, and very industrious. There is a 
 vein of humor running through bis writings, sayings and speeches, 
 like a seam of gold in granite. His side-splitting burlesques would 
 fill a volume, and he is not afraid to laugh at the railway and money 
 magnates of Gotham. He is a man of taste, and enjoys the contents 
 of his large library. liis many millions do not oppress him with a 
 sense of self-importance. He is easy of access, sociable, charitable 
 and humane. In person he is short and stout, and is partially bald; 
 has a full face, lit with a pair of penetrating grayish-blue eyes. H*- 
 has been twice married, and has three children — two boys in their 
 teens and an infant at this writing. The success of this entcrpri.-ing 
 man is due to his willingness to work, his integrity, his courage, his 
 hopeful temper, and his inexhaustible stock of good nature and 
 mother-wit. He made himself so useful to his employers they could 
 not get on without him. When fifteen years of age his salary was 
 $30 per annum. A little after that he received SI4 per month as a 
 clerk in Kennebunk. When twenty years of age, with $02 in his 
 pocket, he tried his fortune at Rockford, 111. Afterward, in Chicago, 
 he was one of the originators of the open board of brokers. He 
 failed, as before stated, in 1856; borrowed SlOO on his watch and 
 came to New York, and in less than five years paid all his debts aiid 
 was a power in the New York stock markets. Soon he became the 
 manager of the Pacific Mail Steam-ship company, the originator of 
 the Iron Steam-boat company, and he is now the owner of an 
 immense ranch In the southwest, stocked with 30,000 head of cattle. 
 He is one of the busiest of busy men. 
 
 REV. JOHN HALL, 
 
 DIstinenished PreMbyteiian llivine. Xew York City. 
 
 AMERICAN Presbyterian theology has one of its most able 
 representatives and expounders in Rev. Dr. John Hall, pastor 
 of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian church. New York, who was 
 born in Ireland, July 31, 1829. His ancestors removed from Scot- 
 land to the North of Ireland many years ago, and settled in the 
 county of Ulster. His father was a man of means and good social 
 standing. When the subject of this sketch was thirteen years of 
 age he was prepared to enter Belfast college, where he won prizes 
 for his attainments in Hebrew. After his graduation he began to 
 study for the ministry, and in June, 1849, he was licensed to preach. 
 Having done missionary work in the West of Ireland, he was called 
 to a church at Armagh, where he was installed in June, 1852. Six 
 years later he was called to the church of Mary's Abbey, now Rut- 
 land Square, in Dublin. There he was honored as one of the ablest 
 and best edncated of the preachers in that city of schools and 
 churches. From Queen Victoria he received the complimentary 
 appointment of Commissioner of Education for Ireland. In 1867 he 
 was a delegate of the Irish general assembly to the United States. 
 In this country he was cordially received, and his speeches and ser- 
 mons were noticeable for their logic and simple eloquence. About 
 the time of his visit here the church whose pastorate he holds was 
 seeking a minister. A unanimous and hearty call was presented to 
 him, which be accepted. He was installed November 3, 1867. Dr. 
 Hall is an easy and graceful extemporaneous speaker, and usually 
 l)reaches from a meagre skeleton of notes. His discourses are clear, 
 concise and philosophical, and his contributions to the press are fine 
 specimens of excellent English. In person he is tall, and of com- 
 manding, yet pleasant, presence. His smoothly-shaved face is the 
 inde.x of a charitable and generous nature, and beams with intelli- 
 gence. It shows that he is an earnest man, endowed with that 
 courteous decision which never falters, and that Christian heroism 
 which is not afraid of responsibilities that may arise in the path of 
 dutv. 
 
 ::73^
 
 r 
 
 8S-1: 
 
 FINANCIEKS ANli I'OLITICIANS OF NEW VuKK I'lTV. 
 
 JOHN KELLY. 
 
 ]>i8tf oguistaed Xiimmaiiy r.euder, Xe^v T'ork. 
 
 SELF-MADE iiu-n are always held in esteem by public opinion, 
 and in this respect John Kelly, ex-alderman, ex-sheriff, ex- 
 CoDgreseman and popular political leader, has achieved con- 
 siderable reputation. New York was his birthplace, about the year 
 1824. His father came from Ireland, and kept a small store in the 
 fourteenth ward of his son's native city. In his boyhood John 
 attended the parochial school attached to St. Patrick's Cathedral, and 
 was office hoy in the Herald office when the paper was published in 
 Ann street. Afterward he learned the grate-setting and stone-cutting 
 trade: then started business on his own account, and prospered. 
 He continued to study hard, reading law and political economy, and 
 acquiring a knowledge of French and German. In his young man- 
 hood he joined the volunteer fire department, also the Emmet Guards, 
 becoming captain of the latter. Being an authority in politics in his 
 ward, in 1853 he was elected alderman, and the year following he was 
 elected to Congress, defeating Mike Walsh. In 1856 he was re- 
 elected to Congress, where he fought the Know-Nothing sentiment 
 and advocated the homestead laws. Before the close of his second 
 term he was elected sheriff of New York, and at the expiration of the 
 three years after the close of his first term in 1865, he was re-elected 
 sheriff. In 1871 he began his work of reform in Tammany. He has 
 a wife and two children — a son and a daughter. He is a tall man, of 
 powerful build, and by no means such a man as the caricaturists 
 represent him Lo be. He speaks in public with power, and is noted 
 for his mugnetic influence over his auditors. His habits are unex- 
 ceptionable, and no one questions his personal integrity. 
 
 SAMUEL JONES TILDEN, 
 
 Prominent Lnwyei' and Ex-Ooveruor of Xew York.. 
 
 WIDELY known by his political and financial operations, Samuel 
 J. Tilden has a prominent place among the notabilities of the 
 American metropolis, and is conspicuous for his ability as a 
 writer and speaker. He was born in New Lebanon, Columbia 
 county, N. Y. , February 9, 1814, In the course of his educational 
 training he entered Yale college in 1833, but completed his studies 
 at the New York university. He studied law and was admitted to 
 the bar, where he distinguished himself as an acute and logical 
 pleader. As a lawyer he was employed in many important cases. 
 Among those most worthy of mention are the Flagg contested elec- 
 tion for the comptrollership of New York City, in 1855; the Burdell 
 heirs against Mrs. Cunningham, in 1857; the Cumberland coal case, 
 in 1858, and the Delaware & Hudson Canal company, in 1863. He 
 has been very prominent in politics; was a member of the State 
 constitutional convention in 1846, and of the State Assembly, where 
 he exerted the utmost of his endeavors to shape the canal policy. In 
 1855 he was a candidate for the office of State Attorney-General, but 
 was defeated. In 1866 he was honored with the chairmanship of the 
 Democratic State committee. In 1867 be was a member of the con- 
 stitutional convention. In 1870-71 he was active in ferreting out 
 frauds in the New York City government. In 1872 he was a mem- 
 ber of the Assembly, and in 1874 was elected Governor of New York. 
 He was the nominee of the Democratic parly for the presidency, but 
 was defeated. He is a scholarly and cultivated man, and polite and 
 pleasant in his address, combining the discretion of the lawyer with 
 the shrewdness of the politician. He is a bachelor and a millionaire. 
 
 RUSSELL SAGE, 
 
 Ex-Memlicr of (ottui't'oo :in<l Fln:inci<*r. 
 
 ONE of the beet-known men in VVuli-strect is Russell Sage, the 
 possessor of immense wealth, and one of the few who have 
 remained solvent amid the changes in the money-market. He 
 never fails to honor bis contracts, however great the pecuniary sacri- 
 
 fice, and he has won the name of "■ Old Integrity." He was born in 
 Verona, Oneida county, N. Y., August 15, 1816. The child of poor 
 parents, he had only a common education. In early life he deter- 
 mined to earn all he could and spend less than he earned. When 
 fifteen years of age, in 1831, he was employed by bis brother Henry, 
 a grocer, in Troy, N. Y. When eighteen he engaged in business 
 with his brother Elisha, also a grocer, in Troy. The firm 
 prospered and the business increased. Mr. Sage dissolved partner- 
 ship with his brother, and then, a part of the time alone and a part 
 of the time with other firms, he engaged extensively in grain, flour 
 and beef and porl;-packing in the west. Some of his ventures were 
 heavy and generally fortunate. He was one of the founders of the 
 commercial bank of Troy; was deeply interested in railroad 
 speculations, and with some of his associates he has fought 
 many railroad battles in the courts. He was an alderman in Troy 
 from 1843 to 1850. In 1846 he was treasurer of the county of 
 Rensselaer and held the office till 1851. He was a Whig, and often a 
 delegate to State and national conventions. In 1850 he was a candi- 
 date for Congress and was beaten by a small adverse majority. 
 Two years later he was elected and made his mark as a member of 
 the thirty-third Congress. He was re-elected by an increased 
 majority in 1854, and was a member of the committee of ways and 
 means. He was in favor of the expulsion of Brooks for his assault 
 on Charles Sumner. His speech ou the Kansas slavery question was 
 considered able and effective. He also spoke on the purchase of 
 Mount Vernon, the deficiency and homestead bills, the military 
 academy bill, the river and harbor bill, etc. In 1860 he plunged into 
 the vortex of Wall-street. He was then worth about $200,000. He 
 sold no privileges at that time and loaned no money without the best 
 security. He is now worth many millions. He is a close, shrewd, 
 far-seeing calculator; and he has great self-reliance, not to say 
 assurance, and that is not a matter of surprise, since the genial dame 
 Good Fortune seems to have been always on his side to shield him 
 in the time of trial and to crown him with success in all his under- 
 takings. . 
 
 CYRUS W. FIELD, 
 
 Founder of the Athtntic Submarine Teleirrnpli. 
 
 CYRUS W. FIELD belongs to a distinguished family. One of his 
 brothers is a judge, another stands at the head of the New York 
 bar, and another is the editor and owner of the New York 
 Evangelist. Cyrus has linked the old world with the new, and 
 *' gathered the nations in a group'" with the submarine telegraph. 
 He has won wide celebrity and fortune, and is a millionaire. 
 He was born in 1820, in the town of Stockbridge, Mass., where be 
 was educated and had for his school companions the Scdgwicks and 
 others who became noted in the world of letters and politics. When 
 eighteen years of age, he was employed in New York, in A. T. 
 Stewart's dry-goods store, whence after one year of service he went 
 to Lee, Mass., and engaged as a clerk in the office of his brother, 
 Mathew Field. Eighteen months later he went to Westfield, Mass., 
 and became the junior partner of E. Root & Go's paper firm, which 
 failed a few years afterward and left Mr. Field deeply in debt. His 
 next venture wag the opening of a paper commis.'*ion house in New 
 Yorlv. at which time he was his own porter, clerk, cashier and boss. 
 He was very exact, methodical and prompt. At noon, no matter 
 who was i)rcscnt, he would spread a napkin on his desk, and partake 
 of his lunch from a tin pail. In ten years he built up an 
 immense business, paid his Westfield creditors, principal and inter- 
 est, bought the homestead on which his father lived as a tenant, and 
 presented it to him. The greatest event of his life, however, was 
 the laying of the Atlantic cable, to construct which he crossed the 
 ocean almost as many limes as the weaver-spider passes from point 
 to point when building its bridge of gossamer. Thurlow Weed, when
 
 WELL-KNOWN MEN OK NEW VOKK. 
 
 iS.> 
 
 ur;::ing Prt'sidciit Pierce to tiign "The Field Bill,'" tlutt had pat-eed 
 Congress, said to the preaideiit: "Mr. Field in one of the kindest and 
 best of men, but he is so nervous and bo much exciteil, you will kill 
 him liy withholding your signature.'" The bill was signed at once. 
 Mr. Field is tall and ** spare. " He has a fine head, a broad, high fore- 
 head, full electric eyes, eagle nose, and thin, compressed lips that are 
 ]):u'tly concealed under a light growth of beard. His face indicates 
 llnnneas, courage and intellectual superiority. 
 
 SAMUEL R. WELLS, 
 
 PhrenoloKiNt iiiid l*iil>llNher, Xew Tork City. 
 
 SAMUEL R. WELLS was widely known as an authority on the 
 subject of phrenology and as a promoter cf all the phases 
 of reform that tend to advance the best interests of 
 humanity. He was born in West Hartford, Conn., April 4, 1820. 
 In his childhood he removed with his parents to Sodus Bay, N. Y. 
 There he spent his early years, working on the farm, boating, hunt, 
 ing, fishing, and in various other occupations and amusements 
 incident to rural life. When he attained to young manhood he 
 learned the tanner's trade, seeking the best instruction, until he 
 became a complete master of the business and commanded its highest 
 wages. Being industrious, temperate and skillful, he easily found 
 plenty of good work to do and good men to work for. After saving 
 a few hundred dollars, he determined to study the medical profession, 
 and he was making considerable progress in that direction when be 
 attended a course of lectures delivered by the Fowlers in the city of 
 Boston. He was deeply impressed with the interesting theme and 
 resolved to investigate it. When a boy, his first ideas of phrenology 
 were obtained from a chart which had been marked by Miss Char- 
 lotte Fowler, an accomplished young lady, then in her teens, who 
 afterward became his wife. In 1844 he formed a copartnership with 
 the Fowlers, and entered their office, then in Nassau street. New 
 York. He organized the book business and gave a new spring to the 
 fimums Phrenological Journal. In 1860 Mr. Wells and Mr. L. N. 
 Fowler made the tour of the United States and the British provinces, 
 and afterward extended their journey to England, Scotland and 
 Ireland. He was the author of " Wedlock, or the Right Relations of 
 the Sexes," and "New Physiognomy, or Signs of Character." He 
 died on the morning of April 13, 1875, aged fifty-five years. He was 
 an amiable and benevolent gentleman, of attractive presence and 
 graceful address, and tall, slender and symmetrical, with a face indi- 
 cating high intelligence and refinement. A vigorous growth of dark 
 hair covered a finely formed head. His eyes, weakened, probably, 
 by bard study, were helped by the use of spectacles. The contour of 
 his face showed sensitiveness and delicate sympathy, combined with 
 a singular power of analysis and decision of character. 
 
 STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, 
 
 Extensive Land-Owner, Public Officer" nnd Scientist. 
 
 THIS gentleman, well known as "the patroon," or owner of ex- 
 tensive land-grants rented out to numerous tenants, was a 
 lineal descendant of Kilian Van Rensselaer, the original " pat- 
 roon " of 1630, and was born in New York City, November 1, 17G4. 
 He was educated at Harvard college, graduating in 1782, and in 1783 
 married a daughter of General Philip Schuyler. He was a member 
 of the Slate assembly in 1789, and a State senator from 1790 to 1795. 
 In 1795 he became lieutenant-governor of the State, holding the office 
 for six years. In 1801 he was chosen chairman of the State con- 
 stitutional convention, and was appointed commander of the mounted 
 State militia, with the rank of general. In 1810-11, he was appointed 
 a commissioner to explore the route for a canal to Western New 
 York. During the war of 1812, with his cavalry, he captured 
 Queenstown, Canada, but could not retain it, owing to his men 
 refusing to leave their own State, and on this account he resigned his 
 
 command. From 1810 until his death he was one of the Erie canal 
 commissioners, and president of the board for fifteen yeurs. He was 
 again elected to the State legi-nlature in 1810. He wa« choHen regent 
 of the State university in 1819, and was also its chancellor. In 1820 
 he was president of the State board of agriculture. In 1821 he was a 
 member of the State constitutional convention. From 1821 to 1823 
 he superintended geological surveys al(»ng the line of the Erie canal 
 and elsewhere. In 1824 he established a scientific school at Troy, 
 N. Y. , afterward known as the Rensselaer Polytechnic institute. 
 From 1822 to 1829 he was a member of Congress, and directly instru- 
 mental in electing John Quincy Adams Prei^tdent by his vote in the 
 House. In 1825 Yule college conferred upon him the degree of 
 LL.D. He died at Albany, N. Y., January 20, 1839. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 
 Patriot, Ntntesmun and Financier. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON was born in the Isle of Xevis (West 
 Indies), in 1757. At sixteen, with his mother, he removed to 
 New York, where he was educated at Columbia college. At 
 nineteen he entered the revolutionary army, and, in 1777, was aide 
 to General Washington, with whom he fought at the siege of York- 
 town with great bravery. He studied law on the return of peace, 
 began practice in' New York, and soon rose to distinction. His 
 election as a member of Congress occurred in 1782. In 1787 he 
 aided in framing the constitution of the United States. He assisted 
 in writing The Federalist in 1787 and 1788, and was appointed Secre- 
 tary of the National Treasury by President Washington in 1789, In 
 this ofiice he established a system of finance that greatly benefited 
 the country. He returned to the practice of his profession in 1795. 
 In 1798, when France threatened to invade the republic, he was 
 chosen second in command of the government forces, subsequently 
 returning to his law practice and achieving new success and emin- 
 ence. In a duel with Aaron Burr, in 1804, he lost bis life, greatly 
 loved and lamented. His labors and essays are still highly appre- 
 ciated. 
 
 WILLIAM M. TWEED, 
 
 Knon'u as the ** Boss** of a Disreputable ** Rlngr.** 
 
 THIS remarkable personage was born in New York City, April 3, 
 1823, and learned the trade of a chair-raaker, but subsequently 
 became a lawyer. From 1852 to 1871 he successively filled 
 the offices of alderman, member of Congress, city supervisor and 
 chairman of the board of supervisors, school commissioner. State 
 senator, and commissioner of the city department of public works. 
 It was in this last position that he, with others, formed a "ring," 
 and converted large sums of public money to their private use, one 
 medium of their ill-gotten gains being the building and furnishing of 
 the new city court house. In 1871 he was arrested in a civil suit for 
 malfeasance in office, and held for trial in bonds of $1,000,000: and 
 later in the year he was arrested on a criminal charge of frand, but 
 was released on bail of $5,000. Early in 1873 both suits were tried, 
 but the jury disagreed. Toward the close of that year, however, he 
 Wits convicted of fraud, and sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment, 
 fined $12,550, and incarcerated on Blackwell's Island, in New York 
 harbor. In 1875 a civil suit to recover $6,000,000 from him was 
 begun in the supreme court of the State, with several other actions, 
 civil and criminal. Later that year, the court of appeals decided that 
 his imprisonment was illegal, and ordered his discharge: but he was 
 required to furnish bail-lxmds to the amount of $3,000,000 in the 
 pending civil suits, and failing to do so, was confined in the Lndlow 
 street jail. On the 4th of December, 1875, he escaped from custody, 
 and fled to Europe; but after an absence of several months he wa^ 
 recaptured in Spain, and again placed in jail, in New York, where he 
 died in 1878. 
 
 2^ 
 
 :<3^
 
 >(l:(7 — 
 
 1 
 
 386 
 
 DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THK " QUAKEK CITY. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 -i* 
 
 ^ 
 
 SKETCHES OF SOME OF HER PEOPLE, 
 
 ^- 
 
 a- 
 
 Past and Present. 
 
 -^i--*-- 
 
 -•-•■^ 
 
 
 A Few Men who are Widely and Favorably Known. 
 
 HILADELPHIA is one of the oldest and most 
 renowned of American cities^ and its 
 origin and history are full of interest. 
 William Penn, having received from Charles 
 II., King of England, a charter for all the 
 land west of the Delaware river, visited the 
 present site of Philadelphia in 1682, and 
 there concluded bis celebrated treaty of 
 
 peace with the Indians, whereby he acquired 
 
 ~S) absolute possession of the territory desig- 
 nated in the royal grant. At this time he 
 founded the city and gave it the name that 
 it now bears. The peaceful relations 
 between the colonists and Indians contin- 
 ued uninterrupted for sixty years, during 
 which the city prospered. While the war 
 of the Revolution still raged, in 1774, the first Continental Congress 
 was held in Philadelphia; it was there, in 1776, that the Declaration 
 of Independence was Mgned, and it was the established seat of gov- 
 ernment of the United States from 1790 until 1800, when the city of 
 Washington became the permanent national capital. Philadelphia 
 ranks as the second seaport of the Union in point of size and import- 
 ance. It has been the theatre of many great and good enterprises in 
 commerce, literature and science, and has produced some of the 
 finest intellects in the world. Among its most eminent citizena have 
 been Franklin, Girard, and the many other brilliant and honored men 
 whose life-sketcbee are herewith given. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN, 
 
 Fonuder ol" rhe Stat** of renn*tylvanla. 
 
 5[j|^S|IR WILLIAM PENN was an admiral in the British navy. 
 -^^^ His son, the siTt)ject of this sketch, was born in London, Eng- 
 \ ) land, October 14, 1644. His education was commenced in a 
 J-' country school when he was still of very tender age; at 
 twelve, in London, he studied under a private tutor, and at fifteen 
 entered Oxford university. There he was converted to the tenets of 
 the (Quakers, and this change in his religious views led to his expul- 
 sion from the institution. Retiring to Paris, he remained there two 
 years, engaged in study. Upon his return, having many advantages 
 of a social character, with his mind highly cultivated, and possessing 
 native talent and wit, he stepped aside from the follies and pleasures 
 of his position and tenaciously clung to the sober habits and simple 
 methods of living adopted by the (iuakers. This course led, in 1667, 
 to his arrest, and exposed him to public derision; and his continued 
 religious profession afterward caused him to be taken into custody 
 several limes. At the age of twenty-four, in 1668, he entered upon 
 the ministry of the gospel, and traveled and preached and wrote in 
 support of the faith to which his life was now devoted. Ry order of 
 the Bishop of London he was thrown into prison, where he languished 
 for several monthf*. Royal intluence, however, was interposed in 
 
 his behalf, and he was released. Going to Ireland to look after his 
 father's estate, he remained about a year, and then returned to 
 London. While preaching there he fell under the displeasure of the ^ 
 mayor of Loudon, w^ho had him again imprisoned. Upon his release 
 he traveled in Holland and Germany, and soon afterward was married 
 to the daughter of Sir William Springett. In 1681, King Charles 
 n. gave him a charter for the province of Pennsylvania, in America, 
 as is supposed, to pay a debt owing by his majesty to Admiral Penn. 
 Probably the younger Penn had the province in view as an asylum 
 for his persecuted brethren in the Quaker faith, and as a field for the 
 promotion of civil and religious freedom. And, although he had 
 received the territory by a royal grant, he deemed it his duty to 
 pu rchase it from the original owners, the Indians. Sailing to 
 America in 1682, he landed at Newcastle, August 24, and proceeded 
 to Chester, where he called an assemblage of the settlers, the result 
 of which was the adoption of mild and satisfactory laws for the gov- 
 ernment of the province. The same year he concluded his celebrated 
 treaty with the Indians at what is now known as Kensington, in the 
 northern part of Philadelphia. For two years, during which he laid 
 the foundations of the "Quaker City,"' he devoted himself to the 
 affairs of the province, returning to England in 1684. There trouble, 
 imprisonment and persecution attended him, and fifteen years 
 elapsed before he was permitted to revisit Pennsylvania. This was 
 his last return to his possessions, and after presenting the city of 
 Philadelphia with a charter, he sailed for home in 1701. Soon after- 
 ward the province was taken from his control by the government, upon 
 the pretext that he had changed the administration of it from a colonial 
 to a regal character. Lingering in feeble health for several years, he 
 died July 30, 1718. 
 
 BENJ. H. BREWSTER, 
 
 Eminent tliirlst and Attorney-General. 
 
 If'HE legal profession takes just pride in the career of Hon. 
 I'i^ Benjamin Harris Brewster, who was born in Salem county, 
 'f^ N. J., October 13, 1816. The father of Mr. Brewster 
 ^^ ranked high as a member of the Philadelphia bar. When 
 eighteen years of age young Brewster had so assiduously applied 
 himself to study that he graduated at Princeton (N. J.) college. In 
 1838 he was admitted as a member of the bar at Philadelphia, and at 
 once rose to prouiinencc in his profession. His first appointment as 
 a public oflicer came from President Polk, who selected him for a 
 commissioner to adjudicate the claims of the Cherokee Indians 
 against the United States. In 1866 Governor Geary appointed him 
 attorn<?y-general of the State of Pennsylvania, and on December 16, 
 1881, President Arthur promoted him to his Cabinet as Attorney- 
 General to the United States. Not only does he rank liigh as a legal 
 authority, but he is esteemed as a gentleman of rare culture and 
 literary talent, liaving an enviable reputation as a platform orator and 
 lecturer. 
 
 i 
 
 (>^
 
 MEN IN I'lIILADEI.rillA. 
 
 GEORGE W. CHILDS. 
 
 Pro|>rletur of ihe l*lilludel|»hiii. "Public l^etlKer.'* 
 
 fr^ALTIMOUE. Md., was the birthpliice of George W. €hilds, 
 ^ May la, 1829. When fourteen years old, a poor lad, he ob- 
 i j) tained employment in a bookstore as 8hop-boy. After re- 
 
 --1^" maininp there four years, be opened a small store on his own 
 account. Subsequently the firm became Childs & Peterson and 
 engaged in the publication of books. The business proved profitable, 
 and on December 3, 18G4, he became proprietor of the Pbihidelphia 
 Pufdic Ledger. In this purchase was realized ttie object of his early 
 ambition to own and control a daily newspaper in some metropolitan 
 city. Success crowned his efforts in this as in his former enterprises. 
 Before the paper came into his hands it had been published at a loss, 
 but he conducted it with such rare tact and discernment as to increase 
 its circulation, within a few years, to more than 90,000 copies daily, 
 and his fame as a publisher, as well as a genial gentleman, is world- 
 wide. A patron of all worthy charities, he gives generously to many 
 needy institutions, and liberally aids every public enterprise for the 
 improvement of his adopted city. In the spirit of genuine hospi- 
 tality he has, perhaps, entertained more distinguished personages of 
 this and other countries than any other living man, thus producing 
 in the minds of influential strangers the best impressions of America 
 and Philadelphia. 
 
 WALT. WHITMAN, 
 
 Poet, Lecturei* aud Public Reader. 
 
 i;>7""]jCCENTRICTTY in verbal expression and a genius of unusual 
 
 , _l character have made this poet famous. Of English and IIol- 
 
 ' 'll land Dutch descent, he came upon the stage of action at West 
 
 ^-V"^ Hills, Long Island, N. Y. , May 31, 1819, and his childhood, 
 youth and early manhood were spent upon the Island and in New 
 York City and Brooklyn. The public schools chiefly furnished him 
 with what education he received during his tender years, and with 
 such good effect that from the time he was fifteen until he was twenty 
 he taught school and educated others. After he was twenty he was 
 successively a jjrinter, carpenter, magazine-writer, traveling corre- 
 spondent for the press, and editor. Upon the breaking out of the 
 war of the Rebellion he joined the Union army as volunteer nurse on 
 the field and iji the hospitals, and this was his occupation for three 
 years. When the war was ended he temporarily resided in the south- 
 west and in Canada, but his home has been for several years at Cam- 
 den, N. J. Two volumes of his writings have been published — ■ 
 '^ Specimen Days and Collect,"' an autobiographical and prose compi- 
 lation, and '* Leaves of Grass," a collection of poems. Latterly he 
 has been engaged in reading his poems and lecturing from the plat- 
 form. In person Mr. Whitman is tall, erect and stout, and moves 
 about with the aid of a large cane. His white hair, thrown straight 
 back from his brow, and full white beard, give him a striking and 
 patriarchal appearance. His cheeks are fresh and ruddy, his fore- 
 head is deeply furrowed with horizontal lines ; in conversation his 
 blue-gray eyes seem prone to hide themselves under the falling eye- 
 lids, which are presently suddenly lifted as if by a thought. His 
 voice is clear and firm, his manner free from all affectation or eccen- 
 tricity, and eminently natural and social. 
 
 I 
 
 WILLIAM H. ALLEN, 
 
 Educator and PreNitleiit ol'Oii'ard College. 
 
 ,W~i^HE cause of education has seldom been more honorably or 
 '^ ,V efficiently represented than in the person of this venerable 
 ,.Hj i^Y man, who entered upon his career on a farm near Augusta, 
 ^'' Maine, March 27, 1808. He received his preparatory edu- 
 cation at the Maine Wesleyan seminary, afterward entering Bowdoin 
 college, at which he graduated. Later in life he was appointed pro- 
 
 fessor of chemistry and natural philosophy, and also of Engli>>l] 
 literature in Dickenson college, Pennsylvania, retaining these chairs 
 for thirteen consecutive years. In 1850 he was chosen president of 
 Girard college, Philadelphia. This position he resigned in 18(i2, 
 desiring to retire from active duty lo the privacy of his farm on the 
 banks of the Delaware river. After u rest of two years he was 
 apjiciinted president of the Pennsylvania Agricultural college. In 
 181)7 he was recalled to the control of Girard college, and remained 
 its president until his death. Prom 1872 until 1881 he was also 
 president of the American Bible society, performing his duties elfl- 
 ciently until his advanced age compelled him to relinquish them. 
 He was a ripe scholar and a liberal contributor to the leading period- 
 icals of the day. His death occurred August 29, 1882. 
 
 FREDERICK FRALEY, 
 
 Pabllc-8|>lrlted <'ai>ilalli.t and Financier. 
 
 ITCCESS in business, with scicntillc and philosophical attain- 
 ments, distinguish the life-work of Frederick Fraley, who 
 entered upon life in Philadelphia, July 28, 1804. In his 
 youth he was liberally educated in private schools, and 
 afterward trained for commercial pursuits. In 1834 he was chosen a 
 member of the city council, and from that time onward he filled 
 many private and public positions of honor. In 1837 he was elected 
 a member of the State senate; in 1840, chief executive officer of the 
 American Fire Insurance company; in 1847, president of the Schuyl- 
 kill Navigation company; secretary and treasurer of the Centennial 
 Board of Finance for the international exhibition of 1870, and, in 1878, 
 president of the Western Savings-Fund society of Philadelphia. In 
 addition to these he has filled the following: Member, secretary, 
 vice-president and president of the American Philosophical society; 
 president of the National Board of Trade; trustee of the university 
 of Pennsylvania for thirty years, receiving from it the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws, and one of the founders of the Franklin institute in 1824. 
 But while his life has been largely devoted to business, he has given 
 much time to philosophical and scientilic studies, and enjoys an 
 enviable place in the confidence of the public. 
 
 , DR. D. HAYES AGNEW, 
 
 Proficient in Medical and Siirgrical Science. 
 
 |HE shooting of President Garfield, by an assassin, in 1881, 
 iv* prominently brought before the people the name of this 
 if gentleman, who was the first of the consulting 
 
 '-^■J called lo the White House 
 
 surgeons 
 Dr. Agnew, the son of an 
 eminent physician in Lancaster county. Pa. , was born in 1818. Pur- 
 suing the study of his father's profession he enjoyed competent 
 educational facilities, graduating at Newark college, X. J., and 
 receiving his medical degree at the university of Pennsylvania. At 
 first he practiced medicine in a country town, but after a few years 
 he removed to Philadelphia, and was chosen lecturer in the Philadel- 
 phia School of anatomy. At the same time he established the School 
 of Operative surgery. In 1854 he was elected surgeon of the Phila- 
 delphia hospital, and founded the Pathological museum. Nine years 
 later (1863) he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy and lecturer 
 on clinical surgery in the university of Pennsylvania, and also surgeon 
 of Wills' Ophthalmic hospital. In 1865 he was further honored by his 
 election as surgeon of the Pennsylvania hospital and likewise of the 
 Orthopedic hospital. In 1870 he was called to the chair of operative 
 surgery in the university of Pennsylvania, and in 1871 became pro- 
 fessor of the principles and practice of surgery in the same institu- 
 tion. While filling the position of professor and lecturer in the 
 university, he is also a distinguished physician and surgeon, with a 
 very large private practice. 
 
 ^
 
 390 
 
 SOME FACTS ABOUT PHILADELPHIA PEOPLE. 
 
 -m 
 
 HENRY C. CAREY, 
 
 Earnest and Intelligent Political Economist. 
 
 I TANDIXG high in the list of hUelligent and active political 
 economists is blazoned the name of Henry Charles Carey, a 
 native of Philadelphia, who was born December 15, 1793, 
 'and enjoyed the benefit of the educational institutions 
 of that city. At the age of twenty-six he became associated with 
 his father in a publishing house, and at the end of three years, his 
 father retiring, he assumed the business of the firm. The thorough 
 study of political economy had made him proficient in that science, 
 and in 1835 he published his first work, entitled, "Essay on the 
 Rate of Wages, with an Examination of the Differences in the Condi- 
 tion of the Laboring Population throughout the World.*" From time 
 to time, afterward, he gave to the world other volumes of a similar 
 character, among the most noted of which are the following: "Prin- 
 ciples of Political Economy,'' in three octavo volumes; *' The Law of 
 Distribution," and "The Credit System in France, Great Britain and 
 the United States." In his treatment of the tariff question he was 
 distinguished for the zeal with which he advocated the principle of 
 protection of American industry and opposed the doctrines of free 
 trade. His writings retain their influence and are esteemed as 
 authorities in discussion of the topics upon which they treat. His 
 death occurred October 13, 1879. 
 
 DANIEL DOUGHERTY. 
 
 I^a^vyer, Lecturer and Political Orator. 
 
 )jS a profession, law is an excellent stepping-stone to public 
 reputation, especially when combined with a gift of oratory 
 and political aspirations. This is demonstrated in the life- 
 "-^^ work of Mr. Daniel Dougherty, who came upon the stage of 
 action in Philadelphia, October 15, 1826. Being a lad dependent 
 upon his own exertions to obtain a livelihood, his early education was 
 of necessity neglected. His desire for knowledge, however, made 
 him anxious to enter upon a course of professional training. This 
 ambition and the early development of his oratorical powers, with his 
 fondness for speaking in public, led him to study law, and his admis- 
 sion to the bar was effected in 1849. His first case was the defense 
 of a man on trial for his life, and he won it. Success and the 
 ability and promise of greatness thus developed at once placed 
 him among the noted members of Ms profession, and this 
 honor his subsequent career maintained, so that his practice has 
 become extensive and valuable. Although mingling but little in 
 political contests, his fame as an orator on the platform, especially 
 during the war of the Rebellion, is wide-spread. In 1880 he attended 
 the national democratic convention at Cincinnati, and there, with 
 much eloquence, he nominated General Winfiold S. Hancock for the 
 Presidency. As a lecturer on general topics he is also much 
 esteemed, and complimented with the title of '* the eilver-tongued 
 orator. " 
 
 MATTHEW SIMPSON. 
 
 Fl<i«]uent Prelatf <ir the MelhttUiMt KpiNCopal Church. 
 
 . 1 ADIZ, Ohio, gave the eloquent Bishop Simpson to the world, 
 June 21, J811. At twenty-one he graduated at Alleghany 
 college, Meadville, Pa. A course of medical studies was 
 ~^t then pursued for about a year, and in 1833 he started in 
 busln(!ss as a physician. Soon, however, he found himself strongly 
 influenced to abandon medicine and enter the pulpit, and the same 
 year obtained license to preach in Methodist churches. In 1837 he 
 was elected vice-president and professor of natural sciences in AlU'- 
 ghany college; in 1839. became president of the Asbury university, 
 in Indiana; in 1848, was appointed editor of the iVestern ChriMian 
 Advocafe, at Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1852 was chosen a bishop of 
 the Methodi.Ht Episcopal church. At death he was senior bishop, 
 and was regarded as one of the finest pulpit orators and erudite 
 
 divines in his denomination. As an author he has prepared several 
 books — "A Hundred Years of Methodism," in 1876, and " Lectures 
 on Preaching,*' and was principal editor of '*The Cyclopaedia of 
 Methodism. " He died at his home in Philadelphia, June 18, 1884. 
 
 ALBION W. TOURGEE, 
 
 Soldier, Lawyer, BecuuMtructiouiMt, JBditor and Xovellst. 
 
 ^M^ DESCENDANT of the French Huguenots, Mr. Tourgee was 
 fflSfi? *^*^™ ^* Williamsfield, Ashtabula county, Ohio, May 2, 1838, 
 
 and acquired his preparatory tuition at the village academy. 
 
 When twenty years old, in 1858, he enlarged his field of study 
 by entering Rochester (N. Y. ) university; but at the outbreak of 
 the war of the Rebellion, in 1861, he withdrew from the college and 
 enlisted as a private soldier. Unfortunately he was so seriously 
 wounded in the service that he had to be discharged soon after reach- 
 ing the front. In 1862 be was admitted to the practice of the law in 
 Ohio; but, instead of following his profession, he re-entered the 
 army and remained with it until the war ended. Taking up his 
 residence in North Carolina, he began to practice law, and was called 
 to assist in the work of federal reconstruction. He next established 
 the Union Register^ a weekly newspaper, at Greensboro, N. C. , and 
 devoted his pen mainly to the advocacy of the equality of political 
 rights. In 1866 he was a delegate to the convention of Southern 
 loyalists which met in June at Philadelphia. There, as the principal 
 champion of negro-suffrage, he met with violent opposition from the 
 border States. His popularity in North Carolina, however, led to his 
 election as judge of the superior court of that State in April, 1868. 
 In 1875 he retired from the bench and resumed the practice of law. 
 Not long after this he began his literary career. He had already 
 printed a novel, issued in 1874, and since republished under the title 
 of ''A Royal Gentleman." In 1877 appeared a legal compilation 
 entitled "The Code, and Decisions in 1876." His most popular 
 work, '* A Fool's Errand," challenged the admiration of the public in 
 1879, followed by "Figs and Thistles;" in 1880 came *' Bricks 
 Without Straw. " Within three years the sales of his novels reached 
 500,000 copies. In 1881 he began the publication, at Philadelphia, of 
 Our C'onfinenf, a weekly magazine, of which he is chief editor and 
 proprietor. It has proved to be quite a successful venture. One of 
 his recent publications in book-form is styled " Some Other Fools. " 
 He has also become a platform lecturer of considerable celebrity. 
 
 CHARLES G. LELANO. 
 
 ind VerNiitile Author. 
 
 literature in the United States owes 
 
 «IoiirnaliN( and Oen 
 
 I^CELLANEOUS 
 
 mufh to the genius of Charles Godfrey Leland, who was 
 'jil[iy(-]W born in Philadelphia, August 15, 1824. Most of his 
 ^^^^Yi^-B^^" early tuition was received in the school of the "Concord 
 philosopher," Bronson A. Alcott, who was then teaching in the 
 " Quaker City." At sixteen the lad entered Princeton (N. J.) col- 
 lege, at which he graduated in 1844. Going to Europe, he pursued 
 t*pi'cial studies in the universities of Heidelberg (Germany), Munich 
 (Bavaria) and Paris. Returning to Philadelphia, he began to study 
 law, and after two years was admitted to the bar; but preferring 
 literary labor, he relinquished the practice of his profession and 
 became a writer for the press. In this pursuit he soon became well- 
 known as a contributor to the journals and serials of the day. In 
 1848 he was engaged as foreign editor of the International ^fagazine; 
 from 1853 to 1855 he edited the New York Illmtrated News, and in 
 May, 1866, he became managing editor of the Philadelphia Prem, and 
 established the Weekly Press. His fame, however, rests principally 
 upon his books, in which his genial humor and erudition have found 
 appreciative admirers. Among his most esteemed published writ- 
 ings arc the "Hans Breitman Ballads," "Egyptian Skctoli-Book." 
 "Minor Arts" and "Red Indians." His borne is in hi< mitivc city. 
 
 =vSl
 
 I'KOMINENT PKOI'LK OF TllJi '^i^UAKEU CITY. 
 
 3t>l 
 
 JOSHUA B. LIPPINCOTT, 
 
 SiicceAHt'iil l&ooUitcllei' anil PiibllHlier. 
 
 ;^f^/^'^''.<)ST uf IIr' iiiihlishiiifi-lKHiscs in riiiladclphia appear to 
 b»v(' btn*n siicccpsfiilly manam-d, iiiid the lonjj-ei^lablishc'd 
 iiiul widely-known firm of J. H. Lippincott& Co. i^ancx- 
 "^^^Co -~" ample of what combined energy and intelligence can effect 
 in an honorable business. The senior partner, Jonhna IJ. Lippincott, 
 was a native of New Jersey, having first seen the light in Burlington 
 county. At an early age he went to Phnadeli)hia and obtained n Kitua- 
 tion in a small bookHtore. At eighteen years old ho fonnd himself in 
 pole charge of a considerable book business, which he conducted to 
 the entire satisfaction of his employers. In 183t) he founded the busi- 
 ness of which hebecamethe honored head. At first the publishing of 
 tiooks,and that in a limited manner, engrossed his attention, but he soon 
 branched out and increased bis stock with a greater variety, including 
 periodicals, stationery and miscellaneous goods. His prosperity 
 continuing, in 1850 he determined to enlarge bis business, and at the 
 outset be purchased the stock-in-trade and good-will of Grigg & 
 Elliot, then the most extensive book- publishers in Philadelphia. 
 This purchase placed Mr. Lippincott and his partner in a position to 
 enter the field successfully as booksellers, and their next step was to 
 enlarge their sphere as publishers. The immense success that they 
 have achieved in this direction is indicated by the departments of 
 literature covered by their publications, which embrace history, biog- 
 raphy, religion, fiction, ]KK-try. meilicine, science, law and miscellany, 
 numbering about .3,000 different titles, and increasing from year to 
 year. The buililing in which their business was carried on was erected 
 in 1865, and their growing trade also demanded the construction of 
 another great edifice in order to meet their requirements as book 
 manufacturers. It is one of the largest establishments of the kind 
 n the world, and its business connections extend to all parts of the 
 globe. Its founder was esteemed for his powers of discrimination, 
 perseverance and enterprise. He died January 5, 1886. ♦- 
 
 WAYNE MacVEAGH, 
 
 Kx-MlnUter to Turkey and Formerly Attorney-General. 
 
 p^ TATESMANSHIP fiourishcs in Pennsylvania, and there meets 
 
 ; ^^ ■ with reward, as illustrated in the life of Hon. Wayne 
 
 V j! MacVeagh, who honored Chester county by his coming into 
 
 vj^'' the world at Phcenixville, April 19, 1833. Twenty years 
 afterward he graduated at Yale college, and in 1856, having been 
 admitted to the bar of the State, he began a professional and political 
 career of great brilliancy. In 1868 he was chairman of the State 
 Republican committee; in April, 1870,he was appointed Minister'to 
 Turkey, resigning that office in September, 1871 : was appointed one 
 of the commission to allay the local political excitement in Louisiana, 
 the result being the confirmation of the Nichols dynasty, and in 
 March, 1881, President Garfield called him to his cabinet as Attorney- 
 General of the United States. Upon the accession of President 
 Arthur, he determined to leave the cabinet, and resigned his ntHcc 
 November 12, 1881. He then resumed the practice of law, in which 
 he has exceedingly prospered, frequently being employed by large 
 corporations as counsel. To his legal attainments and Influence 
 as a statesman he adds high literary and social culture, and enjoys 
 the esteem and respect of his Jellow-citizens. 
 
 JOHN WANAMAKER, 
 
 Merchant and Active Philanthropist. 
 
 >MONG the self-made men uf Philadelphia is numbered John 
 Wanamaker, who was born in that city in July, 1837. His 
 //V,\.i father was a brickmaker in moderate circumstances. The 
 '^^^^ son derived his education only from the public schools, and 
 was first employed in a lawyer's office. Afterward he was engaijed 
 
 Y 
 
 in n clothiiiK-storc as clurk. Rut liig native energy, ability an<l 
 amiiitinn |)rc'ventcd liis reniuining for any great length of time in a 
 Biibonlinate |)o«lti(,n. In April, 1801, he started in the clothing 
 l)M8iiiesH in a small way, on liis own account, at Sixth and Marl<et 
 streets, under the flrm-name of Wanamaker & Brown. The business 
 prospered and increased, until, to-day, he ie at the head of the 
 largest clothing and dry-goods house in his native city. The Chestnut 
 street store was opened in 1809: in March, 1876, the Grand Depot at 
 Thirteenth street was occupied as u clothing-store. From time to 
 time afterward other merchandise, such as ie usually kept at large 
 retail establishments, was added, especially in the line of hats, caps 
 and dry-goods. The result was a necessity for the erection of 
 ailjoining structures until the store covered an entire block, fronting 
 on Chestnut and Market streets. This one store employs 2,500 per- 
 sons, and his two otlier establishments about 3,500 more — an army of 
 6,000 whom he controls. For 8i.\ years Mr. Wanamaker was corre- 
 sponding secretary of the Philadelphia Young Men's Christian asso- 
 ciation, and since IHTl he has been its president. With his large anil 
 increasing wealth he is public-spirited, materially aiding churches, 
 Sunday-schools and benevolent enterprises with a liberal hand, an<l 
 doing much to improve the moral and physical character of tlie 
 people. He was the founder and principal contributor of the 
 Bethany Presbyterian church, and is the popular superintendent of 
 its Sunday school, the largest in the city. He has built in its 
 vicinity about four hundred houses in order to elevate the moral 
 and social status of the iieople in that neighborhood. His success is 
 due, principally, to his great energy and executive skill. 
 
 HENRY DISSTON, 
 
 The Great Saw Maiiiii'aetlli er of the X'nited States. 
 
 ^^I^^'ERICA affords a line tleld fur inventive genius and skillful 
 )fVhl artisans. Such was the experience of the late Henry Disston, 
 '"//.v "'ho died a citizen of Philadelphia, March 16, 1878. His 
 ''^'\ ^^ father was a manufacturer of lace-making machines in Eng- 
 land, and Henry was born at Tewksbury, in that country, in 1819. At 
 fourteen, accompanied by his father, he came to Philadelphia; but 
 three days after reaching there the lad was deprived of his father by 
 death, and found himself a stranger in a strange land. Being only a 
 poor boy, his first step was to apprentice himself to a saw-maker, 
 learning the business with such rapidity that at eighteen years of 
 age he became foreman of the shop. When he was twenty-one, and 
 his own master, his employer owed him 8125, which amount the 
 young mechanic arranged to receive in shop-tools. With these he 
 started in business on his own account, having his shop in a cellar. 
 .\fter struggling for several years to overcome the great prejudice 
 that existed against American-made saws, he rented a room, in 1846 
 (where the business in 1883 was still carried on), introduced stram- 
 power to aid him, and thus set up the first factory in this country for 
 the production of hand-saws. His little workshop of only twenty 
 feet square gradually grew under the success of his business until it 
 now embraces a score of mammoth structures, covering hundreds of 
 acres of land, in which sixteen hundred men are employed, and in 
 which sixteen engines, with more than the power of two thousand 
 horses, are required to run the several immense factories that com- 
 prise the works. Here are manufactured saws, files, and other steel 
 tools of various kinds. Two hundred and fifty houses, three 
 churches, two school-bouses and a hospital have been erected for the 
 workmen of this establishment and their families — a population of 
 3.000 souls. The company now consists of Mr. Disston's four sons, 
 who ship their goods to all the principal ports of commerce in the 
 world. The founder enjoyed the reputation of having been a popular 
 employer and a philanthropist, giving liberally to benevolent and 
 relisious institutions. 
 
 W^ 
 
 K
 
 392 
 
 PEOPLE OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 LOUIS A. GODEY, 
 
 Forty-Seven Xears Publisher of '*The Lady's BooU.** 
 
 jWn the birth of Louis Antoine Godey, in the city of New York, 
 June 6, 1804, the progress of light literature in the United 
 Stales reached a new era. The aim of his early instruction was 
 ^^ to fit hira for the profession of journalism, and his studies 
 were pursued and finished in his native metropolis. In 1830 he 
 removed to Philadelphia, and then and there established Godey's 
 Lady's Book^ which he continued to publish until 1877. This was 
 the first periodical produced in this country specially for ladies. 
 Mr. Godey was a careful and generous publisher, and his conduct of 
 his magazine, with its brilliant array of writers, tended to make it 
 extremely popular, so that in 1864 it numbered one hundred and fifty 
 thousand subscribers. In 1877 he disposed of it to a stock company, 
 and retired to private life with a fortune exceeding a million of 
 dollars, the result of his one great enterprise. In his profession he 
 was conservative, energetic, honorable, and watchful in the extreme 
 as to the purity of his publication. By these qualities he secured 
 the confidence of his patrons. Frequent acts of charity in behalf of 
 the unfortunate, the poor and the aged, distinguished his prosperous 
 career. He did not long survive his retirement from active life, for 
 he died at his home in Philadelphia, November 29, 1878. 
 
 JOHN F. HARTRANFT, 
 
 Siiceessful Soldier an<l Governor of Pennsylvania. 
 
 "lLUSTRIOUS among the sons of Pennsylvania stands John 
 Frederick Hartranft, who was born in Montgomery county, in 
 yi[ that State, December 16, 1830. The facilities afforded for his 
 ■^^ education were so ample that in 1853 he graduated from Union 
 college, Schenectady, N. Y. At first he engaged in business as a 
 civil engineer; but after a time he abandoned this occupation, studied 
 law, and was admitted to the bar of the State in 1800. Upon the 
 breaking out of the Southern Rebellion, in 1801, he entered the Union 
 army as the colonel of a volunteer regiment. After considerable 
 service he was, in the spring of 18G4, promoted to the rank of 
 brigadier-general, and in March, 1865, to that of brevet major- 
 general. The war closed soon afterward and he retired from mili- 
 tary service. The same year he was elected auditor-general of 
 Pennsylvania, receiving a re-election to that office in 1868. His 
 popularity increasing, he was elected Governor of the State in 1872, 
 and again in 1875. In 1879 President Hayes appointed him post- 
 master at Philadelphia, and in 1880 he was transferred to the coUec- 
 torship of that port. Both as a soldier and a civilian, the honors and 
 emoluments which he has received appear to have been justly 
 bestowed. 
 
 GEORGE H. BOKER, 
 
 Poet, and Prewldent of the Union I^eaeue. 
 
 "^ ^jr I XSTRELS and minstrelsy have ever possessed an interest 
 
 / \ / \ in the minds of the people. " Tell me," said a notable 
 
 / _/ \ authority, "■ who writes the songs of a people, and I care 
 
 ■- ■■ :-,i^ not who makes their laws." And there is, indeed, an 
 
 intimate relation between lyric verse and patriotism that gives a charm 
 
 to both. In the case of George H. Boker, who was born in 1824, in 
 
 Philadelphia, the patriotic and poetic principles arc conspicuously 
 
 combined. Educated at Princeton (N. J. ) college, he graduated in 
 
 1847, and in the following year he first appeared before the public as 
 
 an author, bringing out a volume of poems entitled " The Lesson of 
 
 Life." Ilis second volume, "The Podesta's Daughter, and Other 
 
 Poems"— which had the honor of being translated into (Jerman and 
 
 reprintcil in an American anthology — was issued in 1851. Prominent 
 
 among hif writings lirc several fine tragedies, including '* (Jalaynos," 
 
 "Anne Boleyn," and "All the World a Mawk," which have attained 
 
 great popularity. During the war of the Rebellion he wrote numer- 
 ous patriotic lyrics which intensified the loyalty of the people and 
 encouraged their hearts. These were collected and printed, in 
 1864, in a volume — " Poems of War." In 1869 was issued " Konigs- 
 marke, the Legend of the Hound, and Other Poems. " Since then he 
 has not pubhshed any other volume of poetry. In 1871 President 
 (irant tendered him the office of Minister to the Turkish empire, and 
 in 1875 he was appointed United States envoy to St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. He was also one of the founders of the celebrated "■ Union 
 League," and is now (1883) its honored president. As one of the 
 sterling patriots of his times he deserves a place in the hearts and 
 history of his countrymen. 
 
 JOHN WELSH, 
 
 merchant and £x-Minlitter to England. 
 
 Philadelphia had the honor of being his birth-place, Nov- 
 ember 9, 1805. His educational training was received in 
 jfii;, his native city, where, early in life, he entered upon a busi- 
 ^ ness career that continued successful and placed him among 
 the prosperous and prominent merchants of the " Quaker City. " In 
 addition to this success, his public spirit has caused him to be 
 identified with most of the institutions of the city, such as its parks, 
 university, hospital, libraries and other charities. In great move- 
 ments his fellow-citizens have often appealed to him to lead them, 
 and his capacity and good judgment were signally manifested in the 
 brilliant triumph of the great sanitary fair in 1864, and the centennial 
 exhibition in 1876, of whose finance committee he was president. 
 For many years Mr. Welsh has been president of the Phil-adelphia 
 Board of Trade and other commercial institutions. In politics he 
 was a Whig, but promptly took his place with the Republican party 
 on its organization. In 1877 President Hayes appointed him minister 
 to England, a position that he held two years, when, because of 
 family bereavements, he tendered his resignation, which the president 
 accepted with expressions of strong reluctance and warm personal 
 sympathy. Since then he has declined to re-enter public life, and is 
 still (1883) engaged in very extensive business relations. His writ- 
 ings have been chiefly on economic subjects. 
 
 JOHN W. FORNEY, 
 
 ^\. Brilliant ami Pi-oNpci-oiiN \e\vKpaper £ditor. 
 
 ^F humble parentage, beginning life at Lancaster, Pa., Sep- 
 tember 30, 1817, and left an orphan in his infancy, John 
 Weiu Forney early displayed the sterling qualities that dis- 
 "Wd tinguishcd his after-life. Having an opportunity he learned 
 the printing business in all its branches. At sixteen he was engaged 
 as special contributor to the Lancaster Journal^ and four years later 
 he became its editor. In 1845 he was appointed deputy-surveyor of 
 the port at Philadelphia, and at the same time was also chosen for 
 editor of The Penttaylvaniany the leading State organ of the Democratic 
 jjarty, in which position he secured a national reputatiou. In 
 December, 1851, he was elected clerk of the House of Representa- 
 tives in Congress, serving during two terms. On the first day of 
 August, 1857, he founded the Philadelphia Press, which in his hands 
 gained a wide influence. In 1861 he was elected Secretary of the 
 United States scnuUe. In November, 1871, he was appointed collector 
 of customs at Phihididphia. In 1875 he was chosen commissioner to 
 represent the centennial exposition in foreign countries. In 1878 he 
 established The Progress, a weekly paper, carefully conducted, 
 which achieved a fine reputation. Unfortunately he died while only 
 in his sixty-fifth year, December 9, 188], after having filled, for more 
 than forty years, a high position in Ihe journalism and politics of his 
 count rv.
 
 (JLEliUYMAN, MAGICIAN AND SHOWMAN. 
 
 ■di):i 
 
 ALBERT BARNES, 
 
 .PreHbyterlnn nivliie Hiitl llthllciil <'oninientator. 
 
 fLOSELY liiiki'il Willi tlif name- iif Albi-rl Itanics iiri-' some of 
 the most popular theological treatisuf^ that America has 
 .; produced. A farmer"? son, he began his earthly career near 
 '^^i Kome, Oneida county, N. Y. , December 1, 1798. Whatever 
 lii:- early educational advantages may have been in those primitive 
 daysof the republic it is certain that in 1880 he graduated at Hamilton 
 college, at CliiiUm, N. Y.; three years afterwards he also gradu- 
 ated at the Princeton (N. J.) Theological seminary, and the same year 
 was licensed to preach the gospel. He diti not, however, assume the 
 duties of his profession until in 1825, when he became the pastor of the 
 First Presbyterian church at Morristown, N. J. In 18;i0 he was trans- 
 ferred to Philadelphia, taking pastoral charge of the First Presby- 
 terian church in that city. This office he filled without change for 
 about thirty-seven years, when, his health failing, he resigned his 
 active participation in church work, but maintained his connection 
 with his flock until his death, which occurred December 84, IB70. 
 As a preacher and theological expounder he was very popular, and as 
 a writer upon religious topics his fame is world-wide. His most 
 cherished work, probably, is his "Notes, Critical, Explanatory and 
 Practical," on all the books of the New Testament, the prophecies of 
 Isaiah and Daniel, the book of Job and the Psalms of David, in the 
 Old Testament. These have been extensively circulated, not only 
 in this country, but also in other lands by translation into the French, 
 German and Welsh languages and some of the eastern dialects. It is 
 stated that before his death more than a million copies of his com- 
 mentaries had been sold and circulated in all parts of the world, and 
 are, since then, selling more rapidly than before. Between 1857 and 
 the time of his death, he also published " Church and Slavery," " The 
 Way of Salvation," "The Atonement," "The Claims of Episcopacy 
 Refuted," "The Church Manual," "Prayers for Family Worship," 
 several volumes of his sermons, and a course of " Lectures on the 
 Evidences of Christianity in the Nineteenth Century," delivered 
 before the students of Union Theological seminary. New Y'ork, in 
 1866. Upon the division of the Presbyterian church, in 1837, he 
 became a supporter of the New School branch, and one of its leading 
 divines. His career is another indication of what one man can 
 accomplish by systematic habits, resolution and untiring energy. 
 
 "SIGNOR BLITZ," 
 
 £xpert Magiciuu ami Veutrjloquist. 
 
 S[n his day few showmen were greater favorites with the public, 
 5;! young and old, than the prestidigitator whom everybody 
 y I knew as "Signor Blitz," and very few were aware that he had 
 ■^ any other name. He appears to have been born on the coast of 
 France, opposite to Dover, England, June 21, 1810, his father being 
 a merchant in fair circumstances. At the inn in his native 
 town young Blitz frequently exhibited numerous tricks of magic, 
 which he had learned from time to time of wandering gypsies, and 
 there laid the foundation of his after-career by astonishing the 
 towns-people. Such was his adroitness that he soon gained a 
 diabolical reputation for bewitching animate and inanimate things 
 in the village. Very little of his youth was devoted to obtaining a 
 school education, for the advantages offered for his tuition were 
 decidedly poor. When nearly thirteen years of age he was taken 
 from school by his father, who, in September, 1823, sent him, with 
 an attendant, to Hamburg, Germany, to exhibit his magical powers 
 in public. On the stage he soon became a wonder and a favorite 
 with the high and middle classes, who kindly received and petted 
 him while he remained there. From Hamburg he went to all the 
 principal cities of Northern Europe, creating in each as much excite- 
 
 ment and attention as in the German metropolis; and after two yeari- 
 of successful exhibition he returned home in time to receive his 
 mother's dying blessing. In the autumn of the year 182ft he vlnited 
 Elngland^ performing first in provincial towns, and, in 1828, at the 
 Coburg theatre in London. After a number of udventureh in ttiat 
 city he visited Ireland and Scotland, and wuh well received. At 
 Glasgow he first met his wife and married her. Remaining in Great 
 Britain until 1833, and meeting with continuous success in business, 
 he sailed in September of that year for New York, where, after 
 a few weeks' visit he made his first appearance ut Niblo's garden 
 in a varied magical and musical performance. Then began his 
 professional lour of the United States, taking in Boston, Philadelphia, 
 Washington, Southern cities and British America, acquiring fame 
 and fortune by his skill and pleasantry. Thence he journeyed to 
 Antigua, Jamaica and Cuba, meeting with his usual success. Upon 
 his return he permanently resided in Philadelphia, occasionally 
 giving exhibitions at other places. During the war of the Uebellion 
 he performed at 1.32 entertainnients for the benefit and amusement of 
 the 63,000 soldiers who attended tliem. 
 
 ADAM FOREPAUGH, 
 
 Dealer In Horseif uiiil i'atllc, iiimI SucceHHful Showman. 
 
 ,yir,I^HE acquisition of wealth is not confined to any one class of 
 vf W - industry, but attends almost any occupation that is carefully 
 ■*''9u;/' ^O'i persistently followed. This is the experience of 
 '^^ thousands, and some of the results from engaging in untried 
 business under such circumstances are indeed startling. Accident 
 made the subject of this sketch a showman, but by his energy and 
 perseverance he now stands at the head of his profession. Begin- 
 ning life at Philadelphia, February 28, 1831, in humble circumstances, 
 and with but littleopportunity for obtaining an education, Adam Fore- 
 paugh commenced his active career as a butcher-boy. Tiring of home 
 when sixteen years old, he ran away, and obtained employment at 
 Cincinnati in a butcher's shop. His stay there was prolonged for 
 several years, and then he returned to Philadelphia, where he opened 
 a meat-shop on his own account. This business he continued until 
 1848, when he changed his vocation and embarked in running 
 stage-coaches. The buying and selling of horses and cattle also 
 occupied his attention, and within a year he bought and sold ten 
 thousand horses. John O'Brien, the proprietor of a wagon-show, 
 having become indebted to Mr. Forepaugh for horses furnished, to 
 the amount of §9,000, in 1801 admitted him as partner in the con- 
 cern, and so Adam first became a showman, hut without the intention 
 of permanently making it his business. But the idea of forming a 
 grand combination of amusements came into his mind, and he bought 
 Mabie's menagerie, which formed the nucleus of the present 
 immense Forepaugh show that makes a sensation wherever it 
 exhibits. For eight years the earnings of the combined circus and 
 menagerie were devoted to its enlargement. Up to 1876 the ** Aggre- 
 gation " had moved from place to place in wagons: but he then 
 constructed his own railroad trains — sleeping-coach, flat, box and 
 stock cars — with which he has since transported his show throughout 
 the country over iron tracks. With these facilities and the spirit of 
 enterprise which distinguishes him, it is not incredible that, as he 
 says, he "owns, controls and exhibits more wild animals, and indi- 
 vidually possesses more show property, than any other single person 
 or firm in the world. " Among his accumulations are large real-estate 
 purchases in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Chicago and Philadelphia. In the 
 latter city, where he resides, he owns nearly one hundred houses, 
 worth half a million dollars. His is only another example of how a 
 poor boy, working for S4 a month, may by industry and perse- 
 verance overcome poverty and count his fortune by hundreds of 
 thousands before he is past the prime of life.
 
 39i 
 
 KESIDENTS OF PHILADELl'H J A. 
 
 JOSEPH LEIDY, 
 
 Physician, Naturalist and Doctor ori^aws. 
 
 '^<,>R copious and esteemed additions to mr^dical and scientific 
 , |_[ literature the whole world is indebted to the subject of 
 I "" this notice, whose birth occurred in Philudelphia, September 
 \J^^' 9, 1823- His education was completed at the university of 
 Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1844. Then began his 
 successful career as a physician and surgeon, professions so assidu- 
 ously followed that, in 1853, he was called to the chair of anatomy in 
 the institution where he received his degrees. Seven years previous 
 to this promotion, however, he had been elected chairman of the 
 curators of the Academy of Natural sciences. The value and scope 
 of his scientific researches have resulted in giving him a world wide 
 celebrity. The Royal Society of London (England) has compiled a 
 list of one hundred and twenty-five of his pn'blished contributions to 
 his favorite sciences, and these are regarded by men of learning as 
 invaluable, embracing, as they do, a wide range of subjects — anatomy, 
 physiology, paleontology, entomology, helminthology, etc. All the 
 learned societies of note, at home and abroad, have honored him with 
 memberships, and fame concedes to him the highest place in the list 
 of American naturalists. 
 
 ALEXANDER K. McCLURE. 
 
 «IonrnaIi8t, State Officer and £loi|tient Speaker. 
 
 §IVERSIFIED talent as a means to success in life is exempli- 
 1 fied in Alexander Kelly McClure, editor of The Times, in 
 Philadelphia, who came into existence in Perry county. Pa., 
 'i^ January 9, 18*28. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed 
 to a tanner. When eighteen, in 1840. he established a country news- 
 paper and made himself familiar with the printing business. Six 
 years later he became the owner and publisher of the Franklin 
 Repository, printed at Chambersburg, Pa., then one of the leading 
 country newspapers in the State. In 1857 he was elected member of 
 the legislature. In 1858 he was appointed superintendent of public 
 printing and admitted to the practice of law. In 1859 he was elected 
 to the State senate. In 1862 he was appointed assistant-adjutant- 
 general of the United States army. In 1864 he was re-elected mem- 
 ber of the legislature. In 1873, after years of legal experience, be 
 became one of the leaders of "independent reform" in Philadelphia, 
 and was re-elected to a seat in the State senate. In 1875 he -was a 
 candidate for mayor of Philadelphia. And in 1878 he, at the head of 
 a company, founded The Times, an independent, influential daily 
 newspaper in Philadelphia, of which he is still (in 1883) the editor. 
 His reputation as a journalist is very extensive, but he also possesses 
 acknowledged merit as a public speaker. 
 
 T^HE 1 
 
 JAMES L. CLAGHORN, 
 
 Merchant, Bunker and ]*atron iif Flue Arts. 
 
 love of fine art is not always incompatible with the 
 pursuit of wealth or the details of business. This is 
 M i^Y quite clearly demonstrated in the life of James Lawrence 
 ^i^'^ Claghorn, the well-known banker, who was born in 
 Philadelphia, July 5, 1817. In childhood he received a common- 
 school training, and at fourteen years of age he entered upini 
 a mercantile career in his father's store, a large commissitm- 
 houHC in the city. In 1840 he became a member of the 
 firm, continuing in the business until the last day of December 
 1801, when he retired. During the war of the Rebellion he was a 
 strong supporter of the Uni(m cause. In 1867 he was elected presi- 
 dent of the Commercial National bank of Pliiladelphia, of which he 
 had Ijcen for many years a director. Previous to that time he had 
 been a zealous member and patron of the Academy of Fine Arts, and 
 he was the same year chosen to preside over its operations. In this 
 position, by personal effort and liberality, he was largely instrumental 
 
 in securing for the society the commodious and elegant building that 
 it now occupies. Of him it is said that no one has given a greater 
 impetus to the cultivation of fine art in his native city, and in his 
 own home, it is believed, he has the finest collection of steel- 
 engravings in the world. For this branch of art he seems to have a 
 decided partiality, and has purchased the works of the most eminent 
 engravers in Europe and America. 
 
 WILLIAM D. KELLEY, 
 
 The Veteran tJurist* Statcsmaa and Protectionist. 
 
 ^OT many of the nation's counselors can show so fair and con- 
 tinuous a record of public duties performed as can William 
 Darrah Kelley, whose birth occurred in Philadelphia, April 
 1, 1814. Having been deprived of a father's care at an early 
 age, he was left to struggle with adverse circumstances, and com- 
 pleted his studies in the local school when eleven years old. There 
 were three other children to support besides himself, and it was his 
 ambition to labor for the sake of his poor mother and lighten her 
 cares. At thirteen he was engaged as an errand-boy, and afterward 
 apprenticed himself to a jewelry-house At twenty he had 
 mastered the trade, and in 1835 worked as a journeyman at Boston, 
 Mass. Later, in Philadelphia, he studied law, and was admitted to 
 the bar April 17, 1841. His talents soon attracted attention, and he 
 rose to the office of prosecutor in the court of common pleas for 
 Philadelphia. March 23, 1847, Governor Shunk appointed him a 
 judge of the court of common pleas, court of oyer and terminer, 
 and court of quarter sessions, which oflice he held for ten years. In 
 I860 he was elected to Congress, and has since then been continu- 
 ously re-elected, now (in 1883) serving his twelfth term in the 
 councils of the nation. Not only does he rank as the leading advo- 
 cate of the protection of American products as against free trade, but 
 is distinguished as a forcible speaker and debater. 
 
 JAY COOKE, 
 
 UnterprSsing Financier With Varied Fortunes. 
 
 I^^RANCIS COOKE, ancestor of the subject of this sketch, was 
 <|^M[ one of the pilgrim fathers who landed at Plymouth, Mass., 
 _J^J|- from the Mayflower, in 1620. Jay was born at Portland, 
 ~iji^ Ohio, August 10, 1817, and was chiefly educated at home by 
 his parents. At thirteen he obtained employment in a store at San- 
 dusky, Ohio, and at seventeen entered the banking-house of E. W. 
 Clarke & Co., in Philadelphia, as a clerk. There he received the 
 training for his future career, and at twenty-five he was admitted as 
 a partner in the firm. This was in 1842, and the connection con- 
 tinued unbroken until 1858. Early in 1861 he formed a partnership 
 witli W. G. Moorhead, and established a new banking-house under 
 the name of Jay Cooke & Co. ; and when, a few months later, the 
 government issued the first of its war-loans, this house, despite the 
 great financial and commercial depression then existing throughout 
 the country, succeeded in placing a large part of the par-loan of 
 Pennsylvania. Afterward, when the exigencies of the war required 
 the issue of other heavy loans by authority of Congress, from time to 
 time, Jay Cooke & Co. were influential in disposing; of the bonds, 
 and gained much prominence in the history of those times as energetic 
 and patriotic financiers. At the organization of the Northern Pacific 
 Railroad company, the house of Jay Cooke & Co. became the bankers 
 and fiscal agents of that corporation, and made heavy advances upon 
 its operations, hoping to be re-imbursed by the sale of its bonds; but 
 a financial storm which the firm could not withstand s\vcj)t over the 
 land and compelled the bankers to close their doors September 18, 
 1873. Their creditors then forced them into legal bankruptcy The 
 settlement of the estate, however, was so shrewdly managed that the 
 principal and interest of the claimn against tlie estate were liquidated 
 in full, and Mr. Cooke has accumulated another fortune. 
 
 x5^
 
 ^Mt 
 
 I'KOMINENT liESIDENTS 01'" TUB GAKDKN CITY. 
 
 195 
 
 ^':;[D'*- 
 
 m:^^-f^^. 
 
 ■•.r--n'-'< 
 
 iL 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 IIIVINES, 
 
 CAPITALISTS, 
 OKATOUS 
 
 .I0UK1VALISTS. 
 
 ■' ^ 'mi' '^rfv' 'fwv ' ' 
 
 EMINENT MEN OF CHICAGO, 
 
 Past and Present. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .. ..-.■-..-. 
 
 W" A" A "A "a "a"/" a" "M 
 
 I3XElISDaXX 
 
 |<" See Index lor Portraits. i*)! 
 
 113 
 
 «%^ 
 
 ' " " " " " """ ■' " ^ ^~' 
 
 w %^ - 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 M DISTINGUISHED t 
 .AWYEKS, 
 
 STATESMEN, F 
 A tlEIU HANTS, 
 
 I'OLITltLlNS, 
 
 Il-n-».I,.ii-n ..-iijiiaiiM^ 
 
 ■n^TT^ 
 
 ft 
 
 ±±J 
 
 Biographical Sketches, Giving Leading Incidents in Their Lives. 
 
 ILLIAM H. WELLS was born at 
 Tolland, Conn., February 27, 
 1812, and worked upon the 
 farm summers and attended 
 district school winters until 
 seventeen years old, when he 
 entered Vernon academy, 
 studying and teaching alter- 
 nately. Weakness of the eyes 
 prevented his going to college, 
 but he prepared for the pro- 
 fession of teaching at the Teachers' 
 academy, at Andover. Mass., where 
 he remained as a student for eight 
 months. Within two years after 
 leaving he returned to the academy 
 as a teacher, retaining that position for eleven years. In 1845 he was 
 created a master of arts by Dartqiouth college, and in 1846 he 
 published his popular ''School Grammar." In 1847 he was elected 
 principal of the Putnam free school, at Newburyport, Mass. , laboring 
 there for six years with great success, delivering scientific and edu- 
 cational lectures, holding teachers' institutes, organizing teachers' 
 associations, and editing the Massachusetts Teacher. In 1854 he be- 
 came principal of the Westfield, Mass., State normal school, main- 
 taining hia usual success. In 1856 he was appointed superintendent 
 of schools in Chicago, and during the next eight years he labored 
 successfully for the cause of education in Illinois, as a member of 
 the State hoard of education, a member of the State teachers' associa- 
 tion, a lecturer at institutes and a writer for the press. In 1856 he 
 organized the first Chicago high school, and the excellent "graded 
 course " of study in the Chicago schools owes its origin to bim. In 
 1803 he was chosen president of the national teachers' association, 
 and at another period the effective president of Chicago board of 
 education. During his last years he lived in comparative retirement, 
 and died January 22, 1885. 
 
 JOSEPH MEDILL, 
 
 Ex-Mayor and Editor *'('liieaso Xrlbune.'* 
 
 THIS successful journalist was born April 6, 1823, near the north- 
 ern boundary of Maine, the family removing, in 1832, to a farm 
 in Stark county, Ohio. He attended public schools for several 
 years; at sixteen received private tuition at Canton, Ohio; taught 
 school occasionally, and studied the higher branches at the Massilon 
 (Ohio) academy. At twenty-one he be<;an to study law, and was ad- 
 
 mitted to the Ohio bar in 1846, subsequently, in 1847, oi)ening a law 
 office at New Philadelphia, Ohio, where he continued the practice of 
 his profession until 1849. In the fall of that year he established the 
 Coshocton Republican, a "free-soil" paper, and published it for 
 about two years, followed, in 1852, by removal to Cleveland, where 
 he founded the Daily Forest City, supporting General Scott for presi- 
 dent. In 1853 he consolidated his paper with another, and thus founded 
 the well-known Cleveland Leader. In the winter of 1853^ he wa*^ 
 influential in organizing the republican party in Ohio. A year later 
 he sold his newspaper interest in Cleveland and removed to Chicago, 
 and, with others, purchased the Chicago Tribune, then quite an 
 inferior journal. Ten years he was its managing editor, and much 
 of its subsequent prosperity and influence resulted from his tact, 
 talent and energy in its editorial and business departments. In 1869 
 he was elected a member of the Illinois State constitutional conven- 
 tion; in 1871 he was appointed a member of the national civil-service 
 commission, and elected mayor of Chicago, proving himself an 
 efficient municipal officer on the occasion of the great Chicago fire. 
 In 1873-4 he visited Europe, and on hi.s return became editor-in- 
 chief of the Tribune, in which he had purchased a large interest, and 
 he still retains it. 
 
 JONATHAN Y. SCAMMON, 
 
 Attorney and Banker, of Chicagro. 
 
 THE subject of this sketch was born at Whitefield, Me., in 1812. 
 He was educated in local institutions, including Waterville col- 
 lego; studied law, and after having been admitted to practice, 
 began traveling. Landing at Chicago in 1835, he was soon afterward 
 appointed deputy clerk of the local courts. In 1836 he formed a law 
 partnership with B. S. Morris, but most of his time was devoted to 
 his interests in the Chicago & Galena Union railroad. In 1837 he 
 was appointed attorney of the State bank of Illinois, and in 1839 
 reporter of the Illinois supreme court: also a chief promoter of 
 Chicago's excellent public-school system, of which, in 1839, he 
 became an inspector. In 1845 he was elected alderman of his ward; 
 was defeated as a candidate for member of Congress, in 1848, and 
 in 1849 was chosen president of the Chicago Marine and Fire insur- 
 ance company, which subsequently failed through defalcations. 
 Twice he was elected member of the State legislature. Beginning as 
 a private banker, he became, in time, president of the Mechanics' 
 National bank, and also of the Marine Company's bank. At an 
 early date he was one of the organizers of the Swedenborgian church 
 in Chicago, and afterwards one of the founders of the Chicago academy 
 of science, and of the Chicago Astronomical society. In honor of 
 his wife he erected Dearborn observatorv at the Chicago uuiver:?itv. 
 
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 KMINENT LITKBAKY, PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS MEN OF CHICAGO. 
 
 
 
 
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 EMIXEXT MKX OF CHICAGO. 
 
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 CARTER H. HARRISON, 
 
 Ex-Member of CouBress aud Mayor ofChicsiKO. 
 
 CARTER H. HARRISON was born near Lexington, Ky., February 
 15, 1825. In his infancy his father died, and the care of the 
 future mayor of Chicago devolved on his mother until he reached 
 manhood, receiving his education at her knee and in the common 
 schools. Entering Yale college, he graduated in 1845, and immedi- 
 ately began to study law. In 1851 he traveled in Europe, Egypt, 
 Syria and Turkey in Asia. In 1855 he became a resident and land 
 owner in Chicago, and here the real estate business soon superseded 
 his law practice. In 1860 he supported Douglas for president, and 
 has since then voted with the Democrats. Being elected a commis- 
 sioner of Cook county, he held the office about three years. In 1872 
 he ran for member of Congress and was defeated; but in 1874 he 
 was chosen to represent his district at Washington. After serving 
 one term as a representative, he was elected mayor of Chicago, and 
 was re-elected to that office in 1880. In 1874-5 he and his family 
 traveled in Europe, where, in 1873, he had sent his wife aud children 
 to study foreign languages. One of his daughters was born in 
 Germany. He is himself noted as a linguist, and an orator in good 
 demand on public occasions. His first wife liuviug died, he was 
 remarried to a Chicago lady in 1882. 
 
 JAMES H. McVICKER, 
 
 Proprietor and Manager MtViekei-'s Theater. 
 
 THE city of New York, February 14, 1822, was the birthplace of 
 James H. McVicker. His father died the same year, leaving 
 the family in straitened circumstances, and James' education 
 was confined to common schools. At ten years old he worked in a 
 printing office, subsequently removing to Haverstraw, N. Y. , and 
 laboring in wire and calico factories. In 1837 he went to St. Louis, 
 where he worked in a printing office for three years, devoting his 
 leisure hours to the culture of his mind. Going to New Orleans, he 
 began his career as an actor, studying hard in his profession, per- 
 forming in various parts of the United States and making some 
 reputation. In 1848 he came to Chicago, and was engaged as prin- 
 cipal comedian at Rice's theater, then the only one in the city. In 
 1851, with the humorous plays formerly owned by Dan Jlarble, he 
 made a successful staning tour of the Union, increasing his wealth 
 and reputation during the four years in which he thus performed. 
 Succeeding this he went to Lcmdon, playing his Yankee characters 
 in that city with great success. In 1856 he ably managed the 
 People's theater, in St. Louis, Mo. In 1857 he returned to Chicago 
 and began the building of a theater, but his finances failed, tempo- 
 rarily hindering the enterprise, but the theater was completed and 
 opened in November of the same j'ear, he holding the property* by 
 lease (mly until 1861, when he repurchased it and prospered. In 
 1871 the theater was remodeled at great cost, but was destroyed in 
 the fire of that year. Nothing was left but the land; the insurance 
 was worthless, and it required energy to replace the theater, but he 
 was competent to overcome all obstacles, and in August, 1872, the 
 new house was opened to the public. Since then his fortunes have 
 prospered, and his career as a successful business man has been 
 firmly established. 
 
 MARSHALL FIELD, 
 
 CapltallHl aixl \\'i*)l-K.ii4>\\ It Merchant. 
 
 CONWAY, Mass., was the birthplace of this cmini-nt Chicago mcr- 
 i-hant, who was born in August, 1835, his childhood being spent 
 in that village, where he received his education at the local 
 schools of the town. When seventeen years old he began his suc- 
 cessful mercantile career as clerk in a retail dry-goods store lit 
 Plttsfleld, MaB8., where he remained for three years. In January, 
 
 1856, he removed to Chicago, entering, as an employe, the wholesale 
 dry-goods store of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. South Water street 
 was then the center of the wholesa*le trade of the city, the house of 
 Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. being the largest on the street, transacting 
 business amounting to about $500,000 annually. In January, 1860, 
 Mr. Cooley retiring, the firm became Farwell, Field & Co., and five 
 years later, by another change, it was reconstructed as Field, Palmer 
 & Leiter. In January, 1867, Mr. Palmer retired from the house, his 
 partners purchasing his interest in it in order to obtain control of 
 his prosperous retail business. The firm was then, and for many 
 years afterward, widely known as Field, Leiter & Co., and con- 
 trolled an immense trade. Mr. Leiter retired from the firm in 
 January, 1881, and since then the house has done business as Mar- 
 shall Field & Co. Its transactions in Chicago, and through its 
 branches in New York City, Paris France, and Manchester, Eng. , 
 amount, at this writing, to over $30,000,000 annually. 
 
 JOHN H. KINZIE, 
 
 Early and Prumiiieitt Settler of Chicago. 
 
 THIS early resident of Chicago was born at Sandwich, Canada 
 West, July 7, 1803, although his parents were citizens of the 
 United States. While in his infancy the family removed to 
 what is now known as Bartram, on the St. Joseph river, in Michigan. 
 On the journey thither the child was severely burned by an accident, 
 the marks of which he carried to the grave. The following year the 
 family settled at the mouth of the Chicago river, where the father 
 did business as an Indian trader. Here Mr. Kinzie passed his child- 
 hood, enjoying none but the most limited facilities for receiving an 
 education. At the time of the massacre of the soldiers and citizens 
 at Fort Dearborn, he was only nine years old, and, with his mother 
 and his brothers and sisters, was conveyed by boat to a place of 
 safety by friendly Indians. Soon afterward they were removed to 
 Detroit as prisoners of war, in charge of the British commander. 
 The father was, however, detained as a prisoner in Canada for several 
 months. At this period the paieuls were in circumstances unpropi- 
 tious for educating the children. In 1816 they returned to Chicago to 
 reside, and two years later the lad was indentured for five years to the 
 American fur company, at Mackinac, and during those years he 
 remained on the island, laboring as a clerk and porter in the com- 
 pany's service, and learning the art of trapping game in his leisure 
 moments. In 1824 he was transferred to Prairie du Chien, in Wis- 
 consin, on the banks of the Mississippi river, having already coasted 
 the western shore of Lake Michigan in a small boat. While at 
 Prairie du Chien he compiled an Indian grammar. Soon afterward 
 he became private secretary to Governor Cass, of the Territory of 
 Michigan; in 1826 escorted a party of Winnebago Indians to Wash- 
 ington, and participated freely in the stirring events of that period 
 of western history. In the meantime he compiled another grammar 
 in the Wyandot language. In 1829 he was appointed government 
 agent for a portion of the Winnebago tribe. In 1830 he married his 
 esteemed wife, Mrs. Juliette H. Kinzie. In 1833 he returned to 
 Chicago and renewed his claim to the land pre-empted by his father 
 thirty years before, and, with his brother-in-law, laid out that part 
 of Chicago village, known as "Kinzie's addition," and the following 
 year the family took up their residence here. He was chosen the 
 first president of the village, and appointed collector of canal tolls 
 when the Illinois and Michigan canal was completed, in 1837. In 
 IHil President Harris<m made him registrar of public lands, and in 
 1849 President Taylor appointed him receiver of public moneys and 
 depositary at Chicago. In 1861 he became a paymjistcr in the Union 
 army, serving four years, losing his health, and dying in a railway 
 car while on his way to the east for the recuperation of his wasted 
 energies. This was in 1865. His widow, two sons and a daughter 
 survived liiin. 
 
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 W KLI.-K.\i»VVN KliSIUENTW UK ClliCAUU. 
 
 RICHARD M. HOOLEY, 
 
 Proprietor itiid Miiiiiiuer lliioJey^M Theater. 
 
 THIS well-known tliuiUrical niaim^'cr vvus born in Ii'L-laml, in 
 1826. Ills fiUher was a mLTchunt, who removed to Eng- 
 land when Richard was about three months old. The youth 
 received his education at the Hyde academy, near Manchester, 
 England, and when eighteen years of age, in 1844, emigrated to New 
 York City, and followed the profession of a musician, both in that 
 city and in many States of the Union. His first great success as a 
 theatrical manager was in California, and afterwards he estab- 
 ]i.«hed theatrical enterprises in Brooklyn and New York. Later he 
 came west and remodeled and successfully operated a theater at 
 Madison, Wis Coming to Chicago, his usual success attended him, 
 and his present theater is one of the finest in the city. Altogether 
 he has probably built and remodeled more theaters in the United 
 States than any other man in either hemisphere. Among these were 
 one in San Francisco, one in Brooklyn, (me in Philadelphia, one in 
 Williamsburgh, N. Y. , two in New Y'ork City, and tw-o in Chicago. 
 Mr. Hooley eminently maintains the dignity of the theatrical profes- 
 sion, both in the selection and presentation of dramas, and also in 
 tljp employment of a high order of mimetic talent. 
 
 HIRAM W. THOMAS, 
 
 Former Methodist I>tvliie, Latterly uu ladepeiident. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE county, Va. , April 29, 1832, was the birthplace of 
 the Rev. Dr. Thomas. His early years were passed at home 
 on a farm, country schools affording him a limited education. 
 Later he left home, laboring for his board, in order to attend a better 
 class of schools. At eighteen his religious feelings prompted him 
 to preach, and he began to prepare for the Methodist pulpit, under a 
 private tutor, with whom he studied two years, occasionally holding 
 religious meetings and speaking in public. Subsequently he studied 
 at two local seminaries, and preached on Methodist circuits in Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1854 he removed to Iowa, sometimes preaching, and 
 one year afterwards united with the Iowa Methodist conference, con- 
 tinuing his studies in private, and preaching at various places in 
 that State for ten or twelve years. He then became pastor of the 
 Park Avenue church, Chicago, for three years; then of the First 
 church, on Clark street; then of the Centenary church, serving his 
 itinerant term in each; then went to Aurora, 111., preaching there 
 and writing a *' liberal " theological work, which subsequently, with 
 other ''liberal" discourses, led, in 1881, to his expulsion from the 
 pulpits and communion of the Methodist church. Since then he has 
 been preaching to an independent religious organization called the 
 People's church, at Chicago with, great popularity. 
 
 CHARLES B. FARWELL, 
 
 Ex-Afember of Congress Jtiid Prominent Merchant. 
 
 THE subject of this sketch was born July 1, 1823, at Painted Post, 
 N. Y. He received his education at the Elmira (N. Y. ) academy, 
 but removed to Illinois at the age of fifteen, working on a farm 
 and assisting in the survey of the public lands. Coming to Chicago, 
 in 1844, he embarked in banking and real estate transactions. He was 
 elected county clerk of Cook county, in 1853, and again in 1857. He 
 next engaged in the mercantile business. In 1867 he was appointed 
 a member of the Illinois State board for the equalization of taxes; in 
 1868 was chairman of board of supervisors of Cook county; in 1869 
 was appointed a national bank examiner; in 1870 he was elected a 
 member of Congress, and re-elected in 1872. In Congress he occupied 
 places on the committees of public buildings and grounds, banking 
 and currency, and was chairman of the committee on manufactures. 
 He is at this writing a member of the well-known wholesale dry- 
 goods house of John V. Farwell & Co. , in Chicago, his residence 
 being at Lake Forest, 111. 
 
 JOHN V. FARWELL, 
 
 CapltallMt iinti NucevNurul Merchant. 
 
 AVERY prominent nn-rchiinl in Chicagf) Iiuh heen, for years, 
 John V. Farwell, who was born on a farm in Steuben county, 
 New Y'ork, July 29, 1825, where he remained, working Hum- 
 mers and attending the district Hchool until twelve years old. In 1838 
 he removed with his parents to Ogle county, Illinois, and reMumed 
 farm-life on the prairie. At fourteen he united with the Methodist 
 Episcopal church, and at sixteen h<: entered Mount Morris (III.) 
 seminary, devoting himself to earnest Htudy. In 1845 he came to 
 Chicago with a capital of S3. 25, and was first employed in the city 
 clerk's oflice, at a salary of $12 a month, reporting the proceedings 
 of the common council at S2 a session. Giving offense to the dignity 
 of the councillors by his humorous descriptions, he was ousted and 
 became book-keeper in a dry-goods store, at $8 a month; then into 
 another store at $250 a year, and then into a third at $600 a year. 
 Half of his first year's salary he gave to the church to which he 
 belcmged. In 1851 he became a partner in the dry-goods store of 
 Wadsworth & Phelps, and began to be a leader in that trade, with 
 gratifying prosperity. A wholesale house was built on Wabash 
 avenue, and wealth accumulated. In 1865 the firm became John V. 
 Farwell & Co., and kept a leading position. Mr. Farwell used hie 
 wealth in Christian benevolence, in establishing missions which 
 prospered and effected good in various portions of the city, aiding 
 materially in establishing the Chicago Young Men's Christian associa- 
 tion, and in building the old and new Farwell halls. The great fire 
 destroyed his buildings, but his energy and benevolence suffered no 
 diminution, and he soon erected new structures that surpassed the 
 old. Mr. Farwell is not yet old, and is still engaged in transacting 
 a large and prosperous business. 
 
 WILLIAM BROSS, 
 
 (Tonrnalifnt and £x-L.ieut. -Governor or Illinois. 
 
 W1LLL\:M BROSS was born November 4. 1813, near Port 
 Jervis, N. J. In 1822 he removed to Milford, Pa. , his father 
 becoming a lumberman. He was educated at Milford academy 
 and Williams college, graduating from the latter in 1838. Passed ten 
 years in teaching school in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and removed 
 to Chicago in 1848, engaging in the book business. Fifteen months 
 afterward he retired from the book trade, and, with Rev. J. A. Wight, 
 published the Pi'air'ie Herald^ a religious newspaper, for two years. 
 In 1852, with John L. Scripps, he established the Chicago Democratic 
 Press, a daily newspaper, and discussed politics vigorously. Becom- 
 ing noted as a political orator, he canvassed Illinois, in 1856, in 
 favor of Fremont for president. He is said to have printed in the 
 Press the first financial article ever written for a Chicago newspaper. 
 In 1858 the paper was merged in the Chicago Tribune, withMr. Bross 
 as financial editor. In the war of the rebellion he was an active 
 patriot, and in 1804 was popularly elected lieutenant-governor of 
 the State. For several years he has lived in retirement, but retaining 
 an interest in the THbime. 
 
 EMORY A. STORRS, 
 
 Eminent and Eloquent l^un'yer, 
 
 EMORY A. STORRS, who achieved an enviable reputation by 
 his legal acumen and stirring oratory, was born in Cattaraugus 
 county, N. Y. , in 1834. In his youth he turned his attention 
 to the study of the law ; was admitted to the bar, at Buffalo, 
 N. Y. , in 1855, and for four years practiced in the city of New Y'ork. 
 In 1869 he removed to Chicago, where he became eminent by his 
 skill in various important lawsuits. His oratorical freedom, menial 
 power, legal knowledge and literary attainments made him a favorite 
 on public occasions, when his eloquence was brilliant with sarcasm, 
 ridicule and good sense. He died at Ottawa, HI., Sept. 12, 1885. 
 
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 41 lO 
 
 WELL-KNOWN MEN IN THE WEST. 
 
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 JOHN A. LOGAN, 
 
 XTnlted States Senator Troni Illinois. 
 
 JACKSON county, 111., February 9, 182B, was the birthplace of 
 John A. Logan, United States Senator and military commander. 
 His early education was derived from home teaching, such local 
 schools as those pioneer days provided, and a course of study at the 
 Louisville (Ky. ) university. When the war with Mexico began, in 
 1845, he enlisted in the 1st 111. Vol. Inf., serving acceptably as a 
 private, lieutenant, quartermaster and adjutant. Returning home he 
 studied law, in 1848, and a year later was elected county clerk of 
 Jackson county. In 18.52, still pursuing his studies, he was chosen 
 prosecuting attorney in the third district, and the same year was 
 elected a member of the legislature. To this latter position he was 
 three times successively re-elected. In 1856 he was chosen presi- 
 dential elector, and the following year he entered upon the practice 
 of law with A. M. Jenkins, his uncle. In 1858 he was elected a 
 member of Congress, and in 1860 he was re-elected. In July, 1861, 
 he joined the Union army, and fought at the battle of Bull Run. 
 Later in that year he became colonel of the 31st Reg. 111. Inf., fought 
 at Belmont, Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, being temporarily dis- 
 abled in the latter fight. Returning to duty, he joined General 
 Grant at Pittsburg Landing, and in 1862 was appointed a brigadier- 
 general. 'WTiile holding this command in the seventeenth army corps, 
 he distinguished himself at Corinth, Miss. , and other points, and 
 within a few months was promoted to major-general. In the subse- 
 quent progress of the war, he achieved new distinction at Port 
 Gibson, Raymond, Jackson and Champion Hill, and participated in 
 Grant's siege of Vicksburg. At the latter place his troops were the 
 first to enter the surrendered city, and he was chosen its military 
 governor. In 1863 he succeeded General Sherman in the command 
 of the fifteenth army corps, leading the advance at Resaca, and prom- 
 inently serving at Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain. In this last 
 contest General McPherson fell, and General Logan found himself in 
 command of the great army of the Tennessee. All through the sub- 
 sequent struggles of the war he maintained his high military fame by 
 his skill and gallantry. In 1865 he declined an appointment as 
 minister to Me.Kico, but was elected a member of the fortieth Con- 
 gress, and also re-elected to the forty-first and forty-second. In 
 1871 he succeeded Governor Yates as United States senator, a posi- 
 tion that he still retains, with much popularity. In the session of 
 1881-82 he became prominent by introducing a measure to devote the 
 revenue derived by the government from the tax on ardent spirits to 
 the support of the educational institutions of the country. Nominated 
 for Vice-President, June 6, 1884. Re-elected to the Senate in 1885. 
 
 ANSON STAGER, 
 
 Snpei'InCendent of Telegraph Lines. 
 
 THIS able representative and promoter of electric telegraphy was 
 born in Ontario county, N. Y. , April 20, 1825. The father 
 was a manufacturer of edge tools, at Rochester, in that State. 
 Little is known of the lad's earliest life and educational facilities, 
 but when sixteen years old he embarked in the printing business. 
 Three years later he was employed as a telegraph operator in Phila- 
 delphia, removing after short intervals to Lancaster and Pittsburgh, 
 Pa. , beiu!.' tlie first operator to work in the last-named city. In 1848 
 he became the chief operator of the system of national lines, at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, and in 1862 superintendent of the Mississippi Valley 
 Printing Telegraph c<mipany, his supervision of which soon extended 
 over the entire State. When, by a consolidation of electric lines, 
 the Western Union Telegraph company became a powerful organiza- 
 tion, Mr. Stager was chosen its general supeVintcnilent, and still 
 retains that position. During the War of the Rebellion, when the 
 State govcrnracnls of Ohio, Illinois and Indiana pressed the telegraph 
 lines of those States into the military service, Mr. Stager was selected 
 to control their work. In Virginia he established a system of field 
 
 telegraphs, and later organized the general military telegraph con- 
 solidation, which did much elficient labor for the government during 
 the war. Of this he was appointed chief, with the military titles of 
 captain and assistant quartermaster, and afterward colonel and aid- 
 de-camp, having charge of the cypher correspondence of the army, in 
 the office of the Secretary of War, at Washington. Until peace came 
 lie remained in charge of this service, and received the title of brevet 
 brigadier-general for valuable and meritorious benefits conferred 
 during his administration. When the war ended he was selected for 
 general superintendent of the re-organized Western Union Telegraph 
 company, but declined to serve, preferring to retain his connection 
 with the western interests of the enterprise. He was then made 
 superintendent of the central division, with his oflice at Cleveland, 
 Ohio. Four years later, the increase of business on his lines 
 required him to transfer his office to Chicago. Under his supervision 
 the corporation has grown immensely in enterprise, extent and 
 influence, and much of this prosperity is due to his very superior 
 executive ability. His taients are not confined, however, to the 
 Western Union Telegraph company. He has been president of two 
 important electrical companies, vice-president of the Babcock manu- 
 facturing company, and bank director. Died March 26, 1885. 
 
 GEORGE BUCHANAN ARMSTRONG, 
 
 FoiiikKt of the Railwny Mail Service. 
 
 GEORGE B. ARMSTRONG, founder of the railway mail service, 
 was born in Armagh, Ireland, October 27, 1822, of Scotch 
 parents, who, soon after his birth, came to this country, settling 
 in Baltimore, Md. , where young Armstrong's youth was passed. In 
 1854 he identified himself with the west, locating in Chicago and 
 engaging for some years in mercantile pursuits. At the breaking 
 out of the war he was called to the position of assistant postmaster, 
 and thus commenced the germ of the railway mail service. Mr. 
 Armstrong, being a splendid organizer and disciplinarian, was called, 
 in 1862, by President Lincoln, to go to Cairo and devise a manner to 
 forward avast accumulation of war mail matter, amounting to hun- 
 dreds of tons. This was accomplished in an incredibly short space 
 of time, and his work and services were publicly acknowledged. On 
 his return to Chicago, Governor Oglesby, on behalf of the soldiers of 
 the United States in general, and of Illinois in particular, for his 
 usefulness in providing facilities for communication between the 
 front and home, appointed him colonel of infantry of Illinois volun- 
 teers. While at Cairo Colonel Armstrong conceived the idea that a 
 letter should travel with the same speed as an individual, and the 
 clew having been taken it was followed up with assiduity. For two 
 years he revolved the scheme in his mind before venturing to put it 
 to a practical test. In 1864 he obtained permission from the g'overn- 
 ment to equip a car and try the experiment, but as no appropriation 
 was made by Congress, nor by the government, to defray the cost, 
 rather than abandon his project Colonel Armstrong fitted up and 
 equipped a car at his own expense. The service proved successful, 
 and from this small beginning the system hiis grown to be of vast 
 magnitude, extending from ocean to ocean, covering all lines of rail- 
 way running north and south, east and west, embracing 120,0t)0 miles 
 of service, employing 3,800 postal clerks, who distribute daily thou- 
 sands of tons of mail matter, in cars running twenty to forty miles 
 an hour, night and day, securing to all mail matter the same rapidity 
 of transit that can be attained by the individual; and all this vast 
 iuiprovement over the old slow, tedious system of distributing post 
 oftices was the work of on unceasing, tireless mind. Colonel Arm- 
 strong lived long enough to see the realization of bis fondest dream. 
 He died May 5, 1871, of overwork in his too close application to the 
 wants of the public, and the service which was his foremost thought 
 and the personal pride of bis useful life. In May, 1H81, the postal 
 clerks erected to his memory a bronze bust in the custom house 
 squiirc in Chicago.
 
 IlISTIiXGUISIIED KKI'KKSKNTATIVE MEN OF CHIUAGn. 
 
 9 
 
 ISAAC N. ARNOLD. 
 
 Kx-Mt*iul»4'l* i»r <'oiiKi-fNM :iii«l lliotoi'liill. 
 
 ISAAC N. AKNOLD wut^ born at Iliirtwifh, Otsego county, N. Y. » 
 November 30, 1815. At fifteen he whs thrown upon his own 
 resources, anil for nearly five years pursued general wtudieB, 
 taught school and reud law, in his native county. At twenty lu; was 
 jidinitted to practice in the supreme court of the State of New York, 
 and won success as a criminal lawyer. Removing to Chicago in ISIiG, 
 he, with Mahlon D. Ogden, practiced law. A year later he was city 
 clerk, but soon resumed his profession, in which he prospered. In 
 184S he was elected a member of tlic legislature. Eight years later he 
 took an active part in the presidential campaign, for the free soil 
 ticket, and also pursued the practice of law. lie wan re-elected to the 
 legislature in 185.5, and in 18(50 was elected a member of Congress. 
 In 18tJ5 President Johnson appointed him an auditor of the post office 
 department at Washington, an oftice that he soon resigned. Return- 
 ing to Chicago, he afterward f<dlowed his profession and wrote a 
 history of Abraham Lincoln and a biography of Aaron Burr. In the 
 meantime he was for many years president of the Chicago Historical 
 society, which office he retained until his death, April 24, 1884. 
 
 WILLIAM B. OGDEN, 
 
 Railroad Capitalist and Fli'Ht Mayor ofCliicagro. 
 
 ONE OF the early prominent re.^idents of Chicago was William B. 
 Ogden, who was born at Walton, N. Y. , June 15, 1805. At 
 that period his father was a pioneer in the wilderness of the 
 " Upper Delaware country," and it was amid these rude surround- 
 ings that the boy was reared, thus laying the foundation of a vigorous 
 manhood. Choosing the profession of the law, at sixteen years of age 
 he began a course of preparatory study, which was interrupted by the 
 death of his father, and he was called home to manage family affairs. 
 It was while thus employed that he distinguished himself by his 
 business talents. In 1834, in the interest of the proposed Erie 
 railroad, he was elected a member of the New York State legis- 
 lature. A year later, turning his attention toward the growing west, 
 he came to Chicago, which was then beginning to attract the atten- 
 tion of many young men. Before leaving New York he had 
 been inspector general of the State militia, and postmaster in his 
 native town. In the western metropolis he became the head of a 
 large real estate house, which eventually amassed fortunes. In 1837 
 he was elected first mayor of Chicago, and between that time and 
 1866 held the following offices: president of Rush Medical college; 
 president of the Chicago & Galena Union railroad, and of several 
 other railroad corporations in the west; president of the National 
 Pacific railroad convention of 1850; president of the Chicago branch 
 of the State bank of Illinois; first president of the Union Pacific rail- 
 road; (^irector of the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago railroad; 
 president of the Chicago board of sewerage commissioners; principal 
 in the Peshtigo, Wis. , lumber company, and organizer of the Brady's 
 Bend (Pa.) iron comj)any. About 1866 he left Chicago, and until 
 his death resided on his homestead in Westchester county, N. Y. , 
 having large Investments in eastern real estate. He died in 1877. 
 
 POTTER PALMER. 
 
 Alerchnnt and Builder oC the Palmer House. 
 
 YERY widely known is the Palmer house at Chicago. Its owner, 
 Potter Palmer, was born in Albany county. New York, where he 
 worked about home and attended the local schools during his 
 youth. At eighteen he became clerk in Piatt Adams' store and bank- 
 ing office, at Durham, N. Y. , of which, within three years, he be- 
 came manager. On arriving at manhood he opened a store at 
 Oneida, N. Y. , but remained there less than three years, thence 
 going to Lockport, N. Y. , where he continued in business a year. 
 
 Coming to Chicago about 1852, he entered upon a prosperous, and 
 at that time an extensive dry good« trade, in which he becumu popu- 
 lar and wealthy. In 1865 he retired from business, having in thir- 
 teen years accumulated an immense fortune. During the war of the 
 rebellion he materially assisted the government at Washington by 
 heavy loans of money. After his retirement from business he 
 invested largely in Chicago real estate, erecting u hotel of consider- 
 able magnitude on State street, which, with several large business 
 blocks owned by him, was burned in the great fire. The present 
 Palmer house had been begun previous to the fire, and to the con- 
 struction and ornamentation of this noble hotel, after that event, he 
 devoted most of his means, and successfully finished it without fail- 
 ure financially. The widening of State street was also a favorite 
 measure of his, and to him, mainly, is the city indebted for this as 
 well as many other extensive improvements. 
 
 JOHN H. HAVERLY, 
 
 Enterprising and SiitcfKNtuI AmiiMement Manager. 
 
 HUNDREDS of thousands of play-goers in various parts of the 
 country have been indebted to J. II. Ilaverly for amusement and 
 superior entertainment in tlie past few years, a feature of Mr. 
 Haverly's efforts being that his work was not confined to one 
 locality, but extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. Natur- 
 ally the reader is desirous of knowing the career of one who can 
 conduct so many enterprises, and that, too, so successfully. John 
 H. Haverly was born at Curtin's Furnace, Boggs Township, in 
 Center County, Pa., in 1841. He received a very limited training in 
 the ordinary branches of schooling, but, early thrown upon his own 
 resources, he developed that readiness and decision of purpose 
 which has been a distinguishing characteristic in his later years. In 
 his youth he was apprenticed to William McClellan, a tailor at Bel- 
 foute, Pa., which employment not suiting his youthful aspirations, 
 he severed his engagement with his employer and entered upon 
 the work of news-selling on the railway trains. Settling 
 in Toledo, Ohio, with a little money saved, he invested in a horse 
 and cart, and, for a time, supplied the people with fresh fish. Leav- 
 ing others, however, to furnish brain food to the Toledoans, he soon 
 afterward became the assistant manager of a music hall in Toledo, 
 known as the Adelpbi. This place of amusement did not stand very 
 high in the esteem of the better class of people, neither was thacon- 
 ductor very successful financially ; but these were the first steps in 
 paving the way for greater work beyond. Ultimately he secured a 
 position with the Cal. Wagner Minstrels, and in due time he became 
 the sole manager of that troupe, which finally became known as 
 Haverly's Mastodon Minstrels, "Forty — Count 'em," and proved a 
 most marked and signal success. With the financial prosperity of 
 this show he launched forth into greater enterprises, having already 
 established the Adelpbi theater, in Chicago, some two years previous- 
 ly, where now stands the first National bank. He secured a theater 
 in Brooklyn, N. Y. In New York he controlled the 14th Street 
 theater, Niblo's, and the Fifth avenue. He leased a theater in Phila- 
 delphia, and controlled the California theater in San Francisco. He 
 owned half a dozen troupes on the road — minstrel, comic, opera, 
 spectacular, and, indeed, nearly every form of amusement. In 
 addition to these several and varied enterprises, which, to make them 
 a success, was enough to employ the mind and skill of a dozen 
 managers, he engaged largely in mining in Colorado. During an 
 absence in Europe, in 1882, he materially reduced the number of his 
 shows, but at this writing, in the early part of 1883, he is suc- 
 cessfully conducting the principal ones that he has established. 
 Mr. Haverly is endowed with very clear perceptive talent and remark- 
 able executive power. In ability to curry forward many varied 
 enterprises, located widely apart from each other, he is one of the 
 most marked and famous men of the age. 
 
 v£); 
 
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 >^ 
 
 ■c^ 
 
 T. 
 
 402 
 
 rK(lMIXp:NT EESIDENTS i IF THE GARDEN (.'ITY. 
 
 JOHN WENTWORTH, 
 
 vIonrualiHt and Ex-Member of Congrresft. 
 
 AVERY prominent character for many years in the public affairs 
 of Chicago has been John Wentworth, who was born at Sand- 
 wich, N. H. , March 5, 1815. From 1827 to 1832 he was educated 
 in local institutions, and taught school. He then entered Dartmouth 
 college, from which he graduated in 1836. In the meantime he 
 wrote for the newspapers quite frequently. Soon after graduating 
 he started, with moderate means, for the west. Stopping briefly in 
 Michigan, he reached Chicago October 25, 183G, and soon afterward 
 he became the manager of the Weekly Chicago Democrat, devoting 
 his leisure hours to the study of law. In July, 1837, he became pro- 
 prietor of the paper by purchase, issued daily, as soon as circum- 
 stances warranted, made it successful as the organ of the Democratic 
 party, and profitable to himself, retaining control of it until 18G1. 
 At the time of his retirement he owned a farm, near Chicago, of 
 2,500 acres, which he has made a source of wealth. While he was 
 controlling the J)e7Jiorrat he was sent to Congress live terms, and 
 twice (in 1857 and 18t50) was elected mayor of Chicago, and his 
 record as an efficient mayor has seldom been disputed. In 1861 he 
 was elected a member of the convention to revise the State constitu- 
 tion of Illinois, and in 1863 was appointed one of the board of police 
 commissioners, in which otSce he did good service in breaking up the 
 famous conspiracy at Camp Douglas. Since his retirement from 
 public life he has distinguished himself as an agriculturist and stock 
 raiser. 
 
 ■6. 
 
 7 
 
 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, 
 
 United States Senator and £minent Statesman. 
 
 ON April 23, 1813, at Brandon, Vt. , was born Stephen A. Douglas. 
 Losing his father in his infancy, he worked alternately on a 
 farm and in a cabinet shop, attending school nearly four months 
 in each year. About 1831 the family removed to Canandaigua, N. Y. , 
 where he attended the academy for two years. In 1833 he removed 
 to Illinois, where he taught school and studied law. In 1834 he was 
 admitted to the bar, opened an office at Jacksonville, and manifested 
 so much legal ability that in 1835 he was elected attorney-general of 
 the State. Soon afterward he resigned his office and was elected a 
 member of the legislature, resuming his law practice at the close of 
 his term. In 1837 President Van Buren appointed him registrar of 
 the public land office, at Springfield, 111. He held this position for 
 two years. In 1840 he was elected Secretary of State, and in 1841 
 the legislature made him a judge of the supreme court. Some two 
 years later he was elected a member of Congress, and in 1845 he was 
 re-elected to the same office. In 1847 he was chosen United States 
 senator for six years, was re-elected in 1853 and again in 1859, hold- 
 ing the position until his death, June 3, 1861. He was candidate for 
 the presidency of the United States in 1852, 1856 and 1860. In his 
 last illness he displayed the wisdom and patriotism that have 
 rendered his sayings as immortal as the marble cenotaph which 
 covers his remains. He died at the Tremont house in Chicago. 
 
 DAVID SWING, 
 
 I^atln and <2reek ProreNHiir and Iiide|ientlent i'lergryman. 
 
 DAVID SWING was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, August 18, 1830. 
 His father dying in 1832, his mother married again and removed 
 to Keadsburg, Ohio, when David was seven years old, and 
 three years later to a farm near Williamsburg, Ohio. EiRht years 
 were passed on this farm in rural occupaticms, his education being 
 derived from the district school. When eighteen he entered Miami 
 university, at Oxford, Ohio, graduating in 1852. lie then began the 
 Btudy of theology, at Cincinnati, and within a year was appointed a 
 l)rof('>*f»or of (Ircek and Latin at the Miami university. In this chair 
 
 he remained thirteen years, occasionally preaching, until, in 1866, he 
 was called as pastor to the New School Westraintter church of 
 Chicago, which prospered and soon united with another (old school) 
 Presbyterian church, retaining him as its popular pastor. The 
 great fire of 1871 destroyed the church and the homes of its 
 members, with his own possessions. Until the church was rebuilt 
 he preached in McVicker's theater. In 1873 and 1874 Professor 
 Patton strongly obj ected to Mr. Swing' s theology, and had him 
 arraigned before the Chicago Presbytery for heresy. After a 
 long trial, during which the case went to a higher church tribunal, 
 Mr. Swing withdrew from the Presbyterian church, and as an inde- 
 pendent Christian, with many admirers, betook himself to McVicker's 
 theater, in which he held religious services until the completion of 
 Central music hall, where the society over which he presides now 
 worship. 
 
 ROBERT TODD LINCOLN, 
 
 Tta^ryer and Vniled StateN Secretary of "War. 
 
 THE eldest son of Pren^ident Abraham Lincoln, Robert T. Lincoln, 
 was born at Springfield, 111., in 1844, and is a graduate of 
 Harvard (Mass. ) university. During the latter years of the 
 war of the rebellion he served as a member of General Grant's mili- 
 tary staff. Two years after the war closed he was admitted to the 
 profession of the law, beginning its practice in Chicago. In 1868 he 
 was united in marriage to the daughter of Hon. James Harlan, Sec- 
 retary of the Interior of the United Slates, As a lawyer his business 
 was successfully but quietly pursued. Politically his record was 
 distinguished by his efforts, triumphantly crowned, to break up the 
 machinations of a corrupt organization in one of the towns embraced 
 in the city, who were plundering the tax-payers. As a town super- 
 visor he and his fellow officers succeeded in effecting a radical reform 
 in the affairs entrusted to them. In 1880 he was chosen a presi- 
 dential elector on the Garfield and Arthur ticket, and when President 
 Garfield assumed the duties of his office he bestowed upon Mr. 
 Lincoln a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of War, which, at this 
 writing, notwithstanding all the saddening changes of the adminis- 
 tration, he still retains. Mr. Lincoln is the youngest cabinet 
 officer ever appointed by this government, but ably maintains the 
 reputation achieved by his father for wisdom and executive ability. 
 
 DWIGHT L. MOODY, 
 Sunday School Ortrunizer and Noted ReviTnltst* 
 
 THIS noted Evangelist was born at Northfield, Mass., February 5, 
 1837. His education was extremely limited. At eighteen he 
 went to Boston as an employe in the business establishment 
 of an uncle. While there he was religiously converted, and began 
 that enthusiastic Christian career that still distinguishes him. In 
 1856 he came to Chicago, engaged in the shoe business, and became an 
 active Sunday-school worker. For six years he carried on the North 
 Market Hall Mission, afterward holding his religious meetings in a 
 saloon. When the Young Men's Christian association was organised 
 in 1858-9, he was a working member, and bis religious enterprises 
 greatly prospered, so that he gave up secular business to attend to 
 them, preaching, visiting, exhorting, and praying like a true evangelist. 
 In 1865 he was President of the Young Men's Christian association. 
 The great fire of 1871 destroyed liis church and home. But a tempo- 
 rary chapel soon rose upon the ashes of the burned church, and then 
 began the enterprise which resulted in constructing the present 
 beautiful church edifice at the corner of Chicago avenue and La Salic 
 street. With Mr. Sankey he went to England and began those evan- 
 gelical labors with which the world is familiar, and which have 
 extended throughout Great Britain and America. His home is at 
 Northfield, Mass., whither be repairs at times to recuperate his 
 energies. 
 
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 EMINKMT MKN OF (JIIK.'ACX 
 
 4:u:; 
 
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 JOHN D. CATON, 
 
 Supreme Court «Iiid{ce, AiiIImii- jiimI Triiveler. 
 
 PriiLIC i-etimalion accords a high phicc to lloii. John D. Caton, of 
 Chicago, for his many and varied accomplisihincnts. Monroe, 
 Orange county, N. Y. , had the honor of his birth, March 19, 
 IHlii. The father, once a soldier of the Revolution, and afterward a 
 preacher in the society of Friends, died when Judge Caton was but 
 three years old, and goon afterward the mother with her growing 
 family removed to Paris, Oneida county, N. Y. When five years old 
 he began to attend the district school, and at nine he was working on 
 a farm during the warm seasons, and pursuing his studies during the 
 winter. Entering the Utica academy at sixteen, remaining there 
 one year, we find him, at seventeen, teaching school. In 1831 he 
 entered the high school at Rome, N. Y. , studiously increasing his 
 knowledge, especially in the art of surveying land. He emigrated, 
 in 1833, through Michigan to Chicago, which, at that time waa a mere 
 hamlet, with a population of perhaps two hundred persons. Here, in 
 a very primitive manner, he began to practice law, being the second 
 lawyer to bring suit in a Cook county court. To perfect his legal 
 standing, he made a desolate and tedious journey of three hundred 
 miles on horseback to Mt. Vernon, HI., which resulted in a long 
 and severe sickness. In 1835 he returned to New Y'ork, and married; 
 and in 1836, at Chicago, formed a law partnership with Hon. Norman 
 B. Judd, whom he had known in youth. His health beginning to 
 fail. Judge Caton retired from his business in Chicago in 1839, 
 removing to a fine farm of fifteen hundred acres, near Plainfield, 111. , 
 where he remained for several years engaged in farming and prac- 
 ticing law. In 1842 he was appointed by Governor Carlin one of 
 the justices of the supreme court of the State, to fill a brief vacancy; 
 but as he was then only thirty years old, he failed in the subsequent 
 election to retain his seat on the supreme bench. Soon after his 
 defeat, however, Governor Ford re-appointed him a justice of that 
 court to fill another vacancy. At the expiration of his term he was 
 re-elected to the same honorable office. In 1849, under the new 
 State constitution, he was again chosen a judge of the supreme court, 
 and held that positiou until 1864, having presided over its delibera- 
 tions as chief-justice for more than six years. Turning his attention, 
 about 1866, to the science of telegraphy, he constructed the Illinois 
 and Mississippi lines. He was also chosen president of the Ottawa 
 (111.) Starch Manufacturing company, and at one time had an interest 
 In a glass factory at the same place. At Ottawa he possesses a 
 beautiful deer park, well stocked, and at Plainfield, 111., he still 
 retains his farm, giving it his personal supervision. Judge Caton 
 has been an extensive traveler in Cuba, the Sandwich Islands and 
 elsewhere, and has found time to write several entertaining books 
 relating to the "Origin of the Prairies,'' "The Last of the Illinois 
 Indians," and '* American Deer," besides political newspaper articles 
 of a vigorous character. 
 
 NATHAN S. DAVIS, 
 
 £xpert Physiciun and Scieutiae Aledical Essayist. 
 
 ONE of Chicago's most eminent medical representatives. Dr. 
 Nathan S. Davis, first saw light January 9, 1817, on a farm 
 in Chenango county, New York. His early years were passed 
 at the parental home, doing a boy's work on the farm and receiving 
 such an education, from time to time, as the district school afforded. 
 Naturally studious in his habits, he entered the seminary at Caz- 
 enovia, N. Y. , at the age of sixteen. During his stay there, about 
 six months, he attained coiisiderable insight into chemistry, natural 
 philosophy, mathematics and Latin, and these studies were followed 
 with a view to adopting the profession of medicine. In 1834 he 
 began his medical career by studying with a physician at Smithville 
 Flats, in his native county, working for his board. In the fall uf the 
 same year he became a student in a medical and surgical college at 
 
 Fairfield, N. Y. Following the first course of lectures at that iuHti- 
 tution he associated himBclf as a student with the leading physician 
 in Kinghamton, N. Y. , and with him he remained, when not in the 
 college, until he graduated in 1837. An original thinker and careful 
 student of his favorite science, he began, before he became of age. to 
 distinguish himself as a writer upon professional topics. Soon after 
 leaving the college he commenced the practice of medicine, as the 
 assistant of a prominent doctor at Vienna, N. Y. , but ere long he 
 opened an office on his own account at Hinghamton. Prosperity 
 attended his practice. Industry and study served to develop his 
 latent talent, and he soon became efficient in both surgery and medi- 
 cine, practicing and lecturing, and writing for the preHs upon subjects 
 relating to the profession, and winning numeroun prizeri for his con- 
 tributions to professional literature from medical associations. Of 
 several of these societies he was an active member, and frequently 
 an efficient officer. About 1848 he removed to Chicago and began 
 one of the most enviable careers ever enjoyed by a physician. 
 Besides building up a large practice, he filled important positions as 
 professor in Rush Medical college for about ten years; was largely 
 instrumental in organizing the Illinois State medical society in 1850, 
 and the Chicago Medical society in 1851 ; was twelve years secretary, 
 and one year president, of the State society; contributed extensively 
 to medical journals; was one of the projectors of the first public 
 hospital in the city; was an early member of the Chicago Historical 
 society; aided in founding the Northwestern university, the Chicago 
 academy of sciences, and the Washingtonian Home for inebriates, 
 and has participated in several other less important institutions and 
 reformatory measures in the interests of medical science and progress. 
 The great fire of 1871 destroyed most of his property, but his 
 skill, energy and popularity paved the way for the restoration of 
 bis estate. His home is at Evanston, 111. 
 
 PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN, 
 
 Successful United Stales Military Commander. 
 
 THE Lieutenant-General of the United Slates, a distinguished 
 example of the brave, energetic and intelligent American 
 soldier, was born at Somerset, Perry county, in Ohio (then a 
 new Western State), March 6, 1831. In 1849, entering on a four years' 
 course of study and drill at the West Point (N. Y. ) National Mili- 
 tary academy, he graduated with honor in 1853. He was a subor- 
 dinate offier in Texas in 1854 and 1855, and afterward on the 
 Pacific coast. About a month after the surrender of Fort Sumter, in 
 the spring of 1861, he returned to Missouri, joined the Thirteenth 
 United States infantry as a captain, became chief quartermaster of 
 the army in Southwestern Missouri, and about a year later was 
 appointed quartermaster of General Halleck's division in the Mis- 
 sissippi campaign. In the spring of 1862 he was colonel of the 
 2d Mich. Vol. Cav. In July of that year he was appointed a brig- 
 adier-general of volunteers. After arduous duty in the Army of the 
 Cumberland, he was promoted to a major-generalship, in September, 
 1863. In August, 1864, he took command of the Army of the Shenan- 
 doah, and defeated General Early in the next month, at which time, 
 September 19th, through his dashing horseback ride to Winchester to 
 the seat of engagement, his presence turned defeat into victory which 
 is graphically described in T. Buchanan Read's Poem of " Sheridan's 
 Ride. ■' In the following June he was assigned to the command of 
 the military division of the southwest, afterward to the department 
 of the Gulf of Mexico, and in March, 1867, to the district of Louisiana 
 and Texas, and within a few months was transferred to th^ depart- 
 ment of the Missouri. In March, 1809, he was appointed lieutenant- 
 general of the L'nited States, and assumed command of western and 
 southwestern military divisions, having his headqaarters at Chicago. 
 In 1883 he became commander-in-chief, and removed to Washington. 
 
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 404 
 
 MEN PROMINENT IN LEGISLATION, THEOLOGY AND JOURNALISM. 
 
 GEORGE C. LORIMER, 
 
 Polished Orator untl £niineiil Baittist Clergyman. 
 
 AMONG the eminent clergymen of Chicago, the Rev. George C. 
 Lorimer stands conspicuously prominent. He was born June 
 4, 1837, was reared in Edinburgh, Scotland, and came to the 
 United States in 1855. He received both an A.M. and a D.D. in 
 Kentucky, iu which State he attended college, being afterward 
 ordained to the ministry at Harrodsburg, Ky. , iu 1859. He subse- 
 quently served as pastor of the Walnut street Baptist church in 
 Louisville, Ky. , and projected the present Broadway Baptist church, 
 and the orphanage in that city. Uis fame as an eminent religious 
 worker and brilliant speaker extended eastward, and resulted in his 
 receiving a call, which he accepted, to become the pastor of Treraont 
 Temple, Boston, and to that city he removed in 1868, where he 
 retained his pastorate for nearly seven years. In 1879 he accepted 
 an invitation to become the pastor of the First Baptist church of 
 Chicago, and, with the consent and co-operation of this society, 
 to rescue a church property jeopardized by debt and to build up a 
 society in the center of the city, in 1881 he founded and erected what 
 is known as the Immanuel Baptist church, on Michigan avenue, 
 Chicago, which at this writing, under his ministration, has a mem- 
 bership of over iive hundred communicants and a very large congre- 
 gation. 
 
 WILBUR F. STOREY, 
 
 Merchant, Editor and Publisher '* Chicago Times." 
 
 THIS well-known newspaper manager first saw light at Salisbury, 
 Vt. , December 19, 1819. When eleven years old he began work 
 in a printing office, at Middlebury, Vt. Until his seventeenth 
 year he attended school only one winter. With $27 he left home, at 
 that age, to seek his fortune. In New York City he set type in the 
 Journal of Commerce office for eighteen months, and laid by $250. 
 Going to Laporte, Ind. , in 1838, he connected himself as foreman 
 with a local Democratic paper,soon becoming its proprietor. A year 
 later he sold the paper, bought a drug-store, and failed in business. 
 He then went to Mishawaka, Ind., and edited the Democratic Tocsin. 
 Eighteen months afterward he removed to Jackson, Mich., where he 
 started the Patriot newspaper. Leisure time had been previously, 
 and was then, spent in studying law. President Polk appointed him 
 postmaster at Jackson. President Taylor removed him. In the mean- 
 time, he had sold his paper, and in 18-18 he was proprietor of a drug, 
 grocery and book-store combined. In 1853 was elected delegate to 
 the Michigan State constitutional convention, became a State prison 
 inspector, and afterward bought an interest in the Detroit Free 
 Press. In 1853 he gave up store-keeping, removed to Detroit, and 
 devoted his time to his paper, which he made a conspicuous success. 
 In 1861 he purchased the Chicago Times, making it popular and profit- 
 able. He died at Chicago, Oct. 27, 1884. 
 
 ANDREW SHUMAN. 
 
 Ex-Lieiit.-Gov. aiitl Editor " KveninK •Journal.'* 
 
 TTTEAR Lancaster, Pa., November 8, 1H30, .\ndrew Shiiman was 
 IM born and educated until fourteen years of age, attending in the 
 meantime the district schools of that locality. When about 
 fourteen he entered a newspaper office at Lancaster. In 1846 he 
 worked as a printer on the Auburn {N. Y. ) Daily Advertiser, and at 
 eighteen he started a weekly newspaper, the Auburnian, which he 
 mostly edited and printed himself, but which failed within a year. 
 He then became a partner in the Cayuga Chief, at Auburn, (Thurlow 
 
 Weed Brown's temperance paper), but soon afterward withdrew. 
 In 1851 he entered Hamilton college, at Clinton, N. Y. , earning his 
 tuition by working at his trade during the vacations. Twice he won 
 the first prizes for English literary composition. Three and a half 
 years he edited the Syracuse, N. Y. , Daily Journal. In 1856 he 
 became assistant editor of the Chicago Evening Journal, and in 1861 
 he succeeded to the managing editorship of that paper, which position 
 he yet retains. In 1864 he was appointed one of the Illinois State 
 prison commissioners, filling that office for five years. In 1874 he 
 was elected lieutenant-governor of Illinois, which office be very 
 acceptably filled. Mr Shuman has attained considerable reputation 
 as an essayist and public speaker. His home is at Evanston, III. 
 
 ELIHUB. WASHBURNE, 
 
 Sx-Member or Congress and Minister Abroad. 
 
 THIS eminent statesman was born at Livermore, Me., September 
 23, 1816. In early life he learned the printers" trade, as an ap- 
 prentice, subsequently studying law in Harvard university. 
 In 1840 he settled at Galena, 111. , where he practiced law successfully. 
 In 1852 he was elected a member of Congress, from the first district, 
 by the Whigs, and was re-elected to every subsequent Congress until 
 1869, acting influentially with the Republicans on all questions of 
 national policy, and serving on numerous important committees. In 
 1864-6 he was defeated in the canvass for United States senator, by 
 Governor Yates. In 1869 President Grant appointed him Secretary 
 of State, but, owing to ill-health, he soon resigned that position, 
 and was then appointed minister to France, where, during the 
 German-French war, he distinguished himself by his persistent 
 fidelity to his official duties and his personal influence in aiding the 
 afflicted in Paris. In 1877 he resigned and returned to the United 
 States, making Chicago his home, and living in retirement from 
 public duties, but engaged in literary pursuits. 
 
 IRA D. SANKEY, 
 
 The 'Well-Known Singer and Evungrellst. 
 
 CLOSELY associated with the name and labors of Dwight L. Moody 
 in evangelical christian work, are those of Ira D. Sankey, the 
 popular singer of religious melodies. The birth of Mr Sankey 
 occurred at Edinburgh, Penn. , in 1840, and at an early age he was 
 religiously trained, developing a love of music, a fine capacity for' 
 teaching it, and leading the choir-singing iu the church. He was also 
 chosen the superintendent of a Sunday-school, a position that afforded 
 him further opportunity for musical advancement. His talent for 
 singing likewise led him to attend many musical conventions and pub- 
 lic religious meetings, where he made a good impression upon the 
 people. Mr. Moody, the evangelist, first heard Mr Sankey sing at a 
 national convention of young men's christian associations at Indianap- 
 olis, Ind. , and the acquaintance thus begun soon ripened into friend- 
 ship aud harmonious co-operation in religious nu-etings. For two or 
 three years they worked together in Chicago, visiting other American 
 cities also, and in their gatherings Mr. Moody's plain preaching and 
 Mr. Sankey's excellent singing wrought gratifying results. With his 
 family, Mr Sankey accompanied his co-laborer to Great Britain, and 
 there, by their efforts to evangelize the people, they both won enviable 
 distinction. They were abroad for many months, and then returned 
 to the United States and made a very successful and prolonged gospel 
 tour among the principal cities of the Union. Two more voyages and 
 seasons of religion* labor in Great Britain and part of Europe for two 
 or three years were productive of the best results.
 
 SuMK UF 'I'lIE PROMINENT MKN ON TIIK PA(;iHI(; COAST. 
 
 40.-, 
 
 "'a 
 
 ARTISTS, 
 
 A FEW MEN OF 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, 
 
 Past and Present. 
 
 -^i-^ a-S^' 
 
 AUTHORS, 
 
 m, 
 
 POLITICIANS, 
 FINANCIERS. 
 
 ■V'.^ 
 
 •$S>o ^^-<« 
 
 Californians who, Through Fortunate Investment or Industry, Have Become Well-Known. 
 
 AN FRANCISCO, the principal city of Cal- 
 ifornia, was first founded by Franciscan 
 monlis, October 8, 1776, but never 
 attained to any especial degree of reputa- 
 tion or importance until the discovery of 
 gold in California, in 1847, gave a great 
 impetus to immigration. Since then the 
 dull, native element has given place to 
 the intellect, refinement and luxury of 
 nearly all nations on the globe, and from 
 '^^^n/^ ' ^ / ^ Mexican hamlet it has risen to a large 
 
 ^Wv^JU^.j^^'^^^v and magnificent American city, having, 
 
 . >c- >*^ir jjj jggQ^ ^ population of 233,956 souls, 
 
 with elegant edifices, fine business facili- 
 ties and commercial relations of a high 
 order and great extent. It is here that 
 many active men have developed their 
 energies, exhibiting wonderful enterprise 
 in the development of the resources of the 
 State and nation, amassing fortunes and building up lasting reputa- 
 tions. In the following sketches the history of several of these 
 successful careers is carefully related. 
 
 JAMES T. FARLEY, 
 
 Liaivyer a.iid Vulted States Senator. 
 
 ^NERGY and enterprise, self-reliance and trustworthiness, 
 thrift and sagacity, distinguishing characteristics of the 
 Scottish people, are illustrated in the career of Hon. James 
 T. Farley, United States senator from California, who was born in 
 Albemarle county, Va. , in 1829, his father being a worthy man of 
 Scotch parentage and his grandfather one of the Revolutionary heroes. 
 Receiving a common-school education, James began the business of 
 life as clerk in his uncle's dry-goods store, in West Virginia; but he 
 had aspirations for a higher life than measuring calico and selling 
 pins, and his ambition soon pointed the way to the legal profession, 
 and he commenced to study law in the leisure moments of his mer- 
 cantile duties. He made the most of bis opportunities until the 
 year 1845, when he removed to Missouri, still continuing his law- 
 studies. In 1850 he caught the "gold fever," and joined the 
 stampede to California, arriving in that State in the latter part of the 
 same year. He, of course, like his companions, began gold-mining, 
 but soon found that his forte was not in " scratching gravel '" for a 
 living, but in more intellectual pursuits. He therefore commenced 
 the practice of law in 1852, locating in Amador county, Cal. Quickly 
 acquiring a large practice, he also became the leading politician in 
 the old Whig party. In 1854 he was elected to the Legislature, and 
 served until 1856, when he retired from political life to devote him- 
 self to his profession. He then located himself permanently at 
 Jackson, Amador county, where he built up a large and lucrative 
 
 practice. When the "Know-Nothing'' or "American" party was 
 instituted, he took ^n active part in its organization, but soon left it 
 and joined the Democratic party, which gladly received him. His 
 peculiar fitness as a political manager, and his personal magnetism, 
 which gave him unusual control over party conventionn, would not 
 allow him to remain long out of active politics, and he again entered 
 the arena as a Democratic candidate. In 1869 he was elected State 
 senator, and in 1873 he was candidate for the United States senate, 
 but was defeated by Governor Booth. In 1877 his popularity had so 
 increased, and his political ability was so generally recognized by his 
 party that he was elected United States senator and took his seat 
 in 1879 for the six years' term. Mr. Farley was a fearless, indepen- 
 dent politician, and his political course was one of unusual success, 
 and in some respects remarkable. He died at his home in Jackson, 
 Cal., January 22, 1886. 
 
 ALBERT L. BANCROFT, 
 
 Extensive Bookseller and Publisher. 
 
 ^wRANVILLE, Ohio, May 15, 1841, was the place and date of 
 :'ii^ birth of Albert L. Bancroft. His parents were from Massa- 
 c^^^ chusetts and Vermont, respectively. At an early age he 
 manifested those qualities upon which, in later years, his business 
 success was based. His father, in pursuit of fortune, made several 
 changes of location — from Ohio to Missouri, and then to Illinois. 
 The boy Albert was the one depended upon for assistance in these 
 movements, and his practical common- sense and business talents, 
 manifested at that early age, were nsefully employed in promoting 
 the general welfare of the family. His brother, H. H. Bancroft, 
 founded the mercantile house in San Francisco of which A. L. 
 Bancroft is now the head, in 1856, locating at 151 Montgomery street. 
 In 1858 A. L. Bancroft, upon his brother's invitation, entered the 
 establishment at the age of seventeen. He was at once installed as 
 book-keeper, and from the first exhibited those traits which, in con- 
 nection with the executive ability of the founder of the house, have 
 carried this establishment up to its present greatness and prospective 
 immensity as a mercantile and manufacturing institution. Two years 
 after his entrance into the business, a branch store, with its specialty 
 in blank-books and commercial stationery, was opened in the same 
 city, and with Mr. Bancroft as its manager, he then being only nine- 
 teen years old, under the firm-name of A. L. Bancroft & Co. In 1861 
 the two stores were consolidated under the firm*name of H. H. Ban- 
 croft & Co. , which was continued until 1870, when H. H. Bancroft 
 withdrew from the active management to engage in the great literary 
 work to which he has devoted his life and fortune. The firm then 
 became known under its present appellation of A. L. Bancroft & Co. , 
 and its business began to expand by rapid growth to its present 
 extensive proportions. 
 
 i 
 
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 iUt3 
 
 CALIFORNIA EAILKOAn MANAGER. UNITED STATES SENATOR 
 
 •A 
 
 ALBAN NELSON TOWNE, 
 
 Railway Snperinteudent :ind Oeneral Manager of the 
 Central Pacific. 
 
 ?IIE enormous extension of the railway systems of the United 
 st;ites, with rumificatione in every direction throughout the 
 continent from ocean to ocean, necessitating new methods of 
 business, novel machinery, and wondrous engineering, has developed 
 a class of men of rare energy, indomitable perseverance and extra- 
 ordinary administrative ability^ with peculiar adaptation of these 
 faculties to their special work of keeping in perfect running order 
 the thousand-and-one details of the daily transactions necessary for 
 the economic, profitable and safe transportation of freight and pas- 
 cengers over thousands of miles of railways. Prominent among this 
 useful class of men — the railway superintendents of the United 
 States — and one of the most able railroad managers in the country, is 
 Mr. Alban Nelson Towne, who was born in Worcester county, Mass., 
 May 25, 1829, and singular enough is the fact that on the very day of 
 his birth there arrived in New York the first locomotive-engine used 
 in the United States. This was the locomotive — " The Stourbridge 
 Lion" — which was constructed in England, to be used on the 
 railway of the Delaware and Hudson Canal company for the 
 purpose of carrying coal from their collieries to Honesdale, Penn. 
 There was certainly a striking fitness in the coincidence of the birth 
 on the same day of one who was to be so prominently connected with 
 the future use of the new power and the introduction of the locomo- 
 tive itself upon this continent. Mr. Towne's father died when 
 Alban was quite young, leaving a large family of small children, to 
 whose support the boy contributed a large share of his earnings. At 
 seventeen he entered the service of his uncle in the house and sign- 
 painting business. Three years later he engaged in merchandising 
 in Danvers, Mass., where he remained only about eighteen months, 
 and removed to Galesburg, 111. There he had two brothers employed 
 by the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy Railroad company, into whose 
 service he at once entered in the capacity of brakeman. The 
 marked ability he exhibited in railway matters, and the faithfulness 
 with which he filled his humble, although responsible, position, soon 
 promoted him to the situation of train-master at the main depot in 
 Chicago. The next step was assistant-superintendent. The Chicago 
 & Great Eastern Railroad company, appreciating his talent, gave 
 him the position of general-superintendent. A year was spent in 
 their service, when the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy company, 
 finding that his services to them were too valuable to be dispensed 
 with, called him back into their employ as assistant-general-super- 
 intendent. He remained in that capacity until 1869, when the 
 Central Pacific Railway company, having completed their great road, 
 desired just such a competent man, and made him their general- 
 superintendent, with the liberal but well-deserved salary of Sl5,000 
 a year. He continued in this important ofiice until 1882, wlien he 
 was made general-manager of the Central Pacific and its leased lines, 
 comprising nearly 5,000 miles of railway. He now (1883) enjoys 
 this office with a salary of $25,000 annually, and this position 
 places him at the head of railway managers in the United States. 
 The honor is well deserved, for his ability is not surpassed by any, 
 and his modesty and gentlemanly bearing in all his business relations 
 render him a general favorite. He resides with his family at the 
 Palace Hotel in San Francisco, and has his business head-quarters at 
 the general oflices of the railroad company. 
 
 JOHN FRANKLIN MILLER, 
 
 I>iftwyvr, Solillcr mid I'ltUctI Htatefi Senator. 
 
 ^HIS gctitlenian, fanKHis as one uf the bravest generals in the 
 l.'nion army, and an illustrious senator of the United States, 
 was born in Union county, Indiana, in 1831. The (ieneral 
 was a man of mark, a born Boldicr and statesman, and hie life, from 
 
 his youth, was ever one of success in every field of human effort in 
 which he has labored. His entrance into public life was aw a lawyer 
 in 1852. in Indiana, at the age of twenty-one. The year following he 
 removed to California and practiced in Napa county. In 1855 he re- 
 turned to Indiana, and in 1850 entered the field of politics as an effective 
 stump-speaker in the then newly formed Republican party, and was 
 elected to the State senate of Indiana in the same year. At the 
 firing of the first gun of the Rebellion he was called to the staff of 
 Governor Morton, with the rank of colonel. February, 1862, found 
 Colonel Miller in command of a brigade of Union troops, intrusted 
 with the defense of Nashville, Tenn. Only a remnant of General 
 Buell's army had been left at Nashville, while two full divisions of 
 cavalry, under the rebel Generals Morgan and Forrest, completeJy 
 surrounded the city, preparing for an attack upon its handful of 
 defenders. Colonel Miller fully realized the exigencies of the situa- 
 tion and the immediate necessity of fortifications, but not a man of 
 his forces could bo detailed for that purpose. Thousands of slaves, 
 however, were within call, available and efficient laborers. At once 
 he issued a notice to holders of slaves requiring from each so many 
 men — about one-third of the number of his male negroes — they to 
 report at a specified time, and if not on hand a squad of soldiers was 
 sent after them. These negroee were entered on the pay-roll of the 
 army, not as slaves, but in their own proper names, and an account 
 was kept of their time. Thus Colonel Miller took the first great 
 step toward crushing the Rebellion, by taking away its corner-stone 
 (slave labor) and using it in the service of the Union. And to him 
 undoubtedly belongs the honor of practically inaugurating those "■ war 
 measures " regarding the treatment of slaves which eventuated in the 
 Emancipation Proclamation. Both Generals Hunter and Fremont 
 had previously favored the plan of enlisting slaves in the Union 
 armies, and thereby freeing them. General Butler had also declined 
 to deliver up slaves escaping into the Union lines, upon the ground 
 of their being property, and therefore contraband of war; but Colonel 
 Miller was the first government officer to boldly demonstrate the 
 theory that slaves were not property, but men, and needing men for 
 government service he took them from their masters; and when once 
 enlisted by him in the Union service they were never returned to 
 slavery. In May, 1865, General Miller was breveted as major- 
 general. At the end of the war he resigned his commission, 
 returned with his family to San Francisco, and was appointed col- 
 lector of that port by President Johnson. In 1870 he resigned his 
 position to take the management of one of the largest and most 
 profitable commercial enterprises in the country, in which his execu- 
 tive talent was of the utmost value to the company. In January, 
 1881, he was elected United States senator from California for the 
 term of six years, and during the early part of his term introduced 
 and secured the passage of the famous "Chinese bill." General 
 Miller realized an ample fortune from his commercial pursuits, 
 and was long actively engaged in business with the Alaska Fur com- 
 pany. He resided in California, on a beautiful rancbein Napa county. 
 His death occurred at Washington, D. C. , March 8. 1886. 
 
 BENJAMIN BARNARD REDDING, 
 
 General tiaiul-.lnt'nt oriln- <'fiilr:il Pacific Raili-oad. 
 
 Mf^XG the early pioneers of i_'alifornia (" The Forty-niners " 
 :i- they are called) none was better known and more univers- 
 ally esteemed for all the good qualities of the citizen than 
 B. B. Redding, land-agent of the Central Pacific Railroad company. Ho 
 was of New England stock, although born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 
 in January, 1824. Ilis ancestor, Joseph Redding, came from Eng- 
 land to Massachusetts in lO.'JO, with the rteet that brought Governor 
 John Winlhrop. Mr. Redding received a first-rate education at the 
 Yarmouth academy, and wlien sixteen years old went to Boston, and 
 commenced his business-life in a wholesale drug-store. After a few 
 
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 ^ 
 
 ■-<):■ X
 
 ]^ 
 
 SuMK OK THE PKOMINENT MEN ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 
 
 4U7 
 
 years' experience, he opened the sJiip-chandlery business in Ronton 
 with some good partners. In 1849 he, with others*, orKfuiized a 
 company for n voyage to California. Purchasing the brig Mary Jane, 
 and loading her with lumber, they f*tarted for the new "El Dorado," 
 via Cape Horn. The company were the crew, with no idlers among 
 them. Arriving at San Francisco in May, 1850, all the party left at 
 once for the mines, excepting Mr. Redding, who remained in San 
 Francisco to sell the cargo and vessel, which he did to the 
 benefit and satis^faction of all concerned. He then tried mining, and 
 after a year or two of non-succcBS in that direction he began to 
 realize that his sphere in life was not in '■'digging dirt," and he ctni- 
 nected himself with the newspaper press — first as editor, and then 
 as proprietor of the ^fate Journal. In 1855 he was chosen State 
 printer. Up to 18G1 Mr. Redding had been a Democrat, acting with 
 the Northern wing of the Democracy: but the first gun fired at Fort 
 Sumter landed him In the ranks of the Republican party, by whom 
 he was, in 1861, elected Secretary of State of California. In 18G8 he 
 was appointed general land-agent of the Central Pacific Railroad 
 comjiany, and gave the utmost satisfaction to the com]>any and to 
 purchasers in the management of this responsible trust. lie was also 
 an active and influential member of the California Academy of sciences, 
 and his scientific papers were always read with great interest and 
 profit; also California State fish commissioner, to which office he 
 gave a great deal of time and profitable attention, with much benefit 
 to the State. He died quite suddenly in Han Francisco in 1883, 
 greatly lamented by his fellow-citizens, for few men on " the coast" 
 have won such a full measure of respect for real virtues as that 
 accorded to B. B. Redding for his blameless life and spotless 
 integrity. 
 
 DAVID C. BRODERICK, 
 
 Prominent Politfcli&n aiiid United States Senator. 
 
 ^^pfiS^T THE period of the admission of California as a St;ite into 
 the American Union, the political contest between the 
 *' Free-Soil" advocates and Pro-slavery adherents in both 
 the great dominant parties of the day raged fiercely; and the 
 bitterness which so disgraced the arena of politics in the 
 Eastern States was also exhibited on the Pacific coast, and resulted 
 in the same violent action and bloodshed, although in a minor degree. 
 David C. Broderick, as a *' Free-Soil" Democrat of the Stephen A. 
 Douglas school, was an active participant in these contests, 
 and ultimately received his death-wound in a duel between himself 
 and a representative of the Pro-slavery or so-called "Chivalry" 
 faction of the Democracy. He was born in the city of Washinrrton 
 about the year 1820, and at an early age removed to New York City, 
 where, upon arriving at manhood, he opened an ale-house, which soon 
 became a resort of the firemen and ward politicians. Naturally 
 shrewd, and a born intriguer, he entered the field as a Democrat, and 
 soon learned the art of acquiring popularity among his class and of 
 manipulating the votes of his district. Aspiring to a seat in Con- 
 gress, he gained his nomination through his influence with the " fire- 
 boys," who at that time controlled the primaries; but at the election 
 he was badly defeated by a heavy majority against him, in a district 
 largely Democratic. This defeat so disgusted him with New York 
 politics that he determined to try a new field, and went to California 
 in 1849. Arriving in San Francisco, he at once entered the political 
 arena through the same gateway — the fire-department. He had the 
 shrewdness to see that his opportunity was in the espousal of the 
 "Free-Soil" faction of his party (Democratic), and therefore bent 
 all his energies to gaining the control of his party through that 
 means. Being successful in his political manipulations, he thereby 
 
 gained the bitter enmity of the Pro-slavery wing or "Chivalry" 
 faction. Mr. Broderick, although not an orator or a ftatewman, wan 
 a man of mental strength and much personal mugiietiKm; and being 
 unp<crupnloU8 in the use of his means to obtain power, he held his party 
 followers subject to his will and dictation. His political ambition was 
 for a seat in the United States senate, and after a long and bitterly 
 contested struggle for this honor, for which he worked persistently 
 for seven years, commencing in 1851, he triumphed over his 
 opponents and was elected senator from California by the Demo- 
 cratic legislature in January, 1857. After serving two years in the 
 Senate, his enemies succeeded in inducing him to accept a challenge 
 to a duel with pistols, at ten yards, from David S. Terry, then the 
 chief justice of the supreme court of California, and one of the 
 prominent leaders of the Pro-slavery party, who resigned his high 
 oirice for the declared purpose of killing Senator Broderick, which he 
 did. The duel was fought in San Mateo county, September 13, 1859, 
 when Broderick was niorLidly wounded, and died five days after- 
 ward. After his death, he was converted into a hero; and in 
 the city wherein during his life-time he was generally regarded as 
 an nnacrnpulous politician, when dead he was praised as one of the 
 greatest of her citizens. His splendid monument in Lone Mountain 
 cemetery was built by pul)lic and i)rivate contributions, and the 
 demonstration at his funeral was the most imposing ever seen in 
 San Francisco. It was not, however, to the man that the homage 
 was paid, but to the principles of Republican liberty and opposition 
 to the extension of slavery which he, as a legislator, represented. 
 
 LOYD TEVIS, 
 
 Ija\«'yer, BiiHliieM«i>Maii and Millionulre. 
 
 jROMINENT among those who, in modern times, have been the 
 most successful in the exhibition of great business talent is 
 5^::;^^ Loyd Tevis, of San Francisco, who was born in Shelbyville, 
 Ky. , in 1824, his father being an able lawyer of that place. He 
 received a good education at Shelby college, and at eighteen entered 
 his father's office to read law. Four years after, desiring a more 
 active life, he took a position as salesman in a large dry-goods house 
 in Louisville, Ky. , hut finding that his forte lay in "figures," he was 
 promoted to the counting-room, where he at once displayed that 
 extraordinary facility for mastering accounts and managing money 
 transactions which has so signally characterized his whole business- 
 life. Removing afterward to St. Louis, in May, 1849, he joined a 
 party crossing the plains to the gold-fields of California, and arrived 
 at the " diggings " in El Dorado county the same year. After a few 
 months' experience as a miner, he went to Sacramento, and, in 1850, 
 formed the well-known partnership with James B. Haggin for the 
 purpose of operating in real estate and loaning money. His own 
 quota of cash capital was only $250; but he had more than his share 
 of extraordinary business talent, and for over thirty years the 
 celebrated firm of Haggin & Tevis has been growing in wealth and 
 influence, until at present it is the foremost private business associa- 
 tion on the Pacific coast. In 1853 this firm removed to San Fran- 
 cisco, and since that time Mr. Tevis has been forming business 
 connections in all directions, and has been at the head of some of the 
 most important enterprises in the city and State, including trans- 
 portation, telegraph, railroad, express, public markets, gas, water, 
 insurance and mining companies, and is also owner of immense 
 quantities of real estate. Eor some j-ears past he has been the 
 president of the Wells, Fargo & Co. 's Express and Banking corpora- 
 tion, and under his wise management the business has been very 
 greatly extended. His enterprises are all remarkably successful. 
 He resides in San Francisco, actively engaged in business, and uis 
 fortune is many millions. 
 
 d:
 
 NtiTEIJ MEN OF CALIFOKNIA 
 
 jr^;i<«il^^f?i>^c . __^,^,^^ 
 
 ■|i'!;# I'll 
 
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 — ^: 
 
 410 
 
 AUTllilli AND ARTIST. 
 
 ! 
 
 HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT, 
 
 merchant, v%-Uthor stud Historian. 
 
 HE record of this eminent gL^ntlemau's life is interesting, 
 instructive and elevating. Born in Granville, Ohio, in 1832, 
 we find him at the age of fifteen starting oat in his business 
 career with all the energy and vim of maturity, selling books and 
 notions in his native State. Successful in his first ventures, he then 
 accepted a pot-ition in the book-store of his brother-in-law, George 
 H. Derby, in Buffalo, N. Y. Giving evidence of talent, integrity 
 and industry, his employer sent him, in 1852, with a stock of books 
 and stationery to the then newly found El Dorado of the Pacific 
 coast. Arriving in San Francisco, he satisfactorily fulfilled his 
 trust, and upon the death of his brother-in-law, his sister, Mrs. 
 Derby, loaned Mr. Bancroft the amount realized by the California 
 transaction to establish the book and stationery house of H. H. 
 Bancroft & Co. , which was opened, in 1856, at 151 Montgomery 
 street in that city. By the exercise of his eminent business ability 
 he rose rapidly to the position of the heaviest bookseller and pub- 
 lisher west of the Ohio river. In the very height of his prosperity 
 and financial success, in 1870, he took a step upward, the contempla- 
 tion of which gives pleasure to all good men who have faith in their 
 kind, and who also believe that in this age of reckless, rushing, 
 ruthless racing after gold there are some men among us who, while 
 they may be immersed in the whirl and rush of American business- 
 life, may yet have their souls filled with the aspirations which raise 
 the man above the sordid strivings of the mere trader into the higher 
 life of intellectual inspiration and literary ambition for the creation 
 of works of usefulness to their fellows. At the time above men- 
 tioned, when his commercial prospects were the brightest, Mr. 
 Bancroft retired from the active management of his large establish- 
 ment, giving the charge and title of the house to his brother, A. L. 
 Bancroft, and devoted his life and fortune to the creation of a literary 
 production, which, considering its extent, cost and historical import- 
 ance, is one of the greatest of the age. This great work of Mr. 
 Bancroft's consists of a complete history of the countries and States 
 bordering the Pacific coast of North America from the Isthmus of 
 Darien to Alaska, and with the collateral volumes incidental to the 
 subject is comprised, in thirty-nine octavo volumes, a series of his- 
 tories of the Pacific States from the time of the aboriginal races of 
 the various countries down tlirough the European domination and 
 colonization to the present time. Seven volumes at this date (in 
 1883) have been published, five of which are entitled " The Native 
 Races of the Pacific Coast," the fi,rst volume of the history of 
 Central America, and the first volume of a history of Mexico. The 
 remaining volumes are ready for the printer, and some are already in 
 press. As a history it is exhaustive, reliable and scholarly. In his 
 manner of writing history, Mr. Bancroft combines the genius of the 
 author with the mentally economic and systematized methods of the 
 business-man. This gigantic literary undertaking would be beyond 
 the power of one man to accomplish in his life-time without some 
 system by which the tedious and laborious collection and collation of 
 facts could be laid before the author's mental gaze and intellectual 
 scrutiny preparatory to hia elaborate writing of the history itself. 
 He has, therefore, devised a model system by which, with the aid of 
 twenty able secretaries, he has been able to perform in ten years the 
 literary labor equivalent to one man's work for 200 years. Such 
 work, however, is cofltly, Mr. Bancroft having expended a fortune of 
 from $300,000 to 8400,000 upon the mere preparation and writing of 
 these histories, it being a work of literary love, and written 
 without any reference to its commercial value. Mr. Bancroft resides 
 in Sitn Francisco with his family, and has erected a fine, large fire- 
 jiroof building to contain his library of books, pamphlets and papers 
 upon subjects relating solely to the Pacific Coast, the number in the 
 lil>rary being now about 30,000. To persons of culture visiting San 
 
 Francisco, the Bancroft Library is an object of great interest and 
 resort. The publications of Mr. Bancroft, in thirty-nine volumes 
 octavo, with maps and illustrations, are as follow: "The Native 
 Races of the Pacific States," "History of Central America,"' " His- 
 tory of Mexico," "History of the North Mexican States," "History 
 of New Mexico and Arizona," " History of California," " History of 
 Nevada," "History of Utah," "History of the Northwest Coast," 
 " History of Oregon," " History of Washington, Idaho and Montana," 
 "History of British Columbia," "History of Alaska," "California 
 Pastoral," " California Inter Pocula," " Popular Tribunals," "Essays 
 and Miscellany" and *' Literary Industries." 
 
 THOMAS HILL, 
 
 The Callforniun r.anU»ca|»e-Palnter. 
 
 |£pg'ROMINENT among the artists of the United States is Thomas 
 ^J^^ Hill, of San Francisco, Cal., who was born in Birmingham, 
 5«y^ England, in September, 1829. He came to America with his 
 father's family in 1842, making their home in Taunton, Mass. Mr. 
 Hill's ancestors are notables, one of them being the Rowland Hill of 
 penny-postage fame, and an uncle, William Hill, the celebrated 
 artist in wood-carving. On his mother's side, the family are the 
 silversmiths of Birmingham, noted for the artistic beauty and 
 superior workmanship of their wares. Thomas Hill has the genius 
 of a born-artist, and the fact is more apparent when it is realized 
 that while he has no superior in the United States in the requisite 
 coloring and delicate shadings of his landscapes, and in the truthful 
 ness and anatomical accuracy of his figures, he has never had an 
 hour's instruction from a master in the art of drawing or coloring, 
 not even having been taught how to hold a brush. All his skill has 
 been derived from the intuitive promptings of genius. After 
 receiving only a common-school education, at the age of fifteen he 
 took up the business of decorative painting in Boston, Mass., and, 
 although without teacher or experience, he at once gained the first 
 rank, receiving medals and prizes in competitive work. In 1849 
 he married and went to Philadelphia, pursuing the same busi- 
 ness, and also painting fruits and flowers, in which he excels. He 
 was made a member of the old "Graphic Association" of that city. 
 In 1853 he gained the first medal in Baltimore for fruit and 
 flowers. Removing to San Francisco, in 1861, owing to his health 
 having failed and a milder climate being necessary for his recovery, 
 he began as a portrait and figure painter. In which he achieved suc- 
 cess. His first large painting, from The Merchant of Venice, was 
 purchased by the Art Union for its first prize. Making wonderful 
 progress, his friends advised him to go to Europe to take lessons in 
 his art. Arriving in Paris in 1866, he entered the studio of Paul 
 Meyerheim, a celebrated figure-painter. The California sketches of 
 Mr. Hill so pleased Meyerheim that he not only procured him a sale 
 for all his works at Hill's own price, but, instead of teaching him, at 
 once advised him to become a landscape-painter, recognizing the 
 extraordinary ability of Mr. Hill as a colorist. He then returned to 
 Boston, where the great picture of the "Yosemite" was painted. 
 This made him a national reputation, it having been exhibited in the 
 principal cities. It was soon followed by more great pictures: 
 "White Mountain Notch," "Great Canon of the Sierras," and 
 others. The latest large work from his pencil is the celebrated so- 
 called "Spike Picture," painted for Governor Leland Stanford, 
 representing the driving of the last spike in the completion of the 
 Union CenthU Pacific and Union Pacific railroads at Ogden, Utah. 
 This, undoubtedly, is the greatest of Mr. IliU's efforts, and a wonder- 
 ful production. It was completed in 1881» is 12 by 18 feet broad, and 
 contains 300 figures, 75 of which are portraits from life; the price 
 paid was $25,000. Mr. Hill returned to California in 1871, and 
 now resides in Oakland with his family, having a studio in San 
 Francisco. 
 
 ^
 
 SAN FUANCISCU BUSINliSS MEN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ? 
 
 COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON, 
 
 Merchant^ Finiincivr atul *' Kallu-ay I4.liiff.** 
 
 ^IIE buiUliiig of the Ctntrul I'ucilic r;iilroiid over the Sierra 
 Ncvathi inoiintains waH u murvcl in the triumph of human 
 skill ovcT natural obstacles. The great financier of this 
 enteritrise was CoIHs P. Huntington, who performed the hibors of tt 
 financial Titan at Washington and New York among legifflators, 
 bankers and capitalists, in inspiring confidence at the money-centers 
 of the world by which government aid was secured, bonds sold, and 
 the cash procured to supply with working material the busy hands of 
 road-builders at the front. The unparalleled i^uccess of this great 
 railway corporation, in its legislative and financial operations, is 
 undoubtedly due to the extraordinary ability displayed by Mr. Hunt- 
 ington as a financier and controller of legislative opinions and 
 measures. He was indefatigable in promoting the interests 
 of his company among those who held the money-purses of the 
 great centers, and when work was once commenced in the 
 construction of the road it never ceased until the locomotive ran 
 from ocean to ocean and one of the great engineering and commercial 
 events of the nineteenth century was accomplished. Born at Har- 
 winton. Conn., in October, 1821, as a boy and youth Mr. Huntington 
 exercised the same quick perception of business opportunities and 
 sagacity in availing himself of their practical value that has since so 
 distinguished him as a railway magnate in the management of the 
 several corporations with which he is connected. At fourteen he 
 began his business-life as a trader in small wares in his native State; 
 at twenty-four he was a partner with his brother in successful mer- 
 chandising at Oneatta, N. Y. ; at twenty-eight he was one of the wide- 
 awake, thriving merchants in the new country of golden opportuni- 
 ties, California; and at the age of thirty-five, in 185G, we find the 
 rich firm of Huntington & Hopkins, hardware merchants, of Sacra- 
 mento City, Cal., holding meetings in their counting-room with their 
 immediate friends and business neighbors, consulting as to the 
 feasibility of a railroad over the mountains to the Missouri river. 
 When Mr. Huntington was crossing the Isthmus of Panama on his 
 first trip to California, he, with many hundred other passengers, 
 was detained from ten to twelve weeks by waiting for the steamers 
 on the Pacific side. The other passengers spent their time in idly 
 grumbling and swearing at their "ill-luck" and bad treatment by 
 the steam-ship company. Not so, however, with our wide-awake 
 New Englander, who saw a business opportunity and took it. There 
 was a lack of transportation facility for baggage and passengers 
 across the Isthmus; he organized a "donkey-train " — first one 
 donkey, then a dozen or more — and while his companions were 
 waiting under heavy expense, consuming their substance, he was 
 making money rapidly and went into San Francisco with a handsome 
 fund with which he could embrace the next business chance. 
 This energetic promptness, sagacity and industry is the secret of his 
 wonderful success as a railroad business manager, and of the enter- 
 prises which he controls. Hi^ wealth is immense, counting up 
 towards fifty million dollars, with a prospect of a large addition 
 before he retires from active business life. He has his family resi- 
 dence in New York City, but generally spends his winters in W^ash- 
 ington, overlooking the interests of the several corporations with the 
 control of which he is still as^ociated — the (jjentral Pacific, Southern 
 Pacific, and Chesapeake and Ohio railroads. 
 
 WILLIAM T. COLEMAN, 
 
 Pioneer aod Successful Merchant. 
 
 iffiaafl^DAPTABILITY to overcome difliculties and to act promptly 
 I J\/l^ and wisely in an emergency is a distinguishing feature in 
 ^AyiKg the character of the average American business-man; and 
 this admirable trait is signally illustrated in the life of William T. 
 Coleman, one of the foremost merchants of San Francisco. His birth 
 
 occurred in Kentucky, in February, J824. At the age of fifteen 
 years he began an active business career as a civil engineer, In which 
 capacity he then proved to be quite proficient. A few years later he 
 entered the St. Louis university and pursued a course of commercial 
 and classical study. His health failing, he gave up his college 
 course and went overland to California, in 1840, and recommenced 
 business as a merchant in the mining town of Placervilk-. From 
 that place he went to San Francisco, where, as a shipping and com- 
 mission merchant, he ban been remarkably successful and has accu- 
 mulated a large fortune, the income of which he spends generously 
 and freely. His name is also well-known throughout the United 
 States as having been honorably connected with the famous "Citizens' 
 Protective Committee," otherwise called the ** Vigilantes," or 
 " Citizens' Vigilance Committee of San Francisco," %vhich, in the 
 years 1851 and 1856, performed prodigious work in the aid of good 
 government by freeing San Francisco from a horde of roughs and 
 criminals who terrified the peaceful citizens, and who defied all the 
 power of the municipal ofticers to suppress them. The city goveni- 
 ment was at that time in the hands of corrupt politicians, who were 
 too much engaged in their own schemes of plundering the treasury 
 to relieve the citizens from the evils which oppressed them. As the 
 legally constituted authorities were incompetent to bring thieves and 
 murderers to justice, an association of the best men of the city was 
 organized under the above name, to mete out the proper punishment 
 to the criminals who, with impunity, were robbing and murdering 
 the inhabitants. Mr. Coleman, being well-known as a merchant who 
 possessed the highest qualities of honesty, integrity and courage, 
 and also a judicial ability of rare order, was chosen as chief executive 
 officer. Under his wise counsel, assisted by his associates, the 
 committee soon purified the municipality, banished the rogues, and 
 restored to the city the blessings of peace and personal safety. They 
 then set the world an example for all time by quietly disbanding 
 their organization, without the least attempt on the part of any 
 officer or member to use their great power for any personal or selfish 
 ends. This remarkable fact was undoubtedly due to the wisdom, 
 patriotism, and purity of purpose of Mr. Coleman and his associate 
 officers, who, having earnestly undertaken the duty of restoring 
 good government to the city, when that object was accomplished, 
 would not permit any selfish aims to mar the purity of their inten- 
 tions. Mr. Coleman is still at the head of the large and prosperous 
 mercantile establishment of William T. Coleman & Co., San Fran- 
 cisco, and enjoys the esteem and honor of his fellow-citizens. The 
 highest gift in the commonwealth of California is within his reach: 
 but he has always, with characteristic modesty, refused all civic 
 honors, which have been repeatedly offered to him. He has a beau- 
 tiful home on the shores of ihe bay, a few miles from San Francisco, 
 where, with his family and chosen friends, he enjoys the reward of 
 an honorable life. 
 
 CLAUS SPRECKLES, 
 
 Proprietor ofOreat Susar Refineries. 
 
 ?UG.\R-REFINING houses in San Francisco are, in size 
 and appointment, and in the quantity and quality of their pro- 
 ducts, not excelled in the world. The founder and principal 
 factor in building up this important business is Mr. Claus Spreckles, 
 whose success in this enterprise has been so marked that his name 
 is favorably known throughout all countries wherever sugar is dealt 
 in as an article of commerce. He was born in Lamstedt, Kingdom 
 of Hanover, in July, 1828, and came to America in 1848, arriving at 
 Charleston, S. C, where he began business as clerk in a grocery- store. 
 His executive ability was so great that within two years be had 
 become owner of the establishment, paying for it from the piofits, 
 and he so increased the trade that he became a large importer. In 
 1855 he removed to New York City, purchasing a wholesale grocery- 
 store at the corner of West Broadway and Anthony streets. Here 
 
 ~-<).l>v 
 
 i
 
 ■il^ 
 
 KMIi^ENT CALIFORNIANS. 
 
 his success was even greater than in Charleston. His brother 
 Bernard having already established a grocery business in San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., and being willing to sell, Glaus sold out his New York 
 house and purchased that of his brother, and, arriving in California iu 
 1856, he at once started on a career of great prosperity. In 1857 be 
 opened the Albany Brewery of San Francisco, which was so success- 
 ful that he soon disposed of his grocery business and enlarged the 
 brewery. In 18G3, desiring a still larger field of business, he sold 
 bis brewery, and, with others, founded the "Bay Sugar Refinery" at 
 the corner of Battery and Union streets. In order to acquire a com- 
 plete knowledge of the sugar business in all its details, he went to 
 Europe to master the process of manufacturing beet-root sugar, and 
 for this purpose actually entered tbe great refinery at Magdeburg as a 
 workman. Returning to San Francisco with enlarged ideas and in- 
 creased energy, he built anotherand still larger refinery at Eighth and 
 Brannan streets, and, in 1867, organized the present great corpora- 
 tion of the " California Sugar Refinery,'' of which he is president and 
 principal owner. The success of this company was so great that 
 they were compelled to enlarge their capacity four times successively, 
 and, in 1880, erected an enormous building at a cost of Si, 000,000, 
 which is one of the largest and most complete sugar refineries in the 
 world, and has a capacity for the refining of nearly 80,000,000 pounds 
 annually. At present they employ 300 men and refine 50,000,000 
 pounds of sugar every year. Mr. Spreckles is also extensively 
 engaged in sugar-planting in the Sandwich Islands. Having obtained 
 a grant of 40,000 acres of cane land, he organized a company for the 
 purpose of cultivating the sugar-cane on an enormous scale. They 
 have already expended some seven hundred thousand dollars for 
 machinery and irrigating ditches, and the annual production from their 
 sugar crop is expected to reach the enormous amount of fifty thousand 
 tons or one hundred million pounds of sugar, and when in full operation 
 they will employ thirty-five hundred workmen. California sugar now 
 supplies the whole Western slope of the continent, and threatens the 
 trade of the Eastern refineries. Mr. Spreckles' fortune is up among 
 the millions, and is increasing rapidly through legitimate and suc- 
 cessful trade. He resides at San Francisco, and is highly esteemed 
 as a merchant and manufacturer. 
 
 GEORGE DAVIDSON, 
 
 An ^Eminent American Scientist. 
 
 I'ROF. GEORGE DAVIDSON, A.M., P. D. , assistant in the 
 United States coast and geodetic survey, and one of the first 
 of American scientists, has been a resident upon the Pacific 
 coast during the greater part of twenty-eight years. In pursuance 
 of his official duties he has been intimately connected with almost 
 every material development of the Pacific slope. He was born in 
 Nottingham, England^ in May, 1825, and with his father's entire 
 family came to the United States, settling in Philadelphia. 
 Entering the excellent public schools of that city at the age of eight 
 years, at ."iixteen he commenced the high-school course, and graduated 
 in 1845 with all the honors that the faculty could confer. During 
 this last four years of study he also worked four or five hours daily, 
 assisting Professor Bache, who at that time was professor of chem- 
 istry and natural philosophy in the university of Pennsylvania, in the 
 preparation of his lectures, computing the tables and making the 
 necessary drawings for illustrating the subject under consideration. 
 During the last three years of his student-life he did not obtain more 
 than three hours' sleep in the twenty-four, and yet was absent from 
 duty only three days on account of illness or fatigue. This is a fair 
 measure of the persistent energy and conscientious faithfulness with 
 which he has ever performed every duty entrusted to him. His 
 capacity for work is remarkable, and seems exhaustless; upon an 
 emergency in his oflkial duties he has directed special labor for ten 
 consecutive days and nights with less than one hour's sleep or rest 
 in each twenty- four. He entered the service of tbe United States in 
 
 the coast survey in 1845, since which time he has been in continual 
 active scientific service of every grade connected with the responsible 
 office as first assistant of the United States coast survey. He has 
 been employed in all the important astronomical, geodetic and 
 engineering duties connected with the United States government on 
 the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, from Maine to Alaska. His serv- 
 ices have been particularly valuable in developing the resources of 
 the Pacific coast, and his opinion is always sotight for upon any 
 question of physics or engineering affecting the Pacific slope. It 
 would be impossible to enumerate the many notable works which 
 this remarkable man has accomplished, and everything which he has 
 personally undertaken has been carried to completion without sign of 
 failure. He has made improvements of the utmost importance in all 
 instruments connected with geodetic works; and in everything con- 
 nected with the coast survey service he is a thorough master. He 
 resides with his family in San Francisco. He is president of the 
 California Academy of sciences, and a member of the various scien- 
 tific societies of the United States. 
 
 DARIUS OGDEN MILLS, 
 
 Founder of the Bank of California. 
 
 QjS|^™PUMBERED among the clear-headed, shrewd and sagacious 
 ^Mfi\I^ business-men who have given San Francisco a financial 
 ^^H^l^ reputation, none are more distinguished for sound monetary 
 views and practical business sense than the well-known banker and 
 founder of the California bank, D. O. Mills, who was born in West- 
 chester county, N. Y. , in September, 1825. Mr. Mills' father was a 
 prosperous business-man, and gave his sons a first-rate education. 
 At eighteen Darius went to New York City and began his business 
 career. His talent for money-making was so marked that at twenty- 
 one he was cashier and part owner of the Merchants' Bank of 
 Buffalo. At twenty-three he went to California to '■'look around," 
 and with that sound discrimination that has ever characterized him, 
 he soon saw his opportunity. In 1849 he located in Sacramento and 
 opened trade with the mines. He rapidly accumulated money, and 
 his next step was to remove to San Francisco, where, after a few years 
 of successful merchandising, he organized the Bank of California, with 
 a capital of two million dollars, of which he was one-tenth owner and 
 president. So well did he conduct its affairs that in a short time its 
 capital was increased to five million dollars, and it became the 
 largest bank of the country and a great po'ver in the financial world. 
 He retained his position of president for nine years. During all 
 this period his fortune steadily increased and grew into the millions; 
 but his private estate became so large that it demanded his entire 
 attention, and he withdrew from the presidency of tbe bank in 1873. 
 In 1875, through unfortunate speculations of one of the chief officers, 
 the bank failed. Mr. Mills being the only man who could restore 
 confidence, the stockholders called upon him to resume the control of 
 its affairs. Consenting, he soon brought the business up to its 
 former safe condition, and, after serving three years as president, 
 again retired to manage his own fortune, which had now increased 
 enormously. Mr. Mills' particular talent is that of a financier, to 
 make money with money, and he can probably do this with greater 
 safety, larger profit and less loss than any of his contemporary capi- 
 talists. In 1880 he turned his attention to New York City and 
 eastern investments, and began operating in New York City jjroperty. 
 He purchased a handsome residence in that city, and his business 
 block " down town," ten stories high, is one of the finest of the 
 neighborhood. Mr. Mills, however, still retains his interest in his 
 old California home, and resides a part of the year with his family at 
 his beautiful country-seat at Millbrae, in San Mateo county, about 
 twenty miles from San Francisco. He is largely interested in rail- 
 roads in the State of Nevada, and also in other States. His wealth 
 is very great, being variously estinniietl at from ten to twenty mil- 
 lions. 
 
 -a
 
 ><I:(?^ 
 
 T- 
 
 LAWYER, JUUKNALIST AND SUCCESSFUL FINANCIEK. 
 
 u:i 
 
 WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, 
 
 I^a^vyei* mid United !iitiiteN Nfiiiitor. 
 
 fj^^S^yiONG tlw- many iibl(' men wliich the- pc-ciilitirly active, social 
 jind industrial clomunts of the Pacific count liavu developed 
 into State and national promin(:;nce, William M. Stewart 
 stands in tlie front rank. He was born in Wayne county, N. Y. , in 
 Auf^asl, 1827. At the age of six years, his parents removed to 
 Trumbull county, Ohio, and the boy's early educatiim was limited by 
 the racaj,'ni facilities allorded at that early datu in that remote locality. 
 At the ii^e of thirtnen, aspiring to a better education, he left home 
 and found employment upon various farms until he had earned 
 enough money to enable him to enter the Trumbull Academy, 
 where he spent three years in diligent and successful study. 
 Revisiting his old home in Wayne county, N. Y. , he engaged as a 
 teacher for several years, and thus acquired means to pay his way 
 into Yale college, which he entered in 1848. After a two-years' 
 course of protitable study he was attracted to California, where he 
 arrived in April, 1850, and engaged in gold-mining in Nevada county. 
 Accumulating from eight to ten thousand dollars, he began the study 
 of law, and in 1853 was admitted to the bar of Nevada city, where 
 his marked ability was at once recognized, and he was elected dis- 
 trict-attorney. Removing to San Francisco in 1854, he successfully 
 practiced law there for some years, ami then returned to Nevada 
 City, and from there to Virginia City, Nevada, in 1860. Mr. Stewart 
 now entered upon that career of professional and legislative useful- 
 ness to the mining interests of the Pacific slope which has rendered 
 his name familiar to the people of the United States, and lionored by 
 the citizens of the Pacific coast States; to him they owe, more than to 
 any other person, the liberal and wise local laws which promote the 
 mining industry in all its branches. Mr. Stewart had devoted his 
 professional attention to mining law and mining interests; conse- 
 quently, when Nevada came to be admitted as a State, his ability, 
 knowledge and experience were of the utmost value to the new State. 
 He was instrumental in framing her constitution, and in gaining her 
 admission into the Union in 18G3, and, in 1864, Nevada showed her 
 appreciation of his talent and eminent services by electing him as 
 her first United States senator. He was re-elected and served from 
 1864 to 1875, with honor to himself and advantage to his constitu- 
 ents. His life in the Senate was one of constant and intense activity, 
 and no senator during that period has left a larger personal impress 
 of practical usefulness upon the proceedings and legislation of Con- 
 gress. From the time of his arrival in California to the present 
 time Mr. Stewart has been largely engaged in mining, and, while he 
 still very successfully practices law, holds large interests in mines. 
 He married, in 1855, a daughter of ex-Governor Henry S. Foote, of 
 Mississippi, and resides with his family in San Francisco, having a 
 very lucrative patronage in his profession. 
 
 I 
 
 FRANK MORRISON PIXLEY, 
 
 Jourlinlist and Political "^^riter. 
 
 --^^Si^i^MONG the most able journalists and political writers on the 
 Pacific coast is Frank M. Pixley, proprietor and editor of 
 Tke Argonaut, of San Francisco, Cal. , who was born in 
 Oneida county, N. Y. , in January, 1H25. Receiving a good educa- 
 tion at select schools and under a private tutor, he studied law in 
 Rochester, N. Y. ; was admitted to the bar of Michigan in 1848, and 
 in 1849 started overland on muleback to California, arriving in the 
 mining regions of that State the same year. After some experience in 
 mining he went to San Francisco in 1851, where his eloquence and 
 ability soon placed him in the front rank of political speakers and 
 legislators. Soon after his arrival he was elected city attorney, and 
 filled the post with honor to himself and advantage to the city. In 
 1858 he was elected to the California legislature, in 1861 was made 
 
 attorney-general, and since that time has been an active, independent 
 politician, speaker and writer; acting with the Republican or 
 national party generally, but governed by his own convictions of 
 what is right rather tlian by any party edicts or prejudices. Mr. 
 Pixley is one of the most lluent writers and sharpest political crIticB 
 in the United States. He is too intense and emotional In his feel- 
 ings and in the independent expression of them to be considered or 
 ranked as a statesman, for he is always with the " under dog in the 
 fight" in partisan conflicts. Nevertheless his political utterances arc 
 often fnll of wisdom and worthy the most professed thinkers of the 
 age. It is generally understood in the polilical circles of the Pacific 
 coast that Mr. Pixley has made more speeches, given more brain- 
 work, and spent more money in politics, and had less party advantage 
 or reward in proportion to his work, than any man in the Republican 
 party. He still resides in San Francisco and devotes himself to the 
 able direction of his paper, which becomes more popular with every 
 issue. 
 
 CHARLES CROCKER, 
 
 Merchant, Raili-uad-ltiiilder and Millionaire. 
 
 f^jnf^, MAN of rare energy, perseverance and determination is one 
 of the four great railway-builders and financiers who amazed 
 engineers and astounded capitalists by constructing the Cen- 
 tral Pacific railway over the Sierra Nevada mountains. Bom in Albany, 
 N. Y'. , September 16, 1822, he began his business career at the age 
 of nine years, selling new.spapers in the streets of Albany: at twelve 
 years he had a news-agency in the city of Troy; at nineteen he was 
 an efficient workman in an iron forge in Indiana, making bar-iron. 
 At thirty years we find him a successful merchant in Sacramento 
 City, Cal. ; at forty he relinquished merchandizing and joined his 
 energies, experience and fortune with four others of equal .sagacity 
 and business sense, and started on the fulfillment of the engineer's 
 dream of building a railroad over the Sierra Nevada mountains and 
 across the American continent. A charter was obtained in February, 
 1863, and Mr. Crocker was made superintendent of construction. 
 Amid the lowering storm of civil war, with national finances and 
 credit at the lowest ebb, and private capital unusually timid, cautious 
 and distrustful, these men of wonderful energy and unparalleled 
 daring pushed the road to completion, and on May 10, 1869, the last 
 tie was laid, the last spike driven, and the great iron highway of the 
 nations across the continent was an accomplished fact. During the 
 construction of the road he governed a force of ten thousand laborers, 
 teamsters, carpenters and engineers. For six years he remained at 
 the front with his men; sleeping sometimes in the sand, sometimes 
 in the snow: shrinking from no hardship; shirking no duty as the 
 commander-in-chief of the railway array. A day's delay in receiving 
 material would have caused immense loss to his company, yet such 
 were his forethought and his power of calculation that the supplies 
 always came at the proper time, and the great work never stopped. 
 Though self-educated, Mr. Crocker is not unlearned: he enjoys a 
 thorough knowledge of our best authors, and is well-informed on all 
 the important topics and issues of the day. It is Mr. Crocker's 
 pardonable pride that he is a self-made man, and truly may he be 
 proud of his remarkable record as a man of wondroos energy, inflex- 
 ible determination and unfaltering courage. Mr. Crocker is still 
 engaged (1883), together with his old associates, in the management 
 of the great railroad corporations which he and they have organized. 
 His latest enterprise is the building of the Southern Pacific railroad 
 through Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, with branches into Slexico. 
 He resides with his family in San Francisco, in a magnificent man- 
 sion which is filled with art-treasures gathered from Europe and 
 America, and enjoys the reward of his active and industrious life.
 
 ■.Q-- 
 
 t 
 
 414 
 
 WELL-KNOWN MEN IN COLORADO. 
 
 nCN ENRICHED 
 
 SPECULATION. 
 
 MINING 
 
 
 COLORADOANS. 
 
 F" 
 
 /TV 
 
 INCIDENTS 
 
 IS THE 
 
 PERSONAL HISTORY 
 
 Sketches of Successful Men in Rocky Mountain Regicn. 
 
 EXVER, the principal city and State capital of 
 Colorado, elevated 5,267 feet above the level of 
 the sea, fifteen miles east of the chain of Rocky 
 Mountains, is situated on the banks of the South 
 Platte river. Its first bouse, a mere cabin, was 
 erected in 1858, and its growth from that time 
 onward, under the impetus of important discov- 
 eries of gold in Pike's Peak mountain and other 
 _ points in that immediate vicinity, has been gradual 
 
 '^ and permanent, so that in 18T0 it had a population 
 
 f of 4,T59, which, in 1880, had increased to 35,630. 
 
 The city is distinguished for its substantial brick structures, its 
 immense railroad facilities for the transportation of freights to the 
 far-west, its assaying of precious ores and the accumulation and ship- 
 ment of other products of the surrounding country, and for its educa- 
 tional, hygienic and social advantages, which make it a pleasant resort 
 for invalids from other States. The enterprise and struggles of the 
 men who built up the State and city form an interesting chapter in 
 American history and are recorded in the following sketches. 
 
 JOHN W. ILIFF, 
 
 Knovrn as "The <':ittIt--Kiii(; of the Plains." 
 
 fjry ^ A GRAZING field for cattle, Colorado has developed herself 
 /)\ grandly, and highest among her most successful cattle- 
 tf^ "^ raisers for many years was John W. Iliff, who was born on 
 a farm near Zanesville, Ohio, December 18, 1831. His parents, 
 prosperous, Christian people, attended to his early education, which 
 was completed at Delaware college. A promise from his father to 
 purchase a farm for the young man at a coat of ST, 500, it be would 
 agree to remain upon it, was rejected, with the exclamation, "No, 
 give me the $500 and let me go West!'' His first removal was to 
 Kansas, where he engaged In enterprises that offered themselves 
 within his means, and when, in 1859, the discovery of gold at Pike's 
 Peak was announced he was one of the earliest seekers for it in that 
 vicinity. Hut not as a digger for it. Supplies of food were in 
 demand by the miners, and Mr. Iliff invested his capital in a stock of 
 grocerie« and provisions at Denver. A few months later he turned 
 his asHets into a small herd of cattle, and with this he began the 
 career that made him immensely wealthy. Almos^t all his attention was 
 given to the promotion of his business, and the result was what might 
 have been expected. His cattle trade extended to the eastern cities 
 of the Union and his cattle-ranges from Montana to Texas, number- 
 ing 50,000 head. His negotiations also included contracts with the 
 L'overnment, and his sales averaged about 13,000 cattle every year. 
 For a brief period he was engaged in banking in Wyoming Territory, 
 but aside from this his life and energies were devoted to his live- 
 stock inI<-rc-tM. Tic died Fi-bruary 9, 1R78, leaving a large fortune 
 
 and a widow with four children. This rady, since her husband's 
 death, has successfully continued his business in her own name. 
 
 r 
 
 JEROME B.CHAFFEE, 
 
 £iiere;etic Miner and United States Senator. 
 
 'NTIMATELY connected with the history and prosperity of 
 Colorado stands the name of this gentleman, who was born in 
 Niagara county, N. Y. , April 17, 1825. In his childhood he 
 enjoyed the advantages of an academic education, but while still very 
 young became a resident of Michigan. From that State he removed 
 to St. Joseph, Mo., where he engaged in the banking business. In 
 1857 he was the organizer of the Elmwood Town company, in Kansas, 
 of which he became the secretary and manager. His advent into 
 Colorado occurred in 1860, and his first enterprise was the develop- 
 ment of some gold lodes in what is now Gilpin county. With Mr. 
 Eben Smith, he also erected a stamp-mill, and these energetic opera- 
 tions did much to encourage the mining industries in that region. 
 From 1863 to 1869 he worked, with others, the celebrated " Bob-Tail 
 Lode. " In the latter year the various interests in this lode were 
 consolidated, and he became the heaviest stockholder in this corpora- 
 tion, which owned the best-paying mine, the most extensive tunnels 
 and a most complete stamp-mill. The annual production ranged from 
 $300,000 to $500,000. At a recent date it was estimated that Mr. 
 Chaffee had larger investments in the mining interests of Colorado 
 than any other man, owning about a hundred gold and silver lodes. 
 In 1865 he established the First National Bank of Denver, of which 
 he was elected president, holding that office until January, 1880. 
 Aside from his financial enterprises, Mr. Chaffee found time to enter 
 the political arena of Colorado, and was elected to several important 
 public offices. In 1861 he was elected a member of the Territorial 
 legislature from Gilpin county, and there exercised considerable 
 influence. After his re-election to that body, in 1863, he was chosen 
 speaker of the lower house. In 1805 he was elected United State8 
 senator and distinguished himself at the capital by his persistent 
 efforts to overcome tlie oj>position of President Andrew Johnson to 
 the admission of Colorado into the Union — .Johnson having twice 
 vetoed bills passed by Congress for that purpose. Before the ques- 
 tion of admission was settled, Mr. Chaffee's term as senator expired, 
 but in 1870 he was sent by his constituents as Territorial delegate to 
 Congress. In this position he strenuously labored for the admission 
 of the Territory as a State until success crowned his efforts in 
 August, 1870. Other measures of considerable importance to the 
 country also received his careful attention and influence while he 
 remained in Congress. Upon the entrance of Colorado into the Union 
 he was re-elected United States senator for the short term (about 
 three years), and declined a re-election when it ended. After that 
 he did not again aspire to political preferment, although he was a 
 
 A
 
 EMINENT MEN IN COLOEADO. 
 
 415 
 
 (lelt'g:ate in pvfry presidentiiil nominating convention, ns an aboli- 
 tionist and Kfiiuljlican, after 1844. Hiw vast wealth and energies 
 were largely employed in developing the resources and promoting 
 the interests of the State. He died March 9, 1886. 
 
 WILLIAM GILPIN, 
 
 Explorer and FIrMt Ooveriior or Colorado. 
 
 ^IIIS TALENTED gcntlt'iuau was born on tin- IJrnndywiiie 
 batllu-field, several miles from Wilmington, Delaware, 
 October 4, 1818, the scion of an ancient Quaker family. At 
 ten years of age he wae sent lo England and there educated for three 
 years, and upon bis return passed two years at the university of 
 Pennsylvania. Soon after his graduation at this institution he was 
 appointed a cadet at the United States Military academy, at West 
 Point, N. Y. , graduating from it in I83G. He was then commissioned 
 a lieutenant in the second regiment of United States cavalry, and 
 ordered to St. Louia under General Harney. With this command he 
 went to Florida, remaining there and participating in the Seminole 
 Indian war as an escort to General Jessup. When the war ended he 
 resigned his commission in the army and located Jn St. Louis, in 
 1839, preparing for a proposed exploring expedition across the con- 
 tinent to the Pacific coast. In 1841 he removed to Independence, 
 Mo. , and served two years as secretary to the general assembly of the 
 State. He had previously found time to study law, and made that 
 profession a source of livelihood until 1843, when he set out upon 
 his overland journey to Oregon. The expedition had for its object 
 an examination of the character and resources of the country — then 
 almost unknown — through which he traveled. The route included 
 the Kansas river, the Republican fork, the present vicinity of Denver, 
 Col., etc., to the mouth of the Columbia river. In 1844 he assisted, 
 influentially, in organizing the Territorial government of Oregon, and 
 was the founder of the city of Portland in that region. Upon the 
 breaking out of the Mexican war he joined the Missouri volunteer 
 soldiery, and at the head of 1,200 fighting men, in 1847, he set out to 
 subdue the nine tribes of savage Indians who were allies of the 
 Mexican government, and were powerful enemies to the Americans. 
 That winter he encamped at Pike's Peak, and before the war ended 
 had subjugated, most effectually, the warlike hordes whom he en- 
 countered. From 1848 to 1861 he lived retired at his home, in 
 Missouri, writing and lecturing upon the resources and mineral 
 w^ealth of the territory that accrued to the United States as the result 
 of the Mexican war. He was, also, a strong advocate of the proposed 
 Pacific railroad, and strove to stimulate the growth and development 
 of the great West. In 1861, when the Territory of Colorado was 
 organized, President Lincoln api)ointed bim the first Territorial gov- 
 ernor, with his residence at Denver. His administration, however, 
 was harassed by the rebellious sentiments and acts of the Texans 
 and other southern people in his vicinity, and, raising a force of 
 volunteer soldiers, he took the field against the marauders in New 
 Mexico, and did excellent service, completely driving them from the 
 Territory. His energy and watchful patriotism, however, led to his 
 removal from office after holding it about a year. When the first bill 
 admitting Colorado to the Union was passed in Congress, Mr. Gilpin 
 was chosen by the people to be its first governor, but President 
 Johnson vetoed the bill, and the governor remained in private life. 
 He still resides in Denver and is deservedly popular. 
 
 NATHANIEL P. HILL, 
 
 C-hemiiit. Mliiiue Expert itnd Senator. 
 
 iNCE owes much to Nathaniel P. Hill, a native 
 he having been born in Orange county, in 
 father, a representative at one time in the 
 New York general assembly, and for several years county judge. 
 
 '-^ ir^INlNG SCIENCI 
 
 /Y V of ^'ew York, 1 
 
 **-Y-*4 1832. His fat 
 
 owned a large farm on which the son wan reared, evincing, at an early 
 age, a natural taste for the study of chemistry and the natural 
 sciences. Was professor of chemistry in Brown university, at Prov- 
 idence, R. I., from 18G0 to 1884. Knowing his ability as a scientist, 
 he was selected by a company in Providence and Boston lo examine 
 the mines in Gilpin county, Colorado. The visit to the State revealed 
 the fact that this mining region was without the means of properly 
 extracting metal from ores. To acquire u knowledge of smelting he 
 went to Swansea, Wales, in 18C!), to study the methods of reduction, 
 and afterward took over some seventy tons of Colorado ore for exper- 
 imental treatment. Following this he organized the Boston and 
 Colorado Smelting company, now located at Argo, near Denver, which 
 has been a great success from the first, principally owing to his 
 energy and scientific achievements. A highly-cultured gentleman, 
 rich and influential, the people of Colorado deemed him a fit person 
 to represent the interests of the Stale in the United States eenate, 
 and to that position he was chosen in 1879. 
 
 THOMAS B. BRYAN, 
 
 EnterprlHllIU Miner at l(l:lhn SprlnsTH, 
 
 ^T ▼'IRGINIA gave birth to Thomas 1). Bryan, who was bom in 
 \ / 1828, his father being an advocate of the abolition of 
 • • slavery, in the senate of that State, as far back as 1833. 
 The subject of this sketch studied law and graduated at Harvard law- 
 school, and while yet young removed lo Cincinnati, where, with 
 Judge Hart, in that city, he became a partner. Later he removed to 
 Chicago, where for twenty-five years he was very prominently known, 
 among his other work being the establishment of the Fidelity Safety 
 Deposit Vaults, in that city, that brought millions of dollars safely 
 through the great fire. During the war he was the president of the 
 niinois Soldiers' Home, and subsequently was one of the commis- 
 sioners in the government of the District of Columbia, a position 
 similar to the governor of a Territory. In 1873 Mr Bryan moved to 
 Colorado, and settled at Idaho S|)rings, where, in the care of his own 
 and the mining interests of others, he was for some years succees- 
 fully engaged. He returued to Chicago in 1883. 
 
 seeretury ui ine XIII 
 
 Y I VllE Secretary of 
 ^ I \ Arthur, Henry 1 
 • * the political an( 
 
 HENRY M. TELLER, 
 
 Seeretary of the Interior l>e|»artinent, at T^atthinston. 
 
 the Interior Department under President 
 M. Teller, a gentleman who ranks high in 
 political and social circles of Colorado, was horn in 
 Alleghany county, N. Y., May 23, 18.30. In search of an education 
 he alternately studied and taught in the Rushford academy and 
 Alfred university, in his native State. After a season of teaching 
 exclusively for a brief terra, he began to study law at Angelica, 
 N. Y. , in 1850, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1858. Re- 
 moving to Whiteside county. 111., he opened a law office. In the 
 spring of 1861 he was induced to emigrate to Colorado, and there 
 began to practice his profession at Central City. From 1863 to 1865, 
 by the appointment of Governor Evans, he served as major-general 
 of the State militia, and then, the war of the Rebellion ending, he 
 resigned. His next step was to organize the Colorado Central Rail- 
 road company, in 1865, draw up its charter and become its president, 
 which position he held for the next five years. This office did not, 
 however, occupy all his time and attention, for he also engaged in 
 other enterprises, including more or less operations in Colorado 
 mines. In November, 1876, he was chosen United States senator 
 for six years, and during his terra he performed active duties on 
 several important committees, and left behind him a creditable record. 
 With his brother, Willard, who has been his partner for years, he 
 has built up a lucrative law business in the city of Denver. Upon 
 the accession of President Arthur, Sir. Teller was appointed to a 
 cabinet position as Secretary of the Interior Department.
 
 4-16 
 
 ENTEEPEISING, SUCCESSFUL AJSTD PROMINENT MEN. 
 
 JOHN EVANS, 
 
 ExGoveraor of C'oloruilo Xerrltory. 
 
 Y I VHE FOUNDER of Evanston, Cook county. 111., and ex-gov- 
 ,A 1 A, ernor of Colorado, John Evans, has a history which cannot 
 • • be compressed into this small sketch. He was born in 
 Warren county, Ohio, March 9, 1814, graduated at the Cincinnati 
 Medical college, as a physician, in 1838. Located in practice near 
 Ottawa, 111., and afterward practiced six years in Attica, Ind. , where 
 he advocated the measure which resulted in the State erecting an 
 asylum and caring for the insane. Was elected to a chair in Rush 
 Medical college, and delivered his first medical lectures in that insti- 
 tution in the winter of 1845-6. ^Was afterward for several years 
 editor of the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal^ and was 
 for eleven years connected with Rush college. While in the Chicago 
 city council, was active as chairman of the committee on schools, 
 appointing, through ordinance, the first school superintendent, and 
 erecting the high school. Donated $25,000 for the founding of the 
 Northwestern university, at Evanston, which town was named in his 
 honor, and to that place he removed his family in 1855, and there lived 
 until he came to Colorado in 1862, having been appointed Territorial 
 governor of the State by President Lincoln. Did much after his 
 arrival in furnishing troops from the Territory during the war, and 
 was largely instrumental in securing peaceful relations with the 
 Indians. Was selected by the legislature of Colorado as United 
 States senator, in 1865, Colorado having been admitted as a State by 
 Congress, but vetoed by President Johnson. Was a member of the 
 national convention which nominated Grant to the presidency, and in 
 1868 was chosen president of the Denver Pacific Railway and Tele- 
 graph company, and, during the session of Congress in 1SG9, he pro- 
 cured the passage of the Denver Pacific land-grant bill, and secured 
 the completion of a railway from Cheyenne to Denver, a matter of 
 great consequence to Denver. Organized, with others, the Denver, 
 South Park & Pacific Railroad company, of which he was made pres- 
 ident, and more recently labored in the construction of a railway 
 to Texas and New Orleans which assisted greatly in the develop- 
 ment of the State. Was rich in Chicago, through the rise of real 
 estate in that city considerable of which he yet holds, and has added 
 immensely to his fortune by his enterprises farther west. He has 
 done, and is yet doing, grand work for the pecuniary, educational 
 and moral benefit of Colorado. 
 
 JAMES M. BELFORD, 
 
 ConBrressnimi :tnd Siipi'eine Court «Juflge. 
 
 aENTRAL CITY, as well as the entire State of Colorado, has 
 been ably represented in Congress by James M. Belford, who 
 wag elected to that body when the Territory became a State, 
 in 1876. He was born at Lewiston, Pa., September 28, 1837, and 
 subsequently graduated at Dickinson college. Came to Colorado 
 early, and was one of the Colorado supreme court judges from 1870 
 to 1875. 
 
 MARK M. POWEROY, 
 Prominent tJouriiuliHt iiutl Colorado Mluer. 
 
 rj\\ CONSPICUOUS individuality attaches to the well-known 
 /A journalist and politician, Mark M. Pomeroy, in the Rocky 
 • '■* Mountain region, through Ids nuning enterprises and hia 
 till! -aiid-out, plain-spoken paper. The Great West. For the inform- 
 ation of those who may wish an outline sketch of his history, it may 
 be said that he was born in Lawrcnceville, Pa., Decemlier 25, 1833, 
 and reared upon a farm until the age of sixteen, when he entered the 
 office of the Corning (N. Y. ) Journal., and in 1854 he edited his first 
 paper, the Corning Sun. His next i erprise was the publication of 
 the Gazette, at Athens, Pa., in 1855, following which he established 
 
 the Argm, at Horicon, Wis. It was during his stay there that he 
 published a burlesque article on an editor at Beaver Dam, Wis., 
 which went the rounds and was copied into the Louisville Journal 
 by Prentice, who prefaced the article with some laudatory remarks, 
 in which he pronounced the author a perfect Brick. Hence the 
 name "Brick" Pomeroy. He was United Stales marshal in Wis- 
 consin, under President Buchanan, and became city editor of the 
 Milwaukee Daily News., in 1858. In 1860 he established, at 
 LaCrosse, Wis., the LaCrosse Democrat^ which attained a very large 
 circulation during the war, mainly through its peculiar and out- 
 spoken abuse of the administration. In 18G8, seeking a wider field 
 for his enterprise, he started Pomeroy's Democrat, in New York, 
 which he removed to Chicago, where it was published until his 
 removal to Denver, Col., in 1880. At Denver he engaged in various 
 mining enterprises, the last being the building of the Atlantic and 
 Pacific tunnel into the sides of Kelso mountain, about eight miles 
 from Georgetown. Among his various side-issues has been, at one 
 time, the espousal of the greenback cause, courses of lectures upon 
 various topics, and, more recently, the publication of Pomeroy's 
 Great West, which has attained a large circulation. Mr. Pomeroy 
 has seen nearly every vicissitude of life; has been wealthy and poor 
 by turns; has had his office mobbed, and in turn had his efforts eulo- 
 gized. He has been three times married, has recently built a fine 
 house in the suburbs of Denver; is in the prime of life, and is a tireless 
 worker with a large brain. That he will always make his "Mark" 
 is certain, and that his future will be eventful there is not the least 
 shadow of doubt. 
 
 HORACE A. W. TABOR, 
 
 Capitaliftt siiid XJiiited States Senator. 
 
 FOM THE rugged hills of Vermont came Horace A. W. Tabor, 
 whose birth occurred in Orleans county, November 26, 1830. 
 He came to Kansas in 1855; engaged in farming during the 
 stirring days prior to the war; did active and efficient service in the 
 Free-Soil party, which he represented in the Kansas legislature, in 
 1857. He went to Colorado in 1859, then to Clear Creek county, and 
 thence back to Denver; following which he located, in the spring of 
 1860, in California Gulch, in the vicinity of Leadville, and continued 
 there in mining during the succeeding five years; after which he 
 turned his attention to merchandizing, followed that vocation, in 
 connection with mining, for the next eleven years, and up to 1878 he 
 had accumulated a capital of about ^37,000. It was in May, 1878, 
 when George P. Hook and August Rische, whom he had furnished 
 provisions while they prospected, discovered the mine since known 
 as the Little Pittsburgh, and in which, by agreement, he held a 
 third interest. Hook soon sold to his partners, and Rische subse- 
 quently ])arted with his interest to J. B. Chaffee and D. H. Moffatt. 
 With a capital stock of $20,000,000 the Little Pittsburgh consolidated, 
 a mining stock company was organized, and within two weeks after- 
 ward a quarter-interest was sold in New York, by Mr. Chaffee, for 
 $1,000,000. In 1879 Mr. Tabor sold his interest in the mine to 
 Messrs. Chaffee and Moffatt, for $1,000,000, purchased a half-interest 
 in the First National Bank at Denver, bought the Matchless mine, at 
 Leadville, and subsequently became a (piarter-owner of the mining 
 property of Borden, Tabor & Co., comjirising five or six mines, with 
 a capacity of yielding a dividend of $100,000 per month. lie after- 
 ward became interested in the Alaska, Adelphi, Acapulco and Victory 
 mines, in San Juan county, besides having sole ownership of the Red 
 Rogers and the Saxon. While operating mines extensively, he is 
 interested in many other enterprises, much of his wealth, latterly, 
 being expended in real estate for the benefit of Leadville and Denver. 
 He established the Leadville Bank, in 1878, of which he became 
 president, and in which has been required eight clerks. lie has 
 been county treasurer of Lake county, was the first mayor of Lead-
 
 liKllOl' ^^KKTCIIKS OF KOCKV AIUINTAIN CELKBHITIKS. 
 
 u-i 
 
 villi", prL'sidciit of tile T.fiKlvilJo IniiM'ovcnu-iit company; was liret 
 prt'sitlcnt of ihe Leudvilk' State exchan^'t!, and of the Leadville Gas 
 comj)aiiy, orgaiiizt-'d In 1879, Besides owning yet a large real estate 
 interest in Leadville, on which he has erected an opera honse costing 
 $35,000, he has more recently invested heavily in Denver. His 
 Imililings there inclmle an elegant residence, occnpying an entire 
 square, the Tabor block, costing about $:^00,000, and the Opera Ilouf-e 
 block, representing an exjienditure of about $000,000. In all, with 
 business interests at the East, he is conceded to be tlie richest man 
 in the State, his wealth being up among the millions, the exact 
 amount of whi<;h he himself is probal)Iy not aware. He was, in 
 188^, lieutenant-governor (ff the State; was president of the Colorado 
 Industrial exposition of 1883; and, all in all, is one of the most 
 public-8])irited, active and valuable men in that young and growing 
 State. Mr. Tabor is yet in the prime of life, with, in all probability, 
 a most useful future before him. 
 
 THOMAS M. BOWEN, 
 
 Soldier, tlutlge iitul Viiiled States Senator. 
 
 ONE OF THE most influential citizens of Colorado, Thomas M. 
 Bowen, was born at DesMoines, Iowa, about 1834; was 
 admitted to the bar at eighteen, and was a member of the 
 Iowa legislature at the age of twenty-one. Removing to Kansas, in 
 1858, he jjracticed law there until the opening of the war. He went 
 into the Union service at that time, as captain of a Kansas company; 
 was made a colonel upon the organization of the regiment, and came 
 out a brigadier- general at the close of the war. Settling, then, at 
 Little Rock, Ark., he became a member and president of the consti- 
 tutional convention upon the reconstruction of Arkansas, in 1867, 
 and was, a ye r afterward, elected by the Republicans to the supreme 
 court of that State. He served on the bench four years, and retired 
 to accept the governorship of Idaho Territory, to which he was 
 appointed by President Grant. Judge Bowen came to Denver, Col., 
 and entered upon the practice of the law, in February, 1875, but soon 
 afterward removed to Del Norte, Col. In 1870, upon the admission 
 of Colorado as a State, he was elected judge of the fourth judicial 
 circuit, which position he resigned after a few years' service, to give 
 attention to his mining interests, which are very extended in San 
 Juan county. He was elected to the United States senate in the 
 fall of 1882. 
 
 WILLIAM A. H. LOVELAND, 
 
 Prominent Builder of Colorudo Salln-ays. 
 
 INTO Colorado, in an early day, came William A. H. Loveland, 
 who was born in Barnstable, Mass., May 30, 1H26. He spent a 
 good portion of bis youth in Illinois, whither his parents 
 emigrated in his childhood Among the incidents of his eventful 
 career was the serving through the Mexican war, during which he 
 was severely wounded at CliapuUepec. Afterward he sojourned five 
 years in California. Returning to Illinois, he engaged in mercantile 
 employment until 1859, when be went to Colorado, settling at Golden, 
 where he was soon recognized as one of the most enterprising and 
 successful merchants in the West. But it is in railroad building 
 through the deep defiles, over yawning chasms and up to the great 
 elevations, that Mr. L. has proved himself of the greatest service to 
 the State. The beginning of his work was the completion, in 18G7, 
 of a railway up Clear Creek canon, a project, the beginning of 
 which was regarded a most ditficnlt undertaking. That railroad has 
 been followed by others until Colorado, many portions of which, 
 originally almost inaccessible, is now very abundanlly supplied with 
 railway communications; a result largely due to Mr Loveland, who, 
 in the construction of railways among the Rockies, has immensely 
 aided in developing the mineral resources of the Rocky Mountain 
 
 region. He was for years a member of the Territorial council; mov 
 recently became the proprietor of the Jiocky Mounfain News, is the 
 principal owner of the Fanny Barrett mine, one of the richest in the 
 State; and, all in all, as soldier, California pioneer, merchant, rail- 
 road builder, legislator, editor and mining capitalist, can be regarded 
 as one of the most successful men of the time. 
 
 FREDERICK W. PITKIN, 
 
 MlnlMff <'a|iltallNt and Kx-Oovemor. 
 
 y^^ENUINE New England stock is pcrpetuuted in Frederick W. 
 f (py IMtkiu, who was born at MaTichjester, Conn., August 31, 1837. 
 ^~^ \U' graduated at Wesleyan university, at Middletown, Conn. , 
 in 1858, and from the law-school ut Albany, N. Y. , a year later. 
 Going westward he located as an attorney at Milwaukee, Wis. 
 Failing in health, he went to Colorado, and while seeking restor- 
 ation he traveled extensively over the State, investigating its mining 
 resources, and, while camping out, secured the friendship of the 
 miners, an acquisition which resulted in making him the Repub- 
 lican governor, by a strong majority, in 1878. Though spending 
 much time in Denver, his residence is at Ouray, in the extreme 
 southwestern part of the State, where he has mining interests. 
 
 JOHN L. ROUTT, 
 
 Soldier, United States Marshal and Governor. 
 
 Y I VlIK FIRST governor of the State of Colorado was Cok 
 ^ 1 v. John L. Routt, who first saw light in Kentucky, but rr 
 <• * his mark first in politics at Bloomington, 111., where 
 
 donel 
 made 
 politics at Bloomington, 111., where he 
 was elected sheriff of the county, in 1856. He entered the army as 
 captain of an Illinois company, and did good service, and afterward 
 as a colonel and quartermaster. Upon his return to McLean county, 
 he was elected county treasurer, and soon afterward was appointed 
 L'liited States marshal, and subsequently second-assistant postmaster- 
 general. In 1875 he was appointed by Grant, who never forgot the gal- 
 lant service he rendered, as a colonel, in the taking of Vicksburg, to 
 the Territorial governorship of Colorado. A year afterward, when 
 Colorado was admitted as a State, he was nominated by the Repub- 
 licans for governor, and elected. Since the close of his ofticial term 
 he has been a resident of Denver, and has devoted his attention to 
 mining interests, which have made him very wealthy. 
 
 DAVID J. COOK, 
 
 Superintendent Rocky >Iounlaiii Detective Association. 
 
 fl^ PKOMIXEXT character in the Rocky Mountain region for 
 jsA many years has been David J. Cook, well known from his 
 tf^ ^^ connection with detective work. He was born in Laporte 
 county, Ind., August 12, 1840, and spent his youth, until nineteen 
 years old, upon the farm. In 1859 the wave of emigration drifting 
 toward Pike's Peak bore him into Colorado, where he located in what 
 is now known as Gilpin county. Here he spent two years, but after- 
 ward returned to Kansas and purchased a farm, but left it, in 1861, 
 to run a supply train at the opening of the civil war. Subsequently 
 he was transferred to the ordnance (lei)artment of the army of the 
 frontier, and in 1863 came again to Colorado and formed the Rocky 
 Mountain Detective association, which, since that time, has been a 
 terror to the criminal classes. He was government detective in Col- 
 orado from 1864 to 1865, and during the next three years served the 
 city of Denver as city marshal, being subsequently elected sheriff of 
 Arapahoe county, to which position he was three times re-elected. 
 Since retirement from that office he has devoted his time to detective 
 work, and the duties pertaiuing to the position of deputy United 
 States marshal for the distrii*- of Colorado. 
 
 :^
 
 418 
 
 MEN l'RUMI\ENTLY KNOWN IN AND ABOLT DENVER. 
 
 ? 
 
 h 
 
 K
 
 M: 
 
 T- 
 
 420 
 
 PERSONAL FACTS CONCEENING CEETAIN PEOPLE IN CINCINNATI. 
 
 ? 
 
 ■*-J— & »-»^ 
 
 CINCINNATI, 
 
 AND 
 
 
 ^¥^ SOME OF HER WELL-KNOWN CITIZENS, 'Mr^^- 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 
 Men Distinguished in Various Departndents of Human Action. 
 
 [ 
 
 • INCINNATI, the principal city of Ohio, is 
 , pleasantly situated on the north bank of the 
 Ohio river. The site is a plain, surrounded 
 by high hills, from whose summits the 
 scenery is very delightful. Added to these 
 natural advantages, wealth and culture have 
 centered there in great abundance and with 
 .gratifying results, so that the title, ''Queen 
 City," is by no means misplaced when 
 applied to Cincinnati. Commerce and various 
 business enterprises have added greatly to its 
 growth and renown; and although not a cen- 
 tury old it has attained a high rank in the list 
 of American cities. One of its most remark- 
 able features is the number of its wealthy 
 citizens, who have lavished their means to 
 cultivate public taste and sentiment, erecting 
 costly edifices for the advancement of music 
 and other fine arts, and perpetuating their own memory by useful and 
 enduring monuments. In the following personal sketches will be 
 found mention of some history of the benevolent and liberal enterprises 
 that have enriched and adorned the city. 
 
 MURAT HALSTEAD, 
 
 Editor and nfanat^er of the Cincinnati ** Commercial.'* 
 
 'y=|r WHITER in Scribner's Monthly, not long ago, mentioned 
 ^*^^ the Cincinnati Commercial as a paper of such character 
 y. V ^>f--3^ that from it a young man might learn to be an accom- 
 plished journalist without going to New York City. The man who 
 has brought the Commercial up to such a standard of excellence is 
 Murat Halstead, its editor-in-chief and principal stock-owner, who 
 began lite in Butler county, Ohio, Septembers, 1829. From his mother, 
 formerly Miss Clara Willitts, he derived his earliest instruction and 
 inherited largely the intellectual power which distinguishes him, 
 while he owes to his father hie stalwart physical organization and 
 manly presence. Thus his large and active body and great brain rep- 
 resent the superiority of his parentage. He has blue-gray eyes, a gray 
 moustache, and hair on which the snow-line early descended, with 
 a complexion as clear us that of a boy. Until twenty-one years old 
 he worked on a farm. In 1851 he graduated at Farmers' college; 
 taught a term or two of school, and studied law, but abandoned it for 
 journalism. All kinds of newspaper work arc familiar to him. As 
 a correspondent he !s unequalled, and his brilliant descriptive 
 powers were displayed in the letters relating his famous voyage to 
 and through Ici-land. lie enjoys to the utmost setting the world by 
 the ears through the newspapers. A friend remarks: "When 
 
 Ilulsteud raises the d 1 in the newspapers he is satisfied." He is 
 
 uncompromising in defending the pide he considers just; is a rapid 
 romposer, and has a peculiar vein of fun which gives great zest to 
 liis <?(litorials. As an nfter-dinner speaker he is perhaps unexcelled. 
 Ill bin Kanctum he f)flen assumes a thorny manner, it is surmised, as 
 
 a hedge against bores. His real nature is full of kindliness. To 
 women he is always courteous, and is willing to recognize their 
 abilities. Quite a number of them contribute to his paper in various 
 ways. He works assiduously from ten to twelve hours a day, and 
 the proof of the whole paper is read by him. Mr. Halstead is mar- 
 ried and has several children. 
 
 TYLER DAVIDSON, 
 
 Who Oave a Magnlfloent Fountain to Cincinnati. 
 
 ■^s^^ NOTHER generous citizen of Cincinnati, of whose birth- 
 ^*^^fc place and parentage the record is imperfect, began his 
 ,. ^Sfj^^ business career in that city between the years 1830 and 
 1840 as a hardware merchant. In 1840 he associated with him Henry 
 Probasco, who afterward became his brother-in-law. This firm was 
 the first to undertake the building of a handsome business edifice that 
 should ornament the city and advertise their trade. Their experi- 
 ment was successful and brought them great wealth. Mr. Davidson, 
 having no family, conceived the idea of adorning and bene- 
 fiting the city wherein he had accumulated his wealth with a fine 
 drinking-fountain. Before he put his notion into form he died (in 
 18U5), but his brother-in-law, to whose wife fell most of his estate, 
 fulfilled his wishes in regard to the gift. Six years after his 
 death the fountain was raised, and became a permanent object of 
 beauty and utility, as well as a monument to his memory. 
 
 THE TTLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN 
 
 was unveiled October 6, 1871, with impressive ceremonies. The 
 following description will explain the ideas embodied in the bronze 
 figures which compose it: ''The entire height from the street to the 
 top of the central figure (which is seven feet high) is thirty-two and a 
 half feet. The cost, in American gold, was $125,000. The idea pre- 
 sented by this fountain is to represent the blessings and benefits of 
 water. The principal figure represents the genius of water, from 
 whose hands fall the ever-flowing rain, the blessing of God, which is 
 caught by a peasant on the right, whose fields are thirsting for it. 
 On the opposite side stands a citizen imploring water for his burning 
 house. The shell of the opposite side partly hides the figure of a 
 young woman, who is offering water to her aged and decrepit father. 
 On the other side is a mother leading her child to the bath. Four bas- 
 reliefs in the dies of the pedestal represent navigation, mills, fisheries 
 and steam. On the corners of the pedestal are figures of children, 
 suggesting the enjoyments connected with water, viz. : A girl adt)rn- 
 ing herself with pearls; a boy fishing for shells; a third fitting-on 
 skates, and a fourth finding corals and crystals. The portrait near 
 the top of the entablature is designed to be a medallion of Tyler 
 Davidson. The water coming from the leaves of the shell is 
 used as fresh drinking water by a separate conduit pipe, while the 
 four upper jets only belong to the decoration. The whole fountnin 
 Is of bronze, the base and its surroundings of granite and porphyry, 
 and the railings or protection of the foundation of Dayton stone. The 
 time re(iuired for the execution of this work in Munich was thn-e 
 years." 
 
 y? 6- 
 
 --0/
 
 j^ 
 
 PEOPLE OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 i-n 
 
 country, with an unsurpas 
 view, hu built Onkwood, famed 
 
 HENRY PROBASCO, 
 
 Builder or the Tyler IkuvltlNoii Fountain. 
 
 ='^?T it* to this ^cuMi'maii, wlui curried out the wiwhcs of his dead 
 fel brother-in-hjw, that Cincinnati, indirectly, owes the pofisession 
 ,,.^11 of the finest fountain in America and one of the most elegant 
 in the world. His birth occurred at Newton, Cunn. , July 4, 1820. 
 He attended the public Hchooln of Philadelphia. In 1835 he came to 
 Cincinnati, and entered the hardware store of Tyler Davidson as 
 clerk. Becoming a partner in the wtore in 1840, he married a sister 
 of Mr. Davidson. The energy that he brought into the business 
 insured success, and, in 1851, he erected a magniliccnt freestone 
 building, and gave to his adopted city the idea of what a business 
 house should be. Other merchants followed his example, and the busi- 
 ness portion of the city was greatly improved. Ei^ht months spent 
 in Europe gave Mr. Probasco 
 the idea of a suburban home. 
 Selecting a site in Clifton, now 5^^'!^^ 
 the handsomest suburb in the ./JS!<ib\^ 
 
 far and near for its archi- 
 tectural beauty, its gallery of 
 paintings, rare library an< 
 wonderful art collection. Tlu- 
 entrance to Oakwood is a chef 
 (Tceuvre of iron manufacture. 
 The house represents the first 
 attempt to utilize freestone and 
 soapstone in residences. Mr. 
 Tyler Davidson, his brother- 
 in-law, died in 1865. He had 
 during his life expressed a 
 wish to beautify Cincinnati 
 with a drinking fountain With 
 a view of fulfilling this wish 
 Mr. Probasco spent the years 
 1860-7 in Europe in quest of 
 artist and design. He found 
 both in the foundry of Kaul- 
 bach at Munich. Mr. Probasco 
 paid the entire cost of the plac- 
 ing of the fountain from his 
 own means. The esplanade 
 where it stands was named in 
 his honor "Probasco Place." 
 The collections of this gentle- 
 man, at Oakwood, are open to ^/^^l 
 
 all appreciative visitors to 
 Cincinnati, who are fortunate 
 
 enough to have heard of them and to obtain letters of introduction. 
 Trees, imported from Japan, Spain, France and other countries, adorn 
 the grounds. The beautiful tower and stone spire that attract the 
 visitor to Clifton Calvary church were gifts from Mr. Probasco. He 
 is connected with many worthy charities and is a liberal donor to 
 them. Unfortunately he has no children to enjoy the beautiful things 
 with which he is surrounded. 
 
 The Tyler Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati. 
 
 at which age he hired out t(» a farmer to tend cattle. The time for 
 which he was engaged to do this work was six months, and bin wagca 
 for that service were fixed at about $5. Six years he followed this 
 occupation, and then apprenticed himself to a plumber in Edinburgh 
 for a term of five years. By a steadiness of purpose and the facili- 
 ties which he enjoyed he rapidly mastered the mysteries of bis trade, 
 and within two years became a journeyman. Tn this position he 
 made his master's interests his own. At this time he began 
 to increase his knowledge by reading, and pursued his studies with a 
 diligence that insured success and obliterated the defects of his 
 scanty schooling. In 1826 he married Mary lialden, went to London 
 with a view of perfecting himself in his business, and in 1831 fol- 
 lowed an elder brother to America. To his dismay, on landing in 
 New York, he found no waterworks, no plumbers' jobs. So he 
 
 worked at making stove-pipea 
 
 ■' ''* "^ -'. became slack he engaged in a 
 ' iMinical establishment. In 
 -■r-.it discouragement he was 
 ' iibout to return to Scotland, 
 when he was urged by a brother 
 to remove to Cincinnati. 
 Starting by stage over the Alle- 
 ghany mountains, and thence 
 by river to Cincinnati, his 
 brother induced him to open a 
 shop. The first three years 
 were very disastrous, but by 
 the fourth the tide turned, and 
 in 1854 Mr. Gibson was able to 
 retire from active business and 
 attend to his personal affairs. 
 Twice he has visited his nativ..- 
 country. A number of sub 
 stantial buildings in Cincinnati 
 owe their erection to his enter- 
 prise. Two sons, William and 
 John, learned the plumbing 
 trade with their father, whose 
 constant advice to all young 
 men with whom he comes in 
 contact is to establish a good 
 character and then maintain it. 
 On that road he traveled to 
 wealth and respectability, and 
 holds an honored place in the 
 estimation of his fellow-towns- 
 men. Died July 26, 1884. 
 
 By Whom the 
 
 PETER GIBSON, 
 
 *GlhNoii House," Cincinnati, -wfkn Built. 
 
 WiiWYi gentleman was born at Pentland, four miles south of 
 |W Edinburgh, Scotland, October 20, 1802, being the eighth of 
 nine children gathered around his father's fireside. His 
 education was received in local f^chools before he was ten years old. 
 
 GEORGE H. PENDLETON. 
 
 United States Senator from Ohio. 
 
 'F NOT always successful in his political aspirations, George H. 
 Pendleton, who was born in Cincinnati, July 19, 1825, pos- 
 ^■^v sesses many qualities in bis private life which justly merit the 
 esteem of his fellow-men. At eight years of age he began to attend 
 the Woodward high school, and there pursued his preparatory studies 
 until 1841. From that time for about three years his education was 
 continued at his father's house under the supervision of the ablest 
 classical teachers ; and the high reputation that he gained as a student, 
 it is claimed, has been fully verified in his manhood's career. In 
 1844 he visited Europe, where he remained for two years, passing a 
 portion of his time at the university of Heidelberg, in Germany. 
 After his return to America, in 1846, he married Alice, dautrhter of 
 
 •;&> —
 
 422 
 
 PEOl'LE OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 Francis S. Key, of Baltimore, Md., the author of the song of "The 
 Stiir-Spangled Banner," and a niece of Roger P. Taney, once chief- 
 justice of Ibe United States supreme court — a lady of rare accom- 
 plishments. In 1847 Mr. Pendleton formed a law partnership with 
 George E. Pugh. A few years later, without his solicitation, the 
 Democrats nominated him for State senator, and he was elected by 
 ten thousand majority, taking his seat in the senate in 1853. While 
 serving as State senator he was nominated for member of Congress 
 on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated in the election. lu 1857 
 he was more successful, securing his seat as member of Congress, 
 and was successively re-elected in 1858, 1860 and 1862. His course 
 iu Congress gave great satisfaction to his constituents, and he was 
 favorably mentioned as a candidate for the presidency. This was 
 during the war of the Rebellion, and the prevailing military spirit of 
 the times so predominated that General McClellan received the party 
 nomination instead of Mr. Pendleton, but he was placed upon the 
 ticket as the candidate for vice-president. In the contest for Congress- 
 man, in 1866, he was again defeated. In 1867-8 he was once more pro- 
 posed as a candidate for president, but withdrew in favor of the nomi- 
 nation of Horace Seymour, who was overshadowed by General Grant at 
 the ensuing election. Accepting the nomination for governor of Ohio, 
 in 1869, he again suffered defeat. He presided over the celebrated 
 Democratic convention of 1871, which endorsed the amendments to 
 the federal constitution made necessary by the results of the war of 
 the Rebellion; and in 1878 he was re-elected United States senator. 
 Mr. Pendleton's private life has endeared him to many, and he is 
 held by all in high esteem as an upright, intelligent man — one who 
 never sacrifices to expediency what he knows to be just and honest — ■ 
 thus retaining his personal independence and the confidence of his 
 supporters. There is possibly a brilliant future in his life. His 
 able speech in the senate on civil-service reform (in 1883^ brought 
 him prominently before the people and gave hira a fresh impetus 
 toward the White House. Among his friends his courtly manners 
 liave obtained for him the title of " Gentleman George. " 
 
 GEORGE WARD NICHOLS, 
 
 Orlgrlnator oftlie CInciunati Tklusicnl Festivals. 
 
 ^f^fyHE ARTISTIC, literary and musical enti^rpriscs of Cincin- 
 nati are largely indebted to George W. Nichols for the 
 energy and skill which helouij exercised in bringing them 
 to perfection. Though many years a resident of the west, . 
 his early life was spent in Boston. During the political agita- 
 tion in Kansas — 1855-59 — he was an active participant in the contro- 
 versy between freedom and slavery. For some time afterward 
 he resided in New York City, engaged in literary labor. At the 
 outbreak of the war of the Rebellion, in 1861, he was in Europe, but 
 immediately returned and received his commission as captain in the 
 Union army. As an officer he served as aid-de-camp to General 
 Fremont, and wa» one of the personal staff of General Sherman, partici- 
 paling in the i)ursuit of General Hood and Sherman's "march to the 
 sea," in Novumbur, 1864. About 1868 lie became a resident of 
 Cincinnati, where he married a daughter of Nicholas Longworth, the 
 vine-grower. Mr. Nichols, while yet in his prime, gained an enviable 
 n:ime as an indefatii^ablt; worker in the world of literature and art. 
 Ht* was the originator of the "May festivals" which have made Cin- 
 cinnati famous as a musical metroiiolls, presiding over them from 
 year to year; planned and put into operation the Cincinnati college 
 of rauHic, of which he i- < t..v^ the pusident and made it a 
 success, notwithstanding the adverse circumstances that attended his 
 exertions in its behalf. Upon his return from the raid into Georgia 
 ho wrote a volume entitled "The Story of the Great March,*' which 
 has had a large sale ami is esteemed us a complete and accurate 
 hiplorv of ilial event. After that hi- piilili^lird ibnmtrli HariR-r 
 
 & Brothers, "Art Education Applied to Industry," and "Pottery; 
 How it is Made and Decorated,"' and both are considered standard 
 works upon these subjects. Died Sept. 15, 1885. 
 
 ! 
 
 RICHARD SMITH. 
 
 For Xears Fditor ol' Ihe Ciacinuatl "Oazette.** 
 
 ^ i^^UCH of the talent displayed in American journalism is of 
 -*''"■ foreign origin. For instance, Richard Smith, of Cincin- 
 nati, one of the best-known editors in this country, was 
 born in Ireland, January 30, 1833. He emigrated to the United 
 States in 1841, and for three years worked at the trade of a carpenter. 
 His inclination, however, led him to engage in newspaper work in 
 Cincinnati, doing his first labor on the old Chronicle, which was later 
 merged into the Gazette. In 1846 the choice fell upon him for 
 assistant-superintendent of the chamber of commerce, and in 1850 he 
 became agent for the associated press. The year 1854 found hira 
 connected editorially with the Gazette, of which he soon became the 
 principal stockholder and managing editor. For twenty-five years 
 he was its leading editorial writer. Master of a pithy, vigorous 
 style, he always expresses his meaning clearly and boldly, and pos- 
 sesses a judgment of men and measures that is rarely at fault. Fer- 
 vently devoted to his adopted country, he was an ardent Union man 
 during the war of the Rebellion, and used his paper to encourage 
 loyal perseverance. In politics he is decidedly Republican, but he 
 has never held a public office. He was nominated in 1867 for Congress, 
 by the Republicans of the second district of Ohio, but was defeated, 
 through a defection in the ranks of his party, by Samuel F. Gary. 
 Mr. Smith, through his advocacy of strict Sunday observance, obtained 
 the sobriquet of "The Truly Good," and the Gazette was denomin- 
 ated by his humorous compeers, "The Great Religious Daily." 
 Since the above was written Mr. Smith's Gazette has been consolidated 
 with Mural Halsteud's Co/mtiercial, and these gentlemen, each pos- 
 sessing the requisites of first-class journalists, after years of 
 professional controversy, have become co-workers iu a common 
 cause. 
 
 THOMAS L, YOUNG, 
 
 £x-Governor of Ohio and Congressman. 
 
 gpHIS gentleman, who has represented the Second Ohio 
 * district so ably in Congress, was born December 14, 1833, 
 in Killyleagh, county of Down, Ireland. When a boy he 
 emigrated to the United States, and, when old enough, entered the 
 regular army, and served the last year of the Mexican war, remain- 
 ing in the army until 1857 as an enlisted soldier. He studied law 
 and taught school in Cincinnati until the late Rebellion, when, in 
 1861, he entered the volunteer federal army as first-lieutenant. By 
 rapid promotion lie became cajjtain, major, lieutenant-colonel, 
 colonel, brevet-brigadier-general and general, successively. After 
 the close of the war he returned to Cincinnati, and was, in 1865, 
 admitted to the bar and appointed assistant city auditor. During the 
 same year he was elected to the State legislature for two years. The 
 year 1807 found hira serving as recorder of Hamilton county, Ohio. 
 His appointment as supervisor of internal revenue was received in 
 1868, and in the same year he was sent as delegate to the national 
 Rejjubliean eonventicm of Chicago. He was elected State senator in 
 1871, and lieutenant-governor in 1875, and succeeded Rutherford B. 
 Hayes as Governor of Ohio when Hayes became President. He was 
 elected to the Forty- sixth Congress and returned to the Forty - 
 seventh Congress. The ex-governor is very popular with the 
 people, of whom he is one. Personally, he is a fine-looking man — of 
 a bodily presence that bids fair tocarry liim throu^ih many lucu'e wars 
 and pi>litii:il <;inipaiL^ii-. 
 
 L 
 
 -s
 
 I'KOIM.K UK i:li\(l.\NA'ri. 
 
 423 
 
 ?-• 
 
 SAMUEL N. PIKE, 
 
 The Hiillder of J* Ike* •• U|u*rit-lloiiNe In (71ncliiiiMtl. 
 
 INC'INNATI has lu'iMi iL-m;irk:iljIy furtiinate in having so 
 iiiiuiy prosperous biisinuss men of retliied tiiHtc and liberal 
 liispofition. Among the most noted of thewu was tliegenlle- 
 mun whose mime is recorded iihove, and who was born in New York 
 City in 182:i. Tnlil sixteen years old he pursued his studies at 
 Stamford, ("onn. When seventeen he left home to settle in Florida. 
 At the new lown of St. Joseph he embarked in business, and in one 
 year was the owner of a grocery, dry-goods and crockery store. 
 Speculating in cotton, he quickly accumulated $10,000; but he soon 
 tired of a limited sphere of actioTi, and removed to Richmond, Va. , 
 where be engaged in the foreign wine and liquor business with great 
 success. His roving taste drove him to Baltimore, and there he 
 conducted a dry-goods establishment. Hut his prosperity met with a 
 check, which intluenced him to try St. Louis. There more ill- 
 fortune assailed him. On his way to New York he stopped at Cin- 
 cinnati, July 4, 1844. The city and its people so pleased him that 
 he made it his home, and engaged in various enterprises with fluctu- 
 ating success. In 1848 he introduced a brand of whisky (the 
 Magnolia) which obtained a reputation unparalleled in the history of 
 (he trade, and which made him a great fortune. When Jenny Lind 
 visited Cincinnati he became so infatuated with her singing, and so 
 great an enthusiast of the divine art of music, that he determined, 
 when able, to rear an editice in Cincinnati worthy of the most dis- 
 tinguished arti.sts of the world. Pike's opera-house, begun in 1857, 
 ■vas thrown open to the public February 22, 1859, and was the 
 largest and most magnificent opera-house in the United States. 
 Cincinnati became a mmracal center from that date. In 1806 the 
 theater was destroyed by flre. Mr. Pike, with a coolness that ever 
 characterized him, stood looking on while the flames were sweeping 
 away a million dollars or more from his grasp with more nonchalance 
 than Tuostof the spectators. A new building so(»n rose from the aslies. 
 This, too, was the enterprise of Mr. Pike, who was also at the same 
 time building a fine theater in New Y'ork, and trying to reclaim the 
 salt-marsh lands of New Jersey. Mr. Pike was a man of exquisite 
 taste, an amateur musician, and somewhat of a poet. In politics be was 
 a Liberal-Democrat, and as such was nominated in 1807 for mayor of 
 Cincinnati. Business engagements, however, forced him to decline 
 the honor. While by his indomitable energy he rose to the level of 
 the merchant princes of the land, he bore his honors so meekly 
 that none envied him. He was ever eager to lend a helping hand to 
 those who were struggling to become what he was — a self-made man. 
 Ills death, which occurred a few years ago, left a void in business 
 and artistic circles. Mrs. Pike and two daughters survived him. 
 
 FREDERIC HASSAUREK, 
 
 (Journalist and United Stuten Minister to Ecuador. 
 
 pg^JF'UEDERIC HASSAUREK is proprietor and editor-in-chief 
 ' of the Cincinnati Volksblatt, one of the most influential 
 German dailies in the country. He is an independent 
 political thinker, writer and public speaker. He was born in 
 Vienna, Austria, on October 8, 1832. His father's house was the 
 center of the literary life of Vienna. When Frederic was quite 
 young his father died, and Mr. Leopold Markbreit became his step- 
 father. The revolution of 1848 found Frederic a boy at college. 
 He participated in the movements of the day. His family emigrated 
 to America in September, 1848, and settled in Cincinnati. Mr. 
 Markbreit died in December of the same year. Young Hassaurek 
 arrived in Cincinnati in April, 1849. His first contributions of a 
 literary character were to a Whig paper, the Republikaner. He 
 afterward served as treneral factotum on the Ohio Sfaafs-Zeifung, 
 
 and, on its ceasing to exist, started a little weekly of his own called 
 /Jfr Hochavaechter. He hold bis paper and studied law under Judge 
 William M, Dickson. His political career began in 1855, and he waa 
 one of the original few who organized the Republican party in 
 Hamilton county. Hie power as a popular speaker caused an over- 
 whelming revolution of sentiment in the German wards, and changed 
 the heavy Democratic vote into much larger majorities for the 
 other side, lie was delegate in IHCOand 1808 to the National Repub- 
 lican conventions at Chicago, and headed as senatorial elector the 
 Lincoln electoral ticket in 1860. He received the appointment of 
 Minister to Ecuador, thankeil Mr. Lincoln for his appointment to the 
 '* highest" place in the gift of the administration, C^uilo being ten 
 thousand feet above the sea level. His record of fettling disputed 
 claims of our citizens is a brilliant one. In 1865 he was returned to 
 Ecuador for the second time, but resigned to enter a business part- 
 nership with Mr. G. Hof, of the VolksblafL In 1807 he published 
 "Four Years Among the Spanish Americans," and subsequently 
 " The Secret of the Andes," and a vcdume of poems in German. 
 Mr. Has.saurck speaks four languages, and is also a trenchant, fluent 
 writer, not only of German, but also of English and Spanish. As a 
 member of the Ecuadorian claims commission, he wrote his wonder- 
 ful arguments and opinions in Spanish, his colleague on the commis- 
 sion not understanding English. Many of his English political 
 speeches are printed as Republican campaign documents. He mar- 
 ried, in February, 1809, Mrs. Eliza Atberton, daughter of Andrew 
 Lamb, of Avondale, Ohio, and a child, Francis Frederic, was born to 
 him in 1870. Died Oct. 3, 1885, in Paris. 
 
 DAVID SINTON, 
 
 Iron lUanuractiii-ff and I^.ttteral .Vrt-Patnin. 
 
 'Tptf NOTABLE example of vigor and strength of purpose, 
 (3/M^0L coupled with great powers of endurance, is shown in 
 ,z£Q^^ David Sinton, who was born in County Armagh, Ireland, 
 January 28, 1808. He came to America in his third year. 
 His school education was received in the country districts of 
 Adams county, Ohio. At an early age he turned his attention 
 from books to business. He was not afraid of manual labor, nor 
 satisfied with less than an .accurate knowledge of whatever work 
 he undertook. He never failed to advance when there was room. 
 He accepted an inferior posititm at Union Furnace, Lawrence county, 
 Ohio, and rose to its superintendency and shortly after to its 
 ownership. He afterwards became proprietor of several other 
 extensive iron- works. Everything gave way to his unceasing 
 efforts, like the splintering of the gate under the terrific blows of the 
 Black Knight in the "Arabian Nights." In 1850 he came to Cincin- 
 nati. He has taken especial pride in everything tlnit tends to the 
 adornment or improvement of his adopted city. The handsome 
 structures erected by Mr. Sinton are chaste in design and of artistic 
 finish. In a city noted for generous men, he is the one of the most 
 liberal. The Cincinnati Union Bethel, a charitable institution of 
 broad and practical scope, has been the recipient of his bounty to the 
 extent of $100,000. A pet idea — the erection of a magnificent 
 public rostrum — was abandoned through the weary delays of officials, 
 who failed to release the square coveted as its site from incumbrance. 
 This is not the first instance where public interests have suffered 
 from the neglect of officials to reap the benefits conferred upon cities 
 and commonwealths by private generosity. This was Cincinnati's loss. 
 Following his leading characteristic, that if he failed in one thing he 
 immediately turned to something else, he engaged in iransforming 
 the Grand Opera-House of Cincinnati into what is one of the finest 
 temples of the dramatic art in the country. He is to the drama what 
 Reuben Springer has oeen to music. At the advanced age of 
 seventy-four his muscular frame irives e\ idence of abnndanT vit:d!t^^ 
 
 ><l:CV" 
 
 1^^
 
 f 
 
 — ^: 
 
 424 
 
 RESIDENTS OF THE ''QUEEN CITY. 
 
 JACOB BURNET, 
 
 Pioneer, After Whom the "Burnet House" ivas Xamed. 
 
 GREATLY esteemed for his sterlinfi qualifications and livinj; 
 a long and useful life, Ohio cherishes the memory of Jacob 
 Burnet, who was born at Newark, N. J., February 22, 1770. 
 Whatever other educational advantages he may have possessed in his 
 youth, he graduated at Princeton (X. J. ) college in 1791, just as he 
 was entering upon manhood. Five years later he was admitted to 
 the bar of his native State; but being threatened with a serious pul- 
 monary disease, he at once removed, by the advice of his physician, 
 to Cincinnati. Ohio was then a Territory, and in 1799 he was called 
 to participate in the management of its affairs. The convention to 
 form a State government framed a constitution of which Mr. Burnet 
 was the principal author, and in 1802 it was adopted by the people. 
 Until 1816 he continued the practice of law, attaining an enviable dis- 
 tinction in his profession, and during this period he was several times 
 elected a member of the State legislature. In 1821 he was appointed 
 judge of the supreme court of Ohio, and soon after was chosen by the 
 legislature of Kentucky a commissioner to adjust matters in dispute 
 between that State and Yirginia. In 182S he was elected United 
 States senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of General 
 William H. Harrison. Judge Burnet was an original member, and 
 in many cases president, of the chief benevolent and scientific 
 societies of Cincinnati, and was elected a member of the French 
 academy upon the recommendation of Lafayette, the friend of 
 Washington. On the 4th day of July, 1809, he was appointed the 
 successor of Dr. William Burnet (his father), Physician and Surgeon- 
 General of the Army of the United States, and elected a member of 
 the ''Society of the Cincinnati," instituted by the officers of the 
 American army at the period of its dissolution after the revolutionary 
 conflict of eight years, which made the colonies of North America 
 " free, independent and sovereign States. " Mrs. Lydia H. Sigourney, 
 the poetess, in Past Meridian^ says: '* The sunbeams of useful- 
 ness have sometimes lingered to a late period around the heads of 
 those who had taken part in the pioneer hardships of our new settle- 
 ments. I think now of Judge Burnet, who was numbered among the 
 founders of Ohio. After the completion of his classical and legal 
 studies, he exchanged his fair ancestral home in New Jersey for a 
 residence in Cincinnati. Educated in the school of Washington and 
 of Hamilton, who were honored guests at his father's house during 
 the former period of his life, he nobly dispensed around him the 
 wealth of an upright and polished mind. . . . His health had 
 been originally feeble, but the endurance of hardship, and, what is 
 still more remarkable, the access of years, confirmed it. At more 
 than four-score he moved through the streets with as erect a form, 
 an eye as intensely bright, and colloquial powers as fascinating, as at 
 thirty. When, full of knowledge and benevolence, and with an 
 unchanged intellect, he passed away, it was felt that not only one of 
 the fatliers of a young land had fallen, but that one of the bright and 
 beautiful lights of society had been extinguished." He died at 
 Cincinnati, May 3, 1853. 
 
 CHARLES W. WEST, 
 
 A T^lberal l*atron of the Fine Artn. 
 
 ^UEN a gentleman of refined taste, with a view to encour- 
 aging and developing a love of the beautiful, gives 
 $1.')0,000 to thf people of a great city for the purpose nf 
 establishing an art museum, the present generation should rejoice 
 and posterity revere his memory ae long as civilization endures. Such 
 a man was Charles W. West, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who with a Quaker 
 ancestry, was born in Montgomery county. Pa., August 11, 1809. 
 Of his early life little is recorded. His first business venture, it is 
 * ^aid, was a tlour-mill at Rochester, N. Y. Certain it is, however, 
 ili.if wln-n \\v wi-nt to Cincinnati, in 1813, he occupied the humble 
 
 position of a clerk until he was able to buy a mill. IIl- tht-n asso- 
 ciated in business with Joseph Torrence. Within thirteen years he 
 had accumulated enough wealth to retire and become a capitalist. 
 Uniform success seemed to follow his exertions. His principal 
 investments were railroad and bank stock and street-car shares. 
 Recently he erected a fine hotel at Minneapolis. Minn., for hie 
 nephew's benefit. In uerson and in speech Mr.West was the plainest 
 of the plain. So unostentatious was he that not even his most intimate 
 friends knew of his purpose of founding a museum until he announced 
 it at the opening of the Cincinnati Industrial exposition, September 
 8, 1880. The people were taken by joyous surprise, and Mr. West 
 will be held in honored remembrance to the latest generation for his 
 generous and timely gift. He never married He died at CJnciuuati, 
 Ohio, Sept. 21, 1884. 
 
 JOSEPH L. HALL, 
 
 Inventor and Manufueturer of SaTes and Safety- Locks. 
 
 ■"^Pjrr ^^^"OW large a proportion of the prosperity of the United States 
 '^iJUlil ^s *^"^ *° ^^^ genius of her inventors and the tact and 
 ,i^ll,^MIi energy of her manufacturers, cannot be minutely esti- 
 mated, but the debt in their favor is very great. Among these 
 useful and eminent men stands the gentleman above-named, who was 
 born at Salem, N. J., May 9, 1823. At eight years of age he 
 rehioved to Pittsburgh, Pa. From 1840 to 1846 he was engaged in 
 steam-boat enterprises on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, 
 after which he joined his father in manufacturing fire-proof safes. 
 In 1848 he started his works, in a small way, in Cincinnati, where 
 he conducts a most extensive safe factory. In 1867 the Hall's Safe 
 and Lock company was formed, and Mr. Hall was chosen its president 
 and treasurer. Close attention to business and skillful invention 
 have resulted in fame and fortune, and he now controls forty patents, 
 twelve of which are on bank-locks. Mr. Hall is a married man 
 with a large family, and enjoys the efficient aid of several of his sons 
 in conducting his business. He is a man of fine appearance and 
 admirable presence, and a striking example of what can be accom- 
 plished by application, industry and commercial integrity. 
 
 JOHN JAMES PIATT, 
 
 A Favorite Poet aitti I'nited States Consul. 
 
 ^ESCENDED from revolutionary slock, and distinguished 
 for his own poetic genius and business qualifications, Mr. 
 Piatt is an honored citizen of Cincinnati. Dearborn 
 county, Ind. , was his birthplace, March 1, 1835. In 1844 the family 
 removed to Ohio, and the education of the poet was received at the 
 public schools in Columbus, Ohio, and at Kenyon college, Gambler, 
 Ohio. In the former city he served for a time in the office of the 
 Ohio State Journal^ where he met W. D. Howells, with whom he 
 published "Poems of Two Friends. " He was also associated with 
 George D. Prentice on the Louisville Joio'nal. In 1861 he received an 
 appointment in the United States treasury department at Washington. 
 During this time he married Sarah M. Bryan, a native of Kentucky, 
 a lady who is also highly esteemed as a poetess. Through several 
 sessions of Congress Mr. Piatt served as librarian of the House of 
 Representatives. During the administration of President Hayes he 
 was in the postal-order department of the Cincinnati post-office. 
 Shortly after the beginning of President Arthur's term he received 
 the appointment of consul to Cork, Ireland, where (in 1884) he is 
 now stationed. An eminent critic says: "Mr. Piatt is to the West 
 what Mr. Bryant was to the East." His principal published works 
 are " Western Windows, and Other Poems;" " Landmarks, and 
 Other Poems." and " Poems of House and Home." He also edited 
 and published, with a biographical sketch, the ]ioems of his old 
 friend George D. Prentice. Mr. Piatt's genius is appreciated no 
 less in EuLrland than in America.
 
 DISTINCJUISUED MEN IN MICHIUAN. 
 
 42i 
 
 _|i»J#|C^- 
 
 -^-'^-^ 
 
 ■;i DETROIT UK A FEW PERSONAL SKETGIIES, ?^/ 
 
 O 
 
 
 •^^-^^-^z^.^ 
 
 Men Prominently Identified with the Interests 
 of Detroit, the Growth and Prosperity of 
 Michigan. 
 
 (KTROIT, the oldest city 
 wer^t of Cleveland, Ohio, 
 wiiH fouiidcd by French 
 settlerB about the year 
 1700, at which time, until 
 1763, France controlled 
 the northern portion of 
 America. In the Indian 
 rebellion under Pontiac, 
 which lasted for several 
 years, Detroit wus besieged. In 1787 the Territory and city passed 
 into control of the United States. In 1805 the Territory of Michigan 
 was created, with Detroit as its capital. In the war of 1813 with 
 England, General Hull, in command of American troops, surrendered 
 the city and Territory to the British force under General Brock, and 
 almost the entire country was devastated by the British and their In- 
 dian allies. These marauders were finally driven out by the Ameri- 
 can General Harrison, and the territorial form of government began 
 to prevail. The first State constitution was adopted in 18.36, and the 
 following year the capital was transferred from Detroit to Lansing. 
 After that the growth of Detroit was gradual and slow, but since 
 1850 the city has greatly improved and is now quite an attractive 
 metropolis. Business enterprise, literature, journalism and art pros- 
 per within it, and in 1880 it contained 116.342 inhabitants. Among 
 its most noted citizens are the statesmen, railroad magnates, manufac- 
 turers, judges and scholars named below. 
 
 LEWIS CASS, 
 
 Soldier, Pioueer sind Statesman. 
 
 TIE HAPPY results of an active and useful public life are 
 \\ ill demonstrated in the career of this gentleman, whose 
 liiiher was an oflicer of the Revolutionary war, and who was 
 ~-^j born at Exeter, N. H., October 9, 1782. His early studies 
 were pursued at the Exeter academy, where he acquired a 
 fair classical education. In 1799 he wus engaged for some time in 
 teaching school at Wilmington, Del., and in the following year, with 
 his parents, be removed to Marietta, O. At this place he studied 
 law. In 1802 he began to practice in the legal profession at Zimes- 
 ville, O. Four years later he married Miss Elizabeth Spencer, and 
 soon afterward was elected a member of the Ohio legislature. While 
 in this position he was instrumental in the seizure (in Ohio) of Aaron 
 Burr's boats and provisions for his suspected Spanish invasion. From 
 1807 to 1813 Mr. Cass was State marshal, and in the War of 1812 
 served as colonel of volunteer troops under General Hull, rising to 
 the rank of brigadier-general. In October, 1813, he was appointed 
 governor of Michigan, holding that position, and also the superin- 
 tendency of Indian affairs, for eighteen years; <luring which time 
 In- negotiated numerous treaties with the savages, anil obtained from 
 
 them large cessione of territory; purveyed wild lande^ constructed 
 roads, built forW*, organized towns and counties, and, in 1815, pur- 
 chased five hundred acres of land in Detroit. This investment subse- 
 quently produced immense profits. With other parties, in 1820, he 
 extensively explored the upper lakes and tlie lieadwulers of the Miss- 
 issippi river, the results of which and other explorations were pub- 
 lished in 1828-29. In 1831 he was appointed secretary of war in 
 President Jackson's cabinet. From 1836 until IS42 he was United 
 States minister to France, and before his resignation published a 
 book relating to "The King, Court and Government of France." 
 Three years after his return he was elected a United States senator, 
 an office that he resigned in 1848 in order to accept a nomination for 
 the presidency, but in this contest he was defeated by General Tay- 
 lor. In June, 1849, he was re-elected to a seat in the United States 
 senate, which he retained until 1857, when President Buchanan ap- 
 pointed him secretary of state. In December, 1800, when the presi- 
 dent refused to send reinforcements to Major Anderson and repro- 
 vision Fort Sumter, General Cass resigned his cabinet office and 
 retired to private life, after fifty-four years of public service. Al- 
 though a Democrat, he warmly supported the I^nion cause during the 
 war of the Rebellion. He was a fine scholar, possessed considerable 
 ability as a public speaker, and literary talent of a high order, as his 
 writings testify. He died at Detroit, June 17, 1866. 
 
 JOHN J. BAGLEY, 
 
 Business Man and Ex-Oovernor of Mlchlsan. 
 
 ^ISFVa*-"^^^'^ and energetic interest in the affairs of the gn 
 3S7 State in which he dwells distinguish the career of Hon. J( 
 iijiWi Judson Bagley, who was born at Medina, Orleans Conn 
 ■feS^ N- Y- , July 24. 1832. His education, for a few years, was < 
 
 CTIVE AND energetic interest in the affairs of the great 
 
 John 
 County, 
 de- 
 rived from the district school at Lockport, in that State. 
 Then, the family removing to Constantine, Mich., he attended the 
 local schools in that vicinity. The circumstances of the family, how- ^ 
 ever, required him to labor for their support, and leaving school he 
 became a clerk in a country store at Constantine. A year later, he, 
 with the family, removed to Owosso, Mich., where be resumed Ills 
 labors in another store. Fortunately he delighted in reading, and 
 devoted most of his leisure hours to perusing such books and periodi- 
 cals as opportunity offered, and in this manner his mental training 
 was continued. Removing to Detroit in 1847, he found employment 
 in a tobacco manufactory, where he worked for five years. In 1853 
 he started in business on his own account as a tobacco manufacturer, 
 and this vocation he continued until his establishment became 
 one of the most extensive in the West. In 1855 he married, at 
 Dubuque, Iowa, Miss Frances E. Newberry, and a large family of 
 children have been the result of this union. Mr. Bagley has filled 
 many important private and public offices, including the governorship 
 
 /<|:C?^-— 
 
 d
 
 
 EMINENT CITIZENS OF DETROIT. 
 
 of the State. He was one of the organizers of the Michigan Mutual 
 Life-insurance company, of Detroit, and its president for five years; 
 was for several years president of the Detroit Safe company, direc- 
 tor of the American national bank and other corporations, member 
 of the board of education in Detroit, member of the city's common 
 council, commissioner of the metropolitan police, and four years 
 governor of the State — from 1873 to 1877. Many important laws and 
 organizations for the people's benefit owe their origin or strong sup- 
 port to his influence, and he is justly popular as a public-spirited 
 and liberal citizen. 
 
 route before the rails were laid. To his management the public is 
 indebted for its connection with the Huniiibal and St. Joseph (Mo. ^ 
 road, and the splendid iron bridges at Burlington, Quincy and Platts- 
 mouth, over the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Several other 
 roads, in Michigan, received the benefits of his counsel and assist- 
 ance in their construction. About 1861 he was elected a member of 
 the Michigan legislature, but, beyond this, he has held no public 
 office, and is not a " machine politician," but a staunch Republican 
 in his tenets. He has read deeply in philosophic books, and possesses 
 a fine library suited to his studies and literary tastes. 
 
 Lewis Cass. 
 
 James McMillan. 
 
 JAMES F. JOY, 
 
 Rallroud Projector. 
 
 fAMES F. JOY, the son of a 
 manufacturer of edge-tools 
 at Durham, N. II., was born at 
 <^i\^ that place December 20, 1810. 
 The father was liberal, theoretically 
 and practically, in his views of edu- 
 cation, and the subject of this sketch 
 enjoyed the benefits of early disci- 
 pline at home and tuition in the com- 
 mon school. At an 
 early age, also, he, 
 taught school, and 
 in this manner ad- 
 ded to his means 
 for completing his 
 studies. A course 
 at Dartmouth col- 
 lege ended in his 
 graduation in 1835, 
 as the valedictorian 
 of his class. He 
 then entered the 
 law-school at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. where 
 he enjoyed the - 
 friendly influence 
 of Chief Justice Story. A deficiency 
 of means to finish his studies com- 
 pelled him to seek a situation as a 
 tutor in the Pittsfield (Maes. ) aca- 
 demy and in Dartmouth college. 
 In the following year he returned 
 to Cambridge and completed his law 
 course. In 1836 he entered the law 
 oftice of Hon. A. S. Porter, of De 
 troit, and in 1837 was admitted to 
 the bar of the State, and began the 
 practice of his profession with Mr. 
 George F. Porter, a retired banker. 
 As the attorneys of the old "Bank of Michigan," they soon worked 
 up a remunerative business. As time passed on Mr. Joy became 
 engaged in many important cases in the state and federal courts, 
 exercising profound study and energy in each, and his business 
 soon became very extensive and lucrative. Among the great land- 
 cases that he won was the title to eleven acres where the Michigan 
 Central d(;pot. in Chicago now stands, and soon afterward he be- 
 came personally identified with the interests of the Michigan Central 
 railroad as attorney, counselor and assistant of its president. When 
 this road was completed to Chicago. Mr. Joy organized the Cliicago, 
 Burlington and Quincy railroad company, and walked over its entire 
 
 Eben B. Ward. 
 
 Zachariah Chandler. 
 
 James 
 
 Citizens of Detroit.— Past and Present. 
 
 THOMAS W. PALMER, 
 
 Muiuiructiirer aiid Senutor. 
 
 MIIE BIRTH of this eminent 
 citizen of Detroit occur- 
 /4 Iff red in that city January 25, 
 ^^ 1820. Of his earliest tui- 
 tion little is known, but at the age 
 of twelve years he was placed in 
 Thompson's academy, at what was 
 then the village of Palmer, but is 
 now designated as St. Clair, Mich. 
 .\ few years later, 
 -:ifier this prepara- 
 tory course, he en- 
 tered the Michigan 
 State university, at 
 A n n Arbor; but 
 after remaining 
 there about a year 
 the failure of his 
 eyes constrained 
 him to abandon his 
 studies. His en- 
 forced vacation of 
 several months was 
 passed in the Lake 
 -Superior country, 
 where a partial res- 
 toration of his sight was obtained, 
 and he returned to the university. 
 Half a year's study, however, again 
 so seriously affected his eyes that 
 he was compelled to leave the insti- 
 tution. With five others he em- 
 barked for Cadiz, in Spain, and for 
 two months he traveled on foot 
 through that kingdom, visiting its 
 greatest points of interest. Return- 
 .ingto the United States, he. in 1849, 
 made another voyage, visiting Rio 
 Janeiro and other portions of South 
 America. While on the way home, by way of New Orleans, he sojourn- 
 ed several weeks in the Southern States. In 1850 he was iippointed 
 the agent of a transportation company in a Wisconsin town. In 1851 
 he invested his means in business as a merchant at Appleton, Wis. ; 
 but, soon afterward, his store was burned and he became financially 
 embarrassed. In 1853 he established hinu'elf in business at Detroit as 
 a dealer in real-(;state, and, two years later, engaged in the lumber- 
 trade, purchasing and selling pine-lands, etc. This occupation he 
 continued for a long term (jf years, gaining an interest in several 
 firms, besides operating on his own account. Entering into politics, 
 he distinguished himself as an energetic Republican, and in 1879 was 
 
 A
 
 PROFESSIONAT, AND BUSINESS MEN IN MICHKiAN. 
 
 4-27 
 
 chosen a member of the State aenate. In DSK-J hi; presided in the 
 licpublican Stale convention, and on Murcli 1, 1H8."J, wuh elected 
 I'nited States Senator from Michigan, ue the Huccessorof lion. Thomas 
 W. Ferry. In his businesB life he was a vessel-owner, a salt-manu- 
 facturer, a dealer in lumber and real-estate, and a farmer, and in 
 these vocations succeeded in amassing great wealth. 
 
 JAMES McMillan, 
 
 Munufaeliirer ul" Ualli-oail Cur-Wheels. 
 
 'HE HOME of Mr. McMillan's [larents, holli natives of Scot- 
 land, was at Hamilton, Canada, at the time of his birth, 
 i'' May 12, 1838. His tuition, preparatory to a college cour.se, 
 ^^•' was received at a private school in Hamilton. At fourteen, 
 however, he preferred entering upon active business pursuits to a 
 college education, and was apprenticed for four years to a hardware 
 merchant. His apprenticeship ended in 1856, and he removed to 
 Detroit, where he served for two years as clerk in a wholesale store. 
 In 1858 he was appointed purchasing-agent of the Detroit and Mil- 
 waukee railway. Though only twenty years of age, be manifested 
 so much business ability as to win the admiration of an extensive 
 contractor for building piers, bridges, docks, etc., who induced the 
 young man to become his active assistant. In this employment he 
 remained until the contracts were completed, gaining valuable expe- 
 rience for his after life. In 1800, he was again appointed to his 
 former position of purchasing-agent, which he held for several years. 
 At the close of his engagement he formed a copartnership in the es- 
 tablishment of the Michigan Car company, of which he was chosen 
 Secretary, afterward becoming its active manager. He also, in 18G7, 
 was appointed manager of the Detroit Car-Wheel company. Both 
 tnterprises became gigantic in their operations and profitable to 
 those concerned in them, employing an army of men. He is also 
 interested in various other manufacturing, commercial and banking 
 institutions. In religion he is a Presbyterian, and in politics a Re- 
 publican, and in private life esteemed for his good qualities. 
 
 JAMES V. CAMPBELL, 
 
 Judgre of the Siipi'eme Court of MichiKuu. 
 
 UDGE CAMPBELL'S birth dates at Buffalo, N. Y. , February 
 •J5, 1823, and three years later he was taken to Detroit. His 
 Q \ education was received at Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. , and 
 , ;^ in July, 1841, he gradmited at St. Paul's college. Adopting the 
 law as a profession, he pursued the study of it for about three years, 
 and before he reached the age of twenty-two he was admitted to the 
 bar. For several years he practiced at Detroit with such favor that 
 in 1857 he was elected a judge of the supreme court of Michigan. 
 This honored office he filled for many years, through successive re- 
 elections. In 1859 he was appointed a professor in the law depart- 
 ment of the University of Michigan, and in 1866 had the degree of 
 LL. D. conferred upon him. In 1876 he gave to the press a work enti- 
 tled ''Outlines of the Political History of Michigan." In politics he 
 is a Republican, and in religion an Episcopalian. 
 
 ZACHARIAH CHANDLER, 
 
 United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 f'^^W'"'"I'iA^ points with pride to the life and political labors 
 nf this energetic statesman, who was born at Bedford, 
 X. H,, December 10, 1813. Having received an aca- 
 -"" demical education, at the age of twenty, he emigrated 
 westward and opened a dry-goods store at Detroit, and a few years' 
 business sufficed to make him a prosperous merchant. He was 
 chosen mayor of the city in 18.51, and in 1852, while running for the 
 governorship on the Whig ticket, was defeated by his Democratic 
 opponent. His first election to the United States senate occurred in 
 
 1857, as the successor of Lewis Oass. As a Republican he vigorously 
 opposed the adniiBsion of Kansas as a slavestate into the Union and 
 the annexation of Cuba to the United States, and favored the con- 
 struction of a ship-canal through the flats of the lake and river of 
 St. Clair. By successive re-elections in 1863 and 1869 he retained 
 his seat in the senate continuously for eighteen years. During the 
 Southern rebellion he was a member of the famous senate "Commit- 
 tee on the Conductor the War," and a guiding spirit in its labors. 
 At a later date he served as chairman of the Committee on Commerce, 
 and in a high degree enjoyed the esteem of Presidents Lincoln and 
 Grant and Socretary of War Stanton. In his senate work his Influ- 
 ence was almost always felt In the success of the Republican meas- 
 ures for the benefit of the Xnion and the people, and there could be 
 no better endorsement of his talents or of his popularity In the coun-' 
 ells of the nation. Much of this, also, was due to his unswerving In- 
 tegrity and moral courage. Four years he was chairman of the 
 Union congressional committee, for four years chairman of the 
 Naticmal Republican Committee in 1876, and a supporter of Ruther- 
 ford B. Hayes for the Presidency. In October, 1875, he was appointed 
 Secretary of the Interior by President Grant, and ably filled the office, 
 Instituting many needed reforms of a practical and beneficial char- 
 acter in his department. On the first day of November, 1879, Mr. 
 Chandler visited Chicago, in the evening addressed a large and enthu- 
 siastic assemblage of Republicans on the issues of the approaching 
 election, retired to his hotel in apparent good health, and was found 
 dead In his room on the following morning. This sudden taking-off 
 of so great a spirit, even though he expired, as it were. In a blaze of 
 glory, created a profound sensation throughout the nation, and his 
 loss was generally and deeply deplored. 
 
 EBEN B. WARD. 
 
 Xavifrator, Vesvel-Owner and ManuTactorer. 
 
 .\PTAIN Eben B. Ward's history exemplifies, with scores of 
 others In this volume, the satisfactory results of youthful 
 industry, energy and perseverance in business affairs. His 
 parents resided at Wells, Vt. , but during a brief visit to 
 Canada, in 1811, the subject of this sketch appeared upon the stage of 
 life. While he was a mere lad the family removed to Michigan, and 
 at the age of twelve years, being compelled to support himself, he 
 hired out as cabin-boy on a lake schooner. From that position he 
 soon emerged and engaged In vv'orking on lake steamboats. His energy 
 and industry, however, ere long, led to his promotion and he soon 
 became a commander. Acquiring capital and influence in his chosen 
 profession, he Invested largely In lake craft, and at one time owned 
 more vessel-property than any of his cotemporaries. With accruing 
 wealth at his command he abandoned inivigation, which railway traffic 
 was fast superseding, and embarked in the manufacture of iron, first 
 obtaining control at Detroit, of the Eureka Iron company's works. 
 The North Chicago rolling mills were started about 1861, and when 
 running at full capacity, gave employment to some 1.600 men and 
 furnished support to 6,000 persons. He also purchased mines on 
 the shores of Lake Superior, erecting furnaces, built extensive iron 
 works at Milwaukee, Wis., and did a thriving business. Among his 
 enterprises and possessions he numbered silver mines, timber-lands, 
 glass factories and railroad shares — all of which proved to be profita- 
 ble Investments. He also founded the present city of Ludlngton, on 
 the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Although his early education 
 was limited, in after-years he acquired a large fund of practical and 
 solid information from various sources, owned a fine library, and 
 wrote and published many tracts and circulars on topics of the times, 
 which he distributed to the public at his own expense. During the 
 Southern rebellion he was an efticient helper of the Union cause, and 
 in politics an ardent and strong advocate of tariff protection. Mr. 
 Ward was twice married. He died suddenly .lanuarv -3, 1«T5 
 
 =;S}
 
 TT 
 
 iLA> 
 
 "^: 
 
 EMINENT MEN IN THE SOUTHWEST. 
 
 
 Rssidsnts of St» Louis. 
 '^- 6^1^- 
 
 Known in Finance, Military Matters, Legislation, Business and Professional Life. 
 
 |T. LOUIS was founded, with its present name, in 
 1763, by two brothers, Pierre and August Chou- 
 teau, as a suitable post for trading with the 
 Indians. Its location is 1,170 miles north of New 
 Orleans, and 284 miles southwest of Chicago. Its 
 population in 1810 was 1,600, and in 1880 was 
 350.522. As a commercial port for the Mississippi 
 river trade, it formerly held a prominent position, 
 ^^/^^ but the multiplication of railways leading to and 
 ^^■^ ^M beyond it have areatly reduced its importance in 
 ■ f this respect. As a manufacturing and mercan- 
 tile city, however, it retains considerable vigor and enterprise, and 
 possesses many attractive private and public edifices. Anionic it-; 
 most notable structures 
 
 
 of using the books by clerical labor. He continued in the office for 
 three years. In September, 1834, he became editor of the Fcnnily 
 Magazine^ and continued his editorial labors, in addition to his legal 
 pursuits, for a year and a half. During the same period be compiled 
 a digest of the decisions of the New York courts, which was long a 
 standard work. In 1835, at the age of twenty-one, Mr. Allen was 
 admitted to the bar by the New York supreme court. The Madi- 
 sonian, the publication of which was begun at Washington, D. C. , in 
 August, 1837, was under his editorial management, and Harrison and 
 Tyler were influentially supported in the campaign of 1840. In the 
 spring of 1842 Mr. Allen removed to St. Louis, opened a law-office 
 for a short time, but closed it to engage in business affairs. He was 
 instrumental in the establishment of the St. Louis Horticultural 
 
 society, and in 1848 
 
 Thomas Allen. 
 
 Francis P. Blair, 
 
 is the great bridge over 
 the Mississippi river, 
 having three spans and 
 a total length of 1,524 
 feet. Its cost was 
 $12,000,000. Its con- 
 struction began in 
 August, 1869, and was 
 completed in April, 
 1874, and in all respects 
 it is a great triumph of 
 the science of civil-en- 
 gineering. St. Louis 
 has furnished some of 
 the best and most suc- 
 cessful talent of the 
 country, and in literary 
 and educational advan- 
 tages ranks creditably 
 with its sister cities. 
 The following are 
 among the citizens of 
 St. Louis who have 
 achieved honor and 
 
 success in their varied PROMINENT MEN IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, 
 
 pursuits, including 
 
 those high in military, business and legislative fam 
 
 Edward Bates. 
 
 S«. 
 
 Henry Shaw. 
 
 William T. Sherman 
 
 THOMAS ALLEN, 
 
 ItiiHlitfNH M itiiatift*!' :iii4l l,<-'U'ii«|:tt4ti*. 
 
 V I y HE descendant of an old New Eugluiul family, Thomas Allen 
 / I \ was born at Pittsfield, Mass., August 20, 1813. From the 
 • * village academy and Berkshire gymnasium, where he roomed 
 r*»r a lime with Mark Hiijikins, afterward president of Williams 
 college, he parsed to a higher course of study in Union college, enter- 
 ing in 1829 and graduating in 1832. His legal studies were interrupted 
 by reverses in the family fortunes, but in the fall of 1832 Thomas 
 obtained u place in a New York law-office, paying for the? privilege 
 
 began to urge the build- 
 ing of the St. Louis 
 & Cincinnati railroad. 
 In October, 1849, he 
 took an active share in 
 the gathering and con- 
 ducting of a national 
 convention in St. Louis, 
 including delegates 
 from fourteen States, 
 called in favor of a 
 railroad line to the 
 Pacific coast. Elected 
 to the Missouri senate 
 in 1850, for four years, 
 he secured a loan of 
 the State cr-^dil for 
 $2,000,000 in aid of the 
 road. Further leans 
 for railroads and inter- 
 nal improvements were 
 placed in subsequent 
 years. In 1854 Mr. 
 Allen resigned the 
 presidency of the Pa- 
 citic road, and in 1857he 
 was made president of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis railroad. 
 When the war of the Rebellion broke out he supported the Union 
 cause, and was defeated for Congress in 1862. In 1865 Mr. Allen 
 traveled abroad. The Iron Mountain railroad was bought by him in 
 1867, Ilnished to Helmont in 1869, extended to Arkansas in 1871-2, 
 and completed to Texarkana in 1872-3; he thus constructing about 
 one hundred miles of railroad every year for six years While doing 
 so he was president of four railroad corporations, consolidated into 
 the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern in May, 1874. Mr. Allen 
 also took a prominent part in organizing the National Board of Trade 
 at Philadelphia and Cincinnati, in 1868. In 1871 he endowed a pro- 
 fessorship in Washington university, St. Louis. He also established 
 a valuable free library in his native town, in 1874, and received the 
 
 Thomas H. Benton. 
 
 i 
 
 ^=mi
 
 :i2 
 
 IIENKY SHAW. EDWAKl) BATES. GEN. W. T. SHERMAN. 
 
 429 
 
 (U'grce of LL. D. from Union college the piime year. He was elected, 
 in 1890, a representative in the forty-seventh Congress, and retired 
 from active business. Mr. Allen died while a member of the House, 
 in tli<; spring' of 1H82. Tie left ii considerable forlune \o bis fjunily. 
 
 HENRY SHAW, 
 
 Merchnitt and Philiiiithropliit. 
 
 OXK i)V the best known and most public-spirited citizens of 
 St. Louis is Henry Shaw. He was born in England in 1800, 
 came to America at an early age, and cstalilished himself in 
 trade in St. Louis in 1819, one year before the admission of Missouri 
 to the Union. His family had been distinguished in the old country 
 for economy and thrift, and young Shaw inherited all their excellent 
 traits. He began business with a small stock of hardware, in a little 
 shop on the levee, and presently enlarged his dealings by furnishing 
 supplies of every kind for Indian traders. St. Louis was then the 
 center of an extensive fur-trade. Mr. Shaw took part of his pay in 
 peltries, and the business, altogether, was extremely profitable, so 
 that tn'enty years later, 
 or about 1840, he was $1°°°" 
 enabled to retire from 
 active life with a com- 
 petence. During all 
 this time Mr. Shaw had 
 been a great reader, 
 and had cultivated his 
 mental powers, so that 
 on going out of busi- 
 ness he was ready to 
 travel extensively. He 
 spent seven or eight 
 years abroad, during 
 which time he made 
 special visits to Egypt 
 and the region up the 
 Nile. On returning to 
 St. Louis he established 
 a country-seat in the 
 western suburbs, re- 
 taining, besides, a 
 "down-town" resi- 
 dence, and he presently 
 gave to the city the 
 
 beautiful Shaw's Garden, in which there is a very extensive collec- 
 tion of plants, flowers and trees, and the spacious and handsome 
 Tower Grove park adjoining. Mr. Shaw has remembered the city 
 in other ways, and his memory will be forever cherished. He is 
 a well-preserved, plain and unassuming man of eighty-three, and a» 
 bachelor. 
 
 SHAVrS GARDEN. ST. LOUIS. 
 
 EDWARD BATES, 
 
 Eminent Laviyer, StateNman and Cabinet-Officer. 
 
 f7\\ T BELMONT, Goochland county, Va. , September 4, 1793, the 
 AA seventh son of a family of twelve children, Edward Bates 
 i» "^ first saw the light. Apt and quick in study, his primary 
 education, obtained at home, was supplemented and completed by an 
 academic course at Charlotte Hall, in Maryland. Declining a mid- 
 shipman's warrant, he served in the Norfolk, Va. , militia, in 1813. 
 In 1814, at twenty years of age, he began the study of law in 
 St. Louis, his elder brother being then secretary of the Territory of 
 Missouri. In 1816 he was admitted to the bar; in 1819 appointed 
 United States circuit attorney, and in the following year rendered 
 Important service as a member of the convention to form a State gov- 
 
 ernment. On the admission of the State into the Union he w;i- 
 appointed attorney-general, but resigned after a fhort term of wervice 
 to engage in the practice of his profession and «ervt in both branches 
 of the State legislature. He was the principal organizer of the Whig 
 party in Missouri. In 1823 he was married to Julia D, ("oulter, and 
 in 1824 was appointed United Stales district attorney for Missouri, 
 by President Monroe. This position he resigned in 182G, and was 
 then elected to the national House of Representatives, where he 
 served with distinction. Failing to secure a re-election lo Congress 
 in 1828, he was chosen State senator and representative for several 
 terms in the State legislature, and attended to the business of hts 
 profession. In 1847 he won great reputation for hiw ability exhibited 
 as president of the Internal Improvement convention, which met in 
 Chicago. On the accession of President Fillmore, in 1850, Mr. 
 Bates was appointed Secretary of War without his knowledge or con- 
 sent, being the first cabinet officer ever selected from west of the 
 Mississippi river, but he persistently declined the office. In 1853 
 Mr. Bates was elected judge of the St. Louis land court, and in 1854 
 he was an opponent of the repeal of the Missouri comi>romise, 
 
 co-operating with the 
 ^^^ Ennincipation party. 
 In 1856 he was urged 
 as a candidate for the 
 presidency, and in 1858 
 the degree of LL. D. 
 was conf e rred n pon 
 him by Harvard uni- 
 versity. At the Chi- 
 cago Republican con- 
 vention, in 1861, Mr. 
 Bates was a leading 
 candidate for the nom- 
 ination for the presi- 
 dency. After the 
 election of Lincoln he 
 accepted the position 
 of attorney -general, but 
 resigned on account of 
 failing health and re- 
 turned to St. Louis in 
 1864. Mr. Bates died 
 after a lingering illness, 
 March 25, 1869, distin- 
 guished by a long life 
 of integrity and usefulness in the service of bis State and nation. 
 
 Ji' 
 
 WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. 
 
 Military l..eader uiid Civilian- 
 
 ANCASTER, Ohio, gave to tbe country William Tecumseh 
 Sherman, the soldier-leader, who was born February 8, 
 1820- Upon tbe death of his father, Charles R. Sherman, a 
 judge of the supreme court of Ohio, when he was nine years old, he 
 became a member of the family of Hon- Thomas Ewing, and entered 
 the United States Military academy, at West Point, at sixteen years 
 of age. Graduating in 1840, with the sixth rank of his class, he was 
 appointed second lieutenant in the third artillery and served for a 
 year in Florida. In the fall of 1841 he was made first lieutenant, and 
 ordered to Fort Moultrie. In 1843 he made his first visit to St. Louis. 
 When the Mexican war began he wished to i)articipate in it, 
 but was ordered, instead, to California with Company F, third 
 artillery. Leaving New York July 14, 1846, he was landed at 
 Monterey January 26, 1847. The first official report of the discovery 
 of gold in California was made by him. A picture of the California 
 of that date is contained in his published memoirs. In 1850 he 
 
 ^^^T^
 
 430 
 
 FRANK P. BLAIK. THOMAS H. BENTON. 
 
 returned from California and was married at Washington, D. C. , 
 May 1, 1850, to Ellen Boyle Evving, daughter of Thomas Ewing, 
 Secretary of the Interior. Shortly afterward he was commissioned 
 captain and transferred to St. Louis. In September, 1852, he was 
 ordered to New Orleans, and in September of the following year he 
 resigned his commission and successfully managed a banking house 
 in San Francisco until 1857, when he embarked in a similar enter- 
 prise in New York. In 1858 he was partner in a law, collection and 
 agency business in Leavenworth, Kan. In July, 1859, he was 
 elected superintendent of the Louisiana Military academy, at Alex- 
 andria, La. Pending the secession of that State, in January, 1861, 
 he returned to St. Louis to engage in business enterprises, and 
 declined the chief-clerkship of the war department, but after the 
 bombardment of Fort Sumter was appointed colonel of the thirteenth 
 regular infantry. May 14. After the battle of Bull Run he was 
 transferred to the department of the Cumberland, and left in com- 
 mand on the withdrawal of Genera! Anderson. At his own request 
 he was relieved from the command and assisted in organizing troops 
 in Missouri until placed in command of the fifth division, under 
 Grant, after the fight at Fort Donelson. The battles at Shiloh and 
 Vicksburg resulted in his advancement to the command of the Army 
 of Tennessee, and in the spring of 1864, he succeeded Grant at the 
 head of the military division of the Mississippi. The siege of Atlanta 
 and the " march to the sea," followed by the capitulation of General 
 Joseph E. Johnston to General Sherman, April 26, 1865, virtually 
 closed the war. July 25, 1866, he was made lieutenajjt-general of 
 the United States, and became commander-in-chief on Grant's 
 accession to the presidency. In 1871-2 he traveled abroad, and in 
 1874 he fixed his army headquarters in St. Louis. General Sherman's 
 term of oflice expired November 1, 1883, when he retired from the 
 army and took up his residence in St. Louis. In social circles the 
 General is highly esteemed. 
 
 FRANCIS P. BLAIR, 
 
 Lni%*yer, Politicfaii lEiid Soldier. 
 
 VtVhE LIFE-STORY of Francis Preston Blair, Jr., began at 
 ^ I "^ Lexington, Ky., February 19, 1821. When nine years old 
 i» ^ # his father moved to Washington, D. C. From the primary 
 and preparatory school young Blair passed to a collegiate course at 
 Chapel Hill, N. C. , but completed his studies at Princeton (N. J.) 
 college, with high honor, at twenty-one years of age. His legal 
 education was completed at the law school of Transylvania university, 
 Ky. , and in 1843 lu* began the practice of hie profession in St. Louis, 
 the home of his brother, Montgomery Blair. Delicate health com- 
 pelled him to abandon his work, and in 1845 he accompanied Bent 
 and St. Vrain to their fort in New Mexico, now Colorado. Later he 
 joined General Kearney's command, and resumed his law practice in 
 St. Louis, in 1847, with his health fully restored. The same year he 
 married Appoline Alexander, of Woodford county, Ky. In 1848 he 
 became a prominent leader of the Free-Soil party. In 1852 and 1853 
 he was elected to the legislature, and, in 1856, to Congress, where he 
 boldly advocated the principles of his party. In 1858 Mr. Blair was 
 renomin ted for Congress, but the election being contested it resulted 
 in his opponent being returned for the short term and himself 
 for the long one. He was subsequently elected to the thirty-eighth 
 Congress, taking a prominent place in it. Klected a delegate to the 
 Chicago presidential convention, in June. 1800, he saved a split in 
 thi- Republican party, and after the nomination of Lincoln was active 
 
 -Hfe 
 
 in his support. General Blair was captain of the first company of 
 Union soldiers enlisted in Missouri, and colonel of the first regiment 
 Missouri volunteers. By his part in the wiping out of Camp Jack- 
 son, General Blair saved Missouri to the Union. In 1862 his 
 re-election to Congress was successfully contested by Samuel Knox, 
 candidate of the Radical Emancipationists. Retaining his place in the 
 army, General Blair was made major-general, November 29, 1862, 
 and did efficient service in the siege of Vicksburg during the follow- 
 ing month. On the death of General McPherson he was advanced to 
 the command of the seventeenth army corps, and was a powerful 
 assistant of Sherman before Atlanta and on the march to the sea. At 
 the close of the war he returned to his home in St. Louis, and did 
 much to secure quiet in the troublesome period that followed. In 
 1870 he was elected to the United States Senate, but at the close of 
 his senatorial term his health began to fail. He was appointed State 
 superintendent of insurance in the fall of 1873, and died while hold- 
 ing that office, July 8, 1875, almost universally loved and respected 
 by the people of his State. 
 
 i^Y-^ Or 
 
 THOMAS H. BENTON, 
 
 Distinguished Political Standard-Bearer and StatesniaQ. 
 
 'iSSOURPS most distinguished statesman-citizen, Thomas 
 Hart Benlou, of St. Louis, was born near Hillsborough, 
 )range county, N. C, March 14, 1782. His father died 
 when young Benton was eight years of age, leaving his mother 
 unprovided with means for giving her son such an education as she 
 desired. Studying a year or two in a grammar school, he took part 
 of the course at Chapel Hill, the State university of North Carolina, 
 but was compelled to leave, as his mother removed to Tennessee to 
 cultivate some land left by her husband. Not liking farm-work, he 
 found opportunity to read law, and soon had a lucrative practice. 
 Later he served a single term in the Kentucky legislature, becoming 
 acquainted with Andrew Jackson, as whose aide-de-camp he afterward 
 served, and for whom he raised a regiment of volunteers during the 
 war with England. Benton derived his title of colonel from this 
 service. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel by President Madison, 
 in 1813, but shortly resigned and opened a law-office in St. Loui.«. 
 Not long after this he established the Missouri Inquirer and killed 
 Mr. Charles Lucas in a duel resulting from strong expressions of 
 opinion in his paper. Benton's paper favored the admission of 
 Missouri, notwithstanding her slavery constitution, and be was 
 elected to the United States senate by the legislature, in September, 
 1820. For the next thirty years Mr. Benton was a conspicuous 
 figure in Congress, urging with almost irresistible energy reforms in 
 the land system, the repeal of impost on the necessities of life, the 
 development of the resources of the country, the establishment of a 
 gold and silver basis for the monetary system, the settlement of the 
 slavery troubles and many other important measures. In 1849-.'jO, 
 having gone before the people on the slavery question, he failed of 
 being returned by a Democratic legislature, but in 1852 he made a 
 direct appeal to the people of the first congressional district and was 
 elected. Party divisions defeated him for Congress in 1854, and for 
 the governorship in 1856. From the latter year to the close of hie 
 life, in Washington, April 10, 1858, he devoted himself to literary 
 pursuits, writing a number of works of great political and historical 
 value. The remains of the great senator are buried in Bcllefontaine 
 cemetery, at St. Louis.
 
 ALKXANDKK MITCHELL. JOHN PLANKINTON, 
 
 4:^,1 
 
 -+-^- ^^- 
 
 MilwaukGQ and a Pgw of Hsr CitizGns, 
 
 ^y^w^^ 
 
 -^^•^|'^^4-»- 
 
 Distinguished for Wealth, Public Spirit, Educational Effort and Legislative Ability. 
 
 IIAVAUKEE, the principal city of Wisconsin^ is 
 most eligibly located on the west shore of Luke 
 Michigan, eighty-five miles nortli of Chicago. 
 Its settlement by the whites dates back to 1835, 
 Iirevious to which time it had been an Indian 
 irading-post, and in 1846 it became an incor- 
 porated city. In 1850 its population was 20,061, 
 I *^^T(^^ I ^*"** ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 115,578. Commercially, 
 
 ^ • ,, ' ■*}• Milwaukee is noted for its large receipts and 
 shipments of grain, its enormous manufacture 
 and exports of beer, its tlouring mills, packing-houses and other pro 
 ductive enterprises. Socially it compares favorably with any other 
 city in the Union, and 
 in beauty of location, 
 municipal improve- 
 ment and elegance of 
 architecture, it muin- 
 tains a high rank. 
 While it has not ex- 
 celled as a literary city, 
 it has given to the times 
 many men distin- 
 guished for business 
 enterprise and legal and 
 legislative talent, who 
 have achieved fame and 
 fortune while building 
 up the educational, 
 scientific, commercial 
 and social interests of 
 the city. The future 
 of Milwaukee is full of 
 promise. Its railway 
 connections are bring- 
 ing it into the most 
 intimate relations with 
 the growing "New 
 West," and as a com- 
 mercial center it will 
 maintain its station a; 
 Badger State. 
 
 PROMINENTLY PUBLIC MEN IN THE NOHTH'WEST. 
 
 as the representative and secretary of the Wisconsin Fire and Marine 
 Insurance company. This institution did a banking business, under 
 the presidency of George Smith, and its issues of currency were very 
 popular. The charter of the institution, however, was repealed, on 
 technical orlegal grounds, in 1844, but Messrs. Smith & Mitchell con- 
 tinued the banking business with great prosperity, notwithstanding 
 the opposition of other bankers and hindering circumstances. In 
 1853 the company was reorganized as the Wisconsin Fire and Marine 
 lusurance bank, whose stock is owned entirely by Mr. Mitchell, and 
 occupies one of the grandest buildings in Milwaukee. In 1870, and 
 again in 1872, Mr. Mitchell was elected Ji member of Congress, doin" 
 good service for his State, but a third election for that position was 
 
 declined. At this 
 writing (in 1883) Mr. 
 Mitchell is president of 
 Chicago, Milwaukee & 
 St. Paul railroad; pres- 
 ident of his bank; pres- 
 ident of the Northwest- 
 ern Fire insurance 
 company; president of 
 the Milwaukee club; 
 president of the com- 
 missioners of the Mil- 
 waukee public debt; 
 director of the Milwau- 
 kee Gas-light company, 
 and also of the Milwau- 
 kee City Railroad 
 company. His repu- 
 tation as a man is 
 excellent, his wealth 
 enormous, and his 
 taste is notably dis- 
 played in his home and 
 its beautiful surround- 
 ings in the finest loca- 
 tion in the " .Mty of 
 Bricks." His familv 
 
 the wealthy and attractive metropolis of the 
 
 ON A FARM 
 was born ( 
 infant his 
 
 ALEXANDER MITCHELL, 
 
 WisconsiiiN Foi-eiuost Ituilwiiy Magnate and Banket-. 
 
 FARM, near Aberdeen, Scotland, this eminent gentleman 
 t October 17, 1817. His mother dying while he was an 
 lis training devolved upon his sister. His education 
 was begun at the parish school, but at an early age he entered a 
 lawyer's office at Aberdeen, and there pursued legal studies. But he 
 aspired to something higher than the career of an attorney, and 
 secured a position in a banker's office at Peterhead. In 1830 he 
 emigrated to the I'nited States, soon afterward settlinir in Milwaukee 
 
 consists of himself, his wife and one son. 
 
 ApF 
 
 JOHN PLANKINTON, 
 
 Provision Sealer und Hotel Proprietor. 
 
 VHE EARLY years of this gentleman were passed in Delaware, in 
 which State he was born March 11, 1820. The family removed 
 to Pittsburgh, Pa. , when he was twelve years old, and there 
 the lad was employed as a butcher and retailer of meat. In 1844 he 
 emigrated with his wife and cbild to Milwaukee, and resumed the 
 same business, under rather straightened circumstances, but with 
 great energy and perseverance he soon established himself. Industry 
 and honesty in dealing brought their rewards, and he soon became the 
 loadinir ijutcher in the villji-jc his sales the first year reaching nearlv 
 
 ■Qi. — 
 
 — <);■
 
 -1-32 WILLIAM E. SMITH. MATTHEW H. CARPENTER. INCREASE A. LAPHAM. ROBERT C. SPENCER. 
 
 Sl^.UOO, with !i constant increase after that. In 1850 he laid the 
 foundation of a large business in packing meats for outside markets, 
 and when, in 1864, he united his interests with Mr Philip D. Armour, 
 extended his operations to Kansas City, New York and Chicago, and 
 in 1880 the business amounted to $12,000,000 for the year. His 
 increasing wealth he invested largely in building the celebrated 
 Plankinton House hotel and several other notable edifices in Mil- 
 waukee. He has at various times been vice-president, president and 
 director of the board of appeals of the chamber of commerce, and in 
 every way a credit to his city. He has been twice married. 
 
 WILLIAM E. SMITH, 
 
 Merchant and Governor of Wisconsin. 
 
 COMMERCIAL and executive ability marked the career of Hon. 
 William E. Smith, formerly governor of Wisconsin, who was 
 born in Scotland June 18, 1824. The family emigrated to 
 America when he was a child, and settled in New York City, where 
 he received a public-school education. Early in his young manhood 
 he came west, first living for a time in Oakland county, Michigan, 
 removing in 1849 to Wisconsin, and settling at Fox Lake as a mer- 
 chant. Success attended his business until his removal to Milwaukee 
 in 1872. There he engaged as a partner in the wholesale grocery 
 house of Smith, Roundy & Co., continuing in that business until his 
 election as governor of the State, in 1877. In the meantime he had 
 ably served his constituents for five terms — in 1851 as a member of 
 the State legislature, and as a senator in 1858, 1859, 1864 and 18(55. 
 For four years — from 1866 to 1870 — he was State treasurer of 
 Wisconsin. In 1871 he was re-elected a member of the lower house 
 of the legislature, and was chosen speaker of the assembly. For 
 several years, also, he was a director of the State-prison. In 1879 
 he was re-elected governor of the State, holding the office for two 
 years. He died February 13, 1883. 
 
 MATTHEW H. CARPENTER, 
 
 Jl DiBtlnguiHhed I^an'yer and Statesman. 
 
 VERMONT, which has given many brilliant intellects to the nation, 
 was also the native State of Matthew Hale Carpenter, who was 
 born at Moretown, December 22, 1824. Losing his mother in 
 his childhood, he found a guardian in Hon. Paul Dillingham, of 
 Waterbury, Vt. , receiving his education there in the local schools. 
 In 1843 he was admitted as a cadet to the national military academy 
 at West Point. N. Y. Ill-health compelled him to resign his scholar- 
 ship at the end of two years, and, returning to Waterbury, he entered 
 upon the study of the law in Mr. Dillingham's office. In 1847 he was 
 admitted to the bar, at Montpelier, but removed to Boston and 
 associated himself with Rufus Choate, with whom he soon became a 
 favorite. In 1848 he was admitted to practice law in the supreme 
 court of Massachusetts. In that year he came west, and opened an 
 office at Beloit, Wis. , but diseased eyes for three years seriously 
 interfered with his practice. Upon his recovery, still at Beloit, he 
 began his prnsperous professional and political career. In 1852 he 
 was elected district attorney of Rock county, and soon became 
 distinguished for his logic and eloquence as a pleader. In 1858 he 
 removed to Milwaukee and was engaged in the most important cases 
 in the State courts. At the beginning of the southern war, Mr. Car- 
 penter, hitherto a Democrat, espoused the Union cause with much 
 zeal. In 1868 he was chosen United States senator, and for the last 
 two years of his term served as presiding officer of the senate. Upon 
 the expiration of his senatorship he continued to reside at Washing- 
 ton, practicing, with great distinction, in the supreme court of the 
 I'nlted States. In 1878 he was re-elected United States senator from 
 Wisconsin, at a time when his health was failing, and he only sur- 
 vivnd hl-J flection until February 21, 1881. 
 
 INCREASE A. LAPHAM, 
 
 Eminent Xaturulist and Scientific Writer. 
 
 SCIENCE owes much to the investigations and writings of Increase 
 A. Lapham, who was born at Palmyra, N. Y., March 11, 1811. 
 His father was a practical civil engineer and a contractor in the 
 construction of the Erie canal. The family, in 1824, settled at Lock- 
 port, N. Y. , and at fifteen the lad began life in the engineer service, 
 being employed on the Canadian frontier and in building the Miami 
 (Ohio) canal and the canal around the falls of the Ohio river. In the 
 latter work he found time to begin his botanical researches and valu- 
 able collecliou of plants, which, at his death, numbered about 8,000 
 species. His first scientific paper — a local geological study — was 
 printed in 1827, in the American Journal of Science and Art^ and 
 received high commendation from Professor Silliman. Subsequently 
 he was appointed assistant engineer of the Ohio canal, and in 1833 
 secretary of the Ohio Stale board of canal commissioners, and also an 
 officer of the Historical and Scientific society of Ohio. In 1836 he 
 removed to Milwaukee, where he was appointed register of land claims, 
 and chief engineer of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal com- 
 pany. By his studies and publications, during many years afterward, 
 he became distinguished as the foremost scientific man of his State, 
 and in 1860, recognizing his attainments and achievements, Amherst 
 college conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws. As a con- 
 sequence of his fame and continued assiduity in his studies as a 
 naturalist, he was, from time to lime, employed by the State author- 
 ities to pursue his investigations in geology and botany for the 
 public benefit, and this labor he continued until his death, which 
 occurred in a boat, from heart-disease, on Lake Oconomowoc. Wis., 
 September 14, 1875. His discoveries and elucidations in geology and 
 botany profound scholars have indorsed as valuable contributions to 
 the physical sciences. 
 
 ROBERT C. SPENCER, 
 
 A Founder of Business Colleges and £acpert Penman. 
 
 ROBERT C. SPEXCER, eldest son of Piatt R. Spencer, author of 
 the "Spencerian System of Penmanship," was born June 22, 
 1829, in Ashtabula county, Ohio; grew to manhood on the farm 
 at Genoa, Ohio, and received his education at district schools, Kings- 
 ville academy, and at Gundry's Mercantile college, in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. Hie work as commercial teacher began in Gundry's Mercan- 
 tile college. At Buffalo, N. Y. , he was associated with Hon. Victor 
 M. Rice, who was for several terms superintendent of schools for the 
 Slate of New York, and succeeded Mr. Rice as superintendent of 
 writing in the Buffalo public schools. He was associated with 
 Bryant, Stratton &> Co., in establishing the international chain of 
 commercial colleges in the principal cities of America. In 1865 he 
 led a movement for the impro\ement of these schools. This brought 
 him in conflict for a time with some of his professional associates, 
 but his object was accomplished. After pursuing his work for some 
 years in Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago and St. Louis, he 
 located permanently in Milwaukee, Wis , in 1863, giving his lime and 
 talents chiefly to the Spencerian Business college in that city. He 
 has been president of the International Business College association; 
 also of the Business Educators' association of America; has been for 
 several years a member of the Milwaukee school-board; is president 
 of the Wisconsin Phonological society for deaf mutes; was one of 
 the founders of the Wisconsin Humane society, was its first 
 secretary, and is an active member of its board of directors. He is 
 a member of the bureau of corresp{mdencc of the National Provi- 
 sional association for the complete secularization of the State, and 
 assisted in preparing the exhaustive address on that subject issued 
 to the Ameficnn people. Radical, positive and outspoken, Mr. 
 Spencer is just and generous in his regard for the rights, opinions and 
 interests of othi-rs, however much th<*y may difTer with him.
 
 I 
 
 I'KOl'LV: KMINKNT IN TIIK \AltIOUS UEPAETMENTS UK LABOR. 
 
 433 
 
 ""^w^^?"^! 
 
 POETS, 
 ORATORS, 
 STATESMEN. 
 
 *!k.««*444*»4 3S§! 
 
 J:^'^ 
 
 j=^ 
 
 <) J ►■i^i^"'— u 
 
 Te— 5 
 
 ..^ 
 
 
 %■ 
 
 Prominent People. 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^.^A 
 
 Eminent in Literature, Science, Art, 
 
 JURISTS, 
 WRITERS, 
 SCIENTISTS. 
 
 Ai: 
 
 k 
 
 I' 
 
 Letters, Philosophy. Oratory, Statesmanship, Diplomacy and Political Economy, 
 
 
 HANNIBAL HAMLIN, 
 
 First Vice-PreHideitt with PretiUent Llncolili 
 
 Honorably jillied with tUi* Urst admiuistratinn of Abralmm 
 Lincoln and the early strugglee of the war of the Rebellion, 
 Mr. Hamlin holds a deserved place in 
 the esteem of the American people. 
 Born at Paris, Me., Atignst 27, 1809, 
 he lived on the home-farm until he 
 arrived at manhood. He then worked 
 a year as a compositor in a i)rinting- 
 office, but, relinquishing this trade, 
 he began to !>tudy law and was 
 admitted to the bar of Maine in 1833. 
 From 1836 to 1840 he was a member 
 of the State legislaluru, occupying the 
 speaker's chair in the House during 
 three sessions. In 1842 he was 
 first elected to C'Dugress, and was re-elected in 1844. A vacancy 
 occurring in the office of United States senator in his district, in 1848, 
 Mr. Hamlin was selected to finish the term, which ended in 1851, at 
 whicli time he was chosen to be his own successor for the ensuing 
 six years. In 1856 he was elected governor of the Slate, and in 1857 
 hf was returned to the United States senate for another term. In 
 1860 he was elected vice-president of the Union on the Lincoln ticket, 
 and presided in the senate from March 4, 1861, to the close of his 
 official term, March 3, 1865. Upon his retirement President Lincoln 
 appointed him collector of the port of Boston, but this position he 
 resigned in 1866 and was again elected United States senator. Upon 
 the expiration of his term he was once more chosen to retain the 
 senatorship, which he did until March 3, 1881. For several years he 
 also served as a regent of the Smithsonian institution. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin. 
 
 JAMES T. FIELDS, 
 
 cV Pleasaut Writer and Sticcessrul Publisher. 
 
 ■pj^OMBINING literary endowments of ii liigh order wilh success- 
 'jy ful commercial enterprise, James T. Fields held a prominent 
 position both as author and publisher. 
 He was born at Portsmouth, N. H. , 
 December 31, 1817, and received his 
 early education at the high school in 
 that city, previous to his fourteenth 
 year. At that age he removed to Boston 
 and became clerk in a book-store. Four 
 years later, by invitation, he was selected 
 as the anniversary poet of the Boston 
 Mercantile Library association, on which 
 occasion Edward Everett delivered the 
 oration. Soon after reaching his major- 
 James T. Fields. .^^ jj^ TxqXAs joined the bookselling 
 bouse of Ticknur S: Reed, and the firm became Ticknor, Reed & Fields. 
 
 liUfji- cv ]■ leid.- a- p J 
 re, and fonnd»M> T3 
 elebrity. When '^ 
 
 Mr. Reed withdrew in 1844, but the business of Ticknor A: V'w 
 publishers of choice English and American litcratur 
 of the AtlarUlc Monthhj Magazine, attained a wide cell 
 Mr. Ticknor died, in 1804, the firm was changed to Fields, Osgood &t 
 Co., the company being Mr. Mifflin. In 1870 Mr. Fields retired 
 from the business, turned his attention to writing for the press and 
 public lecturing, and for several years edited the Aflantic Monthly. 
 In 1849 he published a collection of his poems, and in 1854 and 18.'i8 
 printed two other collections for private distribution. In 1873 he 
 issued his recollections of literary people, entitled '* Yesterdays with 
 Authors," and the same year lectured exhaustively on modern 
 English literature, before the Lowell institute, in Boston. During 
 all the exactions of his busy career, Mr. Fields found time to make 
 three voj'agcs to Europe — in 1848, 1851 and 1859. Among his most 
 important works was a collection of the writings, in twenty-two 
 volumes, of Thomas DeCJuincey, the well-known English essayiet. 
 Mr. Fields died in April, 1881. 
 
 HENRY GEORGE, 
 
 American Writi-r on I'olitiCiil Kconomy. 
 
 -HE author of the well-known treatise on political economy, pub- 
 lished under the title of " Progress and Poverty,'' was born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., September 2, 1839. 
 At thirteen he left school and entered a 
 counting house as clerk, remaining there 
 but a year or two. Going to sea, he 
 visited various ports, reaching California 
 in the spring of 1858. On the breaking 
 out of the Frazer river gold excitement 
 he went with the crowd to British 
 Columbia, but returned to California and 
 learned the printers' trade. Soon after 
 reaching his twenty-first year he married, 
 and, traveling from place to place, 
 worked at his trade until 1867. In that 
 year the first number of the San Francisco Titnes was issued and Mr. 
 George obtained a reporter'.s position in its office. Less than six 
 months afterward, so great was his ability, he became managing 
 editor of the paper. Going to New York in the winter of 186S-9 to 
 arrange for telegraphic news, he there contributed an article to the 
 Tribune on Chinese immigration and labor which found interested 
 readers, both at the east and on the Pacific coast. L'pon his return 
 to California, in 1869, he became editor of the Sacramento Reporter. 
 Opposition to railroad subsidies led a railroad corporation to purchase 
 a controlling interest in the paper, which movement severed his 
 editorial connection with it. He then wrote a vigorous pamphlet on 
 the subject of railroad subsidies, which exerted a great influence in 
 preventing the asking for further subsidies by these corporations in 
 that State, Xot Ion? afterward he piibli^ln-d aimlher and larger 
 
 Henry George. 
 
 ^ (3^ — ■ 
 
 28
 
 k 
 
 434 
 
 JOHN SHERMAN. J. FKOOToR KNOTf. THOMAS F. BAYARD. 
 
 pamphlet — *' Our Land and Land-Policy" — wbich had, bowevtr, tmr 
 a limited circulation. The substance of it is incorporated in "Pro- 
 gress and Poverty."' In 1871 he was instrumental in establishing 
 and making successful the San Francisco Post, which for four years 
 possessed great influence. Financial embarrassments overtook him 
 in 1875, and he lost control of the paper. Receiving an appointment 
 to a State office from Governor Irwin, Mr. George found leisure, 
 amid other employments, to write his long-contemplated work, 
 "Progress and Poverty," which he finished in 3Iarch, 1879. The 
 publishers to whom be offered it refusing to issue it, the author pub- 
 lished a small edition at his own cost. A New York bouse brought 
 out a second edition in January, 1880, the work soon increased 
 in popularity, and in a little over one year three editions had been 
 issued. These were followed by a London piint, and translations of 
 it were made into several European languages. Since then it has 
 counted its copies by scores of thousands. In 1880 Mr. George and his 
 family removed to New York, and in the following spring he brought 
 out another notable pamphlet, arraigning the existing land systems 
 throughout the civilized world, which enjoys a wide circulation 
 beyond the Atlantic. In 1881, after a trip to California, Mr. George 
 visited England and Ireland, during the agitation of the land question, 
 writing for the /m/i World, of New York, and making speeches on 
 his favorite topic in numerous places. In Ireland he was arrested 
 for his avowed principles, the event creating much interest on both 
 shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and on his return to New York in the 
 autumn of 1882 he was enthusiastically received in a public meeting 
 of the Labor union at the Cooper institute, in that city. Since then 
 Mr George has continued to write for the press upon subjects of his 
 special study. 
 
 John Sherman. 
 
 JOHN SHERMAN, 
 
 Secretary of the Treiisury X'licler President Hayes. 
 
 IJOSSESSIXG the elements of statesmanship in a large degree, 
 John Sherman, the brother of Gen. W. T. Sherman, has proved 
 ., himself to be, also, one of the ablest 
 financiers that the United States has 
 produced. Of his early education we 
 have but little information. He was 
 born at Lancaster, Ohio, May 10, 1823, 
 and in 1844 was admitted to the prac- 
 tice of law. His lirst election to 
 Congress, occurred in 1854, followed 
 by continuous re-elections in 185<), 
 1858 and 1860. In 1861 he was chosen 
 a United States senator from Ohio, and 
 was re elected to serve in the two 
 succeeding terms, in 1867 and 1873. 
 In 1877 President Hayes invited him into his cabinet as Secretary of 
 the Treasury, and in this position he distinguished himself by his 
 llnancial and executive ability in maintaining and increasing the 
 credit of the U'uion, both at home and in foreign nations. It was in 
 1878, during Mr. Slierman's management of the national linauces that 
 silver coin, from which the money-value had been taken in 1873 
 (authorizing gold as the only standard in eommercinl transactions), 
 was restored, making the coin-dollar again worth one hundred cents. 
 Congress favored the " remonetization," notwithstanding the opposi- 
 tion of the president and the banks, but the bill was passed over the 
 president's veto. It is principally to him, also, that the country was 
 indebted for the resumption of specie payments, January 1, 1879, 
 after they had been suspended for eight years. In the senate he also 
 won distinction as chairman of the llnance committee. Upon the ac- 
 cession of President aarfleld, Mr. Sherman was superseded in the 
 treasury department by Hf>n. William Windom, of Minnesota. 
 
 HE 
 
 ^^•- 
 
 ^ 
 
 -i^:.^ 
 
 •f 
 
 J. PROCTOR KNOTT, 
 
 Champion or the l£.eiitucky Democracy* 
 
 v.iix:! successful Democratic candidate for go\ernor of Kentucky, 
 ^- in August, 1883, was J. Proctor Knott, who was born near 
 Lebanon, Ky., August 29, 1830 At 
 the age of nineteen he began studying 
 law, and in 1850 removed to Missouri, 
 where, in 1851, he was admitted to the 
 bar. His success for six years was 
 such that in 1857 he was chosen to 
 represent the people of his district in 
 the State legislature, and two years 
 later the governor appointed him 
 attorney -general of the State. In 1863 
 he was elected to the same office. The 
 following year he returned to his 
 native State and village and there 
 practiced law until 1866, when the Democrats elected bim to repre- 
 sent them in the fortieth Congress. Two years afterward he was 
 re-elected by a large majority. His next re-election occurred in 
 1873, since which time he has ably and continuously held his seat in 
 Congress as the representative of his district. Shortly before the 
 close of his second term in Congress, in the winter of 1870-71, Mr. 
 Knott achieved a national reputation by a stroke of humor in a cir- 
 cumstance of no great importance. At the request of a strange 
 gentleman who called upon him to advocate the establishment of a. 
 town at the western end of Lake Superior, to be called Duluth, Mr. 
 Knott acceded, making a most remarkable speech on the floor of the 
 House, in which sarcasm and wit were brought to bear in mock 
 approval of the enterprise. In it he styled Duluth "the Zenith City 
 of the Unsalted Seas," a name that still clings to it, and made its 
 author famous. 
 
 Proctor Knott. 
 
 THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, 
 
 The Favorite Stuteisnian ur**L<ittle Delaware.*' 
 
 5n^HE POPULARITY of the Bayard family, several of whom have 
 
 from Delaware, 
 
 LU been United States senators 
 phenomenal, and indeed in them the 
 interests of that State have been ably 
 represented. The father of the sub- 
 ject of tbis sketch, Hon. James A. 
 Bayard, also a lawyer, was a senator 
 from 1851 to 1869, when he resigned 
 on account of ill-health, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son. Thomas F. was 
 born at WilmingUm, Del. , October 29, 
 1828. His education was principally 
 gathered at the Flushing (L. I. ) school 
 of Rev. F. L. Hawks, and his early 
 training was designed to fit him for 
 mercantile pursuits. Preferring, however, to study law 
 
 is almost 
 
 Thomas F. Bayard. 
 
 he prepared 
 
 himself for practice in that jirofession, was admitted to the bur in 
 1851, and opened an office in his native city, where he followed the 
 business for many years. In 1853 he was appointed United States 
 district attorney for Delaware, but resigned the oftke in 1854. His 
 father's resignation leaving a vacancy in the United States senator- 
 ship for his district, Thomas F. was chosen to succeed him, taking 
 his seat in Congress March 4, 1H69. To this office he was continuously 
 elected, holding it until appointed Secretary of State by President 
 Cleveland, in March. 1H85. In 1876 he was one of the famous elec- 
 toral commission appointed to settle the presidential contest of that 
 year. Three of our principal cnllegi's — Yale, Harvard and Dartmouth — 
 have each bestowed upon him tlie honorary degree of doctor of laws. 
 
 i
 
 T 
 
 SCHUYLEK COLFAX. CHAULES S. I'AKNKLL. GBOVEB CLEVELAND. WILLIAM ilAHONE. 
 
 435 
 
 Schuyler Colfax. 
 
 SCHUYLER COLFAX, 
 
 VIco-PreHldent Under Oeiieriil <^i'ii.iit. 
 
 ^HE FATIIEK uf this gi-iitk-inan died befort.- the birth of his eon, 
 1^ which occurred in New York City, March 26, 1823. The 
 incidents of his life during his mother's 
 widowliood, which lasted ten years, 
 were unimportant. In 1833 slie mar- 
 ried a Mr. Matthews, a mttrchant, who 
 cuii)Ioyed liis step-son in his store for 
 three years. The family removed to 
 New Carlisle, Ind. , in 183G, where 
 Schuyler worked for three years more 
 in a store. Mr. Matthews having been 
 elected county auditor, he removed to 
 South Bend, ar.d appointed Schuyler his 
 deputy, in which position the young 
 man found opportunity to study law. 
 He servfii two years as senate reporter for the Indianapolis (Ind.) 
 Stafe Journal. In 1845 he established, published and edited the 
 Sf. Joseph Valley Register^ a weekly newsjiaper, at South Bend, 
 supporting the interest of the Whig party. In 1S48 he participated, 
 as delegate and secretary, in the Whig National convention at 
 Philadelphia; was a member of the Indiana State Constitutional 
 convention, advocating the admission of free colored people into 
 the State, and was a candidate for member of Congress in 1851, 
 but was defeated. In 1852 he took part in the Whig National con- 
 vention at Baltimore, as delegate and secretary. In 18.54, after the 
 formation of the Republican party, he was elected a member of con- 
 gress, and was six times successively re-elected to that office, oppos- 
 ing the extension of slavery and the oppression of the slave system; 
 he was also elected speaker of the house in the thirty-eighth, thirty- 
 ninth and fortieth Congresses. In 1865 he made a journey to the 
 Pacific coast. In 1868 he was elected vice-president of the United 
 States on the Grant ticket, but failed of a re-nomination in 1872. In 
 1873, at the instigation of Oakes Ames and others, he was charged 
 with having received, while vice-president, bribes in the interest of 
 the " Credit-Mobilier of America," but after investigation the charge 
 was not sustained as to corruption whils in office, and there the 
 matter ended. After that Mr. Colfax retired from public life, and 
 followed the profession of a lecturer. He died at Mankato, Minn., 
 January 13, 1885, after a brief illness. 
 
 CHARLES S. PARNELL, 
 
 The Tf'ell-Knowii <'hampiou or Irish Liiherty. 
 
 MONG those who have devoted their time and energies to the 
 liberation of Ireland from British domination, prominently 
 stands Charles Stewart Parnell, the 
 lineal descendant of an Irish family 
 possessing considerable antiquity and 
 remarkable talent in the fields of 
 jurisprudence, poetry and legislation. 
 His father was a country gentleman, 
 with an estate in Ireland, who visited 
 America some years ago, and while in 
 this country married the daughter of 
 Commodore Charles Stewart, of the 
 United States navy, the ceremony 
 being performed at Grace church, in 
 New York City. The subject of this 
 sketch was born at Avondale, Rathdrum, Ireland, in 1846, on the 
 property which he now owns. His early education was received in 
 England, but his studies were interrupted by illness, and he returned 
 to Ireland. Later in life, when restored to health, and after proper 
 preparation for a collegiate course at the hands of a private tutor, he 
 entered Cambridge (Eng. ) university, where he remained two years. 
 
 Charles S. Parnell. 
 
 In 1807 his interest in the wrongs of the Irinh people began to mani- 
 fest itself, notwithstandinij; his English training, when three of hie 
 countrymen perished on the scaffold for opposing the alleged tyranny 
 of the British government. In 1872 he traveled as a tourist in the 
 United States. In 1875 he was elected a member of parliament as 
 the representative of the Home-Rulers of the county of Meatb. At 
 first, and for more than a year, he sat quietly in his place. At that 
 time he was "■a tall, thin, fair, studious young man of nine-and- 
 twcnty,'" fresh from college and unused to the turmoil of politics. 
 As his political characteristics developed in the house, bis course 
 created a diversity of opinion as to his merits, according to the feel- 
 ings of the two parties who were more particularly Interested in the 
 Irish-English contest. When the time for an effort on his part 
 arrived, he displayed such energetic determination to plead for his 
 people and their rights that the opposition in the house felt his power. 
 Since then, at home and abroad, he has been active and persistent in 
 endeavoring to improve the condition of Ireland and the Irish. 
 Although not wealthy, he has manifested his faith in his avowed 
 principles by reducing the rents on his own estate. In his policy, 
 whatever be lacks in oratory he makes up in his tactics for obstruct- 
 ing the measures of his opponents, and as a consequence of his 
 independent spirit and impassioned action on two or more occasions, 
 he has been subjected to imprisonment. Still he has hosts of friends 
 among the people and champions of Irish liberty. 
 
 SIR MOSES MONTEFIORE, 
 
 The Eminent >Je\vlnh PhilunthropUt. 
 
 5|^TR MOSES MOXTEFlOIiE was born in London, Eng. » 
 ^^R October 24, 1784, the lineal descendant of a wealthy family of 
 bankers who had done business in that 
 city for several generations. His 
 wife, whom he married in 1812, was 
 the daughter of the founder of the 
 famous banking-house of Rothschilds, 
 and with this connection he became 
 greatly interested in the condition and 
 persecutions of the Israelites in Syria. 
 He enlisted his wealth and influence 
 in their behalf, ameliorating their 
 sufferings when famished, and obtain- 
 ing for them freedom from abuse in 
 Spain, Poland, Morocco and Romania. 
 All through his long life he was their 
 
 constant and helpful friend. In 1837 he became High Sheriff of Lon- 
 don and was knighted by Queen Victoria. He died July 28, 1885. 
 
 Sir Moses Uonteflore. 
 
 WILLIAM MAHONE, 
 
 rfoited States Senator and Kuilroad Masrnate. 
 
 ^TIT'HE PRESENT United States senator from the first district of 
 cj^ Virginia was born at Southampton, Va. , in 1827, and was 
 educated at the Virginia military insti- 
 tute, at Lexington, where he graduated 
 in 1847. From that time until the 
 outbreak of the war of the Rebellion, 
 in 1861, he followed the business of a 
 civil engineer, and was the builder of 
 the Norfolk and Petersburg railroad. 
 In favor of the secession of the South 
 from the Union, he assisted in the 
 capture of the Norfolk navy yard; 
 raised and commanded the Sixth Vir- 
 ginia regiment of Confederates, and «,.,,. ,^ ». 
 actively participated with it in most of 
 the battles of the Peninsula, the Rappahannock a.id around Peters-
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS. JOHN RANDOLPH. 
 
 burg- In 1864 he was promoted, first to brigadier-general, and then 
 to major-general, subsequently serving in Hill's division. When the 
 war ended he returned to his profession of civil- engineering, was 
 elected president of a trunk railroad running out of Norfolk, and 
 became an influential politician, exercising great shrewdness, and 
 using his power to fill the public offices of his State with the men of 
 his choice. Unable to obtain the nomination for governor for himself, 
 he threw his influence into the scale for Halliday, and the latter was 
 elected. As a "readjuster," or conditional repudiator, he was 
 chosen United States senator for the term ending March 3, 1887. 
 
 Jefferson Davis. 
 
 JEFFERSON DAVIS, 
 
 A. lieadlDBT Spirit in the War of the Rebellion. 
 
 ONSPICUOUS in the annals of American history stands the 
 statesman and soldier, Jefferson Davis, who was born in what 
 
 p-^, -^-^ ^^ ^**^'^' known as Todd county, Ken- 
 
 W~' ' ' ^yl tucky, June 3, 1808. While in his in- 
 
 "'^^^** fancy the family removed to Wilkinson 
 
 county, Mississippi, near Woodville. 
 His studies preparatory to entering 
 Transylvania college, in his native 
 State, were pursued at an academy, 
 but his college course was abridged by 
 his appointment, in 1824, as a cadet in 
 the militarj'" academy at West Point, 
 N. Y. From the latter institution he 
 graduated in 1828. For seven years 
 he served in the array, operating as an 
 infantry and staff officer in the Black Hawk war, on the western 
 frontier, in 1831-2. In the spring of 1833 he was promoted to a 
 first lieutenancy in a company of dragoons, and in 1834 was engaged 
 in the warfare against the Pawnee and other hostile tribes of Indians. 
 Tn 1835 he resigned his commission, married the daughter of General 
 Zachary Taylor — then a colonel — and retired to private life on a 
 cotton plantation in Mississippi, and devoted his leisure hours to 
 study. With Democratic proclivities he drifted into politics, and 
 in 1844 was chosen a presidential elector on the Polk and Dallas 
 ticket. The following year he was elected a member of Congress, 
 and in the house actively joined in the current discussions of the 
 tariff; the admission of Oregon into the Union, the proposed war 
 with Mexico, and military organization. In July, 1840, at the head 
 of a regiment of Mississippi volunteers, he joined the troops in 
 Mexico under General Taylor, and was distinguished by his active 
 participation in the storming of Monterey (September, 1846), and his 
 gallantry in the battle of Buena Vista (February, 184T), fighting 
 against a superior force of Mexicans. In July, 1847, the term of ser- 
 vice of his regiment having expired, he returned to Mississippi. 
 During the next three years and a half, by appointment to fill a 
 vacancy, he represented his State in ihc United States senate. His 
 record there was marked by his strong advocacy of negro slavery and 
 the doctrine of State rights. In 1850 he was re-elected United Stales 
 senator, but resigned in 1851, in order to become a candidate for 
 governor of the State. In the ensuing election, however, he was 
 defeated, and thus returned to private life, remaining in retirement 
 until the presidential campaign of 1852, when he traveled in several 
 southern States, making speeches in favor of Franklin Pierce. Upon 
 the election of the latter, Mr. Davis was invited to a seat in his 
 cabinet as Secretary of War, an office that he retained until the inaug- 
 uration of President Buchanan, in 1857, and its duties were most 
 acceptably performed, including various improvements in the army 
 and arms and ammunition, explorations in the new Territories for 
 geographical and Pacific railroad purposes, etc. After his retirement 
 from the cabinet he was again chosen United States senator for the 
 term expiring March 4, 1803. In the senate he opposed Stephen A. 
 
 Douglas' position in regard to the admission of Kansas and Nebraska 
 into the Union as free States, advocated the Southern Pacific rail- 
 road, became the leader of the Democratic element in the senate, 
 and his name was freely used in connection with the presidency. In 
 December, 1860, he joined the party of the Southern States which 
 contemplated the dissolution of the national Union, and in January, 
 1861, aided in framing the conspiracy of the seceding States, of which 
 he soon became tha acknowledged leader. On the 9th of the follow- 
 ing month he was choi^en, by the Confederate Congress, at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala. , president of the Southern Confederacy, and was 
 inaugurated on the 18th. This office he filled until the surrender of 
 General Lee to General Grant, on the first of April, 1865, when the 
 Southern Confederacy, entirely defeated, suddenly came to an end. 
 On the tenth of May Mr. Davis, who had eluded the pursuers of his 
 army, thus far, was captured by a party of Union cavalry, near Irwiu- 
 ville, Ga. , and imprisoned for two years in Fortress Monroe. In 
 May, 1867, charged with being accessory to the assassination of Pres- 
 ident Lincoln, April 14, 1865, he was arraigned in the United States 
 court at Richmond, Va., and admitted to bail, there being no evidence 
 to convict him of complicity in the assassination, and the case was 
 finally dismissed by the government in December, 1868. In 1867 and 
 1868 Mr. Davis visited New York, Canada, England and France. 
 Upon his return home, in 1871, after a public reception at Atlanta, 
 Ga. , he became a private citizen of Mississippi. A few years after- 
 ward, a lady, d3'ing, bequeathed to him a handsome fortune. He has 
 written a memoir of the Confederacy and its struggles. 
 
 r 
 
 HH 
 
 m- 
 
 John Randolph. 
 
 ~M 
 
 JOHN RANDOLPH, 
 
 A. Brilliant hut Kceentric Statesman. 
 
 |^||NE OF THE most remarkable law-makers that America 
 ^^^ has produced was John Randolph, who was born at Cawsons, 
 Va. , June 2, 1773. His education 
 was received at Princeton (N. J. ) 
 college, Columbia (N. Y. ) college 
 and William and Mary (Va. ) college, 
 in addition to a course of law 
 studies which he afterward pursued 
 at Philadelphia. His first election to 
 Congress from Virginia occurred in 
 1790, and in the house he soon became 
 noted for his eccentricities of character. 
 Two years later he was re-elected for 
 another term, during which he distin- 
 guished himself by his opposition to 
 the proposed introduction of slavery into the Territory of Indiana. 
 Continuing in Congress for several successive terms, he distinguished 
 himself by the bitterness with which he repelled political measures 
 that were not in harmony with his opinions. In 1806 he attacked, 
 politically. President Jefferson, and, later. President Madison, strongly 
 opposing the declaration of war against England, in 1812. This 
 course defeated nim at the next election; but in 1814 and 1818 he 
 was returned to Congress, he having refused a re-election in 1816. 
 In the session of 1819-20 he strenuously fought the celebrated '* Mis- 
 souri compromise'" measure of admitting slavery into new Territories, 
 and originated the well-known political e])ithet of *' dough-faces. " 
 Between 1821 and 1825 he made two visits to England, and upon his 
 return was chosen to represent his native State in the United States 
 senate. It was during this term in the senate that he fought his 
 celebrated duel with Henry Clay, in which both fortunately escaped 
 death or serious injury. Mr. Randolph was an ardent suj)porter of 
 General Jackson for the presidency in 182fi; in 1829 he served as 
 a delegate to the Virginia State Constitutional convention, and in 1830 
 he was appointed, by President Jackson, minister to Russia. His 
 stay at the imperial court, however, was very brief. In an unex-
 
 JOSEPH i{. iiAwi.icv. 
 
 ildliACK MANN. WILLIAM II. .SKWARIJ. 
 
 4;!7 
 
 plained freak he suddenly left his post and went to England, and, 
 without returning to Rnswia, saiU-d for home. Once more his con- 
 stituents chose him to represent them in Congress, but he was then 
 an invalid with consumption, and too feeble to perform his legislative 
 duties. In this condition he determined to revisit Knghind, and bad 
 proceeded as far as Philadelphia, where he died, at a hotel, June 21, 
 1833. Mr. Randolph never married. While he possessed undoubted 
 talents of a high order, his political career was marked by vindictive- 
 ness and sarcasm, but underneath his rude ext(?rior there was 
 indicated a better nature. By his will he gave their freedom to 
 his three hundred and eighteen slaves. After his death his *■' Letters 
 to a Young Relative" were given to the press. 
 
 JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 
 
 (Journalist, (fiuldier uiitl Statesman. 
 
 fl^T^ENERAL HAWLEY'S entrance upon the busy scenes of life 
 dates back to October 31, 1826, at Stewartsville, N. C. What- 
 ever other instruetion he may have 
 received in childhood, he enjoyed the 
 advantages of a liberal education at 
 Hamilton college, Clinton, N. Y. , 
 where he graduated in 1847. In 1850 
 he was admitted to the practice of the 
 law, at Hartford, Conn., and for more 
 than six years he followed his profes- 
 sion in that place. In 1857 he became 
 a journalist and edited two of the city 
 newspapers — the Evening Press and 
 the C'ourant^ which were afterward 
 consolidated. At the outbreak of the 
 Southern Rebellion, in 1861, be entered the Union army as a lieuten- 
 ant; during the war was promoted to brigadier-general, and was a 
 brevet-major-general when mustered out of the service in January, 
 1866. In 1867 he was elected governor of Connecticut. In 1868 he 
 was brought prominently before the people as a presidential elector 
 on the Grant ticket, and also as president of the National Republican 
 convention, the same year, at Chicago. He was also a member of the 
 National Republican conventions of 1872 and 1876, and was president 
 of the United States Centennial commission from March, 1873, to the 
 close of the centennial exposition, at Philadelphia, in 1876. In 1872 
 he was elected a member of Congress; was re-elected to the forty- 
 third and forty-fourth Congresses, and in 1881 was chosen United 
 States senator for the term ending March 3, 1887. 
 
 Joseph R. Haw^ley. 
 
 HORACE MANN, 
 
 An Earnest Advocate of Educational Rerorms. 
 
 J^^S ONE OF the purest of American social reformers, Horace 
 M;inu was justly esteemed at home and abroad. Born at 
 Franklin, Mass., May 4, 1796, all the 
 education of his earlier years was 
 gathered in the local district schools, 
 but when about twenty years of age 
 he was enabled to enter Brown uni- 
 versity, at Providence, R. I., at which 
 he graduated in 1819. For some time 
 afterward he served as a Greek and 
 Latin tutor in the same institution, 
 and then studied law at Litchfield, 
 Conn. In 1823 he was admitted to the 
 bar, and opened his office at Dedhara, 
 Mass. Four years afterward he was 
 elected a member of the State legislature, where he won distinction 
 by his advocacy of improved educational facilities and the suppres- 
 sion of intemperance and lotteries, and was prominent in establishing 
 
 Horace Mann. 
 
 the State Lunatic Asylum at Worccf^ter. iiy re-elections he retained 
 his seat in the house until 1833, when he remttved to Bostrm. There 
 he was repeatedly chosen State senator, and in 1836 and also in 1837. 
 was chosen president of the senate. In 1837, and for the next 
 eleven years, he served as secretary of the MaHsachusetts Slate Ijoard 
 of education, relinquishing politics and hie law practice in order to 
 give his undivided attention to his office. In this position he thor- 
 oughly reorganized the school-work of the State, established normal 
 schools, and inaugurated numerous permanent reforms in educational 
 institutions, visiting Europe, in 1843, in search of information on 
 these matters; and his annual reports became deservedly popular. 
 In May, 1848, he resigned, having worked not less, on an average, 
 than fifteen hours a day, without u single day's relaxation. Return- 
 ing to politics, in 1848, he was elected a member of Congress, to 
 succeed John Quincy Adams, taking, while there, strong ground 
 against negro slavery. Two years later he was elected for another 
 term, but in 18.'j2 his third nomination was defeated by the friends of 
 Daniel Webster, by a single vote. He was re-elected, however, as 
 an independent candidate. The Free-Soilers, in 1852, nominated 
 him for governor, but he was defeated in the election. The same 
 year he became president of Antioch college, at Yellow Springs, Ohio, 
 and in this position he faithfully labored in the cause of education 
 and philanthropy until his death, which occurred August 2, 1859. 
 
 Se^vard. 
 
 WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 
 
 Secretary of State I'nder PrcNident I^lncoln. 
 
 WWeW YORK'S eminent staiesnmn, William H. Seward, was born 
 ^l^iK at Florida, in that State, May 16, 1801, and his classical edu- 
 cation was received at Union college, 
 Schenectady, N. Y. , from which he 
 graduated in 1820. After leaving col- 
 lege he taught school for six months 
 in Georgia, but having chosen to prac- 
 tice law he obtained admission to the 
 bar in 1822, opening his office at 
 Auburn, N. Y. Drifting into politics, 
 in 1824, he began the expression of his 
 opposition to the famous Democratic 
 clique known as the "Albany Re- 
 gency," which only ended when the 
 association was broken up, in 1838. 
 In 1830 Mr. Seward was elected a member of the State senate by the 
 Anti mason element, and in 1833 made a brief visit to Europe, em- 
 bodying his foreign views and experiences in a series of letters to 
 the Albany (N. Y. ) Evening Journal. Such was his popularity at 
 home that in 1838 he was elected governor of the State, and re-elected 
 in 1840, and his administrations were marked by a careful attention 
 to public measures relating to the advancement of education, internal 
 improvements, legal reforms, etc. Resuming business as an attorney 
 in 1843, he carried his practice into State and Federal courts, where 
 he became intimately and honorably connected with some of the 
 celebrated trials of the day. In 1844 he supported Henry Clay for 
 president, and, in 1848, advocated the election of General Taylor 
 to the same office. In 1849 he was chosen a United States senator, 
 and in that position soon distinguished himself by his antagonism to 
 slavery in all its forms and policy, giving utterance to that memor- 
 able expression, " the higher law," as being superior to human legis- 
 lation. When his term expired, in 1855, he was re-elected. Four 
 j-ears later he again visited Europe, Egj-pt and Palestine. In 1861 
 President Lincoln bestowed upon him the cabinet office of Secretary 
 of State, and it was during his administration, through his negotia- 
 tions, that Alaska was added to the national domain by purchase 
 from Russia. By a carriage accident, in the spring of 1865, he had 
 an arm and jaw fractured, and, while confined to his bed by these 
 
 :(i —
 
 438 
 
 SIB HUGH ALLAN. GEORGE F. HOAR. JOHN BRIGHT. 
 
 injuries, was attaclied and nearly Ijilled by an assassin on the night 
 when President Lincoln was shot down. He recovered, however, 
 from his wounds and remained in the cabinet of President Johnson, 
 whose unpopular reconstruction policy he supported. At the close 
 of his official term, in 1869, he retired from public life and traveled 
 in California, Oregon and Alaska, and in 1870 and 1871, with his 
 family, he made a tour around the world, receiving many honors in 
 foreign lands. His observations made during this extensive voyage 
 form the material of a volume prepared by his adopted daughter, 
 Miss Olive Risley, which was published in 1873. Mr. Seward, in 
 the senate, was the eloquent eulogist of many distinguished public 
 citizens as, from time to time, they departed this life, and among 
 his writings are a biography of John Quincy Adams aud several other 
 publications of more or less interest. He died at Auburn, N. Y. , 
 October 10, 1873. 
 
 Sir Hueh Allan. 
 
 SIR HUGH ALLAN, 
 
 Founder of the Allan Line €>rOcenu Steamships. 
 
 |fEM.\RKABLE among the many successful business men of 
 Canada was Sir Hugh Allan, who was born in Ayrshire, Scot- 
 land, in 1810. His education, in child- 
 hood, was derived from the common- 
 schools in that vicinity, and one year 
 was passed as a subordinate in a ship- 
 ping house at Greenock, Scotland. 
 When the lad was about fourteen years 
 old, his father, who was a ship-captain 
 plying between the River Clyde and 
 Montreal, advised him to come to 
 Canada. This was in 1826. The boy 
 followed the parental suggestion, and 
 on arriving at Montreal entered a dry- 
 goods store as clerk, remaining in that 
 employment for three years. At the end of that time, having been 
 able to save only a hundred dollars out of his wages, he became 
 dissatisfied and sailed for home. In 1831 he was persuaded to return 
 to Montreal, where he was hired as a clerk in the office of James 
 Millar, a ship-builder. After four years' service in this capacity, 
 he was admitted as junior partner into the business and sent to Eng- 
 land to represent the interests of his firm. In 1838 he returned to 
 Montreal. Mr. Millar died soon afterward, and Mr. Allan, continuing 
 the business of the house, obtained a contract to furnish a steamship 
 for the royal navy, and the vessel proved to be very satisfactory to 
 the home government. Continuing to build ships, Mr. Allan took 
 his brother Andrew for a partner and assistant, and the business 
 prospered. In 1857 the firm began to build iron steamships, with 
 screw propellers. The first was the "Canada," which made her 
 initial trip across the .\tlantic in 1858. In 1859 Mr. Allan received 
 the contract for carrying the Anglo-,\merican mails, which he always 
 retained. Gradually his fleet of ocean steamships increased, until, 
 in 1882, the famous "Allan Line" numbered twenty-three first-class 
 vessels, aggregating 750,000 tons burthen. In 1874 Mr. Allan was 
 knighted by Queen Victoria — becoming Sir Hugh — for his success in 
 establishing steam communicalion between Canada and Great Britain. 
 Sir Hugh, who died at Edinburgh, Scotland, December 9, 1882, was 
 also president of the Montreal Telegraph company, president of the 
 Richelieu and Ontario Navigation company; president of one of the 
 largest banking Inslitnlious in Montreal, and of eighteen or nineteen 
 other corporations, to which he gave his personal attention. lie 
 always 8tca<Iily refused to enter into pui)lic life; but by his industry, 
 perseverance and business sagacity in his own affairs, amassed a for- 
 tune estimated at $15,000,000. Of him it is said that he never asked 
 for an <-xtenpion, offercfl a Cf)mpronii«e, or «u«pcnded payment. 
 
 GEORGE F. HOAR, 
 
 Prominent Xew Ensland Statesman. 
 
 ^^.^IKE MANY other eminent men in Con<^ress, Mr. Hoar is a 
 ^i^^ native of Massachusetts, having been born at Concord, in that 
 State, August 29, 1826. After pursu- 
 ing a course of tuition at the Concord 
 academy he entered Harvard univer- 
 sity, from which he graduated in 1846. 
 Leaving college, he adopted the pro- 
 fession of the law, gave it the necessary 
 study, and began to practice at Wor- 
 cester. In 1852 he was elected to the 
 lower house of the Massachusetts 
 legislature, and in 1857 to the State 
 senate. Not long afterward he was 
 elected a member of the forty-first 
 Congress, and re-elected to the forty- 
 second, forty-third and forty-fourth Congresses. In March, 1877, 
 took his seat in the United States senate as the successor of George 
 S. Boutwell, and at the expiration of his term be was re-elected as 
 his own successor. His second term will expire March 3, 1889. 
 
 ^m^' 
 
 George F. Hoaj:. 
 
 he 
 
 John Bright. 
 
 JOHN BRIGHT, 
 
 The Brilliant £ugli8h Orutor and Statesman. 
 
 ToDERN hi^^tory derives luster from the talents of John Bright, 
 the able and eloquent English statesman, who, as one of the 
 people, has been the constant friend 
 and advocate of his countrymen in the 
 councils of the kingdom. His birth 
 occurred at Greenbank, Lancashire, 
 England, November 16, 1811, and 
 under circumstances favorable for ac- 
 quiring a liberal education. His 
 entrance into public affairs began in 
 earliest manhood with the part he took 
 in the reform movement of 1831-2. 
 Upon the formation, in 1838, of the 
 Anti-Corn-Law league, of which Rich- 
 ard Cobden was one of the founders, 
 having for its object the removal of the tax on breadstuffs, Mr. Bright 
 became one of its earliest members, and, with Mr. Cobden, a leading 
 spirit in its operations. Mr. Bright, however, was personally inde- 
 pendent of politics as a profession, for he was the principal partner 
 in the firm of John Bright & Brothers, cotton-spinners and manufac- 
 turers, at Rochdale, in his native county. Entering parliament in 
 1843, for four years he represented the interests of the city of Dur- 
 ham, advocating the cause of free-trade and laboring zealously for 
 the modification of the laws taxing breadstuffs, although this tax was 
 not finally repealed until February, 1849. In 1847 he was re-elected 
 to parliament as the representative of the city of Manchester, and 
 his activity in the house and as a public speaker elsewhere in behalf 
 of his political views wat* varied and continuous. In 1854 he used his 
 influence, as a member of the Society of Friends, to prevent the 
 declaration of war by Russia against Turkey and opposed the partici- 
 pation of England in the contest. When Great Britain proposed to de- 
 clare war against China, in 1857, Mr. Bright deprecated the measure, 
 which was very popular, and in the ensuing election his position on 
 this subject defeated his return to parliament from Manchester. 
 The people of Hirmingham, however, appreciating his worth, elected 
 him to represent them in the house of commons, where he was, as 
 usual, alert and influential in urging his political reforms, and was 
 instrumental In the formation, in 1860, of a commercial treaty with 
 France. During the war of the Rebellion in the United States Mr. 
 Bright was the warm friend of the national Union and (Uitspokeii in 
 
 :5^
 
 ><l^^'' — 
 
 SIR .lOIIN A. MACDONAI.I). AI.KX. II. S'lKl'll I':NS. WILLIAM WIMKlM. lll.IXIilt L. MuliTON. 
 
 ■{::'.> 
 
 its cause, both in and out of parliament. He also ably supported the 
 extension of the rights of voters at elections, as set forth in the 
 reform bill which was passed in 1807; urged reform in Irish atlairs, 
 and advonited the disfstablishment of the Irish church, which was 
 eflfected by purliiinu'ntary legislation in July, 18li9. In 1868, the 
 liberals coming into power, with Mr. (Jladstone as prime minister, 
 Mr. Hriglit was chosen a meml)er of tlie cabinet as president of tlie 
 board of tradf, ranking as a privy-councillor. Hit* health failing, 
 however, he resigned his office in 1870, and upon its n-storation, in 
 1873, he was returned as a member of parliament. When Gladstone 
 resumed the reins of government, in 1880, Mr. Bright again look his 
 seat in the cabinet, but resigned it July 15, 1882. 
 
 SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD, 
 
 Prime MInlMter of the Dotninlun ol* Canada. 
 
 F THE statesmen of Canada, Sir John Miiedonald is probably 
 the hcst known. By birth he belongs to the Dominion, for he 
 entered upon the scenes of life at 
 Kingston, Out., in January, 1815. In 
 his youth be enjoyed the advantages of 
 the Royal grammar-school in his native 
 city. Having adopted the law for his 
 profession, he devoted himself to its 
 study, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1836. In 1844 he was chosen a mem- 
 ber of the Dominion Parliament, and 
 two years later became a Queen's 
 counsel. In 1847 he was appointed a 
 member of the executive council of 
 Canada, and in May, 1862, was elected 
 prime minister. When, in 1867, the Canadian provinces were united 
 under one dominion, he was instrumental in forming the union gov- 
 ernment, and in 1878 his position as prime minister was confirmed. 
 At the present writing (1883) he continues to perform its duties. 
 Among the special services in which Mr. Macdonald has participated 
 was the preparation and signing of the "Treaty of Washington," 
 concluded May 8, 1871, between Great Britain and the United States, 
 for the settlement of the *' Alabama Claims," urged by the latter. 
 
 MX-- —^ 
 
 Sir John A. Macdonald. 
 
 ALEX. H. STEPHENS, 
 
 rjone-Tlme XJiilteil States Seiiatoi- from Georgrla. 
 
 ^EORGIA, in the death of Alexander H. Stephens, lost one of her 
 oldest and most conspicuous statesmen. His birth occurred 
 in Wilkes county, in that State, Febru- 
 ary 11,1812, and his earlier education 
 was advanced at the university of 
 Georgia, at Athens, Ga. After he 
 graduated, in 1832, he taught school 
 for eighteen months, and in 1834 was 
 admitted to the practice of the law. 
 Opening bis office at Crawfordsville, in 
 his native State, he soon obtained a 
 large and profitable patronage. From 
 1836 to 1841, inclusive, he was a mem- 
 ber of the Georgia legislature, and in 
 1842 represented his district in the 
 State senate. In 1860 he was a candidate for presidential elector on 
 the Douglas and Johnson ticket; in 1861 was a member of the seces- 
 sion convention of Georgia, and the same year was elected a member 
 of the Confederate State congress at Montgomery, Ala. At the cele- 
 brated Hampton Roads conference, in 1865, he represented bis State, 
 and in May, the same year, he was arrested and confined as a prisoner 
 in Fort Warren, Boston harbor, where he remained- about five months. 
 
 and was then released on parole. In 1866 he was elected United 
 States senator from Georgia, but was refused a seat in that body, 
 owing to the imperfect condition of national reconstruction. Six 
 years later he was elected a member of the twenty-eighth Congress, 
 and from that period until his death, by successive, re-elections, 
 without cessation he retained that office, carefully guarding the 
 interests of the South and constantly displaying those qualities of 
 head and heart that endeared him to his constituents. For many 
 years he was a great sufFcrer from a cancerous sore, but was as faith- 
 ful to his public duties, through all, as the nature of his disease 
 permitted. He died in March, 1883. 
 
 WILLIAM WINDOM, 
 
 Secretary of the Trcaxuiy I'lider l*reMltlent Garfield. 
 
 j^'INNESOTA counts among her most prominent public men 
 Hon. William Windom, wlio was born in Belmont county, 
 Ohio, May 10, 1827. Circumstances 
 permitting, he was liberally educated, 
 studied law, and began professional 
 life as an attorney, practicing in 
 Ohio, and also in Minnesota, to the 
 latter of which States he removed in 
 1855. There he rapidly became pop- 
 ular, and was elected, successively, a 
 member of the thirty-sixth, thirty-sev- 
 enth, thirty-eighth, thirty-ninth and 
 fortieth Congresses. In July, 1870, 
 he was appointed, by the governor, a 
 United States senator, to fill the unex- 
 pired term of Senator Norton, deceased, and was subsequently elected 
 and re-elected to the same office. His last term would have expired 
 March 3, 1883, but on March 5, 1881, President Garfield called him 
 from the senate to a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. 
 After the death of President Garfield, in September, 1881, Mr. Win- 
 dom resigned his office, and was succeeded by Mr. Folger. 
 
 William "Windom. 
 
 OLIVER P. MORTON. 
 
 Distiug:iil*thed Statesman of Indiana. 
 
 ^LTHOrGH Oliver P. Morton wus ever the indu-tric 
 
 in Ilie 
 
 us and con- 
 eoumils of 
 
 (^ 
 
 -S© 
 
 :^^ sistent representative of his native Stat 
 the nation, yet^ as one of the people, 
 he ably represented the interests of 
 the whole country. Born at Sauls- 
 bury, Wayne county, Ind. , August 14, 
 1823, he early suffered the loss of his 
 mother, and when old enough was 
 employed in a hat-factory, where he 
 remained four years. He then entered 
 Miami university, at Oxford, Ohio, at 
 which, for two years, he was engaged 
 in study. Leaving school, he prepared 
 himself for the practice of law, and in 
 1845 opened his office at Centerville, 
 Ind. He soon proved himself to be quite proficient in his i)rofession, 
 and in 1852 he was elected judge of the fifth (Ind.) judicial circuit, 
 to fill a vacancy. His term closing at the end of one year he resumed 
 his law practice. In I860 he was chosen lieutenant-governor of the 
 State, and, in the following year, succeeded to the governorship, his 
 predecessor, Mr. Lane, having been elected L^nited States senator. 
 During the war of the Rebellion bis activity, energy and influence 
 were exercised in the interest of the Union b}' raising, equipping and 
 forwarding the 208,367 troops (all but 17,000 of them being volun- 
 teers), who answered the calls of the president during that struggle 
 
 OS- 
 
 Oliver P. Morton.
 
 :c>~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 T 
 
 440 
 
 GEORGE B. MCCLELLAN. HE^'RY WILSON, 
 
 and in raising funds to carry on the Union cause. In 1864 he was 
 re-elected governor by a large majority, in appreciation of his emi- 
 nent services in behalf of the country. About the time when the 
 war ended he was stricken down with paralysis, from which he never 
 fully recovered. A visit to Europe, in search of health, brought but 
 little relief. After his return he was chosen United States senator 
 from March 4, 1867, until March 3, 1873, and when his term expired 
 he was re-elected. In the senate he became the recognized leader of 
 the Republican party, served on several committees, was chairman of 
 the committee on privileges and elections, and advocated the election 
 of the president by the direct votes of the people. In 1877 he visited 
 Oregon, officially to investigate some alleged election frauds, and 
 while on the way homeward he was again stricken down with another 
 attack of paralysis, from which he never recovered. He died 
 November 1, 1877. 
 
 -51 
 
 Geo. B. McClellau. 
 
 -iS 
 
 GEORGE B. McCLELLAN, 
 
 Soldier, Engineer and Governor or Xe'fv Jersey. 
 
 LIFE OF varied experiences and great opi)ortunities is that of 
 George Brinton McClellan, who was born at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 December 3, 1826. After preparatory 
 studies in the university of Pennsyl- 
 vania, he was, in 1842, admitted as a 
 cadet in the United States military 
 academy at West Point. Graduating 
 in 184G, with the grade of second lieu- 
 tenant, he participated in the war with 
 Mexico, and fought gallantly in the 
 battles of Contreras, ijheriibusco, 
 Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. His 
 services in the hitter contest resulted 
 in his i>romotion to a brevet-captaincy 
 in a company of sappers and miners, 
 and in 1847 he returned to West Point, where he remained until 1851. 
 While there he introduced the use of the bayonet into the army exer- 
 cises and translated a foreign military manual, which was adopted by 
 the government authorities. As an engineer, from 1851 to 1854, he 
 served in exploration, surveys and the construction of military and 
 public works, in various portions of the Union. In 1855-6 he was 
 one of the commissioners sent by the United States to visit the seat 
 of war in the Crimea, Russia, for military observation, the results of 
 which were published in a scientific and critical report from his pen. 
 In 1857 he resigned his office in the army and became chief-engineer 
 of the Illinois Central railroad; in 1858 he was elected vice-president 
 of that railroad corporation, and in 1860 he was chosen president of 
 the St. Louis & Cincinnati railroad. When the war of the Rebellion 
 began, in 1861, he was appointed a major-general of Ohio volunteers, 
 taking command of the Union troops in western Virginia, June 21. 
 On July 11 he defeated a Confederate force under McDowell, at Rich 
 Mountain, Va. , and on July 21 the president placed him in command 
 of the Potomac. In November, 1861, General Winfield Scott, the 
 commander-in-chief of the national army, retired from active service 
 owing to his great age, and General McClellan was appointed his 
 successor, but soon afterward resigned, and again, in March, 1863, 
 assumed cmnmand of the Army of the Potomac, which he had been 
 for several months engaged in organizing and augmenting. Leaving 
 Washington with his troops, he began a forward movement upon 
 Richmond, Vu. , the capital of the Confederate States, which was then 
 held by a strong military force. His plans having become known to 
 the enemy, and other hindrances preventing, McClellan changed the 
 intent of his campaign, fought his way to the Chickahominy river, 
 taking possession of Yorktown, Va., and marching northward until 
 he reached the vicinity of Ri<"hmond. At tliis point he encountered, 
 in June. 1862, the Cunft-dcrate army under General Lee. and for 
 
 seven days the combat raged desperately. McClellan, finding himself 
 hard-pressed after the battle of Malvern Hill, withdrew from the 
 field to the cover of his gun-bouts. General llalleck, the commander- 
 in-chief, soon afterward ordered the Army of the Potomac to evac- 
 uate the Peninsula and return to Fortress Monroe and Yorktown, a 
 measure against which its commander entered his protest. He soon 
 afterward succeeded General Pope in the command of the troops in 
 and around Washington, but on November 7, having been superseded 
 by General Burnside, he retired to Trenton, N. J., to await further 
 orders, and henceforth took no active part in the prosecution of the 
 war. In August, 1864, he was nominated as the Democratic candi- 
 date for the presidency, but suffered defeat in the subsequent 
 election. In November, 1864, General McClellan resigned his com- 
 mission in the army, removed to New Y'ork City, and with his family 
 visited Europe. Upon his return, in 1868, he went to reside near 
 Orange, N. J., and devoted his time and energies to the science of 
 practical engineering, taking charge of the construction of the 
 Stephens" floating battery, at Hoboken, N. J. . superintending the 
 building of the Poughkeepsie railroad-bridge over the Hudson river, 
 and serving as superintendent of docks and piers in the city of New 
 Y^ork. This office he retained until 1873, when he resigned. In 
 November, 1877, he was elected governor of New Jersey. He died 
 October 29, 1885. 
 
 mSi' 
 
 -J-i'tvc 
 
 Henry "Wilson. 
 
 HENRY WILSON. 
 
 Vice-President With President Or:int. 
 
 •l^PlGH IN THE list of self-made men of America stands the name 
 JS^k of Henry Wilson, whose birth occurred at Farmington, N. H., 
 February 16, 1812. His family name 
 was Jeremiah J. Colbath, but when he 
 arrived at the age of seventeen it was 
 changed, at his own request, by the 
 State legislature, to that by which he 
 was ever after known and honored. 
 When he was ten years old he was 
 apprenticed to a farmer, for whom 
 he worked until he was twenty-one, 
 receiving, in the meantime, about 
 one. year's schooling. He enjoyed, 
 however, during his apprenticeship, 
 the privilege of reading hundreds of 
 books, from which he derived his principal instruction. After 
 his apprenticeship he went on foot to Natick, Mass., with his 
 worldly goods in a pack on bis back, and there, for two years, he 
 applied himself to the art and mystery of shoe-making. He then 
 purposed to invest his savings in obtaining additional education, and, 
 returning to New Hampshire, entered the academies of StaflTord, 
 Wolfhoro and Concord. Before his studies were completed, the 
 failure of the person to whom he had entrusted the care of his 
 money obliged him to leave school, in 1838, and resume shoe-making 
 at Natick. About this rime bis political opinions and native talent 
 attracted public attenti(m, and he was encouraged to take part in the 
 anti-slavery meetings then held so frequently in Massachusetts. In 
 1840 he actively particii>ated in the campaign which resulted in the 
 election of President Harrison. Before 1846 he had been three times 
 elected a member of the lower house of the State legislature from 
 Natick, and twice a State senator from Middlesex county, and in both 
 houses he was noted for his zealous opposition to slavery. In 1845, 
 with the poet Whittier, he was chosen to i)rescnt to Congress the 
 monster petition of the citizens of Massachusetts against the annex- 
 ation of Texas, on anti-slavery grounds. In 1848, leaving the Whigs, 
 he assisted in founding the Free-Soil party, and i>urchased the Boston 
 Daihj licpublicatK which he edited for two years, devoting his time 
 and talents to tt „ promotion of his anti-slavery principles. Four 
 veiirs he uas chairnuin of the Free-Soil Stnle committee. In 1850 
 
 ^ 
 
 -vO;
 
 ■•(>— 
 
 T 
 
 KARI, "f.- Ill l-l-|:HI.\. DAVID DAVIS. liKN.IAMI.N II. IIII.L. 
 
 441 
 
 i. 
 
 and 1851 he wns ngain a member of tliu Stute (ienato, and during both 
 terms presided ovlm* its deliberations. In 1&52 he wds cho!*cn presi- 
 dent of the Free-Soil National convention, at Pittsburgh, Pa. ^ chair- 
 man of the national committee, and a caiididiite for Conjjress, but wae 
 defeated at the election by a very small majority. In 1853 he served 
 ns a member of the State constitutional conventiou, and was defeated 
 in his contest for the governorship. In 1K55, as the successor of 
 Edward Everett, he was elected United States senator, and in hie 
 seat advocated the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia 
 and the repeal of the fugitive- slave law. When the Republican 
 party was created he was influential in establishing it upon an anti- 
 slavery f<mndation. At the time when liis colleague, Charles Sumner, 
 was stricken down by Preston S. Brooks, in the United States senate^ 
 for his freedom of speech against slavery (May, 1856), Mr. Wilson 
 strongly denounced the act and was challenged to mortal combat by 
 Mr. Brooks. The chiillcnge was not accepted, duelling being, in Mr. 
 Wilson's opinion, a barbarism and a crime against the country. In 
 the senate, during his three successive terms, he was active and con- 
 f^istent to his principles in all the great national questions of the 
 liuiL's, acting throughout the war of the Rebellion as chairman of the 
 tMunmittee on military affairs, and after the close of the war he was 
 actively employed in the work of national reconstruction, the recon- 
 ciliation of the South, and the establishment of the political and civil 
 rights of the colored people. In 1872 he was elected vice-president 
 of the United States on the Grant ticket. An apoplectic stroke, 
 with partial paralysis, in 1873, seriously injured his health, and 
 Ix'fore he fully recovered, another stroke, November 10, 1875, in the 
 capitol, hastened his death, which occurred on the 22d of the same 
 month. Mr. Wilson's character was remarkable for its purity of 
 purpose and honesty of action. 
 
 EARL OF DUFFERIN, 
 
 Formerly Oover»or-Oeiiei-:il of Cansida. 
 
 JlSTINGUISHED as a statesman and authur, the Earl of 
 "J^l^i Dufferin, whose family name is Frederick Temple Hamilton 
 P^,_^ -— wi Blackwood, was born June 21, 1826, 
 
 tT~^ __^^^^ '""K ^'^ father being Baron Dufferin, of 
 
 England, and his mother a grandchild 
 of the eminent British dramatist 
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan. His early 
 school-days were passed at Eton, and 
 his later ones at Christchurch college, 
 Oxford, England. In 1841 he suc- 
 ceeded to his father's title, and in 1850 
 became a baron of the United King- 
 dom. In 1859 be made an interesting 
 yacht-voyage to Iceland, his observa- 
 tions being embodied, upon his return, 
 Letters from High Latitudes," which was 
 ■3. In I860 the ruling min- 
 
 1i 
 
 Earl of Dufferin. 
 
 in a volume entitled 
 republished in Montreal, Canada, in li 
 istry sent him to Syria as a commissioner to investigate the murder 
 of Christians in that country. In 1862 he married Harriet G. Ham- 
 ilton, the author of a satirical novel, illustrated by herself. Since 
 then he has been prominent in the British government as secretary 
 of state for India, two years; secret:'ry for war, two years, and 
 chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster one year. In 1871 he was made 
 Viscount Clandeboye and Earl of Dufferin, and became, by appoint- 
 ment, governor-genera! of Canada in 1872. His administration of 
 Canadian affairs appears to have been in every way satisfactory to 
 the people of the Dominion. October 14, 1878, he was succeeded as 
 governor-general by Queen Victoria's son-in-law, the Marquis of 
 Lome, and in 1881 he was appointed ambassador to Turkey, and 
 later became Viceroy of India. 
 
 1 
 
 DAVID DAVIS, 
 •liidire of their. 8. Nii|»rt-m«> <'oiirt and Henator. 
 
 ^•LLIN'OIS is justly proud of tliit- eminent juriHt and 8tutcHman« 
 who was born in Cecil county, Md., March 9, 1815. Edncalcd at 
 Kenyon college, in Ohio, where he 
 graduated in 1832, he studied law in 
 Mas.«achusetts and Connecticut, was ad- 
 mitted to the bar and began to practice 
 as an attorney at Bloomington, III., in 
 1836. In 1844 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Illinois legislature, and in 
 1847 was a member of the State con«ti ■ 
 tutional convention. In 1848 he was 
 elected a circnit judge, filling that 
 office, under several re-elections, until 
 his resignation in 1852. He. was a 
 delegate to the Chicago convention 
 that nominated Lincoln for the presidency in 1860. In 1862 he was 
 appointed by President Lincoln one of the judges of the United 
 States supreme court, holding that position until March 5, 1877, when 
 he resigned to take his scat as a United States senator from Illinois, 
 as Ihe"^ successor of Senator John A. Logan. Upon the death of 
 President Garfield, in 1881, Vice-President Arthur became the head 
 of the government, and Judge Davis was chosen president of tlie 
 United States senate to fill the vacancy caused by the accession of 
 Mr. Arthur. This honored post he held until the expiialion of his 
 senatorial term, March 3, 1883, when he was succeeded by Mr. 
 Edmunds. Soon after he was married to a lady living in North 
 Carolina, and retired to private life. In politics Judge Davis is cool 
 and conservative, seldom expressing enthusiasm in party preferences, 
 but eflBcient in performing the duties of office. 
 
 David Davis. 
 
 BENJAMIN H. HILL, 
 
 £x-lJnitei] Sluti^n Senator from Georgia. 
 
 Georgia, Benjamin H. Hill 
 birth occurred in Jasjier 
 
 Benj 
 
 |7vgM0NG THE active politicians of 
 ;,^5^ held a prominent place. His 
 county, in that State, September 14, 
 1823. Receiving a liberal education 
 at the university of Georgia, at Athens, 
 from which he graduated in 1844, he 
 adopted the law for his profession, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1845, and 
 opened an office at LaGrange, in his 
 native State. Entering the arena of 
 politics, he secured his election, in 
 1851, as member of the State legisla- 
 ture, but in 1855, in a canvass for 
 member of Congress, he was defeated. 
 In 1857, when a candidate for governor, 
 he also suffered a defeat. In 1860 he was placed on the presidential 
 ticket of Bell and Everett as an elector. At the Georgia State con- 
 vention, in the spring of 1861, he opposed a separation from the 
 Union until the secession ordinance was passed, when he supported 
 the Confederacy, and was elected a senator in the Confederate States 
 Congress. In 1865 he was arrested as a political offender by the 
 Union government, and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, but was soon 
 released. After the reconstruction of the Union he represented his 
 district in the forty-fourth and forty-fifth Congresses, but resigned 
 his seat in the latter, he having been chosen a United States senator. 
 His term would have expired March 3, 1883, but death intervened 
 August 16, 1882. In his offices, as was the case also with his col- 
 league, Mr. Alexander H. Stephens, he was the consistent servant of 
 the State. 
 
 'A(> " 
 
 i:
 
 442 
 
 WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE. EICHAED COBDEN. 
 
 Gladstone. 
 
 WILLIAIH E. GLADSTONE, 
 
 Eloquent Orator aud Premier of Great Britain. 
 
 E"TATESMAySHIP of a high order and eloquence of oratory 
 
 distinguish this prime minister of Great Britain, who was 
 
 born at Liverpool, Eng. , December 29» 
 
 T-^ 1809. His father, a wealthy merchant, 
 jgg"""*'*S. ' provided liberally for the education of 
 
 his son, which began at the celebrated 
 Eton school and was completed at 
 Oxford, where he graduated from 
 Christchurch college, in 1831, with 
 all honor. His first appearance in 
 parliament occurred in December, 
 1832, as member from the borough of 
 Newark. In 1834, while still in par- 
 liament, and under Sir Robert Peel's 
 administration of public affairs, he 
 was appointed one of the junior lords of the treasury, and, the fol- 
 lowing year, under- secretary for colonial affairs. This latter appoint- 
 ment, however, was but briefly filled, owing to a change in the 
 national ministry. He remained in parliament all this time, continu- 
 ing to retain his seat until 1846. Sir Robert Peel returning to the 
 head of the executive department in 1841, Mr. Gladstone was made 
 a member of the privy council, master of the mint and vice-president 
 of the board of trade, and under his influence the revision of the 
 British tariff, iu 1842, was effected. At this time he was writing 
 continuously for the Quarterly Review. In 1843 he was appointed 
 president of the board of trade; but his high-church principles as 
 published in his work on Church and State, in 1838, meeting with 
 opposition in parliament, he soon afterward resigned all his offices. 
 In 1845, when Sir Robert Peel reconstructed his cabinet, he was 
 appointed secretary for the colonies. In 1846, for political reasons, 
 he resigned his seat in parliament as the representative of Newarlc, 
 but in 1847 was returned to the house as the representative of the 
 university of Oxford. In 1852 he declined to enter the cabinet of 
 Lord Derby, who was then prime minister; but the same year, under 
 the administration of the earl of Aberdeen, he accepted the chancel- 
 lorship of the exchequer, holding that o^ce until the accession of 
 Lord Palmerston, in 1855, when he re.signed it. Lord Derby coming 
 again into power, in 1858, Mr. Gladstone declined the chancellorship 
 of the exchequer, but consented to become lord high commissioner 
 extraordinary to the Ionian Isles. In Lord Palmerston' s second 
 administration he resumed the office of chancellor of the exchequer. 
 In this position he achieved a wide and enviable reputation as a 
 superior national financier. In 1805 he was re-elected to parliament, 
 this time from South Lancashire, Oxford having chosen a representa- 
 tive of less liberal principles. When Lord Palmerston died, Mr. 
 Gladstone was chosen leader of the house of commons and served as 
 chancellor of the esche(juer during the ministry of Earl Russell, 
 until 1866. In 1868 Mr. Gladstone became prime minister and held 
 iliat office until 1874, when he resigned and the Earl of Beaconstield 
 sui'ceeded him; and on the retirem(^nt of the latter, in 1880, and 
 in lHHr> h(- again assumed the reins of government. Annmg the 
 prominent events of his long public career were the assistance given 
 to the success of Sir Robert Peel's free-trade measure in 1846, the 
 rcptfal of the duty on pai)cr, the disestablishmtint of the Irish ciiurch, 
 '* the ablest expo.«ition8 of the true principles of finance ever deliv- 
 ered by an English stiitesman," the abolition of confiscation in Eng- 
 lish criminal law, and the treaty of Washington with the United 
 States. He was also author of several distinguished literary and 
 political works, including *'Eccc Homo," "Studies on Homer and 
 the Homeric Age." and "The State in its Relations to the Church." 
 His influence and popularity are great, and as an orator and debater 
 he hii-J few siip<Tir»rs. 
 
 Richard Cobden. 
 
 RICHARD COBDEN, 
 
 Promoter or the KnellHh •* Antl-t'orn-Law l.eaKue." 
 
 ^^^NGLISH statesmanship was ably represented in the long and 
 ^jy useful life of Richard Cobden, who was born near Midburst, 
 Sussex county, England, June 3, 1804. 
 His father was a farmer in moderate 
 circumstances, who died while his son 
 was still a youth, and after this event 
 the boy grew up under the guardian- 
 ship of his uncle, a business man in 
 London. As a commercial traveler 
 he journeyed extensively in his native 
 country, visited eastern Europe in 
 1834, and America in 1835. Entering 
 into business on his own account he 
 became part proprietor of a cotton- 
 print factory in the neighborhood of 
 Manchester, and prospered. He was also one of the founders of the 
 Manchester athenteum, at the opening of which he made the principal 
 oration. Turning his attention to literature and political economy, 
 he published his views of England, Ireland, America and Russia in 
 pamphlets. After being defeated in his canvass for a seat in par- 
 liament, in 1837 and 1838, he visited several of the most important 
 States of Europe. On his return he became a powerful advocate 
 for free-trade, and in 1839, parliament having refused to repeal the 
 bread-tax, he, with others, established the famous ''Anti-Corn-Law 
 League." Two years later he was elected a member of parliament 
 for Stockport, and at once assumed prominence among the debaters 
 of the house, with distinguished intelligence and eloquence. Nor 
 did he confine his views of trade and commerce to the floors of parlia- 
 ment, but lectured and advocated them in many of the principal 
 counties of England. In the meantime the Anti-Corn-Law league 
 became strong, wide-spread, rich and popular, and so great was its 
 influence upon the authorities that, in 1846, the tax nn imported 
 breadstuffs was removed. The people, in their gratitude to Mr. 
 Cobden for his efforts in securing this national benefit, raised by sub- 
 scription about $400,000, which they gave to him. With this sum he 
 retired from business, purchased the Midhurst property on which he 
 was born, and traveled, during 1846-7, in Europe. Upon his return 
 he resumed his seat in parliament as a member from the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, by the people of which he was re-elected in 1852. As 
 a member of the peace society he participated in the congresses held 
 at the capitals of Great Britain and France and iu Germany. In 
 the house he advocated arbitration, instead of war, in the settlement 
 of national controversies, opposed the war with Russia, and voted, in 
 1857, to censure the ministry for making war on China; and this last 
 action resulted in the loss of his seat in parliament. Nearly two years 
 were then passed by him in traveling in Europe and the United States, 
 and on his return he again took his seat in parliament as the repre- 
 sentative of Rochdale. In 1860 he assisted in forming a commercial 
 treaty between England and France, an event that added to his fame, 
 although the latter country afterward abrogated it. Several govern- 
 ment offices iind a baronetcy were offered to him, but were declined. 
 In i>arliament he advocated a repeal of the duties on paper as a tax on 
 knowledge, aud the lessening of expenses in national departments. 
 When the war of the Rebellion raged in the United States, Mr. Cobden 
 was the friend of the Union government and opposed British recogni- 
 tion of the Southern Confederacy. He died in London, April 2, 1865. 
 In parliament he obtained a most salutary influence by his perfect 
 comprehension of the principles aud action which he advocated, his 
 thorough knowledge of the subjects discussed, his correctness of 
 argument, his perfect sincerity and sterling good sense. Besides his 
 corn-law measures he also favored reforms in elections. His writ- 
 ings have bi-en collected and piihli'^bi'd pincc his dcatli. 
 
 f
 
 H^ 
 
 JOHN VAN BUREN. CLEMENT A. VALLANDKillAM. WILLIAM A. W IIKELLK. 
 
 4i: 
 
 JOHN VAN BUREN, 
 
 Prominent r.awy4-r himI I'oiiiiolun of .N>\v 
 
 r-UE SUBJECT of this 
 wuf* born at Hudson, 
 
 York. 
 
 kftcb, the sou of Prt'suli-nt Van IJuren, 
 'i. Y., February 18, 1810, at a time when 
 
 his father was surrogate of Columbia 
 county. His education was advanced 
 in the classic shades of Yale college, 
 where he graduated in 18ii8, and fol- 
 lowed by a course of law-studies. In 
 18.30 he was admitted to the bar. His 
 father having been appointed miniHter 
 to Great Britain, by Presid(-nt Jackson, 
 in 1831, Mr. Van Buren was attached 
 to the legation, and during his stay in 
 London enjoyed the advantages of 
 association w-ilh some of the best 
 society in England. Returning to the 
 United States, he was, in 1845, by legislative election, made attor- 
 ney-general of the State of New York. At the expiration of his term 
 of office, in January, 1847, he entered with distinction upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession in New York City. His father having been 
 nominated, in 1848, for the presidency on the Free-Soil ticket, Mr. 
 Van Buren entered into the canvass with distinguished popularity as 
 the advocate of the exclusion of negro slavery from the new States 
 and Territories; but, with a strange inconsistency, he afterward 
 again espoused the doctrines of the "-regular" Democracy. In 18GG 
 he visited Europe, and, while on his homeward voyage the same year, 
 died at sea, October 13. 
 
 John Van Buren. 
 
 CLEMENT A. VALLANDIGHAIVI, 
 
 A Lieudiiitf Ueniuei'iitic Politiciuu in Ohio. 
 
 ^TS'l^ESCENDED from a Huguenot family, Clement L. Vallandigbam 
 
 was:^ 
 
 C. Zi. VaUandighani. 
 
 was born at Nuw Lisbon, Columbia county, Obio, in 1832, and, 
 being favored by circumstances, he 
 't$^"~^ ^— ^ ^ ^""^^ ^^^® enabled to acquire a good educa- 
 ' -^^^^^ ^' tion, spending one year in study at 
 
 Jefferson (Ohio) college. For two 
 years after leaving college he was 
 principal of an academy at Snow Hill, 
 Md. Returning to Ohio in 1840, be 
 studied law, and in 1842 was admitted 
 to the bar of that State. Entering the 
 political arena as a Democrat, he was 
 elected to represent his district in the 
 State legislature in 184.'j and also in 
 !84B, and edited the Dayton (Ohio) 
 Enquirer from 1847 to 1849. Upon retiring from his journalistic 
 labors he pursued the practice of law and advocated his political 
 views; was delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1856, 
 which nominated James Buchanan for president, and was success- 
 ively elected (in 1856, 1858 and 1860) to the tbirty-flftb, thirty-sixth 
 and thirty-seventh Congresses, serving for a considerable period on 
 the committee on Territories. In May, 1863, Mr. Vallandigham was 
 arrested, by military authority, for alleged sedititius speeches and 
 treasonable designs, in direct opposition to a proclamation issued by 
 General Burnside, the commandant of the district. After his trial 
 by a court-martial he was sentenced to be imprisoned until the end 
 of the war, but this sentence was modified to mere banishment within 
 the confederate lines, unless he should be again found in northern 
 territory. But Mr. Vallandigham, going south, fled to Bermuda, and 
 from there sailed to Canada, where he remained for several months. 
 During bis exile his Ohio friends nominated him for governor of the 
 State, but he was defeated in the election. While engaged in trying 
 a man-shooting case in court, Mr. Vallandigham endeavored to illus- 
 
 trate, by handling the pistol from wliich the fatal shot bail been flre.l, 
 how the person was killed, when the weapon was accidentally di-- 
 charged, the bullet entering his own body and inflicting u wound from 
 the effects of which he died at Lebanon, Ohio, June 17, 1871. 
 
 WILLIAM A. WHEELER, 
 
 Vlce-Prt-nlileiit with Prealdvnt Bayen. 
 
 r;HK TIIIKTIKTII vice-president of the United States, William 
 A. Wheeler, was born at Mnlone, Franklin county, N. Y., in 
 1820. Studied law, was admitted to 
 the bar, and practiced his profession 
 in his native village. In 1850 and 1851 
 he was elected a member of the State 
 assembly, and, in 1857 and 1858. a 
 member of the State senate. In 1800 
 he was chosen to represent his distrii^t 
 in the thirty-seventh Congress. For 
 many years he followed the banking 
 business at Malonc, and was for some 
 time president of the Ogdcnsburg & 
 Rouse's Point Railroad company. On 
 June 14, 1876, the Republican national 
 convention was held at (Jincinnati, alul Mr. Wheeler was nominated 
 for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Rutherford 
 B. Hayes. The election, November 7, 1876, was memorable for its 
 uncertain results and the consequent excitement in political circles. 
 Congress was called upon for measures to adjust the difliculty, both 
 parties claiming the election. In pursuance of this appeal, an 
 electoral commission was created, consisting of five United States 
 senators, five members of the House of Representatives, and five 
 justices of the United States supreme court. This august body, after 
 several days' deliberation, by a vote of eight to seven, declared 
 Hayes and Wheeler elected. The vote of the electoral college 
 stood 185 for Hayes and 184 for Tilden. The decision of the com- 
 mission allayed the excitement, and the new administration, although 
 not remarkable for any great political event, gave very general satis- 
 faction. Mr. Wheeler still resides at Malone, N. Y. 
 
 ■Wm. A. ^Vheeler. 
 
 THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. 
 
 l.a\ryer ant] Politician In Indiana. 
 
 ^Ty^LTHOUGn Thomas A. Hendricks was born in Muskingum 
 ■Iff^ county, Ohio — an event that occurred September 7, 1819— the 
 family, in 1832, immigrated to Indiana, 
 in which State Mr, Hendricks after- 
 ward became one of the moving spirits 
 of the Democratic party. He received 
 his education at South Hanover college, 
 in that State, from which he graduated 
 in 1841. Two years later he was 
 admitted to the bar, at Chambersburg, 
 Pa., and settled in Indiana. In 1848 
 he was elected a member of the State 
 legislature, and, in 1850, a delegate to 
 the State constitutional convention. 
 Froml8.51 to 1855 he served two terms 
 as member of Congress, and from 1855 to 1859 was commissioner of 
 the State land-office. As a Democrat he was chosen United States 
 senator for the term ending March 3, 1869. In 1S68 he was prom- 
 inent as an aspirant for the presidency of the United States, as a 
 Democrat, but failed to receive the nomination. Twice — in 1860 and 
 1868 — he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of the Slate; 
 but in 1872 he was elected to that office, which he held until 1877 
 In 1884, he was nominated for Vice-President of the United States 
 the Cleveland ticket, and elected : but died suddenly Nov. 25, 1885. 
 
 Thomas A. Hendricks. 
 
 9^ 
 
 ;t!ite ; 
 
 1877. I 
 
 :es on I 
 
 1885. 1
 
 444 
 
 PROMINENT STATESMEN, NORTH AND SOUTH. 
 
 JOHN C. CALHOUN, 
 
 The Oreat Southern Advocate of !^tate Rights. 
 
 ^■HIS NOTED orator, the cotemporary of Clay and Webster, was 
 born of Irish parents at Long Cane, S. C. , March 18. 1782. 
 His father, who was for many years a 
 member of the South Carolina legisla- 
 ture, died in 1796, but the lad con- 
 tinued to live at home until 1S02, when 
 he entered Yale college, graduating in 
 1804. Completing his studies at the 
 Litchfield, Conn., law-school, he was 
 eventually admitted to the practice of 
 law in his native State, where his un- 
 doubted talent as a public speaker 
 soon paved the way for a political 
 career distinguished by successive 
 events, as follows: In 1808 he was 
 elected a member of the South Carolina legislature; in 1811 he was 
 sent to Congress, where he remained six years; in 1817 he was 
 appointed secretary of warby President Monroe; in 1825 was elected 
 vice-president of the United States; from 1831 to 1843 bo was a 
 United States senator from South Carolina; in 1843 he was appointed 
 secretary of state, and in 1845 he was re-elected United States 
 senator, retaining his seat in that body until his death, March 31, 
 1850. He was distinguished for his oratory, his strong Democratic 
 proclivities, and his advocacy of State rights, which, on one 
 occasion, brought him into collision with the national government 
 This was the celebrated "nullification" scheme of 1832, to annul 
 existing laws in the South, but the movement was promptly subdued 
 by President Jackson. 
 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 
 CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, 
 
 Minister to £nsland under President Lincoln. 
 
 ^HAKLES FR.\NC1S ADAMS, the only child of John Quincy 
 Adams, was born at Boston, August 18. 1807, but spent most 
 of his earlier years at London and St. 
 Petersburg, where his father was re- 
 spectively United States minister. He 
 was educated at Harvard college, from 
 which he graduated in 1825. He then 
 studied law, and in 1828 was admitted 
 to practice. For five years he was a 
 member of the Massachusetts legisla- 
 ture, serving in both houses. At the 
 formation of the "Free-Soil " party, in 
 1848, be presided over the convention 
 at Buffalo, and was nominated for vice- 
 president of the United States on the *' Free-Soil " ticket. In 1858 
 he was elected a member of the Thirty-sixtli congress, serving on 
 important committees, and was re-elected member of the Thirty- 
 seven tii congress. President Lincoln appointed him minister to 
 England in 1801, and he filled that position with great credit until 
 18U8. In 1870 he returned to England in behalf of the United States 
 as an arbitrator in settlement of the disputes between this country 
 and England, growing out of the American civil war. Mr. Adams 
 bus also been the editor of the Boston IVfiif/, a contributor to the 
 North Am^ncan Review, editor of the '^Adams' Letters." and bio- 
 grapher of President John Adams, and, in I8fi4, Harvard university 
 conferred upon him the degree of doctor of hiws. 
 
 Chajrlea F. Adams. 
 
 DeWITT CLINTON, 
 
 Governor of New T'orb. and Sullder of the Erie Cniial. 
 
 5ITTLE BRITAIN, Orange county, N. Y. , was the birthplace of 
 
 His education W!is acquired, 
 a-^ ^« 
 
 De'Witt Clinton. 
 
 jj^ DeW'itt Clinton, March 2, 1769. 
 first, at a local academy and gram- 
 mar- school, and advanced at Co- 
 lumbia college. New York, where he 
 graduated in 1786. He then studied 
 law in New York City, and was admit- 
 ted to practice in 1788. Not long after- 
 ward he engaged in political contro- 
 versies by writing for the newspapers ; 
 was appointed private secretary to 
 Governor George Clinton, his kinsman ; 
 was considered one of the leading 
 champions of the Republicans, and 
 received two other appointments, all 
 
 of which he resigned on the accession of John Jay to the governorship. 
 In expectation of a war with France, he raised, equipped and 
 trained an artillery company, and also diligently studied natural 
 philosophy, natural history and other sciences. In 1797 be was 
 elected a member of the State legislature from New York City, and 
 in 1798 was chosen State senator for four years. He became involved 
 in political complications, but was active and efficient in providing 
 measures for the public defense, the public health, the promotion of 
 agriculture, arts and manufactures, the abolition of slavery, etc. In 
 1802 he was appointed United States senator, retaining that office 
 through two annual sessions, and then resigning it to become mayor 
 of New York City, to which he had been appointed, George Clinton 
 being then again governor of the State. In 1807 he was removed from 
 the mayoralty, reappointed in 1809, removed in 1810, and reappointed 
 in 1811, retaining the post until 1815. From 1805 to 1811 he was 
 also a State senator; from 1811 to 1813 he was lieutenant-governor 
 of the State, at one time being a member of the State council of ap- 
 pointment; and in 1812 be strove to be nominated for the Presidency, 
 but James Madison received the nomination, and the result was 
 disastrous to Clinton, his opponents removing bira from the lieuten- 
 ant-governorship of the State in 1813. Once more chosen mayor of 
 the city, he turned his attention to the social and moral improve- 
 ment of his fellow-citizens and the construction of a canal from Lake 
 Erie to the Hudson river, etc. In January, 1815, he was again re- 
 moved from the mayoralty, and in 1816 he was elected governor of 
 the State, but bis administration was politically stormy; still, by re- 
 elections, be continued to be governor for ten years, energetically 
 laboring to perfect the internal improvements which he advocated in 
 the face of partisan opposition. July 4, 1817, be broke ground for 
 the Erie canal, and in October, 1825, he voyaged in a barge over 
 the artificial aqueduct which his indomitable will had hastened to 
 completion, amid the clangor of bells and the firing of cannon over 
 the victory which he bad won. From this time the State prospered 
 anew, other improvements followed, and New York became the 
 "Empire State:" but Clinton did not long survive his triumph, 
 death overtaking him at Albany, February II, 1828. Governor 
 Clinton was twice married, his second wife surviving bim. In per- 
 son be was of commanding stature, with intellectual features, a grace- 
 ful figure and a dignified bearing. In character he was energetic, 
 ambitious, (piick in perception and comprehensivi- in mental power. 
 \\v was also Ibe author nf sevi-ral pamphlets and books relative to the 
 autiquitii'S. natural hi^to^y and resources of New York, besides 
 speeches and addresses. 
 
 , - Jji . ,. •x<^==^>"'«^X? ^ . fflJl . 

 
 WKATIIIOK rUoJ-IIHT AND UAH. WAV K|\i, 
 
 H." 
 
 ■t 
 
 7 
 
 HENRY G. VENNOR, 
 
 The <'aiia(llail McleiilUI uiul WeiillKri- Prophi't. 
 
 ¥J¥hE father of IlL-iiry <i. Veniior wiis of EnyliBh birth mid n 
 iiiU partner in hardware houses in London, Quebec and Montreal. 
 His son was born in the latter city, in 
 1841, and was there educated at 
 Philip's and the high school. In early 
 life he exhibited u fondness for scien- 
 titic pursuits, and while at school 
 made a collection of preserved Cana- 
 dian reptiles that is still prized. To 
 aid him in his favorite researches he 
 added zoology and geology to his other 
 studies, at the McGill college, in 
 Montreal, and after finishing this course 
 he took lessons in land-surveying, 
 Henry G. Vennor. civil-engineering, advanced geology 
 
 and mineralogy. When about nineteen years old he entered a whole- 
 sale hardware store, where he was employed for five years. In 1865 
 be was appointed assistant to Sir William E. Logan, Director of the 
 Canadian Geological commission, and for fifteen years shared in its 
 work, greatly perfecting his attainments iu geology, and traveling 
 extensively over the remoter portions and wildernesses of Canada, 
 on foot and in canoes. In 1866 he discovered gold, a placer in Hast- 
 ings county, Canada, which paid him well. His special labor was 
 the survey of the Lawrentian mountains, a considerable area of which 
 be mapped, and his geological researches and conclusions provoked 
 interesting discussions on both sides of the Atlantic. The result 
 established his reputation as a scientific observer, and in 18T0 he was 
 elected a fellow of the Geological society of England, to which he 
 contributed an interesting paper on his discoveries and theories. 
 Among his later researches he uncovered abundant deposits of 
 phosphates in Ottawa county, Canada. This was in 1872. In 1875 
 he began his explorations in the district lying between the Gatineau, 
 Ottawa and Lievres rivers, in Canada, a region of which but little 
 was then known. Five years were spent in this work, the reports of 
 which, in the government library at Ottawa, are distinguished by the 
 new and important information and originality of opinion which they 
 combine. Mr. Vennor concluded his labors in the government com- 
 mission, but continued to pursue his profession as a consulting 
 geologist and inspector of mines at Montreal. Until his death he 
 published Veniior'8 Monthly Bulletin^ devoted to scientific exposi- 
 tions, which had a large circulation and was patronized by the Signal- 
 Service of the War Department at Washington. In 1877 the first of 
 the "Vennor Almanacs" was issued. It continued to appear 
 annually, and to it Mr. Vennor contributed his prognostics of the 
 \\ eather for the current year. These prophecies were based on long 
 years of observation during his explorations, when it became a 
 necessity for him to know what weatlier awaited him in his work. 
 They embraced his practical acquaintance with meteorological 
 conditions and their natural consequences; but these failed some- 
 times, probably because other unforeseen conditions of the atm()s- 
 phere intervened. In I860 Mr. Vennor began to form a collection of 
 various birds in the regions where his labors called him, and some 
 of these are remarkable for their variety of species and plumage. 
 In 1875 he published an esteemed work, entitled '* Our Birds of 
 Prey," and it is understood that he had another similar work in 
 course of preparation. He died at Montreal, Canada, June 8, 1884. 
 
 Henry Villard. 
 
 HENRY VILLARD. 
 
 Energetic itnd Mine.-xliil Kallrnud Ulterutur. 
 
 W^HE MASTER-Sl'IKIT in the building and operation of the 
 c:ML^ Northern Pacific railroad,whicli was completed in September, 
 188:!, was Henry Villard (the son of a 
 distinguished judge in Bavaria), who 
 was born at Speyer, Germany, in 1835. 
 Young Villard's education was be- 
 stowed with a liberal hand, and re- 
 ceived nt an early age. Leaving the 
 university, he immigrated to the United 
 States when only eighteen years old, 
 and resided for a brief season with 
 some relatives at Belleville, St. Clair 
 county. 111. Intending to become a 
 lawyer, he studied for that profession, 
 but before being admitted to the bar 
 he abandoned his law-books and transformed himself into a news- 
 paper writer, contributing his articles to German- American journals. 
 But his ambition taking a higher range, he applied himself to over- 
 coming the difficulties of the English language, and with such success 
 that in 1858 he was engaged to report the memorable political discus- 
 sion between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for a promi- 
 nent newspaper at the East. When the gold discoveries in Colorado, 
 in 1859, attracted public attention, he " wrote them up" for a Cincin- 
 nati paper; in 1860 was engaged in political correspondence for the 
 New York ireraU; served as an active, interesting and trustworthy 
 war-correspondent for several leading journals during the Southern 
 rebellion, and, when the war ended, followed the profession of a jour- 
 nalist, both in the United States and Europe. From 1868 to 1870 he 
 was secretary of the American Social-Science association. Return- 
 ing to Europe, at a later date, he was, in 1874, appointed by the Ger- 
 man owners of the bonds of certain depressed American railroads 
 their agent to examine and report the condition and progress of the 
 Kansas Pacific and Oregon and California roads. After makin" his 
 report and returning to this country, he was, in 1875, elected presi- 
 dent of the Oregon and California railroad company and also of the 
 Oregon Steamship company, and appointed receiver for the Kansas 
 Pacific railroad corporation. In 1879 he organized the Oregon Rjiil- 
 way and Navigation company, which was the first step taken to unite 
 the great grain and grazing lands of the American northwestern 
 Territories with Eastern transportation lines. In 1881 he formed 
 what was known on Wall street, in New York, as the "blind pool " 
 The sum of about $10,000,000 was placed in his hands by well-known 
 capitalists, without other security than his personal receipts, and 
 without any positive knowledge as to the channels into which their 
 money would flow. With the fund thus accumulated, and with his 
 own capital, he qnietly purchased a controlling interest in the stock 
 of the Northern Pacific railroad, of which, in the antumn of the same 
 year, he was elected president. Under his management the svstem 
 of roads within his control was rapidly urged forward to completion, 
 and on September 8, 1883, the golden spike that united the two ends 
 of the Northern Pacific was driven home by Mr. Villard's own hands. 
 After thus achieving great wealth and reputation by his energy and 
 ability, unfortunate speculations in Wall street embairassed his 
 gigantic enterprises, and he retired from active business. His home is 
 in New Y'ork City, with a suburban residence on the Hudson river. 
 He married the daughter of William Lloyd Garrison, the great anti- 
 slavery champion. In his social intercourse hismanner is frank and 
 cordial, and in person He is tall and robust, with blue eyes. 
 
 k
 
 - — -t)] 
 
 T 
 
 44H 
 
 -^©1— >|^ 
 
 Date of Birth of Prominent Individuals 
 
 DUKING ... _^^^^ 
 
 Every Day of the First Six Months of the Year. 
 
 ^-^©<- 
 
 Births in January. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 I 
 
 OCCLI'ATIOX. 
 
 1 . .£dtniind Burke Engliah Statesman 1730 
 
 2. .John Dempster American Clergyman 1794 
 
 3.. Benedict Arnold American Traitor 1740 
 
 4..l8aiio Pltma,!! Inventor of Phonography 1813 
 
 5..Suniuel V. Allen American Statesman 1772 
 
 6 Chiirlen Sumner American Senator and Scholar. ..1811 
 
 7..MiHi»rd Fillmore 13th I'rt^id.iit of United States.. .1800 
 
 8. .Nicholas Biddle Anuinaii Fiii.im-ier 1786 
 
 y..Chi»fl*.-!« Oayiii-re Ajiin van Hi-i.irian 1805 
 
 10. .Oak.e»t Amen AmLiitan Maimfaetui-er 1804 
 
 11. . Alexiinder Hamilton Am. Statesman and General 1757 
 
 12. .tloseph G-ist American Statesman 1775 
 
 13. .Salmon P. ('hase American Statesman 1808 
 
 14. .Lieut. M. F Maury Am. Naval Officer and Astron'r.. .. 180G 
 
 15. .tJean B:i|>ti«te Moliere French Comic Author 1622 
 
 lt>. -Nichola** Lonaworth American Horticulturist 1782 
 
 17. .Benjamin Franklin Am. Philos'ph'r and Statesman — 1706 
 
 1!^. .I>an"ifl Webster Am. Orator and Statesman 1782 
 
 11). .tIsimeM "\Vatt Scot. Engineer and Inventor 1736 
 
 2'"., Richard Henry Lee Am. Orator and Statesman 1732 
 
 21. -ThoM. .1. «Iaek*ton i Stonewall). Aiiuriraii ricmriil 1824 
 
 22..I..ord FranciN Bacon Entrli-h I'lnl-.snpher 1561 
 
 23. John F. Benlamin Anif ii'Mti Lun^'ressman 1817 
 
 24 ,1. \V. <'olen«o Englisli Cleitryman 1883 
 
 2"' Robert BurnM Eminent Scottish Poet 1759 
 
 -I' . R. B. AVo<td\vard American Capitalist 1824 
 
 -7. Johann Mozart German Composer 1756 
 
 2M..Sir Robert »l. L,. McClure. -British Navigator 1807 
 
 29. .Heni"y Lee American General 1756 
 
 30., Nathan lei P. Banks Am. Statesman and General 1816 
 
 31. .James G. Blaine American Statesman 1830 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in February. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1. . Xhomiis Cole American Landscape Painter 1801 
 
 2, .llann:th More English Authoress 1745 
 
 3. .Horace Greeley American Journalist 1811 
 
 4. . JoHiah Quincy American Orator and Author 1772 
 
 O.Ole Bull Norwegian Violinist 1810 
 
 0. .Queen Anne Queen of England 1664 
 
 7.. Charles Dickens English Novell; t 1812 
 
 8. .William T. Hhermau American General 1820 
 
 9..Abdul-Aziz-K.ahn Sultan of Turkey 1830 
 
 10.. Henry Hart Milman English Divine and Author 1791 
 
 II. .Thoman A. Fdison American Inventor 1847 
 
 12.. Abraham Lincoln 16th President of United States.. .1809 
 
 13. .Charles Xjilleyrand French Statesman 1754 
 
 14..Johitnn F. Naumann German Ornithologist 1780 
 
 15. -Cyrus H. McCormIck American Inventor 1809 
 
 16. .Henry Wilson American Statesman I8l2 
 
 George von Knobelsdorflf. . .German Architect 1697 
 
 .-George Peabody. 
 
 . .Nikolaiis Copernicus 
 
 . .Joseph JettVrson 
 
 . .Cardinal \e»'man 
 
 . .Georsre Washington 
 
 ..Mrs. Kmma Willlard... 
 ..William H. Cran-t'ord. 
 . .Ch;ii*les C. Pinckney 
 
 .Victor M:iri<* lliitfo 
 
 .Il<-iir>' "W. Ijonglellow. . 
 
 . .Michel Montftigne 
 
 ..Thomas £. HiU 
 
 ..Am. Philan. and Capitalist 1795 
 
 . .Prussian Astron. and Author 1473 
 
 ..American Actor 1829 
 
 . .English Theologian ISOI 
 
 . .1st President oC United States 1732 
 
 ..American Educationist 1787 
 
 ..American Senator 1772 
 
 . .American Statesman 1746 
 
 ..French Poet and Novelist 1802 
 
 .American Poet 1807 
 
 French Philos. and Essayist 1533 
 
 . . American Author 1832 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in March. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1.. William B. Howells American Author 1837 
 
 2.. Carl Sclmrx Am. Journalist and Orator 1829 
 
 3.. George M. Pullman .\merican Inventor 1831 
 
 4. .Karl L:ichm;tnn German Philologist 1793 
 
 5. .Heiii'v Ed\v:ird Naplei English Authoi- 1789 
 
 0. .Philip H. Sheridan American General 1831 
 
 7. . AuKcIo Mai Italian Si.-holar 1782 
 
 K. . Alesxanilro MahzonI It,aliau Novelist and Poet 1784 
 
 9. . Josefkh Friinz Gall Geinian i'iiv^ii-ian 1758 
 
 lo.. William F.ttv EnKli-li Hi-^torieal Painter. 1787 
 
 11.. William IIiisklMMon Eng. Slal. sinaii and Financier 1770 
 
 12. . l>r. ClaiKliiiN Buchanan Secil tish Hi vim- and Writer. 1766 
 
 13. .<^harleN F.arl iircy Euglisli Slaltsinan 1764 
 
 14. .Thitinas II. Benton Anifijcni Statesman 1782 
 
 l'». .Anili-ei\' tlai-kson 7fch Prcsidi nt riiit.d States 1767 
 
 Hi. ..lumes .Ma<llNon 4th Presulrnl Iniieil Slates 1751 
 
 17. .Thomas Clialmei's EminentSrnt li^h lnviiie 1780 
 
 IH.. John C. <'all)oiin American Siatrnmau 1782 
 
 19.. Br, David I.,! viiiUHtonc Seotti-ti IxilMier 1813 
 
 20. .Charles William Kllot Amen-an liilii.ator 1834 
 
 2I..Jidianii H. Bach (;enM;iii Mii-ii Jil Composer lea^ 
 
 22. . RdwartI <dans Gcnnan .liiii-^t 1798 
 
 23.. Pierre l..a Place FreneU Ast r-iri'in'r and Math 1749 
 
 24.. John Wesley Powcll Ameiiean i;. Mh.giHt 1834 
 
 2:...Jochlm .Miirat King «.r .S;i|i!.s 1771 
 
 Vj: >]ithaiilel BowdUch Anu-riean .Malhrinatielan 1773 
 
 27 Aditlpht- Garnler French E.-lirii.- I'hik.sopher 1801 
 
 2M .llonry II. Nchoolcruft Am. Traveler and Kthnologtst 1793 
 
 29. John T.vlei- 10th Pri-sldent United States 1790 
 
 :*". . Jf>M4-ph .\(lam Gallup , ...American Physician and Author. .1769 
 
 :tl. .Joseph na.>'<lii Rernuni Musil-nl Composer 1732 
 
 Births in April. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 I 
 
 OCCUPATIOX. 
 
 .Edward A. Not hern 
 
 .Thomas Jeft'erson 
 
 . W^ashingrton Irving: 
 
 .Thaddeu!« Stevens 
 
 .Jonas Chlckei-ine 
 
 .Alexanders. Mackenzie. 
 
 .William E. ( hanning 
 
 .John Pat Ion Emmet 
 
 -Fisher Ames 
 
 .Joseph Gales 
 
 .Ed\«'aril Everett 
 
 . He n ry Clay 
 
 Thomas W. Strafford 
 
 .Horace Biishnell 
 
 .John l..othrop Motley 
 
 .Sir John Franklin 
 
 .W^illiam Lee 
 
 .August Peter maun 
 
 .Rogrer Sherm:in 
 
 .Xapoleon III 
 
 .Charlotte Bronte 
 
 .Thos. <Jreen Fessenden. . . . 
 
 .Stephen .V. Douglas 
 
 .Anthony Trollope 
 
 ■ Oli ver Cromwell 
 
 .William Shakspeare 
 
 .Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 .James Monroe 
 
 .Oliver Ellsworth 
 
 .Frederick Tayler.... 
 
 .Distinguii-hed English Actor.. . 
 .Srd President United States... 
 
 .American Author 
 
 .American Abolitionist 
 
 .American Piano-Maker 
 
 .American Naval Officer 
 
 .American Divine and Writer. . 
 
 .American Physician 
 
 .Am. Orator and Statesman 
 
 .American Journalist 
 
 .Am. Orator and Statesman 
 
 .Am. Stat6t>man and Orator 
 
 .English Statesman 
 
 .American Divine 
 
 .American Historian 
 
 .Englifih Arctic Explorer 
 
 .American Publisher 
 
 .German Geographer 
 
 .Am. Patriot and Statesman 
 
 -Emperor of France 
 
 .English Novelist.. 
 
 .Am. Author and Journalist.. . . 
 
 .American Statesman 
 
 .English Novelist 
 
 .English General 
 
 .Greatest English Dramatist .. . 
 .8th President United States. . . 
 .5th President United States. . . 
 .Chief Justice of United States. 
 .English Painter 
 
 ..1830 
 . . 1 743 
 ..1783 
 . . 1793 
 ..1798 
 ..1803 
 ..1785 
 ..1797 
 ,..1758 
 ..1786 
 ..1794 
 . . 1777 
 ..1593 
 ..1802 
 ..1814 
 ..1786 
 . . 1826 
 . . 1822 
 . . 1721 
 ..1808 
 ...1816 
 ..1771 
 ..1813 
 ..1815 
 ...1599 
 ..1564 
 . . 1822 
 ..1758 
 ..1745 
 ..1804 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in May. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Duke of W^elllufftou Sritish General 1769 
 
 .Sir John Malcolm British General and Historian 1769 
 
 . AugriiNt von Kotzebue German Dramatist.. 1761 
 
 .William H. Prescott American Historian 1796 
 
 .John Frost American General 1738 
 
 . Johann Adam Mohler German Theologian 1796 
 
 -Therese Hiiber German Writer 1764 
 
 . AUe^hleri Dante Distinguished Italian Poet 1265 
 
 Edward Miller j. .. .American Phy.--ician. 1760 
 
 • Harvey D. Parker Prom. Am. Hotel-Builder 1805 
 
 .Georee Bernard Depplng. .Parisian Writer. 1784 
 
 .Robert C. Winthrop American Author and Senator 1809 
 
 -Pius IX Pope of Rome 1792 
 
 .Timothy Dwlffht American Clergj'man 1752 
 
 .Johann X. von Fuehs German Chemist 1774 
 
 . Willi :tm H. Seward American Statesman 1801 
 
 .W^illiam H. Anglesey English General 1768 
 
 Sereni £dw:ird Dwifsht American Clergyman 1786 
 
 Joh:inn^Bottlleb FIchte German Philosopher 1762 
 
 .Albert Dure 
 
 .Bry;in Edwards 
 
 . Alex:indcr Pope 
 
 . Willi :i in Hunter 
 
 .tlueeii A'ict<»i'ia 
 
 .Ralph AV. Emerson 
 
 .Jon:ith:in Edwards 
 
 .Nathaniel Greene 
 
 ■ Louis A;;:is^iz . 
 
 ernian Painter and Engraver 1471 
 
 English Historian 1743 
 
 English Poet 1688 
 
 . . . .British Physician and Anat^jmist.. 1718 
 
 ..Queen of England.. 
 
 ...American Author and Poet 
 
 ...Am. Metaphysician and Theol.. 
 
 ...American General 
 
 ....American Naturalist.. 
 
 .1819 
 .1803 
 . 1 745 
 .1742 
 .1807 
 .1736 
 
 ._ 1823 
 
 .John A. Andrews American Lawyer and Politician.. 1818 
 
 Patrick Henry American Orator and Patriot.. 
 
 -Sir Rlchai-d A. Cross English Statesman.. 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in Jtme. 
 
 Year. 
 
 .Brichiim T'oiing; 
 
 John Randolph 
 
 . Jeffers)»n D:ivis 
 
 John Scott Eldon 
 
 .Edward D. Clark 
 
 . Leone I^evi 
 
 .Thomas Fritncis Marshall 
 
 John Everett Mlllals 
 
 .John Howard Payne 
 
 .Jonathan Ti'iimltiill 
 
 .Jean B. L. DeCoiivray 
 
 . Bedl'oi-d C. T. Pim 
 
 .W^lntield Scott 
 
 . Perti;»n<lo Wood 
 
 .Uairrlet Beecher Stowe. . . 
 
 .Alvln .\«l:ims 
 
 .Ferdinand Frciliufath 
 
 .Sir William l^alliser 
 
 .Fellcite IC. Lamcnnals 
 
 .TheophiliiN l.,indwey'. 
 
 .Increase Mathei' 
 
 .Paul Chitrlcs !ll4»i-phy 
 
 .Louis M. L. Pctltot 
 
 . Heni'y Wsii-il Berchcr 
 
 .Ellphalet Nott 
 
 .Dr. I'hlllp Doddridffe 
 
 .Francis AV. \c«-man 
 
 .Claiiile Fr]inc«>i»de Mulet 
 .Adrlen E. P. Gasparln. . . . 
 .W^llllam llepworth DIxoi 
 
 , .President of Mormon Church 
 
 ..Ameiiean Orator 
 
 .Ameriean Statesman 
 
 ..Lord Chaneellor of England. ... 
 , .Eng. Trav.ler and Mineralogist. 
 
 .British \\'ritir on Com. Law 
 
 ...American Pnlit ieian 
 
 ..English Painter 
 
 , .Author of "Home, Sweet Home" 
 
 .American Patriot 
 
 , .French Itoviilutionist 
 
 .EngliOi Naval omcer 
 
 , .Ainel ii'an liriieral 
 
 ..American ('.'Ugressmaii 
 
 ..American Novelist 
 
 , .Founder Adams Expresa Co 
 
 ..German Poet 
 
 . .IJritisli Inventor 
 
 ..Fn-neh Wnlrr 
 
 ..English Th'i.li.giuu 
 
 . .Aiiui Iran I'iviiie and Author 
 
 ..American ].:\.\\ M-r 
 
 , .Frencli ^<culpIu^ 
 
 .American I 'i vine and Author.... 
 
 , ..\nu'riean ^'olhgc President 
 
 ..English An I hi. r and Divine 
 
 .lOng. Tlmdogiuti and Author. ... 
 
 .French t'nnspinitor 
 
 .l-'n-neh Agricultural Writer 
 
 -English Histurhui and Traveler. 
 
 ..1801 
 ,.1773 
 . .18(XS 
 ..1751 
 .1769 
 . 1821 
 .1801 
 ,.1829 
 ,.1792 
 ,.1710 
 .1760 
 .1826 
 ,.178(i 
 ,.1812 
 .1813 
 .1804 
 .1910 
 .1830 
 ,.1782 
 .1723 
 ,.1639 
 ..1837 
 .1794 
 .1813 
 .1773 
 .1702 
 .1805 
 .1754 
 .1783 
 .1821
 
 f 
 
 -^f! 
 
 -^®>— •^ 
 
 Date of Birth of Prominent Individuals •:= 
 
 ^"^^^^ 
 
 447 
 
 DXmiNG 
 Every Day of the Last Six Months of the Year. 
 
 Births in July. 
 
 N.VME, 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 1. .Oeortce Hund 
 
 2..'rhoinuii <V;iiiiner 
 
 .t.GodtVev W. I.i-ihnltz 
 
 4..\an);tiiii-l lla \vt liortic 
 
 Ti. . l*liliii>']iN 'V. Ifiiii-iiiini 
 
 <>. .floliii (')i3tcK*N Peters 
 
 7..Heiirv Melsptt 
 
 H. FltK-Oreeiie IliUIeck. 
 
 i^l..Eli:i*« Howe. 
 
 l"...Iohii i'lilviii 
 
 II ,.l4>lin 4>iiiiii-y AtlitniN 
 
 11? . Fiiriiiir >1 a t'o Quatretnere 
 
 i:i. .<^ii«ila V Fi-fylJie 
 
 14. .tJeNNe Uiiiicaii Klliott 
 
 i~>..lleui-y £ilu':i.t'«l Miiiiiiing. . 
 
 Ki.SIr •JoHliuii KevnoldN 
 
 17. .Dr. Isujic WuttH 
 
 ]8..IjoiiiH A. Oarnier-PuKes. 
 
 r^t.. Samuel <'olt 
 
 3), ..John Slerllii^ 
 
 lil. Matt hew Prior 
 
 2ii. .Anthony A. E. Shaftesbary 
 
 i':i.. Charlotte S. Cnshina.ii 
 
 24, .Simon ltollva.r 
 
 -.1 Henry Knox 
 
 i!*i Kobeit Fulton 
 
 1^7 Friedrieh MichellH 
 
 2X. .Alexander Dumas 
 
 -'!*. .ThomjiM C'orwiu 
 
 30. .«Johanii M. Lappenberfj; 
 
 31. .George H. Thomus 
 
 .French Authoress 1804 
 
 . English Heforiner 1489 
 
 .German Phih.Mjpher 1046 
 
 ..Ainni.Mn AiUlior 1804 
 
 .Aiinriciiii SiH.vvinan 1810 
 
 .AiULiieaii I'liysician 1819 
 
 .AnuTican Railroad Contractor. . .1811 
 
 .American Poet 1790 
 
 .American Inventor 1819 
 
 .Fn-iirh Prai.stant Reformer 1509 
 
 tiili I'l.M.l, lit of United States. ...1767 
 
 Kr--Ti.li . >t i.Ti(:iiist 1782 
 
 (;iT(ii;ni Aaili.ir 1816 
 
 .Aiiieriean Cuniniodc.re 1782 
 
 .EnKlish K. C. Archbishop 1808 
 
 . ICn^'lisli Portrait Painter 1723 
 
 .English Dissenting Minister 1674 
 
 . French Politician 1803 
 
 .American Inventor 1814 
 
 British Critic and Essayist 1806 
 
 English Poet 1664 
 
 English Statesman 1621 
 
 American Actress 1816 
 
 Liberator of Bolivia 178.'J 
 
 American Revolutionary General 1750 
 
 American Inventor 1765 
 
 German Theologian 1815 
 
 French Novelist and Dramatist. . .1824 
 American Orator and Statesman. 1794 
 
 German Historian 1794 
 
 American General 1816 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in AugTist. 
 
 . Year. 
 
 1. .Georgre Tlcknor 
 
 2. .dean Liuzac 
 
 3. Abel A. Du Petit-Thoiiars 
 
 4. Percy B. Shelley 
 
 ri..rharleH I*. A. Thomas 
 
 0. Daniel OTonnell 
 
 7. .tloseph Roilman Drake... 
 
 H. .t^hiirlem A. l>aii:i 
 
 ". . AehilleN Valenciennes. .. , 
 
 1". A. Guncalvez Diaz 
 
 n..J. V. Moi-eau 
 
 12..C IMnite-Briin 
 
 13.. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 
 
 14 .Oliver P. Morton T. . . 
 
 l;>. .Napoleon Bonaparte 
 
 IH. .Pierre F. A. Mechain 
 
 17. .David Crockett 
 
 ^x. .Eoi-d John Russell 
 
 IH.Elisha Mitchell 
 
 ■.^". . Valentine Mott 
 
 -I , Fi-ancis de Sales 
 
 ■^■^. K»v. Dr. Pusey 
 
 - > Ij«iiiiN XV5 
 
 -i- .Theodore Parker 
 
 ~'>. .*lames L.ick 
 
 26..Ee:idlo Forcelliiil 
 
 27, .tJanies Madison 
 
 ^-^.-Johann Goethe 
 
 20. .Oliver \V. Holmes 
 
 30 .fJoHeph ]>ennie 
 
 31. Wilbur Fisk 
 
 .American Author 
 
 .Dutch Philologist 
 
 . French Naval Officer 
 
 .English Poet 
 
 . French Musical Composer 
 
 .Irish <irator and Pol. Agitator. . 
 
 .American Poet 
 
 .American Journalist. 
 
 .French Naturalist 
 
 .Brazilian Poet 
 
 . French General 
 
 .Danish Geographer 
 
 .American Authoress 
 
 . American Statesman 
 
 .Etnperor of the French 
 
 .French Astronomer 
 
 . American Backwoodsman 
 
 .English Statesman 
 
 .American Chemist 
 
 .American Surgeon 
 
 .French Roman Catholic Bishop., 
 
 .English Clergyman 
 
 .King of France 
 
 .American Theologian , 
 
 .American Philanthropist 
 
 .Italian Lexicographer 
 
 .American Bishop '.... 
 
 .German Author 
 
 .American Poet and Novelist..!!, 
 
 .American Journalist 
 
 .American Educator , 
 
 .1791 
 .1746 
 .1793 
 .1792 
 .1811 
 .1775 
 .1795 
 .1819 
 .1794 
 .1823 
 .1763 
 .1775 
 .1815 
 .1823 
 .1769 
 .1744 
 . 1786 
 .1792 
 .1793 
 .1785 
 . 1567 
 .1800 
 ,1754 
 ,1810 
 .1796 
 .1688 
 .1749 
 
 1749 
 .1809 
 .1768 
 .1792 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in September. 
 
 Year. 
 
 ■ ?*'^*'"Jw* A-lleyn Eng. Actor and Philanthropist. . . . 1566 
 
 ."'*" H*>w««-d English Philanthropist 172q 
 
 ■ ^"***» Gindely German Historian 1829 
 
 .Charles t ollen American Clergyman 'i795 
 
 .Giacomo Meyerbeer Gemian Composer 1794 
 
 .Marquis De Lafayette French General and Patriot. 1757 
 
 Queen Elizabeth Queen of England 1533 
 
 .t-rlward Morike German Poet 1804 
 
 .Kdmund Pendleton American Statesman . !!!!!!! 1721 
 
 .Mungo Park Scottish Explorer in Africa. . . 'lT71 
 
 . V ictor Diii-iiy. French Historian 1811 
 
 .Kiehard M. Hoe.. American Inventor. 1812 
 
 .William H. W. Betty English Actor ; i791 
 
 .f riedrich GeorgKolb German Journalist and Author ' 1808 
 
 ■£.* '•^"■">o«*« trooper American Novelist. ... 17S'^ 
 
 t ranees Parkman American Historian !! ! 
 
 ...English Essayist and Moralist. 
 
 . . . French Natural Philosopher. . . 
 
 . . .British Statesman and Author, 
 
 . . .American Satirist.. 
 
 ...First Methodist Minister in Am. 
 
 .tJohn Foster 
 
 , L.eon Foucault '. 
 
 . I>or<) Henry Brougrham.. 
 
 Davitl K. Locke 
 
 .Philip Embury 
 
 .Michael Faraday 
 
 -tlohann Franz Encke 
 
 Zachary Taylor.. 
 
 .1823 
 .1770 
 .1819 
 .1779 
 .1833 
 1729 
 
 .English Chemist and Naturalist. . 1791 
 
 ...German Astronomer 1791 
 
 rf .„ Am. Gen. and l2th Pres. of U. S .1784 
 
 .--„..., Kene Rohan French Cardinal 1734 
 
 ivaitiel \V. Vorhees American Statesman 1828 
 
 ^-'^"Ji**"'" ApthorsGould. ..American Astronomer. 1824 
 
 S!/:. 77 *'""'" 'Jones English Orientalist 1746 
 
 ..William .lulius Mickle Scottish Poet and Translator... .1734 
 
 ..tJobiL Weiss Forney American Journalist 1817 
 
 Births in October. 
 
 OCCUI'ATION. 
 
 1 IJinli. 
 
 .H. St. John Boliniffbroke... 
 
 .Elizabeth Montagu 
 
 .Geor«e Banerort , 
 
 Edmond Malone 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 tienny 1^1 nd 
 
 W^llhrlm Muller 
 
 Jonathan May hew 
 
 Lewis Cjiss 
 
 BeiOamin ^Vest 
 
 Dr. Samuel <.'lark« 
 
 .Rev. Lyman Beccher 
 
 /%Villlam Motherwell 
 
 W^illiam Penn 
 
 Publius Virgil ills Muro. 
 
 William Pitt Fessenden. . . . 
 
 Duchess <it' Kdliiburffh 
 
 Guise ppe Mario 
 
 John tSrown 
 
 Lord Palmerstoii 
 
 William M. Carleton 
 
 James Mannintff 
 
 Peter II 
 
 Sir Moses Monte tiore 
 
 Thomas It. Maeaiilaty 
 
 Count Helmuth K. >I^>Uke. 
 
 Alexander T- Stewart 
 
 .Inna K. I^ickinson 
 
 Thomas F. Bayard 
 
 I-.eon Gambetta 
 
 John Mason Peck 
 
 .Eng. Statesman and PoJ, Writer. .1078 
 
 . English Authoress 172'i 
 
 .American Historian lHf>i 
 
 Irish ShakeHpearean Scholar 1741 
 
 . Ex-PrcHldent of United States 1831 
 
 .Swedish Vocalist J8"J1 
 
 .German Lyric Poet 1794 
 
 .Am. Clergy 'n and Controver»aIi8t.l7atJ 
 
 .American Statesman 1782 
 
 , American Painter 1738 
 
 .Eng. Phllos. and Metaphysician ..1675 
 
 .Am. Preacher and Theoloiyian 1775 
 
 .Scottish Poet and Juurnalist 1797 
 
 .Eng. Quaker and Founder of Pa. .. 1644 
 
 .r Virgil) Roman Poet b. c.70 
 
 .American Statesman 1806 
 
 .Wife of 2nd Son, Queen Victoria. , 1853 
 
 . I tal ian Singer 1810 
 
 . American Officer 1744 
 
 .Pri7iie Minister of England 1784 
 
 .American Poet 1845 
 
 .American Clergj-man 1738 
 
 Emperor of Ruwsia 1715 
 
 .English Jewish Philanthropist 1784 
 
 .English Historian and Statesman ]8fXJ 
 
 .German General ISOfJ 
 
 .American Dry Goods Merchant. , , 1802 
 .American Author and Lecturer. , , 1842 
 
 .Secretary of State 1828 
 
 .French Statesman 1838 
 
 Am. Baptist Divine and Author., ,,1789 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in November, 
 
 Year. 
 
 .Spencer Perceval 
 
 .James K.. Polk 
 
 .W^llliam Cullen Bryant 
 
 .Samuel I. Prime 
 
 .Benjamin F. Butler 
 
 .Cornelius Conway Felton .. 
 
 Fritz Renter 
 
 .John Byron 
 
 .Prince of^Vales 
 
 .Mill-till Luther 
 
 .Piei'iM' V iisJfereau 
 
 .Rieharil ISaxter 
 
 .Alfred M:ii-shall Mayer 
 
 .Heinrieh Ludwig Dorii 
 
 .Sir W^illiam Uerschel 
 
 .John Bright 
 
 .August F. Mobius 
 
 . Pierre Bayle 
 
 ..Vdam J. von Krusenstern. 
 
 .S:imuel L. Clemens 
 
 -LeiA'is Henry Morgan 
 
 .Robert C. de la Salle 
 
 .Franklin Pierce 
 
 .Heini'ich For>«f er 
 
 .Julius Robert Mayer 
 
 . Williiiin Kidney- >Iount 
 
 .Sir Jiiiiuv K<-n edict 
 
 ■ Ed mund Dwight 
 
 W^endell Phillips 
 
 .Cyrus W. Field 
 
 .Prime Minister of England 1702 
 
 .Uth President of United Stale.s.. , 1795 
 
 . .\merican Poet and J ournal ist 1 7f*4 
 
 .jVmerican Clergyman IS12 
 
 ..4,m. Lawj'er and Politician IHI8 
 
 .Am. Author and Prof, of Greek.. . ]8fi7 
 
 .German Poet and Novelist 1810 
 
 .English Admiral 1723 
 
 .1st Son of Queen Victoria of Eng. 1»41 
 .Leader of the Ger. Reformation.. 1483 
 
 .Marshal of France 1757 
 
 .English Nonconformist Divine 1615 
 
 .American Physicist 1836 
 
 .German Composer 1H<H 
 
 .Ger. Astronomer in England 173k 
 
 .English Orator and Statesman... 1811 
 
 .German Mathematician 1790 
 
 .French Philosopher and Critic 1647 
 
 Russian Navigator 1770 
 
 ■'Mark Twain." American .\uthor. 1835 
 
 American .Author ]8l8 
 
 .French Explorer !..1643 
 
 . 14th President of United States . . 1804 
 
 ,Ger. Rom. Cath. Pulpit Orator 1800 
 
 .German Physicist 1814 
 
 .American Painter I807 
 
 , German Composer 1804 
 
 .American Merchant 1780 
 
 American Orator and Reformer.. 1811 
 ,.\m. Merchant and Capitalist 1819 
 
 Day. 
 
 Births in December. 
 
 Year. 
 
 ■ Rev. Albert Barnes American Presbyterian Divine... 
 
 .Richard Montgomery American General 
 
 .Henry W. Pickersgill English Painter 
 
 .Thomas Cai-lyle British Essajist and Historian... 
 
 .Geoi'ge A. Custer American General 
 
 .Fried rich Max: Muller English Philologist 
 
 .Mar.v Stuart Queen of Scotland 
 
 .Eli Whitney American Inventor 
 
 .John Milton English Poet 
 
 .Zacliariah Chandler United States Senator 
 
 .Jules Gabriel Jnnin French Dramatic Critic . 
 
 John J 
 
 .Lord John Manners 
 
 .Pierre S. De Xeinoiirs 
 
 .Thomas H. Perkins 
 
 .Theodore Dwight 
 
 .Ludwig von Beethoyen 
 
 ■ Ge orge Denison Prentice. 
 . William Edward Parry.. 
 
 .Arthur Lee 
 
 .Lord Beaconsfield 
 
 .Matthew IL Carpenter 
 
 .John S. Dorsey 
 
 .Matthew Arnold 
 
 First Chief Justice of the U. S 
 
 .English Statesman , 
 
 .French Statesman 
 
 .American Merchant 
 
 .Am. Lawyer, Auth. and Joum'st.. 
 
 .Prussian Musical Composer 
 
 .American Journalist and Poet.... 
 
 .English Aretic Navigator. 
 
 American Diplomatist 
 
 English Author and Statesman. .. 
 
 American Lawyer and Statesman. 
 
 American Surgeon and Physician 
 
 E;:glish Poet and Essayist 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton Eng. Philos. and Mathematician.. 
 
 Dion Boiicicault Irish Dramatist and Actor 
 
 J oh an n Kepler German Astronomer 
 
 Thomas Ewing American Statesman 
 
 William E. Gladstone Prime Minister of England 
 
 .George G. Meade American General 
 
 .Jules Simon French Statesman and Philos 
 
 1798 
 1736 
 
 .1782 
 1795 
 1839 
 1823 
 1540 
 1765 
 1608 
 1813 
 1804 
 1745 
 ,1818 
 1739 
 1764 
 1764 
 1770 
 1802 
 1790 
 1740 
 1805 
 1824 
 1783 
 1822 
 1642 
 1S22 
 1571 
 1789 
 1809 
 1815 
 1814
 
 44S 
 
 ->©>-- ►^^ 
 
 Date of Death of Prominent Individuals 
 
 Every Day of the First Six Months of the Year. 
 
 '-^®^r 
 
 Deaths in January. 
 
 >,UIE, 
 
 ecu PATIO X- 
 
 .Karl Johann Fahlcrantz. . . 
 
 .Caleb C'lishing 
 
 .4'orneliuM Vuiiiierbilt 
 
 .Thomas Atkinson 
 
 .Frederick. Duke ofYork.. 
 .tJohn Dennis 
 
 flames Fisk, Jr 
 
 .Eli Whitney ^. 
 
 .Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe 
 
 -Samuel Colt 
 
 -Francis S.Key 
 
 .Hush Mercer 
 
 .Schuyler Colfax 
 
 John Iceland 
 
 .Edwaid Everett 
 
 .Sir John Moore 
 
 ..John Tyler 
 
 Bulwer I-.ytton 
 
 .Piei'i-e .Iose|»h Troudhon... 
 
 .David Gari'ick 
 
 .Xathaniel P. Willis 
 
 .Oeor^^e Denison Prentice.. 
 
 .^^Illiam Pitt 
 
 .Walter Henry Medhnrst.. 
 
 .Francis \V. Pickens 
 
 .Georgre Tioknor- 
 
 . John James -VuUiibon 
 
 .W^illiam H. Presc€»tt 
 
 .Francis P. Barras 
 
 .K.in« Charles I 
 
 .Jonathan Cai'vei- 
 
 .Swedish Landscape Painter 1861 
 
 .American Statesman ^*'"2 
 
 AinLTir;ui K;iih\ay Financier 1877 
 
 .Ani*ri.;.n];isli..T> 1881 
 
 .Briti-li c-iiuiiiinaer 1827 
 
 .English IHi.iiiatist 1734 
 
 .American Capitalist 1872 
 
 ..Inventor, ^Vhitney's Cotton Gin.. 182 j 
 
 ..American Philanthropist 1870 
 
 .Am. Inventor, Colt's Rpvolver. 1862 
 
 .Author " Star Spangled Banner," . 1843 
 
 .American General *"I 
 
 .American Statesman 1885 
 
 . Engrlish Antiquarian 1841 
 
 .American Orator and Statei.man..l8G5 
 
 , .British General 1809 
 
 . 10th President United States 1S62 
 
 . En^'lish Poet and Diplomatist 1873 
 
 . Frenc Ii Political Writer 1865 
 
 .English Actor 1779 
 
 .American Author and Poet ^^lj~ 
 
 . American Journalist and Poet 1870 
 
 .English Statesman ^^Ij 
 
 .English Missionai-y 1857 
 
 American Statesman 1869 
 
 .American Author 1871 
 
 .American Ornithologist 1851 
 
 .American Historian 1859 
 
 .French Statesman 1829 
 
 .King of England 1649 
 
 .American Traveler 1780 
 
 Day. Deaths in February. 
 
 1 I..ieut. M. F. Maury Am. Naval Officer and Astronm'r. 
 
 2! Adelaide Procter English Poetess 
 
 :t Francis Xsivier Oarneaii. ..Canadian Historian 
 
 4. .George Herbert English Poet and Divine 
 
 f) Thomas Carlyle English Modem Philosopher 
 
 6..K.inB Charles" II King of England 
 
 7..Cad%vallader D. Colden American Lawyer 
 
 8. MarvSlnarl Queen of Scotland 
 
 9 Elihii ISiirritt. American Scholar and Linguist. ., 
 
 lO.'-Xicholas I.on:;worth Am. Capitalist and Horticulturist. 
 
 11 --De Wilt Clinton Amcn.Mn st.Hi-nian 
 
 12 Vlice Carev Amti]' .m r..i i,-~ and Writer , 
 
 13!. Richard Waguer Gerni:iii .Mu~h.il Composer 
 
 14.. James <'ook English 1. 11 cuiuiiavigator 
 
 15 .William F.llei:^' American Patriot 
 
 16 Elisha Kent KTane American Explorer 
 
 17 .Horace Ku'^hneU American Divine 
 
 18.. Martin I.nther German Reformer 
 
 19. .Joseph Marie Fieschi French Conspiritor 
 
 20. Alexander Oeddes Roman Catholic Biblical Critic. ., 
 
 21 Edward Marcus Despard. .Irish Soldier 
 
 22..Ameiltto Vespucci Italian Navigator 
 
 23 John <|uiney Adams 6th President United States 
 
 24 Kobei-t Fulton Early American Steam Navigator 
 
 25 Thomas Moore Irish Poet and Biographer 
 
 26. .John Philip Kemble English Tragedian 
 
 27 J4»hn Arbuthnot Scottish Surgeon and Writer 
 
 28.. Francis Marion American General 
 
 29. . Johann Conrad Peyer Swiss Anatomist 
 
 Year. 
 
 1873 
 1864 
 1866 
 1633 
 1881 
 1685 
 1834 
 1587 
 1879 
 1863 
 1828 
 1871 
 1883 
 1779 
 1820 
 1857 
 1876 
 1546 
 1836 
 1802 
 1803 
 1512 
 1848 
 1815 
 1852 
 1823 
 1735 
 1795 
 1712 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in March. 
 
 Year. 
 
 0|»l 
 
 Benjamin F. ^Vaile 
 
 .Ja4[iies <'harles lliipont. 
 . Alexan<ler H, Slephcun. 
 .Pieri-e SlnionI..a|>lace. . 
 
 .Xicolai A. Polevoi 
 
 .St. Thomas Aquinas 
 
 Millard Fillmore 
 
 He Tracy Itcstutt 
 
 .•losepli II aw ley 
 
 .<'harles Siininer 
 
 . William 4> ray son 
 
 .Earl Amherst 
 
 .tiareil Sparks 
 
 .John Eiidic4»lt 
 
 .Xalhaniel Ifiowdllch .... 
 ..Ihel A. Uu IVtltThou 
 
 Frelilrich C. Pel-then 
 
 .Mil* .lolin Ikenham 
 
 .Sir l*taac .\e wton 
 
 . Kobcrt Soul hey 
 
 .Johann 4^oet lie 
 
 .\icola Foiiyuet 
 
 .Ilenr-v W l,i»iiirlVliow. . 
 
 Joslah Willard ftibbfl... 
 
 . Kiiilwiif Beethoven 
 
 .flames llarikcr 
 
 .C^eorue II. 'rhonias 
 
 . Emanuel S\4 edenborflT. . . 
 
 TlKimas Maurice 
 
 John C. Calhoun 
 
 .Pre-i.i. 
 
 nt l':.raguay.. 
 
 (lan., 
 
 ..1870 
 . . 1878 
 . . IS55 
 ..1883 
 ..1827 
 ..1846 
 . . 1274 
 ..1874 
 . . 1836 
 ..178M 
 ..1874 
 . . 1790 
 ..1857 
 ..186C 
 
 ..leer. 
 
 . 1838 
 
 ....Frrii. Ii I'.. I 
 
 , . . .Anuiir.ui St iilr Lilian 
 
 , .. ..French Astronoiiier 
 
 Russian Aulhor 
 
 Italian Teaclier and Writer... 
 
 I3th I'n sill. Ill United States., 
 
 KreiK h niil..-^Mi>hrr 
 
 AnnTii'.iri Sl;il'siiian 
 
 Ani(M-ir,in still !■- man 
 
 U. S, Si r 1:1 lor I mm Virginia.., 
 
 Brih-l. si,ii.--jii:iti , 
 
 Amn ir:iii lli~iiii'ian 
 
 Aincncan Cnloniai Governor., 
 
 American Mathematician 
 
 ,»r». French Botanist 1864 
 
 r;.'rnmn Publisher 1843 
 
 English Writer of Venjo 1668 
 
 English Philosopher 1727 
 
 Engl ish A iithor and Poet 1843 
 
 Gerinn 11 A nth. .r 1832 
 
 . .Frcn.-h MiiiiM. r of Finance I680 
 
 ..Am.-nr,ir. I'l.-t 1882 
 
 ..Ain.Ti.ari I'hilnli.iiist I86I 
 
 ..German .Mii->ical Composer 1827 
 
 ..Amerl</iii Publisher 1860 
 
 ..Amciuan G.-m-ral 1870 
 
 . .Sw.-dish Thi-osophlwt 1772 
 
 ..English Clcrgynian 1824 
 
 . .Amertcnn Staicsriian 1850 
 
 Deaths in April. 
 
 N.UIE. 
 
 OCCUP.\TIO-V. 
 
 . Robley Dunglison 
 
 . Samuel F B. Morse 
 
 .Bartholome E. Mnrillo. 
 .William H. Harrison .. 
 
 .Bobei't Ksiikes 
 
 Friedrich Drake 
 
 . James S. ^Vbintrer 
 
 .(■acta no Donizetti , 
 
 .Lord Fi':i nci'' IS aeon 
 
 Alexander T. Stewart.. 
 
 .Rowland Hill 
 
 .William Marcy Xiveed. 
 
 .James Boeardns 
 
 .Friedrich A. Krummachci 
 
 ..Vbrah:tm I^incoln 
 
 .fJohn Edwards 
 
 .BenJ^intin Fi':tnklin- 
 
 .Justin Iviebigr 
 
 .Lord Byron 
 
 .Charles Darwin 
 
 .John A. Dix 
 
 .John Harper 
 
 . Willliini Shakspeare 
 
 . Daniel Defoe 
 
 .Johann K. Dippel 
 
 .John Wilkes Booth 
 
 .Ralph Waldo Emerson. 
 
 .Carlo Poer io 
 
 .W^illiam 6. Brov^-nlo^n^ 
 .Mrs. Sarah J. Hale, 
 
 , .Am. Phys. and Med. Writer 1869 
 
 . .,\merican Artist and Inventor 187i> 
 
 ..Spanish Painter i682 
 
 ..9th President United States 184 1 
 
 ..English Found'r of Sun. Schools.. 18] 1 
 
 .German Sculptor 1882 
 
 ..Englislr Judge !! Jh44 
 
 ..Italian Musical Composer iM-s 
 
 . .English Philosopher lUjn 
 
 ..American Merchant 1876 
 
 ..English Methodist Preacher 1833 
 
 . .Com. Public Works, N. Y. City 1 878 
 
 ..American Inventor i874 
 
 r German Fabulist and TheoJogist. 1845 
 
 ..16th President United States 1865 
 
 ..English Divine I7i6 
 
 ..Am. Philosopher and Statesman.. 1790 
 
 . .German Chemist 1873 
 
 ..English Poet i824 
 
 ..English Scientist 1882 
 
 ..Am. C!eneral and Statesman 1879 
 
 , ,.lm. Printer and Publisher 1875 
 
 . English Poet and Dramatist 1616 
 
 . .English .\uthor 1 731 
 
 . .German Nationalist 1734 
 
 ..American Actor and Assassin 1865 
 
 . .Am. Essayist and Philosopher. ... 1 882 
 
 . .Neapolitan Statesman 1867 
 
 . ..■Vni. Clergyman and Journalist.... 1877 
 . .American Authoress 1879 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in May. 
 
 Year. 
 
 .John Dryden 
 
 .James Oates Percival — 
 
 .Oeorge M. Ti-oup 
 
 .S:imuel Dexter 
 
 -S'jipoleon I 
 
 ..Vlexander Humboldt 
 
 .Salmon P. Chase 
 
 .Johiinn C F. von Schillei* 
 
 .Benjamin Howlnnd 
 
 .Paul Revere 
 
 .Earl ot'<'hatham 
 
 .Israel Wii^hbiirn 
 
 .i'yrus II. McCoi'inick 
 
 .Constantiiie ICaufmann... 
 
 .Daniel 0*Connell 
 
 .DjinielC. Solander , 
 
 .John J:iy 
 
 .Samuel I..ivei'moi'e , 
 
 .Israel I* 11 In a 111 , 
 
 .Chrlslophei- Columbus.. .. 
 
 .Thonia". .V. Seott 
 
 .Wm. i'ampbell Preston... 
 .Gotthilt'E. Muhlenberi;.. 
 
 .'William Kidd 
 
 .Thomas Duncjin 
 
 .Samuel Pepys 
 
 .John Calvin 
 
 .Xoah Webster 
 
 . Winfleld Scott 
 
 .Francois de VoH:»ire 
 
 .Francis Joseph Haydn.. . 
 
 . .English Poet 1700 
 
 ..American Poet 1856 
 
 . .^Vin. Congressman from Ga 1856 
 
 . .Ameriiaii Stattsman I8I6 
 
 ..Empcrnr 01 tlK- French 1821 
 
 ..German Sckiitist 1859 
 
 ..American Statesman 1873 
 
 . .German Poet 1805 
 
 ..American Statesman 1821 
 
 ... American Engraver and Patriot.. 1818 
 
 . .English Statesman 1778 
 
 . .(Jovernor of Maine in 1?<61 1883 
 
 , .Inventor McCormick Harvester., , 1884 
 
 . .Russian General 1 882 
 
 ..Irish Patriot and Orator 1847 
 
 . .Swedish Naturalist 1782 
 
 ..American Statesman 1829 
 
 . .American Statesman 1803 
 
 ..American Revolutionary Gen 1790 
 
 . .Spanish Navigator 150(> 
 
 . .American Railway Financier I88I 
 
 ..American Politician 1860 
 
 , .Ameriean Botanist 1815 
 
 . .Famous American Pirate 1701 
 
 . .Scottish A rt ist i845 
 
 ..English Author and Scholar 1703 
 
 ..Scottish Protectant Reformer 1564 
 
 . .American Lt-xicographer 1843 
 
 ..American General 1866 
 
 . .Celebrated French Author 1778 
 
 ..Austrian Musical Composer 1809 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in June. 
 
 Year. 
 
 .James Buchan:in 
 
 -Iviiiseppe Oariiialdi. . 
 .Stephen A. l>oti[rlas.. 
 
 .Jonatlian M:ixcy 
 
 .flames Lawrence 
 
 .Patrick Henry 
 
 .Robei't Bruce 
 
 ,.\n*li*ew tlitckson 
 
 .Charles llickens 
 
 .Lydia II. Sltioiirney. 
 
 .Sir Ji»hii Fi-anklln English Arctic E.\plorer 
 
 Wni. Cullen Bryant American Poet, 
 
 .Helen Selina (^iifTord. 
 
 .Benedict Arn«»ld 
 
 .James K. Polk 
 
 .Dnke of MarhoroiiKh.. . 
 
 . I..e\%'ls Cass 
 
 .Henry J. Raymond 
 
 .Nathaniel (>reene.. 
 
 ..15th President United States 1868 
 
 ..Italian I'ati i'.i 1(^2 
 
 ..Anieriian Slnlcsman 1861 
 
 ..Am. Divine and College Pres 1820 
 
 ..American Naval Commander ISI3 
 
 ..American Orator and Patriot 1799 
 
 . .King of Scots ] 329 
 
 ..7th Prcsid. lit United States 1845 
 
 ..Engh-li NoA.Oi^t 1870 
 
 .\nurii:Ln AiilliMtess l865 
 
 .1847 
 1878 
 
 .English Poetess I8G7 
 
 ,.Am. General and Traitor 1801 
 
 .11th Pi.>i.i.nt United States 1840 
 
 .English liiinijil 1722 
 
 .AimTir:iii SliiUMiiiin 1866 
 
 .American Jmirnalist 1869 
 
 . . .American General 1786 
 
 1830 
 
 .S<»|>hle Mullet* .....German Tragic Acti*ess 
 
 .Alexai»<ler I>- Orr American Statesmon 1835 
 
 .Mani)e\Y Henry Eng. Divine and Commentator. ..1714 
 
 . Janieo Mill English Philosopher 1836 
 
 .John Itandolpli Vmerican Staltsnmn 1833 
 
 <ie<»rtre .\ . Custer Americnn Gi-ncral IK76 
 
 .Oeorife IV King nl (Inat Hrituln I>>30 
 
 . Ilii-:iiii I*<»wei*n America n Srulptnr 1^73 
 
 JauieN Madison 41 h I'nsiJeiit luited States 1H36 
 
 .Henry 4 'lay Am. Statesman and Orator 1852 
 
 .James BucklniEham Kng. Trav., Lecturer and Author.. 1855 
 
 :(>— 
 
 -<).K
 
 .(> — 
 
 -^@— >^^ 
 
 Date of Death of Prominent Individuals 
 
 DURING 
 
 Every Day of the Last Six Months of the Year. 
 
 
 WJ 
 
 Deaths in Jtdy. 
 
 iS".i/ i «^g- I OCCUPATION. I ^^»^^r 
 
 I..tlo*flah iltilucy Am. Statesman and Scholar 1864 
 
 2.. Robert l*eel En(?Iish Statesman 1850 
 
 3. .tlameot Miii-hIi Am. Philosopher and Author 1842 
 
 4. .Tho.iii:iN.lftliTNon 3r(l rrisi.k-nt I'liited Stales 1820 
 
 5. Sir Koherl .St ranee English l•;n^,'^;lv.■l■ 1792 
 
 n..,l:inieM Monroe 5th I'resul.-nt United States 1831 
 
 7.. Kii-haril U. Nheridikil Poet and Author 1816 
 
 H. ..'\iilotne l>ii|>rat French Cardinal and Statesman. . 1535 
 
 ;>. .Zaeliary Ta.-i lor 12th Pre>ident United States 1850 
 
 ln..ljiithfr'Martin American Law\ er 1826 
 
 1 1., Sir VVilllain .lohnNun British Ueneral 1774 
 
 12. .LiikiilM (]af|ueM M. I>aicuerre.In ventor of Da^uerreotyping: 1851 
 
 13. .*J oh II V. Penilii-rlou American General I88I 
 
 I4..Ediiiiiii<l V. Oetiest Freneli Diploniutist 1834 
 
 IS-.^'harU't* B. St ra I ton Tom Thtiinb, American Dwarl".., .1883 
 
 16..Fi'aneoii* M. I-.. L.ouvolfi A French Minister of State 1691 
 
 17. .Christian I^. Sliecclltz German Author 1836 
 
 18. .Arthur Pi-nrhyn Stanley Celebrated Entjli.sh Divine I88I 
 
 19..*lean I..efevre <'lieveruB. .. .French Card. jindPhilanthropist. .1836 
 
 20,.Eli*onoi'a P. de FotiMecu Neapolitan Hirdinc and Martyr. . 1799 
 
 21.. Robert ISuriiN Pre-eniinunt S..illisti I*iM-t 1796 
 
 22.. Matt hew Webb Celel»rat<-.l Kiik'li-h Swimmer 1883 
 
 23..RoBer Mherii<an Am. Patriot and stalcsnian 1793 
 
 24.. Mart ill Van Uiiren 8th President United States 1862 
 
 25. .Samuel T. C'oleridffe English Poet and Piiilusopher. . . .1834 
 
 26.. Job IJurl'ee American Authur and Jurist 1847 
 
 27.,Motit«:oiiierv Blair American Lawyer and Politician.. 1883 
 
 28.. Benjamin Ooodhue American Slaie-^iiuin 1814 
 
 29..\%'irilani Wilberforce i:ni,'li-h I'liihmDirupist 1833 
 
 30..'VI'illiam Penii FnniuUr nt Pennsylvania 1718 
 
 31.. Andrew Johntton 17lU Preaident United States 1875 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in August. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1. .Kobert MorrlHon Eng. Missionary and Orientalist.. 1834 
 
 2..Hoi';»oe Mann American Educationist 1859 
 
 3..<Iame8 II King of Scotland 1437 
 
 4. .William Cecil Burlelffh English Statesman 1598 
 
 5. .Seb;i»ilian Ei*;ird French Wanuf'r of Mus.lns'm'nts..l831 
 
 6.. Benjamin tlonson English Author aiid Poet 1637 
 
 7. .Pan! Le rieune French Missionary 1664 
 
 8..Ge<irsre Canning English Statesman and Orator ...1827 
 
 J*. .tlaiiieH Breekenrldgre American General 1846 
 
 10. .John WlUon t'roker British Writer and Statesman... 1857 
 
 IL.XhaddeiiN Stevens American Statesman 1868 
 
 12. .Geortre Stephen (ton English Engineer and Inventor.. ,1848 
 
 13. .John P:itton Emmet American Physician 1842 
 
 I4..1tavid Olascoe Fiii'ragut American Admiral 1870 
 
 15. .L.iliaii Adelaide Neilson English Actress 1880 
 
 16. .('liai-leH <jl. Finney American Preacher 1875 
 
 17.. Frederick the Oreat King of Prussia 1786 
 
 18..0Ie Bornemann Bull Norwegian Violinist 1880 
 
 19. . Jeremijih G. Black American Jui'ist and Statesman.. 1883 
 
 20. .Jan DeW'Itt Dutch Statesma:: 1672 
 
 21 . .Thoin;iN Clavton American Statesman 1854 
 
 22. . Franc Joseph Gall Founder of Phrenology 1828 
 
 23. .IncreiiNe Mather American Divine 1723 
 
 24. .Gen. Albert J. Myer American Meteorologist 1880 
 
 25.. Ja»me« W:itt Scottish Engineer and Inventor.. 1819 
 
 26. .Dr. Adam Clark British Clergyman 1832 
 
 27..W^illiam C. Ralston Calif omian Banker 1875 
 
 28. . JaineN Henry LelKli Hunt. .English Poet and Author 1859 
 
 29. .Brleham Yoiingr Pi-es. of the Mormon Church 1877 
 
 30. .John F Mercer American Statesman 1821 
 
 31.. John B. Hood Confederate General 1879 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in September. 
 
 Year. 
 
 l..r.ouiH XIV King of France 1715 
 
 2. .Jean Victor Moreaii French General 1813 
 
 3.. Benjamin Xaliaferro American Statesman 1821 
 
 4. .Ste|>hen II:irrim:iii Lonff- - - -American Engineer 1864 
 
 5. .George ISerniird Beppingr. ..French Author 1853 
 
 6.. Ed ward Ntanley Englij^h Bishop 1849 
 
 7. .^''illiani I.<edyard American Soldier 1781 
 
 8. .Edw!ird B. Jack«on American Physician 1870 
 
 9. .John Siiifflelon Copley American Historical Painter 1815 
 
 10. .John Bell American Statesman 1869 
 
 ll..I,adv Palmerston Wife of Prime Min. of Eng 1869 
 
 12. .Gebhard Von Blucher Prussian Field-Marshal 1819 
 
 13. . Ainb. Everett ISuriiKlde American Gtneral .1881 
 
 14. .James Feiiinioi-e Cooper American Novelist 1851 
 
 I't. Robert Poll ok PoUok's Course of Time 1857 
 
 1"'. .Gal>r'l B.'in'l Falit enhelt Ger. Physicist and Mechanician.. 1736 
 
 17 . Robert Bellarmin Ital. Card, and Controversialist . .1621 
 
 ls..M'illiam Ha /.lit t Eng. Crit. and Miscel. Writer 1830 
 
 19. , J a nieM A bra m Garfield 20th President of United States.. . 1881 
 
 21.'. .R<;bei-t Km met t Irish Insurrectionist 1803 
 
 21., Sir Walter Seolt Scotti^st Novelist and Poet 1832 
 
 22..I>ord Xhomas Ben man Lord Chief Justice of England, .. 1854 
 
 23. .Maria Felicia Malibran. .. .Spanish Singer 1S36 
 
 24 .Henry Hart Milman Engli'^h Author 1868 
 
 25. .K.uspar Peiicer Ger. Physician an^l Mathemat 1602 
 
 2<i. .Baniel Boone Am. Explorer and Colonizer 1820 
 
 27. .Karl C. F. Krause German Philosopher 1832 
 
 2S,.Br. Karl Ritter German Geotrrapher 1859 
 
 2J)..Gufitavu*i I King of Sweden 1560 
 
 30. .George Whitefleld English Clergyman 1770 
 
 Deaths in October. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 I 
 
 OCCUPATION. 
 
 I Dtat . 
 
 .NIr Edwin Lundiieer 
 
 .t'liiirleH I^^ee 
 
 .Ella.1 Howe 
 
 .Saiiiiiel HorMley 
 
 .<'hai-le<< CornwalllN 
 
 . B4*Mj:itnln I*elrce 
 
 .Edfc^r Allan Poe 
 
 .Franklin I"ier-ce 
 
 .Olio I..iiine Er<lmann 
 
 .Mrs. S. P. W. PartOH... 
 
 . J:imeH Bow doin 
 
 .Ritbert Edwaril l.ee 
 
 .flohn \'aii Biiren 
 
 .John Foster 
 
 .Hiiinphrey Bltton 
 
 .Hiitsh I<atinier 
 
 .William F. I^^ynch 
 
 .I.<ord I'altnerston 
 
 .flohn Br(»wn 
 
 .I-vdia Maria Child 
 
 .Samuel F«iote 
 
 .Win. Theodore Bwlfflit 
 
 .Earl of Ilerby 
 
 .Baniel Welmter 
 
 .Heni-y Unox 
 
 .Robert Anderson 
 
 .Ida Pfeiner 
 
 .John l..oeke. 
 
 .Sir Waller Raleigh 
 
 .Orinsby M. Mitchel 
 
 .Joseph Hooker 
 
 . .EngHMh Painter 1873 
 
 , .Americi;n Major-Oeneral 1782 
 
 ..Am. Inv(;ntor of the Sew. Mach,,,|807 
 
 ..Kngll^h Prelalcand Author 18OO 
 
 ..British (jenerul and Earl 1805 
 
 . .American Mathematician I880 
 
 . .American Poet jj^o 
 
 ..12th PrcKidentof United StatCH.. 1869 
 
 ..German Chemist |869 
 
 ..American Authoresp 1872 
 
 ..U.S. Min. toHi)ain IW5 to 1808.. 181 1 
 ...\merican Con federate General.. . 1870 
 
 ..Am. Lawyer and Politician IHdG 
 
 ..English Ks.say island Moralist 1830 
 
 . .Enj^lish Mathematician I7i5 
 
 ..English Keformer and Martyr. ... 1.555 
 
 ..American Naval OUlcer 1865 
 
 . . British Statesman 1865 
 
 . .American OtHcer i760 
 
 . ..\m. Philanthropist and Aulh 1880 
 
 ,.Engli.sh Dramatist and Actor 1777 
 
 .Am. Lawyer and Clergyman 1865 
 
 .Prime Minister of EnKland 1869 
 
 ..Am. Statesman and Orator 1852 
 
 ..American Ftevolutionary Gen'l,..1806 
 
 ..American General iK7i 
 
 .German Traveler is.^,8 
 
 .Eng. Philos. and Theologian 1704 
 
 ..Eng. Navigator and Statesman. .. 1 618 
 
 .Am. Astronomer and General 1862 
 
 .American General 1879 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in 'November. 
 
 Year. 
 
 .Oliver Perry Morton American Statesman 
 
 .Abiel "Wootl American Statesman 
 
 .Sir John Leslie Scottish Jlath. and Physicist 
 
 .George Pea body American Banker in London 
 
 .Thomas Sully Am. Painter Bom in England... 
 
 .<'harles Stewai-t American Rear- Admiral 
 
 .Fre*leriek W. Lorlug: American Author 
 
 .John Milton English Poet 
 
 .Barbara HiiHand English Authoress 
 
 .John Ti-iimbiill American Painter 
 
 .Mrs. Liicretia Mott American Social Keformer 
 
 .Ch:irles Kemble English Actor. 
 
 .Chjirles Simeon English Clergyman , 
 
 .Charles (Carroll American Patriot 
 
 .Joseph Milner English Church tlistortan 
 
 .Rena I.*. Best out Aines French Botanist and Traveler.., 
 
 .Fitz-Gi-eene Halleck American Poet 
 
 .Chai'les I.i:ileniont French Jesuit 
 
 .John Par lie I- Hale American Statesman 
 
 .Mounts! ii:irt Elphinstone. . .Eng. Statemanand Historian... 
 
 .James Hogg Scottish Poet 
 
 .John Tillotson English Prelate 
 
 .Perkin W arbeck Pretender to the Crown of Eng. 
 
 . J«>hii Knox Scottish Keformer 
 
 . J oh n K i ( t o English Biblical Writer 
 
 .Oliver Ellsworth Am. Jurist and Statesman 
 
 .Adam Mieklewioz Polish Poet 
 
 .Washington Irvlngf American Author 
 
 .Horace Gi'eeley Pounder of the " N. Y. Tribune" 
 
 .J. Sheridan Knowles British Dramatist 
 
 .1877 
 .1834 
 .1832 
 .1869 
 .1872 
 .1869 
 .1871 
 . 1674 
 , l«44 
 .1843 
 .1880 
 .1854 
 .1836 
 .1832 
 .1797 
 1833 
 .1867 
 .1674 
 .1873 
 .1859 
 .1835 
 
 .1499 
 .1572 
 .1854 
 .1807 
 .1855 
 .1859 
 .1872 
 .1862 
 
 Day. 
 
 Deaths in December. 
 
 l..t.eo X Pope of Rome 1521 
 
 2..Hernan4lo Cortez Spanish Conqueror of Mexico 1547 
 
 3..Ilobert Montgomery English Poet 1855 
 
 4. .Armand J. I>. Richelieu French Statesman 1642 
 
 5..JohannC. W. A. Mozart German Musical Composer. 1791 
 
 6.. Anthony Trollope English Novelist 1882 
 
 7.. Algernon Sidney English Statesman 1683 
 
 8. .Jonas Chickeriue Am. Piano-forte Manufacturer.. .. 1853 
 
 9. .John Flaxman English Sculptor. 1826 
 
 10. .Biincnn Forbes Scottish Statesman 1747 
 
 11. .Francois Xavler Martin American Jurist 1846 
 
 12.. Ed win Forrest. .Xnu ricnn Actor 1872 
 
 13. .Edward I... Ellenborough.. . .rtiief Justice of England 1818 
 
 14. .George W'ashlnglon.. I'ir^t President United State:. I7£l9 
 
 15., Thomas S. M^lllianiB American Stat<>sman 1861 
 
 16.. Thomas Pennant Eng. Naturalist and Antiquary. .. 1708 
 
 17. .Simon Bolivar Liberator of Bolivia 1830 
 
 18.. Thomas i'orwin American OratorandStatesman..l865 
 
 19. .Bayard Tiiyloi- .Vmerican Traveler and Author. . .1878 
 
 20. .Enimeric Vattel .Swiss Publicist 1767 
 
 21. .Margaret of Augouleme Queen of Navarre and Anthor 1549 
 
 22.. Joel Barlow American Poet and Patriot 1812 
 
 23. .George Eliot (M. Evans) English Novelist 1880 
 
 24..1,Vm. M. Thackeray English Novelist 1863 
 
 25. .Samuel de Champlain French Explorer. 1635 
 
 26., Stephen Girard .Vmerican Banker 1831 
 
 27, .Edwin Hubbell Cbapln American Universalist Divine. .. .1880 
 
 28, .Gerrit Smith American Philanthropist 1874 
 
 29, .Thomas Robert Malthu*. .. .English Political Economist 1834 
 
 30..Juan Prim Spanish General and Statesman.. 1870 
 
 3l..Mellen Prentiss American Statesman 1840 
 
 29
 
 Mr 
 
 !(>- 
 
 450 
 
 Continental Congress of ths American Colonies 
 
 Beginning Sept. 5, 1774-Closing Oct. 21, 1788. 
 
 First Session— Held at Philadelphia, Pa., from 
 Sept. 5, 1774. to Oct. 26, 1774. Presidents of 
 the Congress— Peyton Randolph, of Va., and 
 Henry Middleton, of S. C. 
 
 Second Session—Held at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 from May 10, 1775. to Dec. 12, 1776. Pres- 
 idents of the Co»ffr*'ss— Peyton Randolph, of 
 Va., and John Hancock, of Mass. 
 
 Third Session— Held at Baltimore, Md., from 
 Dec. 20. 1776, to Mar. 4, 1777. President of 
 t}ie Congress— John Hancock, of Mass. 
 
 Fourth Session— Held at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 from Mar. 4, 1777. to Sept. 18, 1777. Pres- 
 ident of the Congress— John Hancock, uf 
 Mass. 
 
 Fifth Session— Held at Lancaster. Pa., from 
 Sept. 27, 1777, lasting only on»r day. Pres- 
 ident of the Congress— John Hancock, of 
 
 Sixth Session— Held at York, Pa., from Sept. 
 30. 1777. to June 27, 1778. Presidents of 
 the Con gress- John Hancock, of Mass., 
 and Henry Laurenfi, of S. C. 
 
 Seventh Session— Held at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 July 2, 1778. to June 27. 1783. Presidents 
 of the Congress— Heary Laurens, of S. C. ; 
 John Jav. of N. Y.; Samuel Huntington, of 
 Ct.; Tho'mas McKean.of Del.; John Hanlcn, 
 of Md., and Elias Boudinot, of N. J. 
 
 X:iehth Session— Held at Princeton, N. J., from 
 June 30. 1783, to Nov. 4, 1783. Presidents 
 of the Congi-€ss—Klia.s Boudinot, of N. J., and 
 Thomas Mifflin, of Pa. 
 
 Ninth Session— Held at Annapolis, Md.. from 
 Nov. 26, 1783. to June 3. 1784. Presidents 
 of the Congress— Thomas Mifflin, of Pa., and 
 Richard Henrj' Lee, of Va. 
 
 Tenth Session— Held at Trenton. N. J., from 
 Nov. 1, 1784, to Dec. 24. 17H4. President 
 of the ConffiTS8~Richard Henry Lee, of \'a. 
 
 Eleventh Session— Held at New York. N. Y., 
 from Jan. 11, 1785. to Nov. 4, 1785. Pres- 
 ident of the Congress- Richard Henry Lee, 
 of Va. 
 
 Twelfth Session— Held at New York, N. Y., 
 Nov. 7, 1785, to Nov. 3. 1786. Presidents 
 of the Congress— John Hancock, of Mass. 
 (who could not serve, owing to illness), 
 and Nathaniel (jorham, of Mass. 
 
 Thirteenth Session— Held at New York, 
 N. Y., from Nov. 6, 17H6. to Oct. 30. 1787. 
 Presidents of the Coiiffj-e.'*.'*- Nathaniel Gor- 
 ham, of Mass., and Arthur St. Clair, of Pa. 
 
 Fourteenth Session— Held at New York. 
 N. Y.. from Nov. 5, 1787. to Oct. 21, 1788. 
 Presidents of the Congress^ArthuT St. Clair, 
 of Pa., and uyrus Griffin, of Va. 
 
 List of Delegates in the Continental Congress, From Sept. 5, 1774, to Oct, 17, 1788. 
 
 DELEGATES. 
 
 Adams, Andrew 
 
 AdaTus, John. 
 
 Adams, Samuel , 
 
 Adams, Thomas 
 
 Alexander, Robert 
 
 Allen. Andrew 
 
 Alsop, John 
 
 Armstrong. John 
 
 Arnold. Jonathan 
 
 Arnold, Peleg 
 
 Ashe, John B 
 
 Atlee, Samuel J 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham , 
 
 Banister, John 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah 
 
 Bayard, John 
 
 Beatty, John 
 
 Bedford, Gunning 
 
 Bedford, Gunning, Jr. .. 
 
 Bee, Thomas 
 
 Benson, Egbert 
 
 Beresford. Richard 
 
 Biddle. Edward 
 
 Bingham, William 
 
 Blanchard. Jonathan... 
 
 Bland, Richard 
 
 Bland, Theodoric 
 
 Bloodworth, Timothy... 
 
 Blount. William 
 
 Boerum, Simon 
 
 Boudinot, Elias 
 
 Braxton, Carter 
 
 Brown, John 
 
 Brownson, Nathan 
 
 Bull, John 
 
 Bullock, Archibald 
 
 Burke, Thomas 
 
 Burnett. William 
 
 Burton, Robert 
 
 Butler. Pierce 
 
 Cadwallader, Lambert. 
 Carmichael, William... 
 Carrington, Edward.... 
 
 Carroll, Charles 
 
 Carroll, Daniel 
 
 Caswell, Richard 
 
 Chase, Jeremiah T 
 
 Chase, Samuel 
 
 Clark, Abraham 
 
 Clarkson. Matthew 
 
 Clay, Joseph 
 
 Clingan, William 
 
 Clinton, George 
 
 Cly mer, George 
 
 Collins, John 
 
 Condict, Silas 
 
 Contec, Benjamin 
 
 Cooke, Jdseph P 
 
 Cooper, John 
 
 Cornell. Ezekiel 
 
 Crane. Stt-phen 
 
 Cummlng. William 
 
 CuHhing, Thomas 
 
 Mnna, Krancis 
 
 Dane, Nathan 
 
 Dayton, Elias 
 
 Dean, Hllas 
 
 DeWitt, Charles 
 
 I»tck, Samuel 
 
 DicklPHnn. John 
 
 Dickinson, John 
 
 DlrkinHon, Philemon.,., 
 Druytun. William U.... 
 
 Conn. 
 Mass, 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Ire'd, 
 R. 1.. 
 R. I.. 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. ,, 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Va.,. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 Ga. ,. 
 
 s.c!! 
 
 Ire'd, 
 N, J,. 
 Va. . . 
 Ire'd. 
 N, J.. 
 Md,., 
 Va. .. 
 Md , . , 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Md, . , 
 N. J.. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ga... 
 Pa.. . 
 N, Y. 
 Pa... 
 R. I,. 
 N. J,, 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 R. I.. 
 N, J,. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Mast). 
 N J.. 
 Conn 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 
 1736 
 1735 
 1722 
 
 1740. 
 
 1741. 
 1752. 
 1748. 
 1738. 
 1754. 
 
 rs-.i 
 
 greas. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ma^s. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 K. I.. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 1727. N. H. 
 1738. Pa. . . 
 1749. jN. J.. 
 
 Del... 
 
 1747. 
 
 1729. 
 1746, 
 
 1739." 
 1751. 
 
 '1708.' 
 1742. 
 1736. 
 1744, 
 
 l'746,' 
 1736, 
 1757. 
 1743, 
 
 1747. 
 1744. 
 1741. 
 
 Del.,, 
 S. O.. 
 
 1749. 
 1737. 
 1756. 
 1729, 
 
 1771.' 
 1726. 
 
 1739. 
 1739. 
 
 1717. 
 
 i75.i 
 1730, 
 
 1725. 
 
 1743. 
 1752, 
 1735. 
 ,1737. 
 1728. 
 
 1732; 
 
 1739. 
 1742. 
 
 Del.,, 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C, 
 Pa. ,, 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Va. . 
 Va. ., 
 Ga... 
 8. C. 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 C. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Md. . . 
 Md. . , 
 N. C, 
 Md,,. 
 Md. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa, .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y, 
 Pa. .. 
 R. I.. 
 N. J.. 
 Md . , . 
 Conn. 
 N. J., 
 R. I.. 
 N.J,, 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Murts. 
 Mass. 
 ^. J.. 
 Conn, 
 N, Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Del... 
 Pa. .. 
 DeL.. 
 S. C. 
 
 .Four years. 
 'Three years. 
 
 Seven years, 
 jTwo years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two J' ears. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Seven mos. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Six months. 
 
 Three years 
 
 Two years, 
 
 One>t yrs. 
 
 Two years. 
 1 Two i4 yrs. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 |Two years, 
 i Three years. 
 
 One year, 
 jOne year. 
 iTwo years. 
 
 Three years. 
 'One year. 
 
 FourM yrs. 
 
 Three ^ mos 
 , One year. 
 iOne year. 
 
 Three years. 
 JTwo years. 
 
 One year. 
 JTwo years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 I Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 ' Five years. 
 
 Seven years. 
 
 I One year. 
 
 I Two years. 
 
 'Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Five years. 
 
 Five years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Three years 
 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Two years. 
 Three years 
 
 (Three years 
 One year. 
 , Two years. 
 .Two years. 
 , iTwo years. 
 .iThree years 
 .Two years. 
 ■ One year. 
 
 I One year. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Merchant. 
 Surveyor . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Physician. 
 Merchant. 
 Physician. 
 Unknown, 
 j Lawyer... 
 ^Lawyer, ,. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 lUnknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Soldier — 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 lAgricul'.'^t. 
 iLawyer.,, 
 I Unknown, 
 1 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,. 
 jUnknown, 
 
 I Jurist 
 
 jUnknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 'Merchant. 
 jUnknown. 
 Unknown 
 1 Clergy m'n 
 Unknown. 
 .Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 [Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,. 
 'Lawyer.,. 
 , Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown, 
 Merchant, 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .1797 
 .1826 
 .1803 
 
 .1825 
 .1794 
 .1795 
 .1798 
 .1820 
 .1S02 
 .1786 
 .1807 
 ,1787 
 .1795 
 
 ; i"826 
 .1797 
 .1812 
 
 .1779 
 .1804 
 
 .1776 
 .17£»0 
 .1814 
 .1800 
 
 !i'821 
 ,1797 
 .1828 
 .1796 
 
 .1777 
 .1783 
 .1791 
 .1825 
 .1822 
 .1823 
 .1795 
 .1810 
 .1832 
 . 1829 
 .1789 
 
 ii'sii 
 
 1794 
 
 .1812 
 .1813 
 
 .1795 
 
 DELEGATES. 
 
 .1815 
 .1816 
 
 .1788 
 .1811 
 .1835 
 .1807 
 .1789 
 .1787 
 .1812 
 ,1808 
 
 ,1809 
 .1779 
 
 Duane, James 
 
 Duer, William 
 
 Dver. Eliphalet 
 
 Edwards. Pierrepont... 
 
 Ellery, William 
 
 Ellsworth . Oliver 
 
 Bjlmer, Jonathan 
 
 Evans, John 
 
 Everleigh. Nicholas 
 
 Fell. John 
 
 Few. William- 
 
 Fitzhiigh. William 
 
 Fitzsimm.iii-, Thomas.. 
 
 Fleming', William 
 
 Floyd, William 
 
 Folsom, Nathaniel 
 
 Forbes, James 
 
 Forrest, Uriah 
 
 Foster, Abiel 
 
 Franklin. Benjamin 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Fred — 
 
 Frost, George 
 
 Gadsen, Christopher.., 
 
 Galloway, Joseph 
 
 Gansevoort, Leonard. . , 
 
 Gardner, Joseph 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge 
 
 Gervais, John L 
 
 Gibbons, William 
 
 Giiman, John T 
 
 Gilman, Nicholas 
 
 Goldsborough. Robert. 
 
 Gorham, Nathaniel 
 
 Gravson. William 
 
 Griffin, Cyrus , 
 
 Gwinnett, Button 
 
 Habershaw, John 
 
 Hall, John 
 
 Hall, Lyman 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander.. 
 
 Hancock, Jolin 
 
 Hand. Edward 
 
 Hanson. John 
 
 Hardy. Saiinu-l 
 
 Harintr. .I.-lin 
 
 Harnett, Cornelius 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin... 
 
 Harrison, William 
 
 Hart, John 
 
 Harvie. John 
 
 Hawkins, iU-njamin 
 
 Hazai-d, Jcumthan J. , . . 
 
 Hemslay, William 
 
 Henderson, Thomoa — 
 
 Henry, James 
 
 Henry, John 
 
 Henry, Potrick 
 
 Henry, William 
 
 Ht'w«'H, Joseph 
 
 Higgiiison. Stcplien.... 
 
 Hill. Whitmill 
 
 HllUiousf. William 
 
 Hindnuui, William 
 
 Hollon. Sinmu-l 
 
 H(H>i-^r. William 
 
 Hopkins. .st.plR-n 
 
 Hopkiiison, Francis 
 
 Hornblowt-r, Jo&lah. . . 
 
 Hosmer, Titus 
 
 Houston, Jolin 
 
 Houston, William 
 
 Houston, William C..., 
 Howard, John E 
 
 .1734. 
 ,1726. 
 
 1753. 
 1762. 
 
 1749, 
 1732. 
 1754 
 
 I Conn. ' 
 ,w. I.; 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N. C 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1736 
 
 "1730 
 ,1743 
 1743 
 
 1720 
 
 Ten years. 
 'One year. 
 [Eight years. 
 
 One year. 
 'Seven years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Six years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Eight years 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 [One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Six years. 
 'One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Six years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two M yi"s- 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Four' years, 
 j Three years. 
 'Four years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Six years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Five years. * 
 
 lono year. 
 , Three years. 
 . Tlircrt years. 
 , Thrt-o years. 
 . Eight years. 
 .'Three yeai-s. 
 , Four years. 
 . One year. 
 .'One year. 
 .iTwo years. 
 . Two years. 
 . Three years, 
 . I Four years. 
 . One year. 
 
 iLawyer... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician.' 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown.' 
 Soldier. ..' 
 Unknown. 
 ISoldier. .. 
 iClergym'n 
 Printer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 jUnknown. 
 'Agrieurst. 
 .Unknown. 
 'Soldier. ,. 
 .Unknown. 
 I Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Vai-Ied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant, 
 l^nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 :. Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Machinist. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Educator. 
 Soldier. . . 
 
 .1828 
 !K>9 
 .1811 
 
 . 1790 
 .1804 
 .1793 
 
 . 1 783 
 .1785 
 
 .1805 
 .1798 
 .1799 
 
 .1779 
 
 ,1828 
 
 A
 
 >^^? — 
 
 DELEGATES To TIIK (JONTINKNTAL CONGRESS. 
 
 451 
 
 DELEGATES. 
 
 Howell, David 
 
 Huvvk-y. Hi<^l»ard 
 
 Hut^fi-, Diiiilfl 
 
 Hninpliifv. Chillies 
 
 lliiritinutnii, Benjamin. 
 Huntiiigtuii. Saimiel. ... 
 
 HutHun. Kiclianl 
 
 InsL-rsoll. Jared 
 
 Ii-\'ine, William 
 
 Izard, Ralph 
 
 Jaclisoii. David 
 
 Jackson , Jonathan 
 
 Jay. John 
 
 Jeffeisoii. Thomas 
 
 Jenifer, liaiii.l 
 
 Jnhn>'>n. TIi.iin;is 
 
 Johnsi'ii. Williams 
 
 Johnston, Samuel 
 
 Jones, Allen 
 
 Jones, Joseph 
 
 Jones, Nohle W 
 
 Jones, Wilie 
 
 Kean, John 
 
 Kearney. Dyre 
 
 King, Rufus 
 
 Kinioch. Francis 
 
 Kinsey, James 
 
 t,anndo!i. John 
 
 Lanprdoii, Woodbury... 
 Lan^woi ihy, Edward. . 
 
 Lansint'. .l"hii 
 
 Laurens, Henry 
 
 Law, Richard 
 
 Lawrence, John 
 
 Lee, Arthur 
 
 Lee, Francis L 
 
 Lee, Henry 
 
 Lee. Kichard Henry 
 
 Lee, Thomas Sim 
 
 L'Hotnmedieu, Ezra.... 
 
 Lewis, Francis 
 
 Livermore. Snmuel 
 
 LivinKstuii. Philip 
 
 LivinL'st.ni. K-.l-ert R.. 
 
 Livintr-^ton. Wuller 
 
 Livingston, William... 
 
 Lloyd. Edward 
 
 Long. Pii-rce 
 
 Lovell, James 
 
 Low, Isaac 
 
 Lowell, John 
 
 Lynch, Thomas 
 
 Lynch. Thomas, Jr 
 
 McClene, James 
 
 MeComb, Eleazer 
 
 McUougall, Alex 
 
 McHenry, James 
 
 McKean, Thomas 
 
 Madison, James 
 
 :Manning. James 
 
 Marchant. Henry 
 
 Martin. Luther 
 
 Matlack, Timothy 
 
 Matthews. John 
 
 Mercer, James 
 
 Mercer, John F 
 
 Meretlith, Siiimiel 
 
 Middleti.n, Arthur.... 
 
 Midillctoii. H. my 
 
 MitHin.Tliuinus 
 
 Miller. Nathan 
 
 Mitchell, Nathaniel... 
 
 Mitchell, Stephen M... 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 Montgomery, Joseph.. 
 
 Morris, Charles 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur. . . 
 
 Morris, Lewis 
 
 Morris, Robert 
 
 Morton. John 
 
 Motte, Isaac 
 
 Mowry. Daniel 
 
 Jluhlenberg, Fred. A.. 
 
 Nash, Abner 
 
 NeilBon. John 
 
 Nelson, Thomas 
 
 Osgood, Samuel 
 
 Otis, Samuel A 
 
 Paca, William 
 
 Page, Mann 
 
 Paine, Ephraim 
 
 Pajne, Robert T 
 
 Parker. John 
 
 Partridge, George 
 
 Fatten, John 
 
 Peabody, Nathaniel. 
 
 Peevy, William 
 
 Pendleton. Edmund.. 
 
 Penn, John 
 
 Peters, Richard... 
 
 Pettit, Charles.... 
 
 Pierce, William,, . 
 
 Pinckney, Charles 
 
 Plater. George.... 
 
 Piatt, Zephauiah.. 
 
 Potts, Richard.... 
 
 1 
 
 Where When V."'""' 
 Born. Born. "T' 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 Ga. .. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 C. 
 Conn. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 S. 0.. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Mass 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Md 
 
 N. O. 
 Va... 
 Eng'd . 
 -'. C. . 
 
 C. One year. 
 
 va... Kouryeara. 
 
 ,17114. Ga... Three years. 
 N. C. One year. 
 ... S. C. Two years. 
 
 'Del... Two years. 
 
 Mass. .1755.!Masp. Two years. 
 
 'S. C One year. 
 
 " ' 1733. N. J.. One year. 
 
 Yean In Con- 
 Ktiraa 
 
 OcaupftlloD. Died, 
 
 R. I.. (Three years. 
 Ga. ..lOno year. 
 S. C. Two years. 
 Pa. . .Two years. 
 Conn. Five years. 
 Cunn. Six years. 
 " " One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Four years. 
 Ma...]. !*.>-. .uu... Three years, 
 Conn.' . 17li7. Conn. Three years. 
 Scot.. .1733. N. C. Two years. 
 
 1747. 
 
 1711. 
 ,1736. 
 
 ,1732. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 .174iJ. Pa. .. 
 .1741. Pa. .. 
 .174:i.lS. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 .1743. .Mass. 
 .1745. N. Y 
 .1743. 
 .1723 
 
 1731! 
 
 Va.. 
 Md. 
 Md. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Miller 
 
 Lawyrr... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vnknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Physichm. 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. H, 
 N. H 
 
 N,* Y 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 ... Y. 
 
 Wal'j 
 . Mass 
 . N. Y 
 . N. Y 
 . N. Y 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. H 
 
 1741. N 
 1739. N 
 
 [. H. Two years 
 H. One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 N. Y. Fouryear^.. 
 
 17l>3. S. C. Three years 
 1733. Conn, '^ 
 
 .lyr.u. 
 
 .174U. 
 
 1734. 
 
 1756. 
 
 1732. 
 .1744. 
 .1724. 
 .1713. 
 
 1732. 
 .1716. 
 .1747. 
 
 '.IT23. 
 
 .1739. 
 .1737, 
 
 Four yeai-; 
 Y. Two years. 
 Three years. 
 Four years. 
 One year. 
 Nine years. 
 _ . . One year 
 Y. Five years. 
 ... Y. Three years. 
 N. H. Three years. 
 N. Y. Four yeai-s. 
 N. Y. Four years. 
 N. Y. One year. 
 N. J.. Two years. 
 
 Md...' One year. 
 
 N. H. Two years. 
 
 Mass. Six years. 
 . N. Y. [One year. 
 ;. Mass. I One year. 
 . S. C.lTwo years. 
 '. S. C..'One year. 
 Pa, .. Two years. 
 Two years. 
 Three years. 
 Three years. 
 Nine years. 
 Five years. 
 One year. 
 Four years. 
 One year. 
 One year. 
 Four years. 
 One year. 
 Three years. 
 One year. 
 Two years. 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Two years, 
 '"wo years. 
 " o years. 
 
 nknown 
 Jnknown 
 Merchant. 
 ',awyer.. . 
 i.awyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 lurist 
 
 Jnknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Pliysician. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer,.. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant, 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. [ 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Merchant, 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Merchant 
 Lawyer. . . 
 ''nknown 
 'aried... 
 Jnknown 
 Shipper... 
 Educator. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Pi'inter. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergj-m'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown, 
 Merchant. 
 Agricul'st 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Jurist 
 
 Conn. Two years. Jurist 
 
 Va... Three years. Lawyer... 
 Pa. .. Four years. Unknown, 
 
 .17H6 
 
 .IHIM) 
 .1796 
 
 !iM22 
 
 . j.sm 
 
 .1H(J4 
 
 ilHlO 
 .1K2U 
 .1H26 
 .17fX) 
 .1819 
 .IHUt 
 .IHIC 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Five years. 
 
 Six months. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Five years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 
 One year. 
 , . , Two years. 
 C. Four years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Four years. 
 . , . Three years. 
 Y. Two years. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Unknow 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st, 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 Physician, 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown, 
 
 1802 
 1819 
 1805 
 
 1792 
 1806 
 1810 
 1792 
 17^7 
 1H18 
 1794 
 18iy 
 1811 
 1HI.I3 
 .1803 
 1778 
 1813 
 
 179(1 
 
 ,1*789 
 
 J79l' 
 
 .1786 
 .1816 
 .1817 
 .1836 
 .1791 
 .1796 
 .1826 
 .1829 
 .1802 
 .1793 
 .1821 
 .1817 
 .1788 
 
 Visoo 
 
 .18^5 
 .1831 
 
 .1816 
 .1798 
 .1806 
 
 .1786 
 .1833 
 .1789 
 .1813 
 .1814 
 .1799 
 
 .1828 
 .1801 
 .1823 
 
 !l823 
 .1788 
 1828 
 .1806 
 
 .1822 
 .1792 
 
 DELEGATES. 
 
 KaniKay, David , 
 
 Ramsay, Nathaniel 
 
 Rjindolph, Edmund... . 
 
 liandolph. Peyton 
 
 Read, George , 
 
 Read, Jacob 
 
 Head, J 
 
 Reed, Joseph 
 
 Rhode.**, Samuel 
 
 Ridgeley, Richard • 
 
 Ruberdeau, Daniel 
 
 Rodney, Cajsar 
 
 Rodney, Thomas 
 
 Rogers, John 
 
 Root, Jesse 
 
 Ross, David - 
 
 Ross, George 
 
 Rumsey, Benjamin..... 
 
 Rush, Benjamin 
 
 Rutledge, Edward ■ 
 
 Rutledgc. John - 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur ■ 
 
 Scheurman. Jamos ■ 
 
 Schuyler, I'hilip 
 
 Scott, Gustavus ■ 
 
 Scott. Jolin M 
 
 Scudder. Nathaniel..... 
 
 Searle, James • 
 
 Sergeant, Jonathan D.- 
 Sedgwick Theodore ■ 
 
 Seney , Joshua ■ 
 
 Sharpe, William ■ 
 
 Sherman, Ruger ■ 
 
 Shippen, William ■ 
 
 Sitgreaves, John ■ 
 
 Smith. James ■ 
 
 Smith, Jonathan B < 
 
 Smith, Melancthon ■ 
 
 Smith, Meriwether ■ 
 
 Smith, Kichard ■ 
 
 Smith, Thumas, 
 
 Smith. William 
 
 Spaight, Richard D 
 
 Spencer, Joseph 
 
 Stevens, John 
 
 Stewart, Archibald 
 
 Stockton, Richard 
 
 Stone, Thomas 
 
 Strong, Jedediah 
 
 Sturgis, Jonathan 
 
 Sullivan, James 
 
 Sullivan. John 
 
 Swan, John 
 
 Sykes, James 
 
 Symmes, John 
 
 Taylor, George 
 
 Telfair. Edward 
 
 Thaeher, George 
 
 Thornton, Matthew.... 
 Tighlman, Matthew..,. 
 
 Tilton, James 
 
 Trapier, Paul 
 
 Tread well, John 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph 
 
 Tucker, Thomas T 
 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas... 
 
 Varnum, James M 
 
 Vining, John 
 
 "Wadsworth, James... 
 
 Wadsworth, Jeremiah. 
 
 Walton, George 
 
 Ward. Artemas 
 
 Ward. Samuel 
 
 Washington. George.. . 
 
 Wentworth. John, Jr.. 
 
 Wharton, Samuel 
 
 Whipple. William 
 
 White, Alexander 
 
 White, Phillips 
 
 Williams. John 
 
 Williams, William 
 
 Williamson. Hugh 
 
 Willing, Thomas 
 
 Willson, James 
 
 Wingate, Paine 
 
 Wisner, Heniy 
 
 Witherspoon, John..., 
 
 Wolcott. Oliver 
 
 Wood, Joseph 
 
 Wright, Turbett 
 
 Wynkoop, Henry , 
 
 Wythe, George , 
 
 Xates, Abraham, Jr. . , 
 
 Yates, Peter W 
 
 Zubly, John J 
 
 Ikirn 
 
 poni. 
 
 enW. 
 
 Ye An 111 Con- 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 
 N.'j." 
 
 I.ofK 
 
 Del... 
 
 Del... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Conn 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Del. 
 
 Md. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 Scot. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 >'. Y 
 
 Md.. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Scot" 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Conn 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Md... 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 N. H, 
 N. C. 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 Scot.. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 
 Four yearn. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 Three years. 
 
 One year. 
 
 Three years. iLawycr, 
 
 Three years. Lawyer. 
 
 Two years. 
 
 1749. B.C.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 1753. Va... 
 1723. Va. .. 
 
 17.33, Del... 
 1752. S. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1741. Pa.... 
 
 .'.'.'.'.'.'. Md'.'.'. 
 1727. Pa... 
 ,173<J. Del... 
 
 Del... 
 
 , Md... 
 
 .1737. Conn 
 
 !Md.., 
 
 .1730. Pa.,, 
 
 'Md... 
 
 . 174.'j.!Pa 
 .1749 ;s. C. 
 .1739.'S. C, 
 .1734. Pa. . 
 
 .nr^y. N.J. 
 
 .1733. N. Y 
 Md.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J., 
 
 1730. Pa. .. 
 
 1746. N. J.. 
 
 1746. Mass. 
 
 Md. .. 
 
 .1742. N. C. 
 ,1721. Conn. 
 
 Pa,.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 .1720. Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 .1730. Md...' One year. 
 
 N. C. Two years. 
 
 .1740.|Conn. One year. 
 
 N.J.. One year. 
 
 In. J.. One year. 
 
 .1730.'N. J.. One year. 
 .1743. Md... Five years. 
 Conn. Two years. 
 
 PhvHician. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Two yearn. 
 One year. 
 One year 
 
 Two years. 
 Five years. 
 B'our years. 
 One year. 
 Five years. 
 One year. 
 Three years 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Three years 
 Three years. 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Five years. 
 One year. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Luinbrin'n 
 
 Jurist 
 
 [Unknown. 
 lUnknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 iSoIdier.... 
 .Unknown. 
 Soldier.... 
 Agi-icul'st. 
 
 Thiee years. [Unknown 
 
 Two years. 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 <.ine year. 
 One year. 
 Three years. 
 Ten years. 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Two years. 
 One year. 
 Three years. 
 Four years. 
 Two years. 
 Two year?. 
 
 .1740, 
 .1744 
 1741, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Berm 
 ,,Del... 
 . j Mass . 
 
 . Conn. 
 .[Conn. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Scot.. 
 Mass. 
 
 Scot" 
 Conn, 
 
 ..iPa. 
 . . ' Va. . . 
 , . N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 jUnknown, 
 
 Unknown.' 
 
 Unknown.' 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Conn. Three years. Lawyer... 
 
 .1815 
 .1817 
 .1813 
 .1775 
 .1798 
 .1810 
 
 .'i785 
 
 .1795 
 .1784 
 .1811 
 .1789 
 .1822 
 
 .1779 
 
 J 813 
 .1800 
 .180f) 
 ,1818 
 .1824 
 .I80t 
 
 .1781 
 ,1797 
 ,1793 
 ,1813 
 
 ; 1818 
 
 ,1793 
 
 .1801 
 .1802 
 ,1806 
 
 .1809 
 .1814 
 .1802 
 .1789 
 
 . Switz!.1724. 
 
 Ma^s. One year. 
 
 N. H. Two years. 
 
 N. C. One year. 
 
 Del... One year. 
 
 1742. N. J.. One year. 
 1716. Pa. .. One year. 
 .1735. Ga... Five years. 
 1754. Mass. One year. 
 1714. N. H. Two years. 
 
 Md... Three years. 
 
 1745. DeL. Two years. 
 
 .. s. C. One year. 
 
 1745. Conn. One year. 
 1737. Conn. One year. 
 .1745. S. C. One year. 
 
 Del... I Five years. 
 
 1749. R. I.. [Three years. 
 Del... |Two years. 
 
 Conn. Three years. 
 
 Conn, j Two yeai-s. 
 
 Ga. ..|5 yrs, 8 nios. 
 
 Mass. Two years. 
 
 R. 1.. One year. 
 One yeai-. 
 
 N. H. :One year. 
 
 Del... One year. 
 
 N. H. I Three years. 
 
 Va. . .Two years. 
 
 N. H. Two 3'ears. 
 
 N. C. One year. 
 
 Conn. Three years. 
 
 N, C. Four years. 
 
 Pa. . . One year. 
 
 Pa. . . Six years. 
 
 N. H. One year. 
 
 N. Y. Two years 
 
 N. J.. Seven years. 
 
 Conn. Seven years. 
 
 Ga.. . Two years. 
 
 Md... One year. 
 
 Pa. ..'One year. 
 
 Va... I One year. 
 
 N. Y. One year, 
 
 N. Y. Two years. 
 
 Ga. ..One year. 
 
 1730. 
 
 1743. 
 
 1740. 
 
 1727. 
 .1725. 
 .1732. 
 .1745. 
 
 '. 'li'so. 
 
 .1738. 
 
 1731. 
 1735. 
 1741. 
 1742. 
 
 .1722. 
 .1726 
 
 . 1726, 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.,.. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist...,. 
 Soldier..,. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Law^'er. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Clergj-m'n 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 
 .1781 
 .1787 
 
 !i8V9 
 .1808 
 . 1795 
 
 .1814 
 .178] 
 .1807 
 .1824 
 .1804 
 
 ;i822 
 
 .1817 
 .1804 
 .1804 
 .180(.' 
 .1776 
 .1799 
 .1787 
 
 ^1785 
 
 .1804 
 
 !i799 
 .1811 
 
 .1819 
 .1821 
 .1798 
 .1838 
 
 '.V-Ah 
 
 .1797 
 
 ..1806 
 
 !!i78i 
 
 Total Members, 34 T. Occupation Unkno«-n. 140. Lawyers, 84. Va- 
 ried, 25, Merchants, «4. Jurists, SO. Physicians, 1». Soldiers, lO. 
 
 Agriculturists, 8. Clergymen, «. Printers, 8. Educators, «. MUler, 1. 
 Surveyor, 1. Clerk, 1. Lumberman, 1. Manufacturer, 1. Shipper, 1. 
 Machinist,!. Foreign Rorn, 37 : Including Ireland, 9; Scotland, 7; Eng- 
 land, 6; Wales, 1; Switzerland, 1; Bermuda, 1; West Indies, 1; Isle of 
 France, 1.
 
 Mr 
 
 4 
 
 MemlDers of the U. S. Congress. 
 
 From the Founding 
 of tlie Government to tlie Last 
 and Present CongTess. 
 
 Giving Name. Birthplace. 
 
 State Represented. Occupation. 
 
 Political Affiliations. Etc. 
 
 Together \rith Important Historical Events -which 
 Occurred During each Session. 
 
 First Congress of the United States, from 1789 to 1791. 
 
 1789 — April G. Congress opened its first session 
 
 in New York. 
 1789— Departments of State, War, Treasury 
 
 and Postal Service Established. 
 1790 — Naturalization Law Passed. 
 1790— April 15, First U. S. Patent^Right Law. 
 
 George Washington, Pres. John Adams, Vice-Pres. 
 Thos. Jefferson, of Va., Sec'y of State. Alex. Hamilton, 
 of N. Y., Sec'y of Treas. Henry Knox, of Mass., Sec'y 
 of War and Navy. Edmund Randolph, of Va., Att'y Gen, 
 F. A. Muhlenberg, of Pa., Speaker of House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist. I>, Democrat. 
 
 1790— Dist. of Columbia accepted for the fu- 
 tare United States Capital, but Phila- 
 delphia made the Capital till L^fVl. 
 
 1790— The first Census of tin- rnin-.l Stales, 
 3,920,8:27 persons, cxciudiiii; Indians.— 
 The count included 700,UUO slaves. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Born. 
 
 B.issett. Richard — 
 
 Butler, Pierce D 
 
 Carroll, Charhs F 
 
 Dalton. Tristan — 
 
 Dickinson, Philemon. — 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver F 
 
 Elmer, Jonathan F 
 
 Pew, William — 
 
 Foster, Theodore — 
 
 Grayson, William, . . — 
 
 Gunn, James — 
 
 Hawkins. Eenj — 
 
 Henr.v, John — 
 
 Izard, Ralph — 
 
 Johnson, Wm. S — 
 
 Johnston, Samuel F 
 
 King, Rufus F 
 
 Langdon, John D 
 
 Lee, Richard H — 
 
 Macla.y, William D 
 
 Monroe, -Tames D 
 
 Morris, Robert — 
 
 P.aterson, William. . . — 
 
 Read, George — 
 
 Schuyler, Philip F 
 
 Stanton, Joseph D 
 
 Strong, Caleb F 
 
 Walker, John — 
 
 Wingate, Paine — 
 
 Del... 
 Irel'd 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Del.. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Conn. 
 Scot., 
 .llasi. 
 N. U. 
 Va... 
 Penn. 
 Va... 
 Eng.. 
 Soa.. 
 Md... 
 N.Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 .Mat". 
 
 July 11, 
 Sept, 2IJ, 
 May 23, 
 -Vpril 5, 
 AprU29, 
 
 Juno 8. 
 .\pril2U, 
 
 17-14 
 1737 
 1738 
 17.19 
 1745 
 1715 
 17!S 
 1752 
 
 \ug. 15, 1754 
 
 !!!!!!!!'.'i742 
 
 Oct. 7, 17J7 
 .1733 
 
 JIar. 24, 
 Juno 2j, 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 April 28, 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 Nov. 22, 
 July IJ, 
 Jan. 9, 
 
 17.58 
 1733 
 .174 
 .1733 
 1733 
 1739 
 1745 
 
 May 14, I73L1 
 
 SiAie 
 scdUmI, 
 
 Del... 
 C. 
 Md.., 
 Mass. 
 X. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Ga. .. 
 R, I,. 
 Va . . . 
 Ga.... 
 N.C.. 
 Md... 
 3. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 N'.Y.. 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Pa. ,. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Del... 
 N. Y.. 
 R. 1.. 
 Mass . 
 v'a. . . 
 N.H. 
 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 .Soldier.. . . 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 Merchant.. 
 Clergyman 
 Lawyer. .. . 
 Cler~yman 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Law,vcr.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. . 
 Unknown. . 
 Lawyer. ... 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 jlereliant.. 
 Lawyer.... 
 Lawyer..., 
 Soldier.,.. 
 Unknown,. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 .\ffriciirst , 
 
 Sept, — , 
 Feb. 15, 
 Nov. 14, 
 May 30, 
 Feb. 4, 
 Nov. 26, 
 
 July Iti, 
 Jan. 13. 
 Mar. 12, 
 
 Jmie 6, 
 Dec. 10, 
 May 30, 
 Nov. 14, 
 .\ug. 8, 
 April 29, 
 ■:-pt. 13, 
 June 19, 
 April -, 
 July 4, 
 May 7, 
 Sept. 9. 
 5ept.21, 
 .Vov, 18, 
 
 1815 
 1822 
 1832 
 1817 
 1809 
 1807 
 1817 
 182^ 
 1828 
 1790 
 
 1816 
 1798 
 1804 
 1819 
 
 181(3 
 
 1827 
 1819 
 1794 
 1804 
 1831 
 ISOll 
 
 ISO.-; 
 
 1798 
 1804 
 
 Nov. 7, 
 
 Mar. 7, 
 
 1819 
 
 i'sas 
 
 Total Senators, S3. La^vyers, 13. Occupation Unknown. 7. Merchants, 3. 
 Soldiers, S. ClerTj'men, i5. Varied, 1. Arrricnlturist, 1. Foreign Born, 4: 
 In:?luding Ireland, 1; England, 1 ; Sea, 1; Scotland,!. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 trhrro 
 
 Wbcn Bern. 
 
 Ivcpre- 
 scnfcd. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 WhcnDie<L 
 
 -Vmes, Fisher F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 9, 17.58'Mass. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 July 4. I.SOS 
 
 Ashe, John B — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1748, N.O.. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Nov. 27, 1802 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham. . D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 6, 1754lGa... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Mar. 4. 1807 
 
 Benson, Egbert — 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Juno 21, 1740 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 .\ug. 24, 1833 
 
 Bland, Theodone — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1742 
 
 Va... 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 June 1, 1790 
 
 Bloodvvorth, Timothy- 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1736 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Varied 
 
 .\ug. 24, 1814 
 
 Boudinot, Ellas — 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 May 2, 1710 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Oct. 24, 1.821 
 
 Bourne, Benj ~ 
 
 It. I.. 
 
 Sept. 9. 1755 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Sept. 17, 1.808 
 
 Brown, John — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. 12, 1757 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 28, 1828 
 
 Burke, Edanus — 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 JuneltJ, 1743 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Mar. 30, 1.802 
 
 Cadwalladcr, Lamb. — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1741 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Sept. 12, 1823 
 
 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 
 17.5fi 
 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 1829 
 
 Clyiner, George — 
 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Clergyman 
 
 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 
 !!!!.'.'.'.'.'. iV.'iii 
 
 
 Contee, Benjamin — 
 
 Nov, 3, 1815 
 
 Pitzsimons, Thos — 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1741 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Aug.—, 1811 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 TVhore 
 Born. 
 
 \ThenBcrn. 
 
 St^itc 
 Reprc- 
 ecnteil. 
 
 Occup.ition, Wl.cn Died. 
 
 Floyd, William 
 
 _ 
 
 .•J.T.. 
 
 Deo. 17,1734 
 
 N. Y. 'Unknown.. Uug. 4, 1821 
 
 Foster, Abiel 
 
 .— 
 
 Mass. 
 
 -Vug, 8, 1735 
 
 :-t.H..'Clergvman'Feb. 6, 1806 
 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 -tid. . . L nknown.. 
 
 
 Gerry, Elblidge 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 luly 17, 1744 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Meiehunt. . 
 
 Nov. 23, I8I4 
 
 . U 
 .F 
 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Xug. 12, 1762 
 1702 
 
 * a. . . 
 N. H. 
 
 M.ass. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier., .. 
 ^lerchant. . 
 
 Dee. 4. 1S3I1 
 
 
 May 2, 1814 
 July 28, 1814 
 
 Goodhue. Benj 
 
 Oct. 1, 1748 
 
 Grout, Jonathan..,. 
 
 I) 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 July 23, 1737 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Sept. 8, 1807 
 
 Hartley, Thos 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 7, 174S 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Dec. 21, 1800 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lnknown.. 
 
 
 Heister D.anlcl. .. 
 
 
 Pa .. 
 
 1747 
 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 
 Merchant., 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Mar. 8, 1804 
 
 Huger, Daniel 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 Huntington, Benj — 
 
 . — 
 
 [^onn. 
 
 .\priil9,i'73'G 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Oct. 16. 1800 
 
 .lackson, James 
 
 . 
 
 Eng.. 
 
 1757 Ga... 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Mar. 19, 1806 
 
 Lawrence, John 
 
 . — 
 
 Eng.. 
 
 17.50 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Nov. 7, 1810 
 
 Lee Kich,ard B 
 
 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 1762 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Mar. 12, 1827 
 
 Leon.ani, George.... 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 4, 172S 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 July 26, 1819 
 
 Liverinore, Samuel. 
 
 . — 
 
 Miss. 
 
 May 14, 1732 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 May 18, 1803 
 
 Madison, James 
 
 l> 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mar, IG, 1751 
 
 Va.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 June 28, 1836 
 
 ilatthews, George.. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 USE 
 
 Oa... 
 
 Agriculfst. 
 
 Aug. 30, 1812 
 
 Moore, Andrew 
 
 — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 May 24, 1821 
 
 Muhlenberg, F. A 
 
 
 Pa . . . 
 
 Jime 2, 175C 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 >Iuhlenberg, J.P. G. 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Oct. I, 1746 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 Oct. 1, 1807 
 
 Pttge. John 
 
 . D 
 
 Va... 
 
 .\prU 17,174! 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1808 
 
 Partridge, George. . 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 8, 174C 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 July 8, 1821 
 
 
 If 
 
 Va . . 
 
 
 Va. .. 
 V, J.. 
 
 Jnknown.. 
 Soldiei- 
 
 Mar. 21, 1810 
 
 Schureman, J 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 17.57 
 
 Jan. 23, 1.821 
 
 Sedgwick, Theo 
 
 K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 9, 1746 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Liwyer.... 
 
 Jan. 24. 1813 
 
 Seney, Josiah 
 
 — 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1815 
 
 
 . D 
 
 Va 
 
 1745 
 
 N. C. 
 Conii. 
 
 
 
 Sherman, Roger 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 19, 1721 
 
 Lawyer. , , . 
 
 July '23, 1793 
 
 Sinnickson, Thos... 
 
 — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1745;n. J.. 
 
 Merchant. . 
 
 May 15, 1817 
 
 Scott, Thomas 
 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 Steele, John 
 
 .F 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Not. 1, 1764 N. C. 
 
 Agiieult'st. 
 
 Ang. 14, 1815 
 
 Smith, William 
 
 .P Md... 
 
 1730,Md... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Mar. 27, 1814 
 
 
 .P 
 
 s. c. 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 
 
 1812 
 
 Sturges, Jonas 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 23, 1740 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Oct. 4, 1819 
 
 Sumter. Thomas 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 17348. C. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Juno 1, 1832 
 
 Sylvester, Peter 
 
 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 'N.Y. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 Thatcher, Geor.TC. . 
 
 . — 
 
 Ma-!S. 
 
 April 12, 1754 Mass. 
 
 Lawj'er, , . . 
 
 April 6, 1824 
 
 Trumbull. Jonathan 
 
 . K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 26, 1740 Conn. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Aug. 7, 1809 
 
 Tucker, Thomas T.. 
 
 
 Ber!a. 
 
 1745S. C. 
 
 unknown.. 
 
 May 2, 1828 
 
 Van Rensselaer,Jere. — 
 
 
 I741N. Y. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Feb. 22, 18-22 
 
 Viiiing. John 
 
 
 
 
 iDel... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 W adsworth, Jere, . 
 
 F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1743 Conn. 
 
 tjnknown.. 
 
 April 30, 1804 
 
 White, Alexander,, 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 1738 Va... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Sept.-, 1804 
 
 Williamson. Hugh.. 
 
 . F 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Deo. 5, 1735 N, C. 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 May 22, 1819 
 
 Wj-nkoop, Henry . . 
 
 ■— 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totiil Hep. C5. Unlcno\vn Occupation, S3. La\vyers, 20. Soldiers, H. 
 CltTK-ymcn, O. Mfircliiints, S. Agricult'sts, 3. Varied, 1. Foreign Born, 5: 
 Including England, :2; Ii'eland, 1; Bermuda, 1. 
 
 Second Congress of the United States, from 1791 to 1793. 
 
 1 
 
 1701— Bank of U. S. established at Philadi'I- 
 phia, capital $10,000,000. 
 
 1791 — George Hammond flnut Minister from 
 Great Britain to Ihe United States. 
 
 1791— Sept. 0, The sit© selected as tho future 
 capital of the U. S., named Washington. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 rieorce Washington, Prcs. John Adnm-*. Vice Trcs. 
 Thos. Jefferson, of Va.. Sec'y of Stale. Alex. Hamilton, 
 of N. Y.. Sec'y of Trt-as. Henry Knox, of Mass.. Sec'y of 
 War and Navy. Edmund ll;indolph, of Vu.. Att'y Qen. 
 Jonathan Trumbull, of Conn., Speaker of House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist. D. Democrat. 
 
 BtLSsctt, nichard 
 
 Brmllt-y, SU'phcn U., 
 Brou'ii, ji^hn 
 
 — Del nol.. 
 
 .D Conn. Feb. »), HM Vt.... 
 
 ,— |Va...|Scpt. 1-2. 17.'".7iVu... 
 
 Lawyer.., 
 Lawyer.., 
 
 Lawyer., , 
 
 Sept. — . 
 Dec. in, 
 
 [Aug. i;h, 
 
 1RI5 
 18^0 
 ISii*^ 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Rurr, Aaron. . 
 Butler, I'lureo. , 
 <'al.ot. Oeorg*.. 
 
 1792— First wooden clock In the world madi- 
 by Eli Terry, of Connecticut. 
 
 1792 — Apr. 1, American manufactures first 
 allowed In Great Britain by that gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 1792 — A rate of six cents fixed on all letters 
 c.irried 3G miles or less, and twenty- 
 flvo cents fur 450 miles or more. 
 
 IFtn!o I 
 Urpr«- I OcCUpBtlOD. 
 Mntnl. I 
 
 N. J.. 
 Iro'd. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 0. 17r.« N. Y.Lnwver... 
 July 11, 1744 S. C. Soldier... 
 Dec. y. nr.JIMnss.lMerohaut. 
 
 Sept. 14. lair. 
 
 Feb. l.'i, 1822 
 April 18. 1S23 
 
 k
 
 :vi 
 
 f 
 
 ■q: 
 
 SECUA'l) AMU T11114D (JOMilvKS.SES UK TUK UMTKD b lATE-S AM) LEAI)l.\li fcVh,;\l.S ul^ 1111-, 1I.MK. 
 
 ■ibd 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Whw 
 Oorn. 
 
 Whfn Born. 
 
 Huto 
 aenwd. 
 
 Ocoupulon. 
 
 Wh«n DIod. 
 
 Ciirroll, Charles 
 
 .F 
 
 M(l... 
 
 Sept. 20, 17:J7 Md... 
 
 l.nwyel' ...|Nov. 14, 1H32 
 
 Dickitisun, Philemon — 
 
 Del... 
 
 Apiil 3, 1739 N.J. . 
 
 CleiKyman Feb. 4. 1809 
 
 Edwards. John 
 
 ,— 
 
 Va... 
 
 iKy... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Kllnworth, Oliver.... 
 
 , — 
 
 Conn. 
 
 April 29, 1745lCotin. 
 
 
 Nov, 20, 1807 
 
 Ffw. William 
 
 .— 
 
 Md... 
 
 June H, 174H Ga. . 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 July US, 1828 
 
 K.'ster, Theodore 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 29, l-fl2 U. I,. 
 
 I.aiv.ver... 
 
 Jan, 13, 1828 
 
 Giiiin. James 
 
 . — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Itia... 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 
 II:iwUiii:4, Uetijanun 
 
 .— 
 
 .V..C. 
 
 Aug. 1.-), 1734,N.C.. 
 
 Varied .... 
 
 
 Hciiiv, John 
 
 .— 
 
 .Md. . . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. l(i. 1798 
 
 Izard, Italph 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1742 S. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 May 31), 1804 
 
 .Iuhiist(ni. Samuel., 
 
 .F 
 
 Scot.. 
 
 1733 N.C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 AuK. 8, 1K16 
 
 KiTm. Kufus 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Miir. 24, l-fj.'i'N.Y.. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 April 2!l, 1827 
 
 Lun^'dun, Joh.: 
 
 .1) 
 
 M. H. 
 
 JlinL'2.-., 1741'N-. ]I. 
 
 Minliallt . 
 
 Sept. 18, l,m;p 
 
 Ley. Kiuliard H 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. un, I 7.12, V, I. .. 
 
 Vaij.d .... 
 
 June lit, 1794 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Apiil2-<, lyr.H Va ... 
 
 l.a«\.T ... 
 
 July 4, 1831 
 
 Muni:*, Robert 
 
 — 
 
 Eng.. 
 
 Jnn. ai, 1733 I'li. .. 
 
 .lUreliant.. 
 
 May 7, 1800 
 
 Pott^, Itichard 
 
 ■z 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 
 K(';id, George 
 
 Md... 
 
 1733 
 
 Sept, 21, 1798 
 
 Kohiiison, Moses 
 
 M 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 28, 1741 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 May 26, 1813 
 
 liiithertord, John 
 
 . — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1760 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 Feb. 23, 1840 
 
 Shi-niian. Rogfr 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 19, 1721 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 July 23, 1793 
 
 
 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 
 July 13, 1739 
 Jan. 9, 1745 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 
 Strontr. Caleb 
 
 Nov. 7, 1819 
 
 Tiivli>r, John 
 
 .u 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Agriculfst 
 
 Aug. 20, 1824 
 
 Winjj:ate. Paine 
 
 .— 
 
 Mass. 
 
 iiay 14, 1739 
 
 N. H. 
 
 AL'ricnlt'st 
 
 Mar. 7, 1«38 
 
 Total Senators, 31. Lawyers, IT. Unknown Occupation, 5. Merchants, 
 ;J. Varied, 8. Agriculturists, a. Soldier,!. Clergyman,!. Foreii^nBorn, 
 3: Including Ireland, 1; Scotland, 1; England, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 .Vines. Fisher F 
 
 .\^lie. J. Baptiste — 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham. ..D 
 
 Barnwell, Robert — 
 
 Benson, Egbert — 
 
 lit)udinot, Ellas — 
 
 Bourne, Shearjashub. — 
 
 Bourne, Benjamin — 
 
 Brown, John — 
 
 f'lark, Abraham — 
 
 Davton, Jonathan. ..— 
 
 Findlay, William D 
 
 ritzsiraons Thomas,,. — 
 
 fierry. Elbridge F 
 
 lliles, William B D 
 
 tlilinan, Nicholas F 
 
 (Joodhue, Benjamin... — 
 
 Gordon, James — 
 
 (irithii, Samuel — 
 
 Greenup, Christopher. — 
 Gregg, Andrew — 
 
 Mass. 
 N. C. . 
 Conn. 
 S. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 K. 1.. 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 N.J.. 
 I re I'd 
 Irel'rl 
 Mass, 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Irel'd 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 April 9 
 
 .Vov.'e,' 
 
 June21, 
 May 2, 
 
 17o8 
 .1748 
 
 nrA 
 
 '1746 
 1740 
 
 Sept. 9, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Feb. :,j, 
 Oct. 16, 
 Jan. 11. 
 
 JuVv'i7, 
 .Vug. 12, 
 
 1755 
 1757 
 1726 
 1760 
 1731 
 .1741 
 1774 
 1702 
 I7i;2 
 1748 
 1743 
 
 June 10, 1755 
 
 SIAU' 
 
 r..,,r.- 
 
 Mass. 
 N.C. . 
 Ga. .. 
 S. C. 
 N.Y.. 
 Pa.... 
 Mass. 
 R. 1.. 
 Va... 
 N.J.. 
 N.J.. 
 Pa.... 
 Pa.... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. H.. 
 Mass. 
 
 N. y.. 
 
 Va..., 
 Ky.., 
 Pa... 
 
 Law yer. , , 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer.. . . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer — 
 Lawyer — 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 Lawyer... . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Merchant.. 
 L.awyer.. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Merchant. . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer.. , . 
 Unknown. 
 Agricult'st 
 
 July 4. 
 Nov. 27. 
 Mar. 4. 
 
 1S08 
 1802 
 1807 
 
 Aug, 24, 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 Sept. 17, 
 Aug. 28, 
 Sept. 15, 
 Oct. 9, 
 April 7, 
 Aug. — , 
 Nov. 23, 
 Dec. 4, 
 May 2, 
 July 28, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 1833 
 I82I 
 1800 
 1808 
 1828 
 1794 
 1824 
 1821 
 1811 
 1814 
 1830 
 1814 
 1814 
 1810 
 
 April 24, 
 May 20, 
 
 1818 
 1833 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 I 
 
 Hartley, Thomas — 
 
 lleister, Daniel — 
 
 Hillhouse, James F 
 
 lllndinan, William,,. — 
 
 Huger, Daniel — 
 
 Jacobs, Israel - — 
 
 Key, Philip — 
 
 Kitchen, Aaron D 
 
 Kittera, John W F 
 
 I^awrence, John — 
 
 Learned, Amasa — 
 
 Lee, Richard B — 
 
 Leonard, George — 
 
 Livcniiore, Samuel... — 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel D 
 
 Madison, James D 
 
 Mercer, John F — 
 
 Miles, Nathaniel — 
 
 Milledge, John — 
 
 Mimre, .\ndrew — 
 
 Mul.li.nl.. Tf, F. A — 
 
 Murray, William V.... F 
 
 Orr. .\iexander D — 
 
 Page, John D 
 
 Parker, Josiah ~- 
 
 Pinkney, William — 
 
 ScJgwI,*, Theo F 
 
 Si-lny, Joshua — 
 
 St hiinnoiakcr Corn.C. — 
 
 Shcridine, Upton — 
 
 Smith, Israel D 
 
 Smith, Jeremiah F 
 
 Smith, William F 
 
 Steele, John F 
 
 Stcrrett, Samuel — • 
 
 Sturges, Jonathan — 
 
 Sumter, Thomas D 
 
 Sylvester, Peter — 
 
 Thatcher. George.... — 
 
 Tredwell, Thomas — 
 
 Trumbull Jonathan. . . .F 
 
 Tucker, Thomas T — 
 
 Wadsworth, Jere F 
 
 Ward, Artetnas F 
 
 Wayne, Anthony — 
 
 White, Alexander — 
 
 Williamson, Hugh F 
 
 Willis, Francis -~ 
 
 Vcnable, Ab'm B — 
 
 Vining, John — 
 
 Pn. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 S. O. . 
 Gcr'y 
 Md... 
 S.].. 
 Pa. .. 
 Eng. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 M.asH. 
 N. C. . 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 Oct.'il',' 
 
 1748 Pa.. 
 
 1747 
 I7.'>4 
 
 Ca,., 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Md.., 
 Va. . , 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 Md. . . 
 N.Y., 
 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 N.C 
 Md. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 L. I.. 
 Conn, 
 Ber'a. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa.... 
 Va. . . 
 Pa.... 
 Va. . . 
 Vn. . . 
 Del... 
 
 .'a. 
 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Pa.... 
 17oO!Md... 
 July 10, 1740 .V. J.. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 .1750[n.Y.. 
 , 1730, Conn. 
 .1702 Va... 
 1729 Mass. 
 1732 N. H. 
 1737 N. C. 
 May 10, 1731 1 Va... 
 
 1738,Md... 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 17.37 Ga... 
 
 Va... 
 
 750 Pa.... 
 
 July 4. 
 May 14, 
 
 Mar. 17, 
 May 9, 
 
 .170: 
 .1763 
 , 1743 
 
 ■ 1 7(14 
 1740 
 
 April 4, 
 Nov, 29, 
 
 1759 
 1759 
 
 Nov. 1. 
 Aug.' 23, 
 
 April 12, 
 
 ii.ai! '21V. 
 
 Nov. 27, 
 Jan. 1, 
 
 Dec. 
 Jan. 
 
 1764 
 17.-.0 
 1710 
 1734 
 
 iVii 
 
 1742 
 1740 
 174.i 
 1743 
 1727 
 1743 
 17.38 
 1733 
 1723 
 
 Md 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Md. . . 
 Vt.... 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 N.C. 
 Md... 
 
 CO'Ml 
 
 S. c. 
 N.Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y.. 
 Conn 
 s. C. 
 Conn 
 Mass. 
 Oa... 
 Va... 
 N. C. . 
 Ga... 
 Va... 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 Merchant.. 
 Lawyer.. . . 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 v\»frieult'Bl 
 Blacks'th.. 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Clergyman 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier.. .. 
 Lawyer — 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier .... 
 Unknown . 
 Clergyman 
 Lawyer — 
 Pioneer.. .. 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown , 
 Lawyer, . . . 
 Lawyer... . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown , 
 Agricult'st 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier .... 
 Unknown . 
 I'nknown , 
 Soldier .... 
 Soldier.... 
 I'nknown . 
 Clergj-man 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Dec. 21, 
 Mai-. 8, 
 Dec, 2«, 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 leoo 
 
 1804 
 1S32 
 1822 
 
 Jan, 4, 
 June 25, 
 
 N'ov.' 7,' 
 May 4, 
 Mar. 12, 
 July 2li, 
 May 18, 
 Juno 29, 
 Juno 28, 
 Aug. 30, 
 
 1820 
 1820 
 
 1810 
 ]S2r> 
 1827 
 1819 
 IS03 
 1837 
 1830 
 1821 
 
 Feb, 19, 
 May 24, 
 
 I8IU 
 1821 
 
 Dee. II, 
 June 21, 
 Oct. II, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Feb. 23, 
 June 24, 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 '. 
 
 1803 
 1833 
 1808 
 ISIO 
 1822 
 1813 
 1815 
 
 Dec. 2, 
 Sept. 21, 
 
 AiigV 14, 
 July 12, 
 Oct. 4, 
 June 1, 
 
 1810 
 1»«2 
 1812 
 
 1813 
 18,33 
 1819 
 1832 
 
 
 
 April 6, 
 
 1824 
 
 Jan. 30 
 
 1832 
 
 Aug. 7. 
 
 18051 
 
 May 2. 
 
 1828 
 
 April 30 
 
 I80t 
 
 Oct. 27, 
 
 1800 
 
 Dec. 14 
 
 1790 
 
 .Sept. ^, 
 
 1804 
 
 May 22 
 
 1819 
 
 Jan. 23 
 
 1829 
 
 Dec. 28 
 
 1811 
 
 Total Representatives, '71. Lawyers. 26. Unknown Occupation, S3. 
 Soldiers. 11. Merchants, 3. Clorfrj'nien. 3. AtrricuIturiHts, 3. Pioneer, 1. 
 Blacksmith, 1. Foreign IJorn, 6: Including Ireland, 3; Genuany, 1; Kng- 
 land, 1; Bennuda, 1. 
 
 Third Congress of the United States, from 1793 to 1795. 
 
 ITn.'i — Feb. 12. Surrender of fugritive slaves 
 
 and criminals required. 
 1793— Apr. '22, Proclamation of Neutrality 
 
 i.ssued, affirming that the U. S. would 
 take no part in European troubles. 
 1708— Erection of the Capitol at "Washington 
 
 commenced. 
 
 George Washington, Pres. John Adams. Vice-Pres. 
 Edmund Randolph, of Va.. and Timothy Pickering, of 
 Mass.,Sec'.vs of State. Alex. Hamilton, of X. Y.. and 
 Oliver Wolcntt, of Conn., Sec'ys of Treas. Henry Knox, 
 of .Mass., and Timothy Pickering, of Mass., Sec'ys of 
 W:ir .-Hid N.-^ivv. Edmund Randolph, of Va., and Wm. 
 
 rr-'Mlfoid, nf Pa., and Chas. Lee, of Va., Atfys-Gen. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist. D* Democrat. 
 
 171-13 — Williams College founded. 
 
 1793 — Whitney's cotton-gin invented. 
 
 1703— Yellow-Fever first visited Philadelphia, 
 
 causing the death, by Oct. 20, of 4,00<) 
 
 persons- 
 1793 — Merino sheep imported from .Spain at 
 
 Sl.OOC) per head. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 i 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham.. 
 Bradf.ird. William... 
 Bradle.y. Stephen R.. 
 
 Itrown, John 
 
 Burr, .\aron 
 
 Butler, Pierce 
 
 Cabot, Geo 
 
 Edwards, John 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver 
 
 Frclinf^huysen, Fred. 
 
 l-'ost.-r, Theodore 
 
 O.ill ilin. Albert 
 
 ' Jiuiti. James 
 
 Hawkins, Eenj 
 
 Henry, John 
 
 Izard, Ralph 
 
 »Jackson, James 
 
 Kins, Rufus 
 
 Ijan^don, John 
 
 Latimer, Henry 
 
 Livermore, Samuel... 
 
 Martin, .\lex 
 
 Mitchell. Stephen M., 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 Morris, Robert 
 
 Potts. Richard 
 
 Robinson. Moses 
 
 Ross, James 
 
 Rutherford. John 
 
 Strone, Caleb 
 
 Tivlor. John 
 
 Conn 
 Ma.ss. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 N.J.. 
 Irel'd 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Conn. 
 X. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Switz 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Eng.. 
 
 — -Mass. 
 .D X. H. 
 .F Del .. 
 
 — Mass. 
 
 — N. J. 
 
 — ,Conn. 
 ,D Va... 
 
 — Em;.. 
 
 — Md... 
 ,r> 'Mass. 
 .F Pa. .. 
 
 — N. Y.. 
 F Mass. 
 D Va. ., 
 
 Nov. 6. 
 
 Nov. 4. 
 
 Feb. 20, 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 Feb, 0, 
 
 July 11, 
 
 Dec. 3, 
 
 17.34 
 1729 
 1734 
 17.37 
 175fi 
 1744 
 1732 
 
 April 29, 
 April 13, 
 April 29, 
 Jan. 29, 
 
 1745 
 1753 
 1752 
 1701 
 
 Aug. 15, 1734 
 
 Mar. 24 
 Juii,. 2"', 
 April 24, 
 .M.ay 14. 
 
 Dec." 27, 
 April 28, 
 Jan. 20. 
 
 .1742 
 .17.37 
 17.33 
 1741 
 
 Ga. 
 R. I 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 K. 1.. 
 Pa... 
 Oa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Md. . . 
 S. C. 
 Ga... 
 \. Y. 
 N, H. 
 Iii'l... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 26, 
 July 12, 
 
 1 
 
 17.32 
 ,17411 
 1743 
 17.38iVa 
 17a3 Pa. . 
 . ...Md.. 
 1741, Vt... 
 1762 Pa. . 
 .1760 N. J., 
 1745 Mass. 
 Va.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L.awyer. . . 
 Law.yer. .. 
 La\vyer. , . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.. .. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Banker 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer — 
 L'nknown . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer.. . . 
 M.-rcliant.. 
 I'llVsician. 
 
 Law,ycr 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.. .. 
 Lawyer.. . , 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 .\prricult'st 
 
 Mar. 4, 1807 
 July 6, 1808 
 Dec. 16. 1830 
 Aug. 28, 1828 
 Sept. 14, 1836 
 Feb. 13. 1822 
 April 18. 1823 
 
 Noy."26, i'807 
 AprU 13. 1804 
 Jan. 13, 1828 
 Aug. 12, 1849 
 
 June 6, 
 Dec. 16, 
 May 30, 
 Mar. 19, 
 April 29, 
 Sept, 18, 
 Dec. 19, 
 .May IS, 
 Nov. — , 
 Sept, 30, 
 July 4. 
 May 7, 
 
 1816 
 1708 
 1804 
 l.SOG 
 1827 
 1819 
 1819 
 1803 
 1807 
 1833 
 1831 
 1806 
 
 May 26, 1813 
 Nov. 27, 1847 
 Feb. 23, 1840 
 Nov. 7, 1819 
 Aug. 20, 1824 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Bom. 
 
 WbniBotD. 
 
 R«pr«- ' 
 •enW. 1 
 
 OocupKion. WhrnDkl, 
 
 Tazewell. Henry — iVa 17o3'Va.. . ;Lawyer.. . |jan. 24, 179ii 
 
 Vining, John — I Del Il'el.. 1 Unknown .1 
 
 Total Senators, 33. Lawyers, SO. Unknoini Occupation. 4. Merchants. 
 3. Soldiers, S. Agriculturist,!. Varied,!. Banker. 1. Physician,!. 
 Foreign Born, 4: Including Ireland, 1; Switzerland, 1; England, 2. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whore 
 H"m. 
 
 When Bern, 
 
 ileprp- 
 sont«d. 
 
 Occupation. 1 Whrnl>i».| 
 
 1 
 
 Ames, Fisher 
 
 Armstrong. James 
 
 Bailey, theodorus. .. 
 Baldwin, Abraham,., 
 
 Beatty. John 
 
 Benton. Samuel 
 
 Blount. Thomas 
 
 Boudinot. EHas 
 
 Bourne, Bcnj 
 
 Bourne, Shearj.ashul>. 
 Cadwallader, Lamb't. 
 
 Carnes. Thomas P 
 
 Claiborne. Thomas... 
 
 Clark, .\braham 
 
 Christie. Gabriel... .- 
 
 Cobb, David 
 
 Colt. Joshua ■ 
 
 Coles, Isaac 
 
 Coffin, Peleg, Jr ■ 
 
 l>ayton, Jonathan. . .- 
 Dawson, William. J..- 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa.... 
 S. C. 
 N.C. 
 Pa.... 
 It. I.. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Va.... 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. . 
 
 .tpril 9, 
 
 June 11, 
 Nov, 6, 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 175: 
 17.34 
 1749 
 
 lieo 
 
 1740 
 1733 
 
 .1741 
 
 ,.1762 
 
 Feb. 15, 172G 
 
 1758Mass, 
 IPa. 
 
 May 2, 
 Sept. 9, 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 Oct. 7, 
 
 Sept. — , 
 Oct. IB, 
 
 1748 
 
 175S 
 
 17,36 
 1760 
 
 N, Y 
 Ga... 
 N. J.. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Ga. . . 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Muss. 
 N. J.. 
 V. C 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unkno\yn 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician, 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer..., 
 Lawyer — 
 Unkno^vn . 
 Lawyer — 
 L'nknown , 
 
 L.aw5-er 
 
 Unknown , 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer.... 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer — 
 Unknown . 
 
 July 4, 18118 
 
 Sept, 6, "l'828 
 Mar, 4, 1807 
 I May 30, 1826 
 
 Feb! ' 7,' i'8I2 
 Oct. 24, I82I 
 Sept. 17, 1S08 
 
 isa; 
 
 Sept. 12, 1823 
 May 5, 1822 
 
 1812 
 
 Sept. 15, 1794 
 
 April' iVjl'sSO 
 Sept, 5, 1798 
 
 Mar 6, 18K> 
 Oct. 9. 1824
 
 >d:c:^ '. ^=^ 
 
 -toi THIRD A^U FOURTH CONGRESSES OF THE UNITED STATES AND LEADING EVENTS oF THE TIME. 
 
 •6 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 When Bern. lUpre- Occupation. Whun Died, 
 
 sen red. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry D 
 
 Dent, George D 
 
 Dexter, Samuel F 
 
 Duval, Gabriel D 
 
 Findley, William D 
 
 Fitzsimons, Thomas .— 
 
 Forrest, Uriah — 
 
 Foster, Dwight F 
 
 Gilbert. Ezekiel — 
 
 Giles, William B D 
 
 Gillon, Alexander — 
 
 Oilman, Nicholas F 
 
 Gillespie, James — 
 
 Glenn, Henry — 
 
 Greenup, Christopher— 
 
 Gregtr, Andrew — 
 
 Grilfiji, Samuel — 
 
 Goodhue, Benjamin..— 
 
 Gordon. James — 
 
 Grove, William B — 
 
 Hancock. Georpe D 
 
 Harper, Robert G D 
 
 Harrison, Carter B. . .— 
 
 Hartley, Thomas — 
 
 Heister, Daniel — 
 
 Hjllhouse. Jamc^ F 
 
 Hindman. Williai ...— 
 
 Heath, John — 
 
 Holten, Samuel — 
 
 Hunter, John — 
 
 Irvine. William — 
 
 Ritchel, Aaron... . . ,D 
 
 Kittera, John W F 
 
 Latimer, Henry F 
 
 Learned, Amasa — 
 
 Lee, Richard B — 
 
 Locke, Matthew — 
 
 Lyman, William — 
 
 McDowell, Joseph...— 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel D 
 
 Madison, James D 
 
 Malbone, Franci.s F 
 
 Mebane. Alexander. .. — 
 
 Mercer. John F — 
 
 Jliles, Nathaniel — 
 
 Montgomery, Wm — 
 
 Moore, Andrew — 
 
 Physician. 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown , 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lavo'er 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Agricult'st 
 Lawj'er — 
 Merchant. , 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 La'\\'yer — 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 .\gricult's-t 
 Physician . 
 Blaeksm'tb 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 Ciergj'man 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 La\vyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 June 6, 1829 
 
 May 3, 
 Mar. 6. 
 April 7. 
 Aug. —, 
 
 April 29, 
 July 11, 
 Dec. 4, 
 
 May "2," 
 Jan. -, 
 Aug. 14, 
 April 24, 
 May 20, 
 
 1816 
 \S44 
 1821 
 1811 
 1SC)5 
 1823 
 1842 
 1830 
 1794 
 1814 
 1805 
 1814 
 1818 
 1835 
 
 July 28, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 Aug. 1, 
 Jan. 15, 
 
 1814 
 1810 
 
 1820 
 1825 
 
 Dec. 21, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 1800 
 1804 
 1832 
 1822 
 
 Jan. 2, 1816 
 
 July 29, 
 June 25, 
 
 Dec."l9,' 
 May 4. 
 Mar. 12. 
 Sept. 7, 
 Oct. -, 
 
 ju'iie 29," 
 June 28, 
 June 4, 
 July 5, 
 Aug. 30, 
 
 1804 
 1820 
 
 "1819 
 1825 
 1827 
 1801 
 1811 
 
 i 837 
 1836 
 1809 
 1795 
 1821 
 
 Mav 24. 1821 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 ^'^ Wh.»B,„. 
 
 Staw 
 
 Rep,,- 
 
 wnied. 
 
 Ocoup*tion, 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Muhlenberg, Fred. A.— 
 Muhlenbert'. J. P. G..— 
 
 
 Pa — Clergyman 
 Pa... Clei-gyman 
 
 
 Pa... Oct. 1, ;74e 
 
 let. 1, 1807 
 
 Murray, William V,,.F 
 
 Md... 
 
 1762 
 
 Md... Lawyer 
 
 Bee. 11, ll*)3 
 
 BfevilU-, Joseph — 
 
 
 1730 
 
 Va... Soldier.... 
 
 
 
 Va.... 
 
 1747 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Mar, 2, 1833 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 1763 
 
 Va... 
 
 Agricult'st 
 
 Bee. 31. 18111 
 
 Orr, Alexander V — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 176,1 
 
 Kv... 
 
 .\pricult'8t 
 
 June 21, IRS.'j 
 
 PaKe, John D 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 17, 1743 
 
 Va .. 
 
 Inknown . 
 
 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 I rknown , 
 
 
 
 Del 1746 
 
 Del... 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 June 17. IHil 
 
 
 Pa... Sept. 19, 173£ 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Aug. 17, 1817 
 
 Preston, Francis — 
 
 Va...| 177c: 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 May 2fi, 1835 
 
 
 Va...l 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Dec. 7, 1797 
 
 Sedffwick. Theodore. F 
 
 Conn. May 9, 1746 
 
 Mas:;, 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 Jan. 24, 1813 
 
 Sherburne, John S — 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 1757 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer,... 
 
 Aug. 2, 183IJ 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Smilie, John — 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1742 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Dec. 30, 1813 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Apvil4, 17.-.; 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Dec. 2, 18111 
 
 Smith, Jeremiah F 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 Not. 29, 175; 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 Lawyer... . 
 
 Sept. 21, 1842 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 July 27, 175:. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 April 23, 18311 
 
 Smith, ■William F 
 
 Spnu-r.TlM.iiins - 
 
 Swift. Z.-|ilK.niah — 
 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 Ma s. 
 
 175< 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Sept. 27, 1823 
 
 Talbot, Silas F 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1751 
 
 N. Y . 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 June 30, 1813 
 
 Thatcher, George — 
 
 Mats. 
 
 April 12, 17.5' 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 April 6, 1824 
 
 Tracy, Uriah F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 2, 175.' 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Law,ver 
 
 July 11'. I«i7 
 
 Tredwell, Thomas — 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 1742 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier . . . . 
 
 Jon. 311, l«:i- 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 M'cli26, 1741 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 7, T8OI1 
 
 "Fan Cortlandt, Philip D 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Sept. 1, 174! 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Surveyor.. 
 
 Not. 5, 1831 
 
 Van Allen, John E — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Venable, Abraham E. — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Dec. 2(!, 1811 
 
 "Wadsworth, Jer"iah.,F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 174S 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 April 311. 1804 
 
 Wadsworth, Peleg — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 6, 174!- 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Nov. 1H, 1829 
 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier.... 
 
 
 Ward, Artemas F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 27, 172- 
 
 Oct. 27, 180(J 
 
 Watts, John — 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 1749IN. Y. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 White, James — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 SotC 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1754'N. .C. 
 
 
 July 20, 1814 
 
 Wingate, Paine — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 14, 1739 N. H. 
 
 .Agricult'st 
 
 Mar. 7, 183K 
 
 Winston, Joseph — 
 
 Va... 
 
 1746 N. C. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 1814 
 
 Wynn, Richard — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Total Representatives, llO. U^nknown Occupation, 4S. Lawyers, H9 
 Soldiers, IT. Physicians,©. Agriculturists, 5. Clergymen. 3. Merchants. 
 a. Varied, 1. Surveyor, 1. Blacksmith, 1. Foreign Bom, 5: Including 
 Ireland, 5, 
 
 Fourth Congress of the United States, from 1795 to 1797. 
 
 1795— General Wayne made a treaty with the 
 lndi,uns at Greenville. O., which closed 
 the Indian war. and opened the North- 
 west Territory to the incoming settlers. 
 
 1795_Establisbment of common schools re- 
 commended throughout New York, by 
 Governor Clinton, and ?.^0,000 appro- 
 priated by New York Legislature for 
 the purpose. 
 
 George Washington, Pres. John Adams. Vice-Pres. 
 Edmund Randolph, of Va., and Timothy Pickering, of 
 Mass., Sec'ys of State. Oliver Woleott, of Conn.. Sec'y 
 ofTreas. Timothy Pickering, of Mass., and James Mc 
 Henry, of Md., Sec'ys of War and Navy. Charles Lee, 
 of Va., Att'y Gen. Jonathan Dayton, of N. J., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 F, indicates Federalist. B, Democrat. 
 
 1795— Union College founded at Schenectady. 
 
 N. Y. 
 1796— The British surrender their forts at 
 
 Detroit, Niagara, and other Western 
 
 points, to the U. S. Government. 
 ]797_Middlebury College fuuniicd at Middle 
 
 bury, Vt. 
 1797— First steam locomotive in Araerici 
 
 ran upon the streets of Hartford, Ct. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Bora. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 Suie 
 Repre- 
 Moted. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Bingham. William. 
 Bloodworlh. Timolh> 
 
 - 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1751 Pa.... 
 
 173« N. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Varied 
 
 Feb. 7. 1804 
 Aug. 24. 1814 
 
 Blunt William 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1744, Tenn. 
 
 Unknown , 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Not, 4, 172il R. I., 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept, 12, 1737 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Fell. 5, 1731! 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 Feb. 15, 1822 
 
 Ilutler. Pierce 
 
 4'aliot, George 
 
 
 
 July 11, 1744 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1752 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant-. 
 
 April 8, 1823 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawver — 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 April 20,1 745 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 Fosl.r, Theodore 
 
 Friliiit'huysen. Fred 
 Ooodhue, Benjamin 
 
 Gnnii, James 
 
 Henry. John 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 ATiril2n, 1752 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 
 F 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aprill3,I7.53 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawj-er.... 
 
 July 28, 1814 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1748 
 
 Mass. 
 Ga . 
 
 Merchant.. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Dec. Ifi, 1798 
 
 F 
 
 
 Oct. 21,17.54 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 June 4, 17,52 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lnknown. 
 
 
 Hunter, John 
 
 ■— 
 
 S. 0. , 
 KnK., 
 
 ','..■.■■. ■.'.■.■1757 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 .\gricult'st 
 Unknown . 
 
 Miir!*]V)."l8t)6 
 
 Kinu'. Rufus 
 
 1,. uiL-'don. John 
 
 F 
 
 Vns. 
 
 Mar. 24, 1755 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 
 n 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Juno 2.5, 1741 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Sept. IH. 1819 
 
 F 
 
 Del... 
 
 April24,17.-2 
 
 Del... 
 
 Phvsician. 
 
 
 
 
 En?.. 
 
 17.'.ll 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 14, 1732 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 Marshall. HumplueyF 
 
 Va... 
 
 1-MO 
 
 ky... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Nov. - 1807 
 
 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 1740 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 ,17IH: 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Paine. Elijah 
 
 F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Jan, 1, 17.57 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 April 28, 1»42 
 
 Potts, Richard 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Kcad.Jaeob 
 
 .F 
 D 
 
 3. C. 
 Mass. 
 
 17,52 
 
 Mar. 2fl, 1741 
 
 S. C. . 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 MBy'2(!',"VH13 
 
 
 F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 12, 17112 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 17m,N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 .May SI. I74«,MasB. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aprlll7,17((4 N. J.. Lawyer.... 
 
 
 Stronar. Caleb 
 
 Xatnall. Jostah 
 
 Tazewell, Henry 
 
 F 
 
 
 Jan. 9, 1745 Mass. Lawyer — 
 
 
 
 Oa... 
 Va.., 
 
 ; Ga. . . ' Soldier 
 
 17.53 Vo... Lawyer.... 
 
 Juno 6j 1803 
 Jan. 24, 1700 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Dom. 
 
 Ibtaie 
 Rcpre- 
 
 Tichenor. Isaac F 
 
 Tracy. Uriah F 
 
 Tiunibull. Jonathan. .F 
 
 A'ininir, Jtihn — 
 
 Wnlron, <!eorge — 
 
 N. J..[Feb. 8, 1754' Vt.... Lawyer... 
 Conn.iFeb. 2, 1755 Conn. .Lawyer... 
 Conn.lMar. 26, 1740 Conn. V^aried — 
 
 I Del .. Unknown. 
 
 Va...j 1740 Oa.. . I Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 11. 183-^ 
 July 19, 18Ct7 
 Aug. 7, 1807 
 
 Feb.' * 2, ' I8f.U 
 
 Totjil Senators. 43. Lawyers. 25. Occupation Unknown, lO. Merchant- 
 a. Viuifcd. a Soldier, 1. Agriculturist,!. Physician, 1. Foreign Born, a : 
 Including Ireland, 1; England, 2. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 ^r 
 
 Whon Bern. 
 
 Suto 
 Bcnted. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Wlicn Dk.l. 
 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 9. 1758 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawver 
 
 July 4. 180H 
 
 Biiiley, Thcodorus. 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 June 11, 1752 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Sc |)t. 6, 182H 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Not. 6, 17.54 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 Mar. 4, 1807 
 
 Bard, David 
 
 — 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 1815 
 
 Bentim, Lemuel 
 
 __ 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 lili-iiiil. Tlu.mas 
 
 _ 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 1760 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Feb. 7, 1812 
 
 Bonrnr. I'.rii.i»min. . 
 
 — 
 
 K. 1 . . 
 
 Sept. 13,17,55 
 
 K. I.. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 
 Bnullnn \ , Tlieophi's 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 .Vov. 9, 173il 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 Sept. 6. 1803 
 
 Bnnl. Kuhard 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1814 
 
 Hrvnii. Nathan 
 
 _ 
 
 N. C 
 
 ... 174H 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 June 4, 1708 
 
 Buck. Daniel 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 1817 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 
 <-ubel!, SiiiiHicI J.... 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va, . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Sept, 4, ISI8 
 
 Christie, <:„hriel.... 
 
 -^ 
 
 Md 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 Clail...rrii-. Thonias. . 
 
 — 
 
 Va...; 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 1812 
 
 Clopton, John 
 
 1) 
 
 Vu... 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 rnknown.. 
 
 Sept, 11, 1810 
 
 Coit, Joshua 
 
 
 Conn. Oct. 7, 1758 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawycl' 
 
 Sept. 5, 1708 
 
 Cooper. Wtlltam 
 
 .F 
 
 N. J 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ln wyer — 
 
 
 Coles. iHnnc 
 
 1> 
 
 Va 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 CrnHi. J.-nnilah... 
 
 
 Md 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 Ciiiik, WillKim 
 
 
 
 Md IMd... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 
 Ban.i. Sfiiimel W.. 
 
 V 
 
 Conn. July — , 17.57 Conn. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 
 Davenport. Jomes. . 
 
 — 
 
 Conn. Oct. 12, 17.58 Ccuin. 
 
 JUT'lst 
 
 Aug. 3. 170- 
 
 Dayton. Jonathan.. 
 
 .— 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Oct. I(i, 17l!0 
 
 N. .1 
 
 l.nwyer.... 
 
 Oct. 9. 1824 
 
 d.
 
 f 
 
 I'DUUTII AKU FIKTH CONCiKESSES OF THE LMITED STATES ANI> LEADINU EVENTS OF 
 
 =^ 
 
 iiiK iiME. 455 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whore 
 Doni. 
 
 Wlion Horn, 
 
 HUIo 
 
 iUprp. 
 
 somi.il. 
 
 Occupktioa, 
 
 Vhen Died. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry I) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Feb. 23, I75I Muss. 
 
 Physician. Mune 6. 1829 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. , , 
 
 
 luiviill. litihriol 1) 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 Dec. 6, 17.'i2 
 
 Mar. 6, 1844 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Pa 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 
 Fin, ]|.v, William D 
 
 Ire-d, 
 
 Jan. ii, mi 
 
 April 7, 1821 
 
 
 Mass, 
 Mass, 
 
 Aug. N, 173.5 
 Dec. 7, I7.'i7 
 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 
 Clergyman 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 Fi.-si,!, Iiwiijht y 
 
 April 29, 1823 
 
 Frftiikliii. .lesse I> 
 
 N. 0, 
 
 17r.f 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Sept. -. 1823 
 
 FreeiniLii. Niithniiiel. — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April «, 1741 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 20, 1827 
 
 Gallatin. Albert 1) 
 
 Swilz 
 
 Jan, 29. 1761 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Banker 
 
 Aug. 12, 1849 
 
 fiilhurt. Ezekiel 
 
 ) 'linn. 
 
 ur,5 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 July 11, 1842 
 
 IJlles, William B 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug. 12, 1762 
 
 Va.., 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Dec. 4, 1S.30 
 
 GJillespie. James — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. — , 1805 
 
 Gihnaii. Nicholas V 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1762 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 May 3, 1814 
 
 Glenn. Henrv — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. T. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Aug. 14, 1814 
 
 Goodhue. Benjamin.,— 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 1, 174fi 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant . 
 
 July 28. 1814 
 
 Goodrich. Channcey.— 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 20, 17.)y 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Aug. 18. 1823 
 
 Greenup. Christopher— 
 Greffc. .Andrew — 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown . 
 Agriculfst 
 
 April 24, 1818 
 May 20, 1835 
 
 
 June io, I7.-..'> 
 
 Griawold. Ro(?er F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 21. 1762 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Oct. 25, 1812 
 
 Grove. William B. ...— 
 
 N'. C. 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Agriculfst 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 Va. , , 
 
 1755 
 
 Va. . . 
 S. 0.. 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 
 Aug. 1, 1820 
 
 Hampton. Wade — 
 
 s. c, 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1754 
 
 Feb. 4. 1834 
 
 Harper. Robert Q — 
 
 1765 
 
 Jan. 15, 1825 
 
 Harrison. Carter B, , ,— 
 
 Va.,, 
 
 
 
 Hartley, Thomas — 
 
 Pa,., 
 
 Sept: 7, 1748 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 21, 1800 
 
 Hathorn, John F 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Havens. Jonathan N,— 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 I^nknown . 
 
 July 7, 1799 
 
 Heath, John — 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 
 Va... 
 Pa.,. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown , 
 Merchant , 
 Lawyer ,,. 
 
 
 
 Pa.,. 
 
 1747 
 
 Mar. 8, 1804 
 
 Henderson, Thomas,. — 
 
 N J 
 
 
 
 Hillhouse, James .F 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Dec. 2!), 1832 
 
 Hindman. William... - 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer 
 
 Jan. 26, 1822 
 
 
 N, C. 
 N a. 
 
 Mar! 15, "m? 
 
 
 Jackson, Andrew. , , , — 
 
 Jan. 8, 1845 
 
 Jackson, Georire . , D 
 Kittera, John W F 
 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 
 Unkno^vn . 
 Lawyer..., 
 
 
 
 Kitehell. Aaron — 
 
 ^. J. 
 
 July 10. 1744 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Blacks'tli.. 
 
 June 25, 1820 
 
 Leonard, Georee — 
 
 Vlass. 
 
 July 4, 1729 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 July 26, 1819 
 
 Livingston, Edward D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 1764 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 Unknown , 
 
 May 3. 1826 
 
 Locke, Matthew — 
 
 1730 
 
 Sept. 7, 1801 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Hass. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Ma-ss. 1 
 Mass. 
 
 ,'nknown , 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier 
 
 1802 
 
 Lvman, William , — 
 
 1753 
 
 Oct. -, 1811 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel,,, D 
 
 1757 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Iune29, 1837 
 
 MacLay, Samuel — 
 
 Madison, James D 
 
 
 
 'a... 
 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mar. 16, 1751 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 June 28, 18.36 
 
 Malbone, Francis F R I..I 
 
 R. I . . Unknown . ' 
 
 June 4. 1,S09 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Don). 
 
 Moled. 
 
 Miltedgt". John — 
 
 Moore, .\ndrew — 
 
 Muhlenberg, Fred. A.— 
 Murray. William V...F 
 
 New, Anthony D 
 
 Nich(»la8, John D 
 
 Orr, Alexander D. . .— 
 
 I*atton, John — 
 
 Page. John D 
 
 Parker. Joslah — 
 
 Potter, Elisha R F 
 
 Preston. Francis — 
 
 Keed. John F 
 
 Richards. John — 
 
 Ruthcrf.ird. li(.bi-rt. .— 
 Sedgivick. Theodore. F 
 Sherburne, John S... — 
 •Sitgreave-s. Samuel. . .F 
 Skinner. Thompson J . D 
 
 Smith, Isaac K 
 
 Smith, Jeremiah F 
 
 Smith, Israel D 
 
 Smith, Nathaniel F 
 
 Smith. Siimuel I> 
 
 Smith. William F 
 
 Sprigg, Richard — 
 
 Sprigg. Thomas — 
 
 Stnidwick, William.. — 
 
 .Swanwick, John — 
 
 Swift. Zcphaniah — 
 
 Xatom. Absalom — 
 
 Thatcher. George — 
 
 Thomas, Richard..,. — 
 
 Thompson, Mark — 
 
 Tracy. Uriah F 
 
 Van Allen. John E. . — 
 Van Cortlandt. PhiL.D 
 Vamum, Joseph B. . . — 
 Venable. Abraham. . . — 
 ■Wadsworth. Pclcg. .— 
 
 Williams. John — 
 
 Wynn. Richard — 
 
 Oa... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 Md.. 
 Va. ., 
 Va... 
 Va. . , 
 Del.. 
 Va... 
 Va.. 
 R. 1., 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. n. 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Md.., 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 17.57 Ga... 
 
 Va... 
 
 June 2, n.WPa... 
 
 1762 Md... 
 1747 Va... 
 
 1763 Va... 
 170.5 Ky... 
 I74<iDel.., 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ma«H. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass, 
 .1757 N. H. 
 
 |Pa.. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1759N. H. 
 1759(Vt. 
 
 April 17, 174.3 
 
 Nov. "5, "1764 
 
 1770 
 
 1751 
 
 May 9, 1746 
 
 Nov. 29. 
 April 4, 
 Jan. 6. 
 July 27, 
 
 1762 
 1752 
 
 Mass. .April 12, 17.541 
 Pa 1745 
 
 Conn. Feb.' 2,' ' 'iTOs' 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. Y. Sept. 1. 1749 
 
 Mass 1759 
 
 Va 
 
 Mass. May 6, 1748 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Va 
 
 Conn, 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 M.ass, 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. . 
 
 Boidier .. 
 Unknown 
 Clergyman 
 Lawyer . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 l.'nknown . 
 Unknown , 
 Law.ver . . . 
 Unknown . 
 Clergyman 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer ... 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Lawyer , . 
 Unkn<)wn . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Varied . , , . 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown , 
 Lawyer ,,, 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Unknown . 
 Surveyor. . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Merchant . 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier 
 
 Feb. 19. 
 May 24, 
 
 1819 
 1821 
 
 Dec. 11, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Dec. 31 , 
 June 21. 
 June 17, 
 Oct. 11, 
 Mar. 21. 
 Sept. 2fl, 
 May 26, 
 Feb. 12, 
 
 1803 
 1823 
 1819 
 1835 
 1801 
 181^ 
 I81O 
 1835 
 lr35 
 11^31 
 
 Jan. 24, 1818 
 Aug. 2. 1830 
 April 4, 1824 
 
 1807 
 
 .Sept. 21, 1842 
 Dec. 2, 1810 
 Mar. 9, 1822 
 April 23, 1839 
 1812 
 
 1798 
 
 Sept. 27, 1823 
 
 April 6, 1824 
 1832 
 
 July 9, 1807 
 
 Nov'.'K, "issi 
 
 Sept. 11, 1821 
 Dee. 26, 1811 
 Nov. 18, 182i) 
 
 .1813 
 
 Total Representatives, 114. Occupation Unknown, 58, Lawyers, S8. 
 Soldiers, 4:. Merchants, 3. Clergymen, 8. Agriculturists, 18. Varied, 1. 
 Physician, 1. Jurist, 1. Banker, 1. Blacksmith, 1, Surveyor, 1. For- 
 eign Bom, 18: Including Ireland, 1 ; Switzerland, 1. 
 
 Fifth Congress of the United States, from 1797 to 1799. 
 
 1797— Frederick College, in MaryKand, waj 
 founded. 
 
 1797— Great yellow-fever epidemic along the 
 Atlantic coast, as far north as New 
 York city. 
 
 1798— The Cabinet Department of the Navy 
 established. 
 
 1798— Washington declared commander-in- 
 chief of all the armies. 
 
 John .\d;ims, Prt^ri. Thomas Jeffei-son, Vice-Pres. 
 Timothy Pickering, of Mass., and John Marshall, of Va.. 
 Sec'ys of State. Oliver Wolcott, of Conn., and Samuel 
 Dexter, of Mass., Sec'y of Treas. James McHenry, of 
 Md., and Samuel Dexter, of Mass., Sec'ys of War. 
 George Cabot, of Mas.';., and Benjamin Stoddard, of Md.. 
 Sec'ys of Navy. Charles Lee, of Va.. Atfy Gen. Jon- 
 athan Dayton, of N. J., Speaker of House of Represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist. D, Democrat. 
 
 1798_The national ode of "Hail Columbia" 
 written by Joseph Hopkinson, of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 1799— The frigate Constellation captured the 
 French frigate L'lnsurgente, off the 
 Wfst Indies. French loss, G6 men killed 
 and wounded. American loss, 1 killed, 
 and 3 wounded. 
 
 1799 — The gradual abolition of slavery* in the 
 State of New Vork provided for; males 
 to be free at 28 years old, and females 
 at 25. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 I 
 
 Anderson, Joseph... — 
 Bingham, William. , — 
 Bloodworth, Timothy — 
 
 Blount. William — 
 
 Bradford. William...— 
 
 Brown, John — 
 
 Chipman, Nathaniel.— 
 
 Clayton. Joshua — 
 
 Cocke. William — 
 
 Davenport. Franklin- 
 Foster, Theodore - 
 
 Goodhue, Benjamin.— 
 
 Greene. Ray — 
 
 Gunn. James — 
 
 Henry, John — 
 
 Hillhouse, James F 
 
 Hobart, John S — 
 
 Howard. John E — 
 
 Hunter. John — 
 
 Jackson, Andrew ...D 
 
 Ijangdon. John D 
 
 Latimer, Henry F 
 
 Lawrence, John — 
 
 Livermore. Samuel..— 
 
 Lloyd. James — 
 
 Marshall, HumphreyF 
 Martin, .Alexander...- 
 Mason, Stevens T.... — 
 Xorth, William. ■.....— 
 
 Paine. Elijah F 
 
 Pinckney. Charles. . . .D 
 
 Read. Jacob F 
 
 Ross, James F 
 
 Rutherford, John. . . . — 
 
 Nov. 5, 1757 
 
 1751 
 
 1736 
 
 1744 
 
 Nov. 4, 1729 
 Sept. 12, 1757 
 Nov. 15, 1752 
 
 April 29, 1752 
 Oct. 1, 1748 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754 
 
 1738 
 
 June 4, 1752 
 
 Mai-.'is.'iYe? 
 
 June 25. 1741 
 April 24, 1752 
 
 1750 
 
 May 14, 173! 
 
 1780 
 
 1740 
 
 1760 
 
 1753 
 
 Jan. 21. 1757 
 Mar. 9, 1758 
 
 1752 
 
 July 12, 1762 
 1760 
 
 State 
 
 R«pre- Occupation 
 BCDted. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 R. I.. 
 Ky... 
 Vt.... 
 Del... 
 Tenn. 
 N.J,. 
 R. L. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Ga... 
 Md... 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 S. 0.. 
 Tenn . 
 N. H. 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.... 
 S. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 Unknown . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 LaAvyer. .. 
 La^-yer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Merchant.. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. ., 
 Lawyer, .. 
 La^vj-er. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Agriculfst 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Merchant.. 
 Physician . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkno\vn . 
 Soldier..,. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Lawyer, ,. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 13, 1828 
 July2H. 1814 
 
 April 17, 1837 
 Feb. 7. 1804 
 Aug. 24. 1814 
 Mar. 21. 18t)0 
 Julv 6. 1808 
 Aug. 27, 1828 
 Feb. 13, 1843 
 Aug. 11, 1798 
 
 Dec. 16. 1798 
 Dec. 29, 1832 
 Feb. 4, 1805 
 Oct. 12, 1S27 
 
 Jan. 8. 1845 
 Sept. 18, 1819 
 Dec. 19, 1819 
 Nov. 7, 1810 
 May 18. 1803 
 
 July I. 1841 
 Nov. — . 1807 
 May 10. 1803 
 Jan. 4. 1836 
 Api-il 28, 1842 
 Feb. 25. 1822 
 July 17, 1816 
 Nov. 27, 1847 
 Feb. 23, 1840 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Sedgwick. Theodore. F 
 
 Schuyler, Philip F 
 
 Smith, Daniel — 
 
 Stockton, Richard F 
 
 Tatnell. Josiah — 
 
 Tazewell, Henry — 
 
 Tichenor, Isaac F 
 
 Tracy, Uriah F 
 
 Vining, John — 
 
 Watson. James D 
 
 Wells. William H....— 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 Ga... 
 Va... 
 N.J. 
 Conn. 
 Del.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Del... 
 
 Suu 
 
 Rcpre- Occupation . 
 sent«d. 
 
 May 9. 1746 Mass. 
 Nov. 22, 1733 N. Y. 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 April 17, 1764 N.J. . 
 Ga... 
 
 1753, Va.., 
 
 Feb. 8, 1754 Vt.... 
 Feb. 2, 1755 Conn. 
 
 iDel... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Soldier. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 IJan. 24, 1813 
 Nov. 18, 18C4 
 July -, 1818 
 Mar 7. 1828 
 June 6. 1803 
 Jan. 24, 179Jt 
 Dec. 11. 1838 
 July 19, 1807 
 
 Mar. 1 1 , 1829 
 
 Total Senators. 45. Lawyers. SS6. Occupation Unknown, 8. Soldiers, 
 5. Merchants, S. Physicians. 2. Agriculturist, 1. Varied, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 1: Including England, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Stmte 
 
 Reprc- Occupatioa. 
 
 Allen, John 
 
 Benton. Lemuel 
 
 Baer, George, Jr 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham.. 
 
 Bard, David 
 
 Bartlett. Bailey 
 
 Bayard, James A 
 
 Blount. Thomas 
 
 Brace, Jonathan 
 
 Bradbury. Theophl's. 
 
 Brent, Richard 
 
 Brooks, David 
 
 Brown, Robert 
 
 Bryan, Nathan 
 
 Bullock, Stephen 
 
 Ma.-^s. 
 S. C. . 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 Penn. 
 Mass. 
 Penn. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Penn. 
 
 I Conn. 
 . S. C 
 , Md, 
 
 Nov. 6, 1754 Ga... 
 Penn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Del. . . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1750 
 July 28, 1767 
 1760 
 17.54 
 1757 5 
 
 Mar. 4, 1807 
 
 Nov. 12, 
 Nov. 13, 
 
 N. C 1748 
 
 Mass 1736 
 
 Lawyer..., July 31. 1812 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Merchant, , Sept. 9. 1830 
 
 Lawver lAug. 6. 1815 
 
 Soldier. .. Feb. 7. 1812 
 Lawver.... lAug. 26, 1837 
 Lawver.... Sept. 6. 1803 
 Unknown.. Dec. 3t>, 1814 
 
 Junst Aug. 30, 1838 
 
 Unknown,.! 
 
 Unknown.. June 4, 1798 
 Unknown 1816 
 
 
 ^^m
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Burgres, Denipsey . . — 
 
 Cabell, Samuel J — 
 
 Champlin, Christ. G. — 
 Chapman, Jonathan. — 
 Claibom. Thomas.... — 
 Claiborne. Wni. C. C. — 
 
 Clay, Matthew D 
 
 Clopton, John D 
 
 Cochran, James — 
 
 Coit, Joshua — 
 
 Cralk, William — 
 
 Dana. Samuel W F 
 
 Davenport. James.. . — 
 
 Davis, ThomasT — 
 
 Dawson, John D 
 
 Dayton, Jonathan — 
 
 Dennis, John — 
 
 Dent, Georpe D 
 
 Edmond, ■\S"ilHam....F 
 
 Ege. George. — 
 
 Eggleston, Joseph. . . . — 
 Elmendorf. Lucas. ... — 
 
 Evans. Thomas — 
 
 Pindley. William D 
 
 Foster, Abiel — 
 
 Foster, D\s'ight F 
 
 Fowler, John — 
 
 Freeman, Jonathan.. — 
 Freeman, Nathaniel . — 
 
 Gallatin, Albert D 
 
 Giles, William B D 
 
 Gillespie, James — 
 
 Glenn, Henry — 
 
 Goodrich, Chauncey. — 
 
 Gordon, William — 
 
 Gregg, Andrew — 
 
 Griswold, Roger F 
 
 Grove. William B — 
 
 Hanna. John X — 
 
 Harper, Robert G D 
 
 H.arrison. ' arter E. . . — 
 
 Hartley. Thomas — 
 
 Havens, Jonathan N. — 
 
 Heister. Joseph — 
 
 Hindman. William... — 
 
 Holmes, David — 
 
 Hosmer, Hexekiah L. — 
 
 Inilay, James H — 
 
 «li'nes. Walter D 
 
 Kittera. John W F 
 
 Livingston. Edward. D 
 
 Locke, Matthew — 
 
 Lyman. Samuel — 
 
 Lyon, Matthew — 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel. . .D 
 
 N. C. 
 Va. . 
 R. I. 
 Pa.. 
 Va. . 
 
 Va 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Md. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn 
 
 Va... 
 N. J. . 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 Pa. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . , 
 Ire'd 
 Mass, 
 Mass 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Mass, 
 Switz 
 Va.. 
 N. C, 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. ., 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn 
 S.C. 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Va. 
 Pa... 
 Y. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 
 April 12, 1768 
 
 Feb. 11, 1769 
 Oct. 7, 1758 
 
 July 3, 
 Oct. 12. 
 
 17.= 
 1758 
 
 1762 
 
 Oct. 16, 1760 
 17— 
 
 Sept. 28. 1755 
 
 Nov. 24, 17.54 
 1758 
 
 Jan. 11, 1751 
 Aug. 8, 173; 
 Dec. 7, 1757 
 
 1755 
 
 1745 
 
 April 8, I74I 
 Jan. 29, 1761 
 Aug. 12, 1762 
 
 Oct. 20, 1759 
 
 1763 
 
 June 10, 1755 
 May 21, 176r 
 
 1765 
 
 Sept.' 7,' 1748 
 Nov"l8,"l752 
 
 .1764 
 .1730 
 
 .1746 
 .1757 
 
 State 
 eeiiTcil. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va.. 
 Tenn. 
 Va. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Md. .. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Kv... 
 Vi... 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Conn, 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Mass . 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. H.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. . 
 Pa.... 
 S. C 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md.. . 
 Va... 
 N. Y.. 
 J, 
 
 Va . . . 
 Pa.. . 
 
 N. Y.. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknoivn.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawjer. . . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 .\gricult^t. 
 Unknown., 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Clergyman 
 La^vyer. . . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Varied 
 
 Latvyer.... 
 
 Banker 
 
 La\vyer 
 
 Unknown., 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Agricult'st. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Educator. . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Sept. 4, 1818 
 Mar. 18, 1840 
 
 1812 
 
 Nov. 23, 1817 
 
 1815 
 
 Sept. 11. 1816 
 Nov. 7, 1848 
 Sept. 5, 1798 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 Aug. 3, 1797 
 
 Mar. 30, 1814 
 Oct. 9. 1824 
 Aug. 17, 1807 
 
 Machir. James — 
 
 Matthews. William...— 
 McClenachan. Blair.. — 
 
 McDowell, Joseph — 
 
 Milledge. John — 
 
 Morgan. Daniel F 
 
 Morris, Lewis R — 
 
 UTew, .\nthony D 
 
 Nicholas, John D 
 
 Otis, Harrison G F 
 
 Parker, Isaac — 
 
 Parker.Josiah — 
 
 Pincknev, Thomas F 
 
 Potter, ElishaR F 
 
 Reed, John F 
 
 Aug. 1, 1838 
 
 Feb. 13, 1811 
 Aug. 17, 1843 
 
 April 7, 
 Feb. 6, 
 April 29. 
 Aug. 22, 
 
 Sept. 20, 
 Aug. 12, 
 Dec. 4, 
 Jan. — , 
 Aug. 14, 
 Aug. 18, 
 3Iay 8, 
 May 20, 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 1821 
 1806 
 1823 
 1840 
 1808 
 1827 
 1849 
 1830 
 1S05 
 1814 
 1823 
 1802 
 1835 
 1812 
 
 Jan. 15. 1825 
 
 Dec. 21,1800 
 July 7, 1799 
 June 10, 1832 
 Jan. 26, 1822 
 Aug. 20, 1832 
 
 Dec. 31, 1815 
 
 jiay 23,' 'l'83G 
 Sept. 7. 1801 
 
 1802 
 
 Aug. 1, 1822 
 June 29, 1837 
 
 Rutledge, Joh:; 
 Schureman, James, .,F 
 
 Sewall, Samuel — 
 
 Shepard, William — 
 
 Sinnickson, Thomas..— 
 Sitgreaves, Samuel... F 
 Skinner. Thompson J. D 
 Spaight. RichardD...D 
 
 Sprague. Peleg — 
 
 Spriu'i,', Kichanl — 
 
 Smith, Ji-rciiiiah F 
 
 Smith. J..lin D 
 
 Smith, Nathaniel F 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Smith, William F 
 
 Smith, William D 
 
 Sumter, Thomas D 
 
 Stanford, Richard D 
 
 Swanwiok, John — 
 
 Thatcher, George... — 
 
 Thomas, Richard — 
 
 Thompson, Mark — 
 
 Tillinghast, Thomas.— 
 
 Trigg, Abiam — 
 
 Trigg, John — 
 
 Van Allen, John E. . .— 
 Van Cortlandt, Phil. . — 
 Varnum, Joseph B . . . — 
 Venable. Abraham... — 
 "W^adsworth, Peleg . — 
 
 Wain, Robert F 
 
 Williams. John — 
 
 Williams, Robert — 
 
 Va. .. 
 Md... 
 Penn. 
 Va. .. 
 Ga... 
 N. J. 
 Vt.... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 i Va. . . 
 ;s. C. 
 |r. I.. 
 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Penn. 
 .Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 ,N. H. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 Conn, 
 Penn, 
 S.C. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 Penn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y, 
 Mass, 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Penn 
 N. Y, 
 N. C. 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 Ijute 
 
 Oct. 23, 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 Dec. 11, 
 Dec. 1, 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md .. 
 
 IPa.,, 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 1757 Ga... 
 1733 Va... 
 1753 Vt... 
 1747 Va... 
 
 1763 Va... 
 Oct. 8. 1765 Mass. 
 June 17, 1768 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 1750 S. C. 
 
 1764 R. I. . 
 
 1751 Mass. 
 1766 S. C 
 1757 N. J.. 
 1757 Mass. 
 1737 Mass. 
 
 1745 N.J, . 
 
 Penn. 
 
 iMass. 
 
 iN. C. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1756 N. H. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Nov. 29, 1759 N. H. 
 
 IN. Y.. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1762 Conn. 
 July 27, 1752 Md... 
 
 Is. C. 
 
 1762 S. C. 
 
 1734 S. C. 
 
 IN. .C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 April 12, 1754 Mass. 
 1745 Pa... 
 
 In. j.. 
 
 Aug. 21, 1742 R. I. . 
 
 |Va... 
 
 ]Va... 
 
 In. y.. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1749 N. Y . 
 
 1759 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 May 6, 1748 Mass. 
 
 1765 Pa. .. 
 
 |N. Y. 
 
 In. c. 
 
 I 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 1 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier ' 
 
 Soldier I 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawyer... . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Clergyman 
 
 Lawy'er 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawver 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer.... 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier . .. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Surveyor.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Merchant. . 
 Mei'chant. . 
 Unknown,. 
 Lawyer 
 
 June 25, 1827 
 
 Feb. 9. 
 July 6, 
 
 1819 
 1802 
 
 Mar. 2, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Oct. 28. 
 May 26. 
 Mar. 21 . 
 Nov. 2. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Feb. 12. 
 Sept. 1, 
 Jan. 23. 
 June 8. 
 Nov. 11. 
 May 15, 
 April 4, 
 
 1833 
 1819 
 1848 
 1830 
 1810 
 1828 
 1835 
 1831 
 1819 
 1824 
 1814 
 1817 
 1817 
 1824 
 
 Sept. 6. 
 
 1802 
 1800 
 
 Sept. 21, 
 Aug. 8, 
 Mar. 9. 
 April 23.1 
 
 1842 
 1816 
 1822 
 1839 
 1812 
 1840 
 1832 
 1816 
 1798 
 April 6. 1824 
 1832 
 
 June 26, 
 June 1, 
 April 9, 
 
 Aug. 26, 1821 
 
 May 17, 1804 
 
 Nov. 5. 
 Sept. 11, 
 Dec. 26. 
 Nov. 18, 
 Jan. 24, 
 
 1831 
 1821 
 1811 
 1829 
 1836 
 
 Total Representatives. IIT. Unknown Occupation, 4S. Lawyers, 34. 
 Soldiers. 14. Merchants. 6. Jurists, 4. Varied, 3. Clergymen, a. Agri- 
 culturists, S. Banker, 1. Surveyor, 1, Educator, 1, Physician, 1. Foreign 
 Bom, 2: Including Ireland, 1; Switzerland, 1. 
 
 Sixth Congress of the United States, from 1799 to 1801. 
 
 1799— Humboldt began his South American 
 
 Explorations in Venezuela.July 16. 
 1799— George Washington died, Dec. 14, at 
 
 Mt. Vernon, profoundly mourned. 
 1799— First Teachers' Association in America 
 
 formed at Middlesex, Conn. 
 18(K>— Congressional Library established. 
 1800— The city of Washington, D. C, became 
 
 the permanent capital of the United 
 
 States in June. 
 
 John Adams, Pres. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-Pres. 
 Timothy Pickering, of Mass., and John Marshall, of Va., 
 Sec'ys of State. Oliver Wolcott, of Conn., and Samuel 
 Dexter, of Mass., Sec'ys of Treas. James McHenry, of 
 Md.. and Samuel Dexter, of Mass., Sec'ys of War. Ben- 
 jamin Stoddard, of Md., Sec'y of Navy. Charles Lee, of 
 Va., Att'y Gen. Theodore Sedgwick, of Mass., Speaker 
 of the House of Representativps. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; J>, Democrat, and W, Whig. 
 
 1800— First United States Land Office opened 
 at Chillicothe, O. 
 
 1801— Tripoli declared war upon tht* United 
 States, June 10. 
 
 18(J1 — San Domingo declarf^d an independent 
 republic, July 1. 
 
 1801 — First ^vritten Presidential Message de- 
 livered to Congress by Thomas Jeffer- 
 son. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph — — 
 
 Armstrong. John D 
 
 HaMwin, Abraham.. .D 
 Bingham. William.. . — 
 Bloodworili. Timothy- 
 Brown, John — 
 
 Chlpman, Nathaniel.— 
 
 Cocke, William -— 
 
 Davton, Jonathan...— 
 
 Dexter, Samuel F 
 
 Poster. Dwight F 
 
 Foster, Thco — 
 
 Franklin, Jesse D 
 
 Goodhue. Benjamin. .— 
 
 Oreene. Itay D 
 
 Oimn, .Tames — 
 
 Hillhtmse, James F 
 
 Hindman, William... — 
 
 Howard. John E — 
 
 linngdon. John D 
 
 Latimer. Henry F 
 
 Lawrence, John — 
 
 LIvfrmore. Samuel,.. — 
 
 Lloyd. James — 
 
 Marshall. Humphrey. F 
 
 Slason, Jonathan — 
 
 Mason, Stephen T. . . . — 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa, . . 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C . 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. C 
 Mass. 
 R. L. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Md. . . 
 N. H. 
 Del... 
 F,ng . 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 
 MOHS. 
 
 Vft... 
 
 Nov, 5, 
 Nov. 25. 
 Nov. (J, 
 
 Sept. 12, 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 Oct.' 'iV;; 
 May It, 
 Dec. 7. 
 April 2U, 
 
 Oct.* ' i," 
 
 1757 
 175, 
 1754 
 1751 
 
 i7:j« 
 
 17.5- 
 
 175: 
 
 lYfio 
 i7(;i 
 
 1757 
 I7.VJ 
 I75H 
 174H 
 1784 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754 
 
 Juno 4. 
 June 2.5, 
 April 24. 
 
 Slay'lV, 
 
 Aiig-'-io, 
 
 State 
 Milled. 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 R. I . . 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Ga. . . 
 Conn. 
 Ml] 
 
 I7ry2 Md... 
 1741 N. H. 
 1752 Del.. 
 17.V) N. Y. 
 I7:i-J N. H. 
 
 Md... 
 
 HHO Ky.., 
 1752 Maws, 
 1 760 Va. . , 
 
 Occupatioi 
 
 Lawyer . . , 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 L.iwyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 r>awyer... 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown., 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 I-awyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier... 
 Merchant. 
 Physician 
 I^awyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 
 April 17, 1837 
 April I, I84:i 
 Mar. 4, IM07 
 Feb. 7. I.M04 
 Aug. 24. IH14 
 Aug. 27, 1H2H 
 Feb. 13. 1843 
 
 Oct."0,"lft2-i 
 Mrtv ;{. I8I1; 
 April 211. lS-_>:j 
 Jan. 13. IsiiH 
 Sept.-, 1823 
 July 28. 1814 
 
 Dec. 2i). 1832 
 Jan. 20. 18-22 
 Oct. 12. 1827 
 Sept. 18. 181!) 
 Dec. 19. 1819 
 Nov. 7. 1810 
 May 18, 1803 
 
 July 1. I**4I 
 Nov. 1, 1831 
 May 10. 1803 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 s.*w 
 
 Repre- Oecuprtion 
 Mnled. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Morris. Gouverneur . .F 
 
 N. r. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. 31, 1752 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Vt... 
 S. C. 
 S.C. 
 Pa.... 
 N.J.. 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier .... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied .... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown. . 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Nov. fl. 1SI6 
 
 Oct. in. iH2n 
 
 Ogden. Aanm — 
 
 Paine. Klijah F 
 
 rinckney, Charles 1) 
 
 Itead, Jacob F 
 
 Itoss, JamoK F 
 
 Schureman, James. ..F 
 
 Tracy, Uriah F 
 
 Watson, James D 
 
 Wells, William H — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 S. C. 
 Pa.... 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Del .. 
 
 Dec. 3. 17.56 
 Jan. 21, 1757 
 Mar. 9, 175S 
 
 17,52 
 
 July 12, 1762 
 
 17.57 
 
 Fob. 2, 1755 
 
 April 111. ISHO 
 April -js. IH.t2 
 Feb. 2.5. lft-J-2 
 July 17, 1SI6 
 Nov. 27, 1H47 
 Jan. 2:i. 1H24 
 July 19, 1807 
 
 Ma'r.'ii','l829 
 
 Total Senatoi-s. Jlfi. Lawyei-s. 21. Occupation Unknown, 7. Soldiers. A, 
 Varied, Sfi. Merchants, 3. Physician, 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including 
 England, I. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Alston, Willis D 
 
 Uaer, (leorgo — 
 
 Bailey, TheodorUB D 
 
 Barllett. Bailey I" 
 
 Bavard, James A F 
 
 Bird, John D 
 
 Bishop, Phnnuel — 
 
 Bl'ace, Jonathan.... — 
 
 N. C. 
 Md.... 
 N. Y.. 
 Sla.sa. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 MasH 
 Conn. 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 June 11, 17.52 N. Y. 
 
 17.50 Mass. 
 
 July 28, 1707 Del... 
 
 iN. Y. 
 
 iMoss. 
 
 Nov. 12, 1754 Coim, 
 
 Unknown . 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown . 
 Merchant., 
 vyer. . . , 
 I.uwyi-r.... 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. , . . 
 
 April in, 1S,17 
 
 Sept. (i. 
 Sept. 9. 
 Aug. 6. 
 
 1H28 
 18.10 
 
 .IS(H1 
 
 Aug. 28, 1837
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 u.— 
 
 ..F 
 
 Brown, John. . 
 Brown, IJvtln-rt 
 CalM-ll, siiiiii, 
 Chiniii.lin, rh, 
 
 Ohrii.li,', i;.iliii, I — 
 
 flail.,,™.-. Will. (,'. CD 
 
 Cliiv, Matthew D 
 
 C.n.lii-t, .John — 
 
 ('.... tier. William P 
 
 I'raik, William — 
 
 Unna, Samuel W F 
 
 Dav. ii[„irt, Fraiiklin. .. 
 
 Davenport, John F 
 
 Davis, Thom.as T — 
 
 Dawson, John — 
 
 Dennis, John — 
 
 Dent, George D 
 
 Dixon, Joseph H — 
 
 Edmontl, William 
 Etru'li'.;tnn, Joseph 
 Kliii.-iiil.n-f, Lucas.. .— 
 
 K\ alls, Thomas — 
 
 FostiT, .\liiel — 
 
 Foster, Dwlght P 
 
 Fowler, John — 
 
 Freeman, Jonathan..— 
 
 Gallatin, Albert D 
 
 (llenn, Henry — 
 
 (Joodrieh, Chauncey.— 
 
 Goodrich, Klizur P 
 
 Gordon, William — 
 
 tJoode, Samuel — 
 
 Gi'a.v, Edwin — 
 
 Grepfff, .\ndrew — 
 
 (EiiswuM, Roger F 
 
 (ii-,.v... William B....— 
 
 If anna. .I.ihn A — 
 
 Hai-per RohiTt G D 
 
 Harrison. William H.— 
 
 Hartley, Thomas — 
 
 Keister, Joseph — 
 
 Hendei-son, Arcli'bld — 
 
 Hill, William H — 
 
 Holmes, David — 
 
 Huger, Benjamin — 
 
 Imta.v, James H — 
 
 »Jackson, George.... D 
 
 Jones, James — 
 
 Kitchen, Aaron D 
 
 Kittera, John W p 
 
 Lee, Heni-y p 
 
 Lee, Silas F 
 
 Leih, Michael D 
 
 Lincohi, Levi w 
 
 Livingston, Edwai-d..D 
 Lyman, Samuel — 
 
 R. L. 
 
 Va. . 
 R. 1. 
 Md. . 
 Va. . 
 Va. . 
 
 N. J.. 
 Md.. . 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 
 Va.'.'.'.'. 
 Md... 
 MJ. .. 
 N. C. . 
 Conn. 
 Va..., 
 N. Y.. 
 Va..., 
 Mass . 
 Mass , 
 Va.... 
 N. H.. 
 Switz. 
 N. Y.. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Va.... 
 Pa.... 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Pa.... 
 Va.... 
 Va.... 
 Pa.... 
 Pa.... 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va.... 
 S. C... 
 N,J.. 
 Va. .. 
 Md. . . 
 X. J.. 
 Pa.... 
 Va.... 
 Mass. 
 Pa.... 
 Mass . 
 N. Y.. 
 Mass . 
 
 Jan. 27, 1736 
 
 April 12, 1768 
 
 July — , 
 jan.'ie)' 
 
 Sept. 28, 
 Nov. 24, 
 
 Aug. 8, 
 Dee. 7, 
 
 Oct. 20, 
 Mar. 24, 
 
 1755 
 1754 
 1758 
 
 iVi^ 
 
 1757 
 17.55 
 1745 
 1761 
 
 1759 
 1761 
 1763 
 
 Junelo. 
 May 21, 
 
 ,1769 
 1755 
 17G2 
 
 Feb. 9, 
 Sept. 7, 
 Nov. 18, 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 1765 
 1773 
 1748 
 1752 
 1768 
 
 July 10, 1744 
 
 Jan. 29, 1756 
 
 May 15 
 
 .1759 
 1749 
 1764 
 
 nicd. 
 
 K. 1.. 
 
 Pa.... 
 Va... 
 U. 1.. 
 Md. . . 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 
 U.. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Va . . . 
 
 H. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 Pa.... 
 ?J. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. C. . 
 Pa.... 
 S. C. 
 NWT. 
 Pa. .. 
 P;i. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 N.J,. 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant.. 
 Unknown , 
 Soldier .... 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown , 
 Pliysician, 
 
 Lawyttr 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Unlinown . 
 Lawyer. . . . 
 
 L:iwyer 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer — 
 .Vt-'ricult'st 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier.... 
 Lawyer.... 
 Ij.i wyer.. . . 
 Clergytnan 
 Lawyer.... 
 Soldier.... 
 Unknown . 
 Banker. ., . 
 Unknown . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.... 
 ioldier..,. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Merchant.. 
 
 Lawyei- 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Teacher, . . 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawyer.. .. 
 Blacksm'th 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer... , 
 Unknown , 
 
 Sept. 20, 1803 
 
 Sept, 4, 
 Mar. 18, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 23, 
 
 Hky 
 
 '4,' 
 
 jul'y 
 
 '21 
 
 Nov 
 
 28 
 
 Mar. 3(1, 
 Aug. 17, 
 
 1818 
 184(1 
 
 l'8I7 
 1815 
 1834 
 
 1814 
 1807 
 
 Aug. 1, 
 Feb. 13, 
 Aug. 17, 
 
 Fe'b.'er 
 April 29, 
 Aug, 22, 
 
 Aug. 12, 
 Aug. 14, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Nov. 1, 
 May 8, 
 
 1838 
 1811 
 1843 
 
 'ims 
 
 1823 
 1840 
 1808 
 1849 
 1814 
 1823 
 1849 
 1802 
 
 Hay 20, 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 1835 
 1812 
 
 Jan. 15, 
 Api'il 4, 
 Dec. 21, 
 June 10, 
 Oct. 21, 
 
 1825 
 1841 
 1800 
 1832 
 1822 
 1809 
 Aug, 20, 1832 
 
 Jan. 13, 
 June 25, 
 
 iiariVs,' 
 
 Dec." 28,' 
 
 May 23,' 
 
 1801 
 1820 
 
 i's'i's 
 
 1814 
 1822 
 
 'l'83(5 
 
 J802 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 When. 
 Born. 
 
 WbenBorii. 
 
 HIAU- 
 IU[.r<- 
 
 OceupAtlon. 
 
 Wb«n Di«d. 
 
 Lynn, James 
 
 .D N. J.. 
 
 
 
 
 Lyon, Matthew 
 
 
 
 Iro'd. 
 
 1740 
 
 Vt. .. Varied 
 
 Aug. I 1822 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel,. 
 
 , — 
 
 N, C. 
 
 17.57 
 
 N.O. 
 
 Soldier.. .. 
 
 
 McMillan, William . 
 
 — 
 
 Va.... 
 
 17B(I 
 
 NWT. 
 
 Lawver. . . . 
 
 June — , 18()4 
 
 Marshall, John 
 
 . — 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 .Sept. 24, 1753 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawver . . . 
 
 July 6, 1835 
 
 Mattoon. Kbenezer. 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass.. 
 
 Aug. 19, 17.55 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Sept. 11, 1843 
 
 Morris, Lewis It 
 
 , — 
 
 Vt. . . . 
 
 17.53 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 MuhlenbtTK, P. J G. 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Oct. 1, I74B 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Clergvman 
 
 Oct, I, 1807 
 
 New, Anthony 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Va.... 
 
 1747 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Mar. 2. 1833 
 
 Nicholas, John 
 
 .!> 
 
 Va,... 
 
 17(3 
 
 Va... 
 
 Triiknown . 
 
 Dec. 31, 1819 
 
 Nicholson. Joseph H 
 
 ii 
 
 Md . . . 
 
 1770 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer..,. 
 
 Mar. 4, 1817 
 
 Nott, Abraham.. .. 
 
 .K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1767 
 
 S. C 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 June 19, J830 
 
 Otis, Harrison G. ,. 
 
 !•' 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1765:Ma«s. 
 
 
 Oct. 28. 1848 
 
 Pak'c. Robert 
 
 -K 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 
 Parker. Josiah 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Mar. 21, 1810 
 
 Pinckney, Thomas. 
 
 .K 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1750 
 
 SO.. 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 Nov. 2, 1828 
 
 Piatt. Jonas 
 
 ,— 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 June 19, ia34 
 
 Powell, L(;vin 
 
 .1*' 
 
 Va... 
 
 1738 
 
 Va... 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Aug. 6, 1810 
 
 Randolph, John,,. 
 Reed, John 
 
 .!> 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 June 2, 1773 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 May 24, 18:13 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 J75I 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 Feb. 12, 1831 
 
 Read, Nathan 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 I7(iO 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Druggist.. 
 
 Jan. 21, 1849 
 
 Rulledse. John 
 
 ,K 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1786 
 
 8. C. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1819 
 
 Sedgwick, Theo 
 
 .!■■ 
 
 Oonn. 
 
 May 9, 1746 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer,... 
 
 Jon. 24, 1813 
 
 Sewall, Samuel 
 
 .— 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. n, 17.57 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer.... 
 
 June 8, 1814 
 
 Sheale, James 
 
 ,F 
 
 
 17.55 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 1829 
 
 Shepherd. William.. 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 1, 1737 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Nov. 11. 1817 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 .!-> 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1816 
 
 Smith, John C 
 
 .!■■ 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 12, 1765 
 
 
 
 Deo. 7, 1845 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 .!> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 Sniilie, John 
 
 .D 
 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 
 ......... 1742 
 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Spaight, RichardP. 
 
 
 Sept. 6, 1802 
 
 Stanford, Richard,, 
 
 .1> 
 '.D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1768 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa.... 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. . 
 Unknown.. 
 
 April e, 1816 
 
 Stewart, John 
 
 
 
 Stone, David 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Feb. 17, 1770 
 
 Oct. 7, 1818 
 
 Sumter, Thomas, . , 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 17.34 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Juno I, 1832 
 
 Taliaferro, Eenj . . , 
 
 , — 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 I7.5(J 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Soldier .... 
 
 Sept. 3, 1821 
 
 Tazewell, LittlelonW.D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 17, 1774 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer — 
 
 May 6, 1860 
 
 Tennoy , Samuel 
 
 •z 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer — 
 
 Feb R 1816 
 
 Thatcher, George.,. 
 
 April 12, 1754 
 
 April 6. 1824 
 
 Thomas, John 
 
 , — 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Thomas, Richard . , , 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 1832 
 
 Thompson, John 
 
 .D 
 '.D 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 
 
 Trigg, John 
 
 
 
 May 17, 1804 
 Nov. 5, 1831 
 
 Van Cortlandt, Phi] 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1749 
 
 Varmim, Joseph Ti.. 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 17.59 
 
 
 Sept. 11, 1821 
 
 Wadsworth. feieg. 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 6, 1748 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Nov. 18, J829 
 
 
 .F 
 .'.D 
 
 
 1765 
 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 N. C 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown . 
 
 Jan. 24, 18,36 
 
 Williams, Lemuel,. 
 
 Mass. 
 N.C.. 
 Pa.... 
 
 
 ■Williams, Robert... 
 
 
 
 Woods, Henry 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 
 Total Representatives. llS. Unknow-n Occupation, 42. La\vyers. 42, 
 Soldiers, 11. Merchants. 8. Physicians. 3. Clergymen, 2. Agriculturist, 
 1. Banker, 1. Blacksmith. 1. Druggist, 1. Teacher, 1. Surveyor, 1. 
 Varied, 1. Foreign Born, 3: Including Ireland, 2, and Switzerland, 1. 
 
 "Whigs," the popular name for a party in opposition to the Tories, here first made their appearance in Congress. 
 
 Seventh Congress of the United States, from 1801 to 1803. 
 
 1801— Tripoli declared war upon the United 
 States, June 10. 
 
 1801— First suspension bridge in the world 
 built across Jacob's creek, Pa. 
 
 1801— Blow-pipe invented by Prof. Hare, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1801— First fnllblooded Merino buck im- 
 ported into the United States.— Value, 
 560.00. 
 
 1802— West Point Military Academy founded 
 by the Government. 
 
 Thomas JeflEerson, Pres. Aaron Burr, of N. Y., Vice- 
 Pres. James Madison, of Va., See'y of State. Albert 
 Gallatin, of Pa , Sec'y of Treas. Henry Dearborn, of 
 Mass., Sec'y of War. Benjamin Stoddard, of Md., and 
 Robert Smith, of Md.,Sec'ys of Navy. Levi Lincoln, 
 of Mass., Att'y Gen. Nathaniel Macon, of N.C., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist ^ D» Democrat, and W, Whig. 
 
 1802— First trade-sale for books in America 
 
 held in New York, in June. 
 1802— First Academy of Fine Arts fstablished 
 
 in New York city. 
 1802— Starcn first made from potatoes, bv 
 
 John Beddis, at Philadelphia. 
 1803 — Louisiana purchased from France, 
 
 April 30, for SI5,000,()(K_i. 
 1803— Piano-fortes first manufactured in the 
 
 United States, at Boston, by A. & ^Y. 
 
 Brent. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph. . — 
 
 Armstrong, John D 
 
 Baldwin. Abraham. .D 
 Bradley, Stephen R..D 
 
 Breckenridge. Jno D 
 
 Brown, John — 
 
 Calhoun. ,Tuhn E D 
 
 Chipman. Nathaniel . — 
 
 Clinton. De Witt D 
 
 Cocke, William — 
 
 Dayton. Jonathan. . , — 
 
 Dwight, Foster F 
 
 Dwight. Theo — 
 
 Ellery, Christopher. D 
 
 Franklin. Jesse D 
 
 Greene, Ray — 
 
 Hillhouse, James F 
 
 Hindman, William... — 
 
 Howard, John E. — 
 
 •Jackson, James. — 
 
 I^ogan, George D 
 
 Mason, Jonathan — 
 
 Mason. Stevens T — 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur . .F 
 Muhlenberg, J. P. G. .— 
 Xicholas. Wilson O. . D 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Oonn. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N.J,. 
 Mass. 
 Mass, 
 R. L. 
 K. C. 
 R. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Eng.. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Nov. 6, 
 Feb. 20, 
 
 1757 
 
 1755 
 1754 
 1754 
 .J 760 
 Sept. 12, 1757 
 1749 
 1752 
 1769 
 
 Nov. 15, 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 Oct. 16, 
 Dec. 7. 
 April 29, 
 
 Oct. 21, 
 June 4, 
 
 1760 
 1757 
 1752 
 
 1754 
 
 Sept. 9, 
 Aug. 30, 
 
 Jan. 31, 
 Oct. 1, 
 
 1752 
 1757 
 
 1753 
 1752 
 1760 
 17521 Pa, 
 1746 Pa. 
 IVa. 
 
 State 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga.. . 
 Vt.... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Mitss. 
 I.. 
 R. I.. 
 N. C. 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Md. . . 
 Md... 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 Mass, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldier.. . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer.. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . , . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . . . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unkno^vn.. 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Agiicult'st 
 Lawyer , . . 
 Unknown.. 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Clergvman 
 Soldier .. 
 
 .April 1- 
 
 ,1837 
 
 April 1 
 
 1843 
 
 Mar. 4. 
 
 1807 
 
 Deo. 10 
 
 1830 
 
 Dec. 14 
 
 1.S0G 
 
 Aug. 27 
 
 1828 
 
 Nov. 3 
 
 1802 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 1843 
 
 Feb. 11 
 
 1828 
 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 1824 
 
 April 2f 
 
 1823 
 
 Jan. 13 
 
 f828 
 
 
 
 Sept. — , 
 
 1823 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 1832 
 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 1822 
 
 Oct, 12, 
 
 1827 
 
 Mar. 19, 
 
 180(i 
 
 April 9, 
 
 1821 
 
 Nov. 1. 
 
 1831 
 
 May 10, 
 
 1803 
 
 Sov. 6, 
 
 ISlli 
 
 3ct. 1, 
 
 1807 
 
 Oct. 10. 
 
 1820 
 
 SENATORS. ^,;" 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 Sute 
 lUpre- 
 seate<t. 
 
 Oceupaiioa 
 
 When Dini. 
 
 Offden. Aaron — N. J,. 
 
 Oicott. Simeon F Conn. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1756 X. J.. 
 
 1737 N, H. 
 
 Mar. 9. nsS.S. C. . 
 June 25, 1759 N. H.. 
 July 12, 1762 Pa... 
 I755IN. H.. 
 
 Lawj'er. .. 
 
 April 19,1839 
 1815 
 
 Pinckney. Charles... D S. C. 
 
 Plumer, William — Mass. 
 
 Koss. James F Pa.,.. 
 
 Sheafe. James F 
 
 Lawyer. ., 
 Lawyer. ., 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Feb. 2.^, 1822 
 
 Dec. 22, 1850 
 
 Nov, 27, 1847 
 
 1829 
 
 Stone, David D N. C. 
 
 Feb, 17, 1770 
 
 N. C. 
 
 S. C. 
 Conn. 
 Del... 
 
 Del... 
 Md... 
 
 Lawj'er. . , 
 Soldier.,.. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown , 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Oct. 7. 181H 
 
 Tracy, Uriah F Conn. 
 
 Wells, William H..,— Del,. 
 
 Feb. 2, 1755 
 
 July 19, 1807 
 Mar 11 1829 
 
 White, Samuel F iDel... 
 
 
 
 Wright, Robert D IMd, .. 
 
 
 Sept. 7, 1826 
 
 Total Senators, 38. Lawyers, 24. Soldiers, *?. Occupation Unknown, 4. 
 Merchant, 1. Clergyman, 1. Agriculturist, 1. Foreign Bom, 1 : Including 
 England 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Itarn. 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 State 
 
 Occupation. | When Med. 
 
 ( 
 
 Alston. Willis D 
 
 An her, John W , 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Jiine'e. "1741 
 1737 
 
 N. C. Unknown . April 10, 1837 
 
 Md... Physician 1810 
 
 Ma-^S nif'fi'-vmnn Oct 'Xl IS^n 
 
 Bailey. Theodorus D 
 
 Bayard, James A F 
 
 Bishop, Phanuel — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.... 
 Mass. 
 
 June 11. 1752 
 July 28, 1767 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Del... 
 Mass. 
 
 Unkno«-n . Sept. 6, 1828 
 Lawyer . . . Aug, 6, 1815 
 Unknown 
 
 =^ 
 
 K
 
 Boude. Thomas — 
 
 Bowie. Walter — 
 
 Brent, RichaiJ — 
 
 Brown, Robert — 
 
 Butler. ^VilliAm — 
 
 Catell. Samuel J — 
 
 Campbell, John F 
 
 Claibourne, Thomas .— 
 Clay, Matthew........ D 
 
 Clopton. John D 
 
 Condict. John D 
 
 Cutler, Manasseh F 
 
 Cutts, Richard D 
 
 I>ana. Samuel W F 
 
 Davenport, John F 
 
 Davis, Thomas T — 
 
 Dawson, John D 
 
 Dennis, John — 
 
 Dickson, William — 
 
 Early, Peter — 
 
 Elmendorf . Lucas. . . ,— 
 
 Elmer, Ebenezer — 
 
 Eustis, William D 
 
 Poster, Abiel — 
 
 Fowler, John — 
 
 Oiles, William B D 
 
 Goddard, Colvin — 
 
 Gray, Edwin — 
 
 Gregg, Andrew — 
 
 Griswold, Roger F 
 
 Grove. William B — 
 
 Hanna, John A — 
 
 Hastings. Seth — 
 
 Heister, Daniel — 
 
 Heister. Joseph — 
 
 Helms, William D 
 
 Hemphill, Joseph F 
 
 Henderson, Arch'b'ld.— 
 
 Hill, William H — 
 
 Hoge, William — 
 
 Holland, James — 
 
 Holmes, David — 
 
 Huger, Benjamin — 
 
 Hunt, Samuel — 
 
 Jackson, George D" 
 
 Johnson, Charles — 
 
 Jones, William D 
 
 I,ee, Silas F 
 
 Leib, Michael D 
 
 Lowndes, Thomas. . . . — 
 Macon, Nathaniel ...D 
 Mattoon, Ebenezer. . . — 
 Meriwether, David.. .1) 
 
 Milledge, John — 
 
 Mitchell. Samuel L. ..D 
 Moore, Thomas — 
 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Va.'.'.'. 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mas«. 
 Mass. 
 Va .. 
 Va... 
 
 Md 
 
 
 
 Va . 
 
 1759 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 July 4, 
 
 1765 
 
 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 1755 
 
 M»y 3. 1742 
 June 22, 1771 
 July — , 1757 
 Jan. 16, 1752 
 
 ■.1762 
 .17 
 
 June 20, 1773 
 
 1758 
 
 1752 
 
 June 10, 1753 
 Aug. 8, 1735 
 
 1755 
 
 Aug. 12, 1762 
 July 17, 1768 
 
 1769 
 
 June 10, 1755 
 May 21, 1762 
 
 1761 
 
 1747 
 
 Nov. 18, 1752 
 
 .1770 
 1768 
 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 1759 
 
 !!!.'!'. '.'.'.i'757 
 Aug. 19, 17.55 
 
 1755 
 
 1757 
 
 Aug. 20, 1764 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa... . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 .Md. . . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Ky 
 
 Va. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa '. . .' 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 N. O. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 N. C, 
 Mass. 
 Ga. .. 
 Oa. .. 
 ,N. Y, 
 
 Is. C. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 .Agricult'st 
 .\gricult'st 
 Lawyer ... 
 Lawyer ., , 
 Physician. 
 Physician. 
 Clergyman 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 LaAvyer 
 
 Unkno^vn . 
 Agricult'st 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Merchant . 
 Merchant . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown. . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown.. 
 Unknown.. 
 
 ried 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Physician . 
 Unknown . 
 Soldier. .. 
 Unknown 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier . . 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 
 Dec. 30, 1814 
 
 Nov. 15, 
 Sept. 4, 
 June 23, 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 May 4. 
 July 28, 
 April 7, 
 July 21, 
 Nov. 28, 
 
 Mar. 30, 
 Aug. 17, 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 Aug. 17, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Feb. 6, 
 Feb. 6. 
 Aug. 22, 
 Dec. 4, 
 May 2, 
 
 1821 
 
 1818 
 1828 
 1812 
 1815 
 1816 
 1834 
 1823 
 1845 
 1830 
 1830 
 
 1814 
 1807 
 
 1817 
 1843 
 1843 
 1825 
 1806 
 1840 
 1830 
 1842 
 
 May 20, 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 1835 
 1812 
 
 1831 
 
 Mar. s. 1804 
 June 10, 1832 
 
 1813 
 
 May 29, 1842 
 Oct. 21, 1822 
 
 1809 
 
 Aug. 20, 1832 
 
 1802 
 
 Sept. 5, 1831 
 
 1814 
 
 Dec. 28, 1822 
 July 8. 1843 
 June 20, 1837 
 Sept. II, 1843 
 Not. 16, 1822 
 Feb. 9, 1819 
 Sept. 7, 1831 
 
 Morris. Lewis R — 
 
 Morris. Thomas — 
 
 Mott, James — 
 
 Mew, Anthony D 
 
 Newton, Thomas D 
 
 Nicholson Joseph H. — 
 
 Perkins, Elias — 
 
 Pierce, Joseph — 
 
 Plater, Thomas — 
 
 Randolph, John D 
 
 Read. Nathan F 
 
 Rutledge, John F 
 
 Shepard. William — 
 
 Smilie, John D 
 
 Smith, Israel — 
 
 Smith, John D 
 
 Smith, John D 
 
 Smith, John C F 
 
 Smith, Josiah — 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Southard. Henry D 
 
 Sprigg, Richard — 
 
 Stanford, Richard D 
 
 Stanley, John — 
 
 Stanton, Joseph D 
 
 Stewart, John — 
 
 Stratton, John — 
 
 Sumter. Thomas D 
 
 Taliaferro, Benj — 
 
 Taliaferro. John D 
 
 Tallmadge. Benj F 
 
 Thatcher. Samuel — 
 
 Thomas, David D 
 
 Thompson. Philip R..— 
 
 Tenney, Samuel — 
 
 Tillinghast, Thomas .— 
 
 Trigg. Abram — 
 
 Trigg. John — 
 
 TTpham, George B.. . — 
 VanC-irtlau'it. Phil..— 
 Van Home, Isaac . . . . — 
 
 Van Ness, John P D 
 
 Van Rensselaer, K.K..D 
 Vam um, Jcieph B. . — 
 "Wadsworth. Peleg..— 
 Walker, Benjamin.. .D 
 
 Williams. Lemuel — 
 
 Williams. Robert D 
 
 Woods, Henry — 
 
 Wynn, Richard — 
 
 Wynns. Thomas — 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N.j; 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Hd... 
 Conn. 
 
 17471 
 
 1769, 
 
 1770! 
 
 April 5, 1767 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 js. 
 C. 
 Mass. 
 re'd. 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Conn, 
 Mass. 
 Pa. ., 
 N. Y. 
 Md.., 
 N. C, 
 N. O. 
 R. I.. 
 
 Va, 
 Va. 
 Va. 
 Va. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass 
 N. Y 
 Va. . 
 Mass 
 R. I. 
 
 N. H 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 June 2, 1773 
 1760 
 
 1766 
 
 Dec. 1, 1737 
 
 1742 
 
 April 4, 1759 
 
 Feb. 12, 1765 
 
 1745 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 Oct. — , 1749 
 
 1768 
 
 July 19, 1739 
 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 S. C 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Conn, 
 Miiss. 
 Md .. 
 N, J,, 
 Mil , 
 
 1734 
 
 1750 
 
 1768 
 
 Feb. 25, 1754 
 July 1, 1776 
 
 1776 
 
 Aug.'i'l, 1742 
 
 1769 
 
 Sept. 1, 1749 
 
 1770: 
 
 1763 
 
 17.59; 
 
 May e. 1748 
 
 N. c_'. 
 R. I.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 S. C. . 
 Ga... 
 Va. , . 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 R. I.. 
 Va. ., 
 Va. . 
 N. H, 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y, 
 N, Y 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y, 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Pa.. , 
 S. C, 
 N. C 
 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown . 
 Unknown . 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Druggist... 
 Lawyer. , , 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown , 
 Lawyer . . , 
 LTnknown , 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer .. 
 Lawyer — 
 Soldier..., 
 V.iried . . . 
 I'll 1^11 own 
 I'likiiown 
 liikiiown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Soldier... 
 Soldier... 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer .. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Surveyor. 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Merchajit. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Soldier. .. 
 Agricnlf s 
 
 iDec. 10, 1813 
 Mar. 2, 1833 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 Mar. 4. 1817 
 Sept. 27, 1845 
 
 May 24, 
 Jan. 21, 
 Sept. 1, 
 Nov. 11, 
 Dec. 30, 
 Dec. 2, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Mar. -, 
 Dec. 7. 
 Mar. 28. 
 April 23, 
 June 3, 
 
 1833 
 1849 
 1819 
 1817 
 1813 
 1810 
 1816 
 1836 
 1845 
 1803 
 183SI 
 1842 
 
 April 9, 1816 
 Aug. 3, 1834 
 
 June 1, 1832 
 Sept. 3, 1821 
 Aug. 12, 1853 
 Mar. 17, 1835 
 July 19, 1872 
 
 July 22, 1857 
 Feb. 6, 1816 
 Aug. 26, 1821 
 
 May 17. 1804 
 Feb. 10, 1848 
 Not. 5, 1831 
 
 Mar. 7. 1846 
 June 18, 1845 
 Sept. 11, 1821 
 Nov. 18, 1829 
 
 1813 
 
 t June 3, 1825 
 
 Total Rep. 113. Unknown Occupation. 58. Lawyers, 35. Soldiers, 11. 
 Physicians. 8. Agricult'sts. 4. Varied, 4. Merchants, 4. Clergymen, S, 
 Druggist, 1. Jurist, 1. Surveyor, 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including Ire- 
 land, 1. 
 
 Eighth Congress of the United States, fronn 1803 to 1805. 
 
 1S()3— Slavery was abolished in Canada. 
 
 1S03 — The first reaping machine in America 
 was patented by Richard French and 
 John J. Hawkins; but it was hardly 
 a success. 
 
 1R04— The gradual abolition of slavery in 
 New Jersey was provided for by State 
 laws. 
 
 1804— Humboldt explored the island of Cuba, 
 remaining there two months. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Pres. Aaron Burr, Vice-Pres. 
 James Madison, of Va., Sec'y of State. Albert Gal- 
 latin, of Pa , Sec'y of Treas. Henry Dearborn, of 
 Mass., Sec'y of War. Robert Smith, of Md.. and Jacob 
 Crowninshield, of Mass., Sec'ys of Navy. Levi Lincoln, 
 of Mass., and Robert Smith, of Md.. Att'y Gens. Na- 
 thaniel Macon, of N. C, Speaker of House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; D, Democrat, and W', Whig. 
 
 1804— Alexander Hamilton was killed in a 
 duel, at Weehawken, N. Y., by Aaron 
 Burr, July 11. 
 
 1804— Fort Dearborn, at Chicagd. III., was 
 built by the Government. 
 
 1804— The first attempt at Ilsh culture in the 
 United States was made in South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 1805— A treaty of peace between th»' United 
 States and Tripoli was consummated. 
 June 3. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Itom. 
 
 Repr*. 
 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Adams, John Q 
 
 F 
 
 
 July 11, 1767 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Nov. 5, 1757 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 17,1837 
 
 
 D 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1755 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 April 1, 1843 
 
 Bailey. Theodorus.. 
 
 I) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 11, 17.52 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 
 Not. 6, 17.54 
 
 'la. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Bayard, James .\. . . . 
 
 F 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 28, 17117 
 
 Oel,. . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Aug. 6. IM15 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 2(J, I7.'.4 
 
 Vt... . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 
 Brcckenridge, John . 
 
 .D 
 
 Va 
 
 I7I1I1 
 
 Ky. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 12, 1757 
 July 11, 1744 
 
 4".B- r7' lS?i 
 
 
 D 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 riinton. DeWitt 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mar. 2, 17B9 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1828 
 
 Cm-ke, William 
 
 — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Condict, John 
 
 1) 
 
 
 : ■.'.'. '.v. '..17.55 N. J.. 
 
 Physician 
 
 May 4, ira4 
 
 l>avton. Jonathan. . 
 
 -^ 
 
 S. .!.. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1760 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Oct. 9, 1824 
 
 Ellerv, Christopher 
 
 I> 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1H41I 
 
 Franklin, Je.iso 
 
 n 
 
 N. C. 
 
 17.58 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Sept. — , 1H23 
 Feb. 26, 1821! 
 
 Oaillnol, John 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 5. 17n5!S. C. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Giles. William T! 
 
 n 
 
 V„ 
 
 Aug. 12. 17112 Va. .. 
 
 Lawyer. ..'Dec. 4, in;iii 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 Oct. 21, 17.54 Conn. 
 
 
 llowliind, Benjamin 
 
 D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 17.5(1 
 
 H. I., 
 (la... 
 
 Unknown, May !l. 1821 
 
 
 
 17.57 
 
 Soldier. ., M.ir, 19. 1811(1 
 
 I..ogan, George 
 
 .D iPn. .. 
 
 Sept. 9, 1753 Pa. .. 
 
 Ag'cult'st. April il. 1821 
 
 Maclay, Snmuel . . . 
 Mitcheil. Samuel L. 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 20, I7B4 
 
 Sept. 7, 1831 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Moore. Andrew — 
 
 Siichnlas, Wilson C...D 
 
 Oliolt, Rinic.n F 
 
 ri.-k. riiik', Timothy.— 
 
 I'liiiinr, Willianl — 
 
 I'oltri. Siiimiel J — 
 
 Niiiitli. Israel D 
 
 Siiiith, .lohn D 
 
 Siiillh. John D 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Stone, David D 
 
 Sumter, Thomoa D 
 
 Taylor. John D 
 
 Tniry. Uriah F 
 
 Veiililile. Abraham B.— 
 ■Wells, William H.,.- 
 
 Whitc, Samuel F 
 
 Worthington, Thus. .D 
 Wright. Robert D 
 
 Va... 
 Va.. . 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Conn, 
 Va... 
 Del,.. 
 Del... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 
 July 17, 
 June 25, 
 
 Ifitkte 
 [Upr«- OccuprtUin 
 Mnted. 
 
 April 4, 
 
 July 27, 
 Feb. 17, 
 
 Fob. 2, 
 July ' ie, 
 
 .... Va,.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 .1737 N. H. 
 
 1745 Mass. 
 
 1759 N. H. 
 .1750 R. I.. 
 
 1759 Vt 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .1735 Ohio. 
 
 17.52 .Md. .. 
 
 1770N. C. 
 
 .1734S. C. 
 
 .,., Va. .. 
 
 1755CO*. 
 Va... 
 
 I Del... 
 
 1762 Del,, , 
 
 1774 Ohio 
 
 . ... M<l,,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Soldier . . 
 AgVulfst. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 I 'iiknown 
 riikiiiiwn 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 24, 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Dee. 22, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Dec. 2, 
 Aug. 9, 
 July 10, 
 April23, 
 Oct. 7. 
 June 1. 
 Aug. 20. 
 July 19, 
 Dec. 26, 
 Mar. 11, 
 Not. 4, 
 June 20. 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 1821 
 1820 
 1815 
 1829 
 1H.50 
 18m 
 18111 
 18111 
 IKHl 
 1839 
 1818 
 1832 
 1824 
 18117 
 1811 
 1829 
 1809 
 1827 
 1828 
 
 Total Senators, 411. Lawyers. SO. Occupation Unknown. 18. Soldiers. 6. 
 Physicians, 18. Agriculturists, S. Foreign Born, 36: Including Ireland, 1; 
 England, 1.
 
 f 
 
 ElOirril AND NINTH (;<)N(iIiKt5SKS iiK THK UNITKI) S lAIKS AND lj;ADIN(i KVKNTK OK TllK TIME. i'>'.> 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Alexander, Nath'l, .. — 
 
 Alston, Willis D 
 
 Andt-rt^im, Isaiic — 
 
 Aiih.i, .iiihtl V/ 
 
 BalilwiTi, Simoon,.. .F 
 
 Bard, David — 
 
 Bedinifer, Geo. M — 
 
 Betton, Silas — 
 
 Bishop, Phanucl — 
 
 Blackledi^e, Win 1> 
 
 Boyd, Adam D 
 
 Boyle. Ji>hii — 
 
 Bowie, Walter — 
 
 Brown, Robert — 
 
 Bryan, Joseph 
 
 Butler, William — 
 
 Campliell, Geo. W... D 
 
 Campbell. John F 
 
 Casey, Levi — 
 
 Clagnett, Clifton.. .— 
 Chainberlain, Wm ,.— 
 Chittenden, Martiii. . .F 
 Claiborne. Thomas .— . 
 Clark, Christopher. ..D 
 
 Clay, Joseph — 
 
 Clay, Matthew D 
 
 Clinton, George, Jr — 
 
 Clopton, John D 
 
 Conrad, Fied — 
 
 Crowninshield, J D 
 
 Cutler, Manasseh F 
 
 Cutts, Richard D 
 
 Dana. Samuel W F 
 
 Davenport. John F 
 
 Dawson, John D 
 
 Dennis, John — 
 
 Dickson, William.... — 
 
 Dwight, Thomas — 
 
 Earle, John B — 
 
 Early, Peter — 
 
 Elliott, James F 
 
 Elmer, Ebenezer, ,. . — 
 
 Eppes, John W D 
 
 Eustis, William D 
 
 Findley, William D 
 
 Fowler, John — 
 
 Gillespie, James — 
 
 Goddard. Calvin — 
 
 Goodwyn, Peterson . — 
 
 Gray.Edwin — 
 
 Gregg, Andrew — 
 
 Griffln, Thomas — 
 
 Griswold, Gaylord — 
 
 Griswold, Roirer F 
 
 Hammond. Samuel, . — 
 
 Hampton, Wade D 
 
 Hanna, John A — 
 
 Hasbrouck, Josiah ..— 
 
 Hastings, Seth — 
 
 Heister, Daniel — 
 
 Heister, Joseph — 
 
 Helms, William. ... D 
 
 Hoge, John — 
 
 Hoge, William... . — 
 Holland, James. ,. — 
 
 Holmes, David — 
 
 Hough, David — 
 
 Huger, Benjamilt — 
 
 Hunt, Samuel — 
 
 Jackson, JohnG... .D 
 
 Jones, Walter D 
 
 Kennedy, William. . F 
 Knight, Nehemiah. . .P 
 learned, Simon. .. . — 
 Lattimore, William , — 
 
 Leib, Michael D 
 
 Lewis, Joseph — 
 
 Lewis, Thomas D 
 
 N. C, Mar. 5, 
 N. C. 
 
 Md. ., June 6. 
 
 Conn. Dec. 14, 
 
 Pa.. . 
 |Va, ., 
 ;N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Md.,, 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 
 N. H. 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Va, . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mass 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Irc'd. 
 
 Va. 
 
 K. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 Pa, . 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa.,. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va., 
 
 N. H 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. . 
 Va... 
 N C. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . 
 Pa... 
 Va. . 
 Va... 
 
 1741 
 1761 
 
 Oct. 28, 1774 
 
 July 4, 
 [ice. if', 
 Mai\'i2' 
 
 17.')9 
 1768 
 170.5 
 
 1769 
 V767 
 
 May 3. 
 June U'2. 
 July ^, 
 Jan. Hi, 
 
 1742 
 1771 
 1 7.'i7 
 
 17(!2 
 17- 
 
 1773 
 1770 
 1752 
 1773 
 17.')3 
 1751 
 1755 
 
 July 17, 1768 
 
 June 20, 
 Aug. 9, 
 
 June 10, 
 Jan. 11, 
 
 . 1769 
 , 1755 
 
 May 21, 
 Sept. 21 
 
 1762 
 1757 
 1754 
 
 Nov. 18, 
 Sept.ioi 
 
 1761 
 1747 
 17.';2 
 
 , 1774 
 .1745 
 
 Feb, 9, 
 
 1751 
 1774 
 1759 
 
 .1772 1 Va, 
 Va 
 
 Oeciipatlon. 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa.., 
 Md. . . 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ky.-. 
 N. II. 
 Mass. 
 N. C 
 N. J.. 
 Ky .. 
 Md . • 
 Pa. 
 Ga. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 S. I'.. 
 N. H 
 Vt.. . 
 Vt, . 
 Va. . 
 Va, . . 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa.. . 
 Mass. 
 .M.iss, 
 Mis. 
 
 ( 'mm. 
 Va. . 
 Md. 
 Tenn, 
 Mass. 
 S. C. . 
 Oa.., 
 Vt, .. 
 N. J.. 
 Va .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky. . 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 Va. , . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 S. C. 
 Pa.., 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 Md... 
 Pa . . . 
 V. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. . . 
 S. C . 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 
 N'. C. 
 li. I.. 
 Mass, 
 Miss. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 .Soldier ... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 I'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Phyf-iclan 
 Lawyer. ., 
 Unknown. 
 Idler.. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agr'cult'sl 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Clergym'n 
 
 "" iicl 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 .AgrVult'st 
 
 Agr'cult'et 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 Liiwyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lixwyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 .Agr'cult'st 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer,, . 
 Soldier ... 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Soldici-.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, ,. 
 Surveyor. 
 Pilysician 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Physician 
 Unknown- 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 1.5, 1821 
 P'eh. 17, 1843 
 Juno 23, I82H 
 Feb. 1, 1807 
 Jan. 211, 1829 
 
 Sept. 5, IH4I 
 
 1812 
 
 Nov. 21,1828 
 
 Sept.ll,IH16 
 
 April 1.5, 
 July 28, 
 April 7, 
 July 21, 
 Nov. 28. 
 Mar. 30, 
 Aug. 17, 
 
 .Mar. 8, 1808 
 April 10, 1837 
 
 1810 
 
 May 26, 1801 
 
 . 1830 
 . 1822 
 
 Oct. 19, 1828 
 jali.' 28,' 1834 
 
 IHIIH 
 1 823 
 1845 
 18311 
 1 83" 
 1814 
 1807 
 
 Ant-- 15, 
 Nov. 10, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Feb. 6, 
 April 7, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Jan. — , 
 May 2, 
 Feb. 21, 
 
 . 1819 
 
 ,"1817 
 IKan 
 1843 
 1853 
 1825 
 1821 
 1840 
 1805 
 1842 
 1818 
 
 May 20, 1835 
 
 Oct. 25, 1812 
 Sept. 11,1842 
 Feb. 4, 1834 
 
 1831 
 
 Mar. 8, 1 804 
 June 10. 1832 
 
 1813 
 
 Aug. 4, 1824 
 
 Aug. 20, 1832 
 
 1807 
 
 1825 
 
 Dee. 31, 1815 
 
 1808 
 
 Nov. 9, 1817 
 April 3,1843 
 Pec. 28, 1822 
 Mar. 30, 1834 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Livingston, H. W... 
 Lowndes, Thomas.,.' 
 
 Lucas, John B. C 
 
 Lyon, Matthew 
 
 Inaeon, Nathaniel... 
 
 MeCord, Andrew 
 
 McCreery, William, , , 
 Meriwether, David,.. 
 
 Mitchell, Nahuni 
 
 .Mitchell, Samuel L... 
 
 Moore, Andrew 
 
 Moore, Nicholas R 
 
 Moore, Thomas 
 
 Morrow, Jeremiah.., 
 
 Mott, James ■ 
 
 Xelson, Roger 
 
 New, Anthony 
 
 Newton, Thomas 
 
 Nicholson, JosephH.. 
 
 Olin, Gideon 
 
 Palmer, Beriah 
 
 Patterson, John 
 
 Phelps, Oliver 
 
 Plater, Thomas 
 
 Pilrviiince. S.im'l D... 
 
 Randoljih, John 
 
 Randolph, Thos. M... 
 
 Itea, John 
 
 Rhea, John 
 
 Richards, Jacob ■ 
 
 I'.lker, Samuel 
 
 Rodney, Cavsar A 
 
 Root, Erastus 
 
 Sammons, Thomas, , . 
 
 Sanford, Thomas 
 
 Sands, Joshua 
 
 Seaver, Ebenezer 
 
 Skinner, Thomp. J 
 
 Sniili'-, John 
 
 Sinilli. J.'linC 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 Southard, Henry 
 
 Stanford, Richard 
 
 Stant<m, Joseph 
 
 Stedman, William... 
 Stephenson, James.,, 
 
 Stewart, John 
 
 Sloan, James 
 
 Taggart, Samuel 
 
 Tallmadge. Benj 
 
 Tenney, Samuel 
 
 Thatcher, Samuel ,,. 
 
 Thomas, David 
 
 Thompson, Philip R. , 
 
 Tibbits, George 
 
 Trigg, .4bram 
 
 Trigg, John 
 
 VahCortlandt,Phil., 
 
 Van Home, Isaac 
 
 Van Rensselaer, K.K.. 
 Vamum, Joseph B, .. 
 Verplanck, Dan'I C. . , 
 Wadsworth. Peleg, . 
 
 Walton, Matthew 
 
 5Vhitehill, John 
 
 Williams, L. niuel 
 
 Williams, MarmMTie. 
 WiLson, .Alexander ., 
 
 Winston, Joseph 
 
 Wynn, Richard 
 
 W.vnns, Thomas 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N, Y. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 
 8.C 
 Fran 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y, 
 
 
 Pa.,. 
 N.J.. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Md,,. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y, 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Va.., 
 Va,.. 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y, 
 Del... 
 Conn. 
 N, Y. 
 Va... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N, Y. 
 N. C. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass, 
 Pa... 
 
 N.' J'. . 
 N. H.. 
 N. Y.. 
 Mass, 
 Mass. 
 N. Y.. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 I7«4IN, y, 
 
 I7I>5 8. C. . 
 1762 Pa... 
 
 .1740 
 . 17,57 
 
 Feb, 12, 
 Aug, 20, 
 
 1769 
 1764 
 
 Ohio, 
 N. J., 
 
 , 1747 
 . 1769 
 .1770 
 
 Md. 
 Va... 
 Vn. . . 
 Md. . . 
 VI. ., 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y, 
 Md. 
 
 .1755 
 , 1753 
 
 Mar. 18, 1772 
 
 .17.58 
 1763 
 
 Feb. 12, 
 
 1742 
 1785 
 
 Oct. — , 
 July 19^ 
 
 MAr,'2oi 
 
 1749 
 1768 
 1739 
 1765 
 1764 
 
 Mar, 21, 
 Feb. 25, 
 
 17.54 
 1754 
 
 Ky... 
 N, C . 
 N, Y, 
 Md... 
 Ga... 
 Mass. 
 N. V, 
 Va, , . 
 Md... 
 C. 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Va. 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 Tenn. 
 Pa.,. 
 N. Y. 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky.., 
 N. Y.. 
 Mass. 
 .Ma.ss. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. V. 
 
 July I, 
 
 ,1776 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Moss. 
 N Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa'.". 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept, 1, 1749 
 
 May 6, 
 
 April 6, 17T2 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. C 
 
 R. 1 . 
 
 Mass 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1776 Mass. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Va.., 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va, ., 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Pa,,. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Pa, .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. O. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 .1763 
 
 .1759 
 
 .1761 
 
 1748 
 
 ."l72i 
 
 .1746 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Law vi-r. . . 
 Soldier ... 
 idler... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier . . , 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Unknow n. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unkno.wn. 
 Lawyer., . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Lawyer. ,, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Speculat'r 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. .. 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknow'n. 
 Unknow n. 
 Clergym'n 
 Merchant. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Unknow n. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Surveyor. 
 Soldier... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Agr'clt'st, 
 
 Dec. 22, 
 July 8, 
 Sei t. 8, 
 Aug. 1. 
 June 29, 
 
 Nov. 18, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 May 24, 
 Mar. H, 
 
 i«:o 
 
 lf>43 
 1842 
 1822 
 1837 
 
 1852 
 1853 
 1831 
 1821 
 1816 
 
 Mar. 22. 
 Dee. 10, 
 June 17, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Aug. ,5; 
 Mar. 4, 
 Aug. 6, 
 
 1832 
 1813 
 181.5 
 1833 
 1847 
 1817 
 1822 
 
 Feb. 21, 1809 
 
 May 24, 
 June 20, 
 Feb. 6, 
 May 27, 
 
 1833 
 1828 
 182!) 
 1832 
 
 June 14, 
 Dec. 24, 
 
 I83I 
 1816 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 .Sept. 13. 
 Mar. 1, 
 
 1808 
 18;j5 
 1844 
 
 Dec. 30, 
 Dec. 7. 
 Aug. 9. 
 ar. —. 
 June 2. 
 April 9, 
 
 1813 
 1845 
 1816 
 1838 
 1842 
 1816 
 
 1831 
 
 Aug. 7, 1833 
 
 Nov. — , 
 April 2.5, 
 Mar. 17. 
 Feb. 6, 
 July 19, 
 
 July 22, 1857 
 
 1811 
 1823 
 1835 
 1816 
 1872 
 
 May 17 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 180* 
 1831 
 
 June 18, 
 Sept. 11 
 Mar. 29 
 Nov. 18, 
 Jan. 18, 
 
 1845 
 1821 
 1834 
 1829 
 1819 
 1815 
 
 Oct, 29, 1850 
 
 June 3, 
 
 1814 
 1813 
 J^825 
 
 Total Representatives, ISO. Occupation Unknown, 80. Lawyers. SO. 
 Soldiers, 14. Physicians. lO. Agriculturists, 5, Merchants, 4. Clergy- 
 men. 2. Varied, 3. Surveyors, 3. Speculator, 1, Foreign Bom, 4: 
 Including Ireland, 3; France, 1. 
 
 Ninth Congress of the United States, from 1805 to 1807. 
 
 1805— A torpedo, for war purposes, was lit-- 
 vised by Robert Fulton. 
 
 1805 — Lewis and Clarke, who made the first 
 explorin^r fxpfditlon to the Pacific 
 coast, fiKiiiil tlK' mouth of the Colum- 
 bia riv.r, 111 (iii'u'nri, Nov. 15. 
 
 1806— The rnit<<! si ;il.-s forbade the importa- 
 tion of Hritish manufactures, April 18. 
 
 1S(_)6— "Shakspeare Lodpe" of Odd Fellows 
 was established in New York city. 
 
 1,^)6 — Conpri'ess passed a law to prevent duel- 
 ing in the army. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Pres. George Clinton, of N. Y.. 
 Vice-Pres. James Madison, of Va.. Sec'y of State. 
 Albert Gallatin, of Pa., Sec'y of Treas. Henry Dear- 
 bom, of Mass., Sec'y of War. Jacob Crowninshield, of 
 Mass., Sec'y of Navy. Robert Smith, of Md.; John 
 Breckenridge, of Ky., and Cffisar A. Rodney, of Del.. 
 Att'y Gen's. Nathaniel Macon, of N. C. Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist, B, Democrat; VT, Whig. 
 
 Burr was placed on trial for 
 alleged t reasonable designs agraintit thi? 
 government, but the case was after- 
 wards dismissed. 
 
 -Both England and the Vnited States 
 abolished all lawd favoring the im- 
 portation of slaves into their respeclivi? 
 cour.tries. 
 
 —Robert Fulton successfully navigated 
 the Hudson river with his steamboat, 
 the " Clermont," SepU-inber 10 to 12, 
 making the trip to Albany and back in 
 seventy-two hours. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Dorn. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Sut« 
 
 Repre- 1 Occupation 
 senitA. 1 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Adair, John D .S. C. 
 
 Adams.John Q F Mass. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph. . , . — Pa. . . 
 Baldwin. Abraham.. D Conn. 
 Bayard, James A .... F Pa... 
 
 Aug. Ifi, n.w'Ky... Soldier .. May 19, 1840 
 July 11, 17H7 Mass. Lawyer ..., Feb. 23. 184H 
 Nov. 5, 17.'J7' Tenn. Lawyer.. April 17,1837 
 Nov. R. 17.54 Ga. . Lawyer. .. Mar. 4, 1807 
 July 28, 1767 Del... Lawyer.. |Aug. 6, 1815 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 
 State 
 RepT*- 
 senied. 
 
 Bradley. Stephen R . D 
 
 Clay. Henry — 
 
 Condict, John D 
 
 Penner, James — 
 
 Gaillard, John — 
 
 Conn. Feb. 20. 1754 Vt.. 
 Va... April 12,l-77!Ky.. 
 
 17.551N. J. 
 
 R. I.. 1771IR. I. 
 
 S, C ISept. 5, 1765|S, C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dee. 16. 1830 
 June 29. 1852 
 May 4. 1334 
 April 17, 1846 
 
 Unknown. Feb. 26. 1826 
 
 % 
 
 :(>— —
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 stale 
 
 R*pK- Occupalioc 
 
 Giles, WiUiiini B D 
 
 Gilman. Nicholas D 
 
 HiJlhouse, James F 
 
 Howland, Benjamin. .D 
 
 .lackson. James — 
 
 Kiteht'll, Aai-on — 
 
 Logan. George D 
 
 Maelay, Samuel — 
 
 .MiUedee, John — 
 
 Mitchell. Samuel L. ..D 
 
 Moore. Andrew — 
 
 Piekeriiii;. Timothy.— 
 
 Plumei-. William — 
 
 Keed, Philip — 
 
 Smith, Uaniel — 
 
 Smith, Israel D 
 
 Smith, John D 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 Stone, David 
 
 Sumter, Thomas. .. 
 Thruston, Buckner 
 Tracy. Ui-i 
 
 Tui-rier, James D 
 
 "White. Samuel F 
 
 Worthint-ton, Thos. ..D 
 Wright. Robert D 
 
 Aug. 12, 
 . 0<;t."2i, 
 
 Va.. 
 N. H 
 Conn. 
 R. I. 
 Eng. 
 N.J. 
 Pa.. 
 Pa.. 
 
 Ga...| 
 
 N. Y.lAug. 20, 
 
 Va. ..I 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass 
 Md. . 
 
 ]7(5t), Va... 
 1762|n. H. 
 1754 1 Conn. 
 1756 H. 1.. 
 
 . July 10, 
 . Sept. 9, 
 
 . July 17, 
 .'June 25, 
 
 1757 
 1744 
 1753 
 
 1757 
 1764 
 
 'ms 
 
 1759 
 
 Conn. 'April 4, 
 N. Y.. 
 
 .'July 27, 
 .;Feb. 17, 
 
 Pa. 
 N.C 
 
 Va...l 
 
 Va...l 
 
 Conn. Feb. 2, 
 
 Va 
 
 Del 
 
 Va. .. I July 16, 
 Md...' 
 
 1759 
 
 17.3.5 
 
 I 
 
 1770 
 
 1734 
 
 1763 
 
 1755 
 
 17G6 
 
 1762 
 
 1774 
 
 Ga, 
 N. J.. 
 Pa . . . 
 Pa... 
 Ga.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Md . . . 
 N. C. 
 S. C. . 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Del . . 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 
 Law.vei-.. . 
 Soldier... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier . . . 
 Brksniith 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 Unknown 
 Soldier ... 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer., . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier ... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Dec. 4. 
 
 1830 
 
 May 3, 
 
 1814 
 
 Dec. 29 
 
 1832 
 
 Mav 9. 
 
 1821 
 
 Mar. 19 
 
 1806 
 
 June 25 
 
 1820 
 
 April 9, 
 
 1821 
 
 Feb. 19 
 
 1819 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 1831 
 
 May 24 
 
 1821 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 1829 
 
 Dec. 22 
 
 18.50 
 
 Nov. 2, 
 
 1829 
 
 July-, 
 
 1818 
 
 Dec. 2, 
 
 181(1 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 
 1816 
 
 July 10, 
 
 1816 
 
 April 2a 
 
 1839 
 
 Oct. 7. 
 
 1818 
 
 June 1 
 
 I8:r2 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 1845 
 
 July 19 
 
 1H07 
 
 Jan. 15 
 
 1P24 
 
 Nov. 4, 
 
 1809 
 
 June 2(: 
 
 1827 
 
 Sept. 7 
 
 1826 
 
 Total Senators. 3T. Lawyers, 15. Occupation 
 7. Physicians. 3. Agriculturist. 1. Blacksmith, 
 Bom, i: Including England 1. 
 
 Unknown, lO. Soldiers, 
 1. Varied, 1. Foreign 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Stau- 
 
 Alexander, Evan — 
 
 Alston, Willis D 
 
 Anderson, Isaac — 
 
 Archer. John W 
 
 Bard, David — 
 
 Barker. Joseph — 
 
 Bassett. Burwell D 
 
 Bedinger, George M, . — 
 
 Betton, Silas — 
 
 Bidwell, Barnabas... — 
 
 Bishop. Pluimit-l - 
 
 Bibb. William W D 
 
 Elakf. John — 
 
 Blackk-dt."--. William. .D 
 
 Blount. Thomas — 
 
 Boyle, John.. — 
 
 Broome, James M . . . . — 
 
 Brown, R^ibert — 
 
 Bryan. Joseph — 
 
 BuVwell. William A..D 
 
 Butler, Wilhani — 
 
 Campbell, Geo. W....D 
 
 Campbell. John F 
 
 Casey, Levi — 
 
 Chandler, John. .. .D 
 Chittenden, Martin ..F 
 
 Claiborne. John — 
 
 Clark, Christopher. D 
 
 Clarke. Daniel — 
 
 Clav, Josi'ph — 
 
 Clay. Matthew D 
 
 Clinton. Hcorpe, Jr..— 
 Clopton, John . . ..1) 
 Conrad. Fndniek.. . — 
 
 Cook, On-h.Trd — 
 
 Covington, Leonard.. — 
 
 Crowninshiehi. J D 
 
 Cutts, Richard D 
 
 Uana. Samuel W.. .F 
 Davenport, John.. ..F 
 
 Darby, Ezra — 
 
 IJawson, John. ... D 
 Dickson, William. . .— 
 Dwight. Theodore.... — 
 
 Earle, Eliaa. D 
 
 Early, Peter — 
 
 Elliott, James — 
 
 Ellis, Cileb — 
 
 Elmer. Ebenezer — 
 
 Ely, William F 
 
 Eppes, John W. D 
 
 Findley, William D 
 
 Fisk. James D 
 
 Fowler. John — 
 
 Garnett, James M . . . — 
 Goldsborough, C. W..F 
 Ooodwyn, Peternon....I> 
 
 Gray. Edwin — 
 
 Gregg. Andrew — 
 
 Green, iMaiah L — 
 
 Halsey, Silos — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. . 
 
 N. C. . 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 iiii... 
 
 June 6, 1741 
 
 Md... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Mass . 
 
 1751 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va.... 
 
 1764 
 
 Va.... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Ky,.. 
 
 
 1764 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 1, 1780 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1760 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Oct. 28, 1774, Kv... 
 
 
 1778 
 
 Del . . 
 Pa ... 
 
 
 
 
 lOa 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1780 Va... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1759!S.C.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1768 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 July 4, 1765 
 
 Md... 
 S. C. . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 12, 1769 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va .. 
 
 Viv . . . 
 
 1767 
 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Oct. 30, 1768 MJ... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ma>.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Juno 22, 1771 Ma-^. 
 
 u'onn. 
 
 July — , 1757 C.iin. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Jan. 16, 1752 Conn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1769 N- J.. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1782|Va.... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 TL':-n. 
 
 M.a-si. 
 
 .nr.l29. 1752 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Va 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Va. . . JunoZO, 1773 
 
 Ba... 
 
 Vt Aug. 9, 1770 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Mass.i 1767 
 
 X. 11. 
 
 N. J..1 1752 
 
 N.J . 
 
 Masa.i 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. . 1 1773 
 
 Va.... 
 
 Ired. Jan. 11, 1751 
 
 P.a.... 
 
 Vt 1762 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Va... 17.55 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Va...iJunn 8, 1770 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md..,' 
 
 Md... 
 
 Vu 1 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 1769 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Pa.... Juno 10, 1755 Pa... 
 
 Mass Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown- 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown- 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier — 
 Lawyer. . . 
 U^n known. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Piiysicjan 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 <oIdier ... 
 Vfi'cult'st. 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 17nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Meichanl. 
 Vaiicd. .. 
 M. reliant. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 Liv.ycr .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Phvsician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier.... 
 L.awyer. . . 
 " Idier.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 Lawyer. ., 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 28, 
 April 10, 
 
 1809 
 1837 
 
 . 1810 
 
 '.1815 
 , 1841 
 . 1830 
 . 1822 
 . 1833 
 
 July 9, 1820 
 
 Oct. 19, 
 Feb. 7. 
 Jan. 28, 
 
 1828 
 1812 
 1834 
 
 Feb. 16, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Feb. 17. 
 June 23. 
 Feb. 1, 
 Sept. — . 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 Nov.'2i; 
 
 1821 
 1821 
 1843 
 1828 
 1807 
 1841 
 1841 
 1808 
 1828 
 
 , 1815 
 ', 1816 
 
 Nov. 11, 
 April 1.^, 
 April 7. 
 July 21. 
 Nov. 2S. 
 Jan. 28, 
 Mar. 30, 
 
 1813 
 1S08 
 1845 
 
 1830 
 1808 
 1814 
 
 Jan. 13, 1828 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 Nov. 10, 
 May 6, 
 Oct. 18, 
 
 Sept.'a)'. 
 April 7, 
 Dec. 1 . 
 Aug. 22, 
 May 7, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Feb. 21, 
 
 1817 
 1839 
 1816 
 1843 
 1817 
 1853 
 1821 
 1844 
 1840 
 1843 
 1834 
 1818 
 
 May 20, 
 
 1835 
 1841 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whrrr 
 lf..r,i. 
 
 Wlicn norn. 
 
 Slatr 
 
 Hni.d. 
 
 Oeciipnicn. Wli. iini...l. 
 
 Hamilton, John 
 
 _ 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 1763 Pa.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1837 
 
 Hastings, Seth 
 
 Helms. William 
 
 D 
 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 
 1761 
 
 Moss. 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1813 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Va. 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1832 
 
 Hough, David 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 
 Jackson, John G 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1774 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 Surveyor . 
 
 1825 
 
 Jones, Walter 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1745 
 
 Va... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Dec. 31. 1815 
 
 Keenan, Thomas... 
 
 — 
 
 N. C. , 
 
 1771 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 22, 1843 
 
 Kelly. James 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawver . . 
 
 Feb. 4. 1819 
 
 Knight, Neheniiah.. 
 
 ,K 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 
 R. :.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1808 
 
 Ijambert, John 
 
 — 
 
 N.J . 
 
 1748 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 l-.b. 4. 1823 
 
 Lattimore. Wm 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 9, 1774 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Phv.-ician 
 
 ■ipiil 3, 1843 
 
 Leih, Mifhael 
 
 I> 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 17.59 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Dec. 28, 1822 
 
 Lewis. JoM,-ph ..... 
 
 i-' 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1772 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mai-. 30. 18S4 
 
 Livingston. H. W 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 704 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Dec. 22, 1810 
 
 Llovd, Edward 
 
 — 
 
 Md . . . 
 
 1779 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 2. 1834 
 
 Lvnn. Matthew 
 
 — 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1746 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Varied ... 
 
 Aug. 1. 1822 
 
 MfFarlund. D 
 
 . — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 7. 1816 
 
 McCreery. William,. 
 
 *.D 
 
 
 
 Md.. 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier.... 
 
 
 Macon. Nathaniel.,. 
 
 N. C.. 
 
 1757 
 
 June 29. 18:i7 
 
 Magruder, Patrick,. 
 
 — 
 
 Md... 
 
 17Sf 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Dee. 24, 1819 
 
 Marion, Robert 
 
 — 
 
 R. C. 
 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Masters. Josiah 
 
 .1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 22, 176; 
 
 N Y 
 
 Lawvei'... 
 
 JuneSO, 1R32 
 
 Mead. Cowles 
 
 .1) 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga. . 
 
 Lawver. . 
 
 
 Meriwether, David. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 17.55 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Nov. 16,1822 
 
 Moore, Nicholas 
 
 .D 
 ".1) 
 
 Md 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 9. 1816 
 
 
 
 
 
 Morrow, Jeremiah. . 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 1770 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mai-. 22. 1852 
 
 
 '.F 
 
 ,D 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Moselev, J. 
 
 Conn. 
 N Y. 
 
 1762 
 
 Sept. 9, 1839 
 
 Mumford. Gurdon S 
 
 
 [RTelson, Jeremiah .. 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 14, 176! 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Mei-chant. 
 
 Oct. 2. 1838 
 
 Nelson, Roger 
 
 — 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Jnne 7. 1815 
 
 Newton, Thomas... 
 
 I> 
 
 Va... 
 
 iVef 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 
 Nicholson. Joseph H 
 
 .!) 
 
 Md... 
 
 177f 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 4. 1817 
 
 
 *.D 
 
 R. T.. 
 
 
 Vt,.... 
 Ind. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 6 1822 
 
 Parke, Benjamin.. . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Sept. 2, 1777 
 
 July 12, 183.-. 
 
 Pitkin. Timothy 
 
 .F 
 ■.F 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Pa 
 
 1765 
 
 Coim. 
 Pa . . 
 Pa... 
 Miiss. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Porter. .lohn 
 
 
 
 Pucrh. John 
 
 
 Quincv, .Tosinh.. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 4. 1772 
 
 July 1. 1864 
 
 Randolph. John... 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . 
 
 June 2, 177S 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Lawver. . 
 
 May 24. 1833 
 
 Randolph. Thos. M. 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . 
 
 /. . . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 211,1828 
 
 Rea, John 
 
 I> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1755 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Fell. 6. U29 
 
 
 .D 
 
 
 17.5t 
 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 27. If32 
 
 
 N.' y'. 
 Fran. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Saillv, Peter 
 
 May 2, 1826 
 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 
 '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'. 1762 
 
 N. Y. 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Sandford, Thomas . 
 
 Dec. 10, 1808 
 
 Schuneman. M. G. . 
 
 '.D 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 jiui! ' 8,"l7fi3 
 
 N". Y. 
 
 ^'ass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Seaver, Ebenezer .. 
 
 Mar. 1. 1844 
 
 Sloan, James 
 
 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov.—. 1811 
 
 Smelt, Dennis 
 
 — 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ra... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Smilie, John 
 
 .!> 
 
 Tre'd. 
 
 1742 
 
 Pa. . , 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 30. 1813 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar.-, 1836 
 
 Smith, John C 
 
 K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 12, 1765 
 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Dec. 7, 1845 
 
 Smith, O'Brien 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Smith. Samuel 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Ga... 
 N. J. 
 
 LTnknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Spalding. Thomas... 
 
 
 Southard. Henry 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. — , 1749 
 
 June 2, 1942 
 
 Stanford, Richard.. 
 
 .!> 
 
 N. C. 
 
 176S 
 
 N. C . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 9, 1816 
 
 Stanton. Joseph 
 
 .1) 
 
 R. 1 . 
 
 July 19, 17.19 
 
 H. 1.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Stedman. William., 
 
 V 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1765 
 
 "ass. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 1831 
 
 Sturges, Lewis B 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1762 
 
 Conn. 
 
 I'nknown. 
 
 Mar. 30. 1844 
 
 Taggart, Samuel... 
 
 ,K 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 Mar. 24. 17.54 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Cleigvm'n 
 
 April25,1825 
 
 Tallinadge, Ben j .... 
 
 .K 
 
 N. Y . 
 
 Feb. 25. 1754 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Mar. 17. 1835 
 
 Tenney. Samuel 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 I'hvsician 
 
 Feb. 6. 1816 
 
 Thompson, Philip R. 
 
 — 
 
 Va.... 
 
 1776 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 22, 1857 
 
 Thompson. Thos. W. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1765 
 
 N.H. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Oct. — , 1819 
 
 Thomas. David 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. V 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Tracy, Uri 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Trigtr. Abiam 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Van Cortlfindt. Phil 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 1, 174E 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Surveyor. 
 
 Nov. 5. 1831 
 
 VanRcu.selaer, K.k 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 I76S 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 18. 1845 
 
 Varnum, Jo.*epli B .. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 175E 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 11. 1821 
 
 Verplaiuk.D.-niiclC. 
 
 ,_ 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1761 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Un':-own. 
 
 Mar. 29. 1834 
 
 WiUlsvVoitli, Peleg. 
 
 .— 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mav 6, 174S 
 
 Mass. 
 
 :\ler< '.innt. 
 
 \i.v 18 1.829 
 
 Walton. Mattlirw ... 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 18. 1819 
 
 Whilrhill. John 
 
 := 
 
 Pa. 
 
 1721 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 1815 
 
 Whitehill. K..beit... 
 
 
 
 1813 
 
 Wick.-s. i.liphalet... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 Williani-. David It.. 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Nov. 15, 1830 
 
 Williams, Maniid'k. 
 
 A) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 6, 1772 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 29. 18511 
 
 Williams. Nathiin,.. 
 
 ■~ 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Wilson, Alexander.. 
 
 
 Winston. Joseph 
 
 '- 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 1814 
 
 Va. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 .... 1813 
 
 Wynns, Thomas 
 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 
 June 3. 1825 
 
 Total Keprcsentutives. ISl. Occupation Unknown. H&. Lawyers. 31, 
 Soldiers. ». Physit?iiins, 8. Merchants, ii. Agriculturists. 5. varied, 4. 
 Clergymen. 3. Sur\'eyors, a. Foreign Born. 4: Including Ireland :^. and 
 France, 1 .
 
 f 
 
 rENTlI CONGRESS OF TUK UNITED STATES AND LliADINIi EVICNTS OK IIIIO TIME. 
 
 •n;i 
 
 Tenth Congress of the United States, from 1807 to 1809. 
 
 1S07— In consequence of an unprovoked at- 
 tack upi>n the I'ritiattr Cliesapeakt* by a 
 Uritlsli war vessel. June '22. the United 
 States ordered all English sallinjjrciuft 
 to k'av« American ports and waters, 
 July 2. 
 
 1807~CunM:iPsspr..liihit.-(;Ith<_Ml«nnrInrcfrom 
 AllHMr;iii purl^ ii( vcssrls 1 ound l'«ir 
 
 li-nib'ti .-..1111 (Mrs, ]!.■< Iht 27. Anier- 
 
 irari coninu iL'L- sullerud acverely from 
 this embargo. 
 
 TlioiniiN *l(>fr«*rMon, lit\ PreHldeiit. 
 
 Aaron Burr, of N. Y.. Vice-Pres. James MadlHon, of 
 Va.. Sec 'y of State. Albert Ciallatln, of Pa., Sec'y of 
 Treas. Henry Dearborn, of Mass., Si-c'y of War. Jacob 
 Crowiiinshieid. of Mass., See'y of Navy. Robert Smltli, 
 of Md., Att'y Gen. Joseph H. Vamum, of Mans., 
 Speaker of the l[ou!*o of Represontatived. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; I>, Democrat; W, WhlK- 
 
 I8(t7— FirMt newspaper Issued In Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 1808— The llrnt Temperance Society in Ameri- 
 ca organlrx-d at Morcan, SaratOL'a Co., 
 
 N. y. 
 
 1808— Stone-coal flrwt ui-ed for fuel in a flre- 
 
 Pla<;e by Judge Fell, at WilkeM iJarre, 
 a. 
 1808 — FirHt prlntlnif-prcKH west of the MlrtnlH- 
 
 flppi river Ket up in St. Louih, Mu. 
 1808 — Firt*t Bible Society In America organ- 
 ized at Philadelphia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Uepr*. 
 Mntcd. 
 
 Occupntioa 
 
 WhenDkd. 
 
 
 V 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 11, 17li7 Mass. l.invviT. .. 
 
 Feb. 23, 184S 
 
 Anderson, Joseph... 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. 5, 1757 Tenu. Lawyer... 
 
 April 17, 1837 
 
 Bayard, James A... 
 
 V 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 28, 1767 Del... Lawyer... 
 
 Aug, 6, 1S15 
 
 Bradley, Stephen R. 
 
 l> 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 20, 17.'J4 Vt.... Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 
 17,'55|N. J.. Physieian 
 
 May 4, 1834 
 
 ( rawford. Wm. H... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 24, 1772|Ga... Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 15, 1834 
 
 Franklin. Jesse 
 
 I> 
 
 N. C. 
 
 IT.WiN. C. SnWier ... 
 
 Sept. -, 1823 
 
 Gaillard. John 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 5, 17fiG:S. C, Unknown. 
 
 I'Y-b. 26, 1826 
 
 Giles. William B 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug. 12, 1762 Va..., Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 4. 1830 
 
 Gilman, Nicholas... 
 
 V 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1762 V. H.IUnknown. 
 
 May 3, 1814 
 
 Goodrich. Chauncey 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1759 Conn. Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 18. 1823 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 June 10, 17r.5|Pa...!AB'culf»t. 
 
 May 20. 1835 
 
 Hillhouse James. . 
 
 V 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754lConn.; Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 29, 1832 
 
 Howland. Benjamin 
 
 Jones, George 
 
 Kitchell, Aaron 
 
 .D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1756 
 
 R. I..|UnknowTi. 
 Ga..., I Unknown. 
 N. J., ni'ksniilh. 
 
 May 9, 1821 
 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 July' 10, 1744 
 
 June 25, 1820 
 
 
 T) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 17.'ia 
 
 Pa... .Phv.vieiim. 
 
 Dec. 28, 1822 
 
 Lloyd, James 
 
 IMfaclay, Samuel 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 
 176S 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 5, 1831 
 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1767 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 14. 1853 
 
 Meigs. Return J 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Ohio. Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 29, 1825 
 
 Miliedgc. John 
 
 Mitchell. Samuel L. 
 
 I) 
 
 Ga 
 
 1757 
 
 Ga.... Soldier. .. 
 
 Feb. 19, 1819 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1764 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Sept. 7 1831 
 
 
 •— 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 24, 1821 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1759 
 
 1839 
 
 Pickering'. Timothy. 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 17, 1745 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29, 1829 
 
 Pope, John 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1770 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. , , 
 
 July 12, 1845 
 
 Keed, Philip 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1829 
 
 
 T) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1745 
 
 Vt... 
 Tenn 
 N. Y, 
 
 L.iwyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 3, 1819 
 
 
 
 July — , 1818 
 
 Smith. John 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Aug. 9, 1816 
 
 Smith. John 
 
 1) 
 
 
 1735 
 
 Ohio. Unknown 
 
 July 10, 1810 
 
 Smith. Samuel 
 
 I) 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 Md... 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 
 II 
 
 Va... 
 
 1734 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 June 1. 1832 
 
 Thruston, Euckner 
 
 I> 
 
 Va... 
 
 1763 
 
 Kv.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 30. 1845 
 
 Tiffin, Edward 
 
 11 
 
 Ene . 
 
 June 19, 1766 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Aug 9, 1829 
 
 
 1> 
 
 .P 
 
 Va. . 
 
 1766 
 
 N. C . 
 Del.. . 
 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown 
 
 Jan. 15, 1824 
 
 "White. Samuel 
 
 Del.. 
 
 1762 
 
 Nov. 4, 1809 
 
 Total Senators. 38. Occupation Unknown, 13. Lawyers. 13. Soldiers. 
 5. Physicians. 4. Merchant. 1. Agriculturist. 1. Blacksmith. 1. Foreign 
 Born, 1: Including England, 1. 
 
 1 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Born 
 
 Wh 
 
 nBcni. 
 
 state 
 
 Repre- 
 
 Benieil. 
 
 Occupatioiv. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Alexander. Evan... 
 
 „ 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown- 
 
 Oct. 28, 1809 
 
 
 
 5 C 
 
 
 
 S. C . 
 
 
 
 Alston, Willis 
 
 n 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 April 10, 1837 
 
 Bacon. Ezekiel 
 
 1) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept, 
 
 1, 1776 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Oct. 18, 1870 
 
 Bard, David 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1815 
 
 Barker, Joseph 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 ... 1751 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 1815 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 ...1764 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lnknown. 
 
 Feb. 26, 1841 
 
 Bibb. William W. . 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1, 1780 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Physician 
 
 July 9, 1820 
 
 Btnekk-dge, William 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1828 
 
 
 
 N Y 
 
 
 
 N Y 
 
 
 
 Btotint, Thomas 
 
 _ 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 ...1760 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Feb. 7, i812 
 
 Boyd, Adam 
 
 Boyle, John 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 
 
 28, 1774 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 28, 1834 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Va .. 
 
 
 ... 1780 
 
 Vnh. 16, 1821 
 
 Butler, William 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 ...1759 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Phvsiclan 
 
 Nov. 15, 1821 
 
 Calhoun, Joseph 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 S. C . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Campbell. Geo. W.. 
 Canipbell, John. . . 
 
 .U 
 F 
 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 
 
 ... 1768 
 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 17. 1843 
 
 JulY 
 
 4, 1765 
 
 June 23, 1828 
 
 Carlton, Peter 
 
 — 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Champion, Epaph... 
 
 .V 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 i, 17,52 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 22, 1835 
 
 Cliandler. John 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Agr'clt'st. 
 
 Sept. — , 1841 
 
 Chittenden, Martin. 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mav. 
 
 12, 1769 
 
 Vt.. 
 
 Agr-culfst 
 
 Sept. 5, 1841 
 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 Va.. 
 Lou.. 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 
 N Y 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 1808 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clay, Joseph 
 
 Pa . . , 
 
 
 
 Va 
 
 
 1815 
 
 Clinton, George, Jr. . 
 Clopton, John 
 
 N Y 
 
 
 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 
 Unknown, 
 ^lerchant. 
 Agr'culfst 
 
 Sept. 11, 1816 
 
 Moss. 
 
 N. ri, 
 
 
 
 Cobb, Howell. Sr..., 
 
 
 
 1820 
 
 Crowninshield, J 
 
 D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 April 15, 1808 
 
 Culpepper, John 
 
 Cutts, Richard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 
 
 22, 1771 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Varied 
 
 April 7, 1845 
 
 I>ana, Samuel W. . , 
 
 F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 July 
 
 — , 1757;Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 
 Darby. Ezra 
 
 — 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 
 .... 17H9N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1808 
 
 Davenport, John. . . . 
 
 F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16, 17.52:Conn. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Nov. 28, 1830 
 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 .... 17R2 
 
 Va . . . 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 30, 1814 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar 
 
 16, 1748 
 
 Oct. 14,1818 
 
 Desha, Joseph 
 
 .- iPa. .. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 9, 1768,Ky.,. 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Oct. 13, 1842 
 
 Durell Daniel M . 
 
 .— 1 L . 
 
 ... . In. h. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Elliott, James 
 
 ..F 
 
 Ivt.... 
 
 lAug 
 
 9, 1770 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Nov. 10, 1839 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Ely, Willian F 
 
 Eppes, JohnW D 
 
 Findlcy, William D 
 
 Fisk, James D 
 
 Franklin, Me8hacb.,.D 
 
 Oardenler, Barent F 
 
 Gardner, Francis — 
 
 Garnett, James M — 
 
 Gholson, Thomas D 
 
 Goodwyn, Peterson... D 
 Goldsborough, O. W..F 
 
 Gray, Edwin — 
 
 Green, Isaiah L — 
 
 Harris, John — 
 
 Heister. John — 
 
 Helms, William D 
 
 HoL-e. William — 
 
 Holland, James — 
 
 Holmes, David — 
 
 Howard, Ben.lamin., — 
 Humphrey. Reuben,. — 
 
 Ilsley, Daniel D 
 
 Jackson. John G.,,.D 
 
 Jackson, Richard — 
 
 Jenkins, Robert — 
 
 Johnson. Richard M..D 
 
 Jones, Walter D 
 
 Kenan, Thomas — 
 
 Kelly. James — 
 
 Key.Philip B F 
 
 Kirkp.alrick, Wm — 
 
 Knight, Nehemlah F 
 
 rjambert, John — 
 
 Lewis, Joseph, Jr F 
 
 Liver i.ore, E. S — 
 
 Lloyd, Edward — 
 
 Love, John D 
 
 Lyon, Matthew — 
 
 McCieery, William. . — 
 
 Macon, N.athaniel D 
 
 Marion, Robert — 
 
 Masters, Josiah D 
 
 Milnor, William F 
 
 Montgomery, David. .— 
 
 Montgomery-, John D 
 
 Moore, Nicholas R D 
 
 Moore, Thomas — 
 
 MoiTow, Jeremiah D 
 
 Morrow, John — 
 
 Moseley, Jonathan O, .F 
 Mumford, Gurdon S. .1) 
 
 Xelson, Roger — 
 
 Newbold, Thomas — 
 
 Newton, Thomas, Jr. .D 
 Nicholas, Wilson C. ...D 
 
 Parke, Benjamin D 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy F 
 
 Poindexter, George.. .D 
 
 Porter, John — 
 
 Puph, John — 
 
 Quincy, Josiah F 
 
 Randolph, John D 
 
 Rea, John D 
 
 Rhea, John D 
 
 Richards, Jacob — 
 
 Richards, Matthias. .. — 
 
 Riker, Samuel — 
 
 Rowan, John — 
 
 Russell, John — 
 
 Sawyer, Lemuel D 
 
 Say, Beniamin — 
 
 Seaver, Ebenezer D 
 
 Shaw, Samuel D 
 
 Sloan, James — 
 
 Smelt, Dennis — 
 
 Sinilie, John D 
 
 Smith, Jedidiah K — 
 
 Smith. John D 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Southard, Henry D 
 
 Stanford, Richard D 
 
 Stedm.'Ui. William F 
 
 Storer, Clement — 
 
 Story, Joseph D 
 
 Sturges. LewisB F 
 
 Swart, Pet«r — 
 
 Taggart, Samuel F 
 
 Tallmadge, Benj F 
 
 Taylor. John — 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Ire'd. 
 Vt. .. 
 
 C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 R. I.. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md .. 
 N. J.. 
 R. I.. 
 
 J.. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Md . . . 
 Va. . . 
 Ire'd. 
 
 ji.tf.: 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Dec. 27, 
 June 8, 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 
 Va..! 
 Va... 
 N. J. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Mass, 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N.J. 
 Ga. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. H 
 Va.., 
 
 N. Y, 
 N. C. 
 Mass, 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 IConn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 
 . 1773 
 , 1751 
 . 1 762 
 .1772 
 
 "mi 
 
 1770 
 
 April 9, 1746 
 
 , 1740 
 . 1774 
 .1784 
 
 r, 1781 
 
 .. 1745 
 .. 1771 
 
 .'!V7(i.5 
 -, 1768 
 
 '. '. 'l 7-is 
 
 ..r 
 
 ..17.52 
 . . 1779 
 
 '.Vl746 
 
 Oct. 22, 1763 
 
 Sept. 2, 
 
 1777 
 1765 
 1779 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 June 2, 
 
 1772 
 
 1773 
 
 - 1755 
 
 . 17.53 
 
 ■.1757 
 
 . 17 
 
 Jan. 8, 
 Dec. — , 
 
 1763 
 
 1768 
 
 .1742 
 
 BIAto 
 
 Bc],rr. 
 
 i.nf.,1. 
 
 Oc^upMivn. 
 
 I 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa,,. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. y. 
 N. II. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Mas.s, 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Ky. . . 
 N. Y, 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 R. I.. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Md. . . 
 NY. 
 R. 1.. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Ma^s. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Kv. .. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 S. C . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. . 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 S. C. . 
 Ohio . 
 
 Conn. 
 \'. V. 
 Md . . . 
 N'. J. . 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Ind.. 
 Conn. 
 Miss. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa., . 
 Mass . 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 
 ■;. c. 
 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 1770 1 N. H. 
 
 !!!!!!!!.'!!'.!! Pa!'.'. 
 
 lOct. — , 1749 N.J. . 
 
 1768|N. C. 
 
 1765 Mass. 
 
 1760, N. H. 
 
 Sept. 18, 1779 Mass. 
 
 1762 Conn. 
 
 ' N. V . 
 
 1754 Mass. 
 754 Conn. 
 
 1770 S. C. . 
 
 Sept 20, 
 April 7, 
 Die. 1. 
 Dee. 18, 
 Jnn. 10, 
 June 25, 
 Mav 7, 
 July 4, 
 Feb. 21, 
 Dec. 13, 
 
 Oct. 15, 1821 
 1813 
 
 Aug. •», 
 Sept. 18, 
 
 1825 
 
 ApiU 18,1838 
 
 Nov, 19, 
 Dee. 31. 
 Oct. 22, 
 Feb. 4, 
 July 28, 
 Sept. 2, 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 Mar. 311. 
 Sept. 22. 
 June 2, 
 Aug. 17, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 June 2il, 1837 
 juJie3o',i)»i 
 
 Mar. 24, 
 Feb. 25. 
 May 14. 
 
 Unknown- 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 L'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Clergj-m'n 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown- 
 Unknown- 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied . . . 
 Surve.vor . 
 .Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physicinn 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier.... 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Uiiknow n. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknow-n. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. :Dec. 30, 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown Mar, — , 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Vuiied )June 2, 
 
 Unknown. April 9, 
 
 L.iwver. . . i 
 
 Physician Nov. 21. 
 Jurist .... Sept. 10. 
 Unknown. Mar. 30, 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Clergym'n April 25, 
 
 Soldier Mar. 17, 
 
 Lawyer... Feb. 23, 
 
 ISI7 
 1853 
 1821 
 \Hi4 
 1839 
 18-22 
 I8;i5 
 1843 
 1816 
 1818 
 1834 
 
 1841 
 
 1832 
 1814 
 
 1850 
 1815 
 1843 
 1819 
 1815 
 1832 
 1808 
 18-23 
 1834 
 1832 
 1834 
 18-22 
 1822 
 
 Mar. 9. 
 Mar. 22,' 
 Sept.' '9,' 
 
 1839 
 
 June 7, 
 Dec. 4, 
 Aug. 5, 
 Oct. 10, 
 July 12, 
 
 1815 
 18-23 
 1847 
 1820 
 1835 
 
 Sept. 5, 1853 
 
 July 1, 
 May 24, 
 Feb. 6. 
 Mav 27, 
 
 1864 
 1833 
 18-29 
 1832 
 
 July 13, 
 Jan. 9. 
 
 1830 
 'lS53 
 r852 
 
 Mar. 1, 
 Oct. 22, 
 Nov. — , 
 
 1844 
 18-27 
 1811 
 
 1813 
 18-28 
 1836 
 
 1842 
 1816 
 1831 
 1830 
 I84S 
 1844 
 
 18-25 
 1835 
 183-2 
 
 :C».
 
 Mi> 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 State 
 
 Occupation. When T>if\. 
 
 Thomas, DaviU D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N, Y, 
 Ind.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va,,, 
 Ga... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Del... 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 N. Y, 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Surveyor. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 ThOinas. Jes?e B 
 
 Feb 3 185() 
 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ti-oup. G-.-or^e M D 
 
 Ala., 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 
 y. Y, 
 
 Del... 
 
 Sept. 8, 1780 
 
 May 3, 1856 
 
 Van Alh-n. Jas. Q — 
 
 Sept.* iV 1*749 
 
 
 Van Cortlandt. PhiL.D 
 
 Nov. 5, 1831 
 May 19, 1826 
 
 Van iforne, Archib'd..— 
 
 N, y! 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 
 ........ .1763 
 
 Van Rensselaer. K.K„D 
 
 
 Varnuin, .Joseph B. . — 
 Verplanck. Daniel C— 
 
 1759 
 
 1761 
 
 Sept. 11,1821 
 Mar. 2H.1834 
 July 23. 1833 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. Z'." 
 
 IVhcn Upm. 
 
 Stat.. 
 R.|.r.. 
 sented. 
 
 OcoapatioD. 
 
 When DiBd. 
 
 WhitehiH, Robert....— 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 R.I.. 
 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. y . 
 vt... 
 s. c. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.yer. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Wilbour. Isiuw." — 
 
 Wiliialna. David R...— 
 Williams, Marm'd'k. .D 
 Wilson, Alexander... — 
 
 R. I.. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 April eVi772 
 
 NoT.'i5,"l83(j 
 Oct. 29, 1850 
 
 Wilson. Nathan - 
 
 N. Y. 
 Vt... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wynn, Richard — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Soldier. .. 
 
 1813 
 
 Total Representatives, 1S3. Occupation Unknown, 90. Lawyers, 84. 
 Soldiers, 6. Physicians,©, Merchants, 4. Varied, 4. Clergymen, 4. 
 Agriculturists, 3. Surveyors, S. Jurist,!. Foreign Bom, 3: Including 
 Ireland. 3. 
 
 Eleventh Congress of the United States, from 1809 to 1811. 
 
 1808— Henry Clay and Humphrey Marshall 
 foiiijht a duel in Kentucky, both being 
 wounded. 
 
 1808 — Ocean steam navigation, the first In the 
 world, inaugurated by John Stevens' 
 steamboat, the "Phcenix,'' between 
 Hoboken, N". J., and Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 1809 — First Agricultural Society in America 
 organized at Georgetown, D. C, Novem- 
 ber 28. 
 
 cTames Madison, 4th President. 
 
 George Clinton, of N. Y.. Vice-Pres. Robert Smith, 
 of Md., and James Monroe, of Va., Sec'ys of State. 
 Albert Gallatin, of Pa , Sec'y of Treas. William 
 Eustis. of Mass., Sec'y of War, Paul Hamilton, of 
 S. C, SecV of Navy, Ciesar A, Rodney, of Del., and 
 William Pinckney, of Md., Att'ys Gen. Joseph B. 
 Varnum, of Mass,, Speaker of House of Represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; D, Democrat; W, Whig, 
 
 1809 — The embargo on American shipping 
 withdrawn, except as to commerce with 
 France and England, March 4. 
 
 1810 — First printing-presses in Missouri and 
 Michigan commenced running. 
 
 1811 — First steamboat for running Western 
 rivers was launched at Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Her name was the " New Orleans," with 
 a capacity of 300 tons. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Bora. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 Sut« 
 Repre- 
 Beow4. 
 
 Occupstioa 
 
 WlenDied. 
 
 Anderson. Joseph. . 
 
 _ 
 
 Pa, ,.!Nov. 5. 1757 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 17, 1837 
 
 Bayard. James A. , . 
 
 . f 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 July 28, 1767:Del... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 6, 1815 
 
 Bradley. Stephen R 
 
 .U 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 20, 1754 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Dec. 16. 1830 
 
 Brent, Richard 
 
 ■ — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec 30 1814 
 
 Campbell. Alex 
 
 Va... 
 
 1779 
 
 
 Chainplin, Christ G. 
 Clav.Henrv 
 
 .— 
 
 R. L. 
 
 April 12, 1768 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 18. 1840 
 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 April 12, 1777 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 June 29, 1852 
 
 Condiet, John 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 17,15 
 
 N J 
 
 Physician 
 
 .May 4. 1834 
 
 Crawford. Wm. H. . . 
 
 . — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb, 24, 1772 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Lawyer . . . 
 
 Sept. 15. 1.S34 
 
 Cutts, Charles 
 
 .— 
 
 Mass 
 
 1769 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 Jan. 25, 1841; 
 
 Dana, Samuel W. . . 
 
 .K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 July — , 1757 
 
 Conn. 
 
 LTnknown. 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 
 Pranklin, Je38e 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1758 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Sept. — . 1823 
 
 Gaillard. John 
 
 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Sept, 5, 1765 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 2(5, 1826 
 
 (Jei-man. Obadiah.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1767 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknot™. 
 
 Sept. 24. 1*42 
 
 Giles. William B 
 
 II 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 .Aug, 12, 1762 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Dec. 4. 1830 
 
 Oilman. Nicholas, . . 
 
 .!> 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1762 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 May 3, 1814 
 
 Goodrich. Chauncey. 
 
 . — 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1759 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 18, 1823 
 
 Greirg. Andrew 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June 10, 1755 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 May 20, 1835 
 
 Griswold, Stanley.. 
 
 I) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N'ov. -, 1768 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Aug. 21, 1815 
 
 Hillhoilse, James.. 
 
 .V 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 21, 1754 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 29, 1832 
 
 Horsev, Oiiterliridge 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 1777 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 June 9, 1842 
 
 Lauiljert. John 
 
 — 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 1748 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 4, 1823 
 
 Leib, Mieh.ael 
 
 I> 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 1759 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Dec. 28, IR22 
 
 
 .K 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1769 
 
 Mass. 
 R. I . 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 5, 1831 
 June 4, 1809 
 
 Malbone. Francis. . 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 Mathewson, Elisha. 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1767 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 »^hio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct 14 1853 
 
 Meij;s. Return J 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Mar. 29, 1825 
 
 Mill.-.li;.-, J..hn 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1757'lla... 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Feb. 19, 1819 
 
 Park.T, Nahum 
 
 . — 
 
 N. H. 
 
 17.59 S. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1839 
 
 I'ickeiint;, Timothy 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 17, 1745jMass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 29, 1829 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier... 
 
 July 12, 1845 
 Nov. 2. 1829 
 
 Reed. Philip 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 IMd... 
 
 
 •z 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1745 
 
 Vt... 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov 3 1819 
 
 Smith, Daniel 
 
 
 July — , 1818 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 l> 
 
 N'. Y. 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 
 Aug. 9. 1816 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 .IJ 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27, 1752|Md... 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 April23. 1,839 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Ga... 
 S.C 
 
 .Soldier. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 1, 1832 
 Oct 7 1835 
 
 Tait, Charles 
 
 Va... 
 
 1768 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 S.C . 
 
 May 14, 1770 
 
 Feb. 23. 1832 
 
 Timn, Edward 
 
 .1) 
 
 Kng.. 
 
 June 19, 17fi0|iihio. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Aug. 9. 1829 
 
 
 .U 
 
 .n 
 
 
 , .. 176a 
 
 Kv. . . 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Aug. 30, 1845 
 Jan. 15, 1824 
 
 Turn.-r James 
 
 Va... 
 
 17UI1 
 
 ■White, Samuel ,... 
 
 ■.D 
 
 Del... 
 
 1762 
 
 Del... 
 Tenn. 
 iihio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Whiteside, Jenkins. 
 
 
 
 
 Worthin^ton. Thos. 
 
 Va... 
 
 July 16, 1774 
 
 June 20, 1827 
 
 Total Senators. 45. Lawyers, 17. Occupation Unknown, 14. Soldiers. 
 *7. Phy.>dcians, 4. Merchants, a. Varied, 1. Foreign Bom, 1: Includ- 
 ing England, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. T*X" 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 StAtO 
 
 Ilepre- 
 lented. 
 
 Ocoupmtion. 
 
 When Dl«d. 
 
 Allen, Joseph 
 
 An.ler»on. William. 
 
 W 
 ,D 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 '.D 
 .D 
 I) 
 .D 
 ,V 
 .V 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 Fa.. . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1749 
 1759 
 
 Ma«3. 
 Pa. .. 
 S.C. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 I'a... 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 I^awver. ., 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1827 
 Dee. 13 18"'J> 
 
 Alston, LemuelJ.... 
 
 Al.stm, Willis 
 
 B'U-..n, Ezekiel 
 
 Hard, David 
 
 S.C. 
 N.C.. 
 Mass, 
 Pa,.. 
 
 Sept,' 1,' i'77fi 
 
 AV)rili0,I«37 
 
 Oct. 18, 1870 
 
 Ilnrrv. William T... 
 l!ju*«.-tt. Iliirwell 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Feb, 5, 1784 
 171M 
 
 Autf. .to, 1835 
 Feb 2rt 1841 
 
 Baylies. William.... 
 Bibb, William W... 
 
 Blgelow. Abljah 
 
 Blal^dell. Daniel.... 
 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Oct, 16, 1783 
 Oct. 1, 1780 
 Dec, 5, 1775 
 1760 
 
 Mass. 
 fJa.,. 
 
 S. H. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 .Sept. 27, )m:> 
 
 Julv 9. 1820 
 April 4, IHflO 
 
 B.iyd. Adam 
 
 
 
 Br^^-kenrldge, James 
 Brown, John 
 
 .V ; Va...lMar. 7, 1763 Va... 
 — ! Md... 
 
 Aug. 0, 1846 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Brown. Robert — 
 
 Burwell. Win. A D 
 
 Butler. William — 
 
 Calhoun. Joseph — 
 
 Campbell. John F 
 
 Chamberlain, Jno. C. .F 
 Chamberlain, Wm... — 
 
 Champion. Epaph F 
 
 Cheves, Langdon — 
 
 Chittenden, Martin... F 
 
 Clay, Matthew D 
 
 Clopton, John D 
 
 Cobb, Howell — 
 
 COv'hran, James D 
 
 Cook, Orchard — 
 
 Cox, James D 
 
 Crawford, William, ,.D 
 
 Crist, Henry — 
 
 Cutts, Richard D 
 
 Dana, Samuel W F 
 
 Davenport, John F 
 
 Dawson, John D 
 
 Desha. Joseph — 
 
 Ely, William F 
 
 Emott, James F 
 
 Eppes, John W D 
 
 Findley, William D 
 
 Fisk, Jonathan D 
 
 Franklin, Meshach...D 
 Oannett, Barzillai, . .— 
 Gardenier. Barent. ...F 
 
 Gardner. Gideon — 
 
 Garland. David S D 
 
 Gholson. Thomas D 
 
 Gold, Thomas R F 
 
 Goldsborough, c. W. .F 
 Goodwyn, Peterson , D 
 
 Gray, Edwin — 
 
 Hale, William F 
 
 Haven, Nathaniel A,.F 
 
 Heister, Daniel — 
 
 Helms, William, D 
 
 Holland, James — 
 
 Howard, Benjamin. .. — 
 
 Hubbard. J. H — 
 
 Hufty, Jacob D 
 
 Huntington, Ebcn, . . .— 
 
 Jackson. J.ilinl; D 
 
 Jackson. Ki.liiiiil — 
 
 Jenkins. Kot.ert — 
 
 Jennings. Jonathan.. — 
 Johnson. Richard M...D 
 
 Jones, Vi'altcr D 
 
 Kenan, Thomas — 
 
 Kennedy, William F 
 
 Key, Philip B F 
 
 Knickerbocker, H F 
 
 Lewis, Joseph, Jr F 
 
 Llvermore, Edw'd S, , — 
 
 Livingstone, R, L P 
 
 Love, John D 
 
 Lylc, Aaron D 
 
 Lv<m, Matthew — 
 
 IWelSridc, Ai-chlb'ld. D 
 
 McKee. Samuel D 
 
 McKfm, Alexan<lcr.,,,D 
 McKlnlcy, William, ,.D 
 Macon, Nathaniel, ,.,D 
 Matthews, Vincent. , . , F 
 
 I 
 
 Va, , 
 Va.. 
 S. C 
 Md.. 
 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Scot.. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 %'a... 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y". 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 X. Y. 
 Md .. 
 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Vt.... 
 N. J.. 
 Conn, 
 Va... 
 R. I.. 
 Pa... 
 N. J. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Md. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. , . 
 Pa... 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 
 , 1780(1) 
 , . . . 1759 
 
 July 4, 1765 
 1772 
 
 Feb! i, "l'7'52 
 Sept, 17, 1776 
 Mar. 12, 1769 
 
 June 14, 1753 
 
 1760 
 
 1704 
 
 June 22, 1771 
 July — , 17,57 
 Jan, 16, 1752 
 
 1762 
 
 Dec. 9, 1768 
 
 1770 
 
 1773 
 
 Jan. U, 1751 
 
 ..1769 
 
 '.'.'He: 
 
 Dee. 26, 1754 
 1774 
 
 Oct. 17, 1781 
 
 1745 
 
 1771 
 
 1765 
 
 July 27, 1782 
 
 1772 
 
 1752 
 
 1757 
 
 June 29, 1768 
 
 Pa... 
 Va. . 
 S.C. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 JId. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Conn 
 
 S.C. 
 
 Tt.... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N, C. 
 
 Mass 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 
 
 N. ■ 
 
 Md... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. H 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 N. J., 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Ky, 
 
 vt 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 R. I.. 
 Pa... 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 Vn. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Va . . . 
 Ma.ss . 
 N, Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Ky,.. 
 Md,,. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.,. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. , . 
 AgV'ult'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier ,.. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Soldier ... 
 Plivsicinn 
 Man'faet'r 
 Varied. . , . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 La^^■ye^. . , 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkno'wn. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 La%vyer., . 
 Unknown, 
 Soldier .. . 
 Surveyor . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer,. . 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier .. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Feb. 16, 1821 
 Nov. 15, 1821 
 
 June 23, 1828 
 Dec. 8, 1834 
 
 Nov, 22. 1835 
 June 26, 1852 
 Sept. 5, 1841 
 
 1815 
 
 Sept. 11,1816 
 1820 
 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 April 7, 
 Julv 21, 
 Nov. 28, 
 Mar, 30, 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 April 7, 
 Sept. 20. 
 April 7, 
 
 1810 
 1H23 
 1844 
 1845 
 1830 
 
 laso 
 
 1814 
 1842 
 1817 
 1850 
 1853 
 1821 
 
 Dec. 18, 1839 
 jaii. 'lO,' 1822 
 
 Oct. 7, 1841 
 July 4, 181G 
 June 22, I82G 
 Dec. 13. 1S34 
 Feb. 21, 1818 
 
 Nov.'8,'Y840 
 Mar. 7, 1831 
 
 .1813 
 
 Sept. 18, 1814 
 Sept. 20, 1849 
 May 20. 1814 
 Juno 17. 1834 
 
 1825 
 
 April 18, 1838 
 
 Julv 26, 1834 
 Nov. 19, ia50 
 Die. 31, IS]5 
 Oct. 22, 1843 
 
 Jiily 28,"lHl.5 
 Jan. 30, 1855 
 Mar. 30, 1834 
 Sept. 22,1832 
 
 Aug, 17,1822 
 Sept. 24, 1825 
 Aug. 1, 1822 
 
 June2t>. 18S7 
 Aug. 23. 1846 
 
 .(b^-^ —
 
 XL 
 
 403 Q; 
 
 T 
 
 ELEVENTH AND TUKI.ITir CONaKKSSES, AND I.KADINO KVKNTS OK TlIK TIMK 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 1 ^,7 
 
 WljcQ Dorn. 
 
 Sutc 
 Repri- 
 
 OccupkUnn. 
 
 WI.01. IHrJ. 
 
 Mu.ii.ii. U(,l.ci( 
 
 Milirr, I'l.-.i-iiiit M....— 
 
 8. C. 
 
 i'u.'.'. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 
 jiii;;: 
 
 Pa . . . 
 Conn. 
 N. Y.. 
 Md . 
 
 Aug. '26I 1764 
 
 .■,■.■.'..".'.'.'.'1776 
 1782 
 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 (Jiilo. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 B.C.. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 .N-. Y.. 
 Md. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Va. . . 
 Va. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. . 
 Mass . 
 Conn. 
 Miss.. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 R. 1.. 
 Lou.. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Va.... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 y. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unl{iiown. 
 
 
 Miln.ir. VVilhani K 
 
 .Mi(,lii-ll. s.iiiiuel I,...l) 
 
 ■\l.>nir. Ni.-holas R D 
 
 IMn.irc, Thimiaa — 
 
 UnI;nown. 
 Phyclclan 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unk:iown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Liwyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept,"7,"l8i)i 
 Mar. 9, 1816 
 
 MoiitK'oiiK-ry. John...D 
 Morrow, Jeceiniah. . . I) 
 Moseley. Jooathaii ()..F 
 .Mumfonl. (juidoii S...I) 
 
 Nelson, Ro^er — 
 
 Newbold, TIlO[nari D 
 
 Newton, Thomas D 
 
 Mar. '2211852 
 Sept. 9, 1839 
 
 jurie' 7,* 1815 
 Dec. 4, 1823 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 Oct. 10, 182(1 
 Jan. 20, I82(i 
 Oet. 27, 1834 
 Aug. 14, 1843 
 
 Sept.' '5,' I's'is 
 
 Va'. .' .' 
 
 .'.'.".'.".".".".V7(i9 
 
 Nk-holas, Wilson C...D 
 Mi-liolson. J(,hn I) 
 
 I-r„rs.„|, .I,.,s..|,l, K 
 
 I'l.-Uman, llelljiuiun. .— 
 i'Kklii, Timothy. .....F 
 
 I'oinde-xtel-, tieufge...D 
 Porter, John — 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 (Jonn. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 R. I.. 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'ues 
 '.'..'. '.'.'.'. 'j'ies 
 
 1765 
 
 1 ;69 
 
 .'.'.'.'. ■.■.■.■,V773 
 Nov. 5, 1764 
 
 Porter, Peter B D 
 
 Potter, Elljha R F 
 
 Poyiinus, Julian — 
 
 tiuiney, Josiah F 
 
 Randolph, John D 
 
 Kea, John D 
 
 Rhea, John D 
 
 Riehards, Matthias. . .— 
 
 Mar. 20, 1844 
 Sept. 26, 1835 
 July 25, 1824 
 July 1, 18(i4 
 May 24, 1833 
 Feb. 6, 1829 
 May 27, 1832 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 Feb. 4. 1772 
 June 2, 1773 
 
 1755 
 
 17.'i3 
 
 17,57 
 
 KiiitrKold, ,Samuel D 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 18, 1S29 
 Not. 15, 1838 
 Dec. 24, 1846 
 
 Kocit, Krastus U 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 16, 1772 
 
 8a(?e, Ebenezer D 
 
 Saiiimons, Thomas... D 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 '..'..".'.'.'.1777 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1C34 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknowns 
 Seientist. . 
 Phvsieian 
 
 Jan. 9, 1852 
 
 Mar'."r, "I'SM 
 May 2. 1825 
 Nov. 6, 1836 
 
 Say. Benjamin — 
 
 Seaver, Ebenezer D 
 
 Seybert. Adaiu D 
 
 Scudder, John A — 
 
 Pa.... 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Jaiirs,' 17(53 
 
 1773 
 
 1767 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 w\,„n 
 lV,rn. 
 
 Wb.n llCTa. 
 
 8ui> 
 
 Kciir..- 
 
 Mentt'i. 
 
 OwtiiiMlon. 
 
 Vhm W..I. 
 
 Shaw, Hanm.M 
 
 .D 
 
 '.D 
 
 '.D 
 
 '.D 
 .D 
 
 '.F 
 .F 
 .F 
 
 .F 
 .F 
 .F 
 
 '.D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 '.D 
 
 '.F 
 
 '.F 
 • F 
 D 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 Md.. . 
 
 Dec. 
 
 -, 17(W 
 . . 1770 
 
 Vt.... 
 Va. .. 
 (;a... 
 Pa, ... 
 Pa.... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 
 I'hysician 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Uiiknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Mi'i chant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Oct. '22. 1827 
 
 Hmelt, Dennis 
 
 Oa,. . 
 Ire'd, 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiii 
 
 
 S(nilie, Julin 
 
 Dec. 80, 1813 
 
 Smith, John 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 
 Mar 183(1 
 
 Smith, Ha nincl 
 
 SoiKhuicI, Henry... 
 .Stjuilonl. kiciiard.. 
 
 Slillll.V. J..lMi 
 
 sodman. William.. 
 Stephenson, James. 
 Sturges, Lewis B. . . . 
 
 n'.'y'. 
 
 NO.. 
 N, C. 
 Ma»». 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 
 b'dt.' 
 
 Haf. 
 
 '-."mil 
 
 .... 17(18 
 
 '.'.'. '.'iiia 
 
 20, 1764 
 17(!-.» 
 
 June 2, IH42 
 April 9, 1816 
 Aug. 3. 1R'J4 
 
 1831 
 
 Aug. 7, 1833 
 Mar. 30. 1844 
 
 
 
 Va.... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 8. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Oa. . . 
 Mass . 
 Mass. 
 Del . . 
 Md. . . 
 N. Y. . 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 
 N. n.. 
 
 Taprgart, Samuel.. 
 Tallniadge, BenJ... 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 Thompson, John. . . . 
 Tracy, Url 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 s. <-.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ala . 
 Mass 
 Ma.ss. 
 Del... 
 
 N.' 'y. 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Feb. 
 May 
 
 Se'pt 
 
 24, !7.'.4 
 
 25, 17.54 
 14, 1770 
 
 ' 's.' 'l'786 
 . 1750<!) 
 
 Apill25. 1825 
 Mar. 17. 18:15 
 Feb. 2.3, 18:12 
 
 Troup, George M 
 
 Turner, Charles, 
 
 Upham, Jabez 
 
 May 3, 1&5(! 
 
 i^'i'i 
 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas. 
 Van Home. Areh 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'mil 
 17.'i9 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'mi 
 
 May 19, 1826 
 
 VanRen.sselaer, K.K 
 Vamum. Joseph B. . 
 "Weakley. Robert. . . 
 
 June 18, 1845 
 Sept. 11,1821 
 
 Wheaton, Laban 
 
 Whitehill, Robert... 
 
 Mar. 23, 1840 
 
 Whitman. Ezeklel,, 
 
 Wilson, James 
 
 Witherspoon, Rob't. 
 Wright. Robert 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 11, 177(i 
 .... 1757 
 
 Jan."4,"r8:i;j 
 
 Md 
 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 7. 1820 
 1813 
 
 Wynn, Richard 
 
 Va 
 
 Total Representatives. 1S7. • Occupation Unknown, 82. Lawven*. 4». 
 Soldiers, lO. Phyttieians. t. Merchants. 4. Varied, 4. ClerK>'nien. 2. 
 Agriculturists. SS. Manufacturer, 1. Scientist, 1, Surveyor, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 3: Including Ireland, 2; Scotland.!. 
 
 * Deaths and resignations of Senators and Representatives cause the difference in the number of members in each Congtess. 
 
 Twelfth Congress of the United States, from 1811 to 1813. 
 
 1811— Slavery abolished inChilL'S. A.,Oct. 10. 
 
 IHl 1 — Numerous earthquakes in Missouri, 
 beginning Dec. l(i, destroying property 
 and causing great consternation. 
 
 181 1— The Richmond (Va.) Theatre was 
 burned Dec. '2i, destroying more than 
 70 persons, including the Governor of 
 the State. 
 
 1811— A breech-loading rifle invented by John 
 Hall, an American citizen. 
 
 1812 — Louisiana admitted into the Union— 
 the eighteenth State— April 30. 
 
 James MadUon. 4th President. 
 
 George Clinton, of N. Y.. Vice-Pres. James Monroe, 
 of Va., Sec'y of State. Albert Gallatin, of Pa , Sec'y 
 of Treas. William Eustis. of Ma.ss.. and John Ann- 
 strong, of N. Y., Sec'ysof War. Paul Hamilton, of 
 S. C, and William Jones, of Pa.. Sec'ys of Navy. 
 William Pinckney, of Md., Att'v Gen. Henry Clay, 
 of Ky., Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 F» indicates Federalist; D, Democrat; TV, Whig. 
 
 1812— War declared against England. June 
 18. 
 
 1812— Fort Dearborn, at Chicago, HI., cvac-u 
 ated, and sohiiei-s and citizenw were 
 massacred by Indians, August 13. 
 
 1812— The flrst public Life Insurance Com- 
 pany was established at Philadelphia, 
 with a capital of $500,000. 
 
 1813 — Commodore Perry's victory over the 
 British tWrt. on Lake Erie, occurred 
 September 10. 
 
 1813 — Toronto. Canada, captured by Ameri- 
 can soldiers, April 27. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Bora. 
 
 When Dora. 
 
 Stale 
 Reprp- 
 BeniM. 
 
 OccupMioD. 
 
 Wlieii Die,]. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph. . 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Not. 5. 1757 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 April 17.1.S37 
 
 Bayard. JiiniesA... 
 
 V 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 28, I7H7 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 6. 1815 
 
 Bibb. lie.. we M 
 
 . — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1772 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 April 14, 185SI 
 
 Bradlty. Stephen R 
 
 ,u 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb, 20, 17.'v4 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Dec. 16, 1830 
 
 Brent. Riehard 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1814 
 
 Brown. .lamed 
 
 . — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 11, 1766 
 
 LOQ.. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 April 7, 1835 
 
 t:ampl»ell. Alex 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 1779 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Nov. 5. 1857 
 
 Campbell, Geo. W.. 
 
 .u 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 176S 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 17, 1843 
 
 Condiet.John 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 1755 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Physician 
 
 May 4, 1834 
 
 Crawford. ■Wm. H... 
 
 , — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 24, 1772 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 15,1834 
 
 Cutts, Charles 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1769 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Jan. 25, 1846 
 
 Dana, Samuel "W... 
 
 .K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 July — , 1757 
 
 Conn. 
 
 L'nknown. 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 
 
 .U 
 
 N. C 
 
 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. — , 1823 
 Feb. 26, 1826 
 
 Gailiard. John 
 
 S. C. 
 
 .Sept. 5, 1765 
 
 
 .D 
 
 .n 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 1767 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va . . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1842 
 Dec. 4. 1830 
 
 Giles, William B.... 
 
 Aug. 12, 1762 
 
 Oilman, Nicholas . . . 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1762 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 May 3. 1814 
 
 Goodrich, Chauncey 
 
 . — 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct, 20, 17a£ 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 18, 1823 
 
 Gregg, Andrew 
 
 — 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 June 10, 1755 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 May 20, 1835 
 
 Horsey, Oiiterbr'g. . 
 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 1777 
 
 Del .. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 June 9, 1842 
 
 Howell. Jeremiah B. 
 
 — 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1772 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 1822 
 
 Hunter. William... 
 
 — 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1775 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Dec. 3, 1849 
 
 Lambert. John 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1741- 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 4. 1823 
 
 Leib. Michael 
 
 I) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 17.59 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Dec. 28, 18-22 
 
 Lloyd. James 
 
 K 
 
 Mass, 
 
 1769 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 April 5, 1831 
 
 Maffruder, Allan B. 
 
 1) 
 
 Kv... 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 16, 1822 
 
 Pope. John 
 
 1) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 177C 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 12, 1845 
 
 Posey, Thomas 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 July 9, 175C 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Mar. 19, 1818 
 
 Ueed. Philip 
 
 — 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Nov. 2, 1829 
 
 Knidiison. J 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1745 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 3, 1819 
 
 Smith. John 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 9. 1816 
 
 STiiith, .Samuel 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 Md... 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 April23,1839 
 
 Tail, Charles 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 17fif 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 7. 1835 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 . — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 May 14, 177i: 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 23. 1832 
 
 Turner, James 
 
 l> 
 
 Va... 
 
 1766 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Jan. 15. 1824 
 
 Varniim. Jo.seph B. 
 
 
 Mass . 
 
 17.59 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 11, 1821 
 
 WorthinL'ton. Thos 
 
 .U 
 
 Va... 
 
 July 16, 1774 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 l'nknown. 
 
 June 20. 1827 
 
 Total Senators, 3T. Lawyers. IH. Occupation Unknown, 8, Soldiers, 
 6. Phvsiiians. 3. Merchants, «. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Alston. Willis D 
 
 Anderson. William... D 
 
 Archer, Stevenson D 
 
 Avery, Daniel D 
 
 BiU-<".n. Ezekiel D 
 
 l;;ik. r. J.ilin F 
 
 li;iiil, I>avid — 
 
 liainett, William D 
 
 Bartlett, Josiah — 
 
 Bassett. Burwell D 
 
 Bibb, William W D 
 
 Bigelow, Abijah K 
 
 Blackledge, William. .D 
 Bleecker. Harnianus..F 
 
 Blount, Thomas — 
 
 Bond, Shadrach — 
 
 Boyd, Adam D 
 
 Breck en ridge, James. .F 
 
 Brigham. Elijah F 
 
 Brovvn, Robert — 
 
 Burwell. William A..D 
 
 Butler, William — 
 
 Calhoun. John C D 
 
 Carr, Francis D 
 
 Champion, E F 
 
 Cheves. Langdon — 
 
 Chittenden. Martin... F 
 
 Clav, Henry- W 
 
 Clay. Matthew D 
 
 Clopton, John D 
 
 Cobb, Howell - 
 
 Cochran, James D 
 
 Condict. Lewis W 
 
 Cooke. Thomas B 1) 
 
 Crawford. William. ..D 
 
 Cutts, Richard D 
 
 Davenport. John F 
 
 Davis. Roger D 
 
 Dawson, John D 
 
 Desha, Joseph — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Md.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 C. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. C 
 N. C. 
 N'. J.. 
 
 Wlien Bcm. 
 
 1759 
 
 .Sept. 1. 177t 
 
 Dec. 16, 17as 
 
 r 
 
 Oct. 1, 178<-) 
 
 Dec. 5, r 
 
 .. 1779 
 .. 1760 
 .. 1773 
 
 Mar. 7, 1763 
 June 6, 1750 
 
 '. '. 'l786i 
 
 17.59 
 
 .Mar. 18, 178'J 
 
 1752 
 
 Feb. 1. 17.52 
 Sept. 17, 1776 
 Mar. 12. 1769 
 April 12, 1' 
 
 Scot.. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 
 Va!!; 
 Pa... 
 
 June 22, 1771 
 Jan. 16, 17.52 
 
 . 1762 
 1768 
 
 SUf 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa.. 
 
 Md... 
 >. Y. 
 ^IJL-ss. 
 Va... 
 Pa. . 
 Ga. . . 
 N. H. 
 Va.. . 
 Ga... 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y 
 
 ill.'.!! 
 
 N. J.. 
 Va. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa.... 
 Va. . 
 
 s. c. 
 s. c. 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Vt. . 
 Kv. . 
 Va. . 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Pa .. 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Phj'sician 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . 
 Soldier ... 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 LaAvyer. .. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Law.ver... 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 .\g'cult'st. 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 
 Varied . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 April 10, 1M7 
 Dec. 13, I- ■..: 
 1.'48 
 
 Oct.' 18,' 'l's70 
 Aug. 18. 1833 
 1815 
 
 April 14. 
 Feb. 26. 
 July 9, 
 April 4. 
 Oct. lii. 
 July 19. 
 Feb. 7. 
 April 11, 
 
 AligV'9." 
 Feb. 22. 
 
 1838 
 1841 
 
 1820 
 1860 
 1828 
 1849 
 1812 
 1830 
 
 I'riil! 
 181B 
 
 Feb. 16. 1821 
 Nov. 1.5. 1821 
 Mar. 31. 1850 
 Oct. 7. 1821 
 Nov. 22, 1835 
 June 26, 1852 
 Sept. 5. 1841 
 June 20, 1852 
 
 1815 
 
 Sept. 11.1816 
 
 1820 
 
 May '26! 'iHlil' 
 
 1823 
 
 April 7. 1845 
 Nov. 2H. 1S30 
 
 jiar. 3<l! 1814 
 Oct. 13. 1842 
 
 -sp.^ 
 
 ^;
 
 Iiinsmoor. Sjimuel D 
 
 Earle. Elias D 
 
 Ely. William P 
 
 Einott, James F 
 
 FintUev. William. ...D 
 
 I'Uk. .lames D 
 
 Flicl], Asa F 
 
 Fr.niklin, Mcshach....D 
 
 <ih..l-.>n, Thomas D 
 
 f;',lcl, Thoma.s R F 
 
 (.uM>l»orou;?li, C. W.,F 
 Goodwvn, Peterson,. .D 
 
 Gray, Edwin — 
 
 Green, Isaiah L — 
 
 Grosvenor, Thos. P ..F 
 
 iJniri.lv. FeliN D 
 
 H..II, Boiling D 
 
 11 ill.obed — 
 
 II II i>er, John A D 
 
 Hawes. .Aylett D 
 
 Heiii[iytead, Edward.. — 
 
 Huttv, Jacob D 
 
 Hiin^-erford. Jno. P.. .D 
 
 H.\ iL.-inan, John M — 
 
 fJ:nk^on, Rithard.,..— 
 Jennings, Jonathan.. — 
 Johnson, Riehar-l M...D 
 Kennedy, William.,. F 
 
 Kent. Joseph F 
 
 Key. Philip B F 
 
 King. William R D 
 
 Lacock, Abner D 
 
 Law, Lyman F 
 
 Lefever, Joseph — 
 
 Lewis, Joseph, . F 
 
 Little, Peter D 
 
 Livi[i;r.^ton, Rob'tL...F 
 LMwudes, William. ...D 
 
 L\ I'-, Aaron D 
 
 M.r.ride, Archibald.. D 
 
 .M.r.iv. William D 
 
 M,-K'-e, Samuel D 
 
 MrKiin, Alexander D 
 
 M irnn, Xathaniel... .D 
 M.ixwell. George C... — 
 
 .11- iralt, .Irunah D 
 
 .■\liliiur. James — 
 
 Miiihell. Samuel L...D 
 
 Moore. Thomas — 
 
 Murgan, James F 
 
 3Imi to.v, Jeiemiah D 
 
 M.iv.U.v. J. (1 F 
 
 Xel-on, Hugh D 
 
 New, Anthony D 
 
 Newbold, Thomas D 
 
 Newton, Thom-is D 
 
 Ormsby, Stephen — 
 
 Paulding, William... D 
 
 N. H 
 Va. . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Irc'd. 
 Vt... 
 
 July 1, 1766 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 V'a... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Ga.... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa... 
 R. I.. 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 N. y, 
 s. c. 
 
 Pa . . . 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Md. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. J. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 N.'JV. 
 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va. . 
 Va.. 
 N. Y 
 
 . 1770 
 , 1751 
 . 1762 
 
 . 1780 
 , 1777 
 . 1789 
 
 June 3, 1780 
 
 Oct. 17, 1781 
 
 1779 
 1765 
 1786 
 1770 
 1770 
 
 April 7, 
 Aug.'igi 
 
 . 1772 
 
 Feb. 7, 1782 
 
 .1748 
 . 1757 
 
 June 20, 
 Aug, 20, 
 
 1773 
 1764 
 
 .1770 
 . 1762 
 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Vt. . . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. 0. 
 Va... 
 N. Y 
 .Md. . 
 Va. . . 
 Va .. 
 Mass. 
 S. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Va. .. 
 Mo .. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 R. 1 . 
 Ind.. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 N. .L. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Law'yer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 iLawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 (Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 La^vyer 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 L.i\vyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Soldier . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mechanic . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 UnknajvTi 
 Soldier . , . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Law>-er. . . 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Soldier . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 15, 1835 
 
 1817 
 
 April 7, 1850 
 April 7. 1821 
 Dec. 1, 1844 
 
 Dec. 18, 1839 
 July 4, 1816 
 June 22, 1826 
 Dec. 13, 1834 
 Feb. 21, 1818 
 
 .1841 
 
 Dec. 19, 1840 
 Mar. 25, 1836 
 
 Aug. 31, 1833 
 Aug. 10, 1S17 
 Mar 20, 1814 
 Dec. 21, 1833 
 
 Aprili8,1838 
 July 26, 1834 
 Nov. 19, 1850 
 
 Nov! 24,' isii 
 
 July 28, 1815 
 April 18, 1853 
 April 12, 1837 
 Feb. 3, 1842 
 
 Mar. 30, 1834 
 Feb. 5, 1830 
 
 Oct.' 27,' 'l'822 
 Sept. 24, 1825 
 
 June 29, 1837 
 
 April 8, 1S45 
 Sept. 7, 1831 
 
 Mar. 22. 1852 
 Sept. i), 1839 
 Mar. 18, 1836 
 Mar. 2. 1833 
 Dec. 4, 1823 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 
 1340 
 
 Feb. 11, 1854 
 
 Pear.son, Joseph F 
 
 Pickens, Israel D 
 
 Piper, William D 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy F 
 
 Pleasants, Jaines D 
 
 Poindexter. George. ..D 
 
 Pond, Benjamin D 
 
 Porter, Peter B D 
 
 Potter, Elisha R F 
 
 Quincy, Josiah F 
 
 Randolph, John D 
 
 Reed. William F 
 
 Rirhiirds..li. Wm. M...P 
 
 Eid-i ly. H.nry M P 
 
 Ringgold. .Samuel D 
 
 Rhea, John D 
 
 Roane, John D 
 
 Robertson, Thos. B. ..D 
 Roberts, Jonathan... — 
 
 Rodman, William — 
 
 Sage, Ebenezer D 
 
 Sammons, Thomas. ..D 
 
 Sawyer, Lemuel D 
 
 Seaver, Ebenezer D 
 
 Sevier, John D 
 
 Seybert, .■Vdani D 
 
 Shaw, Samuel D 
 
 Sheffey, Daniel P 
 
 Smilie, J, dm D 
 
 Smith, Geoi-ge — 
 
 Smith, John D 
 
 Stanford, Richard D 
 
 Stow, Silas D 
 
 Strong, William D 
 
 Stuart, Philip P 
 
 Stm-ges, Lewis B P 
 
 SuUiyan, George — 
 
 Xaggart, Samuel P 
 
 Taliaferro, John D 
 
 Tallmadge, Benj F 
 
 Tallman, Peleg D 
 
 Tracy, Uri U 
 
 Troup, George M D 
 
 Turner, Charles, D 
 
 Van Cortlandt. P D 
 
 "Wheaton, Laban P 
 
 White, Leonard — 
 
 Whilehill. Robert....— 
 WidL-ei-y, William ...— 
 Williams, David R, ..— 
 
 Wilson, Thomas P 
 
 Wright. R, -bert D 
 
 Wvnn, Richard — 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 5 
 Feb. 4, 
 June 2 
 
 Md., 
 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N, C. 
 Mass. 
 Va,,. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 ,Md,,. 
 Ire-d. 
 
 Va! ! ! 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 N, H, 
 N, 11. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Ala., 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 M.ass. 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. 
 
 . 1765 
 . 1769 
 . 1779 
 
 ! 'l'773 
 1764 
 1772 
 1773 
 
 .1777 
 1774 
 
 .1778 
 
 .1753 
 
 . 1754 
 
 . 1778 
 
 . 1771 
 
 1757 
 
 . 1777 
 1763 
 . 174". 
 . 1773 
 , 1768 
 . 1770 
 . 1742 
 
 1762 
 
 Vug. 29. ;771 
 Mar. 24, 17:.4 
 
 17(M 
 
 Feb. 25, 1754 
 1754 
 
 Sept. 8, 1780 
 1750(') 
 
 . 1754 
 . 1767 
 
 Mar. 23, 
 Oct. 1(1. 
 
 1846 
 1849 
 1813 
 1822 
 1830 
 1836 
 1326 
 1813 
 
 Total Representatives, ISl. Unknown Occupation. Tl. Lawyers. 4*7. 
 Soldiers. 9. Physicians, 9. Merchants, 4. Agricult'sts. 3. Clergymen. 
 S. Varied. 2. Sailor, 1. Scientist. 1. Mechanic, 1. Jurist, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 3: Including Ireland, 2; Scotland, 1. 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 Miss.. 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y. 
 R. I,. 
 ,Mass. 
 Va,.. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Del .. 
 Md. , , 
 Tenn. 
 Va, , . 
 Lou.. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 M i-s. 
 Ti nil. 
 I'a... 
 Vt.... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 N. V. 
 Vt... 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 N, H. 
 Mass. 
 Va , . , 
 Conn, 
 Mass. 
 N, Y. 
 Ga, , . 
 Ma.ss. 
 N, Y, 
 Mas,, 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 S. C, 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 
 L,awyer, , , 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 La\vyci , , , 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 Soldier.,, 
 ,Scientist,. 
 Pliysieian 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Law.yer.. . 
 Soldier ... 
 Jnkiiown 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown 
 Soldier.,. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer,.. 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknoyvn 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Sailor 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldier 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 Sept, 5. 
 June 14, 
 Mar. 21 1, 
 .S.pt, 2.-,. 
 July 1 
 Ma\ 21, 
 Feb, 18, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Aug. 7, 
 Oct: 18, 
 May 27. 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 July 7. 
 July 27, 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 Oct. 27, 1834 
 
 1830 
 ls,-,;i 
 ISI.-, 
 IS44 
 183,-, 
 1.804 
 1833 
 1837 
 1838 
 1847 
 1829 
 1832 
 1838 
 
 1854 
 1824 
 1834 
 
 Jan, 9. 
 Mar. 1 , 
 Sept, 21, 
 May 2, 
 Oct. 22, 
 Dec, 3. 
 Dec. 3o. 
 
 1852 
 1.844 
 181,-, 
 182," 
 1827 
 183" 
 1813 
 
 Mar. - 
 April ! 
 
 , 183i; 
 1810 
 
 Aug, 14, 
 Mar. 30. 
 June 14, 
 Aplil25, 
 Aug, 12. 
 Mai, 17. 
 Nov, 2, 
 
 1830 
 1841 
 1838 
 1.82,-, 
 1853 
 1835 
 18S4 
 
 Aug. 7, 
 Nov. 1.5, 
 Jan. 24, 
 Sepl. 7, 
 
 1813— "Robert L. Stevens devised a bomb- 
 shell and sold his invention to the 
 Government. 
 
 1813 — First stereotyping done in America by 
 D. & G. Bruce. New York, who stereo- 
 typed the Hrst Bible in America. 
 
 1813 — Cloth first woven in power-looms in 
 America, at Waltham, Mass. The loom 
 was constructed by Paul Moody, of 
 Ame«bury, Mass. 
 
 1814— Washington City, D. C, burned by the 
 British under General Ross, August 24. 
 Losses, nearly 63,000,000. 
 
 Thirteenth Congress of the United States, from 1813 to 1815. 
 
 dames MadUon, 4:th PreHident. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry, of Mass.. Vice-Pres. James Monroe, 
 of Va., Sec"y of State. Albert Gallatin, of Pa.; George 
 W. Campbell, of Tenn.. and Alex. J. Dallas;, of Pa.. 
 Sec'ys of Treas. John Arnistronpr. of X. Y., and James 
 Monroe, of Va., Set-'ys of War. William Jones, of Pa., 
 and Benjamin W, Crowninyhield, of Mass.. Sec'ys of 
 Navy. William Pinckney, of Md,, and Richard Rush, 
 Att'ys Gen. Henry Clay, of Ky., and Langdon Cheves, 
 
 of S. C, Speakers* of the House of Representatives. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; D, Democrat; TV, Whig. 
 
 1H14— Tnatv of Peace between the United 
 st.ites and Great Britain signed at 
 Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 24. 
 
 1814— Fii-st Steam-Ferry between New York 
 City and Long Island, invented by 
 Robert Fulton, began rvinning. 
 
 1814 — Battle of Lundy's Lane was fought, 
 near Niagara Falls, July '2o, between 
 British and American Soldiers, the 
 former being defeated with a Io?s of 
 878 men. The American loss was 852 
 men. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 .Vndirson, Joseph.. 
 It >T lioiii', J.-Lines .. . 
 
 I; nil, William T 
 
 l:il'l'. li.'orgeM 
 
 lUhb, William W 
 
 Bledsoe. Jesse 
 
 Ilient. Kiehard 
 
 Brown, James 
 
 Bullock, William B.. 
 «;ampbell. Geo. W... 
 
 f'hace. Dudley 
 
 (^ondi rt. John 
 
 Cutts, Charles 
 
 Dagg-tt, David 
 
 lima, s.imnr'l W 
 
 Fr.'ini'iitin. Kle^itls. 
 
 <in,]l ml, J.ihn 
 
 I iiiin 111. lihadlah.... 
 
 i;il.-s, Willi. iin B 
 
 '•illilaii. NkIioIiw, , ,. 
 li.ild^bon.iigh. II. H. 
 *;<,ri-, rhilslopher. .. 
 II..r^ev, iMilerbi'dg, 
 
 llowrll. Ji'l'lliiiah I>. 
 
 Ilunr r. Willniiii ... 
 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 June 10, 
 Feb. 5, 
 
 Oct. "iV 
 
 Mass. 
 Majis. 
 Conn 
 Lou.. 
 S. C.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 Moss. 
 Del .. 
 R. I.. 
 K. I.. 
 
 1757 
 177.T 
 1784 
 1772 
 1780 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 )ec. 31, 
 July -, 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 Aug.'l2,' 
 
 Sept. 21, 
 
 1700 
 
 1770 
 
 . 17(i8 
 
 1771 
 
 . 17.'..i 
 
 . 170i) 
 
 1704 
 
 17.V 
 
 'no; 
 
 17(i' 
 
 170; 
 
 1702 
 17811 
 
 state 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Tenn. 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Oa... 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Lou., 
 (ia. .. 
 I'enn. 
 Vt.... 
 N.J,. 
 N. H. 
 Conn 
 Conn 
 Lou , . 
 S, C. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Va... 
 N H. 
 Md 
 
 17.W Mass. 
 1 777 Del . . 
 1772 H. I.. 
 17~ It, 1.. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 17. 
 June 8. 
 Aug. 3(1, 
 April 14, 
 July !l. 
 June 30. 
 Dec. 30. 
 April 7. 
 Mar. (i. 
 Feb. 17. 
 Feb. 23. 
 May 4, 
 Jan. 25, 
 
 1837 
 1842 
 183.-> 
 
 1820 
 1837 
 1814 
 183.-, 
 1852 
 1843 
 1840 
 1834 
 I84G 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 Oct. 0. 1822 
 Feb. 20. 1820 
 Sept. 21. 1842 
 Dec. 4. 1830 
 May 3, 1814 
 Oct. 5. 1830 
 Mar. 1, 1827 
 June B, 1842 
 
 1822 
 
 Dec. 3, 1849 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 >Vbcn nern. 
 
 stale 
 Rcpt«- 
 MQted. 
 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Kerr, Joseph 
 
 King. Rufus 
 
 > 
 .D 
 
 '.D 
 
 '.D 
 
 ■.D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 '.D 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N, J.. 
 I"a... 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 I,awver. .. 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 24, 1755 
 1770 
 
 April2!l. 1827 
 April 12,18:17 
 
 Lambert. John 
 
 Leib, Mirh.tei 
 
 Mason, .Ii-rcniiah... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Fa... 
 Conn 
 Pa .. 
 
 1748 
 
 17,50 
 
 April27,1708 
 .1770 
 
 Feb. 4. 1823 
 Dec. 28. 1822 
 Oct. 14, 1848 
 Mar. 22, 1852 
 
 Roberts .Iiuiiilhan 
 
 
 1771 
 
 P.i... 
 
 July 7. 1.8.54 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 
 1745 
 
 Vt.... 
 Md... 
 N, C. 
 la . . . 
 
 N, n. 
 
 N. V. 
 Mass. 
 Kv,,. 
 Del ,, 
 
 Nov. 3. 181!) 
 
 Smith, N.iMuiel 
 
 Stone, Havid 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 Feb. 17. 1770 
 1708 
 
 April 23, 1830 
 Oct. 7, 1818 
 Oct. 7. 1835 
 
 Talbot, Isham 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 Thompson, Thos. W. 
 
 Tni-ner, James 
 
 "Vai-num, Joseph B. 
 Walker. Oeorge. .. 
 Wells. Wllli.ani H... 
 
 Wharton. Jesse 
 
 Worthlngton. Thos. 
 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Mass, 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Del... 
 
 . ., ... 1773 
 May 14, 1770 
 ...:..... 1705 
 
 1700 
 
 17.5U 
 
 Sept. 25. 18:)7 
 Feb. 23, 1832 
 Oct. — , 1810 
 Jan. 15, 1824 
 Sept. 11,1821 
 
 Mar. 11. 182!l 
 July 23. 18113 
 June 20. 1827 
 
 Va... 
 
 July in, 1774 
 
 llhio. 
 
 "iDtnl Senaton*. 4G. 
 8. Physicians. ». 
 
 Lawyers, S5. Occupation Unknown, lA. Soldier 
 
 (y.
 
 ><i'^^ 
 
 KKl'KKSKNTATIVES IN TIIIO TillKIKHNl'll <,'()N(;KKSS OK THI-: UMTKD STATES. 
 
 •it;.- 
 
 ? 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whtrc 
 Ilooi. 
 
 When Elorn. 
 
 sut,' 
 lUprr. 
 K-n'*<I. 
 
 OccupWbn, When BieJ. 
 
 
 
 s. C 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Alston. Willia 
 
 I) 
 
 V, C. 
 
 
 X. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April lo, 1837 
 
 
 .1) 
 .D 
 
 I'a 
 
 . 1759 
 
 Pa. . . 
 .Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyei-... 
 
 Dec. 13, 1829 
 
 Ai'clitM", Stevenson. . 
 
 .Md... 
 
 
 1848 
 
 
 D 
 
 M. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Barlioiir, Philip P.. 
 
 .U 
 
 Va... 
 
 1799 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Fob. 25, 1841 
 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 UnknoAvn. 
 
 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 n;ivl<\. TiMMiias M. .. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. -2, l-7.-> 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Jan. 6. 1834 
 
 Uavlii-s. William.... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 )ct. 1(5. 1783 
 
 Mass. 
 
 [.awver. .. 
 
 Sept. 27. 1865 
 Feb. 20. 1843 
 
 Deall. Uizin 
 
 — 
 
 ;"a. . 
 
 VUB. 10. 1770 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Benson, K(?bert 
 
 — 
 
 V. Y. 
 
 rune 21, 1740 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 L,awvor.. . 
 
 Aug. 24, 1833 
 
 Bibb, William W.... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 let. 1. 1780 
 
 ria. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 July 9. 1820 
 
 Bii^elow. Aliijall 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 5ec. 5. 1773 
 
 Mass. 
 
 f.awver. .. 
 
 April 4, I860 
 
 Bines, Thomas 
 
 — 
 
 M. J.. 
 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 ad... 
 
 1773 
 
 III... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ag'i-ulfst. 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 1 1,1830 
 
 Bowen, John li 
 
 
 
 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 H. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 ".'..'.'.'.'.'. iiio 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 Boyd, Alexandei- 
 
 Bl-adbur.v. (Jeoive.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Nov. 7, 1823 
 
 IlriKil.v, William C. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Mar. 23, 1783 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 [.awver... 
 
 Mar. 3. 1807 
 
 BicLkeni Hljre, Jas.. 
 
 .P 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mar. 7, 1763 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawver.. . 
 
 Aug 9, 1816 
 
 llrik-hiiin. Klijah 
 
 .F 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 June 6, 1750 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merehaiu. 
 
 Feb. 22, 1816 
 
 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Burwell, Win. A 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 I780(!) 
 
 Feb. 1(1. 1821 
 
 
 .U 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Coiui. 
 
 1762 
 
 Vt.... 
 Ohio . 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown. 
 L.iwvcr. . 
 
 July 11). 1838 
 
 
 
 
 .'alhiuin. .John C... 
 
 S.C . 
 
 Mai-. 18, 1782 
 
 Mar. 31,18,'iO 
 
 i'.al 11, Xi-wton 
 
 .D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Ti-mi. 
 
 Unl.-iinwii. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1842 
 
 Citpriloii, llntrh 
 
 .F 
 
 Va... 
 
 1780 
 
 V 1 . 
 
 .Ag'c-iillVt. 
 
 l-eh. 9. 1847 
 
 Champion. Epaph... 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 1, 175.' 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 N'ov. 22, 1835 
 
 Chappell. John J 
 
 .U 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Ian. I!). 17.12 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 May 23. 1871 
 
 Cheves. Langdon.... 
 
 . — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 17, 1776 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 June 26, 1852 
 
 Citley, Bradbury 
 
 . — 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1760 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 17. I83I 
 
 Clark, James 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 1779 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 27. 18-39 
 
 Claw Hriuv 
 
 W 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 12, 1777 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 June 29, 18.52 
 
 Clemleimi. llavld... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cloptuii. John 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 11,1810 
 
 Connui, John 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Condict, Lewis 
 
 W 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 Mar. — , 1773 
 
 V. J . 
 
 Physician 
 
 May 26, 1862 
 
 Comstock. Oliver C. 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1784 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pliysician 
 
 Jan. 11, 1860 
 
 Cooper, Thomas 
 
 .F 
 .F 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Coxe, William 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 Cniwlonl, William. 
 
 .D 
 
 Scot. 
 
 I76C 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Physician 
 
 1823 
 
 CreitChtoti. Wm., . .. 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 29, 1776 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 8, 1851 
 
 
 .D 
 .F 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Clei-gym'n 
 
 
 Culpepper, John 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 Cuthbert. Alfred... 
 
 .D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 9. 1856 
 
 Dana. Sarruel 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 26. 1767 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 20, 1835 
 
 IJavenport. John 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn 
 
 Jan. 16,1752 
 
 Conu. 
 
 Law-yer ... 
 
 Nov. 28, 1830 
 
 Davis, Ro(?er 
 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Uavis, Samuel 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 April 17. 1831 
 
 Dawson. John 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 176S 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 30, 1814 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 Dec.' 'a. ' lies 
 
 
 Desha, Joseph 
 
 Oct. 13, 1842 
 
 Dewey, Daniel 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 29, 1766 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 May 26, 1815 
 
 Duvall, William P.. 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 19, 1854 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Easton. Kufus 
 
 
 Elv. William 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ep'pes. John W 
 
 .U 
 
 Va... 
 
 177; 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 20, 1853 
 
 Evans. David R 
 
 .U 
 
 Eng.. 
 
 Feb. 20, 176E 
 
 .S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 .Mar. 8, 1843 
 
 Farrow, Samuel 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 175S 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 18, 1824 
 
 Findley, William... 
 
 .D 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Jan. 11, 1751 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Soldier. .. 
 
 April 7, 1.821 
 
 Fisk, James 
 
 .D 
 
 Vt... 
 
 1762 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 1, 1844 
 
 Fisk, Jonatlian 
 
 .D 
 
 X. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknow-n 
 
 
 Forney, Peter 
 
 . — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April— ,1756 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Man'facfr 
 
 Feb. 1, 1 834 
 
 Forsyth, John 
 
 .U 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 2. 178( 
 
 C.a. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 21. 1841 
 
 Franklin. Meshach . 
 
 .D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1772 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Deo. 18, 1839 
 
 Gaston, William... 
 
 . — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept. 19, 177* 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Jan. 23, 1844 
 
 Geddes. James 
 
 ..F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 22, 176; 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Man'laet'r 
 
 Aug. 19, 1838 
 
 Gholson. Thoma.s. .. 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 July 4, 1816 
 
 Glasgow. Iluph 
 
 Glonintrer. John 
 
 '.F 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Goldsborough. C. W 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Dec. 13, 1834 
 
 Goodwyn. Petei-son 
 
 .U 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 21, 1818 
 
 Gourdin, Theodore . 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 ..P 
 
 Pa.' .' '. 
 
 
 S.C. 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Grosvenor, Thos. P. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 I7S0 
 
 
 Grundy. Felix 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 11,177- 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 19, 1840 
 
 Hale. William 
 
 .— 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 y. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 8. 1840 
 
 Hall, Boiling 
 
 ■ D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 I78E 
 
 Qa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 23.1831; 
 
 Hanson, Alex. C 
 
 .F 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Ai)ril23. 1819 
 
 Harris, Thomas K . 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Phvsician 
 
 April 18,1816 
 
 Hasbrouck. Abra'm. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 
 Hawes, Aylett 
 
 .\ug. 31,1833 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 Mo... 
 
 
 
 Hempstead, Edward 
 
 Conn. 
 
 June 3, 1780 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 10, 1817 
 
 Henderson. Samuel 
 
 '.D 
 
 Va.'.'.' 
 
 
 Pa . . . 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknow-n. 
 Soldier . . . 
 
 
 HopKins, Samuel... 
 
 Oct. -, 1819 
 
 Hoimins, Samuel M 
 
 . — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1762 
 
 N Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 8. 1837 
 
 Howeil, Nathaniel. 
 
 .— 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 X. Y. 
 
 
 Oct. 16, 1821 
 
 
 .D 
 D 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Hutty. Jaeob 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 May 20, 1814 
 
 Huiniihrev, Peri-y W 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .F 
 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unk-nown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. .. 
 
 Mar. 1, 1839 
 
 Hunperford. John P 
 
 
 . . 1769 
 
 Dec. 21, 1833 
 
 11 ul hurt. John W ... 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. 
 
 
 
 Hvneman.John M,, 
 
 
 
 Inpei-soll. Charles J 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. 3. 1782 
 
 May 14. 1862 
 
 Ingham. Samuel D. 
 
 .D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 16, 177£ 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Paper M-r. 
 
 April 13, 1833 
 
 Ii-ving. William 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Aug. 16, 1766 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 .Sov. 9, 1821 
 
 Irwin, Jarea 
 
 l> 
 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Jaekson. JotinG. .. 
 
 1> 
 
 Va... 
 
 177-1 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 1825 
 
 Jackson. Richard.. . 
 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 R. 1 . . 
 
 
 April 18. 1838 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 WU-M 
 
 Dora. 
 
 Wlwiincni. 
 
 8UU 
 lUpr;. 
 
 ivn'eJ. 
 
 
 Vbni VifU 
 
 Jennings, Jonathan. 
 
 D 
 
 N. J 
 
 
 Ind..| 
 Ky... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 2fl. 1S:J4 
 
 Va , . . 
 
 
 
 Jan. 1. 1774 
 
 Auk. H, 1H20 
 
 Johnson, Richard M. 
 
 II 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Jet. 17, 17HI Ky...| 
 
 .awyer. . . 
 
 \'ov. ii», law 
 
 Kcnned.y, William.. 
 Kent, Joseph 
 
 p 
 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 
 
 .F 
 
 1779 
 
 Md... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Nov. 24. 1837 
 
 Kent, Moss 
 
 .F 
 D 
 .1) 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 S. C. . 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 K<;rshftw, John 
 
 Kilbuurn. JuniuH 
 
 S. C. . 
 Conn. 
 
 
 
 oJt. "19, 177(1 
 
 Vailed.... 
 
 April 24, 1850 
 
 Kins:, Cvrus 
 
 F 
 
 MaHM. 
 
 Sept. 16, 1772 Ma»9. 
 
 ,awyer... 
 
 April 25, 1H17 
 
 Kine, WillinnjU 
 
 I> 
 
 N. C. 
 
 \prlI7. 17811. N. C. 
 
 ..rtwyer. . 
 
 April IM, IKV* 
 
 Latliniorc, Wni,... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 ?eb. 1). 1774 MlsH. 
 
 ^hy^lcian 
 
 April :*. IMa 
 
 Law, Lyman 
 
 .V 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Vug. 19, 1770 Conn. 
 
 ^awycr... 
 
 Feb. :(. lK-12 
 
 Leirei'ts John.. .. 
 
 .D 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 '.!!.'.'.'.'.'i772 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 7. l'-41 
 
 Lfwif', Joseph 
 
 Mar. iHt. IP:J4 
 
 Loveit, John 
 
 F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 •!. Y. 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 IHI8 
 
 
 D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 ■■cb. 7, 1782 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Oct. 27. IH22 
 
 Lyle, Aaron 
 
 .1) 
 .D 
 .11 
 .D 
 1) 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 So'dler,... 
 
 ^ept. 24,1P25 
 
 N. C. 
 Va 
 
 1757 
 
 June 211. 1837 
 
 McCoy, William 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jnknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 17-18 
 
 
 McLi'iin, John 
 
 D 
 
 V. J. 
 
 Mar. 11, 1785 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 .^awver. . . 
 
 April 4, I8«I 
 
 Markoll, Jacob 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 lav 8, 177(1 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Apr'cult'ht 
 
 Nov. 2fl, 1852 
 
 Miller, MonisL 
 
 F 
 
 
 1779 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jnknovi!. 
 
 Nov. 15, 1824 
 
 MoflU, Hosea 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 
 Montffoint^ry, Thos.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 n 
 
 .F 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 mS... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 [v'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 2, 1828 
 
 Md 
 
 
 Mar. 9. 1816 
 
 Moseley, Jonathan 
 
 Conn. 
 
 17(52 
 
 Sept. 9, 1830 
 
 Murfree, William H. 
 
 I) 
 
 N. C. . 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 18, 1830 
 
 Newton, Thomas .... 
 
 I) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1769 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 
 Oakley, Thoma.'; J.. 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1783 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 1 1 , IS57 
 
 Ornisby, Stephen ... 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 1840 
 
 
 l> 
 
 
 1768 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Physician 
 
 
 Tcarson, Joseph 
 
 F 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 27, 1834 
 
 
 D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 ."J. C . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Piekerinff, Timothy 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 17, 1745 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29, 1820 
 
 Piper, William 
 
 l> 
 
 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy 
 
 F 
 
 C'oiin. 
 
 l'7(i.5 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1769 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 9, 1836 
 
 Post, Jonathan, .... 
 
 V 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Nov. 5. l'7(ii 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Sei*l.2«,1835 
 Feb. ({. 1820 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 I7."i3 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Reed, John 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1781 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 25, 1800 
 
 Iteed, William 
 
 F 
 
 Masi. 
 
 1777 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Feb. 18. 1837 
 
 Rhea, John 
 
 1) 
 
 
 1733 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 May 27. 1832 
 
 Rich, Charles 
 
 11 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1771 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 <>c-t. 1.5. 1824 
 
 
 F 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 Jan. 4, 1774:Mas8. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 23. 1838 
 
 Ridgelcy, Henry M. 
 
 F 
 
 
 1778! Del... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 7. 1847 
 
 Ringrgold, Samuel . . 
 
 D 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 18. 1S29 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 17.54 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 15, 1838 
 
 Roberts, Jonathan . . 
 
 
 
 1771 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 7, 1854 
 
 Robertson. Thos. B. 
 itugglcs. Nathaniel. 
 
 .D 
 F 
 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 
 177S 
 
 
 
 
 1761 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1819 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1834 
 
 Sehureman, James . 
 
 F 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 17'.57iN. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 23. 1824 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 1745 Tenn 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Sept. 24. 1815 
 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1773 Pa... 
 
 Scientist.. 
 
 May 2. 1825 
 
 Sharp, Solomon P.. 
 
 I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1780 Ky...|La>vyer... 
 
 Nov. — . 1835 
 
 ShelTev, Daniel 
 
 F 
 
 Md... 
 
 1770, Va... 'Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 3, 1830 
 
 Sherwood, Samuel . . 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y.iLawycr... 
 
 
 Shipherd, Zebulon R..F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Skinner, Richard... 
 
 1> 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 30, 178f 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 23, 1833 
 
 Rlayniaker, Amos . . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mai-. 11,1735 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Agr'cull'tt 
 
 Juno 12, 1837 
 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Mar. -.1836 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 11 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1761 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Paper M'r. 
 
 Jan. 17. 1842 
 
 Smith. Williams... 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1735 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 June 10, 1816 
 
 
 .D 
 
 ■"f 
 
 N C. 
 
 176f 
 
 N. C..IUnknown. 
 
 April 9, 1816 
 
 Stephenson, Benj .. 
 Stoekton. Richard.. 
 
 Ky 
 
 
 III. .. 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 Varied . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Si'j 
 
 April 17, I7G4 
 
 Mar. 7, J 828 
 
 Strong, William 
 
 Stuart. Philip 
 
 .D 
 
 P 
 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 
 
 Vt.... 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 
 
 Aug. 14, 1830 
 
 Sturges, LewisB 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1762 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 30. 1844 
 
 Tacgart. Samuel... 
 
 .!■• 
 
 N. 11. 
 
 Mar. 24, 175J 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 ApriI25. 1825 
 
 Tallmadtre, Benj 
 
 V 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 f'cb. 25, 17.j^ 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 1752 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Varied — 
 
 July 7. 1817 
 
 Taylor, John W 
 
 D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 ns4 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 18, 1854 
 
 
 .D 
 
 F 
 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 Unlinown. 
 
 April 2, 1818 
 
 Thompson, Joel 
 
 
 Troup, Georgo M... 
 
 1) 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Sept. 8, 178C 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 May 3. 1856 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Meiehant. 
 
 July 28, 1828 
 
 Vose, Roger 
 
 F 
 
 N. H. 
 
 176C 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 28. 1S41 
 
 Ward, Artemas 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 9, 1762 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Law^'cr. . . 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 176D 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 4. 1842 
 
 Webster. Daniel . . . 
 
 
 N. 11. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1782 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawjor... 
 
 Oct. 24. 1852 
 
 Wheaton. Laban 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 17.54 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Mar. 23, 1846 
 
 White, Francis 
 
 Whitehill, James... 
 
 ■— 
 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Mar. 5, 1842 
 
 Wilcox. Jeduthan .. 
 
 F 
 
 N. K. 
 
 1769 N. H. 
 
 UnKnown 
 
 July — , 1838 
 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Wilson, John 
 
 F 
 
 
 177^ .vlass. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 July 0. 1S48 
 
 Wilson, Thomas 
 
 n 
 
 
 1772 Pa... 
 
 Lnitnown. 
 
 Oct. 4, 1824 
 
 Winter Eli'^ha J 
 
 .F 
 .F 
 ..D 
 
 
 In y 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant . 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Md 
 
 1772;Maa.s. 
 
 Nov. 2. 18U 
 
 ■Wright. Robert 
 
 Yancey. Bartlett. .. 
 
 
 Md . 
 
 Sept. 7 1826 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Law>cr... 
 
 Aug. 30, 1828 
 
 Total Representatives, SOS. Occupation Unknown. 88. Lawyers. TS. 
 Merchants, 8. Physicians, 8. Soldiers. T. Varied, 4. Agriculturists, 
 4. Papermakers. a. Clergymen. S. Manufacturer?', S. Jurist. 1. Scien- 
 tist 1. Journalist, 1. Surveyor, 1, Foreign Bom, 3: Including Scot- 
 land, 1; Ireland.!; England, I. 
 
 ■.o^o•■^=@^-o^•. 
 
 
 oU
 
 ! 
 
 — ^: 
 
 466 FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STA.TE8 AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Fourteenth Congress of the United States, from 1815 to 1817. 
 
 1815 — Oeneral Jacki^on defeated the British, 
 with heavy losses, at New Orleans, La., 
 January 8. 
 
 1815 — An anti-slavery organization was 
 formed at St. ClairsviUe, Va.. by Ben- 
 jamin Lundy, 
 
 1816 — First Savinps Bank in Ainei-ica was 
 orsanized in November, at Philadel- 
 phia, and another, in December, at 
 Boston. 
 
 1816 — Indiana, the nineteenth State, was 
 admitted into the Union. December 11. 
 
 tlames Madison, 4th President. 
 
 No Vice-President. James Monroe, of Va., Sec'v of 
 State. Alex. J. Dallas, of Fa.. Sec'y of Treas, William 
 H. Crawford, of Ga.. Sec'y of War. Benjamin W^, 
 Crowninshield, of Mass., Sec'y of Navy. Richard Rush. 
 Att'y Gen. Henry Clay, of Ky., Speaker of House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 1816— First "Remington Rifle" made near 
 Rochester, N. Y., by Eliphalet Reming- 
 ton. 
 
 1816— First pas company organized, at Balti- 
 more, for making gas from stone-coal. 
 
 1816— Dr. John R. Co.xe, of Pennsylvania, 
 projected the first electric telegraph. 
 
 1817— First Asylum for Deaf Mutes was 
 opened at Hartford. Conn., by Rev. T. 
 H. Gallaudet, April l.-j. 
 
 1817— Work was commenced on the Erie 
 Canal, at Rome, N. Y.. July 4. 
 
 F, iudicatLs Federalist; D, Democrat; W, Whig. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Aj^hnimi, Eli P — 
 
 Barljuui', James — 
 
 Barrv. Williajn T D 
 
 Bibb. William W D 
 
 Brown. James — 
 
 Caniphell. Geo. W D 
 
 Chi., f. Dudley — 
 
 ('. iniirt. John D 
 
 D:ii-'_-itt. David F 
 
 I'Lina, Samuel W F 
 
 Fr.jjii-'ntin. Elegiiis. . — 
 
 G.iiU..ra. John — 
 
 iJiiM-l.uroiigh.B. H..W 
 
 tioiv. Christopher — 
 
 Hmson, Alex. C F 
 
 Hardin. M.irtin D D 
 
 Harper, Robert G D 
 
 Horsey. Outerbridge.. — 
 How.-ll. Jeremiah B.. — 
 
 Hunter, William — 
 
 Kinu'. Rufus F 
 
 I<aein-k. Abner V 
 
 Maron, Nathaniel ...D 
 Mason. ArmisteadT. .— 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah — 
 
 Morrow, Jeremiah D 
 
 Xoble, James — 
 
 Roberts, Jonathan.. . — 
 Ru^gles, Benjamin.. .D 
 
 Santord. Nathan D 
 
 .Smith, WilJiam D 
 
 Stokes. Montford D 
 
 Tait. Charles D 
 
 Talbot, Isbam — 
 
 Tavlor.John — 
 
 Taylor. Waller D 
 
 Thompson. Thos. W..— 
 
 Tichenor, Isaac F 
 
 Troup. George M D 
 
 Turner, James D 
 
 Vamuin, Joseph B — 
 
 Wells, William H...— 
 
 Williatns, John — 
 
 Wilson, James J D 
 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Lou.. 
 S. C. . 
 Md. . . 
 Mass. 
 Md. . . 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Del... 
 R. I.. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 
 June 24, 
 June 10, 
 Feb. 5. 
 Oct. I. 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 Sept.'2i'. 
 June 21, 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Ala.. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Del... 
 N. C. 
 N. J. . 
 
 1770 
 1775 
 178-1 
 1780 
 1766 
 1768 
 Dec. 30. 1771 
 17.'^.5 
 17i!4 
 17.-.7 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 July — 
 
 1765 
 1780 
 1758 
 
 1780 
 . 1765 
 17' 
 1772 
 1775 
 1755 
 
 1770 
 
 1757 
 
 1785 
 
 April 27, 1768 
 1770 
 
 Nov. 23, 
 Mar. 24, 
 
 May 14. 
 
 1771 
 1763 
 1779 
 176: 
 1760 
 1768 
 1773 
 1770 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 Sept. 8, 
 
 1765 
 1754 
 1780 
 1766 
 .1759 
 
 State 
 Mnted. 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Lou. . 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Lou.. 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Md. . . 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Del.. 
 R. 1.. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind... 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. T. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Ga... 
 Ky... 
 S. C. . 
 Ind.. 
 N. H. 
 Vt.... 
 Ga.... 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Del. . . 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 La%vyer, . . 
 
 May 10, 
 
 1819 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 8, 
 
 1842 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 30 
 
 1835 
 
 Physician 
 
 July 9. 
 
 1820 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 7, 
 
 1835 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 17, 
 
 1843 
 
 La\vyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 23 
 
 1846 
 
 Physician 
 
 May 4, 
 
 1834 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 21 
 
 1830 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 6, 
 
 1822 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. -26, 
 
 1826 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 5. 
 
 1836 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mai-. 1, 
 
 1827 
 
 Journalist 
 
 April23 
 
 1819 
 
 La^yyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 1823 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 15. 
 
 1825 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 9. 
 
 1842 
 
 L.awyer. . . 
 
 
 1822 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 3, 
 
 1849 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 29 
 
 1827 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 12 
 
 1837 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 June 29 
 
 1837 
 
 Agr'clt'st. 
 
 Feb. 6. 
 
 1819 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 14, 
 
 1848 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 22 
 
 18.52 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 26, 
 
 I8:-ll 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 7, 
 
 1854 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 
 
 1837 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 7. 
 
 1838 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 26 
 
 1840 
 
 
 
 1842 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 7, 
 
 1835 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 25 
 
 1837 
 
 La^vye^. . . 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 1832 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 26 
 
 1826 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. — , 
 
 1819 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 11, 
 
 18:H8 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 May 3. 
 
 18.56 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Jan. 15, 
 
 1824 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 11 
 
 1821 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 1 1 
 
 1829 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 10 
 
 1837 
 
 Journalist 
 
 July 28 
 
 1824 
 
 Total Senators. 44. Lawyers. 26. Otrcupation Unknoiivn, 11. Journal- 
 ists, S. Soldiers, 2. Physicians, t&. Agriculturist, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams, Benjamin. . , .F 
 
 Vdffatf, Asa — 
 
 Mexander, John D 
 
 Archer, Stevenson . .. .D 
 Atherton, Charles H. .F 
 
 Averj*, Daniel D 
 
 Baer, George — 
 
 Baker, Ezra — 
 
 Barbour, Phil. P D 
 
 Bas-sett. Bunvell D 
 
 Bateman. Ephraini...D 
 
 Raylif'f, William D 
 
 FJtMiiu-tt, Benjamin...— 
 
 B-.tts, Samuel R D 
 
 BirrUall, James D 
 
 Rirdsfye. Victory — 
 
 Blount, William G — 
 
 Bos3, John L. — 
 
 Bradbury, Oeoi-gu F 
 
 Breckenridk'e, James,. F 
 
 Ilrighani. Elijah F 
 
 Brooks. Miciih — 
 
 Brown. Benjamin — 
 
 Bryan. Joseph H — 
 
 Burnsich-. Tlioman.... — 
 
 Burwell. Wm. A D 
 
 Cady, Daniel F 
 
 Cahfwell, JaineH D 
 
 Calhoun, John C D 
 
 Cannon, Ni'Wton D 
 
 Carr, Janu-s — 
 
 Champion. Epaph F 
 
 Chappi-Il, John J D 
 
 Chit. man. Danld — 
 
 Cllb-v. Bradbury P 
 
 Clarke, Archibald 8. . - 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Mass, 
 
 Aug. 14, 1773 
 
 I7it9 
 
 17tW 
 
 I770 
 
 Oct. 16. 1783 
 1762 
 
 Jime 8. 1787 
 
 ... 17H:> 
 
 
 1770 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 7, 1763 
 June 6. 17.50 
 1775 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 
 17801 !■ 
 
 Aprll20,1773 
 
 S. C. 
 N. C. . 
 
 Mar. 18, 1782 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 8. v.. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y 
 
 Feb. 1, 1752 
 Jan. 19. 1782 
 
 1765 
 
 Feb. 1. 1760 
 
 1778 
 
 State 
 B«prc 
 
 Mass . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Md. . . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 N. J.. 
 Va. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. v.. 
 Mas.s. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 S. C. . 
 Tenn. 
 Miwts. 
 Conn. 
 C. 
 Vt... 
 N. H.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law,yer. . . 
 .Merchant. 
 Ag'cillt'Kt. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 t'nknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Unknown. 
 l.awyer. , . 
 
 1848 
 
 Jan. 8, 1853 
 
 Feb. 25, 1*41 
 Feb. '26, 1841 
 Jan. 29. 1829 
 Sept. 27, 1865 
 Oct. 8. 1840 
 Nov. 2, 1868 
 
 Sept.'i6.V8,53 
 May 21, 1827 
 
 Mar. 28, 1837 
 
 Nov. 7, 1823 
 Aug. 9, 1846 
 Feb. 22, 1816 
 July 7, 1857 
 
 Mar. 25, 
 Feb. 16, 
 Oct. 31, 
 
 1851 
 1821 
 18,59 
 
 Mar, 31, 
 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 law 
 
 1842 
 
 Nov. 22, 
 May 23, 
 April 23, 
 Dec. 17. 
 Dec. 4. 
 
 1835 
 1871 
 
 1850 
 
 irai 
 
 1821 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Clark, James D 
 
 Clark. James W D 
 
 Clayton. Thomas — 
 
 Clay, Henry W 
 
 Cleiidenin. David — 
 
 Clopton. John D 
 
 Comstock, Oliver C...D 
 
 Condict, Lewis W 
 
 Conner, Samuel S — 
 
 Cooper. Thomas F 
 
 Cook, Zadock — 
 
 Crawford. William. ..D 
 
 Creighton, Wm D 
 
 Crocheron. Henry D 
 
 Culpepper. John F 
 
 Cuthbert. Alfred D 
 
 Dariinjrton. Wm D 
 
 Davenport, John F 
 
 Desha. Joseph — 
 
 Dickens, Samuel — 
 
 Easton. Rufus D 
 
 Edwards. Weldon N..D 
 
 Fniclky, William D 
 
 Fletcher. Thi.inas — 
 
 Forney. Daniel M D 
 
 Forsyth, John D 
 
 Oaston. William — 
 
 Gbolson. Thomas D 
 
 Glasgow, Hugh — 
 
 Gold, Thomas R F 
 
 Goldsborough. C. W..F 
 Goodwyn, Peterson. . .D 
 
 Gritfin, Isaac D 
 
 Grosvenor. Thos. P. ..F 
 
 Hale. William F 
 
 Hall. Boiling D 
 
 Hahn, John — 
 
 Hammond, Jabez D. , .D 
 
 Hanson, .ilex. C F 
 
 Hardin, Benjamin... W 
 
 HaiTison, Wm. H W 
 
 Hawes, Aylett D 
 
 Heister. Joseph — 
 
 Henderson, B. H — 
 
 Hendricks. William.. .D 
 
 Herbert. John C — 
 
 Hooks, Charles D 
 
 Hopkinson, Joseph . . . — 
 
 Huger. Benjamin — 
 
 Hulburt. John W F 
 
 Hungerford. Jno. P. . .D 
 Ingham. Samuel D. . .D 
 
 Irving. William D 
 
 Irwin. Jared D 
 
 Jackson, John G 1) 
 
 Jennings. Jonathan.. — 
 
 Jewett, Luther F 
 
 Johnson, James D 
 
 Johnson, Richard M..D 
 
 Kent. Moss P 
 
 Kerr. John D 
 
 Kilbourn. James D 
 
 King, Oynis F 
 
 King, William R D 
 
 I^angdon. Chaniicey..F 
 Lattimore. William. . — 
 
 La\v. L.vinan F 
 
 Lewis. Joseph F 
 
 Little. Peter D 
 
 Love, William C D 
 
 Lovett, John F 
 
 Lowndes, William D 
 
 Lumpkin, Wilson D 
 
 Lyle, Aaron D 
 
 Lyon, Asa.... F 
 
 Macon. Nathaniel. ...D 
 
 Maclay. William — 
 
 Macl.iv. William P...D 
 
 McCov, William D 
 
 McK.e. Samuel D 
 
 Melaali. Aliu y — 
 
 Mcl,,.,,n. J. dill D 
 
 Marsh. Cliarles F 
 
 Ma^on. James B F 
 
 Mavnint. William — 
 
 Mi.iill.l.m. lliniT — 
 
 Mlll.T, Slepben (l D 
 
 Mlliior. William F 
 
 Y. 
 
 J. 
 N. H. 
 Del.. 
 Ga. . 
 Scot.. 
 Va... 
 
 N. C 
 Ga... 
 Pa. . . 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 X. C. 
 
 State 
 R«pri- 
 aented. 
 
 Va.. 
 N. C. 
 Del.. 
 Va.. 
 
 April 28, 
 Jan. 16, 
 Dec. 9, 
 
 N. C. 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Jan. 1 1, 
 
 N. C 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Pa.. 
 Conn. 
 H. 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 -Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. . 
 .Mass. 
 
 I'a... 
 N. Y, 
 
 Va. . . 
 N.J.. 
 Conn, 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Vt... 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. O. 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. O. 
 
 N. J. 
 Conn 
 K. 1. 
 S. O. 
 S. C. 
 S. O. 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 2, 
 Mar. 9. 
 April 12, 
 
 1779 Ky 
 1781 "' 
 1758 
 1777 
 
 . 1784 
 1773 
 
 . 1769 
 
 . 1760 
 
 1778 
 
 1782 
 1752 
 1768 
 
 1788 
 1751 
 
 May — , 
 
 Oct. 2. 
 Sept. 19, 
 
 1784 
 1780 
 1778 
 
 Aug. 2, 1778 
 
 1784 
 1773 
 
 Feb. 9, 
 Nov! 18, 
 
 770 
 
 Sept. 16, 
 Aug. 16, 
 
 Del.. . 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Del... 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 N. C 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 N. O. 
 Ga.. . 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Md. .. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa.... 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Ga.. . 
 Pa . . . 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 (ihio. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... . 
 Tenn. 
 Ind .. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 1769 Va... 
 1779 Pa.... 
 ■••"'■ N. Y. 
 
 1766 
 
 . 1774 
 
 Dec. 24, 
 Oct.' 17,' 
 
 1772 
 'I'TOi 
 
 Oct. 19, 
 Sept. 16, 
 April 7, 
 
 Ftib.'g',' 
 Aug. 19, 
 
 1770 
 1772 
 1786 
 
 'l'774 
 1770 
 1772 
 
 Feb. 7, 
 Jan. 14. 
 
 1782 
 1783 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 Aug. 4, 
 
 1763 
 1757 
 1766 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 Mar. 11, 
 July 111. 
 
 May 8, 
 
 1779 
 1785 
 176; 
 1774 
 
 ."mo 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Ind... 
 Vt.... 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 MaNS. 
 N. C. 
 Vt... 
 Miss.. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. . 
 Oa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt . . . 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Vn. . . 
 Ky. . . 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 R. I.. 
 S. O. 
 S. C. 
 1787 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Unkno^vn. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkiiiown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unkno%vn. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Physician 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Paper M'r. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Surveyor . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer . . 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 
 Aug. 27. 1839 
 Jan. — . 1844 
 Aug. 21, 1854 
 June 29, 1852 
 
 Sept. 11. 1816 
 Jan. 11. 1860 
 May 26, 1862 
 Dec. 17, 1820 
 
 July 9. 1856 
 April 23, 1863 
 Nov. 28, 1830 
 Oct. 13, 1842 
 
 Dee. 18, 1873 
 April 7, 1821 
 
 1823 
 
 Oet. 8. 1851 
 
 Oct. — , 1847 
 Oct. 21. 1841 
 Jan 23. 1844 
 July 4. 1816 
 
 June 22, 1826 
 Dec. 13, 1834 
 Feb. 21, 1818 
 
 Nov. 8, 18411 
 Mar. 25, 1836 
 
 Aug. 18. 18,55 
 April 23. isin 
 Sept. 24. ls.-,-j 
 April 4, 1841 
 Aug. 31. is:i;) 
 June 10, 1832 
 
 May 16, 183<l 
 
 1851 
 
 Jan. 15, 1842 
 
 Dec. 21, 1833 
 April 13, ]83:{ 
 Nov. 9, 1821 
 
 1825 
 
 July 26, 1834 
 Mar. 8, 1860 
 Dec. 7. 1825 
 Nov. 19,1850 
 
 April 24, 18511 
 April25,1817 
 April 18. 185:; 
 
 April' 'S,' 'l'84:i 
 Feb. 3, 1842 
 Mar. 30, ia34 
 iFeb. 5, 1830 
 
 Oct, 
 
 1818 
 1822 
 1871 
 Sept. 24.1825 
 April 4. 1811 
 June 29. 1837 
 Jan. 4, 1825 
 
 April 4, 1861 
 Jan. 11, 1849 
 Sept, 6, 18lit 
 
 jii'ne'i-i, 1846 
 Mnr, 8, is:t8
 
 KDKRTKKNTIl AMI FII'TKKNTII CONGUESSKS, 
 
 
 
 Wlipro 
 
 
 Btoio 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 When Ben. 
 
 B«i>ri,- 
 
 
 When Pl-L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mills. KliJahH 
 
 ■F 
 
 
 177S'Mas«. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May r>, ]H2it 
 
 M.jmt. llcjaia 
 
 .f 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 |N. Y 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Modto, Tlnimas 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Mnsuhv. .iMiuitluuiO 
 
 .V 
 
 Conn, 
 
 17iJ2,Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 9, 1830 
 
 MuitiiM-, WiUlaui H 
 
 A) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Lawyci-,.. 
 
 
 JieUtm. Il.ifli 
 
 .\> 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mar. 18,1830 
 
 Nil.Min,.! iniah... 
 
 .W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Sept. 14, 17ti;> 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Moiclinnt. 
 
 Oet. 2. 1838 
 
 N.N.iii. Tl IS M.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va ,. 
 
 1782 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sol.liLT... 
 
 Nov. 10, 18r)3 
 
 Nt-wl.jii, Tliomas . . . 
 
 .L> 
 
 Va... 
 
 17l!9 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 r.awyer... 
 
 Aug, 5, 1847 
 
 NnV.-s. .!,.llll 
 
 .11' 
 
 
 17(J3 
 
 Vt, .. 
 Kv... 
 
 TeacliL-r .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 «»M..~I.^. St. iihi'll.... 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 
 imo 
 
 rain-. \ 11 K... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. is). 1788 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldlor.... 
 
 Feb. 11. 1857 
 
 I'.I. r. •:' "ik'i- 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 Sept. 28. 1779, Md... 
 
 June 22, 1861 
 
 I'lrkrii,. I-iarl 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N. V. 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 I'ick.iuii.'. TiMi..tiiy 
 
 .K 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 17, 1745' Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29, 182!) 
 
 I'lii.'kn.v, WiUiiiiii.. 
 
 .— 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mar, 17, 1704; Md,.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 25, 1822 
 
 ripiT. Wilimm 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 |Pa... 
 
 
 
 I'itUiii. Tiiiititliv 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 17(l.'>,Conn. 
 
 
 
 Pleasants, .laiin-'s, .. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 17iia Va... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Nov, 9, 183fi 
 
 Hope. Natliallifl 
 
 . — 
 
 Kr,.. 
 
 1784 111.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 14. 1850 
 
 roit.T, rv-I.T B 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1773 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ■Mar. 20. 1844 
 
 I'nlV.ll. Si, 111111-1 
 
 . — 
 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 K.iii,l..l|.l.. J.jlin.... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Jnna 2, 1773, Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 24. 1833 
 
 Uri'll, .l.ilUl 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1781 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer,, . 
 
 Nov.25, IBfiO 
 
 UiVM.. Ids. .James B. . 
 
 . — 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Uii'e. TlL.i.ias 
 
 , — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1854 
 
 
 ,D 
 .D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 1788 
 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 11, 1845 
 
 
 
 
 l:out, Erastus 
 
 elonn. 
 
 Mar. 18, 1772 
 
 Dec. 24, 184(i 
 
 l;<-ss. Juhn 
 
 '.F 
 
 
 
 Pa.. 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Kii(?gles, Nathaniel. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1701 
 
 Dec. 19, 1819 
 
 (fiavage, Jnhn 
 
 .L> 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1780 N. Y, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 19, 1863 
 
 Sehenek, Abra'm H., 
 
 • U 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 1777 N, Y,. 
 
 Man'faef r 
 
 Feb. 20,1831 
 
 Sijott, Jc.lin 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 1782 Mo,.. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 :)ct. 1, 1861 
 
 Sergeant, John 
 
 .F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Dec, .'>, 1779 Pa. ., 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 -Jov. 23, 1852 
 
 Sharpe. Solmiioii P.. 
 
 .l> 
 
 Va.. 
 
 1780 Ky, 
 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 
 >Jov. — , 1835 
 
 Slieflev. Ilanlel 
 
 .F 
 
 Md... 
 
 1770 Va,. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Dec. 3, 1830 
 
 Smith. ItiiUani 
 
 .[> 
 
 
 iVa,,. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Smith. Sainnel 
 
 A> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27, 1752 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 Smitli. Thomas 
 
 V 
 
 
 |Pa.„. 
 
 
 
 Suuthai-d, Henry. ... 
 
 .1) 
 
 .v. Y, 
 
 Oct. — , 1749!n, J. 
 
 Varied . 
 
 June 2. 1842 
 
 Stanford, Kiehard. . . 
 
 .11 
 
 N. C. 
 
 17681 N. C„ 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 9, 1816 
 
 Stearns, Asahei 
 
 • F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 17, 1774lMass. 
 
 Lawyer.. , 
 
 Feb. 5, 1839 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Stephen><on. Bi-nj.. 
 Strong, Koloiiion. . . 
 
 .Stuart, rhili|» 
 
 .StiuKes, Lewi:* Jl... 
 TaKKO-rt, Samuel,. 
 Tallinad;<L-. Itenj... 
 
 Tate, Maicnus 
 
 Taul, Mleah 
 
 Taylor, Jolin 
 
 Taylor. John W... 
 Telfair, Thonia*i... 
 
 Thomas, l.-iaae 
 
 Throop. Fauih T 
 
 Townsun^l, (iecjrue. 
 Tucker, Henry S. . . 
 
 Tyler, John 
 
 Voso, Itot^er 
 
 AValloee, James., 
 Ward. ArteniaH. ... 
 Ward, Junathan... 
 
 Wat.l.Tli.ilua--* 
 
 W. I.st.-r. Dani.-I,.. 
 W.iiduver, P.ter 
 Wh.alun. Lab 
 
 Wlul.'SMl.-, John 
 
 Wil,ox,.l.-.liit!ian.... 
 Wilde. Ku-liardH,,,. 
 
 Wilkin. James W 
 
 Williams, Lewis 
 
 Wilhnighby, Westel. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas 
 
 Wilson, William 
 
 Woodward. William. 
 
 Wright, Robert 
 
 Yancey, Bartlett 
 
 Yates, John B 
 
 ■H... 
 
 MH.r. 24. 
 Feb. 2.'). 
 
 May 14, 
 
 Ky.,. 
 
 Mass. 
 Md,,. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va.".'. 
 S, C. 
 N, Y. 
 Ou,... 
 
 N.'V! 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 Va,., 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 N. U. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. II. [Jan. 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 ■d, 
 X, Y, 
 
 C, 
 
 111. .. 
 
 1771) Mass. 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 171)2 Conn 
 17.'>4 .Mai 
 
 nrA 
 
 1770 
 1784 
 
 Aug, 21, 1781 
 
 Ian, ,'•, 
 Mar. 29, 
 
 1781 
 17iK) 
 1708 
 
 Jan. 9, 1762 
 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 S. C, , 
 N, Y 
 Oa,,. 
 Tcnn, 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va, , , 
 N, H. 
 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N, v.. 
 17115 N, J,. 
 
 N'. H. 
 
 N, Y. 
 . 17.>4 Mass. 
 
 Pa. 
 17119 X. II 
 178!) 
 1702 
 1782 
 
 Md.,. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa, . 
 Pa., 
 S. 
 
 Md. , 
 N. C. 
 N, Y 
 
 Unknown- 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown- 
 
 Rept 
 
 II) 
 
 lav) 
 
 Ri.ldler, ., 
 
 Auk 
 
 14 
 
 IKW) 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 :«i 
 
 1814 
 
 Clerifym'n 
 
 Aprll2.'i 
 
 I82.-1 
 
 S.ldler ,,, 
 
 Mar 
 
 17 
 
 183.-, 
 
 L n known 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 
 Feb, 
 
 23, 
 
 18:)2 
 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 Kept 
 
 IH 
 
 I8.V4 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 April 2 
 
 1818 
 
 Lnknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 H 
 
 1874 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 28 
 
 1848 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 
 
 17, 
 
 1882 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Oet. 
 
 28, 
 
 1841 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 
 Dct. 
 
 7, 
 
 1847 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feh. 
 
 4, 
 
 1842 
 
 Lawyer.,, 
 
 Oet. 
 
 24, 
 
 1K52 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Sept 
 
 211 
 
 I8;« 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar, 
 
 2;i, 
 
 I84U 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 July 
 
 _ 
 
 1838 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Sept 
 Feb. 
 
 10 
 
 1847 
 
 Lawyer,., 
 
 23, 
 
 1845 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feh. 
 
 ?;), 
 
 1842 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oet. 
 
 4, 
 
 1824 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept 
 
 7. 
 
 182« 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 
 
 :«) 
 
 1H2H 
 
 Financier. 
 
 
 
 1823 
 
 Total Representatives, 203. Oecupation Unknown. 87. Lawyen*. ^T. 
 Soldiers. lO. Physicians, 9. Mert-hiuits, 4. Varied, 4. Clergymen. 3. 
 Papermakers, 2. Finaneier. 1. Juuriwilist, 1. Manufacturer, 1. .Meclianir, 
 1. Surveyor, 1. Teacher, 1. .A,ifrieulturiat, 1, Foreign Bom, 3J: In- 
 cluding Ireland, 2; Scotland, 1. 
 
 Fifteenth Congress of the United States, from 1817 to 1819. 
 
 IS17 — Mississippi, the twentieth State, admit- 
 ted to the Union, Dec. 10. 
 
 1818 — Congress passed the law establishing 
 the present United States flog, com- 
 prising thirteen stripes, with one star 
 for eivch Stare in the Union, April 4, 
 
 IS18 — Illinois, the twenty-first State, admitted 
 into the Union, Dec, 3, 
 
 IS18— Slavei-y fully abolished in Connecticut, 
 
 I.-^IS — The first American agricultural jour- 
 nal, the "Anieriean Farmer," published 
 at Baltimore, Md,, by John S, .Skinner, 
 
 .fumes Monroe, ."ith President. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, of N, Y,, Viee-Pres. John Q, 
 Adams, of Mass., Sec'y of State, William H. Crawford, 
 of Ga,, Sec'y of Treas. John C, Calhoun, of S, (,:., Sec'y 
 of War, Benjamin "W, t^rowninshield, of Mass., and 
 Smith Thompson, of N. Y.. ,Sec'ys of Navy. William 
 Wirt, of Va., Att'y Gen. Henrj- Clay, of Ky., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; B, Democrat, 'W, Whig. 
 
 IMls— The ■■ Walk-in. the-Water." the llrsl 
 steamboat used for trading on the 
 great American Lakes, wa-s built at 
 Black Hock. N. Y. 
 
 1819 — The fll-st permanent American Lodge 
 of Odd Fellows was estabiislieil at Hal- 
 tiniore. Md,. — " Washington Lodge. 
 No, 1,"— April 2ti. 
 
 1819— ,\ velocipede was patented, Jnne '20, by 
 William K. Clarkson, of New York, 
 
 1819 — First lithographic printing in .\nieri<'a 
 was performed at Philadelphia, bv Mr, 
 Otia, in July. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Ashmun, EliP - 
 
 Barbour, James — 
 
 Burrill, James — 
 
 Campbell, Geo, W D 
 
 C'hace, Dudley — 
 
 Crittenden, John J,,,— 
 
 Daggett, David F 
 
 Dana, Samuel W F 
 
 Dickerson, Mahlon,, ,D 
 
 Eaton, John H D 
 
 Edwards, Ninian ,,,,U 
 
 Eppes, JohnW D 
 
 Fisk, James D 
 
 Forsyth, John D 
 
 Fromentin. Elegius — 
 
 «;iillard, John — 
 
 i;"Msljorough.R, H — 
 
 li^mson, Alex, C F 
 
 Hurley, Outerbridge,, — 
 
 limit, T, William — 
 
 .|.>(in^oti, Henry — 
 
 King, Riitiis F 
 
 Lacock, Abuer D 
 
 Leake, Walter — 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel D 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah — 
 
 Mellen, Prentiss — 
 
 Morrill, David L D 
 
 .Morrow. Jeremiah,, ,D 
 
 Noble. James — 
 
 Otis. Harrison G P 
 
 Palmer. William A,, — 
 Roberts, Jonathan , , , , — 
 Ruggles, Benjamin,, ,D 
 
 Sanford, Nathan D 
 
 Smith, William D 
 
 Stokes, Montford D 
 
 Storer, Clement — 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 R, I.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Ky.,. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N.J,, 
 
 Tenn- 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 Vt,,,, 
 
 Va.,. 
 
 Lou 
 
 S, C, 
 
 Md.,, 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 Del ,. 
 
 R, I., 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va, ,. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N, H, 
 
 Pa.,, 
 
 Va.,, 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Vt... 
 
 June 24, 
 June 10, 
 April 25, 
 
 liee. 3(i.' 
 Sept. 10, 
 Dec. 31, 
 July — , 
 April 17, 
 
 Oct. 2, 
 Sept. 5,' 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C, 
 N, C. 
 Me.. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1770 
 
 177, 
 
 177: 
 
 17R8 
 
 1771 
 
 178li 
 
 17H4 
 
 17: 
 
 1771) 
 
 1790 
 
 1775 
 
 1773 
 
 1762 
 
 1780 
 
 1765 
 1780 
 
 Nov, 23, 
 Sept, 14, 
 Mar, 24, 
 
 1777 
 
 17' 
 
 1733 
 
 1755 
 
 1770 
 
 , 1757 
 ,1768 
 1764 
 
 April27, 
 
 Oct, II 
 
 June 10, 1772 N, H 
 
 SUM 
 sented. 
 
 R, I.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Vt,,. 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 111.,,. 
 
 Va . 
 
 Vt, . 
 
 Ga,,, 
 
 Lou, , 
 
 S, C, , 
 
 Md. . , 
 
 Md... 
 
 Del... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lou , 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Pa,,. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 N, C. 
 
 N, H. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 1770 
 
 Oct. 8, 1765 
 
 Ohio, 
 Ind . 
 Mass. 
 Vt,,,, 
 Pa,,, 
 Ohio. 
 
 1779 N, Y. 
 
 1762 S, C. 
 
 1760N, C. 
 
 1760, N, H. 
 
 , 1771 
 , 1763 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 L.awyer, , , 
 Law.ver, , , 
 Law.ver,,, 
 Law.ver, . 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Law.ver, , 
 Unknown, 
 Law,ver, , , 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Law.yer, , , 
 Lawyer- , 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Lawyer, . 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Joui-nalist 
 L,awj'er, , , 
 Lawj'cr. , . 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Lawyer, , 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier ,,. 
 Lawyer, , 
 Lawyer, , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown 
 Law.ver,, . 
 Lawyer . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer , 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Unknown, 
 Physician. 
 
 May 10, 1819 
 June 8, 1842 
 Dec, 25, 18213 
 Feb, 17, 1843 
 Feb, 23, 1846 
 July 26, 1863 
 
 July 21, 
 Oet, 5, 
 Nov, 17, 
 July 20, 
 Sept, 20, 
 Dee, 1, 
 Oct. 21, 
 Oct. 6, 
 Feb, 26, 
 Oct, 5, 
 April 23, 
 June 9, 
 Dec, 3, 
 Sept. 4, 
 April 29, 
 AprUI2, 
 Nov. 17, 
 June 29, 
 Oct, 14, 
 Pec, 31, 
 Jan, 28, 
 Mar, 22, 
 Feb, 26, 
 Oct, 28, 
 Dec, 12, 
 July 7, 
 Sept, 2, 
 Oct, 7, 
 June 26, 
 
 Nov. '21! 
 
 1830 
 1853 
 1856 
 1833 
 1853 
 1844 
 1841 
 1822 
 1826 
 1836 
 1819 
 1842 
 1849 
 1864 
 1827 
 1837 
 1825 
 1837 
 1848 
 1840 
 1849 
 1852 
 1831 
 IR48 
 1860 
 1854 
 1837 
 1838 
 1840 
 1842 
 1830 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 Whtn Born. 
 
 Repre- 
 
 aented. 
 
 
 When Died. 
 
 
 Va.. . . 
 
 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Lawyp'"- ■ ■ 
 
 Unknow-n. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawj-er... 
 Unknown. 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 
 Talbot, Isham — 
 
 Va. . 
 Va... 
 
 1773 
 
 Ky. . . 
 Ind.. 
 
 m.., 
 
 Vt ... 
 Ga... 
 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Miss . 
 N. J.. 
 
 Sept. 2r>, IXJ7 
 
 Thomas, Jesse B — 
 
 Tiehenor, Isaac P 
 
 Troup. GeorceM D 
 
 Van Dyke, Nicholas. .— 
 Williams, John ... — 
 Williams, Thos. H , .D 
 
 N.' J.'. 
 
 Ala.. 
 Del... 
 N. C 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Feb." 8," 1754 
 Sept. 8, 1780 
 
 Feb. :i. IK.V1 
 Dec. 11. \Xiti 
 Mav 3. 1M.V> 
 May Ut. IH2« 
 Au(<. 10. 1837 
 
 Wilson, .James J D 
 
 S. J.. 
 
 1775 
 
 July 28, 1824 
 
 Total Senators, 48. Lawyers, 31. Occupation Unknown. 1J8. 
 alists, a. Physician, 1. Soldier, 1, Varied, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Abbott. Joel D 
 
 Adams, Benjamin P 
 
 Allen, Heman — 
 
 Allen, Samuel C — 
 
 Anderson, Richard C. — 
 Anderson, William... D 
 Austin. Archibald ..,.D 
 
 Baldwin, Henry F 
 
 Ball. WillianiL — 
 
 Barber. Levi — 
 
 Barbour, Philip P D 
 
 Bassett. Burwell D 
 
 Baternan. Ephraiin...D 
 
 Bayley. Thomas — 
 
 Beech'er, Philemon. . .F 
 
 Bellinger, Joseph — 
 
 Bennett, Benjamin. . — 
 Bloumfleld, Joseph.., D 
 Blount, William G. . .— 
 
 Boden, Andrew — 
 
 Bosa, John L — 
 
 Conn, 
 Mass, 
 Vt , , , 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Conn 
 Va... 
 Conn 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 N, J,. 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 S. C. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Slate 
 
 1790 
 
 1765 
 
 Feb. 23, 1779 
 Jan. 5. 1772 
 Aug. 4, 1788 
 
 17.59 
 
 Aug. II, 1772 
 
 1779 
 
 1779 
 
 .1799 
 . 1764 
 .1770 
 
 '. '1775 
 
 '. 1762 
 
 Ga,,, 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Vt,,,, 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Ky,., 
 
 Pa,,, 
 
 Va, ,, 
 
 Pa„. 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N, J, 
 
 Md,., 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 S, C. 
 
 N, J , 
 
 N, J,: 
 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 R. I., 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Varied, , , , 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 La^vyer, , , 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 19. 
 Mar, 28, 
 April 7. 
 Feb, 8, 
 July 24, 
 Dec, 13, 
 Oct, 16, 
 April 21. 
 Feb, 28. 
 
 1826 
 1837 
 18.52 
 1842 
 1826 
 1829 
 1837 
 1.844 
 1824 
 
 Feb. 2.-1. 
 Feb, 26, 
 Jan, 29. 
 
 1841 
 1841 
 1829 
 
 Nov. 30, 1839 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 Oct. 3. 
 May 21, 
 
 1840 
 1823 
 1827 
 
 ^^
 
 >J\:C^ 
 
 4(i,s 
 
 EEPBESENTATIVES OF THE FIP^FEENTII CONWKES 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wlicrc 
 Born. 
 
 TChen Bern. 
 
 State 
 Rern- 
 ■*nt*i1. 
 
 Occupation. When Died. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 [Ohio . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Burwell. William A 
 
 n 
 
 Va... 
 
 1780(!rVa... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Feb. 16, 1821 
 
 Butler. J<isi ill 
 
 i> 
 
 N. H. 
 
 17.«,N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 8, 1854 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 Ohio . 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 14, 1847 
 
 «'.uii|.l)ell. Jolm W. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Sept. 24, 1833 
 
 ('I:i-.^(ri'tt. Clifton 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Deo. 3, 1762|N. H. 
 
 La%vyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 29, 1829 
 
 (iailnniie, Tliiiiiias. . 
 Chiv. H.Miv 
 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ap.-iii2,1777 Ky... 
 
 Lawyjer. . . 
 
 June 29, 1*852 
 
 i\A,h. ThoiiirtS W 
 
 
 
 (ia. . . 
 
 17S4 Ga. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 1, 1839 
 
 
 .F 
 T1 
 
 Va 
 
 17S8 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 
 April 23, 1851 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 17K4 
 
 Jan. 11,1860 
 
 Cuuk. Zaiiock 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 17R;| Ga... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Crafts, Satnuel C. . . 
 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 Oct. 6, I7(»1N. H.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 19, 1853 
 
 
 D 
 
 Oa. . . 
 
 June 15, ITS) 
 
 i I... 
 
 Ltv.yei. .. 
 
 Api ll 5. 1S58 
 
 Crowell. Johi) 
 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 June25. 1846 
 
 Cniff.-r. DuiiiM 
 
 Culbrfth, Tliuinas.. 
 
 
 y. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 n 
 
 Del .. 
 
 1786 
 
 >Id... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 May 17. 1843 
 
 Cilsli ii-in, John P. ,. 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 1784 
 
 N'. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 .Sept. 16,184.8 
 
 Darliiiffton. Isaac... 
 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Dec. 13, 1781 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April27,1839 
 
 Uavilson, William.. 
 
 .F 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept. 12, 1778 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ag'eult'st. 
 
 Sept. 16, 1857 
 
 Deshii. Joseph 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Dec. 9, 17fif 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Unkuo\yn. 
 
 Oct. 13. 1842 
 
 
 ' E> 
 
 
 1783 
 
 N. Y. 
 .S. C. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 21. 1857 
 
 E.ii-le. Elias 
 
 EJw inls, Weldon N 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 .D 
 
 y. C. 
 
 I78S 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 18, 1873 
 
 EIli_- »tt, Benjamin.. 
 
 
 
 
 N. v.. 
 
 Unkno\yn. 
 
 
 Erwin. James 
 
 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Oct. 17, 1778 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 7, 1841 
 
 Fisher. Cliai-les 
 
 11 
 
 M. C. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1789 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 7. 1849 
 
 Floy 1. John 
 
 n 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lnknown 
 
 Aug. 10, 1837 
 
 I'uI'T Walter 
 
 
 
 Mass 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'nrn-v. Daniel M... 
 
 n 
 
 M. C. 
 
 May — , 1784 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Oct. -. 1847 
 
 For.vth. John 
 
 I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 2, 1780 
 
 j-i.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 21, 1841 
 
 Fuller. Timothy 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 11, 1778 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 1, 1835 
 
 Ci.i„''-. Joshua 
 
 .1) 
 
 Mas,s. 
 
 
 
 liiknown. 
 
 
 (iirii.-It. Rr.bert S.. 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Lawver .. 
 
 
 tiiltj ft, Sylvester... 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 1756 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 16. 184(1 
 
 (MiM 1 .\ yn. Peterson 
 
 T) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer . 
 
 Feb. 21. 1818 
 
 ll.r -.Salma 
 
 .!> 
 
 X. H. 
 
 Mar. 7, 1787 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. lil. 1866 
 
 Hill, Thomas H.... 
 
 t) 
 
 V. C. 
 
 17:a 
 
 .V. c. 
 
 Physician 
 
 June 30. 18.53 
 
 Hall Will.,r<l 
 
 
 Mass 
 
 Dec. 24, 1780 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May K), 1875 
 
 llanis„n. Wm. H... 
 
 W 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 9, 1773 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 April 4, 1841 
 
 
 
 ft. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Nov. 18, 1751! 
 
 I'a. .. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 June 10. 1H32 
 
 Hen li 1,-ks. William 
 
 n 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1783 
 
 lud.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 May 16, 1850 
 
 Hi il..-it. John C 
 
 
 Mil... 
 
 
 Md. .. 
 
 Unkno\vn 
 
 
 ll-rkiiner. John.... 
 
 .n 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1773 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 June 8. 1845 
 
 li'-rriek, Samuel 
 
 T) 
 
 N. Y 
 
 April 14, 1779 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec, m, 1851 
 
 llit'-lK-oek. Peter 
 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 Oct. 19, 1780 
 
 tihio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 11, 18,53 
 
 H'...';;. Samuel 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 iVnn. 
 
 Lnknown. 
 
 
 H..lin..s. John 
 
 n 
 
 Mass. .Mar. — , 1773 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 July 7, 1843 
 
 Iloho -s, Uiiel 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 1827 
 
 H"['kiii.oii. Joseph.. 
 
 
 
 Pa... Not. 12, 1770 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 15, 1842 
 
 
 n 
 
 Pa 
 
 Conn 1780 
 
 N. y'. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver.. 
 
 
 H'li.l.iril. Thomas H 
 
 May 22, 1857 
 
 H MLt -r William 
 
 
 Vt... 
 Conn 
 
 Dec. 26. 1754 
 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 HiiiiritiL'ton. Eben... 
 
 June 17.1834 
 
 Iriu'liain. S imuel D. 
 
 n 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 16, 177!) 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Paper Mr. 
 
 April 13, 1833 
 
 Irviii- William .... 
 
 n 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 18. 1766 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 VIerchant. 
 
 .N'ov. 0, 1821 
 
 ff iilui^ou. James 
 
 .n 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 L^nknowu. 
 
 Dec. 7. 1825 
 
 Jolinson. RichttrU M 
 
 i> 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Oct. 17, 1781 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Layyyer. . 
 
 Nov. 19. 1850 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 K.insey. Charles 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 Kii-tlauil, Doi-rance. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 [Jnknown 
 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. .. 
 .Mass. 
 
 Unknown 
 LJnknown 
 Lawver. . , 
 
 
 
 Nov. 1, 1828 
 
 
 
 Dec. 28, 1788 
 
 Oct. 8, 1829 
 
 
 'n 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1821 
 
 l.ittl.-. Peter 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Feb. 5, 1.S30 
 
 l.iv. iinore. .\rthur. 
 
 T) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 July 26, 1776 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 July I, 1853 
 
 L..,vii.les, William.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Feb. 7, 1782 S. C. 
 
 Varied. . . , 
 
 Oct. 27, 1822 
 
 M.(-„v. William... 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 L'nknown 
 
 June 7, 1849 
 
 Mel. me. Lewis 
 
 i> 
 
 Del.. 
 
 May 28, 1786 Del... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 7. 1857 
 
 .Mrl,.,M, John 
 
 
 
 ......... . . lil... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 14, 1830 
 
 M .rl,y. ■nilliam.... 
 
 — 
 
 
 Aug. 4, 1766 Fa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 4, 1825 
 
 M e:.Ly William P 
 
 .u 
 
 '.F 
 F 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 K. I.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 La^vye^.. 
 
 
 M .ir, (Jcort-e W. L.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 1 ..ii J lines B 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1774 
 
 Sept. 6, 1819 
 
 ^1 1 II. Jonathan... 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Aug. 30, 1752 
 
 Nov. 1, 1831 
 
 Ml I 1. Charles F.. 
 
 l> 
 
 Va... 
 
 June 6, 1778 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 4, 1858 
 
 Ml Mil, Oi-saiiiiis C. 
 
 .D 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 1776 
 
 Vt.... 
 S. C. 
 
 Law.ver.. . 
 Unknown 
 
 April 11, 1865 
 
 Miililliloii. lleillV... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1770 
 
 June 14. 1846 
 
 Millei- St.-plien D... 
 
 1> 
 
 s. c. 
 
 May 8, 1787 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 8, 1838 
 
 Mills. F.lijali H 
 
 .F 
 
 
 1778 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyei'. . . 
 
 May 5, 1829 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Feb. 18, 1861 
 
 Moi-ton. Marcus 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1784 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 6. 1864 
 
 Moseley, Jonathan O 
 Miiriifiird. Oeorge. . . 
 
 .F 
 
 Conn 
 N. 0. 
 
 1782 
 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Sept. 9, 1839 
 
 
 Dec. 31, 1818 
 
 .Murray. .Tohn 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Sfi-lson. HuKh 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 'Va... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mat. 18, 1830 
 
 Nelson. Jeremiah... 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 14, 1761) Muss. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Oct. 2. 1838 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 .. 1782 
 
 Va .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 
 Ne.sbitt. William — 
 
 Nt-'W, Anihuny D 
 
 Newton, Thomas. ., D 
 
 Ogilt^n, David A — 
 
 Ogle. Alex — 
 
 Orr, Benjamin — 
 
 Owen, James D 
 
 Palmer. John D 
 
 Pariis, Albion K D 
 
 PanoTti, John F D 
 
 Patterson, Thomas. .,D 
 
 Pawling, Levi — 
 
 Pegrani, John — 
 
 Peter. (;■ o:^'e — 
 
 Pindill. James F 
 
 Pitkin, Timothy F 
 
 Pleasants, James D 
 
 Poindexter. George... D 
 
 Pope. Nathaniel — 
 
 Porter, James — 
 
 Quarles. Tunstall — 
 
 Keed. Pliilip — 
 
 Reid, Robert R D 
 
 Rhna. John... . ...D 
 
 Rice. Thomas — 
 
 Rich, Charles D 
 
 RiHiards. Mark D 
 
 Ring-frold. Samuel., , D 
 Rohert.-^on, George... — 
 Robert.son, Thos. E...D 
 
 Rogers, Thomas J D 
 
 Koss.John — 
 
 Riiffirles. N.nth.nnieL.F 
 Sampaon, Zabdiel... D 
 
 Savage. John D 
 
 SawTcr, Lenniel D 
 
 Schuyler. Philip J....— 
 
 Scott, John — 
 
 Scudder. Ti-e:idwell.. — 
 
 Sergeant. John F 
 
 Settle, Thomas I> 
 
 Seybert, Adam D 
 
 Shaw, Henry D 
 
 Sherwood. Samuel E.. — 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel ...D 
 
 Simpkins, Eldred — 
 
 Slocnmb. Jesse F 
 
 Smith. Ballard D 
 
 Smith, James S D 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Smyth, Alexander T) 
 
 Southard, Henry D 
 
 Spangler. Jacob W 
 
 Speed, Thomas — 
 
 Spencer, John C D 
 
 Stewart, James — 
 
 Storrs. Henry R F 
 
 Strong, Solomon F 
 
 Strother. George F.-.D 
 
 Stn.a.rt, Philip F 
 
 Tallmadg.'. James. ..D 
 
 Tarr. Chiistinn.. — 
 
 Tavlor, John W D 
 
 TeiTill, William D 
 
 Terry, Nathaniel — 
 
 Tompkins, • aleb — 
 
 Townsend. George D 
 
 Trimble. David .. ..D 
 
 Tueker, Henrys D 
 
 Tucker, Starling — 
 
 Tvler, John r> 
 
 tTi<h;im. Nathaniel. ..D 
 
 "W;Uker, David — 
 
 Walker. Felix — 
 
 Wallace. James M. .— 
 Wendov.r. I'.ter H. ..O 
 Westerln, Rensselaer. F 
 
 Whiteside. John — 
 
 Whitman, Ezekiel... F 
 Wilkin, James W....— 
 
 Williams. Isaac D 
 
 Williams. Lewis — 
 
 Williams. Thomas S. .— 
 
 Wilson, John F 
 
 Wilson. William — 
 
 Va . 
 Va .. 
 N. J . 
 Md... 
 N. H. 
 N. C.I 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 N. H, 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 Conn 
 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Conn, 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 Ire'd . 
 
 Mass. 
 .Mass. 
 X. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Pa .. 
 Vt ... 
 Conn 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa . . . 
 Ire'rt. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 Conn 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y, 
 Va . 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Va.. 
 N. H. 
 Ky .. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Conn, 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 Dec. 1, 
 Dee. — , 
 
 S. C. 
 
 . . 1747 Ky . . 
 
 .. 1769'Va. 
 N. Y 
 
 1765 
 1772 
 17S4 
 1785 
 1788 
 1768 
 
 Sept. 28, 1779 
 
 . 1765 
 
 . r 
 
 . 1779 
 .1784 
 
 . 1789 
 .1753 
 
 . 1771 
 
 , 1790 
 .1778 
 .1781 
 
 '. Vwi 
 
 .' 1780 
 
 1777 
 
 . 1761 
 
 . 178: 
 
 Dec. 5, 1779 
 ... 1791(!1 
 
 1773 
 
 , 1788 
 
 1767 
 
 1773 
 
 Aag. 29, 1779 
 1782 
 
 July 27, 
 Oct. — ,' 
 
 1752 
 1765 
 1749 
 .1768 
 
 ' 1 787 
 . 1770 
 .1785 
 .1779 
 
 Jan. 28, 1778 
 
 .1784 
 
 ."iVes 
 
 . 1782 
 1781 
 
 Mar. 29, 
 June 9, 
 
 1790 
 1774 
 
 July 19, 1753 
 
 . 1773 
 
 Pa, 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 P.a... 
 Va. . - 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Va. . 
 Miss.. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Kv... 
 Md... 
 Ga. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 Vt... 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 Lou. . 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 M.ass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mo. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 N'. C. . 
 Va. .. 
 N. C. 
 Md. . 
 Va. . . 
 S.I. 
 Pa... 
 Kv... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. . . 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 Kv... 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 1776 Mass. 
 1762;N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1782 N. C. 
 
 1777 Conn. 
 1777 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 iLawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier ... 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. 
 Unknown 
 La\vyer, . , 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Journalist 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lnwyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Scientist. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 vyer... 
 .Melchant. 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Surve.vor . 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . - 
 Unknown, 
 Laws'er. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 La wyer. . . 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 L'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 L.awycr. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mei'chant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 llnknown. 
 llnknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer ... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 2. 1833 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 June 9. 1829 
 Oct. 14, 1&52 
 Sept. 1, 1828 
 
 June 22, 1861 
 
 Nov. 9, 18.3); 
 Sept. 5. 1853 
 June 14. 18.50 
 
 Nov. 2. 1829 
 July 1, 1844 
 May 27. 1832 
 
 1854 
 
 Oct. 15, 1824 
 
 Oct.' 'l8,' 1829 
 May 16, 1874 
 
 Dec. 8, 1841) 
 Feb. 11, 1857 
 July 9, 1836 
 
 Dec. 7, 1832 
 
 Dec. 19, 1819 
 July 19, I82H 
 Oct. 19, 1863 
 Jan. 9, 18.52 
 Feb. 21. 1835 
 Oct. 1, 1861 
 
 Nov. '23| 1852 
 Aug. 5. la57 
 May 2. 1825 
 Oct. 17, 18.',7 
 April27,is:i:f 
 July 1, 18511 
 ..;.,. 1832 
 
 Dec. 20, 182(1 
 
 Apiil23, 18311 
 April 17. 1830 
 June 2, 1812 
 June 17,1843 
 
 .May 18. 1855 
 Feb. 3, 1842 
 July 29. 1837 
 Sept. 16, 18,50 
 
 Aug. 14,1830 
 Sept. 29. 1853 
 
 Sept. 18.1854 
 July 4. 1835 
 June 14, 1844 
 
 -•lug. 28, 1848 
 Feb. 4. 1834 
 Jan. 17, 1862 
 July 10, 1829 
 Mar, 1, 1820 
 1853 
 
 Sept. 20, 1834 
 April 18, 1851 
 
 Aug. 1. 1866 
 Feb. 23, 1845 
 
 Feb. 23, 1842 
 Dec. 15, 1861 
 July 9, 1848 
 
 Total Representatives, 198. Occupation Unknown, OO. Lawyers. S2. 
 Physieians. «. Merchants. ,'>. Soldiers. 4. Varied, 3. Agriculturists. 
 It. Cleigyiiian. 1. Papei-maker. 1. Mechanic. I. Joiii-nalist, 1. Sur- 
 veyor,!, Scientist,!. Foreign Born, S6: Including Ireland, 2. 
 
 ><|(>- 
 
 .A-
 
 ^ 
 
 SIXTEENTH CONGKKSS, AND l,KAI>IN« EVENTS oi' 
 
 i(;:i 
 
 Sixteenth Congress of the United States, from 1819 to (821. 
 
 1819— Oroat flnancliil (ipprea.sion nn«l distrrs^ 
 provaiK-ii throufflioKt tliu cotiiury. 
 fttroctlliK 111! clnsset* of bli.siness, which 
 was causoil by overproductiun, tlm 
 light tleiiiand for breaiistull'-s abroad, 
 and thu i-xcl'ss of importations over 
 our L'xportatlonrt. 
 -The first steam-vessel to cross the 
 Atlantic from the United Stales to 
 Europe, the "Savannah," left Savan- 
 nah. Cia., sailed to Liverpool, and 
 thence to St. Petersbur^rh, Russia. The 
 voyai?e was accomplished, but did not 
 prove prolltuble. 
 
 1SU)_ 
 
 JameH Monroe, Ath Prenldent. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, of N. Y., Vloe-Pres. John Q. 
 Adams, of Mass.. See'y of State. William H. Crawford, 
 of (t.'i,. Sec'v of Treas. Jolm C. Calhoun, of S. C. See'y 
 ..f War. Sniilh Thompson, of N. Y.. Sec'v of Navy. 
 Williaiii Wilt, of Va., .Ml'y fJen. Heni-y O'lay. of Ky., 
 and John W. Taylor, of N. V., Speakora of House of 
 itepresentatives. 
 
 Ft indicates Federalist; D. Democrat; W, Whig. 
 
 IHIB— Florida ceded by Spain to the United 
 States, for $.'j,(XJO.(XJ<J, f'eh. 2J. 
 
 ]81j)— Alabama, the twenty-second Stjite, ad- 
 mitted Into the Union, Dec. 14. 
 
 IftiO— The fourth census of the United States 
 showed a po|M]latlon of ».*i;i3,82'2 per- 
 sons, un ineri-a«c. within t^-n years, of 
 33.0« per cent. 
 
 1820— Maine, the twenty-third State, admltu-d 
 Into the Union, Slarch 1.'.. 
 
 IS-^l— Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, ad- 
 mitted into the Union, Auf^st 10, 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Barbour. James.... 
 
 Ili'owii. .lames 
 
 Hiinill. Jurncs 
 
 «']i.ni,ll(i. John 
 
 Ilan.i. SiiH'Uel W. . 
 Uickcrson. Mahlon... 
 
 Eaton, John H 
 
 Krlwards. Ninian 
 
 Klliotl. John 
 
 «l:iill ml. John 
 
 IIm1,,m-«. David 
 
 Ilnlrnes. John 
 
 lliirscy, Outerbridge 
 
 Iliiiitcr, William 
 
 (Iiihnson, Henry 
 
 .Kilinson, Richard M.. 
 
 Ring. Rufus 
 
 King, William R 
 
 Ivnight. Neheiniah K. 
 
 l^aninau. James 
 
 Leake, Waller 
 
 Logan, William 
 
 Lloyd. Edwal'd 
 
 Lo\vrie, Walter 
 
 Macon, Nathaniel.. 
 
 Mellen. Prentiss 
 
 Mills, Elijah H 
 
 .Morrill, David L 
 
 Noble, James 
 
 Otis, Harrison G 
 
 Palmer, William A. 
 
 Parrott, John F 
 
 Pinckncy, Willi.ain.. 
 Pleasants. J:um's. , . , 
 
 Robert.s, J itlian. 
 
 liiiggli-s, nniialiiiti. . 
 Mnnfoiil, Nalli.'in... 
 
 "^iiiitli. Williiiiii 
 
 Si.iitlianl. S;iMiiu-l L.. 
 
 stokes, iMuntlord 
 
 Talbot, Isham 
 
 Taylor, Waller 
 
 Thomas, Jesse B 
 
 Tichenor. Is.oac 
 
 Trimble. William A. 
 Van D.vke. Nicholas. 
 Walker. Freeman.. 
 Walker, John W ... 
 
 Williams, John 
 
 Williams, Thos. H... 
 Wilson. James J 
 
 Born. 
 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 R. I.. 
 N. H. 
 Cimn 
 N. J . . 
 Teuii. 
 Md... 
 
 sib:; 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Del.. 
 R. 1.. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Scot. 
 N. C. 
 Moss 
 
 n.'h.' 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 H. 
 Md... 
 Va. .. 
 
 June 10, 
 .Sept. 1 1 
 April2.5, 
 
 jiiVv— ! 
 April 17, 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 
 N.J. 
 Ky.. 
 Del. 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 Mar. "—, 
 
 Nov. 231 
 .Sept. 14, 
 Oct. 17, 
 Mar. 24, 
 April 7, 
 Dec. 31, 
 June 14, 
 
 1775 
 ,17(«i 
 177:' 
 
 'l7S7 
 17711 
 17S)0 
 1775 
 
 1765 
 
 1 77.-1 
 17S.'l 
 17S1 
 
 17.SI 
 I7GU 
 
 state 
 
 177fi 
 1779 
 17S4 
 . 17 
 17li4 
 1778 
 1772 
 
 Dec. S, 
 i)ec. 10, 
 Dct, I'i,' 
 June 10, 
 Oct. "sl' 1765 
 
 1768 
 
 -Mar. 17, 1764 
 
 1769 
 
 1771 
 1793 
 1779 
 17(52 
 1787 
 17611 
 1773 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 June 9, 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 April 4, 
 
 1754 
 1786 
 
 Va... 
 Loii.. 
 It. I.. 
 .Me... 
 t mm 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 111. , 
 Oa.... 
 S. C. 
 Sliss . 
 .Me. . . 
 Del . . 
 R. I.. 
 Lou. , 
 K'v... 
 N" Y. 
 Ala . . 
 R. I. . 
 Conn, 
 Mi.ss . 
 Kv... 
 Md... 
 Pi . . . 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. H, 
 Ind. 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 N. J. 
 N. C- 
 Kv. . . 
 Ind.. 
 III.... 
 Vt.... 
 Ohio. 
 J.. 
 Ga, 
 
 Ala . . 
 Tenn. 
 Miss . 
 N.J.. 
 
 L.aNvyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawver. . . 
 Agr'eiilfst 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer . . 
 I-aM-y*'!-... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. ., 
 I,;iwyrr, .. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawy.T... 
 L:iw\ tT. . , 
 Lawv.T... 
 Vari,-.l ... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 SohUt-r,,.. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. . . 
 LawyiT... 
 Unknown. 
 L.awyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 ITnkiuiwn, 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Jtiurnalist IJuly 28. 
 
 June 8, 
 April 7, 
 Dec. 25, 
 Sept. — , 
 July 21, 
 Oet. 5, 
 Nov, 17, 
 July 20, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Feb. 26, 
 Aug. 20, 
 July 7, 
 June 9, 
 Dec. 3. 
 Sept. 4. 
 
 April-.. 
 April l.s, 
 ,\pril Itl, 
 Aug. 7, 
 Nov. 17, 
 Aug. 8, 
 June 2, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Juno 29, 
 Dec. 31, 
 May 5, 
 Jan. 28. 
 Feb. 26, 
 Oet. 28, 
 Dec. 12, 
 July 9. 
 F'eb. 25, 
 Nov. 9, 
 July 7, 
 Sept. 2, 
 Oct. 7, 
 .hine 26, 
 June 26, 
 
 Sept. 25, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Dec. 11. 
 Dec. 13. 
 May 19, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Aprilll, 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 1842 
 
 is:i5 
 
 1820 
 
 I.'*ll 
 
 18.10 
 1853 
 1856 
 1833 
 1827 
 1826 
 1832 
 1843 
 1842 
 1849 
 1H64 
 18.-10 
 18-27 
 1,853 
 1,854 
 1841 
 1825 
 1822 
 1834 
 1868 
 1837 
 1840 
 1829 
 1849 
 1831 
 1848 
 1860 
 1836 
 1822 
 1836 
 1854 
 1837 
 1838 
 1840 
 1842 
 1842 
 1837 
 1826 
 1850 
 1838 
 1821 
 1826 
 1827 
 1823 
 1837 
 
 V824 
 
 Total Senators, 51. Lawyers, 
 Agricullurist, 1. Journalist,!, 
 Scotland, 1. 
 
 33, Occupation Unknown, 1-4. Varied, S. 
 . Soldier. 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 I 
 
 Abbott. Joel D 
 
 .-\(iani,-i, Benjamin F 
 
 -Vllen, Nathaniel — 
 
 Allen, Robert D 
 
 Alien, Samnel C — 
 
 .AJexander, Mark D 
 
 Ander.son, Rich'd C. .— 
 Archer, Stevenson. . .D 
 
 Archer, William S — 
 
 Biiki-r, Caleb — 
 
 Bal'iwin, Heiirv P 
 
 Ball. William L — 
 
 Har'.our, Phil. P D 
 
 ll.iteiiian, Ephraim...D 
 
 Bates. James W — 
 
 Bayley, Thomas — 
 
 Beecher. Philemon. . .F 
 Blackledpre. Wm. S...D 
 Bloonineld. Joseph. ..D 
 
 Boden. Andrew — 
 
 Brevard. Joseph — 
 
 Brown. William — 
 
 Bi-nsh, Henry — 
 
 Brvan, Tleni-v H — 
 
 Buffiim, Jo.seph D 
 
 Burton, Hntehine C.. — 
 
 Burwell. Wm. A D 
 
 Butler, Josiah D 
 
 Conn 
 
 
 1790 
 
 Ga.... 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 
 1765 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1777 
 1772 
 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Jan- 5, 
 
 M.ass. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Aug. 4, 
 
 1788 
 
 Kt... 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 1789 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 R. I. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 17711 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. 
 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1799 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 1770 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1775 
 1793 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 N. C. . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 July 19 
 
 1766 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 >t. Y. 
 
 June — , 
 
 17780hio. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Moss. 
 
 Sept. 23 
 
 1784 
 
 >J. C. 
 
 
 IN. C. 
 
 IJ. H. 
 
 17S0(i)iVa... 
 
 Va. .- 
 
 
 1780 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Merchniit. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 La'wye 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 L'nknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer., 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov 
 
 19 
 
 182R 
 
 .Mar 
 
 28 
 
 1837 
 
 Aug 
 
 .19 
 
 1864 
 
 Feb 
 
 8 
 
 1842 
 
 July 
 
 24 
 
 18'>6 
 1848 
 
 Mar 
 
 28 
 
 1855 
 
 .■\pr 
 
 121 
 
 is-i4 
 
 l^'eb 
 
 28 
 
 1.824 
 
 l.'eh 
 
 25 
 
 1841 
 
 Jan. 
 
 •29, 
 
 1829 
 
 Jan. 
 
 20 
 
 1847 
 
 Nov 
 
 30 
 
 ^fa9 
 
 Mar 
 
 21 
 
 1857 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3, 
 
 18'23 
 
 Oct. 
 
 11, 
 
 1821 
 
 Jan. 
 
 19, 
 
 18.55 
 
 Mnv 
 
 » 
 
 1835 
 
 Feb. 
 
 •24, 
 
 1874 
 
 .\pri 
 
 ■.11 
 
 1836 
 
 Feb. 
 
 16, 
 
 1821 
 
 Nov 
 
 8, 
 
 1854 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Bora 
 
 When Horn. 
 
 lUrrt- 
 
 OccuiMUlon. Wl.„ PI,,]. 
 
 Butler, Tliornns 
 
 — 
 
 Pa 
 
 Lou. . Unknown 
 
 Aug. 14, 1847 
 
 I'aniphell. John W 
 
 ..D 
 
 Va 
 
 Ohio. 1 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Sept. 24. 1833 
 
 Cannon. Newton... 
 
 ..1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1842 
 
 
 
 N. Y 
 N. H. 
 
 Doe." i),' 1762 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 
 Clat'Kctt, Clifton... 
 
 
 
 Jan. 20, 18-2U 
 
 Clark, Robert 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 Ain-iYia.iVV- 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ky. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Clay, Henry 
 
 .W 
 
 June 29, 1852 
 
 Cobh. Thomas W... 
 
 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 178i 
 
 ;a. .. 
 
 Lawvtrr. . . 
 
 Feb. 1, )83.'> 
 
 Cocke, John 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 177L 
 
 
 LawVer... 
 
 Feb- 16, 1851 
 
 Cook. Daniel P 
 
 , — 
 
 Kv. . 
 
 179.- 
 
 Ml 
 
 LawVer... 
 
 Oct. !6, 1827 
 
 Crafts, Samuel C... 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. B, 17i;S|N'. 11. 
 
 Unkntiwn. 
 
 .\ov. 19, 1R53 
 
 Crawford, Joel 
 
 ..I) 
 
 Oa. . , 
 
 June 15, 1783, Ga... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 April 5, 18.58 
 
 Crowell. John 
 
 . .— 
 
 Ala,. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 
 Juno 25, 1846 
 
 Culbreth, Thomas.. 
 
 ..!> 
 
 Del... 
 
 I786Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 17, 1843 
 
 Culpepper, John... 
 
 ..F 
 
 N.<V. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Clergy in "n 
 
 Cushman, .Toshua,. 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 iMass. 
 
 
 18.34 
 
 Cuthbert.JohnA... 
 
 — 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1778 Gn... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 I>ane, Joseph 
 
 ..F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. '25. 1778 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 1, I8.->8 
 
 Darlington, Wm... 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Api-1128,17S2 Pa... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Api-1123, 18<a 
 
 Davidson, William 
 
 ..F 
 
 N- C. 
 
 Sept. 12, 177f 
 
 N.(;,. 
 
 Ag-culfBt. 
 
 Sept. 16,18.57 
 
 Dennison, Geortce, . 
 
 ]> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 1831 
 
 DeWitt, Jacob H.... 
 Dickinson. John D.. 
 
 4 Dowse, Edward 
 
 Earle, Elias 
 
 ..D 
 ..F 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Moss. 
 Va... 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 S. 0. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 1767 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eddy, Samuel 
 
 . 1> 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Mar. 31, 176f 
 
 H. I.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 2, 18;)9 
 
 Edwards, Henry W. 
 
 ..D 
 
 ('onn. 
 
 177i: 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 July 22, 1847 
 
 Edwards, Samuel... 
 Edwards, Weldon N 
 Envin, James 
 
 ..F 
 -D 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 N c. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 
 1788 
 
 
 Oct. 17, 1778 S. C. 
 
 .luly 7, 1841 
 
 Eustis, William.... 
 
 ..I) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Juno 10, 17.53 JIass. 
 
 Phvslrian 
 
 Feb. 6, 1825 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 .Mav 7, 1849 
 Aug. 16, 1837 
 
 Floyd, John 
 
 Folffer, Walter 
 
 Foote, Samuel A 
 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Nov. 8, 1780 Conn. 
 
 Sept. 15, 1846 
 
 Ford, William D... 
 Forrest, Thomas. . . 
 
 •— 
 
 R. I.. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unkn<i\\n. 
 
 
 Mar. 20, 18'25 
 
 Fuller. Timothv 
 
 T> 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 11, 1778Ma.ss. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 1, lH;i5 
 
 FuUerton, David... 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 1772 Pa... 
 
 
 Feb. 1, 1843 
 
 Garnett, "Robert S.. 
 Gorham. Benjamin. 
 Gray, John C 
 
 ..1) 
 
 ..F 
 
 Va. . 
 
 
 Va... 
 Moss, 
 
 Lf\wycr. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 13, 1775 
 
 Sept. 27, 1855 
 
 , — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Gross, Ezra C 
 
 .JJ 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Aug. 6, 1829 
 
 Gross. Samuel 
 
 l> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 
 .- 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Hackley. Aaron... 
 
 nm 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y.. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Hall, George 
 
 
 Hall. Thomas H.... 
 
 June 30, 1853 
 
 Hall. Willard 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1780 
 
 Del.. . 
 
 
 May lo. 1875 
 
 Har'iin, Benjamin.. 
 
 .w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1784 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer..; 
 
 Sepl.24.ia52 
 
 Hazard, Nathaniel. 
 
 .1) 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 1773 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 Dec. 17. I820 
 
 Hei>ter, Joseph 
 
 
 
 Pa, .. 
 
 Nov. 18, 1752 
 
 Pa... 
 
 ]\Iercllant. 
 
 June 10, 18;J2 
 
 Hiniphill, Joseph,,. 
 
 .K 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1770 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jlay 2<>, 1842 
 
 Hrndneks. William. 
 
 D 
 .D 
 
 Pa... . 
 
 1783 
 
 Ind.. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 16, 18oO 
 Dec. 16, 1851 
 
 H.rrirk, Samuel... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .tprUI4,I779 
 
 Hib-hnKin. Jacob... 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Hill.. Mark L 
 
 — 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 June 30, 1772 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 
 Nov. 26, 1842 
 
 Hubart, Aaron 
 
 .I> 
 
 JIass. 
 
 .June 26, 17S7 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Law-l-er. . . 
 
 Julv I, 1858 
 
 Holmes, John 
 
 .1) 
 
 JIass, 
 
 Mar. — , 1773 
 
 Mass. 
 
 La\vyer. . . 
 
 July 7, 1843 
 
 Hooks. Charle:^... . 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C . 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1851 
 
 Hoistetter, Jacob.. 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Jackson. Edw'd B. 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Sept, 8, 1826 
 
 Johnson, Francis R.. 
 
 . — 
 
 Va. . 
 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dee. 14, 1851 
 
 Jolinson, James.... 
 
 D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Dec. 7, 1825 
 
 Jones. Fi'ancis 
 
 ■— 
 
 
 
 Telni. 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Jones. James 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 Kendall. Jonas.,.., 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 6, 1757 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Oct. 29,1844 
 
 Ivent. Joseph 
 
 .K 
 
 Md... 
 
 177a 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Nov. 24. 1837 
 
 Kmsley. Martin 
 
 . — 
 
 Mtuss. 
 
 June 2, 1754 
 
 MasiS. 
 
 I*hvsician 
 
 June 20, 18:15 
 
 Kinsey, Charles 
 
 . — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 Lathrop. Samuel... 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1771 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Julv 11, 1846 
 
 Lincoln. Enoch 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 3ee. 28, 178S 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Law-yer. . 
 
 Oct. 8. 18-29 
 
 Linn. John.. , 
 
 — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1764 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Jan. 5, 1821 
 
 Little. Peter 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Feb. 5, 1830 
 
 Livermore, Arthur . 
 
 D 
 
 1. H. 
 
 ruly 26, 1776 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 1, 1853 
 
 Lowndes. William.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 reb. 7, 1782 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Oct. 27. 18-22 
 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 
 
 N. Y- 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Del.,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 McCov. William.... 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Pa...l 
 Del... 
 
 Stay"28;i78e 
 
 
 McOulloxieh. Thos. G. 
 
 
 McLane. Le^ris 
 
 Oct. 7, 18,57 
 
 Maclav. William P. 
 
 D 
 .D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 'a . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 McLean. Alnev 
 
 N. C. Sept. 5, 1779 Kv... 1 
 
 
 Mallrirv. K->llin C... 
 
 :;onn 17(M 
 
 Vt.,.. 
 I'a. 
 
 Unknown. 
 [Jnknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 iprUie.IKlI 
 
 Marchanii, David 
 
 
 
 Pa- 
 
 MiLson, Jonathan — 
 
 .F Mass. Aug. Ml, 17,52 Mass. 1 
 
 Nov. I, 1831 
 
 .1:
 
 
 SIXTEENTH AND .SEVf;NTEENTH CONGRESSES, AM) LEADING EVENTS UF Tllli IIMI . 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 When. 
 Born. 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 btjile 
 
 R«pre- 
 
 3eDie<l. 
 
 OceupaUon. | When Died. 
 
 M.-..rli, Ezra 
 
 
 
 Mcit-v, Henry 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn. Oct. 28, 1782 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 May 20, 1861 
 
 ilrnn Chjirles P.. 
 
 .U 
 
 Va... June 6, 1778, Va... Lawyer... 
 
 May 4, 1S58 
 
 il±-irill Orsaraus C. 
 
 1) 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 1776 Vt... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 
 April 11,186.') 
 Aug. 18, 185.') 
 
 llfUKilfe, Thoiiias.. . 
 
 .u 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 20, 1780 Ky... 
 
 -^I(iiilgoiner>'. Tho^. 
 
 .11 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 April 2, 1828 
 
 Moiu-U. Robert 
 
 .D 
 '.D 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 Moore, Robert 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Moore. Samuel 
 
 N.J 
 
 
 Feb. 18 1861 
 
 .Moore, Thomas L.. . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 ^lortAjn. Marcus 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1784 
 
 Feb. 6, 1864 
 
 Mo^fley, Jonathan O 
 
 .K 
 
 Conn. 
 
 17R2 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 9, 1839 
 
 .Miittav. John 
 
 ■z 
 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 X.Mle. Raphael 
 
 Oct. 19. 1833 
 
 NelMon. Hugh 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Mar. 18, 1836 
 
 XeLion. Jeremiah... 
 
 .K 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 14, 17«y 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Oct. 2, 1838 
 
 Newton. Thomas . 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 17U9 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. .1. 1847 
 
 Ov,'i^,ireet. James.. 
 
 . — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 April 24, 1822 
 
 Parker. James 
 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 17(iS 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Nov. 9, 1837 
 
 I'.irk.-r. Severn E 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 21, 1836 
 
 Pitterson, Thomas. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pe^'k. Hermanns 
 
 '.D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 .Nov.'7,"l'779 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Phelp«, Bli>.ha 
 
 April 18, 1847 
 
 Phuson, Robert 
 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 PindiUl. James 
 
 K 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Pinakney. Charles. . 
 
 .U 
 
 S. C 
 
 Mai-. 9, 17.-18 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer,, . 
 
 Feb. 2.'). 1822 
 
 Pitcher. Nathaniel.. 
 
 .l> 
 
 Conn 
 
 1777 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 May 2.'), 1836 
 
 Pleasants, James... 
 
 .U 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1769 
 
 Va... 
 
 Law>'er, , . 
 
 Nov. 9, 183() 
 
 I'hiiiier, William... 
 
 .u 
 
 N. H.. 
 
 let. 9, 1789 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Sept. 18, 1854 
 
 Qu.iiles, Tunstall... 
 
 '.D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Ky... 
 Va, . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 R.niilolph. John... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 June 2, 1773 
 
 May 24, 1833 
 
 liitnkin, Christopher 
 
 '.D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Miss.. 
 Ga... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Reid. Robert R 
 
 s. c. 
 
 1789 
 
 July 1, 1844 
 
 Rhea. John 
 
 .U 
 
 
 n.iS 
 
 Tena 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 27, 1832 
 
 Ru-h. Charles 
 
 .U 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 1771 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 
 Oct. 15, 1824 
 
 Hirhards. Mark 
 
 .1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 liirlirnond, Jona 
 
 — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1774 
 
 ». Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 29, 1865 
 
 UiiitTL'oid, Samuil .. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Oct. 18, 1829 
 
 Kubertson, (jeoitre. . 
 
 .— 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Nov. 18, 1790 
 
 iy... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 16, 1874 
 
 Ro(?ers. Thomas J.. . 
 
 .U 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1781 
 
 ^a. , 
 
 
 Dec. 7, 1832 
 
 Ross. John 
 
 •z 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ross, Thomas R 
 
 
 1789 
 
 
 Sampson, Zabdiel.. 
 
 .D 
 
 Uass. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 July 19, 1828 
 
 Sawyer. Lemuel 
 
 .D 
 
 (f. C.. 
 
 1777 
 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan 9 1852 
 
 Scott. John 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 1782 
 
 Oct. 1, 1861 
 
 Serpreant, John 
 
 .P 
 
 Pa... 
 
 3ec. u. 1779 Pa.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mov. 23, 1852 
 
 Settle, Thomas 
 
 .U 
 
 N. C. 
 
 179lr'l'N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Aucr. 5. 1857 
 
 Sh.aw, HeniT 
 
 .1) 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 1788 Mass. 
 
 Lawver... Oct. 17, 18.')7 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 State 
 
 Re pre- Occupation. 
 
 Sibley. Solomon 
 
 _ 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Oct. 7, 176H Mich. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 4. 1846 
 
 Silsbee. .Nathaniel., 
 
 II 
 
 Mass 1773 Mass. Merchant. 
 
 July 1. 1850 
 
 Simpkins. Eldred,, 
 
 
 
 S, C. , Aug, 29. 1779 S. C. Lawyer. . . 
 
 1832 
 
 Sloane.John 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1779|Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 15, 1856 
 
 Slocumb, Jesse 
 
 K 
 
 N. C . 
 
 1782;n. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1820 
 
 Smith, Ballard 
 
 l> 
 
 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 n 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 1776 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. C. 
 Md,,. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 16. 1835 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27,' 1752 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 Apiil23,1839 
 
 Smyth, Alexander. . 
 Southard, Henry... 
 
 .D 
 
 1) 
 
 lie-d. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied.... 
 
 April 17, 1830 
 June 2. 1S4-2 
 
 Oct. — , 1749 
 
 Stevens. James... . 
 
 II 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1768 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April li;.lXl,'. 
 
 Storrs, Henry R 
 
 l.- 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1785 
 
 N, V. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July -.'11, 1837 
 
 Street, Randall S . . . 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N. y. 
 
 1780 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 21,1841 
 
 Strong, James 
 
 Strong, William 
 
 Strother. George F. 
 
 ,F 
 D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 .. 1783 
 
 N. V. 
 Vt 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 8, 1847 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Tarr, Christian 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Taylor, John W 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1784 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 18,1854 
 
 TeiTill, William.... 
 
 l> 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 4, 1835 
 
 Tomlinson. Gideon.. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1780 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 8, 185-: 
 
 
 'n 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 jiineit; YtoS 
 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y. 
 
 I nknown, 
 Lawver... 
 
 
 Tracv, Albei-t H 
 
 Sept, 12. 1859 
 
 Trimble, llavid 
 
 I) 
 
 Va, . , 
 
 June — , 1782 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Tucker, George 
 
 II 
 
 Berra 
 
 1775 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Apriiio.isei 
 
 Tucker. Stiirling 
 
 — 
 
 N, C. 
 
 
 S, C 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 4. 1834 
 
 
 II 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mar. 29, 1790 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 17, 1862 
 
 TJdree, Daniel 
 
 i> 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Merchant , 
 
 July 22. 1828 
 
 Upham, Nathaniel. . 
 
 1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 June 9, 1774 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 July III, 1829 
 
 
 F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug, 6, 1774 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Soldier. ., 
 
 April23,1852 
 
 Van Swearingen, T. . 
 
 , — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 UnknowTi, 
 
 June 7, 1822 
 
 
 •— 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N C 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 5Iar. 1, 1820 
 
 
 \« 
 
 July 19, 1753 
 
 1853 
 
 Wallace, James M. . . 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Warfield. H.nryR.. 
 
 F 
 
 Md... 
 
 1781 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. IS. I83;i 
 
 Wendover. Peter H. 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sel^t.ai, 1831 
 
 ■Whitman, Ezekiel.. 
 
 K 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 11,1776 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Aut-. I, 1866 
 
 Williams, J!ired.,.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mai-. 4, 1766 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ag'culfst. 
 
 Jan. 2. I83I 
 
 Williams, Lewis 
 
 _ 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1782 N. C. Unknown. 
 
 Fi b. 23. 1842 
 
 Wood, Silas 
 
 I) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1769 X. Y. Lawver. . 
 
 Mar. 2. I8<7 
 
 Woodbrldge, Wm... 
 
 — 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 211. 17811 Mich.ll.nwver... 
 
 Oct, 2". I8rl 
 
 Totul Representatives. S04. Occupation Unknown. &1. LawT^rs-84. 
 Physicians, lO, Ulereliants, 8. Varied, 3. Agriculturists, jS. Clerpymen, 
 S. Mechanics, 2. Journalist, 1. Soldier, 1, Foreign Born, 4: Includint,' 
 Ireland, 3; Bermuda, 1. 
 
 Seventeenth Congress of the United States, from 1821 to 1823. 
 
 lMJi_The remains of Major Andre, executed 
 for treason, were removed from the 
 United States, deposited in Westmin- 
 ster Abbey. London, and marked by a 
 handsome monument. 
 
 INiil—The g-reat financial distress was severe- 
 ly felt west of the Alletrhany Mount- 
 ains. Banks had collapsed, and all 
 business suffered; debts could not be 
 paid, and Congress was appealed to for 
 relief. 
 
 cJumes Monroe, 5th Preoideut. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, of N. Y., Vice-Pres. John Q. 
 Adams, of Mass., Sec'y of State. William H. Crawford, 
 ofGa., Sec'y of Treas. John C. Calhoun, of S. C, Sec'y 
 of War. Smith Thompson, of N. Y.. ami Samuel L. 
 Southard, of N. J.,Set'ys of Navy. William Wirt, of 
 Va., Att'y Gen. Philip P. Barbour, of Va,, Speaker of 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 isui — Orass grown in the Connecticut Valley 
 llrst woven into hats and bonnets, Iiy 
 Miss Sophia Woodhouse, at Wethers- 
 field, Conn. 
 
 1822 — Oas was first successfully used fin' 
 illuminating ptirposes at Iioston. 
 
 1822— The Bunker Hill Monument Association 
 v.:is legally incorporated by the Massa- 
 i-husetts Legislature, June 7. 
 
 1H23 — A society for the reformation of juve- 
 nile culprits was established by tl.'- 
 Xew York Legislature. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; D» Democrat; "W, Whig; K, Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 i 
 
 Harbour, James — 
 
 Barhm, Oavid — 
 
 Benton, Tliomas H...D 
 
 Ilo.'irdiimn. Klijali — 
 
 Urown, Ethan A D 
 
 Brown, James — 
 
 ClianiUer, John D 
 
 D'Wolfe, James — 
 
 Dickerson. Mahloii I) 
 
 Elton, John 11 D 
 
 E.lwar.ls, .Niiiian D 
 
 Elli(.tt. John — 
 
 FInillay. William ....D 
 
 Oalllard. .Tohn — 
 
 Holmes. Davhl — 
 
 Holmes, J.jhn D 
 
 •lohnsoii. Heiirv -- 
 
 .lohiiHon. Iticliaicl M,,l) 
 
 lielly, William D 
 
 King. Itufus F 
 
 King. William K V 
 
 Knight, Nehi'inlah R.W 
 
 I.antnan. James D 
 
 Lloyd, Kdward; — 
 
 l.lovd. James , , , F 
 
 l.ow-rie, Walter — 
 
 ,Mni-on. Nathaniel. ...n 
 
 MIIN. Klljah II F 
 
 Morrill. David I D 
 
 Noble. Ja « — 
 
 4Hls, Hnrri-on (1 P 
 
 I'l.lmer. William A..— 
 
 I'inott. John F D 
 
 riiickney, Willlaiii...— 
 
 .Slat* 
 R*pi«- Occupation, 
 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. . 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 N. H. 
 K. I.. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 
 Pa.'.".' 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Mass . 
 Tenn. 
 Ky, , . 
 Tenn, 
 .Mass. 
 N. C. 
 R, I,. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Mas.i. 
 Scot.. ! 
 N. C, 
 
 June 10, 1775 Va, 
 Mo... 
 
 Mar. 14, 17i.2 Mo... 
 
 liMar. 7, 1760 Conn. 
 
 ;JuIy 4, 1776 Ohio. 
 
 Sept. 11, 1766 Lou.. 
 
 Me... 
 
 1763 K. I.. 
 
 April 17, 1770 N. J.. 
 
 1790 Tenn. 
 
 Mar. — , 1775 III. 
 Ga, 
 
 June 20, 1768 
 
 Sept. 5, 1765 
 
 N. Y 
 Ala.. 
 It. I.. 
 
 N. II. 
 Va... 
 .Mass. 
 Vt . . . 
 N. II. 
 Md.,, 
 
 Pa, 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Mar. — , 1773 Me... 
 
 Sept. 14, 17.83il.ou.. 
 
 Oct. 17. 1781 Ky 
 
 Ma 
 
 Mar. 24, 17.'>r. 
 April 17, 1786 
 IJec, 31, 1780 
 Juno 14, 1769 ( 
 
 1779 Md, .. 
 
 1769'Mass. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1784 Pa.,, 
 
 17.'i7,N. C. 
 
 17781 Mass. 
 
 June 10, 1772 N. II. 
 
 |lnd.. 
 
 Oct. 8, I7I15 Mass. 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiilistl^'H'. 
 Mar. 17, 17(H Md... 
 
 . iLawyer. . . 
 . Unknown 
 . Lawyer... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer., , 
 
 .\g'cult'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer ... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 jLawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Banker.... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchnnl . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 I'nknown. 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 8 
 
 1842 
 
 Sept, 2s 
 
 . 1837 
 
 April 11 
 
 . 1 8."iH 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 1.823 
 
 Feb. 2-1 
 
 . 1 8.-12 
 
 April 7 
 
 1835 
 
 Sept. — 
 
 . 1.841 
 
 Dec. 21 
 
 18:17 
 
 Oct. 5. 
 
 LSIS 
 
 Nov. 17 
 
 lf<r,i\ 
 
 July 20 
 
 1833 
 
 Aug. 9 
 
 1827 
 
 Nov. 12 
 
 18-11! 
 
 Feb. 26 
 
 l'<26 
 
 Aug. 20 
 
 IS32 
 
 July 7. 
 
 1843 
 
 Sept. 4, 
 
 1,864 
 
 Nov. 19 
 
 18.',0 
 
 April 29 
 
 'r8-27 
 
 April 18 
 
 1853 
 
 April 19 
 
 1.854 
 
 Aug. 7. 
 
 1,841 
 
 June 2. 
 
 18,14 
 
 April 5. 
 
 I.M31 
 
 Jan. 14. 
 
 1,<68 
 
 lime 29 
 
 1837 
 
 May 5, 
 
 1829 
 
 Jan. 28, 
 
 1849 
 
 Feb. 26. 
 
 laii 
 
 let. 28, 
 
 1848 
 
 Dec. 12, 
 
 I860 
 
 luly 9, 
 
 1836 
 
 Feb. 2.'., 
 
 1822 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 i,,„i 
 
 Stutc 
 
 Pleasants, James. . 
 
 n 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1769 Va. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 :."ov. 9, 1836 
 
 Rodney, Ca?sar A 
 
 i> 
 
 Del...lJan. 4, 
 
 1772 Del .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Juno 14,1831 
 
 Buggies. Benjamin 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Conn 
 
 
 1763 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, J8o7 
 
 Sevnioiir. Horatio. 
 
 .,1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 31 
 
 1778 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 21, 1857 
 
 Smith. S.iiiiiul 
 
 ,.1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27 
 
 17.52 Md... 
 
 Varied 
 
 ApriI23, 183,1 
 
 Smilh, Wiilmii 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1762 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 26, 1840 
 
 Soulhaid, S:ii]rl L, 
 
 ,w 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 .lune 9. 
 
 1787 N. J 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 June 26. 1842 
 
 Stokes, McTitfoid... 
 
 ,,i) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1760 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1842 
 
 Talbot, Isham 
 
 — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1773 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 25. 1837 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 ..1) 
 
 V.i. . . 
 
 
 vi... 
 
 .Vg'cult'st. 
 
 Aug. 20. 182- 
 
 Taylor, 'Waller 
 
 ..1) 
 
 V.a. . . 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Unl.nowii 
 
 Aug. 2(i, 182 ■ 
 
 Thouins, Jesse B.... 
 
 ,_ 
 
 
 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Feb. 3, 1850 
 
 Trimble, Will. A,.,, 
 
 
 
 ky... April 4, 
 
 17.86 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 13. 1821 
 
 Van I'.iiri-ii. Malt. 11 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N. v., Dec. 5, 
 
 1782 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 24. 186' 
 
 Van Dvkc, Nicholas. 
 
 . — 
 
 l)el...l 
 
 
 N.J, 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mav 19, 1821- 
 
 ■Wnlkcr. John \\ . . 
 
 , — 
 
 .. 
 
 
 .Ua.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Api 111 1,1823 
 
 Ware. Nicholas 
 
 . — 
 
 Ha :.. 
 
 
 Oa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 7. 182< 
 
 Williams. John 
 
 — 
 
 N. C 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 Lawyer...- 
 
 Aug. 10, 1837 
 
 Williams. Thos. H.. 
 
 ,u 
 
 N. ('.. 
 
 Imus. 
 
 Liiwvev, ,. 
 
 
 Total Senators. A3. Lawyers, 33. Occupation Unknown. 12, Agri- 
 culturists, 2. Merchants, 2. Varied, 8. Banker,!. Soldier, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 1: Including Seutlaud, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. \1^^" ^i- 
 
 1 Huu> 
 i>T BtTti. 1 K«(>rr- 
 
 Oenipalion. I V-'lirn Died. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 Va 
 
 1790 (in... 
 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 
 Vi.rird.,.. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Xov. 19, 1820 
 
 Allen Iloli.'rt D 
 
 1777 Tenn. 
 
 .\i:;r. li', 1804 
 
 Allen, SjumucI C — 
 
 MiuHS. 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. 
 
 r>. 1772 Mast.. 
 Va... 
 
 l-eh. 8, 1842 
 
 ArclHT, Wlllijim S....— 
 Kalilwhi, Henry K 
 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 T), I781» Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 Mur. 2M. 1855 
 April 2 1,1844
 
 ■i^ 
 
 BKPRESENTATIVE8 OK TUK SICVKNTKKNTll lONOKKSH. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 
 Ball, William L — 
 
 Barber, Levi — 
 
 Barber, Noyes — 
 
 Barbour, I'lillip P....D 
 
 Bai'stow, (lulecn D 
 
 Bassett, Burw.ll D 
 
 Bateiiian, Epliraiin.. .D 
 
 Bates, .lames W — 
 
 Baylies, Francis — 
 
 Bavley, Thomas — 
 
 I:l,-clo\v. Li-wli — 
 
 Blaelileilire, Wm. S...D 
 
 Blair, James D 
 
 Borlantl. fliarles — 
 
 I!ie,lienriili;e,J. I). . .— 
 
 I;ri.wn,,l.ilin — 
 
 Bry;iii. Henry H — 
 
 Buehaiiaii, Jame.i F 
 
 Burrows, Daniel — 
 
 Burton, Hutehins (i.. — 
 
 Butler, Josiah D 
 
 Cambrelenff, C. C D 
 
 Campbell, John \V...D 
 
 Campbell, Samuel — 
 
 Cannon, Newton D 
 
 Carter, John ^ 
 
 Cassedy, George — 
 
 Caustlen, Jeremiali. . . — 
 
 Chambers, David — 
 
 Cocke, John — 
 
 Colden, Cad. D — 
 
 Condict, Lewis AV 
 
 Conklinj?, Alfred D 
 
 Conner, iienry W I> 
 
 Cook, Daniel P — 
 
 Crafts, Samuel C — 
 
 Crudup, Josiah — 
 
 Cushman, Joshua — 
 
 Cuthbert, Alfred D 
 
 Bane, Joseph F 
 
 Darlington, Wm D 
 
 Dennison, George D 
 
 Dickinson, John D F 
 
 Durfee, Job P 
 
 Dwight. Henry W — 
 
 Edrlv, Samuel D 
 
 Kd«:mN. iienry W...D 
 
 Kdwards, Samuel F 
 
 lOdward^. Weldon N..I) 
 
 Eustis, William D 
 
 Farrelly, Patrick D 
 
 Findlay, Jolin D 
 
 Floyd, John D 
 
 Forrest, Thomas — 
 
 Forward, Walter... .D 
 
 Fuller, Timothy R 
 
 Oarnett, Roberts D 
 
 Gebhard, John — 
 
 Gilraer, George It D 
 
 Gist, Joseph — 
 
 Gorham, Benjauiin.. .F 
 
 Oovan, Andrew R — 
 
 Gross, Samuel D 
 
 Hall, Thomas H — 
 
 Hamilton, James — 
 
 Hardin, BenjamiaV..W 
 
 Harris, Mark — 
 
 Harvey, IVIatthew D 
 
 Hawkes. James — 
 
 Hemphill, Joseph F 
 
 Hendricks, William.. D 
 
 Hernandez, Jos. M — 
 
 Herrick, Ebenezer. — 
 
 Hill, Mark L _ 
 
 Hobart, Aaron D 
 
 Holcomb, George D 
 
 Hooks, Charles D 
 
 Hubbard, Thomas H. .D 
 Ingham. Samuel D...D 
 Jackson, Edward B. . — 
 Jennings. Jonathan.. — 
 
 Johnson, Francis H 
 
 Johnson, John T — 
 
 Johnston, Josiah S D 
 
 Jones, Francis — 
 
 Jones, James — 
 
 Kent, Joseph F 
 
 Keyes, Ellas — 
 
 Kirkland, Joseph — 
 
 I.,atlirop, Samuel — 
 
 Leftwich, Jabez — 
 
 Lincoln. Enoch — 
 
 Litchfield, Elisha D 
 
 Little, Peter F 
 
 Long, John — 
 
 Lowndes, William D 
 
 McCarty, Richard...— 
 
 McCoy. William D 
 
 McDulfle, George D 
 
 MeKim, Isaac D 
 
 McLane, Lewis D 
 
 McNeill, Archibald. . . — 
 
 Va... 
 Conn 
 Conn, 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Ky.. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 N. C. 
 -N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Conn 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y 
 N.J. 
 
 N. y 
 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Conn, 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ga.,. 
 Mass, 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 M. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Mass, 
 Pa.,. 
 Pa... 
 Fla.. 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. J. 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 
 1779 
 
 ,\pril2a'l-81 
 
 17!)!) 
 
 17«:i 
 
 1704 
 
 1770 
 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 Conn 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass, 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ga. 
 Md, 
 Del 
 N. C 
 
 Oct. 16, 178.3 
 
 . 1783 
 . 17!)3 
 
 AprilliS, 1791 
 
 . 1780 
 . 1786 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 May 14, 
 
 Mar.'l7, 
 
 -Vpi'ii 4,' 
 Miir. — , 
 Oct. 12, 
 Aug. — , 
 
 Oct."6V' 
 
 1792 
 1784 
 
 i'm) 
 177: 
 
 1759 
 1773 
 1789 
 1703 
 .1795 
 1768 
 
 OcoupAtlon. 
 
 Oct. 2-'i, 
 April 28, 
 
 1778 
 1782 
 
 .1767 
 .1790 
 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Conn 
 Va,,. 
 .Mass . 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Ark.. 
 Mass. 
 Md. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 S. C, 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. . . 
 Tenn, 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 N. C. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 C. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn, 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 IIL... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ga 
 
 July 11, 
 
 .\prUlI| 
 Jan. 12, 
 Feb. 13, 
 
 1790 
 1775 
 1775 
 
 June 30, 
 June 20, 
 
 Nov. 25, 1784 
 
 Feb. 7, 1782 
 
 May 28, 1786 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 K. I.. 
 
 Ma-ss, 
 , 1769|R. I.. 
 . 1779|Conn 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 . 1788 N. C. 
 ,1733 Mass. 
 . 1760 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 , liS6 Pa... 
 1778 Mass. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 S. C.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Ky... 
 Jle... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Ind.. 
 Fla.. 
 -Me. . . 
 Mass. 
 Mas.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. .. 
 Ind... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Lou.. 
 Teniu 
 Va... 
 Md. . . 
 Vt... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Me... 
 N. Y.. 
 Md. .. 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Del 
 
 . 1783 
 . 1789 
 . 1734 
 . 1779 
 , 1781 
 
 '.iVto 
 
 . 1783 
 
 1772 
 
 1787 
 
 .1786 
 
 '. iVso 
 
 ,1779 
 
 , 1770 
 .1771 
 
 , 1788 
 .1795 
 
 !N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unkiiown 
 
 I'nknown 
 
 riiysirlun 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 r..awycr, . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unkno%vn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Uii known. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Pliysician 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Paper Mr. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Unknown 
 
 La^vyer.. . 
 
 Lawy-er. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Agr'clt'st. 
 Varied . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Meixhant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 LTnknown 
 
 Feb. 28, IS24 
 
 Jan. 3, 1845 
 Feb. 2.'.. IH4I 
 Mar. 20, 18.52 
 Feb. 20, lf« 1 
 Jan. 29, 1829 
 Jan. 20, 1847 
 Oct. 28, 1852 
 
 Oct.' '.'),' ' i'sis 
 
 Mar. 21, 18.57 
 April 1, 1834 
 
 1834 
 
 July 9, 1856 
 May 1, 18.58 
 April 23, 1803 
 
 1831 
 
 Jan. 28, 1841 
 
 1847 
 
 Feb. 21, 1845 
 Feb. 2, 18.39 
 July 22, 1847 
 
 iiec.' 18,' ]'873 
 Feb. 6, 1825 
 Jan. 12, 1826 
 Nov. 5. 1838 
 Aug. 16, 1837 
 Mar. 21). 1825 
 Nov. 24, 1842 
 Oct. 1, 1835 
 
 May — , 1849 
 
 .M.-iy 9,' 'lH;i.5 
 June 1, 1808 
 Jan. 2.'1, 1J',">8 
 Ap)il21,1836 
 Nov. 8, 18.54 
 April30,I8<i2 
 Sept. 24, 1833 
 
 Sep't. 26J 1842 
 Juno 20, 18.50 
 
 Aug. 8, 1864 
 Feb. 16, 1R54 
 Feb. 7, 1834 
 May 26, 1862 
 Feb. 5, 1874 
 .I.an. 15, 18(56 
 Oct. 10, 1S27 
 Xov. 19, 1853 
 
 >"ov. 15,1859 
 May 8. 1836 
 Sept. 27, 1855 
 
 June 30, 1853 
 Nov. 1.5, 1857 
 Sept. 24, 1852 
 -Mar. 2, 1843 
 April 7, 18.56 
 
 May 29. 
 May 16, 
 June 8, 
 May 7. 
 Nov. 20, 
 July 1. 
 Jan. 14, 
 
 May 22! 
 April 13, 
 Sept. 8, 
 July 26, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Dec. IS, 
 May 19, 
 
 1842 
 18.50 
 18.57 
 1839 
 1842 
 1,S58 
 1828 
 1851 
 1857 
 1833 
 1826 
 ia34 
 1851 
 1857 
 1833 
 
 Nov. 24, 1837 
 
 Jan. 26, 1844 
 July 11,1846 
 
 Oct. 8, 1829 
 Aug. 4, 1859 
 Feb. 5, 1830 
 
 Oct.'27,"l822 
 
 Mar. II, 1851 
 April 1, 1838 
 Oct. 7, 1857 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 ^"1 ''•".Bo"- 
 
 8ut« 
 lt«prc 
 
 
 MeSheriy, James. . 
 
 ..F 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 
 
 Ph. .. 
 
 I'nknown 
 
 Feb. 3. 1849 
 
 Mallarv, HollinC.,. 
 
 , 
 
 Conn 
 
 
 . 17H( 
 
 Vt,... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 April 10, 1831 
 
 Matlack, James 
 
 — 
 
 N.J. 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Jan. 15. 184() 
 
 
 .'w 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 July 18. 1M55 
 Aug. 14,1847 
 
 Mattocks. John 
 
 June ir 
 
 ,1776 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Mercer. Charles F. . 
 
 ..D 
 
 Va... 
 
 June fi 
 
 177t 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 4. 18.58 
 
 Metcalfe. ThonioJt . . 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 2( 
 
 , 178( 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Aug. 18, 1855 
 
 Mllnor, William ... 
 
 ..F 
 D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Mitchell, James S... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas K. 
 
 . — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 8. C. 
 
 
 Nov. 2, 1837 
 
 Montgomer-y. Thos. 
 
 ..1> 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 Kv... 
 Ala.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 2, 1828 
 
 Moore, Gabriel 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 I'hysielan 
 Unknown 
 I'nknown 
 
 June 9. 1844 
 
 Moore, Samuel 
 
 ..I) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 I'a. . 
 
 Feb. 18, 1861 
 
 
 .'.D 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 ."n'rai 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Morgan, John J 
 
 July -29, 1849 
 
 Murray, Thomas. . . . 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown 
 I'nknown 
 
 
 3f eale, Raphael .... 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Oct. 19, 18:13 
 
 Nelson, Hugh 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mor. 18, IKK) 
 
 Nelson, Jeremiah.. 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 1-i 
 
 , I7esi 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Oct. 2, lKf8 
 
 Nelson, John 
 
 New, Anthony 
 
 . — 
 
 Md... 
 
 June 1, 
 
 1791 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Jan. 8, 1860 
 
 1> 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 1747 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Mar. 2, 1833 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1769 
 
 vi... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 April24,1822 
 
 Overstreet, Jann-s. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Patterson, "Walter . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 Phillips, John 
 
 . F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Pierson, Jeremiah 1 
 
 ..D 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn 
 
 
 'mf 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 Pitcher, Nathaniel. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 May 25, 1838 
 
 
 .D 
 I) 
 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. "9, 
 
 'iVsiJ 
 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Plumer, William . . , 
 
 Sept. 18. 18.54 
 
 Poinsett, Joel R 
 
 .,F 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Mar. 2. 
 
 1779 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Varied ...iDec. 12. 1851 
 
 Randolph, John 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 June 2 
 
 1773 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 24. 1833 
 
 Rankin. CI)ristopirr 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Miss . 
 
 
 Mar. 14, 1820 
 
 Heed, John 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 1781 
 
 Mass. 
 
 I-.awyer... 
 
 Nov. 25, I860 
 
 Reed, Philip 
 
 -- 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Nov. 2, 1829 
 
 Reid, Robert R..., 
 
 .1) 
 
 S. 0. 
 
 
 I78i) 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 
 July 1. 1844 
 
 Rhea, John 
 
 ,1> 
 
 
 
 1753 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 May 27, 1832 
 
 Rich, Charles 
 
 1) 
 
 Ma-ss. 
 
 
 1771 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 
 Oct. 15. 18-24 
 
 Rochester, Wm. B, . 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 15. 18.-« 
 
 Rodney, Ca?sar A... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Del... 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 1772 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 14, 1831 
 
 
 ■,n 
 
 Del.. 
 
 
 1764 
 1781 
 
 I))-l... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 2. 1840 
 Dec. 7. 1832 
 
 Rogers. Thomas J. . 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 
 Ross, Thomas R 
 
 
 
 
 1789 
 1790 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. V. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawver... 
 
 
 Ruggles. Charles II. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 June 10, iHti^ 
 
 Russ, John 
 
 I) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 1764 
 
 
 
 June 22, 1832 
 
 Russell. Jonathan.. 
 
 ,D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 1771 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Feb. 16. 1832 
 
 Sander9,Rumuliis M 
 
 ,D 
 
 S. ('.. 
 
 Mai-. - 
 
 1791 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April21.18:r7 
 
 Sawyer. Lemuel 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1777 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Jan. S, 1852 
 
 Scott, John 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 1782 
 
 Mo... 
 
 
 Oct. 1 , 1861 
 
 Sergeant, John 
 
 F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Dee. 5, 
 
 1779 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Nov. 23, ia52 
 
 Sibley, Solomon 
 
 . — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 7. 
 
 1769 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 4, 1846 
 
 Sloane, John 
 
 — 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 1779 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 May 15, 1R56 
 
 Smith, Arthur 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 15 
 
 1785 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Mar. 30, 1853 
 
 Smith, John S 
 
 A> 
 
 Ky... 
 
 July 31 
 
 1792 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 6, 1854 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27 
 
 17.52 
 
 Md... 
 
 L'nknown 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 Smith, Williiim 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Smyth, Alexander.. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 1765 
 
 Antit 17 18;UI 
 
 Spencer, Elijah 
 
 
 Unknown,' 
 
 Stephenson, James. 
 
 .F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 20, 
 
 17lr4 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown, Aug. 7. 1833 
 
 Sterling, Ansel 
 
 — 
 
 :^onn. 
 
 
 .... Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Sterling, Micah 
 
 — 
 
 'onn. 
 
 
 17H1 N, Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ApriU0,1844 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew. 
 
 .D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 1784 Va., . 
 
 
 Jan. 2.5. 18.57 
 
 Stewart, Andrew. . . 
 
 .0 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June — , 
 
 1792 Pa . . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 16. 1872 
 
 Stoddard. Ebenezer, 
 
 , — 
 
 ;;onn. 
 
 May e. 
 
 1786 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 11.1848 
 
 Swan, Samuel 
 
 , 
 
 .N. J.. 
 
 
 1771 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 24, 1844 
 
 Tattnoll, Edw'd F.. 
 
 '.D 
 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1784 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 T.aylor,John W 
 
 
 Sept. 18, 1854 
 
 Thompson, W ilev 
 
 ,D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Todd, John 
 
 U 
 
 Jonn. 
 
 
 1779 Pa... 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 April 4, I8:i0 
 
 Tomlinson, Gideon.. 
 
 — 
 
 ^onn. 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1780|Conn. 
 
 
 Oct. 8, 18.54 
 Sept. 12, 1859 
 
 Tracy, Albert H .... 
 
 .1) 
 
 ^onn. 
 
 June 17 
 
 1793 X. Y. 
 
 
 Trimble. David .... 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Va,.. 
 
 June — , 
 
 1782 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Tucker, George 
 
 .U 
 
 Berm 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1775 
 
 Vi... 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 April 10, 1861 
 Feb. 4. 18.34 
 
 Tucker, Starling 
 
 
 Udree, Daniel 
 
 .1) 
 .D 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 S. H. 
 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 
 July 22, 1828 
 July U), 1820 
 
 Upham, Nathaniel.. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 June 9, 
 
 1774 
 
 "Vance. John 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Van Renssalaer, Sol 
 
 ,F 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 0, 
 
 1774 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 April 23,1852 
 
 Van Renssalaer, Ste. 
 
 — 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Nov. — , 
 
 i7(a 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1839 
 
 Van Swearingen, T. . 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 7, 1822 
 
 Van Wvck. Wm. W.. 
 
 v. Y. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 j'u'l'y'ig 
 
 '1753 
 
 
 Walker. Felix 
 
 1863 
 
 Walworth. Reub. H. 
 
 .1) 
 
 ::onn. 
 
 Jet. 26, 
 
 1789 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 28. 1867 
 
 Warlicld, Heni-y R... 
 
 ,F 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 1781 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Mar. 18, IS.'iS 
 
 5Vhipple, Thomas... 
 
 
 
 Mass, 
 
 
 1788 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Phvsielan 
 
 Jan. 23, 18.35 
 
 White, Phinea.s 
 
 _ 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 1770 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 1847 
 
 Whitman, Ezekiel.. 
 
 ,F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. 11, 
 
 1770 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 1, 1866 
 
 Williams, Jared 
 
 .D 
 
 Md... 
 
 5Iar. 4, 
 
 17(!<i 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 .\p'eult'st. 
 
 Jan. 2. 1831 
 
 Williams, Lewis 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1782 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 23. 1842 
 
 5ViIliamson.Wm. D. 
 
 .D 
 
 ^onn. 
 
 July 31, 
 
 1779 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... "May 27.1846 
 
 "\\ ilson, John 
 
 n 
 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 l'"?!!!) 
 
 S. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Wood, Silas 
 
 Mar. 2, 1847 
 
 Woodcock, David... 
 
 .u 
 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa""' 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Kt... 
 
 Pu. ., 
 
 Md.,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Tanner ... 
 La-wyer... 
 
 
 Woodson, Samuel H. 
 
 
 
 Sept. 21, 1822 
 Sept. 7 1826 
 
 Wright. Robert 
 
 Md,.. 
 
 .:::::::::, ;::i 
 
 Total RepresentatiTes. S04. Occupation Unknown, 89. Lawyers, 8S. 
 Physicians, lO. Merchants, 8. Varied, 4. Clerg>"nien. 18. Mechanics, 
 2, Journalists. 3. Agriculturistj*, 3. Paper-maker, i. Soldier, 1. Tan- 
 ner, 1, Foreign Bom, 4: Includinj? Ireland. 3; Bermuda, 1. 
 
 k
 
 Eighteenth Congress of the United States, from 1823 to 1825. 
 
 1823 — The " Monroe Doctpine" advocated by 
 President Monroe, to prevent foreij^n 
 aggression upon United States soil and 
 institutions. 
 
 1823— First " Teachers' Seminary " establish- 
 ed at Concord. Vt., by Rev. S. II. HilL 
 
 1824— Marquis de Lafayette, the friend of 
 General Washintgon, visited this coun- 
 try, remaining about one year— Aug. 
 15. In December Congress voted him 
 S200,000 and a to^vnship of land. 
 
 James Monroe, uth PrCNldent. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, of N. Y., Vicc-Pres. John O. 
 Adams, of Mass., See'y of State. William H. Crawford, 
 of Ga., See'v of Treas. John C. Calhoun, of S. C-. See'y 
 of "War. Samuel L. Southard, of N. J.. Set'y of Navy. 
 William Wirt, of Va., Att'y Oen- Henrj- Clay, of Ky., 
 Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 1824t— The Mexican Congress forbade the 
 lurther importation of slaves into that 
 republic. July 13. 
 
 1824 — Pins were first manufactured in Eng- 
 land by machinery patented by a citi- 
 zen of the United States — Wellman 
 Wright. 
 
 1825— The first "Reform School" in this 
 country was opened in New York City, 
 in January. 
 
 F, Indicates Federalist; B. Democrat; W, Whig; K, RepubUcan. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Whrrc 
 Bom. 
 
 When Bom. 
 
 suw 
 
 Keprc- 
 
 HDtfd. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 ■When Died. 
 
 Barbour. James.... 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 June 10, 1775;Va... Lawyer... 
 
 June 8, 1842 
 
 Barton. David 
 
 ■ — 
 
 
 
 Mo... Unknown. 
 N. H. Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 28, 1837 
 Dec. 23, 1850 
 
 Bell. Samuel 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Feb. 9, 1770 
 
 Benton, Thomas H.. 
 
 .D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Max. 14, 1782 Mo. .. Lawyer.. . 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 Bouligny, Domin.... 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb 20 1864 
 
 Branch, John 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 Nov. 4. 1782 
 
 Jan. 4, 1863 
 
 Brown, Ethan A.... 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 July 4. 1776 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 24. 1852 
 
 Brown, James 
 
 — 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 11, 1766 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 7, 1835 
 
 
 .D 
 
 N. H. 
 Del . . 
 
 
 Me... 
 Del... 
 
 Agr'eult'st 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. — , 1841 
 Aug. 21, 1854 
 
 Clayton. Thoma'J 
 
 Mar. 9, 1758 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. ,L. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Dickerson, Mahlon. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 April 17, 1770 
 
 Oct. 5. 1853 
 
 D'Wolf e, James 
 
 '.D 
 .D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1763 
 
 R. I.. 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec 21 1837 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 
 
 
 Ed%vards, Henrv W. 
 
 1779 
 
 July 22. 1847 
 
 Edwards, Ninian.... 
 
 .U 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mar. -, 1775 
 
 111... 
 
 
 July 20, 1833 
 
 Elliott. John 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 9, 1827 
 Nov. 12, 1840 
 
 Findlay. William.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June 20,1708 
 
 Gaillai-d. John 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 5, 1765 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Feb, 20, 1826 
 
 Hayne. Robert Y.. 
 
 .i> 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .Sept. 24. 1839 
 
 Holmes, David 
 
 . — 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Aug. 20, 1832 
 
 Holmes. John 
 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. -. 1773 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 7, 1843 
 
 J.ackson. Andrew.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 15. 1767 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 8. 1845 
 
 Johnson. Henr\- 
 
 . — 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Sept. 14, 1783 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 4. 1864 
 
 Johnson, Richard M 
 
 .1> 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Oct. 17.1781 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 19, 1850 
 
 Johnston. JosiahS. 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1784 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 19, 1833 
 
 
 .D 
 .F 
 
 Tenn. 
 .Mass. 
 
 Mar.24,"l755 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 s. y. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 King, Rufus 
 
 April 29, 1827 
 
 King. William R.... 
 
 .D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 7, 1786 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 18, 1853 
 
 Knight. NehemiahR.W 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1780 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Banker . . . 
 
 April 19, 1854 
 
 Ijanman. James ... 
 
 .11 
 
 Conn 
 
 June 14. 1769 
 
 Conn. Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 7. 1841 
 
 Lloyd. Edward 
 
 — 
 
 Md... 
 
 1779 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 2. 1834 
 
 Lloyd. James 
 
 .F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1769 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 .4pril 5. 1831 
 
 Lowiie, Walter 
 
 — 
 
 Scot.. 
 
 Deo. 10, 1784 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 Jan. 14. 1868 
 
 McUvaine. Joseph. 
 
 .U 
 
 '.n 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1768 
 
 N. J.. 
 111. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Aug. 19, 182C 
 Oct 14 1830 
 
 McLean, John 
 
 
 
 Macon. Nathaniel.. . 
 
 .\-. C. 
 
 1757 
 
 June 29, 1837 
 
 Mills. Elijah H 
 
 .F 
 
 
 1778 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 5, 1829 
 
 IVoble, James 
 
 ■z 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb 26 1831 
 
 Palmer. Wm. A 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 
 Dec. 12, 1860 
 
 Pai-rott, John F 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 N. H. 
 Conn 
 
 1768 
 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 9, 1836 
 Sept. 2, 1837 
 
 Ruggles, Benjamin 
 
 1763 
 
 Seymour. Horatio . 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 31, 1776 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 21, 1857 
 
 Smith, Samuel 
 
 .D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 Md.... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 Xalbot, Isham 
 
 .— 
 
 Va... 
 
 1773 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 25, 1837 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 A) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va, 
 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1824 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 
 Aug. 26, 1821'. 
 
 Thomas, Jes.'ie B 
 
 ■ — 
 
 
 
 111.... 
 Va .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb 3 IS."!!' 
 
 Tazewell, L. W 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 17, 1774 
 
 May 6. 1S60 
 
 Van Buren, Martin 
 
 .D 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1782 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Julv 24. 1S62 
 
 Van Dyke, Michael.. 
 
 . — 
 
 Del.. 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 19, 18211 
 
 Ware, Nicholas 
 
 . — 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 7. 1824 
 
 Williams. Thomas }1 
 
 .11 
 
 \, ('.. 1 
 
 MlBs. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Total Senators. .>3. Lawyers. ST. Occupation Unknown, lO. Agri- 
 culturists, a. Banker. 1. Merchant,!. Soldier,!. Vai-ied. !. Foreign 
 Bom,!: Including Scotland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Abbott, Joel 
 
 Adams, Parmcnio. . . 
 Alexander, Adam R. 
 
 Alexander. M.ark 
 
 Allen. Robert 
 
 Allen. Samuel C 
 
 Allison. James 
 
 Archer, William S 
 
 Bailey. John 
 
 Ball. William L 
 
 Barber. Noycs 
 
 Barbour, John S 
 
 Barbour, Philip P... 
 Bartlett, Ichabod. ... 
 Bai-tley, Mordecal. . . . 
 
 Ba-ssett, Burwell 
 
 Bavlles, Francis 
 
 Bcc.lier, Philemon.. 
 
 Ill;.ii. John 
 
 IliMdlev. William C 
 
 Mriik. Sammd 
 
 Brent, William 1 
 
 Brown, John 
 
 Ituebanan, James 
 
 I'.ui'k. Daniel A. A 
 
 lliieknrr, Hlchanl A.. 
 Hurl.lgli. VVIIIlnm..., 
 Burton, HutchlnsO.. 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 N. II. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 I'a... 
 Pa... 
 Vt... 
 Va... 
 N 
 
 H. 
 
 N. C 
 
 Suto I 
 
 Repre- 
 
 WDtcd. 
 
 Jon. 5, 
 Oct. 4, 
 .Mar. .•>, 
 
 177 
 177: 
 177: 
 1789 
 
 1779 
 1781 
 179fl 
 '99 
 1786 
 1783 
 764 
 Oct. IB, 1783 
 . 17 
 . 1798 
 1783 
 1771 
 
 April 28, 1 
 Auk. 8, " 
 
 luly 2-1. 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 Mar. 2:1. 
 July 17, 
 
 Aprll23. 
 Jan. 16. 
 July 1(1, 
 
 . 1700 Ga.... 
 Y. 
 , Tenn. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 N. II. 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa... 
 Lou. . 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Vt.. .. 
 Kv... 
 Me... 
 N. C. 
 
 1791 
 1789 
 1763 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Varied. . . 
 I..awyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Teacher . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L.awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.yer. . . 
 AgViiltVt. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 La\vy.er. .. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Ijvwyer. . . 
 I.awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 !.awyer. . . 
 .awyer.. . 
 
 Nov. 
 
 19 
 
 1826 
 
 Aug. 
 
 19 
 
 ,1864 
 
 H'eh. 
 
 H, 
 
 1842 
 
 June 
 
 — 
 
 18.''.4 
 
 Mar. 
 
 28 
 
 18.15 
 
 June 
 
 26 
 
 1.8:15 
 
 h'eb. 
 
 •.^8 
 
 1824 
 
 Jan. 
 
 3. 
 
 l.'<45 
 
 Jan. 
 
 12 
 
 1855 
 
 I''el.. 
 
 2.'i, 
 
 1841 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19 
 
 I8.'i3 
 
 Oct. 
 
 10 
 
 1870 
 
 Feb. 
 
 26 
 
 1841 
 
 Oi:t, 
 
 28 
 
 1852 
 
 Nov. 
 
 30 
 
 1.S39 
 
 Julv 
 
 it. 
 
 186:l 
 
 Mar. 
 
 3, 
 
 1867 
 
 S.-pt 
 
 1, 
 
 1862 
 
 July 
 
 7. 
 
 1848 
 
 June 
 
 I 
 
 1868 
 
 Dee. 
 
 24, 
 
 1841 
 
 Dec. 
 
 8, 
 
 1H47 
 
 Julv 
 
 
 
 1827 
 
 April 
 
 21, 
 
 1836 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Corn. 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 Sute 
 R«pre- 
 ■enr^l. 
 
 Oconp.tion. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 
 ■- 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ind .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Call, Jacob 
 
 Call, Richard K 
 
 Cambrelcng, C. .. 
 Campbell, John W.. 
 Campbell, Robert B. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Fla.. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 
 .D 
 D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1786 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mei'chant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 AprllSO. 1862 
 Sept. 24, 1833 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 W 
 
 8. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Md... 
 N. J. 
 
 Sept. 11, 1792 
 
 isiay 'l4,' iVsi 
 
 April 12, 17'r'7 
 
 S. C 
 Ga... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 June 20, 1850 
 
 
 June 14, 1844 
 
 Cassedy, George... 
 aark, Lot 
 
 
 'w 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 June 29, 1852 
 
 Cobb, Thomas W... 
 
 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 1784 
 
 Ua... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 1. 1830 
 
 Cocke, J-^hn 
 
 Collins. Ela 
 
 W 
 
 Va 
 
 . 1772 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 
 Feb. 16 18'>4 
 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Feb. 14, 1786 
 Mar. -, 1773 
 
 Nov. 23. 1848 
 
 
 May 26. 1862 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug. — , 1793 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Jan. 15, 1866 
 
 Conway, HtmryW.. 
 
 . — 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Cook, Daniel P 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 111... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 16. iSZ! 
 
 Crafts, Samuel C... 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 6, lies 
 
 N.H. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 19, 1853 
 
 Craig, Hector 
 
 I> 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 i> 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dee. CT, 1'772 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Feb. 5, 1851 
 
 
 K 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Me... 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 1834 
 
 Cuthbert, Alfred.,. 
 
 n 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 9. 1856 
 
 l>ay. Rowland 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 i'788 
 
 X. Y . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 179(1 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1847 
 
 Dwight, Henry W.. 
 
 
 Mass, 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1845 
 
 
 'd 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 ii.'i.'. 
 
 .War' 3i; 1769 
 
 N. Y. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 B. I.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Eddv. Samu.l 
 
 Feb. 2, 1839 
 
 Edwaniv, Samuel... 
 
 F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Edwards. W.Ulon N 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C 
 
 1788 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dee. 18. 1873 
 
 Ellis William C 
 
 F 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 13. 1871 
 
 Farrelly. Patrick .. 
 
 1) 
 
 Ire'd, 
 
 1760 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 12. 18'_>6 
 
 
 .D 
 T) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 5. 1838 
 
 Floyd, John 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Aug. 16. 1837 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 1. 1828 
 
 Foote. Samuel A 
 
 W 
 
 Conn 
 
 •Jov. 8, I'?* 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 15. 1846 
 
 Forsyth. John 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jet. 2, 1780 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Oct, 21. 1841 
 
 .D 
 
 ■r 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 1786 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 24, 1842 
 
 
 iuiy'iii'ms 
 
 
 Fuller, Timothy.... 
 
 Oct. I, 1835 
 
 Gamett. Robert S. . 
 Garrison. Daniel... 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Va... 
 N. J . 
 
 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 Gatlin. Alfred M... 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Gazley, James W... 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1784 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 12. 1874 
 
 Gist, Joseph 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Jan, 12, 1775 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 8. 1836 
 
 Govan, Andrew R. . 
 
 
 
 8. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Gurley, Henry H... 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1787 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 1832 
 
 Hall. Thomas H... 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1783 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Physician 
 
 June 30. 1853 
 
 Hamilton, Jame.-*. . . 
 
 
 
 s. c. 
 
 178a 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 15, 1857 
 
 Harris, Robert 
 
 D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Harvey. Matthew... 
 
 .!> 
 
 N. H. 
 
 lunc 21, 1781 
 
 N. II. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 7, 1856 
 
 Havdcn. Moses 
 
 ik-mphill. J..s.-ph... 
 
 .'.F 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1770 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Moy 29. 1842 
 
 Henrv. K..h< il p.... 
 
 w 
 
 Ky... 
 
 .Vov. 24. 1-SS 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 2.''i. 1.S26 
 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 1773 
 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 
 L nUiiown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 8. 1845 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 
 May 7, 1839 
 
 Hevward, William 
 
 iii'si' 
 
 ■)'un4'26,' 'l'787 
 
 
 Hobart. Aai-on 
 
 July 1, 1858 
 
 IIogelK)oni, James L 
 
 .'.D 
 
 ..D 
 
 D 
 
 N.J.'! 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Inknown 
 Ph.^sician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Jan. 14. 1828 
 
 Hooks Chailc-, 
 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 
 -Mai''. ' 2,' 'ilia 
 
 1851 
 
 Hoiisljiii, SaiMutl ... 
 
 July 25. 1863 
 
 Ingham. Samuel 1>. 
 
 .D 
 
 I'a... 
 
 ■Sept. 16, I77S 
 
 Pa... 
 
 PaiH r JFi'. 
 
 April 13, 18:13 
 
 Isacks, Jaiuh C 
 
 __ 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 •Iciikiiis, ].i-iiiU(-l . 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Jennings. Junalhan 
 
 _ 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 26, 1834 
 
 J..l,,isnn. l-iaiuis... 
 
 n 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Kv. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 14. 1851 
 
 J<)liiiv,,i,,.|,,|in T.... 
 
 
 Ky. . . 
 
 
 Kv 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dee. 18. 18.')7 
 
 Jnlinhoii, .I..M j,h.... 
 
 D 
 
 N Y 
 
 Deo. 19, 1785 
 
 Va 
 
 Ag'culfst. 
 
 Feb. 27. 1877 
 
 Kent. J..srph 
 
 F 
 
 Md... 
 
 1799 
 
 Md... 
 
 Piiysician 
 
 Nov. 24. 1837 
 
 Kiililcr. David 
 
 w 
 
 Me... 
 
 Dec. 8, 1787 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 1, 1860 
 
 Krr'nmcr, George... 
 
 n 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1775 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Kiithrop. Samuel .. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1771 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July U, 1846 
 
 Lawrence, Samuel . 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Lee. John 
 
 F 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Lcftwich. Jabcz 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Letcher, Robert P .. 
 
 W 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 .Inn. 24, 1861 
 
 Lincoln. Enoch 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Deo. 28, 1788 
 
 Me 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 8, 18-J!i 
 
 Lllchlleld, Elisha... 
 
 D 
 
 
 1795 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Vai'ied.... 
 
 Aug. 4, 18.5i) 
 
 Little. Peter 
 
 F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Feb. 5. 1830 
 
 Llvermorc. Arthur . . 
 
 n 
 
 N. II. July 28, 1776 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July I. 1853 
 
 Livingston. Edward 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 1764 
 
 Lou,. 
 Mass. 
 N. 0. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyel'... 
 Ag'euU'st. 
 
 May 23. 18:)6 
 
 Lockr. John 
 
 1764 
 
 Mar. 29. 1855 
 
 LonK, .lolm 
 
 Va...' 
 
 
 Lnnk-r.llow. Sl4-phen 
 
 F 
 
 Mass. June 23, 1775 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Aug. 2. 1840 
 
 Mi-.\i 11.111 , n.incan. 
 
 vv 
 
 N. Y 1772 Ohio. 
 
 Surveyor . 
 
 April 28. 1839 
 
 M.'C.v.. William 
 
 1) 
 
 Va IVa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Milmilii-, (iei-ijjf... 
 
 .u 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1778 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyel'. . . 
 
 Mar, 11. 1851
 
 f 
 
 EIGHTEENTH AND NINETKKNTH OONCJIJKSSES, AND I.i:ADIN(i ICVENT.S c)|. THE TIME. 
 
 i 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 MoKcan. Samuel D 
 
 MiiKco, .Ii>lm — 
 
 McKim, Isaac 1) 
 
 Mcl.ant), Lewis I> 
 
 McLean, VVilllaiu ... — 
 Mallary. K.>lllli C. ...— 
 Maiillilin. Willie I'... W 
 aaiklev. I"llilil)S....I) 
 Martlndale, H. C. ...W 
 
 Marvin, Dudley i> 
 
 Matlaek, James — 
 
 Matron, Aaron — 
 
 Mercer, ('li;is. V I) 
 
 Jleteajfo. Tliomas D 
 
 Miller, llaniel It D 
 
 Mlteliill,Gcurt-.' E...1) 
 
 Mitehell, ,lalne»S 1) 
 
 Moore, Gabriel P — 
 
 Moore. Thomas P.. . .T> 
 
 Morgan, J,ihn J I) 
 
 Nealc, T!ii|.liael — 
 
 Nelson, J. r.iniah F 
 
 Newton, Tliomas D 
 
 O'Brien, Jei'einiah. . . — 
 
 Olin, Henry — 
 
 Outlaw, Cieoi'ee — 
 
 Owen, George W — 
 
 Patterson, Jolin — 
 
 Patterson, Thomas, ,.D 
 
 Plumer, tleoi ^re 1> 
 
 PInmer, William D 
 
 Poinsett, Joel K P 
 
 Prince, Willi-im — 
 
 ISancloli.li,.Iolm D 
 
 Uankin, (.'liristopher. — 
 
 Ueea. John W 
 
 U .vnolds, J.amcs II. . . — 
 
 l;ieli,ar(ls. Gabriel — 
 
 lliehards, John — 
 
 Kich, Ciiarlcs 1> 
 
 Uives, William C D 
 
 Rogers, Thomas J D 
 
 Uose, Kobert S — 
 
 Uoss, Thomas U — 
 
 .Sanford, James T — 
 
 Saunders, Rom, M,..,D 
 
 Scott, John — 
 
 Sharpe, Peter — 
 
 Sibley, Jonas D 
 
 Sloane, John — 
 
 Smith, Arthur — 
 
 Smith, William — 
 
 Smyth, Alexander D 
 
 Spaieht, Richard D.. — 
 
 Spence, John S D 
 
 Standifcr, James W 
 
 Stephenson, James, . .F 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Del... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Md. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Md. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 May 28, 17H6 
 
 May 6, 
 May 6, 
 
 June (5, 
 Mar. 20, 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. 11. 
 S. O. 
 
 Va.'.! 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 
 Fran, 
 N. Y 
 Mass. 
 
 . 17«4 
 .17112 
 
 ' iVso 
 i7«e 
 
 V772 
 
 1778 
 1780 
 
 . 17«!l 
 
 Sept. 14, Vfeg 
 
 . 1769 
 . 1768 
 . 1767 
 
 '. 'l798 
 
 Pa... 
 Ala . , 
 .Md... 
 Del,., 
 Ohio. 
 Vt... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 .V. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Pa.... 
 Al.i , , 
 1795jKy, 
 
 Oct 9, 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 June 
 
 Oct. 15, 
 May i', ' 
 
 1789 
 1779 
 
 1771 
 1793 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 
 
 1781 
 
 Va.. 
 
 
 
 1772 
 1789 
 
 Va. . 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y.. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 
 .Mar.' 
 
 '7'_ 
 
 1791 
 1782 
 
 'l''r62 
 1779 
 
 Va... 
 Va . 
 
 Nov. 
 
 15 
 
 1785 
 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 Md 
 
 1765 
 
 1796 
 
 
 
 Pa. . . Mar. 20, 1764 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 X. C. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 N. It. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Miss . 
 
 M,ass. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Vt..., 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 UnkiMJwn 
 .Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 ■UnkiHJwn 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. ., 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied .. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unldiown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 l.'nknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied . . 
 
 UnknowTi. 
 
 L.awyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clertrym'n 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Law.yer. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyei'.. . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 June 23, 1840 
 
 April 1, 1838 
 Oct. 7. 1817 
 Oct. 12. 1839 
 AprlllH,lM31 
 Sept. 14, 1861 
 
 April 22, 1880 
 Jnnu25, IKiti 
 Jan. 15, 1840 
 July 18, 1855 
 May 4, 1858 
 \Mg. 18, 1855 
 
 184(1 
 
 June 28. 1832 
 
 June 9, 1844 
 July 21, 1845 
 July 29, 1849 
 Oct, 19, 1833 
 Oct. 2, 18:)8 
 AuK. 5, 1847 
 May 30, m')8 
 
 1S37 
 
 Aug, 15, 1835 
 Aug, 18,1836 
 
 Sept. 18. 18,54 
 Dec, 1-2, ia51 
 
 1824 
 
 May 24, 18-13 
 .Mar, 14, 1826 
 Not, 25, 18<il) 
 
 Sept, 13, 1832 
 
 O'ct.' I's,' 'l'824 
 April26, 1868 
 Dec. 7, 1832 
 Nov. 24, 1835 
 June 28, 1869 
 
 April 2 1,1867 
 Oct. 1, 1861 
 
 Feb.' 'I'ci,' I's's'i 
 May 15, 1856 
 Mar. 30, 1853 
 
 Api-ill7,1830 
 Nov. 2, 1850 
 Oct, 29, 1810 
 Aug, 24, 1837 
 Aug. 7, 1833 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 
 Sterling, Ansel — 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew... D 
 
 Stewart, Andrew D 
 
 Stoddard, EbeneKer. . — 
 
 Storrs, llenry R F 
 
 Strong. James F 
 
 Swan, Samuel — 
 
 Taliaferro. John D 
 
 Tattnall, Kdward F,.— 
 
 Taylor. John W 1) 
 
 Ten Eyek, Egbert, , , .— 
 
 Test. John D 
 
 Thomson. Alexander.— 
 
 Thompson, Philii — 
 
 Thompson, Wiley. ...D 
 
 Todd. John 1) 
 
 Tomlinson. Gideon... — 
 
 Tracy, Albert H D 
 
 Trimble, David D 
 
 Tucker, George 1) 
 
 Tucker, Starling — 
 
 Tyson, Jacob — 
 
 IJdree, Daniel I) 
 
 "Vance, Joseph . , . ^ . .D 
 
 Vance. Robert D D 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Ste, , — 
 Van Wyck, %Vni. W...D 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F W 
 
 ■Warlleld, llenry R,,P 
 
 ■\Vayne, l^aac F 
 
 Webster, Daniel.. ..W 
 Whipple. Thomas. . . . — 
 
 White, David — 
 
 Whitman, Lemuel,... — 
 V/hittlesey. Elisha...— 
 WieklilTe. Charles A. I) 
 
 Wilde. Richard H D 
 
 Williams, Isaac D 
 
 Williams, Jared D 
 
 Williams, Lewis — 
 
 Wilson, Henry — 
 
 Wilson, Isaac — 
 
 Wilson, Jaraes D 
 
 Wilson, John — 
 
 Wilson. William.. .. — 
 
 Wolf. George D 
 
 Wood, Silas D 
 
 Woods, William — 
 
 Wright, John C . D 
 
 Conn' 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N, J.. 
 Va. .. 
 Oa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Berin 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 S. C. . 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn 
 
 June — 
 May 6. 
 
 'r!onn. 
 
 . 17H-l,Va.., 
 , 17112 P 
 
 1781) 
 1785 
 1783 
 1771 
 1768 
 
 April 18, 1779 
 
 Dec. 31. 
 June 17, 
 June — , 
 
 1779 
 
 1780 
 
 1793 
 
 , 1782 
 
 , 1775 
 
 '. i'tss 
 
 M.ar. 21, 
 
 Nov. — , 
 s'e'pt.'iV, 
 
 17H2 
 1781 
 
 Jan. 18, 
 
 Oct, 19, 
 .June 8. 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 Mar. "4',' 
 
 April28, 
 Aiig.'ii', 
 
 1782 
 1788 
 1785 
 1780 
 1781 
 1788 
 1789 
 
 'l'706 
 1782 
 1788 
 
 1777 
 1769 
 1790 
 1783 
 
 Conn, 
 N, Y, 
 S. Y. 
 X. J.. 
 Va... 
 Oa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind .. 
 Po. .. 
 Ky... 
 Oa... 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio- 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Ma«s. 
 N. H. 
 Kv... 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 S. C 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer,. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Lawy-er. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Law-yer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Unkno*\i). 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknow-n 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyei-. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Ag-cult'i-t. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown 
 Unknow-n. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawy-er. .. 
 Unknow-n 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 25. 
 July 16. 
 Aug. 11, 
 July '211, 
 Aug. 8. 
 Aug. 24. 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 Sept. 18, 
 Aprilll, 
 Oct. », 
 Aug, 2, 
 Feb. 20, 
 
 Apill 4, 
 Oct. 8. 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 IK',7 
 1872 
 1848 
 1837 
 1847 
 1844 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 1844 
 1849 
 18J8 
 1829 
 
 1830 
 1854 
 1850 
 
 Apilllo 
 Feb. 4, 
 
 1861 
 1834 
 
 July 22 
 Aug, 26, 
 
 1828 
 1851 
 
 Jan. 26, 1839 
 
 May -. 
 Mar. 18, 
 
 1862 
 1839 
 
 Oct. 24. 
 Jan. 23. 
 Feb. 17. 
 Nov. 18, 
 Jan, 7. 
 Oct. 31. 
 Sept. 10. 
 
 1852 
 1835 
 1815 
 1811 
 1863 
 I860 
 1817 
 
 Jan. 2. 
 Feb. 23. 
 Aug. 13, 
 Oct. 25, 
 July — , 
 
 I 
 
 May 2!1, 
 Mar. 14. 
 Mar. 2. 
 
 ,.\«ir. 7. 
 
 iFeb. 13. 
 
 1831 
 1842 
 1826 
 1818 
 1868 
 
 18-27 
 1840 
 1847 
 1S37 
 1801 
 
 Total Representatives, 024. Occupation Unknown, 09. Lawyers, OO. 
 
 Merchants,©. Agriculturists, 4. Physicians, 4. Varied, 4. Clerg.vmen, 
 3. Mechanics, 3. Jurists,*. Soldiers, 8. Journalist,!. Paper-maker, 
 1. Surveyor, 1. Teacher,!. Foreign Born, O: Including Ireland, 4; 
 France, 1: Bermuda, 1. 
 
 Nineteenth Congress of the United States, from 1825 to 1827. 
 
 182& 
 1R2.'V 
 
 -First railway charter in America issued 
 to Mohawk and Hudson Company. 
 
 -Fir?t iron boat in America— " The Ca- 
 donis "—launched into the Susquehan- 
 na river. 
 
 -" Babbitt metal," or brittania, man- 
 ufactured at Taunton, Mass., by Isaac 
 Uabbitt. 
 
 -Dr. Wooster Beach established an " Ec- 
 lectic,'' or" New School." Medical Col- 
 lege, in New York. 
 
 •John Q. Adams, 6th President. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, of S. C, Vice-Pres. Henry Clay, of 
 Ky., Sec'y of State. Richard Rush, of Pa., Scc'y of 
 Treas. Jam. Barbour, of Va.. Sec'y of War. Samuel 
 L. Southai-d. of N. J.. Sec'y of Navy. William Wirt, of 
 Va., Atf y Gen. John W. Taylor, of N. Y., Speaker of 
 House of Representatives, 
 
 1826 — The American Temperance Union ()r- 
 granized at Boston, and 4(iOO auxiliary 
 societies were formed in the United 
 States within the ensuini? «ix yearji. 
 
 1827— SJaveiT was abolished in the State of 
 New York. Nearly 10.000 slave ; wero 
 freed. 
 
 1827— Gridley Bryant and T.H.Perkins Iniill 
 a railway, f(»r the transportation of 
 granite, at Quincy, Mass.— the first in 
 the United States. The cars were run 
 
 by horse-power. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; J), Democrat; "W, Whig; R, Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Bopo. 
 
 yihea Born. 
 
 SUIe 
 aenud. 
 
 Occupation 
 
 When Bied. 
 
 Barbour, James , , , 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 Juno 10, 1775 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 hme 8. 1842 
 
 Barton, I>avid 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 28, 18:i7 
 
 Bateman, Ephraim. 
 
 . .1) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 177C 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Ian. 29, 1829 
 
 Bell, Samuel 
 
 — 
 
 -V. H. 
 
 Feb, 9, 1770 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec- 23, 1H,V) 
 
 Benton, Thomas H.. 
 
 ..l> 
 
 \. C 
 
 .liar. 14, 1782 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .ipril 10, 18,58 
 
 Berrien. John HI 
 
 ..!> 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 -lug. 23, 1781 
 
 G,a.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jon. 1, 1856 
 
 Bouligny. Domin. .. 
 
 . — 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .Mar. 5. 1833 
 
 Branch. John 
 
 , 
 
 X. C. 
 
 Vov, 4, 1782 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 4, 1.8(53 
 
 Chaee. Dudley 
 
 _ 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1771 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 23, 184H 
 
 Chambers, Kzek. F. 
 
 1> 
 
 Md... 
 
 .•■eb, 28, 1788 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jan. 30, 1K67 
 
 Chambers, Henry. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ma . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Jan. 25, 1821) 
 
 Chandler, John 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. ii. 
 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 -Vgr'cit'st. 
 
 .Sept. — , 1841 
 
 Clayton, Thomas,.. 
 
 _ 
 
 Del... 
 
 .Vlar. 9, 1758 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .\ug. 21, 1854 
 
 Cobh. Thomas W... 
 
 '.D 
 
 Ga . 
 
 1784 
 
 Ga... 
 N'. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Fob. 1 l-8;lt> 
 
 l>ickerson. Mahlon. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 lprill7, 1770 
 
 Met. 5, 18.53 
 
 D-lVolt, James 
 
 — 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1763 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 I'll known. 
 
 Dee. 21. 1837 
 
 Eaton. John H 
 
 ..1) 
 ..D 
 .D 
 .I> 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn 
 Va... 
 
 1790 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 Miss.. 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vov 17 1,8,56 
 
 Edwards. Heniy W. 
 
 .. .. 1779 
 
 luly22, 1847 
 
 
 Findlay. William.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June 20, 176S 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov, 12,1846 
 
 <«aillard, John 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept. 5, 1765 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb, 26, 1826 
 
 Harper, William.. 
 
 — 
 
 Antig 
 
 Jan, 17. 1790 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 Oct. 10, 1847 
 
 Hivrrison, Wm, H. .. 
 
 .W 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Feb. 9, 1773 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 April 4, 1841 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wlicrc 
 Born. 
 
 SUt. 
 
 When Bom. Ropro- 
 
 WnlFd. 
 
 
 When DM. 
 
 
 ,1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 
 
 S, C, 
 
 La wyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 24, ima. 
 
 Hendricks, William 
 
 1> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1783 
 
 Ind,. 
 
 In known. 
 
 May 16, 1850 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Inknown. 
 
 Aui:. 20. 1«32 
 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. -, 1773 
 
 Me... 
 
 La\r3-er... 
 
 July 7, IP43 
 
 (Jackson, Andrew.. 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 15, 1767 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 8. 1845 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Kv. 
 
 Oct, 17, 1781 
 
 Kv... 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Sov. 19. 1850 
 
 Johnston. Josiah S.. 
 
 I) 
 
 Conn 
 
 Nov. 25, 1784 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 La\vTer. . . 
 
 Mav 19. 1833 
 
 Kane. Ellas K 
 
 n 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 7. 179;! 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dee. 11. 1835 
 
 King. William R... 
 
 1) 
 
 N.(?.. 
 
 April 7. 1786 
 
 ^la-. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 AprillS. IKVJ 
 
 Knight, NeheiiiiahR,W 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Dee. 31, 178D 
 
 R 1.. 
 
 Banker... 
 
 April 19. lH.->4 
 
 liloyd, Edward 
 
 Lloyil, James 
 
 ..F 
 
 n 
 
 Md... 
 
 1779 
 
 Md. 
 Mass. 
 S'. J. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 June 2. IK-M 
 
 Mass. 
 
 ,1769 
 
 April 5. 1831 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1708 
 
 Aug. 19. 182B 
 
 McKinlev, John 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 July 19. 1852 
 
 Macon, Xathaniel ., 
 
 T) 
 
 X. C. 
 
 17.57 
 
 X. C. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 June 29. 1837 
 
 Marks, William 
 
 I> 
 
 
 1780 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 .\prn 10, IKW 
 
 Mills, Elijah H 
 
 F 
 
 
 1778 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mav 5. 1820 
 
 
 '.D 
 .D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Ind . . 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 l.'n known. 
 Unknoirn. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 26. 1831 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Randolph, John ,.. 
 Kead, Thomas B , , , 
 Rhlgely, Henry M... 
 Robbins, Asher 
 
 June 2, 1773 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 May 24, 1833 
 
 ..F 
 .W 
 
 
 J778 
 
 Del.. 
 R.I.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 7, 1847 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. — , 17.57 
 
 Feb. 25, 1845 
 
 TT
 
 474 
 
 REPEESENTATIVES OF TlIE NINETEENTH CONGRESS. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Rodney, Daniel — 
 
 Rowan, John — 
 
 Ruggles, Benjamin. ..D 
 
 Sanlord, Nathan D 
 
 Seymour. Horatio X) 
 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel D 
 
 Smith, Samuel D 
 
 Smith. William D 
 
 Tazewell. L. W W 
 
 Thomas, Jes.se B — 
 
 Van Buien, Martin . .D 
 Van Dvke. Nicholas.. — 
 
 "White. Hugh L — 
 
 Willey. Calvin — 
 
 Williams, Thomas H.D 
 Woodbur.v. Levi D 
 
 Del. 
 Pa.... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 nV y'. 
 
 Del... 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 N. H. 
 
 1764 
 
 1773 
 
 1783 
 
 Nov. 5, 1779 
 May 31, 1778 
 
 1773 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 17B2 
 
 Deo. 17, 1774 
 
 Del . 
 Ky. 
 
 Ohio, 
 N. Y 
 
 vt.. 
 
 Mass. 
 Md.. 
 S. C. 
 Va. .. 
 111.. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Conn 
 Miss. 
 Dec. 22. 1789 In. H. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1782 
 
 Oct. 30, 1773 
 Sept. 15, 177« 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant, 
 Soldier ... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 LaAvyer. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Jurist — 
 Lawyer. , 
 Lawyer. 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. 2, 
 July 13, 
 Sept. 2, 
 Oct. 7, 
 Nov, 21, 
 July 1. 
 April 23, 
 June 26, 
 May 6, 
 Feb. 3, 
 July 24, 
 May IM, 
 April in, 
 Aug. 23, 
 
 184f; 
 
 1853 
 1837 
 1838 
 1857 
 1850 
 1839 
 1840 
 1860 
 1850 
 1862 
 1826 
 1840 
 1838 
 
 Sept. 7, 1851 
 
 Total Senators, 62. Lawyers, 38. Occupation Unknown, 11. Jurists, 
 4. Soldiers, 3. Merchants, S. Physicians, 2. Agriculturist, 1. Banker, 
 1. ForeignBom, 1: Including Antigua, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 mod. 
 
 Adams, Parmenio — D 
 
 Addams, William — 
 
 Ale.xander, .4dara R. . — 
 
 Alexander, Mark D 
 
 Allen, Robert D 
 
 Allen, Samuel C — 
 
 Alston. Willis D 
 
 Anderson. John — 
 
 Angell, William G D 
 
 .\rcher. William S, .. . — 
 .\rni„trong, Williatn. W 
 
 Ashley. Henry — 
 
 Badger, Luther — 
 
 Bailey. John D 
 
 Baldwin, John — 
 
 Barber, Noyes — 
 
 Barbour, John S D 
 
 Barney, John R 
 
 Barringer. Dan'l L . . .D 
 
 Bartlett, Ichabod R 
 
 Bartley, Mordecai. . . . — 
 
 Bassett, Burwell D 
 
 Baylies, Francis — 
 
 Beecher, Philemon.. .F 
 
 Blair, John D 
 
 Boon, Ratliff D 
 
 Bradley, William C...D 
 
 Brent, William L W 
 
 Brown, Titus — 
 
 Bryan, John H — 
 
 Buchanan, James. . . . — 
 Euckner, Richard A. .R 
 
 Burges, Tristam F 
 
 Burleigh, William D 
 
 Cambreleng, Ch. C. ..D 
 
 Campbell. John W D 
 
 Carey. George — 
 
 Cai^on, Samuel P. . . . — 
 
 Carter, John — 
 
 Cassedy. George — 
 
 Claiborne, Nath'l H. . — 
 
 Clark, James W 
 
 Cocke, John — 
 
 Condict, Lewis W 
 
 Conner, Henry W D 
 
 Conway, Henry W...— 
 
 Cook, Daniel P — 
 
 Crowninshield, B. W.D 
 Crump, George W....D 
 
 Outhbert, Alfred — 
 
 l>avenport, Tho» F 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 Deitz, William — 
 
 Dorsev, Clement — 
 
 Drayton, William D 
 
 Dwigbt. Ileiiry W — 
 
 Eu^IiiKiii, Nclicmiah.— 
 
 KdwH.cls. s.iiuiel F 
 
 Edw;.id., \v.l.lonN..D 
 
 Estil. ll.MillllMl — 
 
 Kvci.tl. Ivlw.iid W 
 
 Fiiinllv. l'.iliick....D 
 
 Fliiill.iy. Jaiuus D 
 
 Fiiidlay, John I) 
 
 Floyd, John D 
 
 Forsyth, John D 
 
 Forward. Chaiincey. .D 
 
 Fosdick. Nlcoll W 
 
 <Jarn.-ll, Robert S....D 
 Garii^cy, Daniel G....D 
 
 GalTison, Daniel — 
 
 Gist, Joseph — 
 
 Govan, Andrew R.... — 
 
 (Jurlev, Henry H — 
 
 Hiille. William — 
 
 Hallock. John D 
 
 Hamilton, James — 
 
 Harris, Robert I) 
 
 llar\'oy. Jonathan...— 
 ll.'mbrook. Ab'h'ni B..— 
 
 llaydon, Moses — 
 
 1 1 ayncK, CharlCH E. . . D 
 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Me... 
 R. I.. 
 Va... 
 Ire'd. 
 N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt,... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Fla.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Iro'd. 
 
 P.t. . . 
 ;Pa. .. 
 
 Va. . . 
 !Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 fi. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. y'. 
 S. C. 
 Pa..., 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 
 Y 
 
 Sept. 4, 1776 Pa .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va . 
 
 1777 Tenn. 
 
 1772 Mass. 
 
 N. C 
 
 1792 Me. . 
 
 1790 N. y. 
 
 1789|Va... 
 
 1782. Va.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .ipril 10, 1785 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 July 17, 
 Mar. 5, 
 Deo. 23, 
 
 April 28, 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 Oct.'i'.' 
 July 24, 
 Deo. 16, 
 
 April 23, 
 July IG, 
 Feb. 26, 
 
 Sept. 1 1 
 May 14 
 
 Nov. 14, 
 
 Mar. — , 
 .\ug. — , 
 
 Deo.' 27,' 
 
 jaii. is, 
 Dec.' 30, 
 
 I Conn. 
 
 1781 Conn 
 17901 Va.'.. 
 
 1785 Md... 
 1788 N. C. 
 
 1786 N. H. 
 1783 Ohio. 
 1764 Va... 
 1783 Mass. 
 1775 Ohio. 
 1798 Tenn. 
 1781 1 Ind . 
 
 1783 Vt.. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 1786 N. H. 
 1798 In. C. 
 179J Pa... 
 1763 Ky... 
 1770 H. I . . 
 
 jMo... 
 
 1786, N. y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga. . 
 
 |n. c. 
 
 1792 S. C. 
 
 1784 N.J. 
 1767, Va.. 
 1792, Ky... 
 
 .1772 Tenn, 
 1773|N. J.. 
 
 1793 N. C, 
 Ark 
 
 ,1795 
 1772 
 
 June 26, 1835 
 
 Jan. 3, 1845 
 Jan. 12. 1855 
 
 Oct. 16,1852 
 Oct. 19, 1853 
 Oct. 10, 1870 
 Feb. 26. 1841 
 Oct. 28. 1852 
 Nov. 30, 1839 
 July 9, 1863 
 Nov. 20, 1844 
 Mar. 3, 1867 
 July 7, 1848 
 Jan. 31, 1849 
 
 Oct. 2, 
 Nov.'b,' 
 
 Jan. 12, 1773 
 
 . 1787 
 .1797 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. May 19, 1858 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Merchant. Aug. 19, 1864 
 
 Varied I Feb. 8. 1842 
 
 Unknown. April 10, 1837 
 
 Lawyer... Aug. 21, 1853 
 
 Lawyer. . . Aug. 13, 1858 
 
 Lawyer . . Mar. 28, 1855 
 
 Varied. .. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Teacher . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 .\g"oult'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 La%vyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lavvyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Physician 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 111.. Lawyer... 
 
 Mass. Merchant. 
 
 Va... Physician 
 
 Ga. , . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Va. . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mass. Lawyer. . . 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 ;Md... Unknown. 
 
 1776 S. C. Varied.... 
 
 (Mass. Unknown. 
 
 .1800 N. H. Lawyer... 
 
 Pa... Unknown. 
 
 , 1788 N. C. Lawyer... 
 
 I Va . . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 ,1794,Ma?,s. Cli-rgvm'n 
 17K0 Pa... [Lawyer... 
 . 1775 Ohio. Unknown. 
 Pa... Unknown. 
 Va. .. Unknown. 
 Ga... Lawyer... 
 Pa. . . Lawyer.. . 
 N. y. Unknown. 
 Va. .. Lawyer... 
 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 N. J. Unknown. 
 S. C. Lawyer.. . 
 S. C. . Unknown. 
 
 Lou . . Jurist j 1832 
 
 .Miss., Unknown. Mar. 7, 1837 
 
 N. Y. Unknown 
 
 1789,8. C. . Lawyer..., Nov. 15, 1857 
 
 Pa... Unknown 
 
 1780 N. H. Unknown.lAug. 23, 1859 
 
 N. Y., Unknown. 
 
 ,N. Y. Lawyer 
 
 Ga... Unknown 
 
 1787 i 
 
 June 1, 1868 
 Deo. 8, 1847 
 Oct. 13, 1853 
 July — . 1827 
 April30, 1.S62 
 Sept. 24, 1833 
 June 14, 1844 
 Nov. — , 1840 
 June 20, 1850 
 
 .Vlig. 15, 1839 
 Aug. 27, 1839 
 Feb. 1(1. 18.54 
 .»Iay 26, 1862 
 Jan. 15. 186H 
 
 Oct. 16, 1827 
 Feb. 5, 1851 
 
 1850 
 
 July 9, 1856 
 Nov. 18, 1838 
 April 19, 1*54 
 
 1780 
 1793 
 1785 
 
 Aug. 6, 1846 
 .May 24, 184G 
 Feb. 21, 1845 
 Jan. 11, 1856 
 
 Dec. 18,' I'tira 
 
 jn'ii. "l5',"l'865 
 Jan. 12, 1826 
 Dec. 28, 1835 
 Nov. 5, 1838 
 Aug. 16, 1837 
 Oct. 21, 1841 
 Oct. 19, 1839 
 May 7, 1868 
 
 May 8, 1836 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Bum 
 
 Reprp. 
 
 Ocoupation 
 
 Healey, Joseph D 
 
 Hemphill, Joseph... — 
 Herrick, Kbenezer. . . — 
 
 Henry, John F — 
 
 Henry, Robert P.. . — 
 
 Hines, Richard W 
 
 Hobart, Aaron D 
 
 Hoffman. Michael D 
 
 Holcombe, George. ..D 
 
 Holmes. Gabriel — 
 
 Houston, Samuel D 
 
 Hugunin. Daniel — 
 
 Humphrey. Charles..— 
 Ingei"soll. Ralph J.... D 
 Ingham. Samuel D...D 
 
 Isacks. Jacob — 
 
 Jennings, David — 
 
 Jennings, Jonathan . — 
 
 Johnson, Francis R 
 
 Johnson. James D 
 
 Johnson, Jeromus D 
 
 Johnson, Joseph D 
 
 Kellogg, Charles . . .— 
 
 Kent, Joseph F 
 
 Kerr. John L W 
 
 Kidder. David W 
 
 Kittera. Thomas — 
 
 Krebs. Jacob D 
 
 Kremer. George D 
 
 Lathrop. Samuel — 
 
 Lawrence. Joseph, . . .D 
 
 Leconipte. Joseph D 
 
 Letcher. Robert P.... D 
 Lincoln. Enoch .. . — 
 
 Little, Peter P 
 
 Livingston. Edward. .D 
 
 Locke. John — 
 
 Long, John — 
 
 McCoy, William D 
 
 McDutfic, George. ,..D 
 
 .M'Hatton, Robert D 
 
 McKean. Samuel D 
 
 MoKee. John — 
 
 MoLane. Lewis D 
 
 McLean, William — 
 
 McManus, William... — 
 McNeill, Archibald...— 
 
 Mallarv. Rollin C — 
 
 Mangum. Willie P. . . W 
 
 Marable, John H — 
 
 Markell, Henry D 
 
 Markley. Philip S 1> 
 
 Martin, Robert N — 
 
 Martindale. H. C Vi' 
 
 MalTin. Dmiley D 
 
 Mattocks. John W 
 
 Meeeh, Ezr.a — 
 
 Mercer, CharlesF ....D 
 Merriwether, James. — 
 
 Merviii. Orange — 
 
 .Metcalfe, Thoma-s D 
 
 Miller, Daniel H D 
 
 Miller, John — 
 
 Miner. Charles F 
 
 Mitchell. Geoi-ge E D 
 
 Mitchell, James C — 
 
 Mitchell, James S D 
 
 Mitchell, John D 
 
 Mitchell. Thomas R. .D 
 
 Moore, flabriel — 
 
 Moore. Thomas P D 
 
 Xewton, Thomas D 
 
 O'Brien, Jeremiah.. . — 
 
 Orr, liobeit D 
 
 Owen, George W — 
 
 Pearce. DuteeJ D 
 
 Peter, George D 
 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. y . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ga. , . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Del.. . 
 
 N.J 
 
 Jan. 17 
 Nov. 24, 
 
 June 26, 1787 
 
 1764 
 
 r. 2, 1793 
 
 1791 
 
 1791 
 
 sept'.'ie.'mg 
 
 Jan. 15, 
 Dec. 8, 
 
 Phelps, Elisha. 
 
 Plunier, George D 
 
 Polk. James K D 
 
 Poi-ter, Timothy H....— 
 
 Powell. Alfred H — 
 
 Kankin.Clirisl'ph'r.— 
 
 Reed. John W 
 
 Riplev. James W D 
 
 Rives. William C D 
 
 Rose, Robert S — 
 
 Ross, Henry H W 
 
 Sands, Joshua — 
 
 Saunders. Romui'sM..D 
 
 Sawyer, Lemuel D 
 
 Scott, John — 
 
 Shannon. Thomas — 
 
 Sill, Thomas H W 
 
 Sloane, John — 
 
 Smith, William — 
 
 Sprague, Peleg W 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew. ..D 
 Stevenson. James S.. — 
 
 Stewart. Andrew D 
 
 Storrs, Henry R V 
 
 Strong. James F 
 
 Swan, Samuel — 
 
 Taliaferro, John D 
 
 Tattnall, Edward F..- 
 
 Tnvlor, John W D 
 
 Taylor, Robert — 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Va. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 .Mass. 
 Conn, 
 Conn, 
 Conn, 
 Va. .. 
 Ga... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Mc... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 C. 
 Conn 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Va.., 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y, 
 N. C, 
 N. C, 
 Va... 
 
 ..1776 
 . 1770 
 
 1793 
 1788 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 
 N. C. 
 M 
 
 .1788|N. Y. 
 . 1786 N. J 
 
 Jan. 1, 
 Dec." V9",* 
 
 1785 
 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 N. y. 
 N. Y- 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 iTenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 .Md... 
 Md... 
 
 Deo. 28, 
 May 26,' 
 
 May 28, 1786 
 
 . 1778 
 
 1780, 
 
 1787, Me 
 
 IPa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1775, Pa... 
 
 177llMass. 
 
 r78 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Me.. 
 Md. . 
 Lou.. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 Ala. 
 Del .. 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 1788 
 
 1764 
 1764 
 
 Mav 6, 
 Mav 6, 
 Julie 16, 
 July 26, 
 June 6, 
 
 . 1784, 
 
 ..1792 N. _ 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 N. y 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 , MJ 
 
 1780 
 1786 
 
 1773 
 1778 
 
 Mar. 20, 1780 
 
 Nov. 10, 
 Feb. 17, 
 
 1774 
 1778 
 
 Sept. 28, 
 Nov. 7, 
 
 Nov. 2, 
 Mar!"6, 
 
 May 4, 
 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 Conn, 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Oa.., 
 N. Y 
 Va... 
 
 1795 
 1769 
 176S 
 1785 
 1798 
 1789 
 !, 1779 
 1779 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Va. . . 
 Ga,.. 
 Conn 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y'. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa.... 
 Pa. . 
 ... C 
 Ala.. 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 Me... 
 Pa... 
 Ala.. 
 R. I.. 
 Md... 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Miss.. 
 Mass. 
 Mc... 
 Va. .. 
 N, Y. 
 N. Y, 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 .1792 Mc. ., 
 . 1784 Va... 
 
 Pa.., 
 
 , 1792 Pa. . 
 . 1785 N. Y 
 , 1783 N. Y 
 . 1771 N.J. 
 ,.1768 Va... 
 
 Qa. 
 
 ,.1784 N. y, 
 Va.. 
 
 1795 
 
 iisi 
 '.'iiai 
 
 . 1772 
 
 .' "n58 
 
 , 1791 
 
 . 1777 
 . 1782 
 
 , 1779 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 ! Unknown, 
 i Varied... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 I Lawyer.. . 
 Varied — 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Paper M'r. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 I Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Ph.vsician 
 Lawyer... 
 
 I Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 -\g'cult'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Law^yer 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 I7nknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist... . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Uiiknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Aug'.bs, 
 Nov. — , 
 July 1, 
 Sept. 27, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Sept. 26, 
 July 25, 
 June 21, 
 July 18, 
 Aug. 27, 
 April 13, 
 
 Oct. 10, 1861 
 May 29, 1842 
 May 7, 1839 
 
 1826 
 1851 
 1858 
 1848 
 1828 
 1829 
 1863 
 1850 
 1850 
 1872 
 1833 
 
 July 26, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Aug. 14, 
 Sept. 7 
 Feb. 27, 
 
 Nov. 24, 
 Feb. 21, 
 Nov. 1, 
 June 16, 
 
 1834 
 
 1851 
 1826 
 1846 
 1877 
 
 '1837 
 1844 
 1860 
 1839 
 
 July 11, 1846 
 April 17, 1842 
 
 Jan. 24, 1861 
 Oct. 8, 1829 
 Feb. 5, 1830 
 May 23, 1830 
 Mar. 28, 1855 
 
 Mar, 11, 1851 
 jii'iie 23,"l'846 
 
 Oct. 7, 1857 
 Oct. 12, 1839 
 
 April 16, 1831 
 Sept. 14, 1861 
 
 April 22, 
 June 25. 
 Aug. 14, 
 Sept. 23, 
 May 4, 
 
 1860 
 185li 
 1847 
 1856 
 1858 
 
 Aug. 18, 1855 
 1816 
 1862 
 1865 
 1832 
 1843 
 
 Mar. 
 Oct. 
 June 28, 
 Aug. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 2, 
 
 Juno 
 
 9, 
 
 July 
 
 21, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 t>. 
 
 May 30. 
 
 May 
 
 29, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 18, 
 
 Mav 
 
 9, 
 
 June 
 
 22, 
 
 Apri 
 
 18, 
 
 June 15, 
 
 Mar'. 
 
 14, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 25, 
 
 Junt 
 
 17. 
 
 Apri 
 
 2«, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 •24. 
 
 Sept 
 
 13, 
 
 Sept 
 
 13, 
 
 Apr! 121, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 9, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 1, 
 
 1837 
 1844 
 1853 
 1844 
 1S5S 
 1870 
 1836 
 1849 
 1861 
 1847 
 
 'l"847 
 
 1831 
 1836 
 I860 
 1830 
 181« 
 1835 
 1862 
 1835 
 1887 
 1852 
 1861 
 
 May, 15, 18.56 
 
 Jan. 25, 
 Oct. \i, 
 July 16, 
 July 29, 
 Aug. 8, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 1857 
 1831 
 1872 
 18.37 
 1847 
 1844 
 1853 
 
 Sept. 18, 1854 
 
 % 
 
 c 
 
 :(>— 
 
 i\
 
 >cl:(>~ 
 
 T 
 
 NINKTEENTII AND TVVKN llirill ( ■ON(;Ul';8Si;s, AND I,KAI)IN(i KVK.NTS OF TIIK TIME. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 I(.iri. 
 
 Wli-.[. ILru. 
 
 StAtC 
 
 lldiirc- 
 ■i-nte<l. 
 
 OMupftllon. 
 
 WlicB Died. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 rrj «•>«•■>-«-• 
 
 HUM 
 MrlKC'l. 
 
 0««up*4i«n. 
 
 WlinDLML 
 
 TenKyck. Egbert....— 
 
 N. Y.iADrillS. 1779 
 
 N. Y. 'Lawyer... 
 
 April 11, 1K44 
 
 Whitl.iiiore, Kllsba..- 
 
 N. H. 
 
 ,N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 N I 
 
 
 Ind . . 1 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oet. !l. 1M4H 
 
 Whlttl.M.y, Kll»lia...- 
 
 Conn 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 I'a... 
 
 
 
 Auk. 2, 1K4M 
 
 WIckllllV. Charles A..D 
 
 Kv... 
 
 June 8. 17H8 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 I'a... 
 
 1777 
 
 Dhio. 
 
 I'hysleian 
 
 Dec. '2, 18.'»2 
 
 Wnilains. Lewis — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1782 
 
 .V.C.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Fel>. 23, 1842 
 
 Tln»iiipson, Wiley D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Oa. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Wil.son. Henry — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1778 
 
 Po. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 13, 1826 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Dec. 31, 17H0 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oet. K. ISM 
 
 Wilson, Jame» U 
 
 Pa... 
 
 April 28,1779 
 
 Po. .. 
 
 H<»;hanlc. 
 
 
 Tre/viiiit. .lames — 
 
 TriiiibU' David D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept, 2, 1«41 
 
 Wilson, John — 
 
 Wilson, William - 
 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 
 
 8. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Juno -, 17S2 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 May 2», 1817 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1758 
 
 N..r. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. ij, imr> 
 
 Wing, Austin E — 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1701 Mich. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 2.'*, 1H49 
 
 TiiektT, Starling — 
 
 Valii'e, J.)si-ph D 
 
 Vim Honii', Espy D 
 
 Van ItensSflaer, Step.— 
 
 N. f. 
 
 
 
 .s. c. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 4. 1834 
 
 Wolf, Oeorge D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Aug. 12, 1777 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 Mar. 21, 178(i 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Aug. 2B. IKll 
 
 Wood-. .lohn — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 171)4 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July ;X), 18M 
 
 I'a. . . 
 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Junei.'). 1«2» 
 
 \v.,.,.l. Silii> n 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 171)1) N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Nov. — , ]7(HlN. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 26, 1831) 
 
 Woiihimr'on.Thos.C — 
 
 Md... 
 
 'Md... 
 
 Unknt»wn. 
 
 June 1», 1827 
 
 
 I7S3 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 July 23, 1838 
 
 Wiiuht. JohnC D 
 
 Conn 
 
 1783 Ohio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Feb. 13. 1801 
 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Auir. 6, I780|N. Y. 
 
 Val-led.... 
 
 Mai-. 18, 1870 
 
 Wurts. John — 
 
 N. J. 
 
 IPn.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 \'intnn, Sfiiiiu.'I F W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept.25,17S)2'0hla. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May -. 1862 
 
 Young. Williams.. .D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 iKy... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Wales, (IriM-k'c E — 
 
 Ward. Aanin D 
 
 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Total Representatives, 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 July !>. 17!») 
 
 Mar. 2, 1877 
 
 828. Occupation Unknown, 99. Lawyer*, 92. 
 
 Wel)»ter, Daniel W 
 
 N. H 
 
 Jan. 18, 17H2,Mass. Lawyer... 
 
 Oet. 24, 18.12 
 
 Jurists, 7. Pliysicians, 
 
 1. Merchants, O. Varli-d. «. M.-ehanles. 8. Agrl- 
 
 Weenis. J..lin C — 
 
 Whipple. Tlios., .Ir. ..— 
 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 
 17«8;n. H. 
 
 I'nknown. 
 Physieian 
 
 Jan.' ■la, 1835 
 
 culturists, S. Teacher, 1. Clergyman, 1. I'aperuuiker, 1. Journalist, 1. 
 
 White, Barlow W....— 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Soldier, 1. Foreign Born, St Including Ireland, 2. 
 
 White, Joseph M D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 |pia.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 19, 1839 
 
 
 
 Twentieth Congress of the United States, from 1827 to 1829, 
 
 1827— Hal ri^oii Dyar operated nn eli<lrit' 
 ti-l.u'iiipli line, two miles lonk'. "n I-'-iii,' 
 l>liUiii.N. Y. Signals wenMninsniitlni 
 hy tin; chemical action of electricity on 
 litmus paper. 
 
 IH28-Clmiles Carroll, of Carrollton, a signer 
 of the De<-*laration of Independence, 
 then more than ninety years old, set 
 the comer-Mtone of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Kailroad. The road was designed 
 for hoi-se-cars only. 
 
 ]828— Wm. Howard, of Baltimore, Md., was 
 accorded the first patent in the United 
 States fur a locomotive steam-engine, 
 Dec. 10. 
 
 tTohn Q. Adnms, Oth PreHldent. 
 
 .Tohn C. Calhoun, nf S. C, Vice-Prea. Henry Clay, 
 of Ky., See'y of State. Richard Rush, of Pa.. Sec'y nf 
 Treaa. James Barbour, of Va.. and Peter B. Porter, of 
 N. Y., Sec'ys of War. Samuel L. Southard, of N. J.. 
 Sec'y f>f Navy. William Wirt, of Va.. Att'yOen. Andrew 
 Stevenson, of Va., Speaker of House of Represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 IH^ Wcttflt I "m nictfonary (Irnt published, 
 printed in two iiiiarto volumes. 
 
 Ift28--OrIando Bourne estahlUhed the Ilrnt 
 advertising agency in the t'nited States. 
 
 1828 — Wood worth's pIaninK-nia<'liine in- 
 vented and patented in the I'nlted 
 States. 
 
 1829— Postinawter-Oeneral Barry became a 
 member of the President's Cal>inet. 
 Previously Jt won not a Cabinet oftlce, 
 
 1829-Chlcago. Ill, laid out. and first build- 
 ing lots changed owners. 
 
 Irt2i>— First Horticultural Society founded in 
 the United States. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; D, Democrat; "W, Whig; R, Republican. 
 
 Wi 
 
 I '■ 
 
 1 Me 
 
 J Fo 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 ^"^ When Bora. 
 
 state 
 Rcprt- 
 Mated. 
 
 0„„„..,„„ 
 
 Wbet. Wed. 
 
 Barnard. Isaac D. . . 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 18, 1791;Pa... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Feb. 28. 1834 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 
 
 Mo... 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Jurist. . . . 
 
 Sept. 28. 1837 
 
 Bateman. Ephraira. 
 
 Bcll.Si.TlllHl 
 
 N, J 
 
 1770 
 
 Jan. 29, 1829 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Keb. 9, 1770 
 
 Dee. 23. 1850 
 
 I!enI..Ii,TlMirHiisH.. 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14, 17«2 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 10. 18.58 
 
 Berri.ii .Inlio M .... 
 
 I) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aug. 23, 1781 Oa.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 1. 18.56 
 
 
 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Lou . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 5. 1833 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 4, 1782, N. C. 
 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 4, ISB3 
 
 Bui'net, Jacob 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 t'eb. 22, 1770lOhio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 27. 1853 
 
 Chaee. Dudley 
 
 -^ 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 30, 1771 IVt.... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Feb. 23, 1846 
 
 
 W 
 
 Md... 
 
 Keb. 28, 1788 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 30, 1867 
 
 Chandler. John 
 
 11 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 
 Sept. -. 1841 
 
 Cohh. Thomas W... 
 
 _ 
 
 Ga. . 
 
 1784 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 1, 1830 
 
 
 1> 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aprill7,1770N. J.. 
 
 Lawvei'. . . 
 
 Oct. 5. 1853 
 
 Dudley. Charles E.. 
 
 . 1) 
 
 Eni^.. 
 
 May 23, 1780 N. Y. 
 
 Jlerchant. 
 
 Jan. 23. 1841 
 
 Eaton. John H 
 
 1) 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1790 Tenn. 
 
 LaAvyer... 
 
 Nov. 17, 18.56 
 
 Ellis, Powhatan.... 
 
 1> 
 
 Va... 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April21.1842 
 
 Foote. Samuel A... 
 
 w 
 
 Conn 
 
 Nov. 8. 1780 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 1.5. 1846 
 
 Harrison. Win. H.. 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 9. 17730hio. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 April 4. 1841 
 
 Hayne. Hobert Y... 
 
 1) 
 
 .S. C. 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 !s. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 24, 1839 
 
 Hendricks, William 
 
 1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1783, Ind.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 16, 18.50 
 
 Holmes. John 
 
 1> 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar. -, 1773; Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 7. 1843 
 
 Iredell, James 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 I788'n.C.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 13, IS53 
 
 Johnson, Rich'd M. 
 
 1) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Oct. 17. 1781 Ky... 
 
 L iwver. . . 
 
 .\'ov. 19. 18.50 
 
 Johnston. JosiahS. . 
 
 i> 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 2.^. 17.*4 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 19, 1833 
 
 Kane. Klias K 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 7, 1790 III.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dee. 11. 1835 
 
 Kint,'. William R... 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 7. 17'<0! .Ma.. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 April 18. 1853 
 
 Knifht. Nehemiah R.W 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Dec. 31, 17X0 R. 1.. 
 
 Banker.. . 
 
 April 19, IS.54 
 
 Macon. Nathaniel. 
 
 n 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1757tN. C. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 June 29. 1837 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 |Ala.. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 July 19, 18,52 
 
 McL^uie, Louis 
 
 1) 
 
 Del... 
 
 May 28, 1786'Del .. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Oet. 7. 1857 
 
 
 .0 
 
 
 1780 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 
 
 
 Ind . . 
 Me... 
 
 Keb. 26, 1831 
 
 Panis. MblonK... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. 19,1788 
 
 Feb. 11,1857 
 
 
 .'.F 
 
 Va 
 
 
 Oa... 
 Del . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 
 Oct. 9. 1837 
 
 RidKely. Heni-y M. 
 
 
 1778 
 
 Aug. 7, 1847 
 
 Kobbins. Asher 
 
 .w 
 
 Conn 
 
 1757 
 
 R. 1 . 
 
 La\v5'er.. . 
 
 Keb. 25,1845 
 
 Kowan, John 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1773 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 13. 1.8.53 
 
 Uu^ri^les. Benjamin. 
 
 ..u 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1703'Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1837 
 
 Sauford. Nathan. . . 
 
 ..D N. Y. 
 
 Nov. n. 1779 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 7. 1838 
 
 Seyuuiur. Horatio. . 
 
 ..1> I'onn. 
 
 Hay 31. 1778 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Nov. 21, 18.57 
 
 Silsbee, Nathaniel.. 
 
 ..D Mass. 
 
 1773 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 July 1. 1850 
 
 Smith. Samuel 
 
 ..D Pa. .. 
 
 July 27. 17.52 Md. . . 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 April 23, 1839 
 
 Smith, William 
 
 ..D iN. C. 
 
 1762 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 26, 1840 
 
 T.izewell. L. W 
 
 ..D Iva... 
 
 Dec. 17, 1774 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 (Lawyer... 
 
 May 6, 1860 
 
 Thomas, Jesse B — 
 
 — 1 
 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 'Jurist 
 
 Feb. 3. 1850 
 
 Tvlci-, J.din 
 
 ..D Va... 
 
 Mar. 29, I79r 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. IS. 1862 
 
 Van Biiren. Martin 
 
 ..D N. Y. 
 
 Dec. ^. 1782 
 
 N. Y 
 
 1 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 24. 1862 
 
 Webster. Daniel. . 
 
 .W N. H. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1782 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Oct. 24, 1852 
 
 White, HughL 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1773 
 Sept. 15. 177h 
 
 Tenn 
 Omtt 
 
 .hirist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 10, 1840 
 
 Willcv. Calvin.. .. 
 
 _ 
 
 Auk. 23. 18.38 
 
 Williams, Thos. H. 
 
 . n N. c. 
 
 
 Miss,. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 Woodbury, Levi... 
 
 ..D N. H. 
 
 Dec. 22. 1789 
 
 N. H 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. 7. 1851 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 ...D 
 ...R 
 
 .".'. D 
 ...R 
 ..W 
 
 Total Senators, 53. Lawyers, 33. Jurists, T. Oecupation tJnknown, 4. 
 Merchants, 3. Soldiers, 3. Agriculturist, 1. Banker, 1. Physician, 1. 
 Foreign Bom, 1 : Including England, 1. 
 
 Addams, William...— 
 
 Alexander, Mark D 
 
 Allen, Robert D 
 
 Allen, Samuel C — 
 
 Alston. Willis D 
 
 Anderson, John — 
 
 Anderson, Samuel — 
 
 Angell, William G....D 
 
 Archer, William S — 
 
 Armstrong, Williaui.W 
 
 Bailey. John D 
 
 Baldwin, John — 
 
 Barber, Noy es — 
 
 Barbour, John S D 
 
 Barbour. Philip P D 
 
 Barker, David. Jr — 
 
 Barlow, Stephen — 
 
 Barnard. Daniel D...— 
 
 Barney. John — 
 
 Barringer, Dan 'I L 
 Bartlett, Ichabod.. 
 Bartley, Mordecai. 
 Bassett, Bur^vell... 
 
 Bates, Edward 
 
 Bates, Isaac C 
 
 Beecher, Philemon.. .F 
 
 Belden, Oeorge O — 
 
 Bell, John W 
 
 Blair, John D 
 
 Blake, Thomas H R 
 
 Brent, William L....W 
 
 Bro^vIl, Titus — 
 
 Bryan, John H — 
 
 Buchanan. James — 
 
 Buck. Daniel A. A — 
 
 Buckner. Richard A..R 
 
 Bunner, Rudolph R 
 
 Bnrges. Tristam F 
 
 Butman, Samuel — 
 
 Cambreleng. Ch. C...D 
 
 Carson. Samuel P — 
 
 Carter. John — 
 
 Chambers, John W 
 
 Chase. Samuel R 
 
 Chilton, Thomas — 
 
 ClHiborne. Nath'l H. .— 
 
 Clark. James W 
 
 Clarke. John C... 
 
 Condict. Lewis 
 
 Conner, Henr>- W. 
 Coulter, Richard. ,. 
 Creighton. Wm. Jr, . . D 
 
 Crockett, David W 
 
 Crowninshield. B. W.D 
 
 Culpeper, John F 
 
 Diiniel. Henry D 
 
 Davenport John — 
 
 Davenport, Thos F 
 
 
 Suta 
 Rcprc- 
 KDted. 
 
 ...D 
 ..W 
 
 ...D 
 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 .Me... 
 Pa... 
 R. I.. 
 Va... 
 Ire-d. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Ma.ss. 
 Md... . 
 N. C. 
 ,N. H. 
 iPa... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 I Mass. 
 iCoiin. 
 IN. Y. 
 Tcun. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. H. 
 
 :n. c. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 Vt.... 
 
 M ass. 
 iMc... 
 IN. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Is. C. 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 \ a. .. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Va. . 
 Pa... 
 Va. . 
 Tenn. 
 5Iass. 
 N.C. 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 4, 
 
 July 30, 
 Jan. 5, 
 
 July 17, 
 Mar. 5, 
 Dec. 23, 
 
 April28, 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 July 16, 
 
 Oct.' i'. 
 July 24. 
 Dec. 16. 
 
 Sept'. 4.' 
 May 14, 
 
 Feb. 15, 
 June 14, 
 
 April 23. 
 Jan. 16, 
 July 16, 
 
 Sept. 11 
 Deo. 4, 
 
 iMar. 8, 
 Mar. — , 
 
 lAug. -. 
 
 Oct.' 2a. 
 
 Aug. 17. 
 Dec. 27, 
 
 Vo., 
 
 1776 Pa. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 1794 Va... 
 
 1772 Matts. 
 N.C. 
 
 1792 Me... 
 
 1774 Pa.. . 
 
 1790 N. Y. 
 1789 Va. . . 
 1782 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 'Conn. 
 
 1781 Conn. 
 17S)0 Va... 
 1799 Va... 
 1797 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1797 N. Y'. 
 
 1785 Md... 
 
 1788 N. C. 
 
 1786 N. H. 
 I78:j Ohio. 
 1764 Va... 
 
 1793 Mo. . . 
 178(1 Mass. 
 
 1775 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1797 Tenn. 
 
 1798 Tenn. 
 
 1792 Ind .. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 1786 N. H. 
 1798 N. C. 
 
 1791 Pa... 
 
 1789 Vt.... 
 1763 Kv... 
 1779 N. Y. 
 1770 R. I.. 
 
 mm... 
 
 1786 N. Y. 
 N. 0. 
 
 1792 S. C. 
 1779 Kv. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Kv... 
 
 1767 Va... 
 1779 
 
 1793 N. Y . 
 
 1773 N. J. . 
 
 1793 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1778 Ohio. 
 1786 Tenn. 
 1772 Mass. 
 
 N.C. 
 
 .1793 Kv... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 OecuitttioD. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unkn own. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Varied... 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Teacher . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ag'culfst. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 La\vyer 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 MeiThnnt. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Clergyro'n 
 ■Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 1 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 8. 1812 
 April 10, 1837 
 Aug. 21. 1853 
 Jan. 17. 18.50 
 Aug. 13, 1858 
 Mar. 28. 1855 
 
 ju'ne'26! 'l'835 
 
 May 19. 1858 
 
 Jan. 3. 
 
 1843 
 
 Jan. 12 
 
 18.5.5 
 
 Feb. 25 
 
 1841 
 
 April I 
 
 1834 
 
 ApnI24,1861 
 
 16. 
 
 Oct 
 Oct. 19. 
 Oct. 1(1. 
 Feb. 26. 
 Mar. 25. 
 Mar. IB. 
 Nov. 30, 
 
 Se'iit.'in; 
 
 July 9. 
 Not. 28. 
 July 7, 
 Jan. 31. 
 
 1&52 
 1853 
 1870 
 1841 
 I8«9 
 1845 
 1839 
 
 1863 
 1849 
 1848 
 1849 
 
 June 1. 
 Dec. 24. 
 Dec. 8. 
 July -JIS. 
 Oct. 13. 
 
 April 30. 
 Nov. — . 
 June20. 
 Sept. 21 
 
 Aug. 1ft. 
 Aug. 27. 
 
 Sin.v'-ili! 
 Jali. 1.5. 
 April 2 1 
 Oct. 8. 
 Mar. 6. 
 Feb. 5, 
 
 1868 
 1841 
 1847 
 1837 
 1853 
 1864 
 1862 
 1840 
 1850 
 1832 
 
 1839 
 1839 
 1852 
 1862 
 1866 
 1852 
 1831 
 1836 
 1831 
 
 Oct. 5. 
 July 25. 
 Nov. 18, 
 
 1873 
 1855 
 1838
 
 <)■; 
 
 476 
 
 KEPBESENTATIVES OF THE TWENTIETH CONOEESS. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Stole 
 
 Oceupatio 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 I)avis. Warren R — 
 
 DeGraff. John i — 
 
 Ilesha. Robert — 
 
 Dickinson. John D...W 
 
 Doi-pev. Clement — 
 
 Drayton. William D 
 
 Duncan. Joseph D 
 
 Dwijrht. Henry W — 
 
 Earll. Jon.as. Jr D 
 
 Evel-ett. Edward W 
 
 Findlay. James D 
 
 Flovd. John — 
 
 Flovd. John D 
 
 Fort. Tomlijison — 
 
 Forwai-d. Chaimcey. .D 
 
 Fry. Joseph Jr — 
 
 Gale. Levin — 
 
 Garnsey. Daniel G D 
 
 Garroiv. N'athaniel. . .D 
 Gilmer, George R...,.D 
 Gorhatii, Benjamin... F 
 
 Grei'ii. James — 
 
 Giirlev. Henrv H — 
 
 H.cile. William — 
 
 Hall. Thomas H D 
 
 Hallock. John Jr D 
 
 Hamilton. James D 
 
 Harvey. Jonathan... — 
 Haynes. Charles K. ..D 
 
 Healv. Joseph D 
 
 Hinds. Thomas D 
 
 Hobble. Selah R D 
 
 Hodfres, James L — 
 
 Hoffman, Michael D 
 
 Holcombe, George... D 
 
 Holmes. G.ibi-iel — 
 
 Htmt, Jonathan — 
 
 Ingel-soll. Ralph J.... D 
 Ingham. Samnel D...D 
 
 Is.acks. Jacob C — 
 
 Jennings. Jonathan. — 
 
 Johns. Kensey Jr — 
 
 Johnson. Jeromus. ...D 
 
 Keese. Richard D 
 
 Kerr. John L W 
 
 Kmg. Adam D 
 
 Kiemer, George D 
 
 Lawrence. Joseph. ..D 
 
 Lea. Pryor D 
 
 Lecompte, Joseph D 
 
 Leffler. Isaac — 
 
 Letcher. Robert P...W 
 
 Little. Peter D 
 
 Livingstone, Edw'd ..D 
 
 Locke. John — 
 
 Long.Joh'i — 
 
 Lumpkin. Wilson D 
 
 Lvon. Ciiitt<:.iiden D 
 
 McCoy. Williaui D 
 
 HIcDume. <;cortre D 
 
 McHaitou. Robert. ...D 
 
 Mclntir... Kulus D 
 
 .McKeaii. Samuel D 
 
 McKee. John — 
 
 McLean. William — 
 
 Magee. John D 
 
 Mallary. Rollin C — 
 
 Marable. John H — 
 
 Markcll. Henry D 
 
 Martin. William D....D 
 
 Martindale. H. C W 
 
 Maivin. Dudley D 
 
 Maxwell. Lewis — 
 
 Mavnard. .John W 
 
 Mercer. Charles F D 
 
 Jlervin. Oi-ange — 
 
 Metcalfe. Thonias D 
 
 Miller. Daniel H D 
 
 Miner. Chaides F 
 
 Mitchell, James C — 
 
 Mitchell. John — 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas R. .— 
 
 Moore, fiabriel — 
 
 Moore. Thomas P D 
 
 Muhlenberg. F. 8 — 
 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 Md. . . 
 Fla.. 
 ,Ky.. 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Va 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga!!! 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C 
 
 N. y. 
 s. c. 
 
 N. H. 
 Va. . 
 N. H. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 vt . . . 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Pa.... 
 N. y.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va.-. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .S. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 iConn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 Icotm. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. C 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Dec. 30, 
 Feb. — 
 
 1787 Mass. 
 . 1793;S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 . Tenn. 
 N. Y, 
 .Md... 
 C. 
 
 . 1767 
 
 April II, 
 Oct." 3,' 
 
 1776 
 1794 111 
 
 Ma: 
 
 17«(i N 
 
 1794 
 1775 
 1769 
 
 .1787 
 .1793 
 
 April 1 1 
 Feb. 13, 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 Pa. ., 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lou,. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y, 
 17S9i,S. C. 
 1780 N. H. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 1790 
 177.'> 
 
 . 1787 
 . 1797 
 . 1783 
 
 Miir. 10, 
 Aug. 7. 
 
 1771i N. H. 
 
 1775 Miss.. 
 
 1797 N. Y. 
 
 1790 M;uis. 
 
 1788 N. Y. 
 
 1786 N. J.. 
 
 1764 N. C. 
 
 ]Vt... 
 
 IConn. 
 
 Sept. 16, 1779, Pa. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ind... 
 
 Dec. 10, 1791 Del... 
 IN. Y.. 
 
 1794!n. Y. 
 
 1780 Md... 
 iPa... 
 
 1775! Pa... 
 
 1788 Pa... 
 
 1794 Tenn. 
 
 iKy... 
 
 1788, Va... 
 
 . ... Ky... 
 
 |Md... 
 
 May 26. 1764 Lou.. 
 
 1764 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 23. 
 Jan. IS. : 
 
 Dec. 19, 1774 
 
 Oct. 20. 
 May 6, 
 May 6, 
 
 , 1783, Ga 
 . 1786 Ky. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 . 1788 S. C. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C, 
 
 June 6. 1778 
 
 Mar. 20. 
 Feb.' ii,' 
 
 1795 
 
 April 22, 1795 
 
 1780 N. Y. 
 1786, N. Y. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Conn 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Ala.. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 l.'h-i gym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Boat-Bld'r 
 Uukiiown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Jurist... . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 lUnknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 lUnknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 IPhysician 
 
 ILawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Paper M'r. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 [Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 I Physician 
 
 lUnknown 
 
 Agr'cult'st 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 L.awyer. . . 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Agr'cult'st 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 19. 
 Jan. 29, 
 June 26. 
 Feb. 8. 
 Jan. 28. 
 Aug. 6. 
 May 24, 
 Jan. 15. 
 Feb. 21, 
 Oct. 1 1 , 
 Jan. 15. 
 Dec. 28, 
 June 24. 
 Aug. 16, 
 May 11, 
 Oct. 19, 
 
 1854 
 1835 
 1848 
 1849 
 1841 
 1846 
 1846 
 1844 
 1S45 
 1846 
 1865 
 1835 
 1839 
 1837 
 1859 
 1839 
 
 Nov. 15, ia59 
 Sept. 27. 1855 
 
 1832 
 
 Mar. 7. 1837 
 June 30, 1853 
 
 Nov. 15, 
 Aug. 23, 
 
 18.57 
 1850 
 
 Oct. 10. 
 Aug. 23, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Mar. 8. 
 Sept. 27. 
 Jan. 14. 
 Sept. 26, 
 May 14. 
 Aug. 27, 
 April 13, 
 
 1861 
 1840 
 1854 
 1846 
 1848 
 1828 
 1829 
 1832 
 1872 
 1833 
 
 July 26, 1834 
 Mar. 28. 1857 
 Sept. 7, 1846 
 
 Feb. 21, 1844 
 May 6, 1835 
 
 April 1 
 
 Jan. 24, 1861 
 Feb. 5. 1830 
 May 23, 1836 
 Mar. 29, 1855 
 
 1871 
 
 Nov. 8, 1842 
 
 Mar. 11, 1851 
 
 April 28, 1866 
 June 23, 1840 
 
 Oct. 12. 1839 
 April 5. 1868 
 April 16. 1831 
 
 Nov. 17. 1833 
 April 22, 1860 
 June 25, 1856 
 
 Mar. 24, 1850 
 May 4, 1858 
 
 Aug. 18, 185.5 
 
 Oct. 26', 18(i5 
 Aug. 7. 1*43 
 
 Nov. 2, 1837 
 June 9. 1844 
 July 21, 1853 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 st&t« 
 
 Ocnupnitnn W Un Died. 
 
 Newton. Thomas D 
 
 Nnckidls, Win. C — 
 
 Oakley. Thos. J D 
 
 O'Brien, Jeremiah — 
 
 Orr, Robert D 
 
 Owen. George W j— 
 
 Pearce. Dutee J D 
 
 Phelps, Elisha D 
 
 Pierson. Isaac — 
 
 Plant. David — 
 
 Polk. James K W 
 
 Ramsey. William D 
 
 Randolph, James F. .— 
 
 Randolph. John D 
 
 Reed, John W 
 
 Richardson, Joseph. .— 
 
 Ripley, James W D 
 
 Rives, William C D 
 
 Roane, John D 
 
 Russell, William D 
 
 Sawyer, Lemuel D 
 
 Sergeant, John F 
 
 Sevier, Ambrose H..W 
 Sheppard, August's H — 
 Sinnickson. Thomas..— 
 
 Slo.ane, John — 
 
 Smith, Oliver H D 
 
 Smyth, Alexander D 
 
 Sprague, Peleg W 
 
 Sprigg, Michael C. . . . — 
 Stanberry, William.. .D 
 
 Sterigere. John B D 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew . . . D 
 
 Stevenson, Jas. S — 
 
 Stewart, Andrew D 
 
 Storrs. Henry R P 
 
 Stower, John G D 
 
 Strong, James F 
 
 Sutherland, Joel B...D 
 
 Swan, Samuel — 
 
 Swift, Benjamin W 
 
 Taber, Thonias (2d).D 
 
 Taliaferro. John D 
 
 Taylor, John W D 
 
 Thompson, Hedge — — 
 
 Thompson. Wiley D 
 
 Tracy, Phineas L D 
 
 Trezvant. James — 
 
 Tucker, Ebenezer — 
 
 Tucker, Starling — 
 
 Turner, Daniel — 
 
 Vance, Joseph D 
 
 Van Horn. Espy D 
 
 Van Rensselaer. Ste., — 
 
 Varnum. John — 
 
 Verplanck, Gulian C. D 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F W 
 
 "Wales, George E — 
 
 Ward. .Aaron D 
 
 Washington. Geo. C.W 
 
 Weeiiis. John C — 
 
 Whipiil.-, Thomas Jr. 
 
 Wh 
 WhiH 
 Wicki 
 Wild. 
 
 •Williams. I.ruis — 
 
 Wilson. Eiihiaiin K..— 
 
 Wilson. James D 
 
 Wing, Austin E — 
 
 Wingate. Joseph F. ..D 
 
 Wolf. George l> 
 
 Woodcock, David D 
 
 Wood, John J D 
 
 Wood, Silas D 
 
 Woods. .loliii — 
 
 Wright, ,IohnC D 
 
 Wright. Silas D 
 
 Yancey, Joel D 
 
 |,h M 
 l.jlsha. ..— 
 ll.■,l■lcs A.— 
 ;.i,l H D 
 
 Va... 
 
 B.C.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 N. O. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 S.3.. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ired. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa.'!! 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 7. 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 n'ov!'-2!' 
 Sept. 7, 
 June 26, 
 June 2, 
 
 . 1769, Va... 
 
 S. C 
 !'l'783 N. y! 
 . 1768, Me... 
 1785, Pa... 
 . 1798 Ala.. 
 . 1789 R. I.. 
 
 Feb. 1, 
 May 4, 
 
 779 
 1770 
 
 'l'7'95 
 1779 
 1791 
 1773 
 1781 
 1778 
 
 i'793 
 1754 
 
 Dec. 13, 
 dct."2'3, 
 
 .1777 
 1779 
 :i802 
 
 "l786 
 1779 
 1794 
 1765 
 1792 
 
 June— 1792 
 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Ark.. 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind .. 
 Va... 
 Me... 
 5Id... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Pa. 
 
 April 5, 
 May 19, 
 
 . 1785'N. Y. 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 . 1783 N. Y. 
 
 iPa... 
 
 71 N. J. 
 
 1781 
 1785 
 1768 
 1784 
 
 Sept. 21, 
 Mar. 21, 
 
 1796 
 1780 
 
 Nov. — , 
 
 Aug. 6, 
 Sept. 25, 
 
 July 5, 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 Vt 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y.. 
 N. J.. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. J. . 
 
 s. c . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y'. 
 JIas 
 
 1704 
 1783 
 178(1 X. y. 
 1792 llluo. 
 Vt.... 
 
 J-'M 
 1789 
 
 Oct. 19, 
 June 8. 
 Sept. 24. 
 
 . 17.18 
 
 ' 1783 
 1788 
 1789 
 1782 
 
 April 28, 1779 
 1791 
 
 Aug. 12, 1777 
 
 . 1769 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Md. 
 Md. 
 
 N. H. 
 Fla .. 
 Ohio. 
 Kv... 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Mich. 
 -Me... 
 Pa... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1794 Oh 
 1783:Ohio. 
 May 24. 179.-., X. Y. 
 .iKy... 
 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied ... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Joui'nalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Clergy rn'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ag'cull'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Law^-er. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier ... 
 Meichant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jul-ist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 11. 
 May 30. 
 May '29. 
 Aug. 18. 
 May 9. 
 April 18, 
 Sept. 22. 
 Oct. 18. 
 June 1.5. 
 Sept. 5. 
 Mar. 19. 
 May 24. 
 Nov. 25, 
 Sept. 2.5, 
 June 17, 
 April 26, 
 Nov. 15 
 Oct. 2, 
 Jan. 9, 
 Nov. 23, 
 Dec. 21, 
 
 May 15, 1856 
 Mar. 19, 1849 
 April 17. 1830 
 
 Dec. 28. 1845 
 Jan. 27, 1M72 
 
 Jan. 25. 1857 
 Oct. 17. I.si31 
 July 16. 1872 
 July 29, 1837 
 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 
 1857 
 18.58 
 1876 
 1836 
 1849 
 1847 
 18.33 
 1851 
 1849 
 1831 
 1871 
 ia33 
 1860 
 1871 
 1835 
 1868 
 1838 
 1845 
 1852 
 18.52 
 1848 
 
 Aug. 8. 1847 
 Nov. 15, 1861 
 Aug. 24. 1844 
 Nov. 1 1 , 1847 
 Mar, 21. 1802 
 Aug. 12. ia53 
 Sept. 18.18,54 
 July 20, 18-28 
 
 Dec. 23, 1876 
 Sept. 2. 1841 
 Sept. 5, 1845 
 Feb. 4, 1834 
 
 Aug. 26, 1851 
 June 25. 1829 
 Jan. 26. 1839 
 July 23. 1836 
 Mar. 18. 1.870 
 May -. 1862 
 
 Mnl-. 2. 1867 
 July 17, 1854 
 
 Jan. 23. 1835 
 Oct. 111. 1839 
 Jan. 7. 1863 
 Oct. 31. 1869 
 Sept. 10. 1.847 
 Feb. 23, 1842 
 
 July 
 Aug. 
 
 , 1868 
 ,1849 
 
 Mar. 14, 1840 
 
 Mar. 2. 1847 
 July .30. 1«)5 
 Feb. 13. 1.861 
 Aug. 27. 1847 
 
 Total Representatives. 323. Lawyei-s, »5. Occupation Unknown, 88. 
 Physicians, T. Varied, 7. Jurists, R, Merchants, H. Agriculturists, 4. 
 Clergymen, 3. Mechanics, 3. Journalists, Z. Teacher, 1. Soldier. 1, 
 Paper-maker, 1. Boat-builder, 1. Foreign Born, 4: Including Ireland, 4. 
 
 >ii,V^\ '^lliXii^-^Sr^ -'*s^-r> 
 
 
 _\_ 
 
 :s^
 
 M 
 
 TWKNTY-KIKsr CoNCHlKSS, AM) LKADINO KVKNTS itV 'iUE 'lIMi;. 
 
 Twenty-first Congress of the United States, from 1829 to 1831. 
 
 182!»— The first Horticultural Society wa« 
 founduil in tlie United Stutes. 
 
 18:29— Tin was tlrst diwcovered in America at 
 (ioshen. Conn., by Prof. Hitchcock, or 
 Aiulicitit (,'ollrt,'o. 
 
 1829— The IVrkins Institute, the flrst asylum 
 for the hlind in the United States, was In- 
 eor))in;ilid ut Itoston, but was not opened 
 until is;(j 
 
 18lii>— I'ower looms for the manufacture of 
 diaper-linen were established at Canter- 
 bury. Conn., by Wni. Mason— the tlrst in 
 the'world. 
 
 182U— The Canadian Welland Canal, between 
 Lakes Erie and Ontario, was first opened 
 to navigation. 
 
 Andrew tJnckMotii tth Frealdent. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, of S. C, Vlce-Pres. ; Martin Van 
 Hnren. of N, Y., Sec'y of State; Samuel D. InKhuin, of 
 I'a., Sec'y of Tre;ut.-. John H. Katon. of Tenn.. See'y of 
 War; John Branch, of N. C, See'y of Navy; Wm. T. 
 Harry, of Ky.. Po-stmaster-General: John M. Berrien, of 
 Gil., Att'y-Oeneral; Andrew Stevenson, of Va., Speaker 
 of House of Uepresentatives. 
 
 Ibao-Wobhtvr juid Hayne't* celebrated political 
 debate In the United Staten Senate com- 
 menced January 29. 
 
 1830— The Hint rejfular Mormon Church woii 
 organized by Joseph Smith, at Man- 
 chester. N. Y., April «. 
 
 J83(^)— The Unit railway bteameniflne made In 
 America made itn llri-t run on the th>t 
 railway built for loeoniotlves- llie South 
 Carolina road. It wu.-* dCfitcned by K. L. 
 Miller, of Charleston. 
 
 1830— The ttrnt omnibus wuit mode and run In 
 New York City. 
 
 1830— R. M. Hoo made the llrst cylinder i)rlnt- 
 ins prct»tt In America. 
 
 idicates Federalist; D, Democ-iat; W^ Whif?; R, Kei)ubliean. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wlipro 
 Bora. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 s.nie 
 Itcpre- 
 aeotcU. 
 
 Ocaupation 
 
 Whon Bled. 
 
 Adams, Robert H. . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1792 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. 7. 17H2 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. (). 1809 
 
 lirwniird. Isaac D. . . 
 
 . — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 18, 17!)1 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 28, 1834 
 
 Kartoti. David 
 
 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 .Sept. 28, 1837 
 
 Bell, Samuel 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Feb. 9. 1770 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 23. IS.'Ml 
 
 Benton. Thomas H.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14, 17«2 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 April 10, 18.')8 
 
 Berrien, John M... 
 
 1> 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aug. 2a, 17SI 
 
 Oa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 J,an. 1. 18.T6 
 
 Biblt. (ieoitre M 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 1772 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 14, IS.'iO 
 
 Braneh, .loliii 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 4, 17rt2 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 4. 1803 
 
 
 l> 
 
 N. C. 
 
 17!)-) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 6. 1870 
 
 
 . — 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Feb. 22, 1770 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer, .. 
 
 April 27, 1853 
 
 Chace. Dudley 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 30. 1771 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 Chambers. Ezekiel F.W 
 
 Md... 
 
 Feb. 2H, 17.S8 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan, 30, 1867 
 
 Chivton. .lohn M... 
 
 W Del... 
 
 July 24, 17:l(i 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov, 9, ia->(i 
 
 Diekrr-on. M.dilon. 
 
 .D N. J.. 
 
 .\pril 17,1770 
 
 V. J.. Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 5. 1853 
 
 Diiill.'V, I'li.ules E.. 
 
 .D Eng'd 
 
 .May 2:j. 17,sll 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .Merirhant. 
 
 Jan. 23. 1841 
 
 Eaton. John H 
 
 .D Tenn. 
 
 ...: 1700 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 17, ia56 
 
 Ellis, Powhatan.... 
 
 .D |Va... 
 
 
 Miss . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Foote. Samuel A. . . . 
 
 W Conn. 
 
 Nov. 8, 17.80 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 15, 1846 
 
 Forsvth. John 
 
 .D Va. .. 
 
 Oct. 2, 17.10 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 21. 1841 
 
 Frelinjrhuvsen. Thee 
 
 .R N. J.. 
 
 Mar. 21. 17.87 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 12. 1863 
 
 Grun.lv, Feh< 
 
 .D Va... 
 
 Sept. 11,1777 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 19, 1840 
 
 Havne. Uobt Y.... 
 
 .D S. C 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Sept. 24. 1N39 
 
 Hendricks. Wni.... 
 
 .D Pa... 
 
 1783 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May IB, 18.-i0 
 
 Holmes, John 
 
 .D Mass. 
 
 Mar. -, 1773 
 
 Mb... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 7, 1843 
 
 Iredell, James 
 
 .- N. C. 
 
 1788 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 13, 1853 
 
 .Johnston, Josiah S 
 
 .D Conn. 
 
 Nov. 2,1. 1784 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 19, 1833 
 
 Kane, Elias K.,. . 
 
 .D N. Y. 
 
 Jmie 7. 17il6 
 
 ill ... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 11, 1835 
 
 Kinu, Wm. R 
 
 .D N. 0. 
 
 .\pril 7. l7-<fi 
 
 lla . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 18,1853 
 
 Kninlit.NehemiahR.W R. 1.. 
 
 Dec. m, 178" 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 Banker... 
 
 April 19, 1854 
 
 I,ivini-^ton. Edward. D- N. Y. 
 
 May 26, 171)4 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 23, 1836 
 
 MelCinley, John... 
 
 .D Va... 
 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 19, 1852 
 
 McLane, Lonis 
 
 .D DeL.. 
 
 May 28, 1786 
 
 Del... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 7. 1857 
 
 McLean. John 
 
 
 1780 
 
 III.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 14. 1830 
 
 
 .D 
 
 .W 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Del... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 .Ian. 4, 1872 
 
 Noble. James 
 
 .- iVa... 
 
 
 Ind . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb, 26, 1831 
 
 Poindexter, George. D |Va. .. 
 
 1779 
 
 Miss. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 5, 1853 
 
 Robhins, Asher ... 
 
 .W ,Conn. 
 
 Sept. — , 1757 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 25, 1845 
 
 Robinson. John M. . 
 
 .D Ky... 
 
 1793 
 
 m... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 April 26, 1843 
 
 
 .0 
 
 
 1773 
 
 K.y... 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 I.awyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 13, 1853 
 
 Rugirles, Benjamin 
 Sanford. Nathan . . 
 
 Ponn. 
 
 . 1763 
 
 Sept. 2, 1837 
 
 .D N. Y. 
 
 Nov. 5. 1779 
 
 Oct. 7. 1838 
 
 Seymour. Horatio. . 
 
 .D Conn. 
 
 May 31, 1778 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 21, 1857 
 
 Silsbee. Nathaniel.. 
 
 .D Mass. 
 
 1773 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 July 1, 1850 
 
 Smith. Samuel 
 
 .D Pa. . 
 
 July 27, 1752 
 
 Md... 
 
 Soldier . . . 
 
 April 23. 1839 
 
 Smith. William 
 
 ..D N. C. 
 
 .... ....17(r2 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 26, 1840 
 
 Sprague. Peleg 
 
 Tazewell, L. W.... 
 
 .W iMass. 
 .D Va... 
 
 
 Me... 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Dec. 17, 1774 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 6, 1860 
 
 Troup. George M... 
 
 ..D Ala.. 
 
 Sept. 8. 1780 
 
 O.a.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 3, 18,56 
 
 Tvler. John 
 
 ..D Va... 
 
 Mar. 29, 173C 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Webster, Daniel... 
 
 .W N. H. 
 
 Jan. 18. 1782 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 24. 1852 
 
 White, Hugh L 
 
 .- |N. C. 
 
 Oct. 30, 177E 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 10. 1840 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Woodbury, Levi 
 
 ..D 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1789 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 7, 1851 
 
 Total Senators. 53. Lawyers. 43. Occupation Unknown,©. Merchants, 3. 
 Banker, 1. Jurist, 1- Soldier, 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including England, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES, 
 
 Alexander, Mark D 
 
 Allen, Robert D 
 
 Alston, Willis D 
 
 Anderson, John — 
 
 Anpeli, Wm.G D 
 
 Archer, Wm. S — 
 
 Armstrong. Wm W 
 
 Arnold, Benedict — 
 
 Bailey, John S — 
 
 Barber, Noyes — 
 
 Barbour, John D 
 
 Barbour, Philip P D 
 
 Barnwell, Robert W..— 
 BarrinKer. Daniel L..D 
 
 Bartley. Mordecai — 
 
 Bates. Inaiic C — 
 
 Baylor. Robert E. B. .— 
 Beekman, Thoniaa... — 
 Bell. John W 
 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Me... 
 R. I.. 
 Va... 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 
 .N.'T. 
 I Tenn, 
 
 July 30, 
 
 July 17 
 Mar. 5. 
 Dec. 23, 
 
 April 28, 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 Va... 
 
 1794: Va... 
 
 , |n. c. 
 
 ,1792,Me... 
 1790 N. Y. 
 1789|Va... 
 1782 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1781 
 1790 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 Oct. 1. 
 Dec. Ifi, 
 May 14. 
 
 1799 Va, 
 180liS. C 
 1788 N. C. 
 1783 Ohio. 
 1780, Mass. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1797 1 Term . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Teacher . . 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Agr'clt'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 10. 1837 
 Aug. 21. I.S.)3 
 Aug. 13, 18rj8 
 Mar. 28, 1855 
 
 June 28. 183.'j 
 Jan. 23. 1845 
 Jan. 12, 1S55 
 Feo. 25, 1841 
 
 Oct. 16, 18.52 
 Oct. 10. 1870 
 Mar. 16, 1845 
 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 
 Biddle. John — 
 
 Blair, James D 
 
 Blair. John D 
 
 Boekee. Abraham..,. D 
 
 Boon, Katliir D 
 
 Bor^t.Peterl D 
 
 Bouidin, ThomasT,.,D 
 
 Brodheiid. John — 
 
 Briiwn. Elias — 
 
 Buchanan. James.... D 
 
 Burgcs, Tristam F 
 
 Butrnan, Samuel — 
 
 Cahoon. Wm — 
 
 Cambreling. C. C D 
 
 Campbell. John W 
 
 Carbon, Sanmel P — 
 
 Chandler, Thomas... D 
 
 Childs. Timothy W 
 
 Chilton. Thomas — 
 
 Claiborne, Nath'n'l H.— 
 
 Clarke. James W 
 
 Clay, Clement C D 
 
 Coke, Richard Jr D 
 
 Coleman. Nich. D D 
 
 Condict, Lewis W 
 
 Conner. Henry W D 
 
 Cooper, Richard M. . .— 
 
 Coulter. Richard — 
 
 Cowles. Henry B — 
 
 Craig, Hector D 
 
 Craig. Robert D 
 
 Crane. Joseph H W 
 
 Crawford, Thomas H.D 
 Creighton, William.. U 
 
 Crocheron, Jacob D 
 
 Crockett, David W 
 
 Crowninshield, B. W.D 
 
 Daniel, Henry D 
 
 Davenport. Thomas. . F 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 Davis, Warren R D 
 
 Deherry. Edmund — 
 
 Denny, Harmar A-M 
 
 Desha, Robert — 
 
 DeWitt. Chas. G D 
 
 Dickinson. John D...W 
 Doddridge, Philip. , .— 
 
 Dorsey, Clement — 
 
 Draper, Joseph — 
 
 Dravton. William.,,. D 
 
 Dudley, Edward B D 
 
 Duncan, Jo^^eph D 
 
 Dwight, Henry W — 
 
 Eager. S. W — 
 
 Earll, Joaas Jr D 
 
 Ellsworth. Wm. W..W 
 
 Evans, George W 
 
 Evans. Joshua D 
 
 Everett, Edward W 
 
 Everett. Horace W 
 
 Finch. Isaac D 
 
 Findlay. James D 
 
 Fisher. George — 
 
 Ford. James D 
 
 Forward, Chauncey..D 
 Foster. Thomas F....D 
 
 Fry, Joseph Jr — 
 
 Oaither. Xathan D 
 
 Gilniore. John D 
 
 Goodenow. John M...D 
 
 Gordon. Wm. F D 
 
 Gorham, Benjamin. ..F 
 
 Green, Innis D 
 
 Grennell. George W 
 
 G'irley. Henry H — 
 
 Hall. Thomas H D 
 
 Halsey, Jehiai H D 
 
 H.amnions, Joseph... — 
 Harvey. Jonathan... — 
 
 Hawkins. Joseph D 
 
 Haynes. Chas. E D 
 
 Hemphill, Joseph D 
 
 Whi-r* 
 BotD. 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 SMC 
 RcjT.- 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Bar. 9, 1789'Mieh. ! 
 
 S. C. 
 
 ,S. C. 
 
 
 1798 Tenn. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 1-83 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1781 InU .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 ». Y., 
 
 Va... 
 
 1772 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 
 1771 
 
 S'. H. 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Pa... April 23, 1791 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Mass. Feb. 26, 1770 
 
 K. I.. 
 
 Me.. 
 
 
 «e. .. 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 IN. C. 
 
 1786 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 s. c. 
 
 'N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. H. Aug. 10, 1772 
 
 N. 11. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 iKy... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 vi... 
 
 Nov. 14, 1767 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 1779 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 17, 1789 
 
 Ala .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1800 
 
 Ky... 
 
 n: J.. Mar. -, 1773 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va... Aug. — , 1793 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. J.. 1767 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa...' 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn Mar. 18, 1798 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va 1 
 
 Va... 
 
 N J 1782 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Nov. 14, 1786 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 29, 1778 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. Aug. 17, 1786 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mass. Dec. 27, 1772 
 
 Mats. 
 
 Va 1793 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Moss. Jan. 13, KSI 
 
 Mass. 
 
 !s. c. iiay 8. naa 
 
 S. C. 
 
 IN. C. 
 
 Aug. 14. 1787 
 
 N C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1794 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 IPa.... 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1802|N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1767 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 ■w.va net 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Md 
 
 Md... 
 
 1 Va 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 iFla.. Dec. 30, 1776 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. 0. 1"71 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Feb. -, 1794 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 1786 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1797 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 iMass. 
 
 April i 1,1794 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 178C 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 1775 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. 
 
 
 1793 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oa. . . 
 
 Nov. 23. 1790 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 lT85|Ky.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 13, 1775 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1788 Moss. 
 
 
 . 1787 
 
 Lou.. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N C 
 
 1783 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N «. 
 
 178(1 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1770 
 
 Pa... 
 
 I 
 
 ISoldier ... Aug. 25. 18.59 
 Unknown. April 1. 1834 
 Unknown. Jnly 9. 1863 
 Unknown. June 1. 181^5 
 Unknown. Nov.2f>. 1M4 
 Unknown. Nov. 14. l)-48 
 l.awjer... Feb. II. lKi4 
 
 . Cleiirjni'n April 7. 18.38 
 Unknown. July 7. 1K57 
 Lawyer... June 1. 1868 
 
 , Jurist Oct. 13, 1K53 
 
 lUnknown 1864 
 
 .'Unknown. May 30. 1833 
 
 , Merchant. April .30. 1862 
 Lawyer... May 19, 1815 
 Unknown. Nov. —.1840 
 Vnrlid.... Jon. 28. IMB 
 Unknown. Nov. 8. 1847 
 
 .'Unkntwn.l 
 
 . Unknown. Aug. 15. 1839 
 Lawyer... Aug. 27.183!! 
 Lawyer... Sept. 7. 1866 
 
 . Lawyer... Mar. 30. 1851 
 
 , Lawyer... May 11. 1^74 
 PLysicliin-Woy 26. 11-62 
 
 . lUnknown ,Jon. 15.1866 
 
 , Unknown. iMor. 10.1843 
 lawyer... April 21, 1852 
 
 .'Lawyer... 
 
 ..Unknown. 
 
 , Unknown. 
 
 , 'Lawyer. ..Nov. 12.1852 
 Lawyer... Jan. 27, 1863 
 
 . Lawyer... Oct. 8, 1851 
 Unknown. 1 
 
 . Varied.... Mar. 6, 18:i6 
 
 . M.lebmt. Feb. 5. 1851 
 Lawyer..., Oct. 5, 1873 
 
 , Lawyer... 
 
 . Lows er... April 19.18.54 
 
 . Lawyer... Jan. 29. 1835 
 
 ,'Agi'cult'st Dec. 12. 1859 
 Lawyer... I Jan. 29, 1852 
 
 . Unknovn. Feb. 8. 1849 
 Unknown. April 13. 18:)9 
 
 . Lawyer... 'Jnn. 28.1841 
 Lawyer... Nov. 19. ls32 
 Unknown. Aug. 6. 1846 
 Unknown 
 
 .iVaried.... May 4. 1846 
 
 .lUnknown. Oct. 30. 18.').3 
 Lawyer... Jan. 15. 1844 
 Unknown. Feb. 21. 1845 
 
 Unknown 
 
 'unknown. Oct. 11. 1846 
 
 .'Lawyer... I Jan. 15. 1868 
 
 , 'Lawyer.. .'April 5. 1867 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clergyni'n Jan. 15. 1865 
 
 .'Lawyer... Jan. 30,1851 
 
 Unknovn 
 
 Unknown. Dec. 28, 1835 
 
 . Unknown.' 
 
 [Unknown.! 
 
 'Lawyer... :Oct. 19,1839 
 
 Lawyer... 1 1847 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Pliysicinn 1862 
 
 Unknown. May 18, 1845 
 
 Lawyer ■ 
 
 Unknown. July 2. 1858 
 Lawyer. . . Sept. 27. 1855 
 Unknown 
 
 , Lawyer... Nov. 20. 1832 
 
 . JuriSt 1832 
 
 Physician JuueSO, 1853 
 
 . Un know-n. 
 
 , U.i known 
 
 , Unknown. Aug. 23, 1858 
 
 . Jurist May 9, 1832 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 . Lawyer... May 29. 1842
 
 T 
 
 478 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST AND TWENTY-SECOND CONGRESSES, AND LEADING EVENTS or THE 'I'IME. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. i.T 
 
 Repre- 
 
 Hinds. Thomas D 
 
 Hodtres, James L — 
 
 Hoffman. Michael D 
 
 Holland. Cor.ielius. . .— 
 
 Howard. Benj. C D 
 
 Hnbbard. Henry D 
 
 Hu^rhes, Thomas H..— 
 
 Hunt. Jonathan — 
 
 Huntinj?ton. Jabez W— 
 
 Ihrie, Peter D 
 
 IngersoU.Ralph J....D 
 
 Irvin. Wra. W D 
 
 Irwin, Thomas — 
 
 Isacks, Jacob C — 
 
 tjarvis, Leonard D 
 
 Jennings. Jonathan. .— 
 
 Johns. Kensey — 
 
 Johnson. Cave D 
 
 Johnson. Richard M..D 
 Kendall. Joseph G..— 
 Kennon. William, . .D 
 
 Kincaid. John D 
 
 King. .\dam D 
 
 Kuitr. Perkins D 
 
 Lamar, Henry G D 
 
 Lea, Prvor D 
 
 Leavitt'. H. H D 
 
 Lecompte. Joseph. ,,,D 
 
 Leiper, George C D 
 
 Lent. James D 
 
 Letcher. Robert P D 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H D 
 
 Loyall, George D 
 
 Lumpkin, Wilson D 
 
 Lvon. Chittenden D 
 
 McCoy, William D 
 
 McCreedy, William.. — 
 
 McDutlie', George D 
 
 Mclntire. Rufus D 
 
 Magee, John D 
 
 Mallary. Rollin C....— 
 
 Marr, Alan D 
 
 .Martin. William D...D 
 Martindale. Henry C.W 
 
 Maxwell, Lewis W 
 
 Maxwell, Thomas D 
 
 Mercer, Chais. F D 
 
 Miller, Daniel H D 
 
 Mitchell. George E,..D 
 
 Monell. Robert D 
 
 Mnhlenburg. H, A D 
 
 Newton. Thomas D 
 
 Norton. Ebenezer F. .D 
 
 Nuckolls. Wm, C — 
 
 Overton. W, H D 
 
 Patt«n..Iohn M I) 
 
 I'eaice. Dutee J D 
 
 Pettis. Spencer - - 
 
 Pierson, Isaac — 
 
 Polk. James K D 
 
 I'otter. Robert D 
 
 Powers, Gershom t> 
 
 Kamsav, William, ..D 
 
 Randolph, Jos, F — 
 
 Reed, Joshua W 
 
 I 
 
 [Mass. Aug. 7. 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 'July 9. 
 
 Md.. INov. 5, 
 N. H, May 3, 
 
 N, J, 
 
 vt . . . ! 
 
 Conn. Nov. 8, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Pa, 
 Pa, 
 Mass, Oct, 19 
 
 N. J. , 
 
 Del,,. Dec. 10, 
 
 Tenu, Jan. 11, 
 
 Ky,..,Oct, 17, 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Vt,,. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Ga,.. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn, 
 Pa,,, 
 S, C, 
 Mass, 
 Va,,, 
 
 Pa... 
 Md,,, 
 N, Y. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Va.., 
 
 R, I 
 Va. .. 
 
 ,N. J. 
 
 'N. C. 
 
 ;n. c. 
 
 1775 Miss. 
 
 1790 Ma.ss. 
 1788 N, Y. 
 
 1783 Me... 
 
 1791 Md... 
 
 1784 N. H 
 N, J,. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 1788 Conn, 
 Pa... 
 
 'Conn 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 Pa,.. 
 
 . ....iTenn, 
 
 1781 Me,.. 
 Ind., 
 
 1791 Del,, 
 
 1793 Tenn, 
 
 1781 Ky,,, 
 
 1788 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1784 N. Y. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Born 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 May 29, 
 Jan. 14. 
 
 Dec. 19, 
 
 Oct, 20, 
 May 6, 
 
 May 13, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 jN. J. 
 Mass. 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 Nov, 2, 
 
 Sept, 7, 
 June 26, 
 
 1794 Tenn, 
 1796 Ohio, 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1786 Pa... 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 |Ky... 
 
 1802 Ala . . 
 1789 Va... 
 
 1783 Ga, .. 
 
 1786 Ky,,, 
 
 Va,., 
 
 Pa,.. 
 
 1788 S. C, , 
 1774 Me... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 1784 Vt... 
 Pa... 
 
 1789 S. C 
 
 1780 N Y. 
 
 iVa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1778 Va.., 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Md,.. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 1782 Pa... 
 
 1769 Va. . . 
 . ... N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 
 1783 Lou. . 
 1796 Va... 
 1789 R. I.. 
 1802 Mo... 
 
 1770 N. J.. 
 
 1795 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 1779 Pa... 
 1791 N. J.. 
 
 1781 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Cnknow n. 
 
 Varied, . , 
 
 Physician, 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawj'er, , . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawj'er. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawj'er. .. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 La.vyer, .. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 Aug. 23, 1840 
 -Mar, H. ]K4i; 
 Sept, 27, 1H4H 
 June 2, 1870 
 Mar, 6, 1872 
 June 5, 1857 
 
 May 14, 1832 
 Nov, 1, 1847 
 
 Aug. 27. 1872 
 April 19, 1842 
 
 Sept. 18. IS,^ 
 July 2H. 1834 
 Mai-. 28, 1857 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 Nov, 19, 1850 
 Oct, 2, 1847 
 
 May 6, 1835 
 Nov. 29, 1875 
 
 Nov 
 
 17 
 
 1868 
 
 HVb, 
 
 211 
 
 1K33 
 
 Jan, 
 
 24 
 
 1861 
 
 Oct, 
 
 25, 
 
 1848 
 
 1871 
 
 Nov. 8, 1842 
 
 Mar. 11. 1851 
 April 28. 18«J« 
 April ry. 18(18 
 April 16. iH;n 
 
 Nov'.'i7Vl83:J 
 April 22, 1860 
 
 May 4. IR'iS 
 
 IMi; 
 
 June 28, is;!2 
 
 18(H) 
 
 Aug. 12. 1844 
 Aug. 5, 1847 
 
 Jan. 4. 1S46 
 Oct. 29, 18.'>ft 
 May 9. \S49 
 Aug. 26, 1831 
 Sept. 22, 1833 
 June 15, 1849 
 
 Sept. 5. 1831 
 Mar. 19, 1871 
 Nov. 25, 1860 
 
 Rencher. Abraham, ,W 
 Richardson. Joseph.. — 
 
 Ripley, Jaw. W H 
 
 Ituane. John D 
 
 Rose, Robert S — 
 
 Russell. William D 
 
 Sanford. Jonah D 
 
 Hcott, John — 
 
 Semmes, Benedict I..D 
 Sevier, Ambrose H...W 
 
 Shepard. Wm. B W 
 
 Sheppard. Aug. H — 
 
 Shields, James D 
 
 Sill. Thomas H W 
 
 Smith, Samuel A D 
 
 Smyth, Alexander D 
 
 Speight, Jesse D 
 
 Spencer, Ambrose D 
 
 Speneer, Richard D 
 
 Sprigg, Michael C — 
 
 Stanberry. William. .D 
 
 Standifer. James W 
 
 Stephen^. Philander. D 
 
 Sterigere. John B D 
 
 Stevenson. Andrew., .D 
 
 Storns, Henry R — 
 
 Storrs, William L — 
 
 Strong, James P 
 
 Sutherland, JoelB...D 
 
 Swan, Samuel — 
 
 Swift. Benjamin W 
 
 Taliaferro, John D 
 
 Tavlor. John W I) 
 
 Test. John W 
 
 Thomson, John D 
 
 Thompson, Wiley D 
 
 Tracy, Phineas L D 
 
 Trezvant, James — 
 
 Tucker, Starling — 
 
 Vance. Joseph D 
 
 Vai-num, John — 
 
 Verplanck, Gulian CD 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F W 
 
 "Washington. G. C.W 
 
 Wavne, James M D 
 
 Weeks, John W.. ..— 
 White, Campbell P. . .D 
 
 White, Edward D W 
 
 White. Joseph M D 
 
 Whittlesey. Elisha...— 
 Wickliffe, Chas. A...,D 
 Wilde, Richard H. . . .D 
 Wingate, Joseph F. . .D 
 
 Williams, Lewis — 
 
 Wilson, Ephraiui K.. — 
 
 Wright, Silas .U 
 
 Tancey, Joel I) 
 
 Young, Ebenezer W 
 
 N. C 
 
 Mass. Feb. 1 
 
 Mass 
 
 Va 
 
 Va 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Pa... I 
 
 Md... Nov. 1. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 N. C 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Conn 
 
 Pa..., 
 
 Ire'd.' 
 
 N. C. Sept. 22. 
 Conn. Dec. I'd, 
 
 Md...l. 
 
 Md,..l 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 I, 
 
 Va...' 
 
 Conn 
 
 Conn. Mar. 25, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 N. J 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va, 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. J, 
 
 Pa.., 
 
 Va. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N, C. 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn, 
 
 Aug. 6, 
 Sept. 25, 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 Oct. 19, 
 
 June 8, 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 May 24, 
 
 .... N. C. 
 1778 Ma-ss. 
 .... Me... 
 1754 Va. . . 
 1772 N. Y. 
 
 .... Ohi... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1789 Md... 
 1802 Ark.. 
 1799 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 [Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1765, Va... 
 179.3 N. C. 
 1765 N. Y. 
 
 .... Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1788 Pa... 
 .... Pa... 
 
 1784 Va. . . 
 
 1785 N. Y. 
 1795 Conn 
 
 1783 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 1771 N. J.. 
 
 1781 Vt... 
 1768 Va... 
 
 1784 N. Y. 
 Ind.. 
 
 1777 Ohio. 
 Ga. .. 
 
 1786 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 S. C 
 
 1786 Ohio. 
 1783 Mass. 
 1786 N. Y. 
 1792 Ohio. 
 
 1789 Md... 
 
 1790 Ga. .. 
 1799 N. H. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Fla... 
 
 1783 Ohio. 
 
 1788 Kv... 
 
 1789 Ga. . . 
 .... Me... 
 
 1782 N. C. 
 , .... Md... 
 1795 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 1784 Conn 
 
 Ocrupation. 
 
 I 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 lUnknown 
 Varied 
 
 ! Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.., 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawj'er... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jiuist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer . . . 
 Law-j'er. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Sept. 25, 1871 
 June 17,1835 
 Nov. 15, 1838 
 Nov. 24, 183r> 
 Oct. 2. 1845 
 
 July 17, 1831 
 
 Dec. 21, 1848 
 June 20, 1852 
 
 April 17, 1830 
 May 5, 1847 
 Mar. 13, 1848 
 
 Dee. 28. 184.'> 
 Jan. 27, 1872 
 Aug. 24, 1837 
 July 8, 1842 
 
 Jan. 25, 
 July 29, 
 June 25, 
 Aug. 8. 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 1857 
 1837 
 1861 
 1847 
 1861 
 
 Aug, 
 
 24 
 
 1844 
 
 Nov. 
 
 n. 
 
 1847 
 
 Aug. 
 
 12 
 
 1853 
 
 Sept. 
 
 18 
 
 18:)4 
 
 Oct. 
 
 9, 
 
 1849 
 
 Dec. 
 
 -• 
 
 1852 
 
 Dec. 
 
 23, 
 
 1876 
 
 Sept 
 
 2, 
 
 1841 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4 
 
 1834 
 
 Aug. 
 
 26 
 
 1851 
 
 July 
 
 23 
 
 183G 
 
 Mar. 
 
 18 
 
 1870 
 
 .May 
 
 — . 
 
 18(i2 
 
 July 
 
 17 
 
 1854 
 
 July 
 
 b, 
 
 1867 
 1853 
 
 Feh, 
 
 12 
 
 1859 
 
 Aprl 
 
 8 
 
 MiT 
 
 Oct. 
 
 19 
 
 18,39 
 
 Jan. 
 
 7, 
 
 1863 
 
 Oct. 
 
 31 
 
 1869 
 
 Sept 
 
 ,10 
 
 1847 
 
 Feb. 
 
 23 
 
 1842 
 
 Aug. 
 
 27 
 
 1847 
 
 Aug. 
 
 18 
 
 1851 
 
 Total Representatives, 324. Occupation Unknown, 93. Lawyers, OS. 
 
 Varied, ». Physicians, "T. Merchants, '7. Juiists, «. Clergymen, -4- Agricul- 
 turists, 2. Teacher, 1. Soldier, 1, Journalist, 1. Mechanic, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 4: Including Ireland, 4. 
 
 Twenty-second Congress of the United States, from 1831 to 1833. 
 
 1831— Mormon settlements made in Ohio and 
 
 Missouri. 
 IH31— First patent issuer! for fluid Jndia-rub- 
 
 ber, for rendering articles water-proof, 
 
 to Geo. H. Richards. Washington, D. C. 
 IH3I— Fairbanks' Scales, invented by Thad- 
 
 deus Fairbanks, patented June 13. 
 1831— National Anti-Ma.sonic Convention met 
 
 at Baltimore and nominated Wm. Wirt, 
 
 of Md., for President. 
 1832-'First appfarance of Asiatic Cholera in 
 
 New YorkCity. June 27. Nearly 3.50<J 
 
 deaths occurred within two months. 
 
 Andrew tJ»eki«ou, 7th PreMldeiit. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, of S. C, Vice-Pres. Edward Living- 
 ston, of Lou., Sec'y of State. Louis McLane. of Del., 
 Sec'y of Treas. Lewis Ca'^s, of Mich., Sec'y of War. Levi 
 Woodbury, of N. H., Sec'y of Navy. Wm. T. Barry, of 
 Ky., Postmaster-General. Roger B. Taney, of ,Md., 
 Attorney-General. Andrew Stevenson, of Va.. Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 1832— The discovery of chloroform by Dr. 
 Samuel Guthrie was announced. 
 
 1832— Prof. S. F. B. Morse, with friends, orig- 
 inated the idea of electric telegraph. 
 
 1832— Brigham Young joined the Mormons. 
 
 1833 — Great National Temperance Convention 
 held at Philadelphia, in May. 
 
 1833— "Hussey's reapers first tried in public, 
 July 2. 
 
 1833 — The New York Daily Sun first issued. 
 Sept. 3. 
 
 F» indicates Federalist; I>> Democrat; "W, W'hlg; R, Republican. 
 
 i 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 wh.w 
 Dora. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 8Ut« 
 Ropr.. 
 
 Occupilion, 
 
 Wbon DM. 
 
 
 _ 
 
 N. H, 
 
 Feb. 9, 1770 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jurist,, ., 
 
 Dec. 23, lavi 
 
 
 1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14, 1782 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 April 10, 18,58 
 
 Bibb. Ccorsre M 
 
 
 
 Va.,. 
 
 1772 
 
 Ky... 
 Mlii«.. 
 
 JurlBt 
 
 April 14, lS,-i9 
 
 I) ack. John 
 
 W 
 
 Va,., 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 AUR, 2!), 18,54 
 
 
 ,1) 
 
 N, C, 
 
 1795 
 
 «J. C. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 l>cc, 6, 1870 
 
 Huckner, Alexander 
 
 
 
 Intl., 
 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 June 15, 1833 
 
 Calhoun. John C. .. 
 
 ,1) 
 
 a, c. 
 
 Mar. IS. 1782 
 
 s v.. 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Mar, 31, 18511 
 
 
 w 
 
 Md.., 
 
 Feb, 2H, 17HK 
 
 M>\... 
 
 Lawyer, ,, 
 
 Jan. 30, 1867 
 
 Clay. Henry 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 12. 1777, Kv,,, 
 
 Lawvcr... 
 
 Jinie 29, 1852 
 
 w 
 
 Del ,, 
 
 July 24, 17l«lillel ,, 
 
 JiirlBt 
 
 Nov, 9, 1856 
 
 
 [> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 1(1, 17921 Pa.,, 
 
 Lawyer., . 
 
 IVc, 31, 1864 
 
 Dlckerxon.Mahlon,, 
 
 II 
 
 N. J, , 
 
 April 17,177" N. J, 
 
 I,aw,ver,,. 
 
 Oct, 5, 18,53 
 
 I)ii.lb-v,(:harlei. K., 
 
 I) 
 
 Knit'd May 23, 1780|N, Y, 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jan, 23, 1841 
 
 £lhH, I>owhatan — 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 
 'Ml>», 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 
 SUM 
 
 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Borit 
 
 Wb«i Bora. 
 
 B«pn. 
 
 footed. 
 
 Ocoupoaon 
 
 Vibta blod. 
 
 EwinR, Thoina.s W 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 Dec. 28, 1 792 
 
 Oliio, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 2B, 1871 
 
 Poote, Samuel A W 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Nov, 8, 1T8I1 
 
 Coilll 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept, 15,1846 
 
 Forsyth, John I> 
 
 Va, , 
 
 Oct, 2, 1780 
 
 lia, ,, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 21, 1841 
 
 Frelini,rhuvsen.TIieo,W 
 
 N. J,, 
 
 Mar, 28, 178- 
 
 N, J,, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 12,1862 
 
 Orundv, Felix 1) 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 Sept, 11.1777 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec, IS), 184« 
 
 Hanna, Uohert W 
 
 s, c. 
 
 April 6, 1786 
 
 Inil.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov, 19, 1858 
 
 Hiivnc, Uoliert Y I) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov, 10, 17111 
 
 8. C. . 
 
 Lawyer., , 
 
 Scrt, 24,1831) 
 
 Hendricks, William,,!) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1783 
 
 Ind . . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 May 1(1, I«i0 
 
 Hill, Isaac I) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 0, 1778 
 
 N. H 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Mar, 22, 1851 
 
 Holmes, Jidin 11 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mar, -, 1773 
 
 Me.,, 
 
 Lawvcr.. . 
 
 July 7, 1843 
 
 .lobnston, JoslabS,,,ll 
 
 (\mn. 
 
 Nov, 25, 1784 
 
 Lou, . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 1!1, IKIH 
 
 Kane, F.llas K 11 
 
 N, V, 
 
 June 7, 17!Ki 
 
 111... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec, 11, 1835 
 
 KInif, William K 11 
 
 N, C, 
 
 April 7, 178H 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Ag'culfat, 
 
 April 18. 1853 
 
 Knight, NcbcmlahH,W 
 
 K, I.. 
 
 Dec, 31, 1780 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Banker,,, 
 
 April 1!), 18,54 
 
 
 -^5:
 
 ? 
 
 KEI'KlvSK.NTAriVES OK THK TWENTY-8EC0KI) C'ONUKESS. 
 
 479 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 MiinKum, W. P W 
 
 M.uvv, Wm. I D 
 
 Milici-. Stc-ph.n I> I) 
 
 M(.urf. liiil.i j.-l — 
 
 Nail.liiili. Am.. 1(1.... W 
 I'.iiiiilextii. i;.-..i-Be.D 
 
 riL'iitl.-^s. Suinuel W 
 
 Rives. Win. C D 
 
 HuhWna. Asher W 
 
 Robinson, John M....D 
 ICiik-t'lis, I!.iij"inin...D 
 
 N.Mii •, II... alio. ...I) 
 
 Sil-I , N.illi..iiifl....D 
 
 Kniilli. SiiniUL'l D 
 
 Spiii^ue, I'eleK W 
 
 'rnzewell. I.. W D 
 
 Tipton, ,Tohn — 
 
 Toniliiison, Gideon,.— 
 
 T1..1.1.. li.-o. M D 
 
 T.vl. r, .lohli D 
 
 Wi.k'k'iunan, Geo. A.W 
 
 Wil.»t.'i'. Daniel W 
 
 While. HuK'hL — 
 
 Wilkins. Wni D 
 
 WriKlit, ,Sila8 D 
 
 Horn. 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Mass. 
 s. C. 
 N. C. 
 Del... 
 Va.., 
 Conn, 
 Va, , . 
 Conn, 
 Ky,,, 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Va, . . 
 Tenn. 
 Conn, 
 Ala,, 
 Va,,. 
 
 N. H, 
 
 N, C, 
 Pa.., 
 Mass. 
 
 IFfato 
 HnUd. 
 
 Dec, 12. 
 May «. 
 
 1792 
 1781> 
 17X7 
 
 Mar, 31, 
 
 May 4, 
 Sept, ~ 
 
 May 31, 
 July 27, 
 
 Dec, 17, 
 Aug, — 
 Dec. 31, 
 Sept, H. 
 Mar, 2i) 
 
 Jan, 18, 
 Oct, 31), 
 
 May 24, 
 
 177i) 
 17H2 
 1793 
 17.')7 
 1793 
 1 703 
 177H 
 1773 
 1752 
 ,1792 
 1774 
 1785 
 1780 
 1780 
 17ill 
 ,17i«> 
 178: 
 1773 
 1779 
 1795 
 
 N, C. 
 N. Y. 
 S.C.. 
 .Ma.. 
 Del... 
 Miss.. 
 Vt..., 
 Va. , , 
 R. I,. 
 Ill ,,, 
 Ghio, 
 Vt,.,, 
 Mass, 
 .Md,., 
 Me,., 
 Va, ,. 
 Ind„, 
 Conn, 
 (5a,, , 
 Va. . . 
 Lou. . 
 Mass, 
 Tenn, 
 Pa , , , 
 N, Y, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jui-ist 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Varied,,,, 
 
 Jiirist 
 
 Lawyer,, , 
 L.iwyer,,, 
 Meriliant, 
 lied,,,. 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 ,\g"eult'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyt-r. ,, 
 Lawyer, ,, 
 Varied,,,, 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, , 
 Lawyer,, 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 July 4, 
 Mar, H, 
 June 9, 
 Jan, 4, 
 Sept. 5, 
 Jan, 15, 
 April 2«, 
 Feb, 25, 
 April 2(i, 
 Sept, 2. 
 .Nov, 21, 
 July 1, 
 April 23, 
 July I, 
 May (J, 
 April 5, 
 Oct, 8, 
 May 3. 
 Jan, 18, 
 Mar, 23, 
 Get, 24, 
 ApriUO, 
 June 23, 
 1 Aug. 27, 
 
 IKfil 
 lK,'i7 
 1M3M 
 1844 
 1872 
 1853 
 1857 
 18l!8 
 1815 
 1843 
 1837 
 18.57 
 18,50 
 1839 
 1878 
 181)0 
 1839 
 1854 
 185B 
 1862 
 1843 
 1852 
 1840 
 1805 
 1847 
 
 T..tal Senators, 53. Lawyers, 26, Jui-ists, 12. Occupation Unknown, 5. 
 Varied. 3. Merchants, 3. Aprieiilturists, 2. Banker, 1. Joui-nalist, 1. 
 Foreign Bom, 1: Including England, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 llorn. 
 
 When Il^rn. 
 
 Siftte 
 
 l<„.,e. 
 
 sfntpii. 
 
 Ocoiipfttion. 
 
 \Fhcn Died. 
 
 Adair, John 
 
 D 
 
 S. C.'Aug. Ifi, 17.59 Kv...' Soldier ... 
 
 May 19, 1S40 
 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. July 11, 17U7 Mass. Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 2a. 1H4H 
 
 AlcxuiiiU-r. Mark... 
 
 1> 
 
 Va,,,| (Va.,, Unknown, 
 
 
 Allan. ci.iUon 
 
 D 
 
 Va. , , 1 Api-il 6, nSRiKy, , , 1 Varied. , . . 
 
 Sept. 3, 1858 
 
 
 W 
 
 Vt ,..| 17761 Vt... Lawyer.,, 
 
 Dec. 11, 1844 
 
 
 .D 
 
 Va,,. July 30, 1794lva.,. 
 Pa iPa,,, 
 
 
 
 Alli>nn, Robert 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Me,,, 
 
 1792Me,., Lawyer,,, 
 
 Aue. 21,1853 
 
 Aiik'ill. Wm. G 
 
 .1) 
 
 R, I,, 
 
 July 17. 1790 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Aug. 13, 1858 
 
 
 W 
 
 N, H, 
 
 Oct, 6, 1779 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Man'fact'r 
 
 July 14, 1861 
 
 Ai.li.r, Wm. S 
 
 w 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 ,Mar, 5. 1789 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 1>8, 1855 
 
 Anii>IriiMpr. Will 
 
 Aiiioki Thos D 
 
 w 
 
 .w 
 w 
 
 Irerd Dec, 23. 1782 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 Mo... 
 
 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Ashley. William H.. 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 1778 
 
 Mar. iJC, 1838 
 
 Bftbcoek. William. 
 
 — 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Banks. John 
 
 .— 
 
 Pa, ,. 
 
 Oct. 17, 1793 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 AprU 3. 18(;4 
 
 liarlxT. Noyes 
 
 
 
 Conn 
 
 .\pnl28, 1781 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Jan. 3. 1H4.^> 
 
 I{:ulH.ur. John S.... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 Auu. 8, 171101 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 12. 1855 
 
 
 
 S, C, 
 N, C, 
 
 Aug. 10, 1811] ,s. C. 
 Oct. 1, I788|N. C. 
 
 
 
 BarriiiKer. Daniel L 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. ItJ, 18.^2 
 
 Barstow. G. H 
 
 — 
 
 N, V, 
 
 1785 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April — , 1865 
 
 Bates, Isaac C 
 
 
 
 Mass, 
 
 May 14, 1780 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 16, 1845 
 
 
 'd 
 
 Me, 
 
 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 lU'iinlsU'v, Samuel. 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 6. I8fiti 
 
 n.ll .lolm 
 
 .w 
 '.n 
 
 Tenn. 
 N."6', 
 
 Feb. 15, 1797 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 1(1. 18(!9 
 
 
 lUtliune. Laughlin. 
 
 I85U 
 
 Blair, Jamea 
 
 .i> 
 
 S, C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 1. 1834 
 
 Blair. John 
 
 .D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1798 
 
 Tenn: 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 9, 1863 
 
 BoiK'h. Joseph 
 
 . — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ho.m.Kntlifr 
 
 .D 
 
 N.ll, 
 
 1781 
 
 Ind... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 20. 1844 
 
 li.iiil.ltn, Thomas T. 
 
 .l> 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 1772' Va... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Feb. 11, 1834 
 
 Bi iiTirii, John 
 
 .i» 
 
 N, C, 
 
 Nov, 4, 1782, N.C., 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 4, 18(>3 
 
 Hni-'i:'^. "leurge N... 
 
 .W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 April 13, 1796 Mass, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 12. 1861 
 
 Hn.iuiluiid. John... 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 :E 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 
 April 7, 1838 
 Dot. 26. 1851 
 
 liii.luT. Juhn C 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Buni. Kcorge 
 
 
 1796 
 
 Jan. 13. 1844 
 
 Burire-. Tristam 
 
 .w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 26, 1770 R. I,, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 <l<t 1.3, 1853 
 
 Buliur.l. Henry A... 
 
 .w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept, 9, 1781 Lou,, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 17.1851 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 Vt.... 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt,,. 
 
 1786 N, Y, 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Mav 31). 1833 
 April 30. 1862 
 
 Cambri^leng, C. C. . 
 
 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 N.C.. 
 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 20 1845 
 
 Carson. Samuel P.. 
 
 N, C, 
 
 
 Nov. — . 1840 
 
 Chaiiiik-r. Tlionias. 
 
 .D 
 
 N, H, 
 
 Aug. 10, 1772 N, H, 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jan. 28. 1866 
 
 Chlllll. Jnsrph W... 
 
 D 
 
 Va. . , 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 5. 1840 
 
 (.'hnati-. Hulu- 
 
 .W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Oct, 1, 1799 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 July 13. 1850 
 
 ClailjuruL'. Nath'n'l H.— 
 
 Va... 
 
 Not, 14, 1767|Va.,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 15, 1839 
 
 Clay. Clement C. . . . 
 
 .D 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 Dec, 17, 1789 Ala.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. 7. 1806 
 
 Clayton. Augusts.. 
 
 .U 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 Nov, 27, 1783 Ga,,, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June21. 1839 
 
 
 ■ U 
 .D 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Colli.T, Jului A 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 1787 
 
 Mar. 24. 1873 
 
 Cniiiiirt. U■^^\^ 
 
 .W 
 
 N.J,, 
 
 Mar, -, 1773 N, J,, 
 
 Physician 
 
 May 26. 1862 
 
 Cundirc. Sihi^ 
 
 .D 
 ,D 
 
 N. J., 
 
 . 1777 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 29 1861 
 
 ConniT. Htuiv W. . 
 
 Va, ,, 
 
 1793 
 
 Jan. 15, 1866 
 
 Cooke, Eleutheros. 
 
 — 
 
 N, \ . 
 
 Dec. 25, 17871 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dee. 28, 1864 
 
 Cooke, Bates A 
 
 ,M 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 In. Y, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1841 
 
 Coo|)er, Richard M. 
 
 ,— 
 
 N.J,, 
 
 1767IN, J,, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 10, 1843 
 
 ('i)rwin, Thomas 
 
 VV 
 
 Ky,,, July 29, 17941 Ohio, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 18. 1865 
 
 r...,iiri, Itichard... 
 
 
 Pa ., IPa,,, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 21. 1852 
 
 ("nnu:, Robert 
 
 ,D 
 w 
 n 
 
 Va, , , 
 N, J,, 
 
 ) Va. , . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 1782 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Crawford, Thomas E 
 
 Pa,,. 
 
 Not, 14, 1786 
 
 Jan. 27. 1863 
 
 Creighton. William 
 
 I) 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 Oct, 29, 1778 Ohio 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 8. 1851 
 
 
 ,D 
 
 F 
 
 Va,,, 
 Va,,. 
 
 1793, Ky,,. 
 
 |va,,. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Davenport. Thomas 
 
 Nov. 18. 1838 
 
 Davis, John 
 
 W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Jan, 13, 1787 Mass, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 19.18.54 
 
 Davis. Warren R... 
 
 l> 
 
 S, C, 
 
 1793 S, C, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29, 18.35 
 
 Dayan. Charles 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 July 16, 1792 N, Y, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 25, 1877 
 
 Dearborn. H. A. S... 
 
 
 N, H, 
 
 1783 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 29, 1851 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 IturD. 
 
 Denny, Harlnar W 
 
 Ilewart, Lewis D 
 
 Dickson. John W 
 
 Doddridge. Philip,,,— 
 
 DouWeday. U. F D 
 
 Draiier, Joseph — 
 
 Drayton, William — 
 
 Duncan, Jose|)h D 
 
 Ellsworth, Wm, W, ,W 
 
 ETans, George W 
 
 Evans, Joshua D 
 
 Everett, Edwai^d W 
 
 Everett, Horace,, ,.W 
 
 Felder, JohnM D 
 
 Findla.v, James D 
 
 Fitzgerald, Win D 
 
 Ford, James I> 
 
 Foster, Thomas P, ,,,U 
 
 Oalthcr. Nathan D 
 
 Oilmore, John D 
 
 Oordon. Wni, F D 
 
 Grennell, George W 
 
 (Iriffln, John K W 
 
 Hall, inland W 
 
 Hall, Thomas H D 
 
 Hiill. William D 
 
 llaillinoMs, ,Ioseph,,,— 
 Harper, Joseph M,,,.D 
 
 Hawes, Albert V, D 
 
 Hawkins, Mii-ajahT.,D 
 
 Heister, William W 
 
 Hodges, Ji.ntes L. . . ,, — 
 Hotlniiin, Mi<li:iel,,,,D 
 
 Hogiin. Willi. .Ill D 
 
 Holland. Cornelius,,, — 
 
 Horn, Henry D 
 
 Howaid. Benj, C D 
 
 Hubbard, Henr>' D 
 
 Hughes, Thomas H,,— 
 
 Hunt, Jonathan — 
 
 Huutiiigl..u, Jabez. ,W 
 
 Ihrie, Peter D 
 
 Ingei-soll, R^lph J — D 
 
 Irvin, William W D 
 
 Isacks, Jacob C — 
 
 tjarvis. Leonai'd D 
 
 Jenifer, D.ariiel W 
 
 Jewett, Freeborn G, ,D 
 
 Johnson, Cave D 
 
 Johnson. Joseph D 
 
 Johnson. Rich'd M....D 
 
 Johnston. Chas. C — 
 
 K.ivanagh, Edw'd,,,D 
 Ken. l.Tll. Joseph G...— 
 
 Keniu.u. William D 
 
 Kerr. J<.)in L W 
 
 King, Adam D 
 
 King, Henry D 
 
 King, John D 
 
 Ijainar. Henry G... D 
 
 Lan^niu', ll.rnt V D 
 
 Leavitl, IIiin.i.l.r'yH.D 
 
 Lecoinpte, Ji.tseph U 
 
 Lent, James D 
 
 Letcher, Uobert P, ,.D 
 
 Lewis, Di-xon H D 
 
 Lyon. Chittenden D 
 
 McCai-t,v, Jonathan. W 
 
 McCoy, Robert — 
 
 McCoy, William D 
 
 McDuffle. George D 
 
 Melntire. Rufus D 
 
 McKay. James J D 
 
 McKennan. T. M. F, .W 
 
 ^lann.Joel K D 
 
 Mardis. Samuel W D 
 
 Marshall. Thos. A W 
 
 Mason, John Y D 
 
 Slaxwell, Lewis W 
 
 Mercer, Cha ries F D 
 
 Milligan. John J W 
 
 Mitchell. Geo, E D 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas R, ,— 
 Muhlenberg, H. A,,,,D 
 
 Nelson, Jeremiah — 
 
 Newman, Daniel D 
 
 Newton. Thomas D 
 
 Nuckolls, Wm, C — 
 
 Patton, JohnM D 
 
 Pearee, Dutee J D 
 
 Pendleton, E, H W 
 
 Pierson, Job D 
 
 Pitcher. Nathaniel, ,,D 
 Plummer, Frank E, , ,— 
 
 Polk, James K D 
 
 Potts, David W 
 
 Randolph. James F.— 
 
 Reed. F.dward C D 
 
 Reed, John W 
 
 Rencher, Abraham,. W 
 
 Roane, John J D 
 
 Root, Erastus D 
 
 Russell, William D 
 
 Semmes, Benedict I,.D 
 Sevier, .\mbrose H. ,W 
 Sewall.Chas, S — 
 
 Pa,,, 
 Pa,,, 
 
 vt,,,, 
 
 W, Va 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 Fla,, 
 
 Ky,, 
 
 Conn 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Pa,,, 
 
 Maas, 
 
 Vt ,,, 
 
 8, C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Dec. 30, 
 Feb. - 
 Nov. 10, 
 Jan. 12, 
 
 April 1 1 
 
 July 7. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Vt.,. 
 
 N, C, 
 
 Va... 
 
 N, H 
 
 Me,,. 
 
 Ky,,. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ma-ss. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md,,, 
 N, H, 
 
 N, J„ 
 Vt.,, 
 Conn. 
 Pa, , 
 Conn, 
 
 Pa,','! 
 Mass, 
 Md,,, 
 N, Y, 
 Tenn, 
 N, Y. 
 Ky,.. 
 Va. ,, 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa.., 
 Md,., 
 Pa... 
 Mass, 
 
 Dec, 25, 
 July '26' 
 
 Aug, 7, 
 
 July 9, 
 
 Not, 5, 
 May 3, 
 
 Not. 8, 1788 
 
 Oct, 19, 1781 
 
 171X1 
 1793 
 1785 
 1781 
 
 Ga,., 
 N, Y 
 Conn 
 Ky,,, 
 N. Y,. 
 Va.., 
 Va,,. 
 Vt.,,, 
 Tenn, 
 Pa,,. 
 Va, , , 
 Ga,., 
 Me.,. 
 N, C, 
 Pa... 
 
 Jan, 11, 
 Dec, 19. 
 Oct, 17. 
 
 April'27, 
 
 1794 Pa,,, 
 , .,, Pa, ,, 
 
 N, V, 
 
 1768 Va, ,, 
 1794 N, Y, 
 
 Va, , , 
 
 1776 8. C, 
 1794 111 ,,, 
 1791 Conn, 
 1797 Me,,. 
 Pa... 
 
 1794 Mass. 
 1780 Vt.,,, 
 1782 8,0., 
 1775 Ohio, 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Pa,,, 
 
 1790 Ga, , , 
 
 1785 Ky., 
 
 Pa,,, 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 1786 Mass, 
 8. C. 
 
 1795 Vt.... 
 17K! N. C. 
 1774, Tenn. 
 
 . ,,. N, H, 
 1787:N, H, 
 
 Ky,,, 
 
 N. C, 
 
 .1791 iPa... 
 1790 Mass, 
 1788!N. Y, 
 ,I792|N, Y, 
 1783!Me,,, 
 
 iPa,,, 
 
 1791 'Md,,, 
 1784 N, H, 
 N.J,. 
 Vt. ,. 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Conn 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 .Md ,, 
 N, Y, 
 Tenn 
 Va, , , 
 Ky,, 
 Va.. 
 
 Jan. 15, 1781! 
 
 . 1790 
 . 1775 
 
 .1783 
 , 1796 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 1802 
 1786 
 
 . 1788 
 I, 1774 
 ,1793 
 
 Jan, 15, 
 April 18, 
 
 Ala. 
 Ky,. 
 
 Va,, 
 
 Va,,. 
 
 Va,.. June 6, 
 
 Md,,,iDec, 10. 
 
 Md,,. 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Pa.. ..May 13, 
 
 1780 
 1801 
 1794 
 1799 
 
 Sept, 14, 
 
 Mass, 
 N, C, 
 Va... 
 S. C, 
 Va,.. 
 R. I.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 N. C. Not. 2. 
 
 Pa 
 
 N. J.. June 26, 
 N. H. Mar. 8. 
 
 Mass 
 
 N. C.| 
 
 Va.,,1 
 
 Conn, Mar. 16, 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 Md... Nov. 1. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Md 
 
 1795 
 
 1788M,.^- 
 111. I.. 
 M.I .., 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa... 
 N. Y 
 Oa. 
 N. V. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky.. 
 Ala. 
 Ky.., 
 Ind. 
 Pa,,, 
 Va, , 
 8. C. 
 Me,,, 
 N. C, 
 Pa., 
 Pa, , 
 Ala, 
 Ky., 
 Va., 
 Va, , 
 Va,, 
 Del., 
 Md.. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Mas> 
 Ga.. 
 Va... 
 8. C. 
 Va... 
 R. I., 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ml.ss 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. Y, 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Ark 
 Md. 
 
 1778 
 1795 
 
 1782 
 1769 
 
 1791 
 1777 
 
 1795 
 1793 
 1791 
 1793 
 1781 
 
 1789 
 1«)2 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 
 
 29. 
 
 1852 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Nov. 
 
 19, 
 
 i«;)2 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Mar. 
 
 11, 
 
 1808 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 
 Varied,,,, 
 
 May 
 
 24. 
 
 184(1 
 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 15. 
 
 1844 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1.5. 
 
 1868 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 
 AprI 
 
 5. 
 
 181 17 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Jan, 
 
 15, 
 
 18115 
 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 Jan, 
 
 :»>. 
 
 1851 
 
 [Lawyer,,. 
 
 Sept, 
 
 1, 
 
 18.'.! 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 28, 
 
 IH!J.-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jLawyer, ,, 
 
 
 
 1847 
 
 'Physician, 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 May 
 
 18. 
 
 1845 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 July 
 
 2, 
 
 18,58 
 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 Nov, 
 
 20, 
 
 1877 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug, 
 
 1, 
 
 1H4I 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 nee. 
 
 18, 
 
 1885 
 
 Physician 
 
 June 
 
 30. 
 
 18.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 
 
 Jan, 
 
 14. 
 
 1805 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Apri 
 
 14 
 
 1849 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec, 
 
 22, 
 
 1S,')8 
 
 Agr'cit'st. 
 
 Oct, 
 
 14, 
 
 18,53 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Slar, 
 
 8 
 
 1840 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Sept, 
 
 27 
 
 1H48 
 
 Law,yer,., 
 
 
 
 
 Physician 
 
 June 
 
 2, 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer, ,, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 6. 
 
 1872 
 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 June 
 
 •5, 
 
 1857 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer., . 
 
 May 
 
 14. 
 
 1832 
 
 [Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1. 
 
 1847 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Law ver. . . 
 
 Aug. 
 
 27. 
 
 1872 
 
 'Lawyer... 
 
 April 19 
 
 1842 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept 
 
 18 
 
 18,54 
 
 Magistrate 
 
 De<-. 
 
 18. 
 
 18.55 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 |.'eb. 
 
 23 
 
 1858 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Nov. 
 
 13 
 
 1866 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 27. 
 
 1877 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 
 
 19 
 
 1850 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 June 17 
 
 1832 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 Jan. 
 
 20 
 
 1844 
 
 rnki....wn. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 2, 
 
 1847 
 
 I nkiiown. 
 
 
 
 
 Law^er,,, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 21 
 
 1844 
 
 Physician, 
 
 May 
 
 6. 
 
 1835 
 
 Lawyer, ,, 
 
 July 
 
 13 
 
 1861 
 
 \ nknown. 
 
 Sept 
 
 1, 
 
 1838 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 Vnknown. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 3. 
 
 1862 
 
 Unknown. 
 Mercliant. 
 
 
 
 
 Feo. 
 
 20. 
 
 IK-ti 
 
 Lawyer,., 
 
 Jan. 
 
 24. 
 
 1861 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 0<:t. 
 
 2.1. 
 
 1M8 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov 
 
 8, 
 
 lfM2 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 
 
 18.55 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 June 7, 
 
 1849 
 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer,., 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 
 
 11 
 
 1851 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Apri 128 
 
 1866 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Sept 
 
 14 
 
 18,53 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 July 
 
 9. 
 
 18.5:' 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept 
 
 ■T, 
 
 1»57 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 2 
 
 1836 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Apri 
 
 17 
 
 1871 
 
 Jurist 
 
 (Xt. 
 
 3, 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 
 
 4, 
 
 ia58 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 28 
 
 1832 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov 
 
 o_ 
 
 18:17 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Aug 
 
 12 
 
 1844 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 o_ 
 
 1838 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jan. 
 
 16 
 
 1851 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug 
 
 o. 
 
 1847 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Varied ... 
 
 Oct. 
 
 29, 
 
 18.58 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 
 
 9. 
 
 1849 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 
 
 25 
 
 1836 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sepi 
 
 24 
 
 1802 
 
 Lawyer. , , 
 
 June 15 
 
 1849 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 17 
 
 1863 
 
 JournalLst 
 
 Mar 
 
 19 
 
 1871 
 
 Lawyer,, , 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 
 Not 
 
 2o 
 
 1860 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Dee. 
 
 24 
 
 1846 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 •2, 
 
 1845 
 
 
 
 
 
 Law^yer.. . 
 
 Dec. 
 
 21 
 
 1848 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 :Ci/ — 
 
 :<5:
 
 4S0 
 
 TVVENTY-SECOND AMD TWENTY-TIIIRI) CONGEESSES, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. r'", 
 
 Shepard. Wm. B W 
 
 Shepparil. .\ueu&t'sH — 
 
 Sladc. William W 
 
 Smith, .Samuel A D 
 
 Soule, N.athan D 
 
 Southard, Isaac D 
 
 Speight, Jesse D 
 
 Spence, John S D 
 
 Stanbury, William — D 
 
 Standifer, Jai:;cs W 
 
 Stephens, Philai'der.D 
 Steven.son, Andrew . . . D 
 
 Stewart, Andrew D 
 
 Ston'S, Wm. L — 
 
 Sutherland. Joel B...D 
 
 Taylor, J..hn W 1> 
 
 Thomas, Fl'ancis D 
 
 Thomas, Philemon... — 
 
 Thomson. John D 
 
 Thompson. Wiley D 
 
 Tomkins. Chiis W 
 
 Tracy, Phine.-isL D 
 
 Vance, Joseph D 
 
 Verplanck, Gulian C. D 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F W 
 
 "Ward, Aaron D 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Vt ... 
 
 . 1799 
 
 May 9, 178l> 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 N. C. Sept. 22,: 
 
 Md.. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 P.I.... 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mas.s. 
 N. Y. 
 
 June — 
 M.ar. 25, 
 
 1788 
 1781 
 1792 
 1795 
 
 '. 1784 
 
 1790 
 
 .1764 
 
 .1777 
 
 Dec. 25. 
 Mar. 21, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Sept. 25, 
 July 5, 
 
 1786 
 1786 
 1786 
 
 N. C 
 
 N. C, 
 Vt . . 
 Pa... 
 N. Y 
 N. J 
 N. C, 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Tcun. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Md. . . 
 Lou. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y 
 
 1792 Ohio 
 1790 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Vaiied . . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Fhyaician 
 Unknown. 
 Jurist... . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law> er. .. 
 
 June 20, 18!'.2 
 Jan.'i8','i'859 
 
 May 5, 
 Oct. 29. 
 Jan. 27, 
 Aug. 24, 
 July 8, 
 Jan. 25, 
 July 16. 
 June 25. 
 Nov. 15, 
 Sept. 18, 
 Jan. 22, 
 Nov. 18, 
 Dec. 2, 
 
 1847 
 1840 
 1872 
 1837 
 1842 
 1857 
 1872 
 1861 
 1861 
 1854 
 1876 
 1847 
 ia52 
 
 1845 
 
 Dec. 23. 1ST6 
 Aug. 26, 1851 
 Mar. 18, 1870 
 Hay — , 1862 
 Mar. 2. 1867 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Warden, Diiniel D 
 
 Washington, Geo. C.W 
 Watmough. John G.. — 
 
 Wayne, .lames M D 
 
 Weeks. John W — 
 
 Wheeler, lirattau H.— 
 White, Campl.eil P. ..D 
 
 White, Edward D W 
 
 White, Joseph M D 
 
 Whittlesey, Elisha. ..— 
 Whittlesey, Fred'k. .— 
 WicklilTe, Charles A.D 
 
 Wilde, Richard H D 
 
 Wilkin, Samuel J D 
 
 Williams. Lewis — 
 
 Wing. .Austin F. — 
 
 Worthington, J. T. H. D 
 Young, Ebenezer...W 
 
 SlAtO 
 
 aenieil. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 May 28, 1791 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1789 
 
 Md... 
 
 Del... 
 
 Dec. 6, 1793 
 
 Pa... 
 
 jB. 
 
 1790 
 
 Ga. . 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1799 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 
 Fla .. 
 
 Jonn. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1783 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Jonn. 
 
 June 16, 1799 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 June 8, 1788 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ire'd. Sept. 24, 1789 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 1. Y.l 1790 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 )i. C 1782 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass 1791 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Md 
 
 Md... 
 
 ^onn 
 
 1784 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawver. .. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mai. 27, 
 July 17, 
 Nov. 29, 
 July 5, 
 
 Feb. 12, 
 Apiil 8, 
 Oct. 19. 
 Jan. 7. 
 Sept. 19, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Mar. II, 
 Feb. 23. 
 Aug. 25, 
 April 27 
 Aug. 18, 
 
 1878 
 1K54 
 1861 
 1867 
 18.'j3 
 18.52 
 18.59 
 1847 
 1839 
 1863 
 1K51 
 1869 
 1S47 
 1866 
 1842 
 1849 
 1849 
 1851 
 
 Total Representatives, S20. Lawyers, ©4,. Occupation Unknown, 80. 
 Varied, 11. Jurists, 11. Physicians, '7. Merchants, O. Clergymen, 3. 
 Soldiers, S. Journalists, S. Manufacturer, 1. Agriculturist, 1. Magistrate^ 
 1, Mechanic, 1. Foreign Born, 3i Including Ireland, 3. 
 
 Twenty-third Congress of the United States, from 1833 to 1835. 
 
 1833— New York City Ajiti-Slavery Society 
 organized, Oet.*2. 
 
 1833— Renmrkable and general display of 
 "shooting-stars," Nov. 13. 
 
 1833— First steam-plow in the United States 
 patented by E. C. Bellinger, of South 
 Ca.ro Una. 
 
 1833 — Hot-air blast first used in burning an- 
 thracite coal in this country. 
 
 1833 — First water-proof clothing company 
 chartered in Massachusetts. 
 
 1834 — McCormick's Reaper first patented, 
 June 21. 
 
 Andrew «Juckson, Tth Prefildeiit. 
 
 Martin Van Eiircn. of N. Y., Vice-Pres. Ed\«ard Liv- 
 ingston, of Lou.. Louis MrLane. of Del., and John For- 
 syth, of Ga., Sec'y.s of Stiite. Louis McLane. of Del.. 
 Wm. J. Duane, oV Pa., tind Levi Woodbury, of N. H.. 
 Rec'ysof Treas. LewisCass, of Mich. St-cy of War. Levi 
 Woodbury, of N. IL, Vnd M;ihlon Dickerson. of N. J., 
 Set'ys of "Navv. Wm. T. Rarrv. of Ky.. and Amos Ken- 
 dall, of Kv.. PoBtm asters-General. Roger B. Taney, of 
 Md.. and Benj. F. Butler, of N. Y.. Attorneys-General. 
 Amlrew Stevenson, uf Va., John Bell, of Tenn., and 
 Henry Hubbard, of N. H., Speakers of House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 1834— Brutal assault upon Anti-Slavery par 
 tisansin New York City; much violence 
 existed; July 4. 
 
 1834 — "Hovey's Seedling Strawberry" first 
 brought to public notice. 
 
 1834-5— Exceedingly cold weather through- 
 out the country; orange and fig-trees 
 in Florida and Georgia were killed by 
 frost. 
 
 1835— Richard Lawrence, insane, attempted 
 to assassinate President Jackson. 
 
 1835 — A mob of 5,0()0 persons broke up the 
 Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, 
 Oct. 21. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; D, Democrat; W, Whig; IC, Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Whrre 
 Bora. 
 
 When Bom. 
 
 Rcpre- 
 Mnt«d. 
 
 Occup»Uon 
 
 Whoa bkd. 
 
 Bell, Samue! 
 
 ^ 
 
 N. n. 
 
 Feb. 9, 
 
 1770 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Dec. 23. 
 
 1850 
 
 Benton. Thomas H 
 
 ...D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14, 
 
 1782 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 April 10 
 
 1858 
 
 Bibb. George M 
 
 Black, John . 
 
 
 Va . 
 
 
 1V72 
 
 Ky... 
 Miss.. 
 N. C 
 
 Juri!,t 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 Api-il 14 
 Aug. 29 
 Dec. 6, 
 
 1859 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 1854 
 
 Brown, Bedford.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1795 
 
 1870 
 
 Buchanan, Janiey. 
 
 ...l> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 April 23 
 
 1791 IPa... 
 
 Lawyer., . 
 
 June 1. 
 
 18G8 
 
 Calhoun, John C 
 
 ...D 
 
 s, v.. 
 
 Mar. 18 
 
 1782 S. C. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Mar. 31 
 
 18.50 
 
 Chambocs, ICzek. F 
 
 ..w 
 
 Md... 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 1788 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 30. 
 
 18117 
 
 Clay. Henry 
 
 ..w 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 12 
 
 1777 Kv... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 June 20 
 
 18.52 
 
 Clayton. John M. . 
 
 ..w 
 
 Del... 
 
 July 24 
 
 179<;.Del.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 9. 
 
 185B 
 
 Cuthbirt, Alfred.. 
 
 ..J) 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 
 (la... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 9, 
 
 185B 
 
 Ewing, Thomas.. 
 
 ..w 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Dec. 2S, 
 
 17.S9 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyei-. . . 
 
 Oct. 20, 
 
 18,1 
 
 Forsyth. John .... 
 
 ...D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 2, 
 
 1780 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 21. 
 
 1841 
 
 Freliiighuv^en, Theo.W 
 
 V. J. 
 
 Mar, 28, 
 
 1-S7 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Arrill2 
 
 iac2 
 
 ttokMiurnutrh, R. 
 
 H.W 
 D 
 
 Md. .. 
 
 
 1730 
 1777 
 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown 
 Jurist 
 
 Oct. S, 
 Dee. 19, 
 
 1836 
 
 Gruiidv. Ft4i\ 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 11 
 
 184(1 
 
 Hendricks. Willia 
 
 m.D 
 ...T> 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 1783 
 17SS 
 
 Ind.. 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown 
 Journalist 
 
 May 19 
 Mar. 22 
 
 1850 
 
 Hill. Isiuic 
 
 MasK. 
 
 April fi, 
 
 1851 
 
 Kauo. Elias K 
 
 ,..D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 7, 
 
 171111 
 
 111.... 
 
 JL.awyer... 
 
 Dee. 11 
 
 1835 
 
 Kent, Jo-;eph 
 
 ..W 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 1779 
 
 Md... 
 
 Phvtician 
 
 Nov. 24 
 
 183V 
 
 Kintr Jnhn P 
 
 -u 
 
 ria. . . 
 N. C. 
 
 April'T, 
 
 'l786 
 
 Ga. . . 
 Ala.. 
 
 (Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Kinu', William U.. 
 
 April 18 
 
 18.53 
 
 Knit-'ht, Nfhr.niahR.W 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Dee. 31. 
 
 1780 R. I.. 
 
 Banker... 
 
 April IS 
 
 18.54 
 
 LeiKli. B'-Hj. W.. 
 
 .,w 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 June IS 
 
 1781 |Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 1849 
 
 Linn. Lewis F 
 
 ...I> 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 1796, Mo .. 
 
 Phvt^ician. 
 
 Oct. 3. 
 
 1843 
 
 
 ...L) 
 ..W 
 
 P.(... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 'Jurist.. .. 
 
 June 23 
 Sept. 11 
 
 1840 
 
 Man-um. W. P... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1792 
 
 1801 
 
 Moore, G ibriel 
 
 ^ 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 'Ala.. 
 
 [Lawyer. .. 
 
 June 9, 
 
 1844 
 
 Morris. Thos 
 
 . I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. 3, 
 
 I77G Ohio. 
 
 'Juiiit 
 
 Dec. 7, 
 
 1844 
 
 BTaurUin. Arnold. 
 
 ..w 
 
 Del.. 
 
 .... 
 
 'Del .. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 1872 
 
 PoiiideKter, George. D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 1779 Miss . 
 
 'Lawyer... 
 
 Selit. 5. 
 
 1853 
 
 Porter, Alex. J 
 
 ..w 
 
 Iio'd. 
 
 
 17SB Lou.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 13 
 
 1814 
 
 Prentis-i, Samuel. 
 
 ..w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 31 
 
 1782 Vt ... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ,Ian. 15 
 
 18.57 
 
 Pretton, Wm. C... 
 
 ...D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 27, 
 May 4, 
 
 1794 S. C. . 
 1793 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 22 
 April 20 
 
 18G0 
 
 RivcH, Wm. C 
 
 I> 
 
 1868 
 
 Robbins, Asher 
 
 ..w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. — 
 
 1757 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 25 
 
 1845 
 
 
 ...I) 
 ...D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 1793 111... 
 1790 Mo... 
 1789 Mc... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Juriht 
 
 April 20 
 Junc20, 
 .I.an. 15, 
 
 1843 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 
 is'ov.' 2, 
 
 1874 
 
 Shepley, Ether 
 
 .1) 
 
 1877 
 
 
 ...I) 
 ..W 
 
 Ma«a. 
 N. J. 
 
 
 1773 Mats. 
 1787 N. J.. 
 
 Merchant. 
 Jurist 
 
 July 1, 
 Juno2(i, 
 
 18.50 
 
 Southard, Sani'l L 
 
 June 9, 
 
 1842 
 
 Sprague, Peleg. . . 
 
 ..w 
 
 Mas.H. 
 
 
 1792 Mo... 
 
 [Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 Smi'h, Nathan 
 
 ..w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 1770 Conn 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 0, 
 
 1835 
 
 Swirt. Benjamin.. 
 
 ..w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 \prll 5, 
 
 )7SI Vt... 
 
 'Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 11, 
 
 1847 
 
 Tallmadc'O, Nathan. D 
 
 N Y. 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 
 1864 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. — , 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1785 Ind.. 
 1780 Conn. 
 
 lAR'cUlt'st. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Api'll 5 
 Oct. 8. 
 
 1839 
 
 Tonillnson, Gideon,.— 
 
 18.54 
 
 Tyler, John 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 29, 
 
 1790 Va... 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Jan. 18 
 
 1802 
 
 
 A.W 
 ..W 
 
 
 
 1790 T.ou.. 
 1782 Mass. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Mar. 23 
 Oct. 24. 
 
 1843 
 
 WebMter. Daniel.. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jan. 18, 
 
 18.52 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. 30, 
 
 1773 Tenn. 
 1779 Pa... 
 1795 N. Y. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 10 
 Jure 23, 
 AUK. 27, 
 
 1840 
 
 
 ...I) 
 ...D 
 
 1805 
 
 Wright, KllaM 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 24 
 
 1847 
 
 Total Senators, 53. Lawyers, 28. Jurists, IS. Occupation tJnknown, «. 
 Physicians, 3. Agriculturist,!. Banker, 1. Journalist, 1, Merchant,!. 
 Varied,!, Foreign Bom, 1; Including Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 WhlTC- 
 
 Unrii. 
 
 WhpTi Dcrn. 
 
 Suu- 
 lio,,,.. 
 91'nteil. 
 
 Ocfupatioii. 
 
 Whio Died. 
 
 Adams, John 
 
 D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 26. 1808 
 
 N. Y.lLawyer... 
 
 Sept. 28. 1R54 
 
 Adams. John Q 
 
 W 
 
 M.ass. 
 
 July 11, 1767 
 
 Mass. Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 23, I84rt 
 
 .Allan. ChiUon 
 
 II 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 April 6, 1786 
 
 Ky... 'Lawver. .. 
 
 Sept. 3, I8.W 
 
 
 .W 
 .D 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 1776 
 
 VI... Lawyer... 
 Va. . . Lawyer... 
 Ohio.il.awyer... 
 
 Dec. IJ. 1844 
 
 .\llen John J 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 July Ui, l^7y 
 
 Allen, William 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1806 
 
 
 Anthony. Joseph B 
 
 — 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa.. . IUnknown 
 
 Jan. 17, IS51 
 
 Archer, Wni. S 
 
 W 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 5, 1789 
 
 Va. . . IL.awvcr. .. 
 
 Mar. 28, 185,') 
 
 Ashley, W.lliamH.. 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 1778 Mo... Merchant. 
 
 Mar. 26, 1838 
 
 Banks, John 
 
 .— 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. 17. 1703 Vn, . . I.;iwv< r.. . 
 
 April 3, 1864 
 
 Barber, Noyes 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Apiil28, ITSl Ci.iiii. Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 3, 1845 
 
 Barnitz, Chas. A 
 
 w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 11. 1780 V:x... Lawver... 
 
 Jan. 8. 18,'iO 
 
 Barrinfrer. Daniel L 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Oct. 1, 17.88 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Oct. 10.1852 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 14, 1780 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. Hi. 1H45 
 
 Baylies. Wm 
 
 ..D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1783 Mass. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Sept. 27,1865 
 
 
 ',D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Bean, Benning M... 
 Beardslev. Samuel. 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1782 
 
 
 
 May 6, 1860 
 
 Beatv. Martin 
 
 . W 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 rnknoMii 
 
 
 Beaumont, Andrew 
 
 l> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unkiio\»n 
 
 Oct. 30. 1853 
 
 Bell, James M 
 
 .U 
 .W 
 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1797 Tenn. 
 
 I'n known 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Bell. John 
 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 
 Binney, Horiice 
 
 .W 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Jan. 4, 1780 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 12, 1875 
 
 Blair, James 
 
 .1) 
 
 S. C 
 
 Is.c. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 April 1. 1834 
 
 Blair, John 
 
 1) 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1798Tenn. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 July 9. 1863 
 
 
 .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Bodle. Charles 
 
 
 1836 
 
 Boon BntlilT. ... 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 .W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1781 
 
 Ind.. 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Nov. 20 1844 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 11. 1834 
 Sept. 12. 1861 
 
 Brigprs, George N... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 13,1796 
 
 Brown, John W 
 
 .1) 
 
 Scot . 
 
 Oct. 11, 1788, N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. e. 1875 
 
 
 ,'w 
 
 Mo... 
 
 
 Mo. , . 
 Lou. . 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawvt'r... 
 
 
 Bullard, Henry A... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 9, iVsi 
 
 April 17,1851 
 
 
 .w 
 w 
 
 
 1780 
 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 R. I.. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 1796 
 
 Jim 13 1844 
 
 Burges, Trlstam 
 
 M.a8s. 
 
 Fijb. 26, 1770 
 
 Oc-t. i;i. 18.^3 
 
 
 .D 
 
 n 
 
 N. II. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. H. iUnknown 
 
 1795N. C. .Lawyer.. 
 
 Jiine 20. 1866 
 
 
 Sept. -, 1868 
 
 <'age, Henry 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 iMlss. 'Jurist 
 
 
 Camlircleng. C. C. . 
 
 D 
 
 N C 
 
 1786 N. y. Merchant. 
 
 April 30, 1862 
 
 Campbell. Kob't H.. 
 
 W 
 
 S. C. 
 
 'S. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Cnrini.-hncl. li. B... 
 
 .11 
 
 Md.. 
 
 'Md... 
 
 LnwyiT... 
 
 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 111... 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Casev. Zadok 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1798 
 
 '*ept. 12.1862 
 
 Chambers. Ooo 
 
 .w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Fob. 4, 1786 Pa... 
 
 lurlst 
 
 liar. 25, 1860 
 
 ChJiney, John 
 
 Chilton, Thos 
 
 .D 
 
 Md... 
 
 1801 
 
 3hlo. 
 
 
 
 Kv... 
 
 
 «y... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Sfe=
 
 {(T — 
 
 KEI'KESK.NTATIVKS OK TlIK ■|\ViO^T V-TIIIKU (;l)^•(;KES.S. 
 
 4.S1 
 
 i 
 
 REPRESENTATrVES. 
 
 Chinn, Joseph W D 
 
 Choate. Uufus W 
 
 Cluiborne, Nath'l. H..— 
 
 Clark, Samuel D 
 
 Clark, William W 
 
 Clay. Clement. C D 
 
 Clayton, AuRUi^lUH S..D 
 
 Clowney, Wm. K D 
 
 Coffee, John — 
 
 Conner, Henry W D 
 
 Corwin, Thomas W 
 
 Coulter. Richard — 
 
 Cramer, John D 
 
 Crane, Joseph H W 
 
 Crockett. David W 
 
 Darhneton. Edw'iL.W 
 Davenport, Thomas.. F 
 
 Davis, Amos W 
 
 Davis. John W 
 
 Davis, Warren R h 
 
 Day, Rowland D 
 
 Deherry, Edmund — 
 
 Deming, Benj. F W 
 
 Dennis, Littleton P..W 
 
 Denny, Harmar W 
 
 Dlckerson, Philemon. D 
 Dickinson, David W..D 
 
 Dickson, John W 
 
 Duncan, Joseph D 
 
 Dunlap. Wm. C — 
 
 JEllsworth. Wm. W..W 
 
 Evans, George W 
 
 Everett. Edward W 
 
 Evt-rett, Horace W 
 
 Ewing, John — 
 
 Felder, JohnM D 
 
 Ferris, Chas. G D 
 
 Fillmore, Millard.... W 
 
 Foote, Samuel A W 
 
 Forester. Jno. B — 
 
 Foster, Thomas F D 
 
 Fowler,Sam'l D 
 
 Fuller. PhiloC W 
 
 Fuller, Wm. K D 
 
 Fulton, John H W 
 
 Galbraith, John D 
 
 Gamble, R. L D 
 
 Garland, Rice W 
 
 Gholson, Jas. H D 
 
 ilillet. Ransom H D 
 
 Cilmer, Geo. R D 
 
 (iordon, Wm. F D 
 
 Gorham, Ben j — 
 
 Graham, James W 
 
 Grayson, Wm. J W 
 
 Grennell. George W 
 
 Griffin, John K W 
 
 Hall, Hiland W 
 
 Hall, Joseph D 
 
 Hall, Thomas H D 
 
 Halsey, NicoU D 
 
 Hamer, Thos. L — 
 
 Hannegan, Edw'd A. .D 
 
 Hard. Gideon W 
 
 Hardin, Benj W 
 
 Harper, James D 
 
 Harper, Joseph M D 
 
 Harrison, Sam'l S D 
 
 Hathaway, Sam'l G. .D 
 
 Hawps, Albert G D 
 
 Miiwkins. MicajahT..D 
 
 Hn/HJtine, Abner W 
 
 H<-;ith, Jas. P D 
 
 Heister William. ...W 
 Henderson, Joseph... D 
 
 Howell, Edward D 
 
 Hubbard. Henry D 
 
 Huntington, Abel D 
 
 Huntington, Jabez. . — 
 
 Inge, Wm. M D 
 
 •Jackson, Ebenezer.W 
 
 Jackson, William W 
 
 Janes, Heni-y F W 
 
 Jarvis, Leonard D 
 
 Johnson, Cave D 
 
 Johnson, Henry W 
 
 Johnson. fToadiali D 
 
 Johnson, Uich'd M D 
 
 Johnson, Wm. C W 
 
 Jones. Benjamin D 
 
 Jones. Seaborn D 
 
 Kavanagh. Edw'd, ,.D 
 
 KiJirore, Daniel D 
 
 Kinu', Henry D 
 
 Kinnard. Geo. L D 
 
 Lane. Amos D 
 
 Lansing, Gerrit Y D 
 
 Laporte, John D 
 
 Lawrence, Cornelius. D 
 
 Lay, George W W 
 
 Leavitt. Humphr'y H.D 
 
 Lea, Luke D 
 
 Lee, Thomiis D 1 
 
 Letcher, Robert P...W 
 
 Lewis. Dixon H D , 
 
 Lincoln, Levi W , 
 
 Where 
 Burn 
 
 WhooBom. 
 
 stale 
 Kepre 
 ■enteil 
 
 Ocoui»Uon 
 
 When Dlcrl. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1 Va 
 
 I'nknown 
 
 Dec. 5. 1840 
 
 MOHS. 
 
 Oct. 1, hiiil Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 July 13. 1K.59 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Nov. 14, 1707 Va... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Aug. 10, 1839 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 iN. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Oct. 2. 1870 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 'Ala.. 
 
 Unknown 
 Jurist.... 
 
 April 28. 1841 
 Sept. 7, IrtW 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 17, 1730 
 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 27, 1781 
 
 Oa... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June 21, 183U 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 Ga... 
 N. C 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 
 .'lan."i.'i.'V8«8 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug. — , 1703 
 
 Ky... 
 
 July 29, 1794 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyei'. . . 
 
 Dec. 18, 1865 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Law.vor. .. 
 
 April 21, 1852 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 20, 177t 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 1, 1870 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1782 Onio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 12, 1852 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Aug. 17, 1786iTcnn. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Mar. 6, 18;ic! 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 18, 1838 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1787 
 
 Lawyer... lApril 19. 18.54 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1793JS. C. iLawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29, 1835 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 I788(N. Y. [Unknown. 
 
 
 In. c. 
 
 Aug. 14, 1787 
 
 N. CAgi-icul'.st. 
 
 Dec. 12, 1850 
 
 |Vt... 
 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 11, 1834 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 '.!!!'.'.'.'.'.'l794 
 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 . . 1834 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Jan. 29, 18.52 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1792 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 10. 1862 
 
 Tenn. 
 Vt... 
 
 1807 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 27, 1845 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Feb. — 1794 
 
 Ill ... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jan. 15, 1844 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Unlcnown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Nov. 10, 1791 
 
 Jan. 15. 1868 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1797 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 5. 1867 
 
 Mas.s. 
 
 April! 1 , 1794 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Jan. 15, 1865 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 1780 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 30, 1851 
 
 AtSea 
 S. C. 
 
 
 Ind .. Merchant. 
 S. C. iLawyer. .. 
 
 Dec. — , 18.57 
 Sept. 1, 1851 
 
 July 7, 1782 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .Tan. 7, 1800 
 
 N.y.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 8, 1874 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 8, 1780 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 15, 1846 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Tenn. j Unknown 
 Ga... Lawyer... 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'..' Ifiii 
 
 Nov. 23, 1790 
 
 N. J. 
 
 1779 
 
 N. J.. Physician. 
 N.Y Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1844 
 Aug. 16, 1855 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 Va. .. 1 Unknown. 
 Pa... JLawyer. .. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 June Vs.' 1861) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... ; Lawyer... 
 Lou.. Law^yer. ., 
 Va. . . La A'yer. . . 
 
 Dec. 20, 1847 
 
 JuVy'bViSis 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Va 179S 
 
 N. Y. Jan. 27. 1800 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 24, 1876 
 
 Ga... April 11,1790 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 15, 1859 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 2. 1858 
 Sept. 27, 1855 
 
 Mass. Feb. 13, 1775 
 
 N. C. Jan. -. 1793 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. — , 1851 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1788 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 4, 1863 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1786 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 20, 1877 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 1, 1841 
 Dee. 18. 1885 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 July 20, 179.5 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 26, 1793 
 
 Me... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 1R.57 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 1783 N.C.. 
 
 Physician 
 
 June 30, 1853 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Pa .. 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 Ind.. 
 N V 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 3. 1846 
 Feb. 25, 1859 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa!". 
 
 
 
 1784 ky... 
 
 Sept. 24, 1852 
 
 Ire'd. 
 Me... 
 
 1779 
 
 Pa... IMechanic. 
 N. H. .Physician. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1873 
 Jan. 14, 1865 
 
 June 21, 1787 
 
 Md... 
 
 iPa... lUnlinown. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 18, 1780 N. Y. Sailor 
 
 May 2, 1867 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky. , . Unknown. 
 
 April 14, 1849 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1858 
 
 N. Y. 
 Del.. 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 21, 1777 Md... Varied.... 
 
 
 June 12, 1854 
 
 Pa . 
 
 . 1791 
 
 Pa... lAgricul'st. 
 Pa.. . Unknown. 
 N. V Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 14, 1853 
 
 Pa . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 May 3, 1784 N. H. Lawyer... 
 
 June 5, 1857 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1776 N. Y. Physician 
 
 May 18, 18.58 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Xov. 8, 1788 Conn. .Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 1, 1847 
 
 
 
 Tenn, 
 Conn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 1846 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 6, i783;Mass. 
 
 R.R. Bldr 
 
 Feb. 27, 1855 
 
 Mass. 
 
 3ct. 10, 1792 Vt.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 -)ct. 19, 1781 Me. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 18,18.54 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Jan. 1 1 . 1793 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Sept. 14,1783 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 4, 1864 
 
 N. y 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 4. 1839 
 
 Ky... 
 
 3ct. 17, 1781 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 19, 1850 
 
 Md... 
 
 1806 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 16, 1860 
 
 Va.. 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 1788 Ga... 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1874 
 
 
 April27, 1795Me... 
 
 ^awyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 20, 1844 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 jnknown 
 
 Uec. 12. 1851 
 
 
 1790 
 
 Pa... 
 Ind... 
 Ind... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jnknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 13, 1861 
 Nov. 25. 1836 
 July 18, 1850 
 
 
 1803 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 [ 
 
 M. Y. 
 
 1783 N. Y.[ 
 
 Jnknown 
 
 Jan. 3, 1862 
 
 Pa 
 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 M. y. 
 
 Jnknown 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Feb. 28, 1791 
 
 Feb. 20, 1861 
 
 V. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 ^awyer. . . 
 
 Dct. 28, 1860 
 
 
 June -, 1796 Ohio. 
 Jan. 26, 1782 Tenn. 
 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Varied 
 
 June 17. 1851 
 
 ^. J.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 IKy... 
 
 jawver. .. 
 
 Jon. 24, 1861 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Aug. 10, 1802 Ala.. 
 
 ..aw^^'er. . . 
 
 Dct. 25, 1848 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 25, 1782 
 
 Mass. I 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 29, 1868 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wher. 
 Horn. 
 
 WbmUom. 
 
 RttU 
 It«t,r». 
 MDIcd 
 
 OcatipUlgg 
 
 Vli«>DI«L 
 
 r.ove, James 
 
 __ 
 
 
 1... iKy... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 Loyall, George 
 
 ..» 
 
 Va.. 
 
 May 29, 1789iVa... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 ..U 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 Va.. 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 )Ky... 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Surveyor. 
 Unknown. 
 
 jiar. 4, 1858 
 Nov. 8. 1842 
 Sept. 25. 1H5I 
 Dec. 21, 1831 
 
 Lyon, Chittenden. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 178* 
 
 
 vt.. 
 
 
 Lytle. Kob't T 
 
 
 
 Mccarty. Jonathan. W 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Ilnd.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1855 
 
 McConias, Wni 
 
 ..W 
 ..D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 8. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 MeDulHe. George.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 I78S 
 
 .Mar. II. 1851 
 
 Mclntlre, Hufus. .. 
 McKay, James J. . . 
 
 ..D 
 
 Mc... 
 
 Dec. 19, 1774iMo... 
 
 Law ycr. . . 
 
 April 28. 1866 
 
 ..1) 
 .W 
 ..D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 178: 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 14, 18.53 
 July 0, 18.52 
 April I. I8:« 
 
 McKennan. T. M. T 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 
 McKini, Isaac 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 .McKlnlev. John.... 
 
 ..U 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 Altt.. jLuwyer. .. 
 
 July 19, 1R52 
 
 McLene, Jeremiah. 
 
 l> 
 
 
 i7ff; 
 
 
 
 McVean. Charles.. 
 
 ..I) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1802 
 
 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 2tt. 1H48 
 
 Mann, Abijah 
 
 ..D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 24, 179; 
 
 N. Y. Varied.... 
 
 Sept. 6. 1868 
 
 Mann. .loci K 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 net 
 
 Pa. . . Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 5, 1857 
 
 Manning. Kich'd I. 
 
 ..1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 May 1, 1789 
 
 S. C. . Unknown. 
 
 Slay I, 18.36 
 
 Murdis,.S;iinuel W. 
 
 D 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 18<J1 
 
 
 Dec. 2. 183« 
 
 M .r.sliall. Thos. A.. 
 
 W 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Jan. 1.5, 17W 
 
 Ky... Lawver... 
 
 April 17. 1871 
 
 M:.rliTi,l:,l,-. Henry C.W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 ,May 6. I78t 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 April22.1Mfyi 
 
 M.i«,.n, Ji.hM Y.... 
 
 . 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 18, 17l)£ 
 
 Va... Jurl.st 
 
 
 -Mu,-.oii. Moses 
 
 II 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 1791 
 
 
 
 M.-iy. Wm. L 
 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Juno 6, 1778 
 
 III... Unknown. 
 Va... Lawyer... 
 
 
 Mercer, Charles F . 
 
 May 4, 1858 
 
 Miller. .Tesse 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Aug. 20, 1850 
 
 Millig^.n. John J... 
 
 .W 
 
 Md... 
 
 Dec. 10, 179.5 Del... Lawver... 
 
 
 
 
 1779 Conn. Lawyer... 
 
 1784 N. Y. Phviician 
 
 Sept. 18, 1839 
 
 Milch, 11. Henry.... 
 
 I) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 MilihcU. Itohert... 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. Unknown. 
 
 
 .Moore. .Sam'l M 
 
 .w 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1769 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 .May 13, 1782 Pa... Clergjinn 
 
 July 29, 1849 
 Aug. 12, 1844 
 
 Muhlenberg. H. A.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Murphy, John 
 
 ..I) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1786 Ala.. L.awyer... 
 
 Sept- 21, 1841 
 
 Osgood. Gayton P. 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 July 4, 1794,Mu.sa. Lawyer... 
 
 June 28, 1861 
 
 Page. Sherman 
 
 .,!> 
 
 Conn. 
 
 In. Y. Unknown. 
 
 
 Parker. James 
 
 . 1) 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Mar. 1, 177B N. J.. Accoiinft. 
 
 
 Parks. Gorham 
 
 ..D 
 
 ..D 
 
 D 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 
 1793 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 
 Patterson. Wm 
 
 
 
 Patton. John M 
 
 Va... 
 
 1796 
 
 
 
 PeuT,-c. DuteeJ 
 
 . I) 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1789 
 
 R. I.. 'Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 .w 
 
 W 
 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 
 riiillilis Stephen C 
 
 Nov. 1. 1801 
 
 Mass. Varied.... 
 
 June 26, 1857 
 
 Picliciia. rj^ineis W 
 
 . D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 April 7,1807 8. C. iLawyer... 
 
 Jan. 25, 1860 
 
 Pierce. Franklin... 
 
 1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 23, 1804 N. H. Lawyer... 
 
 Oct. 8, 1869 
 
 Piei-son, Job 
 
 ..D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1791 X. Y. Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 24, 1794 S. C. 'Lawyer... 
 
 
 Pinckney. Heni-y L 
 
 Feb. 3, 1863 
 
 Plumnier. Frank E. 
 
 — 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 ! Miss.. Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 24. I«lr2 
 
 Polk. James K 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 2, 1795 Tenn. Lawver... 
 
 June 15. 1H4;) 
 
 Pope, Patrick H 
 
 ..D 
 W 
 W 
 
 
 1808 
 
 Ky.. . Unknown. 
 Pa... Unknown. 
 
 May 4. 1K41 
 
 
 
 1793 
 
 Rams,ay, Robert.. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 .w 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 25, I8C0 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Feb. 26, 1788 
 
 N. C. 
 
 III... 
 
 
 Revnolils, John 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jiiy 8, i'865 
 
 Rtibeit^on, John... 
 
 .W 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... Unknown. 
 
 
 S.-henck. Ferd. S... 
 
 ..1) 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Pen. 11, 1790 
 
 N. J.. Physician 
 
 ::.ay 17, 1860 
 
 .Schley, William.... 
 
 . 1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 Dec. 15, 1786 
 
 Ga... Jurist 
 
 Nov. 20, 1808 
 
 Selden, Dudley 
 
 ..1) 
 
 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 7. 1835 
 
 Sevier. -Ambrose H. 
 
 W 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1802 
 
 
 Dec. 21, 1848 
 
 Shepard. Wm. B... 
 
 .W 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 1799 
 
 N. C. ILawyer... 
 
 June 20, 1852 
 
 Sheppard. Aug. H.. 
 
 , — 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. iLawyer... 
 
 
 Shinn. Wm. N 
 
 . 1) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 N. J..lAg'eulfst. 
 
 
 Slade, Charles 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 July -, 1834 
 Jan. 18, 1859 
 
 Slade. William 
 
 .W 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 Hky 9, i'786 
 
 Vt.... Varied.... 
 
 Sloane, Jonathan. . . 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Ohio. lUnknown. 
 
 
 
 ..D 
 W 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 
 Me...| 
 
 Ohio.l 
 
 
 
 Spangler, David 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Oct. 18, 1856 
 
 Speight, Jesse 
 
 ..U 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept. 22, 1795 
 
 N. C. (Unknown 
 
 May 5. 1847 
 
 Standifer. James... 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 Aug. 24, 1837 
 
 Steele. John N 
 
 .W 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 Md... .Unknown. 
 
 
 Stevenson. Andrew. 
 
 II 
 
 Va... 
 
 1784 Va... 
 
 ^awyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Stewart. Andrew... 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June —.1792 Pa... 
 
 July 16, 1872 
 
 Stoddard, John T... 
 
 1) 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 1790 Md... 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 July 19. 1870 
 Nov. 15. 1861 
 
 Sutherland. Joel B. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Taylor. William. . . 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn 
 
 1793 N. Y. 
 
 'hysician 
 
 Sept. 6, 1843 
 
 Tavlor, Wm. T 
 
 .W 
 
 Va. . 
 
 . Va 
 
 
 
 Thoma.s. Francis 
 
 .D 
 
 Md... 
 
 Feb. 3, 1799 Md. . 
 
 ^awver. . . 
 
 Jan. 22, 1876 
 
 Thomas. Philemon. 
 
 Thomson. John 
 
 Tompkins, Chris 
 
 '.D 
 .W 
 W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1764 Lou.. 1 Unknown 
 
 Nov. 18, 1847 
 Dec. 2, 18.52 
 1845 
 
 Conn 
 
 ....!.'".' 'Kv..!l 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph.. 
 
 dec. 7, 1782 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Turner, James 
 
 .D 
 D 
 
 Md... 
 Vt.... 
 
 ■.';.';'!!!'i'795 
 
 Md... Unknown. 
 
 
 Turrill, Joel 
 
 Dec. 26, 1850 
 
 Tweedy, Sam'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vance, Joseph 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 21, 1786 
 
 Ohio, i Merchant. 
 
 Aug. 26. 1851 
 
 Vanderpoel, Aaron. 
 
 .D 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 Feb. 5, 1799 
 
 N. Y.I Lawver... 
 
 July 18, 1870 
 
 Van Houten. Isaac B.D 
 
 :j. y. 
 
 
 N. Y.! Unknown. 
 
 
 \ inton. Sivmuel F. . . 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1792 
 
 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 
 May — , 1882 
 
 W agener. David D 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... Varied.... 
 
 
 Ward. .Aaron 
 
 .D 
 
 S. Y. .luly 5. 1790 
 
 
 Mar. 2. 1867 
 
 Warden. Dan'l 
 
 .D 
 
 S. 1.. May 28, 1791 N. Y. LawVer... 
 
 Mar. 27, 1878 
 
 W^atmough. Jno. G.. 
 
 . — 
 
 Bel... Dec. 6, 1793 Pa.. . lUnknown 
 
 Nov. 29, 1861 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 Jnly 5, 1867 
 
 Websler, Taylor 
 
 D 
 .D 
 
 Pa. .. Ohio, i Unknown 
 
 Wliallon. Reuben.. 
 
 N. J.; 1777 
 
 N. y. 'Unknown 
 
 April 15, 1M3 
 
 White. Campbell P. 
 
 .D 
 
 N.Y. 
 
 N. Y. Meivhant. 
 
 Feb. 12. I8.5S) 
 
 White, Edward D... 
 
 W 
 
 n 
 
 Tenn.l 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Lou.. Jurist 
 
 -April 8. 1847 
 Oct. 19. 1830 
 Jan. 7. 1S*>J 
 
 White. Joseph M... 
 
 
 
 Whittlesey, Elisha. 
 
 w 
 
 Conn. Oct. 19, 1783 
 
 Ohio. ILawver. . 
 
 Whittlesev, Fred'k.. 
 
 — 
 
 ?onn. June 16, 1799 K. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 19. 1851 
 
 Wilde. Rich'dH.... 
 
 .D llre'd. Sept, 24. 1789 Ga...lLawver . 
 
 Sept. 10. 1S47 
 Feb. 23, 1842 
 
 Williams. Lewis.... 
 
 .- N. C 1782 N. C. Unknown 
 
 Wilson. Edgar C 
 
 W iVtt Va... Unknown 
 
 May — , 1860 
 
 5Vise, Henry^A 
 
 .D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 3, 1806 
 
 Va...i 
 
 Lawyer...! 
 
 Septs, 1876 
 
 ^ iCx- —
 
 TWENTY-THIRD AND TWENTY-FOURTH CONGRESSES, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Young. Ebenezer...W IConn. | 1784(Conn.|Unknown. Aug. 18, 1851 
 
 Total Representatives, 261. Lawyers, llO. Occupation Unknown, 
 lOl. Jurists, 13. Varied. lO. Merchants. 9. Physicians, 8. Agricul- 
 turists, 3. Clergymen, 3. Mechanic, 1. Sailor, 1. Railroad Builder, 1. 
 Surveyor. 1, Accountant, 1. Foreign Bom, 4: Including Ireland, 2; Scot- 
 land, 1; At Sea, 1. 
 
 Twenty-fourth Congress of the United States, from 1835 to 1837, 
 
 1835— A great fire in New York City destroyed 
 property covering 45 acres and valued 
 at 820,000,000, Dec. 16. 
 
 1835— The Public Debt of the United States 
 was practically extinguished. 
 
 1835— Gold pens were first made in America 
 at Detroit, Mich., by Levi Brown. 
 
 1835— Prof. Morse's Telegraph first exhibited 
 in New York. 
 
 183G— Colt's Revolver first patented, Feb. 25. 
 
 1836— Independence of Texas declared. Mar. 2. 
 
 1836— Patent Office and Post Office at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, burned, Dec. 15. 
 
 Andren' •luckfioi), 7th Prexideiit. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., V'ice-Pres. John Forsyth, 
 of Ga., Sec'y of State. Levi Woodbury, of N. H., Sec'y 
 of Treas. Lewis Cass, of Mich., Sec'y of War. Mahlon 
 Dickerson, of N. J.. Set'y of Navy. Amos Kendall, of 
 Ky.. Postmaster General. Benj. F. Butler, of N. Y., 
 Attorney-General. James K. Polk, of Tenn., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 1836— Daniel Webster's deep-soil plow was 
 exhibited at his farm in Ma^isachusett8. 
 
 1837 — Banks in New York suspended payment, 
 causing a panic and general stoppage 
 of business throughout the country. 
 Credit was destroyed, and even the 
 President's salary could not be prompt- 
 ly paid. Speculation led to this i-esult. 
 
 1837— Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy. a noted Aboli- 
 tionist. Jiving at Alton. 111., was killed 
 by a pro-slavery mob. and the material 
 of his i)aper, the "Alton observer," was 
 destioyed, Nov. 7. 
 
 1837— Clocks with metal wheels were first 
 made by Chauncey Jerome. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; I>, Democrat; "W, Whig; R, Republican; A.-Ma Anti-Mason. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 
 WhfTQ 
 
 Born. 
 
 TVhen Dora. 
 
 aeuted. 
 
 Occupation 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Bayard. Rich'd H. . 
 Benton. Thomas H.. 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 1796 
 
 Del... 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 4. 1868 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Moi-. 14, 1782 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 Black, John 
 
 Brown, Bedford 
 
 Buchanan, James.. 
 
 .W 
 .D 
 
 r> 
 
 
 
 Miss. . 
 -V. C. 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Aug. 29, 1854 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 . 179o 
 
 Dec. 6. 1870 
 
 April 23, 1791 
 
 June 1. 1868 
 
 
 1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Mar. 18, 1782 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 12, 1777 Ky. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 29. 1852 
 
 Clayton. John M 
 
 Clayton. Thos 
 
 w 
 
 Del... July 24, 1796 Del . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 Del... Mar. 9. 17.58 Del... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 21. 1854 
 
 p 
 
 Ky... Sept. 10, 1786 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 26. 1863 
 
 Cuthbirt, Alfred... 
 
 1) 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 9. 1856 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn 
 
 Api-il25, 1772 Me... 
 
 Law yer. . . 
 
 Dec. 27, 1845 
 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1787lMass. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 April 19, 1854 
 
 
 w 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Dec. 28, 1789 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 26. 1871 
 
 Euing. Wm. L. D. . 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 179.5 111... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 25. 1846 
 
 Fultun. Win. S 
 
 n 
 
 Md... 
 
 June 2, 179,-) Ark.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 15. 1844 
 
 GoldsborouBh, R. H 
 
 li. 
 
 Md... 
 
 1780 Md... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Oct. 5, 1836 
 
 (ininilv. Felix 
 
 i> 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 11. 1777 Tenn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Dec. 19. 1840 
 
 Hendricks, William. D 
 Hill, Isaac D 
 
 
 17S3 
 
 Ind.. 
 X. H. 
 
 Unknown 
 Journalist 
 
 May 16. 1850 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 6, 1788 
 
 Mar. 22. 1851 
 
 Hubbard, Henry. . . 
 
 r> 
 
 N. H. 
 
 May 3, 1784 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 5, 1857 
 
 Kane, Ellas K 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 7, 1796|II1.... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Dec. 11, 1835 
 
 Kent, Jo,.^eph 
 
 King, John P 
 
 Kinir, William R... 
 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 
 n 
 
 Md 
 
 1779, 
 
 Md... 
 Ga. .. 
 Ala .. 
 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 24, 1837 
 
 Ga 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 7, 1786 
 
 April is, 1853 
 
 Knight, NehemiahR.W 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Dec. 31. 1780 R. I.. 
 
 Banker... 
 
 April 19, 1854 
 
 l.eifc'h. Benj. W.... 
 Linn. Lewis F 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 June 18, 1781 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 2. 1849 
 
 n 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Nov. 5, 1796 Mo . . 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Oct. 3. 1843 
 
 Lvon, Lucius 
 
 McKean, Samuel.. 
 Mangum. Willie P.. 
 Moore, Gabriel 
 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 .w 
 
 Vt.. 
 
 
 Mich. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Ala.. 
 
 Surveyor . 
 Unknown 
 Jurist.. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1851 
 
 
 ;:::::::v.:::: 
 
 June 23. 1840 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 . 1792 
 
 Sept. 14, 1861 
 
 :::;:::;:.... 
 
 June 9. 1844 
 
 
 i> 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Jan. 3. 1776 Ohio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Dec. 7, 1844 
 
 
 11 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Nov. 19,1804 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Xaudain, Arnold... 
 Nicholas, Rob'tC. ,. 
 Niles. John M 
 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 
 .w 
 
 T> 
 
 
 
 Del .. 
 Lou, . 
 Conn 
 Mich. 
 
 Unkno^vn 
 Planter... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jouinalist 
 
 Jan. 4, 1872 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Dec. 24, 1857 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 
 1787 
 
 May 31. 18.56 
 
 
 April 11,1850 
 
 
 n 
 
 N. H. 
 
 May 21, 1787 N. H. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Sept. 8, 1865 
 
 Pai-ker, Rich'd E. . . 
 
 w 
 
 Va . 
 
 1777 
 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Nov. e. 1840 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1786 
 
 Jan. 13, 1844 
 
 Prentiss, Samuel.. 
 
 w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 31, 1782 Vt ... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 15, 1857 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Dec. 27, 1794 S. C. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 22. 1S60 
 
 
 r> 
 
 Va... 
 
 May 4. 1793 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 26. 1868 
 
 Robbins, AsherP,.. 
 
 .w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept.-, 17.')7 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Feb. 2.5. 1845 
 
 Robinson. John M. . 
 
 1) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1793 III... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 26. 1843 
 
 Ruggles. John 
 
 Sevier, Ambrose H. 
 
 I) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1790 Me... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1802 Ark.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 21, 1848 
 
 Sheplev. Ethei- 
 
 r> 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 2, 17.19 Me... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 15. 1877 
 
 w 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Junes, 1787, N. J.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June 26. 1842 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 Sept.'in, 1796 
 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 
 Lnknown. 
 Jurist 
 
 Oct. 29. 1840 
 
 
 11 
 
 Feb. 10, 1854 
 
 
 w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 5, lf81 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 11, 1847 
 
 TallmadKc. Nalh'lP.P 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Feb. 8, 179r> 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 2, 1864 
 
 
 . — 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Aug. — , 1 "H.-. 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Ag'culfst. 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1780 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Tyler, John 
 
 •\Valker, Rob't J... 
 
 I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 29. I7HO 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 17. 1862 
 
 11 
 
 Pa... 
 
 .luly 19. IKOl 
 
 Miss . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Wall, Garret D 
 
 i> 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Mai-. 10, 178.1 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1782 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 White, UuKhL 
 
 Wright, Silas 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Oct. 30, 177;! 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 April 10, 1840 
 
 ..D 
 
 Mass . 
 
 May 24, 1795 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 27, 1847 
 
 Total Senators, Ca. Lawyers, SI. Juri.sts, 14. Occupation Unknown, T. 
 Journalists, 3. Physicians, 2. Varied, S. Banker, 1. Surveyor, 1. Planter, 
 1. Agriculturist,!. Foreign Bom, 1 : Including Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Vdamn. John Q W Mass. July 11, 1767 Mass. Lawyer.. .Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 Alford Julius C W Ga... Ga. .. Lawyer.. . 
 
 Allan, Chilton n IVa...!April 6, 1786|Ky.. .iLawyer. ..ISept. 3, 18.58 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Bora. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Sute 
 Re|ire- 
 sented. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 
 .W 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 1776 
 
 Vt.... 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Anthony, Joseph B 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Unkhown Jan. 17. 1851 
 
 Ash, Michael W 
 
 .'w 
 .w 
 w 
 
 Pa 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Mo... 
 
 
 Ashley, William H.. 
 Kailey, Jeremiah. . 
 Banks. John 
 
 
 1788 
 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 
 Me... 
 Pa.. . 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. 17, 1793 
 
 Lawyer... April 3, 1864 
 
 
 '.D 
 
 "d 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Beale Jas 51 H 
 
 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Bean, BenningM... 
 Beardslev. Samuel. 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 May 6. 1860 
 
 Beaumont, Andrew 
 
 l> 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown Oct. 30. 1853 
 
 Bell. John 
 
 .w 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1797 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. 10. 1869 
 
 
 .D 
 D 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1783 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown ' 
 
 Eockee, Abraham. . 
 
 Unknown iJune 1. IH65 
 
 Boon RatlilT 
 
 .D 
 .W 
 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 
 1781 
 
 Ind... 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown !Nov. 20, 1844 
 
 Bond, Wm. K 
 
 
 Lawyer... Feb. 17, 1S74 
 
 Borden, Nath'l B. . . 
 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 15, 1801, Mass. 
 
 Unknown April U'. I.'^65 
 
 Bouldjn, J.1S. W.... 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 ■M 
 
 N. V. 
 Tenn. 
 
 In. Y. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1800 Kv... 
 
 Unknown 
 Agr'clt'st. 
 
 
 Boyd, Linn 
 
 
 
 Dec. 16. 1859 
 
 Briggs, George N... 
 
 .w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 13, 1796 Mass. Lawyer... Sept. 12,1861 
 
 Brown. John W 
 
 n 
 
 Scot. 
 
 Oct. 11, 1786 N. Y. 
 
 Jurist ;Sept. 6, 1875 
 
 
 .D 
 
 .w 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 1786 
 
 Sent. 5. iSig 
 
 Bnni'^ Ki'litM-t 
 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Unknown June 20, 1866 
 
 BMiuin, .Irss,. A.... 
 
 
 
 1795 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. — , 1868 
 
 Cjilluiiin, .lolm 
 
 . w 
 
 Ky... 
 
 !Ky.-- 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Calhuiin. Will. B... 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1796 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... Inov. 8. 1865 
 
 Canibvelenp, CO.. 
 Campbell. Hob'tB.. 
 Carr. John 
 
 .D 
 W 
 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 
 1786 
 
 N. V. 
 S. 0. . 
 
 Meichant. April 30. 1862 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 Ind... 
 
 Unknown 'Jan. 20. 1845 
 
 Carter. Wm. B 
 
 VV 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1812 Tenn. 
 
 Varied.... lApril 17. 1848 
 
 Casey. Zadok 
 
 .D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1798 III... 
 
 Clergym-n Sept. 12. 1862 
 
 Chambers. John 
 
 .W 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Dee. 4, 1779 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer.. Sept. 21. 18.52 
 
 Chambers, (ieo 
 
 ,W 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Feb. 24, 1786 Pa... 
 
 Jurist Mar. 25. 1866 
 
 Chancy, John 
 
 Cbnpin, G. H 
 
 Chapnmn, Ki-uben. 
 Clietwuod, Wm 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Md... 
 
 1801 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala . . 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 
 . . 1799 
 
 Sent. 8. 1843 
 
 1806 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1769 
 
 Lawyer... Dec. 18, 1857 
 
 Chikls. Tiniolhv.... 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown Nov. 8. 1847 
 
 Claibnrni-. Nath'l H. 
 
 _ 
 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 14, 1767, Va. .. 
 
 Unknown. Aug. 15, 1839 
 
 Claiborm-, J. F. H.. 
 
 1) 
 
 Miss . 
 
 
 Miss . 
 
 Lawyer. ..i 
 
 Clurk. William 
 
 w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. April 28. 1.s41 
 
 Cle.ivt-land, Jesse F 
 
 .D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Unknown. May 19. 1841 
 
 Coir.c. Juhn 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Unknown.' M-.^.r, 
 
 Coles. Walter 
 
 1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1789 Va. .. 
 
 Agricul'st. Nov. 9. 18.>7 
 
 Conner, H. nry W.. 
 
 11 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug.-, 1793 N. 0. 
 
 Unknown. Jan. 15. 18(W 
 
 Coiwin. Thomas.,.. 
 
 .W 
 
 Kv... 
 
 July 29, 1794, Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer..., Dec. 18, 1865 
 
 Craig. KolKTt 
 
 11 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 |va... 
 
 Unknown. 1 
 
 Cramer. John 
 
 I) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1779 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. June 1. 1H70 
 
 Crane. Joseph H 
 
 .w 
 
 N. J. 
 
 1782, Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 12. 18.52 
 
 Crary. Isaac K...... 
 
 1> 
 
 Conn. 
 
 iMich. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 8, 18.54 
 
 Cushing. Ciih'b 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1800 Mass. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 2. 1879 
 
 (.'usliiimii. Sum'I 
 
 1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 June 8, 1783 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 20, 1851 
 
 IJarlink'l.m, K(iw..A-M 
 
 Pa... 
 
 |Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 17, 1799 Ind . . 
 
 Physicion. 
 
 Aug. 22, 18,59 
 
 Dawson, Win. C 
 
 w 
 
 (Ja... 
 
 Jan. 4, 1798 Ga. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 5. 1856 
 
 Deberrv. Ed rnund. . 
 
 .w 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Aug. 14, 1787 N. C. 
 
 Agricul'st. Dec. 12, 18,59 
 
 Denny. Harmar 
 
 .w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1794 Pa... 
 
 Lawyer... 'Jan. 29.18.52 
 
 Dickerson. Philemon. D 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 1792, N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer...! Dec. 10. 1862 
 
 Dickson, David 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miss . 
 
 Unknown. 1 1836 
 
 
 I) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1794 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .Tournnlist Mar. 11. 1866 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 April 27, 1847 
 
 Dunlap, Wm. C... 
 
 1) 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 S.C. 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Elmore, Franklin H 
 
 Jan. 16, 1706 8. C. 
 
 May 29, 18.50 
 
 Evans, Gcnrtri' 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1797 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 5. lMi7 
 
 
 .w 
 r> 
 
 
 178i; 
 
 Vt . . . 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jon. 30. 1.V.1 
 
 Fairll.ld, .Inlin 
 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. 30, 1797 
 
 Dec. 24. 1847 
 
 Failin, Diuibv 
 
 \i 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 IN.Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 26, 1837 
 
 
 .'.r> 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown 
 Physician 
 
 
 Fowler. Sam'l 
 
 1779 
 
 Feb. 21,1844 
 
 French, Kirhiud. . . 
 
 D 
 
 Kv... 
 
 !Kv... 
 
 I.nwver. .. 
 
 
 Fry, Jacob, Jr 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Unknown. 

 
 M 
 
 ;g>'^~ 
 
 T. 
 
 lUil'lJKSKNTATlVlOS OK Till': TWIONTV-Fi ii:UTII (:i)N(;i{ES.S. 
 
 I-; 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 FiillcT. I'hilo C W 
 
 Fiilli'i, Will. K 1) 
 
 (iiilliraitll. John D 
 
 i.iiliriil, Jainei^ U 
 
 i..n I irid, Klce W 
 
 i.liuK.in, Sam'lJ D 
 
 i.iil.it. liansom H l> 
 
 (;l.iM-iM.-k, Tho3 U 
 
 <;iMli:im, James W 
 
 iii:iii^'t'r. Francis W 
 
 I ;i nirliind, Seaton...— 
 
 ..I ,M-^. Wni. J W 
 
 i,i,,iM>n, Wm. J W 
 
 i.n iirii'll, (Jforge W 
 
 i.iiilin, .lohTi K VV 
 
 ll.ilrv. Kli^li.i D 
 
 Hall, llihuiil W 
 
 Hall, Joai-ph D 
 
 Hamer. Tlioa. L D 
 
 HaciiTiiond, Jas. H...W 
 Huiinc^'an. KdwM A..D 
 
 ll.ir.l, Ilid.'.Ml W 
 
 ll.n^liii. ll.'iij W 
 
 11.11 I.HI, Jaiiios W 
 
 ll.iilHT. James D 
 
 ILu I L-on, Albert O...D 
 
 ll:,in<cm. Sam'l S D 
 
 ll.iu. , .MhiM-t Q 1) 
 
 ll.iMkiii-, Mii-ajah T..D 
 
 II nr.i'... riias. E D 
 
 II [/..lliiw, .Miner W 
 
 H.i^t.r. William. ...W 
 11 nilLTson. Joseph... D 
 
 11 iivd. Wm W 
 
 Hiiir, Samuel W 
 
 11 .U.v. H.ipkins D 
 
 11. .11. iirnii D 
 
 H.)|ikMiv, Ceo. W D 
 
 H..«uid, Ben. C D 
 
 H..ivi.|l, Elias W 
 
 Hiilili-v. Edward B...D 
 
 limit. Hiram P W 
 
 Hiiriungton, Abel D 
 
 lltiinsman, Adam...W 
 IiimiMill. Joseph B.W 
 
 liiu'lii'n. Samuel D 
 
 ,Ia.k> laliez D 
 
 J, irk William....W 
 
 .1 , Henry F W 
 
 .1,11 V I-. Leonard D 
 
 .1. iiitii-. Daniel W 
 
 .l.iliii-<in. Cave D 
 
 Jolmsdii, Henry W 
 
 Johnson, Joseph D 
 
 Jolinson, Rich'd M. . . .D 
 
 Jones. Benjamin D 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Jones. John W D 
 
 Jndson, Andrew T D 
 
 Krriiion. Wm D 
 
 KLl^'i-ri.iiiiih. John...D 
 
 Kil^'oir, lianiel D 
 
 Kiiiriard, Geo. L D 
 
 Ijiii.-. .\mo3 D 
 
 I.aii-iii;j:, tiarert Y D 
 
 Lali.irte. John D 
 
 Lawlor, Joab W 
 
 Lawrence. Ahliott...W 
 
 Lay, (Jeorge W W 
 
 Lea. Luke D 
 
 Lee, Gideon D 
 
 Lee. Joshua D 
 
 Lee. Thomas D 
 
 Le..nanl. .Stephen B. .D 
 
 L.•^vl^. l)i\on H D 
 
 Liin-nln. Levi W 
 
 Lui^'.in. Henr,v D 
 
 Lov,-. Thos. C W 
 
 Luyall. George D 
 
 Liii-as. Edward D 
 
 LV..II. Francis S W 
 
 M r.'a ity. Jonathan . W 
 
 Mc-r,,iiias. Wm W 
 
 .M. Iviv, Jjxmes J D 
 
 M.K.iinan.T. M. T. ,.W 
 
 ,M. K.'on. John D 
 
 MiKhii. Isaac D 
 
 M. 1.1 lie, Jeremiah D 
 
 JI. 11111. Abijah D 
 
 Mann. Job D 
 
 Manning. Rich'd I U 
 
 Martin, Joshua L D 
 
 Mason. John Y D 
 
 When, 
 Bom 
 
 WboaBorn. 
 
 Stuto 
 Kuiiri.. 
 
 ■dDlod. 
 
 
 
 N Y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 I'a. . . 
 
 Va, , 
 
 
 1792 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Va . 
 
 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jan. 27 
 
 1800 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Jan. — , 
 
 1793 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Dec. 1, 
 
 1792 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Oa... 
 
 Kv... 
 
 
 1805 
 
 Kv... 
 
 S. 
 
 Nov. -2, 
 
 178H 
 
 S. C. 
 
 .Mass, 
 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 I7HK 
 
 Mass. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 July 20. 
 
 1795 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 26 
 
 1793 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 15. 
 
 1807 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 1784 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 June 22 
 
 MK) 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 
 1779 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Md 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N (1. 
 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 
 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 1791 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 
 Ind .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 18, 
 
 1778 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 1799 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Feb. 22 
 
 1804 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 1791 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. J. 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 1776 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June 14 
 
 1786 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 1793 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 1783 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 1792 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 19. 
 
 17K1 
 
 Me... 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Jan. 11. 
 
 1793 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Sept. 14 
 
 1783 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Dec. 19, 
 
 1785 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Oct. 17, 
 
 1781 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Va.. 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 29 
 
 1784 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1«03 
 
 Ind .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 1783 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 June 12 
 
 1796 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 16, 
 
 1792 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 1782 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 .1777 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 1802 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 1782 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 May 29, 
 
 1789 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 
 Ind., 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 
 1793 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 1767 
 1793 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 24 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 31 
 
 I7H.=i 
 
 Pa... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 May 1, 
 
 1789 
 
 S. C. 
 Ala.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 18 
 
 1799 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ocoupatlui 
 
 L'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, ., 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Soldier..., 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 La,vyer, .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mercllant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Varied ... 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unkirown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 -ig'cult'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 R.R. B'ld'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ag'cult'st. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown 
 I 'lergynrn 
 Merchant, 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jlerchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 16, 
 June 15, 
 
 1855 
 
 isdo 
 
 Oct. 24, 
 May 9, 
 Sept. — , 
 Aug. 28, 
 
 .Sept! 27 i 
 Oct. 4. 
 Nov. 20, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 187B 
 1841 
 
 1851 
 1868 
 
 i'8«8 
 1863 
 1877 
 1841 
 
 Dec. 18, 
 
 Dec." 3.' 
 Nov. 13, 
 Feb. 25, 
 
 Sept.'24,' 
 Feb. 18, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Sept, 7, 
 
 April 14, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 1885 
 1857 
 1846 
 1864 
 1859 
 
 '1852 
 1863 
 1873 
 1839 
 
 1849 
 1858 
 
 Oct. 14, 1853 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 Mar. 31, 
 
 Mar! '2! 
 Mar. 6, 
 May — . 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 May is, 
 
 Feb. 26! 
 
 1856 
 1859 
 
 i's'ei 
 
 1872 
 1844 
 1856 
 
 '1858 
 
 1868 
 
 Feb. 27, 1855 
 
 Sept. 18, 
 Dec. 18, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Sept. 4, 
 Feb. 27, 
 Nov. 19, 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1866 
 1864 
 1877 
 1850 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Mar. 17. 
 
 1848 
 1853 
 
 Dec. 12, 
 Nov. 25 
 July 18 
 Jan. 3, 
 
 1851 
 1836 
 1850 
 1862 
 
 May 8, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Oct. 28, 
 June 17 
 Aug. 21 
 
 1838 
 1855 
 ISfJO 
 1851 
 1&41 
 
 Oct. 25, 
 May 29, 
 
 1848 
 1868 
 
 Sept. 17, 
 Mar.'V,' 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 July 9, 
 
 1853 
 
 1858 
 
 1855 
 
 1853 
 1852 
 
 April 1. 
 Mar. 19, 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 1838 
 1837 
 1868 
 
 Slay 1. 
 Nov. 2, 
 Oct. 3, 
 
 1836 
 1856 
 1859 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. K 
 
 ..w 
 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 
 Mason, Samson ....W 
 
 Mason, Moses D 
 
 .Mason. Wm D 
 
 Maury. Abraham P. ,W 
 
 May.Wm. L D 
 
 Moieei', Charles F . . . ,D 
 
 .Miller, Je^^e D 
 
 Miller, Uiilfcr B, . 
 Millit'aii. J.ilin J... 
 Muiitgumeiy, Wm. 
 
 Moore. Ely 
 
 Morgan. Wm. S. .. 
 
 Morris, Matthias W 
 
 Muhlenberg, H. A...,D 
 
 Owen». Geo. W _ 
 
 Page. Sherman D 
 
 Parker, James D 
 
 Parks, Gorhani 1) 
 
 Patterson, Wm D 
 
 Patton, John M D 
 
 Pearee, Dutee J D 
 
 Pearee. Jas. A W 
 
 Pettigrew, Ebenezer, W 
 
 Peyton, Baillie W 
 
 Phelps. Launcelot I) 
 
 Phillips, Stephen C. .W 
 Pickens. Francis W, D 
 
 Pierce. Franklin D 
 
 Pierson, John J — 
 
 Pinekney, Henry L..W 
 
 Polk. James K D 
 
 Potts, David W 
 
 Keed. John W 
 
 Rencher, Abraham.. W 
 
 Reynolds, John D 
 
 Reynolds, Joseph D 
 
 Richardson, Jno. P. . .D 
 Ripley, Ebenezer W,.D 
 
 Roane. John D 
 
 Robertson, John W 
 
 Rogers. James D 
 
 Russell. David W 
 
 Sehcnek. Ferd. S D 
 
 Seymour. Wm D 
 
 Shepard, Wra, B W 
 
 Sheppard, Aug, H — 
 
 Shields. Ebenezer J.. W 
 
 Shinn. Wm. N D 
 
 Sickles. Nicholas D 
 
 Slade, William W 
 
 Sloane, Jonathan W 
 
 Smith. P. O.J D 
 
 Spangler. David W 
 
 Speight, Jesse D 
 
 Sprague. Wm D 
 
 Standifer. James W 
 
 Steele. John N ^V 
 
 Storer. Bellamv AV 
 
 SutherKand, JoelB...D 
 
 XaliaCerro. John D 
 
 Taylor, Wm D 
 
 Thomas. Fr.ancis D 
 
 Thomson, John D 
 
 Thompson, Waddy. .W 
 
 Towns, Geo. W D 
 
 Toucey. Isaac D 
 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Conn., 
 
 Juno 8, 1778 
 
 Dec. 10. 
 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 N Y. 
 Md. . . 
 N. C. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va. .. Sept. 7, 
 
 Pa. ..' 
 
 Pa... May 13, 
 
 Ga, ' 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. J. Mar. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 D.C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1785 
 1791 
 
 1801 
 1785 
 1782 
 1798 
 
 '1776 
 1793 
 
 17i« 
 
 .1788 R. 1 
 
 Dec. 14. 1805 
 
 ll.r.rr. 
 •rnie.1. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 III... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Del . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 I'a. . . 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. . 
 N. J. 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Va 
 
 Nov. 1, 
 April 7, 
 N. H. Nov. 23, 
 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 Maxs. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 S. c. . 
 N. H. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Ga... 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt... 
 Mass, 
 Me... 
 
 Turner, James. 
 
 Turrill. Joel D 
 
 Underwood, J. R W 
 
 Vanderpoel. Aaron, ..D 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F W 
 
 VTapener, David D..D 
 
 Ward, .\aron D 
 
 W.ardell. Dan'l D 
 
 Washington. Geo. C.W 
 
 W'ebsier, Taylor D 
 
 Weeks, Joseph D 
 
 White, Joseph M D 
 
 White. John W 
 
 Whittlesey, Elisha. ..— 
 Whittle.wy, Thos. J.. D 
 Wildman, Zalmon..,.D 
 
 Williams. Lewis — 
 
 Williams. Sherrod. ..W 
 
 Wise. Henrv A D 
 
 Tell. Archibald D 
 
 Young. John W 
 
 N. C. 
 R. I.. 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 .Md... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 [Mass. 
 
 IPa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky. .. 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. C 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Vt.... 
 
 Sept. 24, 
 Nov. 2, 
 
 Feb. 26, 
 April 14, 
 
 1801 
 1807 
 1804 
 
 '1794 
 1795 
 1783 
 1781 
 
 1788 
 
 . 1800 
 . 1790 
 
 . 1799 
 
 iiay 9, 1786 
 
 Sept. 22, 
 
 Mar. 9, 1798 
 
 !!!!!!.'.'!'i768 
 
 Feb. 3, 1799 
 
 Sept. 8, 
 May 4. 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 Oct. 24 
 Feb. 5. 
 
 Sept. 25, 
 
 July 5. 
 May 28, 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 Md. . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 8. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. C. 
 . Ill ... 
 
 |N. Y. 
 
 1801 !s. C. 
 
 1782 Lou.. 
 
 . 1754 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Onio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 1777 Ohio. 
 
 1798 s. C. 
 lS02'Ga... 
 1796'Conn. 
 
 'Md... 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 
 1791 Ky... 
 
 1799 N. Y. 
 
 1792 Ohio. 
 Pa. 
 
 1795 
 1800 
 
 Dec. 3. 
 June 12 
 
 1790 X. Y, 
 
 1791 X, Y, 
 17S9 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 X. H. 
 
 Fla... 
 
 1805 Ky... 
 1783 Ohio. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 ,Conn. 
 
 1782 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 
 1806 Va... 
 1797 Ark.. 
 1802 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physleitin. 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Aecount't. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law yer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer, .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 I.nwyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 irnknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Metchant. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Physician 
 
 L.awyer... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer., 
 
 I-awyer... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 I.»awyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law^-er. , . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 25, 
 jil'ly 22', ' 
 
 May 4. 
 
 Aug. 20. 
 Nov. 13, 
 
 Nov.' '27. 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 1858 
 18.50 
 1»<77 
 
 ri*»'4 
 1880 
 
 Nov. 9. 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 18.30 
 IH44 
 
 is-oe 
 
 Oct. 29, 
 Jlay 9, 
 Dec. 20, 
 
 18.58 
 1849 
 1862 
 
 June 26, 1857 
 
 Jan. 2.5, 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 Feb! '3! ' 
 June 15, 
 Jan. 17. 
 Nov. 25, 
 
 1869 
 18fi9 
 
 I'tii:) 
 1849 
 1883 
 I860 
 
 May 8. I88S 
 
 Jan. 24, 
 Mar. 2. 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 18<» 
 1839 
 1838 
 
 Nov. 24. 
 May 17, 
 
 1881 
 1860 
 
 June 20, 
 May "26',' 
 
 May 13. 
 Jan. 18, 
 
 1845 
 1859 
 
 Oct. 18. 
 May 5. 
 Oct. 19. 
 Aug. 24, 
 
 1876 
 18.56 
 1847 
 ia56 
 1837 
 
 June I, 
 Nov. 15. 
 Aug. 12. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Jan. 22. 
 Dec. 2. 
 Nov. 23. 
 July 15. 
 July 30, 
 
 Dec! 26.' 
 Aug. 23. 
 July 18, 
 May -, 
 
 1875 
 1861 
 ia53 
 1843 
 1876 
 18-52 
 1868 
 18.54 
 1869 
 
 i'8.59 
 1876 
 1870 
 1862 
 
 Mar. 2. 
 Mar. 27. 
 July 17, 
 
 1867 
 1878 
 1854 
 
 Oct. 19. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Jan. 7. 
 
 Dec! '16! 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 Sept. 5," 
 Feb. 23. 
 April 23, 
 
 1S39 
 1845 
 1863 
 
 'l'835 
 1842 
 
 'l'876 
 1847 
 1852 
 
 Total Representatives, 25'7. Occupation Unknown, 107. Lawyers. 105. 
 Varied. 9. Merchants. 8. Physicians, Q** Jurists, 6. Agriculturists, 6. 
 Clergj'men, a. Mechanics, 3, Journalists, S. Soldier. 1. Railroad Builder, 
 1. -Accountant, 1. Foreign Bom, S: Including Ireland, 1 ; Scotland, 1. 
 
 1
 
 ibi 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE 'l IME. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Congress of the United States, from 1837 to 1839. 
 
 1837- 
 1837- 
 
 -'• Sons of Liberty" Rebellion in Caiiadii. 
 -The "Jlexico." from Liverpool, Eng.. 
 was wrecked on Lone Island, with a 
 loss of 1U8 lives, Jan. 3. 
 
 1837— Michigan adniitied into the Union, the 
 26th Stale, Jan. L'tj. 
 
 1837— The steamer " Ben Sherrod,'* on the 
 Mississippi 1 iver, was wrecked at Nat- 
 cliez, with a loss of 175 lives. May 9. 
 
 1837— The steamship " Home " was wrecked in 
 Pamlico Sound, N. C, with the loss of 
 100 lives, Oct. 9. 
 
 1837— The steamer ■'Monmouth," on the Mis- 
 sissippi river, was wrecked, with the 
 loss, of 234 lives. 
 
 1837— First railroad opened in Cuba, W. I. 
 
 1838 — The first steamships of regular lines 
 between New York and Liverpool ar- 
 rived from En£rland— the " Sirius " and 
 *' Great Western ■'— .4pril 23. 
 
 MnrlEn Vnn Biireli, 8tli Pi-eMidellt. 
 
 Kichard M. Johnson, of K.v.. Vicel'res. John Forsyth, 
 of Ga., Sec y of State. Levi Woodbury, of N. H., Sec'y 
 of Treas. Joel R. Poinsett, of S. C. Sec'y of War. Mah- 
 lon Dickersoir, of N. J., and Jas. K. Paulding, of K. Y., 
 Set'ys of Navy. Amos Kendall, of Ky., and John M. Niles, 
 of Conn.. Postmasters General. Benj. F. Butler, of N. Y., 
 and Felix Grundy, of Tenn.. Attorneys Gen* ral. James 
 K. Polk, of Tenn., Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 1838- Charle-ston. S. C.. was half-destroyed 
 by Hrc. 1.158 buildings onil 83.000.010 
 worth of property having been burned, 
 April '27. 
 
 1838— The steamer "Moselle." on the Ohio 
 river, was burned at Cincimati, with 
 the loss ot 131 lives, April 2:>. 
 
 1838— Pennsylvania Hall, at I'lliladelphia. in 
 which an anti-slaveiy meeting con- 
 vened, was burned by a mob. May 17. 
 
 1838 — Ericsson's improved propeller wa-s first 
 used on the Gi eat Lakes. 
 
 1839— Charles Goodyear obtained his first 
 patent tor vulcanized (or sulphurettedj 
 india rubber, Feb. 24. 
 
 1839— Harnden's jiackage express established 
 between New York and Boston, Mar. 4. 
 Adams' Express was started the next 
 year. 
 
 1839 — First Normal School in America was 
 opened at Lexington, Mass., July 3. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; B, Democrat; "W, Whif; If. l;i i nllii an ; A-M, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Allen. William D 
 
 Biivard, Kieh'dH...W 
 Benton. Thomas H....D 
 
 Black. John W 
 
 Brown. Bedford D 
 
 Buchanan. James D 
 
 t'aihoiin. Jolin C D 
 
 Clav. Clement C D 
 
 Cl.i'y. Henrv W 
 
 Clayttm. Thus - 
 
 Crittenden, Jno. J,,.D 
 
 Cuthbert. Alfred D 
 
 I>avis. John W 
 
 F">ter. Ephraim H,-W 
 
 Fultc.ii. Wm. S D 
 
 Oiimilv. Felix D 
 
 Hiilil/ard. Henry D 
 
 Kent. Joseph W 
 
 King, John P D 
 
 King, William B D 
 
 Knight. Xebemiah It. W 
 
 Linn. Lewis F D 
 
 Lumpkin. Wilson D 
 
 Lyon, Lucius D 
 
 McKean. Samuel., ..D 
 
 Merrick, Win. D W 
 
 Morris, Thos D 
 
 Mouton, Alex D 
 
 Slieholas. Rob't 0....D 
 
 Niles, John M W 
 
 Nor veil, John D 
 
 Parker, Uieh'd E — 
 
 Pierce, Franklin D 
 
 Prentiss, Samuel.... W 
 
 Preston. Wm. C. 
 
 Rives, Wm. C 
 
 Roane. Wni. H... 
 Bobbins. AsherP . 
 Robinson. John M. 
 
 HngL-les, John 
 
 Sevier'. Ambrose H. 
 SMiitli. Oliver H.. 
 
 Smitli, Perry 
 
 Si'iitliard. Sum'l L. 
 
 Spenee. John S 
 
 Strange. Robert 
 
 Swift. Ben.{amin W 
 
 Tallmndge. Nath'lP.P 
 
 Tipton, John — 
 
 Trotter. James F. . 
 Walker. Rob't J. . 
 Wail. Garret !>.... 
 Webster. Daniel... 
 While. Hugh L.... 
 Willi;,ms. Beuel... 
 Williams, Thos. H. 
 
 Wright. Silas 
 
 Young, Rich. M... 
 
 .D 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 ..W 
 ...D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 ..D 
 W 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 N. C. 
 Del... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Del... 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 M-ass 
 
 jid... 
 Va. . . 
 ,N. H. 
 .Md... 
 Ua... 
 N. C. 
 R. 1.. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Vt . . . 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Lou, . 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. J. . 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 
 April 23, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Dee. 17. 
 April 12, 
 Mar. y. 
 Sept. 10, 
 
 . ISOfi 
 . 17!J(i 
 , 1782 
 
 ' l'795 
 1791 
 1782 
 1789 
 1777 
 1758 
 1786 
 
 .1. 
 
 June 2, 
 Sept. II, 
 May 3, 
 
 state 
 
 R«pre- Occupation. 
 
 April 7, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Nov. 5, 
 Jan. 14, 
 
 Jan. 3. 
 Nov. 19, 
 
 Nov. 23, 
 Mar, 31 
 Dec. 27, 
 May 4, 
 
 .1) 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Pa... 
 
 July 19. 
 
 I) 
 
 N.J,. 
 
 Mar. 10, 
 
 W 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jan. 18. 
 
 _ 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Oct. 30. 
 
 i> 
 
 Me... 
 
 June 2, 
 
 11 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 .11 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 24 
 
 .D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 2.'i, 
 
 June 9, 
 
 Seiit'.'in, 
 Ipril 5, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Aug. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Del... 
 Mo... 
 Miss. . 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Ala .. 
 Ky... 
 Del... 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Ark-. 
 1777 Tenn. 
 
 1784 N. H. 
 1779, Md... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1786' Ala .. 
 
 1780 R. L. 
 1796 Mo .. 
 1783 Ga. .. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 IPa... 
 
 jMd... 
 
 1776 'Ohio. 
 1804:Lou.. 
 
 'Lou.. 
 
 1787 1 Conn. 
 iMich. 
 
 1777|Va... 
 
 1804 N. H. 
 
 1782 Vt ... 
 
 1794 S. C. . 
 
 1793 Va. .. 
 
 178K Va.. . 
 
 17,')7 R. I.. 
 
 1793 111 ... 
 1790 Me. . . 
 1802 Ark.. 
 
 1794 Ind .. 
 Conn. 
 
 1787 N. J. 
 
 Md... 
 
 1796 N. C. 
 
 1781 Vt ... 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 
 1785 Ind.. 
 Miss . 
 
 1801 Miss . 
 I7H3 N. J 
 
 1782 Mass 
 
 1773 
 1783 
 
 , 1795 
 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 
 Miss. 
 N. Y. 
 Ill ... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 L.awyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Banker... 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer., . 
 Surveyor . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jui'ist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Planter... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Jurist , . . . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ag'cnlt'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Jurist 
 
 July 10. 
 Mar. 4. 
 April 10, 
 Aug. 29, 
 IDec. 6, 
 June 1, 
 Mar. 31. 
 Sept. 7. 
 June 29, 
 Aug. 21, 
 July 26, 
 July 9. 
 April 19, 
 Sept. 4, 
 Aug. 15, 
 Dec. 19, 
 June 5, 
 Kov. 24, 
 
 April 18, 
 April 19, 
 Oct. 3, 
 
 Sept.'25, 
 June 23, 
 Feb. 5, 
 Dec. 7, 
 
 1879 
 1868 
 1858 
 1854 
 1870 
 1868 
 1S50 
 1,S66 
 1852 
 1854 
 1863 
 1856 
 1S54 
 1854 
 1844 
 1S40 
 18.57 
 1837 
 
 '1853 
 1854 
 1843 
 1871 
 1851 
 1840 
 1857 
 1844 
 
 Dec. 24, 
 May 31, 
 April 1 1, 
 Nov. 6, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Jan. 15, 
 May 22, 
 April 26, 
 May 11, 
 Feb. 25. 
 April 26, 
 June 2f), 
 Dec. 21, 
 Mar. 19, 
 
 'june'ifi. 
 Oct. -29. 
 Feb. 10, 
 Nov. 1 1 , 
 Nov. 2. 
 April 5, 
 
 Nov.' 11.' 
 Nov. 22, 
 Oct. 24. 
 ApiillO, 
 July 23, 
 
 1857 
 1856 
 1850 
 1840 
 1869 
 1857 
 1860 
 1868 
 1845 
 1845 
 1843 
 1874 
 1848 
 1849 
 ia52 
 1842 
 1840 
 1854 
 1847 
 1864 
 1839 
 
 'l8Gl» 
 1850 
 1852 
 1840 
 1862 
 
 Aug. 27, 1847 
 
 Total Senators, :>8. Lawyers, 30. Jurists, 12. Occupation i'nknown, 8. 
 Physicians, !5. Agriculturist, 1. Banker, 1. Journalist, 1. Planter, 1. Sur- 
 veyor, 1, Varicil, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams. John Q W 
 
 Alexander. James. 
 
 Allen. Ileman 
 
 Allen, John W 
 
 An'lers^in. Hugh J. 
 Aiiflrews, John T.. 
 Atli.rlim, Chns. O. 
 Ayckrlgg. ,Iohn B. . 
 lianks, Linn 
 
 w 
 
 Mass, 
 
 w 
 
 Md,,, 
 
 w 
 
 VI , , , 
 
 w 
 
 Conn, 
 
 I) 
 
 Mass, 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 D 
 
 N. H, 
 
 w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 July 11, 1707 Mnna, Lawyer... 
 
 Ohio. Unknown, 
 
 177(tiVt.. 
 
 1802'Ohlo 
 
 18()l|Me.. 
 
 1HI0|N. Y 
 
 July 4, 18(>* N. K 
 
 ix 
 
 Va. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 i Vnricd 
 
 i Unknown. 
 
 Lnwycr.. 
 
 UnkniiWH. 
 
 riikiii'M n 
 
 Feb. 
 Aug. 
 Dec. 
 
 23. 184H 
 «. 1840 
 11,1844 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 . ir>. iKTiS 
 
 ' 14,' IM'J 
 
 Beatty. William D 
 
 Beers. Cyrus D 
 
 Beirne, Andrew D 
 
 Bell. John W 
 
 Bicknell. Bennet D 
 
 Biddle. Itichard W 
 
 Eird.-^all. Samuel D 
 
 R.iiKi, Wm. Key W 
 
 Boon. li;itliff D 
 
 RuiiJ.-n. Nathl B D 
 
 Bouldin, Jas. W D 
 
 Brii^iis, GeorgreN W 
 
 Brodliead, Jobn C D 
 
 Bron;-on , 1 saac H D 
 
 Bniyn, Andrew D. W.D 
 Buoiianan. Andrew. . . D 
 
 Bynuin, Jesse A D 
 
 Calhoun, John W 
 
 Calhoun, Wm. B... .W 
 
 Cambrelcng-, C. C D 
 
 Campbell. Jobn D 
 
 Campbell. Wm. B....W 
 
 Carter. Tiniothv J D 
 
 Carter, Wm. B W 
 
 Casey. Zadok D 
 
 Chambers, John W 
 
 Chaney . Jobn D 
 
 Chapman, Heubt-n. ..D 
 Chaimmn, Win. W...— 
 Cheatham, Rieb'd...W 
 
 Childs, Timothy W 
 
 Cillty, Jonathan D 
 
 Claiborne. J. F. H....D 
 
 Clarke, John C D 
 
 Cleaveland. Jesse F..D 
 
 Clownev. Wm. K D 
 
 Coffin, Chas. D W 
 
 CoJes, Walter D 
 
 Conner, Henry W D 
 
 Corwin, Thomas W 
 
 Crabb. Oeorpe W W 
 
 Craii,'. Kobert, ]) 
 
 Cranston, Kub't B...W 
 
 Crary, Isaac E U 
 
 Crockett. John W...W 
 
 Curtis, Kdwaid W 
 
 Cusbinp. Caleb W 
 
 Cushni.-ui. Sam'l D 
 
 l>ailinu't"n. Edw..A-M 
 
 Davee, 'Ibonms D 
 
 Davies. Edward W 
 
 Dawson. Wm. C W 
 
 I>.b.-irv.K.lniuiid....W 
 
 n.dini!, Jnlm I — 
 
 Dennis, .fubn ..— 
 
 Doty. Jmiirs 1) D 
 
 Downinjf. Charles — 
 
 Dronig:oole. (Jco. C..— 
 Duncan. Alexander..— 
 
 Dunn, Geo. H W 
 
 Kdwards. Jolin D 
 
 Ehnore. Kninklln H. .1) 
 
 Evan.s. (ieorpe W 
 
 Kvorett. Horace ^V 
 
 Ewinir. Jobn W 
 
 Fairfield. John D 
 
 Farrinntcm. .lanx-B. . . 1) 
 Fillmoir. Minard....W 
 
 Fletcbcr. Uiiae AM 
 
 Fletcher. l{iclmrd...W 
 
 Foster. Hi nrv A D 
 
 Frv. Jacob. Jr D 
 
 Gallup. Albert D 
 
 Garland. JanKrii D 
 
 Oarland. Rice W 
 
 (JbolHon.Sam'l J 1) 
 
 Ctddiiit's, .lu^lnm U .\ 
 
 Wh,Tc 
 Bora. 
 
 When Urn. 
 
 svn c.l. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When Did. 
 
 Ire'd.' IPa... 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 s. Y.I ;n. y. 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 [I'e'd.! Va. .. 
 
 Unknown.' 
 
 Tenn. Feb. 15, I797lTenn. [Lawyer... Sept. 10. 1869 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 
 , ,,1803 N. Y. Unknown. 1863 
 
 Mar,25, 1796 Pa . . . iLawycr. ., 
 
 July 7, 1847 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , , 
 
 
 Md...l Ohio. 
 
 Feb, 17, 1874 
 
 S, C.I 1781 Ind.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 20, 1844 
 
 Mass. April 15, 1801 M.ass. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 10, 1865 
 
 Vti...l Va. . 
 
 U nknown. 
 
 
 Mass. 1 April 13. 1796 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. 12,1861 
 
 1... N. Y. 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 N. Y.iOct. 16, 1802 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer., .lAug. 13, 1855 
 
 S-. Y.| N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 'July 27, 1838 
 
 Pa...i Pa... 
 
 Unknown,! 
 
 N. C.l 1795 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... Sept,-, 1868 
 
 Ky... Ky... 
 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 Mass. Dec. 29, 1796 Mass, 
 
 Lawyer.,, Nov. 8. 1865 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1786 N. Y. 
 
 Merchant, 'April 30. 1862 
 
 S. C. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer,,., May 19, 1845 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer.,, lAug. 19, 1867 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Lawyer,, ,iMnr, 14, 1838 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1812 Tenn. 
 
 Varied.... lApril 17,1848 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 1798 111... 
 
 Clorgvni"n Sept. 12, 1862 
 
 S. J.. 
 
 Dec, 4, 1779 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... Sept, 21.1852 
 
 Md 
 
 1801 
 
 Ohio . 
 Ala... 
 Iowa, 
 Tenn. 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Va 
 
 1806 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 Nov, a, 1847 
 
 S. H. 
 
 July 2, 1802 Me. . , 
 
 Varied,,,. 
 
 Feb. 24, 1838 
 
 Miss . 
 
 ,,,. Miss . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 :;onn. 
 
 Mar. 8 , 1793 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1852 
 
 ja... 
 
 jGa... 
 
 Unknown. May 19, I84I 
 
 S, C. . 
 
 ig.C. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 
 Va,,, 
 
 1789 
 
 Nov, 0. 1857 
 
 Va, . . 
 
 Aug.—, 1793 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan, 15, 1866 
 
 Kv... 
 
 July 23, 1794 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec, 18, 1865 
 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 1847 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 iVa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 It. 1., 
 
 1791 R. I.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 8, 1854 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov, '24, 18,52 
 
 Vt,... 
 
 :iN. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 2, ia56 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 7. 1800 Mn.ss. Jui'ist 
 
 .Ian, 2. 1879 
 
 N. H.lJnne 8, 1783 N. H.iLawyer.,, 
 
 May 20, 1851 
 
 Pa,.. 1 Pa.. .Unknown. 
 
 
 Mass, Dec, 9, 1797 Mc, Meichant. 
 
 Dec. 11, 1841 
 
 Pa,,,! Pa,.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ga. . . Jan. 4. 1798 Ga, . , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 5. 18,56 
 
 N, CI Aug, 14, 1787:N. C. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Dec. 12, 18.5<l 
 
 N. Y.i N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 2(i, 1848 
 
 Md...' 1807 Md... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Nov. 1, 1859 
 
 N. Y 1800 Wis.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Juno 11, 1865 
 
 Va Fla.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 24. 1841 
 
 Va Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April27, 1847 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Mar. 2, 1852 
 
 1 Ind.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 S. C Jan. 16, 1799 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 29. 1850 
 
 Mass. Jan. 12, 1797 .Mc... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 5, 1867 
 
 Vt .1 178£l 
 
 Vt ... 
 Ind,, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Mei'chnnt. 
 
 Jan, 30, 1851 
 
 
 Dec. — , 1857 
 
 Mc... Jan. 30. 1797 Mc... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 24, 1847 
 
 N. n. Oct. — , 1791 N, H, 
 
 PhyBlt'lan. 
 
 Oct. 2il, 1859 
 
 N. Y.ijnn, 7, 180O N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Mat, 8, 1874 
 
 Vt....i Vt... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 19. 1842 
 
 Vt,,, Jan, 8, 1788 Mass, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Junc21,l«'.!> 
 
 1 N, Y. 
 
 La wycr. . . 
 
 
 Pa,, , Pa ,., 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 N, Y ,1 N. V [Unknown. 
 
 1K.-)I 
 
 Va..,' 1792 Va... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 
 Va Loll.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Va... Miss. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 I'a,. 
 
 Oct. i;. 1795 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 27. I's'lU
 
 ? 
 
 i;ki'i;i:si;.\ia-|'i\'i;s ay -lui; ■r\VK.\TY-Kii"ni 
 
 1-^." 
 
 i 
 
 7 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Stall. 
 
 lUlin- Occup&tior 
 avntcil. 
 
 Gln^'ofk, Thos 
 
 Cij.nli', Patrick G.. 
 I i I :ili.'iiit, JaineM. . . . 
 i.iiliiiii, Williuiii.. 
 (.1 iiii, Ain-uimin I' 
 (i I I ,it kind, SL-lllun 
 
 l.l.,^.•,. Will. J 
 
 ';i,.\, Ilirain 
 
 niicll, (ioorgo. . 
 
 ■ .nilhi, .John K.... 
 Ili,l,.>, |.:ii>ha 
 
 II 
 
 11.11 
 llui 
 
 U 
 
 Ihlii 
 
 ■■i.l, William.. .W 
 
 I-, Thus. L D 
 
 lonU. Kob't H,.U 
 
 Ti, James W 
 
 I-. Alexamler. .W 
 MMi. Albert G...I) 
 ik'^. Will. S. ...W 
 
 .. Itiiliard W 
 
 llinvkiiis. MicajallT. .D 
 
 llaviifs, Chas. E D 
 
 li.riiv. Thomas W 
 
 II, r..,l. Will W 
 
 ll..lltiKm. Ogden W 
 
 II..UI-V. Hopkins D 
 
 II. .11, llrnn D 
 
 ll..|.kiiis, Geo. W D 
 
 ll.nv.iid, Ben. C D 
 
 Ihil.li'V. Edward B...D 
 lliiuter. Uob't M.T...D 
 
 Iliiiil.r. Win. H D 
 
 liik')i!ini, Saninel U 
 
 .1,1. k>on, Jabez D 
 
 J.i..U»on, Tlios. B D 
 
 Jeiiiter. Daniel W 
 
 Jolinson, Henry W 
 
 Jolinaon, Joseph D 
 
 Johnson. Wm. C W 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Jones, John W D 
 
 Junes. Nathaniel D 
 
 It,.iiii. George M D 
 
 K,.|iil,le, Gouverneur.D 
 
 K. jLiiedy, John P W 
 
 Kilk','Tisinith, John,..D 
 
 Kilk^.ire. Daniel D 
 
 l,:iKl,.r. Joab W 
 
 I,,.;i.ll,etter. Dan'l P. .D 
 
 Lek'are. Hugh S D 
 
 Ltwis. Dixon H D 
 
 LiTi,.ulu. Levi W 
 
 I.,,^':iii. Henry D 
 
 I...., nils, Andrew W..W 
 
 I.i„,iiiis, Arphaxed D 
 
 I,y,,M. Francis S W 
 
 M. < 'lellan, Abraham. D 
 M.ri.llan. Robert. ...D 
 
 Mi.( lure. Charles D 
 
 .M..K:iv. James J D 
 
 M.Kiiinan, T. M. T. .W 
 
 .M..Kiin. Isiuac D 
 
 Mill, ,iy. Francis W 
 
 Ulai till. Joshua L D 
 
 Mmvin. Richard P. .W 
 
 Mii>,>n, James M D 
 
 ^l,i-,iii. Samson W 
 
 M iiirv. Abraham P. .W 
 M;. ««ell. John P. B..W 
 
 M:iv, Win. L D 
 
 Miiute,-, Rich'd H...W 
 
 M, r.-.r, Charles F D 
 
 Mill.-r, John 1) 
 
 Millik'an. John J 
 
 Ga. .. 
 Va.,, 
 N. C, 
 Ind ., 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y, 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Conn, 
 Vt.. 
 N. J, 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Ire'd. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 
 .V.' y' 
 Va. . . 
 Conn 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 
 Jan. — , 
 Mar. Hi, 
 
 f'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 'April 10, 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 .iJulyaO, 17a3 
 
 IJune 22. 180U 
 
 Feb. 6, 1797 
 
 Conn, 
 Ga. . 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Tenn, 
 
 ;n, y. 
 
 .Md... 
 Ilnd.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 !n. y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md.., 
 iPa. ., 
 
 Va.., 
 ;N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 May 3, 
 
 Feb. 22, 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 iGa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 17t):) N. C. 
 1782 Ind .. 
 
 ,N. Y. 
 
 IGa... 
 
 1805 Ky... 
 1802 N. Y. 
 1780 Mass. 
 
 S. U.. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 lOhio. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. C 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 [Ind.. 
 
 1793 N. Y. 
 1799 Ga... 
 
 IC-'onn. 
 
 18(14 
 
 1785 
 
 1791 
 
 April 21 
 Sept.' 5, 
 
 1809 
 
 1793 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 ;n. c, 
 'n.'y! 
 
 Pa... 
 N. C, 
 Pa... 
 Md.. 
 iVa. .. 
 
 N. Y, 
 Va.., 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 Deo. 19, 
 
 Mar. 23, 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 1783 
 1785 
 1806 
 
 June 12, 1796 
 
 Jan. 2. 
 Aug. 10. 
 Oct. 23, 
 
 Md... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 1805 Pa . . . 
 1780 N. Y. 
 1795'Md... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Gill,,. 
 
 Ala ,. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 1797 
 1802 
 1782 
 
 . 1793 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 Cha-s. F w 
 
 iilt;omery, Wm D 
 
 .■n-.EIv D 
 
 r;.Mii. Wm. S D 
 
 111-. I'.ilvary W 
 
 ni>. Matthias W 
 
 HI-, Sain'l W I) 
 
 lil.ilberg, H. A....D 
 
 Miiriav, John L D 
 
 Navlor. Chas W 
 
 Noble, Wm. H D 
 
 Noves, Joseph C W 
 
 Ogle. Charles W 
 
 Owens, Geo. W _ 
 
 Palmer, John D 
 
 Parker. Amasa J D 
 
 Parmenter, William . . D 
 
 Sept. 
 
 May 13, 
 
 Oct. "e, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y., 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Md . . , 
 
 Va... 
 
 lAla,, 
 
 !n. Y. 
 
 1798; Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 ITenn. 
 
 1805 N.J. . 
 
 illl... 
 
 |Ky... 
 
 1778 Va... 
 
 !Mo,.. 
 
 , 1793 Del .. 
 'N. Y. 
 
 1791IN. C. 
 N. Y'. 
 
 1801 Va, , 
 Ohio, 
 
 1785 Pa.,, 
 .1788 Pa.., 
 
 1782 Pa.., 
 Ky... 
 
 1806 Pa . . , 
 , 1788 N. Y. 
 , 1798 Me . . . 
 . 1798 Pa . . . 
 
 Ga . . . 
 
 1785 N. Y. 
 
 1807 N. Y. 
 1789 Mass. 
 
 Soldier.,.. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 I Unlcnown. 
 ! Lawyer. . . 
 I Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 [Unknown. 
 I Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 lAgricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Surveyor. 
 Varied...-. 
 
 Valued 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown, 
 riikiiuwii. 
 l-h.ik-.viu'n 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Lawyei-. . , 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 0, 1841 
 
 Sept. — , 
 Aug. 17, 
 
 1851 
 185^ 
 
 Sept. 27, 1848 
 
 N,iv. 20, 
 Aug. I, 
 
 Dec. 3, 
 Fcb.'isi 
 
 1877 
 1841 
 
 188.5 
 
 "isie 
 
 'i'863 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 Juno 17. 
 
 1839 
 1842 
 
 July 27, 
 
 ii.-iy ' Y,' 
 Mar. 31 
 
 Mar. "2',' 
 Mar. 6, 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 1858 
 
 iiiii 
 
 18.56 
 1859 
 
 1861 
 1872 
 1856 
 
 Dec. 18, 
 .Sept. 4, 
 Feb. 27, 
 April 16, 
 
 1,855 
 1864 
 1877 
 1860 
 
 Jan. 29. 
 July 21. 
 June 10. 
 Sept. 2, 
 Aug. 18, 
 
 bee. "12,' 
 May 8, 
 
 1848 
 1866 
 1861 
 1875 
 1870 
 
 i'ssi 
 
 1838 
 
 June 20. 
 Oct. 25, 
 May 29, 
 
 1843 
 1848 
 1868 
 
 June 7, 
 Feb. 8. 
 Sept. 14, 
 July 9. 
 April 1, 
 Mai-. 26, 
 Nov. 2, 
 
 1860 
 1846 
 18.53 
 1852 
 1838 
 1860 
 1856 
 
 April28, 1871 
 
 July 22, 
 Nov. 14, 
 
 Feb.' 21', 
 May 4, 
 Mar. 18, 
 
 1848 
 1845 
 
 i'8'4i 
 1853 
 1S46 
 
 Nov. 27, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 May 25, 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 1844 
 1860 
 
 1839 
 
 1847 
 1844 
 
 Dec. 24, 
 Feb. 5. 
 July 21. 
 May 10, 
 
 Dec.' ' 8,' 
 
 1872 
 1850 
 1868 
 1841 
 1856 
 1840 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wl.tc 
 Iluni. 
 
 Wlicallcra. 
 
 hUUe 
 lt«i*r- 
 •enied. 
 
 
 win DM. 
 
 Parrls, Virgil D 
 
 • D 
 
 M0...I [.Me... 
 
 Lawyer... Ijiine 14. Ift70 
 
 Patterson. Wm 
 
 .W 
 
 N. H.'Juno 4, 1789 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. Aiij^. IH, IKW 
 
 Patlon, John M 
 
 ,D 
 
 Va... 
 
 17b6;Va... 
 
 Viuleil lOct. 20. IH.'iH 
 
 Paynter, Lemuel.. , 
 
 .!> 
 
 Del... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Peaiee. Jas. A 
 
 .W 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1805iMd... 
 
 Lawy«T. . . 
 
 Dec. 20, 18B2 
 
 Peek, Lutlier U 
 
 .W 
 
 Conn. 
 
 |N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 16, 187B 
 
 Pennybueker, I.S.. 
 
 ,D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 1806 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 12. 1847 
 
 Peiriken. David 
 
 1) 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 ]Pa.. . 
 
 Unknown. Mar. I, l>i47 
 
 PlK-lps. l.alincelot. . 
 
 .1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 ITnknown.' 
 
 Phillips, Stephen C. 
 
 ,W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 1. 1801 Mass. 
 
 Vurleit 'Jiint-ai, ISTil 
 
 Pickens, Francis W 
 
 D 
 
 S, C. 
 
 April 7, 1807lS. C 
 
 Lawyer...|Jan. 25. 1869 
 
 
 .1) 
 ..U 
 ..D 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Polk, James K 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 . 
 
 Pope. John 
 
 1770. Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... [July I'J, 1845 
 
 Potter. Wm. W 
 
 I) 
 
 
 1780,Pa.. . 
 
 Unknown. Oct. l*«. iXiit 
 
 Potts. David 
 
 ,W 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 1793 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Pratt, Zadok 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. 30. 1790 
 
 Meehunic. .April i;. 1871 
 
 Prentiss, John H... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 Api-il 17. 1784 N. Y. 
 
 JoiirnulfHt!june2(S, IM>4 
 
 Prentiss, Sergeant & 
 
 w 
 
 .Me . . , 
 
 Sept. 30. 1808 JlisB.. 
 
 Lawyer... July I, 1850 
 
 Putnam, Harvey ,, 
 
 w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1793 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. 21. 1855 
 
 Itandolpli, Jos. F. . 
 
 .w 
 
 .w 
 
 .w 
 
 I) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1803 
 
 N. J.. 
 Ind.. 
 
 Lawyer Mar. 20, 1873 
 
 Lawyer...' 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Heed, John 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1781 
 
 Heilv, Luther 
 
 
 Pa. ..Physician.' 1839 
 
 Reiicher. Abraham. 
 
 .w 
 
 N, C. 
 
 N. U.;Lawyer...l 
 
 Rh.tt, R,.b't B 
 
 D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1800 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. 14,1870 
 
 Rii'hardsoii, Jno. P 
 
 — 
 
 S. C. 
 
 April 14, 1801 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer...! Jan. 24, 1864 
 
 Ridgwa.v. James 
 
 Ripley Kle.azarW.. 
 
 .w 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1782 
 
 Mar. 2. 1839 
 
 • D 
 .w 
 .w 
 
 .w 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Me. . . 
 
 Unknown. Nov. :«)_ iSfil 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. ... 
 
 
 
 Feb. 20, 1857 
 
 Ruiiisey, Edward. . . 
 Russell, David 
 
 Ky ., 
 
 
 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 1800 
 
 NY 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 
 Nov. 24. 1861 
 
 Saltonstali, L 
 
 .w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 13, 1783 
 
 Ma.s8. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 8. 1845 
 
 Sawyer, Samuel T.. 
 Sergeant, John 
 
 D 
 W 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1800 
 
 N. U. 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 29, 1865 
 
 Dec. 5, 1779 
 
 Nov. 23, 1852 
 
 Slieller, Daniel 
 
 .D 
 .1) 
 
 Pa 
 
 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Slupar.l. Charles... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Dec. 5, 1807 
 
 Oct. 31, 1843 
 
 
 .D 
 .W 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Onio. 
 N. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Sll,-ppanl.Aug. H. . . 
 
 X. C. 
 
 
 
 Shields, EbenezerJ. 
 
 .w 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 
 Tenn. Unknown. 
 
 May 2I>, 1846 
 
 Sibley, .Mark H 
 
 ,w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1796 
 
 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 8. 18.52 
 
 Sialic, William 
 
 w 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 May 9, 1786 
 
 Vt.... Varied.... 
 
 Jan. 18. 1859 
 
 Smith, F. 0. J 
 
 D 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 1876 
 
 Snvder. Adam W... 
 
 ,1) 
 
 
 1801 
 
 111.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 14. 1842 
 
 Soiithgate, Wm. \V. 
 
 ,w 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 26. 1844 
 
 Spencer, James B, . . 
 
 ,11 
 
 X. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mar. 16. 1X48 
 
 Stanly. Edward 
 
 W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 26. 1872 
 
 
 . w 
 w 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Stratton, Chas. C... 
 
 1796 
 
 Mar. 30, 1839 
 
 
 .w 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Va . 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 
 
 Sweaiingen, Henry 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aug. 12, ia53 
 
 Tavlor. Wm. F 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1793 
 
 Sept. 6, 1843 
 
 Thomas. Francis 
 
 l> 
 
 Md... 
 
 Feb. 3, 1799 
 
 Mil... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 22, 1876 
 
 Thompson. Waddy. 
 
 .W 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Sept, 8, 1798 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 23, 1868 
 
 Tillinghast. Jos. L.. 
 
 . w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1791 
 
 U. I.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 30, 1844 
 
 
 .D 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toland. George W. . 
 Toucey, Isaac 
 
 Pa . 
 
 
 Pa. .lUnknown. 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 -Nov. 5, 17ii6 Conn. .Lawyer. .. 
 
 July :», 1869 
 
 Towns, George W . 
 
 l> 
 
 Ga.., 
 
 May 4, 1802 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 1.5. 1834 
 
 Turiiey, Hopkins L. 
 
 I) 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1797 Tenn, 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Aug. 1. 1857 
 
 Underwood. J. R. . . 
 
 w 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 24, 1791 Ky. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 3, 187K 
 
 Vail. Henry 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 June 25, 1833 
 
 Vandeveer, Abraham. D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1781 N. Y.i Unknown. 
 
 July 21, 1839 
 
 Wagener, David D 
 
 Webster, Taylor 
 
 "Weeks, Joseph 
 
 •White, Alberts 
 
 
 
 
 
 .D 
 D 
 
 Pa 
 
 
 Ohio. Unknown. 
 \. H. Unknown. 
 
 
 Mass. 1 
 
 
 w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1803 Ind. .Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 4. 1884 
 
 
 .w 
 .w 
 
 
 1805 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 I,awyer... 
 
 Sept. 22, 1845 
 
 Whittlesey, Elisha.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1783 
 
 Jan. 7, 1863 
 
 ■Wliittle.sey. Thos. T 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 iConn. 
 
 Lawj-er. . , 
 
 
 Williams. Chris. H. 
 Williams, Jared W. 
 
 .w 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 Sept. 29, 1864 
 
 Williams. Joseph L. 
 ■Williams. Lewis... 
 
 W 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 l'782 N. C. Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 23, 1842 
 
 
 w 
 
 Kv... 
 
 iKy...' Unknown. 
 
 
 "Wise. Henrv A 
 
 w 
 
 \a. . . 
 
 Dec. 3, 1806 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 5, 1876 
 
 
 w 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Worthington. J. T. H. I) 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 .Api 1127, i&i9 
 
 "Veil, .Archibald.... 
 Yorke. Thomas J... 
 
 ..D 
 .W 
 
 Ky . 
 
 1797 
 
 Ark.. 
 X J 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Feb. 23, 1847 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total Representatives. 360. Occupation Unknown. 111. Lawyers. 1 lO. 
 Varied. 13j Merchants. S. Physicians, 5. Jurists, 4. Agriculturists. 3. 
 Clergymen, 3. Journalists, 3. Soldiers. S. Mechanic. I. Surveyor, I. 
 Foreign Bom, 4: Including Ireland, 3; At Sea, 1. 
 
 -^-B 
 
 
 ^
 
 4bO 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH CONGKESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Congress of the United States, from 1839 to 1841, 
 
 1839— The Whig party made its lust nomina- 
 tion for President and Vice-President 
 uf the United States, Dec. 4. Harrison 
 and Tyler were nominated and elected. 
 
 1839— First wheat shii>ped eastward from Chi- 
 cago, HI., by way of the Lakes— 78 bu. 
 
 1839 — First carpet-weaving power loom in- 
 vented and put ill operation. 
 
 1839— Henry Burden, of Troy, N. Y., patented 
 a machine to make 60 complete spikes 
 a minute. 
 
 1839— The Mormons, driven from Missouri, 
 founded the city of Nauvoo, 111. 
 
 1840 — Six topers at Baltimore, Md.. founded 
 the famous temperance society known 
 as ■' Washingtonians," April 2.* 
 
 1S40— The population of the United States 
 was 17,069,453. 
 
 Afartln 'Van Bnren, 8th President. 
 
 Kichard M. Johnson, of Ky., Vire-Pres. John Forsytli. 
 of Ga., Secy uf State. Levi Woudbury, of N. H., Sec'y 
 of Treas. Joel R. Poinsett, of S. C, Sec'y of War. Jas. 
 K. Paulding, of N. Y., Sec'y of Xavy. Amos Kendall, of 
 Ky., and John M. Niles. of Conn., Postmasters-General. 
 Felix Grundy, of Tenn., and Heni->- D. Gilpin, of Pa., 
 Attorneys-General. Rob't M. T. Hunter, of Va., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 1840— First •■ Commercial College" in Ameri- 
 ca was opened at Boston. 
 
 1841 — Imprisonment fur debt aboli.>*hed in the 
 Uniteil States, so far as liability to the 
 Guvernment was concerned. 
 
 1841— The ocean steamship President sailed 
 from New York for Entcland, March 13, 
 and was never heard from afterward; 
 109 persons perished. 
 
 1841— The New York Tribune, with 500 sub- 
 scribers, was first issued, by Horace 
 Greeley, April 10. 
 
 I84l~The city of Cartago. in Costa Rica, Cen- 
 tral America, had 2,9<X) houses, out of 
 3,000. destroyed by an earthquake, 
 Sept. 2, including six out of seven 
 churches, 
 
 If^l — The Bank of Pennsylvania suspended. 
 
 P, indicates Federalist; 1>, Democrat; "W^ Whig; IS, Republican; A-M, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Allen, William D 
 
 Anderson, Alex D 
 
 Bates, Isaac C — 
 
 Bayard. Rich'd H. . . .W 
 
 Benton. Thomas H D 
 
 Betts. Thaddeus W 
 
 Brown. Bedford D 
 
 Buchanan, James... .D 
 
 Calhoun. John C D 
 
 Choate, Rufus W 
 
 Clay, Clement C D 
 
 Cl.iv, Henry W 
 
 Clayton. Thos — 
 
 Crittenden, Jno. J...D 
 
 Cuthbert. Alfred T) 
 
 Davis. John W 
 
 Pixon, Xathan F W 
 
 Pulton. Wm. S D 
 
 Graham. Wm. A....W 
 
 Grundy. Felix I) 
 
 Ht-ii'ierson, john...W 
 
 Hubbard. Henrv D 
 
 Huntintrton. J. W W 
 
 Kerr, John L W 
 
 Kintr, William R D 
 
 Knight. NehemiahR.W 
 
 Linn, Lewis F D 
 
 Lumpkin. Wihon D 
 
 Manpuin. Willie P.. W 
 
 Merrick, Wm. D W 
 
 Mouton, Alex D 
 
 Xicholas, Rob't C... D 
 
 Nicholson. A. O. P I> 
 
 Norvell,John D 
 
 I»helps. Samuel S...W 
 
 Pierce, Franklin D 
 
 Porter. Aucu^tUii S..W 
 
 Prentiss, Samuel W 
 
 Pre^to^. Wm. c D 
 
 Rives, Wm. C D 
 
 Roane, Wm. H D 
 
 Robinson. Jolin M. 
 
 Rupu'Ics. John , 
 
 S.vier, .\mbro-.eH 
 Smith. cMivei- H.. 
 
 Sriiitlj. Perry , 
 
 .S..iitli;in].Sam'l L. 
 
 SiM-nco. John S 1) 
 
 Strantje. Robert 1) 
 
 Stuij-con. Daniel D 
 
 Tallmadffe, Nath'lP.P 
 Tapiiiin. Benjamin. ..D 
 
 Walker. Rob't J D 
 
 Wall, (iarret D... 
 W,-l,st.T, Daniel.. 
 Wb(t-'. Alberts... 
 Whit.-, Hugh L... 
 Willi.ims. Reuel.. 
 
 Writfht. Silas 
 
 "I'nunK, Rich. M.. 
 
 Total Senators, CO. Lawyers, 35. Jurists, 13. Occupation Unknown, li. 
 Varied, 2. Agriculturist, 1. Banker, 1. Journalist, 1, Physician, 1. 
 Plnn1<r. 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams. John Q W 
 
 Alford.JtiliUHC W 
 
 Allen, John W W 
 
 Allr-n. Jndson D 
 
 AnrlerMon, Hugh J ...D 
 -Viulorson Simeon H, .— 
 .\ndr<-WH. Landaff W. W 
 Alb.-rlon. Cliax. G....D 
 It>i1t'-r, (Krnvn ,. W 
 
 R«I>r«- Oucup&tioQ. 
 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 .Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 N. II 
 
 July 11. 1707 Mass. Lawyer, ., 
 
 (Ga.. . Lftwvor. ,. 
 
 1802 f>hlo. Unknown, 
 
 N. V. |Unkn()wn. 
 
 l8(»l!Me... Varied.... 
 
 Mar. 2. IHCrj Ky.. . iLawver. .. 
 F.-b. 12. 18i):i Kv... Lawyer... 
 July 4 Ih(t4;N, H. Lawy.-r... 
 
 Mi. 
 
 iw. iw 
 
 ' Ml 
 
 Lnv 
 
 Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 Aug. 11. 1840 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 r.. 18r.3 
 9, 1875 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Banks, Linn D 
 
 Barnard. Dan'I D W 
 
 Beatty, William D 
 
 Beirne. Andrew D 
 
 Bell, John W 
 
 Biddle. Richard W 
 
 Black.Edw'dJ W 
 
 Blackwell. Julius W. .D 
 Boardman. Wm. W. .W 
 
 Bond. Wm. Key W 
 
 Botts, John M W 
 
 Boyd, Linn D 
 
 Breckenridge. H. M..W 
 Brewster, David P...D 
 
 Briggs, George N W 
 
 Brockway, John H..W 
 
 Brown, Aaron V D 
 
 Brown. Albert G D 
 
 Brown, Anson W 
 
 Burke, Edmund I) 
 
 Butler, Wm. O D 
 
 Butler. Samson II. . , . — 
 
 Bvnuni. Jesse A D 
 
 Calhoun. Wm.B... .W 
 
 Campbell, John D 
 
 Campbell. Wm. B.. . .W 
 
 Carr, John D 
 
 Carroll, James D 
 
 Carter, Wm. B W 
 
 Casey. Zadok D 
 
 Chapman, Reuben... D 
 Chapman. Wm. W. . . — 
 
 Chinn,Thos. W W 
 
 Chittenden, Thos. C.W 
 
 Clarke. John C W 
 
 Clifford. Nathan D 
 
 Cole>. Walter D 
 
 Cohjuitt. Waller T. .W 
 
 Conner. If.iirv W D 
 
 Cooper. J:un.j> W 
 
 Cooper, Mark A D 
 
 Cooper, Wm. R D 
 
 Corwin. Thomas W 
 
 Crabb, G.-or^e W....W 
 
 Crait:, U-ibi-rt D 
 
 CivniNton, IJul.'l H. ..W 
 
 Crarv, Isaac E D 
 
 Crockett. John W...W 
 
 Cross, Edward D 
 
 Curtis. Edward W 
 
 Cushing. Caleb W 
 
 ,Uana, Amasa D 
 
 iiavre, Thomas 1) 
 
 Davii's, Edward W 
 
 Davis. Garrett W 
 
 Davis. ,Iohn D 
 
 Davis, J.dui W D 
 
 Dnwsnn. Wm. C W 
 
 D<'b.-irv.Eiiinnn.i....W 
 
 Dell.-n. .I;im.> W 
 
 Deniii-..lM|in — 
 
 Dickcrsini. I'hilenion.D 
 
 Doane, William D 
 
 Dodge. Aug. C D 
 
 Doe. Nieholas B W 
 
 Dnig, Andrew W D 
 
 l)oty..lain's D D 
 
 Downing. Charles, . . . — 
 Drumg<..,l.'. (ieo. 0...D 
 Dun. -.,11. Alexander. .— 
 Kaill. Nih.-miah H..D 
 
 Eastman. Ira A t> 
 
 Edwards. John W 
 
 Ely, John D 
 
 Evans. George W 
 
 Everett. Horace W 
 
 Pillmure, Millard... W 
 
 Fine. John D 
 
 Fisher. Charles 1) 
 
 Va. .. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ire'd. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 Md. . . 
 Va. . 
 Tenn. 
 
 July 16, 
 
 Feb. 15 
 Mar. 2.3 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass . 
 Conn 
 Va. . . 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt... 
 Ky... 
 S. C. . 
 N. C. 
 Mass, 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Ind.. 
 Md... 
 Tenn, 
 Ga. . . 
 Va. . . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn, 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Ga... 
 
 Tenn 
 Va... 
 R. I.. 
 Conn, 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn, 
 Vt . . . 
 Mass. 
 
 Mii.ss, 
 Po,... 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Po.. . 
 Oa... 
 N. O. 
 Ire'd. 
 Md... 
 N. .1.. 
 Me... 
 Mo. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 
 Conn. 
 Ma!>ti. 
 Vt . . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 Sept. 16, 
 Nov. 28, 
 
 April 13 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 May 31, 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 Va... 
 
 1797, N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 |Va... 
 
 1797 Tenn. 
 1796 Pa.. . 
 180(5 Ga. . . 
 'Tenn. 
 
 1794 Conn. 
 lOhio. 
 
 1802] Va... 
 
 1800 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 ,1796) Mass. 
 'Conn, 
 
 1795 Tenn. 
 1813. Miss.. 
 1800iN. Y. 
 1809 N. H. 
 1793 Ky... 
 
 S.C. 
 
 17951 N. C. 
 
 1796 Mass. 
 S 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ind.. 
 
 Mar. 8 , 
 Aug. IS. 
 
 Dec' 27. 
 Aug. — , 
 May 8, 
 
 . 1812 Tenn. 
 . 1798 111 . . . 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 July 29, 1794 
 
 , 1791 
 
 Jan. 7, 
 
 Dec" 9,' 
 
 Sept.'io' 
 
 jii'ly'if, 
 Jan. 4. 
 Aug. 14. 
 
 1793 
 1803 
 1789 
 1799 
 1793 
 1810 Pa, 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Va... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ind . . 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ala . . 
 1807 1 Md... 
 I792!N. .1.. 
 
 Idliiii. 
 
 1812 low,, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1800 
 'l797 
 'isiii 
 
 17S8 
 1799 
 1798 
 1787 
 .1788 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 L.awyer. . , 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 L.awyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Clerg.vni'n 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 L'nknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknow n. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unkncwn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 La wyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Mertduint. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Physieiun. 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Al-rii'Ul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied 
 
 Jan. 14. 1S12 
 April 24, 1861 
 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 July 7, 1847 
 1846 
 
 Feb. 17, 1874 
 Jan. 8, 1869 
 Dee. 16. 1859 
 
 Feb. 19. 1876 
 Sept. 12. I86I 
 
 r. 8. 18.^,9 
 June'ii'.lSlO 
 
 Sept. — . 1868 
 Nov. 8. 1865 
 May 19. 1845 
 Aug. 19. 1867 
 Jan. 20, 1845 
 
 April 17, 1848 
 Sept. 12, 1862 
 
 18,52 
 
 July 25, 1881 
 Nov. 9, 18,57 
 May 7, 1855 
 Jan. 15, 1866 
 Mai-. 1. 18G3 
 
 Dec. 18, 1865 
 1847 
 
 ■Inn. 27. 1873 
 May 8. 18.54 
 Nov. 24, 18.52 
 
 Aug.' '2,' i'8'.56 
 Jan. 2. 1879 
 
 lur 
 
 . 1800 
 
 Jon. 7. 
 Aug. 26. 
 Oct. 20. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Wis. . 
 
 Fla.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa. ,. 
 
 N. Y. 
 1797 Me... 
 1780,Vt.,.. 
 18m'N. Y. 
 1784'N. V. 
 1789 N. C. 
 
 I'Mkuown. 
 
 Unkn,,wn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Vai-icd.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyei'... 
 
 Pliysicinn 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lnwver. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Ju rist 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Dec. II. 1841 
 
 Sept. 22! 'l'8'72 
 April 1. 1878 
 Aug. 22. 18.59 
 May 5. 18,56 
 Dec. 12. 18.59 
 Dec. 21. 1848 
 Nov. 1. 18.59 
 Dec. 10, 1862 
 
 Nov. 20, 1883 
 
 June 11, 1865 
 Oi-t. 24. 1841 
 April 27, 1847 
 Mai-. 2, 1852 
 
 April 5, 1867 
 .Ion .10. 1851 
 Mai. 8. 1874 
 Jan, 4. 1867 
 Mov 7. 1849 
 
 h
 
 Flytcher, Isaac AM 
 
 Floyd, John U B 
 
 Foniance, Joseph. ...D 
 
 Galbiaith. John D 
 
 Garland, James D 
 
 Garland, Ru;e W 
 
 Gates, ScthM A 
 
 Gentry, Meredith P. . W 
 
 Gerry, James D 
 
 Giddings. Joshua U.VV 
 
 Goggin, Wm. L W 
 
 (Joodo, Patrick G W 
 
 Graham, James W 
 
 Granger. Francis W 
 
 Graves, Wm. J W 
 
 Green, Willis W 
 
 Griran, John K W 
 
 Grinnell, Moses H...W 
 Habersham. K. W...D 
 
 Hall, Hdand W 
 
 Hammond. Rob't H. .D 
 Hand. Augustus C. ...D 
 
 Hiistlngs. John D 
 
 Hastings, Wm. S....W 
 
 Hawes, Richard W 
 
 Hawkins, Micajah T..D 
 
 llftirv, Thomas W 
 
 Hill. John D 
 
 Hill, John W 
 
 llill.n. Solomon D 
 
 llullriian.Ogden W 
 
 lli-jieman, Joel D 
 
 111. hues, Isaac E U 
 
 11. lit, Hines — 
 
 11. ...k. Enos D 
 
 Hupkins, Geo. W D 
 
 Howard, T. A D 
 
 Hubbard, David D 
 
 Hunt, Hirara P W 
 
 Hunter, Rob't M. T...D 
 
 tjackson, Thos. B D 
 
 James, Francis W 
 
 Jameson, John D 
 
 Jenifer, Daniel W 
 
 Johnson, Cave D 
 
 Johnson, Joseph D 
 
 Johnson, Wm. C W 
 
 Johnston, Charles. . . W 
 
 Jones, John W D 
 
 Jones, Nathaniel D 
 
 K.-lm, George M I) 
 
 Keinble, Gouverneur.D 
 
 Keinpshall.Thos W 
 
 Kill.-, Joseph D 
 
 Kiiit,'. T. Butler W 
 
 I^iuie. Henry S R 
 
 Lawrence, Abbott. ..W 
 Leadbetter, Dan"! P. .D 
 
 Leet, Isaac... D 
 
 Leonard. Stephen B. .D 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H 1) 
 
 Lincoln, Levi W 
 
 Lowell. Joshua A D 
 
 Lucas, William D 
 
 McCarty. Wm. M...W 
 McCIellan.Abr.aham. . D 
 
 McClure. Charles D 
 
 McCulloch, George. ..D 
 
 McKay, James J D 
 
 Mallory. Francis W 
 
 Mallory, Meredith D 
 
 Marchiind, Albert G. .D 
 Marvin, Richard P. .W 
 
 Mason, Samson W 
 
 Medill, William D 
 
 Mercer, Charles F D 
 
 Miller, John D 
 
 Mitchell, Chas. F....W 
 Montanya, J. De La. .1) 
 
 Montgomery, Wm D 
 
 Moore, John W 
 
 Morgan, Christoph'r.W 
 
 Morris, Calvary W 
 
 Morris, Sam'l W D 
 
 Morrow, Jere W 
 
 Munroe, James W 
 
 Wayl or, Chas W 
 
 Newhard, Peter D 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Po... 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 N. 0.. 
 
 Md . . . 
 
 Pa . . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Oa.. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Vt.. 
 
 r. 3, 1803 
 
 1786 
 
 July 20, 17B5 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 a. C. 
 
 Qa. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Va, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa 
 
 Fob. 6, 1797 
 '.'.'.'.'."1785 
 
 1813 
 
 May 3, 1793 
 Oct. 1, 1799 
 April 6, 1796 
 
 Feb. 22, 1804 
 Nov. 14, 1797 
 
 AprH21,1809 
 
 Oct. le, 1800 
 1811 
 
 Oct. G, 179; 
 May 31, 1807 
 
 Jan. — , 1793 
 Dec. 1, 1792 
 1800 
 
 Jan. 11, 1793 
 Dec. 19, 1785, 
 1806 
 
 Mar. 23, 1805! 
 1780, 
 
 Aug. 27, 1804 
 Feb. 24, 1811 
 Dec. 16, 1792 
 
 4ug. 10, 1802 
 Oct. 25, 1782 
 Mar. 20, 1801 
 
 June 6, 1778 
 
 1791 
 
 1788 
 
 June 4, 1808 
 
 . 1788 
 . 1770 
 
 Oct. 6, 1806 
 
 Vt ... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. . . 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y.. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Ga... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . . 
 Ind.. 
 Ala.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mo... 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 Md. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Ga. . 
 Ind.. 
 Mass . 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ala,. 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Surveyor. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Surveyor. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Law^yer. . . 
 La^vyer... 
 Soldier . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Physician 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier — 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1842 
 
 June 15, 1860 
 
 Sept. 1, 1877 
 Nov. 3, 1808 
 
 May 27, 1864 
 Jan. 5, 1870 
 
 Sept. — , 1851 
 Aug. 28, 1868 
 Sept. 27, 1848 
 
 Aug. 1. 1841 
 Nov. 24, 1877 
 Dec. 2. 1842 
 Dec. 18, 1885 
 
 Mar. 8, 1878 
 Dec. 29. 1854 
 June 17, 1842 
 
 Dec. 22. I8.-18 
 July 27, 1H4:) 
 
 May 1, 1856 
 Aug. 5, 1844 
 Feb. 25, 1867 
 
 Mai-. 2. 1861 
 Aug. 16, 1844 
 
 Dec. 18. 1855 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 F*b. 27. 1877 
 April 16, 1860 
 
 Jan. 29, 1848 
 July 21, 1866 
 June 10, 1861 
 Sept. 2, 1875 
 Jan. 14, 1865 
 
 May 10, 1864 
 June 18, 1881 
 Aug. 18, 1855 
 
 June 10, 18-14 
 
 Oct. 25, 1848 
 May 29, 1868 
 Mar. 13, 1874 
 
 Feb. 8, 1846 
 
 Sept. 14, 1853 
 Mar. 26, 1860 
 
 Feb. 5, 1848 
 
 Sept. 2, 1865 
 May 4, 1858 
 Mar. 18, 1846 
 
 Nov. 27. 1844 
 June 17, 1867 
 April 3, 1877 
 
 May 25, 1847 
 Mar. 22, 1852 
 
 1870 
 
 Dec. 24, 1S72 
 
 Nisbet, Lugenlus ,\..W 
 
 Ogle, Charles W 
 
 Osborne. Thos. B W 
 
 Palen, Rufus W 
 
 Parmeriter, Wm D 
 
 Parrls Virgil D D 
 
 Parrisn, Isaac D 
 
 Paynter, Lemuel D 
 
 Peck, Luther C W 
 
 Petriken, David D 
 
 Pickens, Francis W. D 
 
 Pope, John D 
 
 Prentiss. John H D 
 
 Pr.illit. (lif.>rgc H W 
 
 Kamsay, Wm. 8 D 
 
 Randall, Benjamin. .W 
 Randolph. Jos. F....W 
 
 Rariden. James W 
 
 Raynor. Kenneth. . . .W 
 
 Reed. John W 
 
 Reynolds, John D 
 
 Rhett, Rob't B D 
 
 Ridgway, Joseph W 
 
 Rives, Francis E D 
 
 Robinson, Thomas... — 
 
 Rogers, Edward D 
 
 Rogers, James D 
 
 Russell, David W 
 
 Ryall, Daniel B D 
 
 Saltonstall, L W 
 
 Samuel, Green B D 
 
 Sergeant, John W 
 
 Shaw, Tristan! D 
 
 Shepard, Charles D 
 
 Simonton, William.. W 
 
 Slade, William W 
 
 Smith, Albert D 
 
 Smith, John D 
 
 Smith, Thomas D 
 
 Smith, Truman W 
 
 Stanly, Edward W 
 
 Starkweatlier, D. A...D 
 
 Steenrod, Lewis D 
 
 Storrs. Wm. L W 
 
 Strong, Theron R D 
 
 Stuart, John T W 
 
 Sumter, Thos. D D 
 
 Sw-earingen, Henry.. D 
 
 Sweeney, George D 
 
 Xaliaferro. John D 
 
 Taylor, Jonathan D 
 
 Thomas. Francis D 
 
 Thomas, Philip F D 
 
 Thompson, Jacob D 
 
 Thompson, John B..W 
 Thompson, Waddy..W 
 Tillinghast. Jos. L. ..W 
 Toland, George W...W 
 
 Triplett. Philip W 
 
 Trumbull. Joseph. ..W 
 Turnev. Hopkins L. ..D 
 Underwood. J. R. . . . W 
 "Vanderpoel, Aaron.. D 
 
 Vro om. Peter D D 
 
 "^agener, David D..D 
 
 Wagner. Peter J W 
 
 Warren, Lett W 
 
 Watterson, H. M D 
 
 Weller, John B D 
 
 White. Edward D W 
 
 White. John W 
 
 Wick. Wm. W D 
 
 Wiiriams. Chris. H. .W 
 
 Williams, Henry D 
 
 Williams, Jared W...D 
 Williams, Joseph L. .W 
 
 Williams. Lewis — 
 
 Williams, Shei-rod...W 
 Williams, Thos. W..W 
 Winthrop. Rob't C. . . W 
 
 Wise, Henry A W 
 
 Worthington. J. T. H.D 
 
 Ga...* 1803Ga... 
 
 Pa...i 1798 Pa. .. 
 
 Conn. I7U7 Conn 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. Mar. 30, 1789 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 7, 1807 
 1770 
 
 N. y 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 ,Ky... 
 
 April 17, 1784 N. Y. 
 
 tind.. 
 
 June 12. 1810 Pa.. . 
 
 1789 Mo... 
 
 1803 N. J 
 
 Ind 
 
 1808 
 
 1781 
 
 Feb. 26, 1788 
 Dec. 24, 1800 
 May e, 1783 
 
 Pa.. . 
 .Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 C. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Del .. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. J. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt ... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. Mar. 25, 1795 
 
 1787 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. I'sfio 
 
 Juiie 13, Vfsi 
 
 1806 
 
 Dec. 5, 1779 
 
 1787 
 
 Dec. 5, 1807 
 
 May "9, "1 786 
 Jan. 3, 1793 
 Aug. 14, 1789 
 
 1800 
 
 Nov. 27, 1791 
 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 111. .. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Del.. 
 N. Y. 
 S.C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Moss. 
 Va... 
 Pa.... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Vt . . . 
 Me. . . 
 Vt . . . 
 Ind 
 
 Conn iN. Y. 
 
 Ky.. - " 
 
 Pa. . 
 Pa.. 
 Pa. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 I..awyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Man'fact'r 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Conn, j Lawyer. .. 
 N. C. Lawyer... 
 Ohio. iLawyer. .. 
 Va.. . jUnknown. 
 Conn. Lau-yer, 
 
 Mar. 18, 1871 
 May 10, 184 1 
 Sept. 2. 1869 
 April 2fS. 1841 
 Feb. 25, IWIKl 
 Juno 14, 1874 
 
 Feb. 1«, 1876 
 Mar. I, 1847 
 Jan. 2.5, 1860 
 July 12, 1M.15 
 June 20, IK<M 
 Sept. 5, IH47 
 Oct. 17, 1840 
 Oct. 14, 18.57 
 Mar. 20, 1873 
 
 Nov. 25, 1860 
 May 8. 1865 
 Sept. 14, 1876 
 
 Xov.'36,"l86i 
 Oct. 28, 1843 
 May 23, 1857 
 
 Moy 8, 1845 
 Jan. 5. 1859 
 Nov. -Ja. 1852 
 Mar. 14. 1843 
 Oct. 31, 1843 
 May 18. 1846 
 Jan. IH. 1859 
 May 29, 1867 
 Nov. 26, 1858 
 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa.".'. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ma.ss. 
 N. H. 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 
 Nov. 10, 1807,111. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Miss.. 
 Ky... 
 S. C. . 
 R. I.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky 
 
 1768 
 
 Feb!':')! "1799 
 Sept. 12, 1810 
 May 15, 1810 
 
 1810 
 
 Sept. 8, 1798 
 1791 
 
 Dec. 
 Oct. 
 Oct. 
 Feb. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkno%vn. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Aug. 1. 1857 
 Aug. 23. 1876 
 July 18, 1870 
 Nov. 18. 1873 
 
 7, 1782 ( 
 
 3, 1797 1 
 
 24, 1791 ■ . 
 
 5, 1799 N. Y. Lawyer.. 
 
 1791 N. J. . Lawyer. . 
 
 Pa. .. .Merchant. 
 
 N. Y. Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 30, 17.97 Ga... [Lawyer... 
 Nov. 23, 1811 Tenn. I Journalist . 
 
 lOhio. Unknown. 
 
 Lou.. I Lawyer. , 
 
 1805 Ky...! Lawyer.. 
 
 Feb. 23, 1796 Ind . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Nov. — , 1804 Mass. 
 
 N. H'. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1782 N. O. 
 
 Ky., 
 
 Sept. 28, 1789 Conn. IMerchant. 
 
 May 12, 1809 Mass. Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 3, 18()6 Va... La^vyer. .. Sept. 5. 1876 
 Md... Unknown. I.April 27. 1849 
 
 Varied 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 , i Unknown. 
 Unknow-n. 
 Unknown. 
 
 .Nov. 24, 1861 
 
 July 26, 1872 
 
 June 25. 1861 
 
 Nov. 28. 1885 
 
 Aug. 12, 1853 
 
 Jan. 22, 1876 
 
 Jan. 7. 1874 
 Nov. 23, 18()8 
 Dec. 30, 1844 
 
 Aug. 7. 1855 
 April 8. 1847 
 Sept. 22. 1845 
 Mav 19. 1868 
 
 Sept. 29. 18G4 
 Feb.' '23,' 1842 
 
 Total Representatives, 238. Lawyers, 118. OccupaHon Unknown, »». 
 Varied, 14. Jurists, 6. Merchants, 5. Agriculturists, 4. Physicians, 3. 
 Surveyors, 3. Soldiers. 3. Journalists, 3. Clergyman,!. Manufacturer, 1. 
 Mechanic, 1. Foreign Bom, 5; Including Ireland. 4; England, 1. 
 
 i 
 
 i
 
 M ^ 
 
 -^'K 
 
 T- 
 
 4SS 
 
 TWENTY-Sr:VENTlI CONGEESS, AND LEAllING- EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Congress of the United States, from 1841 to 1843, 
 
 -I 
 
 1841 — The Steamer Erie was burned on Lake 
 Erie, with the loss of 17o persons. 
 
 1841— Mr. Huglies, of New York, constructed 
 the rtr.st steam tire-engine in America, 
 after the model and invention of Capt. 
 John Ericsson. 
 
 1841— The model of a revolving turret for 
 naval vessels, the idea of which was 
 carried out in building the celebrated 
 "Monitor" by Capt. Ericsson, was con- 
 structed by its inventor, Theodore R. 
 Quimby, of New York. 
 
 1842 — The first patent for a sewing-machine 
 was taken out by John J. Oreenough, 
 F^;b. 21,but the machine was imprac- 
 ticable. Howe's patent was issued about 
 four years later. 
 
 1842 — Ether is said to have been first used as 
 an aid in surgical operations at Jeffer- 
 son, Ga., fay Dr. C. W. Long, March 30. 
 
 'William S. BarrUon, 9th President. 
 
 John Tyler, lOtta President. 
 
 John Tyler, of Ya., Vice-Pres. Daniel "NVebster, of 
 Mass., Sec'y of State. Thos. Ewing, of Ohio, and Walter 
 Forward, Pa., See'ys of Treas. John Bell, of Tenn., and 
 John C. Spencer, of N. Y., See'ys of War. Geo. E. Bad- 
 ger, of N. C. and Abel P. Upshur, of Va., See'ys of Navy. 
 Francis Granger, of N. Y. and, Chas. A. Wickllffe, of 
 Ky., Postmasters-General. John J. Crittenden, of Ky.. 
 and Hugh S. Legare, of S. C, Attorneys-General. John 
 White, of Ky., Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 1842— John C. Fremont explored the Rocky 
 Mountain region under the authority 
 of the United States government. 
 
 1842 — Pure white starcb was first niade from 
 Indian corn by Thos. Kingsford, pro- 
 prietor of the huge btarch works at 
 Oswego. N. Y. 
 
 1843— Under government aid and patronage. 
 Professor Morse established an experi- 
 mental telegraph line. 
 
 1843 — General Fremont made his second ex- 
 ploration of the Hocky Mt. region. 
 
 1843— Bunker Hill Monument, near Boston, 
 was dedicated. Daniel Webster deliv- 
 ered the oration, June 17. 
 
 1S43 — Yale's celebrated locks were patented 
 by Linus Yale, of Philadelphia. 
 
 1843 — A cow, imported from Germany, first 
 brought the dreaded cattle disease, 
 pleuro-pneumonia, into this country. 
 
 F, indicates Federalist; I>, Democrat; "W, Whig; K, Republican; A-IW, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 State 
 Repre- 
 sented. 
 
 Occupat 
 
 Allen, William D 
 
 Archer, William S...W 
 Bagby, Arthur P....D 
 Barrow, Alexander. .W 
 
 Bates. Isaac C W 
 
 Bayard, Rich'aH....W 
 Benton, Thomas H.. ..D 
 
 Berrien. John 51 D 
 
 Buchanan, James D 
 
 Calhoun, John C D 
 
 Choate. Rufus W 
 
 Clay, Clement C D 
 
 Clay. Henry W 
 
 Clayton, Thos — 
 
 Conrad, Chas. M W 
 
 Crafts, Samuel C — 
 
 Crittenden, Jno. J...D 
 
 Cuthbert, Alfred D 
 
 Daj'ton. Wm. I W 
 
 Dixon, Nathan F W 
 
 Evans, George W 
 
 Fulton, Wm. S D 
 
 Graham. Wm. A....W 
 Henderson, John...W 
 
 Huntington, J. W W 
 
 Rerr, JohnL W 
 
 Kmg, William R D 
 
 Linn, Lewis F D 
 
 McDuthe, George D 
 
 :^IcRoberts. Samuel. .,D 
 Mangum, Willie P. . . W 
 
 Jlerrick, Wm. D W 
 
 Mil ler, Jacob W W 
 
 Morehead, Jas. T W 
 
 Mouton, Alex D 
 
 Nicholson, A. O. P D 
 
 Phelps, Samuel S...W 
 
 Pierce, Franklin D 
 
 Porter. Augustus S..W 
 
 Prentiss, Samuel W 
 
 Preston, Wm. C D 
 
 Kives, Wm. C D 
 
 Sevier, Ambrose H...D 
 
 Simmons, Jas. F W 
 
 Smith, Diiver H W 
 
 Smith, Perry D 
 
 Southard. Sam'l L. . . W 
 Sprague, William. . . .W 
 
 Sturgeon. I>aniel D 
 
 Tallmadge, Nalh'l P.D 
 Tappan, Benjamin... D 
 
 Walker. Rob't J D 
 
 White, Albert S W 
 
 Wilcox, Leonard D 
 
 ■Williams, Reuel D 
 
 Woodbridge. Wm — 
 
 Woodbury. Levi D 
 
 Wright, Silas D 
 
 Young, Ridi. M D 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Del... 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 Del... 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 N. J. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn, 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Ill ... 
 N. C. 
 Md. . . 
 N. J. 
 Ky... 
 Lou. , 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 5, 
 
 May 14, 
 
 Mar. 14, 
 -\ug. 23, 
 April 23, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Dec. 17. 
 .tprill2, 
 Mar. 9, 
 
 Oct." 6.' 
 Sept. 10, 
 
 Jan. 12, 
 June 2, 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 Nov.' 8.' 
 Jan. 1.), 
 April 7, 
 Nov. 5, 
 
 180(5 
 1789 
 1794 
 1801 
 1780 
 1796 
 1782 
 1781 
 1791 
 178; 
 
 Oliio 
 Va.. 
 Ala. 
 Lou. 
 Mass 
 Del.. 
 Mo.. 
 Ga.. 
 Pa.. 
 S. C 
 
 April li 
 
 Tenn. 
 R. I.. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 R. I.. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Me... 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 
 May 24, 
 Nov. 10, 
 Aug. 31. 
 .May i:i. 
 Nov. 23. 
 Jan. 18. 
 .Mar. 31, 
 Dec. 27, 
 May 4, 
 
 .Sept.' in, 
 Oct. 23, 
 
 June 9, 
 
 Oct.' '2'7,' 
 Feb. 8. 
 May 25, 
 July 19, 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 June 2, 
 AuR. 20, 
 Dec. 22. 
 May 24, 
 
 1799 .Mass. 
 1789 Ala. 
 1777, Ky... 
 1758 Del... 
 1804 Lou. . 
 1768|Vt.... 
 1786! Kv... 
 
 lG.a... 
 
 1807 N. J. , 
 1774 R. I.. 
 
 1797 Me... 
 179.''.'Aik.. 
 
 1801 N. C. 
 
 1795 Miss.. 
 1788 Conn 
 1780 Md... 
 
 1786 Ala., 
 
 1796 Mo .. 
 
 1788 S. C. 
 
 1799 III.... 
 
 1792 N. C. 
 iMci... 
 
 1802 N.J. . 
 I7971Ky... 
 1804 Xou.. 
 181X8 Tenn, 
 
 1793 \'t . . . 
 ISIH s. H. 
 
 1798 Micll. 
 1782 Vt... 
 
 1794 .S. C. 
 
 1793 Va. . . 
 1802 Ark.. 
 
 1795 R. I.. 
 
 1794 Ind.. 
 Conn. 
 
 1787 N. J. 
 
 1800 R. I.. 
 
 1789 Pa... 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 1773 tihio, 
 
 1801 Miss . 
 181)3 Ind . . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1800 
 1783' 
 I78o: 
 1789 
 1795, 
 
 Me. 
 Mich. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ill ... 
 
 , Lawyer... 
 . 'Lawyer... 
 . 'Lawyer... 
 .Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 . Lawyer. . . 
 , Lawyer. . . 
 
 , Jurist 
 
 . Lawyer. . . 
 . Lawyer... 
 , Lawyer... 
 
 , Jurist 
 
 , L.iwyer. , . 
 
 , Jurist 
 
 ■ ■Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 .Lawyer... 
 , ILawj-er, .. 
 
 .Jurist 
 
 , Lawyer... 
 
 jLawyer. .. 
 . ; Lawyer... 
 , 'Lawyer... 
 , I Lawyer... 
 
 .'Jurist 
 
 . Lawyer... 
 .Lawyer... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 I Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 I Unknown. 
 
 I Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 ; Lawyer 
 
 Varied . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.,.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ilerchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 L.awyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ;July 10. 
 jMar. 28, 
 iSept. 21, 
 Dee. 29, 
 Mar. 16, 
 Mar. 4. 
 April 10, 
 Jan. 1. 
 June 1, 
 Mar. 31, 
 July 13, 
 Sept. 7. 
 June 29, 
 Aug. 21, 
 Feb. 12, 
 Nor. 19, 
 July 26, 
 July 9, 
 Dec. 1, 
 Jan. 29, 
 April 5, 
 Aug. 15, 
 lAug. 11, 
 
 iNov. "l',' 
 Feb. 21, 
 Api'illS, 
 Oct. 3, 
 Mar. 11, 
 Mai-. 27, 
 .Sept. 14, 
 Feb. 5, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Dec. 28, 
 
 ^879 
 1855 
 1858 
 1816 
 1845 
 1868 
 1858 
 18.56 
 1868 
 1850 
 1859 
 1866 
 1852 
 1854 
 1878 
 1853 
 1863 
 1856 
 1S64 
 1842 
 1867 
 1844 
 1875 
 1857 
 1847 
 1844 
 1853 
 1843 
 1851 
 1843 
 1861 
 1857 
 1862 
 1854 
 
 Mar. 23, 1876 
 Mar. 25, 1855 
 Oct. 8, 1869 
 
 Jan. 15, 
 May 22, 
 April 26, 
 Dec. 21. 
 July 10, 
 Mar. 19, 
 
 June 26, 
 Oct. 19, 
 July 3, 
 Nov. 2. 
 April 12. 
 Nov. II, 
 Sept. 4, 
 
 ju'l'y'23', 
 Oct. 20, 
 Sept. 7, 
 Aug. 27, 
 
 1857 
 1860 
 1868 
 1848 
 1864 
 1849 
 1852 
 1842 
 1856 
 1878 
 1864 
 1857 
 1869 
 1864 
 1850 
 1862 
 1861 
 1851 
 1847 
 
 Total Senators, 5©. Lawyers, :JC, Jurists, 14. Varied, 4. Occupation 
 Unknown, 3. Merchant,!. Physician,!. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 R,)ru. 
 
 When Dem. 
 
 8UW 
 
 Koprc- OooupatloD. 
 
 "■"""'■ 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Adams. John Q W 
 
 Alford. Julius C W 
 
 Mass. 
 fia... 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 July 11, 1767 
 
 .Ian.'2H,'i'Mii4 
 Feb. 112, iwci 
 
 Ma-sa. 
 Ga... 
 Me. . . 
 
 nfiio' 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 Allen. Elisha H W 
 
 Andrews, Landall' W. W 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Andrews, Sliirlo.-k J.W 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 M an 'fact "r 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 
 
 Appleton. Nathan. ..W 
 Arnold, Thos. D W 
 
 N. H. 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. 6, 177» 
 
 July 14. 1861 
 
 Arrintrton. Areh'd H..1) 
 Atherton, Chas. O D 
 
 IN. C. 
 
 July 4, 1804 N. H. 
 
 Nov.V5.'i'853 
 
 7fe~~ 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Ayckrigg, John B. . . .W 
 
 Baboock, Alfred W 
 
 Baker, Osmyn W 
 
 Banks, Linri D 
 
 Bainard, Daii'l D....W 
 
 Barton. Ki.'h'.l W W 
 
 Beeson.Hcnrv VV D 
 
 Bidlack. Benj. A D 
 
 Eirdseye, Victory W 
 
 Black, Edw'dJ W 
 
 Black, Henry W 
 
 Blair, Barnard W 
 
 Boardnian, Wni. W. . W 
 Borden. Nath'l B....W 
 
 Botts. JohnM W 
 
 Bowne, Samuel S D 
 
 Boyd, Linn D 
 
 Brewster, David P. ..D 
 
 Briggs, George N W 
 
 Brockway, John H-.W 
 
 Bronson. David W 
 
 Brown, Aarun V D 
 
 Brown, Charles D 
 
 Brown, Jeremiah W 
 
 Brown, Milton W 
 
 Burke. Edmund D 
 
 Buniell, Barker W 
 
 Butler, Samson H — 
 
 Butler, William W 
 
 Butl.r. \Vi]i. (1 D 
 
 Caldu'i-ll.ia-c.'ii W...D 
 Caldwell, Patrick CD 
 
 Calhoun, Wm. B W 
 
 Campbell. John D 
 
 Campbell. Thos. J...W 
 Campbell, Wni.B....W 
 Cai-uthers. Rob't L. . W 
 
 Cai-y, George B D 
 
 Casey. Zadok D 
 
 Chapman, Reuben. ..D 
 
 Childs, Timothy W 
 
 Chittenden, Thos. C.W 
 
 Clarke. John C W 
 
 Clarke, SlalevN W 
 
 Clifford. Nathan D 
 
 Clinton. James G D 
 
 Coles, Walter D 
 
 Colquitt. Walter T..W 
 
 Cooper, James W 
 
 Cooper, Mark A D 
 
 Cowen. Benj. S W 
 
 Cranston. Rob't B...W 
 
 Cravens. Jas. II — 
 
 Crawford, Geo. W. ..W 
 
 Cross, Edward D 
 
 Cushing, Caleb W 
 
 Daniel. Jno. R. J D 
 
 Davis, Oarrett W 
 
 Davis, Ri(!haid D D 
 
 Dawson, John B D 
 
 Dawson. Wm. C W 
 
 I'can, Ezra D 
 
 Deberr.v. Edmund. ...W 
 
 Dimock. Davis — 
 
 Doane, William D 
 
 Dodge, Aug. C D 
 
 Dodge. Henry D 
 
 Doig. Andrew W D 
 
 Eastman, Ira A D 
 
 K.dwaids.John W 
 
 Edwards. John C — 
 
 EgbiTl, J,,s.|,h D 
 
 Ev.ictl. 11. , race W 
 
 Ferris, Charles O....D 
 Kessenden. Wni. P...W 
 Fillmore, Millard.... W 
 Flovd, Charles A D 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 
 May 18, 1800 
 
 July 16, 1797 
 
 Stuce 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Vt... 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 S. C. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Va . . 
 Ga... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 
 N.' 'h'. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Va. .. 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Mo... 
 Ind . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. 10, 
 .Aprill5, 
 Sept. 16, 
 
 Nov'.'28i 
 
 April is] 
 
 July 31, 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Vt... 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 April 13 
 Deo.'29i 
 
 Mar. 8, 
 Aiig.'is, 
 
 Dec. 27, 
 May 8, 
 
 Sept. 27, 
 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Jan. 7, 
 Se'pt.'i0, 
 
 Aug. 14, 
 
 Jan. 2. 
 Oct. 12, 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 Pa . . . 
 
 1782 N. Y. 
 .1806 Ga... 
 
 1783 Pa . . . 
 N. Y. 
 
 1794 Conn. 
 
 1801 Mass. 
 
 1802 Va. .. 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 1800 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 
 , 1796 Mass . 
 
 I Conn. 
 
 ,Me... 
 
 1795 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1782 Pa... 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 1809 N. H. 
 .1798, Mass. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 Is. C. 
 
 1793 Ky... 
 1811 N. C. 
 
 |S. C. 
 
 1796, Mass. 
 
 |S. C. 
 
 1786 Tenn . 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 1800 Tenn. 
 
 1811 !Va... 
 ,1798 HI... 
 1806 Ala... 
 
 ,N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1793 N. Y. 
 |N. Y. 
 
 1803 Me.. . 
 
 N. Y 
 
 1789 Va... 
 1799|Ga... 
 
 1810 Pa. .. 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 1793 Ohio . 
 1791 R. I.. 
 1798, Ind.. 
 1798 Ga. . . 
 
 'I'sdo Ma.ss! 
 
 N. C. 
 
 ISOl Ky... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1800, Lou.. 
 1798 Ga... 
 1791 Ohio. 
 
 1787 N. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1812 Iowa. 
 1782 Wis.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 ! Lawyer. . . 
 I Unknown 
 Lawyer. . , 
 UnknovMi 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawj'er.. . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Juiist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. 16, 
 Jan. 7, 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 .... Mo... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1780 Vt . . . 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1806 Me... 
 
 1800 N. Y. 
 
 iN. Y. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Un known. 
 
 Jiiri.st 
 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Vai'ied.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 .\gricurst. 
 Lawyer... 
 Jurist .... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 18. 1875 
 Jan. 14. 1842 
 April 24, 1861 
 Mar. 15, 1859 
 
 Feb. 6. 1849 
 Sept. 16. I&i3 
 
 1846 
 
 Nov. 28 1841 
 
 April 10. 1865 
 Jan. 8, 1869 
 July 15, 1875 
 Dec. 16, 1859 
 Feb. 19. 1876 
 Sept. 12. 1861 
 
 Nov. 20, 1863 
 Mar. 8, 1859 
 
 Mar. 2, 1848 
 
 June 4, 1843 
 
 Nov. 8, 1865 
 May 19, 1845 
 April 13, 1850 
 Aug. 19, 1867 
 
 Mar. 5, "itiid 
 Sept. 12, 1862 
 
 Nov. 8, 1847 
 
 , 1852 
 
 July 25, 1881 
 
 Nov. 9, 18.57 
 May 7, 18.55 
 Mar. 1. 1863 
 
 Sept'. '27! 'I'seo 
 
 Jan. 27, ia73 
 
 Jan. 2, 1879 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 
 June 26, 1845 
 May 5, 1856 
 
 Dec. 12, 18.59 
 Jan. 13, 1842 
 
 Nov. 20, 1883
 
 w<?- 
 
 1- 
 
 EEPRESENTATIVES OF TIIK TWENTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. 
 
 48!t 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. h n," WbonBom. Reprc. OcoupaUon. When Di«d. 
 
 Floyil. John G D 
 
 Fornam-e, Joseph. ...D 
 Fo.-.ti.-r. A. Lawrence.W 
 
 FontiM-. Thos, F D 
 
 Gainljli-. lioBtT L....D 
 
 littles, .Si-tii M W 
 
 (iciitiy, Mi.iuilithP..W 
 
 Gerry. Jaines D 
 
 Gidiiings. Jostiua R..A 
 
 GilineKThos. VV W 
 
 Gog(;in. Wm. L W 
 
 Cooile. Patriek G W 
 
 (iootie, Wm. O D 
 
 Gordon, Samuel D 
 
 Graham, James W 
 
 Granger, Francis W 
 
 Green, Willis W 
 
 GreifJT. John W 
 
 Gustine. Amos 1> 
 
 Gwin, Wm. M D 
 
 Habersham, B. W...D 
 
 Hall. Hiland W 
 
 Halstead. William. ..W 
 
 Harris. Wm. A D 
 
 Hastings, John 1> 
 
 llastiiiu-s, Wm. S W 
 
 Hays. Samuel L D 
 
 Henry. Tliomas W 
 
 Holmes. Isaac E D 
 
 Hopkins, Geo. W D 
 
 Houek, Jacob 
 
 Houston, George S. ..D 
 
 Howard, Jacob M R 
 
 Hubard. Edmund W. .D 
 
 Hudson. Charles W 
 
 Hunt. Hiram P W 
 
 Hunter. Rub't M. T...D 
 Ingersoll, Ohas. J...,l) 
 Ingeisoll. Joseph R.W 
 
 Irvin, James W 
 
 Irwin, William W...W 
 
 Jack. William D 
 
 James, Francis W 
 
 Johnson. Cave D 
 
 Johnson, Wm. C W 
 
 Jones, Isaac D W 
 
 Jones. John W D 
 
 Keim. George M D 
 
 Kennedy. Andrew D 
 
 Kennedy, John P W 
 
 King. T. Butler W 
 
 l,ane, Henry S R 
 
 Lawrence. Joseph D 
 
 Levy. David D 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H D 
 
 Linn, Arch'd L W 
 
 Littlefleld, N. S D 
 
 Lowell. Joshua A 1> 
 
 McClellan. Abraham. D 
 
 McClellan, Robert D 
 
 McKay, James J D 
 
 McKeon, John D 
 
 McKennan,T. M. T. .W 
 
 Mallory, Francis W 
 
 Marchand, Albert G..D 
 
 Marshall, Alfred D 
 
 Marshall. Thus. F. . . .W 
 
 Mason. John T D 
 
 Mason. Samson W 
 
 Mathews. James D 
 
 Mathiot, Joshua W 
 
 Mattocks. John W 
 
 Maxwell. John P. B..W 
 
 Maynard, John W 
 
 Medill, William D 
 
 Meriwether, Jas. A..W 
 
 Miller, John D 
 
 Mitchell , .Vnderson . . — 
 
 Moore, John W 
 
 Morgan, Christoph'r.W 
 
 Morris, Calvary W 
 
 Morrow. Jeremiah.. W 
 
 Newhard. Peter D 
 
 Nisbet, Engenius A. .W 
 
 Oliver, Wm. M D 
 
 Osborne, Thos. B W 
 
 Owsley, Bi-yan Y W 
 
 Parmenter, Wm D 
 
 Partridge. Samuel D 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ga!'! 
 Qa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 V'a. , . 
 Va... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y, 
 N. O. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Scot . 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Ga... 
 Vt . . . 
 N. J. 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt . . . 
 Va . . . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa,... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 Md. . . 
 Mass, 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 W. I. 
 Va... 
 N. Y, 
 Me... 
 Mass, 
 Tenn 
 N. Y, 
 N. C. 
 N. Y 
 Pa.. 
 Va.. 
 Pa.. 
 
 kv'.'. 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Ohi.). 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 DeL.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Nov. 3, 
 Oct.' 16,' 
 
 Oct.' 'e, ' 
 
 May "si,': 
 
 Sept.' iei 
 
 Jan. — , 
 Dec. I, 
 
 Aug'.' 6, 
 
 dot." 'si, 
 
 j'u'l'y '20,' 
 Aug. "8, 
 
 April 6, 
 Feb. 22, 
 
 Jan. 17, 
 July 10, 
 
 18(KJ 
 1811 
 
 I7S13 
 17!); 
 
 180.5 
 178fi 
 1705 
 
 1785 
 1796 
 1804 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y, 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y, 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 M iss. . 
 Ga. .. 
 Vt.... 
 N. J.. 
 Va . . . 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 C. 
 
 1811 
 1805 
 
 Nov. 14, 179,') 
 
 April2I, 
 Oct. 3, 
 June 14, 
 
 1809 
 1782 
 1780 
 
 , 1793 
 . 1806 
 
 Oct. 2.5. 
 Aug. 27, 
 Feu. 24, 
 
 Sept. 20, 
 Mar. 20, 
 
 1805 
 1810 
 170: 
 J 804 
 1811 
 1788 
 1811 
 I8O; 
 181)2 
 1.804 
 1801 
 
 1793 
 
 June 7, 
 May 9, 
 
 1801 
 1815 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ga, .. 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Fla.. 
 
 Ala . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Tenn 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C, 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lou . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 1803iGa... 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 1797!Conn. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1789 Mass, 
 
 N. y. 
 
 ,1776 
 , 1805 
 
 , 1800 
 ,1788 
 1808 
 
 .' 'mo 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyt.r. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Law,ver... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Surveyor, 
 rieci.... 
 Unknown. 
 Physic'lan 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 I'n known. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 Olergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknowll. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. ... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 .\gi'icul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 UnknowTi. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 20, 
 Sept. I, 
 Nov. 3, 
 
 May 27, 
 Fob. 28, 
 Jan. 5, 
 
 July 3, 1859 
 
 Sept. — , 
 Aug. 28, 
 
 April 9, 1858 
 
 Mar. 28, 1864 
 Deo. 29. 1854 
 June 17, 1842 
 
 JulT 27, 1849 
 Feb. 25, 18C7 
 Mar. 2, 1861 
 
 1847 
 1847 
 1877 
 1860 
 
 1864 
 1844 
 1870 
 
 1851 
 
 Dec. 2, 1842 
 Dec. 18, 1885 
 
 May 14, 1862 
 Feb. 20, 1868 
 
 Sept. 15, 1856 
 
 Nov. 13, 
 April 16, 
 
 1866 
 1860 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 June 10, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Aug. 18. 
 May 10, 
 June 18. 
 April 17, 
 
 1848 
 1861 
 1847 
 1870 
 1864 
 1881 
 1842 
 
 Oct. 2.5, 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 1848 
 1857 
 
 Mar. 13, 1874 
 
 June 7. 1860 
 Sept. 14, 18.53 
 
 July 9, 1852 
 Mar. 26, 1860 
 Feb. 5, 1848 
 
 Sept. 22, 1864 
 Mar. 28, 1873 
 
 July 30, 1849 
 Aug. 14. 1847 
 N'.v. 14. 1845 
 Mar. 24, 1850 
 Sept. 2, 1865 
 
 Mar. 18, 1846 
 
 June 17,1867 
 April 3, 1877 
 
 Mar. 22, 1852 
 jiar. is'.'l'sVi 
 
 Sept. 2, 1869 
 Febi'&'.Ysiie 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Payne, William W...D 
 
 Pcnrcc, Jas. A W 
 
 Pendleton. Nalhl G.W 
 Pickens. Francis W, D 
 
 Pluiner, Arnold D 
 
 Pope, John D 
 
 Powell, Cnthbert W 
 
 Promt. George H....W 
 
 Ramsay, Robert W 
 
 Rjindall, Alex W 
 
 Kindall, Henjnmin..W 
 Itandolph. Jos. F....W 
 Riiynor. Kenneth.... W 
 
 Iteail. Alm.m II D 
 
 Kediiig, JohnU D 
 
 Item li. r, Al.rnliam..W 
 
 l(eMe.|.l-..l.jhn D 
 
 Rliett, Uoh'tB D 
 
 Ridgway, Joseph.... W 
 
 Riggs. Lewis D 
 
 Rodney, George B...W 
 
 Rogers, James I) 
 
 Roosevelt, Jas. 1 1) 
 
 Russell, Jas. M W 
 
 Rns.sell, William W..W 
 
 Saltonstall. L W 
 
 Sandford, John D 
 
 Saunders, Rom. M D 
 
 Sergiant, John W 
 
 Shaw, Tristam 1) 
 
 Sheppanl.Aug. II,,,, W 
 
 Shields, Benj. G W 
 
 Sinionton. William.. W 
 
 Slade, William W 
 
 Smith. Truman W 
 
 Smith. William D 
 
 Snyder, John D 
 
 Sellers, Ang. R W 
 
 Sprigg, James C — 
 
 Stanly, Edivard W 
 
 Steenrod, Lewis D 
 
 Stokely. Samuel W 
 
 Stralton, Chas. C W 
 
 Stuart, Alex. H. 11... W 
 
 Stuart, John T W 
 
 Summers. Geo. W...W 
 
 Sumter. Thos. D D 
 
 Sweeney, George D 
 
 Taliaferro, John D 
 
 Thompson, Jacob D 
 
 Thompson. John B..W 
 Thompson. Rich'd M.W 
 Tillinghast, Jos. L...W 
 Toland, George W...W 
 Tondinson, Thos. A. .W 
 
 Triplett. Philip W 
 
 TrottI, S. W — 
 
 Trumbull. Joseph. ..W 
 Turney, Hopkins L...D 
 I'mlerwcjod. J. R,...W 
 
 Van Buren. John D 
 
 Van Rensselaer, H .W 
 
 "Ward, Aaron D 
 
 Warren, Lett W 
 
 Waslnin.-ton, W. H..W 
 
 Wi.tterson, H. M D 
 
 Weller, John B D 
 
 Westbrook, John D 
 
 White, Edward D W 
 
 White, John W 
 
 White, Joseph L — 
 
 Williams, Chris. n..W 
 Willi.ams. Joseph L. .W 
 
 Williams. Lewis — 
 
 Williams. Jas. W D 
 
 Williams, Thos. W..W 
 Winthrop. Rob'tC.W 
 
 Wise, Henry A W 
 
 Wood, Fernando D 
 
 Torke, Thomas J...W 
 
 Young, Augustus W 
 
 Young, John W 
 
 Va. . . IJan. 2, 
 I). CUec. 14, 
 Ga. .. Aug. — , 
 8. C. April 7, 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Vt.... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 
 - C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Del... 
 C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ire'd. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y.. 
 N. C. 
 
 *a. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt . . . 
 Conn, 
 Va. . . 
 
 Feb. 2«, 
 Dec. 24, 
 May 6, 
 
 1807 Ala . . 
 I8()o Md... 
 1793 Ohio. 
 1807 8. C. 
 
 iPa. .. 
 
 1770,Ky... 
 1779 Va... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa.... 
 
 N. H. 
 C. 
 
 . I78U 
 . 1803 
 . 1808 
 . 1790 
 
 1788 
 1800 
 1783 
 
 , 1803 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 
 Nov. 10, 
 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 N. C 
 Va... 
 Ohio 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Ky.., 
 Va. . . 
 Pa.. 
 Pa... 
 
 N. O. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 Conn, 
 Tenn 
 
 Mar. — I 
 Dec. S, 
 
 .May 9, 
 Sov. 27, 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 III. .. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Del... 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 1796 N. Y. 
 1786 Pa.. . 
 
 lOhlo. 
 
 , 178;i!Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 , 1791 N. C. 
 
 1779 Pa.. . 
 . 1787 N. H . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1786 Vt.... 
 
 1791 Conn. 
 
 1797 Va. . . 
 
 April 2, 
 Nov. 10, 
 
 . 17S)6 
 
 May 15, 
 
 Dec. 7, 
 
 Oct. 3, 
 
 Va... iOct. 24, 
 
 N. Y.l 
 
 N. Y.l 
 
 N. Y. July 5, 
 Ga... Oct. 30, 
 N. C Feb. 7. 
 Tenn. Nov. 23, 
 
 Ohio.' 
 
 Pa.. .1 
 
 Tenn. I 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Tenn.' 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Conn. 'Sept. 28, 
 Mass. May 12, 
 Va. .. Dec, 3. 
 June 14, 
 
 Pa. . 
 N.J. 
 Vt... 
 Vt .. 
 
 Mar. 20, 
 June 12, 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1807 1 Va... 
 1807 111... 
 
 :va... 
 
 S.C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1768 Va... 
 1810 N. C. 
 
 1810 Ky... 
 1809 Ind.. 
 1791 R. I.. 
 IPa... 
 
 In. Y. 
 
 IKy... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1782 Conn. 
 1797 Tenn. 
 1791 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 
 1811 N. y. 
 
 1790 N. y. 
 
 1797 
 
 1813 N. C. 
 1811 Tenn. 
 
 .Ohio. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 ILou,. 
 
 1805 Ky... 
 Ind . . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Moss. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1782 
 1787 
 1789 
 1809 
 1806 
 1812 
 
 'iim 
 
 1802 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 I..awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Man'fact'r 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 [Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 I Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 La^vyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier ... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law^yer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Law.yer... 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law^yer. , . 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Dec. 20, 1862 
 
 Jan. 25, 1869 
 
 July 12, 1845 
 .May 8, 1841) 
 Sept. 5, 1817 
 
 Oct, 14, 18.57 
 Mar. 20, 1873 
 
 June 3, 1844 
 
 May 8, 1865 
 Sept. 14, 1876 
 
 April 5, 1875 
 Dec. 20, 1870 
 Oct. 2, 1845 
 .May 8, 1H4.-. 
 Oct. 7, 18.57 
 .\pril2l,I867 
 Nov. 23, 1852 
 Mar. 14, 1*43 
 
 May 18, 1*18 
 Jan. 18, 1859 
 
 July 26, 1872 
 
 Mar. 30, 1859 
 Nov. 28, 1885 
 
 Aug. 12, 18.53 
 ja'ii.' 'Y, ' I'fiii 
 Dec. 30,' I'sii 
 
 Aug. 1. 1857 
 Aug. 23, 1876 
 Jan. 16, 18.55 
 Mar. 23, 1864 
 Mar. 2, 1867 
 
 Aug. 12, 1860 
 Aug.' '7,' 'l'875 
 
 April 8. 1847 
 Sept. 22, 1845 
 Jan. — , 1861 
 
 Feb. 23, 1842 
 Dec. 2, 1842 
 
 Sept. 5, 1876 
 Feb. 13, 1881 
 
 June 17. 1857 
 April 2 3, 18.52 
 
 Total Representatives, ZaT. Lawyers, 114. Occupation Unknown, 
 103. Varied, l.'i. Jurists, 't. Agriculturists, 6. Soldiers. 3. Clergy- 
 men, 3. Manufacturers, 2. Merchants. 3. Physician, 1. Surveyor, 1. 
 Journalist, 1. Foreign Born. 3: Including Ireland, 2; West Indies, 1. 
 
 1 
 
 ■«-
 
 ■r> 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 J£. — . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 iw 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS, 
 
 AND LEADING EVENTS OF TUE TIME. 
 
 t 
 
 Twenty-eighth Congress of the United States, from 1843 to 1845, 
 
 1843— April was set ns the time of the second 
 coming of Christ, by \Vm. Miller, who 
 succeeded in making 50.000 proselytes, 
 and thus founded the Adventist Church 
 in America. 
 
 1843— The great comet, which unexpectedly 
 appeared in the southwestern sky, in 
 March, greatly excited the people and 
 puzzled the astronomers. 
 
 1844 — A large cannon, known as "Peace- 
 maker," while being tried on the U. S. 
 steam-frigate " Princeton." in the Poto- 
 mac river, exploded and killed Abel P. 
 Upshur. Sec'y of State, and Thos. W. 
 Gilmer, Sec"y of Navy, besides injuring 
 18 others. Feb. 28. 
 
 1844 — The Dominican Republic was formed 
 in the Island of Hayti, in Februai-y. 
 
 1844— Fourteen persons were killed and about 
 40 wounded in a riot between " Native 
 Ajnerican " politicians and toreignera 
 at Philadelphia, in May. 
 
 1S44— Prof. Mon-e erected and operated a line 
 of telegraph between Washington and 
 Baltimore. 
 
 1844 — Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mor- 
 mon Church, was shot by a mob at Car- 
 thage, 111., June 27. 
 
 1844 — "Laughing-gas" was first used success- 
 fully in tht^ extraction of teeth without 
 pain, by Dr. Horace Wells, at Hartford, 
 Conn., in December. 
 
 1844 — The Vnited States recognized the inde- 
 pendence of the Sandwich Isl'ds, July 6. 
 
 1844— A commercial treaty between the Uni- 
 ted States and China was concluded. 
 
 1844 — Riots in Philadelphia. Pa., in May and 
 July, resulted in the destruction of Ro- 
 man Catholic Churches. 
 
 1845— Florida, the 27th State, was admitted 
 into the Union. March 3. 
 
 1845— Sir John Franklin sailed from England 
 on his last voyage of discovery in thp 
 Arctic Regions, May 2(J. 
 
 ^ 
 
 «Tohu Tyler, lOtli President. 
 
 Willie P. Mangum, of N. C, acting Vice-Pres. and 
 President of the Senate. Hugh S. Legare, of S. C; Abel 
 P, Upshur, of Va., and John C. Calhoun, of S. C, Sec'ys 
 of State. Walter Forward, Pa., and Geo. M. Bibb, of 
 Ky., Sec'ys of Treas. John C. Spencer, of X. Y.,and 
 Wm. Wilkins. of Pa., Sec'ys of War. Abel P. Upshur, 
 of Va. ; David Henshaw. of Mass.; Thos. W. Gilmer, of 
 Ta..and John Y. Mason, of Va., Set'ysof Navy, Chas, A. 
 Wickliffe,of Ky.. Postmaster-General. Hugh S. Legare. 
 of S. C. and John Nelson, of Md., Attorneys-General. 
 John W. Jones, of Va., and Geo. W. Hopkins, of Va., 
 Speakers of House of Representatives. 
 
 1845— By a fire. Pittsburgh, Pa., had about 
 1,800 buildings destroyed, covering 56 
 acres; losses $6,000,000, April 10. 
 
 1845— A fire in New York City burned 450 
 buildings, with a loss of $6,0(X),000, 
 July 19. 
 
 Two-thirds of the city of Quebec. Can., 
 1,365 buildings, were burned. June 28. 
 
 1845 
 1^5 
 
 -1847— Captain-Gen'l Valdez, of Cuba, 
 W, I,, suppressed the slave trade in 
 that island. 
 
 1845- First Base Ball Club— the " Knicker- 
 bocker "—organized in New York City 
 in September. 
 
 1845— The Naval School of the United States 
 Government was opened at Annapolis, 
 Md., Oct. 10. 
 
 1845— Texas, the 28th State, was admitted in- 
 to the Union, having an area of 247,356 
 square miles. Dec. 29. 
 
 1845— The question of a canal across the Isth- 
 mus of Panama was discussed by the 
 Government of France. 
 
 1845— Petroleum was discovered in a salt 
 well above Pittsburgh. Pa, 
 
 1845— At the first regular regatta in America, 
 July 17, the j-acht '■ Cygnet" won the 
 race against nine othei"s. 
 
 1845— The celebi'ated "Anti-Rent" disturb- 
 ances began on the Van Rensselaer 
 estate, near Albany. N. Y.. the tenants 
 resisting the collection of tiieir rents. 
 The military and police forces, how- 
 ever, with some loss of life, overcame 
 the rioters and restored peace. 
 
 1845— France and England declare war upon 
 the Argentine Republic. S. A. 
 
 1845- Outbreak of the first war between tlK- 
 Sikhs, in India, and the English. 
 
 1845— Humboldt's great work, " The Kos- 
 
 mos," first published. 
 1845— Lake Superior copper mines developed. 
 
 I>, indicates Democrat; "W, Whig; S, Republican; A-M, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Allen. William D 
 
 Archer, William S, ..W 
 
 Ashley. Chester D 
 
 Atchison, David R D 
 
 Atherton. Chas. G D 
 
 Bagby, Arthur P D 
 
 Barrow. Alexander. .W 
 
 Bates. Isaac C W 
 
 Bayard, Rich'd H....W 
 Benton, Thomas H....D 
 
 Berrien, John M D 
 
 Breese, Sidney I) 
 
 Buchanan, James D 
 
 Choate, Rufus W 
 
 Clayton, Thos — 
 
 Colquitt, Walter T.,.D 
 Crittenden, Jno, J...D 
 
 Wavton, Wm. I W 
 
 Dickinson. Dan'l S D 
 
 Dix. .Tohn A , ..D 
 
 Evans. George W 
 
 Fairfield. John D 
 
 P'oster. Ephraim H.,W 
 
 Foster. Henry A D 
 
 Francis, Jnhn B — 
 
 Fulton, Wm. S D 
 
 llaunegan. E(lw'd A.D 
 
 Haywood, Wm. H D 
 
 Henderson. John W 
 
 Hugcr, Daniel E D 
 
 Huntington. J. W W 
 
 »Jarnig.an, Spencer.. W 
 
 JoIinsi>n. Henry W 
 
 Kintr. William K....D 
 
 I.fwis. Djx-.n H D 
 
 M'-Imilir. (;forge.,,.D 
 Manj/um, Willii- P. . .W 
 
 Merrick, Win. D W 
 
 Miller, Jacob W W 
 
 Morehead, Jas. T W 
 
 7«ile-i. John M W 
 
 Prarce, Janii-H A ^V 
 
 Phelps, Saniu. I S.,..W 
 
 I'orler, Alex. J W 
 
 Porter. AuguistU!* S..W 
 
 Riven, Wm. C D 
 
 Nemple. JaineH D 
 
 Hevior. Ambrose H D 
 
 Simmons. Jax. F. W 
 SproKUe, William D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kv. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Del... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N.J,, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Va... 
 
 K^T. 
 
 fin. 
 N. H. 
 Mass, 
 Me... 
 
 May 14, 
 
 Pn... 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 
 s.'c. 
 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 V»... 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 N'. J. 
 Ky... 
 ('onn. 
 U.O.. 
 Conn. 
 Iri-Vl. 
 X. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 Ky •■ 
 
 Tenn. 
 It. I.. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Mar. D, 
 I line 1, 
 Aug. II 
 July 4, 
 
 1806 
 I7«i 
 17SI0 
 1807 
 1804 
 1794 
 1801 
 
 state 
 Rcpre- 
 
 .Mai-. 14, 
 .\ug. 23. 
 July 1.5. 
 .April 23, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Mar. 9, 
 Dec;. 27, 
 Sept. 10, 
 (•■eb. 17, 
 Sept. 11, 
 July 24, 
 .Ian. 12. 
 Jan. 30, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Vii.. . 
 
 Ark. , 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 X. H 
 
 Ala .. 
 
 Lou. . 
 1780 Mass. 
 1796 Del... 
 1782 Mo... 
 1781, Ga.. . 
 1S(X) 111 ... 
 1791 Pa... 
 1799 Mass. 
 1758 Del. 
 1799 
 1786 
 1807 
 1800 
 1798 
 1797 
 1797 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 May 31, 
 June 2, 
 
 1704 
 179.'i 
 
 . 1801 
 . 1795 
 
 Nor. 8, 1788 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 April 7, 
 AUB. 10, 
 
 1783 
 178« 
 1802 
 17HH 
 1792 
 
 May 24, 
 
 Dec. 14. 
 May 13, 
 
 .Ian. 18, 
 May 4, 
 
 .Sept. 10, 
 
 Ga. . . 
 Ky... 
 N. J. . 
 :N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Me. . . 
 Me... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 K. I,. 
 Aik.. 
 Ind.. 
 N. C. 
 Miss. , 
 S. C. . 
 I "onn. 
 Tenn. 
 Lou.. 
 Ala .. 
 Ala .. 
 S. C. 
 N. O. 
 Md... 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Vt.... 
 
 1802 
 1797 
 1787 
 ISO.I 
 1793 
 1786 
 nns'Mlch 
 1793 Va.., 
 1800,111 .. 
 18n2,Ark. 
 179.1 It. I. 
 1800llt. I. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law^yer. . . 
 .\gricurst. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\vyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varietl .... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied ... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer,. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 July 10, 
 Mar. 28, 
 April 29, 
 Jan. lili, 
 .Nov. 1.5, 
 Sept. 21, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Mar. 16, 
 Mar. 4. 
 April 10, 
 Jan. 1 , 
 June 27, 
 June 1. 
 July 13, 
 Aug. 21, 
 May 7, 
 July 2(!, 
 Dec. 1 . 
 April 12, 
 April 21, 
 "Vprll 5. 
 Dec. 24, 
 Sept. 4, 
 
 1879 
 1855 
 1848 
 i8H6 
 18.53 
 1858 
 1846 
 1845 
 1868 
 1858 
 18.56 
 1878 
 1868 
 1859 
 1854 
 1855 
 18(i3 
 1864 
 1866 
 1879 
 1867 
 1847 
 1854 
 
 Aug. 9. 
 Aug. 15. 
 Feb. 25, 
 Oct. 6, 
 
 Aug. 18, 
 Nov. 1. 
 June 24, 
 Sept. 4, 
 April 18, 
 
 JiarVii', 
 Sept. 14, 
 Feb. 5. 
 Sept. 20, 
 Dec. 28, 
 May 31, 
 Dee. 20, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Jan. 13, 
 
 1864 
 1844 
 ia59 
 1852 
 1857 
 1854 
 1847 
 1851 
 1864 
 1853 
 
 1851 
 1861 
 1807 
 1862 
 18.54 
 1856 
 1862 
 ia55 
 1844 
 
 April 26. 1868 
 Jnn. 27, 1867 
 Dec. 21. 1848 
 July 10, 1864 
 Oct. 19, 18.58 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 State 
 Repre- 
 Hcnied. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 
 Died. 
 
 sturgeon, Daniel. .. .,D 
 
 Pa. . . ' 
 
 Oct. 27, 
 
 1789:Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 3, 
 
 1878 
 
 Tallniadge, Nath'lP.D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 
 1795 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 
 1864 
 
 Taiipiin. Benjamin. ..D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 May 25, 
 
 1773l0hio. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 April 12 
 
 18.57 
 
 Uphnm. William. ..W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Aug. — , 
 
 17921 Vt ... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 14 
 
 1853 
 
 ■Walker. l!..b't J D 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 July 19, 
 
 1801, Miss . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 11 
 
 1869 
 
 White. Allxrt S.,, ..W 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Dct. 24, 
 
 18113 Ind . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 4. 
 
 1864 
 
 Wot.dbiiilde, Wm....— 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 1780 Mich. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Oct. 20. 
 
 1861 
 
 ■VVo.Kiburv. Levi D 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dee. 22, 
 
 1789 N. H, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. 7. 
 
 1851 
 
 Wright, Silas D 
 
 Mass, 
 
 May 24, 
 
 1795iN. Y. 
 
 L.awyer. . , 
 
 Aug. 27 
 
 1847 
 
 Total Senators, 59. Lawyers, S8. Jurists, 11. Varied, 6. Occupation 
 Unknown, 2. Agriculturist, 1. Merchant,!. Foreign Born, 1: Including 
 Ireland, 1. 
 
 Abbott, Amos W 
 
 Adams. John Q W 
 
 Anderson, Joseph H..D 
 Arrington, Areh'dH..D 
 
 Ashe, John B W 
 
 Atkinson. Archibald. W 
 
 Baker, Osniyn W 
 
 Barniird. Dan'l D W 
 
 llarringer. D. M W 
 
 Dnyley. Thos. H D 
 
 Beardslev. Samuel. ..D 
 
 lielser, Jas. F. D 
 
 Benton. C:has. S D 
 
 Bidlack. Ben.1. A D 
 
 niiiek, F.dw'il J W 
 
 Black, James D 
 
 Black. James A D 
 
 Blaekwell. Julius W..D 
 
 Bossier. Pierre E D 
 
 Bower, Gustjivus B. . . D 
 
 Bowlin, James B D 
 
 Boyd. Linn D 
 
 Brengle. Krnneis W 
 
 BrinkerholT. H. II.... D 
 Bi inkerhoir. Jacob... D 
 Bfodhend. Hichard...D 
 
 Blown. Aaron V D 
 
 Brown. .Toi"emiah....W 
 
 Brown. Milton W 
 
 Brown. Wllllani J....D 
 Bulllngton, Joseph... 5V 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. 0. 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. 0. 
 Pa.. . 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 IVa... 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 July 11, 
 
 1786 
 1767 
 
 Sept. 13, 
 May 18. 
 July 16, 
 July -, 
 Dec. 11, 
 
 1792 
 I8(») 
 1797 
 1806 
 1810 
 
 .1806 
 
 , 1793 
 
 . 1804 
 , 1800 
 . 1806 
 .1788 
 
 
 Aug. IS, 
 Nov. 22, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. O. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ala... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Qa. . . 
 
 Pa... 
 C. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mil... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 ;Pa... 
 
 1795 Tenn. 
 1782 1 Pa.. . 
 
 iTenn. 
 
 1805ilnd .. 
 :Pa. ,. 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 I'nknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. .. 
 
 I Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 [Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agrienl'st. 
 Unknown, 
 Agrienl'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 2, 1868 
 Feb. 23, 1848 
 
 Jan. — , 1858 
 Jan. 10, 1872 
 Feb. 9. 1875 
 April 24, 1861 
 
 June 23, 1856 
 May 6. 1860 
 Jan. 16, 18,59 
 
 Feb. 0, 1849 
 1846 
 
 April 3, 1848 
 April24,'l844 
 
 Dec. 16, 18.59 
 Dec. 10. 1846 
 April 30, 1844 
 
 Sept. 17, 1863 
 Mar. 8, 1859 
 Mar. 2, 1848 
 
 Mar. 18, 185" 
 
 — O.' ^
 
 Iluilii', KcImhiihI 1) 
 
 II. nc. ViiHistiuil I) 
 
 «';,l.l».ll, c;,.,i. A I) 
 
 CuiiiplMll. John 1) 
 
 Ciiify, Jfrciiiliili K,..I) 
 
 CarpentiT. Levi U I) 
 
 CiuToll. Chaa. H W 
 
 r'..i\'. Klicpard D 
 
 I'Htiiii, licoi-fe'i'S D 
 
 CniMM. .1. M. S W 
 
 rliii|i.ii:iii, AUB. A D 
 
 ('li.ijiniiiii. Hi'uhpn,..T) 
 ('li;i|il»ll. Ahsjiloin,.W 
 
 C'liiltijii. Samuel W 
 
 Cli.iili, Diiiiciiii L....VV 
 riiiik'iii.iii. Thus. L...W 
 
 Clint. -n. James G D 
 
 c.hli, Il.nvell D 
 
 Culi's. Walter D 
 
 ([■oIlaiiK^r, Jacob W 
 
 Cransl.m, Henry Y. .W 
 
 Ciiiss, K.lward D 
 
 ('.ill.irti, Alvan D 
 
 l»:iri.i, Amasa D 
 
 I la II if I,. 1 no. R.J D 
 
 Darratjh. Cornelius. .W 
 
 D.ivis. Garrett W 
 
 liavis, John W D 
 
 liavis. Richard D D 
 
 liawson. .lohoB D 
 
 Itt-an. Kzra D 
 
 n.-berrv. Edmund. . . .W 
 
 liillit. .lames W 
 
 ln.liev. .lohn W 
 
 lii.kin>on. D. W W 
 
 Uillinilliam, Paul D 
 
 U.i.li,-.-. Auk. C D 
 
 II. ..lu'.', Henrv D 
 
 liiMii.-l,.s. Stephen A..D 
 !ii.,mt-.i.3U-. Geo. C...D 
 IMmran. Alexander. .W 
 
 IliiiilMii, Kob'tP W 
 
 Elll.^.chesselden D 
 
 Elini-r. Lucius Q. C...D 
 
 F.u-le.'. Isaac G — 
 
 Fiiklin. Orlando B...D 
 
 Fish. Hamilton W 
 
 Florence. Elias W 
 
 Foot, Solomon W 
 
 Foster. Henr,v D D 
 
 French. Richard D 
 
 Frick. Henry W 
 
 Fuller. George D 
 
 Oid.iinps. Joshua R.. A 
 
 liiliiKT, Thos. W W 
 
 (iOKfc-in. Wm. L W 
 
 Gic' n, Bvram D 
 
 Green, Willis W 
 
 Grider, Henry W 
 
 Grinnell, Joseph W 
 
 Hale, John P D 
 
 Hamlin, Edward S. , .— 
 
 Hamlin, H innibal D 
 
 Hammett, Wiu.'H D 
 
 Haralson. Hugh A D 
 
 Hardin. John J W 
 
 Harper. Alexander. .W 
 
 Hays. Samuel L D 
 
 Henley. Thomas J D 
 
 Herrick. Joshua D 
 
 Hoge. Joseph P D 
 
 Holmes. Isaac E D 
 
 Hopkins, Geo. W D 
 
 Houston, George S, ,.D 
 Hubard, Edmund W. ,D 
 
 Hubhell, Wm. S D 
 
 Hudson. Charles W 
 
 Hughes. Jas. M D 
 
 Hungerford, Ol-\'ille. .D 
 
 Hunt, James B D 
 
 Hunt. Wa.shington. ,W 
 
 Iiig.rsoli, Chas. J D 
 
 Int-.'.^iill. Joseph R.W 
 
 Irviii. James W 
 
 flamcs'.n, John D 
 
 .lenks. Michael H....W 
 
 Johnson, Andrew D 
 
 Johnson, Cave D 
 
 Jnhns.,.i, Perley B...W 
 
 J..ii.«, I W D 
 
 J..ii.'^. J.ihii W D 
 
 K'Miiie.ly, Andrew... D 
 Kennedy. John P. . . .w 
 
 King. Daniel P W 
 
 King. Preston D 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Littlet'n.D 
 I.,abranche. Alcee. . . .D 
 
 Leonard. Moses G D 
 
 Levv. David D 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H D 
 
 Lucas, William D 
 
 Lumpkin, John H D 
 
 Lvon. Lucius D 
 
 M. I 'Ill-leu, Wm. CD 
 
 M.ll.lland.Rob't D 
 
 Mi.cl.rnand. John A.D 
 
 Vt . . 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Ky,, 
 
 s. c, 
 
 R, I 
 X. Y 
 
 Md,. 
 Me.. 
 Conn, 
 Md,,. 
 Va... 
 Va, . . 
 Oa,., 
 Va. .. 
 N. O. 
 N. C. 
 N, Y. 
 Ga. ,. 
 Va.., 
 N. Y, 
 R. I,. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky.,, 
 
 N, C. 
 Pa.., 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Tenn, 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn 
 Mass. 
 Mo.. 
 Ind. 
 Vt.. 
 Va.. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1809 
 
 April 30, 1803 
 Juiie 7,' ' 1794 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 Sept. 7, 1815 
 
 1789 
 
 1792 
 
 Oct, 9, 1789 
 
 Me,. 
 N. Y 
 
 N.J. 
 
 N. J., 
 Ky.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va.., 
 Vt ,., 
 Pa.,, 
 Ky,,, 
 Pa.,, 
 Pa... 
 Pa, ,, 
 Va,. 
 Va,. 
 N. Y, 
 Va. ., 
 Ky.. 
 Mass, 
 N. H 
 
 1809 
 . 1811 
 . 1816 
 . 1806 
 
 1804 
 1798 
 
 N, H. 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Ky,,. 
 
 S, C. , 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Mo,,. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Md.., 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 N. C 
 
 N, Y 
 
 Ga,. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Vt.. 
 
 R. I., 
 
 Ark. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 N. C, 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Sept. 10, ISnl Ky.. 
 
 July 17, 17!l»ilnd.. 
 
 In, y, 
 
 1800 Lou,, 
 Ohio, 
 N, C. 
 Ala,.. 
 Pa. ,. 
 Tenn 
 Vt .,, 
 .va. 
 Wis,, 
 111,,. 
 Va, . , 
 Ohio, 
 .Me,,, 
 N, Y, 
 N, J. 
 N. J.. 
 111. 
 
 1791 
 Aug. 14, 1787 
 1788 
 
 1807 
 
 Aug. 6, 1800 
 Jan. 2, 1812 
 Oct. 12, 1782 
 .4pril23, 1813 
 
 Dec, 16. 1808 
 Aug. 3 - " 
 
 Nov. 19, 1802 
 Dec. 19, 1812 
 
 Oct. 6, 1795 
 
 May 31, 1807 
 
 July 16, 1796 
 Nov. 17, 1788 
 Mar, 31, 1806 
 
 Me,, 
 
 Va. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Ohio 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 5Ia.ss. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Pa.,, 
 
 Pa . . , 
 
 Pa.., 
 
 Ky,., 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J. 
 Lou.. 
 Conn. 
 W. I. 
 
 Aug. 27, 1809 
 
 Not. 13, 1805 
 1810 
 
 1810 
 
 Mar. 18, 1793 
 
 Va. . , 
 C,a. . 
 'vt.. 
 Ohio 
 Pa.. 
 Ky.. 
 
 1808;n. Y, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Vt ... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Miss. . 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 111... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Me... 
 
 111. .. 
 April fi, 1796 S. C. . 
 Feb. 22. ISOtlVa... 
 Jan. 17. 1811 Ala.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 In. Y. 
 
 Nov. 14, 1795iMass. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 17901n. Y. 
 
 1799, Mich. 
 
 Aug. 5 . 1811 In. Y. 
 Oct. 3. 1782, Pa. .. 
 June 14, 1786 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pla., 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mich 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 Aug. 1, 1807 Mich, 
 May 30, 1812 111, ,. 
 
 May 21, 1795 
 Dec. 29, 1808 
 Jan, 11, 1793 
 
 Mar, 15, 1806 
 
 1810 
 
 Oct, 25, 1795 
 
 1800 
 
 Oct, 14, 1806 
 
 1811 
 
 Aug, 10, 1802 
 
 June 13, 1812 
 
 Varied,,. . 
 awyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricill'st. 
 
 Jurl.st 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law.ver... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Un known. 
 Soldier.. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer,, , 
 
 Pliysiclan 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Surveyor. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Clergyni'n 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 ^Unknown. 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Law^'er. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied — 
 La^vyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied,... 
 Lawyer., . 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Surveyor, 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Varied 
 
 Sept. 17, 1866 
 May 19, 1845 
 
 June 8, 1865 
 Aug. 12, 1866 
 Dee. 26, 1851 
 Jan. 30, 1861 
 
 Jan. 14, 1867 
 Nov. 27, 1849 
 
 Oct. 9, 1868 
 Nov. 9, 1857 
 Nov. 9. 1865 
 Feb. 12, 1864 
 
 Jan, 20. 1855 
 Sept, 22, 1872 
 Aug, 22, 1859 
 
 j'uiie'21!,' i'&is 
 
 Dec. 12, 1859 
 Dec, 21, 1848 
 Mar. 14, 18,53 
 April 27, 1845 
 
 Nov, 'in', 'l 883 
 July 19, 18fi7 
 Jiuie 3, ISfil 
 April 27, 1847 
 Mar, 2, 18,52 
 Oct. 20, 1859 
 
 Mar, 28, 1866 
 
 Mar. I, 1844 
 
 May 27, 1864 
 Feb. 28, 1844 
 Jan. 5, 1870 
 
 Sept. 14, 1866 
 Nov.'isji'OTS 
 
 Oct. 6, 18,54 
 Feb, 27, 1847 
 
 Aug, 30, 1874 
 
 Feb, 25, 1867 
 Mar, 2, 1861 
 
 .\pril 6, 1855 
 Aug, 15, 1857 
 Feb, 2, 1867 
 May 14. 1862 
 Feb. 20, 1868 
 
 Oct. 16. 1867 
 July 31, 1875 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 
 .Tan. 29,1848 
 Dec. 31, 1847 
 Aug. 18. 1R70 
 July 25. 18,50 
 Nov. 13. 1865 
 Aug. 15, 1859 
 
 Oct. 25, 1848 
 
 June 6. 1860 
 ;Sept.25, 1851 
 
 McConnell, Fclljt G.,,D 
 
 McDowell, Jos. J D 
 
 Mcllvaine, A. R W 
 
 Mt^Kay, James J D 
 
 Maclay, Wm, B D 
 
 Marsh. George P W 
 
 Mathews, James D 
 
 Mlllen, John D 
 
 Moore, Heman A D 
 
 Moi-rls, Edward J,,, W 
 
 Morris, Joseph D 
 
 Morse, Freeman H , , , W 
 
 Morse, Isaac E D 
 
 Moseley, Wm, A W 
 
 Mnrphy, Henry C D 
 
 Nes, Henry — 
 
 Newton, Willoughhy W 
 
 Norris, Moses D 
 
 Owen,I!ob't Dale D 
 
 Parmenter, Wni D 
 
 Patterson, Thos, J. , . W 
 Payne. William W.,.D 
 
 Pettit, John D 
 
 Peyton, Joseph H W 
 
 Phoenix, J, Phillips. .W 
 
 Pollock. James W 
 
 Potter, EUsha R 'VV 
 
 Potter, Emery D D 
 
 Pratt. Zadok D 
 
 Preston. Jacob A W 
 
 Purdy, Smith M D 
 
 Ramsay, Alex W 
 
 Rathbun. George D 
 
 Rayner. Kenneth W 
 
 Read, Almon H D 
 
 Reding. John R D 
 
 Reed. Chas, M W 
 
 Reid, Davids D 
 
 Relfe, James H D 
 
 Rhett,Rob't B D 
 
 Ritter, John D 
 
 Roberts, Rob't W D 
 
 Robinson, Orville D 
 
 Rockwell, Julius W 
 
 Rodney, George B.,.W 
 
 Rogers. Charles W 
 
 Russell, Jeremiah D 
 
 St, John, Henry D 
 
 Sample, Sam'l C W 
 
 Saunders, Rom, M D 
 
 Schenck, Rob't C,,.,W 
 
 Sen ter, William T W 
 
 Severance, Luther, ..W 
 
 Seymour, David T D 
 
 Seymour, Thos. H P 
 
 Simons. Samuel D 
 
 Simpson: Richard T. .D 
 
 Slidell, John D 
 
 Smith, Albert W 
 
 Smith, Caleb B W 
 
 Smith. JohnT — 
 
 Smith, Robert D 
 
 Smith, Thoma-s D 
 
 Spence, Thos, A W 
 
 Steenrod, Lewis D 
 
 Stephens, Alex, H W 
 
 Stetson, Lemuel D 
 
 Stewart. Andrew D 
 
 Stewart, John — 
 
 Stiles. Wm, H D 
 
 Stone, Alfred P D 
 
 Stone, James W D 
 
 Strong, Selah B D 
 
 Summers, Geo, W. . .W 
 
 Sykes, George D 
 
 Taylor. William D 
 
 Tho'masson, Wm, P, . W 
 
 Thompson. Jacob D 
 
 Tibbatts. John W D 
 
 Tilden. Daniel R W 
 
 Tucker, Tighlman M.D 
 
 Tyler, .\sher W 
 
 Vance. Joseph W 
 
 Vanmeter, John J...W 
 
 Vinton. Sanmel F W 
 
 ■Weller, John B D 
 
 Wentworth. John D 
 
 Wethered. John ~ 
 
 Wheaton. Horace D 
 
 White, Benjamin D 
 
 W^hite, John W 
 
 Wilkins. William D 
 
 Williams, Henry D 
 
 VVinthrop, Rob't 0, ..W 
 
 Wise, Henry A W' 
 
 Woodward, Jos, A D 
 
 Wright, Joseph A,,.,D 
 
 Wright, William W 
 
 Yancey, William L, ,D 
 Yost, Jacobs D 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Y. 
 Vt.... 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 Vt . . . 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Lou.. 
 
 Ala.. 
 Ohio. 
 Aug. 14, 18IM Pa. . . 
 . 1793 N. C. 
 . 1815 N.Y.. 
 Mar. 15, 1801 iVt.... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1804 Ga... 
 1810 Ohio. 
 July 16, 1815 Pa.. . 
 Oct. 16. 1795;ohio. 
 Feb. 18, 1807!Me . . . 
 May 22, 1809 Lou.. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1810:N. Y. 
 1799 Pa. .. 
 Va. 
 
 Sept. 10, 1846 
 
 Nov. 8. 1799 
 Nov. 7. 1801 
 Mar. 30, 1789 
 
 Jan. 2, 1807 
 July 24, 1807 
 1813 
 
 June 20, 181 1 
 Oct. 30,' 1790 
 
 Sept. 8, 1815 
 
 , 1808 
 ,1790 
 
 June i: 
 
 April 19, 1813 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Scot.. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 S. C.Dec. 24, 1800 
 
 Pa... Feb. 6, 1779 
 
 Del ., 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Conn 
 
 Del.. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. C. Mar. — , 1791 
 
 Ohio.lOct. 4, 1809 
 
 Tenn 180:- 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 
 April 26, 1805 
 1803 
 
 Oct. 28. 1797 
 Dec. 2, 1803 
 
 1808 
 
 1777 
 
 June 12, 1802 
 
 1800 
 
 Feb. 20, 1810 
 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 t)hio. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio . 
 N. H. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass 
 
 :va... 
 
 IS. C. 
 iPa. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 . 1793 
 
 April 16, 1808 
 
 Feb. 11, 1812 
 
 1792 
 . 1791 
 
 1818 
 
 May 1, 1792 
 
 N. H. 
 Ind.. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala.. 
 Ind . . 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 K. 1.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Md.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 C. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Mo. . . 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Miss,, 
 N, Y, 
 Mass, 
 Del.,, 
 N. Y, 
 X. Y, 
 Ohio, 
 Ind ,, 
 N, C. 
 Ohio, 
 Tenn, 
 Me... 
 N. Y 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. . 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind .. 
 Pa.. . 
 111.... 
 Inil .. 
 Md. .. 
 Va. . . 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 
 May 15, 1810 
 180:- 
 
 Ky... 
 N. C, 
 Ky,,, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Miss. 
 
 May 10. 1798 N. Y, 
 Mar. 21, 178B Ohio, 
 
 Ohio 
 Sept. 25, 1792 Ohio 
 
 Ohio 
 
 111... 
 
 Md.. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Me.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Pa, 
 
 Mar, 5 , 1815 
 
 1805 
 
 1779 
 
 Nov, — . 1804 Mass 
 May 12, 1809iMas,s 
 Dec, 3, 1806'|Va,,, 
 
 S, C, 
 
 .Ipril 17, 1810 Ind, 
 1794 N, J. 
 
 Ga. .. Aug. 18, 1814 Ala. 
 
 Pa. ..( 1801:Pa.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law.ver... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 La .vyer. . . , 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Phyilcinn 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 'Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 I.awyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 ISfniU'tOr 
 .Lawyer... 
 iPhyslclan 
 Law.ver... 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Ijiwyer... 
 JUnknown. 
 jUnknown. 
 Unknown. 
 I'liknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 JouiTialist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 .Mechanic. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 -\gricursl. 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 j Unknown. 
 1 Lawyer. . . 
 iLawyer. . . 
 'Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 I Lawyer... 
 '.Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 I'nknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 ; Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 jMechanic. 
 
 .[Varied 
 
 . lUnknown. 
 
 Aug. 14. 
 Sept. 14, 
 
 July 24, 
 
 i86.'< 
 18.'>:i 
 1882 
 1882 
 
 Oct. 15, 
 April 3, 
 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 Oel. 23, 1854 
 
 Feb. II 
 Nov. 19, 
 
 1868 
 1873 
 
 Sept. 10, 1850 
 
 Jan. 11. 
 June 24, 
 Feb. 25, 
 
 18.55 
 1877 
 1866 
 
 June 17, 1877 
 Nov. 12, 1845 
 May 4, 18.59 
 
 April 6, 1S71 
 
 June 3, 1844 
 bec.'l'6,"l8ri 
 
 Sept. 14. 1876 
 Nov. 24. 1851 
 
 April21,18e7 
 
 Aug. 28. 
 Jan. 25, 
 Oct. 11. 
 Sept. 3. 
 Jan. 13. 
 
 jil'ly 29,' 
 
 jan^ 'si ' 
 
 1849 
 1&55 
 
 1867 
 IStW 
 1847 
 
 'i8'-?i 
 
 Dec. 21, 
 Nov.'io,' 
 
 Mar. 4. 1883 
 
 July 16. 
 .Sept. 16. 
 Dec. 10. 
 Aug. 1. 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 1872 
 1860 
 1865 
 1865 
 I&54 
 
 Jan. 17, 1846 
 
 July 5. 18.52 
 
 Apiil 30. 18.59 
 Aug. 10. 1875 
 Aug. 26, 1851 
 
 May — , 1862 
 Aug. 7. 1875 
 
 Sept. 22. 18)5 
 June 23, 186S 
 
 Sept. 5, 1876 
 
 May II. 1867 
 Nov. 1. 1866 
 July 28, 18(>3 
 Mar. 7. 1872 
 
 Total Representatives. S37. Lawyers. »3. Occupation Unknown. •»». 
 Varied. SO. .Agriculturists. 9. Jurists. 8. Physicians. S. Merchants. 6. 
 Journalists, 5. Mechanics. S. Clergymen. 8. Surveyors, 2. Soldier,!. 
 Steamboat-Owner. 1. Foreign Bom, 4: Including Ireland, 2; Scotland, 1: 
 
 West Indies, 1.
 
 Twenty-ninth Congress of the United States, from 184-5 to 1847, 
 
 1845— General Taylor, with about 4.0()0 
 troops, was stationed at Corpus Christi, 
 Tex., to resist Mexican ouiriiyes. 
 
 1846— The French Government authorized an 
 organization for cutting a canal across 
 the Isthmus at Panama. 
 
 1»46— The first loss of life in the Mexican 
 troubles occurred on the Texas border, 
 March 28. 
 
 1846— War was declared against Mexico by 
 the United States, May 11. 
 
 1846— General Taylor invaded Mexico with 
 his army. May 18. 
 
 1846 — Mexico declared war upon the United 
 States, May 28. 
 
 1846— The Northwestern boundary between 
 the United States and the British Pos- 
 sessions was established. June 15. 
 
 1846— Hon. David Wilmot introduced his 
 famous '• Wilmot Proviso " into Con- 
 gress, that no slavery shouM exist in 
 anj' new territory ae<iuired by the Uni- 
 ted States. It passed the House, but 
 failed to become a law. 
 
 1846— New Tariff Laws passed by Congress, 
 July 3. 
 
 1846— Elias Howe, of Cambridge, Mass., pat- 
 ented his invention of the Sewing-ma- 
 chine. Sept. 10. 
 
 1846— Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, admitted 
 into the Union, Dec. 28. 
 
 1846 — A great famine in Ireland appeals to 
 the sympathy and aid of the American 
 people, who generously respond. 
 
 1846— Repeal of the celebrated English Corn 
 Laws. 
 
 1846 — The planet Neptune discovered. 
 
 1846 — The use of anaesthetics introduced in 
 Boston by Dr. Morton. 
 
 =^ 
 
 James K. Polk, 11th President. 
 
 Geo. M. Dallas, of Pa., Vice-Pres, JaiiiPS Buchanan, 
 of Pa., Sec'y of State. Itob't J. Walkir, of Miss., Sec'y 
 of Treas. TV"m. L. Marcy. of N. Y., Sec'y of War. Geo. 
 Bancroft, of Mass., and John T. 5Iason, of Va.,Sec'ys 
 of Navy. Cave Johnson, of Tenn., Postmaster-General. 
 John Y. Mason, of Va., and Nathan Clifford, of Me., 
 Attorneys-General. John W. Davis, of Ind., Speaker 
 of House of Representatives. 
 
 1847— Famine in Ireland severely continues. 
 
 1847— First newspaper published at San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal, — *' The California Star," 
 Jan, 9. 
 
 1&47— The Hattle of Buena Vista, between 
 20.(_»<)<' .Mt.\K ms. under Santa .\iiiia, and 
 5.tX_M.i AiiiericanN. under General Taylor, 
 was fou^i^lit. Listing nil day, with a loss 
 of 2.(XKJ Mexicans and 746 Americans, 
 Feb. 2a. 
 
 1847— The Uniied States Congress appropria- 
 ted funds for the life-saving service at 
 lighthouse btations on American coasts, 
 March 3. 
 
 1S47— General Scott's victory at Cerro Gordo, 
 Mexico. April 18. 
 
 1847—10.000 Mormon emigranlsfrom Illinois, 
 led by Brighaiii Young, entered Deseret 
 (now Utah) and founded Salt Lake 
 City. 
 
 1847— Battle of Contreras. Mexico, between 
 the American troops, under General 
 Smith, and the Mexican army, 6.1XX) 
 strong, under General Valencia. The 
 Americans capture*! 80 officers, 2,000 
 privatesoldiersand33cannon, Aug. 21. 
 
 1847- Battle of Molinos del Rey, between 
 4.000 Americans and 14.0IA) Mexicans 
 under Santa Aiin.n. Af'er a si oi t but 
 bloody I ght, the Mexicans were driven 
 from their positions, with a loss of 
 6,000 men; American loss, 800 men, 
 Sept. 8. 
 
 1847— General Scott, with his troops, assault- 
 ed the castle of Chapultepec. the last 
 stronghold of the Mexicans in the vicin- 
 ity of the City of Mexico, and routed 
 the Mexican forces with great slaught- 
 er, Sept. 13. 
 
 1847— General Scott captured the City of 
 Mexico. Sei:t. 14. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat; W, Whig; R, Republican; A-M, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist; X-A, Native-American. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 i 
 
 Allen. William D 
 
 Archer, "William S...W 
 
 Ashley, Chester D 
 
 Atchison, David R...D 
 
 Atherton, Chas, G D 
 
 Badger, Geo. E W 
 
 Bagby, Arthur P D 
 
 Barrow, .Alexander. .W 
 Benton. Thomas H.. . .D 
 
 Berrien, John M W 
 
 Breese, Sidney D 
 
 Bright. Jesse D D 
 
 BncTlianan, James D 
 
 Butler, Andrew P D 
 
 Calhoun, John C I> 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 C.ass, Lewis D 
 
 Chalmers, Joa. W D 
 
 Cilley, Joseph D 
 
 Clayton, John M W 
 
 Clayton, Thos — 
 
 Colquitt, Walter T...D 
 
 Corwin, Thomas W 
 
 Crittenden, Jno. J. ..D 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 IXayton, Wni. I,. R 
 
 Dickinson. D.in"l S D 
 
 Dix. John A .D 
 
 Evans. Geor^^e W 
 
 Fairfield. .lohn D 
 
 Oreene. Albert C . W 
 Haiin.-k-an. KilwM A.O 
 Haywood. Win. II.... D 
 
 Houston. S.aniuel D 
 
 lIuTitink-ton.,!. W....W 
 •larnigan, S|ieMcer..W 
 
 Jenness. B^nj. W — 
 
 Johnson, Henry W 
 
 Johnson, Reverdy. ..W 
 
 I^ewis, Dixon H D 
 
 McllulBc, George D 
 
 Manirum, Willie P. ..W 
 
 Mason, James M W 
 
 Miller. Jacob W W 
 
 Morehead. Jas, T W 
 
 Niles.John M W 
 
 Hearce, James A .... W 
 
 Peniiybacker, I. .S D 
 
 Phelps. Samuel S....W 
 
 Rusk. Thomas J D 
 
 Sempie. James D 
 
 Sevier, Ambrose H D 
 
 Simmons, Jas. K W 
 
 Sonle, I'len-e D 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Ky. 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 S. C. 
 S. c. 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 
 Born. 
 
 Mar. 5. 
 June 1. 
 Aug. 11. 
 July 4. 
 April 13, 
 
 Mar. H, 
 Aug, 23, 
 July I.'J, 
 Dec. 18, 
 April 23, 
 Nov. 19. 
 Mar. IS, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 H. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Del... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 S. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Me... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Tonn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oa. .. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va.. 
 
 M. J. . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 n. O. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Fran. 
 
 StAie 
 Reprc- 
 UDted, 
 
 1,106 Ohio. 
 ITSalVa... 
 17tK-l|Ai-k.. 
 1.SU7 Mo... 
 I.SIUJ.N. H. 
 17a.j|.N'. C. 
 17y4 Ala. . 
 
 1801 
 I7.S2 
 I78I 
 I.SUO 
 IS12 
 I79I 
 1796 
 1782 
 1799 
 1782 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 July 24, 
 Mar. », 
 Dec. 27, 
 July 29, 
 Se|it. 10, 
 Jan. 13, 
 Veh. 17, 
 Sept. 1 1 . 
 July 24, 
 Jan. 12, 
 Jan. 30, 
 
 I79I 
 
 1796 
 
 175S 
 
 I 
 
 1794 
 
 17S6 
 
 1787 
 
 1K()7 
 
 Lou. . 
 Mo.. . 
 Ga.. . 
 Ill ... 
 Ind .. 
 Pa.. . 
 S. C. . 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mich. 
 Miss . 
 N. H. 
 Del.,, 
 lleL.. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N.J 
 
 1»00[N. Y. 
 
 179s;n. y. 
 
 I7il7 Mo. . 
 
 .Mar. 2, 
 Nov, 8, 
 
 17 
 1792 
 
 'isiii 
 
 1793 
 1788 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 May 21, 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 1783 
 
 1 
 
 1802 
 
 1788 
 
 1792 
 
 Nov, 3, 1798 
 , 1802 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 May ia. 
 
 Me. 
 R. I.. 
 Ind . . 
 N. C.. 
 
 Tex .. 
 Conn . 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 l.on. . 
 Ml... 
 Ma .. 
 S, C. 
 
 V. c. 
 Va... 
 N. J. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 
 1787 
 IRO.'i 
 1806 
 1793 Vt , 
 'Tex 
 
 1800 111 , 
 181)2 Ark 
 1795 H. 1 
 
 1801 Lou 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 Varied .... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Soldier .. . 
 Jurist .... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Law>*cr. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 La%vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.., 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 rnknown. 
 Varied,.., 
 Lnwyer. .. 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied ... 
 Lawver... 
 
 July III 
 .Vur. 28, 
 April 29. 
 Jan. 215, 
 Nov. 15, 
 May II, 
 Sept. 21, 
 Die. 29, 
 April 10, 
 Jan. I, 
 June 27, 
 May 20, 
 June I. 
 May 2.'i. 
 Mar. 31, 
 
 June 17, 1866 
 
 1879 
 185.5 
 1848 
 1886 
 1853 
 1865 
 1858 
 IS46 
 1858 
 1856 
 1878 
 1875 
 1868 
 1857 
 1850 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 
 1856 
 
 Aug. 21 
 
 18,54 
 
 May 7. 
 
 1855 
 
 Deo. 18 
 
 1865 
 
 July 26. 
 
 1863 
 
 April 19 
 
 1854 
 
 Dec. 1, 
 
 1864 
 
 April 12 
 
 I8U; 
 
 April 21 
 
 1879 
 
 April 5, 
 
 I8C7 
 
 Dec. 24 
 
 1847 
 
 Jan. 8. 
 
 1863 
 
 Feb. 25 
 
 ia'9 
 
 Oct. 6. 
 
 18,52 
 
 July 25 
 
 18C3 
 
 Nov. I, 
 
 1847 
 
 June 24 
 
 I85I 
 
 Sept. 4, 
 
 1864 
 
 Feb. 10, 
 
 1K7fi 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 1848 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 1851 
 
 Sept. 14 
 
 I86I 
 
 April 28 
 
 1871 
 
 Sept. 20 
 
 1862 
 
 May 
 Deo. 
 Jan. 
 Mar. 
 July 
 Jan. 
 Dec. 
 July 
 Mar. 
 
 31. lasB 
 
 20, 1862 
 12. 1847 
 25, 18,55 
 29. 1856 
 27, 1867 
 
 21, 1848 
 
 10, ia«4 
 
 16, 1870 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wiirre 
 Bom. 
 
 1 1 btaU 
 
 When Com. , Rcpte- 
 
 1 seated. 
 
 Occupation 
 
 WlenPled. 
 
 Speight, Jesse 
 
 D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept. 22. 
 
 1705 Miss. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 y.ay 5 
 
 1847 
 
 Sturgeon. Itaniel... 
 
 1) 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Oct. 27, 
 
 1789 Pa. . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 July 3," 
 
 1878 
 
 Turney, Hopkins L 
 
 D 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Oct. 3, 
 
 1797 
 
 Tenn 
 
 
 Aug. 1, 
 Jan. 14 
 
 18,57 
 
 "Upham, William.. 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Aug. — , 
 
 1792 
 
 Vt ., 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1853 
 
 ■Walker, Rob't J. . . 
 
 .D 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 'July 19. 
 
 LSOl 
 
 Miss 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 11 
 
 1869 
 
 Web.ster, Daniel.... 
 
 VV 
 
 N. H, 
 
 'Jan. 18, 
 
 1782 Mass 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 1RV2 
 
 Westcott. James D. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va, . 
 
 May -, 
 
 It^nilFl.a.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Woodbridge, \\ ni... 
 
 — 
 
 Conn 
 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 iT.'-niJlich. 
 
 Juri:t 
 
 Oct. 20, 
 
 1861 
 
 WoodbuiT, Levi 
 
 .1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 1789 N. H. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 1851 
 
 Xulee, David L 
 
 .D 
 
 W. I. 
 
 
 I8I1 Fla.. 
 
 Varied... . 
 
 
 
 Total Senators, C-1. Lai^-yers, 38. Jurists, 13. Varied, '7. Occupation 
 Unknown, 4. Agritulturist, 1. Soldier, 1. Foreign Bom, 3: Including 
 France, I ; West Indies, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVCG. 
 
 WbeQ Qcm. 
 
 tUpre- Oci'U patio r 
 
 Abbott, Amos W 
 
 Adams, John Q W 
 
 Adams, Stephen D 
 
 Anderson, Joseph H..D 
 
 Arnold. Lem'l H — 
 
 Ashinun, George W 
 
 Atkinson. Archibald..]) 
 
 Baker. EdWd P W 
 
 Barringer. D. M W 
 
 Baylcy, Thos. H I> 
 
 Bedinger, Henrv D 
 
 Bell, Joshua V W 
 
 Benton, Chas. S D 
 
 Bigg-*. Asa 1) 
 
 Black, James D 
 
 Black. James A D 
 
 BIan<'hard, John W 
 
 Bnwilcn, Frank W D 
 
 Bowlin, James B 1> 
 
 Bo;>'d. Linn D 
 
 BnnkerholT, Jacob... D 
 Hroi-kciibrough, W. 11. D 
 RiMdlKMiii. l;ichard...D 
 
 Itn.wii. Milton W 
 
 Brown. William 0....D 
 BufTlntrton, Joseph... W 
 
 Blirt. Armistead D 
 
 CabcM. E. C W 
 
 Campbell, John TI..N-A 
 Campbell. Wm. W.N-A 
 Cn rroII.ChiuIcsH...W 
 Cathcart.Chas. W...D 
 
 Chapman. Anjf. A I) 
 
 Chapman, John G...W 
 Chapman, Ucutien..,!) 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Eiiff'd 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 i::: 
 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 S C. 
 Vt . . . 
 Ala... 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 July 11, 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Dec, 25, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Feb. 24, 
 July -, 
 Dec 11, 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 
 Pa..., 
 Ohio 
 Vn... 
 
 is. C. 
 Va . . 
 Pa 
 
 Not. 28, 
 
 Sept. 25, 
 
 N. Y. June 10, 
 Md...:June 7, 
 
 Mad'a 
 
 Va...i 
 
 |Md...lJuly 5, 
 
 1786 Mass. 
 1767 Mass. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1792 R. I.. 
 1804IMass. 
 1792|Va. .. 
 181 1 'ill. .. 
 1806 N. C. 
 1810 Va. .. 
 
 1810 Va. ., 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1811 N. C. 
 Pa.. . 
 
 1793 S. C. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 1804 Mo... 
 
 1800 Kv... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1813 Fl.a... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1801 Va. .. 
 
 Pa . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1817 Fla... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1806 N. Y. 
 
 1794 N. Y. 
 1809 Ind .. 
 18 1« Va... 
 1798 Md... 
 18116 Ala .. 
 
 ■Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 ITnknown. 
 MeiChant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied,... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 Feb. 123 
 May U, 
 
 18RS 
 IH-1.S 
 1857 
 
 June 27 
 July .10 
 Jan. 1(1. 
 Oct. 21 
 
 J«ne23 
 
 Nov. 2n 
 Aug. 2(1 
 
 18.^.2 
 187tl 
 1872 
 1801 
 
 18r;8 
 1870 
 
 Aprii'3 
 Mar. 8. 
 June 8, 
 
 )H4H 
 1849 
 1857 
 
 AKriculVt. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Dec. IB, 
 
 1859 
 
 June — 
 Sept. 17 
 
 I8S0 
 1863 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 19. 
 
 i8r>8 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 June 8, 
 
 1865 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 rec. U). 
 
 }fv>n 
 
 —vO.- 
 
 A.
 
 T 
 
 REPKKSENTATIVES OF THE 'JWIiNTV-MNlll CONGEESS. 
 
 41)3 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. fc"™ 
 
 When Ikrn. 
 
 StaU. 
 
 Ite|.r... Occiipaiion. 
 
 W1..1, ni,j. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wti.n» 
 Don. 
 
 WhmBon., 
 
 tiuu 
 lUprf 
 
 Oeeupuioi). 
 
 Wbro IH..]. 
 
 Ch-.t^:- 1,11,1.11 U I) 
 
 Vt.. 
 Vt.. . 
 
 Aug. 9, 1817 Tenn. Unknown. 
 Mich. Unknown. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1804 
 
 McDowell, James, . 
 McDowell, Jos, J... 
 
 ..D 
 l> 
 
 1 Va. . 
 
 1796 
 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Au(f. 24. 1R.-.1 
 
 CI. ,111, .1..I.M S D 
 
 N. C 
 
 
 
 
 1801 N. C. Lawyer... 
 
 Ai)ril 14, 1874 
 
 McGnughey, Kdw'd 
 
 w 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Au(f. 18, IH52 
 
 
 
 .Sept. 7, 1813 Ga.. . Lawyer.. . 
 
 Oct. 9, I8«8 
 
 McHeni-y, John H., 
 
 ,W 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 
 
 
 Tonn 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 McUvaine, A, R.... 
 
 W 
 
 Pa 
 
 Aug. 14. 1804 Pa... Agrieul'Mt 
 
 Auk- H. IHtZi 
 
 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Nov. 9, 1865 
 
 McKay, JamesJ,.. 
 
 D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1793 N. C. Lawyer... 
 
 ISlSN. Y. Varied.... 
 
 i'ollin.,lulin V — 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 30, 1802 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Agrlcnl'st. 
 
 
 Mnclay, Wm. B.... 
 
 ,,D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 1'.. 111. 11. .Ins. L. F....I) 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 Ala.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown, 
 
 Sept. 18, IKi'i 
 
 Marsh, George P.., 
 
 .Martin, Barclay 
 
 Martin, .lolin P.,.. 
 
 .W 
 W 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Mar. 15.1801 Vt.,..;Lawyer... 
 
 July 24, 1882 
 
 ( raii^loji, Hi-nry Y,.W 
 
 It. I.. 
 
 Oct. 9, 1789 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Feb, 12, 18(14 
 
 D 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Oct. 11, 1811 Ky,.,!unknown. 
 |WI«..!Lawycr.,. 
 
 
 
 Tenn 
 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Martin, Morgan L. 
 
 I) 
 
 N, Y, 
 
 
 Cull. .111. Alvan 1) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Miller, Wm. S 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 Morris, .losepii,,,. 
 Morse, Isaac E 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. in, 1795 Ohio. iVarlcd.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 11, 1849 
 
 I) 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 May 22, 1809,Lou. . iLawvcr. , . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Moseley, Wm. A... 
 Moulton, Mace 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 X. Y. Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 19. 1«73 
 
 Danu'l,.liio. Jt. J D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 Jan. 18, 1803 
 
 
 
 Dm riUjh, Cornelius. . W | Pii. . , 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 20, 18,-1.') 
 
 Niven, Arch'd C... 
 
 I) 
 
 N, y. 
 
 
 N. Y. Unknown, 
 
 
 Davis, (larrett W 
 
 Ky.,. 
 
 Sept. Ill, ISfllKy... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 22. 1872 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 Davis, .lefTerson D 
 
 Ky... 
 
 ,Iune ;i, 1 HI 18 .Miss.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Owen, Rob't Dale. 
 
 D 
 
 .Scot . Nov. 7, 1801 
 
 
 
 Davis, John W D 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 17, 17;i9'Ind .. 
 
 Physician 
 
 Aug. 22, 18,59 
 
 I'arrish. Lsiuic 
 
 1) 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 Delano. C<.liiiul>us...\V 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 1809 Ohio, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Payne. William W 
 
 D 
 
 Va. .. Jan. 2, 1807'Ala.. Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 IN- Y. 
 
 Unktiown. 
 
 
 Peiidl..fon. John S. 
 
 W 
 
 Va...' 
 
 
 
 DilliMKliain. I'aul n 
 
 5Iass. 
 
 Aug. (1, l»*)|Vt.., 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Penill, Aug, S 
 
 
 
 Va...! 
 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 5, IHH.Conn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 27. 1873 
 
 Perry, Tlioina,s 
 
 I) 
 
 Md.,.l 1808 
 
 Md... Lawver... 
 
 June '27. IK7I 
 
 Dobbin, James C D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Aug. 4, 18,'.7 
 
 Pcttit, John 
 
 D 
 
 N. Y. JulyS4, 18(17 
 
 Ind . , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Varied 
 
 
 Doi-k.-rv. Alfred W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Dec. n, 17!)7iN. C. 
 
 Planter. . . 
 
 Dec. 7. 1875 
 
 Phelps, Johns 
 
 D 
 
 Conn. Dec. 22, 1814 
 
 Mo,.. 
 
 
 Do.lfe. Aug. C D 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Jan, 2. 1812|lowa. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 20, 18H3 
 
 Pillsbury, Timothy. 
 
 1) 
 
 Mass. April 12, 1789 
 
 Tex. . 
 
 Nov. 2^i, 1858 
 
 DuuL'las. .Steplien A. .D 
 
 
 April 23, 1813 
 
 111... 
 
 Varied. , . . 
 
 June 3, 1861 
 
 Poe. Washington,. 
 
 W 
 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 
 
 Drotiiffoole, Geo. C...D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 27, 1847 
 
 Pollock, ,7ames 
 
 W 
 
 Pa. ..1 
 
 Pa,. 
 
 Juriwt .... 
 
 
 Dunljip, Rob't P D 
 
 Mo... 
 
 1789 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 20, 18,59 
 
 Price, Sterling 
 
 . 1) 
 
 Va. . . Sept. — , 18<» 
 
 Mo... 
 
 
 Sept, 29. 1867 
 
 
 Vt :'.'. 
 
 Pa,. . 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 N. J, 
 Miss.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 .W 
 
 ..D 
 
 
 Pa... 
 N. Y 
 N. C. 
 Mo. , . 
 
 s c 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician 
 Lawyei'.., 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ellett. Henry T - 
 
 
 liathbun, George. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 Ellswortll, Sam'i 8...D 
 
 
 
 
 Erdman. Jacob D 
 
 July 20, 1«67 
 
 Relfe, .Tames H 
 
 Rhett, Rob't B 
 
 ,,D 
 D 
 
 Va...l..' I 
 
 
 Ewing. Edwin H W 
 
 Tenn. 'Unknown. 
 
 S, C. Dec. 2i, 1800 
 
 Sept. 14. 1876 
 
 Ewini?, Jolin H W 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 Pa. .. Unknown. 
 Ohio. Unknown. 
 
 
 Kipliy, Thos, c 
 
 Ritter, John 
 
 'd 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... Feb. 0. 1779 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Faran, James J D 
 
 
 Nov. 24, 1851 
 
 Fiel<iin. Orlando B...D 
 
 Kv.., 
 
 Dec. 16, 180S 
 
 Ill ... Lawyer... 
 
 
 Roberts, Rob't W... 
 
 11 
 
 Del.. 
 
 
 Miss,. 
 
 
 
 Foot, Solomon W 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Nov. 19,1802 
 
 Vt . . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 28, 1866 
 
 Roi.kwell, John A.. 
 
 W 
 
 Conn. 
 
 1804 
 
 
 Lawver... 
 
 Feb. 10, 186 J 
 
 Foster, Henry D D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Dec. 19, 1812 
 
 Pa. .. Lawyer... 
 
 
 Rockwell, Julius... 
 
 w 
 
 
 \pril 26, 1805 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio. Phvsieian 
 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 
 Root, Joseph M.... 
 
 .w 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 
 ..D 
 
 D 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 N, J.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Me 
 
 Oct. 7, 1817 
 
 ::::::":::::: 
 
 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 N, J.. Unknown. 
 N, Y. lUnknown, 
 Ohio. ;Unknown. 
 
 
 Garvin, Wm. S D 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 N, 0. 
 Pa., , 
 Md... 
 
 
 Nov. 3, 1866 
 May 27, 1864 
 
 Kllssell, Josfiih 
 
 St. .lohn. Henry.... 
 Sawtelle, Cnllen 
 
 
 Giddinns. Joshua R..W 
 
 Oct. 6, 1795 
 April 8, 1807 
 
 
 Giles, Wm. F D 
 
 
 
 G(n>dyear, Charles.. .D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 26, 1805 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Sawyer, William,.. 
 
 11 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 Ohio, ;Unknown. 
 
 
 Gordon. Samuel D 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Scammon. John F. , 
 
 11 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1786 
 
 Me. Merchant. 
 
 May 23, 1858 
 
 Gniham, James W 
 
 N C. 
 
 Jan. — , 1793 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. — , 1851 
 
 Schenck, Rob't C. 
 
 W 
 
 
 Oct. 4. 1809 
 
 
 Griiler, Henry W 
 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 
 July 16, 1796 
 Nov. 17, 1788 
 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept, 14, 1866 
 
 Seaman. Henry J. . , 
 Seddoii, James A... 
 
 N-A 
 D 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Va, 
 
 
 N.y.. Unknown. 
 
 
 Glllliiell, Joseph W 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Gr.n, 1. Martin N-A 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawj'er... 
 
 Aug. 23, 1875 
 
 Severance. Luther,. 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 28. i'797 
 
 Me... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Jan. 25, 1855 
 
 H:(l... Arteinas W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 20. 1783 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Manfaefr 
 
 
 Simpson, Richard F 
 
 n 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 La.vyer. . . 
 
 
 Hamlin. Hannibal D 
 
 Me . . 
 
 Aug. 27, 1809 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 
 Sims, Alex. D 
 
 Sims, Leonard H,.. 
 
 ..D 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 
 Juno 11. 1803 
 
 S. C. 
 .Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Nov. 16, 1818 
 
 llaiMiii.iM, Jas. G....W 
 
 iV. J.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 IhuiiUoii, Hugh A...D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Nov. 13, 1805 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct, 6, 1854 
 
 Slidell, John 
 
 D 
 
 N. y.. 
 
 1793 
 
 Lou, . 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 July 29, 1871 
 
 HaiMianson. J. H D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Jan. — , 1803 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Oct. 25, 1850 
 
 Smith, Albert 
 
 W 
 
 N.y.. 
 
 
 
 ^ Y 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Hari...r. Alexander.. W 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 10, INOM 
 
 
 Vnried_ . . . 
 
 
 Haviini,'s, S. Clinton.— 
 
 
 
 Iowa. 
 Ind.. 
 III. . 
 
 
 
 Smith, Robert 
 
 Smith, Thomas 
 
 ,D 
 ,D 
 
 w 
 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 U.C. 
 
 Juno 12, 18(12 
 
 1800 
 
 Nov. 27, 1701 
 
 III. .. Lawyer... 
 Ind ., Mechanic. 
 
 Dec. 21, 1867 
 
 Heiil.-v. Thomas J... .D 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 1810 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 
 H.^nrv. John — 
 
 
 
 
 Heiri|.k, Hi.hd P ...W 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 
 1791 
 
 .V. Y. 
 
 Ala.. 
 HI. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 June 20, 1846 
 
 Stanton, Fred, P... 
 Starkweather, D. A. 
 Stephens. Alex. H... 
 Stewart, .\ndrew. . 
 
 ,D 
 .D 
 W 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 
 Hilllanl. Htiuy W..W 
 
 Aug. 8, 1808 
 
 Conn. 
 Oa 
 
 
 
 
 Hiiire. Joseph P D 
 
 
 
 
 Ga. .. Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 4. 1883 
 
 July 16, 1872 
 
 Holmes, Elias B W 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 May 27. 1807 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Pa... 
 
 June—' 17ti2 
 
 Holmes, Isaac E D 
 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Del... 
 
 April 6, 1796 S. C. . 
 Feb. 22, 1804 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 25, 1867 
 Mar. 2, 1861 
 
 Strohm, John 
 
 Strong, Stephen 
 
 Sykes, George...... 
 
 Taylor, William... 
 Thibodeaux, B, G. , , 
 Thomasson, Wm, P, 
 
 .w 
 
 .D 
 ,D 
 ,.D 
 .W 
 
 w 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Oct. 16, 1793 
 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Hopkins. Geo. W D 
 
 
 
 HoiiKli. Will. J D 
 
 Jali.'"i7,V8li 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ala.. 
 Del... 
 Va.. . 
 
 N. J 
 
 N. J. . .Unknown. 
 Va... Lawyer... 
 Lou..!Planter... 
 Kv. . . Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 17, 1846 
 
 Honsl..|i, J.jhn W....W 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hnbnid. Edmund W..D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 
 Hubbard, Sain'l I>...W Conn. 
 
 Aug. 10, 1799 
 
 Conn. .Varied 
 
 Oct. 8, 1855 
 
 Thompson, Benj 
 
 w 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Aug. 5, 17518 
 
 Mas.s. Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 24. 1862 
 
 Hudson. Charles W JIass. 
 
 Nov, 14, 1795 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 
 Thompson, Jacob. . 
 
 11 
 
 N. C. May 15, I8111 
 
 Mis.-^.. Lawyer... 
 
 
 Hiini.'i..rford, Oi-ville. .D Conn. 
 
 1790 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 April 6, 18,55 
 
 
 D 
 
 Pa. ,. Oct. 1. ISOC 
 
 
 
 Hunt, James B D N. Y. 
 
 1799 Mich. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 15, 1857 
 
 Thurman, Allen G.. 
 
 11 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 Nov. 13. 1813 
 
 Ohio. Juri.st 
 
 
 Hunt. Wa,shinpton..W 'N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 5 , 1811 N. Y. 
 April21,1809 Va... 
 Oct. 3, 1782 Pa, ,. 
 June 14, 1786 Pa.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawj-er... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Feb. 2, 1867 
 
 May U,' 'l8G2 
 Feb. 20, 1868 
 
 Tibbatts. John W.,, 
 Tilden, Daniel R.... 
 
 Toombs. Robert 
 
 Towns, George W. . 
 
 .D 
 
 .W 
 
 .W 
 
 D 
 
 Kv... 
 
 1802 
 
 Ky.. . Lawyer... 
 
 July 5. 1852 
 
 Hunter. Kob't M. T...D iVa. .. 
 
 Ctinn. 
 Ga... 
 Ga... 
 
 
 IiiKiisoll. Cha,s. J....D |Pa. .. 
 
 July 2, 181(1 
 May 4, 1802 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Ineeisi.ll, Joseph R.W iPa. .. 
 
 Oa. . . 
 
 Uiwyer... 
 
 July 15, 1854 
 
 Jenkins, Timothy... D Mass. 
 
 Jan. 29, 1799 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 24, 18.59 
 
 
 11 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 Johnson. Andrew D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Dec, 29, 1808|Tenn. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Truinbo, ..\ndrew... 
 
 W 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Sept. 13, 1799 
 
 Ky... 
 
 ^awyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vance, Joseph 
 
 Vinton, Samuel F. ., 
 
 w 
 
 
 Mir 21 1786 
 
 
 Uerehant. 
 I-awj-er. . . 
 
 Aug. 26, 1851 
 May — , 1862 
 
 Johnson, Joseph D 
 
 N. y. 
 
 bee. i'9, 1785 Va. . . (Unknown. 
 
 Feb. 27, 1877 
 
 w 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept, 25, 1792 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Jones, Geo- W D 
 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 
 
 
 Wentworth. John. 
 Wheaton. Horace. 
 White. Hugh 
 
 ,D 
 ,D 
 W 
 
 N. H. 
 X. Y. 
 X. Y. 
 
 Mar, 5 , 1815 
 
 III.... 
 
 V V 
 
 ^ouI•nali^t 
 
 
 Jones, Seaborn D 
 
 1788 
 
 Ga... 
 Tex. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1874 
 
 
 Kaufman, David S. .— 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Dee. 18, 1813 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 31, 1851 
 
 1799 N', Y, 
 
 
 Del. B, 1870 
 
 Kennedy, Andrew D 
 
 Ihio. 
 
 1810 Ind.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Dee. 31, 1847 
 
 Wick, William W.. 
 
 D 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Feb, 23, 1796 Ind.. 
 
 Taried 
 
 May lii, 1868 
 
 KiuL-. Daniel P W 
 
 Mass, 
 
 180O Mass. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 25, 1850 
 
 
 D 
 
 Vt... 
 
 1798 Me.,, 
 
 
 Oct. 24, ia5r. 
 
 Kint:. Preston D N. Y. 
 
 Dct. 14. isne N. Y-. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Nov, 13, 1865 
 
 Wilmot, David 
 
 11 
 
 Pa, , , 
 
 Jan. 20. 1814 Pa., . 
 
 
 liar. 16, 1868 
 
 Kiln.'. T. Butler W Mass. 
 
 Aug. 27, 1804 Ga. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 [j'nknown. 
 
 May 10, 1864 
 
 Winlhiop. Rob't C.W 
 Wood, Bradford R.,,,D 
 WoodriifT, Thos. M.N-A 
 
 Woodward, Jos. A D 
 
 Woodworth, Wm. W.D 
 Wright, William... W 
 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 
 i'.c'.'. 
 
 Conn, 
 N, Y. 
 
 May 12. 1809;Mass.l 
 N, Y.j 
 
 
 
 !.,.■« S. re. Einile D \ 
 
 ;.OU.. 
 
 
 Lon.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 «. Y. 
 
 
 N.Y'.. Unknown.! 
 
 S n ilTnknown 1 
 
 
 Leake, Shelton F D Va... 
 
 Nov. 30, 1812 Va. . . 
 
 
 
 Leffler, Shepard D 
 
 Leib, Owen D D 
 
 'a. .. 
 
 
 [owa. 
 
 Pa, . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 
 >a . . . 
 
 
 Physician. 
 
 lune 17, 1848 
 
 ^794 
 
 
 Nov. 1, 1866 
 
 Levin, Lewis C N-A S.C.I 
 
 <OT. id, 1808 Pa, .. 1 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Yancey, William L 
 Yell, Archibald 
 
 D 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Aug. 18. 1814 Ala ..1 Varied 1 
 
 July 28, 1863 
 
 Lewis, Abner W <_ Y'. 1 
 
 U. Y 1 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 
 ,11 
 .D 
 
 iv... 
 
 
 \rk.. Jiirit^t 1 
 
 :'a ... Unknown. 
 
 LiRon, Thos. W D 
 
 Lont', Edw'dH W 
 
 Va . 
 
 
 *Id... 
 Md... 
 
 
 Pa 
 
 1801 
 
 Mar 7 1872 
 
 Id... 
 
 1808 
 
 ^awyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 12, 1865 
 lune 6. 1860 
 
 Young, Bryan R 
 
 Ky. , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 McCl.an. Moses — 
 
 M.clilland, Rob't.... D 
 
 *a . . . 
 
 1804 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 aich. 
 
 ^awyer. ., Oct. 1, 1870 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Total Representatives, S 
 Varied, 33. Merchants, 
 
 640. Lawyers, 103. Occupation Unknown, TO. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Aug. I, 1807, 
 
 7. Jurists, e. Agriculturists, 4. Journalists, 4. 
 
 ^Ii-Cl.l Hand, John AD Kv [ 
 
 Jay 30, 1812 111 
 
 .'aried 
 
 Mechanics, 4. Physician 
 Manufacturer. 1. Foreij 
 England, 1; Sladeira, 1, 
 
 », 4. Planters, 3. Teacher, 1. Clergyman. 1. 
 
 MfConnell. FelixG...D 
 M,-Cr,il... John D.... U 
 MfDaniel, William.. .D 
 
 
 
 ila. . 
 He... 
 tto. . . 
 
 .awyer. . . Sept. 10, 1846 
 
 "■::;l 
 
 Bay 1, 18001 
 
 
 Jnknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Y 
 
 .&
 
 ^c^ 
 
 t 
 
 4y4 
 
 TIIIKTIETII COXGEESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Thirtieth Congress of the United States, from 1847 to !849. 
 
 1847— The name of San Francisco. CaK, tin- 
 present city, given to the old Sijanish 
 town of " Yerba Buena," in January. 
 
 1847— Vera Cruz, Mexico, invested by Gener- 
 al Scott and Conmiodore Connor, Mar. 
 9. Surrender of Vera Cruz and San 
 Juan D'UlIoa to the Anieiicans, Mar. 29. 
 
 1847— Battle of Contreras. Mexico, General 
 Scutt defeating General Valencia, Aug. 
 19. 20. 
 
 I847~Battle of Cherubusco, Mexico, General 
 Scott defeating Santa Anna, Aut,'- 20. 
 
 1847— The celebrated " Oneida Coniiimnity," 
 near Syracuse, N. Y., established by 
 John H. Noyes. 
 
 1847— The American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science organized. 
 
 1347— The expulsion of the Jesuits from the 
 Swiss Republic decreed by the Federal 
 Diet. 
 
 1847— Large increase of Irish immigration 
 into the United States, owing to the 
 continued famine in Ireland. 
 
 1848— Organization of the Free-Soil Party in 
 the United States, looking to the acces- 
 sion of territory to the Union free from 
 negro slavery. 
 
 1848— Outbreak of the second rebellion of 
 the Sikhs against the go\'ernment of 
 British India. 
 
 1848— First edition of Macaulay's "History 
 of England " issued. 
 
 1848— Fin^t nomination for President of the 
 United States made by the Free-Soil 
 Party— Martin Van Buren nominated 
 —at Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 1848— Slavery was abolished in the French 
 West Indies. 
 
 4* 
 
 James K.. Polk, 11th President. 
 
 Geo. M. Dallas, oC Pa., Vice-Pres. James Buchanan. 
 of Pa., Sec'y of State. Rob't J. Walker, of Miss., Sec'y 
 of Treas. "Wm. L. Marcy, of N. Y., Sec'y of War. Jno. 
 Y. Mason, of Va., Sec'y of Navy. Cave Johnson, of 
 Tenn., Postmaster-General. Nathan Clifford, of Me., 
 and Isaac Toucey, of Conn., Attorneys-General. Rob't 
 C. Winthrop, of Mass.. and Armistead Burt, of S. C, 
 Speakers of House of Representatives. 
 
 1848 — California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, 
 New Mexico, etc., ceded by Mexico to 
 the United States. 
 
 1848— Gold discovered in California, Jan. 19. 
 
 1848— A treaty of peace signed by the United 
 States and Mexico, Feb. 2 and Mar. 10. 
 
 1848— French Revolution; King Louis Phil- 
 tippe abdicates the throne, Feb. 24. 
 
 1848— A commercial treaty between the Unit^ 
 ed States and Austria effected. May 8. 
 
 1848— Wisconsin, the 30th State, admitted to 
 the Union, May 29. 
 
 1848 — Comer Stone of the Washington Monu- 
 ment laid at Washington, D. C, July 4. 
 
 1848— Louis Napoleon elected President of 
 the French Republic, Dee. 10. 
 
 1849— The '-Bloomer" (or short dresses for 
 ladies) movement was inaugurated by 
 Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, of Seneca Falls, 
 N. Y.. by the issue of the "Lily," the 
 organ of the reform, Jan. 1. 
 
 1849 — Citizens of Canada (Upper and Lower) 
 established the ■• British- American 
 League." at Montreal, for the promo- 
 tion of the interests of the people. 
 
 1849— The Asiatic Cholera destroyed an enor- 
 mous number of people in tlie United 
 States and Mexico. 
 
 1S49— Treaty between the United States and 
 Brazil, in settlement of claims, effected. 
 
 1849— The Government established the De- 
 partment of the Interior. Mar. 3. 
 
 1849— The independence of Hungary declared 
 — Kossuth declared Governor, April 18. 
 
 1849— The Macreadv theatrical riot in New 
 York City, May 10. 
 
 1849 — Rome. Italy, surrendered to the French. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat; HV^ Whig; R, Republican; A-SC* Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist; K-A, Native-American. F-S, Free-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Bom. 
 
 i 
 
 Allen. William D 
 
 Ashlev. Chester D 
 
 Atchison, David R...D 
 
 Atherton. Chas. G D 
 
 Batleer. Geo. E W 
 
 Bai?by. .\rthur P I> 
 
 Bafdwin. Rogers W 
 
 Bell. John W 
 
 Benton. Thomas H — D 
 
 Berrien, John M W 
 
 Borland. .Solon D 
 
 Bradburv, James W. .D 
 
 Breese, Sidney D 
 
 Bright. Jesse D D 
 
 Butler. Andl-ew P D 
 
 Calhoun, John C D 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 Ca.ss. Lewis D 
 
 Clarke, John H W 
 
 Clayton, .lohn M W 
 
 Colriuitt, W.alter T..,I) 
 
 Corwin. Thomas W 
 
 Crittenden, Jno. J. .,W 
 
 Davis, Jefferson T> 
 
 Davis, John W 
 
 Dayton, Wm. I R 
 
 Dickinson, Dan'l S. . . .D 
 
 Dix. John A D 
 
 DodKC, Aug. C D 
 
 Dodge, Henry D 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A..D 
 Downs, Solomon W..D 
 
 Pairfleld, John D 
 
 Felch. Alpheus D 
 
 Fitzgerald. Thos — 
 
 Fitzpatrick. BenJ D 
 
 Foote. Henry S D 
 
 ©rcene. Albert C, , W 
 
 lIale,JohnP A 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal D 
 
 Hanncgan, Edw'd A..D 
 
 lIoust<)n. Samuel D 
 
 Hunter, Rob't M.T,..D 
 
 .Johnson, Henry W 
 
 lohnson, Hernohel V.D 
 .Johnson. Reverdy...W 
 
 Jones, CJeorge W D 
 
 King, William R....D 
 
 Lewis, Dixon H D 
 
 Mangum. Willie P.. W 
 
 Mason, James M W 
 
 MeU-alfe, Thomas D 
 
 Miller. Jacob W W 
 
 M.ior. Wvrmn B. S..,D 
 
 Nlles.John M W 
 
 Penrce, James A ^V 
 
 Plolp^, Si.niuel S W 
 
 N. C 
 Mass 
 Kv 
 N, H 
 N. C, 
 Va.. 
 Conn, 
 Tenn 
 N. C, 
 N. J., 
 Va... 
 Me. , , 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y 
 S. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Pa.. 
 N. H 
 
 N. J., 
 Del.,. 
 Va.., 
 Ky,.. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N, J., 
 Conn, 
 N. H. 
 Jto... 
 Ind.. 
 Vt.,,. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 !r. I.. 
 
 ,N. H. 
 iMe... 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 iTenn, 
 
 Ga, . . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. ,. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Conn 
 
 D. C , 
 
 June 1, 
 Aug. 11, 
 July 4. 
 April Vi 
 
 State 
 R»pre- 
 
 ,Ian. 4, 
 Feb. I.i, 
 Mar. 14, 
 Aug. 23, 
 
 July 15, 
 Dec. IS. 
 Nov. 19, 
 Mar, IR, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 July '24. 
 Dec. 27, 
 July 29, 
 Sept, 10. 
 June 3, 
 Jan, 13. 
 Feb, 17. 
 Sept. 11, 
 July 24. 
 Jan. 2, 
 Oct. 12. 
 April 23, 
 
 Jaii. sol 
 Sept, 28, 
 
 jiineSO,' 
 Sept. 20, 
 
 ISOelOhio. 
 1790 Ark . , 
 1807 Mo... 
 1K04 N. H. 
 179.5 N, C. 
 1794 Ala .. 
 1793 Conn. 
 1797, Tenn. 
 1782 Mo, .. 
 1781|Ga. .. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 .Me. .. 
 
 Mar. 31, 
 Aug. 27, 
 
 Mar. 2. 
 April 21 
 Sept, 14, 
 Sep* IH, 
 May 21, 
 
 April 7. 
 Aug, 10, 
 
 Nov. 3, 
 Mar, 20, 
 
 Dec. 14 
 May 13, 
 
 1800 111 
 1812 Ind, . 
 1796:S. C. 
 1782 S. C.. 
 1799 Pa. .. 
 1782 Mich, 
 
 1791 R, I.. 
 1796 Del .. 
 
 1799 Ga. .. 
 nOi Ohio 
 1781! Kv.. 
 1808 Miss , 
 1787 Mass, 
 1807 N, J. . 
 
 1800 N. Y. 
 1798 N. Y. 
 1812 Iowa. 
 1782 Wis.. 
 1813;ill ... 
 
 1801 I,ou.. 
 n97lMe... 
 1808, Mich. 
 Mich. 
 
 1802 Ala .. 
 1800, Miss . 
 
 1792 R. I . . 
 IHOR N. H, 
 I809|Me... 
 
 Ilnd. . 
 
 1793, Tex .. 
 1809, Va. .. 
 17H3 I,ou. . 
 l.-<12 (la... 
 17911 Md... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 17Sfi Ala ,. 
 1802 Ala. . 
 
 1792 N. C. 
 1798 Va. .. 
 1780 Ky... 
 1802 N. J.. 
 1814 Me... 
 1787 Conn, 
 180,',.Md,.. 
 
 1793 Vt , . 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 I Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 Soldier — 
 
 Jui'ist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Law^^er.., 
 Jurist,.. , 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer, , 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer,. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Law>'cr. . 
 
 Jui'ist 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 Mechanic 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied. ,. 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Ijurlst..., 
 
 July HI, 1879 
 April 29, 1848 
 Jan. 20, 18813 
 Nov. \o, 18,53 
 May 11. 1865 
 Sept.21, 1858 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 April 10, IS58 
 Jan. 1. 1856 
 Jan. 31, 1864 
 
 June 27, 1878 
 Mav 20, 1875 
 May 25, 1857 
 Mar. 31, 1850 
 
 June 17,' 'I'siifi 
 
 1870 
 
 Not. 9, 1856 
 May 7, 1855 
 Deo. 18. I8B5 
 July 26, 1863 
 
 April 19, 
 Dec. I. 
 April 12. 
 April 21. 
 Nov. 20. 
 June 19, 
 June 3. 
 Aug. 14. 
 Dec. 24, 
 
 1854 
 1864 
 1866 
 1879 
 1883 
 1867 
 1861 
 1854 
 1847 
 
 Rusk. Thomas J D 
 
 Sebastian, Wm. K...D 
 
 Sevier. Ambrose H D 
 
 Spruance, Presley... W 
 
 Sturgeon, T'aniel D 
 
 Turney, Hopkins L.,D 
 Underwood. Jos. R. . W 
 Upham. William. ...W 
 
 "Wales, John W 
 
 Walker, Isaac P D 
 
 Webster, Daniel W 
 
 Wescott, James D D 
 
 Ytilee, David L D 
 
 S, C. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Del... 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 W. I. 
 
 State 
 
 Oct. 27, 
 Oct. 3, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Aug. — , 
 
 Jan. 18, 
 May — , 
 
 Tex.. 
 
 Ark 
 'l'8d2'Ark!! 
 1785 Del... 
 1789 Pa. . . 
 1797 Tenn. 
 I79i;Ky... 
 17921 Vt . . . 
 
 Del... 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 1782! Mass. 
 1802 Fla... 
 ISlliFla... 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist .... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 29. 
 May 20, 
 Dec. 21. 
 Feb. 13, 
 July 3, 
 Aug, 1, 
 Aug. 23. 
 'Jan. 14. 
 jDec. 3, 
 
 Mai-. 25, 1855 
 Nov. 21, 1869 
 May 20, 1880 
 Jan. 8, 1863 
 Nov. 18, 1873 
 
 Feb. 25, 18.59 
 July 25, 1863 
 
 Se'iit.'i'. "lS64 
 Aug. 16. 1880 
 Feb. 10, 1876 
 
 Aprii'lS. '18.53 
 Oct, 25. 1848 
 Sept. 14. 1861 
 April 28. 1871 
 Aug. 18, 1K15 
 Sei>t.-20, 1862 
 Feb, 16, 18(1!) 
 May 31, 18,';i! 
 Dec, 20, 1862 
 Mar. 2.5, 185.5 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Bom. 
 
 Slate 
 
 When Bom. Rcpre- 
 
 senicii. 
 
 Occupation, 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Abbott, Amos 
 
 Adams, Green 
 
 Adams, John Q 
 
 Asliinun. George 
 
 Atkinson. Archibald 
 Barringer, D, M, , , 
 Barrow, Washingt'n 
 Bayley, Thos, H 
 
 ,W 
 .W 
 
 .w 
 
 .w 
 
 ,D 
 
 .w 
 
 • W 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 .W 
 ..D 
 ,W 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .w 
 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Va.. . 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.... 
 Va... 
 
 Sept, 10, 1786 Mass. 
 Aug. 20, 1812 Ky. .. 
 July 11, 1767 .Mass. 
 Deo. 25, 1804 Mass. 
 Sept. 13, 1792 Va. . . 
 July — , 180(i N. C. 
 Oct. 5. 1817 Tenn. 
 Dec. 11, 1810 Va... 
 May 22, 1819 Va... 
 
 1810 Va... 
 
 Jvine 10, 1790 Me... 
 Dec. 16, 1808 Mich. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1793 S. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1815 Va. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist 
 
 Not. 2, 1868 
 
 F'e'b!'23'. Tsw 
 July 10, 1870 
 Jan. 10, 1872 
 
 Oct, "I'g, "I'wiii 
 
 June 23. 1856 
 
 Bediiiger, Henry... 
 
 ll.l.-lief, lliram 
 
 HiiirliiMii. Kinsley,. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Mcrehant. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 26. 18,58 
 May 7, 18.57 
 Oct. 5, 1801 
 
 Black, James A 
 
 April 3, 1848 
 
 Blanchard. John... 
 
 Mar. 8. 1849 
 
 Bolts. John M 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 16, 1802 Va. .. 
 
 Jan. 8. 1889 
 June 8, 1857 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boyd. Linn 
 
 Boyden, Nathaniel 
 Brady. Jasper R. . . 
 Ilrlilges, Sam'l A.... 
 Brcilhead, Hlchard, 
 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 N. J. 
 
 Nov, 28, 1800 Ky. . . 
 Aug. 18, 1796 N. C. 
 
 Agrlcul'st, 
 Varied 
 
 Dec. 16, 18.59 
 
 Varied,... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Jan. 27, 1802 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 May 31, 1813 Miss . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1801, Va... 
 
 Sept.' i7,'i8G3 
 
 
 ..D ;Pa,.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Buekner, Aylett, .. 
 Burt. Armistead... 
 
 Butler. Chester 
 
 Cabell i:, C 
 
 .W 
 ..D 
 
 ,W 
 
 ,w 
 .w 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Planter... 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.. , 
 
 
 's.'c. 
 
 iPa... 
 
 Va... 
 
 S C 
 
 iiirl 'ei "nsis Pa. '.'. 
 
 1817 Fla... 
 
 Oct."5,"l856 
 
 
 
 
 
 CutlKMit, ('has. W 
 
 ,,1) Mail'a 
 
 I,sil9 Ind . . 
 
 
 1856 
 1865 
 1848 
 1863 
 1878 
 1857 
 1876 
 1853 
 1863 
 
 Oct. 24, 1852 
 
 Total Senators, TO. Lawyers, 39. Jurists, 14. Varied, 9. Occupation 
 Unknown, 4. Mechanic, 1. Mei-chant, 1. Soldier, 1, Physician, 1. 
 Foreign Born, 1 : Including West Indies, 1. 
 
 ■A.(>—
 
 KEPEESKNTA'l'IVKS OF 'I'lll-; 'rim: PI KTll CONGRESS. 
 
 49£ 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. iH;: 
 
 Chapman. John G,..W 
 
 Chase, Lueion B !> 
 
 Clapn. AaaW. n D 
 
 Clarli.', I-., viilv L... 1) 
 
 Clark, I'lalildlll 1) 
 
 CllnuiiKiii,Tl..is. L...W 
 
 Cobb, llowull D 
 
 Cobb, Will. K.W D 
 
 COfko, William M...W 
 
 Collamer, Jacob W 
 
 Colliii-i. William D 
 
 Cniik'iT, Ilarmcjil S. .W 
 
 CiiUi-l"ii,H.ib'tH W 
 
 Cilslli-lil. Jubn^\.,,.W 
 
 Cro noil, John W 
 
 Crozicr, John H W 
 
 (Cummins, John U D 
 
 naiiiil,.)iMi. It. J 1) 
 
 llailii.i,-. Mas.,11 C ...,ll 
 
 hlrlci'V. J.ilni W 
 
 IJifkilison. Uuilolph..D 
 
 Dixon, James ^V 
 
 Donnell. Rich-d S....W 
 
 niicr, William W 
 
 Ilimciin, Daniel W 
 
 Ibiiu-.in. Gainett W 
 
 liiinn. Ceorfro G W 
 
 Eekrit. George N...W 
 
 HiNall. Joseph E D 
 
 HilivariN, Thos. 0....W 
 
 Embiee. Elisha W 
 
 Evans, Alexander. ..W 
 
 Evans, Nathan W 
 
 Faran, James J D 
 
 Farrelly, John W....W 
 
 Keatherston. W. S D 
 
 Kielilin. iirhmdo B...D 
 
 richer. Il.ivid W 
 
 Klouniov.Thos. S....W 
 
 Fniilky. John W 
 
 Fn-iich, Richard D 
 
 Frii's. George — 
 
 Fulton, Andrew S W 
 
 Qainea, JohnP W 
 
 Gajie, John W 
 
 Gentry. Jleredith P. .W 
 GiJclii'i^'s. JosbuaR..W 
 
 GoKk-in. Will. L W 
 
 Golt, D.uiiel W 
 
 Greeley. Horace W 
 
 Gret.-n, James S D 
 
 Gregory. Dudley S...W 
 
 Grinneil, Joseph W 
 
 Hale, Arleriias W 
 
 Hall, Nalliaii K W 
 
 Hall, Willanl 1' D 
 
 Haiiiiiinns, liavid D 
 
 llaiiii.lon, Jas. G W 
 
 llaiiiiilon. Moses W 
 
 Haralson. Hugh A...D 
 
 Harmanson, J. H D 
 
 Harris, S-impson W. . — 
 
 Haskell. Wm. T W 
 
 Henley, Thomas J,... D 
 
 Hem V. William W 
 
 Hill, Hugh L. W D 
 
 Hilliard. Henry VV..W 
 
 Holley, JohnM — 
 
 Holmes, Elias E W 
 
 Holmes. Isaac E D 
 
 Hornbeck. John W. . . — 
 Houston. George S...D 
 Houston. John W,,..W 
 Hubbard. Sam'l D...W 
 
 Hudson, Charles AV 
 
 Hunt, Washington.. "W 
 
 Inge, Samuel W D 
 
 Tngersoll, Chas. J D 
 
 Ingersoll, Joseph R.W 
 
 Irvin. Alexander "W 
 
 Ivei'son. Alfred D 
 
 tfackson, David S ., .D 
 
 Jameson, John D 
 
 Jenkins, Timothy D 
 
 Johnson, Andrew D 
 
 Johnson, J.as. H — 
 
 Johnson, Rob't W D 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Jones. .TohnW W 
 
 Kaufman, David S. . — 
 
 Kellogg, Orlando R 
 
 Kenuon. William D 
 
 King, Daniel P W 
 
 King. T. Butler W 
 
 Lahin, S imuel D 
 
 La Sere, Emile D 
 
 Lawrence, Sidney — 
 
 Lawrence. Wm. T — 
 
 Leffler, Shepard D 
 
 Levin, Lewis C N-A 
 
 Ligon. Thos. W D 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. ..W 
 Lord. Frederick W, . . — 
 Lumpkin. John H....D 
 
 Lynde. Wm. P D 
 
 McClelland. Rob't... D 
 
 .July 5, 
 , Aug, a, 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 Juno 8. 
 
 May IS, 
 
 May 25, 
 July 22, 
 
 Sept. 28, 
 June 24, 
 
 July 7, 
 
 Dec. 1(1, 
 Dec, 3, 
 
 May 22, 
 
 Sept. U, 
 
 Oct, 28, 
 Nov. Vi, 
 Jan. — , 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 Aug. 8, 
 Nov. — , 
 May 27, 
 April 6, 
 
 Jan." 17, 
 
 May 7, 
 
 NoT.'io, 
 
 Feb.' 12,' 
 Dec. 11. 
 June 13, 
 Dee. 16, 
 Atig. 1, 
 
 1798 Md... 
 1817 Tcnn. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N, O. 
 
 ISl.l Qa.. . 
 
 1807 Ala... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 17i)2 Vt... 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1791 R. I.. 
 
 1808 Md. . . 
 .Ohio, 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 lohio. 
 
 'N. C. 
 
 1801 Wis.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 171iM Ohio. 
 
 1814 Conn. 
 
 In. c. 
 
 1805 N. Y. 
 
 1808 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1813 Ind .. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 |N. J. 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 1801 Ind . . 
 Md... 
 
 1804 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 
 1809 Pa. .. 
 Miss.. 
 
 1808 111... 
 
 1794 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1793 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 iVa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1792 Ala.. . 
 1811 Tenn. 
 179.'> Ohio . 
 1807 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1811 N. Y. 
 1817 Mo... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 17HS Mass. 
 1783 Mass. 
 
 1810 N. Y. 
 
 iMo... 
 
 1807 Me. . . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1803 Pa . . . 
 
 1805 c.a... 
 1803 Lou.. 
 
 1809 Ala. . 
 ..... Tenn. 
 
 1810 Ind . . 
 
 :Vt ... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1S08 Ala 
 
 1802 N. Y 
 1807 N. Y. 
 1796 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 
 1811 Ala.. 
 Del... 
 
 1709 Conn. 
 
 1795 Mass. 
 1811 N. Y. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 1782 Pa. .. 
 
 1786 Pa. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1798, Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 IMo... 
 
 1799 N. Y. 
 
 1808, Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 
 1 Q I a A ,.|' 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Md... 
 1809 111... 
 1800 N. Y. 
 1812 Ga... 
 1817 Wis.. 
 1807 Mich. 
 
 Dec. 11). laiO 
 Dec. 14, 1864 
 
 Mai'. 17, 18G0 
 
 Oct. 9, 1868 
 Nov. — , 1864 
 
 Jan. 27, 1873 
 
 Sept. U, 1849 
 
 Mar.'i4,'i853 
 Mar. 12, 1849 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 Juno 18, 1849 
 •Sept.' 4, "1857 
 
 July 20, 18(i4 
 
 .;-li' 
 
 1788 
 1808 
 
 rnknuwn. 
 Lawyer... 
 Meelianie. 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown, 
 Varied... . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 La\vj-er. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawj'er. , , 
 Lawyer. ■ . 
 
 Nov. 9, 1865 
 
 Mar. 7, 1863 
 
 June — , 1864 
 Dee. 8, 1851 
 
 Nov. 13, 1866 
 
 1858 
 
 July 28, 1859 
 Nov. 3. 1866 
 May 27, 1864 
 Jan. 5, 1870 
 
 Nov. 29, 1872 
 Jan. 19. 1870 
 Dec. 8, 1874 
 
 Mar. 2, 1874 
 
 Oct. 6. 1854 
 Oct. 25, 1850 
 April—, 1857 
 Mar, 20, 1859 
 
 Mar. 8, 1848 
 
 Feb. 25, 1867 
 Jan, 16, 1848 
 
 Oct. 8, 1855 
 Feb.' 
 
 1867 
 1867 
 May 14, 1862 
 Feb. 20, 1868 
 
 Mar. 5, 1874 
 
 Dec. 24, 1859 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Jan. 31, 1851 
 Aug. 24, 1865 
 
 July 25, 1850 
 May 10. 1864 
 
 April 15, 1865 
 May 24, 1860 
 June 6, 1860 
 Dee. 18, 1885 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Mnrir]. 
 
 McClemand. John A.I) 
 
 McDowell, Janies D 
 
 McIIvaine, A. It W 
 
 McKay, James J I» 
 
 McLane, Rob't M D 
 
 .Maelay. Wm. B D 
 
 Mct^ueen, John U 
 
 Mann, Horace W 
 
 Mann, Job D 
 
 Marsh, George P W 
 
 Marvin. Dudley D 
 
 Mea.le. Uicli'd K D 
 
 Miller. . I. ibii K D 
 
 Morebead.Clias. S...W 
 Morris, Jonathan D. . .D 
 
 Morse, Isaac E D 
 
 Mullin, Joseph — 
 
 Murphy, Henry C D 
 
 Nelson, William W 
 
 Nes, Henry — 
 
 Newell, Wm. A W 
 
 Nicoll, Henry D 
 
 Outlaw, David W 
 
 Palfrey, John G....W 
 
 Peaslec. Chas. H D 
 
 Peek. Lucius B D 
 
 Pendleton. John S. ..W 
 
 Petrie, George — 
 
 Pettit, John 1) 
 
 Peyton, Sam'l O D 
 
 Phelps, Johns I) 
 
 Pillsbury, Timothy. . .1) 
 Pollock, James... '...W 
 Preston, William B. .W 
 
 Putnam, Harvey W 
 
 Kevnolds, Gideon.. W 
 
 Rhett, Rob't B D 
 
 Richardson, Wm. A.. I) 
 
 Richie. Thomas D 
 
 Robinson. John L I) 
 
 Rockhill, William D 
 
 Rockwell, John A.... W 
 
 Rockwell. Julius W 
 
 Roman, J. Dixon W 
 
 Root, Joseph M W 
 
 Rose, Rob't L D 
 
 Rumsey, David W 
 
 St. John, Dan'l B....W 
 
 Sawyer, William 1) 
 
 Sehenck, Rob't C....W 
 Shepperd. Aug. H...W 
 Sheirill. Eliakim....W 
 
 Sibley, Henry H — 
 
 Simpson, Richard F. .D 
 
 Sims, Alex. D D 
 
 Slingerland, John I. .W 
 
 Smai't, Eph. K D 
 
 Smith, Caleb B W 
 
 Smith. Robert D 
 
 Smith. Truman W 
 
 Stanton. Fred. P D 
 
 Starkweather. G. A. .. — 
 Stephens, Alex. H....W 
 
 Stewart, Andrew D 
 
 Strohm. John W 
 
 Strong. William D 
 
 Stuart, Chas. E D 
 
 Sylvester, Peter H .. . W 
 Tallmadge. Fred. A.W 
 
 Taylor, John L W 
 
 Thibodeaux. B. G....W 
 Thomas, James H....D 
 
 Thompson, Jacob D 
 
 Thompson, James D 
 
 Thompson, John B..'W 
 Thompson, Rich'd M. W 
 Thompson, Rob't A..D 
 Thompson, ■William.. D 
 
 Thurston, Eenj. B D 
 
 Tompkins. Pat'k W. .W 
 
 Toombs. Robert W 
 
 Tuck, Amos — 
 
 Turner, Thos. J D 
 
 Tweedy. John H W 
 
 Van Dyke. John W 
 
 Venable, Abr'm W...D 
 
 Vinton, .Samuel F W 
 
 "Wallace, Daniel — 
 
 Warren, Cornelius. .W 
 
 Wentworth. John D. 
 
 White. Hugh W 
 
 Wick, William W D 
 
 Wiley, James S D 
 
 Williams. Hezeklah..D 
 
 Wilmot. David D 
 
 Wilson. James W 
 
 Winthrop. Rob't C...W 
 Woodward. Jos. A D 
 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. C. 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Vt... 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio 
 
 Ky... 
 Ohio, 
 
 01 
 
 Lou.. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Vt ... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky. . . 
 N J.. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mich. 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Conn. 
 D.C.. 
 Conn. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa . . . 
 Pa . . . 
 Conn. 
 N. Y.. 
 N. Y.. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Lou.. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 R. I.. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. J. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Me.. 
 Vt.. 
 Pa. . 
 N. H 
 Mass 
 . C. 
 
 Uay 30, 
 Aug.'ii', 
 
 May 4, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Mar. 15, 
 May 0, 
 
 1812 III. .. 
 17911 Va. .. 
 1804 Pa.. . 
 1793|N. C 
 lH15lMd... 
 I8I5:n. Y. 
 Ihom's. c. . 
 l7«li.Ma»ii. 
 
 1795 
 1801 
 1788 
 
 Uay 22, 
 June 29, 
 
 Oct. 23, 1812 
 
 May 2, 
 Feb. a, 
 
 18()7 
 
 1804 
 
 1814 
 
 April I'i, 178il 
 
 July 24 
 Dec.' '2; 
 
 Dec. 24, 
 Jan. 16, 
 
 1802 
 'I'gOt) 
 
 1810 
 1784 
 
 Pa 
 
 Vt.. . . 
 N. Y, 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1790 Pa . 
 , N. J. 
 
 17U(i 
 
 isot 
 
 1804 
 
 1800 
 1811 
 
 , 1804 
 ,1805 
 
 Oct. 7. 
 Oct. 12, 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 Oct.' 'i', 
 
 1817 
 1801 
 
 Feb, — , 1811 
 
 June II, 
 Mar. 1, 
 
 April 16, 
 Juno 12, 
 Nov. 27, 
 
 1803 
 1804 
 1813 
 1808 
 1 802 
 1791 
 
 Feb. 11, 
 June — 
 Oct. 16, 
 May 6. 
 Nov. 25, 
 Feb. 17, 
 Aug. '29, 
 Mar. 7, 
 
 Sept.'22', 
 May 15, 
 Oct. 1, 
 
 1812 
 1792 
 1793 
 1808 
 1810 
 I807 
 17!I2 
 1805 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Vt.... 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. y 
 
 Ind . . 
 Ky... 
 Mo. . . 
 Tex. . 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. Y.. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 111... 
 Ohio. 
 Ind . . 
 Ind . . 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Wis.. 
 S. C. . 
 S. C. . 
 N. Y.. 
 Me. . . 
 Ind., 
 111.... 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. . . 
 Pa.. . 
 Pa . . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Obi'). 
 Lou . . 
 Tenn. 
 Miss.. 
 
 June 9, 
 
 1808 
 1810 
 1806; Pa 
 ISIOKv. 
 1809|Ind 
 Va. 
 
 June 29, 
 jul'y"2," 
 April 5, 
 
 .'lo 
 
 va. 
 
 Oct. 17, 
 Sept. 25, 
 
 1804 H. I 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 1810 Ga... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1815 III. .. 
 
 IWis.. 
 
 [N. J.. 
 
 1799, N. C. 
 1792 Ohio. 
 S. C. , 
 
 . 1790 
 181 
 
 Feb. 23, 1796 
 
 1799 N. Y. 
 
 I 
 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 May'i2, 
 
 1798 
 1814 
 
 1809 
 
 N. Y 
 III. 
 
 Ind.. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Atrricul'st. 
 Law ver. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 I.awyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Phyclclan 
 
 Physician 
 
 La wye 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Physician 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied — 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 La-rt-yer. . . 
 "Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Teacher... 
 Lawyer... 
 'Lawyer... 
 [Lawyer... 
 [Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Planter... 
 'Lawyer... 
 'Lawyer... 
 
 t\ aried 
 
 Law^'er... 
 
 Voried 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Slerchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lan'yer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Aug. 24, 1851 
 Aug. 14, 186.3 
 Hc'pt. 14, 18.''>3 
 
 !!!!".!!!'is82 
 
 Aug. 30, I8<I7 
 Aug. 2, 1859 
 
 July' '24, "I'sS-i 
 June 25. 1856 
 April 20, 18<12 
 
 i)ec.' 'iit, 'l'»*(W 
 May IB, 1875 
 Feb. 11, 18IWJ 
 
 April 20, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Dee. 28, 
 Nov. 19, 
 
 1881 
 1888 
 18«n 
 
 I8«« 
 
 June 17 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 1877 
 1870 
 
 Nov. 23, IWS 
 
 Nov. 14, 
 Sept. 21, 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 Dec. 27, 
 
 1802 
 1855 
 
 1870 
 1875 
 
 Mar. 21, 
 Fe'li.'iO,' 
 jaii, 19, 
 
 I860 
 
 i'eei 
 
 1887 
 
 Nov. 10, 1848 
 Oct. 26, 1861 
 
 Jan. 8, 1864 
 Dec. 21, 1867 
 
 Mar. 4, 1883 
 July 16, 1872 
 
 Sept. 17,1869 
 Sept. 6, 1870 
 Mar. II, 1866 
 
 Jan. 7, 1874 
 
 May 16, 1853 
 
 April 3,1874 
 
 Feb. 24, 1876 
 Slay — , 1862 
 
 July 28, 1849 
 
 Oct. 6. 1870 
 May 19, 1868 
 
 Oct. '24, 18.56 
 Mar. 16, 1868 
 
 Total Representatives, 339. Lawyers, llJi. Occupation Unknown, 
 53. Varied, 33. Merchants, 9. Jurists, t. Physicians, 6. Agricultur- 
 ists, 5. Planters, S. Journalists. 2. Mechanics, 3. Teacher, 1. Manu. 
 tacturer, 1. Banker,!. Clergyman,!. Foreign Bom, 3: Including Ire- 
 land, 1; Madeira, 1.
 
 Thirty-first Congress of the United States, from 1849 to 1851. 
 
 1849— The United States Government granted 
 its first public land subsidy to any rail- 
 roati corporation— the Mobile and Ohio 
 Company— 1 .(-KXJ,(_iO<> acres between 
 Mobile and the mouth of the Ohio 
 river. 
 
 1849— Territory of Minnesota formed, Mar. 3. 
 
 1849— The United States Government issued 
 a proclamation against marauding 
 parties forming to sail for Cuba, 
 Aug. 11. 
 
 1849— Lopez's "filibustering" expedition 
 from the United States, 600 strong, 
 landed in Cuba and captured the town 
 of Cardenas from the Spaniards. 
 
 1849— Philadelphia and New York ravaged 
 by the cholera— more than o.OOO per- 
 sons died in the latter city. 
 
 1849— First State Constitution adopted in 
 California. Sept. 1. It excluded slavery. 
 
 1849 — Commercial Treaty with the Sandwich 
 Islands, Dec. 20. 
 
 1850— Great iinmigi-ation to California, on 
 account of gold discoveries. 
 
 1850 — The Grinnell expedition in search of 
 Sir John Frankhn, in the Arctic regions, 
 • sailed from New York in May. 
 
 1850— The Government establishes the Terri- 
 tory of Utah. 
 
 1850- The Seventh Census of the United States 
 taken— population. 2S. 191.074. 
 
 1850— Lopez's second ■' filibustering " expedi- 
 tion against Cuba repulsed. May 17. 
 
 1850 — Treaty consummated between the 
 United States and Great Britain for a 
 canal for juint transportation acn.ss 
 the Isthmus of Panama, July 4. 
 
 Zachary Taylor, 13th President. 
 Millard Fillmore, 13th President. 
 
 Millard Fillmore, of N. Y., and Wm. R. King, of Ala.. 
 Vice-Pres. and Pres. of the Senate. John M. Clayton, of 
 Del-, and Daniel Webster, of Mass., Sec'ys of State. 
 Wra. M. Meredith, of Pa., and Thos. Corwin, of Ohio, 
 Sec'ys of Treas. Geo. W. Crawford, of Ga., and Chas. 
 M. Conrad, of Lou.. Sec'ys of War. Wm. B. Preston, of 
 Va., Wm. A. Graham, of N. C, Sec'ys of Navy. Thos. 
 Ewing, of Ohio, and Alex. H. H. Stuart, of Va.. Sec'ys of 
 Interior. Jacob Collamer, of Vt., and Nathan K. Hall, 
 of N. Y., Postmasters-General. Reverdy Johnson, of 
 Md., and Jno. J. Crittenden, of Ky , Attorneys-General. 
 Howell Cobb, of Ga., and Rob't C. Winthrop, of Mass., 
 Speakers of House of Representatives. 
 
 -^l'^ 
 
 ^#-E 
 
 18.50— Violent debates in Congress on the 
 slavery f|uestion and the admission of 
 California as a free State into the 
 Union. The admission of that State 
 was granted Aug. 15. 
 
 1850— Bills were passed by Congress abolish- 
 ing slavery in the District of Columbia, 
 and requiring escaped slaves to be re- 
 turned Iroin live Slutes to their mas- 
 ters. Ttu- lattiM- bill, which became a 
 law Sept. IH. impns. (I a fine of S1,000 
 and six numihs imprisonment on any 
 person aiding slaves to escape, or har- 
 boring them. This law remained in 
 force for several years. 
 
 1851 — A convention of Southerners assembled 
 at Charleston. S. C, May 8, to discuss 
 the rights of Southern States. Resolu- 
 tions were adopted favoring a dissolu- 
 tion of the Union. 
 
 1851— The Coast Survey of the United States 
 Government was completed. 
 
 1851— Letter postage was reduced to three 
 cents to all parts of the Union, except- 
 ing the Western Territories and Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 1851 — Minnesota, comprising an area of 
 21,000.000 acres, was purchased by the 
 Govern riM-nt from the Upper Sioux 
 Indians for 8305.500 and 568,000 per 
 annum for 50 years. 
 
 1851 — The corner-stone of additional build- 
 ings to the Capitol at Washington was 
 laid by President Polk, July 4. 
 
 1851 — Lopez's last" filibustering" expedition 
 to Cuba resulted in the capture and 
 death of himself and several of his fol- 
 lowers, Aug. l(i and Sept. 1. 
 
 U, indicates Democrat; W, Whig; It, Republican; JL-M, Anti-Mason; A, Abolitionist; X-A, Native-American. F-S, Free-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Whfrc 
 Born. 
 
 Slate 
 
 Wlicn Ron. Reprt- 
 
 Mnted. 
 
 Occupation 
 
 When Died. 
 
 .4t^hison. Diivid R. 
 
 D 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Aug. 1 1 . 1807 Mo ... ' Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 26, 1886 
 
 Badger. Geo. E. . . 
 
 .w 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 13, 1795 N. C. Jurist 
 
 May 11, 1865 
 
 Baldwin. Rogers.. 
 
 W 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Jan. 4. 1793 Conn. Lawyer. .. 
 
 Feb. 19, 1863 
 
 B.irnwell. Rob't W. 
 
 — 
 
 .S. C. 
 
 Aug. lO. 18111 S. v.. Lawyer... 
 
 
 Bell, John 
 
 w 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Feb. 1,1, 1797 Tenn. Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. lo, 1869 
 
 Benton. Thomas H.. 
 
 .!> 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14. 1782 .Mo. . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 Berrien. John M... 
 
 .W 
 
 N. J., 
 
 Aug. 23, 1781 Ga... Jurist 
 
 Jan. 1, 18,56 
 
 Borland, Solon 
 
 ..D 
 
 Va... 
 
 lArk.. Physician 
 
 Jan. 31, 1864 
 
 
 ..U 
 .D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1805 
 
 Me... 
 Ind . . 
 
 
 
 Bright. .lesse D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Dec. IS. 1812 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 May 20, 1875 
 
 Butler. Andrew 1*.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 19, 1796 S. C. . Jurist 
 
 May 25, 1857 
 
 Calhoun, John C. . . 
 
 1) 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Mar. 18. 1782 S. C Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 31. 1850 
 
 Cass, Lewis 
 
 ..1) 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. 9, 1782 Mich. Lawyer. .. 
 
 June 17,1866 
 
 Ohase, Salmon P.. 
 
 K-S 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1808 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 
 May 7, 1873 
 
 Clarke John H 
 
 .w 
 .w 
 
 X. J 
 
 179! 
 
 R. I.. 
 Kv... 
 
 Varied 
 
 1870 
 
 Clay. Henry 
 
 Va...i April 12. 1777 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 29, 1852 
 
 Clemens. Jeremiah. 
 
 . .1) 
 
 Ala... Dec. ^S, 1S14 Ala . . Vaiied. . . . 
 
 May 25, 1865 
 
 Cooper, James 
 
 w 
 
 Md... May 8, 1810 Pa.. . Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 1. 1863 
 
 Corwin, Thomas 
 
 ..R 
 
 Ky...;Jnlv2'.J, 1794 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 18, 1865 
 
 
 ..D 
 
 ,w 
 
 Ky. .. June a, 1808 5Iiss . 
 Mass.lJan. 13. 1787, Mass. 
 
 
 
 Pavis, John 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 19, 1854 
 
 Dawson, William C. 
 
 ,w 
 
 fia...ijan. 4. 17:t8 (Ja. ,. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 5, 1856 
 
 Davton. Wm. I 
 
 ,R 
 
 N. J..iFeb. 17. 1807 N. J.. 
 
 Jui-ist 
 
 Dec. 1. 1864 
 
 Dickinson, Dan'l S,. 
 
 ,.l) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. 11, 1800 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .ipril 12,1866 
 
 Dorlge. Ang. C 
 
 ,1) 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Jan. 2, 1812 Iowa. 
 
 UnknoAvn. 
 
 Nov. 20. 188:1 
 
 Dodtje. Henrv 
 
 ..u 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1782, Wis.. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 July 19, 1867 
 
 DitUk'la.s. Stephen A 
 
 ,l> 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 ApriI23, 1813,111. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June 3, 1861 
 
 Downs, Solomon W 
 
 .1) 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1801 Lou. . 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Aug. 14. 18.54 
 
 Elmore, Franklin H.D 
 
 S. C..I.Ian. III. 1799 S. C 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 29, 18,50 
 
 KwinjT, Thoiras 
 
 .w 
 
 Va...;Dee. 28, 178noliio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Oct, 26, 1871 
 
 Peleh, Alphens 
 
 .1) 
 
 Me,.. Sept. 2^*, Lslli: Mi.h. ',Iiiiist 
 
 
 Foote, Henrv S 
 
 ..I) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 2". 181111 Miss .il.awver... 
 
 May 20, 1880 
 
 
 K-S 
 w 
 
 Ga. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Jan, 21, 1813 Cal,., 
 1792 R. I., 
 
 
 
 <ireene. Albert C .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 8, 1863 
 
 (iwjn, William M... 
 
 D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Oct. !), 180,1 Cal... 
 
 Physician 
 
 
 Hale. John P 
 
 ..A 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Mar, 31. 1801! X. H. 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 
 Nov. 18, 1873 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal.. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Me... 
 
 Aug. 27, 1809 Me... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Hou^^ton. Samuel... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 2, 1793 Tex.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 25, 1863 
 
 Huntei-. Uob't M. T. 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 21, 18091 Va,.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 ..D 
 .D 
 
 Ind .. 
 
 
 Iowa, 
 Ala .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Kinit. William R.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 7. 17811 
 
 April 18, 18,53 
 
 Manirum, Willie P. 
 
 .W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1792, N. C. 
 
 Jurist... . 
 
 Sept. 14, 1861 
 
 .Mason, James M 
 
 W 
 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 3, 1 798 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 28. 1871 
 
 .Millei, .Iju»b W 
 
 .W 
 
 N.J,. 
 
 1802 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 20, 1862 
 
 
 .W 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Fla... 
 N. H. 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 
 Norris, Moses 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 8, 1799 
 
 Jan. 11, 1855 
 
 Pearee, James A... 
 
 .W 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 Dec. 14. ISO,') Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec, 20, 18B2 
 
 Phelps. .Samuel S. .. 
 
 .W 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 13, 1793 Vt ... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mar. 25, 1855 
 
 Pralt. Thomas t;... 
 
 .1) 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 18(1.-, Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov, 9, 18li!l 
 
 Rantoul. Itoberl... 
 
 .1) 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Auk- 13, 180.i Mass. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Auk. 7 18.52 
 
 Ithett, R. Barnwell. 
 
 1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Dec. 24. 1800 S.C.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sent, 14,1876 
 
 Rusk. Thomas J 
 
 .1) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tex.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 July 29, 18.56 
 
 Sclm.stian. Wm. K. 
 
 .D 
 
 .W 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. y. 
 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 20, 18(15 
 Oct, 10, 1872 
 
 Sewanl. William H, 
 
 May 10, isni 
 
 Shields ,Ia(ncs 
 
 D 
 
 Ire'd, 
 
 1810 III.. . 
 
 Ilirlst 
 
 June 1, 1879 
 
 Smith, Ti-iiman 
 
 R 
 
 Honn. 
 
 Nov. 27 1 79 r Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 
 
 .11 
 W 
 
 Fran 
 
 Del,, . 
 
 
 I,OII,, 
 
 Del. . 
 
 Lawvi-r, . . 
 Merebiint. 
 
 
 Sfimanee, Presley , 
 
 1 7H,% 
 
 Feb. 13, 1HI13 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Bom. 
 
 State 
 
 Rcprc- OccupaUoo. 
 aentcd. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Stewart, David — 
 
 Sturgeon, Daniel D 
 
 Turnev, Hopkins L. .D 
 XTnderwootl. Jos. R. . W 
 Upham, William. ...W 
 Wales. John W 
 
 Md... 
 Pa.. . 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct."27,"l789 
 Oct. 3, 1797 
 Oct. 24. 1791 
 Aug. — , 1792 
 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 Vt . . . 
 Del... 
 Wis.. 
 Mass. 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Fla... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.., 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 5, 1858 
 July 3, 1878 
 Aug. 1, 1857 
 Aug. 23, 1876 
 Jan. 14, 1853 
 Dec. 3, 1883 
 
 Webster, Daniel W 
 
 Whitcomb, James.,., D 
 Winthrop, Robert C.W 
 Yulee, David L D 
 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 W. I. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1782 
 Dee. 1, 1791 
 May 12, 1809 
 1811 
 
 Oct. 24, 1852 
 Oct. *, 1852 
 
 Vaiied. . . . 
 
 
 Total Senatoi-s, 6J>. Lawyers, 43. Jurists, 1 3. Varied, 5. Occupation 
 Unknown, 4. Merchants, 3, Soldiers, 3. Physicians, 3. Foreign Bom, 
 3: Including W'est Indies, 1; France, 1; Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Albertson, Nath'l D 
 
 Alexander, Henry P.W 
 
 Allen, Charles F-S 
 
 Alston, Wm. J W 
 
 Anderson, Josiah M.W 
 
 Andrews. Geo. R W 
 
 Ashe, William S D 
 
 .\shmun, George W 
 
 .\verett, Tlios H D 
 
 Baker, Edw'd D W 
 
 Bay, Win. V. N D 
 
 Bayley, Thos. H D 
 
 Beale, James M. H D 
 
 Bell, John ...W 
 
 Bennett, Henry W 
 
 Bingham. Kinsley I) 
 
 Bissell. William II D 
 
 Bocock. Thos. S D 
 
 Bokee, David A AV 
 
 Booth, W,alter F-S 
 
 Bowdon. Frank W D 
 
 Bowie, Richard T W 
 
 Bowlin, James B D 
 
 Bo.yd, Linn D 
 
 Brcck, Daniel W 
 
 Briggs, George W 
 
 Brishin. John W 
 
 Brooks, James W 
 
 Brown, Alberto D 
 
 Brown, William J D 
 
 Biiel. Alexander W ..D 
 Ilullard, Henry A.,., W 
 Burrows, Lorenzo, ..W 
 
 Burt, Armistend D 
 
 Butler, Chester W 
 
 Iblller, Thomas B,..W I 
 
 <'lll,ell. K. C W 
 
 Where 
 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Eng'd 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 N.' Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ala.. 
 D.C.. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass, 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 {S. C. 
 iKy... 
 |Vt..., 
 Moss, 
 k'onn. 
 Is. C. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Va, . . 
 
 Bute 
 
 Dec. 25, 
 Feb! 24,' 
 i)ec.'"ii' 
 
 Sept. 29. 
 Dec. 16. 
 April 25, 
 
 Oct.' ' 6,' 
 Dec. 8, 
 
 Nov. 28, 
 Feb, 12, 
 May 6, 
 
 Nov', 'lo! 
 May 31. 
 Nov, 22, 
 
 Sept, 9, 
 
 1804 
 
 Van' 
 
 Ilnd, 
 
 . 1802 N. Y 
 , 1797 Mass 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 ...... N. Y 
 
 N. C, 
 Mass. 
 Va.., 
 111. ., 
 
 Mo... 
 
 ISlOVa. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1808!N. Y. 
 
 ISOS'Mich. 
 
 I811JI11. ., 
 
 1815 Va... 
 
 1815 N. Y. 
 
 1791 Conn 
 
 lAla., 
 
 1807,Md.,, 
 
 ISO-llMo,., 
 
 ISOOlKy,., 
 
 1788' Ky... 
 
 1805 N. Y. 
 
 tPa.. 
 
 18101 N. Y. 
 
 1813 Miss.. 
 , l.S05|Ind, , 
 
 ISrslMich, 
 
 nSllLou,. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Is. C. 
 
 I798lPa.. . 
 , laO^iConn. 
 .1817 Fla... 
 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Unknown 
 Meichont, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 Un known. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Vaiied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Agrleul'st. 
 
 Juii-st 
 
 Merellanl. 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 
 Jui-isI 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 I'lanler. . . 
 
 Feb. 22, 1867 
 Aug. 6, 1869 
 
 .luly 10, 1870 
 
 Oct. 21, 1861 
 Juiie 23,* isSfi 
 
 Oct. 5, 1861 
 Mar 18, 1860 
 
 .\lar, iii,' 1860 
 
 June 8, 1857 
 
 ilee,"l(i.'i859 
 
 julio" i ,' 1869 
 
 Api'iiao,' 1873 
 
 jiar'.'ia 1857 
 April 17,1888 
 \piil 17, 1851 
 
 Oct, 5, ia5U 
 Juno 8, 1873
 
 f- 
 
 -^j/; 
 
 KKPKKSKNTA'I'IVKS OF 'I'lIK '111 lIMY-KIKhT CONGKESS. 
 
 497 
 
 fablf.Joscph D 
 
 Calcl«i-ll. Geo. A D 
 
 Oiilihvi'll. Joseph P..W 
 
 Cftlvin. Siiiniif) W 
 
 Caliililjill. L.'wls D..VV 
 
 Curttcr. liiiviil K D 
 
 Casi-V, .[(>«■!. Il W 
 
 Chancllcl-. .Ills. U W 
 
 Chirlii-.c-liailcH K....W 
 l'lLV,.|i.ii.l Clui-llc'.vK.l) 
 Clmmiiiui. Thus. L...W 
 
 Cobb, Howell.... D 
 
 Cobb. Will. 11. W D 
 
 Colcoc'k. William F. .— 
 
 Cole. ()i-.siiiniis 
 
 Coiinei". Haniioti S 
 Coniad, Charles M. 
 Corwin. Moses B... 
 
 Crowell. John 
 
 Daniel, Jno. R. J.. 
 
 Danner, Joel It 
 
 llebciry, Kiliiuuld. 
 lii.-k.-v', .l.'SM- C... 
 Ihiaml. k. Mil" .M.. 
 Disney. Daviii T. . . 
 
 Dixon. Nathan F W 
 
 Doty, James l> D 
 
 Duel- 
 
 ..W 
 
 William 
 i,n. Jain.sH.. 
 Iiuiihaiii, CmiH L. 
 Diirki-.-. charl.-s... 
 Edniuiidson. 11. A. 
 
 Eliot, Samuel A 
 
 Evans, Alexander. 
 
 Evans, Nathan W 
 
 Ewing, Andrew D 
 
 Featherston, W. 3. . .D 
 
 Filch, Graham S D 
 
 Fowler, Orin F-S 
 
 Freedley, John W 
 
 FuUei-. Thos. J. D D 
 
 Gentry. Meredith P.W 
 
 n.-nv, Ell.ridce D 
 
 GlcLlnii.'-, J<i-liu;>R.F-S 
 
 i;ill.,rl. IvlMuid D 
 
 Gilmoie. Allred — 
 
 Goodenow, Rufus K.W 
 Gorman, Willis A....D 
 
 Gott. Daniel 
 
 Gonld. Hermr.n D 
 
 Gr 
 
 .n. Jiuii 
 
 ..W 
 
 ..w 
 
 ...D 
 
 ..W 
 
 .D 
 
 .D 
 
 ..W 
 .W 
 ..D 
 
 ■II. J..M.|.ll 
 
 Hu.-kitt. Tims. 
 Hall. Willard P. 
 Hallnwav, Ransom. .W 
 Haiiillt..h, Wm. T....D 
 Haiiim.ind, Edward.. D 
 
 Haiiipliin. Moses W 
 
 Haralson. Huirh A...D 
 
 Harlan, .\ndrew J D 
 
 Harmanson, J. H D 
 
 Harris, Isham G D 
 
 Harris. Sampson W..D 
 
 Harris. Thos, L D 
 
 Hay, Vndrew K W 
 
 HavTn.md. Thos. S. 
 Heiiard, William.. 
 
 Henry, William 
 
 Hibbard, Harry... 
 Hilliard. Henry W..W 
 
 Hoajjrland, Moses D 
 
 H.ill.iil.iy. Alex. R D 
 
 H.ilm.v Isaac E D 
 
 H.mstun. John W....W 
 Howard, Volney E...D 
 
 Howe, John W W 
 
 Hubbard, David D 
 
 Hunter, William F. .W 
 
 Inge, Samuel W D 
 
 tjackson, Joseph W. ,D 
 Jackson, William T..W 
 
 Johnson, Andrew D 
 
 Johnson, Ja.s. L W 
 
 Johnson. Rob't W D 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Julian, George W R 
 
 Kaufman. David- S.. — 
 
 Kerr. John B W 
 
 KiuK, Daniel P W 
 
 King, George C W 
 
 King. James G W 
 
 King.John A W 
 
 King. Preston D 
 
 Xj& Sere. Emile. D 
 
 Leffler. Shepard D 
 
 Levin, Lewis C N-A 
 
 Littlelield, Nath'lS...D 
 McClernand. JohnA.D 
 
 McDonald, Jos. E D 
 
 McDowell. James D 
 
 McGaughey, Ed. W. .W 
 McKis,sock. Thomas. W 
 McLanahan, Jas. X...D 
 
 McLane, Rob't M D 
 
 McLean, Finis E W 
 
 McMuUen, Fayette., .D 
 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . , 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn, 
 N-. C. 
 Ga. . . 
 Tenn 
 S. C. . 
 N. Y. 
 Conn, 
 Va... 
 Ky.., 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C 
 Pa.. 
 Pa..., 
 Md.. 
 
 R. I. 
 N. Y 
 N. Y 
 Mass, 
 N. Y, 
 Vt .. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn 
 Tenn 
 N. Y. 
 Conn 
 Pa... 
 Vt ... 
 N. 0. 
 .Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa, .. 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 Conn, 
 Conn 
 Va. .. 
 Mass, 
 ;Oa. ., 
 |Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 'Md... 
 
 July 30, 
 Aug. a, 
 
 lOhlo, 
 
 |Ky.. 
 
 ISnS'N. C. 
 , 181i:Pa... 
 
 1811 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 IPa... 
 
 17112Pa.., 
 
 April 8, 17iK) N. Y. 
 
 1799:Conn 
 N. C. 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 June 8, 
 
 Jan. 5, 
 
 Aug. 14. 
 
 May 
 
 181.') 
 1807 
 
 May 25, 
 Dec. 5, 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 iiar. ' 5, 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Tenn, 
 Ga. ., 
 Conn, 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Conn, 
 N. H. 
 Vt... 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 Del .. 
 Me. . . 
 N. H. 
 Va 
 Va 
 
 N. C. 
 Ga. ., 
 N. Y. 
 N. C, 
 Ky.. 
 |Ky.., 
 Va.., 
 Ind., 
 Pa. .. 
 ,'Md... 
 I Mass. 
 R. I 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y'. 
 N. Y 
 Lou. . 
 Pa... 
 S. C. . 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 Ind.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 DeL.. 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 
 Dec. 7. 
 July 2!), 
 May 22, 
 Mar. 17, 
 
 Dec." 6,' 
 Oct. 6, 
 
 April 24, 
 Jan. 12, 
 
 Feb. 28, 
 Nov. 17, 
 
 Sept. 8, 1820 
 
 Oct. 28. 
 Nov. 13, 
 Mar. 29, 
 Jan. — , 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 Oct. 29, 
 
 July 1, 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 April 6, 
 
 Ga, 
 Ala. . 
 S. C. 
 Wis. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 1804 Lou.. 
 17S0 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa.,. 
 
 1787 N. C. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1803 Ohio. 
 1812 R. 1.. 
 1800 Wis.. 
 
 1805 N. Y. 
 1703 Mass. 
 
 Ind . . 
 
 1805 Wis. . 
 
 Va .. 
 
 1798 Mass. 
 Md... 
 
 1804 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 
 'Hiss . 
 
 1810 Ind. . 
 1791 Mass. 
 1793 Pa. .. 
 1808 Me... 
 ISUlTenn. 
 
 1815 Me... 
 
 1795 Ohio. 
 Cal, 
 Pa. 
 
 1790 
 
 1816 Ind. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1817 Mo... 
 
 1788 Mass. 
 Ga.. . 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 
 1803 Pa. .. 
 1S05 Ga... 
 1815, Ind. . 
 1803'Lou.. 
 I8I8;Tenn. 
 1809iAIa... 
 1816 111. .. 
 
 N. J. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Vt... 
 1816 N. H. 
 I808iAIa.. 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1796 S. C. . 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Tex. . 
 
 Pa 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 ila 
 
 Deo. 29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 Mar. 15, 
 May 5, 
 Dee. 18, 
 Mar. 5, 
 
 May 8, 
 Jan. 3. 
 Oct. 14, 
 
 Nov. 10, 
 Sept. 20, 
 May 30, 
 Aug. 29, 
 
 1808 Ohio. 
 
 lAla. . 
 
 |Ga... 
 
 1794|n. Y. 
 1808|Tenn. 
 
 jKy... 
 
 18141 Ai-k.. 
 1806 Tenn. 
 1817 Ind.. 
 1813ITex. . 
 1809;Md... 
 1800 Ma.ss. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1791 N.J. . 
 1788 N. Y. 
 1806 N. Y. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 I Iowa. 
 
 1808Pa. .. 
 1804 Me... 
 1812 111. .. 
 1819 Ind. . 
 1796 Va. . . 
 
 Ilnd. . 
 
 1798 N. Y. 
 
 1809 Pa . . . 
 1815 Md... 
 Ky... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Agrieurst 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied . . , 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer, .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 i^lnknown 
 
 I'hysiciaij 
 
 Cleigym'n 
 
 Varied. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer,. . 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 [Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Varied.. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied 
 
 Sept. 17, 1886 
 Jan. 3, 1853 
 
 1880 
 
 Doc. 29, 1863 
 
 Oct. 9, 1868 
 Nov. — , 1864 
 
 Feb. 11, 1878 
 April 7, 1872 
 
 Dec. 12, 1859 
 
 Nov. '21', 1872 
 .Mai-. 14, 1857 
 Feb. 3, IHHl 
 June II, 1865 
 
 Fell.' 8.' ' 1869 
 Oct. 15, 18,50 
 Jan. 14, 1870 
 
 Jan.' '26,* 1862 
 
 July 20, 1864 
 
 Sept.' a, ' i'8'52 
 Dec. 8, 1851 
 
 1876 
 
 Nov. 3, 1866 
 
 May 27, 1864 
 1863 
 
 Mar. 24, 1863 
 May 20, 1876 
 
 Jan. 19, 1870 
 
 Oct. 8, 1851 
 
 April 6, 1851 
 
 Oct. 6, 1854 
 Oct.' '25,' i'8'56 
 
 April — , 1857 
 Nov. 24, 1858 
 
 Oct. 22. 1875 
 
 juiy '2'7," i's'ra 
 
 Feb. 25, 1867 
 
 1867 
 
 Sept. 20, 1854 
 
 July 31, 1875 
 Feb. 12, 1877 
 
 Jan. 31, 1851 
 Jan. 28, 1878 
 July 25, 18.50 
 July 17, 1870 
 Oct. 3, 1853 
 July 7, 1867 
 Nov. 13, 1865 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . I . 
 
 Lawyer... ' 
 
 Unknown. Aug. 24, 1851 
 Unknown. Aug. 18, 1852 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer 1864 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Horn 
 
 McQueen, John I) 
 
 McWIllie, William. ..D 
 
 Mann, Htirace F-S 
 
 Mann, Job I) 
 
 Marshall, Humphr'y.W 
 
 Mason, John C D 
 
 Matteson, O. H W 
 
 Jleaehiiin, James W 
 
 Meaile, Rieh'd K D 
 
 Miller, Daniel F W 
 
 Miller, J.ihn K D 
 
 Millson. Jolin S D 
 
 Monro, Henry B W 
 
 Mondiead, Chas. S...W 
 .MoiTis. Jonathan D. . 
 Morrison. George W. 
 
 Morse, Isaac E 
 
 Morton, Jeremiah. 
 Kelson, William. 
 
 Nes, Henry 
 
 Newell, Win, A 
 
 Ogle, Andrew J.., 
 
 Olds, Edson B 
 
 Orr, James L 
 
 Otis, John 
 
 Outlaw, David W 
 
 Owen, Allen F W 
 
 ..D 
 .D 
 .D 
 ..D 
 ,.W 
 
 '.'w 
 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 
 Parker, Richard. 
 Peaslee. Chas. H.. 
 Peck, Lucius B. .. 
 
 Penn, Alex. G 
 
 Phelps, John S 
 
 Phcenix, J. Phillip 
 Pitman. Charles V 
 Potter, Emery D. . 
 Powell, Paulus... 
 Putnam. Harvey. 
 Reed, Robert R. . 
 Reynolds. Gideon. 
 Ricliardson, "Wm. 
 
 Risley, Elijah 
 
 Robbins, John D 
 
 Robinson, John L D 
 
 Rockwell. Julius W 
 
 Root, Joseph M W 
 
 Rose, Rob't L D 
 
 Ross, Thomas D 
 
 Rumsey, David W 
 
 Sackett, William A.W 
 
 Savage, John H D 
 
 .Sawlelle, Cullen D 
 
 Schenck, Rob't C. ...W 
 Schernierhorn, A. M.W 
 Schoolcraft, Jno. L. .W 
 
 Seddon. James A D 
 
 Shepperd, Aug. H...W 
 
 Sibley. Heniy H — 
 
 Spaiilding, p:lliridge.W 
 Sprague, William. ..F-S 
 
 Stanley, Edward W 
 
 Stanton, Fred. P D 
 
 Stanton, Rieh'd H D 
 
 Stephens, Alex. H....W 
 
 Stetson, Charles D 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus. .W 
 
 Strong, William D 
 
 Sweetser, Charles ..,D 
 Sylvester, Peter H. . . W 
 
 Taylor, John L W 
 
 Thomas, James H D 
 
 Thompson, Jacob D 
 
 Thompson, James D 
 
 Thompson, John B..W 
 Thompson. William.. D 
 
 Thurman, John R W 
 
 Thurston. Samuel R. .D 
 
 Toombs, Robert D 
 
 Tuck, Amos FS 
 
 Underhill, Walter. .W 
 
 Van Dyke, John W 
 
 Venable, Abr'm W...D 
 
 Vinton. Samuel F W 
 
 "Walden. Hiram D 
 
 Waldo, Loren P D 
 
 Wallace, Daniel — 
 
 Watkins, Albert G...W 
 Welbom, Marshall J.D 
 
 Wentworth. John D 
 
 White, Hugh W 
 
 Whittlesey, Wm. A. ..D 
 
 Wildrick. Isaac D 
 
 Williams. Chl-is. H..W 
 ..D 
 
 W'ilmot, David. 
 
 Wilson, James w 
 
 Winthrop, Rob't C...W 
 
 Wood, Amos E D 
 
 Woodward, Jos. A D 
 
 Wright, George W...D 
 Young, Timothy R..D 
 
 S. C. 
 N. O. 
 Mass. 
 Ptt.. . 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Vt... 
 Va. .. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Kv... 
 Ohio. 
 Vt... 
 Lou.. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 Vt... 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt.. . . 
 
 Va... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. J. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt. . . 
 Conn. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y'.. 
 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Ga... 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Ma,ss. 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. . 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 
 Wlicii llorn. ItrfTi'. Occupktlqn. Whrn Dl«.i, 
 
 Nov, 17. 
 May 4, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Jan. 13, 
 
 Oct. 1 , 
 April 13, 
 
 May 22, 
 
 'ju'iio'ao, 
 
 May 12, 
 
 1808 S. C. 
 
 1795 Miss. 
 
 1796 MauB, 
 1795 Pa . . . 
 1812 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 1810, Vt. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1814 Iowa. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1808 Va. . . 
 1817 Pa. .. 
 1802 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lou,. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1784 N. Y. 
 1799 Pa... 
 
 IN. J.. 
 
 1822, Pa. .. 
 
 !ohlo. 
 
 I822:S. O. . 
 
 1809 
 
 [■'eb. 6, 
 Dec,' 22' 
 
 1804 
 1804 
 
 1814 
 
 1793 
 
 Jan. 16, 
 
 1811 
 1780 
 
 \pril2fi, 
 Oct. 7. 
 Oct. 12, 
 
 1805 
 1817 
 1804 
 
 Oct. 4, 1809 
 
 Feb. — , 
 Feb. -24, 
 
 Feb, 11, 
 Nov. 7, 
 April 4, 
 -May 6, 
 
 Feb. 17, 
 Mar. 7, 
 Sept. 22, 
 May 15, 
 Oct. I, 
 
 . 1801 Me 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 N.Y.. 
 
 P»... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 IIL... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Moss. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Minn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 ..i.Mich. 
 ..:N. O. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 1807 N. Y. 
 1805 Ohio. 
 
 181 1 
 1809 
 
 1812 
 1801 
 
 1792 
 1808 
 
 1808 
 1810 
 1806 
 1810 
 
 July 2, 1810 
 
 Oct. 17, 
 Sept. 25, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 1799 
 1792 
 18O0 
 1802 
 
 May 5, 1818 
 
 Mar. 5, 1815 
 
 |Jau. 20, 
 May"l2,' 
 
 Tenn. 
 Miss. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y 
 Ore. 
 Ga.. 
 X. H 
 
 y. Y 
 
 X.J 
 
 1809 
 1810 
 
 X. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Y. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. . 
 Tenn. 
 Ga... 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio . 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 X. H. 
 Ma.<s. 
 Ohio. 
 S. C. 
 Cal... 
 III. .. 
 
 . Lftwvcr... Aufir. 30, 1807 
 
 VarM Mar. 3, imi) 
 
 Varied..., Aug. '2. 1809 
 
 LawycT 
 
 Varied.... Mar. 28, 1872 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 Cler(fym'n,Aufr.2y. IKOe 
 Lawyer... 'April 20, 1863 
 
 ;Lawyer,.. ' 
 
 ; Unknown. I 
 
 |Ijiwyer...:Feb. 20, 1873 
 
 I Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer... I Dec. 23, 1868 
 LaMyer...|May 16, 1875 
 
 I Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... Feb. 11,1860 
 
 (Unknown.' 
 
 Ijiwycr... lOcl. 2. 1860 
 Pbyficlnn. Sept. 10, ISOO 
 
 PhvMlcian.' 
 
 Unknown 1802 
 
 iPhyhicion. Jan. 24,1869 
 Varied May 6. 18r3 
 
 [Lawyer... Oct. 17, 1856 
 
 iLawyiT... 
 
 I Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 : Lawyer... I Sept. 2n, 1H66 
 
 iLawyer... Dec. 28, Iftrjfi 
 
 jVarled.... May 8, 1866 
 
 Lawyer... ' 
 
 Merchant. May 4, 1850 
 
 I Unknown. ' 
 
 Lawyer... ' 
 
 I Unknown 
 
 Lawyer... jSept. 21, 1855 
 Physician. I Dec. 15, 1864 
 
 I Un known. ' 
 
 Lawyer, ..'Dec. 27, 1875 
 Unknown. ! Jan. 9, 1870 
 
 'Man'foct'ri 
 
 Unknown. I Slar. 21, I860 
 
 Lawyer... [ 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. , 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Lawyer...! 
 
 Lawyer... j 
 
 Lawyer.. J 
 
 Unknown. Aug. 22, 1855 
 Mercbanti May 11, 1860 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... ' 
 
 Merchant. ' 
 
 Lawj'er 
 
 Unknown 1851 
 
 Lawyer... July 26, 1872 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer...! 
 
 Lawyer... [Mar. 4. 1883 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... Aug. 11, 1868 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer... Sept. C, 1870 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Capitalist. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 ILawyer. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 •igricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jan, 7, 1874 
 
 1854 
 
 April 0, I85I 
 
 Feb. 24, 1876 
 1862 
 
 Oct. 6, 1870 
 
 Mar. 10, 1868 
 
 Nov. 19,1850 
 
 Total Representatives, 243. La'wyers, 102. Occupation Unkno'wn, 69. 
 Varied, 33. Merchants, lO. Jurists, O. Physicians, S. Agriculturists, 
 4. Mechanics, 3. Clergymen, 2. Journalists, 2. Planter, 1. Manufact- 
 urer, 1. Capitalist, 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including England, 1. 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 
 -spi^
 
 498 
 
 THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Thirty-second Congress of the United States, from 1851 to 1853, 
 
 1851— The great World's Fnir. in tlif Crys- 
 tal Palace, at London. Eiig., opened by 
 Queen Victoria, May 1. 
 
 1851 — Vigilance Committee, for the summary 
 punishment of criminals, organized at 
 San Francisco, Cal„ June 9. 
 
 1851— Commercial Treaty with Peru, S. A., 
 concluded, July 26. 
 
 1851— Great Anti-Slavery riot and rescue of 
 a captured fugitive slave. Jerrj- Logiien, 
 at Syracuse, N. Y.. Oct. 1. 
 
 1851— Great discoveries of gold deposits in 
 Australia. 
 
 1851— Louis Kossuth, the great Hungarian 
 patriot, exiled from home, arrived in 
 New York, Dec. 5. 
 
 1851 — Louis Napoleon elected, for a tenn of 
 ten years. President of the Republic of 
 France, Dec. 20, lil. 
 
 1851— The First Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation in America was organized at 
 Montreal, Can. 
 
 1851-The celebrated " Maine Liquor Law," 
 for the supression of the liquor traffic, 
 passed. 
 
 1851— The Library of the United States, in 
 the Capitol at Washington, destroyed 
 by fire; 35,000 volumes, out of ■'SS.OOO. 
 were burned, with many valuable stat- 
 ues, paintings, etc., Dec. 24. 
 
 1851— Return of Griunell Arctic expedition. 
 
 1852— Mrs. Stowe's *' Uncle Tom's Cabin" 
 published. 
 
 '-^'^ij£as#®#033^-^ 
 
 Millard Ftllmore, 13th President. 
 
 Wm. R. King, of Ala., and David R. Atchison, of Mo., 
 Presidents of the Senate, and acting Vice-Presidents. 
 Daniel Webster, of Mass., and Edward Everett, of Mass., 
 Sec'ys of State. Thos. Corwin, of Ohio, Secy of Treas. 
 Chas. M. Conrad, of La.. Sec'y of War. Win. A. Graham, 
 of N. C, and John P. Kennedy, of Md., Sec'ys of Navy. 
 Alex. H. H. Stuart, of Va., Sec'y of Interior. Nathan K. 
 Hall, of N. Y., and Sam'l D. Hubbard, of Conn., Post- 
 masters-General. Jno. J. Crittenden, of Ky., Attorney- 
 General. Linn Boyd, of Ky,, Speaker of House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 t^n/iAi 
 
 XWy^- 
 
 1K.)2— Com. Perry's expedition to Japan. 
 
 18.'>2— First National Atrrieultural Convention 
 was held at Washington, D. C, June 24. 
 
 1852— United States Mint cs.tablished at San 
 Franciso. Cal., July 3. 
 
 1852 — First college Iwat^race rowed, between 
 Harvard and Yale crews, on Lake Win- 
 nipiseogee, N. H., Aug. 3 — Harvard 
 winning. 
 
 1852— John P. Hale, of N. H., and George W. 
 Julian, of Ind.. nominated lor Presi- 
 dent and Vice-President of the United 
 States, Ijv the Free-Soil Nationul Con- 
 vention, at Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 12. 
 
 1852— The steamer Atlantic lost on Lake Erie, 
 with 250 lives, Aug. 20. 
 
 1852 — The French Empire restored, and Louis 
 Napoleon proclaimed Emperor, Dec. 2. 
 
 1852 — Great Britain subdued the Burman 
 Empire, in India, and acquired new 
 territory in Pegu. 
 
 1853— The "Know-Nothing," or "Native. 
 Anieric.in," political party organized 
 in New York. 
 
 1853— The Claims Treaty ^vith Great Britain 
 concluded, Feb. 8. 
 
 1853— Washington Ter. organized. Mar. 2. 
 
 1853 — Dr. Kane's Arctic expedition sailed. 
 
 1853 — Commencement of Crimean war be- 
 tween Great Britain and Russia. 
 
 1853 — The World's Fair, in New York, opened 
 by President Pierce, July 14. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat; "W^, Whig; R, Republican; .A.-lhI, Anti-Mason; A., Abolitionist; X-A, Native-American; F-S, Fi-ee-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Pi 
 
 I Hi 
 
 1 «' 
 
 I Se 
 
 I SIi 
 
 J* Sii 
 
 Adams. Stephen D 
 
 Atcliisoii, David R D 
 
 Badger. Geo. E W 
 
 Bayard. James A D 
 
 Beil. John W 
 
 Berrien. John M W 
 
 Borland. Solon D 
 
 Bradbury. James W..D 
 
 Bright, Je.sse D D 
 
 Brodhead. Richard. ..D 
 
 Brooke, Walter — 
 
 Butler. Andrew P D 
 
 C.a.ss, Lems D 
 
 Catheart, Chas. W...D 
 Charlton, Rob't M. . . .— 
 Chase, Salmon P...F-S 
 
 Clarke.John H W 
 
 Clay. Henry W 
 
 Clemens. Jeremiah . . . D 
 
 Cooper, Jiime.s W 
 
 Dayis. John W 
 
 Dawson. William C. .W 
 DeSau.ssure. Wm. F. .— 
 
 Dixon. Archibald W 
 
 Dodge, Aug. C D 
 
 Dodge. Henry D 
 
 Douglas. Stephen A . . D 
 Downs. Solomon W..D 
 
 Felch. Alphens D 
 
 Fish. Hamilton W 
 
 Fitzpatrick. Benj D 
 
 Foote. Henry S 1> 
 
 Foot. Solomon R 
 
 Oeyer. Henry S — 
 
 Gwin, William M D 
 
 Hale, John P A 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal D 
 
 Houston, Samuel D 
 
 Hunter, Rob't M.T...D 
 
 .lames. Charles T D 
 
 Jones.Oeorgc W I) 
 
 Jones, James C W 
 
 King. William R. ...D 
 
 Mi-Rae. John I D 
 
 Mallorv, Stephen R. .D 
 Mangum. Willie P...W 
 
 Mason. James M D 
 
 Meriwether, David . . . D 
 
 Miller. JacobW W 
 
 Morton. Jackson W 
 
 Norris, Moses D 
 
 I*earce, James A D 
 
 Petttt, John D 
 
 Phelps. Samuel S....W 
 
 Pratt. Thomas O D 
 
 Rhett. U. Barnwell. .D 
 
 Rusk. Thomas J D 
 
 Sebastian. Wm. K...I) 
 Seward. William H..W 
 
 Shlelrls James 1) 
 
 Smith. Truman R 
 
 Tenn. 
 Kv... 
 N. C. 
 
 Del .. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. 
 
 s' c'.'. 
 
 N. H. 
 Mad'a 
 Ga. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 Ala.. 
 .Md... 
 Ma.ss . 
 Ga. .. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 Ind. . 
 Vt.... 
 Tenn. 
 Mo. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Va. .. 
 Vt.. . 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Me. . . 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 |R. I.. 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Miss.. 
 Tri'd. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 D. C. . 
 N. Y'. 
 Conn. 
 D. C. . 
 S. C. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 t'onn. 
 
 Dec. 18. 
 
 Nov'. 19, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 Jan. 19. 
 Jan. I'd, 
 
 stau 
 
 Repre- Occupatioi 
 
 Aug. 11. 
 April 13, 
 Nov. 13. 
 Feb. l.'). 
 Aug. 23, 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 1807 Miss.. 
 1795 N. C. 
 1799 Del.., 
 I 797 Tenn 
 1781 Ga... 
 
 Ark., 
 
 , Me.., 
 
 April 12, 
 Dec. 28. 
 Slay 8. 
 Jan. 13, 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 April 2, 
 Jan. 2. 
 Out. 12, 
 April 23, 
 
 Sept,' 2«, 
 Aug. 3. 
 Juno3n, 
 Sept. 211, 
 Nov, 19, 
 
 Oct. 9. 
 Mar. 31. 
 Aug. 27. 
 Mar. 2. 
 April 21, 
 
 June 8, 
 April 7, 
 
 Nov. '3, 
 
 Nov. 8, 
 Dec. 14. 
 July 24. 
 May 13. 
 
 1812 Ind 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 1796 S. C 
 17,82 Mich. 
 
 1809 Ind. . 
 
 1807 Ga. . . 
 
 1808 Ohio. 
 
 1791 R. I.. 
 1777iKy... 
 1814 Ala. . 
 
 1810 Pa.. . 
 1787 Mass. 
 1798 Ga. . . 
 
 1792 S. C. 
 1802 Kv... 
 
 1812 Iowa. 
 17H2 Wis.. 
 
 1813 111. .. 
 18IJ1 Lou. . 
 Iftoi; Mich. 
 1«|)H N. Y . 
 1.^(12 Ala .. 
 
 I8li<) Ml^^.. 
 18112 \'t ... 
 1798 Mo... 
 18(ra Cal... 
 180(1 N. H. 
 
 1809 Me. . . 
 
 1793 Tex.. 
 lS09;Va... 
 1804'R. I.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 18tli> Tenn, 
 178(i Ala, . 
 Ml.sa.. 
 
 1810 Kla... 
 
 1792 N. C. 
 1798 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1802 N. J.. 
 
 Fla... 
 
 171)9 N. H, 
 lam Md... 
 1807 Ind. . 
 
 1793 Vt 
 
 Dec.' 24, 
 
 jiay |(i, 
 Nov, '27, 
 
 180,: 
 18(K) 
 
 Md,.. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tex. . 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 1810 111.. . 
 1791iConn, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\vyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier — 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 L.awyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Machinist. 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyei". . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 2.'i, 1857 
 June 17. 1866 
 
 May II, 1857 
 Jan. 26, 1886 
 May 11, 1865 
 June 13. 1880 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 Jan. 1. 18.56 
 Jan. 31. 1864 
 
 May 20, 1875 
 Sept. 17,1863 
 
 Jan. 8, 
 May 7, 
 
 1854 
 1873 
 1870 
 June 29, 1852 
 May 25, 1865 
 Mar. 1. 1863 
 April 19. 1854 
 May 5, 1856 
 
 .tpril24,1876 
 Nov. 20. 1883 
 July 19. 1867 
 June 3. 1861 
 Aug. 14. 1854 
 
 Nov. 21. 1869 
 May 20. 1880 
 Mar. 28, 1866 
 Mar. 5, 1859 
 
 N'ov'.'i8i'l'8'73 
 
 j'u'l'y '25,' i'863 
 
 Oct. 17, 1862 
 
 Oct.' '29.' 1859 
 April 18, 1853 
 May 30, 1868 
 Nov, i), 1873 
 Sept, 14, 1861 
 April 28, 18-1 
 
 Se'pi,'26,' 'l'862 
 
 Jan, 11. 
 Dec. 20. 
 Jime 17, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Nov, », 
 Sept. 14. 
 July 29, 
 May 20, 
 Oct. 10, 
 June 1, 
 
 18.55 
 1862 
 1877 
 18.55 
 1869 
 1870 
 18.50 
 1865 
 1872 
 1879 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Whprp 
 Born. 
 
 mien Born. 
 
 R*pre- 1 OceupBtion 
 MnWd. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Soule. Pierre 
 
 D 
 
 Fran.' I8OIIL0U.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Mar. 16, 1870 
 
 Spruance. Presley.. 
 Stockton, Rob't P.. 
 
 W 
 
 Del... 1785|Del... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Feb. 13. 1863 
 
 1) 
 
 N. J. 
 
 1795jN. J. 
 
 N'v'lOBie'r 
 
 Oct. 7. 1866 
 
 Sumner. Charles. . . 
 
 ..A 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 6. 1811 Ma.ss. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 11. 1874 
 
 Xoucev, Isaac 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 5, 1796'Conn. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 July 30. 1869 
 
 iLTnderwood, Jos, R. 
 
 .W 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Oct. 24, 1791 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 23. 1876 
 
 Upham. William... 
 
 W 
 
 M.ass. 
 
 Aug. — . I792'Vl. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 14. 1853 
 
 Wade, Benj. F 
 
 K, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 27, 18001 Ohio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mar. 2, 1878 
 
 
 ..D 
 
 .,D 
 
 
 
 Wis.. 
 Cal... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Weller. John B 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 Aug. 7, 1875 
 
 Whiteomb, James.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Dec. i, 1791 llnd .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 4, 1852 
 
 Total Senators, TS. Lawyers, 40. Jurists, 16. Varied, 4. Occui)ation 
 Unknown, 4. Physicians, S. Merchants, S. Soldier, 1. Machinist, 1. 
 Agriculturist,!. Naval Officer, 1. Foreign Born 4: Including France, 1; 
 Ireland, 1; Madeira, 1: Trinidad, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whcco 
 Born. 
 
 WlicnBcrn. 
 
 Stato 
 Rcprr. 
 
 senrp.t. 
 
 Occupalio.i 1 Wl.,-i, I»,t,l. 
 1 
 
 
 .w 
 
 ..D 
 
 F-S 
 
 Ga 
 
 
 Ala... 
 S. C. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Agl-icul'st. 
 Jui-ist 
 
 1860 
 
 Aiken, William,... 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 1806 
 
 
 .\llen. Charles 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Aug. 9, 1797 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Aug. 6, 1869 
 
 .^Ueu. Willis . . 
 
 ..D 
 .W 
 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1807 
 
 111.... 
 Pa... 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 April 7, 1859 
 
 Allison, John 
 
 Aug. 5, 1812 
 
 
 D 
 
 Me... 
 
 1814 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 April 30, 1852 
 
 Appleton. John 
 
 . D 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1815 
 
 Me... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Aug. 22, 1864 
 
 Applelun. William. 
 
 .W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 16, 1786 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Val'ied 
 
 Feb. 15, 1862 
 
 
 ..D 
 
 ,D 
 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 
 
 N. C. 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 
 Aveiett. Thos H,. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Babcock. Leander 
 
 ..D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Bailey, David J 
 
 .1) 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 Ga.,. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Barrere, Nelson 
 
 .W 
 
 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Bartlett, Thomas. . 
 
 ..D 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 June 18, 1808 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 8, 1876 
 
 Bayley. Thos, H. . . 
 
 ..I> 
 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 11, 1810 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June 23. 1856 
 
 Beale. James M. H. 
 
 1) 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 .W 
 
 .w 
 Vw 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Utah. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Ilennelt. H«'urv 
 
 BernhiM-! .I.ilui ,M . 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Sept. 29. 1808 
 
 June 23, 1799 
 
 1816 
 
 
 Physician, 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Bil>igli:iiis, Th..^, M 
 
 
 Bis.sell. Willinin 11. 
 
 D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 25, 1811 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Mar. 18, 1860 
 
 Bocoek. Thos. s.... 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Va... 
 
 1810 
 
 Va. . , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Bowie, Richard T. . 
 
 .w 
 
 D.O.. 
 
 Juno 23, 1807 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Bowne. Obarliah... 
 
 .W 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 May 19, 1822 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Varied 
 
 April27,1874 
 
 Boyd. John II 
 
 ,w 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 July 1, 1868 
 
 Boyd, Linn 
 
 ,,D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Nov, 28, 1800 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Dec. 16, I8r>9 
 
 
 D 
 
 N. (;. 
 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Breckenridgc. Jno. 
 
 M) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Jan. 21, 1825 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 May 17, 1875 
 
 Brenton. Samuel.. 
 
 W 
 
 Ky... Nov. 22, isin 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Mar. 29, 1857 
 
 
 ,W 
 
 N. Y. Mav rl. IMIl-.K-. V. 
 
 Mfictiant. 
 
 June 1. 1S69 
 
 
 .w 
 
 Me,.. Nov. in. 181(1 N. vLl.iurlinllst 
 
 April 30. 1873 
 
 Brown. Albert G... 
 
 i> 
 
 S. C. May 31, 1813, Miss.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Brown. George H.. 
 
 .w 
 
 N.J. .[, 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Buell. Alexander H 
 
 I) 
 
 N. Y. July 14, I80I 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jon. 29, 1853 
 
 Burrows. Lorenzo. 
 
 .w 
 
 Conn 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 ..D 
 
 S. C 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 BiihIiv. George H.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 Pa... July 10, 1704 Ohio. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 <•ab.ll. V,. C 
 
 Cable,, loseph 
 
 .w 
 
 . n 
 
 Va ! lHI7,l.'lii . 
 
 Planter... 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 I'll known. 

 
 i;i':riii':sioNTA-i'ivKs nw tiil; tiiikty-secoku cokokess. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Ciild«fll. Joseph P..W 
 Cuniplii'll, Lewis I). .W 
 Camiilifll, Tlumipson.D 
 
 OutT.i. Diivid K D 
 
 ^■;l^ki.•. J..I111S I> 
 
 CliiiiiilkT. .lux. U W 
 
 t'hill'mjill, Cliiis W 
 
 Cll:iit<lMl, Ellj.ill W..I) 
 c'lmnlnv.'U, Win. 51.. U 
 
 (.'liuk. Lincoln L) 
 
 Cli-lnt'iis. SlieiTnrd...I> 
 Clevflunil. Chft'ne'y F.D 
 clmiiiiiuTi, Tims. L...— 
 
 (■ Will, n. W D 
 
 IMIr.ick. William F..— 
 
 CuiiKfi'. JaiiiLS 1 F-S 
 
 CotMlian. Josepll S..W 
 
 Culloin. William W 
 
 Curtis. Carlton B W 
 
 naiii,-l,.liin. It, J D 
 
 liarliv..l.iliii F W 
 
 llavis, ilr..ig.- T W 
 
 Davis, JoliM fi D 
 
 Dawsun.Julin L 1> 
 
 Dean, Gilliei-t D 
 
 Diinmick. Milo M D 
 
 Disney, David T D 
 
 DoduM-y. Airied W 
 
 Doty, James D D 
 
 Duncan, James H....W 
 
 Dunham, Cvi'us L D 
 
 Duikee, Charles. ...F-S 
 
 Eastman. Benj. C D 
 
 ICdmnndson. H. A D 
 
 Edi-enon, ,\lfiedP...D 
 Evans, .\lexunder. .. W 
 
 Ewins. Presley W 
 
 Faulkner, Chas. J....D 
 
 K.iv. Fi.uieis B W 
 
 Fiekliii. (irlando B...D 
 
 Filrh, (Irahain N D 
 
 |.|..i. lire. Thos. B....D 
 
 F1<>\<1. .l-jlin G D 
 
 Fowler.Orrin F-S 
 
 Freeman, John D.... — 
 
 Fuller. Henry M W 
 
 Fuller, Thos. J. D D 
 
 O.aml'le, James D 
 
 flavl"nl.,Iani.'s M — 
 
 (leiinv, .Meiiclith P,W 
 (liildint,-s, Joshua R. F-S 
 
 Gilmoie, Allred — 
 
 Goodenow, Rob't W 
 
 Goodrich, John Z — 
 
 Gorman, Willis A D 
 
 Green, Fred, W D 
 
 Giey, Benj.E W 
 
 Grow, Galusha A H 
 
 Hall. WillardP D 
 
 HaiiuUi.n, Wm, T,,,,D 
 lliuiiin.iiid. Edward.. D 
 
 Harper, Alex W 
 
 Hauls, Isham G D 
 
 1I:li 1 is. s.iinpson W..D 
 
 Hart, ICmanuel B D 
 
 Hascall, Aug. P W 
 
 Haven. Solomon G,.W 
 Hawes. J. H.Hobart.W 
 Hebard. William,,,, W 
 Hendricks, Thoa. A...D 
 
 Hcnn. Beinhart D 
 
 Hihbard, Harry D 
 
 Hillver. Junius D 
 
 Holfaday. Alex, K D 
 
 Hosford, Jedediah,..W 
 Houston, George S. ..D 
 Howard, Volney E..,D 
 
 Howe, John W W 
 
 Howe, Thos, M W 
 
 Howe. Thos. Y T> 
 
 Hunter. William F. .W 
 
 luKer^oll, Colin M D 
 
 Ives. Willard D 
 
 •lackson, Joseph W. .D 
 
 Jenkins, Timothy D 
 
 Johnson, Andrew D 
 
 Johnson, Jas — 
 
 Johnson, John — 
 
 Johnson, Rob't W D 
 
 Jones, Daniel T D 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Jones, J. Glancy D 
 
 King, George C W 
 
 Kim.'. Piest.in F-S 
 
 Kuliiis, J.iseph H ...W 
 Kiiitz, William H,,,.D 
 I.andiy, J, Aristide.W 
 
 Lane, Joseph D 
 
 Letcher, John D 
 
 Little, Edward P ....D 
 Loekhait, James D 
 
 Mel'.ilkle, Jos. \V,.,,D 
 
 MeIion:il.l, Moses D 
 
 Mrl.,,iiahan. Jas, X...D 
 MeMnllen. Fayette. ..D 
 Mi-Nair, John D 
 
 N. C, 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 Mass, 
 Conn. 
 S. ('. , 
 Tcnn. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Conn, 
 N. C. 
 Tenn, 
 S, C. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Tenn 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ky.,, 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Fa. .. 
 Md. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Vt... 
 
 Va.'."! 
 X. Y. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Vt . . . 
 Pa... 
 Ohi<.. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Ire'd. 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ga... 
 Va. . . 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 N. H. 
 ,Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y, 
 Ga. .. 
 Mass. 
 
 In. c. 
 
 N. O. 
 Ii-e'd, 
 IKy... 
 Conn, 
 |Va... 
 IPa. .. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . 
 Pa. . 
 Lou. 
 N. C 
 Va... 
 Mass, 
 N, Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 iVa... 
 IPa. ,. 
 
 1808 N. C. 
 Aug. a, 1811 Ohio. 
 
 111... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 |Va.. . 
 
 1792, Pa... 
 
 179a Conn. 
 
 .... iGa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 ISllO Iowa. 
 
 1«1!(! Va. . . 
 
 iTM Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Juno 8, 1807 Ala. . 
 
 S.C.. 
 
 ....IMich. 
 
 !80a Md... 
 Tenn. 
 
 June H, 
 April 28, ; 
 
 Dee. lU, 
 Jan. 12, 
 Oct. 10, 
 Feb. 7, 
 
 Aug. 18, 
 Dec! '17,' 181 i 
 
 1803 
 1810 
 IMIO 
 1813 
 
 1803 
 1737 
 1800 
 1793 
 
 '1805 
 
 Dec. 11, 
 Dec, 5, 
 Dec! "ui 
 
 June 12, 
 Dec. 1«, 
 Dec. 7, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 July 29, 1791 
 
 .Tan. 3. 
 Mar. 17, 
 
 Oct. 6, 
 
 ,!lune'i6! 
 Sept. 27, 
 Jan. 12, 
 
 Pa. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa. ., 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ind., 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 1806, Va... 
 1793 Mass. 
 1808,111. .. 
 ISIOilnd.. 
 1812 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Miss . 
 1820 Pa... 
 ISOS'Me... 
 
 iPa.. . 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 ISlliTenn. 
 179.1 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 I 
 
 1800 
 1801 
 1816 
 
 Aug. 31 
 s'e'pt.'S, 
 
 1823 
 
 1820 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 Oct. 29, 
 
 .1818 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 July 1. 
 April 23, 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 jul'y'7,' 
 
 Jaii! '29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 M.ar, 15, 
 Oct. 7, 
 
 Me... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Tenn. 
 18091 A la... 
 1811, N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 !Vt. .. 
 
 1819 Ind. . 
 . . Iowa. 
 
 1816 N. n. 
 
 1807 Ga. . . 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1811 Ala. . 
 
 Tex. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1808 Ohio. 
 
 1820 Conn. 
 1806 N. Y. 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 1799 N. Y. 
 1808 Tenn. 
 1811 Ga. .. 
 1808 Ohio. 
 1814 Ark.. 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 1806 Tenn. 
 
 1811 
 
 Oct. 14, 1806 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 Mar. 29, 
 
 Feb. 13, 
 !April 's! 
 
 1801 
 1813 
 
 Pa 
 
 R. I,. 
 N, Y, 
 Pa, . 
 Pa.... 
 Lou.. 
 Ore.. 
 Va... 
 
 1788 Mass. 
 1806 Ind. , 
 
 Cal.,, 
 
 1815 Me,,, 
 1809 Pa. .. 
 
 iVa... 
 
 1800, Pa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Miner 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. .. . 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 .lurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Planter.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Vai'ied.. . 
 
 Lawyer.. , 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Phy.sicinn. 
 
 Mechanic, 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Clergy in 'n 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 iLawyer 
 
 Lawy 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law.vei'. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Law.yer. ., 
 Ljiwyer, .. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Banker .. . 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 lAgrieul'st. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jan. 3, 
 Dec!'?! ' 
 Dc3!'i6,' 
 !viiB.'7! 
 
 1869 
 1880 
 1869 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 BtatK 
 11.,,,.. 
 
 ■rn'P.l, 
 
 OcuT«tlon, 
 
 1864 
 ! 'l'8'(53 
 
 Juno 17, 
 Jan. 18, 
 Sept. 18, 
 Oct. 12. 
 Nov. 21, 
 Mar. 14, 
 Dec. 7, 
 June 1 1 , 
 Feb. 8, 
 Oct, 15, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Feb. 5, 
 
 .Sept. 27, 
 Nov. 1, 
 Oct. 6, 
 
 1877 
 1860 
 1870 
 1870 
 1872 
 1857 
 1875 
 1865 
 1869 
 IKiO 
 1870 
 18.56 
 
 1854 
 1884 
 1876 
 
 July 3, 
 .Sept.' '3, ' 
 Dec.' 26! 
 
 1875 
 
 im-2 
 
 1860 
 1876 
 
 1866 
 1864 
 
 April—, 1857 
 
 Dec. 24. 
 Oct. 22! 
 
 1861 
 1875 
 
 July 27, 1872 
 
 Jan. 14, 1875 
 
 Sept. 20, 
 Dee. 24, 
 July 31, 
 
 1854 
 1859 
 1875 
 
 Mar. 24, 
 July 17, 
 Nov. 13, 
 
 1877 
 1870 
 1865 
 
 AprU 19, 1881 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 Oct.' 'I's! 
 
 1869 
 1864 
 
 Aug. 7, 1861 
 
 McQueen, John D 
 
 Mace, Daniel D 
 
 Mann, Horace K-3 
 
 Marshall, Edward C..-- 
 Marshall, Humphr'y.W 
 
 N. C. 
 lohio. .Sept. 
 
 ...D 
 
 Martin. Fred. S. 
 
 Mason, John C 
 
 Meaehain, James. 
 Meade, Uieh'd K. . 
 
 Miller. John G 
 
 Millson. John S. .. 
 Miner, Ahinian L. 
 
 .Molonv. Ulch'd S D 
 
 Moore. Henry B W 
 
 Moore, John W 
 
 Morehead, Jas. T. 
 Morrison. John A. 
 Murphy, Charles. 
 
 Murray, William D 
 
 Rlabers, BenJ. D — 
 
 Newton, Eben W 
 
 Olds, Edson B D 
 
 Orr, .lames L D 
 
 Outlaw, David W 
 
 Parker, Andrew D 
 
 Parker, Sam'l W W 
 
 Peaslee, Chas. H D 
 
 Penn, Alex. G D 
 
 Penniinan, Eben. J..W 
 
 Perkins, Jared W 
 
 Phelps, Johns D 
 
 Polk, William H D 
 
 Porter. Gilchrist W 
 
 Powell, I'nulus I) 
 
 Preston, William. ...W 
 
 Price. R<.dmanM D 
 
 Rantoul. Robert D 
 
 Reed, Isaac W 
 
 Richardson. Wm. A..D 
 
 Riddle, George R D 
 
 Robbins. John D 
 
 Rohie. Reuben D 
 
 Robinson, John L I) 
 
 Ross. Thomas D 
 
 Russell Joseph D 
 
 Sabin, Lorenzo W 
 
 Sackett, William A,.W 
 
 St. Martin, Louis — 
 
 Savage, JohuH D 
 
 Sehermerhorn, A. M.W 
 Schoolcraft, Jno, L,,W 
 Schoonmaker, Mar's. W 
 
 Scudder, Zeno W 
 
 Scurry, Richardson, ,- 
 
 Seymour, David L D 
 
 Seymour, Origen S. . .D 
 
 Sibley, Henry H — 
 
 Skelton, Chai-Ies D 
 
 Smart, Eph. K D 
 
 Smith, Win. R W 
 
 Snow, William W....D 
 Stanley, Edward.... W 
 Stanton, Benjamin,. W 
 
 Muss 
 [Ky.. 
 JKy,, 
 IVl.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 iVt.. 
 IVa.. 
 Ky. 
 
 May 4, 
 
 Jan. 13. 
 April 25, 
 
 I«|H 
 1811 
 17911 
 
 ' i's'i'i 
 
 1794 
 
 Stanton, Fred. P. 
 Stanton. Rich'd H.. 
 
 Stephens, A. P 
 
 Stephens, .\lex. H... 
 Stevens. Thaddeus. 
 
 Stone. J.ames W 
 
 Stratton, Nathan T. 
 Strolher, James S. 
 
 Stuart. Chas. E 
 
 Sutherland. Josiah. 
 Sweetser. Charles . 
 Taylor, John L. . . 
 Thompson. Benj. . . 
 Thompson. Geo. W, 
 Thurston, Benj. B. . 
 
 Toombs. Robert D 
 
 Townshend. Norton S. D 
 
 Tuck, Amos F S 
 
 "Venable, Abr'ni W..D 
 ■W.albridge. H. S. "" 
 Wall.ace. Daniel... 
 Walsh. Thos. Y..., 
 Ward, William T. . 
 Washburn. Israel . 
 Watkins. .ilbert G. 
 Weightnian, R. H. 
 
 ■\Veloh, .John W 
 
 Wells, John W 
 
 ■White, Addison w 
 
 White, Alexander. ..W 
 
 Wilcox, John A W 
 
 "Wildrick, Isaac D 
 
 Williams. Chris. H..W 
 Woodward. Jos. A. ... D 
 Xates. Richard W 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 ..W 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .W 
 .W 
 .D 
 D 
 
 .W 
 
 ..w 
 
 ...D 
 
 S. C. 
 Ind ,. 
 Mans. 
 Cal... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Vt. .. 
 Va... 
 Mo... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 1, 1808 Va... 
 
 Vt 
 
 Vt. .. 
 III.... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Apriiib, I's'lTIPa. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1788 
 
 Lou.. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 IPa... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 jGa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Hiss.. 
 
 Oct. 18, 1795 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 May 12, i'822 
 
 S. C, . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 n. c. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 9, 1805 
 Feb. C, 1801 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Mieh. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 
 N. 11. 
 
 
 Dec. 22, mi 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 May -24, 1H15 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Oct. 10, 1816 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N.J.. 
 
 Nov, 5, 1816 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 Aug. 13, 1805 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 Me... 
 
 1810 Me... 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Jan. 16, 1811 III. .. 
 
 Del. 
 
 . 1817 
 
 Del... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 -:n. y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ilnd.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 !Pa.. . 
 
 N. V. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Feb. 28, ISOSlMass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 N.Y.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 18, 1807 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 . . . 
 
 Tex. . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Dee. 2, 1803 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Feb. 9, 1804 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Feb. — , 1811 
 
 Wis., 
 
 Pa... 
 
 
 N, J.. 
 
 
 1813 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 June 4, 1809 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 D. C 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. 9, 1812 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. Y.. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Feb. 11. 1812!Ga... 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 April 4, 1792 Pa, .. 
 
 Ky 
 
 I8I3IKV... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 N. J. . 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Sept. 4. 1811 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Nov. 25, 1810 
 
 Mich. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N Y. 
 
 Vt.. . 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Mar. 7, 1805 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Aug. 5, 1798 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ohio. 
 R. I.. 
 
 . 1806 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 June 29, 1804 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 July 2, 1810 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Me...' 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Va... Oct. 17, 1799 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Md. . 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Me... 
 
 June 6, 1813 
 
 Me... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 May 5, 1818 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 .Md... 
 
 . 
 
 N. M. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Oct. 28, is05'ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 Kv, . 
 
 |Ky... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Oct. 16, 1810'Ala.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 .^prlUS, 1819;Miss.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Jan. 18, IS18 
 
 111. . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Vuil)-d.... 
 Unknown. 
 ViirfeU.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 t' 11 know II. 
 CUTKynrn 
 Liiwyvr... 
 L'nhnown. 
 Liiwyer., . 
 Unknown. 
 I'll yxic fun. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 .Jurist 
 
 I'lijuiclan. 
 VHriud.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Voried.... 
 Merctinnt. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 jl.awyer... 
 
 |\'aried 
 
 .Lawyer... 
 iMcrcliant, 
 .Lawyer.. , 
 Varied..., 
 Maii'faet'r 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Mere linn t. 
 Unknown 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 La'wyer... 
 Law.\er.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Laivyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unkiiiiwn. 
 Lawyer... 
 Mercli.'int. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawytr... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 La'wyer. , , ' 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 UnknowTi. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Un known- 
 La wytT... 
 
 Aug. 30, 
 July »!. 
 AU(?. -2. 
 
 Mar. 28, I8TJ 
 
 Au(r.22, 
 April 20. 
 May II. 
 Feb. 2fl, 
 
 Juno 17, 1867 
 
 Jan. 24, 
 May C, 
 
 Sept. 20. 
 May 8, 
 
 18«J7 
 IWt7 
 
 IKW 
 1873 
 
 1869 
 1873 
 
 184m 
 1866 
 
 Oct. 14, 
 Dec.* 16, 
 
 18&4 
 1*862 
 
 Aug. 7. 1852 
 
 Dec. 27. 
 Mar. 29, 
 
 1875 
 1867 
 
 Mar. 21, 
 
 April 14 
 
 Aug. 22 
 
 May 11, 
 
 1860 
 
 1877 
 
 1855 
 1860 
 
 June2«, 1857 
 
 Oct. II. 
 Aug. 12. 
 
 1867 
 1881 
 
 July 26, 1872 
 
 Mar. 4. 
 Aug. 1 1 . 
 
 Oct. la, 
 
 1883 
 1R68 
 1&54 
 
 Sept. 21, 1860 
 
 Sept. G. 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 1870 
 1852 
 
 Feb. 24, 1876 
 
 May 12, 1883 
 
 Feb. 7, 1SG4 
 
 Nov. 
 
 . 1873 
 
 Total Representatives. 243. Lawyers, 91. Occupation Unknown, 81. 
 Varied, 28. Merchants, 12. Jurist.^. lO. Agriculturists, 5. Physicians, 
 4. Clergymen. 3- Slechanics. 3. Planters, 2. Journalist, 1. Banker, 
 1. Miner, 1. Manufactiirer. 1. Foreign Bom. 3: Including Ireland, 2; 
 England, 1. 

 
 5011 
 
 TIIIUTV-THIRD CONGRESS, AJJD LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Thirty-third Congress of the United States, from 1853 to 1855. 
 
 1853- 
 
 1S53— The Anti-Catholic lectures oi Gavazzi. 
 at Montreal and Quebec, Can., occasion 
 great riots, wliich were suppressed 
 only by military interference. June 6-9. 
 
 1853— At Cuinana. Vf-nezuela. S. A., an earth- 
 quake killed 600 persons, July 15. 
 
 1853— Paper collars, for men. first appeared 
 in use ill New York City. 
 
 1853— Nearly 15,000 Jives were destroyed by 
 yellow fever at New Orleans and other 
 cities along the Southern coast. 
 -Walker's ••filibustering" expedition 
 departs from San Francisco, Cal., to 
 capture Me.vico, in October. 
 
 1853— Extradition treaties signed with Bava- 
 ria I Sept. 12 1, Wurtemberg (Oct. 13). 
 and Meeklenburff (Nov. 26). 
 
 1854— Loss of the steamer San Francisco, at 
 sea, with 240 United States soldiers, 
 Jan. 5. 
 
 1854— The Astor Library, in New York City, 
 was opened with 70,tKX) volumes, Jan. 9. 
 
 1854— The steamship Glasgow, on the voyage 
 from Liverpool to Philadelphia, lost at 
 sea, with 480 lives. 
 
 1854— Republican party organized in Wiscon- 
 sin, Mar. 20. 
 
 1854 — Commercial treaty between the United 
 States and Japan signed. Mar. 31. 
 
 1854— Return of Walker, the Mexican "fili- 
 buster " to Califoraia, May 15. He sur- 
 renders to the U. S. Government, is 
 tried and acquitted. 
 
 -^^•^iCiSiS^^^Ocjiaria^ 
 
 Franklin Pierce, 14th President. 
 
 Wm. R. King-, of Ala.. Vice-Presidt-nt. David R. 
 Atchison, of Mo.; Lewis Cass, of Mich., and Jesse D. 
 Bright, of Ind., Presidents of the Senate and Acting 
 Vice-Presidents. Wm. L. Marcy, of N. Y., Sec'y of 
 State. Jas. Guthrie, of Ky., Sec'y of Treas. Jefferson 
 Davis, of Miss., Sec'y of War. Jas. C- Dobbin, of N. C. 
 Set'y of Navy. Rob't McClelland, of Mich., Sec'y of 
 Interior. Jas. Campbell, of Pa., Postmaster General. 
 Caleb Gushing, of Mass.. Attorney-General. Linn Boyd, 
 of Ky., Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 '-^^''T£i2i^^#3;zj3TA^ 
 
 1854 — Two new Territories— Kansas ami Ne- 
 braska—added to the Union, May 30. 
 
 1854— The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada 
 concluded. 
 
 1854 — Grevtown. Nicaragua, bombarded by 
 Coiiimodore Holiins, lor indignities to 
 the United States. July 13. 
 
 1854— Battle of Balaklava, in the Crimea- 
 Russians defeated by the Englt&h and 
 their allies, Oct. 25. 
 
 1855— Walker's second " filibustering" expe- 
 dition to Nicaragua, May 4. 
 
 1855— The World's Exposition at Paris, 
 France, opened, May 15. 
 
 1855 — The Native-American political party— 
 the '• Know-Nothings"— disrupted. 
 
 1855— General Harney chastises the Sioux 
 Indians in the far west. 
 
 1855— Serious troubles in Kansas over the 
 slavery question. 
 
 1855— The British Minister at Waishington, 
 and the Briti.-^h Consuls at New York 
 and Cincinnati, dismissed by the Unit- 
 ed States Government for sanctioning 
 enlistments in this country for the 
 Crimean War. 
 
 1855— Railroad from Panama to Aspinwall, 
 on the Isthmus, opened, Jan. 28. 
 
 1855— Granada, Nicaragua, captured by 
 Walker's ** filibusters." t)ct. 13. He 
 established a government there. 
 
 1855— Battle of Sevastopol. Russia. Sept. 5-9. 
 Russians evacuated the fortress, Sept. 9. 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat; "W, Whig; S, Republican; A, Abolitionist; N-A, Native-American; F-S, Free-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 WbenCorn. 
 
 Slate 
 Sented. 
 
 Occup&tioD. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Adams. Stephen... 
 
 D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 11, 1857 
 
 Allen. Philip 
 
 D 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Sept. 1, 1785 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Atchison. David R.. 
 
 l> 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Aug. 11, 1807 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 ..1) 
 
 N H 
 
 July 4. 18CH 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. ; . 
 
 Nov. 15, 1853 
 
 Badljei-, Geo. E 
 
 W 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 1.3, 1795 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 11. 1865 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Nov. l.'i, 1799 
 
 Del .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 13. 1880 
 
 Bell. John 
 
 W 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Feb. 15, 1797 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 10, 1869 
 
 Benjamin. Judah P. 
 
 w 
 
 W. I. 
 
 1812 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 7, 1884 
 
 Brainerd. Lawr'nce 
 
 f-S 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Dec. 18, 1812 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 20, 1875 
 
 Brodhead. Richard. 
 
 1) 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 17,1863 
 
 Blown, Albeit G... 
 
 D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 May 31, 1813 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 S, C. 
 
 Nov. 19, 1796 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Moy 25, 1857 
 
 Cass, Lewis 
 
 l> 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. 9, 1782 
 
 Slich. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 17,1866 
 
 
 K-S 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Jan. 13, 1808 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 7, 1873 
 
 Clay. Clement C 
 
 Clayton. .John M 
 
 D 
 
 .W 
 
 
 1819 
 
 Ala. . 
 Del... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jan. 3. 1882 
 
 Del .. 
 
 July 24, 1796 
 
 Nov. 9, 1856 
 
 Cooper, James 
 
 vv 
 
 Md... 
 
 May 8, 1810 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 1, 1863 
 
 nawson. William C.W 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Jan. 4. 1798 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 5, 1856 
 
 Dixon. Ai-chibald... 
 
 w 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 2, 1802 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 24, 1876 
 
 Dodtrc, Aug. C 
 
 1) 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Jan. 2. 1812 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Dodge. Henry 
 
 ..1) 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Oct. 12. 1782, Wis.. Soldier.... 
 
 
 Douglas. Stephen A 
 
 .1) 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 April2:l, ls|:i 111. .. .hinst 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 27. 17M-. S, t'.. Jiiri>t 
 
 
 Evei-ett, Edwaril. . . 
 
 W 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 1 1 . 1 794 -Ma^s. , Clt.rgvin'n 
 
 Jan. 15, 1865 
 
 Fesseiiden, Wm. P. 
 
 R 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Oct. l(i, 180<5Me... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 
 
 W 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 3. 1808lN. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 , D 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 June 30, 1802 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Nov. 21, 1869 
 
 
 R 
 
 Vt.. . 
 
 Not. 19, 1802 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 28. 1866 
 
 Geyer. Henry S 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 1798 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 5, 1859 
 
 Gillette. Francis... 
 
 F,S 
 
 Conn. 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Owin. William M... 
 
 D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Oct. 9. 1805 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Me... 
 
 Aug. 27. IHOOiMe. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Miir. 2. I7MH Texas;Lawyer... 
 
 July 25, 1863 
 
 Hiint.-r, Uob't >1.T. 
 
 T> 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 April21, 18119, Va.. .Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 1804IR. I.I Machinist. 
 
 Oct. 17, 1862 
 
 .I.>hn»on. Rob't W.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 KV... 
 
 1814 Ark.. 
 
 Lavryer. . . 
 
 
 
 I) 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 June 8, 18(».Tenn. 
 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 
 Oct. 29, 18.59 
 
 Mallorv. Stephen 1 
 
 D 
 
 Trl'd. 
 
 1810 
 
 Fla... 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 
 Mason. Jamen M. .. 
 
 D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Nov. 3, 1796 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 Va 
 
 
 Fla... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 8, 1799 
 
 N. H.;Lawver... 
 
 Jan. 11, 18.55 
 
 
 n 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 Dec 14, IHII.-. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Pfttit, .lohn 
 
 I) 
 
 N. y. 
 
 July 21. 18117 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 17, 1877 
 
 Phelps, Samuel S. . 
 
 w 
 
 Conn. 
 
 May 13, 1791; 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mar. 25. 1855 
 
 Pratt. Thomai* G. . 
 
 D 
 
 D.C.. 
 
 180.-) Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Rehl, Davids 
 
 D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 April 19.1813 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Rockwell. Julius... 
 
 W 
 
 Conn. 
 
 April26, 180.jMass. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Texiu 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Sebastian Wm. K 
 
 ..D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 May 20. 1865 
 
 Seward, William H 
 
 W 
 
 N. y. 
 
 May 10, 1801 N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 (let. 10, 1872 
 
 
 ..D 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 1810 111.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Slldell, John 
 
 1) 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1793 Lou.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 29, 1871 
 
 Smith. Ti-nman 
 
 ..R 
 
 .D 
 
 Conn. 
 N. y. 
 
 Nov. 27. 1791 Conn 
 Nov. 2.->. 1810 Mich. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 K-S 
 
 Ma»8. 
 
 .Ian. n. 1811 Mass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. ii, 1874 
 
 Thoini.w.n, Jol.n B.W 
 ThoTii on .lolin R, ..1) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 181f 
 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1874 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Sept. .•>, I80f 
 
 Sept. 12. 1802 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Ga... 
 
 July 2, IHIOGa... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Touccy, Isaac 
 
 ..D 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nov. 0, 1791) 
 
 tNiiin 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wade. Benj. F R 
 
 Walker. Isaac P D 
 
 Weller. John B D 
 
 Wells, John S — 
 
 Williams, Jared W. ..D 
 
 Wilson, Henry F-S 
 
 Wright, William D 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. y. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1800 
 
 Feb. 16, 1812 
 1794 
 
 Sute 
 
 Repre. Occupatio 
 
 Ohio.lLawyer... 
 Wis. . Unknown. 
 Cal.. . Unknown. 
 N. H.JLawyer... 
 N. H. jLawyer. .. 
 Mass. iMechanic. 
 N. J. . IMechanic. 
 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 1878 
 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 1875 
 
 
 1860 
 
 Sept. 29 
 
 1864 
 
 Nov. 22 
 
 1875 
 
 Nov. 1. 
 
 1866 
 
 Total Senators, 68. Lawyers, 38. Jurists, 14. Occupation Unkno\vn, 
 S. Merchants, SS Mechanics, S. Varied, 8. Agriculturist,!. Physician, 
 1. Soldier,!. Clergyman,!. Machinist,!. Foreign Born 3: Including 
 Trinidad, 1; West Indies, 1; Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Abercrombie. Jas. ..W 
 
 Aiken, William D 
 
 Allen, James O D 
 
 Allen. Willis D 
 
 Appleton. William. ..W 
 
 Ashe. William S D 
 
 Bailey. David J D 
 
 Ball, Edward W 
 
 Banks. N. P I) 
 
 Barksdale, Wm D 
 
 Barry, Wm. T. S D 
 
 Bayley, Thns. H 1) 
 
 Beicher. Nathan D 
 
 Bell. Peter H D 
 
 Bennetl. Henry W 
 
 Benson. Samuel P...W 
 
 Benton, Thomas H D 
 
 Bernhi-el. John M — 
 
 Bissell. William H....D 
 
 Bliss. George D 
 
 Bocock.Thos, S D 
 
 Boycc, Wm. W D 
 
 Boyd. Linn D 
 
 Bivckenriilge. Jno. CD 
 
 Bridges. Sam'l A D 
 
 Bristow, Francis M..W 
 
 Brooks Preston S D 
 
 Bugg. Robert M — 
 
 Campbell. Lewis D..W 
 
 Carpenter. Davis W 
 
 Caruthers. Samuel.. W 
 
 Caskie. John S, D 
 
 Chamberlain, E. M...D 
 
 Chandler. Joa. R W 
 
 Chase. George W W 
 
 Chastnln. Klljah W..D 
 
 Chilsman. Jas. .S D 
 
 Churehwell Wm. M..D 
 Clark, Samuel ...... . I) 
 
 Cllngnmn. Thos. L. ..— 
 
 Cc.bh. Will. R. W D 
 
 roliiiiitt. Alfre.l H....D 
 
 Where 
 Born 
 
 When Bern. 
 
 Stale 
 Kepre. 
 
 — "■ 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Ga 
 
 
 ,Ma. . 
 S. c. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 
 S. C. 
 
 1806 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Jan. 28. 1823 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Lawyer. ., 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 181.17 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 April 7, 1H59 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 16. 1786 
 
 Mass 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Feb. 15, 1862 
 
 N C. 
 
 
 N, C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 Ohio 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 30. 1816 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Tenn. Aug. 21, 1821 'Miss.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 July 2, 1863 
 
 Miss.. Dec. 12. 1821 Miss.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 29. 1868 
 
 Va. .. 'Dec. 11, IHlu 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 June 23. 1856 
 
 Conn. June 23. 1813 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1808 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Law yer. . . 
 
 
 Me... 
 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Aug. 12. 1876 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar. 14. 17,82 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 10, 1858 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 June 2.1. 771111 
 
 Utali, 
 
 Pl.Ysiclim. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Apiil25. ISII 
 
 Til. .. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Mar. 18, I860 
 
 Vt . . . 
 
 Jan. 1, 18l:i'obio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 1815 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 R. C. 
 
 Oct. 24. 1819 R. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Nov. 28. 1800 Kv. . . 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Pec. IB, )H59 
 
 Ky...!.Ian.21. 1825 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 17, 1875 
 
 Conn. Jan. 27, 1802 Pa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Aug. 11. 1804 Ky... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 June \6, 1864 
 
 8.0, 
 
 Aug. 10, 1819 S. C. . 
 
 Varied.... Jan. 27, 1857 
 
 Tenn 
 Ohio. 
 
 ITenn. 
 
 Aug. 9, 18U Ohio. 
 
 
 
 Varied..., 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Dec. 25, 1799 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Oct. 13, 1820 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 .Inly 20, 1860 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jurist... 
 
 Dec. 16. 1869 
 
 Me... 
 
 Aug. 20, 1805 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Varied 
 
 1880 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 1, 181*7 
 
 S. C. 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 £>• • 
 
 Tenn. 
 Mich. 
 N. C. 
 Ala. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Tenn.'.'!!!.'.*!!*.*.!!.. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 N.C 
 
 Tenn. Juno 8, 1807 
 
 Unknown 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Oct. 2, 1870 
 
 Varied.".; 
 
 Nov. — , 1864 
 
 Ga... 
 
 ! 1823 
 
 Ua.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 ^^S
 
 \|:(>- 
 
 T- 
 
 EEPRESENTATIVES OK TIIK Tlllli TV-ri:; l;l i CONGRESS. 
 
 501 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. jj" ^V),„,llor„, lUprr. Ocoupation. Wl,„„W,,l, 
 
 Cook, John P W 
 
 Corwm, Moses It W 
 
 Cox. Leonilii- M \V 
 
 Crait'f. liiiitoii 1) 
 
 Ciocktr, SaiiiiRl L..W 
 
 CulloTii, Willi. LIll W 
 
 CilliipiiJiLK.TIi..s. W...1) 
 
 I'liitis.i'iultuii B W 
 
 CiiCliTi;.-, H'n.iii'is I). ..I) 
 
 IJinis.Joliii li 1) 
 
 Ilavis.TlLonms I) 
 
 Diiwsoii, John L 1> 
 
 Ilcaii, (iilbert I) 
 
 IliTlt. Win. 11. W 1) 
 
 DrWin, .Vlcxuiider.N-.-V 
 
 Dili;. .F,.lili W 
 
 1)1, kin, CO, F.dw'd W 
 
 Disni'V. IJiivid T I> 
 
 Dowaell.Jus. F I) 
 
 Drum, AiiKustus U 
 
 Dunbar, William D 
 
 DunhiUH. I'viiis h D 
 
 , JU-iij. C....D 
 
 II., in D 
 
 , AllieilP...D 
 
 , J, Wiley. .W 
 
 Edinun(l.ion, Henry A.D 
 
 Eliot, Tlioina-^ D — 
 
 Klliotl. J..I111 M D 
 
 Ulll.sun, Aii.liru- D 
 
 Enjtlish, Wi... H D 
 
 Ethel idi^.\ lOiiierson.AV 
 Everhartt, William, W 
 
 E.l.ly, N,. 
 Edfe'ert.m 
 Edmanl., 
 
 Ewing. r 
 Farley, E, Wiidei-.. 
 Faulknei-. Clias, J.. 
 Fenton. Keuben E. 
 
 Flagler, Thus. T 
 
 Florence, Thos. It.. 
 Franklin. John R. . . 
 Fuller, Thos. J. D... 
 <Julki,-"». Jose M... 
 (lainl.lc, J 
 
 D 
 W 
 .D 
 .0 
 ,D 
 (li.liliiiirs..lo-l.ii.ilt,l"-S 
 
 (ioo.l... Will. .11.1 O 1) 
 
 lioo.lrii-l., J.il.nZ,,..W 
 Ooodwin, Henry C ..K 
 
 Gi-een.Fred. W D 
 
 Green" ood, Alf. B. ..D 
 
 Grey, BenJ. E W 
 
 Grow, Galu.sha A R 
 
 Hamilton. Win. T D 
 
 Harlan, .\aron W 
 
 Harlan, Andrew J D 
 
 Harris, Sampson W..D 
 
 Harris, Wiley I' D 
 
 Harrison, John S....W 
 
 Hastings', George D 
 
 Haven, Solomon G. .W 
 Hendricks. Thos. A.,.D 
 
 Henn. Bei-nhart D 
 
 Hibbard, Harr.v D 
 
 Hiester, Isaac E W 
 
 Hill, Clements D 
 
 Hillyer, Junius D 
 
 Houston, George S. . , D 
 
 Howe. Thos. M W 
 
 Hughes. Charles D 
 
 Hunt, Theo.U.io(;...W 
 
 Ingersoll, Colin M D 
 
 cjohnson, Harvey II. .D 
 
 Jones, Daniel T li 
 
 Jones, Geo. W D 
 
 Jones, J. Glancy 1> 
 
 Jones, Roland D 
 
 Kerr, John W 
 
 Kidwell, ZedekiaU D 
 
 Keitt, L. M D 
 
 Kittredge, Geo. W....D 
 
 Knox, James W 
 
 Kurtz, William H D 
 
 L.amb. Alfred W D 
 
 Lancaster, Columbia. — 
 
 Lane, James H D 
 
 Lane, Joseph D 
 
 Latham, Milton S D 
 
 Letcher, John D 
 
 Lewis, Charles S D 
 
 Lilly, Samuel D 
 
 Lindley, James J, . . W 
 
 Llndsley, Wm. D D 
 
 Lyon, Caleb — 
 
 Mcculloch, John.... W 
 
 McDonald, Moses D 
 
 McDougall, Jas. A D 
 
 McMuUen. Fayette. ..D 
 
 lilcXair, John D 
 
 JIcQucen, John D 
 
 Mace, Daniel D 
 
 Macy, John B D 
 
 Matteson,0. It W 
 
 Maurice. James D 
 
 May, Henry D 
 
 Jlayall. Samuel D 
 
 Maxwell, Aug. E D 
 
 Meacham, James W 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. . 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 
 ^^. Y. 
 
 X.' y'. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Ire'd. 
 Ind.. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Mo 
 
 Va... 
 N, Y 
 
 Pa. . 
 .Md. . 
 Vt. . 
 N. M 
 Pa. . 
 Pa.. 
 Va... 
 Mass . 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Ga. . . 
 Ky. . . 
 Conn 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio . 
 Ga. . . 
 Miss.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Tenn, 
 Vt. .. 
 Ga,.. 
 S. C. 
 Conn. 
 Vt . . . 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 K. C. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 N. O. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Y. 
 D.C.. 
 Me... 
 Ga... 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Mar. 13, mil 
 Mai-. 31 , 1804 
 
 Deo. 17, IHll 
 
 l«l).'i 
 
 Oct. 10, 1810 
 
 Feb."?, 'i'sii 
 
 April 2, 1708 
 
 Jan. 1, 18li:i 
 
 18f« 
 
 ,N"ov. 26, 1818 
 
 Mar. 1, 1800 Mass, 
 
 Mar. 20, 1808 
 May 16, 1820^ 
 
 Aug. 27, 1822 
 Sept. 28, 1819 
 
 1818 
 
 1806 
 
 July 1, 1819 
 
 Jan. 26, IM12 
 May 6, 1820 
 Mar. 17, 180s 
 Nov. 14, 1815 
 
 Oct. 6, nsn 
 Sept. 16,1798 
 Sept. 27, 1801 
 June 25, 1824 
 
 July 11, 1811 
 
 Iowa. 
 Ohio , 
 Ky... 
 
 n: c. 
 
 Mass . 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 R. I.. 
 Pa . . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 IMass. 
 I'a. .. 
 Muss, 
 Ohio. 
 Ala... 
 Pa.. . 
 Lou.. 
 Ind, . 
 Wis.. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ml 
 Va, 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio, 
 Ind ,. 
 Tenn, 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Me... 
 Va, , . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa,., 
 Md... 
 Me. , , 
 N. M. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio, 
 Va. ,. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ark.. 
 
 April 7, 1872 
 
 Dec. 29, 1875 
 
 June 26, 1870 
 Jan, 18, 181)0 
 
 Sept, 18, 1870 
 Oct. 12, 1870 
 Sept. «, IS.").") 
 
 June 16, 1H74 
 Mar. 14, 1857 
 
 Oct. 15, 1856 
 Feb. 5. IS.^lt 
 Jan. 28, 1872 
 
 Jan. 31, 1877 
 
 June 12, 1870 
 Mar. 26, 1879 
 
 Sept. 27, 1854 
 
 ii'isiii 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Not. 12, 1860 
 
 Aug. ;u. 1823 
 Sept. 8. ],S20 
 Sept, 8, 1802 
 Mar. 29, 1815 
 Feb. 23, 1809 
 
 Mar. 13, 1807 
 Sept ."7, 1819 
 jul.v 1^1816 
 
 April 23, 1807 
 Jan. 17, 1811 
 
 Mar. 15, 1806 
 Oct. 7, 1811 
 
 J.an. 4, 1814 
 Oct. 4, 1824 
 
 July 4, 1807 
 
 June 22, 
 Dec. 14, 
 M.iy 23, 
 Mar. 29, 
 
 1814 
 1801 
 1827 
 1813 
 
 Jan. 
 Dec.' 
 
 April 8, 
 Nov. 19, 
 
 1815 
 1817 
 
 !Vao6 
 
 . 1808 
 , 1811 
 
 Pa. ,. 
 Md,,. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Ala. . 
 Miss.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind.. 
 Iowa. 
 N. H. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Ga. .. 
 Ala. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Lou. . 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn, 
 Pa,.. 
 Lou,. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mo... 
 W, T. 
 Ind. . 
 Ore. . 
 Cal... 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 Me. . . 
 Cal.. . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. . 
 Ind. . 
 Wis.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Md 
 
 Sept. 21,1820 
 1810 
 
 Me.. 
 Fla. 
 Vt. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer,, . 
 
 Man'I'act'r 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyel-,.. 
 
 Agricul'st, 
 
 Man'Iact'r 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varii'd.... 
 
 .Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Val-led.... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied..., 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mechanic. I July 3, 1875 
 
 Lawyer... Jan. 11, 1878 
 
 Lawyer...! 1876 
 
 Unknown.! 
 
 Lawyer...! 
 
 Lawyer... I May 27, 1864 
 La\^er. .. July 3, 1859 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. May 26, 1878 
 Lawyer. . . Aug, 29, 1866 
 Lawyer. ,, iDec, 24, 1861 
 'L.awyer. .. Nov. 25, 1885 
 [Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 B.anker. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Varied.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. July II, 1866 
 Unknown. lApril 19, 1881 
 
 Lawyer... I 
 
 Varied Jan. 26, 1884 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Physician. ' 
 
 Lawyer... I 
 
 Unknown. I 
 
 Unknown. 'Sept. 8, 1875 
 
 Unknown. ' 
 
 Lawyer... 'Oct. 18, 1869 
 Lawyer... I Sept. 3, 1867 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. Aug. 7. 1861 
 Lawyer... Aug. So, 1867 
 Lawyer. . . July 26, 1867 
 Unknown. Sept. 24, 1856 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. ,.,. 
 
 Lawyer. . . Sept. 25, 1863 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Clergym'n Aug. 22, 18.56 
 
 April—, 1857 
 
 July 27, 1872 
 Feb. 6, 1871 
 
 Mar. 24, 1877 
 
 April 27, 1873 
 June 2, 1864 
 Jan. 25. 1878 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. ii"° wi...,jk„,, n,,,,,. ocour«.i<.n. wi... 
 
 .Miilill.s«nrth,Ner,,,W 
 
 Mlll.r, J..hnG W 
 
 Miller. Smith D 
 
 Mlllson, John S D 
 
 Morgan. Edwin B....R 
 MorriBon, Geo. W....D 
 Muhlenberg, H. A....U 
 
 Murray, William U 
 
 Nichols, Matthias II, R 
 
 Noble, David A l> 
 
 Norton. Jesse O It 
 
 Ohls, Edson B D 
 
 Oliver, .\ndrew D 
 
 Oliver, Mordeeal W 
 
 Orr, James L D 
 
 Packer. Asa D 
 
 Parker. Sani'l W W 
 
 Peck.Jaied V D 
 
 Peckham. Kuru8W...D 
 Pennington, A. C. M.W 
 
 Perkins, Bishop D 
 
 Pei'kins, John I) 
 
 Phelps, .lohn S D 
 
 Phillips, Philip D 
 
 Powell. Paulus. ...... I) 
 
 Pratt, James T D 
 
 Preston, William W 
 
 Priligle, Benjamin. ..W 
 Puryear. Richard C. . W 
 
 Ready. Charles W 
 
 Reese, David K W 
 
 Rice, Henry M D 
 
 Richardson. Win. A..D 
 
 Riddle, George R D 
 
 Ritchie, David W 
 
 Ritehie. Thomas D 
 
 Robhins, John I) 
 
 Rogers, SionH W 
 
 Rowe. Peter D 
 
 Ruffln, Thomas I) 
 
 Russell, .Sam'l S W 
 
 Sabin. Alvah W 
 
 Sage, Russell W 
 
 Sapp, William R W 
 
 Scudtler, Zeno W 
 
 Sewai-d, James L D 
 
 Seymour, Origen S...D 
 
 Shannon, Wilson D 
 
 Shaw, Henry M D 
 
 Shower. Jacob — 
 
 Simmons, Geo. .\ W 
 
 Singleton, Olho R D 
 
 Skelton . Charles D 
 
 Smith. Gerrit A 
 
 Smith, Samuel A D 
 
 Smith, William D 
 
 Smith, Wm, R W 
 
 Smyth, George W D 
 
 Snodgrass, Jno. F. ...D 
 
 Sellers. Aug. R W 
 
 Stanton, Fred. P D 
 
 Stanton, Rich "d H D 
 
 Stephens, Alex. H W 
 
 Stevens, Hestor L D 
 
 Stratton, Nathan T. ..D 
 Straub. Christian M.,D 
 
 Stuart, Andrew D 
 
 Stuart, David D 
 
 Taylor. John J D 
 
 Taylor, John L W 
 
 Taylor, Nath'l Q W 
 
 Teller, Isaac W 
 
 Thurston, Benj. B D 
 
 Traey, Andrew W 
 
 Trout, Michael C D 
 
 Tweed, William M.,.,D 
 TJphaii'. Charles W,W 
 
 ■Vail. George D 
 
 Van Sant, Joshua D 
 
 Wade. Edward F-S 
 
 Wnlbridge, H. S D 
 
 Walker, William A..,D 
 
 Walley. Sam'l H W 
 
 Walsh. Michael D 
 
 Wan-en. Edward A, , .D 
 Washburne, Elibu B.W 
 Washburn, Israel, ...W 
 
 Wells. Daniel D 
 
 Wentworth, John D 
 
 Wentworth, Tappan.W 
 Westbrook, Theo. R. .D 
 
 Wheeler, John D 
 
 Whitfield. J. W D 
 
 Witte. William H....D 
 
 Wi-ight. Daniel B D 
 
 Wright, Hendrick B. .D 
 
 Yates, Richard W 
 
 Zollieoffer. Felix K.W 
 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Vt . . . 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Lou.. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Ky,,, 
 N, Y, 
 Va... 
 Tenn 
 S. C. , 
 Vt. . , 
 Ky.., 
 Del.. 
 Pa. . 
 Pa. . 
 Pu . . 
 N. C 
 N. Y 
 N. C 
 Pa. . 
 Vt. ., 
 N, Y 
 Ohio, 
 Mass, 
 Ga, ,, 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 R. I.. 
 Md... 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y, 
 Tenn. 
 Va. ,. 
 Ala. . 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 D.C.. 
 Va. . . 
 Ga... 
 N. Y.. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N.B.. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ala... 
 Me. . . 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Tenn. 
 
 Oct. I, 
 May 2, 
 
 july- 
 
 Oct.' ' 3, 
 
 Diic. 25, 
 
 Oct. 22, 
 May 12, 
 Dec. 20. 
 Sept. «, 
 
 July 1, 
 Dee. 22, 
 Dec. 13, 
 
 Oct. 16, 
 Nov. 9, 
 Feb. 9. 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Nov. 29^ 
 Jan. 16, 
 
 AligVig, 
 Sept. 30, 
 
 Pa... 
 
 1812 .Mo... 
 . ., Ind. . 
 1808 Va... 
 1808 N. Y. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1823, Pa. .. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1824 Ohio, 
 IMIeh, 
 
 1812111. .. 
 
 lOhlo. 
 
 IN. Y. 
 
 1819 Mo... 
 
 1822 S. C. . 
 
 180(i Pa.. . 
 
 1805 Ind. , 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1811 N. J. 
 |N. Y. 
 
 1819 Lou.. 
 
 1814 Mo... 
 
 1807 Ala. . 
 
 Va... 
 
 1805 Conn. 
 
 1816 Ky... 
 
 1807 N. Y. 
 
 1801 X, C, 
 
 1802 i-enn. 
 
 Jan. 9, 1854 
 Sept. 15,' 1862 
 
 Unknown., June 2. 1865 
 
 Unknown. May II, 18.56 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Law.ier... Feb. 2B, 1873 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Varieil 
 
 Lawj er. . , 
 
 Lawyer... Aug. 3, 1875 
 
 Physician. Jan. 24, 1809 
 
 Jurist I 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied.... May 6, 1873 
 
 Varied.... May 17, 1879 
 
 Lawyer. ..I 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Nov. 2.3, 1873 
 Jan. 25, 1867 
 
 Oct. 23, 
 Aug. 4, 
 
 Aug. 18, 1807 
 
 181)1 
 1811 
 1817 
 1812 
 
 1825 
 
 1793 
 1816 
 
 Feb. y. 
 Feb. 24, 
 Nov. 20, 
 
 .Mar. B, 
 Juno 26 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 .Sept. 9. 
 Feb. 11 
 Oct. — , 
 
 Mar. 7, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 April 3, 
 May 4, 
 
 Nov. 22, 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 Aug. '31, 
 Mar. 7, 
 .May 2, 
 Sept. 23, 
 June 6. 
 
 Mai-'. ' 5'.' 
 Sept. 24, 
 
 May 7, 
 
 April 24, 
 Jan. 18, 
 May 19. 
 
 Minn. 
 111,,.. 
 Del... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. ., 
 N. Y, 
 Ohio. 
 .Mass . 
 Ga,. . 
 181)4 Conn. 
 
 1802 Ohio. 
 1819 N. C. 
 
 .Md,,. 
 
 1791 N. Y. 
 
 1814 Miss.. 
 N. J.. 
 
 1797 N. Y, 
 
 1822 Tenn, 
 
 1797 Va,. . 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 , Texas 
 
 1804 Va. . . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1812 Kv... 
 
 1812 Ga.. . 
 
 1803 Mich . 
 
 IN. J.. 
 
 IPa.. . 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 .Muh. 
 
 N. V, 
 
 1805 Ohio, 
 1819 Tenn, 
 
 1798 N. Y. 
 181>4 R. I., 
 
 Vt. ., 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 18-23 N. Y. 
 
 1802 Mass, 
 
 1803 N. J.. 
 
 1804 Md... 
 1803 Ohio. 
 1821 N. Y, 
 N. Y. 
 
 1805 Mass, 
 1810 Md... 
 1818 Ark.. 
 1816 111. .. 
 
 1813 Me. 
 Wis 
 
 1815 111. ,. 
 1802 Ma-ss. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1823 N. Y. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 1818 Pa... 
 
 Miss. . 
 
 1808 Pa, , 
 1818 111. .. 
 1812 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 Lawyei-... 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. - . 
 Unknown. 
 Agrieul'sl, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer, .. 
 Varied,,.. 
 
 iLawyer,., 
 
 lUnknown. 
 Man'fact'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Unknown. 
 Clergrjni*n 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer., . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Unknown. 
 
 ; Unknown. 
 
 lUnknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 I Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 ■ Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Tele^Tap'r 
 
 Mechanic, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied,,,. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 (Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 iVaried 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vaiied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Dec. 27. IH75 
 Mar, ^9, IWiT 
 Jan. 24. 1H67 
 
 Aug. 14, 1874 
 Oct.' ' 8,' 1863 
 
 June 26. 1857 
 
 Aug. 12. IK81 
 Sept. I. 1»77 
 Feb. 23. IHG4 
 
 Oct. 27, 1857 
 
 Dec. 28, 1874 
 
 June 5, 1854 
 
 Mar. 4. 1883 
 May 7, 1864 
 
 Sept. 6, 1870 
 April30,'l868 
 Oct. '28. '1868 
 
 April 12,1878 
 June lf>. 1875 
 May 23. 1875 
 
 Aug. 7. 1862 
 Dec. 6. 1870 
 Dec. 18. 1S61 
 Aug. 27, 1877 
 Mar. 17. 1859 
 July 2, 1875 
 
 May 12. 1883 
 1858 
 
 June 12, 1875 
 
 Nov, 24. 1876 
 
 Nov. 27, 1873 
 Jan. 19. 1862 
 
 Total Representatives, S46. Lawyers. 103. Occupation Unknown. "Jl. 
 Varied, 38. Physicians. 6. Jurist?, S. Merchants. 5. Agriculturists. 5. 
 Mechanics, 4. Manufacturers, 3. Clereymen, 2. Journalists, S. Banker, 
 1. Telegrapher,!, Foreign Bom, 4: Including Ireland, 3; New Bruns- 
 wick, I. 
 
 :;cT 
 
 i
 
 Thirty-fourth Congress of the United States, from 1855 to 1857. 
 
 1855— California underwent severe financial 
 panic, in February. 
 
 1855— The Supreme Court of Wisconsin de- 
 clared the Furtive Slave Law (Eor the 
 return of runaway negroes to their 
 masters) unconstitutional, Feb. 3. 
 
 1855— The first Suspension Bridge at Niagara 
 Falls was crossed by the first rallwuy 
 train, Mar. 14. 
 
 1H55— The proprietors of leading daily pa- 
 pers in New York Ciiy formed the now 
 widely known '* Associated Press," for 
 the distribution of news dispatches 
 throughout the Union. 
 
 1855_Dr. E. K. Kane, the Arctic explorer, after 
 an absence of 2^ yeai^ in the Polar 
 regions, returned to New York City, 
 Oct. 11. 
 
 1855— Great trial of reaping machines of all 
 nations at Paris. France. The Amer- 
 ican reapers surpassed all othei-s. 
 
 ],^ii6—The steamship •■Pacific" sailed from 
 Liverpool. Eng., for New York. Jan. 23, 
 but was never heard from afterwards. 
 She had on board 186 persons. 
 
 1H56— Loss, at sea, of the Chilian war-steamer 
 ■■ Cazador," with 318 lives, Jan. 30. 
 
 1856— The new " Xative-American Party " 
 (the "Know-Nothings") held a na- 
 tional convention. Feb. 28, and nom- 
 inated Millard Fillmore for PreMdent. 
 with Andrew J. Donelson. of Tenn.. for 
 Vice-President. In the following elec- 
 tion this ticket carried 8 electoral 
 votes. 
 
 1856— Walker, the California "filibuster," 
 defeated at Costa Rica, Mar. 20. 
 
 Franklin Pierce, 14th President. 
 
 Jesse 1>. Bright, of Ind., Charles E. Stuart, of Mich., 
 and James M. M.^son, of Va.. Acting Vice-Presidents and 
 Presidents of the Senate. William L. Marcy, of N. Y., 
 Sec'y of State. James Guthrie, of Ky.,Sec'yof Treas. 
 Jefferson Davis, of Miss., Sec'y of War. James C. Dub- 
 bin, of N. C, Sec'y of Navy. Robert McClelland, of 
 Mich-. Sec'y of Interior. James Campbell, of Pa.. Post- 
 master-Gen'I. Caleb Cushing. of Mass.. Att'y-General. 
 Nathaniel P. Banks, of Mass, Speaker of House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 1856— Thirty persons, passengers on the 
 Panama Railroad, were killed in a 
 riot. April 15. 
 
 1856 — Senator Charles Sumner, of Mass., was 
 assaulted in the Senate Chamber at 
 Washington by Preston S. Brooks, a 
 Representative from South Carolina. 
 The weapon used was a cane, and the 
 Senator received severe injuries, from 
 which he never recovered. May 22. 
 The provocation for the assault grew 
 out of the discussion of the slavery 
 question in Congress. 
 
 1856— Lost Island, a popular pleasure resort 
 on the coast of Louisiana, was sub- 
 merged by a terrible storm in the Gulf, 
 and 173 persons peii^hed, Aug. 10. 
 
 1856 — Cuba, in the West Indies, was visited, 
 for the first and only time, by snow, 
 accompanied by cold weather. Dec. 24. 
 
 1857— The celebrated " Dred Scott Decision" 
 made by the United States Supreme 
 Court, that negroes were not persons, 
 but chattels, and had no rights that 
 white men were bound to respect. Mar. 
 6. Great excitement ensued thiough- 
 out the North. 
 
 1857— "Filibuster" Walker surrenders to the 
 United States Government, after hav- 
 ing been elected President of Nicara- 
 gua, May 1. 
 
 1857 — A great financial revulsion began 
 Aug. 24, and swept over the whole 
 country, destroying all commercial 
 confidence, and ruining a multitude of 
 business men. 
 
 1857— The Kansas Constitutional Convention 
 agree upon a State Constitution, Nov. 7. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat: R* Republican; W, Whig; A., Abolitionist; N-A, N itive-American. F-S, Free-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Adams. Stephen D 
 
 Allen. Philip D 
 
 Bayaril. .lames A D 
 
 Bell, James W 
 
 Bell. John W 
 
 Benjamin. Judah P. .W 
 
 Biggs. Asa D 
 
 Bigler, William D 
 
 Bright. Jesse D D 
 
 Brodhead. Richard. .D 
 
 Bro^vn. Albert G D 
 
 Butler. Andrew P D 
 
 Cass, Lewis D 
 
 Clay. Clement C D 
 
 Clayton, John M W 
 
 Collamer, Jacob R 
 
 CoMieg^'S. Joseph P. . — 
 (litt'-iiden, John J...D 
 
 IJndge. Henry D 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A. .D 
 
 Durkee, Charles R 
 
 Evans, Josiah J D 
 
 Fessenden, Wm. P. .,R 
 
 Fish. Hamilton R 
 
 Fitch. Graham N D 
 
 Fit7,|>atrick. Benj D 
 
 Foot. .Solomon R 
 
 Foster, Lafayette S...U 
 
 Geyer. Henry S R 
 
 Green. James S D 
 
 Gwin, William W D 
 
 Hale. John P F-S 
 
 Hamlin. Hannibal.. ..R 
 
 Harlan. James W 
 
 Houston, Samuel D 
 
 Hutiter. Kob'tM. T...D 
 
 Iverson. Alfred D 
 
 •James, Charles T....D 
 Johnson. Robert W...D 
 
 Jones, George W D 
 
 Jones. Janie;! C W 
 
 Mullorv. Stephen R..D 
 
 Miison. JamesM D 
 
 Nourse, Amos — 
 
 Pearce. James A D 
 
 Pratt. Thomas G D 
 
 Pugh. George E D 
 
 Reld. David S D 
 
 Rusk.Thoma-* J D 
 
 Sebastian. Win. K....D 
 Sewurd. Willi.im H..W 
 
 Slldi'll, John D 
 
 Stuart, Charles E D 
 
 Sumner. Charles A 
 
 Thompson, John B. ,W 
 
 Thomson, John R D 
 
 Toombs, Robert D 
 
 Touccy, iMoac D 
 
 Tenn 
 R. I. 
 Del . . 
 N. H. 
 Tenn 
 W. I 
 X. c 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . 
 S. C. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 N. H 
 
 Ala. 
 Del.. 
 N. y 
 Del.. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Me... 
 III. .. 
 Va... 
 Va. . . 
 Ga... 
 R. I., 
 Ky... 
 Iml. . 
 Tenn. 
 Tri'd. 
 Va. .. 
 
 Sept. I, 
 Nov. 15. 
 Nov. 13. 
 Feb. 15, 
 
 Feb.' '4;' 
 Dec. — . 
 Dec. 18, 
 
 1785 
 1799 
 \SM 
 1797 
 1812 
 1811 
 1813 
 1812 
 
 Miss. . 
 R. 1.. 
 Del... 
 N. H. 
 Tenn. 
 La. .. 
 N. C 
 
 May 3J. 
 Nov. 19, 
 Oct. 9. 
 
 1813 
 1796 
 1782 
 
 July 24, 1 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Oct. 12. 
 April 23, 
 Dec 10. 
 Nov. 27, 
 Oct. 16, 
 Aug. 3. 
 Dec. 7. 
 June 30. 
 Nov. IH, 
 Nov. 22, 
 
 i Feb.' 28, 
 Oct. 0. 
 Mar. 31, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Aug. 2«, 
 Mar. 2, 
 April 21, 
 Dec. 3, 
 
 1782 
 1813 
 17 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 ... .Lawyer... 
 Pa. ..Journalist 
 Ind.. .'Lawyer, 
 
 Pa 
 
 Miss. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Mich 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Vt. . 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Wis 
 
 1782 
 1813 
 1805 
 
 1786,9. C 
 1806 Me. . 
 1808 N. Y 
 1810 Ind. 
 1802 Ala 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier.,.. 
 
 111. ..I Jurist 
 
 Wis. . Merchant, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 May 11. 
 Dec. 16. 
 June 13, 
 Mav 26. 
 Sept. 10, 
 May 7, 
 Mar. 6. 
 Aug. 9. 
 May 20. 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 1857 
 1865 
 1880 
 1857 
 1869 
 1884 
 1878 
 1880 
 1875 
 1863 
 
 May 25, 1857 
 June 17, 1866 
 Jan. 3, 1882 
 Nov. 9, 1856 
 Nov. 9, 1865 
 
 July 2t;,' lais 
 
 July 19, 1867 
 June 3, 1861 
 Jan. 14, 1870 
 May 6, 1858 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Bom. 
 
 btftte 
 Repre- 
 Beoted, 
 
 Occupation 
 
 When Died. 
 
 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..D 
 F-S 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 
 Conn.loet. 12. 1813 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pal 
 
 
 
 "Wade. Benjamin F 
 Weller, John B 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 W. I. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1«)0 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Mechanic. 
 Varied 
 
 Mar. 2. 1878 
 
 .A.ug. 7. '.a--> 
 
 Nov. 22, 1875 
 Nov. 1.1866 
 
 Wilson. Henry 
 
 Wright. William.... 
 Yulee. David L 
 
 Feb, ie, 1812lMa!is. 
 
 17941N. J.. 
 
 1811 Fla. . 
 
 Total Senators. 64. Lawyers, 38. Jurists, 11. Physicians, 3. Varied, -8. 
 Occupation Unknown, 2. Merchants, 2. Mechanics, 2. Journalist, 1. 
 Soldier, 1. Machinist,!. Agriculturist,!. Foreign Bom 3: Including 
 West Indies, 2. Trinidad, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whci Bcrr 
 
 State 
 
 Oocupatio 
 
 June 8, 
 Nov. 'a. 
 
 18(J2 Vt. .. Law>'er, 
 18(16 Conn. Lawyer... 
 1798 Mo. .. Lawyer... 
 1817 Mo... Lawyer... 
 
 1805 Cal . . IPhysician. 
 
 1806 N. H. [Lawyer... 
 1809 Me. ..Lawyer... 
 1820 ]ow,a. Lawyer... 
 1793 Texas Kawyer. . . 
 1809 Va. .. Lawyer... 
 
 179H;Ga...!Jurist 
 
 1804; R. I.. Machinist. 
 
 ,1814 Ark.. Lawyer... 
 
 Iowa. Lawyer... 
 
 1809 Tenn. Agricul'st. 
 
 .1810 Flp 
 179K Va. 
 .1795 Mf. 
 Dec. 14, I80r. Md. 
 1805, Md. 
 
 D. C. 
 D. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y.INov. 25, 
 
 Mass.. Tan. 6, 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa. ..'.Sept. 5, 
 Ga. . . July 2, 
 Conn. Nov. 5, 
 
 Nov. 28, 
 April 19, 
 
 May 16, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Physician. 
 .Lawyer. .. 
 .'Lawyer. 
 
 I822;Ohio.lLawyer., 
 
 1813 
 
 1801 
 1793 
 1810 
 1811 
 1810 
 18rN) 
 I8IU 
 1796 
 
 N. C. Lawyer 
 
 Texas Jurist 
 
 Ark. . Jurist 
 
 N. Y. Lawyer.. , 
 La. . . Lawyer. . , 
 Mich. Lawyer.. . 
 Mass. Lawyer.., 
 Ky. . . Lawyer.., 
 N. J.. Merchant, 
 Ga.. . I*awyer.. 
 Conn. Lawyer.. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 21, 
 
 1869 
 
 Mar. 
 
 28 
 
 1«6« 
 
 Sept. 
 
 19. 
 
 1880 
 
 Mar. 
 
 S, 
 
 l«i9 
 
 Jan. 
 
 19, 
 
 1870 
 
 Nov. 
 
 18, 
 
 1873 
 
 JnVy 
 
 25, 
 
 1863 
 
 Mar. 
 
 5. 
 
 1874 
 
 Oct. 
 
 17, 
 
 18132 
 
 Oct.' 
 
 'ia 
 
 VA59 
 
 Nov 
 
 !). 
 
 INKf 
 
 .\pr\ 
 
 28 
 
 1871 
 
 .Vprim 
 
 1877 
 
 Pec. 
 
 ■J" 
 
 18H2 
 
 Nov 
 
 », 
 
 18(«) 
 
 July 
 
 19 
 
 1870 
 
 JillV 
 
 23 
 
 18.16 
 
 Mav 
 
 20 
 
 180.5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 >(> 
 
 1872 
 
 July 
 
 29 
 
 1871 
 
 Mar 
 
 11 
 
 1874 
 
 Jan. 7, 1874 
 Sept. 12, 1862 
 
 iJuly 30,1869 
 
 Aiken. William D 
 
 Akers. Thomas P. . .N-.\ 
 Albright. Charles J... R 
 
 Allen, James C D 
 
 Allison. John W 
 
 Anderson. J. Patton. .D 
 
 Ball, Edward R 
 
 Banks, Nath'l P N-A 
 
 Barbour, Lucien R 
 
 Barclay, David D 
 
 Barksdale, William.. D 
 Bavlev. Thomas H.,.D 
 
 Bcil. Peter H I) 
 
 Ri-nnetf. Henry S D 
 
 ll,.,,,i..tt H..,irv W 
 
 1;. ,,...,,. s.,iiirelP....R 
 11. ,-,,li,-i.| .i.ihn M....— 
 M,lliiiK'l,„i--i. Charles. R 
 lt,ni;haiii. .li.hn A...,R 
 
 llivli.,|i. J.imes W 
 
 Bliss, Pluleinon R 
 
 Bocoek, Thomas S D 
 
 Bowie, Thomas F W 
 
 Bovce, William W D 
 
 Bradshaw. Sam'lC.W 
 Branch. Lawi-cnco 0..n 
 
 Bl'enton, Samuel W 
 
 Brooks, Preston S E 
 
 Broom, Ja<!ob W 
 
 Bufflngton. James. .N-A 
 Burlinenine. A.S, ..N-A 
 
 l'.,irneft, Itenrv C D 
 
 <-u.lw,,l;Ml,.r. .!ohn...l) 
 CimplMll. .James H..W 
 Cnnpbell. John P. .N-A 
 Campbell, Lewis I)... R 
 
 Carllle. John S — 
 
 Caruthers. Samuel.. .W 
 
 Ca.sklc, John S D 
 
 Chaffee. <:alvin C..N-A 
 Chapman, Bird B — 
 
 S. C, 
 
 Pa.,, 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Va. ., 
 Mass. 
 Conn 
 Pa.. . 
 Tenn, 
 Va. . 
 Va. . 
 Tenn, 
 N. Y. 
 Me. . 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. , . 
 N.J.. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Md... 
 S. C. . 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 
 a. c. . 
 
 Md... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 I'a. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Mo.,. 
 Va... 
 N. y. 
 Conn. 
 
 Jan. 28, 
 Aug. 5, 
 
 1806 S 0. 
 
 Mo. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1823 111. 
 
 1812 
 
 Jan. 30, 
 Mar. 4, 
 
 Aug. 21, 
 Dec. 11, 
 
 Mar. 7. 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 June 23, 
 July 27, 
 
 July 28, 
 
 April' 7,' 
 Oct. 24, 
 Juno 10, 
 July 7. 
 Nov. 22, 
 Aug. 10, 
 July 2.3, 
 Mar. 16, 
 Nov. 14, 
 Oct. 5. 
 April 1, 
 Feb. 8. 
 
 Aug.' 9, 
 Dee. 16. 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 1816 
 1811 
 
 1821 
 1810 
 
 isd' 
 
 1808 
 
 'l'799 
 1818 
 181 
 
 I'sU 
 1815 
 1808 
 1819 
 1809 
 1820 
 1810 
 1819 
 1808 
 1817 
 1822 
 1825 
 1805 
 1820 
 
 I's'li 
 1817 
 1820 
 
 Aug. 28, 181 
 
 Pa. .. 
 W. T. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Ind.. 
 Pa... I 
 Miss. 
 Va...| 
 Texa.s 
 Miss.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mc. .. 
 Utah. 
 Wia.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. J . . 
 Ohio. 
 Va .. 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Ind. . 
 S. C. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass . 
 Mass . 
 Ky. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 Mo. .. 
 Va. .. 
 MaHS. 
 iNeb.. 
 
 AgricuPst. 
 Unknown, 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawj'cr. . . 
 
 Jui-ist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jul ist 
 
 Law.ver... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 La'wyd- . 
 Cleryyni'n 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknuw.n. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Varied . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Physician. 
 Unknown, 
 
 July 2. 1863 
 June 23. 1856 
 
 Aug. 18, 1865 
 
 Oct. 30, 1869 
 
 Sept 
 
 17 
 
 1862 
 
 Mnr. 
 
 29 
 
 18,i7 
 
 
 27 
 
 1857 
 
 Nov. 
 
 — 
 
 1864 
 
 Mar. 
 
 7^ 
 
 1875 
 
 Feb. 
 
 " 
 
 1873 
 18(16 
 
 Oct. 
 
 '24 
 
 r878 
 
 July 
 
 20 
 
 186(1 
 
 Dec. 
 
 16 
 
 1869 
 
 A
 
 EKPBESENTATIVKS OF Till'; TIIIETY-FOUKTII C'ONGltKSS. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 i 
 
 Chililrt, Tlinina? W 
 
 ('laiki!, Hiiyard W 
 
 Clark, Kzra II 
 
 Clawson, Isaiah L)...W 
 Clinginan, ThonmsL.l) 
 
 Cobb, Howell I) 
 
 Cobb, Williamson B.W 
 
 Colfax, Si-hiiyliT R 
 
 Coinins, Linus B.. .N-A 
 
 Covotle, John W 
 
 Cox, Leander M K-A 
 
 CraKln, Aaron U. . .N-A 
 
 Craige, Uurton D 
 
 Crawford, Martin J.. .D 
 CuUen, Elisliii I)... N-A 
 Cuniback, Williiun. . .li 
 Damrell, Will. S...N-A 
 Davidson, TlioinadG.D 
 
 Davis, H. Wlntur R 
 
 Davis, Jacob C — 
 
 Davis, Timothy N-A 
 
 Day. Timothy C R 
 
 Doan, Sidney N-A 
 
 Denver, James W D 
 
 DeWitt. Alex N-A 
 
 Dick, John W 
 
 Dickson, Samuel W 
 
 Dodd , Kd ward W 
 
 Dowdell, James F D 
 
 Dunn, George O R 
 
 Durfee. Nath'l B. . . N-A 
 
 Edie, John R W 
 
 Edmundson, H. A D 
 
 Edwards, p'rancis S. N-A 
 
 Elliott, John M D 
 
 Emrie, Joseph It R 
 
 English, William H.,D 
 Etberidpe. Emer'n. N-A 
 
 Eustis, George N-A 
 
 Evans, Lemuel D..N-A 
 Faulkner. Charles J.. D 
 Flagler. Thomas T. . ,W 
 Florence. Thomas B. .D 
 Foster, Nath'l G,. .N-A 
 Fuller, Henry M.... W 
 Fuller. Thomas J. D...D 
 
 Gallegos, Jose 51 D 
 
 Galloway. Samuel R 
 
 Garnett. Museoe K. II ,D 
 Gldding.s. Joshualt. F-S 
 Gilbert. William A.. W 
 
 Goode. Willium O D 
 
 Grant- r. Amos r....W 
 Greenwood, Allred B.D 
 
 Gl-ow, Galusha A R 
 
 Hall, Augustus D 
 
 Hall, Roberts N-A 
 
 Harlan. Aaron R 
 
 Harris, J. Morrls'n.N-A 
 
 Harris, Thomas L D 
 
 Harris. Sampson W.,D 
 
 Harrison. John S W 
 
 Haven, Solomon G..,W 
 Herbert. Philemon T.D 
 
 Hickman. John D 
 
 Hodges, George T. . . .R 
 
 Hoffman. H. W N-A 
 
 HoUowav. David P. . .R 
 Horton , Thomas 11. . . W 
 Horton, Valentine B.R 
 Houston, George S...D 
 Howard, W^illiam .\. .R 
 Hughston. Jonas A..W 
 
 Jewett. Joshua H D 
 
 Jones. George W D 
 
 Jones. J. Glancy D 
 
 Keitt, LawrenceM..D 
 
 Kelly, John D 
 
 Kelsey, William H..,W 
 Kennett, Luther M. N-A 
 
 Kidwell. Zedekiah D 
 
 King. Rnfus H W 
 
 Knapp. Chauncey. .N A 
 Knight. Jonathan. .W 
 Knowlton, Ebenezer.R 
 
 Knox, James W 
 
 Kunkel. JohnC W 
 
 l^ake, William A. . N-.l 
 
 Lane. Joseph D 
 
 Leiter. Benjamin F. ..R 
 
 Letcher, John D 
 
 Lindley, James J W 
 
 Lumpkin, John 11 D 
 
 MeCarty, Andrew Z.W 
 McMullen, Fayette. . . . D 
 
 McQueen. John D 
 
 Maee. Daniel R 
 
 Marshall, Alex. K.. N-.A 
 Mai-ahall, Humjj'y. N-A 
 Marshall. Samuel S.. .D 
 Matteson. Orsa, B...W 
 Maxwell, August. E..D 
 
 Meacham. James W 
 
 Miller, John G W 
 
 Miller. Killian W 
 
 Miller, Smith D 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.... 
 N. J.. 
 N. O. 
 Ga. .. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Vt.... 
 N. 0. 
 Oa. .. 
 Del... 
 Ind. . 
 N. H. 
 Miss.. 
 Md... 
 
 Mar. 17, 
 Hal-'. 30,' 
 
 182 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 June 8, 
 Mar. 23, 
 
 1815 
 1807 
 1823 
 .1817 
 1808 
 
 Feb. 1, 
 Mar. 13, 
 Mar. 17, 
 
 1821 
 1811 
 1820 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn, 
 Va. .. 
 Mass, 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 
 .Mar. 24, 
 Nov. 20, 
 .Aug. 6. 
 Aug. IS, 
 
 1829 
 1809 
 1801 
 1817 
 
 April 12, 
 Nov.'lS,' 
 April 2, 
 
 1821 
 
 1818 
 1818 
 1798 
 
 R. L. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 
 ind.' '. 
 N. C. 
 La. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Va, 
 
 Nov. 26, 
 S'e'p't'.'29, 
 
 1807 
 1805 
 1818 
 1813 
 1812 
 
 May 28, 
 May 16, 
 
 Aug.' '27.' 
 Sept. 28, 
 Sept. 28, 
 
 1818 
 1820 
 
 1822 
 1819 
 1828 
 
 1 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt.... 
 N. M. 
 Pa. . . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 Ga. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala.. 
 Pa... 
 Vt. .. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Pa. . . 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 \'t. . . 
 Pa... 
 N.H. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 N. C. 
 Hd... 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 111. .. 
 N. T. 
 Ga. . . 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 Jan. 26; 
 .\ug. 2."> 
 Jan. 3. 
 Mar. 1 7, 
 Nov. 14, 
 Mar. 20, 
 
 .1806 
 
 ■ '1812 
 1,S09 
 1820 
 180S 
 1815 
 1811 
 
 Oct. 6, 1795 
 
 Sept. 16, 
 June — , 
 July 11, 
 Aug. 31. 
 April 29 
 Jan. 28, 
 Sept. 8, 
 
 Oel;."2'9, 
 Feb. 23, 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 July 4, 
 
 1798 
 1789 
 1811 
 1.823 
 1814 
 1812 
 iai2 
 1821 
 1816 
 1809 
 
 1810 
 1789 
 
 Dec. 6, 1809 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 Sept. 13 
 Mar. 15, 
 Oct. 7. 
 Oct. 4, 
 April 21, 
 Oct. 2, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 Feb.' '26,' 
 Nov. 22, 
 
 July 4, 1807 
 
 1802 
 1811 
 
 181 
 
 1807 
 
 1811 
 
 1824 
 
 1821 
 
 1S12 
 
 180e 
 
 1814 
 
 I'sdo 
 
 1787 
 
 Deo. 14, 
 Oct. 13, 
 Mar. 29, 
 Jan. 1. 
 June 13, 
 
 1801 
 1813 
 1813 
 1822 
 181: 
 
 Sept 5, 
 
 .1808 
 1811 
 
 Jan. 13, 1812 
 Mar. 18, 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 Ga... 
 Ala.. 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Oa... 
 Del. . 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 La. .. 
 Md... 
 111. .. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Cal. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ind. . 
 R. I.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 La. . . 
 Texas 
 Va. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me. .. 
 M. 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 \rk . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Iowa. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 III. .. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Cal. . 
 Pa. . 
 Vt. . 
 Md.. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ala. . 
 Mich . 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mo. . . 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Miss. . 
 Ore. . 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Mo... 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 Ky 
 
 Sept. 21, 
 
 1821 111. . 
 N. Y 
 
 Oct. 4,, 
 July 30, 
 
 1820 
 1810 
 1812 
 1785 
 
 Fla. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied. ... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ! Lawyer. . 
 
 'Lawyer... 
 
 lUnknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 If nknown . 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 j Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 L.awyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mecluanic 
 Varied. . .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Engineer. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Unknown 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Oct. y, 1868 
 Nov. — , 1864 
 Jan. 13, 1885 
 
 Dec. 29, 1875 
 
 May 17, 1860 
 Sept. 11, 1883 
 Dec. 20, 1805 
 
 April 15, 1869 
 
 May 3. 1858 
 
 Sept. 4. 1857 
 Nov. 12, 1872 
 
 Mar. 26, 1879 
 
 Mar.. 15, 1872 
 N'ov."ii"l'883 
 jul'y'a, "I'sTS 
 
 Dec. 26, 
 
 18(>0 
 1876 
 
 April 5, 1872 
 May '2'7,' 'I'sei 
 
 July 3, 1859 
 Aug. 20, 1866 
 
 Feb. 1, 1861 
 
 Nov. 24, 1858 
 Api-il— , 1857 
 May 26, 1878 
 Dec. 24. 1861 
 
 Mar. 23, 1875 
 Sept. 9, 1860 
 
 Mar. 24, 1877 
 June 2, 1764 
 
 April 27, 1872 
 
 Nov. 22, 1858 
 
 .iprll 19, 1881 
 ja'ii.' '26,' 'l's84 
 jime 'e,' 1860 
 
 Aug. 30. 1R67 
 July 20. 1867 
 
 Aug. 22, 1856 
 May 11, 1856 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. I Yi.r »>"ii"». ■<•>'- o««p«io.. vt,«,i>M. 
 
 
 Millsoii. Johns D 
 
 Milliv,>i.l. William.. .W 
 
 M,...ir, 1 is'-ar F R 
 
 .Morgan. Edwin B R 
 
 Monill. Justin S R 
 
 Morrison, James D. . . W 
 
 Mott, Richard R 
 
 Murray, Ambrose 8.. .R 
 Nichols, Matthias II. R 
 
 Norton. Jesse O R 
 
 Oliver, Andrew D 
 
 Oliver, Mordecal W 
 
 Orr, James L D 
 
 Otero, Miguel A — 
 
 Packer, Asa D 
 
 Paine, Robert T N-A 
 
 Parker, .lohn M W 
 
 Pearee, John J W 
 
 Peck, George W D 
 
 Pelton, Guy R W 
 
 Pennington, A. C. M.W 
 
 Prrrv, .lohn J R 
 
 I'c tld. .lohnU R 
 
 riulps. JdlinS D 
 
 Pike, J.iims N A 
 
 Porter, Gilchrist W 
 
 Powell, Paulus D 
 
 Pringle, Benjamin.. .W 
 Purviance. Sam'l A..W 
 Puryear, Rich'd C. .N-A 
 
 Quitman. John A D 
 
 Reade, Edwin G..N-A 
 
 Ready. Charles W 
 
 Ricaud, James B. . .N'-A 
 
 Rice, Henry M D 
 
 Richardson. Vfui. A..D 
 
 Ritchie, David W 
 
 Rivers Thomas. .. -N-A 
 Robbins. George R. .W 
 Roberts. Anthony E.W 
 Robinson, David F..W 
 
 Ruffin, Thomas D 
 
 Rust. Albert D 
 
 Sabin. Alvah W 
 
 Sage. Russell W' 
 
 Sandidge. John M D 
 
 Sapp. William R W 
 
 Savage. John H D 
 
 Scott, Harvey D R 
 
 Seward, James L D 
 
 Sherman. John R 
 
 Shoiter, Eli S D 
 
 Simmons, George A.W 
 
 Smith. Samuel A D 
 
 Smith. William D 
 
 Smith, William R. .N-A 
 Sneed. William A..N-.\ 
 Spinner, Francis E.. D 
 Stanton. Benjamin. ..R 
 
 Stephens. Alex. H D 
 
 Stewart, James A D 
 
 Stranahan. James S.W 
 Swope. Samuel F..N-A 
 
 Talbott, Albert G D 
 
 Tappan, Mason W. N-.\ 
 
 Taylor, Miles D 
 
 Thorington, James.. .R 
 Thurston. Benj. B. N-.\ 
 
 Todd. Lemuel W 
 
 Trafton. Mark N-.\ 
 
 Trippe, Robert P.. N-.4 
 
 Trumbull, Lvman R 
 
 Tvson, JobR W 
 
 Underwood, W. L. N-A 
 
 Vail, George D 
 
 Valk, William W..N-A 
 
 "Wade. Edward R 
 
 Wakeman. Abrani. N-A 
 Walbridge. David S..R 
 
 Waldron. Henry R 
 
 Walker, Percy N-A 
 
 Warner. Hiram D 
 
 Washburne, Cad. C. .R 
 Washburne, Elihu B.W 
 
 Washburn, Israel R 
 
 Watkins, A. G W 
 
 Watson, Cooper K R 
 
 Welch, William W.N-A 
 
 Wells. Daniel D 
 
 Wheeler, John D 
 
 Whitfleld. John W...I> 
 Whitney, Thos. R. .N-.A 
 
 Williams, John D 
 
 Winslow. Warren — D 
 
 Wood, John M R 
 
 Woodruff, John — N--V 
 Woodworth. Jas. H.. .R 
 
 Wright. Daniel B D 
 
 Wright. John V D 
 
 ZoUicotfer. Felix K.W 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 VI. .. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 N. M. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 (.'onn. 
 Mass. 
 Va.... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N, C. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Md. . . 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oa. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Va. ., 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Tenn 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 N. C. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Me.. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 Va., 
 
 N.J, 
 
 S. C 
 
 Mass, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ala. . 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 .Me... 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. T. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn 
 Tenn. 
 
 May 2. 
 
 ,\prll 14, 
 April 12, 
 July 21, 
 
 Oct.";)', 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 Oct. '22, 
 May 12, 
 Juno 21, 
 Dec. '20, 
 
 Juno 14, 1805 
 
 June 4, 
 Aug. 3, 
 
 Aug. 2, 
 
 Dec. : 
 Nov. 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 
 Nov. 8, 
 Feb. 9. 
 Sept. 1, 
 Nov. 13. 
 Di'c. 22. 
 Feb. 11, 
 Nov. '29. 
 Jan. 16, 
 Aug. 19, 
 
 1808iVa. .. 
 
 iPa. .. 
 
 lOhlo. 
 
 1806 N. Y. 
 1810, Vt. .. 
 1816 111. .. 
 1804 Ohio. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 18'24 Ohio. 
 1812 III. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1819 Mo... 
 1822 S. C, 
 
 1829 
 1806 
 
 1818 
 1825 
 1811 
 1811 
 
 , 1814 
 , 1818 
 
 1807 
 1809 
 1801 
 1799 
 1812 
 1802 
 1808 
 1816 
 1811 
 1812 
 
 S. M. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Mo... 
 
 N. n. 
 
 Mo... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Miss.. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Minn. 
 
 Sept. 24, 
 Oct. — , 
 
 1812 
 1803 
 
 Oct. 23, 
 Aug. 4, 
 Jan. 7, 
 
 1793 
 1816 
 1817 
 
 May 10, 
 Mar. 15, 
 
 June 26, 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 Jan. 21, 
 Juno 4. 
 Feb. 11, 
 Nov. 24, 
 
 18-23 
 1823 
 ,1791 
 18-22 
 179' 
 
 I80: 
 1809 
 1812 
 1808 
 
 June 29, 
 July 29, 
 
 1804 
 1817 
 
 Oct. 12, 
 Feb. 12 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 Nov. 22, 
 May 31, 
 July 30, 
 Oct. 11, 
 
 Oct.' 29, 
 .\pril 22, 
 Sept. 23 
 June 6, 
 May 5, 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 Jan. 1. 
 Nov. 17. 
 Feb. 12, 
 Dec. 4. 
 
 June iW, 
 May 19 
 
 Pa. . 
 Tenn 
 N.J. 
 Pa. . 
 Pa. . 
 N. 0, 
 Ark. 
 Vt. . 
 N. Y. 
 La... 
 Ohio 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. 
 Ga.. 
 Ohio 
 Ala. . 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 La. .. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Miiss. 
 
 iOa... 
 
 1813 111. .. 
 
 , 1804 Pa. .. 
 
 1808 Kv... 
 
 .1803,n: J.. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1803;0hio. 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 
 1802 Mich. 
 
 1819 Mich. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 . 1802 Ga... 
 .1818 Wis.. 
 
 1816 III. .. 
 
 1813 Me. . . 
 
 1818 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1818 Conn. 
 
 I Wis.. 
 
 1823 N. Y. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 1804 N. Y. 
 
 1807 N. Y. 
 
 1810 X. C. 
 
 1813 Me... 
 :. 1826, Conn. 
 
 1804 111. .. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 18-28 Tenn. 
 
 1812 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Varici].... 
 Lawyer .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Clergym'n 
 .lournalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Law 
 
 Fob. 26, 1873 
 
 8ept. IS, 1862 
 Aug. 3, 1875 
 
 May 8, 1873 
 Ma3r"i7,"l'879 
 
 Jan. 25, 1867 
 
 50a v>> 
 
 July 17, J 858 
 
 Jan. 24, 1866 
 
 Dec. 27, 1875 
 Jan. 24. 1867 
 
 Oct. 8, 1863 
 April 3, 1870 
 
 Oct. 27, 1857 
 
 Mar. 4, 1883 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawytr... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied. ., 
 
 Lawyer, , 
 
 Lawyer., 
 
 Varied.., 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied. , . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Jurist. . . . 
 
 Unknown. | 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 ITeletrrap'r : 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawver... Aug. 7, 1862 
 
 June 27, 1858 
 
 May 23, 1875 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied ... 
 Unknown. 
 jVaried.... 
 Jurist..... 
 .Varied.... 
 Lawyer,, . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Contract'r 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 , Unknown, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 June 15. 1868 
 
 .1881 
 .1882 
 
 May 12, 1883 
 
 Ai>rill2,I858 
 Mar. 26. 1875 
 June 11. 1863 
 Dec. 24, 1864 
 May 20,1868 
 
 Jan. 19, 1862 
 
 Total Representatives, JS4T. Lawyers, 103. Occupation Unkno^vn. S3. 
 Varied. 38. Jurists, 18. Merchants, lO. Physicians. 7. Clergrmen, t. 
 Journalists, «. Mechanics. 4. Agriculturists, 3. Engineer, 1. Clerk, 1. 
 Telegrapher, 1. Contractor, 1. 
 
 >i<]:(3. — 

 
 ? 
 
 b04: 
 
 THIRTY-FIFTH CONGRESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Congress of the United States, from 1857 to 1859- 
 
 1857— Geo. Peabody donated $3iXt,000 for a 
 free Literary and ScientiHc Institute 
 at Baltimore. Md., Feb. 12. 
 
 1857— The Anglo-Persian War ended. 
 
 l857_The Sepoy mutiny in British India. 
 Massacre of Europeans at Cawnpore, 
 by Nana Sahib and his rebels. July 15. 
 
 1857 — Loss of the ocean steamship " Central 
 America '' off Cape May, N. J. , with 450 
 lives. Sept. 8. 
 
 1857 — Great earthquake at Naples, Italy, 
 Dec. 16. 
 
 1857 — Number of commercial failure* in the 
 United States, 5.123, aggi-epating about 
 S291.757,»X)0. 
 
 1857— Canton, China, captured by the allied 
 French and English troops, Dec. 29, 
 
 1858 — Corinth, Greece, nearly destroyed by 
 an earthquake. Feb. 21. 
 
 1858 — The Canadian seat of government per- 
 manently located at Ottawa. 
 
 J858 — Congress votes to admit the Territory 
 of Kansas into the Union, April 30. 
 
 1858 — Minnesota, the thirty-second State, ad- 
 mitted into the Union. May 11. 
 
 1858— The peaceful settlement of the Mormon 
 troubles in Utah announced to Con- 
 gress by the President. June 10. 
 
 1858— A treaty of friendship between the 
 United States and China concluded, 
 June 13. 
 
 James Bnchanan* ISth President. 
 
 John C. Breekenridge, of Ky., Vice-Pre.sidert- Lewis 
 Cass, of Mich., Sec'y of State. Howell Cobb, of Ga., Sec'y 
 ofTreas. John B. Floyd, of Va., Sec'y of War. Isaac 
 Toucey. of Conn.. Sec'y of Xavy, Jacob Thompson, of 
 Miss., Sec'y of Interior, Aaron V. Brown, of Tenn,, 
 and Joseph Holt, of Ky., Postmasters-Gen'l. Jeremiah 
 S. Black, of Pa.. Att'y-General. James L. Orr, of S. C, 
 Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 r^i#^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1858 — Bi-itiiih Columbia incorporated aa a 
 dibtinct colony, Aug. 2. 
 
 1858— The National Teachers' Asjiociation 
 held its Hrst annual session at Cin- 
 cinnati. O.. Aug. II. 
 
 1858 — The First Atlantic Ocean cable between 
 Newfoundland, N. A., and Ireland, 
 completed, iind nies.sages of conprratu- 
 lation passed over it between Queen 
 Victoria and President Buchanan, Aug. 
 17. A few weeks later allcommunica. 
 tion over it permanently ceased. The 
 next cable was laid in 1866. 
 
 1858— Rule of the East India Compan/. in 
 India, comes to an end, Sept. 1. 
 
 1858— First American overland mail left St. 
 Louis, Mo., for California, Sept. 16. 
 
 1858 — Crystal Palace, at New 'Sork. burned, 
 Oct. 5. 
 
 1859 — Oregon . the thirty-third State, admitted 
 to the Union, Feb. 14. 
 
 1859 — Rich gold discoveries at Pike's Peak, 
 Col., ci-eate general excitement and 
 immigration. May 6. 
 
 1859— Wise, the seronaut, began his 1,200- 
 mile trip, in his balloon, from St. Louis, 
 Mo., to New York, July 1. 
 
 1859 — John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry; 
 slaves incited to lise against their 
 masters and fight fur freedom, Oct. 17. 
 
 I>, indicates Democrat: R, Republican; "W, Wtig; A-, Abolitionist; X-A, Native-.\merican; F-S, FreeSoiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Allen. Philip D 
 
 Bates, Martin \V D 
 
 Bayard, James A D 
 
 Bell. John W 
 
 Benjamin. Judah P. .W 
 
 Bigler, William D 
 
 Biggs, Asa D 
 
 Bright. Jesse D D 
 
 Broderick, David C. . . D 
 
 Bro^rri. Albert G D 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 Chandler, Zaehariah.R 
 
 Chestnut, James D 
 
 Clark. Daniel R 
 
 Clay. Clement C D 
 
 Clingman, Thomas L. D 
 
 Collamer, Jacob R 
 
 Crittenden. John J. . .D 
 
 Davis. Jefferson D 
 
 Dixon, James R 
 
 Doolittle, James R. . . . R 
 Douglas. Stephen A. .D 
 
 Durkee, Charles R 
 
 Evans. Josiah J D 
 
 Fessenden. Wm. P. ..R 
 
 Fitch, Graham N D 
 
 Fitzpatrick. Benj D 
 
 Foot, Solomon R 
 
 Foster, Lafayette S. ..R 
 
 Green. James S D 
 
 Gwin, William M D 
 
 Hale. John P F-S 
 
 Hamlin. Hannibal R 
 
 Hammond. James H..D 
 
 Harlan, James W 
 
 Hayne, Arthur P D 
 
 Henderson. J. f- D 
 
 Houston, Samuel D 
 
 Hunter, Rob't M. T. ..D 
 
 Jverson, Alfred D 
 
 .Johnson. Andrew D 
 
 Johnson. Robert W...D 
 
 Jones, George W D 
 
 Kennedy, -\nthony..— 
 
 King. Preston R 
 
 I.ane, Joseph D 
 
 Mallory, Stephen R..D 
 
 Mason, James M D 
 
 Pearce. James A D 
 
 Polk. Trustcn D 
 
 Pugh, George F, D 
 
 Keld. David S D 
 
 Rice. Henry M D 
 
 Rusk, Thomas J D 
 
 Sebantian. Wm. K... D 
 Seward, William H..W 
 
 Shields. James D 
 
 Simmons. James F. ..W 
 
 Slldell, John D 
 
 Smith. Delazon D 
 
 Stuart, Charles E I) 
 
 Sumner. Charles. , .. R 
 Th'.mr.'on .Inhn 1: ^\' 
 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Del... 
 Tenn. 
 W. I. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 D. C. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 Ala. . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 vt. .. 
 vt. .. 
 s. c. 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga... 
 IVt. .. 
 I Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Me... 
 S. C. 
 111. .. 
 IS. c. 
 N. C. 
 jva... 
 IVa... 
 Ga. .. 
 N. C 
 Kv... 
 Irid. . 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 !N. C. 
 (Ti-l'd. 
 Va. , . 
 D. C. 
 Del. . 
 Ohio. 
 N, O, 
 Vt. ,. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Iro'd. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 X. Y. 
 N Y. 
 Mass. 
 K V , . 
 
 Repre- Occupatioo 
 
 Sept. 1. 
 Feb. 24, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Feb. 15, 
 
 Dec. —, 
 Feb. 4, 
 Dec. 18, 
 Dec. — , 
 May 31, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 Oct. '24, 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 June 3, 
 Aug. 5, 
 Jan. 3, 
 April '23, 
 Dec. 10, 
 Nov. 27, 
 Oct. 16, 
 Dec. 7, 
 June 30, 
 Nov. 19, 
 Nov. 22. 
 Feb. 28, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Aug. 26. 
 Mar. 12, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Mar. 2, 
 April 21, 
 Dec. 3, 
 Deo. 29, 
 
 1785IR. I.. 
 1787, Del... 
 1799:Del... 
 1797, Tenn. 
 1812 Lou.. 
 ISialPa. .. 
 
 1811 N. C. 
 
 1812 Ind... 
 
 1818 Cal... 
 ISlSMiss.. 
 1799 Pa. . . 
 1813, .Mich. 
 1815 S. C. 
 18091N. H. 
 
 1819 Ala. . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1792 Va. .. 
 1786, Ky... 
 1808 Miss.. 
 1814lConn. 
 1815 Wis.. 
 
 1813 111. .. 
 
 1805 Wis.. 
 1786 S. C. 
 
 1806 Me. .. 
 1810 Ind. . 
 
 1802 
 1802 
 1806 
 1817 
 1805 
 1806 
 1809 
 1807 
 1820 
 
 Ala. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Mo... 
 Cal.. 
 N. H. 
 Me . . 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 1788 8. C. 
 
 1808 
 1793 
 1809 
 1798 
 1808 
 1814 
 
 Oct. 14, 
 Dec. 14, 
 
 Nov. '3,' 
 Dec. 14, 
 
 May 29, 
 Nov. 2K, 
 April 19, 
 Nov. 29, 
 
 .1811 
 1806 
 1801 
 1810 
 
 Texas 
 Texas 
 Va. .. 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 Ark.. 
 Iowa. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Ore. . 
 Fla. . 
 
 1798 Va, 
 lK0.-,iMil. 
 IKIl Mo. 
 IM22 Ohi, 
 1MI3 N. C, 
 1810 
 
 May 16, 
 Sept.' ioi 
 
 Nov. 25, 
 Jan. e. 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Texas, 
 
 Ark. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Minn 
 
 It. 1.. 
 
 I.ou. . 
 
 Ore, . 
 I«in;Mlch. 
 1811 Mass. 
 1810 Ky... 
 
 1801 
 1810 
 1791 
 1793 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied ... . 
 Slerchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer,. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyfer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 I Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 1 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 I.awyer.. . 
 Lawyer , . 
 
 Dec. 16, 
 Jan. 1. 
 June 13, 
 Sept, 10, 
 May 7, 
 Aug, 9, 
 Mar. 6. 
 May 20, 
 Sept. 16, 
 
 1865 
 1869 
 1880 
 1869 
 1884 
 1880 
 1878 
 1875 
 1859 
 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 
 Jan. 3, 1882 
 
 Nov. 9. 1865 
 July 26, 1863 
 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 June 3, 1861 
 Jan. 14, 1870 
 May 6. 1858 
 Sept, 8, 1869 
 
 Nov. 21, 1869 
 Mar. 28. 1866 
 Sept. 19, 1880 
 Jan, 19, 1870 
 
 Nov. 18, 1873 
 
 Nov. 13, 1864 
 
 Jan. 6, 1867 
 June 4, 1858 
 July 25, 1863 
 
 Mar. 5, 1874 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Nov. 13, 1865 
 April 19, 1881 
 Nov. 9. 1873 
 April 28. 1871 
 Dec. 20, 1862 
 April 16, 1876 
 July 19, 1870 
 
 July 29, 18,56 
 May 20, 1865 
 Oct. 10, 1872 
 ,Tune 1, 1879 
 July 10, 1804 
 July 29, 1871 
 Nov. 17, 1860 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wh,r, 
 Bgm. 
 
 When Boni. 
 
 state 
 
 Bepre- 
 MDted. 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Wben Died. 
 
 Thomson. John R. . . 
 Toombs. Robt-rt 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 F-S 
 ..D 
 .D 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 
 Sept. 5, 1800 
 July 2, 1810 
 Oct. 12. 1813 
 Oct. 27, I8IX) 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Texas 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Sept. 12. 1862 
 
 Trumbull. Lyman.. 
 Wade. Benjamin F 
 Ward. Matthias . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Mechanic. 
 Varied. .. . 
 
 liar, "i' '1878 
 Oct. 13, 1861 
 
 Wilson. Henry 
 
 Wright, William.... 
 Yulee, David L 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 W. I. 
 
 Feb, 16, 1812 
 
 1794 
 
 1811 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. J.. 
 Fla. . 
 
 Nov. 22, 1875 
 Nov. 1, 1866 
 
 Total Senators. Tl, Lawyers, 41, Varied, lO. Juri.sts, 8. Mechanics, 4. 
 Merchants, 3. Occupation Unkno^vn, 3. Physicians, 2. Journalist, 1. 
 Foreign Bom 4: Including West Indies, 2. Trinidad, 1, Ireland, 1, 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 Bom. 
 
 When Ben 
 
 nied. 
 
 Mar. 11, 1874 
 Jan. 7, 1874 
 
 Abbott, Nehemiah, . .R 
 
 Adi'ain. Gamett B D 
 
 Ahl, John A D 
 
 Anderson, Thos. L. .N-A 
 Andrews, Samuel G..R 
 
 Arnold, Samuel D 
 
 Atkins, John D, C D 
 
 Avery, William T.. ..D 
 Banks. Nalhl P. . .N-A 
 Barksdale, William.. D 
 
 Barr, Thomas F D 
 
 Bennett. Henry R 
 
 Bernhisel. John M — 
 
 Billinghurst. Charles. R 
 
 Bingham. John A R 
 
 Bishop. Willi.-im D....D 
 Blair, Fr.-.M.-is P.... F-S 
 
 Bliss. I'liilfToon R 
 
 Bocock. Tli..ii.,isS....D 
 Bonham. Milk-dge L. .D 
 
 Bowie, Thomas F W 
 
 Bo.yce, William W D 
 
 Branch, Lawrence 0',D 
 Bravton. William D. ,R 
 
 Bryan, Guy M D 
 
 Btiffinton. James R 
 
 Burlingamc. A,S ..N-A 
 
 Burnett, Henry C D 
 
 Hums. .Joseph ;,D 
 
 Burroughs, Silas M,,.R 
 Campbell. Lewis D...R 
 Canithers. Samuel — D 
 
 Case, Charles R 
 
 Caskle, Johns D 
 
 Cavanaugh, James M,— 
 ChafTco. Calvin C..,N-A 
 
 Chapman, Henry D 
 
 Clark, Ezra R 
 
 Clark, Horace F D 
 
 Clark, John B D 
 
 Clawson, Isaiah D.. . .R 
 
 Clay, James B D 
 
 Clemens. Sherrard. . .D 
 Clingman. Thomas T,.D 
 Cobb, Williamson R .D 
 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 R. 1.. 
 Mo. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Va. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 
 n. c. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. O. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mar. 29. 
 Dec. 20, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Dec, 8, 
 Oct, 16, 
 June 1, 
 June 4, 
 Nov. 11, 
 Jan. 30, 
 Aug. 21, 
 
 Sept.29. 
 June 23, 
 July 27, 
 
 Sept, 14, 
 Feb. 19, 
 July 28, 
 
 May 6, 
 April 7, 
 Oct. 24, 
 July 7, 
 Nov. 6. 
 June 12. 
 Mar. 16, 
 Nov, 14, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Mar. 11, 
 
 ISOelMe. .. 
 
 ISielN. J.. 
 
 18;5|Pa. .. 
 
 1808IMO .. 
 
 1799, N. Y. 
 
 1806 Conn. 
 
 1825 Tenn. 
 
 1819 Tenn. 
 
 1816 Mass. 
 
 1.821 Miss. 
 
 1812 N. Y. 
 
 ISOS N V. 
 
 1799 Utah. 
 
 1818 
 
 Ohio 
 Conn 
 Mo. 
 Ohio 
 Va. 
 S. C, 
 Md 
 
 S. C. 
 N. C, 
 R. I 
 Texas 
 Mass 
 
 .1815 
 18-27 
 18-21 
 1814 
 
 .1815 
 1815 
 1808 
 1819 
 1820 
 1815 
 1821 
 1817 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 Oct. 13, 
 Dec. 21, 
 
 1822 Ma.ss, 
 1825]Ky. ., 
 1800 Ohio, 
 
 ;N, Y. 
 Ohio, 
 Mo... 
 Ind. . 
 
 1811 
 18-20 
 1817 
 
 July 4. 
 Aug. 28. 
 Jan. 16, 
 
 1823 
 1811 
 1805 
 
 April 17, 
 Mar, 30. 
 Nov. 9, 
 April 2« 
 
 Jiine 8, 
 
 1815 
 180-,> 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 2 N. J.. 
 1817 Ky... 
 18-26 Va. . . 
 
 IN. C. 
 
 1807 Ala. . 
 
 Occupatio 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agiicul'st, 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Vaiied 
 
 Hotel-kp-r 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Physician 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer .. . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Vai-ied. .. . 
 I^nknown, 
 
 Varied 
 
 L.awyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 rhvslclan. 
 .Turlst,.,. 
 Unknown, 
 
 .awyer.,. 
 
 .awyer. . . 
 .'hyslcian. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 26, 1877 
 Aug. 17, 1878 
 
 July 2. 1863 
 
 Aug. 18, 1885 
 juVy'8,"l'875 
 
 Oct. 30, 1869 
 Se'pt.'i7,'i862 
 
 M«r. 7, 1875 
 Feb. 23, 1873 
 1866 
 
 June 3, 18(i<) 
 July '26,' 1866 
 
 itetj.'ie.'isiig 
 
 June 19, 1873 
 
 Jan. 26. 1864 
 
 Nov.'— ,' 1864
 
 
 KKi'iii:sKN'i'A'ri\i;s hk iiik ■riiiK'iv-i'iK'iii congress. 
 
 i 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Cochrane, Clarke B..R 
 
 Cochrane, John D 
 
 Cockerlll. Joseph R. .1) 
 
 Colli. X. Si-lnivler R 
 
 Coiinn-. Mi.ns II.. .N-A 
 
 Coriiiiik', Kni^tua D 
 
 Covocle. John W 
 
 Cox.Sainnel S D 
 
 CruKin. Aaron H., .N-A 
 
 Ci"aip. Jainps D 
 
 Cralire. lUirton D 
 
 Ciauloi.l. M.irtln J...U 
 Cunv. J:iIk/. I.. M....D 
 
 Cnrti», SiUiiuel R It 
 
 Danirell, Will. S.. .N-A 
 Davidson, Thomas G.D 
 
 Davla, H. Winter R 
 
 Davis, John G D 
 
 Davis. Reuben D 
 
 Davis, Timothy R 
 
 Davi.s, Timothy R 
 
 Dawes, Henry L R 
 
 Dean. Sidney N-A 
 
 Dewart, William L. . .D 
 
 Dick, John W 
 
 Dinimiek, William H.D 
 
 Dodd, Edward W 
 
 Dowdell, James F D 
 
 Durfce. Nath'l B...N-A 
 
 Edie, John R W 
 
 Edmundson, H. A D 
 
 Elliott, John M P 
 
 English, William H..D 
 
 Eustis, George N-A 
 
 Famsworth. John F-.R 
 Faulkner. ChailesJ. .D 
 Fenton, Reuben F,...W 
 
 Ferpuson. Fenner D 
 
 Florence. Thomas B. .D 
 
 Foley. James B D 
 
 Foster. Stephen C R 
 
 Garnett. Muscoe R. H.D 
 
 Gartrell, Lucius J D 
 
 Oiddings, Joshua R. F-S 
 
 Qillis. James L D 
 
 Gilman, Charles J — R 
 
 Gilmer, John A N-A 
 
 Gooch, Daniel W R 
 
 Goode, William O J 
 
 Goo.hvin, H.nrvC. ..R 
 Qraiii,"" r. Ar.ios P. . . . W 
 
 GroKH, Jani.-K M D 
 
 Greenwood. .Vlfred B.D 
 
 Groesbeck, Wm. S D 
 
 Grover. Lafayette. . . .D 
 
 Grow, Galusha A R 
 
 Hall, Lawrence W.. .D 
 
 Hall, RobertB N-A 
 
 Harlan, Aaron R 
 
 Harris, J. Morris 'n. N-A 
 
 Harris, Thomas L D 
 
 Haskln, John B D 
 
 Hatch, Israeli D 
 
 Hawkins, George S. . . D 
 
 Hickman, John D 
 
 Hill, Joshua N-A 
 
 Hoard, Charles B R 
 
 Hodges, Charles D..R 
 Hopkins, George W. .D 
 Horton, Valentine B.R 
 Houston, George S. . .D 
 Howard, William A. .R 
 
 Hughes, James D 
 
 Huyler, John D 
 
 •Jackson, James D 
 
 Jenkins, Albeit G....D 
 
 Jewett, Joshua H D 
 
 Jones, George W D 
 
 Jones, J. Glaney D 
 
 Jones, Owen D 
 
 Keiin, William H....D 
 Keitt. Lawrence M. ..D 
 
 Kellogg. William R 
 
 Kelly. John D 
 
 Kelscv. William H...W 
 
 Kilg..r.-, l>:.vid R 
 
 Kini.'^lnn.v,Wiii. W...D 
 Knapp, Ciiauncey. .N-A 
 
 Kunkel, Jacob M D 
 
 Kunkel, JohnC W 
 
 I^aniar. Lucius Q. C. .D 
 
 Lantly, James D 
 
 Lane, .l..sc|.h D 
 
 Lawr.'iL.r, William.. .D 
 
 Leach. IJcWitt C R 
 
 Leidy, Paul D 
 
 Leiter, Benjamin F. . .R 
 
 Letcher, John D 
 
 Lovejoy, Owen R 
 
 Mckibben. Joseph CD 
 Maclay, William B...D 
 
 McQueen. John D 
 
 McRae, John J D 
 
 Marshall, Humpy. N-A 
 Marshall. Samuel S. . .D 
 Mason, John C D 
 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 «a... 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Miss. . 
 Md... 
 
 ^^■■■ 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Can.. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Me... 
 
 a. . . 
 
 . Y. 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 N. Y, 
 Me... 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass . 
 Ohio. 
 Md. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 S. O.. 
 Vt.... 
 
 Oeoupallon. 
 
 May 31 
 Aug. 27, 
 
 Mar. 23. 
 
 iiee.' 14, 
 Mar. 17, 
 Sept. 31), 
 Feb. 1. 
 May. 7, 
 Mar. 13, 
 Mai. 17. 
 June fi, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Nov. 20, 
 Aug. 6. 
 Aug. Hi, 
 Oct. lO. 
 Jan. IH. 
 Mar. -. 
 April 12 
 Oct. 30, 
 Nov. 16, 
 
 ISl.'.'M. Y 
 
 1813 N. Y, 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 1H17 ^1.' 
 
 [Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 I'nknown. 
 .biurnalist 
 
 ■d. 
 
 lKO> 
 
 'III 
 
 1H24 
 l«2lN " 
 lS20,-\lo. . 
 isil N. C 
 IH2tl|*''l- - 
 IH2.'»,Ala . 
 IHo7;lowa 
 lHll'.)'Mass 
 181).-.; Lou. 
 1817 M'l.. 
 IMin I"d. 
 
 I7'.lt'l"»a 
 IK2i:M.-.ss 
 181(5 Mas; 
 
 M. 
 
 \"; 
 
 'hant, 
 i.cl.... 
 i-d. 
 
 1818 
 
 Nov. 28, 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 181.5 
 18(1.' 
 1818 
 1812 
 
 May 16, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Mar. 27, 
 
 July 1. 
 AprU25, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 1820 
 
 182 
 
 1828 
 
 1820 
 
 18IXi 
 
 181 
 
 1814 
 
 ISl: 
 
 Dec. 24, 1799 
 
 Jan. 7, 
 Oct. 6, 
 Oct. 2, 
 
 Nov. 4, 
 Jan. 8, 
 Sept. 16, 
 June 2.5, 
 June — , 
 June 26, 
 July 11, 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt. .. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 
 Aug. 31, 
 
 Jan . 28, 
 Sept. 8, 
 
 Oct. 29. 
 Aug. 7, 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 Jan. 10, 
 June 28, 
 
 Feb. 22, 
 Jan. 29, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 Nov.' 24.' 
 June 16, 
 
 -Md... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 C. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Vt. .. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . 
 Md.. 
 Va.. 
 Me.. 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y 
 N. C. 
 Miss. 
 Kt.. 
 111. . 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Nov. 10, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Oct. 7, 
 
 18; 
 
 1795 
 1792 
 
 i'scis 
 
 1820 
 1798 
 1824 
 1789 
 1806 
 1811 
 .1826 
 .1823 
 1823 
 .181 
 1812 
 1802 
 1821 
 1816 
 1821 
 1808 
 
 1810 
 181: 
 1805 
 
 June 13. 
 
 Dct. 
 
 4, 
 
 July 
 
 8, 
 
 Apri 
 
 21, 
 
 :)ct. 
 
 ■J 
 
 Apri 
 
 3. 
 
 June 
 
 4 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2(i, 
 
 July 
 
 23, 
 
 Sept 
 
 17, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 13, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 14, 
 
 Sept 
 
 :> 
 
 Nov. 
 
 23, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 21 
 
 Oct. 
 
 13, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 29, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 6, 
 
 1804 
 1802 
 1811 
 
 i'8'2.3 
 1809 
 1819 
 1830 
 1812 
 1806 
 1811 
 
 1813 
 1824 
 1814 
 1821 
 1812 
 18(14 
 1S2.S 
 l.SOli 
 
 18; 
 
 '1825 
 1813 
 1801 
 1814 
 1822 
 1813 
 1813 
 1813 
 1811 
 
 .1815 
 .1808 
 
 Jan. 13, 
 Mar. 18, 
 
 1812 
 1821 
 
 Conn 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala.. 
 R. I. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Va, 
 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Lou. . 
 111. .. 
 Va. . 
 N. Y. 
 Neb.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Me. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 N. C. 
 Mass . 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ark.. 
 Ohio. 
 Ore. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 M.i.ss. 
 Ohio. 
 Md. . . 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Fla. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 111. .. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Ala. . 
 
 Mlrh, 
 
 Ind. . 
 N. J.. 
 Ga. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Ky... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Minn. 
 .Mass . 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 Miss . 
 Pa... 
 Ore.. 
 Ohio. 
 Mich. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 111... 
 Cal. . 
 N Y. 
 S. C. 
 
 Miss. 
 Ky... 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Luwyer... 
 L;i\vyer. ., 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lnwyer. . . 
 Mi;i'liaiiic 
 Liiwyor. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Af^iiuul'st 
 Varied . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merc- hant. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lnwyer. . 
 Mo re hant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic, 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer., , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Clergy ni'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 \.:i\\\er... 
 
 .Tuji>t 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 : Jurist 
 
 ■Meehnnic. 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 Jili-ist 
 
 1 iiknnwn. 
 Journalist 
 ! Lawyer... 
 i Lawyer.,. 
 
 iVaried 
 
 I Varied, . . . 
 I Unknown. 
 
 I Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 [Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 jVaried 
 
 I Clergy ni'n 
 Unknown 
 Varied..., 
 Lawyer, . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Oct. 25. 
 Jan. 13, 
 
 iHTr. 
 
 1885 
 
 Dec. 29, 1875 
 
 Dec. 25. 
 May 17, 
 Sept. 1 1 . 
 Dee. 20, 
 Jan. 18, 
 Dec. 15, 
 
 IHfJO 
 IH7:i 
 iBGfj 
 1866 
 1873 
 
 Aug:, 2, 1861 
 Nov! *12,' 1872 
 
 Mar. 26, 
 Mar.' is" 
 
 Nov. 1, 
 July's,* 
 
 1879 
 1872 
 
 '1884 
 
 1875 
 
 May 27, 1864 
 
 May 14, 1868 
 
 July 3. 
 Nov, 12, 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 1859 
 1860 
 1866 
 
 Jan. 26, 1863 
 
 Nov. 24, 
 Sept. 24* 
 
 1858 
 'l875 
 1875 
 
 Mar. 2, 1861 
 
 Jan. — , 
 May '7, 
 
 1870 
 1864 
 
 Mar. 24, 1877 
 
 May 18. 
 June 2, 
 Dec. 20, 
 
 1862 
 1864 
 1872 
 
 April 9, 1870 
 
 Aprill9, 1881 
 
 Jan. 26, 
 Mar. 25, 
 
 1884 
 1864 
 
 Aug. 30. 
 May 30, 
 Mar. 28, 
 
 1882 
 1867 
 1868 
 1872 
 
 REPRESENTATrVES. 
 
 Oecupfttlof 
 
 MattcBon. (Jrsa. B 
 
 Maynard. Horace W 
 
 Miles. William P D 
 
 Miller. Joseph D 
 
 Mlilson. John 8 D 
 
 Moon-. Sydi-iiliain. 
 Mon(K"mcT V. Wm. 
 Morgan. Edwin 11.. 
 Morrill. Justin S... 
 Morris, Edward J. . 
 
 Morris, Isaac N 
 
 Morse, Freeman H. 
 
 Morse. Oliver A 
 
 Mott. Richard R 
 
 Murray, Ambrose S.. .R 
 Nibliick. William E..D 
 Nichols. Matthias 11. .R 
 
 Olin. Abram B H 
 
 (.irr. James L D 
 
 CHero. Mii^nel A — 
 
 Halmer, George W.. .R 
 
 Parker, John ,M W 
 
 Parrott, Marcus J R 
 
 Pendleton, GeorgeH.D 
 
 Pettit, John LT R 
 
 Peyton, Samuel O D 
 
 Phelps, Johns D 
 
 Phelps, William W...D 
 Philliijs. Heni-y M....D 
 
 Pike. James N-A 
 
 Potter, John F R 
 
 Pottle, Emery B R 
 
 Powell. Paulus D 
 
 Purviance, Sam'l A..W 
 
 Quitman. John A D 
 
 Keady, Charles W 
 
 Reagan, John H D 
 
 Reilly, Wilson D 
 
 Ricautl, James B. . .N-A 
 
 Ritchie. David R 
 
 Robbins, George R...R 
 Roberts. Anthony E.W 
 
 Royce, Homer E R 
 
 Ruffin, Thomas D 
 
 Ru.ssell, William F. ..D 
 
 Sandidge, John M D 
 
 Savage, John H D 
 
 .Scales, Alfred M D 
 
 Scott, Charles L D 
 
 Searing, John A D 
 
 Seward, James L D 
 
 Shaw, Aaron D 
 
 Shaw, Henry M D 
 
 Sherman. John R 
 
 Sherman, Judson W. .R 
 
 Shoiter, Eli S D 
 
 Sickles, Daniel E D 
 
 SinKleton, Otho R D 
 
 Smith, Robert D 
 
 Smith, Samuel A D 
 
 Smith, William D 
 
 Spinner, Fi-aneisE.. D 
 Stallworth. James A..D 
 Stanton. Benjamin... R 
 
 Stephens. Alex. H D 
 
 Stevens. Isaac I D 
 
 Stepvenson, John W.D 
 
 Stewart, James A D 
 
 Stewart, William R 
 
 Xalbott, Albert G....D 
 Tappan, Ma.son W...R 
 
 Taylor, George D 
 
 Taylor, Miles D 
 
 Thayer, Eli R 
 
 Thompson, John R 
 
 Tompkins. CydnorB.R 
 Trippe, Robert P.. N-A 
 X^nderwood. W. L. N-.\ 
 Vance. Zebulon B..N-A 
 Vallan(ligham, C. L. .D 
 
 Wade, Edward R 
 
 Walbridge. David S..R 
 
 Waldron. Henrj- R 
 
 Walton. Ezekiel B....R 
 
 Ward, Elijah D 
 
 Warren, Edward A... D 
 Washburne, Cad. C..R 
 Washbui-ne, Elihu B..R 
 
 Washburn, Israel R 
 
 Watkins, A. O D 
 
 White, Addison W 
 
 Whiteley, William G.D 
 
 Wilson, James R 
 
 Winslow, Warren ....D 
 
 Wood. John M R 
 
 Woodson. Sam'l. H.N-A 
 Wortendyke. Jacob R.D 
 Wright, Augustus B..D 
 
 Wright. John V D 
 
 ZoUicoCfer, Feli-x K.W 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 MlUiH. 
 
 S. C. 
 (^hlo. 
 Va. ., 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 N. J.. 
 Vt. .. 
 8. C. 
 N. M. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Mich. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 .Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa.. . 
 Vt. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y 
 R. I. 
 Ohio 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky. . . 
 N. H. 
 Tenn. 
 Va, .. 
 N. T. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 [Ky... 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 I Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga.. 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 Ohio . 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ala . . 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Tenn- 
 Ky... 
 Del... 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 Ga,j. 
 Tenn. 
 |Tenn. 
 
 Aug. 13, 
 July -, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 April 11. 
 Mav 2, 
 Api'll II, 
 Jiilv III, 
 Jan. 22. 
 Feb. 18. 
 Mar. 2(i, 
 July 21, 
 
 siiiy "ill, 
 Oct. 3, 
 
 May" 12,' 
 June 21, 
 Jan, 13, 
 June 14, 
 Oct. 27. 
 July 25, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1814Tcnn, 
 1828's. C. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1808 Va. .. 
 .... |Ala .. 
 1819 Pa. .. 
 I806 ,S. Y. 
 1810!vt. .. 
 1815 Pa. .. 
 lKI2!lll. .. 
 l8'i7;Mc... 
 
 IMJ.'. 
 
 Dec. 22 
 June 1, 
 
 Nov. — , 
 May 11, 
 
 18(14 
 
 'l'8'22 
 1824 
 1812 
 1822 
 1829 
 1818 
 1805 
 1828 
 1825 
 
 .181)4 
 , 1814 
 1826 
 
 ' Ts'i's 
 
 1817 
 
 Nov. 8, 
 Sept. 1, 
 Dec. 22, 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 Fe'b."l'l,' 
 Aug. 19, 
 Sept. 24, 
 Oct. — , 
 
 1809 
 1799 
 1802 
 1818 
 
 'l'8<J8 
 1812 
 1812 
 1803 
 1819 
 
 Jan. 7, 1817 
 
 Nov. 26, 
 Jan. 23, 
 May 14, 
 
 1827 
 1827 
 1805 
 
 'n<)v.'2'o'. 
 May 10, 
 
 Ohio. 
 N, Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 N. M, 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y. 
 Kan.. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 Mo... 
 Minn. 
 Pa. . , 
 N. H. 
 Wis.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Miss.. 
 Tenn. 
 Texas 
 Pa. . . 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 La... 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Cal... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 
 June 
 Sept. 11, 
 Jan. 21 
 April 7, 
 June 4, 
 Feb. 11, 
 
 Mar. 15, 
 Oct. -, 
 O.'t. 14. 
 
 ■ 12 
 
 May 4, 
 Nov. 24, 
 Sept. 16, 
 
 .1811 
 1819 N. C. 
 1823 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1823 Ala. . 
 182rN. Y. 
 1814 .Miss.. 
 18(12 111. .. 
 1822 Tenn. 
 17U7;Va. .. 
 I802:N. Y. 
 1822 Ala. . 
 1809 Ohio. 
 1812'Ga... 
 1818 W. T. 
 1812, Kv... 
 1808 Md... 
 
 1811 
 
 Oct. 19, 1820 
 
 June 11, 
 July 4 , 
 Nov. 8, 
 
 Aug' '7'.' 
 Mav 13, 
 
 Jul'v 2:1. 
 Nov. 22, 
 July 31.1, 
 Oct. 11, 
 Feb. 17, 
 Sept, 15 
 Mav 2. 
 A 1 in 122 
 Sept. 2:1, 
 June 6, 
 Jlay 5, 
 
 1819 
 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Lou.. 
 Mass. 
 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1810,0hio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 ISOft Ky... 
 183(1 N. C. 
 lN2(i (.ihio. 
 Is(i3 Ohio. 
 1.8(12 Mich. 
 18I9 Mich. 
 1S12 Vt.... 
 181K X. Y. 
 1818 .^rk.. 
 1818, Wis. . 
 1816 111. .. 
 
 1813 
 1818 
 
 April 9, 
 Jan. 1. 
 Nov. 17. 
 Oct. 24, 
 Nov. 27. 
 June 16. 
 June IX, 
 May 19. 
 
 182 
 
 Me. 
 Tenn, 
 Ky... 
 Del. . 
 Ind 
 
 1810|N. C. 
 1813 Me... 
 1815 Mo... 
 1818:N. J.. 
 1813 Ga... 
 182«Tenn. 
 1812 Tenn 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 I'nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Meichant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ■nrlst 
 
 'hyslclan. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Clergyin'n 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Aericul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Law-yer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkno^vn. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Educator. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 L,awyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. .. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. , . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 May 3, I8S2 
 
 Feb. 20, 1873 
 Moy"2, "1876 
 
 April 2U, 1870 
 
 Sept. IS, 1862 
 
 1878 
 
 May e, 1873 
 
 Jan. 4, 1870 
 !'.'.'.'. ."l'873 
 
 July 17, 1858 
 
 Jan. 24, 1886 
 Jan. 24, 1867 
 
 Oct. 8, 1863 
 
 May 6, 1878 
 Feb,' '23,' I's&i 
 
 Dec. 21, 1867 
 
 Mar. 4. 1883 
 Sept. 6, 1862 
 
 June 17, 1871 
 Aug. 7. 1862 
 June 15, 1868 
 
 July 2, 1875 
 1882 
 
 May 12, 1883 
 
 Aug. 8, 1867 
 June 11, 1863 
 Dec. 24, 1864 
 
 NoT."7','i'8B8 
 
 ja'ii. 19. 186-2 
 
 Total Representatives, aiil. Law-yers, 180. Varied, 4©. Occupation 
 Unknown. S8. Jurists, 20. Merchants. 9. Physicians. 6. Agricultur- 
 ists, 6. Mechanics. 5. Clei'g5-men, 3, Journalists, 3. Educator,!. Hotel 
 Keeper, 1. Foreign Bom, 1. Including Canada. 1. 
 
 =<r^
 
 506 
 
 THIRTY-SIXTH CONGEESS, AND LEADING EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Congress of the United States, from 1859 to 1861. 
 
 1859— A conflap-ation at Key West. Fla.. de- 
 stroyed 110 houses and property esti- 
 mated at $2.750.CX», May 16. 
 
 1859— Civil "War in Venezuela, S. A. Monagas, 
 the Dictator, overthrown, in July. 
 
 1859— Revolution in Costa Rica— President 
 Mora deposed, Aug. 14. 
 
 1859— Alex. H. Stephens, of Georgia, advo- 
 cates the formation of a Southei-n Cc-n- 
 federacy, July 4. 
 
 1859— The Papal War in Italy— the Pope ap- 
 peals to Europe against the King of 
 Sardinia. July 12. 
 
 1859— Garibaldi exhorts the Italians to arm, 
 July 19. 
 
 1859— Spain declares war against Morocco 
 (Northern Africa I. Oct. 22. 
 
 1859— Execution of John Brown ("Osawat- 
 tamie "} at Charlestown, Va.. for insti- 
 gating an insurrection among the ne- 
 groes at Harper's Ferry. Dec. 2. 
 
 1860— Eighth census of the United States; 
 population, 31.443.332. 
 
 1860— Arrival of the first official Japanese 
 Embassy in the United States, Mar. 27. 
 
 I860— Abraham Lincoln nominated for Presi- 
 dent, at Chicago, Slay 17. 
 
 I860— First arrival of the famous British 
 steamship " Great Eastern " at New 
 York, June 28. 
 
 1860 — Departure from BostO". of Dr. Hayes' 
 Arctic Expedition, July 7. 
 
 James Buchannu, liith Prealdent. 
 
 John C. Breckenridge, of Ky,, Vice-President. Lewis 
 Cass, of Slich., and Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., Sec'ys of 
 State. Philip F. Thomas, of Md., and John A. Dix, of 
 N. Y., Sec'ys of Treas. John B. Floyd, of Va.. and Jos. 
 Holt, of Ky,, Sec'ys of War, Isaac Toucey, of Conn., 
 Set'y of Kavy. Jacob Thompson, of Miss., Sec'y of 
 Interior. Joseph Holt, of Ky.. and Horatio King, of 
 Me., Postmasters.GeneraI. Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., 
 and Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, Attorneys-General. 
 WilUam Pennington, of N. J., Speaker of House of 
 Rei-resentativcs. 
 
 I860— Gai-ihaldi defeats the Xeapolitans, May 
 15 and July 21. 
 
 1860- Garibaldi enters Naples and becomes 
 Dictator of Italy, Sept. 8. 
 
 1860— Papal troops defeated by the Sardin- 
 ians in Italy, Sept. 18. 
 
 18t^)— Arrival of the Prince of Wales in the 
 United States, Sept. 21. 
 
 1860— Pekin. the Chinese capital, surrendered 
 to the allied English and French troops, 
 Oct. 12. 
 
 1860— Naples and Sicily annexed to the 
 Kingdom of Sardinia, Oct. 21. 
 
 1860— South Carolina secedes from the Union, 
 Dec. 20. 
 
 1860— John J. Crittenden, ot Ky.. in behalf 
 of the Southern States, submits com- 
 promise resolutions to Congress, 
 Dec. 18. 
 
 1861— Southern Confederacy formed at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., Feb. 8. 
 
 1861— Imperial order issued for the total 
 emancipation of Russia's 23,000,000 
 serfs within two years. Mar, 3. 
 
 1861— The new Kingdom of Italy established, 
 Mar. 14.— Three days afterward. Victor 
 Emmanuel II., of Sardinia, was declared 
 King of Italy. 
 
 1861— The Civil War between the Northern 
 and Southern States of North America 
 begun bv the siege and destruction of 
 Fort Sumter, Charleston, S. C, April 12 
 and 13. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat; "W, Whig; R, Republican; A, Abolitionist; N-A, Native-American; F-S, Free-Soiler. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 StAt« 
 
 VtheaBorn. lUpra- Occup&tion. 
 seated. 
 
 Anthony, Henry B. ..R 
 Baker, Edward D....R 
 
 Bavard. James A D 
 
 Benjamin. Judah P..W 
 
 Bigler, William D 
 
 Bingham, Kinsley S. .R 
 
 Bragg. Thomas D 
 
 Bright, Jesse D D 
 
 Broderick, David C,,.D 
 
 Brown. Albeit G D 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Chestnut, James D 
 
 Clark. Daniel R 
 
 Clay. Clement C D 
 
 Clingman, Thos. L. ..D 
 
 Collamer. Jacob R 
 
 Crittenden. John J..W 
 
 IJavis, Jelferson D 
 
 Dixon, James R 
 
 Doolittle, Jas. R .. ..R 
 Douglas. Stephen A. .D 
 
 Durkee. Charles R 
 
 Fessenden. Wm. P. ..R 
 
 Fitch. Graham N D 
 
 Fitzpatriek. Benj D 
 
 Foot. Solomon R 
 
 Foster, Lafayette S,,R 
 
 dreen, Jas.S D 
 
 Gi-imes. Jas. W R 
 
 Gwin. William M I) 
 
 Hale. John P R 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal R 
 
 Hammond, Jas. H 1) 
 
 H.arlan. James W 
 
 Haun. Henry P I) 
 
 Hemphill. John D 
 
 Hunter. Itob't M.T...D 
 
 Iver.-*on, Alfred D 
 
 •lohnson, Andrew,.., D 
 
 Johnson, Kob't W D 
 
 Kennedy, Anthony. . — 
 
 King. Preston R 
 
 I*ane. Joseph 1> 
 
 Latham, Milton S D 
 
 Mallory, Stephen U. . D 
 
 Mjuson, James M D 
 
 Morrill, Lot M R 
 
 Nicholson, A, O, P, ,,D 
 
 Pearce, Jameti A D 
 
 Polk, Trusten D 
 
 Powell, Lazarus W...I) 
 
 Pugh, (icorgf! E- D 
 
 Rice, Henry M D 
 
 Hnulsbury, Wlllard.,I> 
 Sebastian. Wm. K....D 
 Seward, William H,,,R 
 
 Simmons, Jas. F W 
 
 Slldell. John D 
 
 Sumner. Charles R 
 
 Ten Evck. Jno. C — 
 
 Th..ni-..n, .tolin R .1) 
 
 R. !.. 
 Eng'd 
 Del... 
 W. I. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 D.C.. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. . 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 N. H. 
 Ala. . 
 N. O. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Vt.... 
 Vt. . . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 N. H. 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Me. . . 
 S. C 
 111.... 
 Kv... 
 S. C. 
 Va. . . 
 Ga. . . 
 N. C. 
 Ky.,. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Tri'd. 
 Va. .. 
 Mo... 
 Tenn. 
 D. C. 
 Del . 
 Ky... 
 Ohio 
 Vt. . 
 Del. 
 Tenn 
 N. Y 
 R. I. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass 
 N.J. 
 Pa. 
 
 April 1, 
 Feb. 24, 
 Nov, 15, 
 
 Dec, — ,* 
 Dec. 16, 
 Nov, 9, 
 Dec, IS, 
 Dec. — . 
 May 31, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 1815 R. I.. 
 
 181l|Ore.. 
 1799 Del... 
 1812, Lou.. 
 1813 Pa. .. 
 1808 1 Mich. 
 ISlOiN. C. 
 1812|Ind. . 
 1818 Cal. . 
 1813 Miss.. 
 1799 Pa.. . 
 1813 Mich 
 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 June 3, 
 Aug. .'i. 
 Jan. 3. 
 April 2:), 
 Dec. 1", 
 Oct. If., 
 Dec. 7. 
 June 311, 
 Nov. lu, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Feb, 28, 
 Oct. 20. 
 Oct. 9, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Aug, 27. 
 Nov, 15, 
 Aug. 2(i, 
 Jan. 18, 
 
 April'2i,' 
 Dec, 3, 
 Dec, 29, 
 
 ,S, C. 
 N. H. 
 Ala. . 
 N. C. 
 Vt.. , 
 Ky... 
 Miss. 
 
 1815 
 1809 
 1819 
 
 ' 1792 
 1786 
 1808 
 
 1814 Conn, 
 isi.') Wis.. 
 1H13 lit. . 
 IM".-) Wis.. 
 IMlHi Me... 
 181(1 Ind . 
 1S02 Ala. . 
 lM(i2,Vt.... 
 IHtMiiConn 
 
 Oct. 14, 
 Dec, 14, 
 May 23, 
 
 Nov. ' 3.' 
 May 3. 
 Aug. 31. 
 Dec. 14, 
 May 2SI. 
 Oct. n, 
 Nov, '28, 
 Nov. 29, 
 June 2, 
 
 May iVi,' 
 Sept, 10, 
 
 .iaii, ' 6, 
 Mar, 12. 
 
 s.-i.t, r,. 
 
 1817 
 
 Mo... 
 
 1816 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 18()5 
 
 Cal... 
 
 IKtXi 
 
 N. H. 
 
 18(19 
 
 Me... 
 
 1807 
 
 S. C. 
 
 18-20 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 IKL'i 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 181 1!1 
 
 Va., . 
 
 1798 
 
 Ga.,, 
 
 1808 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 1814 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 1811 
 
 Md... 
 
 I80(i 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1801 
 
 Ore. . 
 
 1K27 
 
 Cal. . . 
 
 1810 
 
 Fla. . . 
 
 1798 
 
 Va. , . 
 
 1813 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 1808 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 181).', 
 
 Md... 
 
 1811 
 
 Mo... 
 
 1812 
 
 Kv... 
 
 1822 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 181H 
 
 MIttn. 
 
 18-2(1 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 Ark., 
 
 18111 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 171I.''. 
 
 R. I . 
 
 1793 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 IHlllMass. 
 ihuIn. J.. 
 
 INIXI N. .1., 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawytr. . . 
 Lawyer,. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 t.a.vryer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Juriet 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawj'er... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.., 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 T.,awyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 VarU-d... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyei-... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. ... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 MiM-chant. 
 
 .Sept. 2. 
 Oct. 21, 
 June 13, 
 May 7, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Jan. 21, 
 May 20. 
 Sept. le. 
 
 1884 
 1S61 
 1880 
 1884 
 1880 
 1861 
 1872 
 1875 
 1859 
 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 
 Jan. 3, 1882 
 
 Nov. 9, 1865 
 July 26, 1863 
 
 iiar. 27,' 1*873 
 
 June' 3,' 1861 
 Jan. 14, 1870 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 
 Nov. 2i','l869 
 Mar. 28, 1866 
 Sept. 19, 1880 
 June 19, 1870 
 Feb. 7, 1872 
 
 Nov.'i8Vl*873 
 
 Nov. 13, 1864 
 
 May 6, 1860 
 Jan. 4, 1862 
 
 Mar. 5, 1874 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Nov. 13, 1865 
 April 19, 1881 
 
 Nov. 9. 1873 
 April 28, 1871 
 ,Tan. 10, 1883 
 
 Dec* 20,' 1*863 
 April 16, 1876 
 
 .Jul*y*i9,"V876 
 July 5, 1867 
 
 May 20. 1865 
 Oct. 10, 1872 
 July 10, 1864 
 July 29, 1871 
 Mar. 11, 1874 
 
 Si'pt. "r2. r8i!2 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 State _ 
 
 Repre- OccupMion. When DUd. 
 
 sentcd. 
 
 Toombs. Robert D Ga... July 2, 1810 Ga. ..Lawyer... 
 
 Trumbull. Lyman. ...R Conn. Oct. 12, 1813 111.. .Uurist ' 
 
 \V;uii', B.-iij. F R Mass. Oct. 27, 1800 Ohio. ;Lawyer. .. Mar. 2, 1878 
 
 \V;ir<i, Jhitlhias D Oa... Texas'Lawyer. . . Oct. 13. 1861 
 
 ^Vl^,-lall. LnuisT D Va... .Texas Lawyer... Feb. 14, 1874 
 
 Wilkin.son. Morton S.R N. Y. Jan. 22. 1819 Minn. [Lawyer 
 
 Wilson, Henry R N. H. Feb. 16, 1812 Mass. iMechanic. Nov. 22, 1875 
 
 Yulee. David L D W^. I.l 1811 Fl a.. .! Varied 
 
 Total Senators, 'TO. Lawyers, 41. Varied, lO. Jurists, 7. Merchants, 8. 
 Mechanics. ». Journalists, S, Physicians, 3, Occupation Unknown, S. 
 Foreign Born, 4: Including West Indies, 2; England, 1; Trinidad, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 '2'r ^""i!'". 
 
 stale 
 Repro 
 
 senicl. 
 
 Occupalion. 
 
 Wben Died. 
 
 Adams, Chas. F R 
 
 Mass, 'Aug. 18, 1807, Mass- 
 
 Lawyer,. . 
 
 
 Adams, Green N-A 
 
 Ky.., AUL-. 20, 1812 Kv... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Adrain, Garrett B,...D 
 
 N. Y. Dec. 20, 1816, N, J.. 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 
 Aug. 17, 1878 
 
 Aldricli. Cyrus R 
 
 R. I.. [June 7, 1808 5Iinn. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Oct, 5, 1871 
 
 Allen, William I> 
 
 Alley, John B R 
 
 Ander,-;on, Thos. L D 
 
 Ohio. Aug. 13, 1827;Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ky. .. Dec. 8, 18*8 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Ky... Dec. 6. 1826 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 23, 1861 
 
 Ashley. James M R 
 
 Pa. .. Nov. 14, 1824 Ohio, 
 
 \ aried 
 
 
 Asliniore. John D D 
 
 S, C, Aug. 7, 1819 S. C. . 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Dec, 6, 1871 
 
 Aven-. William T D 
 
 Tenn. Nov. 11, 1819 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Babbitt, Elijah — 
 
 Barksiiale, ■William. .P 
 
 
 Pa... 
 Miss.. 
 
 
 
 Tenn. Aug. 21, 1821 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 2, 1863 
 
 Barr, Thomas J I) 
 
 N. Y 1812 N. Y. 
 
 Hotehkp'r 
 
 
 Barrett. .lames R D 
 
 Ky |Mo... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Beale, Charles L R 
 
 N. y.'Mar, 5, 1824|N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Pa... 1815 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Blair, Francis P F-S 
 
 Ky..,'Feb. 19, I821;Mo,., 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 8. 1875 
 
 Blair, Samuel S R 
 
 Blake, Harrison 0,,,,R 
 
 Pa, ,.| Pa.. . 
 
 Vt. ..Mar. 17, 1818 Ohio. 
 
 
 
 liawyer. . . 
 
 
 Bncock, Thos. S D 
 
 Va... 1815 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 
 S. C. . May 6, 1815 S. C. . 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 
 Boteler, Alex. R....N-A 
 
 Va...iMay 16, 1815, Va.,. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 BouHkuv, John E. .N-A 
 
 Lou.. Feb. 5, 1824 Lou,, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb, 20, 1864 
 
 Bovee, Wm. W I) 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Oct. 24, 1819, S, C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Brabson, Reese B W 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Branch, Lawrence O'.D 
 
 N. C. 
 
 July 7, 1820iS, C. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept, 17, 1862 
 
 Bniyton. Wm. D R 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 Nov. G, 1815 R. I.. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 May 0. 1805|N. Y. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 June I, 1869 
 
 Brlslow, Francis M..W 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Aug. 11. 1804|Ky... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 June 10, 1804 
 
 
 Ky. . 
 
 June 28. 1835 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 
 BufUnton, James R 
 
 Mass.lMar. Hi, 1817|Mas8. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Mar, 7, 1875 
 
 Burch, John C D 
 
 Mo,,. 
 
 Feb. 1, 1826Cal.,, 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Nov, 14, 1822>Masa, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feli.ia, V873 
 
 IhirnhuiM ,\lfn ,] ,\ , ,.R 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mnr. 8, ISlOIConn, 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Oct. 5, 1825 Ky, . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 I86B 
 
 BurrouKhs, Sil.e M...K 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 i;nknown. 
 
 June 3, 1860 
 
 
 
 
 Campbell, Jas. 11 R 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Feb. a. 18-2(1 Pa. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Carev. John It 
 
 Va... 
 
 April 5, 1792 Ohio, 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Carter. Luther C R 
 
 Me... 
 
 Feb. 25. 18(15 N. Y. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Case, Charles R 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Dec. 21, 1817 Ind, , 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Clark, Horace F I) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 181.'. N. Y. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 19, 1873 
 
 Clark, John B I) 
 
 Ky... 
 
 April 17, IHdL 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 ^ •!(>~'~"
 
 "^ 
 
 ,Gr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cy 
 
 K 
 
 '^ 
 
 \ 
 
 BEPKESENTATIVKS 01' III 
 
 1-; 'I'iiii;tv-s;,\tii (;ok(;k 
 
 ESS. .507 
 
 vj- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Where 
 
 When RrTtn. 
 
 sut« 
 
 Ocqup.tlon. Wi,.„ pi..]. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wl..™ 
 Dom. 
 
 Vhim Ilcrn. 
 
 Huu 
 
 Mntcl. 
 
 
 Vbn Iii«J. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Clemens. Sherrard...D 
 
 Clopton. David D 
 
 Cobb. Will. R. W D 
 
 Coburn, Stephen R 
 
 Cochrane, Clarke B. .R 
 
 Cochrane. John D 
 
 Colfax. Schuyler R 
 
 Conkllng, Roscou R 
 
 Cooper, George B — 
 
 Corwin, Tiiomas R 
 
 Covode. John R 
 
 Cox, Samuel S D 
 
 Craige, Burton D 
 
 Craig. James D 
 
 Crawfoid.M:ntiii J...D 
 Curry, .l;il"/. I. M....D 
 
 Curii-. S.ii.Kul K K 
 
 Daily. Samu-1 G R 
 
 Davidson, Thos. G D 
 
 Davis.Jolin D 
 
 Davis, H. Winter It 
 
 Davis, Reuben D 
 
 Dawes, Henry L R 
 
 De Jarnette, Danl CD 
 
 Delano. Charles R 
 
 Dimmii-k. Wni. H D 
 
 Duetl. K. Holland.... R 
 
 Dunn. William M R 
 
 Ea^-^tal.M.ok, Experi..D 
 
 Edgcrtnii. Sidney R 
 
 Edrnundsnti, MciiiyA.D 
 Edwaids, Thos. M....R 
 
 Eliot. Thomas D — 
 
 Ely. Alfred R 
 
 English. Wm. H D 
 
 Etheridge, Emer. . ,N-A 
 Farnsworth. John F.R 
 Fenton. Reuben E...W 
 
 Ferry, Orris S R 
 
 Florence. Thos. B D 
 
 Foster, Stephen C R 
 
 Fouke, Philip B D 
 
 Frank. Augustus R 
 
 French. Ezra B R 
 
 Garnett, Muscoe R. H.D 
 
 Gartrell, Lucius J D 
 
 Gilmer, John A N-A 
 
 Gooch, Daniel W R 
 
 Graham, James H....R 
 
 Grow, Galusha A R 
 
 Gnrley, John A R 
 
 Hale, James T R 
 
 Hall,Chapin R 
 
 Hamilton, And. J R 
 
 Hardeman. Thos. ..N-A 
 Harris, J. Morrison. N-A 
 
 Harris, John T D 
 
 Haskin, John B D 
 
 Hatton, Robert.. ..N-A 
 
 Hawkins, Geo. S D 
 
 Helmick, William.... R 
 
 Hickman . John D 
 
 Hill. Joshua N-A 
 
 Hindman. Thos. C D 
 
 Hoard. Chas. B R 
 
 Holman, William S...D 
 Hooper. William H. . — 
 Houston, ^;.•<.r^'e S...D 
 
 Howuni. Wilham D 
 
 Howard. William A. .R 
 Hughes, Gcoige W...D 
 Humphrey, James.... R 
 
 Hutchins. John R 
 
 Irvine. William R 
 
 Jackson, James D 
 
 Jenkins. Albert G D 
 
 Jones, John J D 
 
 Junkins. Benj. F R 
 
 Keitt. Law. M D 
 
 Kellogg. Francis W. .R 
 Kellogg. William ....R 
 Kenynn. William S...R 
 
 KUgure. I'avid R 
 
 Killing.-)', Juliti W.,..R 
 
 Kunkel. Jacob M D 
 
 Lamar, Lucius Q. C. .D 
 
 Landrum. John lil D 
 
 Larrabee. Charles H.D 
 
 Leach, DeWitc C R 
 
 Leach, James M W 
 
 Leake, Shelton F D 
 
 Lee, Lindley M R 
 
 Logan, John A D 
 
 Longnecker, H. C It 
 
 Loomis. Dwight It 
 
 Love, Peter E D 
 
 Lovejoy. Owen R 
 
 McClernand. Jno. A.D 
 
 McKean, James B R 
 
 McKentv, Jacob K — 
 
 McKnight, Robert. ...R 
 Maclav. William B...D 
 
 McPherson, Edw'd R 
 
 McQueen, John D 
 
 McRae. John J D 
 
 Mallory, Robert D 
 
 Va...lApril28, 1826 Va... 
 
 Ga...! Ala... 
 
 Tenn.lJune «, 18U7 Ala. . 
 
 Me...' Mo... 
 
 N. H.:M.ay31, 1815 N. Y. 
 N. Y.tAuB. 27, 1813 N. Y. 
 N, Y.'Mai-, 23, 1823 Ind, . 
 N. Y. Oct. 30, 1829 N. Y. 
 N. J..ljune li, lH(».Mich. 
 Ky,.. July 211. 1794 (Jhio. 
 
 
 Marston. Gilnian H 'N. H. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1811 N. H. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 
 Unknown, 
 t'nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. — , 1864 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maynard, Hora(-e. . ..VV 
 Miles, W. Poi-eher....D 
 
 Millson, John S D 
 
 Millward, William. ..W 
 
 Montgomery. Wm U 
 
 Mcoie, Lallan T. ...N-A 
 
 Ml. ore. Svdenllaiii D 
 
 .Moorhead.Jas. K R 
 
 Morrill, Justin S H 
 
 Morris, Edward J R 
 
 Morris, Isaac N D 
 
 Morse. Freeman H . . . . K 
 Nelson, Thos. A. 11. . .— 
 Niblack. William E...D 
 
 Nixon. John T K 
 
 Noell,John W D 
 
 Olin, Abram B U 
 
 Otero, Miguel A — 
 
 Palmer. George W..R 
 
 Parrott. Marcus J R 
 
 Pendleton. Geo. H D 
 
 Penninglon. Wm W 
 
 Perrv. John J H 
 
 Pettit.John U R 
 
 Peyton, Samuel O D 
 
 Phelps, John S D 
 
 Mass . 
 S. C. . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa.. . 
 VI. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. . 
 N. J.. 
 
 Aug. 13, 1814 
 
 Moy », 18B2 
 
 
 
 Mar. .1. 1867 
 
 July — , 1828 .S. C. . 
 Oct. 1, 1808 Va... 
 
 Pit... 
 
 April 11, 1819 Pa... 
 Jan. 13, 1820 Ky... 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Seiit. 7. 1806 Pa.. . 
 April 14. 1810, Vt. .. 
 July 1(1, 1815 Pa. . . 
 
 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Journalist Jan. 13, 1883 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 .Mrnrhant 
 
 Lawyer... Dec. 18, 18«5 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... Dec. 29, 1875 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 \'aried 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied Dec. 25, 1868 
 
 Lawyer... 
 t'nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. as, 1S73 
 Miy"2,"r87'6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'a. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 
 i:a... 
 Ga. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mai-. 17. 1M08 Pa,.. 
 Sept.30, 1H24 Ohio. 
 Mar. 13, 1811 N. C. 
 May 7, 1820 Mo. . . 
 Mai-. 17, 1820 Ga... 
 June 5, 1825 Al:i... 
 Feb. 3, 181)7 Iowa. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 22. 1812 111. .. 
 Feb. 18, 1807 Me... 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 May 19, I822'Ind. . 
 
 ].,awyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Jurlttt 
 
 Aiig.' 8,' 'l'873 
 
 
 
 1819 
 
 Neb. . 
 tJ'OU.. 
 Ind. . 
 
 riiknown. Sept. 14, 1865 
 Lawyer,.., Sept. 11, 1883 
 Agrleurst. Jan. 18, 1806 
 
 18-20 
 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 N. M 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miss.. 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 Can.. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Mo... 
 
 in. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. H. 
 Va . 
 
 Aug. (), 1805 
 Oct. 10, 1810 
 
 Va... 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Feb. 15, 1816 
 1812 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mai-. 14, 1863 
 
 
 
 Aug. in, lH17|Md... 
 
 N. M. 
 N. Y. 
 
 S.C. 
 Ohio. 
 N J. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 18, 18l3'Miss..'\'jii-ie(l iDee. 15.1873 
 
 Jan. 13, 1818 N. Y. 
 Oct. 27, 1828! Kan.. 
 July 25, 1825!olilo. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 30, 1816 Mass. 
 
 Varii-d.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1H22 Va... 
 
 1820 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 211. 18l5:Pa.>. 
 Hoc. 20, 1,s24!n. y. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 La.i-yer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aug."2,"i8ei 
 
 1797 
 
 N. J.. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 
 Lawyer., , 
 
 Feb. 16, 186-.! 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky. .. 
 
 Aug. 2, 1811 
 
 
 
 JurlKt 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 12. 1814 
 Apiilao, 1813 
 1818 
 
 jiai-.' 20,' iVfw 
 
 Ind. . 
 Neb.. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 N. II. 
 M.ass. 
 
 
 
 18()4 
 
 PhyHicion. 
 
 Jan. 4, I»70 
 
 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Vo... 
 Ga. .. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 S.J.. 
 R. I.. 
 III. .. 
 Vt, .. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1814 
 
 
 
 
 
 Porter, Albeit G R 
 
 Pottle, Kiiiory B R 
 
 Potter,JolinF R 
 
 Pryor, Roger A D 
 
 Fugb, James L D 
 
 Quailes. James M. .N-A 
 
 Keagan.John H D 
 
 Reynolds, Edwin R. ..R 
 Reynolds. John H....R 
 
 Rice, Alex. H R 
 
 Riggs. JelurR R 
 
 Robinson. Chris R 
 
 Robinson. Jas. C D 
 
 Royce, Homer E R 
 
 Ruffin, Thomas D 
 
 Rust, Albert D 
 
 Schwartz. John D 
 
 Scott, Charles L D 
 
 Scranton. Geo. W R 
 
 Sedgw-ick, Chas. B R 
 
 Sherman. John R 
 
 Sickles, Daniel E D 
 
 Simms, William E D 
 
 Singleton. Otho R D 
 
 Smith, Wm. N. H...N-A 
 
 Smith, William D 
 
 Somes, Daniel E R 
 
 Spauldiiig, Elb'dgc G.— 
 Spinner, Francis E...R 
 
 Stallworth. Jas. A D 
 
 Stanton. Benj R 
 
 Stevens, Isaac I D 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus. ..R 
 
 Stevenson, Jno. W D 
 
 Stewart, James A D 
 
 Stewart. William R 
 
 Stokes. William B...W 
 
 Stout, Lansing D 
 
 Stratton, Jno. L. N...R 
 Tappan, Mason W...R 
 
 Taylor, Miles D 
 
 Thayer, Eli R 
 
 Theaker, Thos. C... .R 
 
 Thomas. James H D 
 
 Tompkins. Cydnor B.R 
 
 Train, Charles R R 
 
 Trimble, Carey A K 
 
 Underwood, J. W. H.D 
 Vallandigham.C. L.D 
 Vanc-e, Zebulon B. .N-A 
 Vandever. William... R 
 Van Wvek, Chas. H..R 
 
 Verree, John P R 
 
 "Wilde, Edward R 
 
 Waldi-on, Henrv R 
 
 Walton, Ezekiel P....R 
 Washburne. Cad.C.R 
 Washburne, Elihu B.R 
 
 W*ashburn. Israel R 
 
 Webster. Edwin H...R 
 
 Wells, Alfred R 
 
 Whiteley, Wm. G....D 
 
 Wilson. James R 
 
 Windom, William. ...R 
 Winslow. Warren. ...D 
 
 Wood, John R 
 
 Woodruff, .Tohn....N-A 
 Woodson, Sam-I H.N-A 
 Wright. John V n 
 
 April 20, 18-24lin"d. , 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 May 11, 18171 Wis.. 
 July 19, 18-28, Va... 
 
 1820 Ala. . 
 
 Feb. 8. 1823:Tenn. 
 Oct. H. 1818 Texas 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied 
 
 June 12, 1870 
 
 ijov.'2i,"i'875 
 July 3, 1875 
 
 Oct. " 3i "l'876 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 Feb. 18, 1815 N. Y. 
 Auf. 27, 1822 Ind. . 
 Sept. 28, 1819, Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 Miir. 27, 1820,111. ..; Lawyer... 
 July 1, 1819 N. Y.iValied.... 
 Aug. 15, 1823'Culin. I.nwvci-... 
 Jan. 26, 1812,P;i. .. M...hanic. 
 De.\ 24, 179951.-. .. 1 Vailed.. . 
 
 K.-b. Hi. IHli; 
 June 21. 1MI9 
 .\iig. 30. 18IX 
 June 20, 1809 
 
 !!!!!!!!!'i822 
 
 1819 
 
 N. V. 
 V. V. 
 Ma.-H. 
 N. J.. 
 R. 1.. 
 III. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. C. 
 Ark.. 
 Pa... 
 Cal... 
 Pa. .. 
 -V. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Miss.. 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 Me... 
 .V. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawver... 
 Mai.'faefr 
 Physician. 
 
 Si'pt.'24!l'875 
 Nov'.' '5,' i'»69 
 
 
 
 Jan. 23, 1818 
 July 17, 1826 
 
 111. ..'Vai-ied.... 
 N. Y. M.ichant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied 
 
 Oct. 8. 18B3 
 April 3. 1870 
 June -20, I860 
 
 siai-!'2-4, "I'wii 
 
 
 
 Va . 
 
 Lawvel- 
 
 
 
 
 Ga. .. 
 N. C 
 Me... 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 (ia.. . 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt . . . 
 -nd. . 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. 7, 1821 
 Nov. 4, 1805 
 Jan. 8, 1820 
 
 Aug."3'i,"'l'8'23 
 Dec. 9, 1813 
 Oct. — , 1810 
 July 12, 1816 
 Jiin. 28, 1815 
 Jan. 12, 1825 
 
 1821 
 
 May 8, 1825 
 Aug. 7, 1821 
 1827 
 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Te-xas 
 Ga... 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Fla. . 
 Ohio . 
 Pa... 
 Ga. .. 
 Ai-k. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Utah. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 Mich. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Va.. . 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 S. C. 
 Mich. 
 III. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Miss.. 
 Lou.. 
 Wis.. 
 Mich. 
 N. C. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 III. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 111. .. 
 III. .. 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y-. 
 Kv... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 N. y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1793 
 Jan. 23, 1827 
 May 11,1811 
 Mar. — , 1815 
 May 10, 1823 
 Oct. — , 1821 
 
 iici'.'u'.'wi-i 
 
 Sept. 24, 1812 
 Sept. 6, 1797 
 
 F'L-b!'24!'l'8lJ9 
 Jan. 21, 1802 
 Apl-il 7, 1822 
 June 4, 1809 
 
 
 
 Lawyei-. .. 
 
 May 14, 1868 
 
 
 
 Unknow-n. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 clergyni'n 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 Aug.' I'li," i'863 
 April 7, 1865 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 April 1 1 , 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Man'facfr 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 1, 1862 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 6, 1817 
 Sept. 11, 1810 
 Jan. 10, 1812 
 
 Ma^;"23,"l'8'75 
 
 1818' W. T. 
 
 April 4, 1792 Pa... 
 May 4. 1812 Kv... 
 No*. 24, 1808 Mi;.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 6, 1862 
 Aug. 11,1868 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 28, 1868 
 
 
 
 
 
 June 28, 1805 
 Sept. 6, 1822 
 Dec. 13, 1813 
 Jan. 17, 1811 
 
 Sept. 16,1811 Pa.. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Sept. 9. 1814 
 Mar. 27, 182H 
 1817 
 
 Tt-nn. 
 Ore.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Lou.. 
 
 A^n^'cul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. i'876 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ma.ss. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 
 juiie'ii!'l819 
 Feb. 1. 1812 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vl. .. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga! '. ! 
 
 1806 
 
 CivilEng'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio 
 
 Educator . 
 Machinist. 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 9, 1811 
 July 25, 1812 
 
 Dee. 4, 1865 
 
 
 
 
 Sept. 22, 1808 Tenn. 
 Nov. 8, ISloOhio. 
 (.let. 18. 1817 Mass. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lawver... 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 Va. . . 
 Ga... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 iid.'.'. 
 Ga... 
 S. C, 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. 0. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 III. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Ga... 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 N, Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. lO, 1830 
 Nov. 13, 1824 
 Nov. 12, 18-22 
 Oct. 4. 1824 
 May 30, 1810 
 July 8, 1814 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Man'facfr 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist 
 
 May 7, 1864 
 
 j'u'ne '2,' i's'&i 
 Dec! '26, i'8'-'2 
 
 Ohio. Sent. 13. 1813 Ohio. 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 Md . 
 
 Nov. 20. IMIfi Ga.. . 
 July 29. 1820 Ohio. 
 May 13, 1820 N. (:. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 j'unei7,"i87i 
 
 
 
 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 Mich. 
 Vt. .. 
 Wis.. 
 III. .. 
 Me... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y^. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. —.1824 
 1819 
 
 
 
 
 Man'facfr 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawj'er. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawver... 
 
 
 
 
 April 3, 1804 
 Sept. 18, 1825 
 July 23, 1822 
 Sept. 17, 1825 
 July 3, 1815 
 Nov. 9, 1820 
 Nov. 23, 1822 
 
 Sov.'iu, 1812 
 M.ay 29, 1805 
 Feb. 9. 1826 
 .\prin7, 1825 
 July 27, 1-821 
 July 7, 1818 
 J.an. 6, 1811 
 May 30, 1812 
 
 :\prii'B!'l'876 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 Me... 
 Me. . . 
 Me... 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 Del... 
 
 Nov. 22, 1803 
 Oct. 11. 1819 
 Feb. 17, 1812 
 April 22, 1818 
 Sept. 23, 1816 
 June 6. 1813 
 
 Aug. 7. 1862 
 
 !!!!!!!!!'i'882 
 
 jiay ii', i'883 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 M.ar. 31, 1829 Md... 
 .May 27, 1814, N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Del... 
 Ind. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Physician. 
 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 April 9. 1822 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 8, 1867 
 
 
 
 
 May 10. 1827 Minn. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Law-yer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Clergvin'n 
 Varied 
 
 Sept. 18, 1871 
 Ma'r'.'23;'l'864 
 
 N. C. Jan. 1. 1810 N. C. 
 
 Pa. ..1 IKlRiPa.. . 
 
 Conn. Feb. 12, 18-26 Conn. 
 Ky... Oct. 24. 1815 Mo... 
 Tenn. June -28, 1828, Tenn. 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Man'facfr 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 June 11,1863 
 May '26,' 'l'868 
 
 
 
 .lug. 5, 1821 N. \. 
 
 Total Representatives, 248. Lawyers, 148. Varied. 48. Occupation 
 Unknown, 85. Jurists, 12. Agriculturists, 6. Merchants, 0. Manufact- 
 urers, 0. Physicians, 3. Clergymen, 2. Journalist, 1. Mechanic, 1. 
 Hotel Keeper, 1. Civil Engineer, 1, Educator, 1. Machinist, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 1: Including Canada, 1. 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 
 N V 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Varied. 
 
 Jan. 3, 1866 
 !'!! "l'882 
 
 
 
 Pa. 
 
 1820 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Miss.. 
 Va... 
 
 1815 
 
 
 
 July 31, 1830 Pa... 
 
 1808 S.C. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Nov. 15, 1815 Ky... 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 I.awyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Aug. 30. 1867 
 May 30, 1868 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'i^. 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ^: 
 
 m 
 
 :6^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^.•- 
 
 ^
 
 Thirty-seventh Congress of the United States, from 1861 to 1863. 
 
 1861- 
 1861 
 1861- 
 1861- 
 1861 
 1861 
 
 1861- 
 1861 
 
 -Secession of the State of Mississippi 
 
 from the Union, Jan. 9. 
 'Secession of the Slate of Florida from 
 
 the Union, Jan. 10. 
 -Secession of the State of Alabama from 
 
 the Union, Jan. Jl. 
 -Members of Congress from Mississippi 
 
 withdraw from the House, Jan. 12. 
 -Secession of the State of Geor^a from 
 
 the Union, Jan. 19. 
 -Secession of the State of Louisiana from 
 
 the Union, Jan. 'je. The United States 
 
 Mint and Custom House at New Orleans 
 
 seized by the seceders, Jan. 31. 
 -Members of Congress from Alabama 
 
 and Florida withdraw from the House, 
 
 and Jefferson D.-ivis from the Senate, 
 
 Jan. 21. 
 -Secession of the State of Texas from 
 
 the Union, Feb. 1. 
 -Messrs. Benjamin and Slidell withdraw 
 
 from the United States Senate, Feb. 4. 
 
 ^,.o4o.,$E 
 
 .ckbruham rdiicoln, 16th PrcHldent. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, of Me., Vice-Pre.sident. William ri. 
 Seward, of X. Y.. Sec'.v of State. Salmon P. Ciiase, of 
 Ohio, See'y of Treas. Simon Cameron, of Pa., Sec'y of 
 War. Gideon Welles, of C.mn.. Sec'y of Navy. Caleb 
 B. Smith, of Ind., and John P. Usher, of Ind., Sec'ys of 
 Interior. Montgomery Blair, of Md., Postmaster-Gen'l. 
 Edward Bates, of Mo., Att'y-General. Galushu A. Grow, 
 of Pa., Speaker of House of Representatives, 
 
 1862— Jesse D. Bright expelled from the 
 United States Senate, Feb. 5. 
 
 1862— Jefferson Davis inaugurated President 
 of tlie Southern Confederacy for a term 
 of six years, and meeting of the First 
 Contederate (Jongress, Feb. 22. 
 
 1862— Andrew Johnson appointed Militai-y 
 Governor of Tennessee. 3Iar. 4. 
 
 1862— English newspaper correspondents ex- 
 pelled from United Sates army, Apr.5. 
 
 1862 — Polygamy prohibited by act of Con- 
 gress, July I. 
 
 1862— Slaves of seceders freed by act of Con- 
 gress, July 17. 
 
 1863— President Lincoln issues his famous 
 Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1. 
 
 1863— Arizona Territory formed by act of 
 Congress, Feb. 24. 
 
 1863— The law creating the present National 
 Banking system approved, Feb. 25. 
 
 1863— Idaho Territor,v formed by act of Con- 
 gress, Feb. 25. 
 
 ]>, Indicates Democrat; R, Republican; W, Whig. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Anthony Henry B...R 
 
 Arnold. Samuel G R 
 
 Baker. Edward D R 
 
 Bayard, James A D 
 
 Bingham. Kmsley S..D 
 Breckenridge. J. C...D 
 
 Bright. Jesse D ..D 
 
 Browning, Orville H.R 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 Carliie. John S R 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Chase, Salmon P R 
 
 CLark, Daniel R 
 
 Collamer, Jacob D 
 
 Cowan, Edgar R 
 
 Davis, Garrett W 
 
 Dixon. James R 
 
 Doolittle, James R.. ..R 
 Douglas, Stephen A. .D 
 Fessenden, Wm. P...R 
 
 Field, Richard S R 
 
 Foot. Solomon R 
 
 Foster. Lafayette S...R 
 
 Grimes, James W R 
 
 Hale, John P R 
 
 Harding. Benjamin F. R 
 
 Harlan, James VV 
 
 Harris, Ira R 
 
 Henderson. John B...D 
 
 Hicks. Thomas H R 
 
 Howard, Jacob M R 
 
 Howe, Timothy O R 
 
 Johnson, Andrew D 
 
 Johnson, Waldo P.... D 
 Itt-nnedy. Anthony..-— 
 
 King. Preston R 
 
 Ijane, Henry S R 
 
 Lane, James H R 
 
 Litham, Milton S D 
 
 McDougall, Jas. A...D 
 
 Morrill, LotM R 
 
 Nesmith, James W. . .D 
 
 I*earce. James A D 
 
 Polk. Trusten D 
 
 Pomero.v. Samuel C..R 
 Powell, Lazarus W...D 
 
 Rice, Henry M D 
 
 Rich.ardson, Wm. A..D 
 Saulsbury, Wlllard.D 
 
 Sherman. John " 
 
 Simmons, James F.. .W 
 
 .Stark, Benjamin D 
 
 Simmer, Charles R 
 
 Ten Evck, JohnC....R 
 Thompson, John B. . . W 
 
 Trumbull. Lyman H 
 
 Twrple, Ilavlil.... D 
 
 W.-uh-. Benjamin F. .R 
 
 Wall. James W I) 
 
 Wilklnsim. Morton S.K 
 Wilhy. Walteman T.H 
 
 Wilmot, David D 
 
 Wilson, Henry R 
 
 WilMir>n, Robert — 
 
 Wright, Joseph A D 
 
 state 
 lUprc- I Occupation. 
 
 R. I.. 
 R. I.. 
 Eng'd 
 Del... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Ala. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 vt. .. 
 In. h. 
 
 N. J-. 
 |vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Md. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 N. C. 
 
 April 1, 
 April 12. 
 Feb. 24, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Dec. 16, 
 Jan. 21. 
 Dec. 18, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 16. 
 Dec 10, 
 Jan. 13, 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 Sept'. 19,' 
 Sept. 10, 
 Aug. 5, 
 Jan. 3. 
 April 23, 
 Oct. 16, 
 
 Nov.' 19, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Oct. 20. 
 Mar. 31, 
 Jan. 4. 
 Aug. 26, 
 May 31, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Sept. 2. 
 July 1", 
 Feb. 24, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 1815 
 1821 
 1811 
 1799 
 1808 
 1825 
 1812 
 1806 
 1799 
 1817 
 1813 
 1808 
 1809 
 1819 
 1815 
 1801 
 1814 
 1815 
 1813 
 1806 
 
 'I'sd-i 
 
 I.. 
 
 I.. 
 Ore. . 
 Del... 
 Mich. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Mich, 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Ala. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky. . . 
 Conn. 
 Wis.. 
 111. .. 
 Me. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Vt. 
 
 1806 Conn. 
 
 1816 
 1806 
 1823 
 1820 
 1802 
 1826 
 1 
 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Me ., 
 D. C. 
 Del. . 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Del... 
 Ohio. 
 R. I.. 
 Lou.. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 (.'onn. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass . 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 N, H. 
 
 Oct. 14, 
 Feb. 24, 
 June 22, 
 May 23, 
 Nov. 19, 
 May 3, 
 July 23, 
 Dec. 14, 
 May 29, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Oct. 6, 
 Nov. 29, 
 Jan. IH, 
 June 2, 
 May 10, 
 Sept. 10, 
 June 26, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Mar. 12, 
 
 Oct.' '12,' 
 July 8, 
 Oct. 27, 
 
 Jan. 22, 
 Oct. 18. 
 Jan. 20, 
 Feb. 18, 
 
 Pa,. . April 17, 
 
 Iowa, 
 N. H. 
 Ore. . 
 Iowa, 
 N. Y. 
 Mo .. 
 « Md... 
 lUli.'t Mi,li- 
 
 1816 Wis.. 
 1808 Tenn. 
 
 Mo,.. 
 
 1811 Md... 
 1806 N- Y. 
 1811 Ind... 
 1814 Kan., 
 
 1827 Cal ,. 
 
 1817 Cal. . 
 
 1813 Me... 
 
 1828 Ore. . 
 1805 Md... 
 
 1811 Mo... 
 1816 Kan,. 
 
 1812 Kv... 
 1816 Minn, 
 1811 111. ., 
 1820 Del,., 
 1823 Ohio, 
 1795 R. I.. 
 1820 Ore. 
 1811 Mass. 
 
 1814 N. J,. 
 
 1810 Kv... 
 
 1813 111. .. 
 
 1829 Intl. . 
 1800 Ohio, 
 1820 N, J,. 
 1819 Minn, 
 
 1811 Va, .. 
 
 1814 Pa .. 
 
 1812 Ma.ss 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 1810 Ind. . 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyel-. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.., 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ,Iui-lst 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 Oct. ' 21',' I'sei 
 
 June 13, 1860 
 Oct. 5, 1861 
 May 17. 1875 
 May 20, 1875 
 Aug. 10, 1881 
 
 Oct. 2'4,'i'87'8 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 May 7, 1873 
 
 jam's, 'i882 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 juiie "3',' isei 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 May 25, 1870 
 Mar. 28, 1866 
 Sept. 19, 1880 
 Feb. 7, 1872 
 Nov. 18, 1873 
 
 Dec. 2. 1875 
 Feb! 'is', 'l'865 
 
 May 25, 1883 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Nov. 13, 
 June 18, 
 July 11, 
 
 Sept. si 
 Jan. 10, 
 
 bet:. 20, 
 April 16, 
 
 1865 
 1881 
 1866 
 
 '1S7 
 1883 
 
 1876 
 
 July 5, 
 Deo.' '27, 
 
 1875 
 
 July 10, 1864 
 Mar.' 'I'i,' 'l'8'74 
 ja'li."7',"l'874 
 
 Mar. 2, 1878 
 June 9, 1872 
 
 Mnr. 18, 1868 
 Nov. 22, 1875 
 
 May 11.1887 
 
 Total Senators, OH. Lawyon*, 42. Varied, 8, Jurists, 5. Occupation 
 Unknown, ,1. Mechanics. 2. Merchants, 2. Journalist, 1. Foreign 
 H"t-n li Including Englantl, I 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Aldrich, Cvrus R 
 
 Allen. William D 
 
 Allen. William J U 
 
 Alley, John B B 
 
 Ancona. Sydenham E. D 
 Appleton. William.. W 
 
 Arnold, Isaac N R 
 
 Ashley. James M R 
 
 Babbitt, Elijah R 
 
 Bailey, Goldsmith F..R 
 
 Baily. Joseph D 
 
 Baker. Stephen R 
 
 Baxter. Port us R 
 
 Beanian. Fernando C.R 
 
 Bennett, Hiram P — 
 
 Bernhisel, John M — — 
 
 Biddle, Charles J D 
 
 Bingham, John A R 
 
 Blair, Francis P R 
 
 Blair, Jacob B — 
 
 Blair, Samuel S R 
 
 Blake, Harrison G...R 
 Bridges. Geol-ge W.. .— 
 Browne, tleoige H. .. — 
 Brown. William G... — 
 
 Buffinton, James R 
 
 Burnett, Henry C — 
 
 Bui-nham, Alfietl A...R 
 Calveit, Charles B...W 
 Campbell, James H.. .R 
 
 Carliie, Jtihn S — 
 
 Casey, Samuel L — 
 
 Chamberlain. Jacob. .R 
 Clark. Ambrose W...R 
 Clements, .\nrirew J..R 
 
 Cobb, George T D 
 
 Colfax. Si-htivlci It 
 
 Conkhm.-, Ki. Ilk A...R 
 
 Conkling. Hoscoe R 
 
 Conway. Martin F.. .R 
 Cooper. Thomas B...D 
 
 Corning. Erasttis D 
 
 Covode, John W 
 
 Cox, Samuel S D 
 
 Cradlebaitgh, John... — 
 Cravens, James A....D 
 
 Crislhlil, J..hn W R 
 
 (flit. -lid. ti, .lohn J. ..— 
 
 fiirtis, s^.iiiuel R R 
 
 Cutl.r, William P,...R 
 
 Bally, Samuel G R 
 
 Davis, William M....R 
 
 Dawi'.s, Henry L R 
 
 Dclan.i. fliiiiles R 
 
 Delapl.iiii.', Is..;.,- (■..— 
 Dlveii. .M.-\..ii.l.rS...R 
 Duell. H, ll...lland- ,. R 
 Dunla]), George W...— 
 
 Dunn, W. McKee R 
 
 Edgerton, Sidney R 
 
 Edwards, Thomas M.R 
 
 Eliot. Thomas U — 
 
 Ely, Alfred R 
 
 English, James E D 
 
 Pchton, Reuben E,..W 
 Fessenden, Thos. A. U.R 
 
 Fessenden. 3. C R 
 
 Fisher. Gorge P K 
 
 Flanil.-fs. B.-nJ. F....— 
 
 Fouke, IMiilll. B D 
 
 Krani-hal, Ill.-haril, , . .R 
 
 K. I.. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Ma.ss. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa, .. 
 K. I.. 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 IR. I.. 
 iVa,.. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Conn. 
 ,Md... 
 iPa. .. 
 Va. . 
 iKy... 
 Mass . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y, 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Mass , 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Kv... 
 Inil. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Mass, 
 Conn, 
 (\mn. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Del. . 
 N. H. 
 III. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 June 7. 
 .iug. 13, 
 June 9, 
 Jan. 7, 
 Nov. 20, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Nov. 30, 
 Nov. 14, 
 
 July 'l'7. 
 Mar. 18, 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 jiine 28, 
 Sept. 2, 
 June 23, 
 
 Mar. 17, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Sept. 25, 
 Mar. 16, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Dee. 16, 
 
 1808, Minn. 
 1827:Ohio. 
 1828:111. 
 
 Feb. 19, 
 April 1 1 , 
 
 1817 
 1824 
 1786 
 1815 
 1824 
 .1796 
 1823 
 1810 
 1819 
 
 i'8i4 
 1826 
 1799 
 1819 
 1815 
 1821 
 1821 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 III. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass . 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y'. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mich. 
 Col. . . 
 Utah. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo. . . 
 Va. ., 
 
 1818 
 1825 
 1811 
 1801 
 1817 
 1825 
 
 Pa, 
 
 Mar. 23, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Oct. 30, 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 Dec. 14. 
 Mar. 17, 
 Sept. 30, 
 
 Nov. 4, 
 Nov. 6 
 S.-|.t.li. 
 F.-l., :i, 
 July 12 
 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 R. I.. 
 Va... 
 Mass . 
 Kv .. 
 
 1819 Conn. 
 1808 Md... 
 
 1820 Pa, . . 
 1817, Va. .. 
 
 Ky .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1810 N, Y. 
 1832,Tenn. 
 'N. J.. 
 
 1823 Ind. . 
 1816,N. Y. 
 1829N. Y. 
 1830 Kan.. 
 1823:Pa... 
 1794'n, Y. 
 1808 Pa.... 
 
 1824 Ohio, 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 1818Tnd. . 
 ],808'Md 
 
 Feb. 15, 
 Dec. 20, 
 Feb. 22, 
 Dee. 12, 
 
 Mar. 20, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Mar. -, 
 July 1. 
 Jali. 23, 
 Mar. 7. 
 Oct. 13, 
 Jan. 26, 
 Jan, 23, 
 
 1 7,H6 
 
 I SI 17 Iowa, 
 1813 Ohio. 
 1819, Nob.. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1816 Mass. 
 1820 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1S09 N. Y. 
 1824 N. Y. 
 
 1813 Kv,.. 
 
 1814 liiil. . 
 
 1818 Ohio. 
 
 In, 11. 
 
 1808 Miiss. 
 
 1815 N. Y. 
 1812 Conn. 
 
 1819 N. Y, 
 1826 Me. .. 
 
 1815 Me... 
 
 1817 Del... 
 
 1816 Lou,. 
 
 1818 111. .. 
 ,1816 N. y 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 , Merchant. 
 R. R.Offi-r 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. ... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 La^vyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 I Varied 
 
 JLawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 lAgrieurst. 
 'Lawyer,.. 
 [Varied.... 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Unknown. 
 J.mrnalist 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Merehont. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Juiist 
 
 Physician. 
 Merchant. 
 Varied. ... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer.., 
 I.iwv.r... 
 Vi.ti'.-.l,... 
 li, IMlffl'r 
 Ilnknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Varied,... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Li.wyer.. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer., , 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawver. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawver... 
 Varied ... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 
 Oct. 5, 1871 
 
 Feb. 15, 
 Api'il24, 
 
 1862 
 1884 
 
 May 8, 1862 
 
 June 9. 
 Mar. 4, 
 
 1875 
 1868 
 
 Sept. 28, 
 July "sl' 
 
 1873 
 i'8'7.5 
 
 Mar, 7, 
 iioy I'i.' 
 
 o<-t.' '24,' 
 
 1875 
 1866 
 
 1864 
 1878 
 
 Jan. 13,1885 
 
 April 4. 
 April 9. 
 
 1862 
 1872 
 
 July 26, 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 1863 
 1868 
 
 Sept. 14. 1865 
 
 June 12, 1870 
 
 Sept, 28, 1868 
 
 Oct, S, 
 
 Nov. 23, 
 
 1876 
 
 1875
 
 T- 
 
 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANI> Tinii'J' V-KlUflTII (.'ONCJKESSKS, AM) I-EAJlIMi K\'1:NTS ( iF llIK 'I IMI' 
 
 r.(l!t 
 
 i 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 |}.,ri 
 
 Flunk. Aiiprustus R 
 
 Ou.M-h. D.inifl W R 
 
 Uoudwm, .luhiiN R 
 
 GranKor. Bradley K..R 
 
 Orlckr, H.niy W 
 
 rirow, GahlKha A R 
 
 (liiilc-v. .Icihii A R 
 
 ||;.liii. Mi.li;.,-! — 
 
 lliuflil. K.luiu-d D 
 
 ll,nl.-..IiulR-s T R 
 
 ll.ill, William A D 
 
 H;inihi>tt, Luther. ...R 
 
 Harding. Aaron — 
 
 Harrison. Richard A.D 
 
 Hickman. .loiin D 
 
 Hoi man, William S.. .U 
 
 Hooper. Samuel R 
 
 Hoi-I'ni. Valentine B.R 
 
 lliililiiiis. John R 
 
 tlaelv^c.n. James S,..— 
 
 Jollnsoii, I'liilip D 
 
 Julian. lle..ri.'e W R 
 
 Kcliev. William D...R 
 Kclloui,', Fnincis W..R 
 
 Kell.ini.'. William R 
 
 Kenitran, lames E..,D 
 Killinuer. John W....R 
 Knapp, Anthony L. ..D 
 Liansing. William E.,R 
 
 Law, John D 
 
 Lazear, Jes-ie D 
 
 Leary. Conelius L. L.— 
 Leiiiiian, William E..D 
 
 Logran, John A D 
 
 Loomis, Dwight R 
 
 Lovejoy. Owen R 
 
 Low. Frederick F R 
 
 McClemand. John A.D 
 Melndoe. Walter D...R 
 
 McKean, James B R 
 
 MeKniRht, Edward.,. R 
 SlcPherson, Edward ,R 
 
 Mallory, Robei-t D 
 
 Mai-ston, Oilman R 
 
 May, Heni-y D 
 
 Maynard. Horace W 
 
 Menzies, John W — 
 
 Mitchell, William.... R 
 
 Morrill, Anson P R 
 
 Morrill, Justin S R 
 
 Moorhead. James K. .R 
 
 MoiTis, James R D 
 
 Nixon, John T R 
 
 Noble, Wai-ren P D 
 
 Noell, John W D 
 
 Norton, Elijah H D 
 
 NuKen. Robert H. .. .D 
 
 Odell. Moses F D 
 
 Olin. Abram B R 
 
 Patton. John R 
 
 Pendleton. George H.D 
 
 Perry. Nehemiah D 
 
 Phelps, John S D 
 
 Phelps, Timothy G..,R 
 Pike, Frederick A...,R 
 
 Pomei-oy. Theo. M R 
 
 Porter, Albert G R 
 
 Potter, John F R 
 
 Price, Thomas L D 
 
 Keid, John W D 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Me, .. 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Bav.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Me,,. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Eng,. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 i^hio, 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. . 
 Md... 
 Pa.., 
 Ill, .. 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Scot.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Pa... 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 D. C. 
 Mass. 
 Ky.,, 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Ky,., 
 Pa... 
 N. Y, 
 Vt, .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Me... 
 
 July 17, 
 Jan. M 
 Oct, 18. 
 
 JuYy'io,' 
 Aug, 31, 
 Dec. !1, 
 
 Nov. 7, 
 Mar, 2B, 
 Oct, — , 
 
 Oct. 25, 1825 
 
 Sept. 1 1 , 
 Sept, 8, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Jan. ai, 
 July 25, 
 
 Jan.'lT, 
 May, 5, 
 Api-il 12, 
 May 311, 
 July 8, 
 
 Sept. IS, 
 June 14, 
 
 l«2(i X. Y. 
 1K20 Mass. 
 1H24 Me... 
 
 Mich. 
 
 1798 Ky.,, 
 1823 Pa. . . 
 1813 Ohio. 
 1830 I.ou,, 
 1817 N. V. 
 1810 Pa. .. 
 
 Mo .. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Ohio! 
 Pa. 
 
 Dec, 12, 
 Oct. 22, 
 Aug. 21, 
 Feb. 9, 
 July 27, 
 Jan, 6, 
 
 May 30. 
 Mar, 30, 
 Aug. 5. 
 
 jilVy 3l', 
 Nov. 15, 
 Aug. 20, 
 
 Aug. 13 
 April 12 
 
 June 10. 
 April 14, 
 Sept, 7, 
 Jan. 10, 
 
 June 14, 
 Feb. 15, 
 Nov. 24, 
 
 July 25, 
 Mar. 30, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Dec, 9, 
 Dec. 31, 
 April 20, 
 May 11, 
 
 1827 
 1810 
 1822 Ind. . 
 1808 Mass. 
 
 1802 Ohio. 
 
 1812 Ohio. 
 1822 Ky... 
 
 1818 I'a. .. 
 1817 Ind. . 
 1814 Pa. .. 
 
 1810 Mich. 
 
 1814 III. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1825 Pa. .. 
 1828 111. .. 
 1822 N. Y. 
 1796 Ind. . 
 1804 Pa. .. 
 
 1813 Md.,, 
 1822 Pa. .. 
 
 1826 111. .. 
 1821 Conn. 
 
 1811 111. ,. 
 1828 Cal. . 
 
 1812 III. .. 
 
 1819 Wis.. 
 1821 N. Y. 
 
 1820 Pa. . . 
 1830 Pa. . . 
 
 1815 Ky... 
 T811 N. H. 
 Md... 
 
 1814 Tenn, 
 
 1819 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 
 1803 Mo... 
 1810 Vt. .. 
 1806 Pa. ., 
 
 1820 Ohio. 
 ,1820 N. J.. 
 
 1821 Ohio 
 
 1816 Mo,. 
 1821 Mo.. 
 1809 Ohio 
 1818 N. Y 
 1812 N. Y 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 1825 Ohio 
 1816 N. J. 
 1814 Mo. . 
 
 Cal.. 
 
 Mei'chant. 
 
 Lii 
 
 Va. .June 14, 
 
 1817 Me 
 1824 N. Y 
 1824 Ind. 
 1817 Wis. 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 1821 Mo.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Clergy ni'n 
 Lawyei'. . , 
 Vaiied... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Vai'ied. . . , 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer., . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer., , 
 Lawyer,,. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Manufac'r, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 (Hergym'n 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied,.,, 
 Merchant, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st, 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied ... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. , . 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Lawyer,. . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 UnknoAvn. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 14, 1866 
 
 Aug. 19, 1863 
 
 April "7,"l8e5 
 Nov.' 26,' i'882 
 
 Oct. 8, 1862 
 Jan. 29, 1867 
 
 Mar. 23, 1875 
 
 Feb. 14, 1875 
 
 Oct. 7. 1873 
 Sept. 2, 1877 
 
 Mar. 25, 1864 
 
 Sept. 25, 1863 
 May 3, 1882 
 
 Sept. 11, 1865 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. T™' 
 
 Mar. 14, 1883 
 jiineia, 1866 
 
 July 15, 1870 
 
 Rice, Alexander n,...R 
 
 Rice, John H R 
 
 Itichardson, Wm. A..D 
 
 Riddle. Alberto R 
 
 Robinson. James C. . . I> 
 Rollins, Edward H...R 
 
 Rollins, James S — 
 
 Sargent, Aaron A R 
 
 Sedgwick, Charles B,R 
 
 Segar, Joseph E — 
 
 Shanks. John P. C..,.R 
 SheHield, Wllllain P.,— 
 Shellabarger, Sam'I..R 
 Sherm,'in, Socrates N.R 
 
 Shell, George K D 
 
 Sloan, A. Scott R 
 
 Smith, Edward H ~ 
 
 Spaulding, ElbridgcR 
 
 Steele, John B D 
 
 Steele. William G.,..D 
 Stevens. Thaddeus — R 
 
 Stiles. John D D 
 
 Sti-atton, John L. N.. .R 
 
 Xhoinas. Benj. F — 
 
 Thomas, Francis R 
 
 Todd,,Iohn B S R 
 
 Train, Charles R R 
 
 Trimble, f^arey A R 
 
 Trowbridge, Rr,rd E.R 
 
 Upton, Charles H R 
 
 Vallandighain,C. L. .D 
 Vandever, William. ..R 
 
 Van Horn, Burt R 
 
 Van Valkenbui-gh, R.R 
 Van Wyck. Chas. H..R 
 
 Verree. JohnP R 
 
 Vibbard, Chauncey. , . D 
 Voorhees Daniel W,. .D 
 ■^adsworth. Wm. H.D 
 
 Walker. Amasa R 
 
 Wall. William R 
 
 Wallace, John W. ...R 
 Wallace. William H. .R 
 Walton, Charles W...R 
 Walton. Ezekiel B....R 
 
 Ward. Elijah D 
 
 Washburne. Elihu B..R 
 
 Watts. John S R 
 
 Web.ster, Edwin H...R 
 Whaley, Killian V,,.R 
 Wheeler, William A,.R 
 
 White, Albert S R 
 
 White, Chiton A D 
 
 Wickliffe, Charles A.W 
 
 Wilson, James F R 
 
 Windom, William R 
 
 Wood, Benjamin D 
 
 Woodruff, George C. .D 
 Worcester, Samuel T.R 
 Wright, Hendrick B, .D 
 Yeaman, George H. .— 
 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 111. ., 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Va, .. 
 R. I.. 
 Ohio, 
 Vt. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa, ,. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Ky.,. 
 Mass. 
 lOhlo, 
 N, Y, 
 Me.,, 
 Ohio, 
 Md,,. 
 N. Y. 
 
 In. y, 
 
 !N. Y, 
 Pa. . . 
 |N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Kv... 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 iMe... 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Me. . . 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 
 In. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio! 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Conn 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 
 KuW 
 
 Aug. 30. 
 Feb. 5, 
 Jan, 16, 
 May 18, 
 
 Oct. "a! ' 
 
 April 111, 
 ■ pi- 28, 
 Mar. , 
 June I, 
 June 17, 
 Aug, 30. 
 Dec, 10. 
 
 Feb. 24, 
 Mai-, 28, 
 Doc, 17, 
 April 4, 
 Jan. 15, 
 
 F^eV). 12,' 
 Feb, 3, 
 April 4, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Sept, 13 
 June \^. 
 Aug. 23. 
 May 29, 
 
 Oct. 28, 
 Sept. 4, 
 Nov, — , 
 
 Nov. II, 
 Sept, 2«, 
 July 4. 
 May 4, 
 
 Mar, 21), 
 Dec, 20. 
 July 17, 
 Dec. 9. 
 Feb, 17, 
 Sept. 15, 
 Sept. 23. 
 Jan. 19, 
 Mar. 31, 
 May 6, 
 June 30, 
 Oct, 24, 
 Feb. -, 
 June 8. 
 Oct. 1!). 
 May 11), 
 Oct. 13, 
 Dec, 1 , 
 Aug. 30, 
 ■April 24, 
 INov. 1, 
 
 1818 Mass. 
 18111 Me... 
 
 1811 III... 
 181(1 Ohio. 
 
 1822 111... 
 1824 N. H. 
 
 1812 Mo... 
 
 1827 Cal. . 
 181.', N. Y. 
 1804 Va. ,. 
 1826 Ind. . 
 1820;R. I.. 
 1817 Ohio. 
 .... N. Y. 
 
 Ore. . 
 
 1820 Wis.. 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1814 N. Y. 
 
 1820 N. J.. 
 1792 Pa. .. 
 
 1823 Pa. .. 
 1817 N. J.. 
 
 1813 Mass. 
 1799 Md... 
 
 1814 1). T. 
 
 1817 Mass. 
 1M13 Ohio. 
 
 1821 ^li.h. 
 IH12 Va. .. 
 1H20 Ollif) . 
 Iowa. 
 
 1823 N. Y. 
 182rN. Y. 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 1819 Pa. .. 
 1811 N. \. 
 
 1828 Ind. . 
 1821 Kv... 
 1799 Mass. 
 1801 N. Y. 
 1818, Pa. .. 
 181l|w. T. 
 
 1819 Me... 
 1812, Vt.... 
 
 1818 N. Y. 
 1816 III.... 
 1816 N. M. 
 
 1829 Md... 
 1821 Va... 
 
 1819 N. Y. 
 18(.)3 Ind. . 
 
 1820 Ohio, 
 17H8 Kv... 
 I82M I,,wa 
 1827 Minn. 
 
 1820 N. Y. 
 1805 Conn. 
 1804 Ohio. 
 1804 Pa.. . 
 18-29 Ky... 
 
 Maniifac'r. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Varle-d... 
 
 Lawyer,,. 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vorled.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied ... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varieil 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... . 
 
 Manufae'r 
 
 R. R. Olfl'r 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Physician. 
 .Unknown. 
 
 Voried.... 
 jjournallst 
 
 Juiist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. , 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Manufae'r. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 27, 1875 
 
 Sept. 24, 1868 
 
 Aiig'.'ii.'rses 
 
 Jan. 22. 1876 
 Jan. 5, 1872 
 
 June 17, 1877 
 June 17, 1871 
 
 April 20, 1872 
 
 Sept. 4,1884 
 
 bet. "s'i.'i'ses 
 
 Total Representatives. 808. Lawyers. 99. Varied. «». Occupation 
 Unknown. 80. 5I?i-chants. 18. Jurists. lO. Agriculturists, 5. Physi- 
 cians, 4. Journalists. 4. Manufacturers. 4. Railroad Officers. 3. Cler- 
 gymen. 8* Mechanic, 1. Foreign Bom, 5: Including Ireland, 2; Scot- 
 land,!; England,!; Bavaria, 1. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Congress of the United States, from (863 to 1865. 
 
 1863— Thirty-nine Sioux Indians were hanged 
 by order of the Government, at Man- 
 kato, Minn., for the barbarous murder 
 of 700 whites in Minnesota and Dakota 
 in the fall of 1862, Feb. 28. 
 
 1863— Congress founded tlie National Acad- 
 emy of Arts and Sciences, Mar. 4. 
 
 1863— The ocean steamer " Anglo-Saxon " lost 
 at sea, and 237 persons perished, 
 April 27. 
 
 1863— Clement L. Vallandigham arrested for 
 making treasonable addresses^ (May 4), 
 and sentenced to confinement during 
 the war; but, instead, he wa.s banished 
 from Northern territory, and lied to 
 Canada. 
 
 1863— French troops seize the City of Mexico, 
 June 10. Empire established. 
 
 1863— West Virginia admitted to the Union, 
 the thirty-fifth State. June 20. 
 
 1864— First Lodge of Knights of Pythias or- 
 ganized at Washington, D. C Feb. 19. 
 
 1864 — First " accidental-insurance " policy 
 issued at Hartford. Conn., in March. 
 
 1864 — Final conquest of the Circassians by 
 the Russians. 
 
 Abraham I^lncoln, 16th President. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, of Me., Vice-President. William H. 
 Seward, of N. Y., Sec'y of State. Salmon P. Chase, of 
 Ohio, and WUliam P. Fessenden, of Me-. Sec'ys of Treas. 
 Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, Sec'y of War. Gideon 
 Welles, of Conn., Sec'y of Navy. John P. Usher, of Ind, 
 Sec'y of Interior. Montgomery Blair, of Md.. and Wm. 
 Dennison, of Ohio. Fostmasters-Gt-n'l. Edward Bates, 
 of Mo., and James Speed, of Ky.. Att>s-General. 
 Schuyler Colfax, of Ind.. Speaker of House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 1864— Congress repealed the Fugitive Slave 
 law of IK'jO; passed an Income-Tax 
 iaw; a Revenue law taxing domeslir 
 manufactures, and the National Bank 
 law; adjourned July 2- 
 
 18G4 — Sailing of Captain HallV second .\rctic 
 Kxpeditlun.with Captain T.uddington, 
 July 30. He returned in 1869. 
 
 1864 — A beet-root su gar-fact orj* was estab- 
 lished at Chatsworth, 111., with flatter- 
 ing success. 
 
 1864— George M.Pullman's improved sleeping 
 and parlor cars first made. 
 
 1864 — Famous grasshopper raids in several 
 States caused considerable destruction 
 of crops and created much excitement. 
 
 1865— The 13th Amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion passed Congres.*. Jan. 3i. and was 
 afterward ratitlf d by the several States 
 and went into force before 1866. 
 
 1865 — The " Freedman's Bureau" was estab- 
 lished by Congress. Mai-. 3. 
 
 1865— Capture of Jefferson Davis, near Irwin- 
 ville. Ga., May 10.
 
 D, indicates Democrat; R, Republican; "W, Whig. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 a^ud. 
 
 Anthony Henry B...R :R. I.. 
 
 Baviiid. James A. ..D Del... 
 
 Buwden. LeniuelJ...— ,Va. .. 
 
 Blown. B. Gratz R jKy. ., 
 
 Bufkalew, Chas. R...D Pa... 
 
 Carliie. John S B Va. . . 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R N. H. 
 
 Clark. Daniel R N. H. 
 
 Coilamer, Jacob D Ala.. 
 
 Conness, John R Ire'd. 
 
 Cowan. Edgar R Pa... 
 
 Davis. Garrett W Ky... 
 
 Dixon. James R Conn. 
 
 Doolittle. JamesR....R N. Y. 
 
 Farwell, Nathan A... R Me... 
 
 Fessenden, Win. P...W N. H. 
 
 Foot, Solomon R Vt. .. 
 
 F.>>trT. Lafayette S...R Conn. 
 
 <Wi s. James W....R N. H. 
 
 H.,1. . .John P R N. H. 
 
 li;it(!iiit?. BenjaminF.R Pa. .. 
 
 Harlan, James VI HI . . . 
 
 Harris. Ira R N. Y. 
 
 Henderson. John B.. .D Va. , . 
 
 Hendricks. Thos. A. .D Ohio. 
 
 Hieks. Thomas H R Md. . 
 
 Howard, Jacol) M R Vt. . . 
 
 Howe, Timothy O R Me... 
 
 Johnson. Reverdy...D Md... 
 
 I,.ane. Henry S II Ky. . . 
 
 Lane. .lames H R Ind . . 
 
 >I.li.iim-all. Jas. A...D N. Y. 
 
 M'lru'an, Edwin D R Mass. 
 
 MMriill. Lot M R Me... 
 
 Xesiiiith, James W. . .D Me. . . 
 
 .N.ve. James W R N. Y. 
 
 Pomeio.v, Samuel C. .R Mass. 
 
 Powell. Lazarus W. . .D Ky. . . 
 
 Ramsey, Alexander. R Pa... 
 
 Kirhardson, Win. A..D Ky... 
 
 Hi.lill.-.GeorseR... D Del... 
 
 SiuUl.ury, Wlllard..D Del. . 
 
 Slit ri!i III, .Tohn li Ohio. 
 
 s|.i i^-iH-, William. ...R R. I.. 
 
 st.'u.rt. Willi.amM..R N. Y. 
 
 .Sinniii-r, Charles R Mass. 
 
 T. II F.vik. John C....R N. J.. 
 
 Tniinl.ull. Lvinan....R iConn. 
 
 Van Winkle, P. <:....— N. Y, 
 
 ^Val, , lliiiiaminF. .R Mass. 
 
 Wilkuison, Morton S.R N. Y. 
 
 Will. -v. Walteinan T.R Va. .. 
 
 Wilson, Henry B :N. H. 
 
 Wilson, Rohert — 
 
 Wright, William D...D !n. Y. 
 
 April 1, 
 Nov. 15. 
 Jan, 16, 
 Mav 28, 
 Dec. 28. 
 Dec. 16, 
 Dec. 10, 
 Oct. 24, 
 
 Sep't^ 20, 
 Sept, 19, 
 Sept. 10. 
 Aug. 5. 
 Jan. 3, 
 
 Oct'.'Ve,' 
 Nov. 19, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Oct. 20, 
 Mar. 31, 
 Jan. 4, 
 Aug. 26, 
 May 31, 
 Nov. 18, 
 Sept. 7, 
 Sept. 2, 
 July 10. 
 Feb. 24, 
 May 21, 
 Feb. 24, 
 June 22, 
 Nov, 19, 
 Feb. 3, 
 May 3, 
 July 23, 
 June 10, 
 Jan. 3. 
 Oct. 6, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Jan. 16, 
 
 June 2, 
 Mav 10, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Jan. 6. 
 Mar. 12, 
 Oct. 12, 
 Sept. 7, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Jan. 22, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Feb, IB, 
 
 1815 R. I. 
 1799 Del.. 
 
 1815 
 1826 
 1821 
 1817 
 1813 
 1869 
 1819 
 1821 
 1815 
 1801 
 1814 
 1SI5 
 1812 
 1806 
 1802 
 1806 
 1816 
 1806 
 1823 
 1820 
 1802 
 1826 
 1819 
 1798 
 
 1805 
 1816 
 1796 
 
 V 
 Mo.. 
 Pa. . 
 Va. . 
 Mich 
 N. H 
 Ala. 
 Cal. . 
 Pa. . 
 Ky.. 
 Conn 
 Wis. 
 Me. . 
 Me. . 
 Vt. ., 
 Conn 
 Iowa. 
 H 
 Ore. , 
 Iowa 
 N. Y 
 Mo. . 
 Ind. , 
 -Md. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 isil Ind... 
 1814, Kan. . 
 1817 Cal .. 
 
 1811 X Y. 
 
 1813 Me . . 
 1820 Ore. . 
 
 1815 Nev.. 
 
 1816 Kan.. 
 
 1812 Kv... 
 1815, Minn. 
 1811,111. .. 
 1817lDel... 
 1820 Del. . . 
 1823 Ohio. 
 1830 R. I.. 
 1827 Nev.. 
 1811 Mass. 
 
 1814 N. J.. 
 
 1813 111. .. 
 1808 W Va 
 18(X) Ohio. 
 1819 Minn. 
 
 1811 Va. .. 
 
 1812 Mass. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 .1794 N. J.. 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 La^vyer.. . 
 Varied. . , . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L^nknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufae'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 June 13. I860 
 Jan. 2, 1864 
 Dec. 13, 1885 
 
 Oct. 24, 1878 
 Nov, 1, 1879 
 
 Jan. 3, 1882 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 Mar. 28, 1866 
 Sept. 19, 1880 
 Feb, 7. 1872 
 Nov, 18. 1873 
 
 Dec. 2, 1875 
 
 Nov. 25, 1885 
 Feb. 13, 1865 
 
 May 25, 1883 
 Feb. 10. 1876 
 June 18. 1881 
 July 11. 1866 
 Sept. 3. 1867 
 Feb. 14, 1883 
 Jan. 10, 1883 
 
 Dec, 25, 1876 
 July ' 5,' 'l867 
 
 Dee. 27, 1875 
 Mar 29, 1867 
 
 Mar. 11, 1874 
 
 Mar. 2, 1878 
 
 Nov. 22, 1875 
 Nov.' "l," 1866 
 
 Total Senators, SS. Lawyers, 33. Varied, "7. Occupation Unknown, 4. 
 Merchants, 3. Jurists, 3. Mechanics, 3. Journalist, 1. Manufacturer, 1, 
 Clerk, 1. Foreign Born 1: Including Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Horn. 
 
 Allen, James C D 
 
 Allen, WilliamJ U 
 
 Alley, John B R 
 
 Allison. William B...R 
 
 Ames. Ojikes R 
 
 .\ii< oiia, .Syilenham E. D 
 
 .Viid.Tson. Lueien R 
 
 .\ni..]d, Isaac N R 
 
 Ashley., lames M R 
 
 Bailv, Joseiih D 
 
 K.aldwiii, .\ugustU3 0.D 
 
 Baldwin. ,Iohn D R 
 
 Baxter. Purtus R 
 
 Heaiiian, Fernando C.R 
 
 Bennett, Hii-ain P — 
 
 Bl,iinp, James G R 
 
 Blair, Francis P R 
 
 Blair, Jacob B — 
 
 Bliss, George D 
 
 Blow, HenrvT R 
 
 Boiitwell, George S.. .11 
 Boyd,Sc-mpronlusH..R 
 
 Brandegee, Aug R 
 
 Brooks James I> 
 
 Bi-ooinall, John M B 
 
 Brown, James S D 
 
 Brown, William G... — 
 C.'hanlcr, John W... D 
 Clark. Ambrose W...R 
 
 Clarke. Freeman B 
 
 Clay, BrutusJ — 
 
 Cobb, Amasa R 
 
 Cortroth, Alex. H D 
 
 Cole, f?omelius R 
 
 Cole, George E 1) 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler it 
 
 Cox, Samuel S D 
 
 Cravens, James A....1) 
 Cresswell, John A. J. — 
 
 ,Ky... 
 'Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Vt. .. 
 
 vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 vt. .. 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Mo... 
 Va.., 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. ,, 
 Md... 
 
 state 
 aenird. 
 
 Jan. 28. 
 June 9, 
 Jan. 7, 
 Mar, 2, 
 Jan, 10, 
 Nov. 20, 
 June — , 
 Nov. 30, 
 No v.. 14. 
 Mar. 18, 
 Dec. 24, 
 Sept. 28, 
 
 jiliie 28,' 
 Sept. 2, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Feb. 1!), 
 April 11, 
 ,Ian. 1, 
 July 15, 
 ,Ian, 28, 
 May 28, 
 July 15, 
 Nov. II), 
 Jan. 19, 
 Fi'b. 1 , 
 Sept. 25, 
 
 Fob. IB, 
 Mar, 22, 
 July 1, 
 Sept, 27, 
 May 18, 
 Sept. 17, 
 D.-c. 23, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Siqit, 30, 
 Nov. 4. 
 Nov. 18, 
 
 1823II1I. .. 
 
 1828 111. .. 
 1817 M.ass. 
 
 1829 Iowa. 
 1804 Mass. 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 1824 Kv... 
 1815,111. .. 
 lS24'ohio. 
 1810 Pa. .. 
 1817 Mich. 
 1810 Mass. 
 
 iVt. .. 
 
 1814 Mich. 
 1826 Col... 
 
 1830 Me. .. 
 1821 Mo. ,. 
 
 1821 Va. .. 
 1813 Ohio. 
 
 1817 Mo. ,. 
 
 1818 Mass. 
 1828 Mo... 
 1828 Conn. 
 1810 N. Y. 
 1816 Pa. .. 
 1824 Wis,, 
 I80rVa. .. 
 1826, N. Y. 
 
 1810 N. y. 
 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1808 Kv... 
 1823 Mo... 
 1828 Pa... 
 
 1822 Cal. . 
 1826 W. T. 
 
 1823 Ind. . 
 
 1824 Ohio. 
 1818 Ind. . 
 1828 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufae'r 
 R. R. Offir 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied,.., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Varied..,. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Varied.,.. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 llnknown. 
 Journalist 
 Vni-led.... 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 
 May 8, 1873 
 
 April 24, 1884 
 
 Mar. 4, 1868 
 
 July 8, 1875 
 Sept'. 'li ,'1875 
 
 April 30, 1873 
 0(;t."l9,"l'8l'7 
 
 Jan. 13, 1885 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Daily, Samuel Q R 
 
 Davis, H. Winter K 
 
 Davis, Thomas T — 
 
 D,awes, Henry L R 
 
 Dawson, John L D 
 
 Denting, Henry C R 
 
 Denison. Charles D 
 
 Dixon, Nathan F R 
 
 Donnellv, Ignatius. ..R 
 
 Driggs. John F R 
 
 Dumont, Ebenezer...— 
 Ecklev. Ephraim R. .R 
 
 Eden. John B D 
 
 Edgerton, Joseph K..D 
 Eldridge. Chai'les A. .D 
 
 Eliot. Thomas D — 
 
 English. James E D 
 
 Farnsworth. John F.B 
 Fenton. Reuben E...W 
 
 Finck. William E D 
 
 Frank, Augustus B 
 
 Ganson, John D 
 
 Garfield, James A B 
 
 Gooch, Daniel W B 
 
 Grider, H.niv W 
 
 Grinn.ll. Jii-iah B....B 
 
 Griswnhl. .I.,hn X D 
 
 Hale, .laiiiis T R 
 
 Hall. William A D 
 
 Harding, Aaron — 
 
 Harrington, H. W D 
 
 Harris, Benjamin G. .D 
 
 Harris, Charles M D 
 
 Herrick, .\nson D 
 
 Higbv, William B 
 
 Holinan, William S...D 
 
 Hooper. Samuel R 
 
 Hotchkiss, Giles W...B 
 Hubbard, Asahel W. .B 
 
 Hubbard, John H B 
 
 Hulbnrd. Cilvin T....n 
 Hutchins, Wells A....D 
 
 iTiger^uH. Elton C R 
 
 Javnf. William R 
 
 Jeti.-k's, Th.itiias A...R 
 
 Joliii-uti. I'hilip D 
 
 Jolni^oti. William D 
 
 Julian, li.a.rge W....R 
 Italbllei^clt. Martin. .D 
 
 Kasson, John A — 
 
 Kelley, William D R 
 
 Kellogg, Francis W..R 
 
 Kellogg, Orlando R 
 
 Kernan, Francis D 
 
 Kinney, John F D 
 
 King, Austin A D 
 
 Knapp, Anthony L...D 
 
 Knox, Samuel R 
 
 Ijaw, John D 
 
 Lazear, Jesse D 
 
 LeBIond, Francis C, ..D 
 Littlejohn. DeWitt C.R 
 
 Loan, Benjamin F R 
 
 Long, .\lexander D 
 
 Loiigvcar, John W. ..R 
 
 I.oyeiov, Owen R 
 
 McAllister, Archib'd.D 
 
 McBrlilf, John R R 
 
 McClurg, Joseph W,.R 
 MclJowell. JaiiicsF...U 
 Mclndoe, Walter D...B 
 McKinite,v. John F... — 
 
 McLean, Samuel D 
 
 Mallory, Bobert D 
 
 Marcy, Daniel D 
 
 Marvin, James M B 
 
 Mifltlleton. George. ..D 
 
 Milli-f, SaitiUPl F R 
 
 MIII.T. Willhint H D 
 
 .M Ii.a.l,.l.ititc.s K..R 
 
 M"irill,.lit~liit S R 
 
 Mortis. Itantil R 
 
 Monis, JiiiiiisR 1) 
 
 .Mirriis.iii, William R.D 
 
 Moll, Gonlon N • 
 
 My.i^, Amos B 
 
 My.i^. l,.-.,iianl R 
 
 Nelson, ll.iliicr A D 
 
 Noble, Warren P D 
 
 Norton, Jesse O R 
 
 Odell, Moses P D 
 
 O'Neill, Charies R 
 
 O'Neill. John D 
 
 Orth. GodloveS B 
 
 I'attofson. James W.R 
 1', Itcllc-lnll, ili-orgo II. 1) 
 
 I'l-ica. Krati.'Isfo I( 
 
 I'erliaiii, SidfifV R 
 
 IVrrv. N.li.iiiiah 1) 
 
 Plli.'. If.-dirl.k A....R 
 Potii.i..y, Tli.o, M....R 
 Postoii. Chailes D....R 
 
 Price, Hiram R 
 
 Pruyn, John V, L I) 
 
 Ind, , 
 Md... 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn 
 Pa.. . 
 R. I.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Vt.... 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 Conn 
 Can,. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Me. . . 
 Ky... 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Md. .. 
 Ky... 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Mass . 
 N. Y. 
 Conn, 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 111. .. 
 R. I.. 
 N. J.. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ind. . 
 Hoi.. 
 Vt.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 16, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Feb. 7, 
 
 Jan. 23, 
 May 1, 
 Nov. 3, 
 Mar. 8. 
 Nov. 23, 
 Dec. 9, 
 Feb, 1, 
 Feb. 16. 
 Feb. 27, 
 Mar. 20, 
 Mar. — . 
 Mar. 27, 
 July 1. 
 iSep't. 1. 
 July 17, 
 ,Ian. 1, 
 Nov. 19, 
 ,Ian. 8. 
 July 16. 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Oct."—, 
 
 1819 Neb.. 
 lS17lMd... 
 ISlOiN. Y. 
 1816lMass. 
 1813iPa. .. 
 
 jConn. 
 
 1818'Pa. .. 
 1812JR. I.. 
 1831 Minn. 
 
 1813 
 1814 
 1812 
 1826 
 1818 
 1821 
 1808 
 
 Mich 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 111. ., 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Wis . 
 
 Mass 
 
 1812 Conn 
 1820|II1.. . 
 1819 N Y, 
 
 182: 
 1826 
 1818 
 1831 
 1820 
 1796 
 1821 
 1822 
 1810 
 
 Sept. 12, 
 Dec, 13, 
 April 10, 
 Jan, 21, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Sept, 6, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Jan. 19, 
 
 1825 
 1806 
 1821 
 1812 
 1813 
 182: 
 
 Ohio 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mo... 
 Kv... 
 Ind. . 
 Md. .. 
 111.... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Cal... 
 Ind. . 
 
 June 5, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Nov. 2, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 May 5, 
 Feb. 6. 
 Jan. 11, 
 April 12, 
 May 30, 
 June 18, 
 April 2, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Sept. 20, 
 June 14, 
 
 Dec, 12, 
 
 Feb. 7, 
 Oct. 4, 
 Dec. 24, 
 Dec. 22, 
 Jan, 6, 
 
 Aug. '22, 
 , IPeb. 22, 
 
 Dec. 3. 
 .Mar. 30, 
 
 April 12, 
 
 Nov.' 15, 
 Nov. 7, 
 Feb. 27, 
 Oct. 14, 
 May 27, 
 Jan, 29, 
 Sept. 7. 
 April 14, 
 Jan. 4, 
 Jan. Ill, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Oct. 21, 
 April 2.3, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Aug. 31, 
 June 14, 
 Dec, 25, 
 Feb. 24, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Dec. 17. 
 Api'il 22, 
 July 2. 
 July 25, 
 Jan. 9, 
 Mar. 27, 
 Mar. 30, 
 Dec. 9, 
 Dec. 31, 
 April 20, 
 Jan. 10, 
 
 1818 Ma: 
 
 1815 N. Y. 
 1818,Io^va, 
 1805 Conn 
 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1818 Ohio, 
 
 1831 111... 
 
 1826 D. T. 
 1818 R. I. 
 
 1818 Pa. . 
 
 1819 Ohio 
 
 1817 Ind. 
 1804 N. Y. 
 
 1822 Iowa. 
 1814 Pa.. . 
 
 1810 Mich. 
 1809 N. Y. 
 
 1816 N. Y. 
 1816 Utah. 
 1801 Mo... 
 
 1828 HI.... 
 
 iMo... 
 
 1796 Ind. . 
 1804 Pa. .. 
 lOhio. 
 
 1818 N. Y. 
 
 1819 Mo... 
 
 1816 Ohio. 
 
 1820 Mich . 
 
 1811 111.... 
 1814 Pa. .. 
 
 1832 Ore . 
 
 1818 Mo... 
 1825 Inil. . 
 
 1819 Wis. 
 
 1827 Ohio. 
 
 M. T. 
 
 I81.t Ky. . 
 1809 N. H. 
 
 1809 N. Y. 
 
 1811 N. J . 
 18'27N. Y. 
 18-28 Pa. .. 
 181)6 Pa. .. 
 
 1810 Vt. .. 
 
 1812 N. Y. 
 18-20 Ohio. 
 1825 111.... 
 1812 Nev.. 
 1824 Pa. . . 
 1827 Pa. . . 
 
 1829 N. Y. 
 
 1821 Ohio. 
 1812 III.... 
 
 1818 N. Y. 
 1821 Pa. .. 
 1821 Ohio. 
 
 1817 Inil. . 
 
 1823 N. II. 
 18-25, Ohio. 
 I83I N. M. 
 
 1819 Me... 
 
 1816 N. J.. 
 
 1817 Me... 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 
 1825 Ariz.. 
 1814 Iowa. 
 
 1811 N. Y. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law.yer. . . 
 Law^-er. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Law-yer... 
 
 * Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 I.aAvyer. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 1 Varied 
 
 Sept. 14. 1865 
 Dec. 20. 1865 
 May 2. 1872 
 
 Sept. 1>< ISTli 
 Oct. 9, I STL- 
 June 27. lst;7 
 Feb. 3, 1JS8I 
 
 Dec.' 'l'-?,' \'sii 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Lawyer, . 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Ljv\vyer. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Chemist 
 
 Law-yer. 
 
 Varied. . 
 
 Manufae'r 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 iLaw-yer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Miller 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 Law-yer . . . 
 Clergy-m'n 
 Manufae'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Mei-chant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Meichant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 -Agricul'st, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Hotel-kp'r 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknow-n. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknow-n. 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer .. 
 Law-yer... 
 Mei'chant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Law yer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Vai'ied.... 
 Banker. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 June 12, 1S70 
 
 Sept. 28, 1874 
 Sept. 19, I88I 
 
 Sept. 14, 1866 
 
 Oct. 31, 1872 
 April 7, 1865 
 
 Feb. 5, 1868 
 
 Feb. 14, 1875 
 Oct. 5 1878 
 
 May 31 , 1879 
 
 Nov." i'. ' i'875 
 Jan. 29, 1867 
 May 3, 1866 
 
 Feb. 12,1873 
 
 Aug. 24, 1865 
 
 April 22, 1870 
 
 Oct. 7, 1873 
 Sept. 2, 1877 
 
 Mar. 12, 1875 
 Mar. 25, 1864 
 
 Sept. 12, 1870 
 
 Aug. 3, 1875 
 June 13, 1806 
 
 1882 
 
 Not. 21, 1877
 
 M-g^ 
 
 
 THIKTY-EI(JHTJ( AND TUIKTY-NINTU CUMUISESSES, ANll LI';AmNO- EVENTS OF THE TIMJ£. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wlicro 
 Dora. 
 
 When Dcrn. 
 
 
 Ocoupfttlon. 
 
 1 Wbon Diet 
 1 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Whvro 
 lium 
 
 Wliea ll«ra. 
 
 IU|.1«. 
 
 
 WUn I>l..). 
 
 K.Kin.l.l. Willi.un.. 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 .U 
 U 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 
 '.D 
 .R 
 
 .R 
 .1) 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 '.U 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 '.R 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky. . 
 
 June 24, 1814 
 Oct. 10, 1828 
 
 N. V. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 III. .. 
 N. J.. 
 N. 11. 
 Mo. . . 
 111. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. . . 
 Mo. . . 
 Cal... 
 Wis.. 
 Ky... 
 
 Del 
 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jan. 18, 1870 
 
 Hilton, I'liailes II. .11 
 Van Valkentiuri;li. K.K 
 Voorhees, Dan'l \V...Ii 
 ■Wadsworth. Win. II. U 
 Wallace, William 11. .11 
 
 Ward. p:iljuh 1) 
 
 Washburne, Klihu B..K 
 Washburn. Win. B...R 
 Welistei-, Kdwln 11. ..U 
 Whaley. Killian V...R 
 
 Whcelei-. I->.ra I) 
 
 White, Chilton A U 
 
 White. Josepli W D 
 
 Wilder. Carler A R 
 
 Williams. Tlionias ,..R 
 
 Wilson. James F R 
 
 Wiiidom. William.... R 
 Winlleld, l.has. 11.... D 
 
 Wood, Benjamin D 
 
 Wood. Fernando 11 
 
 Woodbridt'c, Fred.K.R 
 Worthinffton, H. G..— 
 "Veaman, George 11. .— 
 
 Conn. Mar. 19, 1821 
 N. v., Sept. 4, 1821 
 Ind. .jSept. 2C1. 1828 
 Ky... July 4. 1821 
 Olllo.ljiilv 17, 1811 
 N. Y.'.S.-l.l. 1.-., 1818 
 
 .Mich. Lawyer... 
 N. Y. Lawver. 
 
 
 Riiniiall. \Viii, U 
 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 
 
 nice. Ale\;in.lcrH.. 
 Rice, John H. 
 
 Mas8. 
 Mo... 
 III. .. 
 N. J.. 
 N. 11. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Del. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Aug. 30, 1818 
 Feb. 5, 1816 
 
 1822 
 
 July 1, 1828 
 Oct. 3, 18-.>4 
 April 19, 1812 
 Dec. 8, 1812 
 Oct. 4. 1809 
 Mar. 1 1 , 1817 
 Dec. 2(!, 1819 
 1827 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Varied 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 Win.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 <Uilo. 
 Kan.. 
 Pa. . . 
 Iowa. 
 Minn. 
 N. Y 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y, 
 Vt.... 
 Nev . . 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 Hoirers, Andrew J.. 
 UollinH, Kilward II. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 
 Jan. 31, 1820 
 Mar. 31, 1829 
 May 0, 1821 
 
 1820 
 
 Feb. — , 1826 
 Oct. 2. 1822 
 Mar. 18. 1828 
 Aug. 28. l8(Ki 
 Oct. 19. 1828 
 May lO, 18-27 
 April 22. 18-22 
 Oi-t. 13, 18-20 
 June 14. 1812 
 Aug. 29. 18IK 
 Fell. 9, 1828 
 Nov. 1. 1829 
 
 
 UollitiH. James S 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Manufac'r 
 
 
 Uoss. Lewi^ W 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Si-hcn.-k, Hnli't 
 
 
 Scolleld, (ilcnni W. 
 
 Scott, John G 
 
 Shannon, Thos. 11 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Miner 
 
 .Merchant. 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Pec, 23, 1875 
 
 
 
 
 Siiiilli, linen Clay.. 
 Sjiiilliri-s N.ilirl B 
 
 July 2, 1830 
 Oct. 8, 1818 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spalding', Kill us P.. 
 
 May 3, 1798 Ohio. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 
 1818 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N Y 
 
 Mel-chant. 
 Banker. .. 
 
 
 .lournallMt 
 Merchant. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer.., 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Stebbins, Heni-y G.. 
 
 Steele, John B 
 
 Steele, William G.. 
 Stevens, Thaddeus.. 
 
 Stiles, John D 
 
 Stronse, Meyer 
 
 Stnai-t, John T 
 
 Sweat, Lorenzo D. M 
 Thayer, Russell M. 
 Thomas, Fi-anois... 
 Todd John B. S. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ger'y 
 Ky... 
 Me. . . 
 Va. . . 
 Md. . . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 
 .1812 
 
 Feb. 13,1881 
 
 Mar. 28, 1814 N. Y. 
 Dec. 17. 1820 N. J.. 
 April 4, 1792 Pa. . . 
 Jan. 1.1, 1823 Pa. .. 
 Dec. 18. isa."; Pa. .. 
 Nov. in. 1807 III. .. 
 May 2R, I8IM Me... 
 Jan. 27. 1819 Pa. .. 
 Feb. 3, 17aa Md... 
 Api-il 4. 1814 13. T.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 24, 18611 
 .Vug.' i'l',' 1868 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Kel)."ii'.'l878 
 Nov. 28, 1885 
 
 Total Representatives, 
 Occupation Unknown. 1 
 Manufacturers. i>. Ban 
 Chemist, 1, Physician, 
 Foreign Bom, S: Includ 
 Germany, 1. 
 
 1»9. Lawyers, 96. Varied, »5. Merchants, 16. 
 S. Jurists, la. Journalists. 7. Agricnlturists, 5. 
 cers. 3. Mei-hanic, 1. Cleriryman, 1. Miner, 1. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied... 
 Merchant. 
 Varied 
 
 Jan. 22, 1876 
 Jan. 5, 1872 
 
 . Hotel-keeper,!. .Miller,!. Itaili-oad Offlccr. !. 
 ng Canada, 1; Ireland, 1; Holland, 1; Scotland, 1 ; 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Tracy, Henry W... 
 
 Sept. 24. 1807 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States, from 1866 to 1867. 
 
 18(56- 
 
 -Execution of David E. Harold, George 
 A. Atzerott. Lewi3 P. Powell and Mrs. 
 Mary E. Surratt, accomplices with 
 Booth in the assassination of President 
 Lincoln, July 7. 
 
 -The following State convention.s assem- 
 bled to repeal their ordinances of 
 secession from the Union: Mississippi. 
 Aug. '1'1\ Alabama, Sept. 1"; South 
 Carolina, Sept. 13; North Carolina, 
 Oct. 2; Florida and Georgia, Oct. 25. 
 
 -Execution, by the Government, of H. 
 Wirz, the briitul keeper of Anders(m- 
 ville Prison during the War, Nov. lU. 
 
 -The Thirteenth Amendment to the Fed- 
 eral Constitution, abolishing involun- 
 tary servitude in the United States, 
 adopted, Dec. 18. 
 
 -Passage, by Congress, of the Civil 
 Rights bill over President Johnson's 
 veto, April 9. 
 
 -Great Fenian raid on Canada inaugu- 
 rated, June 1. 
 
 -Great fire at Portland, Me. caused by 
 a tire-cracker; one-third of thecitvand 
 property valued at S15,000,fXKJ de- 
 stroyed, July 4. 
 
 Abraham I.<lncolu, 16th President. 
 Andrew «}ohnfion, ITth Premldent. 
 
 Andrew Jiihnsoii, of Tenn., Vice-President. Lafayette 
 S.Foster, of (Jonn.. and Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, 
 Presidents of the Senate and Acting Vice-Presidents. 
 William H. Seward, of N- Y., Sec'y of State. Hugh 
 McCulloch, of Ind., Sec'y of Treas. Edwin M. Stanton, 
 of Ohio, Sec'y of War. Gideon Welles, of Conn., Sec'y 
 of Navy. John P. Usher, of Ind.; James Harlan, of 
 Iowa, and Orville H. Browning, of 111., Sec'ys of Interior. 
 William Dennison, of Ohio, and Alex. W. Randall, of 
 Wis., Postmasters-General. James Speed, of Ky., and 
 Henry Staubery, of Ky., Attorneys-General. Schuyler 
 Colfax, of Ind., Speaker of House of Representatives. 
 
 I>, indicates Democrat; K., Republican. 
 
 1866- 
 186G- 
 
 18(56- 
 1867- 
 
 1H67- 
 1867- 
 1867- 
 
 1867- 
 1867- 
 1H67- 
 1867- 
 
 -.Snccessful laying of the second Atlan- 
 tic cable to Great Britain, July 27. 
 
 ■Loss of the steamship " Evening Star,'' 
 from New York, on Tybee Island, Ga., 
 with 253 lives, Oct. 2. 
 
 -North German Confederation formed, 
 Oct. 21. 
 
 -Impeachment of President Johnson 
 proposed in the lower House of Con- 
 gress, Jan. 7. 
 
 -Nebraska admitted into the Union aa 
 the thirty-seventh State, March 1. 
 
 -Congress passed tlie Tenureof-Office 
 bill over the President's veto. Mar, 2. 
 
 -Congress passed the bill reconstructing 
 the Federal Union, over the President's 
 veto. Mar. 2. 
 
 -Jlexico evacuated by the French, 
 Maich 16. 
 
 -Jefferson Davis released on bail. 
 May 2<). 
 
 -Alaska ceded to the United States by 
 Russia— treaty ratified, June 20. 
 -Treaty with Nicaragua made, June 21. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Dora. 
 
 Anthony, Heni-y B. . .R 
 
 Brown, B. Gratz R 
 
 Buckalew, Chas. R...D 
 
 Cattell, Alex. G R 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Clark, Daniel R 
 
 Conness, John R 
 
 Cowan, Edgar R 
 
 Cragin, Aaron H R 
 
 Cresswell, John A. J. — 
 
 Davis, Garrett W 
 
 Dixon, James R 
 
 Doolittle, Jas. R R 
 
 Edmunds, Geo. F....R 
 Fessenden. Wm. P. . . R 
 
 Fogg, George G R 
 
 Foot, Solomon R 
 
 Fostur. Lafayette S. .R 
 
 Fowler. .lnsr|,h S R 
 
 FrrliiiKliiiys.'ii, F. T. .R 
 
 Grimes, Jas. W R 
 
 Guthrie, James D 
 
 Harlan, James W 
 
 Harris, Ira R 
 
 Hendei-son, Jno. B...D 
 Hendricks, Thus. A...D 
 
 Howard. Jacob M R 
 
 Howe, Timothy O R 
 
 tTohnson, Reverdy.,.R 
 Kiikwood. Sam'l J. .R 
 
 Liane, Henry S R 
 
 Lane, Jas. H R 
 
 McDougall, Jas. A...D 
 Morgan. Edward D. ..R 
 Morrill, Lot M R 
 
 R. I.. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. ., 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa,.. 
 Vt. .. 
 Md. . . 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 111.... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Kj-... 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Me. . . 
 
 Am-il 1, 
 May 28, 
 Dee. 28, 
 Feb. 12. 
 Dee. 10, 
 Oet. 24. 
 Sept. 20. 
 Sept. 19, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Nov. 18, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Aug. 5, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Feb. 1. 
 Oct. 16. 
 May 26, 
 Nov. 19, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Aug. 31, 
 Aug. 4. 
 Oct. 20, 
 Dec. .5. 
 Aug. 26, 
 May 31. 
 Nov. 16, 
 Sept. 7. 
 July lo, 
 Feb. 24. 
 May 21, 
 Dec. 20. 
 Feb. 24. 
 June 22. 
 Nov. 19, 
 Feb. 3. 
 May 3. 
 
 1815 
 1826 
 1821 
 1816 
 
 SUM 
 
 Repr.. Occup.tioD 
 
 Mnted. 
 
 R. I. 
 Ho.. 
 Pa. . 
 X.J. 
 
 1813, Mich 
 1809 N. H 
 1821 Cal... 
 
 1815 
 1821 
 1828 
 1,801 
 1814 
 1815 
 1828 
 1806 
 1813 
 1802 
 1806 
 1822 
 1817 
 1816 
 1792 
 1820 
 ISO: 
 
 Pa 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Wis. . 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Vt.... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 1R26 Mf 
 1819 hid. , 
 180n|Mieh. 
 1816 Ml 
 
 1796 
 1813 
 1811 
 1814 
 1817 
 
 Md... 
 Iowa 
 Ind, . 
 Kaii.- 
 
 1-,. 
 
 1811 N, 
 1813 Me 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 i Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 I'liknown. 
 L:i uver. . . 
 .Meiehant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 Dee. 13, 1885 
 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 Sept. 8, 1869 
 Oet. 12, 1880 
 Mar. 28. 1866 
 Sept. 19, 1880 
 
 Feb. 7, 1872 
 Mar. 13, 1869 
 
 Dec. 2, 1875 
 Nov.'2'5,' 1885 
 
 Mar. 25, 1883 
 Feb. 10, 1876 
 
 June 18. 1881 
 July 11, 1866 
 Sept. 3. 1867 
 Feb. 14. 1883 
 Jan. 10. IS83 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 
 Wh.r. 
 Bom. 
 
 VTbenDoni. |R«>r.. 
 
 OecupUion. 
 
 WliTODiwl. 
 
 
 .D 
 .U 
 
 '.R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 '.R 
 .R 
 
 '.R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y'. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass, 
 Pa... 
 Del 
 
 July 23. 1820 Ore. . 
 April 12, 1829 Minn. 
 June 10. 1815 Nev.. 
 Feb. 28, 1819 Tenn. 
 Nov. 1, 1815 Vt. .. 
 Jan. 3. 1816 Kan.. 
 
 I'nknown- 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Norton , Daniel S 
 
 Nye. James W 
 
 July 14, 1870 
 Dec. 25, 1876 
 
 Poland. Luke P 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Pomerov. Sam' I C. . 
 
 I'nknown. 
 
 
 
 Sept. 8, 1815 .Minn. 
 
 Clerk 
 
 
 Riddle. George R... 
 Ross, Edmund G 
 
 . . 1817 
 
 Del. 
 
 Vnrtert 
 
 Mar. 29, 1867 
 
 Ohio. 
 Del.. 
 Ohio. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 Dee. 7, 1826 
 
 Kan. . Journalist 
 
 Saulsbury, Wiliard 
 
 June 2, 18201)el... 
 Mav 10. 1823 Ohio.| 
 Sejit. 12, 1830 R. !,. 
 Aug. 9. 1827 Xev.. 
 Aug. 2, 1826 N. J.. 
 Jan. 6. 1811 Mass. 
 Oct. 12, 1813 III.. ., 
 Sept. 7. 1808,W.Vai 
 
 
 
 Sherman, John 
 
 Sprague, William.. 
 
 .awyer. .. 
 Uanufacfr 
 
 
 Stewart, Wm. M 
 
 
 Stockton, John P 
 
 Sumner, Charles... 
 Trumbull. Lyman. 
 
 jawyer. .. 
 .awyer... 
 
 Mar.'ii',V874 
 
 ■Van Winkle. P. G.. 
 
 V.aried.... 
 
 
 "Wade. Benj. F 
 
 Willey. Waitman T. 
 Williams. Geo. H... 
 
 Wilson, Henry 
 
 Wright. William... 
 
 Oct. 27. 1800 
 Oct. 18. 1811 
 Mar. 23. 1823 
 Feb. 16. 1812 
 1794 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va.. . 
 Ore.. 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 III.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Iiirisl 
 
 ileehanic. 
 VIeebanic. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 2, 1878 
 
 Nov. 22,' 1875 
 Nov. 1 1866 
 
 Yates. Richard 
 
 Jan. 18, 1818 
 
 Nov. 27. 1873 
 
 Total Senators. S8. Lawyers. 31. Varied, lO. Jurists. 5. Occupation 
 Unknown. 4. Journalists, 3. Mechanics, 2. Merchants, 2. Clerk, 1. 
 Manufacturer, 1. Foreign Born, 1: Including Ireland. 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wh*n Borr 
 
 WbenDifd. 
 
 AlIev.JohnB R Ma,ss.|Jan. 7. 1S17 Mass (Merchant. 1 
 
 Allison. Wm. B R |Ohio. Mar. 2, |S29 |lowa lL:iwver. . . I . 
 
 .\mes. Oakes K Mass. Jan. in. 1M1I4 , Ma-.-, M:iniif.ier M-tv
 
 AncoDa, Sydenham E . D 
 
 Anilert-on, Ueu. W 
 
 Arnell, Samuel M K 
 
 Ashlev, Delos K U 
 
 Avhlev, James M U 
 
 Baker, Jeliu R 
 
 Baldwin, Julm D It 
 
 Banks, Nath'lP It 
 
 Barker, Abraham A. .H 
 
 B.axter, Portus H 
 
 Beamiin, Fernando C.R 
 Benjamin. John F. . . . D 
 
 Bergen, Tennis G D 
 
 Bidwell, John R 
 
 Bingham. John A R 
 
 Blaine, James G R 
 
 Blow. Henry T R 
 
 Boutwell, Geo. S R 
 
 Boyer, Benj. M D 
 
 Bradfoi-d, Allen A K 
 
 Brandegee, August. ..R 
 
 Brooks, James U 
 
 Bromall, Jno. M R 
 
 Brooinwell, H. P. H..R 
 Duckland, RalphP...R 
 Bundy. Hezekiah S. ..R 
 Burleigh, Walter A. ,— 
 Campbell, Wm. B...W 
 Chanler, John W .. .D 
 Chaves, J. Francisco. R 
 Clarke, Reader W... .It 
 
 Clarke, Sidney It 
 
 Cobb, Amasa R 
 
 Coffroth, Alex. H D 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler It 
 
 Conkling. Roscoe. ...R 
 
 Cook. Burton C It 
 
 Coopei', Edmund — 
 
 Cullom, Shelby M R 
 
 Culver, Charles V R 
 
 Darling, Wni.A R 
 
 Ilavis, Thos. T R 
 
 Dawes, Henry L It 
 
 Dawson, John L D 
 
 De trees, Joseph il R 
 
 Delano, Columbus It 
 
 Deming, Heni'y C It 
 
 Denison, Charles D 
 
 Denny, Arthur A — 
 
 Dixon, Nathan F U 
 
 Dodge, William E It 
 
 Donnelly, Ignatius. ..It 
 
 Driggs,John F It 
 
 Duniont, Ebenezer... — 
 Eckley, Epliraiin R. .R 
 
 Eggleston, Benj It 
 
 Efdridge, Chas. A D 
 
 Eliot. Thoma-s D — 
 
 Famsworth. JolulFMt 
 
 Farquhar, John H It 
 
 Ferry, Thos. W It 
 
 Fink, William E.... 
 Garfield, James A. . 
 Glossbrenner, A. J. 
 Goodwin. John N. . . 
 (ioodyear, Charles, 
 
 Grider, Henry 
 
 Grinnell, Josiah B. . 
 
 Griswold, John A D 
 
 Hale, Robert S R 
 
 Harding, Aaron — 
 
 Harding. AbnerC R 
 
 Harris. Benj. G D 
 
 Hart. Roswell 11 
 
 Hawkins, Isaac R — R 
 Hayes, Rutherfoid B.R 
 Henderson, Jno. H. D.It 
 
 Iligbv. William R 
 
 Hill, R:ilph R 
 
 lli~.-. Elijah I> 
 
 Hitchcock. I'hin. W..II 
 
 HoKaii,.Iohn D 
 
 Holbrook. E. D D 
 
 Holmes, Sidney T II 
 
 Hooper. S^imiiel It 
 
 II.M.pcT-. Willi. Mil H.." 
 Hot, hla^~. i:il.~ W...II 
 llubbuKl, Asahcl W..It 
 Hubbard, ChesterI>..R 
 
 Hubbard, Demas R 
 
 Hubbard. John H R 
 
 Hubbell, Edwin N,...D 
 
 lliibbell, Ja«. R It 
 
 llulbuid, Calvin T It 
 
 lliiiiiphi-ey, James. . . .R 
 Humphrey, Jan. M....D 
 
 Hunter, John W — 
 
 Ingers«dl, Ebon C. ...R 
 
 ticnckes, Thos. A R 
 
 Johnson, Philip D 
 
 ,IoneM, Morgan I) 
 
 .liiUan, George W R 
 
 Kasson.Jolin A II 
 
 Kelley,Wm. D R 
 
 Kelso, John R -- 
 
 Kerr, Michael C O 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Ark.. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 t:onn. 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Vt. . . 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me. . . 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Pa... 
 .Md... 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. M. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 111. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 .V. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y'. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 N.Y.. 
 N. J.. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 Cojui. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 R. I.. 
 Conn. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 Mass. 
 Can.. 
 Md... 
 Mich. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Md. . . 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 |K-y... 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 iMd... 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 M.ass. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 n. I.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 
 Nov. 20, 
 May 22, 
 May 3, 
 Feb. 19, 
 Nov. 14, 
 Nov. -i, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Jan. 30, 
 Mar, 30, 
 
 June 28, 
 Jan. 23, 
 Oct. 6, 
 Aug, 5, 
 
 ja'ii.' 31,' 
 July 15, 
 Jan. 28, 
 Jan. 22, 
 July 23, 
 July lo, 
 Nov. in, 
 Jan. 19, 
 Aug. 213, 
 Jan. 20, 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 June 27, 
 May 18, 
 Oct. 16, 
 Sept. 27, 
 May 18, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Oct. 30, 
 May 1 1 , 
 Sept. 11 
 Nov. 22, 
 Sept. 6. 
 Dec. 17, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Feb. 7, 
 May 13, 
 
 Jan. 23, 
 May 7, 
 -May 1, 
 Sept. 4, 
 Nov. 3. 
 Mar. 8. 
 Nov. 23, 
 Dec. 9, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Feb. 27, 
 .Mar. 20, 
 .Mar. 27, 
 Dec. 20, 
 June 1, 
 Sept. 1. 
 Nov. 19, 
 Aug. 31, 
 Oct. l.-i. 
 April 211. 
 July IH, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Sept.ii", 
 
 Feb.'io,' 
 Dec. 13, 
 
 M.ay IB,' 
 Oct. 4, 
 July 23, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Oct. 12, 
 July 4, 
 Nov. 30, 
 Jan. 2, 
 
 '\ug. 7, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Oct. 2."i, 
 .Ian. 19, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Jan. 17, 
 
 June 5, 
 Oct. 9. 
 Sept. 21, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Nov. 2, 
 Jan. 17. 
 Feb. 20, 
 May S, 
 Jan. II, 
 April 12. 
 Mar. 21. 
 Mar. 15, 
 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 
 1832 Mo... 
 
 1833 Tenn. 
 1828 Nev. . 
 1824 Ohio. 
 
 1822 111. .. 
 1810 Mass. 
 1816 .Moss. 
 
 1816 Pa... 
 Vt. .. 
 
 1814 Mich. 
 
 1817 .Mo... 
 
 1806 N. Y. 
 
 1819 Cal... 
 
 1815 Ohio. 
 
 1830 Me... 
 
 1817 Mo... 
 
 1818 Mass. 
 
 1823 Pa. .. 
 
 1815 Col... 
 1S28 Conn. 
 ISIO N. Y. 
 
 1816 Pa... 
 1823 111. .. 
 1812 Ohio. 
 
 1817 Ohio. 
 
 D. T.. 
 
 'Tenn. 
 
 1820 X. Y. 
 1833 N. M. 
 
 1812 Ohio. 
 
 1831 Kan.. 
 1823 Mo... 
 
 1828 Pa. .. 
 
 1823 Ind. . 
 
 1829 N. y. 
 1SI9 111. .. 
 IS2I;Tenn. 
 
 1829 HI. .. 
 
 1830 Pa. . . 
 
 1817 N. Y. 
 1810 N. Y. 
 1816 Mass. 
 
 1813 Pa. .. 
 1812 Ind. . 
 
 1809 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 
 1818 Pa. .. 
 1822 W. T. 
 
 1812 U. I.. 
 
 1805 N. y. 
 
 1831 Minn. 
 
 1813 Mich. 
 
 1814 Ind. . 
 
 1812 Ohio. 
 
 1816 Ohio. 
 
 1821 Wis.. 
 1808 Mass. 
 
 1820 111. .. 
 1818 Ind. . 
 1S27 .Mkli. 
 1.S22 Ohio. 
 1.S31 Ohio, 
 isio Pa... 
 
 1824 Me... 
 ISO.-. X. Y. 
 ITliOKy... 
 
 1821 Iowa. 
 
 1822 N. y. 
 1822 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 1807 111. .. 
 
 1806 Md... 
 1824 N. Y. 
 
 1818 Tenn. 
 1822 Ohio. 
 
 1810 Ore. . 
 
 1813 Cal... 
 1827 Ind. . 
 1802 Ky... 
 1831 Neb.. 
 1.MI5 Mo... 
 1836 Idaho 
 
 1815 N. Y. 
 
 1808 Miuss. 
 
 1813 Utah. 
 1815 X. Y. 
 18IH Iowa. 
 
 1814 W.Va 
 1800 N. Y. 
 180.-1 Conn. 
 1S15'N. y. 
 182J Ohio. 
 
 1809 X. Y. 
 
 1811 N. y. 
 
 1819 N. Y. 
 
 1807 N. Y. 
 1831 111. .. 
 1818 It. I.. 
 1818 Pa... 
 
 18.32 N. y. 
 
 1817 Ind. . 
 1822 Iowa. 
 1814 Pa. .. 
 1831 Mo... 
 1HJ7 Inrl. . 
 
 R. R. OffiT 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Varied..,, 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Journalist 
 Varied..., 
 Lumbrm'n 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawjer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lavycr... 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied... 
 Varied... 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 [Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 i Vai'ied.... 
 Law.ver, . . 
 'Lawyer... 
 [Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Agrirul'st. 
 Vai'ied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 V^aried,... 
 Lawvei-. .. 
 Vailed.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Banker . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Meehanlc. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Educator. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 4, 
 iiar! '«! 
 
 1868 
 'l'8'77 
 
 Sept. 11, 1875 
 
 April 30, 1873 
 
 Aug. 19, 
 Oct. 18, 
 
 1867 
 1877 
 
 May 23, 1872 
 
 Jan. 13, 1885 
 
 May 2, 1872 
 
 Sept. 18, 
 Dec. 21, 
 
 Oct. 9. 
 June 27, 
 
 Feb. 3. 
 Feb. 9. 
 
 1870 
 1885 
 
 1872 
 1867 
 
 1881 
 1883 
 
 Dec. 17, 1877 
 
 June 12, 1870 
 
 Sept. 19, 1881 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 Oct. 31, 
 
 1866 
 'l'872 
 
 May 8, 1867 
 
 June 18, 
 Feb."i4, 
 
 Oct. 5, 
 S'e'pt."2',' 
 
 1870 
 'l'8'75 
 
 i's'ra 
 
 1873 
 
 Juno 16, 1860 
 
 May 31, 
 Nov. 4. 
 Jan. 29, 
 
 1871) 
 1875 
 1887 
 
 Aug. 19, 1870 
 
 Ketcham.John H R 
 
 Kociitz, William H. . .R 
 
 Kuykendall. A. Z R 
 
 Lallin, Addison H It 
 
 Latham, Geo. R R 
 
 Lawrence, Geo. V...,R 
 
 Lawrence. Win R 
 
 Le Blond, Francis C. .D 
 
 Leftwich, John W D 
 
 Loan, Benj. F — 
 
 Lungyear, John W...R 
 
 Lviicii. John R 
 
 McClurg. Joseph W.R 
 MeCullough, Hiram.. I> 
 Mclndoe. Walter D... It 
 
 McKee, Samuel H 
 
 McLean, Samuel D 
 
 McRuer, Donald C. .. .R 
 Marshall, Samuel S. . .D 
 
 Marston, Gilman R 
 
 Marvin, James M R 
 
 Maynal-d, Horace R 
 
 Mercur, Ul.vs.ses R 
 
 Miller, Geoi-ge F R 
 
 Moorhead. Jas. K R 
 
 Morrill, Justin S R 
 
 ..It 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 Morris, Daniel. 
 Moulton. Sam'l W.. 
 
 Mvcis. L.onaid 
 
 Kcwell, William A. 
 Mblack. William E. 
 Nicholson. John A.. 
 
 Noell. Thomas E R 
 
 O'Neill. Charles It 
 
 Orth, GodloveS R 
 
 Paine, Halbert E....R 
 
 Patterson. Jas. W R 
 
 Perham. Sidney R 
 
 Phelps, Chas. E D 
 
 Pike, Frederick A R 
 
 Plants, Tobias .4 R 
 
 Pomeroy, Theo. M D 
 
 Pri.e. Hii.iiii R 
 
 Riulf.iid. William. ...D 
 
 Haiidall. Saiii'l J 11 
 
 Randall. Wm. H R 
 
 Raymond, Henry J. . .It 
 
 Rice, Alex. H R 
 
 Rice.Jobn H R 
 
 Rittcr. Biuwell C — 
 
 P.. Kirs. Aiidicw J....D 
 liollllis. Edward H...R 
 
 Ro.ss. Lewis W D 
 
 Rousseau. Lovell H..R 
 Sawyer, Philetus, ...R 
 Sihenck. Rob't C. . . . 
 .ScMlleld. (ih-iiniW... 
 
 Sliaiikliii.l^ci. R 
 
 SlHlluli;ir[.nr, Sam'l. 
 
 Silgrea\ c~. ('has 
 
 Sloan. ItlMiii.arC. ... 
 Smith, lin en Clav.. 
 Spalding. KufusP. .. 
 
 Stair. John V 
 
 Steven-. Tliaddeus. . 
 
 Slillwell, 1li"S. L 
 
 Stokes. William B... 
 
 Strouse, Meyer 
 
 Taber, Stephen D 
 
 Taylor, Nath'lG — 
 
 Taylor, Nelson D 
 
 Thayer, Russell M R 
 
 TliOm,a,s, Francis It 
 
 Thoiiias, John L R 
 
 Thornton, Anthony.. D 
 Trimble, Lawrence S.D 
 
 Trowbi'idge, R. E It 
 
 XJpson, Charles R 
 
 Van Aeriiam, II... 
 
 Van Horn, Buit 
 
 Van Horn, Robt T. 
 Vborhees, Dan'l W. 
 ^Vard. AndiewH.. 
 "Ward, Hamilton... 
 Warner, Sam'l L. .. 
 Washhurne. Elil.u B.R 
 Washburn. Ilcnrv D.It 
 Washburn, Wm. B...II 
 
 Wclker, Martin 
 
 ^Ventwol'th, John. 
 Whalev.Kllllan V. 
 Williiii'iis. Thomas, 
 WiK.iii. .billies !■•.. 
 AVilM.ii.st. ilien F. 
 Will, I, nil. William., 
 Wiiill.'ld. I bus. H. 
 Wuiidliiidi;' .Fred. E.It 
 Wriglil. K.lwluR, V..D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 III. .. 
 Mass. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Me. . . 
 Mo... 
 Md... 
 Scot.. 
 Ky... 
 
 Me! ! ! 
 
 111. .. 
 N. H. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa.. . 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Del... 
 Mo... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Me... 
 Vt. .. 
 Me. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa, 
 
 Dec. 21, 1832 N. Y. 
 July 15, 1830 Pa. . . 
 Mar. 3, 1815 III. .. 
 Oct. 24, 1823 N. y. 
 Mar. 9, 1832 W.Va 
 
 1818 Pa. .. 
 
 June 26, 1819 Ohio. 
 
 .Ohio. 
 
 Sept. 7, 1826 Tenn. 
 Oct. 4, 1819 Mo .. 
 Oct. 22, 1820 Mich. 
 Feb. 18, 1825 Me... 
 Feb. 22. 1818 Mo... 
 Sept.20,18IS'Md... 
 Mar. 30, 1819 Wis. . 
 Nov. 5, 1833 Ky. . 
 
 M. T 
 
 1826 Cal... 
 
 Mar. 18, 1821 III. .. 
 Aug. 20, 1811 N. H. 
 Feb. 27, 1809 N. Y. 
 Aug. 13, 1814 Tenn. 
 .\ug. 12, 1818 Pa... 
 Sept. 5, I809 Pa. .. 
 Sept. 7. 1806 Pa. .. 
 April 14, 1810 Vt. ., 
 Jan. 4, 1812iN. Y. 
 Jan. 21, 1822 111. 
 
 Nov. 13, 1827 
 
 Pa. . 
 N. J. 
 Ind. 
 Del.. 
 Mo.. 
 Pa.. 
 Ind. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Man'lact'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawy er. . . 
 .Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Hotel-kp'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Physicia"n. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer,. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 May 19. 1822 
 
 Nov. 17, 1827 
 
 April 3, 1839 
 
 Mar. 21. 1821 
 
 April 22, 1817 
 
 Feb. 4, 1826! Wis. 
 
 July 2, 1823 N. H. 
 
 Mar. 27, 1819 .Me... 
 
 May 1, 1833, Md... 
 
 Dec. 9. I817iMe... 
 
 Mar. 17, ISlllOhio. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1824, N. Y.iLawyer 
 ... Jan. 10, 1814iIown.:Banker 
 
 N. Y. June 24, 1814'N. Y. " ' 
 
 Pa. ..Oct. 10, 1828:Pa.. . 
 
 Ky...' IKy... 
 
 N. Y. Jon. 24, 1820 N. Y. 
 Mass. Aug. 30, 1818 Mass. 
 Me... Feb. 5, 1816 Me... 
 Ky...'Jan. 6, 1810 Ky... 
 N. J.. July 1, 1828 N. J.. 
 N. H. Oct. 3, 1824 N. H. 
 N. Y. Dec. 8, 1812 111. .. 
 Ky...!Aug. 4, 1818 Ky... 
 Vt. ..Sept. 22, 1816 Wis.. 
 Ohio. Oct. 4. 1809 Ohio. 
 N. Y. Mar. 11, 1817 Pa. . 
 
 Kv...| IKy... 
 
 tihio.;Dec. 10, 1817|Ohio, 
 Pa.. .|April22, 1803iN. J.. 
 
 N. Y. Iwis.. 
 
 Kv. ..'July 2, 1830 Ky... 
 Mass. :May 3, 1798 Ohio. 
 
 Pa.. . 1818 N. J.. 
 
 Vt. .. Api'il 4, lT92|Pa... 
 ohio.'Aug. 29, 1830 Ind. . 
 N. C. Sept. 9, 1814 Tenn. 
 Germ Dec. 16, 1825, Pa.. . 
 N. Y. Mar. 7, 1821IN. Y. 
 Tenn. Dec. 29, 1819iTenn. 
 Conn. June 8, 1821|N. Y. 
 Va. .. Jan. 27, 1819 Pn , , . 
 Md... Feb. 3, 1799 Md... 
 Md. .. May 20, 1835 Md... 
 Ky...lNov. 9, 1814,111. .. 
 Ky. . . lAug. 26. 1825; Ky. . . 
 N. Y.'June 18, 1821. Mich. 
 Conn. Mar. 10, 1821 Mich. 
 N. Y. Mar. 11,1819 N. Y 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. ,. 
 
 Ind. , 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa, 
 
 Oct. 28. 1823, N. Y. 
 May 19, IS'24 .Mo... 
 Sept. 26, 1828|lnd. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 July 3, 1829 N. Y. 
 . 1829 Conn 
 
 Sept. 23, 1816 
 Mar. 28, 1832 
 Jan. 31, 1820 
 Aprll25,1819 
 Mar. 5, 1815 
 May «, 1821 
 Aug. 28, 1806 
 Ohio. 'Oct. 19,1828 
 Pa. .. Sept. 4. 1821 
 Ohio. May 10, 18'27 
 N. Y. !April22, 1822 
 Vt. ..I Aug. 29, 1818 
 N. J..!jan. 2, 1812 
 
 111 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 W.Va 
 Pa... 
 Iowa. 
 Pa... 
 Minn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. J.. 
 
 June— 1870 
 
 Mar. 12, 1875 
 
 May 3, 1882 
 
 Oct. 4, 1867 
 
 June 18, 1870 
 
 June 18, 1869 
 
 Mai'. 17, 1878 
 
 Aug. 11,1868 
 Jan. 14, 1874 
 
 Feb. 11, 1878 
 
 Jan. 22, 1876 
 
 Jan. 19, 1876 
 
 Total Representatives, SOT, Lawyers, 9S. Varied, 46. Merchants, lO, 
 Jurists, 11. Occupation Unknown, lO, Journalists. S, Agriculturists, 7. 
 Manufacturers, 3, Lumbermen, it. Bankers, 8. Physicians, S, Railroad 
 onicer, 1, Mechanic,!, Educator, 1, Hotel-Keeper, 1. Foreign Born, 4 : 
 Including Ireland, 1; Canada, 1 : Scotland, 1; Germany,!. 
 
 :;3} 
 
 ^ 
 
 >;
 
 Fortieth Congress of the United States, from 1867 to 1869. 
 
 -? 
 
 1HG7— The Dominion of flanada formed, 
 July 1. 
 
 1H67— Reciprocity Treaty lietween the United 
 States ami Saiuiwich L^'lands, July 11. 
 
 1867 — IVoiiifui Surt'rane rejeotetl by the Now 
 York Statu Constitutional Cimvention, 
 July 24. 
 
 1H67— The Pi-osident issues an amnesty proc- 
 lamation, Sept. 8. 
 
 I8fi7— Whisky riot in I'hiladelpliia, Oct. 3. 
 
 1867— Denmark sells the Islands of San Juan, 
 St. Thomas ami Santa Cruz to the Unit- 
 ed States, Nov. 14. 
 
 IHBS— The ffovemment Military Asylum at 
 Auj?usta, Me., burned, Jan. 5. 
 
 1868— The Government Eight-hour Labor Bill 
 piissed in Congress, Jan. 6. 
 
 IH68— The Secretary of State announced to 
 Congress that twenty-one States had 
 ratirted the Fourteenth Amendment to 
 the Constitution, Jan. 10, 
 
 1868— The thermometer registered 51 de- 
 grees below zero in Wisconsin, Feb. 5. 
 
 1868— Congress abolihhes Government tax on 
 manufactures. Mar. V2. 
 
 1868— Impeachment trial of President An- 
 drew Johnson begun, liar. 23. 
 
 1868— Negro suffrage in Michigan rejected, 
 April 6. 
 
 1868 — The Impeachment Court finds Presi- 
 dent Johnson not guilty of the " crimes 
 and misden'eanors" charged against 
 him, May 26. 
 
 1868 — Arkansas readmitted to the Union by 
 Congress, June 24. 
 
 ^.o^o..^ 
 
 Aiitlreu' tlohiiNoii, l"}!!! I'renldent. 
 
 VICE-I'RESlUliNT (ACTING)— BKNJAMIN K. WADB, OP OHIO. 
 
 Sce'y of State { William H. Seward, of N. Y. 
 
 Sec'yof Treas { Hugh McCulIoch, oflnd. 
 
 Sec'vs of War 5 Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio. 
 
 hecysor war ^ John M. Scolleld, of N. Y. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy ^ Gideon Welles, of Conn. 
 
 Sec'vHof Interior S JamoK Harlan, of Iowa. 
 
 Hec ys DC interior. . , | orville H. Hrowning, of III. 
 
 I>nstma«ter8-Gen-1... j !^j"'\'? ^}f"^i^oxi, of Ohio. 
 
 ( Alex, W. Randall, of Wis. 
 
 ( James Speed, of Ky. 
 
 Attorneys-Gen'l { Henrv Stanbery, of Ky. 
 
 ( William M. Evarts. of N. Y. 
 
 Speaker of House of ) q„i,„^i,.„ /-i«i#™- ..<• i-^ 
 
 Representatives.. . ) Schuyler Colfax, of Ind. 
 
 ..o^..^ 
 
 1868-Fanure of the Atlantic Cable of 18CG 
 to tranMnilt Intelllgcnec. Aujp. 3. 
 
 1808 TenibloeartlKjuuke in South America; 
 lOHM of life in h<.uador uml Peru eeli- 
 mated at 30,0(X; ]tfVnonn, Aug. 13. 
 
 1868— Iowa and Slinnenrjta adopt Negro Buf- 
 frage, Nov, 3. 
 
 1868— Unlvci-HalamneMty pruclumatioii iiwued 
 by President Johiihon, L)ee. 20. 
 
 1860— Th(f Fifteenth Amendment to the Fed- 
 eral Con«lltutinn of the United Stutt-H, 
 guaranteeing the right of huffrage to 
 all eitizens of the United Slalet*. wlth- 
 uut regard to race, color or pievlouti 
 condition of nervltude, won pu»>ed by 
 Congress. Feb, li6. In March, 1870. it 
 having been ratified by three-fourths 
 of all the Stales, it was declared in 
 force. 
 
 1869— Mr. Schenck's bill. In Congresn, provid- 
 ing for the payment of all national 
 indebtedness in coin, wat* patsHcd in 
 
 March, 
 
 1869~Congress aulliorlzod the formation of 
 a Hoard of Indian Commis^ione^*. nine 
 in niniilier, to t-erve, without salary, in 
 Iin.Miling for the better care and pro- 
 tection of the Indians. April 10. This 
 '• peace policy " proved eminently buc- 
 ceMsful when put into practice. 
 
 1869— The Senate rejects the treaty wltli Eng- 
 land respecting the " Alabama " claims, 
 - April 13, 
 
 1869— No reduction of laborers' wages by the 
 fJoverament. on account of the poitsage 
 of the Eight-hour law, proclaimed by 
 the President. May 19. 
 
 D| Indicates Democrat; R* Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Abbott, Joseph C R 
 
 Anthony, Henry B R 
 
 Bayard, James A. . . .1) 
 Buckalew, Chas. R. ,.D 
 
 Cameron, Simon II 
 
 Cattell. Alex. G R 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Cole. Cornelius R 
 
 Conkling, Roscoe. ...R 
 
 Conness, John R 
 
 Corbett, Henry W, . , .R 
 
 Cragiii, Aaron H R 
 
 Mavis, Garrett R 
 
 Dixon, James R 
 
 Doolittle. Jas. R R 
 
 Drake. Chas. D R 
 
 Edmunds, Geo. F R 
 
 Ferry. Orris S R 
 
 Fessenden, Wm. P. ..R 
 
 Fowier. Joseph S R 
 
 Frelinghuysen. F. T. .R 
 
 Orimes, Jas. W R 
 
 Guthrie, .James D 
 
 Harlan, James R 
 
 Harris. Johns R 
 
 Hendei-son, Jno. B...D 
 Hendricks. Thos. A. . . D 
 
 Howard. Jacob M R 
 
 Howe, Timothy O R 
 
 fjohnion, Reverdy...R 
 Kellogg. William P..R 
 McCreery.Thos. C. .D 
 
 McDonald. Alex R 
 
 Morgan. Edward D...R 
 
 Morrill. Justin S R 
 
 Morrill, Lot M R 
 
 Morton. Oliver P R 
 
 Norton, Daniel S D 
 
 Nye, James W R 
 
 Osborn, Thos. W R 
 
 Patterson, David T..D 
 
 Patterson, Jas. W R 
 
 Pomeroy, Sam' 1 C R 
 
 Pool, John — 
 
 Kamsey. Alex R 
 
 Rice. Benjamin F R 
 
 Riddle, George R D 
 
 Robertson. Thf.s. J,..R 
 
 Ross, Edmund G R 
 
 Saulsbury, Willard..D 
 
 Sawyer. Fred'k A R 
 
 Sheinian. John R 
 
 Spencer, Geo. E R 
 
 Sprague, Willium R 
 
 Stewart, Wm. M R 
 
 Sumner, Charles R 
 
 Thayer. John M R 
 
 Tipton. Thos. W R 
 
 Trumbull, Lyman R 
 
 N. H. 
 R. I.. 
 Del... 
 Pa. ,. 
 Pa. .. 
 N, J.. 
 N, H. 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt.... 
 Me... 
 Ma. . . 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me. . . 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 S.J.. 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 N. C, 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Del. . 
 S. C... 
 Ohio. 
 Del. . 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass . 
 Mas-; . 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 
 SUte 
 Mnted. 
 
 July 15, 
 April I, 
 Nov. 1.'), 
 Dee. 28. 
 Mar. 8, 
 Feb. 12. 
 Dec. 10. 
 Sept. 17, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Aug. 5, 
 Jan. 3, 
 April 11, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Auff. 15, 
 Oct. IB. 
 Aug. 31, 
 Aug. 4. 
 Oct. 20, 
 Dec. 5, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Dec. 18. 
 Nov. 16, 
 Sept. 7, 
 July 10, 
 Feb. 24, 
 May 21, 
 Dec. 8, 
 
 1825 N. C, 
 1815 R. 1.. 
 17il»lDel... 
 IjPa. 
 
 April 10, 
 Feb. 3, 
 April 14, 
 May 3, 
 Aug. 4, 
 April 12, 
 June 10, 
 Mar. 9, 
 Feb. 28, 
 July 2, 
 Jan. 3, 
 June 16, 
 Sept. 8, 
 May 28, 
 
 Aug. 3, 
 Dee. 7. 
 June 2. 
 Dec. 12. 
 May 10, 
 Nov. I. 
 Sept. 12. 
 
 Aug. 9. 
 Jan. fi. 
 Jan. 24. 
 Aug. 5. 
 Oct. 12, 
 
 17ua 
 
 1816 
 
 1813 
 
 1822 
 
 1829 
 
 1821 
 
 1827 
 
 1821 
 
 1801 
 
 1814 
 
 181 
 
 1811 
 
 1828 
 
 1823 
 
 1806 
 
 182: 
 
 1817 
 
 1816 
 
 1792 
 
 1820 
 
 18: 
 
 1826 
 
 1819 
 
 1805 
 
 1816 
 
 1796 
 
 1830 
 
 1817 
 
 1832 
 
 1811 
 
 1810 
 
 1813 
 
 1823 
 
 1829 
 
 1815 
 
 1836 
 
 1819 
 
 1823 
 
 1816 
 
 1826 
 
 1815 
 
 1828 
 
 1817 
 
 1823 
 
 1826 
 
 1820 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1836 
 
 1830 
 
 1827 
 
 1811 
 
 IS20 
 
 Pa. 
 N. J.. 
 Mich . 
 Cal... 
 N. Y. 
 Cal. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Wis.. 
 Mo. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Tenn. 
 N. J.. 
 Iowa. 
 Ky... 
 Iowa. 
 Lou. . 
 Teun. 
 Ind. . 
 Mich . 
 Wis.. 
 Md... 
 Lou.. 
 Ky... 
 Ark.. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Minn. 
 Nev. . 
 Fla... 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 Kan.. 
 N. C. 
 Minn. 
 
 k.. 
 Del... 
 
 C. 
 Kan.. 
 Del.. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ala. . 
 R. I.. 
 Nev.. 
 Ma.ss . 
 Neb 
 
 1881 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 Not. 1, 1879 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 Mar. 27, 1873 
 
 Not. 21, 1875 
 
 Feb. 7. 1872 
 Mar. 13, 1869 
 
 Not. 25, 1885 
 
 1817 Neb. 
 1813 III. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vaiied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 'Lawyer. . . 
 
 I Vaiied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 'Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 [Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Vaiied 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\vyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 Educator. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Rlanufac'r 
 
 VSricd... 
 
 Lajvyer... Mar. 11. 1874 
 
 Lawyer. . . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 1 
 
 Mar. 25, 1883 
 Feb. 10, 1876 
 
 Feb. 14, 1883 
 
 Jan."i6,"l883 
 Nov. 1,1877 
 July 14, 1870 
 Dec. 25, 1876 
 
 Mar. 29, 1867 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wtl.TO 
 
 Bora. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Bum 
 
 OcoupMion 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Van Winkle. P. (J....R 
 
 N. y.lsept. 7, 1808 W.Va 
 Md...lNov. 19, 1801 Mil. .. 
 Mass.:<>ct. 27, IHlK.iOhio. 
 Ohio.:Sept. 4. 1826:Ala. . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Vickers, George D 
 
 
 
 Wade, Benj. F H 
 
 Warner, Willard K 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 2,1878 
 
 Welch, Adonljah S ..R 
 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 
 IHliliFla... Educator. 
 
 
 Whyte, W. PInckney.D 
 Willey, Waitman T..R 
 Williams. Geo. H R 
 
 Aug. 9. lHi:4!Md... 
 Oct. 18, 1811 [W.Va 
 Mar, 23. 1823 Ore,. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Wilson, Henry R 
 
 Yates, Richard R 
 
 Feb. 16, 1812 Mass. 
 Jan. 18. I8I8 111. .. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer.,. 
 
 Nov. 22. iK75 
 Nov. 27, 1873 
 
 Total Senators, eo. Lawyers, 3'?. Varied, 14. Occupation Unknown, 4. 
 Jurists, 8. Merchants, 3. Journalists, a. Agriculturists, a. Educators, 2. 
 Manufacturer,!. Mechanic,!. Foreign Corn, 1 : Including Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams, Geo. M D 
 
 Allison, Wm. B R 
 
 Ames. Oakes R 
 
 Anderson. Geo. W R 
 
 Archer. Stevenson D 
 
 Arnell, Samuel M R 
 
 Ashley, Delos R R 
 
 Ashley. James M R 
 
 Axtell.Sam'l B D 
 
 Bailey, Alex. H R 
 
 Baker. .lehu R 
 
 Baldwin. John D R 
 
 Banks, Nath'l P R 
 
 Barnes, Demas D 
 
 Barnum, Wm. H D 
 
 Bashford, Coles — 
 
 Beainan. Fernando C,R 
 
 Beatty. John R 
 
 Beck. James B D 
 
 Benjamin. John F, ...D 
 
 Benton, Jacob . .R 
 
 Bingham, John A It 
 
 Blackburn. W. Jasp..R 
 
 Blaine. James G R 
 
 Blair, Austin R 
 
 Boles, Thomas R 
 
 Boutwell. Geo. S R 
 
 Bowen. Chris. C R 
 
 Boyden. Nath'l R 
 
 Boyer, Benj. M I> 
 
 Brooks, James D 
 
 Brooniall. Jno. M R 
 
 Eromwell. H. P. H...R 
 Buckland, Ralph P...R 
 Buckley. Chas. W....R 
 Burleigh. Walter .A. .— 
 
 Burr. Albert G D 
 
 Butler, Benj. F R 
 
 Butler, Roderick R...R 
 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 iMa-ss. 
 Tenn 
 Md . . . 
 Tenn 
 Ark.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.... 
 Ohio. 
 Scot.. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ark.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ark.. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Jle. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Md. . . 
 Ma.ss. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 111.... 
 
 N. H. 
 Iva... 
 
 Stat« 
 Repre- 
 sented. 
 
 Dec. 20. 
 Mar. 2. 
 Jan. 10, 
 May 22, 
 Feb. 28, 
 May 3, 
 Feb. 19, 
 Nov. 14. 
 Oct. 14, 
 Aug. 14, 
 Nov. 4, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Jan. 30, 
 April 4. 
 Sept. 18, 
 Jan. 24. 
 June 28, 
 Dec. 16. 
 Feb. 13. 
 Jan. 23, 
 Aug. 14, 
 
 July 24, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Feb. 8, 
 July 16, 
 Jan. 28, 
 Jan. 5, 
 Aug. 16. 
 Jan. 22. 
 Nov. 10. 
 Jan. 19. 
 Aug. 26, 
 Jan. 20, 
 Feb. 18, 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 April 8, 
 
 1837 Kv. . 
 
 1829 Iowa. 
 1H04 Mass. 
 18.32 Mo... 
 
 1827 Md... 
 18:i3 Tenn. 
 
 1828 Nev.. 
 1824 Ohio. 
 1819 Cal... 
 
 1817 N. Y. 
 1822 III. .. 
 1810 Mass. 
 1816 Mass. 
 
 1827 N. Y. 
 
 1818 Conn. 
 
 1816 Ariz.. 
 
 1814 Mich. 
 
 1828 Ohio. 
 
 1822 Ky... 
 
 1817 Mo. .. 
 1819, N. H. 
 
 1815 Ohio. 
 1820'Lou.. 
 
 1830 Me... 
 
 1818 Mich. 
 18371 Ark.. 
 1818'Mass. 
 1832 S. C. . 
 1796 N. C. 
 1R23 Pa. . . 
 1810 N. Y. 
 
 1816 Pa. .. 
 
 1823 111. .. 
 1812 Ohio. 
 1835 Ala. . 
 
 D. T.. 
 
 1S29 111.. 
 1818 Mass. 
 1827,Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer. 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown 
 La 
 
 Varied . 
 Lawyer 
 Lawyer 
 Law- 
 Journalist 
 Varied. .. 
 Merchant 
 M anufac'r 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer. 
 Banker, 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Varied.. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.,. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Jonmalist 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unkno^vn. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 May 8, 1873 
 
 April25,1878 
 
 Mar. 8, 1877 
 
 April 30, 1873 
 
 >^:(>-- 
 
 32 

 
 Cake. Henry L R 
 
 Callis.John B K 
 
 Cary, Sam'i F .R 
 
 Cavanaugh, Jas. M. ..D 
 Chanler. John W... .D 
 
 Chilcott. Geo. M R 
 
 Churchill. John C....R 
 
 Clarke. Reader W R 
 
 Clarke. Sidney R 
 
 Ckver. Chas. P — 
 
 Clif t, Joseph W R 
 
 Cobb, .\niasa R 
 
 Coburn, John R 
 
 Colfax. Schuyler R 
 
 Cook, Burton C R 
 
 Curiey, Simeon R 
 
 Cornell. Thomas R 
 
 Covode. John R 
 
 CuUom. Shelby M. ...R 
 
 Uawes. Henry L R 
 
 Delano, Columbus R 
 
 Denison. Charles D 
 
 Deweese. John T R 
 
 liickey. Oliver J R 
 
 Dixon, Nathan F R 
 
 lioekery. Oliver H R 
 
 Dodge. Grenville M. . .R 
 Donnelly, Ignatitis...R 
 
 Driggs,Johu F R 
 
 Eckley. Ephraim R. .R 
 
 Edwards, Wm. P R 
 
 Eggleston. Benj R 
 
 Ela. Jacob H R 
 
 EldridKe. Chas. A D 
 
 Eliot. Thomas D — 
 
 Elliott. James T R 
 
 Farnsworth, John F.R 
 
 Ferriss. Orange R 
 
 FeriT.Thos. W......,R 
 
 Fields, Wm. C B 
 
 Finney, Darwin A R 
 
 Flandei-s, Alvan R 
 
 Fox, John D 
 
 French. John R R 
 
 Garheld. Jaiues .\ R 
 
 Getz. J. Lawrence D 
 
 Glossbrenner. A. J. ..D 
 
 GolIad,ay. J.acob S D 
 
 Goss, James H — 
 
 Gove. Samuel F — 
 
 Gravely, Joseph J R 
 
 Griswold, John A D 
 
 Grover, Asa P D 
 
 Haight, Charles D 
 
 ILiNt-v. George A R 
 
 lI:niiiiton, Chas. M...R 
 Hamilton, Cornelius. R 
 Harding, Abner C. ...B 
 Huughey, Thomas...— 
 
 Hawkins, Isaac R R 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B.R 
 
 III aton, David R 
 
 lliu'ltv. William R 
 
 Hill, John R 
 
 Hinds, James R 
 
 Hidbrook. E. D D 
 
 H I .Iman, William S. .. D 
 
 Hooper, Samuel R 
 
 Hi.iilier, William H..— 
 
 Hiilikins, Benj. F R 
 
 Hori-hkiss. Julius D 
 
 Hubbard. AsahelW..R 
 H ubbard, Chester D. .R 
 Hubbard. Rich'd D...D 
 Hulburd. Calvin T....R 
 
 Humphrey, Jas. M D 
 
 iiiiTiter, Morton C R 
 
 lijfrsoll, EbonC.-R 
 
 .I.nckes, Thos. A R 
 
 Johnson, Jas. A D 
 
 Jones, Alex. H R 
 
 Jones, Thos. L D 
 
 Judd. Norman B R 
 
 Julian. Oeoige W B 
 
 K.lli-y, Wm. D R 
 
 Ki-llogg. Francis W..R 
 
 K.Ney. Wnl. H R 
 
 K.rr. Michael C D 
 
 Ki-t<iham. John II R 
 
 Kil<bin. liithuel M- .R 
 
 Knott. J. I'ro.-tor D 
 
 Ko.Mitz. Willi.im II. ..R 
 I^allln. Addiion H....R 
 
 La^h, Israel G R 
 
 Lawrence, Geo. V R 
 
 Lawrence. Wm R 
 
 Lincoln. Wm. S R 
 
 Loan. Benj. F R 
 
 I,ogan. John A R 
 
 Longhrldk'O. Wm B 
 
 LvTHh. John R 
 
 l\l'C'jirthv, Dennis. ..R 
 .Ml cliirg. Joseph W..B 
 
 Mil'orinlck.,In». R D 
 
 McCulloiigh, Hiram.. I> 
 McKec. Httinnol B 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio 
 Mass. 
 Prus. 
 Mass. 
 HI. .. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 N. Y, 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Vt.. . 
 Pa... 
 Ark. . 
 Pa. .. 
 R. I.. 
 N-. C. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio . 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 Can.. 
 N. Y. 
 Mich. 
 N. Y.. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. H. 
 .S'. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa.. . 
 Md... 
 
 Feb. 18, 
 July 4, 
 
 Jaii; ■ 2.' 
 Jan. 17. 
 May 18, 
 Oct. 16. 
 Feb. 23. 
 Sept. 1. 
 Sept. 27, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Mar. 23, 
 May 11, 
 Feb. 10. 
 Jan. 27, 
 Mar. 17. 
 Nov. 22. 
 Oct. 30. 
 
 Jan. 3. 
 July 18. 
 Feb. 27. 
 Mir- 2", 
 April 22, 
 Mar. 27. 
 Nov. 2(1. 
 June 1 . 
 Feb. 13. 
 Aug. 11. 
 Aug, 2. 
 June 30, 
 May 28, 
 Nov. 19. 
 Sept, 14, 
 Aug. 31, 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va . . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Scot.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 -Mass. 
 
 Mrt. . . 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind, . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 R, I.. 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 N, C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 JN. Y. 
 IW.Va 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 ,N. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 'N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 III. .. 
 lOhio. 
 
 Me. .. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Md... 
 'Ky.., 
 
 Jan. 23, 
 June 4. 
 .April 6. 
 May 1. 
 Aui. 12. 
 .April 12 
 Nov. 3. 
 Mar. 8. 
 Dec. 9, 
 
 1827 
 1.828 
 1814 
 1823 
 182li 
 1828 
 1821 
 1812 
 1831 
 1830 
 1836 
 1823 
 182.-) 
 1.823 
 1819 
 1823 
 1814 
 1808 
 1829 
 1816 
 1809 
 1818 
 183.'i 
 1823 
 1812 
 1830 
 1,831 
 1831 
 1813 
 1812 
 
 1816 
 1820' 
 1.S2I 
 1 ,SI H 
 1 y-S.i 
 1H2U 
 
 1814; 
 
 I827| 
 1804, 
 1814; 
 18251 
 1835 
 1819, 
 1831 
 1821 
 1810, 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 Mar. 9, 
 
 Feb. 18, 
 Jan. 4, 
 Dec. 7, 
 Nov. 1, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Feb. 10, 
 
 May 16, 
 Oct. 4, 
 Mar, 10, 
 Aug. 18, 
 June 10, 
 Dec. 5, 
 
 Sept. 6, 
 Feb. 8. 
 Dec 13. 
 April 22. 
 Julv 11. 
 Jan. 19, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Sept. 7. 
 June 5, 
 Sept. 21, 
 Feb, 5. 
 Dec. 12. 
 Nov. 2, 
 May 16, 
 July 21, 
 J.an. 22, 
 Jan. 10, 
 May 5. 
 April 12, 
 May 30, 
 Oct. 2. 
 Mar. 15. 
 Dec. 21. 
 Mar 31. 
 Aug. 211. 
 July 1,'.. 
 Oct, 24, 
 Aug. 18, 
 
 jiino26i 
 Aug. 13, 
 Oct. 4, 
 Feb. 9. 
 July 11, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Mar. 19, 
 Feb. 22, 
 Aug, 1, 
 Sept, 20, 
 Nov, .'>, 
 
 1820 
 
 1822 
 
 1828 
 
 1822 
 
 1819 
 
 1838 
 
 1827 
 
 1840 
 
 1821 
 
 1807 
 
 1826 
 
 1818 
 
 1822 
 
 1823 
 
 1813 
 
 1821 
 
 1833 
 
 1836 
 
 !,S22 
 
 1808 
 
 1813 
 
 1829 
 
 ISIO 
 
 ISIS 
 
 1814 
 
 1818 
 
 1809 
 
 1819 
 
 1825 
 
 1831 
 
 1818 
 
 1829 
 
 1822 
 
 1819 
 
 1815 
 
 1817 
 
 1814 
 
 1810 
 
 1KI2 
 
 1827 
 
 1832 
 
 1812 
 
 1 h:{( 
 
 I,S30 
 
 1823 
 
 1810 
 
 1818' 
 
 1819 
 
 1813 
 
 1819 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1825 
 
 1814 
 
 1818 
 
 1824 
 
 1818 
 
 1833 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 .M. T, 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 Col... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 lud. . 
 
 111. .. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. ,. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 W. T. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. O. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 S. C 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Fla... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Wis . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 W.Va 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 III. ., 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ky. . . 
 
 HI. .. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 W.Va 
 I Kv... 
 I Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 ,N. C. 
 
 |Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 !N. Y. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer ., 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Banker , . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 -igricul'st. 
 CivilEng'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Mechanic. 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer,., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Physician, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Laivyer. . , 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Vai-ied — 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lnmbrtn'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Aglicul'st, 
 .\Brlcul'»t, 
 Lawyer... 
 [Lawyer., . 
 1 Manufac'r 
 Varied. ... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Jurist, 
 Varied ... . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Varied.... 
 Varied. ... 
 Physician, 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Lawyer., , 
 
 Oct. 19, 1877 
 
 Jan. 13, 1885 
 
 May 23, 1872 
 
 June 27, 1867 
 
 April 2 1,1876 
 Feb, 3, 1881 
 
 June 12, 1870 
 July 28, 1875 
 
 Aug, 25, 1868 
 
 Sept. 19, 1881 
 
 Oct. 31, 1872 
 
 Dec. 21, 1867 
 
 June 25, 1870 
 
 Oct. 22. 1868 
 June 18, 1870 
 
 Feb. 14, 1875 
 
 Jan. 1, 1870 
 Dec. 23, 1878 
 
 Feb. 28, 1884 
 
 May 31, 1879 
 Nov. 4, 1875 
 
 Mallory, Rufus R 
 
 Mann. James U 
 
 Marshall, Samuel S..,D 
 
 Marvin, James M R 
 
 .Maynard, Horace R 
 
 Mercur, Ulysses R 
 
 Miller, George F R 
 
 Moore, William B 
 
 Moorhead. Jas. K B 
 
 Morgan, Geo. W D 
 
 Morrell, Daniel J R 
 
 Morrissey, John D 
 
 Mullins, James R 
 
 Mungen, William D 
 
 Myers, Leonard R 
 
 Newcomb. Carin'n A.R 
 
 Newshani. Jos. P B 
 
 Niblack, William E. . .D 
 
 Nicholson. John A D 
 
 Noell. Thomas E R 
 
 NoiTis. Benj. W B 
 
 Nunn, David A R 
 
 O'Neill, Charles R 
 
 Orth. GodloveS R 
 
 Paine, Halbert E....R 
 
 Perham. Sidney R 
 
 Petei-s. John A. 
 
 Pettis, Newton S R 
 
 Phelps, Chas. E D 
 
 Pierce. Chas. W — 
 
 Pike. Frederick A R 
 
 Pile, William A B 
 
 Plants, Tobias A B 
 
 Poland, LukeP R 
 
 Polsley, Daniel R 
 
 Pomeroy, Tlieo. 31 R 
 
 Price, Hiram R 
 
 Prince, Charles H R 
 
 Pruyn, John V. L D 
 
 Kandall, Sam'l J D 
 
 Riuim, Gre.n B R 
 
 Robertson. Wm. H...R 
 
 Robinson. Win, E D 
 
 Roots, I.,.giiii H R 
 
 Ross. Lewis W D 
 
 Sawyer, Philetus ...B 
 
 Schenck. Rob't C R 
 
 Scfleld. GlenniW....R 
 
 Selve, Lewis B 
 
 Shanks. John P. C R 
 
 Shellabarger. Sam'l.. R 
 
 Sitgreaves, Chas D 
 
 Smith, Worthington..R 
 Spalding. Rufus P.... R 
 Starkweather, H. H..R 
 
 Stevens, Aaron F R 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus. ..R 
 
 Stewai-t. Thos. E R 
 
 Stokes, William B R 
 
 Stone. Frederick D 
 
 Stover.John H R 
 
 Sypher, Jay H R 
 
 Taber, Stephen D 
 
 Tatfe. John R 
 
 Taylor, Caleb N R 
 
 Thomas, Francis R 
 
 Tift, Nelson R 
 
 Trimble, John R 
 
 Trimble, Lawrence S.D 
 
 Tiowbi-idge. R, E R 
 
 Twitchell. Ginery. .. R 
 
 TIpson, Charles R 
 
 "Van Aeriiam, H B 
 
 Van Auken. Dan'l M. .D 
 
 Van Horn. Hurt B 
 
 Van Horn. Rob't T. ..R 
 Vail Tniiiip. Phila....D 
 Van Wvili. Ch.as. H..R 
 
 Viilal. Mi,li,ii-I R 
 
 Walil, IIaTlillton....R 
 Waxliliiirii. , Cad.C. ..R 
 Wiisliliiiriic Klihu B.R 
 Washburn. Henry D.B 
 Washhurn. Wm. B...R 
 
 Welker, Martin R 
 
 Whittemoi-e. B. P....— 
 Williams, Thomas. ...R 
 
 Williams, Wm R 
 
 Wilsi.n, .huiirs P R 
 
 Wils.m, John T R 
 
 Wilson. siiphenF B 
 
 Wiiidi.iii. William. ...B 
 
 Wood. Feiiiundo D 
 
 Woodbridge. Fred. E.R 
 Wooilward, Geo. W..D 
 Young, Pierce M. B. .D 
 
 N. Y- 
 Me... 
 HI. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Me... 
 Ire'd. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa, .. 
 111. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Del... 
 Mo... 
 Me... 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 Pa, .. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y, 
 Me... 
 Ind, . 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. . . 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 N. T. 
 Pa. . , 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 II. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa.. . 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 
 Jan. 10, 
 
 j Mai''. 'is! 
 Feb. 27, 
 lAug. 13, 
 Aug. 12, 
 Sept. 5, 
 Dec. 25, 
 Sept. 7, 
 Sept. 20, 
 Aug. 8. 
 Feb. 12. 
 Sept. 15, 
 May 12. 
 Nov. 13, 
 July 1, 
 
 May 'l'9,' 
 Nov. 17, 
 April 3, 
 
 Mar. 21. 
 April 22, 
 Feb. 4. 
 Mar. 27, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 lasi Ore. . 
 1822 Lou.. 
 1821 HI. .. 
 
 1809 N. Y. 
 1814 Tenn. 
 1818, Pa. .. 
 1809|Pa. .. 
 
 1810 Pa. 
 
 May 1, 
 
 Deo." 9,' 
 Feb. n, 
 Mar. 17, 
 Nov. 1, 
 Nov. 28, 
 Dec. 31, 
 Jan. 10, 
 May 9, 
 
 Oct. 10, 
 Dec. 3, 
 Oct. 10, 
 May 6, 
 Mar. 26, 
 Dec. 8, 
 Sept. 22, 
 :Oct. 4. 
 Mar. 11, 
 : July 11, 
 IJune 17, 
 Dec. 10. 
 April 22, 
 April 23, 
 May 3, 
 April 29. 
 Aug. 9. 
 April 4. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Sept. 9, 
 Feb. 7. 
 April 24 
 July 22. 
 Mar. 7, 
 Jan. 30, 
 July 27, 
 Feb. 3, 
 
 1806 
 
 1820 
 
 1821 
 
 1831 
 
 18U7 
 
 1821 
 
 1827 
 
 1830 
 
 1839 
 
 18; 
 
 1827 
 
 1839 
 
 1819 
 
 1835 
 
 1821 
 
 1817 
 
 1826 
 
 1819 
 
 1822 
 
 1828 
 
 1833 
 
 1823 
 
 1817 
 
 1829 
 
 1811 
 
 1815 
 
 1803 
 
 1824 
 
 1814 
 
 1837 
 
 1811 
 
 18-28 
 
 1829 
 
 1823 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Lou,. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Del... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Me... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Vt, .. 
 
 W.Va 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Ga. . 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 111. . 
 
 N. 
 
 Tenn 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn, 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Fran. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Vt. . . 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio . 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C, 
 
 Feb. 7. 
 Aug. 26. 
 June 18, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Mai-. 19, 
 Mar. 11, 
 Jan, 1^>, 
 Oct. 28, 
 May 19, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Nov. — , 
 
 July" 3,' 
 
 .April 22, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Mar. 28, 
 Jan. 31, 
 April 25, 
 
 Aug.'is, 
 May 11. 
 Oct. 19. 
 April 16, 
 Sept. 4, 
 May 10, 
 June 14, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Mar. 26, 
 
 Y, 
 
 1814|N. \. 
 1841 1 Ark.. 
 1812;ill. ,. 
 1816|Wis.. 
 1809 Ohio. 
 
 1817 Pa... 
 1808, N. Y'. 
 
 1826 Ind. . 
 1817|Ohio. 
 1803'n. J.. 
 1823, Vt. .. 
 
 1798 Ohio. 
 1826'Conn. 
 1810'N. H. 
 1792 Pa.. . 
 1.824 N. Y. 
 1814, Tenn. 
 1820, Md... 
 18:W Mo... 
 1837, Lou.. 
 
 1821 :n. Y. 
 
 1827 Neb.. 
 1813 Pa. 
 
 1799 Md. 
 
 Ga. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Mich 
 
 181l|Mass 
 1821 1 Mich 
 
 1819 N. Y 
 18215 Pa. . 
 1.823 N, Y'. 
 1824 Mo.. 
 1810:ohio. 
 1824 N. Y. 
 
 !lou. 
 
 1829 N. Y, 
 1818|Wi8. 
 181B1111. . 
 1832 Ind, , 
 
 1820 Mass. 
 1819lOhio. 
 1824:s. C. . 
 1806 Pa. .. 
 1821 1 Ind. . 
 
 1828 Iowa, 
 
 1811 Ohio, 
 1X21 Pa.. . 
 1827 Minn 
 
 1812 N. Y. 
 
 1818 Vt. ., 
 1809 Pa. .. 
 1838;Ga... 
 
 1812 
 1825 
 1821 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Jurist... . 
 Hotel-kp'r 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied. . , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Vniied 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Banker. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lumbrm'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Maiiufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 La .vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 .\gricurst 
 R. R. OfB'r 
 Lawyer, . , 
 Physician, 
 L.awyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Joui-nalist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Jui-lst. . . . 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Mel-chant 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Soldier... 
 
 April 26, 1878 
 
 Oct. 4. 1867 
 Jan. 27. 1873 
 
 Aug. 26. 1868 
 
 May 3, 1882 
 
 May 1, 1878 
 
 Oct. 14, 1876 
 
 Nov. 21, 1877 
 
 Mar. 17, 1878 
 
 Jan. 28, 1876 
 Aug.'ii,"l8(i8 
 
 Jan. 22, 187i 
 
 Feb, 13, 1881 
 May" io, 1875 
 
 Total Representatives, 241. Lawyei-s, 105. Vai-ied. SO. Jurists, 16. 
 Occupation l-'nknown, 13. Journalists, lO. Merchants, lO. Agricultur- 
 ists, S. Manufacturers, S. Mechanics, :i. Bankers, :t. Physicians, 8. 
 Lumbciineu, 3. Hotel-keeper, 1. Railroad Ollicer. 1. Civil Engineer. 1. 
 Clergyman, 1. Soldier, 1. Foreign Born, Oi Including Scotland, 2; Irrv 
 land, 2; Canada, 1; Franco, 1,
 
 FUKTY-FIKST UONGKICSS, Ai\l) I.iiADINU KVKNI.S 111- THK IIMK. 
 
 .".I.J 
 
 Forty-first Congress of the United States, from 1869 to 1871. 
 
 1869— Electric cable communication opened 
 between France and the United States; 
 lengtti of cable 3,HJ7 miles; July 14. 
 
 1869 — A iiiaKnilicent eclipse of the sun occur- 
 red Aug. 7. 
 
 1869— " Black Friday" In Wall street, caused 
 by the efforts of Jay Gould and James 
 Fislc, Jr., to create a "comer" in the 
 gold-nmrket. and numerous specula- 
 tors were ruined, Sept. 24. 
 
 1869— A severe hurricane, in Cuba, destroyed 
 U.IXJO lives. 
 
 1869— The steamer " Stonewall." of St. Louis, 
 was lost near Cairo, Hi., with 220 lives, 
 Oct. 27. 
 
 1869— The National Woman-Suffrage Conven- 
 tion, met at Cleveland, O., and Henry 
 Ward Beecher presided, Nov. 24. 
 
 1869 — By a popular vote the people of New- 
 foundland refused to unite with the 
 Dominion of Canada, in November. 
 
 ITIyMea N. Oriint, 1 8tli Pri-alclent. 
 
 VICE-PIIKSIDKNT— SCHUYLER COI>irAX, OK INDIA.VA. 
 
 Sec'ya of State J KlihuB. W^shburnc, of Illinois. 
 
 ■' J Hamilton Fish, of New York. 
 
 Sec'y of Treas { Georgo S. Boutwell, of Mass. 
 
 Sec'ys of War J ^5?!" '^^ '\"-»'l"f; »' """"If- 
 
 ■* ( Williant W. Belknap, of Iowa. 
 
 Sec'ysofNavy i A''"'"*' m' P,"'/'''' °"'",-„ , 
 
 •^ ■' I Geor(;e M. l{(ibeson, of N. J. 
 
 Sec'ys of Interior.. ..) -i"';"'' I'- '^?,''', "' °'''"^„ 
 ■' .. ..J Columbus Delano, of Ohio. 
 
 Postmoster-Gen'l ^ John A. J. Crcswell, of Md. 
 
 Attomeys-Geni 5 fben. R. Hoar, of Moss 
 
 •^ \ AinosT. .\ckerman, of Ga. 
 
 James G. Blaine, of Maine. 
 
 Speaker of House of 
 Representatives. . 
 
 1870-Papal Infulilbillty adopted by the Vat 
 lean Council, at Home, July ]H. 
 
 1870 — The French-German War— Napoleon 
 III. declarei* war on Fnissla, July 19. 
 
 1870— Siege of Parl«, France. Aug. 7. 
 
 1870— Battle of .Metz— the Germans defeat 
 Basialne, Aug. :il. 
 
 1870— Battle of the Sedan— French defeated 
 
 by the Germans. Sept. 1. 
 1870— Napoleon III. prisoner of war, Sept. 2. 
 1871 — German Kmpire restored, and v.'IIllam, 
 
 King of ]*russia, proclaimed Knijferor, 
 
 Jan. 18. 
 1871— The Germans enter Paris, Mar. 1. 
 
 1871— Treaty of Wa-shlngton, for the settle- 
 ment of the " Alabama "claims ques- 
 tion. May rt. 
 
 1871 — Communist outrages in Paris, May 24. 
 
 1871— Thiers proclaimed President of the 
 Republic of France, Aug. 31. 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat; K, Republican: W, Whig. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Abbott, Joseph C R 
 
 Ames, Adeibert — 
 
 Anthony, Henry B...R 
 B.avard, Thomas F.. .D 
 
 Blaii". Francis P D 
 
 Boreman, Arthur I...R 
 Brownlow. Wni. G....R 
 Buckingham. Win. A.R 
 
 Cameron. Simon R 
 
 Carpenter, Matt. H.. .R 
 
 Casserlv, Eugene D 
 
 Cattell., Alexander G.R 
 Chandler, Zacbariah.R 
 
 Cole. Cornelius R 
 
 Conkling. Roscoe R 
 
 Corbett. Henry W R 
 
 Cragin, Aaron H R 
 
 Davis. Garrett R 
 
 Drake, Charles D R 
 
 Edmunds. Geo. F R 
 
 Penton. Reuben E...— 
 
 Ferry. Orris S R 
 
 Fessenden. Wm. P...R 
 
 Flanagan. J. W R 
 
 Fowler. Joseph S R 
 
 Gilbert, Abljah R 
 
 Grimes. James W R 
 
 Hamilton. Morgan C.R 
 Hiimilton. Wm. T. ...D 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal R 
 
 Harlan, James R 
 
 Harris, John S R 
 
 Hill, Joshua — 
 
 Howard, Jacob M, . . . R 
 Howe. Timothy O....R 
 
 Howell. James B R 
 
 tjohnson. John W... — 
 Kellogg. William P.R 
 
 IdCwis, John F R 
 
 McCreerv. Thos. C...D 
 
 McDonald', Alex R 
 
 Miller. H, V. M — 
 
 Morrill, Justin S R 
 
 Morrill, Lot M R 
 
 Morton, Oliver P R 
 
 Norton. Daniel S D 
 
 Nve. James W R 
 
 O>borne. Thomas ^V.R 
 Patterson. James W.R 
 Pomeroy. Samuel C.R 
 
 Pool, John — 
 
 Pratt, Daniel D R 
 
 Ramsev. Alexander. R 
 
 Revels. Hiram R R 
 
 Rice. Benjamin F R 
 
 Robertson. Thos. J...R 
 
 Ross. Edmund G R 
 
 Saulsbury. Willard..D 
 
 Sawyer, Fred'k A R 
 
 Schurz, Carl R 
 
 Scott. John R 
 
 Sherm.-in. John R 
 
 SpencPr, George E....R 
 
 Sprague, William R 
 
 Stearns. Ozora P. . . . — 
 Stewart. William M..R 
 
 Stockton, John P D 
 
 Sumner, Charles R 
 
 Thaver John M R 
 
 Thurman. Allen G D 
 
 Tijiton. Thomas W...R 
 
 Trumbull. Lyman R 
 
 "Vickers, George D 
 
 learner. Willard R 
 
 Willey Waiteman T..R 
 
 N. H 
 Me. . 
 R. 1.. 
 Del.. 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 Va. . 
 Conn 
 Pa. . 
 Vt. . 
 Ire'd 
 N. J.. 
 N. H, 
 N. Y 
 N. Y, 
 Mass. 
 Vt. . 
 Ky.. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. ., 
 N. Y. 
 Conn 
 N. H. 
 Va. . . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 H. 
 Ala . . 
 Md... 
 Me... 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 N. J.. 
 III. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va. . 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 It«pre. ] Occupatio 
 
 flCDItd. I 
 
 July l.">, 
 Oct. 31, 
 April I, 
 Oct. 29, 
 Feb. 19, 
 Julv 24, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Slav 2H, 
 M.ir. 8. 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Feb. 12. 
 Dec. 10, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Oct. 30. 
 Feb. 18, 
 Feb. 1 , 
 Sept. 10, 
 April II, 
 Feb. 1, 
 July 1. 
 Aug. ir.. 
 Oct. 16, 
 Sept. .'), 
 Aug. 31, 
 June 18, 
 Oct. 20, 
 Feb. 2.5, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Aug. 27. 
 Aug. 26. 
 Dec. 18. 
 Jan. 10. 
 July 10. 
 Feb. 24, 
 July 4, 
 Sept. 9, 
 Dec. 8, 
 Mar. 1, 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied. .. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Merchant 
 
 1825 N. C. 
 1835 Miss. 
 
 1815 R. I.. 
 
 1828 Del... 
 
 1821 Mo. .. 
 
 1823 W.Va 
 180.) Teiin. 
 
 1804 Conn 
 1799 Pa. . . 
 
 1824 Wis.. 
 .1823 Cal. . 
 
 1816 N. J.. 
 1813 Mich. 
 
 1822 Cal. . 
 
 1829 N. Y. 
 
 1827 N. Y-. 
 
 1821 N. H. Lawyer. 
 1801 Ky. ..Lawyer. 
 
 1811 Mo. ..: Lawyer. 
 
 1828 Vt. .. Lawyer... 
 
 1819 N. Y.IVaried... 
 
 1823 Conn. Lawyer.. 
 1806 Me... Lawyer.. 
 
 1805 Texas Varied. .. 
 
 1822 Tenn. Lawyer. . 
 
 1806 Fla. .Merchant. 
 1816 Iowa. Lawyer. 
 1809 Texas Merchant. 
 
 1820 Md. .. Lawyer.. 
 1809 Me. ..iLawyer.. 
 1820 Iowa. La^vyer.. 
 
 1825 Lou... Varied. .. 
 
 1812 Ga. . . Lawyer,. 
 1805 Mich. Lawyer.. 
 1816 Wis.. I Lawyer.. 
 
 Sept. 2, 1864 
 July's,' 1875 
 
 April 29, 1877 
 Feb. 5, 1875 
 
 Feb. 24, 1881 
 June 14, 1883 
 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N.J.. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 
 0. 
 Me... 
 Pa. . 
 N. C. 
 
 Y. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio . 
 Del. . 
 .Moss. 
 Ger'y 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 
 April 10, 
 
 April 14, 
 May 3, 
 Aug. 4. 
 April 12, 
 June 10, 
 Mar. 9, 
 July 2. 
 Jan. 3- 
 June 16. 
 Oct. 26. 
 Sept. 8, 
 Sept. 1 . 
 May 28, 
 .Aug. 3, 
 Dec. 7, 
 June 2. 
 Dec. 12. 
 Mar. 2, 
 July 14. 
 May 10, 
 Nov. 1, 
 Sept. 12. 
 
 1816 Iowa, 
 1818 Va. . 
 1830 Lou. 
 1818 Va. . 
 
 1817 Ky. ., 
 1832 Ark.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 1810 Vt..., 
 1813 Me... 
 1823 Inil. . 
 1829 Minn. Lawyer, 
 
 1815 Nev. • 
 1836 Fla. 
 1823 N. H 
 
 1816 Kan. 
 1826 N. C 
 1813 Ind 
 
 Varied. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 -^gricul'st. 
 Agricui'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Varied 
 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 
 Nov. 21, 1879 
 
 Feb. 7, 1872 
 
 Mar. 25, 1883 
 
 Jan. 10, 1883 
 Nov. 1, 1877 
 July 14, 18711 
 
 1815 Minn. Unk 
 
 1822 Jliss. . Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer... Dec. 25, 1876 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unkho^vn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 1828 Ark. 
 1823 S. C. 
 1.826 Kan. 
 1.820 Del.. 
 1822 S. C. 
 
 1829 Mo. 
 
 , Law-yer 
 Agricui'st. 
 
 , Journalist 
 
 ,! Lawyer. .. 
 Educator. 
 
 .'Journalist 
 
 1.824 Pa. ..ILawyer... 
 1823 Ohio. iLawyer, 
 1836 .\la... 'Lawyer, 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Va . . . 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 .\ug. 2, 
 .Ian. 6. 
 Jan. 24, 
 Nov. 13. 
 Aug. 5. 
 Oct. 12. 
 Nov. 19. 
 Sept. 4. 
 Oct. 18, 
 
 1830 R. I.. 
 
 Minn. 
 
 1827 Nev.. 
 1826 Cal... 
 1811 Mass. 
 1820 Neb. . 
 1813 Ohio. Jurist. 
 I8I7 Neb.. Varied 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Unlcnown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer, . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 1«113 
 1801 
 1826 
 1811 
 
 III 
 
 .Md. 
 
 Ala. 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unkno^vn. 
 
 W.Va Lawyer., 
 
 June 17, 1877 
 
 Mar. U, 1874 
 
 Tlfc 
 
 SENATORS. 1 ^",7 
 
 WbeaBom. 
 
 8.at« 
 lU^ire. 
 a«nl(.d. 
 
 OcmpMion 
 
 tthraBi.! 
 
 Williams. George H..R N. Y. Mar. 23. 1823 Ore. . 
 
 Wilson. Henry R 'Mass. Feb. 16, 1812 Ma.s8 
 
 Windom, William.... R lOhio. May 10, 1837 Minn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Me<*hanlc 
 
 Nov.' '22," I'STS 
 
 Tates, Richard R iKv... 
 
 Jan. 18, 1818I1II. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 27, 1873 
 
 Total Senators, 79. Lawyers, 38. Varied, l.'i. Occupation Unknown, fl. 
 Jurists, 5. Merchants, 4. Journalists, 3. .\griculturists, 3. Soldier, 1. 
 Clergyman, 1. Manufacturer, 1. Educator, 1. Mechanic, 1. Foreign 
 Born, 2: Including Ireland, 1 ; Germany, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 6ut« 
 
 RciiTt- Occupaliot 
 
 HDIed. 
 
 Adams, George M — D 
 Allison, William B...R 
 
 Ambler, Jacob A R 
 
 Ames, Ojikes R 
 
 Archer, Stevenson D 
 
 Armstrong. Wm. H...H 
 
 Arnell, Samuel M R 
 
 Asper, Joel F R 
 
 Atwood. David R 
 
 Axtell. Samuel B D 
 
 -4yer, Richard S R 
 
 Bailcv. Alex. H R 
 
 Banks. Nathaniel P..R 
 Bainum. William H..D 
 
 Barry, Henr.v W R 
 
 Beainan. Fernando. ..R 
 
 Eeatty, John R 
 
 Beck, James B D 
 
 Beniainin. John F D 
 
 Bennett, David S R 
 
 Benton, Jacob R 
 
 Betliune, Marion — 
 
 Biggs, Benjamin T...D 
 
 Bingham. John A R 
 
 Bird, JohnT D 
 
 Blaine, James G R 
 
 Blair, Austin R 
 
 Boles, Thomas R 
 
 Booker, George W. . . — 
 Boutwell. George S...R 
 Bowen, Christopher. .R 
 Body. Sempronius H.R 
 
 Brodford. Allen A R 
 
 Brooks, George M R 
 
 Brooks, James D 
 
 Buck, Alfred E R 
 
 Buckley, Charles W. .R 
 
 BuRinton. James R 
 
 Burchard. Horatio C.R 
 
 Burdett. Samuel S R 
 
 Burr, Alberto D 
 
 Butler, Benjamin F..R 
 Butler. Roderick C.R 
 
 Cake. Henrj- L R 
 
 Calkin. Hervey C D 
 
 Cavanaugh. Jas. M...D 
 
 Cessna, John R 
 
 Chaves, J. Francisco. R 
 Churchill. John C...R 
 
 Clai-ke. Sidney R 
 
 Clark. William T R 
 
 Cleveland, Orestes. ..II 
 
 Cobb, Amasa R 
 
 Cobb. Clinton L R 
 
 Coburn. John R 
 
 Conger. Omar D R 
 
 Conner. John C D 
 
 Cook, Burton C R 
 
 Corker, Stephen C — 
 
 Covode. Joan R 
 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Scot.. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Dec. 20, 
 Mar. 2. 
 Feb. 18, 
 Jan. 10. 
 Feb. 28. 
 Sept. 7, 
 May 3, 
 April 20. 
 Dec. 15, 
 lOct. 14, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Aug. 14, 
 .Ian. 30, 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 June 28, 
 Dec. 16, 
 Feb. 13. 
 Jan. 23, 
 
 Vt. ..Aug. 14, 
 
 Del... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ark.. 
 Va. .. 
 Mass. 
 R. I.. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Me. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Eng.. 
 III. .. 
 N. H. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. T. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. M. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 III. .. 
 N. C. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 N. y. 
 
 Oct. 1 
 
 'Aug. 16, 
 IJan. 31, 
 I Feb. 8, 
 July 16, 
 Dec. 5, 
 Jan. 28, 
 'Jan. 5. 
 May 28, 
 'July 23. 
 July 26, 
 Nov. 10, 
 Feb. 7, 
 iFeb. 18, 
 Mar. 16. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Feb. 21, 
 
 Nov. '5, 
 lApril 8. 
 
 Oct. e. 
 
 Mar. 23. 
 July 4, 
 June 29. 
 June 27, 
 Jan, 17, 
 Oct. 16. 
 !june29. 
 Mar. 2, 
 Sept. 27, 
 .\ug. 2.5, 
 Oct. 27, 
 
 Oct, '27,' 
 May II . 
 
 Pa., 
 
 ia37 Ky... 
 ia29llowa. 
 1829 I'a. .. 
 1804 '.Mass. 
 1827|Md... 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 1833 Tenn. 
 1822 Mo... 
 
 1815 Wis.. 
 1819 Cal. 
 1829 Va... 
 
 1817 N. Y. 
 
 1816 Mass. 
 
 1818 Conn. 
 
 Mi.s-s.. 
 
 1814 Mich. 
 
 1828 Ohio. 
 
 1822 Ky.. . 
 
 1817 Mo. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 1819 N. H. 
 Ga... 
 
 1821 Del. . 
 .1812 Ohio. 
 
 1829 N. J.. 
 
 1830 Me. .. 
 
 1818 Mich. 
 1837 Ark.. 
 1821 Va. .. 
 1818 ila.ss. 
 
 1832 S. C. 
 1828 Mo... 
 181.5 Col. . 
 
 1824 .Mass. 
 1810 N. Y. 
 ia,-)2 Ala .. 
 18.35 Ala. . 
 
 1817 Mass. 
 
 1825 111.... 
 1836 Mo... 
 1825 III.... 
 19I8 Mass. 
 1827 Tenn. 
 
 1827 Pa. . . 
 
 1828 N. Y. 
 
 1823 M. T. 
 1821 Pa. .. 
 
 1833 N. M. 
 
 1821 N. y. 
 
 18:il Kan.. 
 18.34 Texas 
 
 1829 N. J.. 
 1823 Mo .. 
 1842 N. C. 
 18-25 Ind . 
 
 1818 Mieh. 
 1842 Texas 
 
 1819 III. .. 
 
 Gil... 
 
 1808 Pa. .. 
 
 I 
 
 ! La^vy er, 
 
 Law-yer. .. 
 
 Jurist ' 
 
 Manufac'r May 
 Lawyer... 
 Law-yer. .. 
 ■Unknown. 
 jVaried. . . . 
 Journalist 
 Law-yer 
 Varied. 
 Law-yer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Banker... 
 Lawyer... 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 ; Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 !Journali8t 
 ;Law-ver. .. 
 
 [Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law-yer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Educator. 
 Unknnw-n. 
 Varied.... 
 Varied ... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawj-er. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varie<l 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jni-ist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Soldier.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied 
 
 April20,I874 
 
 June 7, 1875 
 
 Mar. 8, 1877 
 
 AprilaO, 1873 
 
 Mar. 7, 1875 
 
 i
 
 i 
 
 Cowles. George W R 
 
 Cox. Samuel S D 
 
 Crebs, John M D 
 
 Cullom. Shelby M R 
 
 Buriall. Chester B...R 
 
 Davis. Noah R 
 
 Dawes, Henry L R 
 
 Degener. Edward R 
 
 Deweese. John T R 
 
 Dickinson, Edw'd F. .D 
 
 Dickey. Oliver J R 
 
 Dixon, Joseph — 
 
 Dixon. Nathan F..,...R 
 
 Dockery. Oli ver H R 
 
 Donlev. Joseph B ...R 
 
 Dox. Peter M D 
 
 Duke. Richard T. W..U 
 
 Duval. Isaac H R 
 
 Dver. David P R 
 
 JEla. Jacob H R 
 
 Eldridge Charles A, . .D 
 Fiirnsworth. John F.R 
 
 Ferriss. Orange K 
 
 Ferry. Thomas W R 
 
 Finkelnburg. Oust. A.R 
 
 Fisher. John R 
 
 Fitch. Thomas R 
 
 Fox. John D 
 
 Garfield. James A — R 
 Gartielde, Seleucius, .R 
 Getz. J. Lawrence. ,. .D 
 
 Gibson. James K D 
 
 Gilflllan. Calvin W...R 
 
 Golladay, J. S D 
 
 Greene. George W D 
 
 (inswi.Id. JolmA D 
 
 H .ik-ht. Charles D 
 
 II iM.'inan. Rich'd J..D 
 
 Hale. Eugene R 
 
 Hanibleton. Samuel. .1) 
 
 Hamill, P.atrick D 
 
 Hamilton. Chas. M...R 
 
 Harris. George E R 
 
 Hawkins. Isaac R. ...R 
 
 Hawley.John B R 
 
 Hay. John B R 
 
 Hays. Charles R 
 
 Heaton. David R 
 
 Hellin. Robert S R 
 
 Hill. John R 
 
 Ho.ag. Truman H D 
 
 Hoar. George F R 
 
 Hoge. Solomon L R 
 
 Holman, William S...D 
 Holmes, Charles H. ..— 
 
 Hooper, Samuel R 
 
 Hi.iiper. William H..— 
 Ih.iikins. Benjamin F.R 
 li.it. hkiss. Giles W...R 
 
 Ingcrsoll, Ebon C R 
 
 Jenckes. Thomas A. .R 
 
 Johnson. James A D 
 
 Jones, Alexander H..R 
 
 Jones. Thomas L D 
 
 Judd. Norman B R 
 
 Julian. George W R 
 
 Kellev. William D..,D 
 Kellogg. Stephen W..R 
 Kelsev. William H...R 
 
 Kerr.'Miehael C D 
 
 Ketcham. John H R 
 
 Knapp. Charles R 
 
 Knott, J. Proctor D 
 
 Larlin. Addison H — R 
 
 Lash, Israel O R 
 
 Lawrence, William.. .R 
 
 Lewis. Joseph H I) 
 
 Logan, John A R 
 
 Long. JetTerson F. ...— 
 
 Loughrldge. Wm R 
 
 I.vii.li, John R 
 
 >r r.irthv. I'ennis.. .R 
 M.r,.rniHk, J. lilies R.U 
 MrlMrilllrk, Rl'-ll'd C — 
 
 .MrCrary, George W. R 
 
 McGrew, James C R 
 
 McKee. George C R 
 
 McKenzie, Lewis R 
 
 MiN.<lv.TliMiiipson..D 
 
 .M;iMiiliig. J..I111 D 
 
 Mai'-h:in. Sllllllrl S...1) 
 .M.iyluua, Stephen L. .D 
 
 Maynard. Horace R 
 
 Mercur. Ulysses R 
 
 Milnes, William R 
 
 Jlolfet, John D 
 
 Moore, Ellakim H.,..R 
 
 Moore, Jesse H R 
 
 Moore, William R 
 
 Mon-y. Frank R 
 
 Morgan, George W.,D 
 Ml, r|>hlH. Joseph L..,.R 
 Moi fell, Daniel J ....H 
 Morrill. Samuel P. ...K 
 
 Morrissey. John D 
 
 Mungen, William. ...D 
 
 N, Y. 
 .Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 Pa .. 
 N. H. 
 Mass, 
 Ger'y 
 Ark. . 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 R.'l.! 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y 
 Va. . 
 Va. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 Can. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mich. 
 Prus. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 30. 
 April 9, 
 Nov. 22, 
 June 24, 
 Sept. 10. 
 Oct. 30. 
 Oct. 20. 
 June 4. 
 Jan. 21. 
 April 6, 
 
 iiay'i,' 
 Aug. 12. 
 Oct. 10, 
 Sept. 1 1 . 
 June 6, 
 Sept. 1. 
 Feb. 12. 
 July 18, 
 Feb. 27. 
 Mar. 27. 
 Nov. 26. 
 June 1, 
 Apiil 6, 
 Mar. 13. 
 Jan. 27, 
 June 30, 
 Nov. 19. 
 Dec. 8. 
 Sept. 14, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Feb. 20, 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa... 
 Me... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Pa.. . 
 N. C. 
 Tenn, 
 Conn- 
 Ill. .. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ga. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 S. C. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 N. V. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Moss. 
 N. C, 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 111. .. 
 
 Ohio^ 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Mo. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Va... 
 111.... 
 Va. .. 
 111.... 
 N. C. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Eng'd 
 Ire'd. 
 Mass. 
 III.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Ire'd. 
 Md... 
 
 1824 
 1830 
 1829 
 1842 
 1818 
 1H16 
 1809 
 1835 
 1829 
 1823 
 
 i's'i-i 
 
 1830 
 1838 
 1813 
 182; 
 1824 
 1838 
 1820 
 1811 
 1820 
 1814 
 1827 
 1837 
 1806 
 1838 
 1835 
 1831 
 1822 
 1821 
 1812 
 1832 
 
 July 4, 
 
 Jan. 4. 
 May 19, 
 June 9, 
 
 Apiil 28i 
 Nov. 1, 
 Jan. 6, 
 May 16, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Jan. 8. 
 Feb. 2. 
 Mar. 10, 
 April 15, 
 Juno 10, 
 April 9, 
 Aug. 29, 
 
 1831 
 1827 
 1838 
 1831 
 1836 
 1812 
 1817 
 1840 
 1827 
 1818 
 1831 
 1834 
 1834 
 1823 
 1815 
 1821 
 1816 
 1826 
 
 Sept. 6, 1822 
 
 Feb. 8. 
 Dec. 13, 
 April 22. 
 Oct. 25. 
 Dec. 12. 
 Nov. 2, 
 May 16, 
 July 21. 
 Jan. 22. 
 Jan. 10, 
 May 5, 
 April 12, 
 April 5, 
 Oct. 2, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Dec. 21, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Aug. IS. 
 June 26, 
 Oct. 29. 
 Feb. 9, 
 
 jii'ly Vl,' 
 Feb, 18, 
 Mar. 19, 
 Aug. 1 , 
 
 Aug. 29,' 
 .Sept. 14, 
 Oct. 2, 
 Oct. 7. 
 Oct. .'., 
 July 3, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Aug. 13, 
 Aug. 12. 
 Dec. 8, 
 
 Juno 19, 
 April 22. 
 Dec. 25, 
 July II. 
 .Sep't. 20. 
 April 17, 
 Aug. 8. 
 Feb. II, 
 Fell. 12, 
 May 12, 
 
 IHO8 
 
 1813 
 18291 
 1815, 
 1831; 
 1818 
 1829 
 1822 
 1819' 
 1815 
 1817 
 1814 
 18221 
 1812 
 1827 
 1832 
 1797 
 1830 
 1823, 
 1810, 
 18191 
 1824 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 1825 
 1814 
 1824 
 1832, 
 1835 
 1813 
 1837 
 1810 
 1835 
 1830 
 1821' 
 1825' 
 1814 
 1818' 
 1827 
 1832 
 1812 
 1817 
 1810 
 1849 
 1820 
 1831 
 1821 
 1810 
 1831 
 1821 
 
 N Y. 
 N. Y. 
 III.. . 
 HI. .. 
 Lou,. 
 N, Y, 
 Mass. 
 Texas 
 N, C, 
 Ohio 
 Pa, , 
 N. C 
 R. I. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. . 
 Ala. 
 Va.. 
 W.Va 
 Mo... 
 N. H. 
 Wis.. 
 111.... 
 N. Y. 
 Mich . 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Nev. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 W. T. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 Md... 
 .Md... 
 Fla. . 
 Miss.. 
 Tenn. 
 III.... 
 III.... 
 Ala.. 
 N. C. 
 Ala. . 
 N. J.. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Utah. 
 Wis . . 
 N. Y. 
 111... 
 R. I.. 
 Cal... 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 III.... 
 Ind. . 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 N. O 
 Ohio 
 Ky.. 
 111. .. 
 lOa. .. 
 Iowa. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Mo... 
 Ar. T. 
 Iowa. 
 W.Va 
 Miss. 
 Va... 
 111. .. 
 N. C. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ill, .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Lou.. 
 Ohio. 
 Miss.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Jurist . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'sl. 
 Educator. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 'Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 -igricul'st, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Forward'r 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 [Varied 
 
 'Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 .Agricul'st. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknr- 
 
 Jurist. 
 
 Merchii 
 
 Varied 
 
 Sept. 19, 1881 
 
 June 25, 1870 
 Feb. 5, 1870 
 
 jiown 
 
 :hant. 
 
 V urieu. . . . 
 
 Phy.sleian 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 Lawyer., 
 
 Jurist... 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 Lawyer., 
 
 Jurist.. 
 
 Varied. 
 
 Druggist. 
 
 Banker. . 
 Educator 
 Varied ,. 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer- - 
 Agric " 
 Manu 
 Cleri 
 Varl 
 
 ll'st. 
 jfftcY 
 ergvm'n 
 ■ d. 
 
 Varied. 
 
 April2I,1876 
 Feb.' ' '3,' 'I'ssi 
 
 Feb. 14, 1875 
 
 Jan. 1.1.870 
 Oct. 5, 1878 
 May 31, 1879 
 Nov. 4, 1875 
 
 Aug. 19, 1876 
 
 May 3, 1882 
 
 April 26, 1878 
 
 May 1, 1878 
 
 Myers, Leonard R 
 
 Negley, James S R 
 
 Newsham. Joseph P. .R 
 Niblack, William E,.D 
 Nuckolls, Stephen F, .D 
 
 O'Neill. Chailes R 
 
 Orth.Godlove S R 
 
 Packard. Jasper R 
 
 Packer. John B R 
 
 Paine, Halbcrt E R 
 
 Paine, William W.. . .— 
 
 Palmer. Frank W R 
 
 Peck, Erasmus D R 
 
 Perce, Legrand W . . . . R 
 
 Peters. John A R 
 
 Phelps. Darwin R 
 
 Pliitt, James H R 
 
 Poland, Luke P R 
 
 Pomerov. Charles R 
 
 Porter, Charles li 
 
 Potter. Clarkson N...D 
 
 Price. William P D 
 
 Pr..ss,-r. William F...R 
 Kaiii,-v, ,I.,-eph H.,..R 
 Uunilall. Samuel J... .D 
 
 Reading. John H D 
 
 Reeves. Henry A D 
 
 Rice, John M D 
 
 Ridgway, Robert D 
 
 Rogers. Anthony A.CR 
 
 Roots. Logan H R 
 
 Sanford. Stephen R 
 
 Sargent. Aaron A R 
 
 Sawyer. Philetus R 
 
 Schenck, Robert C..-R 
 Schumaker. John G..D 
 Scolield. Glenni W. ..R 
 
 Shafer. J.acob K D 
 
 Shanks. John P. C....R 
 Sheldon, Lionel A — R 
 
 Sheldon. Porter R 
 
 Sherrod. William CD 
 
 Shober. Francis E D 
 
 Slocum. Henry W D 
 
 Smith. John A R 
 
 Smith. Joseph S D 
 
 Smith, William J — 
 
 Smitti, W..rlhington,R 
 
 Smvtli. William R 
 
 Spink, S- L R 
 
 Starkweather. H, H..R 
 
 Stevens, .\aron F R 
 
 Stevenson. Job. E R 
 
 Stiles. John D D 
 
 Stokes. William B....R 
 
 Stone, Frederick D 
 
 Stoughton, Wm, L,..R 
 
 Strader. Peter W D 
 
 Strickland. Ran'ph...R 
 
 Strong, Julius L R 
 
 Swann. Thomas D 
 
 Sweeney. William N.— 
 
 Svpher. J. Hale R 
 
 Taffe, John R 
 
 Tanner, Adolphus H..R 
 
 Taylor, Caleb N R 
 
 Tillman, Lewis R 
 
 Townsend. Wash'ton.R 
 Trimble. Lawrence S. D 
 
 Twichell. Ginery R 
 
 Tvner. James N R 
 
 I) pson. William 11.. .14 
 "Van Auken. Dan'l M.D 
 Van Horn. Robert T..R 
 
 Van Trump. Phila D 
 
 Van Wvik Chas. II. .R 
 Voorheis, Daniel W,,D 
 ^Vallaie, Ales. S....R 
 
 Ward. Hamillon R 
 
 Waslll.ulIle.Cad. C.,R 
 Waslilminr, lOlihu B.R 
 WaslilMirii, Wm, B...lt 
 
 W.lkei, Jlirlin R 
 
 Wells. Kra^tus D 
 
 Wheeler, William A,.R 
 Whiteley, Richard H, R 
 Whitmoro, Geo, W...R 
 
 Whittemore. It. F — 
 
 WilkiM"oii. Morton S.R 
 Willaid, rliarles W,,R 
 Williams, William,, R 
 Wilson, Eugene M,.,.D 
 
 Wilson, John T R 
 
 Winans, James J It 
 
 Winchester, Boyd I) 
 
 Wileli.-i, Johns R 
 
 \V.i..(l, Kniiaiido 1) 
 
 W Iu-,r.l, i;,-,.. W.,D 
 
 1'oiliig, I'lereeM, B..I) 
 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 111. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Nov. 13, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Ind.. 
 Conn- 
 N. Y. 
 Me.., 
 Conn. 
 Can.. 
 Vt. . . 
 Conn- 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa... 
 S. C. 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Ill- .. 
 N. Y. 
 M.ass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. . . 
 Eng'd 
 Vt. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Va. .. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn- 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 ind. . 
 Oliio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 S. C. 
 N- Y. 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 Tenn. 
 Mjvss. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Lou.. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Pa - . . 
 S. ('.. 
 
 May 19, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Mar. 21, 
 April 22, 
 Feb. I, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Feb. 4, 
 
 1827 
 1826 
 1839 
 1822 
 18-25 
 1821 
 1817 
 1832 
 1824 
 1826 
 
 Pa. . . La^vyer... 
 
 Pa.. . Soldier 
 
 Lou.. Varied,... 
 
 Ind. . Jurist 
 
 Wv. T Merchant. 
 
 Oct. II, 
 Sept. 16, 
 June 19, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 jiily '13, 
 Nov. 1, 
 Sept. 3, 
 
 182' 
 1808 
 1836 
 18: 
 
 'l'8'37 
 1815 
 1825 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 Mar. 16. 
 June 21, 
 Oct. 10. 
 Nov. 1, 
 Dec. 7, 
 
 182: 
 1835 
 1834 
 183: 
 1828 
 1826 
 18 
 
 Feb. 14, 
 Mar. 26, 
 May 26, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Sept. 22, 
 Oct. 4, 
 June '27, 
 Mar. 11. 
 Dec- '26, 
 June 17, 
 .4ug. 30. 
 Sept. 29, 
 Aug. 17, 
 Mar. 12. 
 Sept. 24. 
 Sept. 23. 
 June 20. 
 Sept. 24. 
 April 23, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Mar. 20, 
 April 29, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Jan. 15. 
 Sept. 9, 
 Feb. 7, 
 Mar 20, 
 Nov. 6, 
 Feb. 4, 
 Nov. 8, 
 
 I'a. 
 ind. . 
 Ind. 
 
 Law yer. . 
 Lawyer, 
 Varied. 
 
 Pa. ..Lawyer... 
 
 May 5, 
 July 22, 
 Jan. 30, 
 May -23, 
 July 27, 
 Aug. 18, 
 
 Aug. 26, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Jan. 17, 
 Jan. 11. 
 Jan. 15, 
 May 19 . 
 Nov. 15, 
 Nov. — , 
 Sept. 26, 
 Dec. 30, 
 July 3, 
 April 22, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Jan. 31, 
 April 25, 
 Dec. 2, 
 June 30. 
 Dec. 22, 
 Aug. 26, 
 
 ji.'ii.' 22,' 
 June 18, 
 May 11, 
 Dec. 25, 
 iVpril 16, 
 June 7. 
 Sept. 23, 
 July 15, 
 June 14, 
 Mar. 26, 
 
 1821 
 
 1841 
 
 1826 
 
 1827 
 
 1816 
 
 1809 
 
 1826 
 
 181 
 
 1823 
 
 1826 
 
 1831 
 
 1.831 
 
 1835 
 
 1831 
 
 18-29 
 
 1814 
 
 1825 
 
 1823 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 
 1831 
 
 1826 
 
 1810 
 
 1831 
 
 1823 
 
 1814 
 
 1820 
 
 18'27, 
 
 1818 
 
 18-23; 
 
 1828i 
 
 1806 
 
 1832 
 
 1837 
 
 1827 
 
 1833 
 
 1813 
 
 1816 
 
 1813 
 
 1825 
 
 1811 
 
 1826 
 
 1823 
 
 1826 
 
 18-24 
 
 1810 
 
 1824 
 
 1828 
 
 1810 
 
 1829 
 
 1818 
 
 1816 
 
 1820 
 
 1819 
 
 1823 
 
 i8ie 
 
 1830 
 1824 
 1824 
 
 1819 
 18-27 
 1821 
 1833 
 1811 
 1818 
 1836 
 1839 
 1812 
 1809 
 18:J8 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Physician, 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Mechanic. 
 Merchant. 
 Physician. 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Unknown 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lumber'n. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Agi-icul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 N. Y'. Varied 
 
 Ohio. 'Lawyer... 
 Ol-e- - [Lawyer. .. 
 
 Tenn.iVaried 
 
 Vt. ..Manufac'r 
 Iowa. Lawyer... 
 
 Dak..iVaried 
 
 Conn. 'Lawyer. . 
 N. H, Lawyer.,, 
 Ohio. Lawyer.. , 
 Pa. . . Lawyer... 
 Tenn. Agricul'st 
 
 Wis, 
 Ga... 
 Iowa. 
 >bio. 
 Miss. . 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Vt. .. 
 Iowa 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 Tenn. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Ark.. 
 Ark.. 
 N. Y. 
 Cal... 
 Wis.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ida.T 
 Ind. . 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ala. . 
 N. C 
 
 Md. 
 
 Mich . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lou . . 
 
 Neb.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Wis.. 
 111. .. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Texas 
 S. C. 
 Minn. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Minn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky. . . 
 W Va 
 NY. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 'Soldier.. 
 
 Lawyer, 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agi-icuTst. 
 .\gricul'st. 
 Varied . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknow-n. 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Varied — 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Lawyer.., 
 Varied..,, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Juri.st 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Jurist 
 
 I 
 
 Oct. 17, 1869 
 
 Jan. 28, 1876 
 
 Sept. 7. 1872 
 July 24, 1883 
 
 Feb. 13, 1881 
 May 10, 1875 
 
 Total Rpproapntatlves. aeS. Lawyers. 113. Varied, 63. Jurists. 22. 
 Occupation Unknown, lit. Merchants, ISS. Agriculturists, 9. Journal- 
 ists, tf. ManufactnrtTs, C Physicians, 5. Educators,!!. SoMicrs, ;8. 
 Bankers. 2. Mfchanlc:*, 2. Cloruryinan, 1. DrutrKist, 1. LumlxTinan. I. 
 Forwarder, 1. Foreiifn Horn. 12: Includinj? Ireland, 4; Kngland, 3; 
 Cana<la.2; Scotland, 1: Oonnany, 1; Prussia, 1. 
 
 m^
 
 FOKTY-oECOND OUNOKESS, AND L1CA1)1N(J EVE.NTS UK IIIK TIME. 
 
 Forty-second Congress of the United States, from 1871 to 1873. 
 
 ! 
 
 1871- 
 
 IS71- 
 1871- 
 1871- 
 
 1871- 
 1872 
 1873- 
 
 -OrnneeCatholfe riot in New York City. 
 in winch ilve soldiers anil aliout 100 
 rioters were killed, July 12. 
 
 -Explosion of a powder nia^'azine in 
 the Government Arsenal at Washing- 
 ton caused great loss of property, 
 July 22. 
 
 -rnitcd States Express wagon robbed 
 of SOO.IXX) in the streets of St. Louis, 
 Mo.. July 2.5. 
 
 -Great fire at Bloomington, 111. ; loss, 
 $300,(K)O, Sept. !i. 
 
 —Arrest of Mormon dignitaries in Utah, 
 for polygamy, Oct. 2, 3. 
 
 —Great fires In Chicago, desolating the 
 city; losses about ?200.(«IO.CKXJ. Oct. 7, 
 8, and 9. 
 
 -Great forest fires in Wisconsin, Michi- 
 gan and otlier States, Oct. 5-10. 
 
 —James Fisk, Jr., killed by Edward S. 
 Stokes, in New York City. Jan. 6. 
 
 —Dr. Jayne's Building, in Philadelphia, 
 Fa., burned; loss, 8478, UOO, May 19. 
 
 Ulyiiaeii 8. Ornnl, IHtli I*t'i->l<li-nl. 
 
 VICR-PRKSIDKNT— ScnUYLKK COLKAX, Ol-- I.SUIANA. 
 
 Sec'y of Stale ; Hamilton Fish, of N. Y. 
 
 Sec'y of Trcas .; Geo. S. Routwell, of Mass. 
 
 Sec'y of War •; Wm. W. Hclknap, of Iowa. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy { Geo. M. Kobeson, of N. J. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior i Columbus Delano, of Ohio. 
 
 Postniaster-Gen'l.... \ John A. J. Creswell, of Md. 
 
 A ,.*....».>.,., n««'i 5 Amos T. Akerman, of Ga. 
 
 Attorneys-Gen 1 j g„^ „ Williams, of Ore. 
 
 Speaker of House of ) j Blaine, of Me. 
 
 Representatives... (""'"c^"- "i»»".;, « "^ 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat ; It» Republican. 
 
 1872— The Geneva (Switzerland ) Tribunal of 
 Arbitration on the " Alabama " claims, 
 proclaims an award to the United 
 States of »10,250,000, Sept. 14. 
 
 1872— The Saratoga County Bank, at Water 
 ford.N. Y., robl>edor»500,000 in money 
 and bonds, Oct. 14. 
 
 1872— Great firo at Boston, Mass. ; 200 aeres 
 were burned over, Nov. 9, 10. 
 
 1873— Edward S. Stokes convicted of the 
 murder of James Fisk, Jr., and sen- 
 tenced to be hanged, Jan. 6. He was, 
 however, tried twice more for this 
 crime, and at last was imprisoned. 
 
 I873~Aniadeus. King of Spain, abdicates his 
 
 throne, Feb. II. 
 1873— "Salary Grab" bill (for back pay of 
 
 Congressmen) passed Congress, Mar. 3. 
 
 1873— Massacre of General Canby by Modocs, 
 in Caiiforiiia, April 11. 
 
 1873— Surrender of Captain Jack and other 
 murderous Modocs to the U. S. Govern- 
 ment. June 1. They were executed on 
 the 3d of October following. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Alcorn. Jas. L R 
 
 Ames, Adeibert — 
 
 Anthony, Henry B R 
 
 Bayard. Thos. F D 
 
 BUir. Francis P R 
 
 Boreman. Arthur I,..R 
 Brownlow. Wm. G...R 
 Buckingham. Wm. A.R 
 
 Oaldwell, Alex R 
 
 Cameron. Simon R 
 
 Carpenter. Matt. H...R 
 
 Casseriy. Eugene D 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Clayton, Powell R 
 
 Cole. Cornelius R 
 
 Conkling. Roscoe R 
 
 Cooi)er. Henry D 
 
 Corbett. Henry W R 
 
 Cragin. Aaron H R 
 
 Davis. Garrett R 
 
 Davis. Henry G D 
 
 Edmuniis, (^eo. P R 
 
 Fenton. Reuben E...— 
 
 Ferrv, Orris S R 
 
 Ferr'y, Thos. W R 
 
 Flanagan. Jas. W R 
 
 Frelinghuvsen. F. T. .R 
 
 Gilbert, Abijah R 
 
 Goidthwaite. Geo D 
 
 Hamilton, Morgan C.R 
 
 Hamilton. Wm. T D 
 
 Hamlin. Hannibal R 
 
 Harlan, James R 
 
 Hill, Joshua. — 
 
 Hitchcock, Phln. W..R 
 Hon,.. Tuiu.tliv O....R 
 Johnston. J. .lin W..- 
 Kellogg. William P. .R 
 
 Kelly, James K D 
 
 L.ewis, John F R 
 
 Logan, John A R 
 
 Ma.-hcn. Willis B....D 
 
 MorLill, Justin S R 
 
 Morrill. Lot M R 
 
 Mult. ,11. Oliver P R 
 
 Norwood, Thos. M.,.D 
 
 Nve. James W R 
 
 Osborn, Thos. W R 
 
 Patterson. Jas. W,..R 
 
 Pomerov. Sam'l C R 
 
 Pool, John — 
 
 Pratt, D.iniel D R 
 
 Ramsev. Alex R 
 
 Ransom, Matt. W D 
 
 Rii*e. Benjamin F R 
 
 Robertson, Thos. J...K 
 
 ISaulsbury, Eli D 
 
 Sawyer. Fred'k A R 
 
 Schurz. Carl R 
 
 Scott, John R 
 
 Sherman, John R 
 
 Spencer, Geo. E R 
 
 Sprague, William R 
 
 Stevenson. John W...D 
 
 Stewart. Wm. M R 
 
 Stockton, John P D 
 
 Sumner, Charles R 
 
 Tburmnn. Allen G...D 
 
 Tipton. Tlios. W R 
 
 Trumbull, Lyman R 
 
 Vickers, George D 
 
 "West, J. Rodman R 
 
 W'ilson. Henry R 
 
 111. .. 
 Me... 
 R. I 
 Dei... 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va.. . 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. H. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Md. . . 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Mich. 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 .Mass. 
 Ala. . 
 Md... 
 Me. . . 
 ill. .. 
 S. C 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 III. .. 
 Vt.... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 111. .. 
 Ky... 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Me. .. 
 I'a... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Del. . 
 M.1SS. 
 (^ier'y 
 Pa. .. 
 oliio. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Va... 
 X. Y. 
 N. J . . 
 Mass . 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Lou.. 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. — , 
 Oct. 31, 
 April 1. 
 Oct. 29, 
 Feb. 19. 
 July -24. 
 Aug. 29, 
 May 2H, 
 Mar. I , 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 8l»to 
 Mnted. 
 
 ISIR Miss. 
 183.5 .Miss. 
 IHI5 R I. 
 I82S Del.. 
 1821 Mo. . 
 18;j3 W.Vi 
 IMil.-> Tfllil 
 
 'OccupatioD 
 
 I III 11 
 
 Dec. 
 
 10. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 7. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 IV. 
 
 1 let. 
 
 311, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 22, 
 
 Feb. 
 
 IK 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 10, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 IK 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1, 
 
 July 
 
 1. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 \i>. 
 
 June 
 
 1, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 ,5, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 4. 
 
 June 
 
 18 
 
 Dec. 
 
 lo 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2:* 
 
 Sept. 
 
 M. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2/. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2(5. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Ml, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 311 
 
 t'eb. 
 
 ■24, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 9, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 8, 
 
 Feb, 
 
 IK, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1 
 
 Feb. 
 
 9, 
 
 April 10. 
 
 Apri 
 
 14. 
 
 May 
 
 3, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 4, 
 
 Ipril2li. 
 
 June 
 
 111, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 2, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 3, 
 
 June 16. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 2«. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 8, 
 
 May 
 
 28, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 3, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 •29, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 12, 
 
 Mar. 
 
 2 
 
 July 
 
 14, 
 
 Mav 
 
 10, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1, 
 
 Sept 
 
 12. 
 
 Mav 
 
 4, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 9, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 2, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 « 
 
 Nov. 
 
 13 
 
 Aug. 
 
 ,'., 
 
 Oct. 
 
 12, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 19, 
 
 Sept 
 
 19 
 
 Feb. 
 
 IK 
 
 is:«i K 
 17!19 I'a. .. 
 1824 Wis.. 
 1823 Cal... 
 1813 Mli'h. 
 IK.33 Ark.. 
 1K22 I'al... 
 18-31 N. Y. 
 1827, Tenn. 
 1827 Oie.. 
 I82i|N. H. 
 ISOllKy... 
 18-23, W.Va 
 I828!vt. .. 
 18I9|N. Y. 
 1823:cnnn, 
 1827:Mich. 
 18I1-. Tox.a! 
 1817 N. J.. 
 180B Fla... 
 \>*n\ Ala 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Van.'d.... 
 Vaiiirl.... 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 July ' 8,' isre 
 
 April 29, 1877 
 Feb. 5, 1875 
 
 1 Tex a 
 
 18211 Md 
 1.8119'Me. .. 
 1820 Iowa. 
 
 1812 Ga. .. 
 1831 Neb.. 
 I81H Wis.. 
 
 1818 Va. .. 
 1830 Lou.. 
 
 1819 Ore.. 
 1818 Va. .. 
 1826 111. .. 
 1810 Ky... 
 
 1810 Vt. .. 
 
 1813 Me... 
 1823 Ind. . 
 1830 Ga. .. 
 
 1815 Nev.. 
 1S3K Fla... 
 
 1823 N. H. 
 
 1816 Kan.. 
 1826 N. C. 
 1813 Ind. . 
 1815 Minn 
 182R N. C. 
 1828 Ark,, 
 l,S-23 S, C. 
 
 1817 Del... 
 
 1822 S. C. 
 1829, Mo... 
 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 
 1823 Ohio. 
 1836 Ala, , 
 1S30 R. I . , 
 1812,Kv.,. 
 18271 Nev., 
 1826 N. J. 
 
 1811 Mass 
 1813 Ohio 
 1817 Xeb. 
 1813 111. . 
 1801 Md.. 
 1822 Lou . 
 
 1812 Mass 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 L.awyer. . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchnsit. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Varied... . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unlaiown. 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Agricul'st, 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Educator. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 La^vye^, 
 Lawyer, 
 Jurist ., 
 Varied, 
 Jurist, 
 iLawyer, , 
 jMerchant 
 Mechanic 
 
 Feb, 24, 1881 
 June 14. 1883 
 Nov. 1, 1879 
 
 Sept. 22, 1872 
 
 Nov. 21, 1875 
 
 Jan. 10. 1883 
 Nov. 1 , 1877 
 
 Dec. 25, 1876 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 I t<tAt« I 
 
 I Rrprc j OceupallAn. 
 •«iiu.d. ] 
 
 Windom, William.... R lOhio.iMay 1". 18'27 MinnlLawj'er...! 
 
 Wright^ George G R |Ind. .iMar. 24, 1820 Iowa. (Jurist .1 
 
 Total Senators, 75. Lawyers, 33. Varied, l.*;. Jurists. 9. Merchants, 6. 
 Agriculturists, 3. Occupation Unknown, 3. Journalists, S. Manufact- 
 uier. 1, Educator, 1. Mechanic,!. Soldier, 1. Foreigii Born, «: Includ- 
 ing Ireland, 1; Germany, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Nor, 22, 1875 
 
 Acker, Ephraim L..,D 
 
 Adams, Geo, M D 
 
 Ambler. Jacob A R 
 
 Ames, Oakes R 
 
 Archer. Stevenson D 
 
 Armstrong, Moses K,D 
 
 Arthur. Wm, E D 
 
 Averill, JohnT R 
 
 Banks.Nath'l P R 
 
 Barber, J. Allen R 
 
 Banium, Wm. H D 
 
 Barry. Henry W R 
 
 Beatly. John R 
 
 Beck. Krasmus W D 
 
 Beck. James B D 
 
 Bell. Samuel N D 
 
 Beveridge. John L R 
 
 Bigbv, John S R 
 
 Biggs. Benjamin T. ..D 
 
 Bingham. John A R 
 
 Bird, John T D 
 
 Blaine, James G R 
 
 Blair. Austin R 
 
 Blair, James G R 
 
 Boarman, Aleck — 
 
 Boles, Thomas R 
 
 Braxton. Elliott M D 
 
 Bright, John M D 
 
 Brooks, George M R 
 
 Brooks, James D 
 
 Buckley, Chas, W R 
 
 Buflinton. James R 
 
 Burcbard, Horatio C,R 
 
 Eurdett, Samuel S R 
 
 Burnell, Frank C R 
 
 Butler, Benj, F R 
 
 Butler, Roderick R, . .R 
 Caldwell. Rob't P....D 
 Campbell, Lewis D...D 
 
 Carroll. John M D 
 
 Chafl'ee. Jerome B R 
 
 Chipnian, Norton P..R 
 
 Claggett, Wm, H R 
 
 Clarke, Freeman R 
 
 Clark, Wm.T R 
 
 Cobb, Clinton L R 
 
 (boburn, John R 
 
 Coghlan.John M R 
 
 Comingo, Abram 1) 
 
 Conger. Omar D !l 
 
 Cornier, John C D 
 
 Cook. Burton C R 
 
 Cotton. Avlett R R 
 
 Cox, Samuel S D 
 
 Crebs. John M D 
 
 Creelv, John V — 
 
 Critcher, John D 
 
 Crocker, Aivah R 
 
 Crossland, Edward. . , D 
 Barrail. Chester B..,R 
 Davis. John J D 
 
 Uon 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Oliio. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 Scot. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Del.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jan. 11, 
 Dec, •20, 
 Feb. IS, 
 Jan, III, 
 Feb. 28. 
 Sept. 19, 
 Mar, 3, 
 Mar. 1 , 
 Jan. 30, 
 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 Dec.'itV. 
 Oct. 21. 
 Feb. 13, 
 Mar. '25. 
 July 6, 
 Feb, 13, 
 Oct, 1, 
 
 A\ig,'i(i' 
 Jan. 31, 
 Feb. 8, 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Me... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Md... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 July 16. 
 Oct. 8, 
 J.an. 211, 
 July 26, 
 Nov. 10. 
 Feb. 18. 
 Mar. 16. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Feb. 21, 
 Mar, 19. 
 Nov, 5. 
 April 8. 
 Dec, 16. 
 Aug. 9. 
 April 27, 
 April 17, 
 Mar. 7. 
 Sept. 21. 
 Mar. 22, 
 June 29, 
 Aug, 25. 
 Oct. 27. 
 Dec. 8. 
 Jan. 9, 
 
 Oct." 27. 
 Mav 11. 
 Nov. 29. 
 S.pt. 30. 
 April 9, 
 
 1827 Pa. .. 
 1837 Kv... 
 1829 Pa. .. 
 1804 .Mass. 
 18-27 .Md... 
 ia'!2 1). T.. 
 18-25 Ky... 
 1825 Minn. 
 
 1816 Mass. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 ISlSConn. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 18-28 Ohio. 
 1833 (la.. . 
 1822 Ky... 
 1829 N. H. 
 1824 111. .. 
 I8;)2 Ga... 
 1821 Del... 
 1815 Ohio. 
 
 1829 N. J.. 
 
 1830 Me... 
 1818 Mich. 
 18-28 Mo. . . 
 1830 Lou.. 
 1837 Ark.. 
 lS-23'Va... 
 1817, Tenn. 
 IK24:Mass. 
 l8|(i.N. Y. 
 1835 Ala. . 
 
 1817 Ma&s. 
 18-25 111.... 
 18'IK|Mo. .. 
 1842 Pa. .. 
 1818, .Mass. 
 1827iTenn. 
 1821 Tenn. 
 
 1811 
 18-25 
 1825 
 1834 
 
 1838 
 
 Va. ..Mar. 11. 
 Mass. Oct. 14, 
 Ky,.. June ;i(-i. 
 Pa, .. June 24. 
 W.Va May I. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 N. Y. 
 Col... 
 1). C. 
 M. T. 
 N. Y. 
 
 1834 Texas 
 1842 N. C. 
 18-25 Ind. . 
 
 1835 Cal... 
 18-20 Mo... 
 
 1818 Mich. 
 1842!Texas 
 
 1819 III. .. 
 I82I-. Iowa. 
 IS24 N. Y. 
 ls:)o III.. . 
 
 Pa 
 
 1820' Va... 
 1801 Mass. 
 18-27 Kv... 
 1842 Lou.. 
 1835 W'.Va 
 
 Varied. ,. 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Manufac'r ] 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied. 
 Jurist.. 
 Manufac'r 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer. , 
 Manufac'r . 
 Varied.... 
 Banker. .. 
 ].a%vyer. .. 
 Lawyer. - . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied,... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied., 
 Jurist.... 
 Law-yer. . 
 Journalist . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Law-yer. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer-. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Journalist i 
 Unknown. . 
 Varied. 
 Varied. 
 Law;yer. . . 
 Varied., 
 Law-yer.. 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer... , 
 Varied. , 
 Lawyer. . 
 Banker.. 
 L.aAvyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Jurist. . . . 
 Lawyer.. 
 La%vyer. . 
 Varied. . . 
 Soldier... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... . 
 Varied.. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist I 
 
 Varied.... Dec. 26, 1874 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law-yer 
 
 7n^ 
 
 :<5^ 
 
 ^
 
 518 
 
 EEPRESENTATIVES OF THE FORTA'-SECOND CONGRESS. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Dawes. Henrv L R 
 
 DeLart^f . Hob't C R 
 
 Diokev. Oliver J R 
 
 Dodds, Ozro T — 
 
 Donnan. Wni. G R 
 
 Vox. Peter M D 
 
 DuBose, Dudley M D 
 
 Duell, R. Holland.... R 
 Duke. Kich'dT. W....D 
 
 Duuueil. Mark H R 
 
 Eauies. Eenj. T R 
 
 Edwards, John R 
 
 EUlrldKe. Clias. A D 
 
 Elliott. Robert B R 
 
 Ely. Smith D 
 
 Esty. Constantine C. .R 
 Farnswoi th, John F.R 
 
 Farwcll.Clias. B R 
 
 Finkelnberg. Gust. A.R 
 
 Forker, Saml C D 
 
 Foster, Charles — 
 
 Foster, Henrv V D 
 
 Foster, Wilder D R 
 
 Frye, William P R 
 
 Gallecos, Jose M D 
 
 Garfield, James A R 
 
 Garfielde, Selucius. ..R 
 Garrett, Abraham E.D 
 
 Getz, J. Lawrence D 
 
 Giddinfrs. DeWitt CD 
 
 Gollad.iy, Edw'd I D 
 
 Goodrich, Milo R 
 
 Griffith, Samuel D 
 
 Haldeman. Bich'd J.D 
 
 Hale. Eueene R 
 
 Hal^HV, George A....R 
 
 ilanil.l.ton. Sam'l D 
 
 Har.r.H-k, John D 
 
 Haiidl.-y, Wm.T D 
 
 Hanks, Jas. M D 
 
 Haiiuer, Alfred C ...R 
 
 Harper, James C D 
 
 Harris, Geoi'ge E R 
 
 H,,riis. John T D 
 
 H .V, us. Harrison E..R 
 
 Ha» I V.John B R 
 
 Ha«l.v, Joseph R....R 
 
 Hav. John B R 
 
 Havs, Ch.arles R 
 
 Haz.llon, GeiTV W..R 
 
 Hazelli.u. J"hn W R 
 
 Hereford. Frank D 
 
 Herndon.Wm. S D 
 
 Hil.l.ard.Ellery A D 
 
 Hill, John R 
 
 Hoar. (ieorgeF R 
 
 IImIiiku,. William S...D 
 
 Il,,.,|,r, , S.Miiuel R 
 
 Hi i|"i'. Wilham H..— 
 Hi.nt.'IHou, Sherman. R 
 
 Jones, Wul. T R 
 
 Kellev, Wm. D R 
 
 KelloL'ir. Stephen W. ,R 
 Kind^.n. ('has. W,...D 
 
 Kerr, Mirhael C D 
 
 K.t, ham, John H....R 
 Killlnt-er. John W....R 
 
 King. Andrew D 
 
 Kinsella, Thomas D 
 
 Lamison, Chas. N,...D 
 
 L,amport. Wm. H R 
 
 Lansing, Wni. E R 
 
 Leach. James M D 
 
 Lewis, Joseph H D 
 
 Lowe. David P R 
 
 Lvii.li, John K 
 
 Mr( 1. Hand, Wm....D 
 M(C..nuick,Ja.s. R....D 
 .M.<'cMuiick, Rich'dC— 
 Mc( '1 ai'V, George W, ,R 
 Mri^i.w, James C.,..R 
 MrH.-u! V, Henry D,,.D 
 
 M. Intvi.-, Aleh. T D 
 
 M.lui.kiu. Khenezer.R 
 
 M. K< c. George C R 
 
 M.Kiiiuey. Jno. F ...D 
 M. Nr.lv,Tliiunp. W..D 
 .M..M i.n, Mahlon D....D 
 M;ci-h:.ll, Samuel S...D 
 
 M n.i .1(1. Horace R 
 
 M.r.pii, rivsses R 
 
 M. ,1 i;,.u, Clinton L..R 
 
 M k Wm, M D 
 
 M. ii III, Sam'l A D 
 
 Ml II .H. BenJ. F D 
 
 Mitchell. Alex I) 
 
 Monroe. JameM R 
 
 Moore. Jesse H K 
 
 Mon-y, Frank R 
 
 M..rgan, Geo. W D 
 
 Morphls. Joseph L....R 
 
 Myers, Leonard U 
 
 \.glev. James S R 
 
 Nil. 111. k, Silas L V 
 
 Nil. hick, William E...D 
 Orr. Jackson R 
 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Me . . . 
 Mass. 
 Ky.., 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 N.J,. 
 Mass. 
 Can . . 
 N. Y. 
 Pnis, 
 X. J.. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 N, Y, 
 Me... 
 N. M. 
 Ohio . 
 Vt.. . 
 Va... 
 Pa, ., 
 Pa, ., 
 Tenn. 
 N, Y. 
 Wars 
 Pa. ,. 
 Me... 
 X. J.. 
 Mil... 
 Ala... 
 Ga. .. 
 Ark.. 
 Pa. ., 
 Pa, ., 
 N. C. 
 Va.., 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Ml. .. 
 Ala, . 
 N. H. 
 N.J,. 
 Va.. . 
 Ga... 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 N, Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa.. , 
 Mass. 
 Me. . , 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 Stale 
 
 Oct. 3f), 
 Mar. 15, 
 April 6, 
 
 June 30, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Oct. 28. 
 Dec. 20. 
 June 6, 
 July 2. 
 June 4, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Feb. 27, 
 Aug. II, 
 
 Dec. 2(V, 
 .Mar, 27, 
 July 1, 
 Api-il fi. 
 Mar. 16, 
 Apiill2, 
 Dec. 19, 
 Jan. 8, 
 .Sept. 2. 
 .Vov. 14, 
 Nov. 19, 
 Dee. 8. 
 Mar. 6, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Julv l.s. 
 Sept. 9, 
 Jan. 8, 
 Feb, 14. 
 May 19, 
 June 9, 
 Dee. 7, 
 
 Va... 
 h'e'd. 
 Pa.. , 
 N. Y. 
 N, Y, 
 N. C, 
 Ky... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Va. . , 
 Ky... 
 Ga. ., 
 Pa. ., 
 III. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ill .. 
 Ohio. 
 III. .. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y.. 
 Md. . . 
 Va, . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Scot.. 
 Conn. 
 Ill ... 
 Mass. 
 Pn, .. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Oct. 29, 
 
 Dec. If), 
 
 Feb. 12. 
 Aug. 8, 
 
 Dee. B. 
 
 Jan. 6. 
 
 May 8. 
 
 Dec. 1.5. 
 
 Feb. 9, 
 
 Oct. 31. 
 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 Feb. 24, 
 
 JiiVy ' 'i'. 
 Nov. 27, 
 Julv 31, 
 Julie 10, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Sept. 6. 
 Feb. 8, 
 Dec, 13, 
 April 10, 
 Feb. 20. 
 April 12, 
 April .5. 
 April 22, 
 Mar. Li, 
 Dec, 21, 
 Sept. 18, 
 Mai-. 20, 
 
 1816 Ma-ss. 
 1H42 S. C. 
 
 1823 Pa... 
 
 lOhio. 
 
 1834|lowa. 
 1813;Ala. . 
 1834;Ga. .. 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 1822;va.. . 
 1823; Minn. 
 1818, R. I.. 
 1815:Ark.. 
 1821 1 Wis.. 
 1842, S. C. . 
 
 1825 N. Y. 
 18-24! Mass. 
 
 1820 111. ,. 
 
 1823 HI. .. 
 l«37iMo... 
 
 1821 N. J., 
 1828 Ohio, 
 1812 Pa. .. 
 1819 Mich. 
 1831 Me,.. 
 1815 N. M. 
 1831 Ohio. 
 1822, W. T. 
 
 1830 Tenn. 
 1821 Pa.. . 
 1827, Texas 
 
 1831 Tenn. 
 1820:n. Y. 
 I816|Pa. .. 
 1831 Pa. .. 
 1836 Me... 
 1827 N. J.. 
 1812 Md... 
 
 1824 Texas 
 1834 Ala.. 
 18-'J3,Ark,. 
 1825, Pa. . . 
 1819 N. C. 
 1827 Miss.. 
 1825|Va... 
 1.837 Mo... 
 1831:111. .. 
 1826'Conn. 
 I834illl. .. 
 1834 Ala,.. 
 1829|Wis.. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 1825' W.Va 
 1837iTexas 
 
 1826 N. H. 
 182i:N. J.. 
 1826: Mass. 
 
 Ind 
 
 1808 
 1813 
 1828 
 184: 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Wy.T 
 1814 Pa.. . 
 1822 Conn. 
 1828 Nev.. 
 
 May 27, 
 
 Oct. 29, 
 .lug. 22, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Aug. I, 
 
 Aug,'29, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Feb, 27, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Mar. 28, 
 Oct. 2, 
 April 12, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Feb. 20, 
 Mar, 18, 
 ,\iig. 13, 
 Aug. 12, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Sept. I, 
 Aug. 15, 
 July B, 
 Oct. 17, 
 July |8, 
 April 22, 
 July II, 
 Sept, '20, 
 April 17, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 1827 
 1832 
 1825 
 1812 
 1832 
 1826 
 1811 
 1822 
 
 18-24 
 1823 
 1825 
 184 
 
 Ind 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 N. 0. 
 Ky... 
 Kan.. 
 Me... 
 Pa, 
 
 18-24 Mo... 
 1832'Ariz. 
 1835; Iowa 
 1813! W.V£ 
 182fliKy.. 
 1822 Ga.. 
 
 1819 
 1837 
 1827 
 1835 
 18-20 
 1821 
 1814 
 1818 
 
 Pa, 
 Miss., 
 Ohio. 
 111. ., 
 Ind. . 
 III. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. 
 
 Ind. . May 19, 
 Ohio. Sept. 21, 
 
 1824'N, Y, 
 I818'Md... 
 1828 Idaho 
 1833 Pa. . . 
 I817|W|S.. 
 1821 Ohio. 
 1817|lll. .. 
 1840 Lou.. 
 18-20 Ohio. 
 1831|Mi88.. 
 1827 Pa. .. 
 1820 Pa... 
 
 iFla... 
 
 18-22 Ind.. 
 18321 Iowa. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'Bt. 
 Lawyer,. , 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Educator. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Banker . . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 jLaw^er. .. 
 '.\gricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 : Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Vai-ied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied..., 
 Lawyer,., 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Law,yer. . . 
 Merchant, 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Joui-nallst 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Valied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyel*. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Druggist., 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Banker . . 
 Educator. 
 Educator. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Aprrlcul'st. 
 Ln w-ycr, , . 
 Soldici-.. , . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Feb. 15,1874 
 April 2 1,1876 
 
 Sept. 19, 1881 
 
 Feb. 14, 1875 
 
 May 3, 1882 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Packard, Jasper R 
 
 Packer, John B R 
 
 Palmer, Frank W..,.R 
 
 Parker, Hosea W D 
 
 Parker, Isaac C R 
 
 Peck, Erasmus D R 
 
 Pendleton, Jas, M R 
 
 Perce, Legrand W R 
 
 Perr,v, Aaron F R 
 
 Perry, Eli D 
 
 Peters, John A R 
 
 Piatt, James H R 
 
 Poland, LukeP R 
 
 Porter, Chas. H R 
 
 Potter. Claikson N.,.D 
 
 Prii-.-. William P D 
 
 Prlnill. , EliKiir H....R 
 Raincv, Joseph H...R 
 
 Randall. Sam'l J D 
 
 Bead, William B D 
 
 Rice. Edward Y D 
 
 Rice, John M D 
 
 Ritchie, John I) 
 
 Roberts, Ellis H R 
 
 Roberts. Wm B D 
 
 Robinson, James C. . . D 
 
 Rogers, John D 
 
 Rogeis, Sion H D 
 
 Roosevelt, Rob't B...D 
 Rusk. JeremiahM....R 
 St. John, Charles. ...R 
 
 Sargent, Aaron A R 
 
 Sawyer, Philetus. ...R 
 Scofleld. GIenniW....R 
 
 Seeley.John E R 
 
 Sessions, Walter L,,,R 
 
 Shanks, John P. C R 
 
 Sheldon, Lionel A,,,. R 
 Sheliabarger, Sani'J, .R 
 
 Sherwood, Henr.v D 
 
 Shober, Francis E D 
 
 Shoemaker, Laz, D,.,R 
 
 Slater, James H D 
 
 Slocum, Henry- W D 
 
 Sloss, Joseph H D 
 
 Smith, Horace B R 
 
 Smith, John A R 
 
 Smith, Worthington..R 
 
 Snapp, Henrv R 
 
 Snyder. Oliver P R 
 
 Speer, R.Milton D 
 
 Speer, Thos. J R 
 
 Spi-ague. Wm. P R 
 
 Starkweather. H. H,,R 
 Stevens, Biadford N. .D 
 
 Stevenson. Job E It 
 
 Storm. John B D 
 
 Stoughton, Wm. L,,.R 
 Stowell, Wm. H. H,,.R 
 
 Strong, Julius L R 
 
 Sutherland, Jabez G..D 
 
 Swann, Thomas I> 
 
 Sypher, Jay H R 
 
 TafTe, John R 
 
 Terry, William — 
 
 Thomas, Charles R,,.R 
 Townsend, Dwight...D 
 Townsend, Washgfn.R 
 
 Turner, Benj. S R 
 
 Tuthill. Joseph H,,,.D 
 
 Twichell, Ginerj- R 
 
 Tyner,James N R 
 
 Upson, Wm. H R 
 
 Van Trump, Phlla. ..D 
 
 Vanghan, Wm, W D 
 
 Voorhees, Dan'l W,,.D 
 •WTaddell, Allied M, D 
 
 Wakeman, Seth R 
 
 Walden, Madison M. .R 
 
 Waldron, Henrv R 
 
 Wallace, Alex, S R 
 
 Walls, Josiah T R 
 
 Warren, Joseph M D 
 
 Washburn. Wm, B...R 
 
 Wells, Erastus li 
 
 Wheeler, Wm, A R 
 
 Wliitclev,Rich'd H,,R 
 Whitthorne. W.C,,..I) 
 
 Willaid,Chas. W R 
 
 Williams, William,,, 1) 
 Williams, William,, ,R 
 Wilson, Jeremiah M,,R 
 
 Wilson, John T U 
 
 Winchester, Boyd D 
 
 Wood, Fernando D 
 
 Young, Pierce M. H. .1) 
 
 led. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y, 
 Me.,. 
 Can.. 
 Vt.... 
 N. Y, 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 N, Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 HI. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn, 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Mo. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 tia. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. ., 
 
 N. y, 
 
 vt. . . 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C, 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 Ind. , 
 Ohio, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Feb. 1 , 
 Mar. 21, 
 Oct. 1 1 , 
 May 30, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Sept. 16, 
 Jan. 10, 
 June 19, 
 Jan, 1, 
 Dec, 25, 
 Oct. 9, 
 July 13, 
 Nov. 1, 
 
 Jan. 29, 
 May t>, 
 June 21, 
 Oct. 10, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Feb, 8, 
 
 Aug, 12, 
 Sept. 30, 
 Feb. 6, 
 
 May 9. 
 Sept. 30, 
 
 June 17, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Sept. 28. 
 Sept, 22, 
 Mar. 11, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 June 1-7, 
 Aug. 30. 
 Dec. 10, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Mar. 12, 
 [Nov. 5, 
 
 I Sept.' 24, 
 Oct, 12. 
 Aug, 18, 
 Sept. 23, 
 April 2:(, 
 Junc30, 
 Nov, 13, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Aug. 3, 
 May 21. 
 ApiiI29. 
 Jan. 3, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Sept. 19, 
 Mar. -20, 
 iJuly 26. 
 Nov. 8. 
 [Oct. 6, 
 
 July '2-2. 
 Jan. 30, 
 Aug. 14, 
 Feb. 7, 
 
 1832 Ind. . 
 1K24 Pa.. . 
 18-27 Iowa. 
 
 1833 N. H. 
 1838 Mo... 
 1808 Ohio. 
 1822 R. 1.. 
 
 1836 Miss., 
 
 1815 Ohio. 
 1802 N, Y. 
 1822 Me, , . 
 1837;Va. .. 
 1815, Vt. ,. 
 
 Va... 
 
 1825 N. Y. 
 1835 Ga,, . 
 
 1829 N, Y . 
 
 1832 S. C, 
 1828 Pa, , 
 1820 Ky,,. 
 1820 111, .. 
 
 Ky,,. 
 
 1831 Md. . . 
 1827 N. Y. 
 
 1830 N. y. 
 1822,111. ., 
 
 1813 N. Y, 
 
 1825 N, C, 
 1829, N. Y, 
 1830. Wis,, 
 1818:N, Y. 
 1827;CaI,,. 
 
 1816 Wis,, 
 1817!Pa,. . 
 1810N. Y. 
 
 iN. y. 
 
 1826 Ind. . 
 1831iLou.. 
 1817;Ohio. 
 1817, Pa... 
 
 1831 N. C. 
 1819|Pa. .. 
 1826lOre. . 
 1827;n. Y. 
 1826:AIa. . 
 1826 N. y. 
 
 1814 Ohio. 
 IIS23 \'t. .. 
 ls:..2 III. .. 
 
 1833 Ark,. 
 1838, Pa... 
 
 1837 Ga,,, 
 I827iOhio, 
 18211 Conn. 
 1813 111 
 
 Ind. . 
 N, C. 
 Vt. ,, 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y, 
 S. C. 
 Va. ,. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'.l. 
 Teuii, 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio, 
 Lou . . 
 Pa, . , 
 S. C. . 
 
 Mar, 17, 
 Feb. 11, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Jan. 17, 
 Jan. II, 
 Nov, 15, 
 
 1831 
 
 1838 
 
 1827 
 
 184( 
 
 1828 
 
 1825 
 
 1806 
 
 183' 
 
 182' 
 
 1824 
 
 1827 
 
 1826 
 
 1813 
 
 1825 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 1826 
 
 1823 
 
 1810 
 
 Sept, 26 
 Sept. 16, 
 Jan. 15, 
 Oct, 6, 
 Oct. II, 
 Dec. 30, 
 Dec. 30, 
 
 Jan. 31, 
 Dee, 2, 
 (June 30, 
 Dec, -22, 
 April 19, 
 June 18, 
 Sept, «, 
 May II, 
 Nov. 2.5, 
 April 16, 
 Sept, 23, 
 Juno 14, 
 
 1828 
 1834 
 I8II 
 1836 
 1819 
 1810 
 1842 
 1813 
 1820 
 1823 
 1819 
 1830 
 1.825 
 1.8-27 
 1815 
 1,821 
 18-28 
 1811 
 1836 
 1812 
 1838 
 
 Oil 
 Pa. .. 
 .Mich. 
 Va.. . 
 Conn, 
 Mich. 
 Md... 
 Lou . . 
 Neb.. 
 Va. . . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Ala. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio, 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 low-a. 
 Mich. 
 S. C, , 
 Va. . , 
 N, Y. 
 Mass. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y 
 Ga... 
 Tenn. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Juri-st... . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Mechanic. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer,, . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Vaiied 
 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Lumbrm'n 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. ,, 
 Lawyei-, , , 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. ,. 
 Law-yer.. , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Law,yer, , , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer,.. 
 Varied.... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law yer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Low-yer. , , 
 Lawyer,,, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Merchant, 
 Merchant. 
 R, R. Oflir 
 Lnw-yer. , , 
 Lawyer. , , 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 V'aried 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul-st. 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.,. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Var 
 
 L".wyer 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 Soldier, 
 
 Aug. 14, 1874 
 
 Aug, 18, 1872 
 
 Jan. 28, 1876 
 Nov. 10, 1885 
 
 Sept, 7, 1872 
 jilly 24, 188b 
 
 Aug, 19, 1.878 
 
 Total Representatives, £63. Lawyei-s, 1 IS, Varied, S8. Jurists, S6. 
 
 Merchants, l-l. Occupation Unknown, lO. Agriculturists, 9. Journal 
 ists, 8, Manufacturers, ii. Bankers, 4. lOducatt.rs, :l. Soldiers, 9. 
 Physicians. 11. Druggist, 1, Mechanic. I. Lumberman, 1. Railroad 
 Ofllcor, 1. Foreign Horn, lO: Including Ireland, 3; Scotland, 2; 
 Canada, 2; England, 1; Wales, 1; Prussia, I. 
 
 A
 
 FOUTV-TIIIKIl (JONUliKSS, AISD LEADING i;Vl„\TS UF TlJii TI4LE. 
 
 Forty-third Congress of the United States, from 1873 to 1875. 
 
 1873 — Pestructivo cyclones in Wisconsin. Mis- 
 souri, IniliaiML and (»liio. tIcstroyinK 
 many liven am] a large amount of prop- 
 erty, July 4. 
 
 1873— Robbery of a mail train from Califor- 
 nia, carrj'inp: li tonn of b\illion, by a 
 band of desperadoes, in) miles west of 
 Des Moines, Iowa. Tlio en(?imn'r was 
 killed, tlie train derailed, and all the 
 treasure carried olT, July 21. 
 
 1873— Great sale of short-horn cattle in 
 Oneida County. N. Y., Kept. 10. One 
 lot of 109 head sold for 8a82,0IX). One 
 cow sold for 840,000, and others for 
 (20,000 each. 
 
 1873— Failure of Jay Cooke & Co. and other 
 brokers, Sept. 18. 
 
 1873— Survivors of Captain Buddington's dis- 
 astrous Arctic Expedition arrive in 
 New York, Oct. 4. 
 
 1874 — Death of the famous Siamese Twins, 
 Chang and Eng, at their home in North 
 Carolina, aged 63 years. 
 
 1874— Organization of the " Woman's Tem- 
 perance Crusade" in Ohio, Feb. 10. Sa- 
 loons were visited by Christian ladies, 
 who offered prayers and so touched the 
 hearts of the keepers that many sa- 
 loons were closed and their owners 
 reformed. 
 
 1874 — President Grant vetoed the Congres- 
 sional bill to increase the volume of 
 national currency, April 22. 
 
 ITIy»ca 8. Grant, ISth Prealdent. 
 
 VICE-I'KliSIPKNT— 1IKNHY WlLSoN, Oi^ MASHACIIV8ETTS. 
 
 Sec'y of state { Hamilton Fish, of New York. 
 
 SecVs of Trooa.. J William A. Richardson, of Mass. 
 ( Benjamin H. Bristow, of Ky. 
 
 ! William W. Relknap, of Iowa. 
 Alphonso Tnft, of Ohio. 
 J. Donald Cameron, of Pa. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy .; George M. Robeson , of N. J. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior < Columbus Delano, of Ohio. 
 
 Postmasters-Geni, 
 
 ijohn A. J. Creswell, of Md. 
 James W. Marshall, of Va. 
 Marshall Jewell, of Conn. 
 
 Attomey-Geni j George H. Williams, of Ore. 
 
 Speaker of House of i , /-,«■. * .. - 
 
 Representatives. . . j Jamea G. Blaine, of Maine. 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat ; K, Republican. 
 
 1874 — In April the ip-eat bridfre over the MIb- 
 sisHipjfi Iliver, at St. Louis, which cost 
 • 12, OIX),000, was completed. 
 
 1874— The disastrous inundation of the Mill 
 River Valley, In .MiifS., by the breaking 
 o( a reservoir, occurred May 1(J. Mil- 
 lions of dollars' woith of properly and 
 about l.^jO lives were destroyed. 
 
 1874 — Telegraphic communication between 
 the United States and Brazil, 8. A., wan 
 opened June 'ICy. 
 
 1874 — Charley Ross, but little more than four 
 years old, son of a gentleman living in 
 Gennantown, Pa., was abducted from 
 his home, and never recovered. Tin- 
 story of this sad alfair, which occurred 
 July I, became universally known, and 
 created extraordinary interest and 
 sympathy for the parents. 
 
 1874— Second great (Ire in Chicago, July 14. 
 Fifteen acres were burned over, de- 
 stroying 'HG buildings and other prop- 
 erty, valued at $4.'J00.000. 
 
 1875— The President approves the Civil 
 Rights bill. Mar. 1. 
 
 1875— England purchased an Interest In the 
 Suez (Egypt) Canal. 
 
 1875— British Polar Expedition, under Cap 
 tain Nares, begun. 
 
 1875— Captain Boy ton lloats across the Eng- 
 lish Channel in an india-rubber ^ult of 
 clothing. May 28. Time consumed, 
 23}^ hours. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Alcorn, James L R 
 
 Allison. William B. ..R 
 
 Ames, Adelljert — 
 
 Anthony, Henry B...R 
 Bayard, Thomas F.. .D 
 
 Bogy, Lewis V D 
 
 Boreniau, Arthur I. .,R 
 Brownlow. Win. G....R 
 Boutwell. George S. ..R 
 Buckingham, Wm. A.R 
 Caldwell, .Alexander. R 
 
 Cameron, Simon R 
 
 Carpenter. Matt. H.. .R 
 
 Cajiserl y, Eugene D 
 
 Chandler, Zachariah.R 
 
 Clayton, Powell R 
 
 Conkling. Roscoe R 
 
 Conover, Simon B R 
 
 Cooper, Henry D 
 
 Cragin, Aaron H R 
 
 Crozier, Robert — 
 
 Davis, Henry G D 
 
 Dennis. George R. . . .D 
 Dorsey. Stephen W. . .R 
 Eaton. William W.. .D 
 
 Edmunds, Geo. F R 
 
 Fenton, Reuben E...— 
 
 Ferry, Orris S R 
 
 Ferrv. Thomas W....R 
 
 Flanagan. J. W R 
 
 Frelinghuysen. F. T..R 
 
 Gilbert. Abijah R 
 
 Goldtliwaite. George. D 
 
 Gordon. John B D 
 
 Hager, John S D 
 
 Hamilton, Morgan C..R 
 
 Hamilton, Wm. T D 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal R 
 
 Harvey, James M R 
 
 Hitchcock, Phin. W..R 
 
 Howe. Timothy O R 
 
 Ingalls, John J — 
 
 Johnson. John W...— 
 
 Jones, John P R 
 
 Kelly, James K D 
 
 Lewis, John F ..R 
 
 Logan. John .\ R 
 
 McCreery. Thos. o.. .D 
 
 Merriinon. Aug. S D 
 
 Mitchell. John H R 
 
 Morrill. Justin S R 
 
 Morrill, Lot M R 
 
 Morton, Oliver P R 
 
 Norwood. Thos. M.. ..D 
 Ogle^iv. Richard J..R 
 Patterson, Jolin J....R 
 
 Pease. Henry R R 
 
 Pratt, D.aniel D R 
 
 Ramsey. Alexander, R 
 
 Ransom, Matt. W D 
 
 Roiiertson. Thos. J. . .R 
 
 Sargent. Aaron A R 
 
 Saulsljurv. Eli D 
 
 Schurz. Carl R 
 
 111. . 
 Ohio 
 Me. . 
 R. I.. 
 Dei.. 
 Mo... 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. ., 
 Mass. 
 Conn 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ire'd 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Nov. — , 
 Mar. 2, 
 Oct. 31, 
 April 1, 
 Oct. 29, 
 April 9, 
 July 24, 
 Aug. 29. 
 Jan. 2m. 
 May 2s. 
 Mar. 1 . 
 Mar. 8, 
 Dec. 22, 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 Aug. 7. 
 Oct. 30, 
 Sept.2:i. 
 Aug. 22. 
 Feb. 1 . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Vt. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Conn, 
 Mich. 
 Va. .. 
 N. J.. 
 
 N, y. 
 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 N. J.. 
 Ala.. 
 Md... 
 Me... 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 111. .. 
 Wars 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . 
 III. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ga. .. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Me... 
 Pa. . 
 N. C. 
 S. C. . 
 Mass. 
 Del. . 
 Ger'y 
 
 Stkl« 
 Repro- 
 Bented. 
 
 18161 
 iH29 
 
 1k;j5 
 
 181.'i 
 
 1828; 
 1813 
 IK23 
 
 IXIl.T 
 1SI« 
 1MI14 
 
 i.^:i.i 
 
 1799 
 1824 
 1823 
 1813 
 18,33 
 18-19 
 1840 
 1827 
 1821 
 
 Nov. 16. 
 April 8, 
 Feb. -28, 
 Oct. II, 
 Feb. 1 , 
 July 1. 
 Aug. 15. 
 June 1. 
 Sept. 5. 
 Aug. 4. 
 ,Iune 18, 
 Dec, 10, 
 Feb. R, 
 Mar. 12, 
 Feb. 25, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Sept.21, 
 Nov. 30, 
 Feb. 24, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 9, 
 
 Feb. IB, 
 Mar. 1 , 
 Feb. 9, 
 
 Sept. 15. 
 June 22. 
 April 14, 
 May 3, 
 Aug. 4, 
 April 26, 
 July 25, 
 Aug. 8, 
 Feb. 19, 
 Oct. 26, 
 Sept. «, 
 
 Aug.' ' 3, 
 Sept. 25, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 1823 
 1822 
 1842 
 1816 
 1828 
 1819 
 1823 
 1827 
 1805 
 1817 
 1806 
 1809 
 1832 
 1818 
 1809 
 1820 
 1809 
 1833 
 1831 
 1816 
 1833 
 1818 
 1830 
 1819 
 1818 
 1826 
 1817 
 1830 
 1835 
 1810 
 1813 
 1823 
 1830 
 1824 
 1830 
 1835 
 1813 
 1815 
 1826 
 1823 
 1817 
 1822 
 1829 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 .Miss. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Del 
 
 Mo. 
 
 W. Va 
 
 Tcnn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 I'l.iin 
 
 Kun. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Wis . 
 
 Cal. . 
 
 Mich . 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 N. Y-. 
 
 Fla... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 W, V a 
 
 Md. . 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Vt. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Mich. 
 Texas 
 N. J.. 
 Fla. . 
 Ala. . 
 Ga. .. 
 Cal. . 
 Texas 
 Md. . . 
 Me. . . 
 Kan.. 
 Neb . . 
 Wis . . 
 Kan,. 
 Va. . . 
 Nev.. 
 Ore. . 
 Va. .. 
 III. .. 
 Ky. .. 
 N. C. 
 Ore. . 
 Vt. . . . 
 Me,. . 
 Ind. . 
 Ga. .. 
 III. .. 
 S. C. . 
 Miss. 
 Ind. . 
 Minn. 
 N. O. 
 S. C. 
 Cal. . 
 Del 
 Mo. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 Joui-nalist 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Varied, . . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Physician. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.. . . 
 R R. Offi'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Varied. . . , 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Merchant. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Miner 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 La\vyer 
 Varied. 
 Varied 
 Varied 
 Law.ver. .. 
 Unlinown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Ijournalist 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 Sept.'26,' 1877 
 
 April 29, 1877 
 Feb,' ' '5, 'l'8'75 
 
 Feb. 24, 1881 
 June 14, 1883 
 Nov, 1, 1879 
 
 Mar. 25, 18S3 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Scott. John R 
 
 Sherman, John R 
 
 Spencer, George E R 
 
 Sprague, William R 
 
 Stevenson. John W. ..D 
 Stewart, William M. .R 
 
 Stockton. John P D 
 
 Sumner. Charles R 
 
 Thurman, Allen G...D 
 Tiltton, Thomas W...R 
 ■^adleigh, Bainb'ge.R 
 Washburn, Wm. B...R 
 
 West, J. Rodman R 
 
 Windohi, William. ...R 
 Wright, George G. . . .R 
 
 Pa. ., 
 
 Ohio. 
 N, Y. 
 R I.. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Mass. 
 Lou. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 
 July 14, 
 May in, 
 Nov. I , 
 Sept. 12. 
 M.iy 4, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Aug 2, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Aug. 5. 
 Jan. 4, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Sept 19, 
 May 10, 
 Mar. 24, 
 
 1824 
 1823 
 18.36 
 IS.30 
 181 
 
 Pa... 
 Ohio 
 -Ma. . 
 R. I. 
 Ky.. 
 
 1827; Nev 
 1826 N. J.. 
 1811 Mass. 
 1813lOhio. 
 1817 Neb.. 
 1831IN. H. 
 lS2"iMass. 
 lS-22'Lou.. 
 1827lMinn. 
 1820ilowa. 
 
 Oceupulon 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. .. . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Jurist 
 
 Mar- II, 1874 
 
 Total Senators, 79. Lawyers, 30. Varied. 24. Jurists, S. Merchants, G. 
 Agriculturists. 3. Journalists. 2. Occupation Unknown, S. Soldier. 1. 
 Physician, 1. Railroad Officer, 1. Miner, 1 . Manufacturer,!. Foreign 
 Born. 3: Including Ireland, 1; Germany,!. Wales, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams, George M . . .D 
 
 Albert. William J R 
 
 Albright. Charles R 
 
 Archer. Stevenson. ..D 
 Armstong. Moses K..D 
 Arthur. William E....P 
 
 Ashe. Thomas S D 
 
 Atkins. John D. C D 
 
 Averill, JohnT R 
 
 Banning, Henry B...R 
 
 Barber, J. Allen R 
 
 Barnum, William H. .D 
 Barrere, Granville. ..R 
 
 Barry, Henry W R 
 
 Bass, Lyman K R 
 
 Beck, James B P 
 
 Begole, Josiah W R 
 
 BelLHirsira P D 
 
 Berry, John D 
 
 Biery, James S R 
 
 Blaine, James G R 
 
 Bland, Richard P D 
 
 Blount, James H D 
 
 Bowen, Rees T D 
 
 Bradley, Nathan B,..R 
 
 Bright, John M P 
 
 Bromberg. Fred. G. ..D 
 
 Brown. John Y D 
 
 Buckner, .Aylett H.. . .D 
 
 Euffinton. James R 
 
 Bundv, Hezekiah S. . -R 
 Burchard, Hor.itio C.R 
 
 Burieigh, JohnH R 
 
 Burrows. Julius C R 
 
 Butler, Benjamin F.. .R 
 Butler, Rodi'rick R. . .R 
 
 Cain, Richard H R 
 
 Caldwell, John H.. ..D 
 
 When B«ni. 
 
 State 
 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Me. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. . . 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Scot.. 
 N. Y 
 Ga. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Va. . . 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Kv. . . 
 Va. . 
 Mass 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Pa. 
 N. H. 
 Va. .. 
 Va... 
 Ala. . 
 
 Dec. 20, 
 Aug. 4. 
 Pec. 13, 
 Feb. 28, 
 Sept. 19, 
 Mar. 3, 
 
 June 4, 
 Mar. I . 
 Nov. 10, 
 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 Nov. 13. 
 Feb. 13, 
 Jan. 20, 
 Jan. 27. 
 April 26, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Aug. 19. 
 Sept. 12, 
 Jan. 10. 
 May -28, 
 Jan. 20, 
 June 19. 
 June 28, 
 iDec. 14. 
 Mar. 10. 
 Aug. 15. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Oct. 9. 
 Jan. 9. 
 Nov, .5. 
 April 8, 
 April 12, 
 
 1837 Ky... 
 
 1816 Md... 
 
 1830 Pa. .. 
 1827 Md... 
 1832D, T. 
 1825 Ky... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 1825'Tenn. 
 1825lMinn. 
 1834, Ohio. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 1818 Conn. 
 
 1831 HI. .. 
 iMiss.. 
 
 1836 N. Y. 
 1822 Ky... 
 1815 Mich. 
 1827 Ga... 
 1833 Ohio. 
 1839 Pa. .. 
 
 1830 Me... 
 1835 Mo . . 
 
 1837 Ga... 
 1809 Va. .. 
 
 1831 Mich. 
 
 1817 Tenn. 
 1837 Ala. . 
 1835 Ky... 
 1817 Mo .. 
 
 1817 Mass. 
 181 7, Ohio. 
 1825 III. .. 
 1822 Me... 
 1837 Mich. 
 
 1818 Mass. 
 1827 Tenn. 
 1825 S. C. 
 
 lAIa. . 
 
 Ocmpatiot 
 
 Wbeo Diei 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 .Agricul'st. 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Manufac'r 
 La\vyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Educator. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 1 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 'Lawyer. .- 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 (Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 June 7, 1875 
 
 Mar. 7, 1875 
 Dec."5,'lS77 
 
 i
 
 Cannon, George Q.. . , — 
 
 Cannon. Joseph G R 
 
 Carpenter, LewisC, . .R 
 
 Cason, Thoiiia?; J R 
 
 Caulfield. Bernard G.D 
 
 Cessna, John R 
 
 Chaffee. Jerome B R 
 
 Chipinan. Norton P...R 
 Chittenden. Sim. B...R 
 
 Clarke. Freeman R 
 
 Clark, Amos R 
 
 Clark. JohnB D 
 
 Clayton. Charles R 
 
 Clements, Isaac R 
 
 Clvmer, Hiester D 
 
 Cobb, Clinton L R 
 
 Cobb, Stephen A R 
 
 Coburn, John R 
 
 Comingo. Abrain D 
 
 Conger, Omar D R 
 
 Cook. Philip D 
 
 Corwin, Franklin R 
 
 Cotton. Aylett R R 
 
 Cox. Samuel S D 
 
 Creamer. Thomas J. . . D 
 Crittenden, Thos. T.. .D 
 
 Crocker. Alvah R 
 
 Crooke, Philips R 
 
 Crossland, Edward... D 
 
 Crounse. Lorenzo R 
 
 Crutchfleld, William.R 
 
 Curtis, Carlton B R 
 
 Dauf ord. Lorenzo R 
 
 Darrall. Chester B R 
 
 Davis, Alexander SI..D 
 
 Davis, John J D 
 
 Dawes, Henrv L R 
 
 DeWitt. David M D 
 
 Dobbins, Samuel A.. ,R 
 Donnan, William G. .R 
 
 Duell, R. Holland R 
 
 Dunnell.Mark H R 
 
 Durham, Milton J D 
 
 Eames, Beniamin T..R 
 
 Eden. John R D 
 
 Eldridge, Charles A.. D 
 Elkins, Stephen B....R 
 
 Elliott. Robert B R 
 
 Fanvell. CharlesB,..R 
 
 Field, Moses W R 
 
 Fink, William E D 
 
 Fort, Green bury L. ,.R 
 
 Foster. Charles R 
 
 Freeman, James C R 
 
 Frj-e, William P R 
 
 Oarfield, James A, . .R 
 Giddings, DeWitt C. .D 
 
 Glover. John M D 
 
 Gooch, Daniel W R 
 
 Gunckel, Lewis B R 
 
 Gunter, Thomas M...D 
 
 Hagans, John M R 
 
 Hiiley. John D 
 
 Hale, Eucrene R 
 
 Hale, Robert S R 
 
 Hamilton, Robert D 
 
 Hancock, John D 
 
 Harmer, Alfred C R 
 
 Hanis, Benjamin W.R 
 
 Hcvrris, Henry R D 
 
 Harris. John T D 
 
 Harrison, Horace H..R 
 Hatcher, Robert A . . . D 
 Hathorn. Henry H...R 
 Havens, Hurrinon E. .R 
 
 Hawley.John B R 
 
 Hawlev. Joseph R R 
 
 Hays. Charles R 
 
 Hazelton, Gerry W...R 
 Hazelton. JohnW....R 
 Hendee. George W. , . It 
 
 Hereford, Frank D 
 
 Herndon, William S..D 
 Hersev. Samuel F.,,,R 
 Hoar, E. Rockford.. . .R 
 
 Hoar. George F It 
 
 Hodgei^, Asa K 
 
 Holman, William S...D 
 
 Hooper, Samuel R 
 
 Hoskins. (jeorgo G.,.R 
 Houghton, Sherm. O.R 
 
 Howe. Albert R R 
 
 ir.ibl..-il. Jay A R 
 
 Huni.r. M<.rtoiiC. ,..R 
 
 Hunt. .11, Kpp.i ]) 
 
 Hiiillnit. Stephen A.. R 
 
 Hyde. Ira B R 
 
 Hynes, William J.... R 
 •lewett, Hugh J... I) 
 
 KiiH-oii. Jnl.n A R 
 
 Krll.v, Uilliani I),...R 
 K.-Motru'. St.i.lien W..R 
 K»-iidall.ChjirU-H W..D 
 KUllriger. John VV....U 
 
 Knapp, liobr-rt M I) 
 
 I.#amar, Luclm Q. C. . I) 
 
 Eng'd 
 N. C- 
 Conn. 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 Eng'd 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 N. y. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa.. . 
 
 W.Va 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 N.J.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 Ky... 
 vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 X. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga. . . 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Va. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Vt. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Ala. . 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 iOa.. 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 S. C. 
 .\la.. 
 N. H. 
 N. J.. 
 Vt.... 
 Va... 
 tSa... 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 
 May 7. 
 Feb. 20, 
 Sept. 13. 
 Oct. 18, 
 June 29, 
 .\prill7. 
 Mar. 7, 
 Mar. 29, 
 Mar. 22, 
 tiov. 8, 
 Jan. U, 
 
 Mar. 31. 
 Nov. 3, 
 Aug. 25, 
 June 17, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Jan. 9, 
 
 July si,' 
 Jan. 12, 
 Nov. 29, 
 Sept. 30, 
 May 26, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Oct. 14, 
 Mar. 2, 
 June 30, 
 Jan. 27, 
 Nov. IB, 
 Dec. 17, 
 Oct. 18, 
 June 24, 
 
 IS27 
 
 1836 
 
 1828 
 
 1828 
 
 1821 
 
 1825 
 
 1834 
 
 18J4 
 
 18159 
 
 1827 
 
 1831 
 
 1825 
 
 1837 
 
 1827 
 
 1842 
 
 1833 
 
 1825 
 
 1820 
 
 1818 
 
 1817, 
 
 1818 
 
 1826 
 
 1824 
 
 1843 
 
 1834 
 
 1801 
 
 1810 
 
 1827: 
 
 1834 
 
 1826 
 
 181 
 
 1829 
 
 1842 
 
 Utah. 
 III.. . 
 S. C. 
 Ind. . 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Col... 
 D. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 Cal. 
 III.... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Kan.. 
 Ind. . 
 Mo... 
 Mich. 
 Ga. .. 
 III. .. 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Mo. . . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Neb.. 
 Tenn. 
 ;Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Lou. . 
 
 May 1, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Nov. 25, 
 April 14, 
 June 30, 
 Dec. 20, 
 July 2, 
 .May 16, 
 June 4, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Feb. 27, 
 Sept. 28, 
 ■\ug. 11, 
 July 1, 
 Feb. 10, 
 Sept. 1, 
 Oct. 17. 
 .\pril 12, 
 April 1, 
 Sept. 2, 
 Nov. 19. 
 July 18, 
 Sept. 4, 
 .Ian. 8, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Sept. IS, 
 .\ug. 13. 
 Aug. 29, 
 June 9, 
 Sept. 24, 
 Dec. 5, 
 Oct. 29, 
 .4ug. 8, 
 Nov. 10, 
 Feb. 2, 
 May 8, 
 Aug. 7, 
 Feb. 24, 
 Nov. 28, 
 Dec. 15, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Feb. 2, 
 Feb. 24, 
 
 Nov/ 30, 
 July 4. 
 Nov. 27, 
 April 12, 
 Feb. 21, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Jan. 22, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Feb. 8. 
 Dec. 24, 
 April 10, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Sept. 15, 
 Feb. 5, 
 j.Sept. 23, 
 S. O. Nov, 29, 
 N. Y. J.an. 18, 
 Ire'd. Mar. 31, 
 
 Mil... I 
 
 Vt...|Jan. 11, 
 Pa... 'a prill 2, 
 M:WH. '.\prll .5. 
 Mo... April 22, 
 
 Sept. !8, 
 
 Ill....i...... .. 
 
 Oa. ..'Sept. 17, 
 
 Inil. , 
 Mass , 
 N. Y 
 N. Y. 
 Mass, 
 Mich, 
 Ind. , 
 Va. 
 
 1835 
 
 1816 
 
 183' 
 
 1814 
 
 1834 
 
 1824 
 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 
 1818 
 
 18261 
 
 18211 
 
 1841 
 
 1842 
 
 1823 
 
 1828 
 
 1822 
 
 1825 
 
 1828 
 
 1820 
 
 1831 
 
 1831 
 
 1827 
 
 1824 
 
 1820 
 
 1826 
 
 1826 
 
 1838 
 
 1835 
 
 1S36 
 
 IS: 
 
 1816 
 1824 
 1825 
 1823 
 1828 
 1825 
 1829 
 1819 
 1813 
 1837 
 1831 
 1826 
 1834 
 1829 
 
 i'832 
 
 1825 
 
 1837 
 
 1812 
 
 1816 
 
 1826 
 
 1823 
 
 1822 
 
 1808 
 
 1824 
 
 1828 
 
 1840 
 
 1829 
 
 1825 
 
 1823 
 
 181 
 
 1838 
 
 1843 
 
 1822 
 1814 
 1822 
 1828 
 1825 
 
 V82.5 
 
 W.Va 
 
 Mass. 
 )N. Y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Minn 
 
 Ky... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Wis. . 
 
 N. M. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ark. . 
 iWVa 
 
 I.iaho 
 
 Me . . . 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 III.... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Wis . . 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 W. Va 
 
 Texas 
 
 Me. .. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ark. 
 
 Ind. 
 
 Mass 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 III..,. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Pa . . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Pa. . , 
 
 III.... 
 
 MI...S. 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Journalist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Banker. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 La^vyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 .Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La wyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 IJurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Varied. ... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Agricul'st. 
 Vai'icd..,. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Varied ... 
 
 Deo. 26, 1874 
 
 Sept. 19, 1881 
 
 I88I 
 
 Feb."3,'isir, 
 
 Feb, 14, 1875 
 
 Mar. 28, 1882 
 
 Lamison, Charles N.. .D 
 Lamport William H..R 
 Lansing, William E..R 
 Lawrence. William. ..R 
 
 Lawson, John D R 
 
 Leach, James M D 
 
 Lewis, Barbour R 
 
 Lotland, James R R 
 
 Loughridge, Wm R 
 
 Lowe, David P R 
 
 Lowndes, Lloyd R 
 
 Luttrell, John K D 
 
 Lynch. John R R 
 
 McCormick. Rich. C— 
 McC'r.ary. George W. R 
 McDill, Alexander S..R 
 
 McDiU, James W R 
 
 McDougall, Clinton D.R 
 McFadden, Obad. B.. .D 
 MeJunkin, Kbenezer..R 
 
 McKee, George C R 
 
 McLean, William P. . .D 
 
 McNulta. John R 
 
 Magee, Jolin.ji D 
 
 Maginnis, Martin D 
 
 Marshall. Samuel S. . .D 
 
 M.irtin. James S R 
 
 aiaynard, Horace R 
 
 Melli.sh, David B R 
 
 Merriam. Clinton L. .R 
 Millikin. Charles W. .D 
 
 Mills, Roger <J D 
 
 Jlitchell, Alexander. .D 
 
 Monroe, James R 
 
 Moore. William S R 
 
 Morey, Frank R 
 
 Moriison, William R.D 
 
 .Myers, Leonard R 
 
 Neal, Lawrence T D 
 
 Negley, James S R 
 
 Nesmith, James W...D 
 Niblack, William E..D 
 
 Niles, Jason R 
 
 Nunn, David A R 
 
 O'Brien, William J. . D 
 
 O'Neill, Chai-les R 
 
 Orr. Jackson R 
 
 Orth. GodloveS R 
 
 Packard, Jasper R 
 
 Packer, John B R 
 
 Page Horace F R 
 
 Parker, Hosea W D 
 
 Parker, Isaac C R 
 
 Parsons, Richard C...R 
 
 Pelham, Charles R 
 
 Pendleton, James M. .R 
 
 Perry. Eli D 
 
 Phelps, William W...D 
 Phillips, William A..R 
 
 Piei-ce, Henry L R 
 
 Pike, Austin F R 
 
 Piatt, James H R 
 
 Piatt. Thomas C R 
 
 Poland, LukeP R 
 
 Potter, Clarkson N.,.D 
 
 Pratt, Henry O R 
 
 Purman, William J..R 
 Kainey, Joseph H....R 
 
 Randall, Samuel J D 
 
 Raiisier, .\lon20 J....R 
 
 Rapier. James T R 
 
 Rawls. Slorgan D 
 
 Ray, William H R 
 
 Read, Willi,am B D 
 
 Rice, John B R 
 
 Richmond, Hii-am L. .R 
 Rohhins. William M..D 
 
 Roberts, Ellis H R 
 
 Roberts. William K.. .D 
 Robinson, James C. . .D 
 Robinson, James W. .R 
 
 Ross, Sobieski R 
 
 Rusk. Jeremiiih M R 
 
 St. John, Charles R 
 
 Sawyer, Philet^is R 
 
 Sayler, Henry B R 
 
 Savler, Milton I> 
 
 Sciiell, Richard D 
 
 Schuinak.'r. ,I(ihn G, .D 
 H.-i.n.l.l, Cliiiiii W...R 
 
 Si'il.ldi 1. Il.Tirv J R 
 
 Si-u.l.liT, Isaac W R 
 
 Sener, James B R 
 
 Sessions, Walter L. . .R 
 Shanks. John P. C....R 
 
 Sheats, Chai-lesC R 
 
 Sheldon, Lionel A.... R 
 Sheridan. George A. .■ - 
 Sherwood, Isaac R — R 
 Shoemaker, Laz. D...R 
 
 Sloan, Andrew R 
 
 Sloss, Joseph II I) 
 
 Small, William B R 
 
 Smart, James S R 
 
 Smith, A. Herr R 
 
 Sinilh, J. Aiiihhr R 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 W.Va 
 ITenn. 
 
 Lou.. 
 IN. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Scot . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Va. , 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Scot.. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 M.ass. 
 III. .. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. ,. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 
 Tenn" 
 iMd... 
 'Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 IPa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 ,Mich. 
 Scot.. 
 I Mass . 
 N. H 
 Can.. 
 N. Y 
 Vt. . 
 N. Y 
 Me.. 
 Pa. . 
 S. C. 
 Pa.. 
 S. C. 
 Ala. 
 
 May 27 
 
 June 26, 
 Feb. 18, 
 
 18'2e Ohio. 
 ISlllN. Y. 
 1822;N. y. 
 
 Nov. 2, 
 July 11, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Feb. 21, 
 June 27, 
 Sept. 10, 
 
 Aug. 29, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Mar. 4, 
 June 14, 
 
 Mar. 28, 
 Oct. 2, 
 Aug. 9, 
 Nov. 9, 
 Oct. 14, 
 Oct. 27, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Aug. 19, 
 Aug. 13, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 1819 
 1816 
 
 i824 
 1823 
 1827 
 1823 
 1845 
 1831 
 1847 
 
 ,1832 
 1835 
 1822 
 1834 
 1839 
 
 .1817 
 1819 
 18.37 
 1836 
 1837 
 1827 
 1840 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Miss. . 
 
 Ariz.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 W. T. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Texaa 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 M. T. 
 1821 III..,. 
 1826 111.... 
 1814 Tenn. 
 
 1831 
 1824 
 1827 
 
 Oct. 17, 
 July 18, 
 Nov. 18, 
 July II, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Nov. 13. 
 Sept. 22, 
 Dec. 22, 
 July 23, 
 May 19, 
 
 1817 
 1821 
 182: 
 
 N. Y 
 N. Y 
 Ky... 
 Texas 
 Wis.. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa 
 
 Feb. 11, 
 April 11, 
 June 21, 
 Oct, 10, 
 Jan, — , 
 
 N. y. 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 III. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Va. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Ala. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Ma. . 
 Mo... 
 Md... 
 Pa... 
 
 May 28, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Sept. 21, 
 April 22, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Mar 21, 
 Oct. 20, 
 May 30, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Oct. 10, 
 Mar. 12. 
 Jan. 10, 
 Deo. 25, 
 June 1, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Aug. 23, 
 Oct. 16, 
 July 13, 
 July 15, 
 Nov. 1 , 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 Deo. 14. 
 
 May 17, 
 
 Sept. 30, 
 Feb. 6, 
 
 Nov. '28, 
 May 16, 
 June 17, 
 )ct. 8, 
 Sept. 22, 
 .Mar. 31, 
 Nov. 4, 
 May — , 
 June 27, 
 Mar. 11, 
 
 May 18. 
 
 June 17, 
 April 111 
 Aug. -M). 
 Feb. 22, 
 Aug. i:i. 
 Nov. 5, 
 June 10, 
 Oct. 12, 
 
 Juno 14. 
 Mar. 7, 
 Sept. '23, 
 
 1840;Lou.. 
 1825:111. .. 
 
 1827 Pa. .. 
 1844 Ohio. 
 1826, Pa. .. 
 1 820, Ore. . 
 1822 Ind. . 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 18:15: Tenn. 
 1836, Md... 
 182I'Pa. .. 
 1832 Iowa. 
 
 1817 Ind. . 
 
 1832 Ind. . 
 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 
 1833 Cal. . . 
 1833 N. H. 
 1838 Mo... 
 1826 Ohio. 
 
 1835 Ala.. 
 1822 R. I.. 
 1802 N. Y. 
 1826 Minn. 
 18-26 Kan.. 
 
 1825 Mass. 
 
 1819 N. H. 
 
 1837 Va... 
 
 1833 N. y. 
 1815 Vt. .. 
 
 1825 N. Y. 
 
 1838 Iowa. 
 1840 Fla... 
 1832 S. C. 
 
 1828 Pa. .. 
 
 1834 S. C. 
 1840, Ala. . 
 
 |Ga... 
 
 1812 IlL. . 
 
 1820 Ky... 
 1809 III.... 
 1810, Pa. .. 
 
 In. c. 
 
 1827|N. Y. 
 1830, N. Y. 
 I822III1. .. 
 
 1826 Ohio. 
 18-28 Pa. .. 
 183(5 Wis.. 
 
 1818 N. Y. 
 1816, Wis.. 
 
 1836 Ohio. 
 lS3l;Ohio. 
 1810, N. Y. 
 1826, N. y. 
 1817;Pa.. . 
 
 1825 N. Y. 
 
 1818 N. J.. 
 1837, Va... 
 
 In. y. 
 
 1826 Ind. . 
 1,8:19 Ala.. 
 18:il I.ou.. 
 1840 I..,u.. 
 
 IH:i5 Ohio. 
 
 1819 Pa. .. 
 1845 Ga... 
 1826 Ala... 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1842 N y. 
 1815 Pa. .. 
 1.847 Va. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Physician. 
 Jurist 
 
 Nov. 12, 1875 
 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 
 June 25. 1875 
 
 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 
 Journalist 
 
 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 May 3. 1882 
 May 23, 1874 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Journalist 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 I^awyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 Lawyer,.. 
 
 1882 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Stage O'r. 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 Varied 
 
 
 1873 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Mechanic. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Clerk 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Actor 
 
 Varied 
 
 Dec. 16, 1874 
 
 
 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Luniber'n. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Oct." 25,'iff77 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied..,. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalitit 
 
 Apriry.'lOTS 
 
 
 Lawyer.., 

 
 :^ 
 
 K 
 
 FOKTY-TUIKD AND I-UKTY-KOUHTJl CONUKESSliS, AND I^KAUIKU KVKNTS OF TIIK 'IIMK. 
 
 >21 
 
 Smith, H. Bourdiiiun.R 
 
 Smith, John y H 
 
 Smith, (iforge L R 
 
 Smith, WiiliamA.. . K 
 
 Snyder. Oliver P R 
 
 Southai-d, Miltim 1...D 
 
 Specr, R, Milton 1) 
 
 SpniKiii-. Willl;iin P. .R 
 Stuniinl, I'jiwni O....R 
 Standilonl, KIKliii D.D 
 Starlt«.-,.thcr li. H...R 
 
 Steele, William R D 
 
 Stephens, Alex. II.... D 
 Stevens. Charles A — R 
 
 Stone, William H D 
 
 Storm, John B D 
 
 Stowell, Wm. H. H...R 
 
 Strait, Horace B R 
 
 Strawbl-idge, Jas, D..R 
 
 Swann, Thomas D 
 
 Svpher. J. Hale R 
 
 Tayloi-, Alex. W ....R 
 Thomas, Charles R.. .R 
 
 Thomas, Chris. Y R 
 
 Thompson. John M. . .R 
 
 Thorn 1)11 i(,-h, J. M R 
 
 T.uhl, Lemuel R 
 
 ToM'nseild, Wash'ton.R 
 
 Treinain. Lyman R 
 
 Tviier, James N R 
 
 Vanee, Robert B D 
 
 Waddell, Alfred M..D 
 
 Waldron. Henry R 
 
 Wallaee, Alex. S R 
 
 Walls, JosiahT R 
 
 Ward.JasperP R 
 
 vt. . 
 Ohio, 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Mo.., 
 Ohio, 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 Conn 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 
 n.'y! 
 
 Pa. ., 
 
 Vt. ., 
 
 Pa. ., 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Va.., 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 jTenn, 
 I Pa... 
 'Pa. ., 
 'N. Y- 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. C. 
 IN. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va . . . 
 iN. Y. 
 
 AnK. 18, 
 Nov. 5, 
 Dec. 11, 
 Jan. », 
 Nov. 13, 
 
 Sept." 8,' 
 May 21, 
 Jan. .5, 
 Doc. 28, 
 April 21), 
 July 24, 
 Feb. 11, 
 
 Nov,' 7,' 
 Sept. 19, 
 July 2«, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 July 22, 
 Mar. 22, 
 Feb. 7 
 Mar. 24, 
 Jan. 4, 
 July 3, 
 July 29, 
 
 June 14. 
 Jan. 17, 
 April 24, 
 Sept. l(j, 
 Oct. II, 
 Dec. 3il, 
 Dee. 3U, 
 
 182li 
 1824 
 184(1 
 182H 
 1833 
 
 1838 
 1827 
 1832 
 1831 
 I82(" 
 
 184; 
 
 N. Y. 
 lUlio. 
 Lou , . 
 N. C. 
 Ark.. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa, .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 Ky,., 
 Conn, 
 Wy.T 
 
 1812 Ga. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1828 Mo... 
 1838 Pa.. . 
 1840 Va. . . 
 J83.5 Minn. 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 180G Md... 
 1837 Lou. . 
 Wl.'! Pa. .. 
 
 1827 N. C. 
 
 1818 Va... 
 1830 Pa. . . 
 1837 Tenn. 
 1817 Pa.. . 
 
 1813 Pa. .. 
 1819, N. Y. 
 182(!:Ind. . 
 
 1828 N. C. 
 1834 N. C. 
 
 1819 Mich. 
 1810 s. C. 
 1842 Va. .. 
 1829,111.... 
 
 Lawyer, 
 Airrlcul'st. 
 Varied.. 
 R. li.om'r 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. , 
 Merchant, 
 Varied..., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 I'liknown. 
 Monufae'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Valied.... 
 Pliysician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. ., 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Api'icul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Cnknown. 
 At'rjcul'st, 
 .A^ri icul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 28, 1878 
 iiai-.' ' 4,' 1883 
 
 July 24, 1883 
 
 Nov. 30, 1878 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. VwV' wi.™i>on.. ii.t..- o«..pui<,n wi.™di«i. 
 
 ' -•B(*<1. 
 
 ■! 
 
 Ward, SlarciiM L It 
 
 Wells, Eraslus D 
 
 Wheeler, William A.. U 
 
 Whlt^.'. Alcxaiuler R 
 
 Whitehead. Thos D 
 
 Whitehou>e. John()..D 
 Whitelev, Richard H.H 
 Whitthoni.Wush.C.D 
 
 Wlll.ir. Iiavid R 
 
 Wlllard, Charles W..K 
 
 Willard, George B 
 
 Williams, Chai-les O.R 
 Williams, John M. 8. .R 
 Williams, William B.R 
 Williams, William.. .11 
 
 Wilie, Asa H D 
 
 Wilshire, Wm. W R 
 
 Wilson, Ephralm K..D 
 
 Wilson, James R 
 
 Wilson. Jei'emiah M..R 
 
 Wolfe, Simeon K D 
 
 Wood, Fernando D 
 
 Woodfonl, Stewart L.R 
 Woodworth, Laurin..R 
 
 Yount'.John D D 
 
 Young. Pierce M. B.. .D 
 
 IN. J. . 
 N. Y. 
 'n. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Va. . . 
 N. H. 
 Ire'd. 
 Tenn, 
 jN. Y. 
 :Vt. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 !n. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 [ua... 
 111. .. 
 Md,.. 
 Scot., 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 S. C. 
 
 Nov. 9, 
 Dec. 2, 
 June 311, 
 Oct. I«, 
 Dec. 27. 
 July 19, 
 Dec. 22, 
 April 19, 
 ,Ocl. .'.. 
 June 18. 
 Mar. 20, 
 Oct. 18. 
 Auk. 14, 
 July 28, 
 May II, 
 Oct. II, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Dec. 22. 
 Auir. 1«, 
 Nov. 2.'>, 
 Feb. 14, 
 June 14, 
 Sept. 3, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Sept. 22, 
 
 1812 N. J.. 
 
 1823 Mo... 
 1819 S, Y. 
 
 1816 Ala. . 
 1825 Va... 
 
 1817 N. Y. 
 1830 Ga... 
 182.'> Tenn. 
 1H20 N. Y. 
 1«27 Vt. .. 
 1K24 Mich. 
 182!) Wis.. 
 
 1818 Ma.>.8. 
 182(1 Mich. 
 1821 Ind. . 
 1829 Texas 
 WiO Ark.. 
 1821 Md... 
 183.'; Iowa. 
 1828 Ind. . 
 
 1824 Ind.. 
 1812 X. Y. 
 
 IKM.'! N. Y. 
 
 ia37 Ohio. 
 1823 Kv... 
 1838 Ga. .. 
 
 ManufacV 
 Varied... - 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Manufac'r 
 Ijiwyer... 
 Voiled.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Law.ver. . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Aifrlcul'st. 
 
 Juiist 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 .Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 r,.awyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Soldier — 
 
 Feb. 13,1881 
 
 Total Representotives, 318. Lawyers, 149. Varied, 88. Jurists, S4. 
 Agriculturists, 15. Merchants, 14. OccupationUnknown.il. Journal- 
 ists, 9. Manufacturers, 6. Bankers, 8. Physicians, 3. Educators, Z. 
 Soldiers, 2. Stage Owner, 1. Actor. 1. Mechanic. 1. Lumberman, 1. 
 Railroad OfHccr. 1. Clerk, 1. Foreign Bom, 12 : Including Scotland, .5 ; 
 Ireland, 4; England, 2 ; Canada,!. 
 
 Forty-fourth Congress of the United States, from 1875 to 1877. 
 
 1875— Donaldson and Grim«ood's fatal liJil 
 loon ascension from Chicago, July 15. 
 
 1875— Failure of the Bank of California, at 
 San Francisco, and death of President 
 Ralston. Aug. 26, 27. 
 
 1875— First fast-mail train ran between New 
 York and Chicago, in less than 26 
 hours, Sept. 16, 17. 
 
 1875— Virginia City. Xev.. nearly destroyed 
 hy fire ; losses 34,000,000, Oct. 26. 
 
 1875— Nearly 200 lives lost by the wrecking 
 of the steamship " Pacific " on the Cali- 
 fornia coawt, Nov. 4. 
 
 1876— A Northampton, Mass., bank robbed by 
 masked men of 8750,000. Jan. 25. 
 
 1876— The United States and Europe visited 
 by storms of unprecedented severity, 
 with immense losses of property, Mar. 
 19-25. 
 
 1876— The country startled by the report that 
 Secretary of War Belknap had been 
 guilty of gross corruption in relation 
 to post-traderships on the We?; tern 
 frontier, for which he was impeached, 
 Mar. 3, and removed from office. 
 
 I'lysaeA S. Or»iit, ISth PreBldent. 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT (ACTING)— THOS. W. FERKY, OF MICH. 
 
 Sec'y of State { Hamilton Fish, of N. V. 
 
 Sec'y of Treas { Benj. H. Bristow, of Ky. 
 
 ( Wm. W. Belknap, of Iowa. 
 
 Seo'ys uf War J Alphonso Taft. of Ohio. 
 
 ( J. Don. Cameron, of Pa. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy { Geo. M. Robeson, of N. J. 
 
 „ , - T . ■ ^ Columbus Delano, of Ohio. 
 
 Sec'ys of Interior. .. j ^achariah Chandler, of Mich. 
 
 „ . * f. .1 ( Marshall Jewell, of Conn. 
 Postmasters-Gen 1 . . . j j^^^^^^ j^ ^^^^^ ^f ^^ j_ 
 
 **»« „ n^^'i S Edwards Pierrepont. of N. Y. 
 
 Attorneys-Gen 1 j Alphonso Taf t, of Ohio. 
 
 Speakers of House of 'y, Michael C. Kerr, of Ind. 
 Representatives.. . } Samuel J. Randall, of Pa. 
 
 1M76 Tlu- Lincoln statue, at Wa-shington. 
 D. C., unveiled, April 14. 
 
 1876— Great anti-Chinese excitement in Cali- 
 fornia, in April. 
 
 1876— Opening of the PhiladelphiaCVntennial 
 Exposition, by Prest. Grant, May 10. 
 
 1876— St. Johns, Quebec, Can., nearly de- 
 
 (*troyL-d by tire; losses, $17,(K)0.0r>0; 
 
 June 18. 
 1876— Castle Garden, N. Y., destroyed by flre, 
 
 July 9. 
 187G— First explosion of Hell Gate, in New 
 
 York harbor, Sept. 25. 
 
 1876— The Philadelphia Centennial Exposi- 
 tion closed, Nov. 10. 
 
 1876— Burning of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) 
 Theater destroyed the lives of 300 
 persons, Dec. 5. 
 
 1877— The Electoral Commission declared 
 President Haves elected, by a vote of 
 8 to 7. Jan. 29. 
 
 1877 — John D. Lee. the Mormon brigand, 
 executed, March 23. 
 
 J3f indicates Democrat ; 
 
 , Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Bom. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 state 
 Repre- 
 sented. 
 
 Occupition. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 Alcorn. Jas. L 
 
 ,R 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Nov. — . 1816 Miss.. Unknown. 
 
 
 Allison, Wm. B 
 
 R 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Mar. 2. 1829 Iowa. Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 Anthony. Henry B... 
 
 .R 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 April 1. 1815 R.I. . Journalist 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 Bailey. James E 
 
 — 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Aup. l.n. 1822 Tenn. Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 29, l**o 
 
 Barnuni. Will. H 
 
 .1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Sept. 17. 1818 Conn. 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 
 Bayard. Thos. F 
 
 1> 
 
 Del... 
 
 Oct. 2a, 1828' Del.. 
 
 Lawyer, . .^ 
 
 
 Blaine. .lames Q 
 
 R 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Jan. 31, 1830, Me... 
 
 .Ic.urnalist 
 
 
 
 .1) 
 
 Mo... 
 
 April 9, 1813, Mo... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Sept. 20, 1877 
 
 Booth. Newton 
 
 — 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Dec. 2a. lS2,"iiCaI... 
 
 \ alicd 
 
 
 Boutwell. Geo. S 
 
 K, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1818lMass. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 Va... 
 
 M.ir. 1. 184rMiss.. 
 
 
 
 Burnside, Amb. E. .. 
 
 ,R 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mav 23. 1S24'R, I 
 
 
 Sept. 13, 1881 
 
 Cameron, Angus 
 
 . — 
 
 N. Y. Julv 4, 1.-I2ii Wis,. 
 
 L^.wver... 
 
 
 Cameron, Simon 
 
 .It 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mar. N, \7:ki l';i, ,. 
 
 Viiri.d.... 
 
 
 Cap^rton, Allen T. . 
 
 .1) 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Nov. 21. 1810 W,Va 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 26. 1876 
 
 Chaffee, Jerome B. .. 
 
 .K 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 17. lS25:Cal... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Christiancy, Isaac P 
 
 K 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mar. 12, 1812 Mich. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Clayton. Powell 
 
 .R 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Aug. 7, 18.33lArk.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Coekrell. Francis M 
 
 .1) 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Oct. 1. 1834'Mo... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 
 Conkliiig. Roscoe.. 
 
 .K 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1.829IN. Y. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 t'onover. Simon B. . 
 
 .K, 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Sept. 23, 1840 Fla... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 
 Cooper, Henry 
 
 11 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Aug. 22. 1827 Tenn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Cratfin, .\aron H. . . 
 
 R 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Feb. I, 1821;N. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Davis, Henry G 
 
 I) 
 
 Md... 
 
 Nov. IR. 1823 W.Va 
 
 Varied... 
 
 
 Dawes. Henry L 
 
 .P 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 30, 1816iMass. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 I>ennis. Georpre R. . . 
 
 1) 
 
 Md... 
 
 .\pril 8, 1822 Md... 
 
 \ aried 
 
 
 norsev, Stephen W. 
 
 K 
 
 Vt.. . . 
 
 Feb. 28. 1842 Ark. 
 
 Varied... 
 
 
 Eaton. Wm. W 
 
 1) 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Oct. 11. I81R Conn. 'Lawyer... 
 
 
 Edmunds. Geo. F. . . 
 
 .li 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Feb. 1,1828 
 
 Vt, .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Bora. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 Sute 
 Repro- 
 MDted, 
 
 OecupMloa. 
 
 When Died. 
 
 
 n 
 
 Conn.lMar. — , 1812 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Varied... 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 Conn. Aug. 15. 1823 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Nov. 21, 1875 
 
 
 R 
 
 Mich.ljune 1, 1827 
 
 Mich , 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Frelinghuvsen. F. T 
 
 R 
 
 N. J..!Ang. 4. 1817 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 Mass.lDec. 10. 1801: 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Gordon. John E 
 
 1) 
 
 Ga...|Feb. 6,1832 
 
 Ga. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Hamilton. Morgan C.R 
 
 Ala... Feb. 2.'i, 18(19 
 Me. . . Ang. 27, 1809 
 
 Texas 
 Me... 
 
 .Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Harvey. James M. . . 
 
 .K 
 
 Va... Sept. 21, 1833 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Hereford, Frank... 
 
 1) 
 
 Va...July 4,1825 
 
 W.Va 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 
 Hitchcock. Phin. W 
 
 R 
 
 N. Y. Nov. 30, 1831 
 
 Neb.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Howe. Timothy 0.. 
 
 R 
 
 Me..., Feb. 24. 1816 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Lawyei*. , . 
 
 Mar. 25, 1883 
 
 
 K. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 2!), 18;!3 Kan. . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Johnson, Andrew. 
 
 .R 
 
 N. C 
 
 Dec. 29. 1808 Tenn. 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 July 31, 1875 
 
 Johnston, John W.. 
 Jones, Charles W,.. 
 
 Jones, John P 
 
 Kelly, James K.... 
 
 
 Va 
 
 Sept. 9, 1818 Va... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xi 
 
 Wal's 
 
 18.30 Nev 
 
 Miner . . 
 
 
 J) 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Feb. 16, 1819 Ore.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Kernan. Francis 
 
 D 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 J.an. 14, 1816 N. Y. 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 
 Key, Da\'id M 
 
 1> 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Jan. 27, 1824 Tenn. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 Logan. John A 
 
 .R 
 
 111. ..[Feb. 9, 1826 111. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 McCreery. Thos. C. 
 McDonald. Jos. E... 
 
 .U 
 
 n 
 
 Kv...' 1817 Ky... 
 
 Ohio. Aug. 29, 1819 Ind. . 
 
 .\gricurst. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 McMillan. Sam'l J. R.R 
 
 Pa... Feb. 22. 1826 Minn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Maxey. .Sani'l B 
 
 i> 
 
 Ky... Mar. 30, 1825 Texas! Varied... . 
 
 
 Merrimon..4ug. S... 
 
 n 
 
 N. C. Sept. 15. 1830 N. C. iJurist 
 
 
 Mitchell. John H... 
 
 H 
 
 Pa. .. June 22. 1835 Ore. -IVari^^i 
 
 
 Morrill. Justin S.... 
 
 R 
 
 Vt. .. AurilU. 1810 vt, ..iVaried.... 
 
 
 Morrill. Lot M 
 
 .R 
 
 Me... 
 
 May 3, 1813 
 
 Me... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. in. 1883
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Morton. Oliver P R 
 
 Norwood. Thos. M,..D 
 ORlesbv. Bieh'd J....R 
 Paddock, .\lgernon. .R 
 Patterson. John J. ,..R 
 
 Price. Samuel D 
 
 R:iTidolph.Theo.F...D 
 
 li.,ii-..in. Matt. W D 
 
 K'.ii.rtson.Thos. J...K 
 
 Sutk'eut. Aaron A R 
 
 .Saulsbury. Eli D 
 
 Sharon, WUIIam U 
 
 Sherman, John It 
 
 Spencer, Geo. E R 
 
 Stevenson, John M...D 
 
 Teller. Henry M R 
 
 Thurnian. Allen G D 
 
 ■Wiulleigh, Bainb'ge.K 
 Wall.ace. William A..D 
 
 West. J. Rodman R 
 
 Whvte. W. Pinkney..D 
 Wiridom. William.... R 
 
 Witliers RobertE D 
 
 Wufht. Georg e G R 
 
 Ind. . 
 Ga... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 S. C. 
 Mass. 
 Del... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 Lou. . 
 Md. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Va , . . 
 Ind. . 
 
 state 
 
 Repi«- OcoupMioB 
 
 .Aug. 4. 
 April 26 
 July 25, 
 
 Aug. 8. 
 June 24, 
 
 Aug. 3. 
 Sept. 28, 
 Dec. 29. 
 Jan. 9. 
 Mav 10, 
 Nov. 1, 
 May 4, 
 May 23, 
 Nov. 13. 
 Jan. 4, 
 Nov. 28, 
 Sept. 19, 
 Aug. 9. 
 May 10. 
 Sept. 18, 
 Mar. 24. 
 
 1823 Ind. . 
 1830 Ga... 
 
 1824 111. .. 
 1830 Neb. . 
 1830 S. C. . 
 
 W.Va 
 
 1826 N. J.. 
 1826 N. C. 
 
 1823 S. C. . 
 1827,Cal... 
 1817,Del. . 
 1821jCal. . 
 1823|Ohio. 
 1836 Ala. . 
 
 1812 Ky... 
 1830 Col... 
 
 1813 Ohio. 
 1H31IN. H. 
 1827|Pa. .. 
 1822 Lou. . 
 
 1824 Md... 
 1827, Minn. 
 l«21|Va... 
 1820 Iowa. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Nov. I, 1877 
 
 Nov. 13, 1885 
 
 Total Senators, 813. Lawyers, 3S. Varied, 28. Jurists, 8. Merchants, 3. 
 Agriculturists, 3. Journalists, 3. Occupation Unknown, 1. Mechanic, 1. 
 Manufacturer,!. Physician, 1. Miner, 1. Foreign Born, S : Including 
 Wales, 1; Ireland, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 TThert 
 
 IVhen Bern. 
 
 Abbott. Josiah G....D 
 
 Adams. Clias, H R 
 
 Ainsworth. Lucien L, — 
 
 Andei-son. Win. B — 
 
 Ashe. Thomas S D 
 
 Atkins. John D. C....D 
 
 Bagby, John C D 
 
 Eaglev. George A ...R 
 
 Bagley. Jolin H D 
 
 liaker. John H R 
 
 Baker. William H,...R 
 Ballou. Latimer W...R 
 
 Banks. NathI P R 
 
 Banning, Henry B D 
 
 Barnum.Win. H D 
 
 Ba,ss. Lyman K R 
 
 Beebe. George M D 
 
 Belford. James B R 
 
 Bell. Samuel N D 
 
 Bennett. Thos. W — 
 
 Blackburn. Jos, C. S. .D 
 
 Blaine. James G R 
 
 Blair. Henry W R 
 
 Bland. Richard P D 
 
 Bliss. Archibald M,...D 
 
 Bioiint. James H D 
 
 Boone. Andrew R D 
 
 Bradford. Taul D 
 
 Brtuiley, Nathan B. . . R 
 
 Bright, John M D 
 
 Brown, John Y D 
 
 Brown. Wm. R K 
 
 Buckner. AvlettH....D 
 Burcliard, Horatio C.R 
 Hun-bard. Sam'l B....D 
 
 Burleigh. John H K 
 
 Buttz, Chos. W — 
 
 Cabell, George C D 
 
 Caldwell, JohnH D 
 
 Caldwell. Wm. P D 
 
 Campbell. Alex — 
 
 Candler, Milton A D 
 
 Cannon, Geo. Q — 
 
 Cannon. Jos. G R 
 
 Carr. Nathan T — 
 
 Casoii. Thos. J R 
 
 Caswell. Lucien B R 
 
 Cate, George W — 
 
 Caullleld. Bernard G.D 
 Chapin. Chester W...l> 
 Chittenden. Simeon. .R 
 
 Clarke, lohn B D 
 
 Clark.Jolin B D 
 
 Clymer. Hlester D 
 
 Cochrane. Alex. G D 
 
 Collins. Francis D D 
 
 Conger. Omar D R 
 
 Cook. Philip D 
 
 Cowan. Jacob P D 
 
 Cox. Samuel S D 
 
 Crap.). Wm. W R 
 
 Crounse. Lorenzo R 
 
 Culberson. David B. .D 
 Cutler. Augustus W. .D 
 Uanford. Lorenzo... It 
 DarreU. Che.itor B. . .R 
 
 Davis. Joseph J D 
 
 Di.vv..Iohn W R 
 
 Dellolt. Rezin A D 
 
 Dinlsim. Dudley C.R 
 
 Dibrell. George G D 
 
 Dobbins, Saml A H 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 111. .. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Ind. . 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. ... 
 Tenn. 
 Ala. . 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 
 Va'.'.'. 
 
 Ala.. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. . 
 
 Nov. 1, 
 
 June 21, 
 April 2, 
 
 June 4, 
 Jan, 24, 
 July 22. 
 Nov. 26. 
 Feb. 28. 
 Jan. 17, 
 Mar. 1 . 
 Jan. 30, 
 Nov. 10. 
 Sept. 17. 
 Nov. 13, 
 Oct. 28. 
 Sept. 28, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Feb. 16, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Dec. 6, 
 Aug. 19. 
 Jan. 25, 
 Sept. 12, 
 April 4. 
 Jan. 20. 
 May 28. 
 Jan. 20, 
 June 28. 
 July 16, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Sept. 22, 
 July 17, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 jaii. 25^ 
 
 Nov. 8, 
 
 Oct. 4, 
 
 Ga... Jan. 11, 
 
 Eng'tl Jan. 11 
 
 N. C. May 7, 
 
 Ind. . 
 Vt.... 
 Vt. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Ma,ss. 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 Mo... 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 N. J. . 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Can.. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 N.J.. 
 
 1815 Mass 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 1831 Iowa. 
 
 1830 III.. 
 .... N. C. 
 
 1825 Tenn. 
 1819 N. Y. 
 
 1826 N, Y. 
 1.832 N. Y, 
 1832|lnd, . 
 1827]N. Y. 
 1812 R. I,. 
 1816, Mass, 
 18,34 'Ohio, 
 1818!conn, 
 1836 N. Y. 
 
 1836 N. Y. 
 
 1837 Col. . 
 1829 N. H 
 183l'lda.T 
 1838;Ky... 
 1830;Me.,. 
 
 1834 N. H. 
 
 1835 Mo .. 
 I8.36|N. Y. 
 1837:Ga... 
 
 1831 Ky... 
 1835'Ala. . 
 1831 Mich. 
 1817, Tenn. 
 1835, Ky... 
 1840 Kan.. 
 1817 Mo... 
 1825illl. .. 
 I836;Wis.. 
 1822, Me... 
 
 S.C. 
 
 1837 Va... 
 
 Ala... 
 
 1832, Tenn. 
 1814 111. .. 
 1837 Ga. .. 
 1827 Utah. 
 
 Occupatii 
 
 When Died. 
 
 1836 
 
 Sept. 13, 
 Nov. 27, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Dec. 16, 
 Mar. 29, 
 April 14, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Nov. 3, 
 Mar. 20, 
 Mar. 5. 
 
 jilVy 31. 
 Mar. 20. 
 Sept. 30. 
 May 16. 
 Jan. 27. 
 Sept. 29. 
 Oct. 22. 
 Oct. 18, 
 June 24, 
 April 13, 
 June 29. 
 Jan. 20. 
 Sept 13, 
 April 12. 
 April 14, 
 
 1828 
 1827 
 
 111. 
 Ind. 
 Ind. 
 Wis. 
 
 1825 Wis. 
 1828,111. .. 
 1798 Mass. 
 
 1814 
 18,33 
 1831 
 1827 
 1845 
 1844 
 
 Y 
 Ky... 
 
 Mo... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa . . . 
 
 1818 Mich. 
 18l7lGa... 
 1823 Ohio. 
 1824, X. Y. 
 1830 Mass. 
 18:14 Neb.. 
 1830 Texas 
 182'|N. J.. 
 182" Ohio. 
 1842 Lou. . 
 1828 N. C. 
 183.')' N. Y. 
 1KJ8 Mo... 
 
 1819 Vt 
 
 18U2 Tenn. 
 1814 N. J.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 -Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varieil 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawj-er. . . 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown, 
 
 Jurist .... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 L.awyer. . , 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Merchant 
 
 Lawy 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied. 
 
 Lawyer, 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varietl 
 
 Lawyei 
 
 Jurist. 
 
 Deo. 10, 1881 
 
 Dec. 5, 1877 
 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. | I'i," 
 
 When Horn. 
 
 state 
 Hepte- 
 
 KDt«tl. 
 
 OccupMioD. 1 
 t 
 
 Vheo Died. 
 
 Dou8:las, Beverly B, . 
 Dunnell. Mark H 
 
 D Va. . . 
 R Me. . . 
 D N. Y. 
 D iKv. .. 
 
 Dec. 21, 1822'Va...l 
 July 2. 1823 Minn. 
 Feb. 21. 1838 Slich. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 May 16. 1824 Ky... 
 June 4. 1M18 R. I.. 
 Feb. 1. 1826 III. .. 
 April 13, 1828 Pa. .. 
 Sept. 26, 1841 N. M. 
 Oct. 15, 1841 Lou.. 
 
 1825 N. Y. 
 
 Mar. 27, 1825 Ind, . 
 July 1,1823 111.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Eaines, Beiij. T 
 
 Eden John R 
 
 
 
 D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 .D 
 
 .D 
 
 Ky.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Lou. 
 N. J.. 
 Ky... 
 
 n: Y. 
 
 Va 
 
 
 
 Epbert. Albeit G 
 
 Elkins. Stei>hen B. .. 
 Ellis, E. John 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 Miller 
 
 
 
 
 Farwell. Chas. B 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 1806 
 
 W Va 
 Ga... 
 
 Nov. 1 18S4 
 
 
 Ga... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Tenn. 
 
 June 19, 1823 
 
 
 Fenii, Stephen S 
 
 Field David D 
 
 Mar. 28, 1820 IdaT 
 
 
 Feb. 13, 1805 
 Nov. 18, 1812 
 
 N. Y. 
 Fla. . 
 Me... 
 Ala. . 
 HI. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ark.. 
 Lou.. 
 Mo... 
 Va... 
 Kan.. 
 Ark.. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 N'. J.. 
 Texas 
 Ala... 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 Va, . . 
 HI. .. 
 Ga.. . 
 HI. .. 
 Mo... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Forney, Wm. H 
 
 Fort, Greenbury L.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 9, 1823 
 Oct. 17. 1825 
 April 12, 1828 
 
 
 .R lOhio. 
 — Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 
 Franklin, Benj. J 
 
 Freeman. Chapman. 
 
 .D 
 .R 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Pa .. 
 
 Oct. 8, 1832 
 July 18. 1826 
 Sept. 2, 1831 
 Nov. 13, 1825 
 Nov. 19. 1831 
 Dec. 25, 1838 
 Sept. 10. 1832 
 Sept. 4, 1824 
 May 27, 1829 
 Pec. 14, 1836 
 Sept. 18, 1826 
 June 9. 1836 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 .R N. H. 
 .R Me... 
 .D Ind. . 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 
 Frve, William P 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 Educator. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Garfield, James A... 
 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 D 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Va. . 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 
 Sept. 19. 1881 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Glover, John Ml 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Giinter Thos. M 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Hale. Eugene 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Dec. 5. 1816 
 Oct. 29, 1824 
 April I, 1846 
 Mav — , 1830 
 Nov. 10. 1823 
 Feb. 2, 1828 
 Mav 8, 1825 
 Feb. 15, 1825 
 
 
 
 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 D 
 ,D 
 .D 
 ,D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 
 D 
 .R 
 
 '.R 
 
 D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 ,R 
 ,R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .D 
 ,D 
 ,U 
 .R 
 
 R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 D 
 
 Ala, . 
 Ga. . . 
 N.J.. 
 Mass. 
 Ga... 
 Va, . . 
 Ky... 
 Ga. . 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Banker... 
 
 
 
 
 Harris, Benj. W 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Harris, Henry R 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Harris. John T 
 
 
 Hartridge. Julian... 
 Hartzell. William... 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 
 Feb. 20, 1837 
 Feb. 24. 1819 
 Nov. 28, 1813 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 
 
 Hayniond, Wm. S... 
 Havs, Charles 
 
 Ind. . 
 Ala. . 
 Vt.... 
 111. .. 
 Md... 
 W.Va 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ga. . . 
 Mass. 
 S. C. 
 Ind. . 
 Miss. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Mich. 
 Ind. . 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 N. C. 
 
 \V T 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 ;^'--- 
 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ga... 
 Mass . 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 S. C 
 
 Feb. 2, 1834 
 Nov. 30, 18.32 
 Nov. 29, 1824 
 Nov. 24, 1828 
 Julv 4, 1825 
 July 31. 1822 
 Feb. 14. 1834 
 Sept. 14, 1823 
 Aug. 29, 1826 
 
 Sept.' 'g, iaii 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Hendee Geo. W 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hereford. Frank 
 
 Hewitt, Abram S... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 1881 
 
 Hill, Benjamin H.. 
 
 Hour, OeorgeF 
 
 Hou:e, Solomon L... 
 Holniaii William S 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Aug. 16, 1882 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hopkins, James H.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Mich. 
 
 Nov. 3, 1832 
 Dec. 24, 1824 
 Jan. 9, 1827 
 Sept. 15, 1829 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hubbell, Jay A 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio, 
 S.C 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 N. C. 
 Eng'd 
 Vt. .. 
 Mo... 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. . . 
 Me. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ky. . 
 Ga... 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 
 N.' 'y'. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa 
 
 Feb. 5, 1825 
 Sept. 23, 1823 
 Dec. -25, 1841 
 Nov. 29. 1815 
 July 23, 1840 
 18*'»9 
 
 
 Hiintnn. ?'ppa 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Hnillint, Si.-phen A 
 
 HyniJin, JuliPi A 
 
 Jacobs. Orange 
 
 Jenks, George A 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Mar. 28, 1882 
 
 Miir.'26; 1836 Pa.. . 
 Sept. 15. 1832lN. H. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 
 .Ian. 22, 1819 
 Jon. 30, 1830 
 J.an. 11, 1822 
 Nov. 5, 1837 
 April 12, 1814 
 Mar. 15, 1827 
 Juno -29, 1820 
 
 Mar!'l2,'l'82'7 
 
 Ky... 
 Vt. . . 
 Iowa. 
 Mo... 
 Pa... 
 Ind. . 
 Pa... 
 !>. T.. 
 Wis_. 
 
 
 Jovci' Cho* H 
 
 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Kehr. Edward C 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied 
 
 Aug. 19, 1876 
 
 Ketrlniin, Wlnthror 
 Kid-l.r. JefTersnn P 
 Kiriili:ill \l;uisnn M 
 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Kintr, Wilhiiin S.... 
 Knott, J, Tioetor... 
 I..amar. Lucius Q. 
 LandeiN, Franklin.. 
 Landers, George M 
 
 Dec. 16. 18-28iMinn. 
 Aug. -29. 1830,Ky... 
 Sept. 17, 1825 Miss.. 
 Mar. 22, 1825jlnd. . 
 Feb. 22, 1813, Conn. 
 ... lore. . 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Manufac'r 
 Unknown. 
 Varied..,. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 Lapham, EJdridgo C 
 
 Lawrence, Wm 
 
 Leavenworth. EliaH 
 
 Oct. 18, 1814 
 
 June '26. 181! 
 
 Dee. 26, 1803 
 
 . 182t= 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ill .. 
 Lou.. 
 Ala. . 
 N. Y_ 
 
 
 Levy,' William M .. 
 Lewis. Burwell B. . . 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 N V. 
 
 Oct. 30. 1827 
 July 7, 183>- 
 Dec. 11, 18'2( 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 .D 'Tenn 
 
 .D ,Lou.. 
 
 D ,N. Y. 
 
 '.R |Ind. . 
 
 .R Ohio. 
 
 .R Soot.. 
 
 .1) ITenn 
 I.R S.C 
 
 .D Pa. .. 
 ..D Md.. 
 
 .D N. Y. 
 
 June 27, 1831 Cal... 
 Sopt. 10, 1847 Miss.. 
 Dec. 16, 1817 Wis,. 
 Aug. 29, 1835 Iowa. 
 Mar. 4. 1834 Iowa 
 ,Iune 14, 1839 N. Y 
 Sept. 15, 1821 Tenn 
 Mar. a. 1846 S. C 
 Nov. 25, 1819 Pa, . 
 Feb. 19. 1833 Ohio 
 Oct. 27, 1840 M. T 
 
 
 
 Lynch, John R 
 
 Lvnde, Wm. P 
 
 MoCrary, George V, 
 McDtll ,Ialnes W 
 
 Mechanic 
 La^Vyor... 
 
 Dec.* 18,' 1885 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 MolXuigall, Clinton 
 MoFarland, Wm.... 
 Mackey, Edw'il W. H 
 
 Mackey. Levi A 
 
 MoMahon. Jidin A.. 
 Maginiiis, Martin. .. 
 
 Banker. . . 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied... 
 
 
 
 
 Journalls 
 
 1 
 
 f -I 
 
 7) (>—
 
 >k|.C>- 
 
 d£L 
 
 FOKTY-FOUKTIl AND i'OIi TY-KIKTIl CONGKESSES, AND LEADING EVENTS OK TIIK TIME. 
 
 r.9?. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Mait llonry S R 
 
 Mil-li. L.vi U 
 
 Miii.lc. Ivhvin K D 
 
 .Mil.vill,-, Hunry B....D 
 
 Millcr.Smirl F U 
 
 Milliken. Ohas. W D 
 
 Mills, RoKfrQ U 
 
 Money. Hurnando D.,l> 
 
 Monroe, Jaines U 
 
 Morey, Frank U 
 
 Moreun, Chos, H D 
 
 Morrison, Win. R U 
 
 MnUOiliT. William.... D 
 
 Nash, Charles E H 
 
 Neal, Lawrence T IJ 
 
 New, Jepfha 1) D 
 
 Norton, Nelson 1 R 
 
 O'Brien, Wni. J D 
 
 Odell. N. Holmes D 
 
 Oliver, Addison R 
 
 O'Neill. Charles R 
 
 Packer, .lohn B R 
 
 Page, Horace P R 
 
 Parsons, Edw'd Y....r) 
 Patterson. Thos. M...D 
 
 Payne, Henry B D 
 
 Phelps. James D 
 
 Phillips, John F D 
 
 Phillips, Win. A R 
 
 Piei'ce, Henry L R 
 
 Piper, Win. A D 
 
 Plaisted. Han-is M R 
 
 Piatt. Thomait C R 
 
 Popjileton, Early F...D 
 
 Potter, Allen — 
 
 Powell, Joseph D 
 
 Pratt, Henry O R 
 
 Pnrman, Wm. J R 
 
 Kainev, Joseph H...R 
 
 Randall. Sain'i J D 
 
 Rea. David D 
 
 Reaeran, John H D 
 
 Reillv. James B D 
 
 Reilly, John D 
 
 Riee. Americas V D 
 
 Riddle, Haywood Y..D 
 
 Kohlhns, John D 
 
 Rolibins. Wm. M D 
 
 Roberts. Chas. B D 
 
 Robinson, Milton S...R 
 
 Ross, .Miles D 
 
 Ross, Sobieski. ,......R 
 
 Rusk, Jeremiah M ...R 
 Sampson, Ezekiel S. .R 
 
 Savage, John S R 
 
 Sayier, Milton ....D 
 
 Scales, Alfred M D 
 
 Schleicher, GustavcD 
 Schumaker, Jno. G, ..D 
 
 Seeiye, Julius H — 
 
 Sheakley, James D 
 
 Singleton, Otho R D 
 
 Sinnickson, Clement. R 
 
 Siemens, Wm. F D 
 
 Smalls, Robert R 
 
 Smith, A. Kerr R 
 
 Smitb, Win. E D 
 
 .Southard. .Milton I. . . D 
 
 Sparks. Wm. A.J D 
 
 Spencer. Win. B D 
 
 Springer. Wm. M D 
 
 Stanton, Wm. H — 
 
 Starkweather, H. H..R 
 Steele, William R ...D 
 
 Wis.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 
 Miss.. 
 Conn. 
 -Mass. 
 N. H. 
 111.... 
 Pa... 
 Lou.. 
 Va... 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 liy... 
 li'e'd. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Mo... 
 .Scot.. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 Me... 
 Pa. . 
 S. C. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa... 
 N. C 
 Md.. 
 Ind. 
 N.J. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Ger'y 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Lou. . 
 Ind. . 
 
 State 
 Miiteil. 
 
 Jan. 31, 
 Nov. 22, 
 July 6, 
 ,Ian. 20, 
 May 27, 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 Aug. "'if).' 
 jiiiv m, 
 
 July 11, 
 
 Sept. 14, 
 Deo. 21, 
 
 Sept. 22, 
 Sov. 28, 
 Mar. :«), 
 May 2H, 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 Mar. 21, 
 Mar. 21. 
 Oct. 20, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Nov, 4, 
 Nov. ;jo. 
 Jan. 12, 
 Deo. 31, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Aug. 23, 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 July 15, 
 Sept. 29. 
 Oct. 2, 
 June 23, 
 Feb. 11, 
 April U, 
 June2]. 
 Oct. 10. 
 Jan. la. 
 Oct. 8. 
 Aug. 12. 
 Feb. 22, 
 ^ov. 18. 
 June 20, 
 
 April 19. 
 April 20, 
 April 30, 
 May 16, 
 June 17, 
 Dec. 6, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Nov. 4, 
 Nov. 26, 
 Nov. 19. 
 June 27, 
 Sept. 14, 
 April 24, 
 Oct. 14. 
 Sept. l(i. 
 Mar. 15, 
 April 5, 
 Mar. 7. 
 Mar. 14, 
 
 1832 Wis. . 
 1S37 Pa. . . 
 1836 N. Y. 
 1805 N. Y. 
 I8'27 N. Y. 
 
 1827 Ky... 
 Texas 
 
 1839 Miss.. 
 1821 Ohio. 
 
 1840 Lou.. 
 Mo... 
 
 1825 III. .. 
 
 1831 Pa. .. 
 I Lou . 
 
 1844 Ohio. 
 
 1830 Ind. . 
 
 1820 N. Y. 
 1836 Md... 
 
 1828 N. Y. 
 
 1833 Iowa. 
 
 1821 Pa... 
 
 1824 Pa. .. 
 
 1833 Cal. . . 
 1842 Ky... 
 
 1840 Col. . 
 
 1810 Ohio. 
 
 1822 Conn. 
 
 1834 Jlo. . . 
 
 1826 Kan.. 
 
 1825 Mass. 
 1825 Cal... 
 18-28 Me. . . 
 
 1833 N. Y. 
 
 1834 Ohio. 
 1818 Mich. 
 1828 Pa... 
 1838 Iowa. 
 1840 Fla. . 
 
 1832 S. C. 
 18-28 Pa. .. 
 
 1831 Mo... 
 1818 Texas 
 
 1845 Pa. .. 
 1836, Pa. .. 
 
 1835 0hi<i. 
 1834 Tenn 
 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Ind. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Educator. 
 
 Val-ied.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Inrist 
 
 Varied.... 
 L: 
 
 1842 
 
 1832 
 
 18-28;N. J., 
 1828 Pa. 
 
 1830 
 1831 
 1841 
 1831 
 1827 
 1823 
 1826 
 1824 
 1830 
 1814 
 18.'!4 
 1830 
 1839 
 1815 
 1829 
 
 Nov. 19. 
 Feb. 5. 
 May 30, 
 
 1828 
 1.835 
 1836 
 
 Conn. April *29. 
 N. Y. July -24, 
 
 1826 
 184: 
 
 Wis.. 
 Iowa. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Texa.s 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Miss.. 
 M. J.. 
 .Vrk.. 
 S. C. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga. .. 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 Lou., 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Wy.T 
 
 vyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 'awyor... 
 Stage-O'r. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 V.arieil... 
 
 .lurist 
 
 Ljtwyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Mannfac'r 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Mechanic. 
 Mercliant, 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Varied. . .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Banker. .. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Vailed.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Varieil.... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Civill'.;ng'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Clergym'n 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Seaman.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 July 8, 1876 
 
 Oct. 25, 1877 
 
 Jan. 28, 1876 
 
 .SOinrir. Win. S D 
 
 sici.li.ii.. .Mex. H....D 
 
 .si.\'.-M-. Hir.un H — 
 
 si.viiisoii. Adlal E...— 
 
 SK.ne. Wm. H D 
 
 Slow. 11. Wm. H. H...R 
 
 stniit. Horace B K 
 
 Swaiin. Thomas D 
 
 Tarbox. John K D 
 
 Teese, Fred. 11 D 
 
 Terry. William D 
 
 Thomas, Philip F D 
 
 Thompson, Chas. P. ..I> 
 Thornburgh. Jacob.. It 
 TbroeknioiIon.J. W..D 
 Towns. 11.1, MarliM 1..R 
 TowTi^.iiil. ^Va^l.^.•t•n.R 
 Tucker. .1. Ramlolph.D 
 
 Tufts.John Q R 
 
 Tiirncy. Jacob D 
 
 Vance. John L D 
 
 Vance. Robert B D 
 
 Van Vorhcs, Nelson.. B 
 •Waddell. Alfred M. D 
 
 Walt. John T R 
 
 Waidron. Henry R 
 
 Walker. Chas. C. B...D 
 Walker, Gilbert C....D 
 
 Wallace, Alex. S R 
 
 Wallace, John W U 
 
 Walling. Ansel T D 
 
 Walls. Josiah T R 
 
 Walsh, William I) 
 
 Waril, Elijah D 
 
 Warner, Levi D 
 
 W.arren. Wm. W D 
 
 Wattei-son. Heni-y D 
 
 Wells. Ern.stiis D 
 
 Wells. G. Wiley R 
 
 Wheeler. Win. A R 
 
 White. John D R 
 
 Wbilehouse. Jno. O..D 
 Whiting. Rieh'd H....R 
 Whitthorne. W. C....D 
 Wigginton. Peter D..D 
 
 Wike. Scott D 
 
 Willai-d, George R 
 
 Williams, Alpheus S. . D 
 Williams, Andrew... R 
 Williams, Cha-s. G....R 
 
 Williams, James D 
 
 Williams, James D ..I> 
 
 Williams, Jei-e N D 
 
 Williams, William. ..R 
 
 Willi.s, Benj. A — 
 
 Wiishire. Wm. W....R 
 
 Wilson, Benjamin — 
 
 Wilson, James R 
 
 Wood. Alan R 
 
 Wood. Fernando D 
 
 Woodburn. Win R 
 
 Woodworth. Laur. D.R 
 
 Yeates, Jesse J D 
 
 Young, Casey D 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 Mass. 
 N. J.. 
 Va.. . 
 -Md... 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Va. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 IPa. . . 
 IN. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. Y. 
 iConn. 
 IMass. 
 D.C.. 
 IN. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Conn 
 Tenn. 
 III.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Can . . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ala. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 111. .. 
 Va... 
 Scot.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Ire'd. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Fob. 13. 
 Feb. II. 
 
 Oct. 23! 
 Nov. 7. 
 July 26, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 May «, 
 Oct. 21. 
 Aug. 14. 
 Sept. 12, 
 July 30, 
 July 3, 
 Feb. 1 . 
 Feb. 6, 
 
 Dec. 24. 
 July 12. 
 Feb. 18, 
 July 19, 
 April 24, 
 Jan. 23. 
 Sept. 16, 
 Aug. '27. 
 Oct. 11. 
 June 27. 
 Aug. 1. 
 Dec. 30, 
 Dec. 20. 
 Jan. 10. 
 Dec. 30, 
 May 11. 
 Sept. 15, 
 Oct. 10. 
 Feb. 27. 
 Feb. 16. 
 Dec. 2, 
 Feb. 18. 
 June 30, 
 
 July 19, 
 Jan. 17. 
 April 19. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Api-il fi. 
 Mar. -if). 
 Sept. -20. 
 Aug. '27, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Aug. 4, 
 Jan. 16, 
 April — , 
 July 28, 
 Mar. 24. 
 Sept. 8. 
 April 30, 
 Aug. 16, 
 July 6. 
 Julie 14, 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 May 29, 
 
 1840 Pa. .. 
 
 1812 Ga... 
 lKt2 Arl/... 
 18:).'. 111. .. 
 1828 Mo... 
 I84'l Va... 
 18:i5 Minn. 
 1800 Md... 
 18:j8 Mimi. 
 
 1823 N. Y.. 
 
 1824 Va. .. 
 1810 .Mil. . . 
 18-27 Mass. 
 18:t7 Tenn. 
 
 1825 Texas 
 
 1810 N. Y. 
 
 1813 Pa.. . 
 1823. Va... 
 1840!lowa. 
 1825 Pa. .. 
 
 1839 Ohio. 
 1828 N. C. 
 1822 Ohio. 
 I8:i4 N. C. 
 
 1811 Conn. 
 1819 MIcb. 
 18-24 N. Y. 
 ia'J2 Va... 
 1810 S. C. 
 1818 Pn. .. 
 18-24 Ohio. 
 1842 Va... 
 1828 Md... 
 
 1818 N. Y. 
 1831 Conn. 
 lKt4 Ma«a. 
 
 1840 Ky... 
 18-23 Mo... 
 1840 Miss.. 
 
 1819 N. Y. 
 1849 Ky... 
 ISITN. Y. 
 18-26IN. Y. 
 18-25 Tenn. 
 18:19 Cal... 
 18:i4 III. .. 
 
 1824 Mich. 
 1810 Mich. 
 
 1828 N. Y. 
 182!) Wis.. 
 
 1825 Del. . 
 1808!lnd. . 
 18-29lAla. . 
 
 1826 Mich. 
 1840 N. Y'. 
 l8:iO Ark.. 
 1825, W.Va 
 1835|Iowa. 
 1834 Pa... 
 1812|N. Y. 
 1838|Nev.. 
 I8.370hi0. 
 
 1829 N. C. 
 iTenn. 
 
 OocupMloi). 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Slanufoc'r 
 .Merchant. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 Lawver. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 Joiii-nalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied. .. . 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 Physician. 
 Journalist 
 Agrlcnl'st. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Ijiwyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Varlwl.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknow-n. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ai?ricul'st. 
 Agrlcul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 July 24, 1883 
 
 Mar. 4, 1883 
 
 Nov. 20, 1880 
 
 Feb. 13, 1881 
 
 Total Representatives. 31<1. Lawyers, 15:8. Varied. 72. Jurists, 24. 
 Agriculturists, IC Occupation Unknown, 14. Merchants, 9. Manufact- 
 urers, 7, Journalists, 7. Bankers, 3. Mechanics, 3. Educators, 2. Hotel- 
 Keeper, 1. Stage-Owner, 1. Clvll-Englneer, 1, Clergyman, 1, Miller. 1. 
 Physician, 1. Seaman, 1. Foreign Born, 11: Including Scotland, 3; Ire- 
 land, 3; England, 2; Canada, 2; Germany,!. 
 
 Forty-fifth Congress of the United States, from 1877 to 1879. 
 
 1877— President Hayes issued the Civil-Serviet; 
 Order, June '22. 
 
 1877— Beg:inninfr of thegreat railroad strikes 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Road. July 
 16, Riot and bloodshed at Baltimore, 
 Md.. July 20. 
 
 1877— Railroad riot at Pittsburgh. Pa., July 
 2'2; at Albany, N. Y., Chicago. 111., and 
 St. Louis, Mo., July 24. 
 
 1878— A teller in the Bank of North America, 
 New York City, confessed to being' a 
 defaulter to the extent of $100,000. 
 Feb. 5. The teller. A. M. Turney, was 
 committed to prison, 
 
 1878— Death of the Hon. Gideon Welles, Ex- 
 Secretary of the Navy, at Hartford, 
 Conn.. Feb. 11. 
 
 1878 — Judgment against "Boss" (Wm. M.) 
 Tweed was entered for 810,857.197.09, 
 Feb. 13. 
 
 1878— Veto of the Silver Currency Bill by the 
 President. Feb. 28; but it was imme- 
 diately passed by Congress over his 
 veto, and became a law. 
 
 Rntherrord B. Dayes, 19th President. 
 
 ^aCE-PRESIDENT— WILLIAM A. WHEELEB, OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Sec'y of state ;■ William M. Evarts, of New York. 
 
 See'j of Treas J^John Sherman, of Ohio. 
 
 Sec'y of War |- George W. McOrary, of Iowa. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy ^Richard W. Thompson, of Ind. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior } Carl Schurz, of Mo. 
 
 Postmaster-Gen '1 ; David M. Key, of Tenn. 
 
 Attomey-Genl ^ Charles Devens, of Mass. 
 
 Speaker of House of i g^^^^^ j Randall, of Pa. 
 Representatives. . . i 
 
 1878— Discovery of the defalcation of S. A. 
 Chace. Treasurer of the Union Mills, of 
 Fall River. Mass., amounting to about 
 8500.000, April 10. 
 
 1878— Opening of the International Exposi- 
 tion at Paris, France, May 1. 
 
 1878 — Repeal of National Bankrupt laws of 
 1867 and 1874 took effect. Sept. 1. 
 
 1878 — The Southern yellow fever epidemic, 
 which began about the middle of July, 
 at New Orleans, La., terminated about 
 Nov, 20. 
 
 1878 — Gold currency quoted at par. having 
 sold at a premium since Jan. 13, 1862, 
 to date, Dec. 17 
 
 1879— General resumption of specie piyments 
 throughout the country, Jan. 1. 
 
 1879— President Hayes vetoed the Chinese 
 Immigration Restriction Bill, Mar. 
 
 1879— War between Chili and Bolivia and 
 Peru. South American States, regarding 
 the control of certain silver mines, 
 
 April X 
 
 n 
 
 se 
 
 nd I 
 
 »g I 
 
 X5^~
 
 524 
 
 SENATORS AND EEPKESENTATIVES OF THE FOETY-FIFTII CONGRESS. 
 
 f 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat ; B, Republican. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Sute 
 Repre- Occupatkiii. 
 
 Allison. William B. .R 
 Anthony, Henry B..,R 
 
 Bailey, Jumes E — 
 
 Barnum. Wni. H D 
 
 Bayard. Thomas H...D 
 
 Beck. James B D 
 
 Blaine. James G R 
 
 Bogy. Lewis V D 
 
 Booth, Newton — 
 
 Bruce. Blanche K....R 
 Bumside. .Ambrose E.R 
 
 Butler. M. Calyin D 
 
 Cameron. Angus — 
 
 Cameron. J Donald.. R 
 
 Cameron. Simon R 
 
 Chaffee. Jerome B R 
 
 Christiancy, Isaac P..R 
 Cockrell. Francis M..D 
 
 Coke. Richard D 
 
 Conkling, Roscoe R 
 
 Conover. Simon B R 
 
 Corbin. David B — 
 
 Davis. David — 
 
 Davis. Henry G D 
 
 Dawes. Henry L R 
 
 Dennis. George R D 
 
 Dorsey. Stephen W...R 
 Eaton. William W.. .D 
 
 Edmunds. Geo. F R 
 
 Euslis, James B D 
 
 Ferry. Thomas W. ..R 
 
 Garland. Aug. H D 
 
 Gordon. John B D 
 
 ririivcr. Lafayette D 
 
 ll.niilm. Hannibal. ..R 
 
 11,11 lis, Isham G D 
 
 llcicford. Frank D 
 
 Hill. Benjamin H D 
 
 Hoar. George F R 
 
 Howe. Timothy O R 
 
 Ing.ills. John J — 
 
 Johnston. John W...D 
 
 Jones. Charles W D 
 
 Jones. John P R 
 
 Kellogg. William P.R 
 
 Kernan. Francis D 
 
 Kirkwood. Samuel J. .R 
 I^aiii.tr. Lucius Q. CD 
 M.iivery. Tho~. C...D 
 M, Uunald. Joseph E..D 
 Mi-Millan.Sam'l J. K..R 
 McPhei-son. John R. . — 
 Matthews. Stanley. ..R 
 
 Maxey. Samuel B D 
 
 Merrimon. Aug. S D 
 
 Mitchell, John H R 
 
 Mi-igan, John T D 
 
 l^Ioriill, Justin S R 
 
 Jlorlon. Oliver P R 
 
 Ogle-by. Richard J..R 
 Paddock, Alger'n S. .R 
 
 Patterson. John J R 
 
 Plumb. Preston B....R 
 Randolph. Theo.F...D 
 
 liansoin. Matt. W D 
 
 Rollins, Edward H...R 
 
 Sargent. Aaron A R 
 
 Saulsbury, Ell D 
 
 Saunders. Alvin R 
 
 sh;iron. William D 
 
 Sli.-rmun. John R 
 
 Sp'ticer, George E — R 
 
 Tell.-r. Henry M R 
 
 Thurinan. Allen G D 
 
 V.mrhees. Dan'l W..D 
 "Wadlejgh. Itninb'ge.R 
 Wallacr, Willi. im A..1) 
 Whvte. W, riiiknuy..D 
 Windom. Williaiu. .. .11 
 Withers. Robert E....D 
 
 iOhio. 
 R. I.. 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 Del... 
 Scot. 
 Pa. . . 
 Mo... 
 Ind. . 
 Va. . . 
 Ind. . 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y'. 
 Mo... 
 Va. .. 
 
 In. v. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Md'.'.'. 
 Md. . 
 
 Mass. 
 ■ Md... 
 'vt.... 
 Conn. 
 
 Vt. 
 
 Lou., 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Wars 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 N. Y'. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Kv... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Vt. . . 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 S. Y. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. O. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Del... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 2. 
 April 1. 
 Aug. 15. 
 Sept. 17. 
 Oct. 2LI. 
 Feb. 13. 
 Jan. 31. 
 April 9, 
 Dee. 25, 
 M,ar. 1, 
 May 23, 
 Mar. 8, 
 July 4, 
 
 M.Vr'. ' 8.' 
 April 17. 
 Mar. 12, 
 Oct. 1 . 
 Mar. 13, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Sept. 23, 
 
 Miir. "9. 
 Nov. 16, 
 Oct. 30. 
 April 8, 
 Feb. 28, 
 Oct. 11, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Aug. 27. 
 June 1, 
 June 11, 
 Feb. 6. 
 Nov. 29, 
 Aug. 27, 
 
 1829 Iowa. 
 181.5 R. I. . 
 1822 Tenn. 
 1818 Conn. 
 
 1828 Del... 
 1822 Kv... 
 
 1830 .Me... 
 1813 Mo... 
 182.^ Cal... 
 1841 Miss.. 
 
 1824 R. I.. 
 183(5 S. C. 
 1820 Wis.. 
 
 1833 Pa. . . 
 1799 Pa.. . 
 
 1825 Col... 
 1812 Mich. 
 
 1834 .Mo , . . 
 
 1829 Te.xas 
 
 Y 
 Fla... 
 S. C. 
 111. .. 
 W.Va 
 Mass. 
 Md . . . 
 Ark.. 
 
 July 4, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Feb. 24, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 9, 
 
 Dec. 8, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Dec. 20. 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 Aug. 29. 
 Feb. 22, 
 Hay 9, 
 July 21, 
 Mar. 30, 
 Sept. 15. 
 June 22, 
 June 20, 
 April 14, 
 Aug. 4. 
 July 25, 
 
 Aug. 8, 
 Oct. 12, 
 June 24, 
 
 Oct.' "3, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Dec. 29, 
 July 12, 
 Jan. 9. 
 M.ay ID, 
 Nov. 1 , 
 May 23, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Sept. 2B, 
 Jan. 4, 
 Nov. 28, 
 Aug. 9, 
 May 10, 
 Sept. 18, 
 
 1829 
 1840 
 
 1815 
 
 1823 
 
 1816 
 
 1822 
 
 1842 
 
 ISlh Conn. 
 
 1828 Vt. .. 
 
 1834, Lou.. 
 
 1827 Mich. 
 
 1832 Ark.. 
 
 1832 Ga. .. 
 1823 Ore. . 
 
 1809 Me... 
 1818 Tenn. 
 1825 W.Va 
 
 1823 Ga. .. 
 1826lMiss.. 
 1816 Wis.. 
 1833;Kan. . 
 
 1818 Va... 
 ,1834 Fla. . 
 
 1830 Nev.. 
 1830 Lou.. 
 
 1816 N. Y'. 
 1813 Iowa. 
 
 1825 Miss.. 
 
 1817 Ky... 
 
 1819 Ind. . 
 
 1826 Minn. 
 
 1833 N. J.. 
 
 1824 Ohio. 
 1.S25 Te.\as 
 1830 N. C, 
 1835 Ore. 
 1824 Ala.. 
 
 1810 Vt... 
 
 1823 Ind. 
 
 1824 111. .. 
 1830 Neb. 
 1830 S. C. 
 1837 Kan., 
 I82R N. J., 
 1826 N. C, 
 1824,N. H 
 
 1827 
 1817 
 1817 
 1821 
 1823 
 1836 
 1830 
 1813 
 1828 
 1831 
 1827 
 1824 
 1827 
 1821 
 
 Cal 
 
 Del... 
 
 Neb.. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ala,. 
 
 Col... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Banker. .. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Unkno^vn. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Vajied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawj'er... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Miner 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied ... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied — 
 Lawyer. . 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Jui'ist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Sept. 2. 1884 
 Dec. 29, 1885 
 
 Sept. 20, 1877 
 Sept'. '13,' 1881 
 
 Aug. 16, 1882 
 Mar.' 25,' 1883 
 
 Nov. 1, 1877 
 
 Nov. 13, 1885 
 
 Total Senators, 80. Lawyers. 35. Varied, 24. Jurists, O, Agricultur- 
 ists, 3. Merchants, 2. Journalists, 3. Occupation I'nknown, 1. Miner, 1. 
 Manufacturer,!. Banker, 1. Physician,!. Foreign Born, 3: Including 
 Ireland, 1; Scotland, 1; Wales, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATfVES. 
 
 Acklen. J. Hayes D 
 
 Aiken. D. Wyatt D 
 
 Aldrich, William B 
 
 Atkins, John I>. C D 
 
 Bacon, William J R 
 
 Bagley, George A R 
 
 Baker.John H R 
 
 Dakir, Wllllaiii II.... R 
 Ballon, Latimer W...R 
 Banks. Nathaniel P..R 
 Banning, HenryB,.,.I> 
 Bayne, Thomas M....U 
 Beebe, George M D 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 May 
 
 20. 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 17, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 — , 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 June 
 
 4, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 18, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jnlv 
 
 22, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 •28, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 17, 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1, 
 
 Ma,ss. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 30, 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1", 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 June 
 
 14, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 28, 
 
 18,50 
 
 1828 
 
 18211 
 
 18: 
 
 1K03 
 
 18-2( 
 
 183i 
 
 1H27 
 
 181 
 
 Occupalio' 
 
 Lon,. 
 
 S, C. . 
 III.... 
 Tenn, 
 N. V. 
 N, V. 
 Iml. . 
 N. V. 
 U. I.. 
 
 IKKl'Ma. 
 18:n'ohlo, 
 18311 Pa. ., 
 1836' N. Y, 
 
 
 
 AjrHcurst. 
 V«rii-d.... 
 
 bVcV "3; i'885 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Viirl<-(i.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Liivvj-fi-,.. 
 
 
 Vfirlc'd 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 10, 1881 
 
 Vuried.. 
 
 
 Eelford. James B I 
 
 Bell. Hiram P I 
 
 Benedict, Charles B. .1 
 Bicknell, George A. . I 
 
 Bisbee. Horatio I 
 
 Blackbuin. J. C. S. ...I 
 
 Blair. Heiir^ W I 
 
 Bland. Richard P. .. I 
 Bli^s. Archibald M....I 
 
 Blount, James H I 
 
 Boone. Andrew R I 
 
 Bouck. Gabriel I 
 
 Boyd, Thomas A, I 
 
 Bragg. Edward S I 
 
 Bientano. Lorenzo...! 
 
 Brewer. Mark S I 
 
 Bridges. Samuel A I 
 
 Briggs, James F I 
 
 Bright. John M I 
 
 Brogden, Curtis H 1 
 
 Browne, Thomas M. ..I 
 
 Buekner. Aylett H I 
 
 Bundy. Solomon I 
 
 Biirchard, Horatio CI 
 
 Burdick. Theo. W I 
 
 Butler, Benjamin F...I 
 
 Cabell. George C I 
 
 Cain. Richard H I 
 
 Caldwell. John W I 
 
 Caldwell. William P. .1 
 Calkins, William H.. .1 
 
 (■aiiip..I..liii H I 
 
 Caliililnll. ,larobM...l 
 
 l.'aiulkr. .Milton A 1 
 
 Caiiiion, Geoi'ge Q 
 
 Cannon, Joseph G 1 
 
 Carlisle, John G 1 
 
 Caswell. Lucien B....1 
 Chalmers. James R...] 
 Chittenden. Sim. B. ..1 
 
 Clatlin, William 1 
 
 Clark, Alvah A 1 
 
 Clark, John B 1 
 
 Clark, Rush - 
 
 Clarke. John B ] 
 
 Clymer. Hiester 
 
 Cobb. Thomas R : 
 
 Cole, Nathan - 
 
 Collins, Francis D. ...: 
 Conger, Omar D. . . . 
 
 Cook. Philip 
 
 Corlett. William W...: 
 
 Covert. James W : 
 
 Cox, Jacob D '. 
 
 Cox. Samuel S 
 
 era po. William W....: 
 Cr.i vens. Jordan E — 
 Crittenden. Thos. T...: 
 
 Culbeison. D. B ] 
 
 Cuiiimings. H. J. B...1 
 
 Cutler. .\ug. W ] 
 
 Uaiilofd. Lorenzo ] 
 
 Daviilscin.K. H. M....1 
 
 Davis. Horace - 
 
 Davis, Joseph J ] 
 
 Diaii. Binjamin 1 
 
 Ikeinig. NuthlC 1 
 
 D.-niMiii, liiiillevC....] 
 
 DibreM. c.irge G ] 
 
 Dickey, Henry L 1 
 
 Douglas. Beverly B...1 
 
 Dunnell. Mark H 1 
 
 Dmhaiu, Milton J : 
 
 l)\vit:hl..l,re. W 1 
 
 Eaiues. lu-iijaniin F... 
 
 KdiMi,.l..liii H : 
 
 Eii-kholl'. Anthony.... 
 
 Elaiii..IosephB : 
 
 Ellis. K. .lolin 
 
 Ellsworth. Charlesc: 
 
 Errett. Kussell 
 
 Evans, I. Newton 
 
 Evans, James L, F 
 
 livv iiiii, Tiiniiias 
 
 Feliiiii. N\ illiamll... 
 
 Friiii. si.-iihen S 
 
 Fiil.l, \V:.ll,iidge A... 
 Fiiilcv. EliinezerB... 
 Fortuv. William H... 
 
 Fort, Giciilmry I 
 
 F>ist<-r, Charles 
 
 I'laiiklin, Henj. J 
 
 I'll f'111,'111. chapman. .! 
 
 Frost. Kicliard G 
 
 Frve. William P : 
 
 Fuller. BenonlS 
 
 Wardner, Miles 
 
 Oarllelil, James A.. . 
 Oarlh, William W... 
 
 Cause, Lucien C. 
 
 Oibson, Kandall L.... 
 Giddlngs. DeWltt C. 
 
 Glovei'. John .M 
 
 Ooo.le, John 
 
 Glint, -r, Thomas M... 
 
 ISept. 28, 
 Jan. 27. 
 Feb. 7, 
 
 1837 I 
 
 1827 
 
 1828 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 N. H. 'Lawyer. . . 
 Mo. . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Tenn. Lawyer. 
 
 April 19. 
 Dec. 14, 
 May 22. 
 Sept. 22. 
 Oct. 7, 
 Nov. 5, 
 Jan. 25. 
 April 12, 
 Jan. 15, 
 Nov. 8, 
 Feb. 18. 
 April 14. 
 Not. '20, 
 Jan. 11. 
 Jan. 11, 
 May 7, 
 Sept. 5, 
 Nov. 27, 
 Jan. 11. 
 Mar. 29. 
 Mar. 6. 
 Sept. 13. 
 Jan. 14, 
 
 A'pi''ili4. 
 Nov. 3, 
 July 2, 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Can. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Mass 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Fla.. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 N. C 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 Me... 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Me. . , 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass, 
 
 ■Jy-.' 
 Ger y 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 1829 
 I8I7 
 1823 
 182 
 1836 
 1818 
 1837 
 1825 
 1838 
 183: 
 184 
 184(1 
 
 Unknown. 
 Ind. . Lawyer... 
 
 Mo. .. .Jurist 
 
 N , Y' . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Ill Merchant. 
 
 low.a. Banker .. 
 Mass. Lawyer... 
 
 Va. . . .Varied 
 
 S. C. Varied 
 
 Ky.. . I Jurist 
 
 Tenn. iLawyer. .. 
 Ind. . 'Lawyer.. . 
 N . Y. Lawj'er. .. 
 
 18211 Pa. .. Varied 
 
 July 31 
 
 Sept. '2.' 
 Oct. 27, 
 Sept. 30, 
 May 16, 
 Nov. 7, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Sept. 29, 
 May 21, 1 
 Oct. 22, 1 
 Oct. 18, 1 
 Sept. 23, 1 
 
 1 
 
 April 13. 1 
 Aug. 14. 1 
 Sept, 22. 1 
 Sept. i:t. 1 
 .April 12, 1 
 Oct. 29. 1 
 Dec. 21, 1 
 July 2, 1 
 May 16, 1 
 
 June 4, 1 
 Feb. 1, 1 
 Sept. 11,1 
 June 12, 1 
 Oct. 15, 1 
 
 Ko-vi'l'f). i 
 July 27, 1 
 Mai-. 27, 1 
 Aug. 7, 1 
 June 19, 1 
 Mar. 28, 1 
 April 26, 1 
 July 31, 1 
 Nov, 9, 1 
 Oct, 17, 1 
 April 12, 1 
 
 0(-t.'"8,"l 
 Dec. 29, 1 
 Sept. 2, 1 
 Nov. 13, 1 
 Jan. 30, 1 
 Nov. 19, 1 
 
 Dei-.' '2.5,' ': 
 Sept. 10. 1 
 July 18, ; 
 Sept. 4, 1 
 May 27, 1 
 Sept. 18, 
 
 1837 
 1827 
 1836 
 1835 
 1827 
 1831 
 1814 
 1818 
 1840 
 1831 
 
 1833 
 
 1827 
 
 , 1828 
 
 ,' l's44 
 .1818 
 , 1817 
 
 ,' 'l'84'2 
 1828 
 1824 
 1830 
 1830 
 1834 
 18:M 
 
 Ga. 
 Utah. 
 
 Mass. 
 Ark. . 
 Mo. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ky... iLawyer. . . 
 Wis. . Lawyer.. . 
 .Miss.. jLawyer.. . 
 
 N. "Y. iVaried 
 
 Ma.ss. Merchant. 
 N. J. . Lawj'er... 
 Mo. .. iLawyer.. . 
 Iowa Unknown. 
 Ky... Lawyer... 
 Pa. . . Lawyer. . . 
 Ind. . Lawyer... 
 Mo. .. I Unknown. 
 Pa. .. JLawyer... 
 
 Mich. iVaried 
 
 Ga. . . .Lawyer... 
 AVy.T Unknown. 
 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 Ohio. iLawyer... 
 N. Y. IVarled.... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Texas [Lawyer... 
 Iowa. , Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawj'er. . . 
 
 Miller 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 L'nknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied....' 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lavyer... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Miller 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied . . 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer- . 
 
 Educator 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied... 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Varied .. . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Sept. 19,1881
 
 "^ 1^ 
 
 7- 
 
 KKI'KHtJENTATIVJiS OF THE FOKTY-KII'TII UO^UkE.SS. 
 
 625 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 oil. 
 
 Hale. KuKi-ne It 
 
 Haiiiiltoii, Andrew H.l) 
 
 Halina, .li.lm K 
 
 llanUiiliuiKli, A. A...D 
 IlariMui, Alfred C ...R 
 
 Harris, lienj. W R 
 
 Harris, Henry R D 
 
 Harris, Jolin T 1) 
 
 Harrison, Carter H..D 
 
 Hart, K- KirUe D 
 
 HailridKe. Julian D 
 
 Harlzell. William D 
 
 Haskell. Dudley C....R 
 
 Hateher, Kob't A U 
 
 Haye», Philip C R 
 
 Hjizelton, Geo. C kR 
 
 Hendee. Geo. W R 
 
 Henderson. Thos. J... R 
 
 Henkle. Kll J D 
 
 Helirv, Dan'l M D 
 
 Herbert, Hilary A D 
 
 Hewitt, Abram S D 
 
 Hewitt. Goldsmith W.D 
 
 Hinton, W. B — 
 
 Hiseoek. Frank R 
 
 llouUer. Clias. E D 
 
 H..use..I,ilin F D 
 
 Hul.bell. Jav A R 
 
 Humphrey, H. L R 
 
 lIunKertord. John M.R 
 
 Hunter. Morton C R 
 
 Hunton, Eppa D 
 
 Ittner, Anthony R 
 
 Jacobs, Orange R 
 
 James, Amaziah B R 
 
 Jones, Frank D 
 
 Jones, James T D 
 
 Jones, John S R 
 
 Jorgenson, Joseph... R 
 
 Joyce, Chas. H R 
 
 Reifer, J. Warren... H 
 KeiKhtley. Kdwin ■VV..R 
 
 Kelley, Wm. D R 
 
 Kenna, John E D 
 
 Ketcham, John H R 
 
 Kidder, JelTerson P. .R 
 KiUinfcer. John W....R 
 
 Kiniinell. William D 
 
 Knatip, Rob't M D 
 
 Knott, J. Proctor D 
 
 Landers, George M .D 
 Lapham, Eldridge G.R 
 Lathrop, William — R 
 
 Leonards, John E R 
 
 Ligon, Robert F D 
 
 Lindsey, Stephen D..R 
 Lockwood, Dan'l N...D 
 
 Loring, George B R 
 
 Luttrell, John K D 
 
 Lynde, Wm. P D 
 
 McCook, Anson G...R 
 
 Mctlowan, J. H R 
 
 MoKensie, J as. A D 
 
 Maekey.Levi A D 
 
 McKinley. William.. .R 
 
 McMahon. John A D 
 
 Maginnis. Martin D 
 
 Maish. Levi D 
 
 Majors, Thos. J R 
 
 ManninK. Van H D 
 
 Marsb, Benj. F R 
 
 Martin, Benj. F D 
 
 Mayhain. Stephen S. .D 
 
 Metcalfe. Lyne S R 
 
 Mills, Roger Q D 
 
 Mitchell, John 1 R 
 
 Money. Hernando D..D 
 
 Monroe, James R 
 
 Morgan. Chas. H D 
 
 Morrison. Wm. R D 
 
 Morse. Leopold D 
 
 Mnldrow.H. L D 
 
 Muller, Nicholas D 
 
 Xeal, Henry S R 
 
 Norcross. Ainasa R 
 
 Oliver. Addison R 
 
 O'Neill. Charles R 
 
 Overton. Edward R 
 
 Pacheco. Romualdo R 
 
 Page. Horace F R 
 
 Patterson. Geo. W. . .R 
 Patterson. Thos. M. ..D 
 
 Peddle. Thos. B R 
 
 Phelps, James. D 
 
 Phillips, Wm. A R 
 
 Pollard. Henry M R 
 
 Potter. Clarkson N...D 
 
 Pound. Thad. C R 
 
 Powers. Llewellyn... R 
 Price. Hiram R 
 
 Me... June 9, 
 
 I 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 .V. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 Ga. . . 
 •Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 
 Feb. 20, 
 Nov. 2.'i. 
 Feb. 24, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Nov. .311, 
 Nov. 29, 
 Nov. 24, 
 Feb. ni, 
 .Mar. 12, 
 July 31, 
 Feb. 14, 
 
 K. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Eng'd 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. , 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Md... 
 HI.... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Ga. .. 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 .Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Iowa. 
 N. C. 
 
 1836 Me.., 
 
 In.l. 
 
 1827 Ind. . 
 1830 N. J. 
 1825 Pa. . 
 1823 Mas>, 
 1.828 Ga. . , 
 1825, Va. . 
 1825:H1. 
 
 Sept. 3, 
 
 May IS, 
 
 Aug. H, 
 
 Nov. 10, 
 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 May 8. 
 
 Feb. 15, 
 
 April 8, 1841|N. Y. 
 
 Go... 
 
 1837|lll. .. 
 
 1837IKan,. 
 
 18111 Mo... 
 
 1833,111, .. 
 
 1833 Wis.. 
 1832 Vt. .. 
 1824'lll. ,. 
 
 1828 Md... 
 1823 JM . 
 1 834 'a la... 
 
 1822 N. Y. 
 
 1834 Ala. . 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Miss.. 
 
 1827 Tenn. 
 
 1829 Moll. 
 1830;Wis.. 
 1825 N. Y. 
 1825 Ind. . 
 
 1823 Va .. 
 18371Mo... 
 
 1829 W. T. 
 1812 N. Y. 
 1832, N. H. 
 1832 Ala... 
 18;!5,ohio. 
 1844 Va. .. 
 
 1830 Vt .. 
 1831: Oliio. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.., 
 Banker. .. 
 Merchant. 
 1,11 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Banker... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Law yer. . . 
 .lournallst 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lii 
 
 Dee. 15, 1883 
 
 Sept. 6, 1834 
 
 Jan. 9. 
 Sept. 15, 
 Mar. 14. 
 Dec. 31, 
 Feb. 5, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Oct. 8, 
 
 JuVy'i". 
 Sept. 15, 
 
 Feb.'i-!'. 
 Feb. 11, 
 Jan. 311, 
 Jan. 30, 
 .Aug. 7, 
 April 12, 
 April 10, 
 Dec. 31. 
 
 1843 
 1814 
 1848 
 1832 
 
 Sept. 18, 1825 
 
 Aug. 29. 
 Feb. 22. 
 Oct. 18, 
 April 17, 
 Sept. 22. 
 
 1830 
 1813 
 
 .Mich. 
 Pa. . . 
 W.Va 
 N. V. 
 D. T.. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 111. .. 
 Ky... 
 Conn. 
 
 Mar. 3, 
 June 1, 
 Nov. 8. 
 June 27, 
 Dec. 16. 
 Oct. 10. 
 April 2. 
 Aug. 1, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Feb. 26. 
 iFeb. 19 
 Oct. 27, 
 iNov. 22, 
 June 2.5, 
 July 26, 
 
 8141 N. Y 
 1825tlll. .. 
 1845, Lou.. 
 
 ....I Ala. . 
 1828 Me. .. 
 1844 N. Y. 
 1817 Mass. 
 183i;Cal... 
 1817|Wis , 
 1835 N. Y. 
 1837 Mich. 
 1840 Ky... 
 1819 Pa. . . 
 1844 Ohio 
 1833 Ohio. 
 1840 M. T. 
 1837 Pa. .. 
 1841, Neb 
 
 1839 
 
 Va... Oct. 2, 
 N. Y. Oct. 8, 
 Ky... lApril21, 
 
 1828 
 18: 
 
 Miss. . 
 111. .. 
 W.Va 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 Miss.. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 HI. .. 
 Bav.. 
 Miss.. 
 Ger'y 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 Cal. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Ire'd. 
 Scot. . 
 Conn. 
 Scot.. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me. . . 
 Pa.. . 
 
 July 28, 
 Aug. 26, 
 July 18, 
 
 Sept.'ii.' 
 Aug. 15. 
 
 Nov.'i.5,' 
 Aug. 25, 
 Jan. 26, 
 
 M,ar. '2i', 
 Feb. 4, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Oct. 20, 
 Nov. 1 1 , 
 Nov. 4, 
 
 jaii. 12,' 
 Jan. 14. 
 June 14, 
 
 1822 Mo 
 Te.vas 
 
 1838 Pa . . 
 
 1839 Miss.. 
 1821 Ohio. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 1825 111 
 
 1831 
 
 18.36 
 1828 
 1824 
 1833 
 1821 
 1836 
 1831 
 1833 
 1799 
 1840 
 
 1822 
 1826 
 1836 
 1825 
 1833 
 1838 
 1814 
 
 Mass. 
 Miss.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio . 
 Mass . 
 Iowa. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 N. Y. 
 Col. . 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Kan.. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Wis. . 
 Me... 
 Iowa. 
 
 rinsician. 
 I.iinvcr.,. 
 1.11" yer... 
 Miinufac'r 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Banker... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Slechanic 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawvil 
 Jurist.. 
 Varied. 
 Lawyei 
 .Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 .Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Manufac'r 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 -Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 I Varied 
 
 'journalist 
 Educator 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Merchant 
 Lawyer.. 
 R. R. Ag't 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .lurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Stage-O'r. 
 Varied..., 
 Lawyei ... 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Banker. . 
 
 Mar. 15, 1878 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Wli.r« 
 Ikirn 
 
 Wb™ Bom. 
 
 HtMU 
 
 ■«n'*<l. 
 
 
 VfbeaOed. 
 
 I'ii<l(.Miiuix-, .\. L 
 
 I'uk'li. .). Ilowurd.... 
 Qiiiiin. Terenee J... 
 Kiiiney, JoMt-pIi H.. 
 Kaiidall Suiii'l J 
 
 .D 
 R 
 .D 
 It 
 .R 
 D 
 D 
 .R 
 .1) 
 U 
 .R 
 .1> 
 .D 
 .D 
 A) 
 
 :\l 
 
 M 
 M 
 .D 
 .R 
 .U 
 .P. 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 :^ 
 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .1) 
 
 R 
 .R 
 .i> 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 :g 
 
 .R 
 
 :g 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 D 
 .D 
 
 ■r 
 
 R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 
 '.R 
 
 D 
 
 i 
 
 .D 
 .D 
 D 
 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 
 June 27. 1837 Vn... 1 
 June 23. 18-27 N. y. 
 Oct. 16, IK'if) N.J. 
 JUI1C21. 1832 S. C. 
 
 . 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 Itrewer... 
 
 JuneI8,'i878 
 
 Oct 10 18'28 Pa 1 Merchant 
 
 
 lUiidolph, Jus. H 
 
 ]t;iiuinl|ih. W. M 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tenn. 
 Mo... 
 
 L'nknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Kra, iJavld 
 
 Heiinan. John H 
 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 Mo... 
 l*a. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 S. C. . 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Md... 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Ind. . 
 N. M. 
 N.J.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio, 
 tlhlo. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 Ger'y 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 N.J.. 
 Tenn. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Ga... 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1831 
 
 
 Oct. 18, 1839 Me... 
 Aug. 12. 1845 Pa. .. 
 Nov. 18. 18.35 Ohio. 
 Mar. 7, 1826 Mass. 
 Feb. 29. 18-28 S. C. 
 
 
 
 Heilly, Jaiiie.xB 
 
 Kicf, .\niriiriiN V . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KicluuilM.ii. JchnS.. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ttnbertson. Kd. W . . . 
 
 June 13, 1823 Lou. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Kul>inson, MUtonS.. 
 Hniiiero. Trinidad... 
 Rn'^H Miles 
 
 April-20, 1832 Ind. . 
 June 15, 183.^ N. M. 
 April :iO, 18-28 N. J.. 
 Nov. 25. 18.37, Kan.. 
 Dec. 6, 1831 Iowa. 
 
 Law-yer.. . 
 Varied.... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Kyun. Thomas 
 
 Sampson. Kzeklel S. 
 
 Sapp. WilliiiniK 
 
 Sayler, Milton 
 
 Scales. Alfred M 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 4. 183l|ohlo. 
 Nov. 26, 18-27. N. C. 
 Nov. 19. 18*23 Texas 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 
 CivilRnL.'r 
 
 
 Sexton . Leonidas. . . . 
 Shullenberger. W. S. 
 
 SliL-lley. Chas. M 
 
 Singleton, Otho R. . . 
 
 May 19, 1827ilnd. . Lawyer... 
 Nov. 24, 1839 Pa. . . Merchant. 
 Dec. 28, 1833 Ala. . Arc-hitcpt. 
 
 
 
 Oct. 14, 1814 Miss.. 
 Sept. in. 18:« N. J.. 
 Mar. 15, 1830 Ark. . 
 April 5, 1839 S. C. 
 Mar. 7. 1815 Pn. .. 
 .Mar. 14. 1829 Ga. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Nov. 19, 1828 1 111. .. 
 Mav 30, I83H III. .. 
 Aug. 27. 182-. N. Y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slemons. Wm. F 
 
 Smalls. Robert 
 
 Smith. A. Kerr 
 
 Smith. Wm. E 
 
 .Southard. Milton 1.. 
 Sparks. Wm. A. J.... 
 Springer, Wm. M 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Seaman... 
 Law yer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied 
 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied... 
 
 
 Steele, Walter L 
 
 Stenger, Wm. S. ... 
 .Stephens. Alex. H... 
 Stevens, Hiram S... 
 
 Stewart. Jacob H 
 
 Stone. Joseph C 
 
 Stone, John W 
 
 April 18, 1823 N. C. Lawyer... 
 Feb. 13, 1810 Pa. .. Lawyer... 
 Feb. 11. 1812 Ga. . . iLawyer. . . 
 
 1832 Ar. T. Unknown. 
 
 Jan. 15, 1829 Minn. Iphysicion. 
 July 30. 1829 Iowa, physician. 
 July 18, 1838 Midi, Lawyer... 
 
 iiar.'i'.Vsss 
 
 
 
 Jan. 26, I8:i.', Minn. 
 
 18116 Md... 
 
 Jan. 4, 1830 Pa. . . 
 July 3, 1837|Tenn. 
 Feb. 1, 1825iTexa8 
 
 
 
 Swann. Thomas 
 
 Thompson. John M. 
 Thornburgh. J. M... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 July 24. 1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tipton, Thomas F... 
 
 Aug. 29, 1833 
 
 111.... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Pa... 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa... 
 Conn. 
 Pa... 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 III. .. 
 Conn. 
 Can.. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ala.. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. 0. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Feb. 6, 1810 
 
 
 Townshend. Rich'd. 
 Tucker, J. Randolph 
 
 April 30, 184(J Hi.... 
 Dec. -24, 18-23 Va. .. 
 Sept. 10. 1821 Ky... 
 Feb. 18. 1825 Pa. . . 
 April 24, 18-28 N. C. 
 Jan. 23, 1822 Ohio. 
 May 19, 18:)5 N. Y. 
 Sept. 16. 18:)4 N. C. 
 Aug. 27. 1811 Conn. 
 Aug. 1. I8:i2 Va... 
 May 11, 18-28 Md... 
 Jan. l,1837Pa. .. 
 Oct. 10, 1831 Conn. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Turney, Jacob 
 
 Vance. Robert B... 
 Van Vorhes, Nelson. 
 
 Veeder. Wm. D 
 
 Waddell. Alfred M 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Jounialist 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Walker, Gilbert C. . 
 Walsh. William.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 Cal... 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 Wis.. 
 Del... 
 Ala. . 
 Ore. . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Mich. 
 W.Va 
 N. Y. 
 Nev.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Vaiied.... 
 M anufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 
 Sept. 4. 1878 
 
 White. Harry 
 
 White. M.D 
 
 Whitthorne. W. C 
 Wigginton. Peter D. 
 Williams, Alpheus S 
 Williams, Andrew. 
 Williams. Chas. G.. 
 
 Jan. 12. 18.34 
 Sept. 8. 18-27 
 April 10. 1825 
 Sept. <;. 1839 
 Sept. 2", 181( 
 Aug 27, 1828 
 Oct. 18, 1829 
 Aug. 4, 1825 
 April-. 1829 
 Nov. 15. 1838 
 Jan. 22, 1843 
 Mar. 24. 1K4II 
 Apill24, 18311 
 AlulKKI. IN25 
 June 14. 1812 
 Jan. 2. 18-20 
 April 24, 18118 
 May 29, 1829 
 
 Williams. Jere.N... 
 Williams. Richard.. 
 
 Willis, Albert S 
 
 Willis. Benj. A 
 
 Willitts, Edwin 
 
 Wilson. Benjamin.. 
 Wood, Fernando... 
 
 Wren, Thomas 
 
 Wright, Hendrick B 
 
 "ITeates, Jesse J 
 
 Young, Casey 
 
 Feb.' 13,' i'ssi 
 
 Total Representatives, 308. Lawyers, 169. Varied. 51. Jurists, lO. 
 Occupation Unknown. lO. Merchants, lO. Agriculturists, 9. Bankers. 6. 
 Physicians, 6. Journalists, 6. Manufacturers, 4. Millers, 2. Educators. 3. 
 Mechanics, 2. Brewer. 1. Architect. 1. Stage-Owner, 1, Civil-Engineer, 1. 
 Foreign Born, 15 : Ini luding Germany, 4 ; England, 4 ; Canada, 2 ; Scot- 
 land, 2 i Ireland, 2 ; Bavaria, 1. 
 
 -vcj 
 
 Fc
 
 526 
 
 FOKTY-SIXTII CONGRESS, AND LEAUINQ EVENTS OF THE TIME. 
 
 Forty-sixth Congress of the United States, from 1879 to 1881. 
 
 1879— Attempted assassination of tlie Russian 
 Emperor, Alexander II., by Solovieff, 
 April 14. 
 
 1879— Notre D.ime University, at South Bend. 
 Ind.. burned, witli a loss of about 
 $1,000,000, April 23. 
 
 1879- Prince Louis Napoleon of France, slain 
 by Zulus in South Afiica, June 1. 
 
 1879— Tewlik Pash.a succeeds Ishmail Pasha 
 as Kliedive of Egypt, in June. 
 
 1879— Patagonia, S. .\.. ceded to the Argentine 
 Republic by Chili. June 27. 
 
 1879— The Zulu Chieftain. Cetewayo. captured 
 liy the British in South Africa, Aug. 28. 
 
 1880— First earthquake ever known at 
 Havana. Cuba, occurred, doing great 
 damage, Jan. 23. 
 
 1880— .A fearful cyclone visited portions of 
 Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
 Illinois and Indiana, wrecking towns, 
 killing 10<-> persons and destroying an 
 immense amount of property, April l,s. 
 
 ICntherford B. Bayes, 19th President. 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT — WILLIAM A. WHEELER, OK NEW TORK. 
 
 Sec'y of state ;- William M. Evarts, of New York. 
 
 Sec'y of Treas I John Sherman, of Ohio. 
 
 Sec'y of War ^ Alexander Ramsey, of Minn. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy ; Nathan Goff, Jr., of W. Va. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior )■ Carl Schurz, of Mo. 
 
 Postmaster-Gen'I !■ Horace Maynard, of Tenn. 
 
 .Attomey-Gen'l I Charles Devens, of Mass. 
 
 Speaker of House of I s^n,^,., j. Randall, of Pa. 
 Representatives... ( 
 
 1880 — Arrival of members of the European 
 " Salvation Army " at New York, to ex- 
 tend their work in this country. 
 
 1S80 — Burning of the excui-sion steamer 
 " Seawanhaka," from New York, at sea. 
 with tile loss of aj lives, June '29. 
 
 1880— Convention of Knights-Templar at 
 Chicago, drawing immense crowds to 
 the city to witness the parades, wiiicli 
 excited much admiration, Aug. 10. 
 
 1880 — A severe snow-storm in the Argentine 
 Republic. S. A., destroyed 1,500,000 
 head of cattle, Oct. 18. 
 
 1880— Great Anti-Chinese riot at Denver. Col . , 
 Oct. 31. The Chinese I'esidents and 
 their possessions were tei-ribly abused 
 and injured. 
 
 1881— The Egyptian Obelisk was set up in 
 Central Park, New York City, Jan. 22. 
 
 1881— The Sacramento Valley, in California, 
 was visited by storm and Hoods, which 
 submerged 3,500 square miles of land, 
 Feb. 7. 
 
 D Indicates Democrat: K, Republican; G-IS, Greenbacker. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Allison. William B,.R 
 .\ntliony, Henry B...R 
 
 B.tilev, James E — 
 
 Baldwin. Henry P R 
 
 Bavard. Thomiis F...D 
 
 Beck. James B D 
 
 Blaine. James G R 
 
 Blair. Henry W R 
 
 Booth. Newton -- 
 
 Brown, Joseph E D 
 
 Bruce, Blanche K R 
 
 Bumside. .\inbrose E.R 
 
 Butler. .M.Calvin D 
 
 Call. Wilkinson D 
 
 Cameron, .Angus — 
 
 Cameron, J. Donald. .R 
 Carpenter. Matt. H.,.R 
 Cockrell. Francis M..D 
 
 Coke. Richard D 
 
 Conklin:^, Roscoe R 
 
 navis, David — 
 
 Davis. Henry G D 
 
 Dawes. Henrv L R 
 
 Eaton. William W...D 
 
 Edmunds, Geo. F R 
 
 Farley. James T D 
 
 Ferry, Thomas W R 
 
 Garland. Aug. H D 
 
 Groome, Jas. B D 
 
 Grover, Lafayette. . . . D 
 Hamlin. Hannibal. ..It 
 
 Hampton, Wade. D 
 
 Harris. Isham G D 
 
 Hereford. Frank D 
 
 Hill. Benjamin H D 
 
 Hill, Nath-I P R 
 
 Hoar, George F R 
 
 Ingalls, John J R 
 
 Johnston. John W...D 
 
 Jonas, Benj. F D 
 
 Jones. Charles W D 
 
 Jones. John P R 
 
 Kellogg. William P.R 
 
 Kcrnan, Francis D 
 
 Kirk wood, Samuel J.. R 
 Ijainar. Lucius t^. C. .D 
 
 Logan. John A R 
 
 McDonald, Joseph E,D 
 McMillan. Sanl'l J. R..K 
 M.-!'l,,-i>on. John R..D 
 
 .M i\.-v. S.irnllel II D 
 
 .Murg.in, John T D 
 
 Mtirrill, Justin S It 
 
 Paddock. Alger'nS. .R 
 
 Pendleton, Geo. H D 
 
 Piatt, Orville H K 
 
 Plumb. Preston B R 
 
 I'llgh,. lames I D 
 
 Rmdolph. Theo. F.. .D 
 
 Random. .Matt. W D 
 
 Rollins, Edward II.. .U 
 
 Saulsbury. Ell D 
 
 Saun<Iers. Alvin R 
 
 Sharon. William P 
 
 Slater. .lames H D 
 
 Teller. Henrv M R 
 
 Thurman. Allen G D 
 
 Vance. Zelmlon V — D 
 
 Vest, fleorgc G D 
 
 Voorhees. Dan'l W. .D 
 
 ■Walker. .las. D D 
 
 Wallac.', William A.. I) 
 Whvte. W. I>inknev..D 
 
 Ohio. 
 R I.. 
 Tenn. 
 R. 1.. 
 Del.. 
 Scot. . 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Ind. . 
 S. 0.. 
 Va... 
 Ind. . 
 S. C. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mo. , , 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 Mass . 
 Conn. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va... 
 Mich. 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Me... 
 Me... 
 S. C. . 
 Tenn 
 Va. .. 
 Ga. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Mass, 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Il-e'd. 
 Wars 
 Vt, .. 
 N. Y. 
 Md... 
 (;a... 
 
 III. ., 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa, 
 
 SUte 
 seated. 
 
 M.ar. 2. 
 April 1. 
 Aug. 15. 
 Feb. 22. 
 Oct. 2i), 
 Feb. 13, 
 Jan. 31, 
 Dec. tj, 
 Dec. 25, 
 April 15, 
 .Mar. 1 , 
 May 23, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Jan. a, 
 July 4, 
 
 1829 Iowa. 
 1815 R, I., 
 1822 Tenn 
 1814 Mich, 
 IK'28 Del.. 
 1822 Kv.. 
 1830|M'e.. 
 1834iN. H 
 
 Oct. 1, 
 Mar. 13, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Mar. 9. 
 Nov. lii. 
 Oct. 30, 
 Oct. II, 
 Feb. 1, 
 
 June 1, 
 June II. 
 April 4, 
 Nov. 29. 
 Aug. 27, 
 .Mar. -28, 
 
 July 4, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Feb. IH, 
 Aug. 29. 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 9, 
 July 19, 
 
 1825 
 1821 
 1841 
 1824 
 1836 
 1834 
 1826 
 1833 
 1824 
 1834 
 1829 
 18'29 
 
 IHl.- 
 
 1X23 
 
 INI 
 
 1816 
 
 182S 
 
 1829 
 
 1827 
 
 183: 
 
 1838 
 
 1M23 
 
 1809 
 
 1818 
 
 1818 
 
 18: 
 
 Cal 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 Miss. 
 
 R. I. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Fla. 
 
 Wis. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Wis. 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 Texas 
 
 N. Y 
 
 111, . 
 
 WVa 
 
 Muss, 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Mich 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Mil... 
 
 Ore. . 
 
 Dec. 8, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Dec. 20, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Feb. 22, 
 N. Y. M.ay 9, 
 Ky... Mar. 30, 
 Tenn. June 20, 
 Vt. ..I April 14, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. July 25, 
 Conn. July 19, 
 Ohio. Oct. 12, 
 Ga... Dec. 12, 
 N. J.. June 24, 
 
 N. C 
 
 N. II. Oct, 3, 
 Del... Dec. 29, 
 Kv... July 12, 
 Ohio. Jan. 9. 
 III. ., Dec. '28. 
 N. Y. May -2:1, 
 Nov. 13, 
 May 13, 
 Dec. fi, 
 Sept. 26. 
 Dec. 13, 
 Nov. 28, 
 
 J3 
 1832 
 1826 
 1833 
 1818 
 1834 
 1834 
 
 18:10 
 I8:i0 
 
 1816 
 
 OooupfttioD 
 
 M( 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 W.Va 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Col... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Fla. . 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Lou . . 
 
 NY. 
 1813'Iowa. 
 1825! Miss.. 
 1826,111.... 
 1819 Ind. . 
 1826 Minn. 
 I8:)3 N, J.. 
 1825, Texas 
 18-24 Ala... 
 1810, Vt.... 
 18:iONeb,. 
 1825 Ohio. 
 
 18'27 
 18:17 
 1820 
 1826 
 1826 
 1824 
 1817 
 817 
 
 Conn. 
 Kan.. 
 Ala. . 
 N. J.. 
 N. C. 
 N. H. 
 Del... 
 Neb 
 
 Va. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ind.. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Am 
 
 1821 Nov.. 
 |826!0re. . 
 18:t0 Col... 
 1813 Ohio. 
 18:10 N. C. 
 
 18:)i) Mo... 
 182.1 Inil. . 
 I8:«l Ark.. 
 1X27 Pa. .. 
 1X21 Md... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Banker. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Chemist.. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Miner 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\yyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 .Agi-icul'st. 
 Varied. .. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . , , 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Mercliant, 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied..., 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 Dec. 29, 1885 
 
 Sept. 13, 1881 
 
 Feb. 24, 1881 
 
 Jan. 22. 1886 
 
 Aug. 16, 1882 
 
 Nov. 13, 1885 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 ^hen Bom. 
 
 State 
 Hepre- 
 sented. 
 
 
 When Lied. 
 
 Wiiliaiiis, Johns... 
 Windom, William.. 
 
 ..D Ky...l 1820 
 
 ..R Ohio.lMftv 10.1827 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Minn. 
 Va... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Withers, Robert E.. 
 
 ..D 
 
 Va... 
 
 Sept. 18. 1821 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 i 
 
 Total Senators, "76. Lawyers, 40. Vaiied, 14, Jurists, T. Agricultur- 
 ists, 2. Merchants, 3. Journalists, S. Banker, 1. Miner, 1. Chemist,!. 
 Foreign Born, 3: Including Ireland, 1; Scotland,!; Wales,!, 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 I Sutc 
 scnied. 
 
 .-\cklen, J. Haves.. 
 .\ikcii. 11, Wyatt... 
 Ainslie, lieuige..,. 
 Aldrich. Nelson W. 
 Aldrich. William.. 
 Anderson, John A. 
 Armfleld. Rob't F.. 
 -Vtherton, Gibson., 
 Atkins. John D. C 
 Bacllinaii. licilben K.D 
 
 liailev, John H R 
 
 Baker. John H R 
 
 Ballon, Latimer W...R 
 
 Barber, Hiram. R 
 
 Barlow, Bradley R 
 
 Bavne, Thom.as II It 
 
 Beale. Rich'd L. T....D 
 
 Belford. James B R 
 
 Beltzhoover. Frank E.D 
 Bennett, fJranville G.R 
 Berry, Campbell I'... — 
 Bicknell, George A. 
 Bingham, Henry H. 
 Blackburn, J. C. S. . 
 
 Blake, John L 
 
 Bland. Richard P. . 
 Bliss, .Archibald M.. 
 Blount, James H... 
 Bouck, Gabl-iel.. . 
 Bowman, Selwyn Z. 
 Bovd. Thomas A.... 
 Bragg. Edwards... 
 
 Brents. Tlici«, U 
 
 6r.\Mr. Murk S 
 
 Bngtrs, Jaliifs F..., 
 Brigham, Lewis A. . 
 
 Bright, John M 1) 
 
 Browne, Thomas M...R 
 
 Bucknci-, AylottH D 
 
 Burrows, Julius C R 
 
 Btitterworth, Benj...R 
 
 <;ahell. George C D 
 
 Caldwell, John W.., ^ 
 Calkins, William II.. 
 
 Camp. John H 
 
 Campbell, John O... 
 Cantmii, George Q.,, 
 t^atiiion. Joseph G... 
 
 Carlisle, Jiilin G 
 
 t^irpenlir. Cyrus C. 
 Caswell. I.uclen B. . . 
 Cli;tlm'-IM. James R...D 
 Chill. 'luliti. Sim. B...R 
 
 Clallin, William R 
 
 Clanlv, .Marl In L I) 
 
 Clark. ,Mvali A D 
 
 Clark. John B D 
 
 Ch-mctils. N.-wton N.-- 
 
 CIvMier. Ilicster D 
 
 Col.h, Thomas B D 
 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 ...R 
 ...R 
 ...R 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 .D 
 
 Tenn. ' 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N, Y. 
 
 R. 1.. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Vt, .. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga. ,, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Pa.. 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 III. .. 
 
 Mich 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 .Scot. 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 N. C 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Vt. . 
 
 Va. ., 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 y. J, 
 
 Mo.. 
 
 Ala, 
 
 Pa., 
 
 Ind. 
 
 May 20, 
 Mar. 17, 
 Oct. 30. 
 Nov. 6, 
 Jan. — , 
 June 6, 
 July 9, 
 Jan. 19. 
 June 4, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Feb. 28, 
 Mar. 1, 
 Mar. 24, 
 May 12, 
 June 14, 
 May 22, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Nov, 6, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Nov. 7, 
 
 1850'Lou.. 
 1828 S. C. 
 1838 Ida.T 
 1841 R, I.. 
 
 1820 
 1834 
 1829 
 1831 
 1825 
 1834 
 1838 
 1832 
 18IS 
 1835 
 1814 
 1836 
 1819 
 1837 
 1841 
 1833 
 1834 
 
 Oct. 1, 
 Mar, 25, 
 Aug. 19, 
 Jan. 25, 
 Sept, 12, 
 Dec. 16, 
 May 11, 
 June 25, 
 Feb. 20, 
 Dec. 24, 
 Oct. 22, 
 
 j.an.' ' 2,' 
 .Ian. 20, 
 April 19, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Jan. 9, 
 Oct. 22, 
 Jan. 25, 
 Jan. 15, 
 H'eb. 18, 
 April 14, 
 June 25, 
 Jan. 11, 
 May 7. 
 Sept. 5, 
 Mov. '24, 
 Nov. 27, 
 Jan. 11, 
 Mar. 29, 
 Mar. 6, 
 April 26, 
 Sept. 13. 
 Jan, 14, 
 Dec. 23, 
 Nov, 3, 
 July 2. 
 
 Ill 
 Kan.. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 R. 1.. 
 III.... 
 Vt.... 
 Pa... 
 Va. ,. 
 Col... 
 Pa, .. 
 D. T. 
 Cal. , . 
 Ind. , 
 Pa.. . 
 Ky... 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. 
 
 1841 
 1838 
 1831 
 1835 
 1838 
 1837 
 1828 
 1840 
 1830 
 
 18: 
 
 1.X40 
 1837 
 
 1831 
 
 1817 
 
 1829 
 
 1817 
 
 1837 
 
 18:«l 
 
 1837 
 
 1838 
 
 184: 
 
 1840 
 
 1827 
 
 1.827 
 
 18.36 
 
 183; 
 
 IS29iIowa 
 
 I827jWls.. 
 
 183llMiss.. 
 
 I8I4'N. Y. 
 
 1818 Mass. 
 
 184+Mo... 
 
 1840 N. J.. 
 
 1831 Mo... 
 
 18:17 Ala. . 
 
 1827 Pa.. . 
 
 18-28 lull. . 
 
 Wis.. 
 Mass. 
 III.... 
 Wis.. 
 W. T. 
 Mich. 
 N. H. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. . 
 .Mo... 
 Mich. 
 i)hio. 
 Va. ,. 
 Ky. . . 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ariz., 
 Utah. 
 111.... 
 K.V 
 
 I 
 
 Varied 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Varied . . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Clergym'n 
 Lawyer. . 
 Liiwyer . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied .... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Banker. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ijawyer. . 
 Lawyer,. , 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 .lotirnalist 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied... . 
 Val-ied, , . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. 3, 1885 
 
 d: 
 
 ^<M
 
 KEl'UEiSKNTATIVES Oi'' THE FOKTY-SXXTU CONGKEbb. 
 
 r9y 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Rcprc- 
 
 Ocoupaltoi 
 
 Corrroth. Alox. H D 
 
 Colfrk'k. Walpole O.D 
 Conjfer, Omar D. , . . R 
 Converse, George L. .D 
 
 Cook. Philip D 
 
 Covert, James \V D 
 
 CdwkIII, Calvin R 
 
 Cox. Samuel S D 
 
 Crapo. William \V....H 
 Cravens, Jordan E — D 
 
 Crowley, Ricliard R 
 
 Culhelsoii. D. B D 
 
 Uaitirett, Rollin M....R 
 Davidson. R. H. M....D 
 
 Davis, (leorgeR R 
 
 DaviH, llornoe R 
 
 Davis. Joseph J ;.D 
 
 Davis, Linvii.itsH D 
 
 D.l.aMatyr. Gllhert. .D 
 
 Deering. Nathl C R 
 
 Deuster. Peter V D 
 
 DIhrell. rieorge U....D 
 
 DliHi, Samuel U R 
 
 Diekev. Henry L D 
 
 Downey, S.W R 
 
 Dunn. Poindexter D 
 
 Dnnnell.MarkH R 
 
 Diviuhl. Jere, W R 
 
 Kinstein. Edwin R 
 
 Klam. Joseph B D 
 
 Ellis, E.John D 
 
 Errett, Russell R 
 
 Evins, John H D 
 
 Kwing. Thomas D 
 
 Felton. William H...D 
 
 Ferdon. John W R 
 
 Kield. Walbridge A. ..R 
 Finlev. Ebenezer B...D 
 Fisher. Horatio 0....R 
 
 Ford, Nicholas — 
 
 Forney, William H...D 
 Forsythe. Albert P...— 
 
 Fort. Gieenbury L R 
 
 Frost, Richard G D 
 
 Frve. William P R 
 
 Oeddes, Geo. W D 
 
 tiihson. Randall L D 
 
 Gillette. Edw'dH...G-B 
 Godslialk. William. ..R 
 
 Gooiie. John D 
 
 Giintei". Thomas M. ..D 
 
 Hall. Joshua G R 
 
 llaiuiiionil. John R 
 
 llaiiniLoiul.N. J D 
 
 Haniiei. Alfred C ...R 
 
 Harris, ll.-nj. W R 
 
 Harris. John T D 
 
 Haskell. Dudley C..,,R 
 
 Hatch, Wm. H D 
 
 Hawk. Rob'tM. A R 
 
 Hawley, Joseph R....R 
 
 Haves. Philip C R 
 
 HazeUon. Geo. C R 
 
 Heilman. William... R 
 Henderson. Thos. J... R 
 
 Henkle. Ell J D 
 
 Henry. Daniel M D 
 
 Herbert. Hilary A D 
 
 Herndon. Thos. H D 
 
 Hill. William D T> 
 
 Hiscock. Fiank R 
 
 Hooker. Chas. E D 
 
 Horr. Roswell O R 
 
 Hostetter, .\braham, .D 
 
 Houk. Leon C K 
 
 House. John F D 
 
 Hubbell. Jay A R 
 
 Hull. Noble A D 
 
 Humphrey. H. L R 
 
 Hunton. Eppa D 
 
 Kurd. Frank H D 
 
 Hutchins. Waldo D 
 
 •lames, Amaziah B..R 
 
 Johnston, Jos. E D 
 
 .lones. George W D 
 
 JorKenson, Joseph... R 
 
 Joyce, Chas. H R 
 
 Keiter. J. Warren.. .R 
 
 Kellev. Wm. D R 
 
 KcTuia. J(jlin r, D 
 
 Kelcbaiii. .I.ihri H....R 
 Killinncr, Joliii W....R 
 
 KimniiU. William D 
 
 Kinir. J. Floyd D 
 
 Kitohin. Wm. H D 
 
 Klotz. Robert D 
 
 Knott, J. Proctor D 
 
 I..add. George W. ..G-B 
 Laph.am, Eldridge G.R 
 
 LeFevre. Benj D 
 
 Lindsay. Stephen D..R 
 
 Loring. George B R 
 
 Lounsberv, Wm D 
 
 Lowe. William M D 
 
 McCoid. .Moses A R 
 
 McCook, Anson G R 
 
 Pa... 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga. ,. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio, 
 ihio. 
 3Iass. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Fla. . 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Ger'y 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Md. . 
 N. C. 
 Me. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ark.. 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky. . . 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va.. . 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Pii. .. 
 .Mass. 
 Va. .. 
 Vt.... 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Ger'y 
 Tenn. 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 S. C. 
 Ala. . 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Mich. 
 Ga... 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ala.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Eng'd 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ud.'.'. 
 Ga.. . 
 Ala. . 
 Pa.. . 
 Ky... 
 Me... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 
 May 18, 
 Aug. ■ 
 
 June 4, 
 July 31, 
 Sept. :;, 
 Jan. 7. 
 Sept. 30, 
 May 10, 
 Nov. 7, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 Sept. -i). 
 Jan. 3, 
 
 IWJ^'Pa. 
 1845ilnd. 
 
 April 13. 
 Doe. 14, 
 July 8, 
 Sept. 22. 
 Feb. 13. 
 April 12, 
 Oct. 211, 
 Oct. 2i). 
 July 25. 
 Nov. 3, 
 July 2, 
 
 Nov." 18,' 
 June 12, 
 Oct. 15, 
 
 July Vs. 
 Aug. 7, 
 June 19, 
 
 April 26, 
 July 31, 
 April 21 , 
 
 Nov.' ' '9',' 
 May 24, 
 Oct. 17. 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 2, 
 July 16, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Oct. 2.">. 
 May 27. 
 Sept. 18, 
 Nov. 5, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Dec. 26, 
 Aug. 8, 
 Nov. 10, 
 May 8, 
 Mar. 23, 
 Sept. 1 1 , 
 April 23, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Jan. 3. 
 Oct. 11, 
 Nov. 29, 
 Nov. 24, 
 Feb. 19. 
 Mar. 12, 
 July 1, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Sept. 6, 
 
 Nov. '26.' 
 Nov. 22, 
 June 8, 
 Jan. 9. 
 Sept. 15, 
 -Mar. 11, 
 Mar. 14. 
 Sept. 23, 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 .IMIH 
 1M27 
 1817 
 1842 
 18l!> 
 1824 
 1M3C) 
 IHIlli 
 1836 
 1830 
 1831 
 1832 
 18II1 
 1831 
 1828 
 1836 
 182."i 
 1827 
 1831 
 182'. 
 1831 
 183^ 
 1831) 
 1834 
 1823 
 
 i'842 
 1821 
 1841 
 181 
 
 Mich. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Ark. . 
 N. Y. 
 Texas 
 Nev.. 
 Fla... 
 HI. .. 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 Ind. . 
 Iowa. 
 Wis.. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Wy.T 
 Ark.. 
 Minn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Lou . . 
 Lou. . 
 Pa 
 
 1830IS. 
 1829 Ohio. 
 1823 
 
 1828 
 1833 
 1833 
 1838 
 
 1823 
 
 1.8311 
 
 1825 
 
 1841 
 
 1831 
 
 1824 
 
 1832 
 
 184(1 
 
 1817 
 
 182') 
 
 1826 
 
 1828 
 
 1827 
 
 1833 
 
 1825 
 
 1823 
 
 18-25 
 
 1842 
 
 1833 
 
 1839 
 
 1826 
 
 1833 
 
 1833 
 
 1824 Ind 
 
 1.824,111. .. 
 
 1828 Md... 
 
 1823, Md... 
 
 1834 Ala... 
 
 1828 Ala. . 
 
 1833iOhio 
 
 1834 N. Y. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 1830 Mich. 
 1818 Ind. . 
 1836 'Tenn, 
 l827]Tenn. 
 1829, Mich- 
 1827|Fla 
 
 N V 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. . . 
 Mo... 
 
 Ala.. 
 111. .. 
 III.... 
 Mo. . . 
 Me... 
 Ohio . 
 L<.u.. 
 Iowa. 
 Pa. . . 
 Va... 
 Ark. . 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Jlass. 
 Va... 
 Kan.. 
 Mo... 
 Ill .. 
 Conn. 
 HI. .. 
 Wi: 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Law yer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 JouDialist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Miller 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Clergym'n 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Airricul'st. 
 Il.inkcr .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. ... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 July I, 
 Feb. — , 
 Sept. 5, 
 Feb. 11, 
 Jan. 30, 
 Jan. 30, 
 .\prill2, 
 April 10, 
 Dee. 21, 
 Sept. 18, 
 
 April 20. 
 Dec. 22. 
 Oct. 27. 
 Aug. 29. 
 Sept. 28. 
 Oct. IS. 
 Oct. 8. 
 Mar. 3, 
 Nov. S, 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 1830 
 1823 
 1841 
 18-23 
 1812 
 1807 
 1828 
 1844 
 1830 
 1836 
 1814 
 1848 
 1832 
 1825 
 
 l'a'42 
 1837 
 1819 
 1,830 
 1818 
 
 Wis.. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Texas 
 Va. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa... 
 W.Va 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Lou.. 
 N. 0. 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 Me 
 
 Nov. 5, 
 Oct. 10, 
 
 18I4iN. Y, 
 1838'ohio 
 1828 Me. . 
 1817 Mass 
 1831 N. Y, 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 I840 Iowa 
 1835 N. V 
 
 Miller 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 MeJ-chant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Slerchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 .\grieurst. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Dee. 15, 1883 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 McGowan. J. H R 
 
 McKenzic, J as. A D 
 
 McKliilcy. William... R 
 
 McLane. Roh'l M D 
 
 McMahon, John A....D 
 
 MiMlllln, Benton D 
 
 Maginnls. Martin D 
 
 Majors, Thos. J R 
 
 Maniiiiig. Van H 1> 
 
 Marsh, Ilenj. F R 
 
 Martin, HenJ. V U 
 
 Martin, Edward I> D 
 
 Martin. Jos. J It 
 
 Mason, Joseph R 
 
 Miles. Frederick R 
 
 Miller, Warner R 
 
 Mills. Roger y D 
 
 Mitchell. John I It 
 
 Money. Hernando D..D 
 
 Monroe, James R 
 
 Moi risen, Wm. R D 
 
 Morse, Leopold D 
 
 Morton, Levi P R 
 
 Mnldiow. II. L D 
 
 Miiller, Nicholas D 
 
 Miireh, Thompson.. G-B 
 
 Myers, Wm. R D 
 
 Keal, Henry S II 
 
 New, Jeptlia D R 
 
 Newben-y, John S R 
 
 Nieholls.JohnC D 
 
 Norcross, Ama-sa R 
 
 O'Brien, James D 
 
 O'Connor. M. P — 
 
 O'Neill, Charles R 
 
 O'Reillv, Daniel D 
 
 Oi-th. Godlove S R 
 
 Osmer. J. H R 
 
 Oiero. Mariano S R 
 
 Overton, Edward R 
 
 I*acheco. Roniualdo.R 
 
 Pa ge , Horace F R 
 
 Persons. Henry D 
 
 Phelps, James D 
 
 Phillips, John F D 
 
 Phister. Elijah C D 
 
 Poehler. Henry D 
 
 Pound. Thad. C R 
 
 Prcscott. Cyrus I) R 
 
 Price. Hiiam R 
 
 Randall. Sam'l J D 
 
 Ray. Ossian R 
 
 Reagan. John H D 
 
 Reed. Thomas B R 
 
 Rice. William W R 
 
 Ri(rhardsoii, David P.R 
 Richardson. John S.. .D 
 
 Richmond, Jas. B D 
 
 Roberts, Edw'd W D 
 
 Robeson, Geo. M R 
 
 Robinson, Geo. D R 
 
 Ross. Miles D 
 
 Rothwell. Gideon F...D 
 
 Russell, Daniel L — 
 
 Russell, Wm. A R 
 
 Rvan, Thomas R 
 
 Ryon, John W D 
 
 Samford, Win J D 
 
 Sapp, William F R 
 
 Sawyer, Sam-1 L D 
 
 Scales, Alfred M D 
 
 Scoville, Jonathan. ..D 
 Shallenberger. W. S..R 
 
 Shelley, Chas. M D 
 
 Sherwin, John C R 
 
 Simonton, Chas. B D 
 
 Singleton, Jas. W- D 
 
 Singleton. Otho R D 
 
 Slemons, Win. F D 
 
 Smith, A. Herr R 
 
 Smith, Hezekiah B. ..D 
 
 Smith. Wm. E D 
 
 Sparks. Wm. A. J D 
 
 Sijeer, Emory- D 
 
 Springer. Wm. M D 
 
 Starin. John H R 
 
 Steele, Waiter L D 
 
 Stephens, Alex. H D 
 
 Stevenson, Adlai E. ..— 
 
 Stone, John W R 
 
 Talbott. .L F. C D 
 
 Taylor, Ezra B R 
 
 Taylor, Rnb't L D 
 
 Thomas, John R R 
 
 Thompson. Philip B. D 
 Thompson. Wm. G...R 
 
 Tillman. Geo. D D 
 
 -Townsend. Amos R 
 
 Townshend. Rich'd...D 
 Tucker, J. Randolph. D 
 
 Turner, Oscar D 
 
 Turner. Thomas D 
 
 Tvler. James M R 
 
 I'pdegraff. Jona.T. ,R 
 L'pdegraff. Tlnunas...R 
 Upson, C. Columbus .D 
 
 Ohio. 
 Kv... 
 Ohio. 
 Del... 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Iowa. 
 N. C. 
 III. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Del... 
 N. C 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 8UU 
 
 lUrrr. Occupation. 
 
 lAprll 2, 
 Aug. 1, 
 Feb. 26, 
 June 23. 
 Feb. 19, 
 Sept. 1 1 , 
 Oct. 27. 
 Juno 2.^), 
 July 211, 
 Nov. 1». 
 Oct. 2, 
 Mar. 21), 
 Nov. 21, 
 Mar. 311, 
 Dec. 19, 
 Aug. 12, 
 
 184; 
 1840 
 IH4I 
 1839 
 1837 
 1828 
 18.'i7 
 1833 
 18'28 
 
 1838 
 
 July -28. 
 Aug. 2B, 
 July 18, 
 Sept. 14. 
 Aug. 1.-.. 
 May 16, 
 
 Pa. , . 
 
 Miss. . 
 Conn, 
 111.... 
 Bav.. 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Miss 
 
 Ger'y Nov. 15, 
 Me. . . Mar. 29. 
 Ohio. June 1 
 Ohio.lAilg. 2.'.. 
 Ind. Nov. 28. 
 N. Y.|Nov. 18. 
 Ga.. .lAprll2.->, 
 N. H.,ljan. 26. 
 Ire'd. IMar. 13. 
 S. C. Sept. 29 
 Pa. .. Mar. 21. 
 Ire'd. June 3. 
 Pa. ..[April 22. 
 Pa. ..'Jan. 22, 
 
 1838 
 1839 
 1821 
 182.'-j 
 1831 
 1824 
 
 Aug. 29 
 Feb. 4, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Oct. 20, 
 
 Jan. 12. 
 Dec. 31, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Aug. 22, 
 Dec. 6, 
 Aug. 15, 
 Jan. 10, 
 Oct. 10, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Mar. 7, 
 May '28, 
 Feb. 29. 
 
 N. M 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ger'y 
 
 Pa . . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 Pa .. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. H. 
 0. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. V. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky. . . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Ind --. 
 
 Ga. . Sept. 3 
 
 " ■ May 30 
 Aug. 27. 
 April 18 
 Feb. 11, 
 
 Oct. 23, 
 
 Ohio, July 1.8, 
 
 Md... July 29 
 
 ohio.;jiiry . 
 
 Tenn.ljuly 31, 
 Oct. 11, 
 Oct. 15. 
 Jan. 17, 
 Aug. 21, 
 
 Ind 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Ga. .. 
 Ky 
 
 1824 
 
 1841 
 
 1831 
 
 1821 
 
 18.1.^ 
 
 181 
 
 1833 
 
 1844 
 
 1836 
 
 183 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 1822 
 
 18:M 
 
 1822 
 
 1833 
 
 183 
 
 1836 
 
 1814 
 
 1828 
 
 183; 
 
 1818 
 
 1839 
 
 1820 
 
 1833 
 
 1828 
 
 June 13, 
 
 jaii.' '20. 
 April 30, 
 
 Aug.' '7'. 
 April 22, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Mar. 4, 
 Sept. 16, 
 Nov. -20. 
 Nov. 27. 
 Nov. '26, 
 
 18-23 
 1829 
 1834 
 1828 
 1836 
 1845 
 1831 
 1837 
 1825 
 1844 
 1824 
 1813 
 182' 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 X. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Mo. .. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Wis,. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Me.. 
 
 Mass 
 
 N. Y 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Lou. 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Mass 
 
 N.J. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 111. 
 
 Mi; 
 
 III.. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. . 
 .Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Lou.. 
 Ky.. 
 vt. ., 
 Ohio, 
 Pa. . 
 N. Y 
 
 l837!Mlch. Lawyer.. 
 I840 Kv... Agrleul'Bt. 
 1844iOhlo. Lawyer.. 
 l8l5iMd... Varied... 
 18.-13|01ilo Lawyer.. 
 Tenn. Jurist.... 
 M. T. Journallnt . 
 
 Xeh.. Varied 
 
 Miss.. Lawyer. . 
 III. ...Unknown. 
 W.Va Lawyer... 
 Del. .Lawyer... 
 N. C.'Lawyer... 
 N. Y. Lawyer.. 
 IH15;Conii. Varied... 
 N. Y. Varied... 
 Texas, Lawyer. . 
 Pa. ...Varied... 
 Miss.. Journalist . 
 Ohio. Educator, 
 HI. .. I.awyer... 
 Ma.«s. Merchant. 
 N. Y. Varied,... 
 Miss.. [Lawyer... 
 183B|N. Y. R. R.Ag't. 
 
 18,'t8iMe...lVarled 
 
 1836, Ind. .[Varied 
 
 1828 i Ihio. I Lawyer... 
 183n IikI. . Jurist... 
 1826 Mich. Varied.. 
 ISM Ga..., Varied.. 
 ILawyer. . 
 ;Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 {Lawyer... 
 'Varied. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied . 
 Stage-O'r. 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 .Lawyer. . . 
 jLaw|yer. . . 
 V'aried.... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied.. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jul-ist 
 
 Manufac'r . 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Law yer. . 
 Jurist.... 
 Lawyer... 1 
 Manufac'r j 
 Sov. 24, 18:i9 Pa. . . Merchant. ' 
 Dec. 28, 1833 Ala. . Architect. 
 Feb. 8, 1838 111. .. Lawyer... 
 Sept. 8. 18.'i8 Tenn. I.awyer... 
 
 Nov. '23. 1811 111. .. Varied 
 
 Oct. 14. 1814 Miss.., Lawyer... 
 Mar. 15, lKi(l|Ark.. Lawyer... 
 Mar. 7, 1815 Pa. ..;Lawyer... 
 July 26, 1816 N. J..|Machinist 
 Mar. 14. 182!) Ga. .. I Varied.. 
 Nov. 19, 1828 111.... Lawyer. 
 1848 Ga. .. Lawyer. 
 
 18.-16,111. .. Lawyer...! 
 
 1825 N. Y. Varied 1 
 
 1823 N. C. Lawyer... I 
 
 1812 Ga. .. Lawyer.. .jMar. 4,1883 
 
 1835 III. ..Lawyer... 
 
 18:i8 Mich. Jurist ' 
 
 1843 Md... Lawyer 
 
 1823 Ohio. Jurist 
 
 18.50 Tenn. Lawyer... ' 
 
 1846 111. .. Lawyer 
 
 1845 Ky... Lawyer... , 
 
 1830 Iowa. Jurist I 
 
 18-26 S. C. Varied.... 
 
 1831 Ohio. Merchant. 
 
 April 30, LiMO III. .. Lawyer... 
 
 Dec. 24. 1823 Va... Layvyer...! 
 
 Feb. 3, 18-25 Ky... Varied 1 
 
 Sept. 10. 1821 Ky... Layvyer... 
 
 April 27. 1835 Vt. .. Layvyer 
 
 Ohio. Varied 
 
 April 3, 1834 loyva. Lawyer 
 
 Oct. 17, 1829 Texas Layvyer 
 
 ;C3- — 
 
 :<5^ 
 
 S;
 
 Urner, Milton Cl R 
 
 Valentine, EdWd K. .R 
 Van Aernaiii. Henry.. R 
 Van Voorhis, .lohn...R 
 
 Vance. Robert B R 
 
 Voorhis. Chas. H K 
 
 "^Vaddill. Jas. R D 
 
 Wait. John T R 
 
 Ward. William R 
 
 Warner. A- J D 
 
 Washburn. Win. B...R 
 
 Weaver. Jas. B (i-B 
 
 Wellborn. Olin D 
 
 Wells. Erastus D 
 
 White. Harrr R 
 
 Whiteaker, John D 
 
 Whitthorne. W. C....D 
 
 Wilber, David R 
 
 Williams, Cha-s. G. ...R 
 Williams, Thos D 
 
 Md... 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. J.. 
 Mo... 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ind. . 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 
 July 29, 
 June 1, 
 Mar. II, 
 Oct. 22, 
 April 24. 
 Mar. 13, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Aug. 27. 
 Jan. I. 
 Jan. 13. 
 Jan. 14. 
 June 12, 
 
 Dec. 2. 
 Jan. 12. 
 May 4, 
 April 19, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Aug. 11, 
 
 1839' Md... 
 1843 Neb.. 
 
 1819 N. Y. 
 1828 N. Y. 
 
 1828 N. C. 
 
 1833 N. J.. 
 1842 Mo... 
 1811 Conn. 
 1837 Pa. .. 
 
 1834 Ohio. 
 1831! Minn. 
 1833 Iowa. 
 
 Texas 
 
 1823IMO.., 
 I834lpa,. , 
 1821) Ore. . 
 182.5 Tenn. 
 
 1820 N. Y. 
 
 1829 Wis.. 
 1825 Ala. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied- .. 
 Educator. 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unljnown. 
 R. R, Offi'r 
 Lawyer,, , 
 Agricul'st, 
 Lawyer,,, 
 Varied,,,, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied 
 
 Willie. AllM-rt.S D 
 
 Wiliitts, Edwin E 
 
 Wilson. Benjamin D 
 
 Wise, Mort-an E D 
 
 Wootl, I'eiiiando D 
 
 Wouii, W^illir A R 
 
 Wnirht. HiiulricUB,,D 
 
 1'oeum, Sith H R 
 
 Y'oung, Casey V 
 
 Young, Thos, L R 
 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. H. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Jan. 22, 
 April 24. 
 April 30, 
 June 7, 
 June 14, 
 Oct, 23, 
 April 24, 
 Aug, 2, 
 
 Dec, 14, 
 
 1843 Ky,.. 
 1830 Mich. 
 182.5!W.Va 
 1830;Pa,. , 
 1812 N. Y. 
 181.5|N. Y. 
 1808 Pa. .. 
 1834!Pa. .. 
 
 jTenn. 
 
 1832! Ohio. 
 
 Lawyer, , , 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Varied... 
 Merchant, 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Feb. 13, 1881 
 
 Total Representatives, ao3. Lawyers, lei. Varied, 4». .Jurists. 80. 
 Merchants, 19. Agriculturists, 14. Journalists, 8, Occupation Un- 
 known, "7. Manufacturei-s, 6. Physicians, 4. Millers, a. Educators, 2. 
 Bankers, S. Clergymen, S. Soldier, 1. Stage-Owner, 1. Architect, 1. 
 Railroad Agent, 1. Railroad Officer, 1. Machinist,!. Foreign Born, 13 : 
 Including Germany, 4 ; Ireland, 4 ; England, 3 ; Scotland, 1 ; Bavaria, 1. 
 
 Forty-seventh Congress of the United States, from 1881 to 1883. 
 
 1881- 
 1881- 
 
 1881- 
 
 1881- 
 1881- 
 1881- 
 
 1882- 
 1882- 
 1882- 
 
 -King Kalakaua, of the Sandwich Isl- 
 ands, aririved in London. 
 
 -James A. Garfield. President of the 
 United States, assassinated by Gulteau, 
 Julv 2. He survived, however, until 
 Sep't. 19. 
 
 -Final passage of the Irish Land Bill by 
 the British Parliament, Aug.^16. Was 
 approved Aug. 22. 
 
 -Parnell and other Irish agitators im- 
 prisoned, in October. 
 
 -The King of Ashantee ( Africa) massa- 
 cred 200 young girls, Nov. 10. 
 
 -Ring Theater, Vienna, Austria, de- 
 stroyed by fire, with a loss of 900 lives, 
 Dec. 8. 
 
 -Colliery explosion at Durham, Eng., 
 with a loss of 70 lives. Feb. 16. 
 
 -Attempted shooting of Queen Victoria, 
 by Roderick McLean, in London, Mar. 2. 
 
 -Servia proclaimed a Kingdom, under 
 King Milan I., Mar. 6. 
 
 James A.. Oarfleld, SOth President. 
 Chester A. Arthur, Hint President. 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT (ACTING)— D.AVID DAVIS, OF ILL, 
 
 c .„„ „p ct.,t„ ^ James G, Blaine, of Maine. 
 
 Sec'ys of State j y^^^ .^ Frelinghuysen. of N. J. 
 
 c ,^ * -r.. „ S William Windom, of Minn, 
 
 Sec'ys of Treos j g^^^ j foige,., „t fj. Y. 
 
 Sec'yof War jRob't T. Lincoln, of 111. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy [ Wm. H. Hunt, of Lou. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior '^Sam'lJ. Kirkwood. of Iowa. 
 
 Postmaster-Gen'I,. . . } T, L. James, of N, Y, 
 
 Attorneys-Gem i rnrH-'Br^-S'er,"^.^?;, 
 
 "'IfeVrese'n'LT/e?.' \^- ^^— ^-""' "' """>• 
 
 1882— Great earthquake in Costa Rica, 0. A. ; 
 repoi-ted loss of thousands of lives, 
 Mar. 13. 
 
 1882 — Parnell and the other Irish agitators 
 released from prison, in May. Lord 
 Cavendish.. Secretary for Ireland, assas- 
 sinated at Dublin, May 6. 
 
 1882— Alexandria, Egypt, bombarded by the 
 British, July 11 ; pillaged and burned 
 by natives, July 12. 
 
 1882 — Active operations of the British in 
 Egypt, with defeat of the Egyptians, 
 between Aug. 5 and Sept. 16. 
 
 1883 — Burning of a circus in Poland, with 
 the loss of 270 lives, Jan. 13. 
 
 1883— Collision of the steamships " Cimbria " 
 and " Sultan." two days out from Ham- 
 burg. Ger., with the loss of 434 lives, 
 Jan. 19. 
 
 1883— Congress passed the Civil-Service Bill, 
 in January. 
 
 1883— Alexander III.. Emperor of all theRus- 
 sias, crowned at Moscow, May 27. 
 
 1> Indicates Democrat ; R, Republican ; 6-B, Greenbacker. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Aldrich.N. W R 
 
 Allison. William B...R 
 Anthony, Henry B...R 
 
 Barrow. Pope D 
 
 Bayard. Thomas F...D 
 
 Beck, James B D 
 
 Blair, Henry W E 
 
 Brown, Joseph E D 
 
 Butler, M.Calvin D 
 
 Call, Wilkinson D 
 
 Camden, Johnson N, .D 
 
 Cameron, Angus — 
 
 Cameron, J. Donald. .R 
 Cockrell. Francis M..D 
 
 Coke. Richaid D 
 
 Conger. Omar D R 
 
 It avis. David — 
 
 Davis. Henry G D 
 
 Dawes. Henry L R 
 
 Edmunds. Geo. F. ...R 
 
 Fair, James 6 D 
 
 Farley. JamesT D 
 
 Ferry. Thomas W R 
 
 Frye. William P R 
 
 e.irland, Aug, H D 
 
 George, James T D 
 
 Gorman, Arthur P — D 
 
 Groome. Jas, B D 
 
 Grover, Lafayette D 
 
 If ale, Eugene R 
 
 Hampton, w^ade I) 
 
 Harris. Isliam G D 
 
 Harrison. Beni R 
 
 Hawlev. Joseph R R 
 
 Hill.BenjJimlnH D 
 
 HIll.Nath'l P R 
 
 Hoar. George P R 
 
 Ingalls. John J R 
 
 •laekson. Howell E...D 
 Johnston, John W,,,.I) 
 
 Jonas. BenJ. F D 
 
 Jones. Charles W D 
 
 Jones. John P H 
 
 Kellogg, William P.U 
 I.amar. Lucius y. C. .D 
 Lapham. Elbrldgc G.K 
 Lotran. John A U 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 R. I.. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Del... 
 
 Scot,. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 S. C. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 W.Va 
 
 N. Y, 
 
 Pa, , 
 
 Mo,. 
 
 Va... 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Md.. 
 
 Mass 
 
 Vt. . 
 
 Ire'd 
 
 Va . 
 
 Mich 
 
 SUte 
 
 R«pre. Occopatioa. 
 
 MDtcd. 
 
 Nov. 6, 
 Mar. 2. 
 April 1 , 
 Aug. 1. 
 Oct. 29, 
 Feb. 13, 
 Dec. 6, 
 April 15. 
 Mar. 8. 
 Jan. 9, 
 
 July 4, 
 
 Oct, 1, 
 Mar. 13, 
 
 Mar. 9. 
 Nov. 16, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Feb. 1, 
 Dec. 3, 
 
 June 1, 
 s,-pt. 2. 
 
 Tcijn .lune 11. 
 
 Ga. ..'Oct. 20, 
 Mar. 11, 
 April 4, 
 Nov. 29. 
 June 9, 
 Mar. 28, 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Me... 
 
 Me... 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Wal'8 
 
 Vt, . 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y 
 
 111. . 
 
 Aug. 20, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Sept. 14, 
 Feb. 18, 
 Aug. '29. 
 Dec, 2!1, 
 April 8. 
 Sept. 9, 
 July I«, 
 
 Dec. 8. 
 Sept, 17, 
 Oct, IH. 
 Feb. 9. 
 
 18411 
 1829 
 1815 
 1839 
 1828 
 1822 
 1834 
 1821 
 1836 
 1834 
 1828 
 1826 
 1833 
 18.34 
 1829 
 1818 
 1S15 
 1823 
 1816 
 1828 
 1831 
 1829 
 1H27 
 1831 
 18.32 
 1826 
 1839 
 1838 
 1823 
 I83(i 
 1818 
 1818 
 18.33 
 1826 
 18-23 
 1832 
 1826 
 18:13 
 18;i2 
 1818 
 1834 
 1834 
 18:iO 
 1830 
 1825 
 1814 
 1K26 
 
 R. I. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 R. I. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 Del.. 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 N. H 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Fla. . 
 
 W.Va 
 
 Wis 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Mo, 
 
 Texas 
 
 Mich, 
 
 111, ,, 
 
 W,Va 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Mich. 
 
 .Me . . . 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Miss,. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Md... 
 
 Oi-e, . 
 
 Me,., 
 
 S, C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Ga.,, 
 
 Col... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Va... 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Fla. . 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Lou,, 
 
 Miss,, 
 
 N Y, 
 
 III,.,. 
 
 'Merchant, 
 . Lawyer,. . 
 
 Journalist 
 jLawyer.. . 
 . i Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Banker. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Miner 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyei'... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Chemist .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Juri^t 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied.,,, 
 
 Miner 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 Jan. 22, 1886 
 
 Aug. 16, 1882 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 McDill. James W E 
 
 McMillan. Sam'l J. R..E 
 SIcPherson. John R, ,D 
 
 Mahone, William — 
 
 Maxey, Samuel B D 
 
 Millci'. John F E 
 
 Millei, Warner R 
 
 Mitchell, John I R 
 
 Morgan,, I.ilm T D 
 
 Mc.nill, .lustinS R 
 
 P. 11.11. t. 11. Geo, H.,,D 
 
 Plutt, Urville H E 
 
 Plumb, Preston B R 
 
 Pugh, James L D 
 
 Ransom. Matt. W....D 
 Rollins, Edward H...R 
 
 Saulsbui-y. Eli D 
 
 Saunders. Alvin......R 
 
 Sawyer. Philetus R 
 
 Sewell, Wm. J R 
 
 Sherman, John R 
 
 Slater. James H D 
 
 Tabor, H. A. W D 
 
 Teller, Henry M R 
 
 Vance, Zcbulon B...D 
 Van Wvck, Cha.s. H..R 
 
 Vest. George G D 
 
 Vooi'hees, Dan'l W...D 
 
 ■Walker, Jas. D D 
 
 Williams, John S D 
 
 Wimlom, William.... R 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y, 
 Va, . . 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio . 
 Ga. .. 
 N. C. 
 N. H. 
 Del.., 
 Ky... 
 Vt. . , 
 Ire'd. 
 Ohio, 
 III. ., 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y 
 N. C, 
 N. Y. 
 Ky.. 
 Ind. 
 Ky.. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio, 
 
 sut« 
 
 Repre- Occupation. 
 MDtcd. 
 
 Mar. 4, 
 Feb. 22, 
 May 9, 
 
 Mar. 36; 
 
 Aug. 12. 
 July 28, 
 June 20, 
 April 14, 
 July 25, 
 July 19. 
 Oct. 12, 
 «cc. 12, 
 
 Oct." '3,' 
 Dec. 29. 
 July 12, 
 Sept. 22, 
 
 May 10, 
 Dec. 28, 
 Nov. 26, 
 May 23, 
 May 13, 
 Nov. — , 
 Dee. 6, 
 Sept. 26, 
 Dec. 13, 
 
 1834 Iowa. 
 
 1826 Minn. 
 1833 N. J.. 
 
 1827 Va.. . 
 1825 Texas 
 1831 Cal... 
 1838 N. Y. 
 1838 Pa. .. 
 
 1824 Ala. . 
 1810 Vt. .. 
 
 1825 Ohio. 
 1827 Conn. 
 18.'17 Kan.. 
 18-20 Ala... 
 
 1826 N. C. 
 1824 N. H. 
 1817 Del... 
 1817 Neb.. 
 1816 Wis.. 
 
 1835 N. J.. 
 1823 Ohio. 
 
 1826 
 1830 
 1830 
 1830 
 1824 
 1830 
 18-28 
 1830 
 1820 
 
 Ore 
 
 Col... 
 
 CoL.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Neb., 
 
 Mo,., 
 
 Ind. , 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Ky. 
 
 May 10, 18-27iMinn, 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 .\gricul'st. 
 CivilEng'r 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied. .. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Vai-ied... 
 Merchant, 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied... 
 Lumbrm*n 
 Varied.. , 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Varied... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer, . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer, . 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. , 
 
 Total .Senators, -rs. Lawyers. 39. Varied, 17. Jurists, 9. Merchants, 3. 
 Journalists, 2. Miners, S. Banker. 1. Chemist, 1. Agriculturist, 1. 
 Lumberman, 1. Civil Engineer, 1. Occupation Unknown, 1. Foreign 
 Born. A: Including Ii-eland, 3 ; Scotland, 1 ; Wales, 1, 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Aiken. D. Wyntt D 
 
 Alnslle. George D 
 
 Aldrlch. William R 
 
 Allen. Thomas D 
 
 AmU-rson. John A R 
 
 Horn. 
 
 8. C. . 
 Mo... 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Pa, ., 
 
 When Iton 
 
 Mar, 17, 1828 
 Oct, 30, 1838 
 Jan. — , 1820 
 
 ju'iie ' a. 1831 
 
 CKMupatlon. j Wbcn Died. 
 
 3,0. .'Agricul'st. 
 Ida. T, Varied,,.. 
 111. ..Varied.... 
 Mo. ..Varied ... 
 Knn..'Clergym*n 
 
 Dee. 3, 1885 
 
 m>
 
 ■t 
 
 M iJvTV-SKVENTU CONGKliSS. 
 
 Arnifl.lil, I("l>tF. 
 Atlirili-.li. (iih^oii. 
 Atkins, Jiiliii II. C. 
 Harlic.iir, J.ilui S 
 IJarr. SainUfl F. . . 
 Havne. Thomas M 
 
 Hfiich, Lewis 
 
 Jiilfonl. Janus B. 
 
 li.lim.nt, I'll ry 
 
 lifUzlinuvi T, Frank E.r> 
 
 Ik-nv, t'ai .L-H r. ..O 
 
 Ilinu'liaiii, II. nry H...K 
 
 I'.isl.i-.-. 11.11 atui U 
 
 lilaik. c;.MH.'i-K 1> 
 
 l!luc-kl.uin..l. O. S....I) 
 
 Illani-linnl. N. C » 
 
 Bland, UiiliardJ' D 
 
 Bliss. ArfliiljalilM....!) 
 
 Blount, James U U 
 
 Bowman, Sclwyn /. ..U 
 
 Bragg, Edward S 1> 
 
 Brents, Tho*.. H K 
 
 Bi-ewcr, J. Harl H 
 
 Briggs, James F H 
 
 Browne, Thomas M. ..H 
 
 Bruinin , Chas. N G-B 
 
 Buchanan. Hugh D 
 
 Buck. John K 
 
 Buckncr, Aylett H 
 Burrows, Julius C 
 
 Burrows, J. H 
 
 Butturwurth. Benj. 
 Cahell. George C. . . 
 
 Caine. John T 
 
 Caldwell, John W. 
 Calkins. William n 
 
 Camp, J..I111 11 
 
 Canipli. 11. Jacob M 
 Candler, J. din W.. 
 Cannon, Joseph G. 
 
 Carlisle. John G 
 
 Carpenter, Cyrus C 
 
 N. C. July 9, 18211 N. C. 'Lawyer... 
 Ohio. Jan. 111. 1m;i1 lililo. Lawyer... 
 Tonn. iJunu 4, IKi'ilTenn-jAgrlcurist, 
 
 Va .Dec. 2!>. IH'Jd Va. .. Varied 
 
 Ire'ii. June 15, IK'JlU'a. ..Varied.... 
 Pa. .. Juno 14, IHliUlFa. ..'Lawyer... 
 N. Y. Mar. 311. lH3.''j N. Y.I Vai'ied..., 
 
 Pa . .Sept. 2K, 1h:17 Col. . Jurist 
 
 N Y. Dee. :2H, lM,"il N. Y. Lawyer... 
 Pa Nov. IJ. 1H41 I'a. .. Lawyer... 
 Ala.. Nov. 7, 1k;W Cal... Agricul'ot. 
 
 Pa i IH4I Pa. .. Lawyer.. 
 
 Me... May 1, 1H:«I Fla... Lawyer... 
 
 Ga. .. Mar. 24, IWli.") Ga... Varied 
 
 Ky... tJet. 1, 1H3H Ky... Lawyer... 
 L.m. . Jan. 29, 1«4H Lou.. Lawyer... 
 Kv... Aug. 19, 1835 Mo... Lawyer... 
 Y. Jail. 25, 1838 N. Y. Varied.... 
 . Sept. 12, 1837 Ga.. . Unknown. 
 Mass. Mav 1 1, 1840 Mass. Lawyer... 
 N Y. Keb. 211. 1827 Wis.. Lawyer... 
 111. llec. 24, 1840 W. T. Lawyer... 
 N j Mar. 29, 1844 N. J . . Maiiufac'r 
 i:ng'.i net. 23. 1827 N. 11. Lawyer... 
 (Ihio. April 19, 1829 Ind. . Lawyer. 
 
 Cassidy, George W. . .IJ 
 
 Caswell. Lucien B il 
 
 Chace. Jonathan B 
 
 Chalmers. James K.. .1> 
 
 Chapman, A. G - 
 
 Clardy. Mai-tin L D 
 
 Clark, John B 1) 
 
 Clements, Jud. C U 
 
 Cobb. Tliomas R l> 
 
 Colerick. Walpole G.l> 
 Converse. George L. .D 
 
 Pa. ..IJune 9, l.'<38 Pa. .. 
 Scot.. jScpt. 15, 1823 Ga... 
 Conn. Dec. 6, 183(1 Conn. 
 
 Dee. 14, 1817 Mo... 
 
 Jan. 9, 1837 Mich. 
 
 May 15, 1840 Mo... 
 
 Oct. 22, 1839 (Ihio. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1837 Va, .. 
 
 Jan. 8, 1829 Ptah. 
 
 Jan. 15, 1838 Ky... 
 
 Feb. 18. 1842'lnd 
 
 Cook, Philip D 
 
 Cornell, Thomas. ... .K 
 Covington. Geo. W . . . U 
 
 Cox. Samuel S D 
 
 Cox, WniiainR D 
 
 Crapo, WilUamVV It 
 
 Cravens, Jordan E — \> 
 
 Crowley, Richard R 
 
 Culberson, D. B U 
 
 Cullen, William R 
 
 I'urtin. Andrew G... D 
 
 Cutt-. Marsena E It 
 
 UinrcU, Chester E... It 
 liavids.jn, R. H. M....U 
 
 Davis, George R It 
 
 Davis, Lowndes H D 
 
 Dawes. Rufus R 11 
 
 Dcering. NathT C 11 
 
 D.M.iite, Mark L It 
 
 licy.-lL-r, Peter V 1) 
 
 11. z. ndorf,JolmF....R 
 
 liilibl.'. Samuel D 
 
 Dilii.U. George G....D 
 
 Diimley. Nelson, R 
 
 Duwd. Clement D 
 
 Doxey.Chas.T 11 
 
 Dugro. P. Henry D 
 
 Dunn, Poindexter D 
 
 DuiiiiHll.MarkH R 
 
 liniirlit. Jere W It 
 
 Elh-, E. John D 
 
 Erinenlrout. Dan'l...D 
 
 Errett. Russell R 
 
 Evins. John H D 
 
 Farwell. Chas. B R 
 
 Farwell. Sewell S 11 
 
 Finley. Jesse J D 
 
 Fisher. Horatio G It 
 
 Flower. Roswell P D 
 
 Ford. Nicholas — 
 
 Fornev. William H...D 
 
 Frost." Richard G D 
 
 Fulkerson, Abram...^ 
 Garrison. George T. .D 
 
 Gediles. Geo. W D 
 
 George. Jlelvin C R 
 
 Gibson. Randall L D 
 
 Qodshalk. William... R 
 Grout. William W....R 
 
 Guenther. Rich'd R 
 
 (junter- Thos. M D 
 
 Hall. Joshua G R 
 
 Hammnnd. John R 
 
 V... .. 
 Pa... 
 Eng'd 
 Ohio. 
 Va... 
 l.ofM 
 Ky... 
 (Ihio. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 Pa.. . 
 Ky. . 
 
 Vt. . . 
 Mass. 
 
 Va. .. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Mo... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Ga... 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa.. . 
 Vt. . . 
 Pa.. . 
 Fla. . 
 Mass. 
 Mo... 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Ind. . 
 Ger'y 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Teun. 
 Me. . . 
 N, C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 toe.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Lou.. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ire'd. 
 N. C. 
 Mo... 
 Va. .. 
 Va. - . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Can.. 
 Prus. 
 Tenn. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 April 14, 1840 
 Nov. 20. 1821 
 Feb. 10. 1828 
 May 7. 183(i 
 Sept. 5, 1835 
 Nov. 24, 1829 
 April 25, 18311 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 . — . Varied... 
 Mass. Merchant 
 
 111 Lawyer.. 
 
 Ky... Lawyer... 
 
 Iowa, j Varied 
 
 Nev.. Journalist 
 
 N. Y 
 Pa. 
 
 Nov. 27. 1827JWis..!Lawyer. 
 Sept. 22, 1829 : R . I. . | Manufac 
 Jan. 11. 183l|Miss.. Lawyer. 
 Jan. 17, 1839;Md... Varied.. 
 
 Mo... Lawyer. 
 
 Jan. 14, 1831 Mo... I Varied 
 
 Feb. 12. 184(i|Ga. . 
 
 July 2, 1828 Ind. 
 
 Aug. 1, 1845 Ind. 
 
 June 4, 1827 Ohio 
 
 July 31, 1817|Ga.. 
 
 Jan. 27, ISuIn. Y 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyei. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 12, 1838 Md. 
 Sept. 30, 1824 N. Y 
 
 N. C 
 
 jiay 16, 1830.AIass., , -- 
 
 Nov. 7, 1830 Ark..|Lawyer... 
 Dec. 14, 183(i N. Y. 'Lawyer... 
 Sept. 29, 1830 TexaslLawyer. . . 
 
 Mar. 4, 182(i 111 'Journalist 
 
 1817!Pa.. .'Lawyer... 
 
 May 22, 1833j Iowa. Lawyer... 
 June 24, 1842, Lou. .'Varied.... 
 Sept.23, lS32;Fla. .iLawyer... 
 Jan. 3, 1840|111. ..IVaried.... 
 Dee. 14, ISSG'Mo... 'Lawyer... 
 July 4, 1838, Ohio. I Unknown 
 Sept. 22, 1827 Iowa. | Unknown 
 Dec. 28, lS32'lnd. .[Varied.. . 
 Feb. 13, 183llWis.. 'Journalist 
 Aug. 10, 1834|Va...|Varied 
 Sept. 1(1, 1837|S. C. Lawy 
 
 AP1II12, 1822 
 Feb. 15, 1S32 
 Aug. 27. 1832 
 
 Oct. 
 Nov. 
 July 
 
 3, 1855 
 3, 1834 
 2, 1823 
 
 Tenn. Agrieul'st. 
 Jle. . . Journalist 
 N. C. Banker .. 
 Ind. . Unknown. 
 N. Y'. .Lawyer. .. 
 Ark. . AgricuPst. 
 Minn.'Lawyer... 
 
 N. Y.IVaried 
 
 Lou. .Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.. 
 
 Pa. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Oct. 15, 1841 
 .Ian. 24, 1837 
 Nov. 10. 1817 - - 
 July 18. 1830, S. C 
 
 July 1, 1823 HI. ... .... 
 
 \priI26. 1834 Iowa.' Agl-iculst, 
 
 Nov. 18, 1812|Fla... Jurist 
 
 April 21, 1838 Pa. .. Merchant 
 
 Aug. 7, 1835 
 
 Nov.' ' '9,' 1823 
 Dec. 29, 1841 
 May — , 1834 
 
 N. Y'. Varied 
 
 Mo... Merchant. 
 Ala. . Lawyer... 
 Mo. ..'Lawyer... 
 Va. . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 14, 1835, Va... Jurist.. 
 July 16, 1824 Ohio. Jurist... 
 May 13, 1849 Ore. . Lawyer... 
 Sept. 10, 1832, Lou.. I'nknown. 
 
 Oct. 25. 1817:Pa. .. Miller 
 
 May 24, 1836'vt.... Lawyer.. 
 Nov. 30. 1845 Wis.. Druggist. 
 Sept. 18, 1826 Ark.. Lawyer. . 1.. 
 
 Nov. 5. 1828 N. H. Lawyer 
 
 ^ug 27 1827 N. Y. Manufac'r .. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. d 
 
 529 ^i: 
 
 Hammond. N.J 
 
 llardenbuigli, A. A. 
 
 Hardy, John 
 
 Htti-iner, Alfred C .. 
 
 Harris, BenJ. W 
 
 Hanis, Heniy S 
 
 Haskell, Dudley C, 
 
 Hutch, Wm. H 
 
 Hawk, Roh't M. A... 
 Hazeltino, Ira S.... OB 
 
 Dee. 20, IK)3 Oa... 
 N. J.. May 18, 1830 N. J.. 
 Scot. Sept. 19, 1835 N. V. 
 Pa. .. Aug. H, 1825 Ptt 
 
 llazelton, Geo. C. 
 Heilinan, William.. 
 Henderson. Tbos. J. 
 Hepburn. W. P. . . . 
 Herbert, Hilary A.. 
 Herndon, Thos. H.. 
 Hewitt, Abi-ain S. 
 
 Hewitt. Goldsmith W.D 
 
 .U 
 ...K 
 ...II 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 ...D 
 
 .K 
 
 Hill, John. 
 Hiseock. Fiank. . 
 Hitt. Robei-t R... 
 Hoblltzell. F, S.. 
 
 Hoge. JohnB 
 
 Holiimn. Will. K.. 
 Hooker. Chas. E. 
 Horr. Roswell G. 
 
 Houk, Leon C 
 
 House. John F... 
 Hubbell.Jay A.. 
 
 Hulibs. Orlando 
 
 Humphrey. H. L... 
 Hutchiiis. Waldo.. 
 
 Jacobs, Ferris 
 
 Jadwiii, Cornelius C.lt 
 Jones, GeorKe_y('...G-B 
 
 Jones, James T. 
 
 Jones, Phineas 
 
 Jorgensoii, Joseph, 
 
 Joyce, Chas. H 
 
 Itassoii, John A... 
 Keifer, J. Warren., 
 Kelley.Wm, D.... 
 
 Kenna, John E 
 
 Ketchani, John H. 
 
 King, J. Floyd 
 
 Klotz. Robert 
 
 Knott. J. Pioctor.. 
 I^aeey. Edward S.. 
 Ladd. George W... 
 Latham, Louis C. . 
 Leedom. John P. 
 LeFevre. Benj.. 
 .ewis. John H 
 
 Lindsey. Sti'phen 
 
 Lord. Henry W 
 
 Luna. Trail. piilino.. 
 
 Lynch. John R 
 
 McClure. Addison! 
 McCoid. Moses A — 
 McCook, .\nson G., 
 McKenzie. Jas. A.. 
 MeKinley. William. 
 McLane. liob'tM... 
 McLean. James H.. 
 McMillin. Benton.. 
 Mackey. E. W. M. . 
 Maglnnis. Martin.. 
 Manning. Van II.. 
 Marsh, Benj. F.... 
 Martin. Edward L. 
 
 Mason. Josi-ph 
 
 Matson. Court, C. . 
 Miles. Fie.l.i i.k 
 Miller. Saiiil H. 
 
 I) 
 
 .R 
 
 .R 
 
 .R 
 
 .It 
 
 .R 
 
 .R 
 
 .D 
 
 R 
 
 ....D 
 
 ....D 
 
 . . . . D 
 
 ....It 
 
 ....D 
 
 ....D 
 
 ....D 
 
 ....D 
 
 K 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Banker. .. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Munufuc'r 
 Masii; Nov. id; |H23 3IasH. Lawyer.,. 
 N.J.. Dee. 27, 18.-,0N.J.. Lawyer... 
 Vt. .. Mar. 23. 1842 Kan. Lawyer, 
 Ky... Sept. 11, 1833 Mo. 
 Ind. . April 23, IKiW 111, 
 Vt. ..'July 13, 1821 Mo. 
 N. H. Jan. 3. 1R)3 Wif 
 Oer'y Oct. 11, 1824 I ml 
 Tenn. Nov. 29, 18241111 
 
 Ohio. Nov. 4, 1833 Iowa. 
 S. C. Mar. 12. 1834 Ala. . 
 Ala.. July 1, 1828 Ala. . 
 N. Y. July 31, 1822 N. Y. 
 Ala. . Feb. 14. 18:m Ala. . 
 N. Y. Juno 10, 1821 N. J.. 
 N. Y. Sept. 6, 1834 N. Y. 
 Ohio. Jan. 16,1834 III. .. 
 Md... Oct. 7, 1838Md. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Varlid.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Ijiwyer... 
 Lawyer. ,, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Dec. IS, 1883 
 
 Va... Feb. 2, 1825 W.Va Jurist. 
 
 Ind. . Sept. 6, 1822 Ind. . Jurist 
 
 S C .Miss.. Lawyer. . 
 
 Vt. .. Nov. 26, 1830 Mich. Varied... 
 ■ 1836 Tenn. Varied. 
 
 Tenn. June 
 Tenn 
 
 Mich 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Conn 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. ., 
 Ala., 
 Miss.. 
 
 9, 18; 
 
 Seiit. 15, 1829 
 Feb. 18, 1840 
 Mar. 14, 1830 
 
 Miir. 26; 1836 
 Mar. 27. 1835 
 Sept. 5, 1828 
 Sept. 29, 1839 
 Mass. 'Aprlll8, 1819 
 Pa.. .'Feb. 11, 1844 
 Eng'dJon. 30, 1830 
 Vt. ..'Jan. 11, 1822 
 Jan. 30, 1836 
 April 12, 1814 
 April 10, 1848 
 Dec. 21, 183: 
 April 20, 1842 
 Oct. 27. 18l9'Pa. . 
 Aug. 29, 18:iO,Ky.. 
 Nov. 26. 1835 Mich 
 Sept. 28, 1818lMe.. 
 Sept. II, 1840.N. C 
 
 Tenn. Lawyer.. 
 
 D..R 
 ....It 
 .K 
 .K 
 ,,R 
 .11 
 .It 
 ,.D 
 ,.R 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ..D 
 ..!t 
 
 ..n 
 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ...R 
 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Ga... 
 Pa... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Ma.s3. 
 N. M. 
 Lou.. - -. - 
 Ohio. Oct. 1 
 Ohio. 
 
 Varied.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 lawyer. . . 
 
 Druggist.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer .. 
 
 Law yer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 W.Va Lawyer.. . 
 N. Y. Agrieul'st. 
 Lou., i Varied.... 
 
 Vailed.... 
 
 I.aw yer. . . 
 
 Banker. .. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 MIeh 
 N. C. 
 Wis.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Texas 
 Ark. . 
 N.J,. 
 Va. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Iowa. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa 
 
 Mills, Roger (J D 
 
 Money. Hernando D. .D 
 
 Dec. 20. 1849 (Ihio. AgricllPst 
 
 Oct, ". 
 
 July 21, 1830 
 Mar. 3. 1828 
 Mar. 8, 1821 
 Feb. 23, 1849 
 Sept. 10. 184- 
 
 18:» 
 
 1841 
 Oct. 10, 183i 
 
 8, 1838 Ohi 
 
 nil.... 
 
 1 Me... 
 Mich. 
 
 N, n. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 , Lawyer 
 , Unknown, 
 , Lawyer... 
 
 Moore, William It. 
 Morcy. Henry L. . . 
 Morrison. Win. R.. 
 
 Morse. L.opold 
 
 Mosgrove. James.. 
 Moulton, Sam'l W. 
 
 Muldrow. H.L 
 
 Mureh. Thompson. 
 Mutchler. William. 
 
 Keal, Henry S 
 
 Nolan, Mich.aelN.. 
 Norcross. .Aniasa. . 
 Oates. William C. 
 O'Neill. Cliailes. .. 
 Ortn, Godlove S. . . 
 Ourv. Granville H. 
 
 It 
 It 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 .D 
 G-B 
 ..I) 
 
 ..n 
 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 
 ,..D 
 ..It 
 
 ,..R 
 D 
 
 Hacheco. Romualdo.R 
 
 Agi-icuPst, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Photog'r.. 
 
 Ohio. Varied 
 
 Iowa. Lawyer... 
 Ohio. Oct. 10, 183.1 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 Ky. Aug. 1, 1840'Kv.,. Agricul's! 
 Ohio. Feb. 26, 1844 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 Del... June 23, 1815 Md... Lawyer... 
 Scot.. Aug. 13, 1829 Mo... Physician 
 
 Kv '.Sept. 11, 1845, Tenn. Jurist 
 
 S."C.. Mar. 8. 1846 s. C. Varied..., 
 
 N \ Oct. 27, 1840|M, T. JoumoUst 
 
 n' C. July 26, 1839,Mlss, 
 
 III.... Nov. 19. 1837 HI. . 
 
 Del... Mar. 29, 1837 Del. 
 
 N. Y. Mar. 30, 18'28|N. Y'. Lawyer 
 
 Ind. . April '25, 1841 Ind. . Lawyer... 
 
 Conn. Dec. 19. 1815 Conn. Varied 
 
 Pa... April 19. 1840 Pa. .. Lawyer... 
 
 Texas Unknown, 
 
 Miss. Aug. 26, 1839 Miss.. Journalist 
 Ala .iMar. 28, 183(1 Tenn. Merchant. 
 Ohio. 'April 8, 184i;ohio. Lawyer... 
 III. .. Sept. 14, 1825 111. .. Lawyer... 
 Bav lAug. 15. 18:11 Mass. Merchant. ' 
 Pa ..July 14. 1821 Pa. ..Manufac'r 
 Jan. 20, 1822 HI. ..Lawyer... 
 
 I Miss.. Lawyer... 
 
 Mar. 29, 1838 Me... Varied 
 
 Dec. 21, 1831 Pa.. . Lawyer... 
 \ug. '25, 1828 Ohio . Lawyer. . . 
 May — , 1834 N. V. Varied. 
 N. H.Uan. 26. 1824 Mass 
 Ala.. .'Nov. 3(1, 1835 Ala.. 
 Mar. 21, 1821, Pa. . 
 April -22, 1817; Ind. 
 Mar. 12, 1825|Ariz. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1884 
 
 Mass. 
 Miss.. 
 Me... 
 Pa. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Ire'd 
 
 Page. Horace F 
 
 Parker. Abrain. X R 
 
 Paul, John — 
 
 Pavson. Lewis E R 
 
 Peelle. Stanton S R 
 
 Peirce. R. B. F R 
 
 Pettibone. Aug. H R 
 
 Pettigrew. R. F R 
 
 Phelps. James D 
 
 Phister. Elijah C D 
 
 Post. Morton E D 
 
 Pound. Thad. C R 
 
 Preseott, Cyrus D R 
 
 Pa 
 Pa 
 
 Va. . . 
 Cal.., 
 N. Y 
 Vt. . 
 Va.., 
 R. I. 
 Ind. 
 Ind. 
 Ohio 
 Vt. 
 
 , Lawyer... 
 . Varied.. . 
 , I.awyer. .. 
 . Lawyer. 
 . Lawyer. 
 
 Oct. 31, 1831 Cal... Varied.. 
 
 Oct. 20, 18.33jCal... StageOr. 
 
 Nov. 14, 183IIN. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 June's), 1839 Va... Ijiwyer. 
 
 Sept. 17. 1840111. .. Lawyer, 
 
 Feb. 11. 1M3 Ind. . Lawyer... 
 
 Feb. 15. 1843 Ind. . Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 21. 18.35|Tenn. Lawyer... 
 
 I July 23. 1848! D, T.. Varied 
 
 Conn.ljan. 12. 1822 Conn, Jurist 
 
 Ky. . . Oct. 8. 1822 Ky ., . Lawyer. . . 
 N Y. Dec. 25. lR10|Wv.T Banker. .. 
 Pa |Dec. 6. 1832 Wis. . Merchant. I.. 
 N Yi'Aug. 15. 1836iN. Y. Lawyer...... 
 
 yfe^ 
 
 34
 
 Kandall. Sam'lJ D 
 
 R.aimey. Ambrose A. . R 
 
 Ray, Ossian R 
 
 Reagan, John H D 
 
 Reed, Thomas B R 
 
 Reese, Seaborn D 
 
 Rice, John B R 
 
 Kiee, Tlieron M G-B 
 
 Rice, William W R 
 
 Richardson. David P.R 
 Richardson, John S.. .D 
 
 Rich. John T R 
 
 Ritchie, James M R 
 
 Robeson, Geo. M R 
 
 Robertson. EdiVd W.D 
 
 Robinson, Geo. D R 
 
 Robinson, Jas. S R 
 
 Robinson, Wm. E. ...D 
 
 Rosecrans, W. S D 
 
 Ross, Miles D 
 
 Russell. Wm. A R 
 
 Ryan. Thomas R 
 
 Scales, Alfred M D 
 
 Schultz. Ktnanuel R 
 
 ScoviHe, Jonathan.. .— 
 
 Scranton, Jos. A R 
 
 Shackelford. J. W D 
 
 Shallenberger, V,'. S. .R 
 
 Shellev, Chas.M D 
 
 .Sherivin. John O R 
 
 .Simonton, Chas. B D 
 
 Sint^leton, Jas. W D 
 
 Singleton. Otho R....D 
 
 Skinner, Chas. R R 
 
 Small-. Robert R 
 
 Siiiitli.A. H.rr R 
 
 Siiiitli. liLiiichC R 
 
 Sniith, J. llvatt — 
 
 Sparks. Wm. A.J D 
 
 Spaulding. Oliver L. .R 
 
 Speer, Emory D 
 
 Spooner, Henry J R 
 
 Springer, Wm. M D 
 
 Steele, George W R 
 
 Stephens, ,\lex. H D 
 
 Stockslager, S. M D 
 
 Stone, Eben.F R 
 
 Strait, Horace B R 
 
 Talbott. J. F. C D 
 
 Taylor, Ezra B R 
 
 T.aylor. Joseph D R 
 
 Thomas, John R R 
 
 Pa...' 
 Vt.... 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Ga. . . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio . 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Scot.. 
 N. J.. 
 Tenn. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt.. . . 
 X. Y. 
 !(. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 
 Pa.".' 
 Tenn. 
 .V. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa... 
 Han.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ijtd. . 
 H. 
 Ga... 
 R. I.. 
 Ind. . 
 Ind. . 
 Ga. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Ohio, 
 ilhio. 
 111. .. 
 
 Oct. 10. 
 .\pril Hi, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Oct. e, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Not. 28, 
 
 IH-2S 
 1H2J 
 1835 
 1818 
 1839 
 1846 
 
 Sept. 21, 
 Mar. 7, 
 May 28, 
 Feb. 29. 
 April 23, 
 July 28, 
 
 June 13, 
 Jan. 20, 
 Oct. 14, 
 May fi, 
 Sept. B, 
 April 30, 
 .\pri! 22, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Nov. 26, 
 July 25, 
 
 1829 
 1826 
 1833 
 182S 
 1841 
 1821 
 1S29 
 1823 
 1834 
 1827 
 1814 
 1819 
 1828 
 1831 
 1837 
 182 
 1819 
 
 'July 28, 1838 
 
 Sov. 24, 
 Dec. 28, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Sept. 8, 
 
 INov. 23, 
 Oct. 14, 
 Aug. 4, 
 
 l.\pril 5, 
 Mar. 7, 
 
 'April 4, 
 April 10. 
 Nov. 19. 
 Aug. 2, 
 Sept. 3, 
 Aug. 6. 
 May 30, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Feb. 11, 
 May 7, 
 
 jaii.' 'ih', 
 July 29, 
 July 9, 
 Nov. 7, 
 Oct. 11, 
 
 1839 
 1833 
 1838 
 1838 
 1811 
 I8I4 
 1844; 
 1839 
 1815 
 1840 
 1824 
 1828 
 1833 
 1848 
 1839 
 1836 
 1839 
 1812 
 1842 
 1822 
 1835 
 1843 
 1823 
 1830: 
 18461 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Mass 
 N. H 
 Texas 
 Me. . . 
 Ga... 
 Ohio. 
 Mo... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 .Mich. 
 Ohio. 
 N. J.. 
 Lou. . 
 Mass . 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Cal... 
 N. J.. 
 Mass. 
 Kan.. 
 N. C. 
 Ohio 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Ala. . 
 111.... 
 Tenn. 
 111. .. 
 Miss.. 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 111. .. 
 N. Y. 
 111. .. 
 Mich 
 Ga. .. 
 H. I.. 
 111. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Ga. . . 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Minn. 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 La%vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 .\gricul'st. 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Journalist 
 Soldier.... 
 Merchant. 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Manufac'r 
 (Manufac'r 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Architect. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 Sailor 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Banker. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawjer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied?... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 18, 1883 
 
 Mar. 4, 1883 
 
 Thompson, Philip B..D Ky... 
 Thompson, Wm. G...R Pa... 
 
 Tillman, Geo. D D S. C. 
 
 Townsend. Amos R Pa... 
 
 Townshend. Rich'd...D .Md... 
 Tucker, J. Randolph. D Va. .. 
 
 Turner, Henry G D N. C. 
 
 Turner. Oscar D Lou.. 
 
 Tyler.JamesM .R Vt. .. 
 
 UpdegrafF. Jona. T..— Ohio. 
 Updegl-aff, Thomas,.. R Pa... 
 
 Upson, Columbus D N. Y. 
 
 Urner. Milton G R Md... 
 
 Valentine, Edw'd K. .R Iowa. 
 Van Aernam. Henry. .R N. Y. 
 
 Vance, Robert B R N. C. 
 
 Van Horn, Rob't T...R iPa... 
 Van Voorhis. John...R N. Y. 
 Wadsworth. Jas. W.R Pa... 
 
 Wait, John T R iConn. 
 
 Walker. Rob't J. C....R iPa. .. 
 
 Ward, William R Pa... 
 
 Warner. Richard D |Tenn. 
 
 Washburn. Wm. D...R 
 
 Watson, Lewis F R 
 
 Webber, Geo. W D 
 
 Wellborn, Olin D 
 
 West, George K 
 
 Wheeler, Joseph D 
 
 White. John D R 
 
 Whitthorne, W. C....D 
 
 Williams, Chas. 6 R 
 
 Williams, Thos D 
 
 Willis. Albert S D 
 
 Willitts, Edwin R 
 
 Wilson, Benjamin D 
 
 Wise, George D D 
 
 Wise. Morgan R D 
 
 Wood, Benjamin D 
 
 Wood, Walter A R 
 
 Young, Thos. L. . R 
 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Eng'd 
 Ga. .. 
 Ky... 
 Tenn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. .. 
 Ky... 
 
 N. y. 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Oct. 15, 1845'Ky,.. 'Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 17, 1830 Iowa. Ijurist 
 
 Aug. 21, 1826 S. C. Varied 
 
 183110hio. Merchant. 
 
 AprilSO, 1840111. ..iLawyer... 
 Dec. 24, 1823, Va. .. Lawyer... 
 Mar. 20, 1839 Ga. .. Unknown. 
 Feb. 3, 1825|Ky... Varied.... 
 April27. 1835 Vt. .. Lawyer... 
 
 Ohio. Varied 
 
 .April 3, 1834 Iowa. Lawyer. . . 
 Oct. 17, 1829 Texas Lawyer. .. 
 July 29, 1839'Md... Lawyer... 
 
 June 1. 1843 Neb.. Jurist 
 
 Mar. II.IHIDN. V. Physician. 
 
 April '24. IHiS N. (' Agncu|-st, 
 
 May 10, 1824 Mo... Journalist 
 
 Oct. 22, 1828 N. Y. 
 
 Oct. 12, 1846 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 27, 1811, Conn. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1838 Pa. .. 
 
 Jan. 1. 1.837:Pa 
 
 Sept. 19, in.a 
 
 Jan. 14, 1831 
 
 April 14, 1819 
 
 Nov. 25, 1825 
 
 Feb. 17, 1823 
 
 Jan, 16, 1849 
 April 19, 1825:Tenn. 
 Oct. 18, 1829 Wis.. 
 Aug. 11, 1825|Ala. . 
 Jan. 22, 1843 Ky. .. 
 April 24. 1830 Mich. 
 April 30, 1825 W.Va 
 
 1835 Va.. . 
 
 June 7, 1830 Pa. .. 
 Oct. 13, 1820 N. Y, 
 
 Lawy 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Tenn. Lawyer. . . 
 Minn. I Manufac'r 
 
 Pa. ..Varied 
 
 Mich. I Varied 
 
 Texas Unknown. 
 N. Y. .Manufac'r 
 Varied., 
 Lawyer, 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer 
 Varied. 
 Lawyer 
 Lawyer, 
 Lawyer 
 Lawyer, 
 Varied. 
 Journali.st 
 
 Ala. 
 Ky. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1815 N. Y.jManufac'r 
 Dec. 14, 1832 1 Ohio. [Lawyer... 
 
 Total Representatives, 310. Lawyers, 151. Varied, 58. Jurists. IB. 
 Occupation Unknown, 15. Journalists, 14. Merchants, 13. Manufact- 
 urers, 13. Agriculturists, IS. Bankers, 5. Physicians, 4. Druggists, S. 
 Clergj'nian, 1. Miller, 1. Stage-Owner, 1. Sailor, 1. Photographer, 1. 
 Soldier, 1. .Yrcliitect, 1. Foreign Born, SI: Including Ireland, 6; Sco^ 
 land, 4; England, 4; Germany, 2; Prussia, 1; Bavaria, 1; Hanover, I ■, 
 Isle of Man, 1 : Canada, 1. 
 
 Forty-eighth Congress of the United States, from 1883 to (885. 
 
 I 
 
 1883— The Great strike of Western T'nion 
 Telegraph operator?; throughout the 
 Cnited States, July 20. 
 
 1883 — Seventy excursionists drowned by the 
 breaking dowii of a pier near Balti- 
 more. Md., July 23. 
 
 1883— Burning of the Kimball House ( hotel ) 
 at .\tlanta, Ga. — losses. Sl,(»Of),(MHJ — 
 Aug. 14. 
 
 1883— Opening of the 22d Triennial Conclave 
 of Knights-Templar at San Francisco, 
 Cal., Aug. 21. 
 
 1883 — Most severe tornado ever known in the 
 United States, in Minnesota ; 60 per- 
 sona killed and 40 injured; Aug. 21. 
 
 1883— Woman-sufTrage law passed by the 
 Legislature of Washington Territorj'. 
 Nov. 15. 
 
 1883 — New standard time adopted, Nov. 18. 
 
 1884 — Terrible cyclone in Georgia and North 
 Carolina, destroying over 5,000 houses, 
 $2,<MKi.(MMi worth of property, and kill- 
 inK 40<i persons, besides wounding as 
 many more, Feb. 20. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur, JSl«t President. 
 
 %aCE-PRESIPENT (ACTDIGJ— GEORGK V. EDMIKPS. <»K VT. 
 
 Sec'y of state >Fred. T. Frelinghuysen. of N. J. 
 
 „ . _ ™ S Chas. J. Folger. of N. Y. 
 
 Sec'js of Treas -J jj,,^,, jicCulloch. of Ind. 
 
 Sec'y of War j- Rob't T. Lincoln, of 111. 
 
 Sec'y of Navy '^ Wm. E. Chandler, of N. H. 
 
 Sec'y of Interior !• Henry M. Teller, of Col. 
 
 ( Timothy O. Howe, of Wis. 
 Postmasters-Gen'K . . ■] Walter Q. Greshani. of Ind. 
 ( Frank Hatton, of Iowa. 
 
 Attorney-Gen '1 ;Benj. H. Brewster, of Pa. 
 
 lH.s(4_ratholic Convent at Belleville. 111., 
 burned, with a loss of 34 lives. 
 
 1885 — Battle between Osman Digma and the 
 British troops under General Graham, 
 at Tamasi. Egypt, resulting in the de. 
 feat of tlie rebel chief, with the loss of 
 2,400 men killed and 6,000 wounded, 
 March 13. 
 
 1884— A terrible earthquake in the Island of 
 Kishm, Persian Gull, destroyed 12 
 villages and 2t»0 lives. May 19. 
 
 1884— The introduction of railroads in China 
 sanctioned by the Imperial Govern- 
 ment, June 20. 
 
 1885— Chinese children admitted to Califor- 
 nia schools, Jan. 9. 
 
 1885— Terrific earthquakes in Spain, covering 
 an area of 1,IXI0 square miles, devas- 
 tated 15 towns, destroying 20.1XK) 
 buildings, 8RH1,1K10,000 worth of prop- 
 erty, and more than 2.(»X> lives— be- 
 tween Dec. 24. 18S4, and Jan. 14, 1885. 
 
 1885— Fall of Khartormi. Egypt, and murder 
 of the British General Gordon. Jan. 26. 
 
 D, indicates Democrat ; K, Republican . G-B, Greenhncker. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Aldrich.N. W R 
 
 Alll.TOn, William B...R 
 Anthony. Henry B. ..R 
 Bayard. Tlioma.s F. . .D 
 
 Heck, James B D 
 
 Blair. Henry W R 
 
 Dowon, Thos. M R 
 
 Brown, Joseph K D 
 
 Ihltli-r. .M. Calvin I) 
 
 <:all. Wilkinson D 
 
 I'amden. Johnson N. .D 
 
 Cameron, Angus R 
 
 f.'amcron, J. Donald.. 11 
 
 Chacc, Jonathan R 
 
 Cockrell, Franclit M. . D 
 
 R. I.. 
 Ohio. 
 R. I.. 
 Del... 
 
 Scot.. 
 N. H. 
 
 [owa. 
 8. C. 
 
 S. C. . 
 Ky... 
 VV.Va 
 N. Y, 
 Ta. . 
 MaHH 
 'Mo.. 
 
 Stftto 
 
 MDt«d. 
 
 Nov. 6, 
 Mar. 2, 
 April 1, 
 Oct. '29, 
 Feb. 13, 
 Dec. 6, 
 Oct. 2(i, 
 April 1.5, 
 Mar. 8, 
 Jan. 9, 
 
 July 4, 
 
 July 22, 
 Oct. 1, 
 
 1841 
 1829i 
 1815 
 1828 
 1822 
 1834 
 1835 
 1821 
 1836 
 1834 
 1828 
 1826 
 1833 
 1829 
 1834 
 
 R. I.. 
 Iowa. 
 R. I.. 
 Del... 
 Ky... 
 N. H, 
 Col,.. 
 Ga... 
 S. C. 
 Fla. . 
 W.Va 
 Wis.. 
 I 'a. .. 
 R. I.. 
 Mo... 
 
 .Merchant. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Banker... 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wtiero 
 Bora. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Stat. 
 aenOsl. 
 
 Ocoupation. 
 
 WboaBtaL 
 
 Coke. Richard 
 
 ..D 
 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..R 
 ..D 
 ..D 
 ..R 
 ..1) 
 ..1) 
 .1) 
 ..1) 
 ..D 
 
 Va. .. 
 Ga... 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 Va. . . 
 Me. . . 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. .. 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 
 Mar. 13, 1829!Texas 
 April 20, 1824lGa. .. 
 
 Jurist. . . . 
 
 
 Colquitt, Alfred H,. 
 
 
 
 Cimger. Omar D 
 
 CuIImiii. Sli.lhv M... 
 l>a«.s, H.-iirv L... 
 Dolph, J,>.>.| h .N'..,. 
 
 181* 
 
 IMich. 
 
 III. . 
 
 iMass. 
 lore.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied.,.. 
 
 
 Nov. 22, 1829 
 Oct. 30, 1816 
 Oct. 19, 1835 
 
 
 Kdniun.ls, Geo, F.. 
 
 Fob. 1, 1828 Vt, .. 
 Dec. 3. 1831 INov.. 
 Aug. 6, 18-a)Cal... 
 Sept. 2, 183l|Me... 
 June 11, 1832, Ark.. 
 Oct. -20. 1826 Miss.. 
 Sept. in. 1832 I. on. . 
 Mar. 11, l.KfilMd... 
 April 4, 18381Md... 
 
 
 
 Fair, James G 
 
 Miner 
 
 
 Farley. James T... 
 Frye, William P.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Jan, 22. 1886 
 
 CSarl.nirl, .Vug. 11. , 
 
 
 
 Georir.-, Jnni-s ■/... 
 
 
 
 GDi^MM. Kandiill L. 
 
 Varied. .. 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 Uruume, Jas. B 

 
 ii: 
 
 T 
 
 SENATOKS AND liKI'RKSENTATIVKS f>F THE I'dUTY-KIUinir CONGRESS. 
 
 531 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Wlicre 
 Bom. 
 
 When Dorn. 
 
 8lat« 
 Repre. 
 oenud. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Vhn Mod. 
 
 Hal,-, i:iii;.iH- 
 
 .K 
 .1) 
 .D 
 .H 
 .U 
 .14 
 .R 
 .1! 
 .1) 
 .1) 
 .D 
 .R 
 .1) 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .1! 
 .11 
 
 ■r 
 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 .R 
 .V 
 .R 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .K 
 .R 
 .b 
 .D 
 
 .R 
 .D 
 .R 
 .R 
 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .D 
 .R 
 
 Me .. 
 
 s. c. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Ky... 
 Ire'd. 
 Wal's 
 Va. . . 
 lia... 
 
 Juno 9. lS3fi .Me... 
 Mar. 28, 1818 S. 0. . 
 
 
 
 H.iTiii.ti.ii, Wiulc... 
 
 
 
 H/iiii^, Isliarii li 
 
 1811^ 
 
 Term 
 Ind. . 
 Conn 
 
 Col... 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 Uiiillson. Hclij 
 
 HhwIiv. Joseph K.. 
 Hill. Nath'l P 
 
 Auk. 20. 1833 
 Oct. 31. 1821 
 Feb. 18. 1832 
 
 Lawyer. , 
 Jomnallst 
 ChemiKt . . 
 
 
 
 Dec. 29. 18.3.3 Kan.. 
 April 8. 1832 Tenn. 
 July 10. 18.34 Lou.. 
 
 IS:i4 Kla. . 
 
 1830 .\ev.. 
 
 April lo, 1848 W.Va 
 Sent. 17. 182.1 Miss.. 
 
 Vftricd.... 
 
 Jurint 
 
 
 .larks, ,11. Howell K. 
 
 
 .I.,iias. lleilj. F 
 
 
 
 •liniL-y, i.'liai'les W. .. 
 Joii,.s. .lohn F 
 
 Varied 
 
 Miner 
 
 
 Ktiiiia. .John E 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 l.aiiliain. Kil>ri<lge (. 
 
 S. Y. Oct. 18, 1814 N. Y. 
 111. .. Feb. y, lK2(i 111. .. 
 Pa. .. Feb. 22, 1820 Minn. 
 N. Y. May 9, 1833, N. J.. 
 
 Varied. . . 
 
 
 I.i.ltaii, .l.ihii A 
 
 
 
 M.Jhllan,Sam-l J. I 
 
 
 
 l\l.-l*ln-is.>ii, John K 
 
 AL'i-fc'Mrnt,. 
 
 
 M.ah.iii,-, William.... 
 
 Va...| 1827iVa.. . fMvilEnirV 
 
 
 
 Pa. ..Feb. 9. 1837 Neb.. 
 
 
 
 Maxcv, Samviel B... 
 
 Ky. ..'Mar. 30, 1825;TcxaB 
 
 Ind. .' 1831 Cal... 
 
 N. Y. Auf. 12. 1838 N. Y. 
 Pa. ..'July 28. 18.38 Pa, .. 
 Tenn. June 2(), 1824 Ala. . 
 Vt....!Apnl 14, ISlo.Vt. .. 
 Mich. Jan. 25, 1830 Mich. 
 Ohio. July 2.'), 182.')|Ohio. 
 N. H. Oct. 115. 1819 N. H. 
 Conn. July 19. 1827 Conn. 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Millii, John F 
 
 
 
 Miller, Warner 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Mit<'h.-ll. John I.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iMonill. Justin .S 
 
 Varied . . 
 
 
 Palmer. Thos. W.... 
 
 
 
 I'.ndl.t.in. lieo. H... 
 
 
 
 Fikr, .\ustin F 
 
 
 
 I'lati, lirville H 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 111. .. 
 Del... 
 
 Oct. 12. 1837 Kan.. 
 Dec. 12, 1S20 Ala... 
 
 1826, N. C. 
 
 Oct. 4. l844Va... 
 ApriI23. 1843'Minn. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 I'liirh. James L 
 
 KaiiM.m, Malt. W... 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Varied 
 
 
 liahllili.T,..,.!. H.H.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Sal>ili, luvi^'ht M 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 
 
 
 Sawyer. Philetus 
 
 Sewell. Wni. J 
 
 Vt Sent. 22. ISlfi Wis 
 
 Luiiibrin'n 
 Varied . 
 
 
 Ire'd. 
 
 Ohio! 
 III.... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Ky. . . 
 Ky... 
 
 183.T 
 
 N. J.. 
 R. I 
 
 
 Sheffield, W. P 
 
 
 L'nkno%vu. 
 
 
 
 May 10, 1823 Ohio. 
 Dee. 28, 1826 Ore. . 
 May 13, 1830|N. 0. 
 Nov. — , 1824 Neb.. 
 Dec. R. 1830!Mci. .. 
 Sept. 26. 182s:ind. . 
 
 
 Slater. James H 
 
 
 
 Vance. Zebulon B.. 
 Van Wvi-k. Chas. H. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 
 Vest, iJeorne G 
 
 V. , orii.es. Dan'l W.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Walker. Jas. D 
 
 
 
 Williams. John S 
 
 1820 
 
 Ky... 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total Senators, TS. Lawyers, 41. Varied, l?. Jurists, 6. Journalists, 3. 
 Manufacturei-s, 3. Occupation Unltnown, 3. Miners, 3. Merchant,!. Agri- 
 culturist, 1. Banker, 1. Chemist, 1. Lumberman, 1. Civil Engineer, 1. 
 Foreign Born, 5: Including Ireland, 3; Scotland, 1; Wales,!. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 8uitc I 
 
 Adams, (leorpe E R 
 
 Adams, John J D 
 
 Aiken. D. Wyatt D 
 
 .'\lexander. A. M D 
 
 Anderson. John A R 
 
 ..Vrnot. John D 
 
 .\tkinson. Louis E....R 
 
 Baffley. JohnH D 
 
 Ballentine, John G. ..D 
 
 Barbour. John S D 
 
 Barksdale. Ethel D 
 
 Barr, Samuel F R 
 
 Bayne, Thomas M R 
 
 Beach. Lewis D 
 
 Belford. James B R 
 
 Hclmont. Perry D 
 
 Henii.tt, Risden T D 
 
 Diiik-haiM. Henry H...R 
 
 Bisbee. Horatio R 
 
 Blackburn, Jos. C. S. .D 
 
 Blanchard. N. C D 
 
 Bland. Richai'd P D 
 
 Blount. J.iines H D 
 
 Bovitelle.Chas. A — 
 
 Boweii. Henry D 
 
 Buyle. Charles E D 
 
 Braiiieiil.Sam'I M....R 
 
 Brattim. John D 
 
 Breckeiiriilge. C. R...D 
 Breituni;. Edwai-d....R 
 
 Brents. Thos. H R 
 
 Brewer. Francis B R 
 
 Brewer. J. Hart R 
 
 Broadhead. Jas. O D 
 
 Brown, Wm.W R 
 
 Browne. TliomasM...R 
 
 Bruiiiiii.Clias. N R 
 
 Bucliuiiaii. lliiKh D 
 
 Biiekii.i. AvIettH D 
 
 Budd. James H D 
 
 BurlelKll. Henry G. . .— 
 
 Rurnes. James N D 
 
 Cabell. Georire C D 
 
 Caine. John T — 
 
 Cal.hvell, .Viidrew J...D 
 Calkins, William H...B 
 Caitipbill Felix D 
 
 N. H. June 18, 1840 
 
 S. O. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Ire'd. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 Ky... 
 Lou. . 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Me... 
 
 Mar. 17, 1828 
 
 June 26, 
 Mar. 11. 
 April 16, 
 Not. 26, 
 
 1834 
 1851 
 1841 
 1832 
 
 Dec. 29, 1820 
 
 III.... 
 N. Y. 
 S.C.. 
 Mo... 
 Kan. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 
 June 15. 
 June 14, 
 Mar. 30, 
 Sept. 28, 
 Dec. 28, 
 June 18, 
 
 iiay" i| 
 Oct. 1, 
 jjan. 29, 
 Aug. 19, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Feb. 9, 
 
 1829 
 1836 
 1835 
 1837 
 lail 
 1840 
 1841 
 1839 
 1838 
 1849 
 1835 
 1837 
 1839 
 
 Mi: 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 Nov. 13, 
 Mar. 7. 
 Nov. 22, 
 Nov. 10, 
 Dec. 24, 
 
 Pa.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 8. C. 
 Ky... 
 Ger'y 
 111.... 
 N. H. 
 N. J..iMar. 29. 
 Va. ..:May 29. 
 N. Y.]April2J, 
 Ohio. 'April 10, 
 Pa. . . June 9. 
 Scot.. Sept. 15, 
 Va. .. Dec. 14. 
 Wis . May 18, 
 N. H.jJune 2, 
 Ind. .i.iug. 22. 
 Va. ..Jan. 25. 
 I.ofM Jan. 8, 
 
 Ala.. 
 
 Ohio. Feb. 18, 
 N, Y.lFeb. 28. 
 
 1836 
 1842 
 1831 
 1846 
 1831 
 1840 
 
 Occupatiat 
 
 SS. 
 
 Pa 
 
 Pa, 
 N. Y. 
 Col... 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Fla. . 
 Ky... 
 Lou.. 
 Mo... 
 Ga... 
 Me. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 S. C 
 ■k.. 
 Mich, 
 w. T. 
 
 1820 N. Y. 
 1S44'n, J.. 
 1819 Mo, . 
 183i; Pa. .. 
 1829 Ind. , 
 18.38 Pa. .. 
 
 1823 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 1817 
 
 Mo 
 
 1851 
 
 Cal. 
 
 1832 
 
 N V 
 
 1832 
 
 Mo 
 
 1837 
 
 Va.. 
 
 1829 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 Tenn 
 
 184? 
 
 liid. 
 
 1829 
 
 N. Y 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Clerpym'n 
 
 Banker. . . 
 'Physician. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 I Varied 
 
 'Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Jui-ist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 [Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Physician. 
 
 Aei-icul'st. 
 
 Miner 
 
 L.awyer... 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Vaiied ... 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 lian. 
 
 Bute 
 lUpr.. 
 
 Campbell. Ja.oli M...R 
 
 Cami,l.ell..la-. K 1) 
 
 Candler. .\ll,-ii I» D 
 
 Cannon. Josej.li G....R 
 
 Calleton. K/.ia C ]> 
 
 Carlisle. John (1 1) 
 
 Ca-ssidy. (;eoiKe W...I) 
 
 Chace. Jonathan It 
 
 Chalmei-s. James R.. .D 
 
 Claidy, Martin L 1> 
 
 Clay, James F D 
 
 Clements, Jud. C D 
 
 Cobb, Thomas R I) 
 
 Collins, F'at'k A » 
 
 Connolly, Dan'l W....D 
 Conver.se. Geoi'«e L. .D 
 
 Cook, John C — 
 
 CosKrove, John D 
 
 Covington, Geo. W...D 
 
 Cox. Samuels I) 
 
 Cox, William R D 
 
 Craii;. Ileoin.-H R 
 
 Cris|,. Cli.ail,.^ K D 
 
 Cull.ei-i.ii, 11 n 1) 
 
 Culliert^on. Wm. W..R 
 
 Cullen, William R 
 
 Curtin, Andrew G 1> 
 
 Cutcheon, Byi-on M...R 
 
 Dargan, Geo. W D 
 
 Davidson, R. H. M....I) 
 
 Davis, Geori^e R R 
 
 Davis, Lowndes Ii....U 
 
 Davis, Robert? R 
 
 Deuster, Peter V D 
 
 Dibble, Samuel D 
 
 Dibrell. George G D 
 
 Dingley. Nelson It 
 
 Dixon. Nathan F R 
 
 Dockery. Alex. M L> 
 
 Dorsheimer. Wm D 
 
 Dowd. Clement D 
 
 Duncan. Wm. H D 
 
 Dunh.^m. Ran-om W.R 
 
 Dunn, l'..iiiil. xter D 
 
 Eaton. Will W D 
 
 Eldridt-e, XatlrlB....D 
 
 Elliott, Mort. F D 
 
 Ellis, E. John D 
 
 Ellwood, Reuben K 
 
 English, Wm. E D 
 
 Erinentrout, Dan'l. ..i> 
 
 Evans, I. Newton R 
 
 Evins,John H D 
 
 Everhart, Jas. B R 
 
 FerreIl,Thos. M D 
 
 Fiedler, Wm. H. F....D 
 Findlay, John V. L. ..D 
 
 Finerty. John F D 
 
 Follett, John F D 
 
 Foran. Martin A D 
 
 Forney. William H...D 
 
 Funston. Edw'd H R 
 
 Fyan. Robert W D 
 
 Garrison. George 'T. .D 
 
 Geddes, Geo. W D 
 
 George, Melvin C R 
 
 Gibson, Eustace D 
 
 Glascock, John R. . . .D 
 
 Golf. Nathan R 
 
 Graves, .\lexander. . . D 
 
 Green. Wharton J D 
 
 Greenleaf. Halbert S.I) 
 
 Guenther. Rich'd R 
 
 Halsell. JohnE D 
 
 Hammond, N. J I> 
 
 Hanback. Lewis R 
 
 Hancock. John I) 
 
 Hardeman. Thos D 
 
 Hardy, John D 
 
 Harmer, Alfred C . . . R 
 
 Hart, .\lphonso R 
 
 Haskell Dudley C....R 
 Hatch. HerMli,:.| H...R 
 
 Hatch. Wm. H D 
 
 Haynes. Martin A R 
 
 Hemphill. John J D 
 
 Hendei-son. David B..R 
 Henderson, Thos. J. ..R 
 
 Henley. Barclay D 
 
 Hepburn. W. P R 
 
 Herbert. Hilary A D 
 
 Hewitt, .\bram S D 
 
 Hewitt. Goldsmith W.D 
 
 Hill. William D D 
 
 Hiscock. Frank R 
 
 Hitt, Robert R R 
 
 Hoblitzell, F. S V 
 
 Holman, Wm. S D 
 
 Holmes, Adon. J R 
 
 Holton,Hart B R 
 
 Hooper, Benj. S ~ 
 
 Hopkins. James H D 
 
 Horr, RoswellG R 
 
 Houk,Leon. C R 
 
 Houseman. Julius D 
 
 Howey, Benj. F R 
 
 Pa.. .I.S'ov. 20, 
 Ohio. July 7, 
 Ga. . . Nov. 4. 
 N. C.May 7, 
 Mich. 'Sept. (i. 
 Ky... Sept. 5. 
 Ky... April 25. 
 .Mass. Sept. 22, 
 Va...lJan. II. 
 .Mo...'April20, 
 Ky...|l)ec. 29, 
 Ga.. Feb. 12, 
 Ind. . Ijuly 2, 
 Ire'd., Mai-. 12, 
 N. Y.!AprlI24, 
 Ihio.ljune 4, 
 Ohio. Dec. 2(1, 
 N. Y. Sept. 12, 
 Md... Sept. 12, 
 Ohio. Sept. 30, 
 
 N. C 
 
 Ala. . Dec. 25, 
 Kiig'd Jan. 29, 
 . .Sept. 29, 
 
 Pa 
 
 Ire'd. I Mar. 4, 
 Pa. 
 
 1821 Pa. . 
 1H43 Ohio 
 18.')4 Ga... 
 1836 III..., 
 1838 Mich 
 
 183; 
 18:ill 
 1820 
 1H3I 
 1844 
 1840 
 1816 
 1828 
 1844 
 1847 
 1827 
 1841 
 
 Ky. 
 
 Nev . . 
 R. I.. 
 Miss.. 
 Mo.. . 
 Ky... 
 Ga.. . 
 Ind. . 
 .Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Iowa. 
 
 1839 Mo 
 1838 Md. 
 
 N. H. 
 S. C. . 
 Fla.. . 
 Mass. 
 Mo... 
 Ire'd. 
 Ger'y 
 S. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 R. I.. 
 Mo... 
 
 Y. 
 N. O. 
 Pa. . . 
 .Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 
 Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Lou.. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. . . 
 Pa. . . 
 S.C.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Md... 
 Ire'd. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. . . 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. . . 
 Va. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. .. 
 Miss.. 
 Va... 
 Miss.. 
 Fla... 
 Vt. .. 
 Prus. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 111. .. 
 Ala. . 
 Ga... 
 Scot. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 S. C. 
 Scot.. 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala. . 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 
 May II, 
 
 Sept. 23, 
 Jan. 3, 
 Dec. 14, 
 Aug. 28, 
 Feb. 13. 
 Sept. 16. 
 April 12. 
 Feb. 1... 
 Aug. 28. 
 Feb. 11, 
 Feb. 5. 
 Aug. 27, 
 Feb. 2, 
 Mar. 21. 
 Nov. 3, 
 Oct. 11. 
 Mar. 28. 
 Sept. 24. 
 Oct. 15, 
 Feb. 21, 
 Nov. 3, 
 Jan, 24, 
 July 29, 
 July 18. 
 
 Oct. 25, 
 Dec. 21. 
 Sept. 10. 
 
 N. Y 
 N. C. 
 
 Ala. . 
 Ga... 
 Texas 
 Ky... 
 111.... 
 Pa. .. 
 Mich. 
 S. C. 
 Fla. . 
 III. .. 
 Mo . . . 
 Mass. 
 Wi 
 S. C 
 
 1845 
 1845 
 1830 
 
 i826 
 
 1817 
 
 18:16 
 
 1841 
 
 1832 
 
 1840 
 
 1836 
 
 18'23 
 
 1831 
 
 1837 
 
 1R22 Tenn. 
 
 l'*32 Me.. . 
 
 IM- U. I.. 
 
 184; 
 183: 
 183: 
 1836 
 18:)8 
 1834 
 1816 
 1813 
 1843 
 1841 
 1821 
 1851 
 
 18:i7 
 
 1827 
 1830 
 
 1847 
 1839 
 1840 
 
 Nov. 1 1 . 
 Nov. 9, 
 
 Mar. II, 
 Jan. 14, 
 July 16, 
 May 13, 
 Oct. 4, 
 Aug. 25, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Aug. 29, 
 
 April 12, 
 
 Nov. 30. 
 Sept. 11. 
 Dec. 20. 
 Mar. 27. 
 Oct. 29, 
 Jan. 12. 
 Sept. 19. 
 Aug. 8, 
 July 4, 
 Mar. 2;i. 
 Feb. 17, 
 ScTit. 1 1 . 
 July 3(1. 
 Aug. 25. 
 Mar. 14. 
 Nov. 29. 
 Mar. 17. 
 Nov. 4, 
 Mar. 12. 
 July 31. 
 Feb. 14. 
 Oct. 1. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Jan. 16. 
 Oct. 7. 
 Sept. 6. 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 1844 
 18'23 
 1836 
 1835 
 1835 
 1824 
 1819 
 1842 
 1845 
 1843 
 1844 
 
 'l'82'? 
 1845 
 18-20 
 18:13 
 1839 
 1824 
 1825 
 18o5 
 1825 
 I8:i0 
 1842 
 
 Ml 
 is:i3 M. 
 ]M2 N. 
 
 M, 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C, 
 Pa. .. 
 III. .. 
 Ark.. 
 Conn. 
 Mich . 
 Pa. .. 
 Lou. . 
 III. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 S. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 Md... 
 111.... 
 Ohio . 
 Ohio . 
 Ala. . 
 Kan.. 
 Mo. . . 
 Va .. 
 Ohio . 
 Oie, . 
 W.Va 
 Cal... 
 W.Va 
 Mo... 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 Wis.. 
 Ky... 
 Ga... 
 Kan.. 
 Texas 
 Ga...' 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. . . 
 Ohio. 
 K 
 
 1841 
 
 1840, 
 
 1824 
 
 1843 
 
 1833 
 
 1834 
 
 18: 
 
 ■h. 
 
 li! 
 S. C. 
 Iowa. 
 111.... 
 Cal... 
 Iowa. 
 Ala. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 18:14 Ala, 
 18:i3 Ohio, 
 1834 X, Y. 
 is:i4 111. .. 
 IKi-s Md... 
 18-22 Ind. 
 
 Va. . 
 Pa.. 
 Vt. . 
 Tenn. 
 
 1842 
 
 Mar. 0. 
 
 Nov. 3. 
 Nov. 26. 
 June 8. 
 
 1835 
 
 1832 
 lA'tO 
 
 Iowa. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mich 
 
 Bav..(Dec. 
 N. J.. Mar 17, 
 
 W:16 Tenn 
 1h:I2 Mich. 
 lH2,-< N, J., 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Varied..,. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Manufac'r 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 !Law-yer,. . 
 Physician. 
 IJoumalist 
 ! Lawyer, .. 
 .\gricurst. 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 j Banker ., 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Law-yer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 [JoumaliBt 
 Lawyer.. , 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer .. 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jui-ist 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Manufac'r 
 Di-uggist.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 La%%'yer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Law^-er. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 Merchant. 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Dec. IS, 1883 
 
 i 
 
 X5^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 K
 
 .><i.c>- 
 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVES OF THE FOETY -EIGHTH CONGRESS. 
 
 k 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 
 Occupatjoi 
 
 Hunt, Carleton D 
 
 Hurd. Frank H D 
 
 Hutchins. Waldo D 
 
 James, Darwin R R 
 
 Jeffords, Klza R 
 
 Johnson. Fred A R 
 
 Jones, Burr W D 
 
 Jones, James H D 
 
 Jones, James K D 
 
 Jones. James T D 
 
 Jordan. Isaac M D 
 
 K.asson, John A H 
 
 Kean, John R 
 
 KeiTer. J. Warren R 
 
 Kellev. Wm. D R 
 
 Kellukj?. Wm. P R 
 
 Ketcliam. John H R 
 
 Kinp. J. Floyd D 
 
 Kleiner, John J D 
 
 Lacey, Edward S R 
 
 Laird, James R 
 
 Lamb, John E D 
 
 Lanham.Sam'l W. T.D 
 Lawrence, Geo. V. . . .R 
 
 LeFevre, Benj D 
 
 Lewis. Edward T D 
 
 Libbpy. Harry R 
 
 Long:. John D R 
 
 Lore, Ohas. B D 
 
 LoverinpT, Henry B. ..D 
 
 Lowry. Robert D 
 
 Luna. Tranquilino — R 
 
 Lyman, Theodore — 
 
 McAdoo, William D 
 
 McCoid. Muses A R 
 
 JMcComas. Louis E. . . .R 
 McCormick. Jolin W..R 
 MeK'inley. William... R 
 
 McMillin, Benton D 
 
 Maginnis. Martin P 
 
 Manzanares, F. A D 
 
 Matson. Court. C D 
 
 Maybury. Win. C D 
 
 Mavo, Robert M — 
 
 Millard, Stephen C...R 
 
 Miller, James F D 
 
 Miller, Sam'l H R 
 
 Milliken. Seth L R 
 
 Mills. Roger Q D 
 
 Mitchell. Chas. L D 
 
 Jloiiev. Hernando D.,D 
 
 Murt,'an.Chas. H D 
 
 Morcv. Henry L R 
 
 Morrill, Edmund N.,.R 
 
 Morrison, Wni. R D 
 
 Morse. Leopold D 
 
 Moulton. Sam'l W D 
 
 Muldiow. H. L U 
 
 Muller. Nicholas D 
 
 Murphy, Jere. H D 
 
 Murray. Rob"t M D 
 
 Mntchler. William D 
 
 Neece. William H D 
 
 Nelson. Kimic R 
 
 Nu-holls. J<.lui C D 
 
 Nuttiiiu'. N-.-wtnn W..R 
 
 OatL-. William f D 
 
 Ochiltree, Thos. P — 
 
 O'Ferrall. Chaa. T D 
 
 O'Hara, James E R 
 
 O'Neill. Charles R 
 
 O'Neill. John J D 
 
 Ourv, Granville H D 
 
 Paiue. David R. D 
 
 Parker. Abraham X. .R 
 
 Patton..Iohn D D 
 
 Payne, Sereno E R 
 
 Payson. Lewis E R 
 
 Peel, Samuel W, . , , 
 Peelic, Stanton S . 
 Perkins. Bishop W 
 Peters. Samuel R.. 
 Pettibone. Autf. H....R 
 
 Plulps, Win. W R 
 
 Pierce. Pice A D 
 
 Poliin.l. Luke P R 
 
 Post, Georjre A D 
 
 Post. Morton K I) 
 
 IMtlcr. Orlando B....D 
 
 Price. William T R 
 
 l*rvor, Luke D 
 
 Pnsev. Win. H. M ....D 
 
 Randall. Sam'l J D 
 
 Kankin. Joneph D 
 
 Raiiney, Ambrose A..R 
 
 Itay, Geor»5e W R 
 
 Ray, Ottxian. R 
 
 Raymond. John B..,.R 
 
 RenKan. John H D 
 
 Reed, Thomas B R 
 
 ReewR, Seaborn D 
 
 Reld, James W D 
 
 Rico, William W R 
 
 Lou. . 
 Ohio. 
 Conn. 
 Ma^s. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Wis.. 
 Ala.. 
 Miss.. 
 Va. . . 
 
 Jan. 1, 
 [Dec. 25, 
 
 iJiay U, 
 
 ;May 23, 
 Ijan. 2, 
 iMar. 9, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Ohio! 
 Pa... 
 
 |Vt. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ga.. . 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 |N. Y. 
 ,Ind. . 
 
 S. C. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ohio. 
 |Lou.. 
 
 N. H. 
 ,Me... 
 
 Del.. 
 !n. H. 
 ■Ire'd. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 I Ire'd. 
 iOhio. 
 
 Md... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. M. 
 'Ind. . 
 
 Mich. 
 
 Feb. 23, 
 Aug. 23, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Nov. 5, 
 Oct. 28, 
 Dec. 20, 
 Feb. 26. 
 Sept. 11, 
 Oct. 27. 
 Jan. 2-'>, 
 April 2.^, 
 Nov. 21, 
 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa.., 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. 14, 
 Aug. 1 , 
 April 19. 
 
 Conn. 
 'Miss.. 
 |N. Y. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Me... 
 Illl. .. 
 iBav.. 
 
 Mass . 
 [Miss.. 
 I Ger'y 
 
 Mass. 
 lOhio. 
 iPa. .. 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Nor'y 
 
 Ga. .. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ala... 
 
 Texas 
 
 Va. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Va. ., 
 Ohio. 
 
 .Vt... 
 
 ..1) 
 ..R 
 ..U 
 ..It 
 
 N. Y. 
 H. I.. 
 Ark. . 
 Inil. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. y. 
 Tchn. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N Y. 
 Mass. 
 I'll... 
 Ala... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. .1.. 
 Vt. ., 
 
 N. y. 
 vt. .. 
 
 N. Y, 
 Tt'nn 
 Mc, 
 Ga. . . 
 N. O. 
 Mass. 
 
 .May .5, 
 Jan. 11, 
 
 jaii.' 30. 
 April 12, 
 Dec. 8, 
 Dec. 21, 
 April 20. 
 Feb. 8, 
 Nov. 2fi. 
 June 20, 
 Dec. 26, 
 July 4, 
 Xov. 13, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Oct. 26. 
 Xov. 22. 
 Oct. 27, 
 Mar. 16, 
 April 8, 
 
 1836 Lou. 
 1841 Ohio 
 1823 N. Y 
 1834 .V. Y 
 1826 Miss. 
 183.S N. Y, 
 1846 Wis. 
 IS30 Texas 
 
 1839 Alk.. 
 1832 Ala. . 
 183.5 Ohio. 
 1822 Iowa. 
 
 ,N. J.. 
 
 1836 Ohio. 
 1814 Pa.. . 
 
 1831 Lou.. 
 
 1832 N. Y. 
 1«42 Lou. . 
 184.) Ind. . 
 \tr.iv> Mich. 
 1849 Neb.. 
 18.)2 Ind. . 
 1846 Texas 
 1818 Pa. .. 
 1838 Ohio. 
 1834 Lou.. 
 1843 Va... 
 1838 Mass. 
 1831 Del. . 
 1841 Mass. 
 
 ilnd. . 
 
 1849 N. M. 
 
 1833 Mass. 
 18.13 N. J.. 
 1840 Iowa. 
 1846 Md... 
 I831;Ohio. 
 1844'Ohio. 
 184.5 Tenn. 
 
 1840 M. T. 
 1843 N. M. 
 
 1841 Ind. . 
 1849 Mich. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Banker. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lumbrm'n 
 Varied. .. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'sf. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown, 
 Zoologist. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 .Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Aug. 6. 
 Aug. 26, 
 July 5, 
 Api-il 8. 
 Feb. 12. 
 Sept. 14. 
 Aug. 1.5. 
 Jan. 20, 
 
 Nov. 1.5, 
 Feb. 19, 
 Xov. 28, 
 Dec. 21, 
 Feb. 26, 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 Oct.' 22,' 
 Nov. 30, 
 
 1841 N. Y. 
 1832 Texas 
 
 1840 Pa. . . 
 
 Me... 
 
 |Texas 
 
 1844 Conn. 
 18.39 Miss.. 
 1843 Mo. . . 
 
 1841 Ohio. 
 1834 Kan,. 
 182,5 111. .. 
 1831 Mass. 
 1822,111. .. 
 
 Ijlis 
 
 Oct. 21, 
 Feb. 26, 
 Mar. 2j, 
 June 2,>. 
 Mar. 12, 
 April 8, 
 Nov. 14, 
 
 June 26, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Feb. 11. 
 Oct. 18, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Ian. 21, 
 Aug. 24, 
 July 3, 
 Nov. 1, 
 .Sept. 1, 
 Dec. 25. 
 Hal-. 10. 
 June 17, 
 July .5, 
 July 21), 
 Oct. 10, 
 Sept. 25. 
 April 16, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Dec. 13, 
 Dec. .5, 
 
 Oct. 8, 
 Oct. 18. 
 Nov. 28, 
 June 11, 
 Mar. 7, 
 
 I836'N. Y. 
 I835:Iowa, 
 1841 Ohio. 
 1831 Pa. .. 
 18311111. .. 
 1843 Minn 
 
 iGa... 
 
 I840 N. Y, 
 1835' Ala.. 
 
 iTexas 
 
 1840 Va... 
 1844'n. C 
 
 i82rr.i ... 
 
 INlr, \i,, 
 l,8j:, vi 1,. 
 l.'ai iilnu. 
 1831 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Y. 
 
 1843 
 18411 
 1832 
 1843 
 1841 
 1842 
 183.5 
 1839 
 1848 
 181.5 
 1854 
 1840 
 1823 
 1824 
 
 N 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Alk.. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 VI . . . 
 
 1': 
 
 Wy.T 
 N. Y 
 Wis. 
 1820 Ala. 
 1.826 l.iwa 
 1828 1 Pa. . 
 I833:Wls. 
 1821 ! Mass 
 18441 N. V 
 18351 N. H 
 1844 II. T. 
 1818 Texas 
 1839lMe... 
 1846 lla... 
 18411 N. O. 
 1826lMass. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown 
 Law.ver. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Banker. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 R. R. Ag't. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 Vai-ied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 T..i\vyer. .. 
 M iFLiifac'r 
 I,F"Ver... 
 3UrcIiant. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 .hirist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Banker. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Banker. . . 
 Mei'chant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jan. 24, 1888 
 
 Jan. 9, 1886 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 State 
 ReprE- 
 
 Riggs. James M D 
 
 Robertson, Thos. A...D 
 
 Robinson, Jas. S R 
 
 Robinson, Wni. E. ...D 
 Rockwell. Francis W.R 
 
 Rogers, John H D 
 
 Rogers. William F.. . .D 
 
 Eosecians, W. S D 
 
 Rowell, Jonathan H. .R 
 
 Russell, Wm. A R 
 
 Ryan, Thomas R 
 
 Scales, Alfred M D 
 
 Seney, George E D 
 
 Seymour, Edw'd W. . .D 
 
 Shaw, Aaron D 
 
 Shelley, Chas. M D 
 
 .Shively, Benj. F — 
 
 Singleton. Otho R D 
 
 Skinner. Chas. R R 
 
 Skinner, Thos. G D 
 
 Singi.ser, Theo. F R 
 
 Siocum, Henry W D 
 
 Smalls, Robert R 
 
 Smith,A. Herr R 
 
 Smith, Hiram Y' R 
 
 Snyder, Chas. P D 
 
 Spooner, Henry J R 
 
 Spriggs, JohnT D 
 
 Springer, Wm. M D 
 
 Steele, George W R 
 
 Stephenson. Isaac C..R 
 
 Stevens. Robert S D 
 
 Stewart, Chas D 
 
 Stewart. John W R 
 
 Stockslager, S. M D 
 
 Stone, Eben.F R 
 
 Storm, John B D 
 
 Strait. Horace B R 
 
 Struble, Isaac S H 
 
 Sumner, Chas. A. . . .D 
 
 Sumner. Dan"l H D 
 
 Swope, John A — 
 
 Talbott, J. F. C D 
 
 Taylor, Ezra B R 
 
 Tavlor,John M D 
 
 Taylor, Joseph D R 
 
 Thomas, John R R 
 
 Thompson, Philip B. .D 
 Throckmorton, J. W.D 
 
 Tillman, Geo. D D 
 
 Townshend. Rich'd. . .D 
 Tucker. J. Randolph. D 
 
 TuUy, Pleasant B D 
 
 Turner. Henry G D 
 
 Turner. Oscar D 
 
 Valentine, Edw'd K. .R 
 Van Alstvne. Thos. J.D 
 
 Vance. Robert B D 
 
 Van Eaton. Henry S. .D 
 ■W.adsworth. Jas. W.R 
 
 Wait. John T R 
 
 Wakefleld. Jas. B R 
 
 Wallace, Jonathan H.D 
 
 Ward, ThomasB D 
 
 Warner. A. J. . . D 
 
 Warner, Richard D 
 
 Washburn, Win. D...R 
 
 W^eaver, Arch'd J R 
 
 Wellborn, Olin D 
 
 Weller.L.H — 
 
 Weniple. Edward D 
 
 White. JohnD R 
 
 White, Milo ...K 
 
 Whiting, William R 
 
 "Wilkins, Beriah D 
 
 Williams, Thos D 
 
 Willis, Alberts D 
 
 Wilson. James R 
 
 Wilson, V/in, L D 
 
 Winalis, IjlwinB D 
 
 Winaiis. ,Iohn D 
 
 Wise.GeorgoD D 
 
 Wise, John S - 
 
 Wolfonl. Frank L D 
 
 Woo.l.Thos. J R 
 
 Woodwai'il. Gil. M....D 
 Worthington. N. E. ..D 
 
 Yaple, George L — 
 
 York, Tyre — 
 
 Voung. Casey D 
 
 111. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Ire'd. 
 Mass. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 N. H. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Ind. . 
 Ky. . . 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 N. Y. 
 S. C. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 W.Va 
 R. I.. 
 Eng'd 
 Ind. . 
 Ind. . 
 N, B.. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 Ind. . 
 Mass. 
 Pa... 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa... 
 Md... 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 
 ?''■•• 
 Tenn. 
 
 S. C. 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 
 C. 
 Lou.. 
 Iowa 
 N. Y. 
 
 C. 
 Ohio, 
 Pa.. . 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 Pa... 
 
 April 17, 
 Sept. 9, 
 Oct. 14, 
 May 6, 
 May 2fi, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Mar. 1. 
 Sept. 6, 
 Feb. 10, 
 April 22, 
 Nov. 25, 
 Nov. 26, 
 May 29, 
 Aug. 30, 
 
 Dec. 28, 
 Mar. 20, 
 Oct. 14, 
 Aug. 4, 
 Jan. 21, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Sept. 24, 
 April 5, 
 .Mar. 7, 
 Mar. 22, 
 June 9, 
 Aug. 6, 
 
 May 30, 
 Deo. 13. 
 June 18, 
 Mar. 27, 
 May 30, 
 
 May 7, 
 
 Jan. 26. 
 Nov. 3, 
 Aug. 2, 
 Sept. 15, 
 Dec. 25, 
 July 29, 
 July 9, 
 May 18, 
 Nov. 7, 
 Oct. 11, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Feb. 1, 
 .Aug. 21, 
 April 30, 
 Dec. -24, 
 Mar. 21. 
 Mar. 20, 
 Feb. 3, 
 June 1. 
 Julv 25. 
 April 24, 
 S.-pf, 14, 
 l-h-X. 12, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Mar. — , 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Scot.. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 Va. 
 
 Braz'I 
 
 Ky 
 
 1839 111. .. 
 1848 Ky... 
 18-27 Ohio. 
 1814 N. Y. 
 
 1844 Mass. 
 
 1845 Ark.. 
 1820 N. Y. 
 1819 Cal... 
 1833 111. .. 
 
 1831 Mass. 
 
 1837 Kan.. 
 1827 N. C. 
 
 1832 Ohio. 
 
 1832 Conn. 
 1811111.... 
 
 1833 Ala.. 
 1857 Ind. . 
 1814 Miss.. 
 Ifi44 N. Y. 
 1842 N. C. 
 
 1845 Ida'.i. 
 1827;n. Y. 
 1839|S, C. 
 1815!pa. .. 
 1843 1 Iowa. 
 1847|W.Va 
 1839!r. I.. 
 1827 N. Y. 
 1836 111. .. 
 1839 Ind. . 
 18-29 Wis.. 
 
 1824 N. Y. 
 1836 Texas 
 Vt. . . 
 
 1842 Ind. . 
 
 1822 Mass. 
 
 1838 Pa. . . 
 1835 Minn. 
 
 1843 Iowa. 
 1835 Cal... 
 1837, Wis.. 
 18-27 Pa. .. 
 1843 Md... 
 
 1823 Ohio. 
 
 1838 Tenn. 
 1830:ohio. 
 
 1846 HI. .. 
 1845 Ky... 
 
 1825 Texas 
 1826, S. C. 
 1840,111. .. 
 1823!Va... 
 1829;Cal. . 
 
 1839 Ga, 
 
 April 27, 
 Jan. 13. 
 Sept. 19. 
 Jan. 14. 
 April 15, 
 
 1,825 
 1843 
 1827 
 I82S 
 
 ]8_-i; 
 
 1840 
 1811 
 1828 
 1828 
 183.5 
 1834 
 183,5 
 1831 
 1844 
 
 Aug. 24, 
 Oct. 23, 
 Jan. 16. 
 Aug. 17, 
 May 24, 
 July 10, 
 Aug. 11, 
 Jan. 22, 
 Aug. 16. 
 May 3. 
 May 16. 
 Seiit, 27, 
 
 1833 
 1843 
 1849 
 1830 
 1841 
 1846 
 1825 
 1843 
 1835 
 1843 W \ 
 
 Ky.. 
 
 Neb. 
 N, Y 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Journalist 
 Journalist 
 Law-yer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Journalist 
 Soldier — 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Architect. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Sailor 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lumber'n. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law.ver... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Laivyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.. .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 AKIU-Ul'st, 
 
 L:n . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 jLawyer. . . 
 
 ,Tiiii-t,. 
 ■d. 
 
 N 
 
 Ml- 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Minn. ,^a... j^t . 
 
 Ohio, iLawyer 
 
 iMd '' 
 
 I ')ih> 
 
 T.iii,. 
 
 .Miijii. 
 
 Neb. . 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Minn. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Dec, 25, 
 Sept. 2. 
 llilio. :Sept.30, 
 I).C..,ll.-c. 25. 
 Va.. . iMnr. Hcl, 
 Mich. iFcli. 20. 
 N. O. May 4, 
 Tenn. I 
 
 Ml,h 
 W I- 
 
 Va. . 
 Va.. 
 Ky.. 
 Ind. 
 Wis. 
 
 1835 
 1846 
 1817 
 1844 
 1835 
 1836 
 1,851 Mich, 
 1836, N. C. 
 iTenn, 
 
 L. 
 Vaiicd.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Merchant. 
 Manufac'r 
 Banker... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Ak'i'M'uI'st. 
 1 .1" M-r... 
 Ariiinl'st. 
 I.i. uyi-r. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 tLaw.yer. .. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 vyer. . 
 
 Lawyer, 
 Physician. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Total Representatives, :J4«. Lawyers, 178. Vni-ied, 48. Jurints, 84. 
 Occupation Unknown, 1«. Journalists, 1,^. Merchants, lii. Manufact- 
 urers, l:l. Agi-iculturists, liJ. Bankers, "7. Physicians, A. Lumber- 
 men, S. Clergjman. 1. Druggist. I. Miner, 1. Sailor, 1. Soldier,!. 
 Mechanic, 1. Zoologist. 1. Ai-chitcct, 1. Railroad Agent, 1. Foreign 
 Born. 84: Including Ireland, 8; Scotland, 4, Germany, 3; Bavaria, 2; 
 England, 2; Prussia, 1; Isle of Man, 1; Norway, 1; New Brunswick. 1; 
 Bi-adl, 1.
 
 M 
 
 FOKTY-NINTII (JUNUKEBS, AMI) LKADIWIi KViiWTN ii|- nil, '||.\|| 
 
 ?■• 
 
 Forty-ninth Congress of the United States, from 1885 to 1887. 
 
 1885— Illinois Eastern Insane Hospital, at 
 Kankakte, burned, with the loss of 17 
 lives, Jan. IH. 
 
 1885— Dynamite explosions in British House 
 of Coniulons, Westminster Hall, and 
 the Tower of London, Jan. 2-1. 
 
 1885— Dedication of the Woshlngton Monu- 
 ment, at Washington, I). C, Feb. Ul. 
 
 1885— General Grant placed on the retired 
 list of the Army by Congress, Mar. 4. 
 
 1885— Explosion of fire-damp in a mine at 
 Carnphausen, Rhenish Prussia, with 
 the loss ot 150 lives. Mar. 18. 
 
 1885— Twenty lives lost in a fireat Viekslmrtr. 
 
 Miss., April 22. 
 1885 — An avalanche in Armenia, Asia Minor. 
 
 destroyed (38 lives. May 8. 
 
 1885— Villages destro.ved and more tlian 
 3.1.XKJ persons killed by an earthquake 
 iji the Vale of Cashmere, India, June 1. 
 
 1885— Great floods in China, in June; ln,(H)() 
 persona drowned. 
 
 Grover Cleveland, 22U Preiildent. 
 
 VICK-I'IIKSIPKNT— THOMAS A- HK.SlJK|tKS, (»K I.Mi. 
 VICK-rUESIDKNT (ACTING >— JOHN HUKKMAN, OK OHIO. 
 
 Sec'y ot State } Thomas K. Bayard, of Delaware. 
 
 See'y of Treaa ; Daniel Manning, of New York. 
 
 .Sec'y of War ^Win.C. Endlcott, of Masa. 
 
 Sec'yof Navy ^Wm. C. Whitney, of New York. 
 
 Sec'y of Interioi-. ; Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Miss. 
 
 rostmaster-Genl j-Wm. P. Vilas, of Wisconsin. 
 
 Attorney-Gcn'l ; Aug. H. Garland, of Arkansas. 
 
 Speaker of House of t j \ ^, « ,< , - „ 
 Kcpresenttttlvcs. . ( •'"'"' "• Carlisle, of Ky. 
 
 D, Indicates Democrat ; K, Republican. 
 
 1885— Resignation of the GliidBtono Ministry 
 
 in Kngland, June 9. 
 1885 — Conservative Ministry fonned by the 
 
 Earl of Salisbury, June 23. 
 ISS.'i-Death ot General Grant. July 23. 
 
 1885— "Jumbo " the great elephant, killed in 
 a railroad collision in Canada, Sept. 15. 
 
 188.''>— Charter House Buildings, London, 
 Eng., damaged by Are — loss amounting 
 
 to «15.0<J<»,(J«X>, Oct, 8. 
 
 1885— Opening of the New Orleans (La.) Ex- 
 position, Nov. 10. 
 
 1885— Nearly 25,000 Christians massacred in 
 Cochin China during the year. 
 
 1888— M. Freycinet succeeded M. Grevy as 
 Premier of France, in Januai-y. 
 
 1886— Freezing weather i-eported in Georgia, 
 
 Jan. 7. 
 1886— Intensely cold weather In the North- 
 
 west — the thermometer 48 degrees 
 
 below zero in Northern Minnesota, 
 
 Jan. 8. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Aliii-ich. N. W R 
 
 AUiscin. William B...R 
 
 It. ,k. James B D 
 
 r.friv. James H D 
 
 lilii.kburn. Jos. C. S..D 
 
 Hhiir. Hiiirv W R 
 
 H,«v, n, Thos. M R 
 
 Brown. ,lo-.-|.hE D 
 
 Butler. .M. Calvin D 
 
 Call, Wilkinson D 
 
 Camden, Johnson N..D 
 Cameron. J. Donald. .R 
 
 Chace, Jonathan R 
 
 Clockrell, Francis M..D 
 
 Coke. Ricliard D 
 
 ('"lipiilt. Alfred H....D 
 
 Cont^'cr. Omar D R 
 
 Ciillom, Shelby M R 
 
 I>:iwes, Henry L R 
 
 liolph. Joseph N R 
 
 E.loiunds, Geo. F....R 
 
 Kustis, Janres B D 
 
 Evarts. Wm. M R 
 
 Pair, James G D 
 
 Frye, William P R 
 
 Genrpre, James Z D 
 
 liih^on, Randall L D 
 
 • ioruian, Arthur P.. ..D 
 
 ' ii .ly. George D 
 
 Ilili'. Eugene R 
 
 iliiiipton. Wade D 
 
 lli.nis, Isham G D 
 
 l!:u rison. Benj R 
 
 IIlu ley, Joseph R....R 
 
 llo:u-. George F R 
 
 luu'ills, John J R 
 
 •liu-kson. Howell E.. .D 
 
 .lones, Charles W D 
 
 Joiu's, James K D 
 
 J..II.S. JohnP R 
 
 K'-una. John E D 
 
 I*o^,in, John A R 
 
 M.Millan.Sam-l J.K.R 
 .M.-l'lierson, John R. ,D 
 M;ilinne, William.... D 
 .ll.ui.lerson, Clms. F. .R 
 
 .Maxev. Samuel B D 
 
 Miller. John P R 
 
 Miller. Warner R 
 
 Mit.-hi-ll. John H ....R 
 
 M[t.-li,-ll. John I R 
 
 ll.irt'^ni, .lohn T D 
 
 .M,.rnll. .histinS R 
 
 Palmer. Thos. W R 
 
 Payne. Henry B D 
 
 Pike, AustinF R 
 
 Piatt, Orville H R 
 
 I'lumb. Preston B....R 
 
 I'Ok'b. James L D 
 
 Ransom, Matt. W....D 
 Rid.lleberger. H. H..,D 
 
 Sabin. DwightM R 
 
 Saulsbury. Eli D 
 
 Sawyer, Philetus R 
 
 S.w.ll. Wm. J R 
 
 Sli, rnian, John R 
 
 S| iier. JohnC R 
 
 sl:ui(ord, Leland R 
 
 TflliT. Henry M R 
 
 Viin e. Zebulon B...D 
 Van Wyck. Chos. H..R 
 
 Vest. George G D 
 
 Voorhees. Dan'l W,..D 
 Walthall, Edw'd C...D 
 
 R. I. 
 Ohio. 
 Scot.. 
 Ala. . 
 Ky... 
 N. H. 
 Iowa 
 S. C. 
 S. C. . 
 Ky... 
 W.Va 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Mo... 
 Va. ., 
 Ga. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Lou.. 
 Mass. 
 Ire'd. 
 Me... 
 Ga... 
 Ky... 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 Me... 
 S. C. . 
 Tenn. 
 Ohio. 
 N- C. 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 Ire'd. 
 Miss.. 
 Wars 
 Va, . . 
 HI. ,. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 'Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt. .. 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 Conn. 
 Ohio. 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 
 StAUl 
 
 senivd. 
 
 Occup&Uoa. 
 
 Nov. 6, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Fel). 13, 
 May 15, 
 Oct. 1. 
 Dec. 6, 
 Oct. 26, 
 April 1 
 Mar. 8. 
 Jan 
 
 July 22, 
 Oct. 1 , 
 Mar. 13, 
 April 20, 
 
 Nov. 22, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Oct. 19, 
 Feb, 1, 
 Aug. 27. 
 Feb. 6, 
 Dec, 3, 
 Sept, 2, 
 Oct. 20, 
 Sept. 10, 
 Mai-, II, 
 May 4, 
 June 9, 
 Mar. 28, 
 
 1841 R. I.. 
 1829 Iowa. 
 1822 Ky... 
 1841 Ark.. 
 1838 Ky... 
 1834 N. H. 
 183.) Col... 
 1, 1821 Ga... 
 1836 S. C. 
 1834 Fla. . 
 
 1828 W.Va 
 
 1833 Pa. .. 
 
 1829 R. I.. 
 
 1834 Mo. . . 
 1829 Texas 
 1824 Ga. .. 
 1818 Mich. 
 1829 111. .. 
 1816 Mass. 
 183.') Ore.. 
 1828 Vt.... 
 
 Aug. 20, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Aug, 29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 April 8, 
 
 Sept. 29, 
 
 April 10, 
 Feb. 9, 
 Feb. 22, 
 May 9, 
 
 Feb!"!)', 
 Mar. 30, 
 
 111, 
 Del... 
 Vt. . . 
 Ire'd . 
 (Jhio. 
 ilnd. . 
 
 In. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Va. .. 
 
 Aug. 12. 
 June 22, 
 July 28, 
 June 20, 
 April 14, 
 Jan. 25, 
 Nov. 30. 
 Oct. 16, 
 July 19, 
 Oct. 12, 
 Dec. 12, 
 
 |Oet.""4,' 
 .\pril2.5, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Sept. 22, 
 
 iiay'io' 
 
 5iar."9! 
 May 23, 
 May 13, 
 Nov. — . 
 Dec. 6. 
 Sept. 26, 
 .\pril 4, 
 
 1834 
 1818 
 1831 
 1831 
 1826 
 1832 
 1839 
 1840 
 1836 
 1818 
 1818 
 1833 
 1826 
 1826 
 1833 
 1832 
 1834 
 1839 
 1830 
 1848 
 1826 
 1826 
 1833 
 1827 
 1837 
 1825 
 1831 
 1838 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Me... 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Md... 
 
 Del... 
 
 Me. 
 
 S. C . 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Conn 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Tenn 
 
 Fla. . 
 
 Ark.. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 W.Va 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Minn 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 Va.. . 
 
 Neb.. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Cal.. 
 
 N. Y 
 
 1835lOre, 
 1838 Pa. . 
 1824 Ala. 
 
 1810 
 1830 
 ISln 
 1819 
 1827 
 1837 
 1820 
 1826 
 1844 
 
 Vt. .. 
 Mich, 
 (^hio. 
 N. H. 
 Conn. 
 Kan.. 
 Ala... 
 N. C. 
 Va 
 
 1843, Minn 
 
 ISnlDel. 
 
 1816 Wis 
 
 1835 
 1823 
 
 1824 
 183( 
 
 N. J., 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Col. . 
 
 1830 N. C. 
 1824 Neb.. 
 1830 Mo... 
 1828 Ind. . 
 lS3llMiss.. 
 
 Merchant. 
 L,awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 Banker. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist — . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied... . 
 Law.yer. .. 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer. . . 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 
 Miner 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Vaiied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Miner 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 -Agricul'st. 
 CivilEng'r 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law,yer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Law-yer- - - 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 V,aried 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lumbrm'n 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.. . . 
 Lawj-er... 
 La\vyer, . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawj-er... 
 Lawyer... 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 I Stau 
 j R«pre- OccupKtion. 
 ■«ut«<l. 
 
 Wilson, Ephralm K..D Md... Dec. 22, 182l|Md, ..Jurist. 
 Wilson, J ames F R i ohio.iOct. 19, 1828llowa.!Lawyer. 
 
 Total Senators, 7«. Lawyers, 48. Varied, 1«. ,Turists, T. Jonmalists, S. 
 Sliners, 3. Merchant,!. Banker,!, .Manufacturer,!. Agriculturist,!. 
 Occupation Unknown, 1. Lumberman,!. Civil Engineer, 1, Foreign 
 Born, 5: Including Ireland, 3; Scotland,!; Wales, 1. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Adams, George E R 
 
 Adams, John J D 
 
 .\iken. D. Wyatt D 
 
 .4llen. i;has,"H R 
 
 Allen. John M D 
 
 Anderson. Cb.as. M D 
 
 Anderson, John A It 
 
 Arnot, John, Jr D 
 
 Atkinson, Louis E R 
 
 Baker, Chas. S R 
 
 Ballentine, John G...T) 
 
 Barbour, John S D 
 
 Barksdale, Ethel D 
 
 Barnes, George T D 
 
 Barry, F. G D 
 
 Bayne, Thomas M R 
 
 Beach, Lewis D 
 
 Bean, Curtis C R 
 
 Belmont, Perry D 
 
 Bennett, Risden T D 
 
 Bingham, Henry H...R 
 
 Blanehard. N. C D 
 
 Bland, Richard P D 
 
 Bliss, Arch'd M D 
 
 Blount, James H D 
 
 Bound, Franklin R 
 
 Boutelle, Cha-s. A R 
 
 Boyle, Charles E D 
 
 Brady, James D R 
 
 Bragg, Edw'd S D 
 
 Breckenridge. C. R. ,.D 
 Breckenridge. W. CD 
 
 Brown. Charles E R 
 
 Brown, Wni.W R 
 
 Browne, Thomas M.-.R 
 
 Brumm, Chas. N R 
 
 Buchanan. James R 
 
 Buck. John R R 
 
 Bunnell, Frank C R 
 
 Burleigh. Henry G...R 
 
 Burnes, James N' D 
 
 Burrow-s, Julius C. . . .R 
 Butterworth, Benj — R 
 
 Bynum, Wm, D D 
 
 Cabell, George C D 
 
 Caine. John T — 
 
 Caldwell, Andrew J.. .D 
 
 Campbell Felix D 
 
 Campbell, Jacob M,..R 
 
 Campbell. Jas. E D 
 
 Campbell, Tim. J D 
 
 Candler, --illen D D 
 
 Cannon, JosephG R 
 
 (iarey, Joseph M R 
 
 Carleton, Ezra C D 
 
 Carlisle, John G D 
 
 (Caswell, Lucien B R 
 
 Catching? ,Thos,C,.,.D 
 
 Clardr. Martin L D 
 
 Clements, Jud. C D 
 
 Cobb, Thomas R D 
 
 Stftt« 
 
 Itcprc Occupation, 
 
 Va... 
 Tenn. 
 Ga. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Pa... 
 Lou. . 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ga. . . 
 Pa. .. 
 Me... 
 Pa... 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. H. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa.. 
 Ohio 
 Ind. 
 Va. . 
 I.of M 
 Ala.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa.. . 
 Ohio. 
 Ire'd. 
 Ga... 
 N. C. 
 Del... 
 Mich. 
 Kv. . . 
 Vt... 
 Miss.. 
 Mo. . . 
 Ga... 
 Hid. . 
 
 Mar. 17, 
 April 15, 
 
 Jan. 5, 
 June 26, 
 Mar. 11, 
 April 16, 
 Feb. 18, 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 Aug. 14, 
 Jan. 15 
 IJnnel4, 
 Mar. 30. 
 !jan. 4, 
 Dec. 28, 
 June 18, 
 
 ' ja'ii-' '29' 
 'Aug. 19, 
 ;Jan. 25, 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 Feb." '9; 
 Feb. 4 
 April 3 
 Feb. 20 
 Nov. 22, 
 Aug. 28. 
 July 4. 
 April 22 
 April 19 
 June 9, 
 June 17, 
 Dec. 6, 
 Mar. 19, 
 'June 2, 
 Aug. 22. 
 Jan. 9, 
 Oct, 22, 
 
 Jan. 25, 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 Feb.' '28,' 
 Nov. 20. 
 Julv 7, 
 
 Nov. 4. 
 M.ay 7, 
 ,lan. 19, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Sept, 5, 
 Nov. '27, 
 Jan, 11, 
 April 26, 
 Feb, 12, 
 July 2, 
 
 1840 111, .. 
 . ... N. Y. 
 
 1828 S. C. 
 1848, Mass. 
 
 Miss.. 
 
 18450hio. 
 
 1834 Kan.. 
 
 1831 IN. Y. 
 , 184llpa. .. 
 
 1839 N. Y. 
 Tenn. 
 
 18'20 Va. .. 
 'Miss.. 
 
 1833 Ga... 
 
 1845 Miss.. 
 1836 Pa. . . 
 
 1835 N. Y. 
 
 1828 Ariz.. 
 1851 N. Y. 
 
 1840 N. C. 
 
 1841 Pa. .. 
 1849 Lou.. 
 
 1835 Mo. . . 
 
 1838 N. Y. 
 I8:)7,Ga... 
 
 1829 Pa. .. 
 
 1839 Me. . . 
 
 1836 Pa. . . 
 1843 Va. .. 
 1827 Wis.. 
 
 1846 Ark.. 
 
 1837 Kv. . . 
 
 1834 Ohio. 
 
 1836 Pa. .. 
 1829 Ind. . 
 
 1838 Pa. .. 
 
 1839 N. J.. 
 lSi6 Conn. 
 
 1842 Pa. .. 
 
 1832 N. Y. 
 1832 .Mo... 
 
 1837 Mich. 
 1839 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 
 1837 Va. .. 
 1829 Utah. 
 .. ..'Tenn. 
 1829, N. Y'. 
 1821 Pa. .. 
 1843,Ohio. 
 li«o'N. Y. 
 1834, Ga... 
 1836 111. .. 
 
 1845 Wy. T 
 
 1838 Mich. 
 la^'; Kv... 
 
 1827 Wis. . 
 
 1847 Miss.. 
 1844 Mo... 
 
 1846 (ia... 
 
 1828 Ind. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Ifnknown. 
 Agrieul'st. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Clergym'n 
 Banker. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 V^aried 
 
 Lawyer 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 .\gricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, 
 Lawyer. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied . . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer- . . 
 Lawyer- . . 
 Layvyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Printer. .. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law-yer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .i_ 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^
 
 f 
 
 -<)'• 
 
 53-1 
 
 EEPEESENTATIVES OF THE FOETY-XINTH CONGRESS. 
 
 Cole. William H D 
 
 Collins, Pafk A D 
 
 Conipton. Barnes D 
 
 Comsrock, Charles CD 
 
 Conger, Ed^vin H R 
 
 Cooper, William C ..R 
 
 Cowles, Wm. H. H D 
 
 Cox, William R D 
 
 Crain, William H D 
 
 Crisp, Charles F D 
 
 Croxton, Thomas D 
 
 Culberson. David B.. .D 
 
 Curtin, Andrew G D 
 
 Cutcheon. Byron M...R 
 
 Daniel, John W D 
 
 Dargan, Geo. W D 
 
 Davenport, Ira R 
 
 Davidson, Alex. C D 
 
 Davidson, R. H. M D 
 
 Davis. Robert T R 
 
 Dawson, William U 
 
 Dibble, Samuel D 
 
 Dingley, Nelson R 
 
 Dockery, Alex. M D 
 
 Dorsey, George W R 
 
 Dougherty, Charles. .D 
 Dowdney, Abrah.am..D 
 Dunham, Ransom VV.R 
 
 Dunn, Poindexter D 
 
 Eden, John R D 
 
 Eldrjdge, Nath'l B D 
 
 Ellsberry, Wm. W D 
 
 Ely, Frederick D R 
 
 Ermentrout, Dan'l . . . D 
 
 Evans, I, Newton R 
 
 Everhart, Jas. B R 
 
 Farquhar, John M...R 
 
 Felton, Charles N D 
 
 Findlay, Jolm V. L. ..D 
 
 Fisher, Spencer O D 
 
 Fleeger, George W.,.R 
 Foran, Martin A,,,...D 
 
 Ford, George D 
 
 Forney, William H...D 
 Frederick. Benj. T....D 
 Fuller, William E ...R 
 
 Funston, Edw'd H R 
 
 Gallinger, Jacob H..R 
 
 Gay. Edward J D 
 
 Geddes, Geo. W D 
 
 Gibson, Charles H D 
 
 Gibson, Eustace D 
 
 Gifford, Oscar F R 
 
 Gilfll Ian, John B R 
 
 Gla-ss, Presley T D 
 
 Glover, John SI D 
 
 Goff, Nathan R 
 
 Green, Robert S D 
 
 Green, Wharton J — D 
 Grosvenor, Chas. H..R 
 
 Grout, William W R 
 
 Guenther, Rich'd R 
 
 Hahn, Michael R 
 
 Hailev, John D 
 
 Hale,'john B D 
 
 Hall, Benton J D 
 
 Halsell, John E D 
 
 Hammond. N.J D 
 
 Hanback, Lewis R 
 
 Harmer, Alfred C ...R 
 
 Harris, Henl-y R D 
 
 Hatch, Wm. H D 
 
 Hayden, Edward D...R 
 
 Haynes. Martin A R 
 
 Heard, John T D 
 
 Hemphill, John J D 
 
 Henderson, David B..R 
 Henderson, John S. ..D 
 Henderson. Thos. J...R 
 
 Henley, Barclay D 
 
 Hepburn, Wm. P R 
 
 Herbert, Hilary A D 
 
 Herman, Binger R 
 
 Hewitt, Abram S D 
 
 niestand, John A It 
 
 Hill, William D D 
 
 Hires, (icoi'ge R 
 
 Hiscuck. Frank R 
 
 Hilt. Robert R R 
 
 Holman. Wm. S D 
 
 Holmes. Adon. J R 
 
 Hopkins, A. J R 
 
 Houk.Leon. C R 
 
 Howard. Jona-s O D 
 
 Button. John E D 
 
 Irion. Alfred B D 
 
 tifwskson. Oscar L. ...R 
 
 James, Darwin R R 
 
 Jotinson, Fred A H 
 
 Johnson, James T..,.R 
 
 Johnston, Thos. D D 
 
 Jones, JaincH H D 
 
 ,Iones, James T D 
 
 Jnsepli. Antonio D 
 
 Kelluy,Wm. D R 
 
 Ketclmm, John H R 
 
 5Id. .. 
 Ire'd. 
 Md... 
 N. H. 
 Hi.... 
 Ohio. 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 Texas 
 Eng'd 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 Pa. ., 
 N. H. 
 Va... 
 S.C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 Fla. . 
 Ire'd. 
 
 s'c!! 
 
 Me... 
 Mo... 
 Va.... 
 
 Jan. 11. 
 Mar. 12, 
 Nov. 16. 
 Mar. 5, 
 Mar. 7, 
 Dec, 18, 
 April 22, 
 
 Nov. 25, 
 Jan. 29, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Sept. 29. 
 
 May 11, 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 Jiine28, 
 Dec. 26, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Aug. 28. 
 
 Sept.'i6, 
 Feb. 15, 
 Feb. II, 
 Jan. 25, 
 
 Ire'd. 
 Mass . 
 N. C. 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Mass. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 
 Scot.' 
 N. Y. 
 Md. . 
 Mich. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ind. . 
 N. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Can.. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Va. .. 
 Mo... 
 Va... 
 N. J.. 
 Fla... 
 Conn. 
 
 Prus. 
 Bav.. 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky.., 
 Ga... 
 HI.... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ga... 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. H. 
 Mo... 
 S. C. 
 Scot.. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 S.C. 
 Md. . , 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. , 
 Ohio. 
 III.... 
 Tenn 
 
 1837 Md... 
 1814 Mass. 
 1830 Md... 
 1818lMich. 
 1843, Iowa. 
 
 Oct. — , 
 Mar. 21, 
 Nov. 3, 
 Feb. 1 . 
 Mar. 28. 
 Dec. IS, 
 Sept, 24, 
 Jan. 24, 
 July 29, 
 
 Apri'll'7, 
 
 Dec.' 21, 
 Feb. 3, 
 Mar. 13, 
 Nov. 11, 
 Jan. 11, 
 Nov. 9, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Mar. 30, 
 
 Mar.' 28', 
 Feb. 3. 
 July 16, 
 Jan. 19. 
 Oct. 4. 
 Oct. 20. 
 Feb. 11. 
 Oct. IS, 
 June 2:i. 
 Feb 
 
 1832 
 1840 
 
 'I'siis 
 
 1845 
 1822 
 1830 
 1817 
 183G 
 1842 
 1841 
 1841 
 1826 Ala. 
 1832 Fla... 
 1823 Mass. 
 iMo... 
 
 1837 S. C. 
 1832 Me. . . 
 1845'Mo.. 
 1812 Neb. 
 
 Fla. . 
 
 1840|N. Y, 
 
 1838 111.... 
 1834 Ark. 
 
 Ohio 
 N. C 
 
 N. C 
 Texas 
 Ga. 
 Va. 
 Texas 
 Pa. . 
 Mich, 
 Va. . 
 S. C 
 N. Y, 
 
 ],S2I 
 
 III. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Contract'r 
 Merchant. 
 Varied — 
 
 isi:! Mh 
 
 .M,i 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 Cal. . . 
 Md... 
 Mich. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio . 
 Ind. . 
 Ala. . 
 Iowa. 
 Iowa. 
 
 . '25. 1831 
 Sept.26','l'833 
 
 Nov. 30i 
 Nov. '24. 
 Aug. 29. 
 Feb. 27, 
 Jan. 13. 
 Sept. 1 1 , 
 Dec. 26. 
 Mar. 27, 
 Aug. 8, 
 Feb. 2. 
 Sept. II, 
 Dec. 27, 
 July 30, 
 
 Lou . . 
 Pa... 
 Moss, 
 N. Y. 
 InU. . 
 N. C. 
 Ala.. . 
 Va. .. 
 N. M. 
 Po.. . 
 N. Y. 
 
 .\llg. 25, 
 Mar. 14, 
 Jan. 6, 
 Nov. 29, 
 Mar. 17. 
 Nov. 4, 
 Mar. 12, 
 Feb, 19, 
 July 31, 
 Oct, 2, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Jan. 20. 
 Sept. 6, 
 Jan. 16, 
 Sept. B, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Aug, l.**, 
 June 8, 
 
 Feb. 18. 
 Sept. 2, 
 May 14, 
 Jan. 2, 
 Jan. 19, 
 April I, 
 Sept. 13, 
 
 Aug. '25. 
 April l'2. 
 Dec. 21, 
 
 1837 
 1827 
 
 'l'832 
 1832 
 1839 
 1843 
 1839 
 1844 
 1846 
 1823 
 
 18:*4 
 
 1846 
 
 ,1836! Kan, 
 1837|N. H. 
 1816 Lou.. 
 1824'Ohio. 
 1842 .Md... 
 ls42 W.Va 
 1.S42 !l. T. 
 is;i-. "^linn. 
 l^Jt Iriin- 
 1-, . M" . , 
 I -,4:1 \\ \ :i 
 
 .S. J.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Vt. .. 
 
 Wis.. 
 
 Lou.. 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Kan.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Mo... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Mo. . . 
 
 S.C. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 111... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Ala. . 
 
 Ore. . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 N. J.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 111. .. 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 Ind. . 
 
 Mo 
 
 1845 
 18311 
 18.35 
 1831 
 I.S35 
 1826 
 1833 
 1839 
 1825 
 1828 
 1833 
 1833 
 1842 
 
 1849 
 1840 
 1846 
 1824 
 1843 
 1833 
 1834 
 1843 
 1822 
 18-24 
 1833 
 1835 
 1834 
 1834 
 18'22 
 1842 
 1846 
 1836 
 
 18.33 
 1840 
 
 la.'H 
 
 18.33 
 1839 
 
 Lou. . 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ind. . 
 1840 N. C 
 1830, Texas 
 1832|Ala. 
 lH46iN. M 
 IsMlPtt. . 
 1832 N. Y 
 
 V.in.d.... 
 riL>>iL-ian, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician, 
 Unknown. 
 Journalist 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer .. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La\vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 LaAvyer. . . 
 Manufae'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 L.awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lsiwyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Dmggist.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La%vyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La^vyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Law.ver... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Manufac'r 
 Varied. . . . 
 Varied. ... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchant. 
 Banker .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Merchant. 
 Vailed. . . . 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Sute 
 
 King. J. Floyd D 
 
 Kleiner, John J D 
 
 l,attoon, Polk D 
 
 La Follette, Rob't M,.R 
 
 Laird, James R 
 
 Landes, Silas Z D 
 
 Lanham,Sam'l W. T.D 
 
 Lawler, Frank D 
 
 LeFevre, Benj D 
 
 Lehlback, Herman... R 
 
 Libbey. Harry R 
 
 Lindsley. James G R 
 
 Little, John R 
 
 Long, John D R 
 
 Lore, Chas. B D 
 
 Loutitt, J. A R 
 
 Lovering. Henry B. ..D 
 
 Lowr.v, Robert D 
 
 Lyman. Joseph R 
 
 McAdoo, William.. . .D 
 
 McComas. Louis E R 
 
 McCi-eary. Jas. B D 
 
 McKenna, Joseph R 
 
 McKinlev. Wm.. Jr. ..R 
 
 McMillin, Benton D 
 
 McRae, Thomas C D 
 
 Malionev. Peter P D 
 
 Markham, H. H R 
 
 Martin. John M D 
 
 Matson. Court. C D 
 
 Maybury. Wm. C D 
 
 Merrinian. Truman.. .D 
 Millard. Stephen C . .R 
 
 Miller, JamesF D 
 
 Milliken, Seth L R 
 
 Mills. Roger Q D 
 
 Mitchell. Cha-s. L D 
 
 .M.ittatt.Seth C R 
 
 .^lor^'ui. JamesB D 
 
 Jloriill. Edmund N...R 
 
 Morrison, Wm. R D 
 
 Morrow. William W. .R 
 
 Muller, Nicholas D 
 
 Murphy, Jere. H D 
 
 Sfeal,.Iohn R D 
 
 Neece, William H D 
 
 Negley, James S R 
 
 Nelson, Knute R 
 
 Norwood, Thos. M D 
 
 Oates, William C D 
 
 O'Donnell. James R 
 
 O'Ferrall. Chas. T D 
 
 O'Hara. James E R 
 
 O'Neill, Charles H 
 
 O'Neill, John J D 
 
 Osborne, Edwin S R 
 
 Outhwaite, Joseph H.D 
 
 Owen, William D R 
 
 Parker, Abraham X.R 
 
 Payne, Sereno E R 
 
 Payson, Lewis E R 
 
 Peel, Samuel W D 
 
 Perkins, Bishop W...R 
 
 Perry, William H D 
 
 Peters, Samuel R R 
 
 Pettibone, Aug. H R 
 
 Phelps, Wm.W R 
 
 Pidcock, James N D 
 
 Pindar. John S D 
 
 Pirce, William A R 
 
 Plumb, Ralph R 
 
 Price, William T R 
 
 Pulitzer, Joseph D 
 
 Randall, Sam'l J D 
 
 Rankin, Jo.seph D 
 
 Ranney, Ambrose A,.R 
 
 keagan. John H .1) 
 
 Reed, Thomas B R 
 
 Reese, Seaborn D 
 
 Reid, James W D 
 
 Rice, William W R 
 
 Richardson, J. D D 
 
 Riggs. James M D 
 
 Robertson. Thos. A...I> 
 RSckwell, Francis W.R 
 
 Rogers, John H D 
 
 Romeis, Jacob R 
 
 Rowell, ,lonathan H. .11 
 
 Rvan, 'Thomas R 
 
 S'adler, Thomas W. ..1) 
 
 Sawver, John (1 R 
 
 Sayers, Joseph U D 
 
 Scott, William I D 
 
 Scran ton, Jos. A It 
 
 Seney. George E D 
 
 Sessions, Walter L....R 
 Seymour. K.lw'd W. . .D 
 
 Sliiiw, Kiaiik T D 
 
 Sim;lcl.iii. otho R....D 
 Skniner. Thomas O...I> 
 
 Smalls, Robert R 
 
 Snyder, Chas. P D 
 
 So'wden, William H...D 
 
 Spooner, Hi'iirv J R 
 
 Sprlggs, JohnT.. D 
 
 Springer, Wm. M D 
 
 Ga.. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Wis.. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . . 
 C. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Ger'y 
 N. H. 
 N. J.. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 Del.. 
 
 n'.'h'. 
 
 Ire'd. 
 Mich. 
 Ire'd. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Ark.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala.. 
 Ind. . 
 Mich. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 
 April 20, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Oct. 24, 
 June 14, 
 June 20, 
 May 15, 
 July 4, 
 June 25, 
 Oct. 8, 
 July 3, 
 Nov. 22, 
 Mar. 19, 
 
 1842 Lou.. 
 1845 Ind. 
 1844 Ky.. 
 l855|Wis. 
 18491 Neb. 
 18421111.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Lumbrm'n 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Oct. 27, 
 Mar. 16, 
 
 1846 Texas Lawyer. . . 
 18421111. .. Varied.... 
 18380hio. Agricul'st. 
 1845|N. J.. Surveyor. 
 1843 Va... Merchant. 
 1819 N. Y. Manufac'r 
 1837 Ohio. Lawyer... 
 
 1838 
 1831 
 
 April 8, 1841 
 
 Sept. 13, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Oct. 28. 
 July 8, 
 Aug. 10. 
 Feb. 26, 
 Sept. 11, 
 ,Dec. 21, 
 iJune 25, 
 [Nov. 16, 
 Jan. -20, 
 '.April 25, 
 Nov. 21. 
 Sept. 5, 
 Jan. 14, 
 Aug. 1, 
 
 1840 
 1853 
 184(- 
 
 Ind; 
 Iowa 
 N. J. 
 Md.. 
 
 1838;Kv. 
 1843'C'al. 
 1844' Ohic 
 
 184 ' 
 
 1851 
 1848 
 1840 
 1837 
 1841 
 1849 
 1839 
 1841 
 1832 
 
 Ark. 
 
 Ala. . 
 Ind. . 
 Mich . 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 Mich. 
 Tenn. 
 Me... 
 111. .. 
 Ind. . 
 Ger'y 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 111. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Nor'y 
 
 Al'a.'.'. 
 Conn. 
 Va. . . 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Aug. 6. 
 Aug. lO. 
 Mar. 14. 
 Feb. 12, 
 Sept. 14, 
 July 15, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Feb, 19, 
 
 1825 
 1843 
 1836 
 18:15 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 K. 1.. 
 Ark. . 
 Ohio. 
 S. C. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 R. I.. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Hun.. 
 Pa.. . 
 N. J.. 
 Vt. .. 
 Tenn. 
 Me. . . 
 Ga. .. 
 N. C. 
 Mass. 
 Tenn. 
 111. .. 
 Ky... 
 Mass. 
 N. C 
 Bav.. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 Ala... 
 Vt. .. 
 Miss.. 
 D. C 
 Conn. 
 Pa. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Conn. 
 Md... 
 Ky... 
 N. C. 
 C. 
 W.Va 
 
 R."l'.'. 
 Eng'd 
 Ind. . 
 
 Feb. 26, 
 Dec. 22, 
 Feb. 2, 
 
 Nov. 30, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Oct. 21, 
 Feb. 26, 
 Mar. 21, 
 June 25, 
 Aug. 7, 
 Dec. 5. 
 Sept. 6, 
 Nov. 14, 
 June 26, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Oct. 18, 
 June 9, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Jan. 21, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Feb. 8. 
 Nov. 18, 
 Feb. 29. 
 Mar. 29, 
 June 17, 
 
 1831 
 1826 
 1843 
 
 i'8'35 
 1840 
 1S4<1 
 
 Mass, Lawyer... . 
 Del . . Lawyer. . . ' . 
 
 Cal Unknown. :. 
 
 Mass. -Manufac'r . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist I 
 
 Lawyer. .. 
 
 Lawyer.. . | 
 
 Lawyer.. . ; 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 .- . . Lawyer. . . 
 N. Y. Merchant. \ 
 Cal. . . Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Texas Varied. . . . 
 Me. .. Lawyer... 
 Texas LTnknown. 
 Conn. Unknow-n. 
 Mich. Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Banker. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied. . . . 
 
 R. R.Ag't, 
 Iowa. Lawyer... 
 Tenn. Lawyer... 
 111. . . Lawyer... 
 Pa. .. Soldier — 
 Minn. Lawyer... 
 Ga. .. Unknown. 
 Ala. . Varied 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 1844 
 
 1841 
 
 1835:Miss 
 
 1834iKan. 
 
 111. 
 
 Cal. 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Mich 
 
 Va. . . 
 1844 N. C, 
 1821] Pa. .. 
 184«;Mo... 
 1839 Pa. .. 
 !841|Ohio. 
 lS4(illnd. . 
 1831 N. Y. 
 1843 N. Y. Lawyer 
 1S40'II1.... Lawyer 
 1832:Ark.. Lawyer 
 1841 JKan.. Lawyer, 
 1839 S. C. Lawyer, 
 1842, Kan.. Jurist.. 
 
 1835 Tenn. Lawyer. 
 1839 N. J.. Lawyer. 
 
 1836 N. J.. Varied 
 
 Oct. 
 
 10, 
 
 Sept 
 
 25, 
 
 .^pril 16 
 
 (let. 
 
 s. 
 
 Oct 
 
 IS 
 
 Nov. 
 
 28, 
 
 June 1 1 . 
 
 M.ar. 
 
 7 
 
 Mar. 
 
 10. 
 
 April 17. 
 
 .Si-pt 
 
 11, 
 
 May 
 
 26, 
 
 1 let. 
 
 9, 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1, 
 
 H'eh. 
 
 10, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 •25, 
 
 Apri 
 
 IV, 
 
 June 
 
 
 Sept 
 
 23, 
 
 July 
 
 '2, 
 
 July 
 
 26, 
 
 May 
 
 29, 
 
 Aug. 
 
 30, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 7, 
 
 Oct.. 
 
 14, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 21, 
 
 April 5, 
 
 June 
 
 9, 
 
 Aug 
 
 6, 
 
 May 
 
 30, 
 
 1S35 N 
 18-24 R. 1. 
 1816 111. .. 
 18-24 Wis.. 
 I847iN. Y. 
 1828'Pa. .. 
 18:i3|Wis.. 
 1 82 r Mass. 
 l.sis Texas 
 I.s3il M 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.. .. 
 Varied.... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 <46 Ga, . . iLawyer... 
 1819 N. C ILawyer... 
 1826 Mass. Lawyer... 
 1H43 Tenn, Lawyer, 
 
 183; 
 
 1S4N 
 1S44 
 184.- 
 1835 
 18.33 
 1837 
 1831 
 182.". 
 1841 
 1828 
 1838 
 1832 
 
 'l'8'32 
 1841 
 1814 
 1842 
 1839 
 1847 
 
 'I's'lji) 
 1827 
 1830 
 
 111. .. Lawyer... 
 Ky... I Lawyer... 
 .Mass. ILawyer... 
 
 .\rk 
 Ohio. 
 111. .. 
 Knn.. 
 .\ la . . 
 N. Y, 
 
 .lui-ist. 
 Shipper... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Texas Lawyer... 
 
 Pa. .. A'aried 
 
 Pa.. .Journalist 
 
 Ohlo.lJurist 
 
 N. Y. Lawyer... 
 
 Conn. Lawyer... 
 
 Md. ..Physician. 
 
 Miss.. Lawyer... 
 C. Lawyer... 
 
 S. C, Sailor 
 
 W.Va Lawyer.. . 
 
 Pa. . . lUnknown. 
 
 R. I.. Lawyer,., 
 
 N. Y. 'Lawyer. .. 
 
 111. .. Lawyer... 
 
 Jan. 24. 1886
 
 >i<l.(>- 
 
 KEl'liESKNTATlVES OF TlIK M iHTV-MN'Tll CU^CiKEBK. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Stahlnfcker, Win. fl..D 
 
 Stifln. (1,v>ii;b W K 
 
 Htfpliciison, Isaac C. .It 
 
 St.-win-t. Chas D 
 
 .si.wiirt, John W R 
 
 SI M/iitin. LoulH D 
 
 St..ii,\ Khen. F.. R 
 
 Sl.iiic, William J U 
 
 Sti.iii'. Williiiin J D 
 
 st»ii-iii. John H D 
 
 Sti-Hit. Harare K R 
 
 Sli'Uhle. Isa.tf S. R 
 
 Swinbnrne. John R 
 
 Swuin-. Jiihn A 1) 
 
 Svincs, (i.-ol-^'i- I> R 
 
 Talsnry. Timothy E.l> 
 Tanlh™. William P. .D 
 
 Tnvloi-. E/.i-aB R 
 
 Ta'vlol-, Isiulc H R 
 
 Tavloi. Ji.hn M 1) 
 
 Taylor, 7.:i[:hiiiv R 
 
 Thomas, John R R 
 
 Thomas, (.irmsby B...R 
 Thompson, Albel'tC.R 
 Thriukiiioiton, J, W.D 
 
 Tillman, Geo. D D 
 
 Toole. Joseph K D 
 
 Townshiiid. Rich'd...D 
 TrlKK, Connolly F, ...D 
 Tuckei-, J. Rnliilolph.D 
 
 Tui-nef. Ileni-v C, V 
 
 Van Katon. Heni-y S,D 
 Van Hrhaick. Isaac. ..R 
 
 Viele. Kfc'ljeit L D 
 
 Voo rhees, L'has. S D 
 
 ■Wade. William U...R 
 
 N. Y, 
 Ind. . 
 N. B.. 
 Tenn. 
 Vt.... 
 
 Mo-sa. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Mich. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 III. .. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 Tenn. 
 S. C. 
 
 M 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Va, .. 
 N. O. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 
 ihilie 2(1, 
 lice. 111, 
 Jnne IH, 
 May :«). 
 
 imil 
 ih:«) 
 
 182il 
 
 I8:i6 
 
 Jnnc2(i, 
 May 7, 
 
 jiiii. 2«, 
 Nov. 3. 
 May 30, 
 Ilec. 2.''), 
 Apiil2M, 
 Fell. 4. 
 Oct. 22, 
 July U. 
 Apill 1«, 
 May IS, 
 May a, 
 Oct. II, 
 Aug. 21, 
 Jan, 23, 
 Feb. 1 . 
 Aug. 21, 
 May 12, 
 April 30, 
 Sept. 18, 
 Dec. 24. 
 Mar. 20. 
 .Sept, 14, 
 Dec, 7, 
 Jnne 17, 
 June 4, 
 Nov, 3, 
 
 1«2I) 
 1X22 
 1H41 
 I84H 
 1h:ih 
 183,'il 
 1843 
 IH20 
 18271 
 184(1 
 1M4I) 
 \H->i 
 1K23 
 1H40 
 1838 
 184!l 
 I84H 
 1832 
 1842 
 182."; 
 182(1 
 IK,'! I 
 1840 
 1847 
 1823 
 I83il 
 1 82(i 
 1817 
 1825 
 18.')3 
 l«35l 
 
 n«jirf- 
 
 N. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Wis.. 
 Texas 
 Vt. .. 
 Lou. . 
 Mass. 
 Ky. .. 
 Mo... 
 Pa. .. 
 Minn. 
 Iowa. 
 N. Y. 
 Pa. .. 
 Col... 
 Mich. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Ill .. 
 Wis. . 
 Ohio. 
 Te-xas 
 S. C. . 
 M. T. 
 III. .. 
 Va... 
 Va. .- 
 Oa... 
 Miss.. 
 Wis. . 
 X. Y. 
 W. T. 
 Mo... 
 
 Merchant. 
 Vai-led.... 
 Lunibei-'n. 
 Lawyer. , . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Auricul'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyei'. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Juiist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Vai'ied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Miller 
 
 ClvilEng'r 
 Law.yer. . . 
 .\Kricurst. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 
 Wadsworth.Wm ,H. 
 
 Walt, John T 
 
 Wakelleld. Jas, B 
 
 Waid,Jam(.'»H. 
 
 R 
 R 
 R 
 D 
 
 Ward, Thomas B 1) 
 
 Wuiner, A. J l> 
 
 Wainoi, William R 
 
 Weaver, Arch'd J R 
 
 Wcavei', James B... — 
 
 Weber, John B R 
 
 Wellborn, Olln l> 
 
 West. (JeorBe R 
 
 Wheeler, Joseph D 
 
 While, Alex. O R 
 
 While, Mllo ...R 
 
 Whiting, William.... R 
 
 Wilkina. Rerluh D 
 
 Willis, Alberts I) 
 
 Wilson, Wm. L D 
 
 WInans. Kdwln B D 
 
 Wis.-.(.;.-..ii.-c I) D 
 
 W.dlonl. Flunk L....D 
 
 Woodlinni. Wm R 
 
 Worthlngton, N. E...D 
 
 Ky... 
 Conn, 
 t.'onn, 
 HI. .. 
 <Jhlo. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Engd 
 Ga... 
 Pa . . . 
 Vt. .. 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Vu . . . 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 
 July 4, 182HKy.. 
 Auff. 27, 1811 Conn. 
 Mur. — . 1H2>* Minn. 
 Nov. 3<J, IHC-.i iU. .. 
 April:!?, 1H35 Ind. . 
 Jan. i;i, IH'M (Hilo. 
 
 1841 Mo... 
 
 April 1.1, lH44|Neb.. 
 Juno 12, lM3:j Iowa. 
 Sept. 21, 1H42IN. Y. 
 
 TexiiM 
 
 Feb. 17. 182.1 N. Y. 
 Sept. 10. 1H36 Ala., 
 IJl-c, 12, 1833 Pa... 
 
 Auk. 17, 18:iOiMlnn. 
 May 24, I84I|Mum». 
 July 10, 1846 Ohio. 
 Jan. 22. 1843 Ky... 
 May 3, 1843 W.Va 
 May 16, 18->6Mifh. 
 
 W.Va 
 
 1835 
 Sept. 2, 1817 
 
 Mar. 3(), 1836 
 
 Va. . 
 
 Ky.. 
 Nev. 
 111. . 
 
 Lawyer.,, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurlt*t 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 Lawyer... 
 
 JuriMt 
 
 Lawyer.,. 
 Varied... . 
 Unknown. 
 Manufac'r 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer,. , 
 Merchant. 
 Manufac'r 
 Hanker... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 AfrricurBt. 
 Layvyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ISS. Varied, 46. Occupation 
 Merchants, 14. AgrlcuIturlBtH. 11. Man- 
 Physicians, 6, Bankeif*. 4. Ctenom*^"- ^• 
 Contractor, 1. Dnigpist, 1. Surveyor, 1. 
 1. Mechanic, 1. Shipper, 1. Sailor, 1. 
 Foreign Bom, S81: Including Ir^and, 0; 
 England. 3; Scotland, 2; Germany, 2; Bavaria, 2; Pniiiisla, I; Isle of Man, 1; 
 Nonvay, 1; New Brunswick, 1; Canada, 1; Hungary, 1. 
 
 Total Itepresentativesi, 333. Lawyer 
 Unknown, ao. Jurists. 1*7, 
 ufacturer^, H. JoumaliHts, 7. 
 Lunihernien. 3, Printer, 1. 
 Railroad Agent. 1. Soldier, 
 Miller, 1. Civil Engineer. 1. 
 
 0MiAi up 
 
 
 f 
 
 T '^iC Congress in Session. House of Representatives, Washington, D. C 
 
 ^^ " T^: - P^ ,t:^ 
 
 i
 
 IT); 
 
 r 
 
 53fi 
 
 DWELLINGS, AND HOW TO ORNAMENT THEM. 
 
 THAT MAKI 
 
 (^ THEM 
 
 S^^Q'fJfistiorjs ^-(^^ilustratjons. \ 
 
 •A 
 
 beaut it'll 
 home, to 
 sit down under 
 the vine that 
 cHngs upon its 
 walls, to rest in 
 the shadow of 
 the tree that 
 grows beside it, 
 to eat of the fruits that 
 ripen on its soil — to pos- 
 sess this is a j)leasant 
 dream and a worthy am- 
 bition. To fail of this 
 is to largely miss life's purpose. 
 
 The pages of this book contain the record of 
 many lives, all oi' whom have attained eminence 
 in certain directions. They are j)rcsented as 
 exam])les of the ])ower to achieve. It is true 
 that ail cannot be equally great nor equal ly sue 
 
 cessful, but nearly every man, through temper- 
 ance, iiidustr}', and economy, in broad, free 
 America, can sit down toward the close of life 
 in a pleasant home, which in a vast many cases 
 may be his own. 
 
 This home may not be palatial; it may be in 
 no sense grand. On the contrary, it may be 
 but a simple cottage. It may be only the plain- 
 est log-cabin, and yet projecting cornices, 
 window ca"[js, and inexpensive, yet tasteful. 
 decoration upon its exterior will change it to 
 the beautiful. More especially will this be the 
 case if it be surrounded with a cleanly-kept, 
 closely-shaven lawn, interspersed with winding 
 pathways, trees, shrubs, flower-beds and arbors, 
 arranged and constructed with artistic taste. 
 
 This closing chapter is, therefore, devoted to 
 an ex])osition of that which offers to all a field 
 in which to excel — a good and nolile jiurpose — 
 that of making for themsehes or others Bkau- 
 
 TII'TI. IIoMKS.
 
 .). noWNINi;, LANDSCAI'K AKTIST. 
 
 537 
 
 ;\i^^j\^£S^\- \\ V ■^V^^^^y^FSS^ 
 
 
 A. J. Downing. 
 
 
 Distinguished Landscape Artist, Designer and Author of Numerous 
 
 Works Relating to the Embellishment and Beautifying 
 
 of Homes. 
 
 HE people of America 
 have made great im- 
 provement in tlu! past 
 few years in the crec- 
 " tion of hiindsomc resi- 
 dences, and in the laying 
 out of beautiful grounds 
 surrounding them. Much 
 of the improved taste is 
 due to the efforts of 
 Andrew Jackson Downing, 
 born at Xewburgh, N. Y. , 
 
 n Central Park, New York. 
 
 tention early 
 
 drawn to horti- 
 culture, botany 
 
 and the science 
 
 of fruit, tree, 
 
 and flower grow- 
 
 ing, he had 
 il , r^:'! i:,| , ■, I r.j ample opportuni- 
 *1 ] iij-l liljlifi' ' ' ' ties for the culti- 
 vation of a knowledge of the same in the 
 house of his father, who was a nursery-man. 
 Acquiring a fair education at the academy 
 in the neighboring town of Montgomery, he 
 interspersed his reading and study with labor 
 in the nurseries until he was twenty years of 
 age, when he resolved to acquaint himself 
 more fully with rural architecture. With 
 that object in view, he visited many of the 
 picturesque homes which are found in 
 abundance up and down the Hudson, and a 
 few years afterwards he erected a beautiful 
 residence on his grounds, which embodied 
 the ideas he had gathered of what would 
 constitute a charming home. 
 
 In 1841 appeared his "Treatise on the Theory and Practice of 
 Landscape Gardening. " The public had evidently been waiting for 
 just such a volume. It supplied a demand, and immediately became 
 popular and a standard in America and England. A year afterwards 
 he issued " Cottage Residences," which met with equal favor. Three 
 years later appeared "-Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America," and in 
 1846 he became the editor of the HorticnKurist^ published at 
 
 Andrew Jackson Downing. 
 
 Author uf ' ' Cottage Residenees, " • ' Fruits and Fruit- 
 Trees of Anieriuu," etc. 
 
 elevation of the art of landscape gardening in the United States. 
 
 ■' Additional Notes and Hints to Persons about Building in this 
 Country," " Hints to Young Architects," " Architecture for Country 
 Homes," and "Gardening for Ladies,'" were the principal of his 
 publications. 
 
 For the purpose of studying the landscape gardening surrounding 
 the great country-seats in England, he vis- 
 ited that country in 1850, and spent some 
 months among the old ancestral homes, 
 writing in the meantime a description of the 
 same. Returning to America, his services 
 as a landscape gardener were greatly in 
 demand, among his commissions being the 
 laying out of the grounds surrounding the 
 Capitol at Washington, the President's 
 house, and the Smithsonian institution. 
 
 As he was journeying from Xewburgh to 
 New York on the steamer Henry Clay, July 
 28, 1852, the steamer took fire near Yonkers, 
 and he was drowned while attempting to 
 reach the shore. He was only thirty-seven 
 years of age at that time, and was just com- 
 ing on the stage of active usefulness. 
 
 Downing's death was recognized as a great 
 public loss. He had lived long enough, 
 however, to sow the seed which was to bear 
 fruit in the after-years. This is evidenced 
 in the growing public sentiment among all 
 classes relative to landscane gardening. 
 Particularly does this reveal itself in the 
 public parks found in nearly every city and village of considerable 
 size in all portions of the Union. The people demand green lawns, 
 shady groves, quiet walks, the perfume and beauty of flowers, the 
 rustic arbors, the rippling stream and the glassy lake. They demand 
 these and they are willing to pay for them. 
 
 As the years go by and wealth accumulates, people will study 
 those principles that make their homes charming, and will more and 
 more surround themselves with the beautiful in nature. 
 
 :(>—
 
 f- 
 
 538 
 
 ILLCSTEATIUNS KEI'RESEXTINCi UERTAIN I'KINCIl'LES OF BEAUTY. 
 
 OOOju ^ 
 
 
 -Siiuare Window, 
 
 on Q Q^ it 
 
 
 "T^'3 
 
 The Science of Beauty M.\-=^ 
 
 In Architecture, the Human Form and in Landscape Gardening. 
 
 i 
 
 As in household decoration, so 
 in the construction of the dwelling 
 and the 
 arninge- 
 ment of 
 grounds, 
 there are 
 certain 
 funda- 
 mental 
 principles to be understood and applied 
 before beauty can be attained. 
 
 Of these, primarily, is harinonious pro 
 portion. Every object should have a ba^' 
 sufficiently broad to support the top, and it 
 should balance in size, color and styK- 
 with other objects designed to be a balance. 
 It should combine as much as possihle 
 the curved line in its form and construc- 
 tion. Fig. 1 shows a window with tf)p 
 formed of the straight line. In Fig. 2 
 is shown the improvement which results 
 frniii the curved line. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows a combination of harmo- 
 nii'us proportion and curved line. 
 
 Fig. 4 exhibits the harshness which 
 pervades the human countenance when 
 filled with straight lines. So the face 
 wasted by disease and furrowed by 
 angles causes the beholder to remark, 
 '*you are looking badly." 
 
 If, as is the case in Fig. 5, a gracefully 
 rounded curve marks the outline of coun- 
 tenance, the possessor of that face is sure 
 to win compliments for the beauty which 
 it contains. 
 The gracefully rounded and beautiful horse which we admired 
 
 tfLO<H>» .<>eoo^; when with arching ueck 
 
 he proudly pranced by 
 ns in his prime, we 
 look on with amaze- 
 ment when, sick and 
 wasted in flesh, he is 
 turned out to recuper- 
 ate or die. In the first 
 case we saw in him 
 but the curved line. 
 In the latter the pre- 
 ponderanceof the 
 straight line is seen. 
 
 There is another and 
 a very important prin- 
 ciple, which may be 
 termed relief. It is 
 that which uddsvarieiy 
 to landscape or ar(;hi- 
 
 ^oo^ : 
 
 -Ronnd-top Window, 
 
 Fiir. 3"l'arlor Fountain 
 
 " Fk'. 4-.Fa((' Hith Strait'lit Lines. 
 
 i^&o« 
 
 -tt«-e-e^ 
 
 tecture; it gives expression to 
 the human countenance, and frees 
 the ob- 
 j e c I 
 from 
 monot- 
 ony of 
 appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Thus 
 the square window would be much hand- 
 Mimer if there was a cap projecting from 
 lUe top. Even if made up wholly of 
 straight lines, if there be considerable 
 variety, it will look well. If that which 
 gives variety, however, be composed of 
 curved lines it will look better. 
 
 The curved top window, it will be seen, 
 is an improvement upon the straight-top. 
 It would be handsomer yet, however, if 
 there was a break in the top resembling a 
 key- stone, or some figure that would 
 break the sameness of appearance. 
 
 Although coarse in texture, the face. 
 Fig. 4, is considerably improved by the 
 relief shown in beard, hair that stands 
 prominently out, and sharp eyes that give 
 expression. Thus a face may have such 
 relief through white skin, black eyebrows, 
 bright eyes, clear-cut features, and vivac- 
 ity of expression as to be very attractive. 
 So a face full of curved lines may lack 
 attractiveness because the eyes may be 
 dull, no sparkle may mark the expression, 
 and the eyes, eyebrows and hair may be all 
 so nearly of one color as to lack variety. 
 In tlie figure representing the parlor fountain, another feature <jf 
 
 beauty which comes 
 
 from relief, is not 
 
 shown in the engrav- 
 ing. This relates to 
 
 the different colors 
 
 shown in blossoms. A 
 
 careful study of Fig. 3 
 
 will well repay the 
 
 reader. Excepting a 
 
 few linos on the vase 
 
 which arc made 
 
 straight, it is wholly 
 
 composed of curves, 
 
 interbltMulcd with re- 
 lief, which would be 
 
 be mucli greater if the 
 
 natural color of the 
 
 blossonm could be 
 
 seen. 
 
 iffl >oo » 
 
 , o--KftCP with I'lirved Lines. 
 
 — » oOO' 
 
 '/^(y "
 
 THE EFFECT OF KTRAIOIIT AND Ci:ii\lCl> LINES Il.I.USTICATEU. 
 
 >^- 
 
 .^J=;©C=5*- 
 
 Fig. «..Stniiglit 
 
 yifHE penman under- 
 stjinds thiit the letter 
 Kliown ill Fig. 6 is defcct- 
 ivi." hi'causL' it lucks curve, 
 correct proportion and 
 lii'avy contrasting lines. 
 Ill- knows thiit the letter, 
 Fig. 7, is beiuitiful because 
 the principles of curves, 
 proportion and relief are 
 all perfectly applied. 
 
 An cxaminiition of the 
 letter at Fig. 6 shows the 
 character formed first of 
 straight lines. The pen- 
 man that is desirous of 
 securing the greatest 
 amount of beauty possible 
 in his penmanship will 
 avoid ever having a 
 straight line in any capi- 
 tal letter. The letter is 
 seen to be also glaringly 
 out of proportion. As it 
 stands upon a foundation 
 much smaller than its 
 upper part, it is seen to 
 be badly out of proportion, 
 or badly balanced, and to 
 prevent its falling a sup- 
 port would be necessary. 
 
 Fig. 7 is not only grace- 
 ful in curve with heavy 
 shade, which gives relief 
 and contrast, but the letter 
 is so balanced as to be self- 
 supporting in appearance, 
 with the center of gravity 
 in the center, making har- 
 monious and good propor- 
 tion. The prinei pies 
 applied in the making of 
 this single letter apply 
 equally to all penmanship. 
 
 The Charm of Curved Lines. 
 
 ,_***/!*: 
 
 ji<^^^' 
 
 Fig. H"Portrait of Human Face, Showini? Curves, Proportion and Contrast, 
 
 and rightly carried nut will make a 
 beautifnl handwriting. 
 
 The face of the girl. 
 Fig. 8, finely illustrates 
 these principles. The 
 gracefnlly curved hand, 
 chin, lip, cheek, hair and 
 wreath of flowers which 
 surround her, the propor 
 tions of hand, mouth, 
 nose, eyes and hood are 
 all admirably set off by 
 
 the dark background 
 which gives relief 
 and brings the figure 
 handsomely to the front. 
 
 A prominent feature 
 eistientia] to beauty in the 
 human face is perfect bal- 
 ance. Examination of 
 the face shows that it is 
 largely made up of twos. 
 There are two eyes, two 
 eyebrows, two sides to 
 the nose, two nostrils, 
 two cheeks, two corners 
 of the mouth, and two 
 ears, if one of these be 
 different from the other, 
 the balance is destroyed 
 and the beauty is injured, 
 as would be the case were 
 one eye different in size 
 or color from the other, 
 or any other portion of 
 the face different from 
 the other side. The same 
 rule applies to the body 
 throughout. The differ- 
 ent parts being in pairs, 
 each should correspond 
 in size and shape with the 
 other, with which it bal- 
 ances. The lack of 
 balance is shown in any 
 person who is deformed. 
 Fig. 9 plainly shows 
 how the form is injured 
 by straight lines and 
 angles, while Fig. 10 
 demonstrates the beauty 
 in the figure when formed 
 of curved lines. 
 
 One of the most beauti- 
 ful objects in nature is a 
 bird. It is true that there is a difference in birds, and certain kinds 
 are not very handsome. 
 Those varieties, however, 
 that combine the plump 
 form with brilliant plum- 
 age are very attractive. 
 Fig. 9 illustrates the ef- 
 fort to construct the form 
 of a bird from straight 
 lines. As will be seen, al- 
 though the proportions are 
 nearly correct, the form 
 
 ■6.
 
 f 
 
 ' 540 
 
 A SPECIMEN OF WOOD ENGRAVING SHOWING CONTEAST. 
 
 1' '? ^y^ois 
 
 ' .:[,./..■' J '""^ 
 
 is rendered ungraceful 
 from lack of curve. 
 
 In Fig. 10 is shown 
 how a very few touches 
 of a pen or pencil will 
 make a form that is 
 beautiful, if the funda- 
 mental principles of 
 Iieanty are observed. 
 
 Fig. 11 represents not 
 only the inharmony which 
 comes from straight 
 Hues, but also a striking 
 violation of nature's 
 rules. The reader will 
 observe that no such 
 specimen of vine, formed 
 of straight lines, is found 
 growing among nature's 
 prndnctions. 
 
 Fig. 12 is a specimen 
 of beautiful wood- en- 
 graving, chiefly remark- 
 able for the relief which 
 is shown by presenting 
 the poppy in front of a 
 dark background. ' 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 A 
 
 J[ 
 
 Hi.'. 1 1 --The ViiH' Kornicil <3 
 of Strjili;ht Lines. 
 
 
 
 
 4. "..KeJ 
 
 Fig. 13 shows grace, 
 contrast, curves, propor- 
 tion, and the fine effect 
 which comes from par- 
 allel lines. By examin- 
 ing the leaf of the poppy 
 ill Fig. 12 it vill be seen 
 that it is formed of a 
 great number of lines 
 that run parallel with 
 each other. Were these 
 lines to run irregularly 
 the beauty would be 
 greatly destroyed. Thus 
 a field of grain or a for- 
 est of trees derives 
 much beauty from the 
 stalks or trees growing 
 all in the same direction. 
 When many become 
 broken by storm or other- 
 wise, and the law of 
 parallels is destroyed, 
 much beauty is thereby 
 lost. 
 
 Fig. l:!--Viiii' KiirniiMl of
 
 ? 
 
 SAMPLES OF BKAUTY IN NATfKE AND AKT. 
 
 541 
 
 ''^^^ 
 
 
 /i) 
 
 Fig. 14 exhibits u 
 ba s k L- 1 f o r m u (I 
 wholly of curved 
 Hues. This baskt-t 
 is not as handsome 
 as some others, from 
 the fact of there 
 being little or no 
 relief upon it. It 
 would be decidedly 
 more beautiful if 
 there was more vine 
 dropping over its side. 
 
 Fig. 15 is a han^nn< 
 It cnntain?, coinbiiiini:; 
 
 •>-«- 
 
 
 A 
 
 thus obscuring the form of the basket, 
 basket, which, together with the ilowers that 
 this principle of curved lines, is very pretty. 
 
 As flowers are more 
 beautiful than any- 
 thing that can be 
 constructed by man, 
 HO a hanging basket 
 should be dark in 
 color, rustic in ap- 
 pearance, and thus 
 be made to attract 
 but little attention. 
 Fig. 16 is an ex- 
 cellent illustration 
 
 representative of the curved line in architectural adornment. 
 The principles of proportion, parallel lines and contrast, are also 
 
 well brought out in this.
 
 m 
 
 -.(>■ — 
 
 512 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUBLIME AS AN ELEMENT OF BEAUTY. 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 THE SUBLIME 
 
 — IN — 
 
 — ^NATURE.=<- 
 
 JT'HERE is yet anotber principle which adds 
 ^fj attraction to the edifice or landscape, 
 
 ^ which may be termed the aubl'mie. 
 
 In nature this is shown in the great tree, 
 the high water-fall (see Fig. 17), the wide 
 river, the tall mountain and the deep ravine. 
 It especially pertains to that which conveys a 
 sense of greatness. The swaying pine, the 
 broad-spreading elm, the long row of poplars, 
 the broad street, all are attractive because they 
 exhibit the grandeur of the sublime. 
 
 An irresistible fascination takes possession 
 of tlic visitor at the falls of Niagara, at the 
 White mountains, when viewing the wonders 
 of the Yosemite, or the greatness of any of 
 the old cathedrals. It is the impression which 
 arises from a contem- 
 plation of the snblimu. 
 
 The admiration that 
 the person possesses 
 for an object will de- 
 pend upon that person' s 
 peculiar organization 
 of mind. Thus the 
 person having form 
 large will be peculiarly 
 sensitive in relation to 
 incongruous propor- 
 tion, and will have a 
 high appreciation of 
 those objects which are 
 finely proportioned and 
 relieved by such vari- 
 ety as gives contrast. 
 If added to form is 
 large ideality, the in- 
 dividual especially de- 
 lights in landscape 
 \iews adorned by vari- 
 ety consisting of trees, 
 shrubbery and flower?*. 
 'In architecture, the eye 
 takes pleasure in con- 
 templating the relief- 
 work which may be 
 strewn upon the build- 
 ing in the fijrm of 
 figures, balconies, bal- 
 nstrades, and orna- 
 iiicntal carvings. If 
 :iii acute sense of color 
 be added to the otln r 
 
 THE SUBLIME 
 
 — IN — 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 #&e- 
 
 Fig. 17. -Waterfall, 
 
 Illustrating the Sublime in Nature. 
 
 Fit?. 18--MasHlve Columns with Orminientiil 
 
 Illustrating- the ImiMtsinp. the Aitlsttc nnd tlu- Siililiinc 
 
 organs, the person will be pained at inhar- 
 monies of tints and shades often to he seen on 
 ]);iinted buildings. In the same proportion 
 the person is delighted when beholding har- 
 monies of colors on furniture, clothing, houses, 
 paintings, or landscape. If to these other 
 organs is added also sublimity, then the person 
 visits the old castles of ancient times to find 
 pleasure in those relics that exhibit greatness. 
 To a person having large love of the sublime, 
 the pyramids, the immense ruins found 
 throughout the valley of the Xile, the obelisks, 
 the volcanoes, the mountain scenery of Swit- 
 zerland, the wild, grand scenes of the Rocky 
 mountains of America, — all these have 
 charms, to the lover of the sublime, that 
 ^ others lacking this 
 LCj faculty would entirely 
 /j f.'iil to a]iprcciatc. 
 ) Fig. 18 combines 
 the princijiles of pro- 
 portion, curved lines, 
 and in the large and tall 
 columns, a sense of the 
 sublime. 
 
 In the looking upon 
 these columns ideality 
 will take delight in a 
 study of the Corinthian 
 c apitals, partially 
 formed from the grace- 
 ful leaves of the acan- 
 thus. If to ideality is 
 added sublimity ia the 
 mind, then comes in- 
 tense "appreciation of 
 the tall columns shown 
 in this illustration, and 
 an admiration for 
 imposing monuments 
 and large buildings 
 which jiossess a high de- 
 gree of ornamentiitiou. 
 T li e r e a d e r w 1 1 1 
 doul)tless call to mind 
 many an edifice that 
 includes in its struct- 
 ure the iiriuciple of 
 sublimity. In all pub- 
 lic buildings that have 
 large and UiU columns 
 this idea is expressed. 
 
 (aps, 
 
 iti Arehltceture. 
 
 i
 
 t 
 
 A SPECIMKN <•!•■ TIIK SUBLIME IN ARCHITKCTUBE. 
 
 543 
 
 ■(lr;il shown 
 Fig. 19, 
 rcprc'seiitinj^ tlic edifice 
 IIS seen from the cast, 
 reveals with excellent 
 effect a combination of 
 fiimlamental principles 
 of lu'uiity. Examina- 
 tion shows the propor- 
 tions to be good, the 
 tops of all the apertures 
 curve, great diversity 
 of exterior ornamenta- 
 tion gives it variety 
 and relief, while the 
 very tall spires hold us 
 entranced with the 
 power of the sublime. 
 
 Even its great age 
 apjjeals somewhat to 
 the sublimity in our 
 natures. Its history 
 began in the fourth 
 century, when, in 312, 
 the emperor Constan- 
 tine i)laced all the 
 Christian communities 
 under protection. It 
 was about this time that the first cathe- 
 dral was erected. 
 
 A second cathedral was commenced in 
 814, and gradually progressed in impor- 
 tance for several hundred years. It at 
 last became dilapidated and was finally 
 destroyed by fire in 1248. * 
 
 About 1250 the erection of the present 
 building was commenced, and not until 
 in 1880 was it finished. It is now the 
 largest specimen of Gothic architecture 
 
 in the world, being 511 feet in length, 331 in breadth, and bavins 
 towers 510 feet high ; being 24 feet higher than the Pyramid o 
 Cheops, in Egypt, which is 486 feet high, but 45 feet less than 
 the Washington Monument, at Washington, D. C. , which is 555 
 feet, and is now the highest monument or tower in the world. 
 
 These old cathedrals possess great attraction for most travelers 
 from the fact that their antiquity and great size gratify the love of 
 the sublime in man's nature. On this account the tourist abroad 
 visits St. Peter's at Rome, said to have been commenced by the 
 bishop of Rome in the year 90, and to have been enlarged by Con- 
 stantine in the year 306. The present building of St. Peter was 
 
 Roman Catholic place of 
 worship, in the city of 
 Colopme, capital of the 
 province of the Rhine, in 
 Pnissia. 
 
 commenced in 1450, 
 was carried forward 
 toward completion by 
 Raphael in 1514, was 
 further perfected by 
 Michael Angelo in 
 1550, and was dedi- 
 cated 176 years after 
 the time it was com- 
 menced. It is 013'^ 
 English feet in length 
 in the interior, with a 
 transept of 461'/^ feet. 
 It is 448 feet high and 
 will hold within its 
 walls 50,000 people at 
 one time. 
 
 The present cathe- 
 dral of Milan was com- 
 menced in 1387; is 
 486 feet long, 252 
 feet wide, and is 355 
 feet high. 
 
 The height of the 
 other cathedrals of im- 
 portance is as follows: 
 Strasburg, in Germany, 
 468 feet: St. Nicholas' 
 church, in Hamburg, 
 450 feet; St. Michael's 
 church, in Hamburg, 
 428 feet; St. Martin's 
 church at Landshut, 
 Germany, 411 feet; ca- 
 thedral at Antwerj), in 
 Belgium, 408 feet, and 
 the cathedral at Cre- 
 mona, in Lombardy, 
 396 feet. 
 
 The immensely high 
 walls found in the val- 
 ley of the Yosemite, 
 one of which rises 4,737 
 feet above the valley, 
 form one of the modem 
 wonders of the world. 
 The fall of water at Niagara, 150 feet in height on the Canadian side 
 and 164 feet on the American border, is viewed with awe and admira- 
 tion because of the great body of water which drops at this fall. 
 
 The tall pines in the big-tree groves of California, some of which 
 grow to a height of 376 feet, are also admired for immensity of size.
 
 NATURE AND ART COMBINKD IN LANDSCAPE VIEW. 
 
 Variety in Landscape Scene, 
 
 as»-%*>-=^ 
 
 i 
 
 Showing Curved Line, Harmonious Proportion, Contrast and Some of the Sublime. 
 
 jniie tall edifice, that has continuous columns from the bottom to the 
 
 top of the building, conveys, in these extended columns, a sense 
 
 of grandeur which cannot be if they are divided. A building, with 
 
 tall columns in fmnt, bus it«. appearance also considerably magnified 
 
 varied landscape, which affords contrast, all combined make the view 
 very charming. 
 
 Those landscape scenes that afford an opportunity for observing, at 
 a single view, the greatest anionut of the curved line, harmonious 
 
 Fig, 20--Scone in West Laurel Hill (enietery, rhiladelphia. 
 
 :6, 
 
 If, in addition to this, it is located on a high elevation. 
 
 The scene ehown In Fig. 20 combines much of that which is 
 attractive. The tall trees, the house located on the high eminence, 
 tbf curving roadways, the streamn, monuments, shrnhH. inieven nnd 
 
 proportion, contrast of color and forms, united with greatness, 
 are much the most beautiful. In this scene the eye sweeps a broad 
 expanse, bringing within the view many beauties. Thus if parks had 
 ),.«« trees ill iln'ir renters the view- within them would he improved. 
 
 ::s^ 

 
 ^
 
 SUUOE.STIONS KKLATINO TD DliUJliluS IX I'l'ltl-IC OJi(JUN'US. 
 
 U5 
 
 Park Scenes. 
 
 
 
 ^4{^^^ ^ tliL- curved 
 tiiM'rf 1 > II e g i V u f- 
 >.'iyv>>* beauty, so it 
 ulso gives strength, a 
 fact evidently under- 
 Htnod by the makers 
 of the rustic bridge 
 y\\u\\\\ ill Fig. 21. 
 
 On all short bridgey 
 in pnrkt? various ad- 
 vantages are gained 
 by the curves. The 
 longer bridge, ag 
 >lu.\vn in Fig. 22, 
 must, iuiwever, be 
 level on the top, the 
 arches only possess- 
 ing the curve. The 
 roadway, the stream, 
 the wooded back- 
 ground, the pedestri- 
 ans, teams, and horse- 
 l)ack rider in this 
 scene, give the view 
 nn expressive effect. 
 
 The parks of the 
 country begin to af- 
 ford a superior oppor- 
 
 d ^jO^** 
 
 ^OOOo- ^ 
 
 tunlty for the study of the beautiful. A general fault, however, in 
 most parks, as in jirivate grounds, is a disposition to i)hico too 
 
 which place a view may be had of the entire 
 may rest thus the visit to the park is doubly 
 
 niHiry trees in them. 
 They are Hoon so full 
 as to prevent an ex- 
 tended view in any 
 direction. The 
 grovcH and tall shrub- 
 bery should be mostly 
 found on the outer 
 edges of the park, 
 unless the grounds 
 be very large, and 
 even then there 
 bhnuld be such open- 
 ings left in the plac- 
 ing of trees as will 
 enable the spectator, 
 at certain elevated 
 points* to see from 
 one end of the park 
 In (he other. 
 
 In all public 
 grounds that are 
 made highly orna- 
 mental there should 
 l>e some one or more 
 central elevations, 
 provided with seats 
 for vis iters, from 
 
 grounds. To those who 
 
 delightful. 
 
 V'\'Z. 'Ji--Anhes Over Stream near Lull Water. Prits|n'(t P;irk. Hnmkhii. \. \. 
 
 h
 
 
 T 
 
 ■^tz 
 
 -^ 
 
 54('. 
 
 THK PICTURESQUE AND THE KoMANTIl'. 
 
 i 
 
 ,.^,.^^ -f^f^'V 
 
 Fig". 23 represents one of the hundreds of rustic ornamental con- 
 veniences found throughout New York Central park. A little boat- 
 house thus on the border of a lake or river, where people often 
 assemble, and can rest while they wait, is a necessity which needs no 
 explanation. 
 
 Fig. 24 shows how wild and rugged nature, through the hand of 
 taste, has been turned into a bower of beauty. It is one, also, of 
 many such scenes in Central park. It teaches the lesson that the 
 roughest and most forbidding place about your home, reader, can be 
 
 Fig. 24-Tiew in Central Park, N. Y. 
 
 Jig. 
 
 •(■tinlcn Sumnier-Ilouse. 
 
 converted, 
 through en- 
 ergy and 
 taste, into a 
 charming 
 place of re- 
 sort. 
 
 Fig. 25 
 presents a 
 garden sum- 
 mer-house, 
 embowered 
 among 
 trees 
 and vines. Such a summer-house can be made elaborate, 
 - highly ornamental and expensive, or it can be made of 
 
 a simple frame-work very cheaply; and when the grape- 
 vine, morning-glories, or the ivy clamber over it, it will 
 be a cool, cozy, attractive place of rest and quietude. 
 
 Park Fences. 
 
 The fence surrounding a park, whether public or private, 
 should be suoh as to obscure the view as little as possible. 
 It is questionable whether there should be any fence whatever 
 around public parks. In many cities, all park inclosurea are 
 being taken down. With the fences down, certain persons 
 may at first do some injury, but in time the people learn that 
 in defacing or injuring public property they are defrauding 
 themselves, and this trouble soon ceases. 
 
 While a fence is a constant source of expense, it is also a 
 slandini; evidence of suspicion that the visitor intends harm. 
 When it is removed, the understaiuling is that the visitor can 
 be trusted and will do no evil to the premises. The people 
 will advance to a point some day where they need not be 
 suspected. Then the inclosures about public grounds will 
 be taken away, and the grounds will be much more greatly 
 beautified. 
 
 =S5F
 
 ? 
 
 SUBLIMITY IN LANDSCAPE DECORATION. 
 
 547 
 
 X Flower-Vase 
 
 Support. 
 
 ^A prjrtlpIIE rustic flower-support shown in 
 MM!l| Fig. 86 explains itself. With 
 'jf Mi Y:. " poi'lion of the trunlc of a tree 
 ■'tSV^I^ and branches sawed squarely 
 
 Landscape 
 Ornamentation. 
 
 Pig. 26--l{nstic Kloucr-Slimil. 
 
 witli a greensward of cloaely-cut grass, the 
 top Hiirmountcd with a vase bearing flow- 
 LTH. Upon the sides are then cut variouH 
 dt'sigiiB, in which are ornamental plants. 
 
 off, tnrned bottom up, and platform placed ou the same, it is a consisting of certain varieties of the cactus, short-stemmed flowers, 
 
 unique and useful article. 
 
 Fig. 27 ^bows an elegant floral display suitable for large grounds. 
 Inside of a stone coping is placed a mound of rich earth, covered 
 
 foliage, plants, etc. At the intersection of roadways and large, open 
 spaces in parks, tliose moundw can be made a superior attraction. 
 The extended view here shown gives also an appearance of sublimity.
 
 ■t 
 
 54S 
 
 TOWN AND CUUNTKY RESIDENCES. 
 
 v .■i;:)i»';ri|' , Ill, 
 
 ^^ -s'-fi • 1. 
 
 1:;:;% i^^iom 
 
 Effect of Trees and 
 
 Vines. 
 
 jnpHE residence 
 J of Mr. Dar- 
 ^ ■;. ley, as shown 
 in Fig. 28, repre- 
 sents how delight- 
 ful a home may be 
 made when rightly 
 located and assisted 
 by nature. There 
 i^ nothing elaborate 
 as embellishment on the house. On the contrary, it is quite plain in 
 appearance. It is attractive, however, and this beauty comes from 
 the tall trees that lend their shade, the broad veranda, and the vines 
 that cling lovingly about it. An air of rest and quietude pervades 
 the place that makes it charming. 
 
 In contrast with this is the design of a residence, shown in Fig. 
 29. This home is without the accessories of shrubbery and vines 
 and groves of trees which may be found in the 
 country. It is designed for the town lot, and 
 must in itself possess architectural orna 
 ment to overbalance the lack of trees 
 and vines. This house is made at 
 tractive by its cornices, porches, 
 bay-windows, balustrades, tow 
 er;^, ornamental chimneys, 
 etc., all of which give con- 
 trast and variety. 
 
 A house located 
 amid many trees and 
 embowered in vines, 
 will need much less 
 ornament to make it 
 attractive than if sit- 
 uated in open 
 grounds. There are 
 curtain sanitary con- 
 ditions that should 
 ali^o be considered 
 when selecting the 
 location for a home. 
 Among these should 
 f)e an elevation, such 
 as will be free from 
 miasma rining from 
 low and stagnant wa- 
 ter In the vicinity of 
 the house. The site 
 should alco be such 
 
 at* will afford an abundance of air and sunshine. To have this the 
 house should not be too closely surrounded by trees of dense foliage. 
 
 The trees that give shade should, when matured, tower far above 
 the house, thus giving an opportunity for the circulation of the air. 
 
 "^^ 
 
 Beauty Unaided by 
 Nature. 
 
 Residence of F. O. C. Darley, irtist, at (la) mont. Pa. 
 
 
 Trcparcd for Mr. H. 
 
 Fiir. *Jfl- 
 
 T. Williams, 
 
 \t certain periods 
 of the day, partic- 
 ularly in the morn- 
 ing, the sun should 
 have ample oppor- 
 t mity to shed its 
 most brilliant rays 
 full upon, into and 
 through the house, 
 thus adding mate- 
 rially to the healthfulness of the home. 
 
 When clearing the ground for the erection of a dwelling near or in 
 a grove of trees a certain number of the old forest trees should be 
 allowed to stand in the vicinity of the house, especially in the rear. 
 Upon the side whence heavy winds are likely to come there should 
 be a grove of trees, if the size of the grounds will permit of the 
 same, a delicious coolness always coming from the trees in the 
 summer, while they serve as a wind-break in the 
 inter. 
 
 variety of trees should have 
 about the home, unquestionably 
 B most satisfactory as an orna- 
 ntal tree for shade is the elm. 
 A'^hatever other trees may be 
 given place, plant the elm 
 about the house and by the 
 roadside. It will 
 not perhaps mature 
 so rapidly as some 
 others, but it will be 
 a handsome tree 
 from the first. Its 
 towering form and 
 pleasant shade will 
 be a source of real 
 happiness to the res- 
 ident in after-life, 
 and to those who 
 come in a succeeding 
 age the tree will be 
 a blessing, ever 
 standing as a monu- 
 ment to the foresight 
 and wisdom of the 
 fathers in a previous 
 generation. For 
 proof that this is true 
 the reader has but 
 to visit some of the beautiful New England villages, where the great 
 elms, planted in the early history of this country, as they line the 
 roadways with shade for miles, are now the pride of those charming 
 towns that nestle among the hills in the Eastern States. 
 
 :'siss 
 
 ■View of Pesitrn for Residence, 
 
 New Yoik, yhuwint: cuIl^i^l^■^able exterior ornanK-ntatinn
 
 f 
 
 r,r,AI!i)liATK AND COSTI.V J10ME8. 
 
 549 
 
 •'^— «t? 
 
 
 ,„ii«iit 
 
 ,iii"'«iie;! f 
 
 The Picturesque. 
 
 'liC" 
 
 i*C'f^^J''' 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^s^^' 
 
 .111*"" ..j^ \r.>"r) 
 
 Nature Aided by Art 
 
 ^IIE picturesque villa shown in Fig. 
 30 represents an elegant motlern 
 American home. Its beauty large- 
 ly consists in its winding pathways, 
 
 with no fence to obscure them from view, 
 
 and its contrasts, which come from its 
 
 towers, cornices, balconies, fountain and 
 
 unique windows. 
 Fig. 31 presents '*Oak Knoll," the residence of the late R, 
 
 Woodward, situated in the midst of grand old oaks, 
 
 the Napa val- 
 ley, a few 
 
 miles north 
 
 from San 
 
 Francisco, 
 
 California. 
 
 Its owner was 
 
 the founder of 
 
 the celebrated 
 
 Woodward 
 
 gardens in San 
 
 Francisco, and 
 
 the taste there 
 
 d i splayed 
 
 would clearly 
 
 indicate the 
 
 ability to make 
 
 a b e a u t i f u 1 
 
 home on the 
 
 most barren of 
 
 country local- 
 ity. In this 
 
 home it will 
 
 be seen Mr. 
 
 Woodward 
 
 was assisted 
 
 by old forest 
 
 trees, supple- 
 mented by 
 
 trees of 
 
 younger 
 
 growth, and 
 
 shru bbery 
 
 jilanted artis- 
 tically. This 
 
 home, com- 
 prising near 
 
 From Croft's "Progressive American Architecture, 
 lished by Bicknell & Comstock, New York. 
 
 &»»a 
 
 Fig. 31--Residonce of Mr, II. 1!. ».m.(I*^. 
 At Napa Valley, California; founder of Woodward's Garden 
 
 originally a dreary waste. Through the 
 superior taste of the owner it became a 
 paradise of beauty. 
 
 Examination shows that in the orna- 
 mentation of his public and private 
 grounds Mr. Woodward knew the full 
 pub- value of trees. The lesson is that in the 
 growing of these upon the lawn, care 
 should be exercised that contrasts be attained. This can be done if 
 the grounds be sufficiently large to admit of a variety of kinds. 
 
 In their 
 setting about 
 the home am- 
 p 1 e space 
 should be 
 given the 
 evergreen, 
 which is not 
 only an orna- 
 mental tree at 
 all times, but 
 especially 
 wh en frost s 
 have denuded 
 other trees of 
 their foliage 
 in the fall and 
 when the 
 snows have 
 whitened the 
 earth in win- 
 ter. 
 
 Nearly all 
 the varieties 
 of evergreens 
 will admit of 
 beingtrimmed 
 into any de- 
 sir ed form. 
 They thus 
 have a double 
 value as an 
 ornamental 
 tree, giving 
 as they do re- 
 lief to the 
 lawn, through 
 
 rd. 
 
 , San Francisco. Ca.1. 
 
 1,400 acres, much of it bearing choice fruit, is located on what was | varying tints of green, and from variety of size, form and foliage. 
 
 7^
 
 F ALL the charming 
 landscape views 
 which the world has 
 to boast, none are 
 more beautiful than 
 some of those found 
 in the ancestral 
 homes of Old Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Through the law of 
 entailment large and 
 magnificent estates 
 have been kept 
 without division for 
 centuries, the result 
 being, as the owners 
 possessed abundant 
 wealth, the produc- 
 tion of the most perfect specimens of landscape gardening of which 
 the world knows. In these old homes are fores-ts that have been 
 growing fur hundreds of years, just such as can only be produced in 
 the lapse of many generations under one management. Here are 
 lawns wearing such a green as can only be attained in such a moist 
 atmosphere as England knows, and here are great mansions filled with 
 articles of art and adornment, the long accumulations of taste, aided 
 by unliniitcd wealth. 
 
 In Fig. 32 is presented Trentham hall, one of the most elegant of 
 Britain's grand old country seats, the home of the late duke of 
 Sutherland, situated on the Trent. 
 
 This illustration is presented as a specimen of the sublime in 
 landscape gardening. Tlie large edifice, the tower over n hundred 
 feet in height, from which may be seen broad carriage-ways; exlen- 
 Bive conservatories, evergreen bowers, large flower-garden.s, broad 
 lawns, and the distant hill-tops crowned with dark-green forests — all 
 convey an idea of greatness. The extent and magnificence of the 
 scene is best e,\prcssed in the word imANii. 
 
 Fig. 33--Fountaiu Scene, Central Park, >. Y. 
 
 ren waste of land in the ui)per part of Manhattan island, now known 
 as the New York Central park, a few sketches of which arc presented. 
 Through the hand of taste, the roughest and most forbidding pur 
 tions of this land have become the most attractive. To accoinplifih 
 this it is true much money has been expended in certain portions of 
 the park. An evidence of elaborate expenditure is shown in the 
 vicinity of the grand fountain. Fig. 33, which presents a display 
 of the artistic, combined with grand effect, that is nowhere sur- 
 passed tMi the American ctiiiliiuiil. 
 
 -vc);^
 
 BEAUTIFUL AND EXPENSIVE HOMES. 
 
 551 
 
 V 
 
 Results of Wealth. 
 
 ■ ■ J^IG. 34 siiuws iiiiutbcr beautiful 
 
 :;' AiiiL'ricfin honie, with Man- 
 sard-roof and tower, taken 
 by permission of Messrs. BickncU 
 *.t Comstock, publishers, Xew York, 
 from Croffs "■ Progressive American 
 Arcliitecture. ■' A low fence, wliich 
 is little more than a coping, deter- 
 mines the outer edge of the lot. 
 Tlie curving walks, arching win- 
 dows, and graceful fountain satisfy the desire for curves. The 
 principles of contrast and proportion are here also finely shown. 
 
 As the best appropriately comes at the close of the feast or the 
 entertain- 
 ment, so 
 the elabo- 
 rate home 
 shown in 
 Fig. 35, 
 c o m e s at 
 the close 
 of this 
 chapter. 
 This rep- 
 resents the 
 residence 
 of Mr. J. 
 C. Flood, 
 the San 
 Francisco 
 m i 11 i on- 
 airc, which 
 Is eligibly 
 8 i t u a t ed 
 at Menlo- 
 Park, Cal- 
 ifornia, a 
 beauti ful 
 s u b u r li 
 twenty 
 miles from . 
 San Fran- 
 cisco. The 
 work upon 
 this edifice 
 occupied 
 
 ■Vti 
 
 elements that make the beautiful in 
 architecture and landscape garden- 
 ing, as shown in its curves, its har- 
 monious proportions, its bold reliefs, 
 and its greatness and grandeur, 
 wliich make the sublime. 
 
 While in this chapter have been 
 shown mostly expensive dwellings, 
 as illustrative of those which con- 
 stitute the charming, the aim has 
 been to show princi})les in such a manner as will teach the poorest to 
 surround themselves with adornment that will make their homes, 
 however humble, the abodes of beauty. Amid such surroundings 
 
 Fig. 35"Residence of Mr. James C. Flood, 
 
 At Menio Park, California. Augustus Lever, Architect, San Francisco. 
 
 may the 
 c h i hi r e n 
 of coming 
 genera- 
 tions be 
 born. 
 
 The 
 study of ar- 
 chitecture, 
 and of the 
 embellish- 
 ment of 
 public and 
 p r i \' a t e 
 buildings, 
 is one of 
 the most 
 interesting 
 that can 
 occupy the 
 I o ^' e r of 
 the beau- 
 tiful in art 
 and nalu re- 
 in it are 
 developed 
 the richest 
 g i f t 8 of 
 genius, 
 delighting 
 the senses 
 and filling 
 the mind 
 
 several years, and the cost of the residence, complete, was not far 
 from $1,000,000. It is undoubtedly one of the very finest dwellings 
 ever desiirned and erected in America. In it are combined all the 
 
 with the sublimest thoughts, and affording a wide scope for the 
 imagination in the creation of the noblest forms, the ornamentation 
 of waste places, and the decoration of the humblest abode. 
 
 ^<): 
 
 h
 
 t\¥i^ sweetest 
 "«^ of the 
 recol lections 
 are the scenes 
 of chiklhood, if 
 the home of our 
 tender years was 
 m a d e happy b y 
 kind parents and pleas- 
 No 
 matter if that home was 
 rv humble; no matter if 
 ; occupants bad (inly the 
 rest necessities of life; 
 matter if it was ever so 
 cheaply and scantily fu 
 liitle that there was of the picture 
 the ornament on the mantel or tlie 
 flower by the ])atliway, comes back in memory to 
 make pleasant tlic recollection of tliat (hildlidod 
 
 llnllic. 
 
 Was the Imiiic very heautitul '. 'i'lien doubly 
 drar is tlic tlHiu;^lit nf tlic sunny hours that we 
 sjient there when a child, by our mother's side. 
 In the alter-vears we encounter, ])ossihly. much 
 
 nished. tin 
 on the wal 
 
 temptation and have much sorrow, but the hal- 
 lowed influence of the happy, beautiful home 
 which we knew when a child, is ever a shield 
 and pirotection from evil. 
 
 The sunny spots of childhood make the sunny 
 places of memory, and the parent who lives in 
 the aft'ection of the child made the home of 
 childhood happy. 
 
 AVe plead for no laxness of government on 
 the part of the parent. The child should ol)ey 
 and be taught duty. It can be obedient and do 
 the right and love the guardian all the better, if 
 the discipline be wise. And doubly dear is the 
 remembrance to us in later years, if to a wise 
 training in childhood were added attractive and 
 charming surroundings. 
 
 The poet has very beautifully said: 
 
 «TI(^lfAKK YC)rU liuitio benutiful—g'a.ther the roses 
 o\?lwl Thiit lioaiii lip tho Minshine with exquisite art; 
 
 7j[r PorcliaiKJC tlirv iikiv pom-, as your dread darkneap closes, 
 O That soft Mii'niiiii" sunshine down into your huartt 
 If you can d" so, O! make it an Eden 
 
 Of l)eiuitv and pladness, remember 'tis wise; 
 'Twill ti'iic'h you to loim fur that home you are needing, 
 That lieaven ol beiiuty beyond tlie blue skies. 
 
 .»■••• 
 
 Make home a hi%-e. where all beautiful feelinps 
 
 (.'I'l^trr like bees, aiul their h«>ney-<lew liring; 
 Make it a tempb- of holy reveiilin^'s. 
 
 And love its brit'ht an^cel with "shadowy winjr." 
 Thin shall it be. when afar on life's hiUow, 
 
 Wherever vour tenipest-tossed children are lluntr. 
 They will loiijf for the shades of the home weepink'-wlllow. 
 
 And sinj; the sweet sonp which their mother harl sunff.
 
 ? 
 
 HOME ADORNMENT. 
 
 553 
 
 
 :^M^^^< 
 
 Fundamental Principles of Beauty, 
 
 .^^^''•.^'^•^^.j''*^'>'^^>^''^j^^fSj^j^^j^^j-^/^^'^''^-^^'^\^-'^-y,^--<.^-^^--\^-^^ 
 
 Relative to Household Ornamentation. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 EHE are n frw principles relating to the 
 beautiful that should be understood and 
 applied in 
 the decora- 
 tion of tlie 
 interior of 
 the home. 
 
 ^Contrast. 
 
 The tirst 
 of these 
 is denom- 
 inated the 
 I>rinciple 
 of contrast. 
 It is the 
 
 so arranging of anything as to give 
 
 relief and break the monotony of ap- 
 pearance. Thus a picture on the bare 
 
 wall will add beauty, not only by being 
 
 of itself an attraction, but it will break 
 
 the sameness of appearance which the 
 
 plain wall presents. 
 
 In like manner the window is relieved 
 
 by a lambrequin, the mantel by suitable 
 
 ornaments, the ceiling by handsome fres- 
 coes, and the room by various kinds of 
 
 furniture. 
 
 Not ouly is an interior thus relieved 
 
 by pictures, ornaments, and furniture, 
 
 but these in turn of themselves are made 
 
 beautiful by an interblending of colors, 
 
 carving, or relief-work of any kind that 
 
 will t:ive variety in appearance. 
 Fig". 1, shown on this page, represents 
 
 a screen made to shade the glow from 
 
 the eyes when sitting in front of a 
 
 brilliant light. A study of this will show 
 
 a sutttcient variety to please the eye, 
 
 not only by the light and shade, but 
 
 also in the relief work on the corners, 
 
 the work upon the dark background, and 
 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Ciirved Lines. 
 
 Another important principle is that of 
 the curved line. Nature in all her 
 works very seldom, if ever, makes a straight line. Observe the tree, 
 the shrub, the leaf, the blossom: there are no straight lines. All 
 these objects are formed of the curved line. This principle is 
 illustrated also in Fig. 1. The outer frame-work of the screen is 
 
 Fig. l---IJ^ht-Sireen. 
 
 made of cane, gracefully curved, as are also the stand, the eupportB, 
 and the bird in the center of the screen. 
 
 Proportion. 
 
 The third principle relates to balance, 
 and may properly be best described as 
 harmonious proportion. It is well 
 illustrated in the human countenance. 
 Taking the nose as a center, the eyes 
 should each be of the same size, of the 
 same color, and eqnally distant from 
 the nose and ears. Again, as the head 
 is higher than the shoulders, so the 
 center of any article of furniture should 
 be the tallest and generally the largest. 
 Thus, of three pictures, the largest of 
 the three should hang in the center, and 
 should be a little the highest and the 
 most conspicuous. The center of any 
 object as a rule should be its highest 
 point, and the parts extending each way 
 from the center should be of equal 
 height and size. The perfect applica- 
 tion of this rule will bring the center of 
 gravity of any object in its center, 
 and thus it will be self-supporting and, 
 consequently, will be well proportioned 
 in appearance. Thus, as nature pre- 
 sents a tree with its highest point in its 
 center, an equal amount of foliage and 
 branches being upon each side, so the 
 architect of the public edifice will make 
 the center the highest point of his 
 building, while the wings are lower and 
 of equal size and height, if the edifice 
 is handsomely proportioned. In the 
 making of all objects of use and adorn- 
 ment, this principle must be understood 
 if we desire to make the object beau- 
 tiful. 
 
 In Fig. 1 this principle is applied. 
 The center is the tallest; the corners are 
 equally distant from the center, and 
 are equally high, while the foundation 
 is sufficiently broad to support thOT 
 which is above. Examination will show 
 
 that it is perfectly balanced. 
 
 The ornaments which are presented in thischapterare all made with 
 
 reference to the principles of relief and contrast, curved lines, and 
 
 suitable proportion. 
 
 QX' —
 
 t- 
 
 554 
 
 WINDOW ORNAMENTATION. 
 
 I 
 
 There are certain other principles relative to parallel lines, harmony 
 of color, etc., which should be applied. 
 
 Thelight-screcn rep- 
 resented in Fig. 1 has 
 for a foundation a piece 
 of solid, heavy wood. 
 round and black. From 
 this rises a support 
 made of large wire, 
 gracefully curved, 
 though cane, being the 
 lightest, is the most 
 desirable. The frame - 
 work being made, an> 
 dark-colered cloth, 
 eight or ten inchts 
 square, will form the 
 groundwork upon 
 which is laid any 
 pattern which !s desirable as an omament. The edges of the 
 pattern may be then worked in fine stitching. The screen is 
 fastened to the frame by stitches as 
 shown in the figure, and tassels may 
 be hung according to taste. 
 
 Lambrequins. 
 
 In no portion nf the interior of the 
 house is there a better opportunity 
 for ornamentation than around the 
 windows. A window is immediately 
 relieved by the hanging of a curtain, 
 and it is much handsomer if the cur- 
 tain has a head-piece at the top to 
 give relief. If the housewife is desir- 
 ous of ornamenting the window, she 
 can do so very cheaply by simply 
 stretching a piece of wall-paper across 
 the top of the curtain. A very pretty 
 effect is bad by the capping of a win- 
 dow with paper border, having a tissue 
 fly paper suspended eight or ten inches 
 beneath. In bedrooms, where economy 
 is to be consulted and some relief is 
 desired about the windows, paper lam- 
 brequins thus will serve the purpose 
 very well. 
 
 Supposing, however, that the reader 
 desires something more ornate, the 
 pattern Fig". 2 is presented. This is 
 made of terry, of such color as the 
 maker may desire, and embroidered 
 by a braid of some contrasting color, 
 beneath which, at the edge of the 
 cloth, is attached a muslin fringe. The 
 cornice to which the lambrequin is 
 attached in this is quite elaborately 
 carved. 
 
 A cheaper coniice, and one that will 
 be handsome, can be made of picture- 
 frame mouldings. As this cornice 
 should always set out from the wall 
 some Hix inches, in order to allow cur- 
 tains to hang free from the windows, 
 it will be necessary to turn the corner 
 of the cornice by mitering. 
 
 A very handj-ome cornice is made by placing on a smooth tmiird 
 
 Fie:. ----Lambrequin for Window. 
 
 Kl^. :t---Lamhreiiuin lor Winding uith liace Curtnins. 
 
 wooden ornaments, such as may be obtained at the furniture stores, 
 in any pattern that may be desired. The board should be t-'ix or 
 
 eight inches in width, 
 thus being wide enough 
 to admit some narrow 
 gilt moulding on its 
 lower edge, or else- 
 where. A board thus 
 trimmed with orna- 
 ments and handsomely 
 painted in different 
 colors is very beautiful. 
 Such a cornice is 
 shown in Fig. 3, a 
 board being cut in 
 curves, furniture orna- 
 ments attached, then 
 painted, and a bright 
 cord stretched on the 
 lower edge of the board. Suspended to this is a very easily-made 
 lambrequin of terry, trimmed with braid, tassels hanging from the 
 points. The graceful sweep of the 
 lace curtains beneath is finely shown 
 when looped back with curtain tie*^, 
 from which are dropped tassels cor- 
 responding in color with the lambre- 
 quin. The window stand, if uphol- 
 stered, should be supplied with a 
 material similar in color to the 
 lambrequin and the general furniture 
 of the room. The drapery suspended 
 beneath may be ornamented in a style 
 to suit the taste. 
 
 Windows. 
 
 Windows should be as large as it is 
 possible to conveniently make them. 
 In the earlier history of the world, 
 when glass was a rarity and a very 
 expensive article to purchase, there 
 was excuse for the small window. In 
 modern times, however, when glass 
 has become so cheapened in price as to 
 be within the reach of all, there is no 
 longer necessity for withholding the 
 light from entering our homes. 
 
 The window opening should not only 
 be large in order to allow sunlight and 
 air to enter the dwelling, but it should, 
 if beauty is to be regarded, be supplied 
 with large glass. 
 
 If it is possible for the owner of th<- 
 home to afford the expense, a clear, 
 transparent plate-glass, set in sashes 
 ttiat are raised with the aid of weights, 
 should be used. Especially is this 
 glass desirable for those windows in 
 tbe front portions of the house, near 
 which the family frequently sit. 
 While small panes of glass give a 
 cheap appearance to the window, so a 
 large pane gives a corresi>ouding im- 
 proved appearance. A model window 
 may, therefore, be regarded as that 
 which is large, long, low, and has but two panes. The sash outside 
 sbould l)e painted dark to correspond in color with thai of the glass.
 
 f 
 
 WINDOW DECORATION. COLORS THAT HAKMONIZE. 
 
 555 
 
 Figs. 4 and 6 prcucnt drnpery especially suitable for a doorway 
 which it may hL- Himictinics (Ifwiniblc to curtain. In tlic ont; the 
 
 hinibreqniii is 
 ^ 11 8 pend e d 
 from a roller. 
 — These maybe 
 trimmed ae- 
 rordiny to the 
 fjiney of the 
 maker with 
 liraid, fringe, 
 tassels, etc. 
 
 Fig. 6 rep- 
 resents a lam- 
 brequin made 
 from two 
 boards as long 
 as the window is 
 wide, sawed in curves. 
 These are fastened some 
 eight inches apart, and 
 to the upper one at- 
 tached furniture orna- 
 ments. This is easily 
 covered by striped reps, 
 to which may be fastened 
 on the lower edge fringe 
 and two tassels, as shown in 
 the engraving. 
 Colors. 
 
 The ob- 
 ject 
 
 two or 
 more dif- 
 f e r e n t 
 tints on 
 
 cloth is to obtain rrlief by vari 
 e t y, and -eaf Ooo^ 
 yet the 
 t\\ot.hades 
 ) u g h t, 
 in contrast 
 ■- h o u 1 d 
 harmo- 
 nize, else 
 the beauty 
 of each 
 will be 
 lessened. 
 That the 
 reader may understand the colors that 
 will contrast and yut blend, the follow- 
 ing list of harmonizing colors is given : 
 Blue and gold; blue and orange; 
 blue and salmon color; blue and drab; 
 blue and stone color; blue and white; 
 blue and gray; blue and straw color: 
 blue and maize; blue and chestnut; 
 blue and brown; blue and blaoJc; blue 
 and white; blue, brown, crimson and 
 gold. 
 
 Black and white; black and orange: 
 black and maize; black and scarlet; black and lilac; black and pink 
 black and slate color: black and buff; black, white, yellow and crim 
 
 DECORATION 
 
 Fig. 4--L.iml)reqiini sus- 
 pended from a Uullcr. 
 
 son; black, orange, blue and yellow. 
 
 6'rim«0fi. and gold ; crimson and orange; crimfion and maize; crim- 
 pon and purple; 
 crimson and black; 
 crimson and drab. 
 Green and gold ; 
 green and yellow; 
 green and orange; 
 green and crim- 
 son; green, crim- 
 son, and yellow ; 
 gri-en, scarlet and 
 yellow. 
 
 Lilac and gold; 
 lilac and maize; 
 lilac and cherry; 
 lilac and scarlet; 
 lilac and crimson; 
 scarlet, white and black; 
 lilac, gold and chestnut; 
 lilac, yellow, scarlet and 
 white. 
 
 Orange and chestnut; 
 orange and brown; 
 orange, lilac and crimson ; 
 orange, red and green; 
 orange, blue and crimson ; 
 orange, purple and scarlet; 
 orange, blue, scarlet, green 
 and white. 
 Purple 
 and gold ; 
 purpleand 
 o r a n g L* . 
 purpleand 
 maize; 
 purple, scarlet and gold col- 
 
 ■O O - O - O^ ; 
 
 pie, white 
 and scar 
 let; pur 
 pie, blue, 
 orange, 
 and scar 
 let; pur- 
 ple, scar- 
 let, blue, 
 y e 1 1 o \\' 
 and black. 
 lied and 
 gold; red, 
 white or 
 gray; red, 
 
 green and orange; red, black and yel- 
 low; red, yellow, black and white. 
 
 Scarlet and purple; scarlet and 
 orange; scarlet and blue; scarlet and 
 slate color; scarlet, black and white; 
 scarlet, white and blue; scarlet, gray 
 and blue; scarlet, yellow and blue; 
 scarlet, blue, yellow and black. 
 
 Telloiv and red; yellow and brown; 
 yellow and chestnut; yellow and 
 violet; yellow and blue; yellow and purple: yellow and crimson: 
 yellow and black; yellow, purple and crimson: yellow and scarlet. 
 
 i — - - ^ 
 
 l-jJ Windows and Passage-WaysJ 
 
 
 Fitr. 5-Lanibn'i|uin Heavily 
 Embroidered with Lace 
 Attached. 
 
 k
 
 
 ■:(>^ 
 
 556 
 
 LAMBREQUINS AND WINDOW CURTAINS. 
 
 terry or rep, and beneath these 
 as shown in the cncraving- 
 
 Fig. 7 shows a lambrequin attached to a plain board, the cloth 
 being made of terry or a cheaper goods of one color. There are three 
 divisions in front, each 
 dropping from fifteen 
 to twenty inches, and 
 sides that are consid- 
 erably longer. These- 
 are bordered with ball 
 fringe. Box plaits give 
 relief, as do the em- 
 broidery, the cords 
 stretched across the 
 upper part and the 
 ruffling on the top. 
 
 Fiff. 8 shows an 
 ornamental cornice, 
 easily made from a 
 board cut curving, to 
 which may be attached 
 
 furniture ornaments, the whole painted in fancy colors. To this | cords and tassels will always add 
 
 
 
 Lambre(|nin Trimmed witli Ball Friug-e. 
 
 is a handsomely embroidered lace, 
 The window-stand in this is uphol- 
 stered, while a flower 
 vase gives relief in 
 I lie center. 
 
 Fig. 9 is a heavily- 
 draped curtain — ton 
 lieavy, it will be seen, 
 fur a window, as it 
 would obscure ligbt, 
 but is suitable for a 
 door-way or recess sel- 
 dom used. The upper 
 portion shows a beauti- 
 ful design for a lam- 
 brequin. 
 
 In Fig. 9 are seen 
 several tassels. The 
 suitable arrangement of 
 to the beauty of window adornment, 
 
 ia fiu.'-jjended a deep fringe. The side rurluiiiH are miide nf rich | whelher lieiuy curtains be used, or those simply made of lace,
 
 L 
 
 CUETAIN OENAMENTATION. 
 
 557 
 
 '■■■■■■■■' 
 
 '■■■■■■■■■■ 
 
 -> — l-w- 
 
 .^=lS.'5C®l^j:'St::5»-... 
 
 
 r HEAVY CURTAIN DRAPERIES FOR WINDOWS AND DOOR-WAYS. ^i 
 
 
 -*^^..,' 
 
 Fig. 10 fX'hibits a hisihly ornamented curtiiin for u door-way. This 
 is lUfidt; of any dark luuterial cor^e^^pondinJ; with the ^t-in-ral color 
 
 of the furniture in the room. The edge of the curtain U much lighter 
 and is heavily embroidered. It is relieved with heavy cord, the tas- 
 sels corresponding in size with the cord. 
 
 In Fig, 11 is a window-hanging much more plain than some others 
 shown. The cornice is made of plain picture-frame moulding, the 
 lambrequin is easily finished with a band, and the outer curtains are 
 trimmed with a large cord. Lace curtains are beneath, while a plain, 
 white dimity hangs next the window. 
 
 Various Furnishings. 
 There are certain ntonis in the houHe that have only white wall)* and 
 
 -^-i-*-!-«- 
 
 """""r 
 
 Fi^. ll--Liiml)rei|uiii with Plain Comioe. 
 
 white ceilings. Very much relief can be given such a room by a 
 wall-paper border at the top of the sides of the room. 
 
 Always useful and very easily constructed are brackets, which may 
 be made to rest in the corners of the room or on the sides. Their 
 construction is very simple, consisting as they do of a back, a shelf, 
 and a support for the shelf. With an aperture in the back, they can 
 easily he hung to a nail or hook, and, when handsomely covered with 
 ladies' fancy-work, they at once become ornamental. 
 
 — <)■
 
 ^^ 
 
 ooJ: 
 
 HOW BEDS MAY BE ORNAMENTED BY CANOPIES ABOVE THEM. 
 
 A very elegant method of ornamenting a room is by a canopy over 
 the bed. An elaborate and beautiful design for this purpose is shown 
 in Fig. 12. To make this a thin board-platform as long as the bed- 
 stead is wide, and extending over the head of the bed some three 
 feet, should be ^q qq 
 fastened six or 9 
 more feet above 
 the bed by iron 
 braces extend- 
 ing up the out- 
 side of the 
 headboard. 
 This board may 
 be cut curving 
 in any desired 
 pattern. To 
 the edge of this 
 can be fastened 
 an ornamental 
 band which may 
 be made of cloth 
 and beautified 
 as taste may 
 dictate. Be- 
 neath this cor- 
 nice will sus- 
 pend a drapery 
 similar to a lam- 
 brequin, made 
 of rep goods, 
 corresponding 
 in color to the 
 
 window lambrequins and general furnishing of the room. There 
 is abundant opportunity offered here for display in taste, as shown in 
 the illustration. Beneath will hang a 
 lace curtain which may serve the pur- 
 pose of mosquito-netting, should it be 
 desired. 
 
 Fig. 13 shows a bedstead with 
 
 canopy, and clearly demonstrates how 
 thi^i furniwhini;; improves a room. 
 Carpets. 
 The selection of a carpet is an impor- 
 tant matter. Nature teaches a lesson in 
 Its selection. At the most delightful 
 season of the year nature robes hernelf In green. Later in the year 
 come the autumn tints and the brown, which merge Ijito the white 
 
 of winter. As a cleanly shaven, bright, green lawn, occasionally 
 relieved by shrub and blossom, is the most beautiful carpet nature 
 wears, so the carpet in the room, bearing a goodly amount of green, 
 with blossoms for relief, is sure to give satisfaction. 
 
 .o^^e^ As nature 
 never presents 
 a straight line, 
 so the carpet is 
 in best taste 
 that has no set 
 figures and no 
 straight lines. 
 As the lawn is 
 handsomestthat 
 does not have 
 too great an 
 abundance of 
 shrubbery and 
 flowers, so the 
 carpet is most 
 beautiful that is 
 not too much 
 crowded with 
 figures. 
 
 As a dark 
 carpet and a 
 dark paper on 
 the walls will 
 cause the room 
 to look smaller, 
 so light carpets 
 and walls en- 
 large the appearance of the room. 
 
 Care must be exercised iu the purchase of rugs, mats, hassocks, 
 etc., that they harmonize in lints with 
 the color of the carpet. The placing of 
 a bright rug on a carpet of quiet color 
 will often injure its appearance. The 
 smaller the room the smaller should be 
 
 'l^O'OOO' 
 
 the figure in the carpet. 
 
 Monograms. 
 
 It ifl nonu'liines detiirable to work u 
 monogram, consisting of two or three 
 letters, upon the canopy or other fur- 
 nishings in the house. As a rule they 
 
 look best when worked in gold or light-colored silk upon a dark 
 
 background. See designs upon this page. 
 
 i> o o O^ 
 
 (j.
 
 ? 
 
 SUGGESTIONS KKI.ATINCi TO ORNAMENTATION. HEALTH AND COMFORT. 
 
 559 
 
 Fii.'. 14--Straieht-Baokecl riiair. 
 
 HEALTH AND COMFORT. 
 
 Fie. 1(>--Cliair lyith (urved Lcifs. 
 
 .\n important acci-'ssorv in tin.' l)fantifyin;,' of a room are orna- 
 mental chairs, a few desiinis of which are given. For the frame-work 
 and general upholstery it may be best to depend upon the furnitnre- 
 dealer. Extra ornamentation may be easily added, as is shown in the 
 back and seat of Fig. 14. The ornamental band improves the back 
 and seat of Fig. 15. The embroidery-work in Fig. 16 should be 
 made on the cloth before the chair is covered. The same is true of 
 
 Fig. 17. The 
 camp-chair, Fig. 
 
 In the placing of fiiriiitiire, in the hanging of lamlirequins, 
 curtains, canopies, etc., care should he observed that a free 
 circulation of air through a room is not impeded. Windows should 
 be so constructed that both the upper and lower sashes can be 
 easily raised and lowered. If the weather is extremely warm and it 
 is desired to keep the air cool in-doors, the windows may be opened 
 at night and in the early morning to admit of cool air, and through- 
 out the remain- 
 der of the day
 
 BASKET ORNAMENTATION. 
 
 Fig. 20 shows a waste-paper 
 basket, always necessary beside 
 tbe writing-table. This is 
 easily made from wires ob- 
 tained at the hardware stores. 
 It can also be made of a few 
 straight pieces of wood, sixteen 
 or eighteen inches high, fast- 
 ened together with barrel- 
 hoops. Wicker-baskets can be 
 bought at the stores likewise. 
 Any of these can be trimmed 
 in the style shown herewith 
 very handsomely with cords 
 and tassels. 
 Fig. 21 represents a basket 
 for the reception of soiled clothing, 
 made of a circular piece of board, for the 
 bottom twelve or more inches in diameter, 
 and another circular piece eighteen or 
 twenty inches, which will serve for the 
 cover. Both may be made larger, if 
 necessary. The bottom is fastened in 
 place by four strong wires, which may be 
 bent, as shown in the illustration. The 
 upper part of the standards may be fa^^t- 
 ened by a circular wire or barrel -hoop. 
 Inside of this, and resting on the bottom, 
 will be the basket, made of strong paste- 
 board, lined with enameled cloth. The 
 cover may be fastened by wire at the top 
 of the basket. On the cover should be a 
 handle, and the cover may be handsomely 
 upholstered. The wire-supports can be 
 covered, making handles as shown in the 
 engraving, while an ornamental draping 
 may hang upon the sides which can be 
 highly ornamented, the wire-work being 
 imintcd or bronzed. 
 
 Fig. 22 displays a lady's work-basket, 
 ihe frame-work of which can be made of 
 any material that will bend easily, such 
 as wire or cane. Three circular pieces of 
 tjoard are necessary; one for the bottom, 
 one for the lower part of the basket, and 
 one for the cover. Such baskets are for 
 sale in plain wicker-work, which can be 
 liandsomoly ornamented, as shown in Ihe 
 illustration. 
 
 Fig. 23 sliowa a work-stand having a 
 central stan<lard supported by three feet, 
 of dark-colored wood. The pockets are 
 Tuade of strong pasteboard, over which is 
 a clolh-eanvas, nuilable for embroidery-
 
 -^'F 
 
 7^ 
 
 KEsTs I'OR TiiK I'"i-:i-:t. 
 
 .v;i 
 
 111 W% ■■ 11 ■■ ■■ TT 
 
 Kiu'. •i4--Kn.ilst(ml. 
 
 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Kl ■■-T 
 
 .'>.-F()«flslni.l, 
 
 "Tr= 
 
 work, upon which any kind of ornamentation may be made that is 
 desired. The four pockets in the illustration are fastened at the top 
 with a ribbon. The inside of the pockets may be lined with any fancy 
 paper, and the upper 
 
 )-«-»i,fi-ii^ii-»i 
 
 »->■ ■■. 11 ■1-»1^1B-1«^I»-1 
 
 aaoEj^ 
 
 the footstool. They 
 
 and lower edges are 
 finished with a ruching 
 of pink satin, while an 
 occasional bow of rib- 
 bon makes a pretty finish. 
 
 A very useful piece of furniture 
 should be found to the number 
 of one or two in all the best 
 furnished rooms of the house. 
 They are not only useful and 
 ornamental, but they are very 
 easily and cheaply made. The 
 most common box about the 
 house, twelve inches square, can 
 be converted into an article of 
 beauty at a very slight expense, 
 as old pieces of carpet, trimmings 
 of dresses, fringes, buttons, 
 cords, tassels, braids, ribbons, 
 etc., can be used in the making 
 of footstools. 
 
 While the foundation of the 
 stool may be square, a circular 
 bos does equally well. A small 
 cheese-box serves the purpose 
 finely, as do peck and half-bushel measures, having the box packed 
 tightly with moss, feiitbcrs, hair or cotton. Even fine bay or husks 
 
 CUSHIONS AND FOOTSTOOLS 
 
 How to Ui'iB Them Cheaply and How to Ornament Them. 
 
 <M 
 
 would do in case no better material is at hand. 
 
 Fig". 24 is a footstool made of a cir'^nlar bos, stuffed with moss, 
 which is fastened in place by ticking. This is covered with any dis- 
 carded strong cloth of 
 (lark color, which may 
 ' W^^^^^^^^^^ have done service in a 
 
 l^i^^'^ dress or otherwise. 
 
 ■w-^.^-w|^ •'/'■v' This is fastened upon 
 
 the edge of the box at the point that is trimmed with the cord, a full- 
 ness being left below. Four triangular pieces of black velvet, 
 
 trimmed with gimp and fastened 
 
 together in the center, covered 
 with looped cord, ornament and 
 finish the top. 
 
 Fig. 25 is made of black 
 velvL't, broadcloth, or any dark, 
 strong cloth fastened over the 
 foundation, which has been pre- 
 viously stuffed. In the black 
 cloth square openings are cut on 
 the edge, through which project 
 puffs, covered with a lighter 
 material. The corners are 
 finished with buttons, the top 
 being ornamented with needle- 
 work. 
 
 Fig. 26 represents a hair pin- 
 cushion, the foundation of which 
 may be a collar-box filled with 
 hair or wool, and raised well in the middle. This maybe covered 
 with a loose knittin^i;, ;iiul over iliis may be another rovt-ring of kniu 
 
 ■1 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ri 11 n ■■ 
 
 ■ ■ 11 11 11 11 ti ■■ ■■ -rw 
 
 ^ ^-^ 1^- ^^-^^^ 
 
 
 Fij;. '27--Footstool toTcred with Wool or Fur. 
 
 
 o6 
 
 "^K
 
 f. 
 
 7 — 
 
 502 
 
 TABLE-Sl'EEAD AND WALL-PAPEK AUOKN.MENT. 
 
 Fie. an-Sittins-liooiu Table. 
 
 1 
 
 Fl?. 30-IJffht KtAiid. 
 
 goods or other material through which pins will 
 pass easily. The illustration shows how ruching 
 made of ribbon and pointed flannel, trimmed in 
 ni.'(nlle-work, may add other ornamentation. 
 
 Fig". 27 presents another footstool, on the sides 
 nf which hang a heavy fringe, while the top is 
 c()vered with wool, cat, dog, or squirrel skin. 
 
 Fig. 28 displays a footstool made in the shape 
 of a pillow, stuffed, and ornamented with braid, 
 gimp, ruching, etc., as taste may dictate. Care 
 t^honld be observed in these to use colors harmo- 
 nizing with the general color of the furniture of 
 the room. 
 
 light stands, table-spreads 
 grnamentIl waIl-papers. 
 
 Fig. 29 shows an oblong table, with two drawers 
 that can be drawn without disturbing the cloth, 
 which is a matter of very considerable convenience 
 to the housekeeper, who desires to keep her 
 sewing materials, pins, etc., in a convenient 
 place. 
 
 Fig. 30 is a light and graceful stand, which 
 may be placed in the center or corner of the room 
 lor the accommodation of the feathered songster. 
 The covering upon this is a linen damask, with its 
 edges frayed out to a fringe, the stripes and 
 ornamentation being made of material that will 
 not fade when washed. A stand of this size serves 
 the purpose well as a center table for general use, 
 being covered with a woolen cloth. 
 
 Fig. 31 shows a section of wall -paper with top 
 border and dado at the bottom. Styles change in 
 tht' fasliion of ornamenting a room, so that no 
 definite rules can be laid down for decoration. A 
 plain, blank wall is relieved, however, first, by a 
 paper that bears a tint different from white. It 
 is further relieved by a border on the wall beneath 
 the ceiling, and a border, known as dado, extend- 
 ing upward from the base-board three or four feet 
 from the floor. It is yet more relieved and beau- 
 tified if judicious colors and patterns are used 
 n\ I r tlic entire wall. 
 
 Fig. 32 presents a mat luade for the use of Ilu- 
 dog. If a pet, the dog will be in the hc)use more 
 or lcB8. This will be agreeable to the animal, and 
 lliero need be no objection if the dog has a special 
 place, which will be soon learned and occupied 
 when such is ])rovided. For this purpose a quilted 
 flannel may be used, thickly wadded and stitched 
 
 •M'V 
 
 i^- 
 
 ¥y/ 
 
 
 \- 1 
 
 WHICH UiLJ-'iE I.' •■O'.K-f"-? 
 
 )o-'cE 
 
 i/^" 
 
 ^^.. 
 
 
 Iv e s r . 
 
 I ii:. :!I--Unll-I':i|i('i' OrrLiiniililcd.
 
 -<)■ 
 
 MAT AND FOOT-EUGS. 
 
 oHXj 
 
 ?• 
 
 by the sewing-machine. A woolen fringe will ornament the edge, 
 untl a lining of any i*mooth material will be Berviceablu in moving it. 
 
 A very pretty and useful 
 ornament upon the floor is a 
 foot-rug, which can be made 
 of wa^tc materials about the 
 house. 
 
 Fig. 33 shows a design 
 mjiiU- by using a substantial 
 cluth of one color, which 
 should be heavily lined. 
 From any bright woolen 
 material cut an eight- 
 pointed star, as shown in the 
 illustration. This star may 
 be fastened in place by 
 needle - work and haud- 
 tuomely- colored yarns. Slits 
 are then cut in the cloth, 
 through which is drawn a 
 cloth of other color than the 
 groundwork. Thus the four 
 circles are made. These 
 are tipped with embroidery. Outside is fastened a braided plait 
 which may be made of any color that taste may select. 
 
 Fig. 34 represents a rug which consists of a foundation made of 
 heavy cloth, the outer edge of which is of dark color. Over this is 
 sewed a rope of the design 
 
 m 
 
 ^el- 
 
 shown in the illustration, one 
 large white button being in the 
 outer edge of the space, and 
 three small buttons in a row on 
 the inner edge. Inside is a rope 
 of another color, which, closely 
 wound, thus completes what 
 ment for the floor. 
 
 Various Fiimishing-s, 
 There are many articles in some rooms of thu house that we almost 
 hourly havf occasion to use. That we may get easy access to these, 
 
 ORNAMENTAL FLOOR MATS. 
 
 The Waste Scraps From Which They are Made, 
 
 it becomes necessary for them to be very conveniently placed. Thi- 
 renders the center-table a necessity, upon which will rest the lamp, 
 
 if such be used, the lale 
 paper, the book, the maga- 
 zine, the sewing-work, etc. 
 
 This table should be 
 such as will not easily tip, 
 large enough to hold what 
 is required for immediate 
 use, and so located in the 
 room that the family may 
 gather around it. For com- 
 fort, marble, oil-cloth, or 
 any hard-finished material 
 as a covering, should be 
 avoided. As a rule a soft 
 woolen table-spread will 
 give the best satisfaction. 
 Both the table and spread 
 are to be fonnd at the stores. 
 It is only left for the person 
 of taste to add such orna- 
 mentation to the spread 
 
 as fancy may dictate to increase the beauty of the table. 
 Eflfect of Colors. 
 As white will increase the apparent t-ize of any object, so it will 
 
 also give the appearance of coolness wherever it is used. It is hence 
 
 appropriate in warm weather. 
 
 Iff 
 
 «0 
 
 And How to Make Them Elegant. \(j2y 
 
 very handsome orua- 
 
 Blue is also a cool color. Black 
 is gloomy when used much in 
 furnishing, and red is warm iu 
 appearance. 
 
 Prevailing Colors. 
 In furnishin;.' a room some one 
 color should have a preponderance. Thus, if green enters largely 
 into the carpet, the chairs should be upholstered in similar color, 
 and the lambrequins should have the same shade. If blue is largely 
 in any conspicuous article of furniture, the same shade should pre- 
 vail throughout, and the same of other colors.
 
 t. 
 
 otU 
 
 GEMS OF NEEDLE- WOEK. 
 
 NCUSHIONS AND LAMP-SHADES- 
 
 Fig. 35 shows a pinciit^hion of nearly actual size, 
 wings are to be made, ^j,^ . 
 
 and a body. For winL,'s 
 
 Two sets of I velvet or satin, which may be trimmed in gold and other colored 
 
 silk in the manner shown 
 in the pattern. Fasten 
 
 use two thicknesses of Tj 
 
 pasteboard, between ji 
 
 which may be a thin J 
 
 layer of cotton, or wool. J 
 
 Cover the wings with a j 
 
 dark-colored silk. Add j 
 
 spots with black velvet; j 
 
 trim with chenille, gold j 
 
 cord and gold thread. \ 
 
 Form the dots of bright | 
 
 silk thread. Make the ! 
 
 lower wings of different j 
 
 color from the other. ; 
 
 The body is made of ; 
 
 cotton or wool, wound ; 
 
 with chenille and gold ! 
 
 thread, two beads serv- S 
 
 inj: the purpose of eyes. j 
 
 Fig. 36 represents a J 
 light- screen, supported 
 by a handsomely-turned 
 ebony standard, sixteen 
 inches high, resting on 
 
 three feet, supported li> Cii*>V 
 
 i 
 
 sf i 
 
 ]•• 
 
 Fi^. 35--BntterfIy Pincushion. 
 
 <^] 
 
 pon the tin. When all 
 complete the shade is 
 a fine ornament. This 
 is but one style of a 
 dozen that can be made, 
 all different, and all 
 equally beautiful. 
 
 The mat upon which 
 the lamp rests is made 
 of card-board ten inches 
 in diameter, covered 
 with green flannel or 
 satin, upon which may 
 be laid braid or ruching, 
 according to fancy. 
 
 Cupboard. 
 
 There are many arti- 
 cles of use and orna- 
 ment, which cannot be 
 I pictured here, that may 
 I be made very^ cheaply 
 * by any person of taste. 
 Thus at the shoe-stores 
 
 
 
 a cross-rod, also of 
 ebony, five inches long, 
 with cords and tassels. 
 The banner is made of 
 cashmere. Being very 
 delicate it should be lined 
 with white muslin and 
 then stretched on a frame 
 to embroider it. Silk 
 twist, gold, blue, white 
 and black thread and gold 
 cord enter into the com- 
 bination of colors which 
 are interblended, as 
 shown in the illustra- 
 tion. 
 
 Fig. 37 presents 
 another style of a lamp- 
 shade, which is made by 
 first cutting out a piece 
 of circular tin for the 
 shade to hang upon. 
 Cover this with a dark- 
 colored silk. Then cut 
 Hix pieces of silk — green 
 is perhaps the best color 
 — of the shape shown in 
 the illustration. Over 
 these spread a lace or 
 tarlatan, and work the 
 edges in button-hole 
 stitch. Upon each now 
 place a piece of black 
 
 will be found usually a 
 number of waste boxes, 
 that are long and nar- 
 row. These can he pur- 
 chased at a price from 
 ten to twenty-five cents 
 each. Five, sis or eight 
 of these piled flatwise, 
 one on the top of another, 
 and nailed together, will 
 make a convenient cup- 
 board. With a few bat- 
 tens to cover the cracks, 
 and a pot of paint, it 
 can be made handsome 
 in appearance; or after 
 being nailed together in 
 the rough, it can be 
 papered with the scraps 
 of wall-paper and border, 
 a quantity of which is 
 usually about the house, 
 and with a curtain of 
 common calico, cretonne 
 or other cloth, to hang in 
 front, it will be an orna- 
 ment in the room. 
 While an ordinary cup- 
 board will cost from five 
 to fifteen dollars, this can 
 be made as described for 
 less than a dollar of 
 expense. 
 
 riu'. :W--Li(iuii-Shiidi>
 
 'f 
 
 (JllKAl'LY-MADIC CON \EN1EN(;ES. 
 
 Fig. 38"Car(i-Case, 
 
 ^»^ MATS, CARD-CASES AND HOME-MADE 
 
 DRESSING-TABLES. ^^ 
 
 Fig. 38 !^hows a card-case, the materials necessary to 
 are cane, silk, ribbons and various smaller trimmings. The 
 is made of pieces of cane or 
 wire, the longer being about 
 fourteen inches in length, the 
 cross- rods about ten inches, 
 and the standards about four 
 inches in height, the pieces 
 being handsomely finished at 
 the ends by black shawl -pins 
 pushed into them up to 
 th__e head. Fasten together, 
 as shown in the illustration. 
 Inside set a pasteboard box 
 which has been covered with 
 dark satin or silk, and orna- 
 mented as fancy may dictate. 
 Inside the largest set smaller 
 boxes which have also been 
 trimmed to correspond with 
 the larger. Pasteboard, lined 
 with a material similar to the 
 box, will make the covers, 
 while ribbons will make the 
 hinges and other fastenings. 
 
 Fig. 39 represents a mat 
 for a pitcher, twelve or four- 
 teen inches in diameter. A 
 mat should be placed under 
 each article, in order to make 
 a pleasing effect and save the 
 surface of the waah-stand. 
 In either case it is well to 
 have a linen cloth spread 
 entirely over the top of the 
 stand. Mats may be orna- 
 mented, as shown in the 
 illustration, with woolen 
 braid, ruchiug or other de- 
 signs that may be washed. 
 
 make which 
 frame- work 
 
 rests upon may be made of either baize, linen or enameled cloth. 
 Fig. 40 shows a common pine box, three or four feet long 
 
 and two feet deep. Into 
 the opening is placed an 
 ujiright and one shelf, A 
 back and side are cut out in 
 t iirves, as shown in the illug- 
 t ration, on each corner of 
 which is attached a top piece 
 and a larger shelf below. An 
 oval mirror, obtained at the 
 store, is fastened in the 
 back. The wood-work above 
 the top of the box, when tin- 
 ished, is made perfectly 
 smooth and then painted with 
 light colors. The box is 
 covered with a handsome 
 spread, ornamented with 
 plaits and ruffles, beautiful 
 curtains hanging in front, 
 completing that which from 
 a plain board-bos has become 
 an article of use and beanty 
 in the interior of the house. 
 
 Pictures in these later 
 days are in abundance. To 
 make them serviceable they 
 should be hung, and to give 
 them finish they should be 
 framed. Fig. 41 shows one 
 of many ways by which a 
 frame may be made. This 
 is formed from a board about 
 five inches larger each way 
 than the picture and covered 
 with dark-colored cloth. A 
 mat may possibly be obtained 
 of the right size at the 
 The cloth in the mat that the pitcher | photographer's, which will give finish to the outer edge of the picture-
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 566 
 
 CHEA1> AND HANDSOME HOUSEHOLD FL'KNISHINGS. 
 
 -f 
 
 :i^iiit»M»My^aB;*Miggz 
 
 Picture-Frames, Clothes-Bags and Slipper-Cases 
 
 
 Or a mat may be made of thin piect^s of uot>il and covered with velvet 
 or other dark cloth. Over this may be placed pieces of cane, wire, or 
 cat-tails, as shown in the illustration. These may be wound with cord 
 and green leaves, such as may be 
 had at the fancy-goods stores, 
 while the corners may be orna- 
 mented, finished with pine cones 
 or rosettes made of ribbons. 
 
 Fig. 48 shows a clothes-bag, 
 an indispensable article, which 
 may serve as a receptacle for 
 soiled linen throughout the 
 week. This is made of a piece 
 of cloth one and a half yards 
 wide and three-quarters of a 
 yard long, which may be trimmed 
 and finished in the style shown 
 in the ilhi. -miration. 
 
 Fig. 43 exhibits another 
 home-made frame, which niiiy be 
 ornamented as taste may dictate. 
 
 Fig. 44 shows a slipper-case, 
 the frame-work of which is made 
 of i>asteboard, lined with dark 
 
 cambric or silk. The outside may be covered with silk, satin or 
 velvet, and ornamented according to fancy. 
 
 Various Fumishing"s. 
 
 In every home there is 
 
 a constant accumulation of 
 
 little things, comprising the 
 
 V-^,'- '■^^/ r .V. 1/,:. 'vV/ 
 
 f AA 
 
 Flif. l'_»--<l<»th(s-lt(iir. 
 
 useful, curious and orimuiental. Thej^e come in at the holidays; 
 they are found in the shape of rare stones and freaks of nature in 
 our walks across the fields, and they are continually being purchased 
 
 at the stores. To preserve these 
 and to exhibit them to advantage 
 is desirable. This can be done 
 in the corner of the room in 
 which there is usually unoccu- 
 pied space. To contain these 
 there should be suspended in the 
 corner, by strong cord or wire, 
 five or six shelves, graduated in 
 size from the largest at the bot- 
 tom to the smallest at the top, 
 being placed eight or ten inches 
 apart. These shelves, cut from 
 a common board, will be three- 
 cornered in shape, the outer 
 edge being curved, thus render- 
 ing the shelf a little more grace- 
 ful in appearance. The cord 
 passing through these shelves on 
 each side will be attached to a 
 strong support in the corner, and 
 thus they are kept in place, a knot in the cords holding each shelf in 
 position. They can be covered with scarlet or green cloth, either of 
 which will make a good 
 
 41"Pictiire with Rustic Frame 
 
 background and render the 
 what-not quite complete 
 and ornamental. 
 
 
 Fit.'. I'S'-rii'tiire-Kranie,
 
 A IIOI'UOIK AND A DliAWINO-KOOM. 
 
 ;i .■■■■■•'i||ta„ii,r-'' 
 
 I ';^#^ 
 
 t»^ 
 
 .^»" 
 
 <.». ,4 'I' 
 
 The uses to 
 which variou!- 
 interior furnish- 
 ings niuy be ap- 
 plied lire shown 
 in t.lie drawing- 
 room, Fig. 45, 
 of Hidcim liall, 
 the residence of 
 Princess Louise, 
 at Ottawa, Can- 
 ada. The lam- 
 brequins above 
 the windows are 
 in fine taste, the 
 mantel is e 1 e - 
 gantly trimmed, 
 the table-spread, 
 tidies, and easy 
 chairs look in- 
 viting, and the 
 flowers, bouks, 
 rugs, pictures, 
 and ornamental 
 mirror-frames, 
 all give relief and 
 convey the im- 
 pression that cul- 
 tivated taste 
 prepared and ar- 
 ranged the fur- 
 nishings. 
 
 From the draw- 
 ing-room we pass 
 to the boudoir. 
 Fig. 46, in Ki 
 deau hiill. This 
 room contain s 
 less furniture 
 than the other, as 
 it is designed to 
 receive less com- 
 pany; but an air 
 of quiet elegance 
 pervades the 
 scene. From the 
 large windows we 
 can look out upon 
 nature. From 
 this we can turn 
 to the choice 
 books upon the 
 table, and, when 
 
 
 tiring of litera- 
 ture, the piano is 
 at hand, from 
 which can be 
 drawn aweet 
 HI u s i c. The 
 luxurious carpet- 
 i n g an d low, 
 broad, easy 
 chairs, all sug- 
 gest refinement 
 and comfort. 
 
 Both of these 
 rooms contain a 
 supply of fresh 
 flowers, which 
 ^ht■d their per- 
 fume as an addi- 
 tional attraction 
 iijion the charm- 
 ing scene which 
 t b e y a s B i 8 1 in 
 adorning. The 
 presence of these 
 suggests that any 
 home is made 
 beautiful by n 
 diffusion of bou- 
 quets, scattered 
 through the 
 rooms that we 
 wish to beautify. 
 To furnish these 
 there should be a 
 bed of flowers 
 trained in the rear 
 yard or in the 
 conservatory, 
 from which a 
 supply can daily 
 be drawn of the 
 colors and per- 
 fumes desired. 
 A very little ex- 
 pense and some 
 labor and time is 
 all that is neces- 
 sary to grow an 
 abundance of 
 blossoms, the 
 presence of which 
 will cheer the 
 household.
 
 i:^ 
 
 :q^— 
 
 ^bS 
 
 PICTUEE OF LADIES ADMIKIl.G A CHILD. 
 
 ^•iffZZ^'- 
 
 
 An Elegant Household Interior. | 
 
 =t3%=ff: 
 
 =^| 
 
 We pass out from Rideau hall, and go in with the ladies on " a visit 
 to the young mother. " While the ladies chirrup and talk to the baby 
 and coniiratuhite the mother on the beauty of her child, we study the 
 
 The nnrse, who has intrusted this child in the care of 
 but a minute, is approaching from a door- way at the 
 iiif:iiit which has been placed in this prominent plac? for a 
 
 the visitors 
 left. The 
 brief time, 
 
 intcrir»r i)f the i-ooin. Fig. 47, mul think how hlcssed is thai mother 
 and child, if to (hut elei,'iinl lionu' is added that real love whicli 
 makes home a heaven. Certainly the richly upholstered hassock, the 
 dainty pillow that supports the mother, the luxurious sofa, the rich 
 , frescoes on the wall, the elcijiiiil chandelier, the delicate what-not in 
 the corner^ the soft carpet, the mirrors and pictures, all tend to 
 make the scene very charming. 
 
 only that it may he seen, will be taken to another apjirtun-nt and the 
 visitors will retire. Happy mother. Happy child. How blessed 
 to be twrn thus in the lap of such beauty, if the other qualities are 
 presented which give lialanee to the mind and conduce to success. 
 Certainly the hours happily spent by a mother in such a home prior 
 to the birth of a child, could not but impress that young mind with 
 a love of the artistic and the beautiful. 
 
 /(f.(^ —
 
 HOW TD MAKK IIOMK ATTUACTIV] 
 
 .•-* — ^5:5.- 
 
 HOUSEHOLD DECORATION AS APPLIED IN FURNISHING. 
 
 
 S:^"- *-• ->J= 
 
 i 
 
 Before lonvini; the subject of interior fiiriiishinct^ the reader is 1 if in^eimity and taste comliiiie to utilize the opportunities we have- 
 
 Hhnwn, Fig. 48, a neatly enibellished room in a New York Bubnrban about um. 
 
 rewidencc. We study tlie trimming on the manttd, its ornaments, The moral benefit resultin;^ from attractive homes it is impoHjiible 
 
 its pictures, tlie (dej^'antly upholstered chairs, the canopies above I to overestimate. If it is desirable t(j decorate the abode of vice in 
 
 H«. 4S-. Boudoir iu a Nen \ork Sulmrbaii Hesiden^e. 
 
 1 
 
 the bed, and the dressing-case; the window curtains, the ruffling 
 upon them, and the score of other beauties that reveal themselves 
 by examination. 
 
 This is a beautiful room, made so because taste and wealth have 
 evidently been combined in its adornment. Examination will show, 
 however, that artistic knowledge in arrangement is the cause of its 
 chief beauty. Thus, in any home, while more or less expenditure of 
 money may be necessary to decoration, the interior may be made 
 beautiful out of scraps and articles that would otherwise go to waste, 
 
 order to attract the customer, then equally important is it that the 
 home be made so charming that the family shall find it the most 
 delightful place in which its members may congregate. The lesson to 
 parents is emphatic. Gather in and around the home those charms 
 that attract the young. Thus the beautiful of elegant interiors will 
 attract the eye, the harmony of music will attract the ear, while good 
 books and moral pictures will all tend to so direct the mind of the 
 child into an appreciation of the pure and the spiritual as to make 
 the noble character in after-life. 
 
 .A. 
 
 >4cv—
 
 ><l.t^^ 
 
 T 
 
 570 
 
 EAELY PIONEEE SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORKER. 
 
 ROBERT RAIKES, 
 
 Prominent Promoter of Sunday-School Instruction and Moral Education. 
 
 JHE name of Robert Raikes has long been 
 intimatelj' connected with the progress of 
 moral and religious education, as taught 
 
 _ in English and American Sunday-Schools. 
 
 X^Q^^^^ It is not correct to say, however, that he 
 
 \>-'^) was the originator of these useful institutions, 
 
 but as a pious and benevolent gentleman, and 
 
 the promoter of healthful instruction, he stands 
 
 prominently in the list of public benefactors. 
 
 Robert Raikes was born at Gloucester, England, in the 
 year 1735. His father was the proprietor and publisher 
 of the Gloucester Journal, a paper that appears to have 
 been ably conducted, and justly 
 enjoying an extensive patron- 
 age. Whatever advantages for 
 gaining an education j-oung 
 Robert possessed are veiled in 
 obscurity, but in due season he 
 succeeded to his father's bus- 
 iness and prospered. 
 
 He is represented as manifest- 
 ing an eminent degree of piety, 
 with a constant attendance upon 
 public worship, not only on the 
 Sabbath, but daily during the 
 week, at the cathedral in his 
 native town. Nor was his reli- 
 gion confined to an observance 
 of church ordinances. Much of 
 his leisure time was given to 
 the encouragement of benevo- 
 lent efforts to relieve and in- 
 struct the poor' and ignorant 
 people in that vicinity. 
 
 It was in the course of this 
 charitable work that his atten- 
 tion was called to the idle and 
 dissipated desecration of the 
 Sabbath bj' the youth of Glou- 
 cester and other towns in England, whose morals had 
 become greatly depraved and were a source of public 
 complaint. Mr. Kaikes witnessed enough of their vile 
 conduct to convince liim tliat something oughtto be done 
 to stay the tide of proliigaey that was ruining the rising 
 generation, and the idea of Sunday-Schools for their 
 restraint and reformation impressed him so favorably 
 that, with the assistance of Rev. Thomas Stock, he estab- 
 lished one of these schools at Gloucester about the year 
 1781. Sunday-Schools, it is alleged, had been opened at 
 Milan, in Italy, l)y Cardinal Borromeo, (juite two hundred 
 years previous ; in England, in the seveuteenlh iciiturv, 
 
 by Rev. Joseph Alleine ; at Brechin, by Rev. David 
 Blair, about 1760, and in Yorkshire, England, about 17<i3. 
 by Rev. Theophilus Lindsay. 
 
 Mr. Raikes, however, appears to have shown himself 
 the most successful and permanent organizer of these 
 schools, and great credit is due to him on this account. 
 The impetus which he gave to this benevolent work was 
 such that in 1833 — fifty-two j-ears later — there were, in 
 Great Britain, 16,828 of them, with 1,, 548,890 scholars. 
 
 His original plan embraced the employment of four 
 women who had previously been engaged in teaching 
 poor children, to receive and instruct as many as he 
 should bring to them every Sun- 
 day. These women were each 
 paid about twentj'-three cents 
 per day for their services. At first 
 only a few of the street children 
 could be induced to enter the 
 schools, but this number was 
 gradually increased. 
 
 Lessons in reading were first 
 taught. Then the children were 
 taken to church, in care of their 
 teachers, and after their return 
 to the schools they were drilled 
 in reciting the catechism for an 
 hour. They ranged in age from 
 six to fourteen 3'ears. and, if 
 their hands and faces were 
 clean, and their hair combed, 
 they were welcomed, although 
 they came in ragged clothing 
 and barefooted. Rewards of 
 merit, of small value, were pre- 
 sented when deserved, and 
 work was found for the older 
 boys and girls. This course 
 served to create a widesprca<l 
 interest and healthful cmuhi 
 tion in the schools, and has since been wiselj' imitated. 
 
 Gradual!}' the fame of these institutions extended lo 
 other parts of the kingdom, until, as we have demon 
 strated, they soon became popular and greatly benefici.'il 
 in their results. 
 
 How mucli of individual good and social reformation 
 was effected, even in Mr. Raikes' lifetime, may ho judged, 
 for it was declared, after several years had elapsed, 
 that not one of the Sunday-scholars at Gloucester had 
 ever been sent to any house of correction within or 
 (uitside of the city. Mr. Raikes lived to attain a good 
 old age, his death occurring in 1811. 
 
 7W-
 
 TilK TWO WAYS IN I.IFi:. 
 
 571 
 
 -^W^ 
 
 ®-^-»- 
 
 /,i'-','° 
 
 -*-H 
 
 Importance of Early Moral Instruction. IZ'^^"^ 
 
 .^,^¥^^ 
 
 To what may Failure in Life be Attributed. 
 
 m^^<9^m^}^ 
 
 'orrect Life and the ^gMlessings 
 that Follow, saf 
 
 N CHILDHOOD and in youth 
 tlie seeds are sown that determine the extent of 
 the success we shall have, and the happiness we 
 shall enjoy in later years. 
 
 Like the tender twig that bends with the slight- 
 est breeze, the child's mind is, in a very high 
 degree, susceptible to the influence of good and 
 evil. If favoring winds, a genial sun, copious 
 rains and bounteous soil nurture the young yjlant, 
 the tree in its maturity will be a noble specimen 
 of its kind. So character in youth, impressed by 
 eveiy passing event, becomes evenly and har- 
 moniously balanced in proportion to the fortunate 
 circumstance of good birth, kind training in 
 childhood, and wise government when the young 
 are coming forward upon the threshold of active 
 life. 
 
 President Garfield used to say that he never 
 looked into the face of a boy, without a feeling of 
 reverence at the thought of what the little fellow 
 might achieve in future years. As we behold a 
 
 grou]) of children, of however huml)ic and lowly 
 
 I condition, and contemjilate the work that >(<u\u 
 of them may ]jerf(irm in life, we can well undci-- 
 stand the sentiinent that moved the martyred 
 President, as he studied the face of a boy and 
 
 , thought of his future jxissihilities. 
 
 It is painful to contemjilate how many bright, 
 beautitnl children come into this world of sun- 
 shine, to early sink into haVjits that will shadow 
 their after-years. 
 
 In all the great cities, there are large numbers 
 of women who have been unfortunate and have 
 left all hoj)e behind. There were periods in their 
 childhood when, in their girlish dreams, the 
 
 i world seemed all beautiful and bright to them. 
 
 I Alas that they could not have been wise enough 
 to have gatliered a tair measure of the happiness 
 that should be the nght of woman. 
 
 In the haunts of vice and in the prisons there 
 are tens of thousands of men to-day that stood, at 
 one time in their childhood, where the road 
 divides ; one jiath leading to indolence, intemp- 
 erance and crime, the other to industry, moralitji, 
 prosperity and hapi^iness. 
 
 At the diverging point, a kind, judicious and 
 wise teacher might have directed them into the 
 
 j better way, and thus they would have realized 
 that fullness of success in life which is the nat- 
 ural ambiti<;n of man. 
 
 For that joyous, bright-eyed girl, for that 
 laughing, happy boy, for the '-youth of the land 
 everywhere, for all those who may be without 
 the needed advice in the hour of trial, this chaj)- 
 ter in the Album is j^repared. 
 
 The hope is that those who read it will be so 
 instructed by its perusal, that they will ever be 
 thankful that they found and followed the lessons 
 taught by these illustrations.
 
 THE diffp:eence in children in willingness to do right. 
 
 Right and Wrong Contrasted, Self-Willed and Obstinate. Kind and Obedient. 
 
 
 
 A Kind and Obedient Child. 
 
 'f^i>j COMMON character is here represented — ! J^^OW pleasant is the contrast in this picture. 
 k% the result of an evil and untrained nature, -fplli Here is a gentle child, loving and obedient, 
 •3:,5? fostered by over-indulgence at home, and "^Jl confiding in his mother, and delighting in 
 manifesting a sullen, disobedient disposition, I her instructions. As he advances he is likely to 
 which, unchecked, ripens into dangerous man- ' be a studious scholar, a faithful employe, and a 
 hood and ends in disgrace and misery. | kind employer. 
 
 The Trouble that Follows Falsehood. The Reward of Truth. 
 
 WHO l)r()ke the window^ The boy denies 
 it to his father, and esca])es punishment 
 ; — i foi' the time. But, unless restrained by 
 futiu-e disciijline, he will grow up a deceitful 
 youth, a dishonest man, trusted by none, and 
 despised by all. 
 
 -E SEE this manly little fellow who has 
 broken a window telling the story of 
 [■^o/^I his carelessness truthfully, his fine feat- 
 ures glowing with the candor of his soul. In 
 youtli and manhood his unswerving love of truth 
 will win confidence and success.
 
 M 
 
 ^2^ 
 
 CUILUICEN THAT ^LAKKKL AND GET INTH HAD COMl'ANV. 
 
 Quarrelsome Children in Contrast with Those of Sweet Disposition. 
 
 Engaged in a Disgraceful Fight. 
 
 l!?fEW scenes are more painful than a street 
 |p fight between hids of tender years, who, 
 "^ unrestrained by proper training, give vent 
 to their passions. In after-years the quarrelsome 
 boy is likely to become a harsh and cruel man, 
 unfitted for good societ}' or companionship. 
 
 Children thai Know How to be Happy. 
 
 "^^UIET groves, green grass and summer air, 
 
 tfl where happy little children sport inno- 
 4 cently amid the beauties of nature, speak- 
 ing kind words and engaging harmoniously in 
 their plays, shadow forth the peaceful dispositions 
 and pursuits of their future lives. 
 
 The Effects of Good and Bad Company Illustrated. 
 
 Getting into Bad Company. 
 
 \() matter how good a boy is, if he falls into 
 the society of vicious lads, and suffers 
 it| himself to listen to their vile language and 
 wicked schemes, he soon loses his innocence, 
 gradually sinks into immoral habits, and becomes 
 a criminal. 
 
 Good Society Brings Prosperity. 
 
 l^Y associating only with the pure and good, 
 Wl^ an innocent boy will save himself from 
 ^^ falling into many hurtful snares, and in 
 such society he will find healthful restraint and 
 great encouragement, which will better prepare 
 him for a prosperous manhood.
 
 i£: 
 
 r 
 
 574 
 
 BAD BEADING AND ITS EFFECT. MOKAL TKAINING AND ITS VALUE. 
 
 Evil Effects of Pernicious Literature upon Boys and Girls. 
 
 Looking Upon Obscene Pictures. 
 
 FHE disgraceful pictures at the news-stauds 
 finif corrupt the morals of boys and girls by 
 ^> presenting to their imaginations the vilest 
 passions, leading to vice, destroying the inno- 
 cence of youth, and reaping crime and degrada- 
 tion in their later lives. 
 
 WhatSliall Our Young People Read? 
 
 GOOD book or paper for a child is like a 
 companion, and its influence is very simi- 
 lar. The child who reads nothing but 
 romances and sensational literature weakens its 
 intellect, depraves its morals, and is untitled for 
 the duties of a useful life. 
 
 The Advantage of the Sunday-School as a Means of Moral Instruction. 
 
 Suiiiidy VVurk and Amusement. 
 
 i 
 
 ^"Y 1 1 K o])portuniti('s for needed moral improve- 
 '; ment are to be had in nearly every locality, 
 ~'- and yet, as shown in the above illustration, 
 inany in the desire for sensual enjoyment neglect 
 to acquire that moral training which is essential 
 to permanent success. 
 
 Benefits of the Church and Sunday-School. 
 
 TTTT A.W an aged man and woman look back 
 'l/i\/ I ^^'^^' P'^-'icefui remembrance to the hours 
 ^tT!'"^- of youth which tliey passed amid scenes 
 like this, learning valuable lessons of natural and 
 spiritual trutli never to be forgotten, and never to 
 bo regretted. 
 
 Tfe; 
 
 1 
 
 i:
 
 KKBI'KCT J'()i4 AOliD l^Eul'LK AMI I II 10 I'lWJi'EJtTY 01'' O'illlsitS. 
 
 Boys that are Honest Become Prosperous Men. 
 
 Thieves Engaged in Stealing. 
 
 ROM petty tliieving to robbery the road is 
 
 rl short. The boy who allows himself to 
 ^)' take wliat is not his own, be the article 
 ever so small, is on the road to prison. Beware 
 of the first wroiiff-doiiiff. The C(.>vetin2; of the 
 property of others often leads to crime. 
 
 Returning Lost Property to the Owner. 
 
 OYS should remember that property found 
 and not restored to its owners, if possiljle, 
 is stolen. It is something gained, but it 
 does not belong to the finder, and gains made 
 dishonestly are losses in the end. Always en- 
 
 deavor to give to all tlieir due. 
 
 Youth who Respect the Aged and Profit by their Advice, 
 
 
 Kind Care and Regard lor Old People. 
 
 AivIXG sport of old people and crijiples 
 ,,1,1/,, I- i*^ inhuman. Yet how few young bovs 
 ^^0^ and girls rememljer to honor the aged, 
 to assist thcni in their labors, and to cheer and 
 comfort them in their troubles. Onlj^ the un- 
 kind and wicked ill-treat the old. 
 
 ^:EEY few traits in vouth are lovelier than 
 
 
 this here indicated. Around the vener- 
 able, white-haired man stand youths, 
 with heads uncovered, and listening to his 
 counsel with the closest attention. With sucli 
 respect should old age ever be treated. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 15^ 
 
 3;s7>v
 
 .(>- 
 
 576 
 
 IJKNKPITS OF ASSOCIATION WITH KEFINED LADIES. 
 
 The Difference in Conduct of Young Men Toward Ladies. 
 
 Corner Loungers Commenting on Passers-By. 
 
 ^HE corner-idler, chewing tobacco, or smok- 
 
 < ': ing, lounging on boxes or against posts, 
 
 ^3 talking foolislily and profanely, and leering 
 
 at ladies as tliey i)ass, is an object of scorn and 
 
 hatred, foreshadowing tlie depraved and dissolute 
 
 man he will become. 
 
 Genial, Pleasant and Gentlemanly. 
 
 JS^ HIS intercourse with women, the young 
 man who has a proper estimation of himself 
 will always be polite, friendly and agreeable 
 to the young ladies, manifesting respect and 
 gentleness toward those who are older. Early 
 politeness paves the way to successful manhood. 
 
 The Refining Influence of Home Illustrated. 
 
 i 
 
 Where Shall I Go To-Night? 
 
 T( TT ANY are the resorts oj)en to j'outh who 
 /, yl seek amusement outside the family 
 *^;jy ~^' circle. Brilliant lights, music, exhibi- 
 tions, games of chance and skill, and delightful 
 beverages are fascinations hard to 1)e resisted. 
 But danger lurks beneath these attractions. 
 
 Hume Made the Most attractive Plauu.. 
 
 ■T.'. ET none forget that the young must be 
 ',| amused. Time properly allotted to each 
 
 will atibrd ample ojiportunity for work, for 
 study, for jjlay and for rest. Home, by all the 
 attractions with which love surrounds it, may be 
 made the dearest spot on earth. 
 
 :<r
 
 >4<>- 
 
 ? 
 
 lliE C'EltTAlN 14KSULTS OF STEALIilO. 
 
 To What the First Step in Crime Ultimately Leads. 
 
 Y~'r7lIE steps from liouse-breaking to murder 
 ', are but few. Too often, fro)n the effects 
 rpi of evil associations in cliildliood, our worst 
 thieves and burglars are young men in their 
 teens, and almost as frequently we find them 
 taking life in order to gain money. 
 
 ROPERTY and life must be protected 
 against dangerous criminals. When it is 
 ^" discovered that a boy or man is disposed 
 to take for his own the ])ro]:)erty or life of another, 
 the time has arriveil when it becomes necessary 
 to visit u] II 111 liim the severest penalties. 
 
 Appropriating the Money of the Bank and the Final Consequences. 
 
 The Dishonest Confidential Clerk. 
 
 Sciiltn-t-U id liiipi i3u;.iin;nt for Ten Years. 
 
 i 
 
 YOUNG man, lacking moral prineijjle and 
 „i.Vj possessing ambitious desires, is entrusted 
 ^2^ by his employer to handle large sums of 
 money. He sees his opportunity to speculate and 
 make money, and cannot resist the temptation to 
 steal. Too late he finds that he is ensnared. 
 
 .-■^(XLY a little time has elapsed since he stole 
 ■j'L)j| his employer's money, yet he has been 
 
 detected, tried, convicted and sentenced 
 to imprisonment at hard labor. Reputation gone 
 — prospects blasted — degraded to hardship and 
 prison fare for ten long years — How sad the story ! 
 
 y? :(>— 
 
 37
 
 ^& — 
 
 T 
 
 578 
 
 THE EFFECTS OF VIOLATING THE PUYSICAL A^D MORAL LAW. 
 
 Extremes of Pleasure To-Day. Sickness To-Morrow. 
 
 Excesses of Various Kinds. 
 
 f°^ OCIAL pleasures, cari'ied to excess, expose 
 /N\ youno; men and women to danger of moral 
 ''^^ corruption and physical disorders. The 
 feast, the dance, the social glass, immoderately 
 indulged in, with late hours and evil associates, 
 have often wrought ruin to the pure and good. 
 
 Excesses Yesterday. Sickness and Sorrow To Day. 
 
 \ ATURE will rebel when the j)hysical system 
 / is subjected to unwholesome excesses. As 
 ^l,^ the people in this scene sowed, so have 
 they reaped. Dissipation sapped the vigor of 
 their constitutions, and debility, sickness and 
 death have followed. 
 
 Sin Hides Behind Bolted Doors. Righteousness Does not Fear the Light. 
 
 The Guilty Flee when None luiouj. 
 
 1 
 
 ^^OVS who began tlieir careers ot wickedness 
 in infancy have grown to manhood, laden 
 ^ with crime, outlaws of society, fearful of 
 arrest at every turn, enjoying no peace even in 
 their barred and bolted Ijomes, where every 
 noise; startles tliom lest it be an officer of the law. 
 
 Happiness at ttie Fireside. 
 
 ON'rik.VSTEU witli the opposite scene, 
 behold a charming home, where father, 
 
 . mother, sons and daughters gather about 
 the evening lamp and enjoy the life that honest 
 competence, unseltish affection, intelligent and 
 cheerful conversation brings. 
 
 fl 
 
 ^ 
 
 1
 
 T- 
 
 HOMES OF TllK VICIULS IN CUNTKAST WITH HONESTY, TKMl'KliAM;!'. AKJi l-KUIiALIT^ 
 
 As we Sow, we Shall Reap. 
 
 '«=-aai[|iii.y^aSf>- 
 
 ,fe ■■-:,,, (III L;W*'!^2i".r / T I Ji TiiB 
 
 
 ^ri; X4 
 
 > f 
 
 ^,'?^.>- 
 
 Poverty, Squalor, Intemperance and Crime. 
 
 Pleasant, Beautiful, Happy Homes. 
 
 w 
 
 fllK neighborhood here shown is a rej^re- 
 sentation and true type of hundreds of 
 
 'f 
 
 I 
 
 f^'i localities which exist all over the face of 
 this fair land. The scene tells its own story — a 
 tale of brutal passion, poverty, base desires, 
 wretchedness and crime. 
 
 
 m 
 
 great the difference ! Intelligence, re- 
 fined taste and prosjjerity are indicated in 
 ^(1 these beautiful dwellings. There may be 
 error committed civen here, but whatever moral- 
 ity, good sense and culture can do to make people 
 better and happier is to be sought in such homes. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .^~ 
 
 c^-tfftv^^ 
 
 ^_ 
 
 MORAL. 
 
 Tf^lIE lesson taught in the history of the indi- 
 '■^i ijtx. viduals mentioned in this book is, that 
 "^i commendable success in life is attained 
 through the following : 
 
 lulieritauce of good braiu and physical constitution, 
 .ludicious training in cliildliood and j'outU. 
 The formation of industrious, economical, temperate 
 
 habits. 
 An inflexible determination to be truthful and honest. 
 An ambition to accomplish good and important work. 
 Energy to carry worthy ambition and good resolutions 
 i into effect. 
 

 
 
 580 
 
 ? 
 
 Governors of the Various States of the Union, 
 
 From the Admission of Each State to the Present Time, 
 With Biographical Records. 
 
 AI^ABAMA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Boru. 
 
 When Born. Yenn in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Wbun 
 
 Died. 
 
 Bihb, William W.... 
 
 Va... Oct. I, 1780 1819-1820-1 yr. . . 
 Va 17.^4 i^L-n. ifi-jl^l vr... 
 
 Physician. 
 Varied. . . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist , 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Varied.... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Planter. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1820 
 ..18:i8 
 
 Pickens, Israel 
 
 Slurphy. John 
 
 Moore. Gabriel 
 
 Gavle, John 
 
 ClaV, Clement C 
 
 Bagby. Arthur P 
 
 Fitzpatrick. Benj... 
 Martin, Joshua L. . . 
 Chapman, Reuben. . 
 Collier. Henry W... 
 Winston, John A.... 
 Mooie, Andrew E... 
 Shorter. John G 
 
 N. C. Jan. 30, 17-" 
 
 S.C 17N,; 
 
 N. C 17- ■• 
 
 S.C. Sept. 11, 17;'j 
 Va...;Dec. 17, 17^ ' 
 
 Va... 17' '4 
 
 Ga...* June 30. Ihipj 
 Tenn. Dec. 5. J7:'!' 
 
 Va... isii.; 
 
 Va...!Jan. 17, l><ni 
 
 Ala...l IHlj 
 
 S.C.lMar. 7, lsn7 
 Ga...iApril23.1s|N 
 Ala... 'Jan. — , IM;- 
 X. Y.lApril28,lNl7 
 Va... Jan. 10, l^n'.' 
 
 Ga... ix-2x 
 
 Scot.. July 4. ]MJ4 
 
 Va... is;2(i 
 
 Tenn. Jan. 17, 1><1 1 
 
 ivji i.sl:.-, — 4 yrs. . 
 ]--_'.". l--J;)^4yrs. . 
 ]-j:i KU— 2yrs.. 
 |s;;| |-,,!.-,_4yrs. . 
 
 1 -.:■;.". ■l.-:i7-2 yrs.. 
 l-:;7 I--H— lyrs. . 
 1-^4 l-l.s4:>^ yrs.. 
 ]s4-,-|s47— 2yrs.. 
 is47- ls4;)— 2yrs.. 
 ls4;i !>.r.;i— 4yrs. . 
 ls.',.',-is.',7 — 4 yrs.. 
 ]s-,7-l^':i^tyrs.. 
 js,;i-i~..;:j-2yrs.. 
 ],s.;,-;-is(i:,-2yrs.. 
 
 ,s,!.tis,;;i^'yrs:: 
 
 l^,i:,-!.'<71— 2yrs.. 
 ]s71-is72-lyr... 
 ls7L>-ls74--2yrs.. 
 1.S74-1S7H— 4yrs.. 
 1H7H-1882— 4yrs.. 
 1882-1886-4 yrs.. 
 
 ..1827 
 ..1841 
 ..1844 
 ..1859 
 ..1866 
 ..1858 
 ..1869 
 ..1856 
 
 . . 1855 
 ..1871 
 ..1873 
 ..1872 
 
 
 
 
 Patton. K. M 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..1885 
 
 Lindsay. Robert B.. 
 
 Lewis, Uavid P 
 
 Houston, George S.. 
 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 La%vyer. . . 
 
 ..1884 
 ..1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Years in Offiuo. 
 
 Ofcupalion- 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Fulton, Wm. S 
 
 Md... 
 
 June 2, 1795 
 
 1835-183<>-lyr... 
 183(>-lH4i3— tyrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1844 
 
 
 Ky... 
 
 1797 
 
 1840-1844— lyrs.. 
 1844-1844— 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1847 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1849-1849 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1849-1852- 3yi-s.. 
 
 
 
 Conway. EliasN.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1861-1862—1 yr . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1862-1864-2 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1864-1868— 4 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 Ohivton, Powell 
 
 Hiii'llev.O. A 
 
 Baxter, Elisha 
 
 Garland, Aug. H 
 
 Pa... 
 Tenn. 
 
 Aug. 7, 1833 
 june'ii"l832 
 
 1868-1871-3 yrs.. 
 ]871-1873-2yrs.. 
 1873-1874— lyr... 
 1874-1877— 3 yrs.. 
 1877-1881— 4 yrs.. 
 
 CivilEng*r 
 
 
 
 
 Churchill Thci. J . 
 
 
 
 1881-1883 2yrs.. 
 
 
 
 Berry. James H 
 
 Ala... 
 
 May 15. 1841 
 
 1883-1885-2 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 .:::::!:.: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whern 
 Born 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Tc&n In Office. 
 
 OccupttUon. 
 
 Wben 
 Died. 
 
 
 
 1826 
 
 IH77-]879-2yr8.. 
 1879-1883^ yrs.. 
 lK8:j-188.5-2yrM.. 
 1885-1887-2 yra.. 
 
 Stockman. 
 
 
 
 Conn. 
 
 Aug. 31, 1837 
 .,.:... ..1848 
 
 
 
 
 
 Katon.Bonj. H 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1833 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 CALIFORXIA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whi:re 
 Born. 
 
 ^hcn Born. 
 
 Teara in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Burnett Peter H '. 
 
 
 
 1849-1851— 2 yrs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1804 
 
 18.52-JS.56-4 yrs. . 
 1856-18.58—2 yrs. . 
 
 
 ..1871 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weller.John B 
 
 Latham. Milton S... 
 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 
 'Ay'is.'iaii 
 
 18.58-1860— 2 yrs.. 
 1860-1860— 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 . . 1875 
 
 Stanford. Leland... 
 
 >J. Y. 
 
 
 1863-1863-1 yr... 
 1863-1867— 4 yrs.. 
 1867- 187 1-4 yrs.. 
 1871-1875— 4yrs.. 
 1875-187.5— 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Haitrht. Henry H... 
 
 N. y. 
 Ind. . 
 Oal. . 
 
 182.5 
 
 Dec. 25, 1825 
 Oct. 31, 1831 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1878 
 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 
 
 ..1886 
 
 
 
 
 1880-1883—3 yrs. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COXXECTICUT. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Huntington. Sara'l.. 
 
 ^Vnicott. Oliver 
 
 Trumbull. Jonathan 
 
 Treadwell. John 
 
 Griswold, Roger 
 
 Smith, John Cotton. 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver 
 
 Tomlinson, Gideon. 
 
 Peters, John S 
 
 Edwards, Henry W 
 
 Foote. Samuel A 
 
 Edwards, Henry W. 
 Ellsworth. Wm. W. 
 
 Cleveland. C. F 
 
 Baldwin, Roger S... 
 
 Toucey, Isaac 
 
 Bissell. Clark 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph... 
 Seymour, Thos. H. . 
 
 Pond, Chas. H 
 
 Dutton, Henry 
 
 Minor, Wm. T 
 
 Holley, Alex. H 
 
 Buckingham, Wm. . 
 Hawley. Joseph R. . 
 English. James E. , . 
 
 Jewell. Marshall 
 
 English. .Tames E. . , 
 
 .lewell. Marshall 
 
 Inger^oll. Chas. R. . 
 Hubbanl. Ri.h'd D. 
 Andr.-ws. rli:is. B... 
 Bigflow. Hobart B.. 
 
 Waller. Thos. M 
 
 Harrison, Henry B. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn, 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 N. C. 
 Conn. 
 N, H. 
 Conn. 
 N. H. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Conn. 
 N. y. 
 Conn. 
 
 iJuly 3, 
 jXov. 26. 
 |Mar. 26, 
 Nov. 23, 
 May 21, 
 Feb. 12, 
 Jan. 4. 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 Nov. 8, 
 Nov.'io, 
 
 Jan. 4, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 April 20. 
 Feb. 12. 
 Oct, 3, 
 
 May 28, 
 Oct. 31, 
 Mar. — , 
 
 Oct. 20, 
 Mar. — . 
 Oct. 20. 
 
 Sept. 7, 
 
 171*3 
 
 . 17;"; 
 
 ,.I7SL' 
 . I7.SJ 
 .li^OS 
 1781 
 1796 
 1815 
 
 !l 178,5-1796- 
 ; 17ni!-]7!i>^- 
 
 1 I7:iH-)Sii;t- 
 , I.sui-IMI- 
 l.sn-],si:i- 
 . i.si;t-iKi7- 
 i 1H17-IH27- 
 I l.si>7-IS31- 
 
 , i,H;{i-is:i:j- 
 
 ' i,s:j:i-is:u- 
 
 I isH4-is:i.->- 
 
 . is:c.-i,s:isi- 
 
 Im:!.M-|s42- 
 1S42-1S44- 
 Is44-is4i;- 
 I,s4(i-1M47- 
 1,S47-1S49- 
 I.s4l'-ls,",()- 
 lrt.-,li-lM.-.3- 
 18,53-18,54- 
 1854-18.55- 
 1855-1857- 
 ]8.%7-]8.'i8- 
 
 1826 
 18lli 
 182.-. 
 IHIJ 
 1M2.'. 
 1H2I1 
 1818 
 
 -1H(!( 
 
 7-ls6;i- 
 
 -is 
 
 Sept. II, 1821 
 
 1S7II-IN71- 
 ls7I-lN7:i- 
 lK7;i-lK77- 
 1877-1879-^ 
 1879-1881- 
 1881-1883- 
 1883-18R5- 
 1885-1887- 
 
 -11 yrs. 
 -2 yrs. . 
 -11 yrs. 
 
 2 yrs.. 
 -2 yrs, . 
 -4 y rs . . 
 -10 yrs. 
 4 yrs. . 
 ■2 vrs. . 
 
 1 vr... 
 
 1 vr. .. 
 ■3 yrs.. 
 
 4 yrs. . 
 -2 yrs. . 
 -2 vrs 
 ■lyr... 
 -2 yrs,. 
 
 1 yr. . . 
 
 3 yrs.. 
 ■1 yr... 
 -lyr,.. 
 ■2yrs. . 
 ■1 yr. .. 
 -8 yrs,, 
 
 lyr.., 
 -2 yrs, , 
 
 1 yr.,. 
 -lyr... 
 -2 yrs. . 
 ■4 yrs.. 
 
 2yi's,. 
 ■2 yrs. . 
 -2 yrs.. 
 
 2 yrs.. 
 ■2 yrs. . 
 
 1796 
 
 1798 
 
 1809 
 
 1H23 
 
 1812 
 
 1845 
 
 ..18;J3 
 
 ..1854 
 
 , ,1H58 
 
 ..1847 
 
 ,,1846 
 
 ..1847 
 
 ..1868 
 
 I Jurist.. 
 Varied. . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. , , 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Physicinn. 
 L;twye 
 ."^ItTfliant. 
 Lawver. , 
 Law'jer. , 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Varied. . , 
 Varied, ., 
 Agricul'st. 
 
 Jurist !..1869 
 
 Jurist I, 
 
 Manufac'r|. 
 Varied. . . . i . 
 Journalist I.., 
 Varied....!. 
 Manufac'r . 
 
 Varied 
 
 Manufac'r . 
 Lawyer...!. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 .1869 
 ,1857 
 
 .1868 
 .1861 
 
 .1875 
 
 .1883 
 !i883 
 
 .1884 
 
 DEr.Al^ARE. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whore 
 Born. 
 
 Where Born. 
 
 Yrar* in Office. • 
 
 OceiipMlon. 
 
 When 
 Died 
 
 Clayton, Joshua.... 
 Bedford. Gunning.. 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 17»!l-]796— 7yra. . 
 1796-1797-1 yr. .. 
 1797-1798-1 yr,.. 
 179S-1801— Syra.. 
 18rH-1802— 1 yr... 
 I8ii2-lN(t5-3yrs.. 
 
 Physician. 
 Soldier.... 
 Farmer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Physician. 
 Farmer,, . 
 
 ..1798 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 
 ..1797 
 
 
 
 
 Bassett. Richard 
 
 Sykes. James 
 
 Hall. David 
 
 Del. , 
 
 
 ..1815 
 
 Del... 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 
 ^:o:
 
 DEI.A'WARE. (Continued.) 
 
 OEOROIA. (Continued.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whcro 
 Born. 
 
 Whon Born. 
 
 Yoiiw io Office, 
 
 OcoupatlOD. 
 
 WLcn 
 Di<-<I. 
 
 Mitchell. Nath'l 
 
 Trnett, (Jeurge 
 
 Haslett. Joseph 
 
 Rodney, Daniel 
 
 Clarke. John 
 
 
 
 1805-1808-3 yrs, , 
 1808-1811— a yrs,, 
 1811-1814— 3 yrs., 
 1814-1817— ayrn.. 
 I8l7-18:*0-yyrs.. 
 182(*-182l-lyr,.. 
 1821-1822— lyr... 
 1822-1823—1 yr. .. 
 1823-1824— lyr.,, 
 1824-1827-3 yrs.. 
 1827-1830-3 yrs.. 
 1830-1833-3 yrs. . 
 1833-1837-4 yrs.. 
 1837-1840-3 yi-s.. 
 1840-1844-4 yrs.. 
 1844-1846— 2 yrs,. 
 
 1846-1846- 
 
 1846-1846- 
 
 1846-1851— 5 yrs.. 
 1851-1855— 4 yrs. . 
 1855-1859— iyrs.. 
 1859-1863-4 yrs.. 
 1863-186.5-2 yrs. . 
 1865-1871-6 yrs., 
 1871-1875— 4 yrs.. 
 187.5-1879^tyr8., 
 J879 1883^ yrs.. 
 
 
 
 Del... 
 Del.,. 
 Del... 
 Del,., 
 Del... 
 Del... 
 Del.,, 
 Del,.. 
 Del. 
 
 1764 
 
 Fanner, . 
 Farmer.., 
 
 None 
 
 Farmer... 
 
 !!i846 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '.■■■■ 
 
 Matilett. Joseph 
 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Soldier.... 
 Fai-mer, . . 
 Farmer... 
 
 None 
 
 Physician. 
 Merchant, 
 
 
 Poindexter. Geo.... 
 
 Hazzard, David 
 
 Bennett, CixWU V... 
 CointMIV^, ('..rri, 1', . 
 Coup. r. Willhuii B. 
 Stockton. Thomas.. 
 
 Del'.!'. 
 
 Del... 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 Del... 
 Del... 
 
 
 
 Jan. sbV 1780 
 
 .lissi 
 
 Temple, William... 
 Thorp. William 
 
 Md,,. 
 Del... 
 
 Feb. 28,1815 
 
 ..1863 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 Physician. 
 Merchant, 
 Physician. 
 Merchant. 
 Farmer... 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 
 Del,.. 
 
 
 ,.1865 
 
 
 Del... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Del. 
 
 
 Hall, John W. 
 
 Del.,.l 
 
 
 Stockley, Chas, C, 
 
 Del. 1 
 
 1883-1887— 4 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 niSTKICT OF COL.TJMBIA. 
 
 NAMES. :::: 
 
 TV ben Bora, 
 
 rears in Office. 
 
 Oocupatioa. ^'"" 
 
 I>Hd. 
 
 Cooke, Henry D 
 
 Shepard. A\ex, R 
 
 Three Commlss'rs.,. 
 
 Dent. Josiah 
 
 West, Joseph R 
 
 Edmonds, James B. 
 
 Ohio. 
 D.C.. 
 
 ivid'.;; 
 
 La, .. 
 N, Y. 
 
 Nov. 23, 182') 
 Jan. 31. 1m;ii> 
 
 AugV2f!',j"8I7 
 Sept. 19, IHJ-J 
 1H32 
 
 1871 1S73-2 yrs.. 
 l.'^TiMsy-l- lyr. .. 
 Is74-l.s7H^4yr3.. 
 
 1H7M IK,s2^yrs.. 
 
 IMSL'-IHSIJ-Iyr... 
 18H3-I8.sti— 3yrs,. 
 
 Banker. . . 
 Gas-Fitter 
 Unknown. 
 Capitalist. 
 H. Estate. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 .1881 
 
 
 
 ■' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FI.ORIDA. 
 
 NAMES. :r 
 
 When Born. 
 
 rears in Office. 
 
 Occup&Uon. 
 
 When 
 Bled. 
 
 Moseley. Wm. D 
 
 N. C. 
 Va... 
 
 
 1845-1849^1 yrs.. 
 1849-18,53^ vrs.. 
 1853-1857—1 yrs. . 
 1857-1861— 4 yrs.. 
 1861-1864— 3 yrs.. 
 1864-1866-2 yrs. . 
 1866-1869—3 yrs. . 
 
 Varied.... 
 Varied.... 
 None 
 
 ..1864 
 . . 1863 
 
 Broome. James E.,, 
 Perry, Madison S... 
 
 s.c. 
 s.c. 
 
 Oa... 
 
 
 ..1883 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1865 
 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Ky... 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.isii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869-1873-^ yrs. . iUnkno-vn. 
 
 
 Hart, OssianB 
 
 Fla.. 
 Yt.".'. 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.itiir, 
 1838 
 
 187.3-1.874—1 yr... 
 1874-1877— 3 vrs.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..18-4 
 
 Drew. Georpe F 
 
 1877-1811— 4 ji-s.. 
 1881-1885-^ yi-s.. 
 1885-1889-4yrs.. 
 
 Miller 
 
 Farmer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Perry, Edward A... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eSOROIA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whew 
 Bom. 
 
 "Whon Born. 
 
 Yi'tvrs in Office. 
 
 Oecupatioa. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Walton, George 
 
 Telfair. Edward 
 
 Matthews, George. . 
 
 Irwin, Jared 
 
 Jackson. Jame? 
 
 Va... 
 
 1740 
 
 1789-1790-1 vr. 
 1790-1793— 3vrs 
 1793-1796-3 yrs 
 )79fi-17H8-2 vrs 
 l7HS-lhU.|-:iVrs 
 
 iStiUlsiil- 
 
 18(.ll-isi>2— 1 yr. 
 
 . Lawyer. . . 
 , Merchant. 
 . Agricul'st. 
 . Unknown. 
 . jl'nknown. 
 . I'nknown. 
 .[Soldier 
 
 ..1804 
 
 Scot.. 
 
 1735 
 
 1807 
 
 Va... 
 
 17.39 
 
 ..1812 
 
 Eng'd 
 
 ]7.'»n 
 
 17.".^ 
 
 ,.1818 
 
 ..1806 
 
 Tatnall, Josiah 
 
 Ga... 
 
 
 .1803 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 
 Vbni 
 Dltd. 
 
 Mllledge.Jolm 
 
 Irwin, Jured 
 
 Mitchell. David B... 
 
 Early. I'eter 
 
 Mitchell, David B... 
 
 Oa... 
 
 1757 1802-18(18— « vm. . 
 
 Lawyer 181» 
 
 Unknown. ..1818 
 Unknown. ..IK37 
 
 Junlst 1817 
 
 Unknown. ..18.37 
 
 Scot.. 
 Va... 
 Scot.. 
 
 17.50 
 
 I76« 
 
 June 20, 1773 
 1766 
 
 I80«-180«-3yr». . 
 1H09-I8I3— 4yrs. . 
 I813-l«15-2yr«. . 
 181.5-1817-2yr». . 
 1817-181'.l 2 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 Clark, .lolin 
 
 
 1819-IH23-4yrs.. I'nknown. 
 
 
 Troup, (ieorge M.... 
 
 Foi-syth, John 
 
 (MImer, (jeorBe R... 
 Lumpkin. Wilson... 
 Schley, William.... 
 Gilmer, George R... 
 McDonald, Chas. J.. 
 Crawford, (ieo. W., 
 Towns, Geo. W. B. , 
 
 Cobb, Howell 
 
 Johnson. Herschel.. 
 
 Ala. . 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Ga. .. 
 S. C. 
 Ga... 
 Ga... 
 Ga... 
 Ga. . . 
 
 
 
 Sept. 8, 1780 
 Oct. 2, 1780 
 April 11, 1790 
 Jan. 14, 1783 
 Dec. 15, 178(1 
 April 11, 17WJ 
 
 1793 
 
 Dec. 22. 1798 
 May 4, 1802 
 Sept. 7. 1815 
 Sept. 18, 1812 
 .1821 
 
 182.31827— Iyrs.. 
 I827-1829-2yr».. 
 1829-Ih;H— 2yi-M.. 
 183l-l«.-i5-4yn!.. 
 lK:).',-l837-2yi-».. 
 18:i7-lK:!9-2yrs., 
 1m;19-1843— 4yrs. 
 1843-1847-4 yrs.. 
 1847-1851— lyi-s.. 
 1851-lS03-2yrB.. 
 18.-)3-lW.7-4yrs.. 
 18,57-181 1.5-8yr».. 
 
 1865 1H6.5— 
 
 18B.->-18C,!]— tyrs.. 
 IHfiSt 1872— 3 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..IS-M 
 ..1841 
 
 ..18.59 
 ..1871 
 ..18.58 
 ..l&5i) 
 
 ..mso 
 
 ..1868 
 ..1880 
 
 Johnson, James. 
 
 Jenkins, Chas. J 
 
 N.C.. 
 
 1811 
 
 .'1840 
 
 Lawyer... 
 I'nknown. 
 
 
 Smith, J. Slilton 
 
 Colquitt, Alfred H., 
 Stephens, Alex. H... 
 McDaniel, H. D 
 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 !!.'!" *.".'] 823 
 
 1872- 1877- 5 y I'M., jl'nknown. 
 1877-1882— 5 yrs. .i Unknown. 
 
 
 Ga... 
 
 Feb. 11, 1812 
 
 1882-1H83-I jr. .. 
 1883-1886— 3 yn.. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1883 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■. .:;.: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ir.i.orois. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Dora. 
 
 Bond, Shadrack — 
 
 Coles, Edward 
 
 Edwards, Ninian... 
 
 Reynolds. John 
 
 Ewing. Wm. L. D.. 
 Duncan. Joseph — 
 Carlin, Thomas.... 
 
 Ford, "Thomas 
 
 French, Augr- C 
 
 Mattesnn, Joel A... 
 Bissell, Wm. H. . . . 
 
 Wood, John 
 
 Yates, Richard 
 
 Oglesby. Rich'd J.. 
 
 Palmer, John M 
 
 Oglesby, Rich'd J.. 
 Beveridge. John L. 
 Cullom. Shelby M.. 
 Hamilton. John .M. 
 Oglesby, Rich'd J.. 
 
 iMd... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Fa... 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 III. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 N. Y. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 
 I 
 
 Dec. 15, 
 Mar. -, 
 Feb. 26, 
 
 Feb.'—; 
 July 18, 
 
 Aiig.' 2. 
 Aug. 8, 
 April 25 
 Dec. 2' I, 
 Jan. 18, 
 July 25, 
 ,5ept. 13, 
 July 25; 
 July 6, 
 Nov. 22, 
 May 28, 
 July 2d, 
 
 ,1773 
 
 1786 
 1775 
 1788 
 
 ,1795 
 1794 
 1789 
 
 ,I8ai 
 18<J8 
 1808 
 1811 
 1798 
 1H18 
 18-24 
 1847 
 1824 
 1824 
 1829 
 1847 
 1824 
 
 1818-1822— Iyrs. 
 18-22-1826— lyi-s. 
 1826-18.30-4 yi-s 
 1830-l8:l4-4yrs. 
 
 1834-1834— 
 
 18:H I8:«— 4yrs. 
 I8:i8-I842— Iyrs. 
 1842 1K46— 4 vrs. 
 184B-18,-,;i-7yi-s. 
 1S53 18.57— 4 yrs. 
 1K,57-I86(J— 3vi-a. 
 l«»-lH(il — 1 vr.. 
 lsiil-18fi.5— 4yrs. 
 186,V1869— 4yrs. 
 1869-1873- 4yi-s. 
 
 1873-18-;— 
 
 1873-1877— 4 yrs. 
 1877-1883— 6 yrs. 
 1883-188.5- 2vr8. 
 1885-1889— 4 yrs. 
 
 Agrlcurst. 
 
 ..1832 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1833 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..18<i5 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 ..1846 
 
 Lawyer. , . 
 
 ..1844 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..18.52 
 
 Jurist 
 
 . . 18.50 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1865 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..I860 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1873 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 La%vyer. . . 
 
 
 Varied... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 lO^A. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Briggs, .\nsel 
 
 Hempstead. Steph. . 
 Grimes, James W. . . 
 
 Lowe. Ralph P 
 
 Kirkw-ood. Sam'l J. . 
 
 Stone. Wm. M 
 
 Merrill. Samuel 
 
 Carpenter, Cyrus C. 
 Kirkwood. Sam'l J. . 
 Newbold, Joshua G. 
 
 Gear, John H 
 
 Sherman, Buren R. . 
 
 Wbwc 
 
 Vt. . . . 
 Conn. 
 N. H.. 
 Ohio. 
 Md... 
 N. Y. 
 Me... 
 Pa. .. 
 Md... 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Te»3 in Office. 
 
 Fob. 3. 
 
 Oct. 1, 
 Oct. 20, 
 
 Dec' '26.' 
 Oct. 1-1. 
 Aug. 7, 
 Nov. 24, 
 Dec. 20, 
 May 12, 
 April 7, 
 May 28, 
 
 1806 1846-18.50— 4yrs., 
 181211850-18.54-4 yrs.. 
 181611854-1858-4 yrs. , 
 1805|1858-18l«J— 2 v.-s. 
 1813 I8ii0-1H64— 4Vrs. 
 1827 18ii4-18iX — 4 vrs. 
 1822 181W-1872— 4V1-S. 
 
 1829 
 1813 
 1830 
 1825 
 1836 
 
 1872-1876— tyi-B. 
 
 1876-1876- 
 
 1876-1878- 2yrs. 
 1878-1882— 4 yrs. 
 1882-1886-4 yrs. 
 
 Mail Con't 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Merchjint. 
 Surveyor. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 VUa 
 Died. 
 
 .1881 
 .1883 
 .1872 
 .1883 
 
 ;(b> —
 
 bs-2 
 
 (.;(.)\ KKJMOKS (IF DIFFERENT STATES. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 BorD. 
 
 ^bea Born. 
 
 Years io Office. 
 
 Oceupation- 
 
 Wbcn 
 Died. 
 
 Jennings. Jonathan. 
 
 Hendricks, Wm 
 
 Ray, J. Brown 
 
 Noble. Noah 
 
 Wallace, David 
 
 Big:ger. Samuel 
 
 Whitcomb, James.. 
 Dunning'. Paris C. . . 
 AV right. Joseph A... 
 Willard, Asahel P.. 
 Hammond. Abram.. 
 
 Lane, Henry S 
 
 Morton. Oliver P 
 
 Baker. Conrad 
 
 Hendricks. Thos. A. 
 Williams. Jas. D. . . . 
 
 N. J.. 
 Pa. .. 
 Ky... 
 Va... 
 Pa... 
 Ohio. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. C. 
 Pa. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Vt. .. 
 Ky... 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1784 
 
 Nov. 12, 178:j 
 Feb. 19, 1794 
 Jan. 15, 1794 
 April 4, 179<l 
 Dec. 16, 1799 
 Dec. 1, 171)1 
 Mar. 15, Is/i.; 
 April 17, islci 
 Oct. 31, IS-" 
 Mar. — , 1S14 
 Feb. 24, IKll 
 Aug. 4. lKi;:i 
 Feb. 12, 1S17 
 .Sept. 7, 1«I9 
 Jan. l(i. isiis 
 
 1816-1822-6yrs.. 
 1822-1825-3 yrs.. 
 1825-1831-6 yr".. 
 1831-1837— 6 yi-s.. 
 1837-1840-3 yrs.. 
 I.84( 1-1843-3 yrs.. 
 ]s4:i-l.s48— 5yrs. . 
 1S4S-I.H49— 1 yr... 
 1.M9 lx:.7— 8yrs.. 
 lsr.7 lsi;(j— 3yrs. . 
 ls,;(l-ls,il — 1 vr... 
 ls.u-lsiil-2days 
 l,s';i-l.s,i7— 6yrs.. 
 Is,;7-1M73— 6vrs.. 
 1k7:Ms77— 4vrs.. 
 I.s77-ls,m— 4yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied ... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agricul'st 
 
 ..1834 
 ..18.')0 
 ..18.50 
 ..1844 
 ..1859 
 ..1845 
 ..1852 
 ..1884 
 ..1867 
 ..I860 
 ..1874 
 ..1881 
 ..1877 
 ..1885 
 ..1885 
 ..1880 
 
 Gray, Isaac P 
 
 Oct. 18, 1828 1885-1887-2 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KABTSAS. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wbero 
 Born. 
 
 'When Horn. 
 
 Tears in Office. 
 
 occupation. ^^- 
 
 Robinson, Chas 
 
 Carney, Thomas 
 
 Crawford. S.J 
 
 Harvey, Jas. M 
 
 Osborne, Thos. A... 
 
 Anthony. Geo. T 
 
 St. John, John P 
 
 Glick, Geo. W 
 
 Martin, John A 
 
 Mass. 
 Ohio. 
 Ind. . 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 X. Y. 
 Ind. . 
 Ohio. 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 21, J81H 18IU-1SIU- 
 
 Aug. 20, 1827 lHt;i-lsii4— 3yrs.. 
 April 15,ls:i,-> ls.;4-)8(^it-5yrs.. 
 Sept. 21, l><'^'-i 18i;;i-l.K73— 4yrs.. 
 Oct. 26. 1H:-Iti 1H7;Mn75— 2V1-S.. 
 June 9,1824 ls7r.-l.'<79— 4yrs.. 
 Feb. 25, 1833,187^-1883— 4 yrs.. 
 July 4 1827)1883 18Rt — 2 vrs.. 
 
 Physician. 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Agricul'st. 
 Printer. .. 
 
 
 Journalist 
 
 
 
 
 Mar. 10, 1839 
 
 1885-1887— 2 yrs.. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wbcre 
 Born 
 
 when Born. 
 
 Yeftis in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Did. 
 
 Shelby, Isaac 
 
 Garrard, James 
 
 (freenup, Christ 
 
 S'-oit, Charles 
 
 Shelby. Isaac 
 
 Madison. George — 
 
 Slaughter, G 
 
 Adair, John 
 
 Desha, Joseph 
 
 Metcalfe. Thomas.. 
 
 Breathitt. John 
 
 Morehead. Jas. T... 
 
 Cliirk. James 
 
 Wickliffe. Chas. A.. 
 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 Va... 
 
 s. c.'. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Ky... 
 Va. . . 
 Ky... 
 Kv . 
 
 Dec. 11, 17.-.(l 1792 1796 -4 yrs.. 
 
 1749 179,: l.s(i4— 8yrs.. 
 
 17.'," l.MiH 1K118— iyrs.. 
 
 1H(1H-1H12— lyrs.. 
 
 Dec. 11, 17.">(l IH12 Ihk;— 4yrs. . 
 
 17(>3 IHKl-lsKi- 
 
 1H|(;-Is2(i^yrs.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 Soldier.. . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Soldier. .. 
 Varied.... 
 Soldier. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier. . . 
 
 ..1826 
 ..1822 
 ..1818 
 . . 1820 
 ..1826 
 ..1816 
 
 Dec. «, 17i;h 
 Mar. 20. 1 7"( i 
 Sept. 9, 17hi; 
 May 24, 1797 
 
 1779 
 
 June 8, I7N8 
 
 IM2(-I.s28-4yr3.. 
 1H2.'< 1 ■•(32— 4 yrs. . 
 1m:i2 ls:(4— 2yrs.. 
 Ih;(4-1.8:((;— 2yrs.. 
 IH;i(;-is:j7— 1 vr... 
 1n;)7 1810-3 yi-s.. 
 1H4()-I844— 4 vrs. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Mechanic. 
 Vaiied.... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . 
 Lawyer, . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Physician. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1842 
 ..1855 
 ..1834 
 .18.54 
 ..1839 
 ..1869 
 ..1861 
 
 
 vr, 
 
 1782 
 
 ..1862 
 
 Crittenden. John J. 
 
 Helm. John L 
 
 Powell, Lazarus W. 
 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Sept. 10, 1789 
 July 4, 18(12 
 Oct. 6,1812 
 18,12 
 
 184.8 1S.',0_2 yrs.. 
 |M.',(1-1M51— 1 yr... 
 I85I-IM55— 4yl-s.. 
 I85,",-18.',9— 4yrs.. 
 18.59 lH61-2yi-s.. 
 1891 lH(;3-2yrs.. 
 1H(;3-18(>7— 4yrs. . 
 
 1897 18(;7- 
 
 I8(i7-I871— 4vrs . 
 1871 1875 -4 yrs.. 
 1M75 1879 -4 vr^,.. 
 1879-1883 -4 yrs. . 
 1883-1887-4 yi-».. 
 
 ..1863 
 ..18(!7 
 ..1867 
 ..1868 
 
 MaKotfin. Reriah 
 
 Koblnson. Jas. F. . . . 
 Bramlette. Thott. E. 
 
 Helm, John L 
 
 Stevenson. John W. 
 
 LesUe.P. H 
 
 McCreary, Jas. B... 
 Blackburn, Luke P. 
 Knott, J. Proctor .. 
 
 K^... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Vi... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 Ky... 
 
 April 18,181,'. 
 Oct. 4. 181H( 
 Jan. 3, IHl 7 
 July 4, 18(12 
 May 4, 1812 
 Mar. 2, 1819 
 July 8, 18:w 
 
 .. 1815 
 
 Aug. 29, 1830 
 
 ..1H85 
 ..1882 
 ..1873 
 ..1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r,oui8iAarA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Born- 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Tears In Office. 
 
 OceupaOon. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 ..1817 
 
 Villare. James 
 
 Robertson, Thos. B. 
 Thibodeaux, H. S... 
 
 Johnson, Henry 
 
 Derbigney, Peter, . . 
 
 La. .. 
 Va... 
 La. .. 
 Tenn. 
 La. . . 
 
 '.'.'.'.'. '-'.'.'.'.His 
 
 Sept,' U,* 1783 
 
 181(1-182(1— 4 vrs.. 
 18-2U-1822— 2yrs., 
 1822-1824— 2yr!?.. 
 1824-1828-4 yrs. . 
 1828-1829— lyr... 
 1829-1830-1 yr... 
 18:iO-1830— . . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Planter... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 !'. 1*864 
 
 Dupre, Jacques 
 
 La. 
 
 
 Planter... 
 
 
 La. .. 
 
 
 1830-1834-^ yrs. . 
 1834-1838-4 yrs.. 
 1838-1841— 3 yrs.. 
 1841-1845— 4 yrs.. 
 1845-1850-5 yrs.. 
 1850-1854-^ yrs.. 
 1854-18.^8— 4 yrs.. 
 1858-18(j0-2yrs. . 
 1860-1864-^ yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist 
 
 
 White. Edward D... 
 
 Tenn. 
 
 
 ..1847 
 
 
 T.n 
 
 Nov. 19, 1804 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walkt-r. J.ij^tph 
 
 Hebt-it I' nil t" 
 
 
 
 
 T.n 
 
 :::::::::::::; 
 
 
 
 WirkJiir.-. linht C. Ky... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Planter... 
 
 
 Hahn, Michael Bav,. 
 
 Nov. 7, 1830 
 
 I8fi4-1864- 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1886 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 jan 26 1816 iftR7-iaRS i vr 
 
 
 
 
 
 1868-1872-4 yis.. 
 1872-1874- 2 yrs. 
 1874-1877— 3 yrs. . 
 1877-1879- 2yrs. . 
 1879-1880— lyr.,. 
 1880-1888- 8yrs.. 
 
 
 
 Kell..t,'ir, Win. I'.... 
 
 McP'M'TV .TnllTI 
 
 Vt.... 
 La .. 
 
 Dec. 8. 1830 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 
 Nicholla Fraiieis T 
 
 La 
 
 
 
 Wiltz Alfred L 
 
 La .. 
 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 McEnery, Sam'l D.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wbote 
 Bora. 
 
 When Btiro. 
 
 Years in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 King William 
 
 
 
 182{.>-1822— 2 vrs. . Unknown. 
 
 Parris, Albion k.... 
 Lincoln, Enoch 
 
 Me... 
 Mass. 
 
 .Ian. 19, 1788 
 Dec, 28, 1788 
 
 1822-1827-5 vrs.. Lawyer 1857 
 
 1827-1829-2yrs.. Lawyer 1829 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dunlap, Robert P... 
 
 
 1789 
 
 18:^4-1838—4 yrs. .Lawyer 1859 
 
 
 
 Fairfield, John 
 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. 30, 1797 
 
 18HH-lM4n-l vr... Lawyer 1847 
 
 ]S4(i-lH41 — 1 vr...' Unknown 
 
 Is41-is43-2yrs.. Lawyer 1847 
 
 ls.i:i-]S44— 1 yr... Lawyer 1844 
 
 Fairflrld. John 
 
 Me... 
 
 Jan. 30, 17H7 
 April 27, 17v<.'i 
 
 Anderson. Hugh J.. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1.S-14-1S47— 3 yrs. . 
 
 1--:17 is.'.n :i vrs 
 
 
 
 I'liknown 
 
 Hubbard. John 
 
 Me. . . 
 
 IT'.'i 
 
 1- ,H ix-,:i ,■; V ,., i'i,\.ician. ..1809 
 
 Morrill, Anson P 
 
 Wells, Samuel 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal.. 
 William"* Jos. H... 
 
 Me,,. 
 Me!!! 
 
 June 10, 181 Ki 
 Aug."27ri869 
 
 ls.-,.-,-i,^.-,(i -1 JC... 
 18o(.i-18.j7-lyr... 
 
 18.57-1857— 
 
 1857-18.S8— 1 yr. .. 
 
 M. 1,-hant 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 ITnknown 
 
 Morrill, Lot M 
 
 Washburne, Israel. 
 
 Me... 
 Me. . . 
 
 May 3, 1813 
 June 6, 181H 
 
 l,8r.S- 1 86(1-2 vrs. . 'La wver 1883 
 
 is(;(i-isr.j_-j"vr.s.. Lawyer 1883 
 
 Cony, Samuel 
 
 Chamberlain, Josh. 
 Perhani, Sidney.... 
 Dinglev, Nelson, Jr. 
 
 ConiHir. S..M..>i 
 
 Garc. li.M, \l(.ri/(».., 
 Plai^l.' I. H iMis M. 
 Robie. rifil-iu-k... 
 
 Me;:. 
 
 N. h! 
 
 Mar!'27Vi8l9 
 Nov'.'i 1828 
 
 ]S(;:i-lH(i7-4yrs. , 
 1867-!871-4yrs.. 
 1871-1874-3 yrs.. 
 1874-1876-2 yrs.. 
 1876-1879^3 vrs.. 
 1879-1881-2 vrs.. 
 1881-188:^-2 yrs.. 
 1 883-1887-5 yrs.. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Varied 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MAR'CI.ANIt. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wlierc 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Year, in Offioo. 
 
 Ocoupotlon. 
 
 Vti<n 
 Did 
 
 Howard, John E. . . . 
 
 Plater, tJeortrc 
 
 Leo, Thos. Sim 
 
 Stone, John H 
 
 Henry. John 
 
 Oifle, Benjamin 
 
 Mercer, John K 
 
 Md... 
 Md,.. 
 Va... 
 
 Md.'.'. 
 
 June 4, 1752 
 
 17:i6 
 
 1744 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.1758 
 
 1788-1 792-4 Vl-S.. 
 
 1792-1792- 
 
 1792-1794-2vrs.. 
 17114 1797-3 yrs.. 
 1797-17il8-l yr... 
 1798-1891-3 yrs.. 
 18(11- 1803-2 yrs.. 
 189.3-189.5— 2 yrs. . 
 1895-1899— J yrs.. 
 1899-1811— 2yrs. 
 1811-1812-1 vr... 
 1812-1815-3 yrs.. 
 181.5-1818— 3 vrs.. 
 1818-1819-1 yr... 
 
 Unknown. 
 Law.ver... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 I'liknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknow .. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1827 
 ..1792 
 ..1819 
 ..1804 
 ..1798 
 
 !;i82i 
 
 Wl-lBht, liohert 
 
 Lloyd, Eclwaid 
 
 Bowie, Hobei't 
 
 Winder, Levin 
 
 Ridltely. C 
 
 Goldsboroiiifh, C. VV 
 
 Md... 
 Md... 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.liis 
 
 .,182« 
 ..1834 
 
 Md!'.'. 
 
 
 !ii83'4
 
 GOVEKN0K8 OB' DIFFEKENT STATES. 
 
 5.s;i 
 
 ? 
 
 AIASYI.il.]KU. (Caiitlnuc-il.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 When- 
 Born. 
 
 When Doro. 
 
 Ye»g In OfBce. 
 
 OocupfttioD. 
 
 WhcB 
 
 SprigR-, Samuel 
 
 
 
 1 8 19-1822-3 yrs. . Unknown. 
 1822-1826-4 VTH. . Unknown. 
 18-jo lH-j:i--;{Vrs. . Pliv^lclan. 
 lNj:i-lM3n- 1 vr... Unknown. 
 1k:)(.-Jh:ji i yr.,. Unknown. 
 
 IMlil !m:(1— Unknown. 
 
 ls:il-]H33— 2yiM. . Unknown. 
 lM:j;i-lK;if>-3yis. . Unknown. 
 18;ii!-lM38-:i yrs.. Unknown. 
 ]8:(8-I841— 3 vrs. . Unknown. 
 1K4I-1.S44 3yrs.. Lawy.-r... 
 IK44-I848 4 yrs Liiwvcr. . 
 
 
 
 srrvcn^. Samuel.... 
 
 K.ril. .l..s.-|.h 
 
 ,M;ulin. I>;.niel 
 
 Caiioll, T. K 
 
 Muitin, Daniel 
 
 Ilnvv.ud. George 
 
 TlioiiiJis, James 
 
 Veuscy, Thos. W.... 
 Grayson. William. 
 Thomas, Francis.... 
 
 Md'.V. 
 
 Md'.". 
 D.C 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'iiiif 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/.iiHti 
 
 Feb. 3. 1799 
 .I8(.>5 
 
 ;!i837 
 
 !.":868 
 ..1876 
 ..1869 
 
 Thomas, Philip F... 
 Lowe Enoch L 
 
 
 Sept. 12, 1810 
 
 184H-1851— 3yr8. . 
 1851-1854— 3 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 UnknowTi. 
 
 
 Lli;oii, Thos. W 
 
 links. Thos. H 
 
 Hr.nll'ord .■VuK. W. . 
 
 Va... 
 Md... 
 
 Sept."2,"i7y8 
 
 1854-I85H-4yrH.. Lawyer... 
 I8,58-1H62— 4 yrs. . Merchant, 
 ]8i;2-lM(;(!— 4yi-,s.. Unknown. 
 
 '.'.isGh 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 ..1883 
 
 l:o\\]c-, Odin 
 
 Willi.-. W.Pinkney. 
 ';r..M,ne.J,ia. B 
 
 Md'.'.*. 
 Md... 
 
 jl8i;7-lK72-r)yrs.. 
 
 Aug. 9, 18241 1872- lH7.'.-3yr8. . 
 April 4, 1838' 1875-1876-1 yr. . . 
 ;l87i>-1880— ivrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Haniilton. Wm.T.. 
 McLane, llob'tM.... 
 
 Md... 
 Del... 
 
 Sept. 8, 1820 
 June 23, 1815 
 
 1880-1884 — 4yr9.. 
 1884-1888— 4 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MASSACHT7S£TTS. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born, 
 
 When Born Year, in Office, 
 
 Occap.tion. 
 
 WL.n 
 Bi.<i. 
 
 Hancock, John 
 
 Ma-ss. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1737 1789-1794— yrs.. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 ..1792 
 
 Adams, Samuel 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Sept. 27, 1722 1794-1797-3 yrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1803 
 
 Sumner, Increase.. . 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Nov. 27, 17411 17H7-1799— 2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1799 
 
 (Jill, Moses 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan, 18, I7.i4 niili-l.lcKi-lyr... 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 ..1800 
 
 Stronpr, Caleb 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 9. 174.'> 18iHi-iH()7— 7yi.s.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1819 
 
 Sullivan, ,Tames 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 22, 1744 1KI17-I,s(i8-1 yr. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1808 
 
 Lin.-olii, L.-vi 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Oct. 2,-1. 17«2 1, HI K-1 809-1 yr... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1868 
 
 IJoj... ('liri^t-.pll. r.. 
 
 Mu^s. 'Sept, 121, 17."",s lsi.;i-I.sli(— : yr. .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1827 
 
 liprr.v, ]':iliii,i|,->. 
 
 Ma>.s.l.Julv 17.1744 IKli i-l.-<12-2 yrs. , 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 ..1814 
 
 Stl-oijg, Caleh 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 9, 174,-. lMl2-lSl«-4yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1819 
 
 Bi'ook.^, John 
 
 Mass. 
 
 1752 1816-1823-7 yrs.. 
 
 t'hysician. 
 
 ..1825 
 
 Eustis, William 
 
 Mass. 
 
 June 10, 1753 
 
 1823-1825— 2 yrs,. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 ..1825 
 
 Morton, Marcus 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 19, 1784 
 
 182.5-182,5— 
 
 luiist 
 
 ..1864 
 
 I.ini-,.ln, LfVi 
 
 Muss. 
 
 Oct. 2.-, 1782 
 
 18-25-1834— 9 yrs,. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1868 
 
 !i.-ivix.,I,.liii 
 
 .Ma>s. Jan. i:i, 17s7 
 
 18.i4-1836— 2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1854 
 
 ,M.M,(i..iit-, s T,... 
 
 Mass.iApiil -I'.l. 17«4 
 
 1. SHI 1 1836- 
 
 Bookseller 
 
 ..1850 
 
 Evuiutt, Eihviua,... 
 
 Mass. April 11, 17:i4 
 
 183i;-1840— 4yrs. . 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 ..1865 
 
 Moiton, Marcus 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec, 19, I7M4 
 
 184lJ-1841-lyr... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1864 
 
 Davis, John 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan, 13, 1787 
 
 1841-l,S43-2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..ia54 
 
 Morton, Marcus 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Dec. 19. 1784 
 
 184:1-1844— lyr... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1864 
 
 Bi ik'irs, G.'ortje N.,. 
 
 Mass. 
 
 April 13,1791! 1844-l,8.-.l-7yrs.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1861 
 
 H<>iit\v..ll. iw-o. S 
 
 M.ass. 
 
 Jan. 28. 1818 18.-.l-ls.-i:^— 2 yrs. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 i'liir,.i,i, .I,,lm H.... 
 
 R. L.lJan. HI, isiiit ls.",:i-l.s.-,4-] yr. . . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1876 
 
 W;islil>ui-[i. Emory. 
 
 Mass. 1H(«) m.vl-lH.v,-! yr... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1877 
 
 Gardner, Heni'y J. . 
 
 Mass. June 14. 1819 18.to-18,i8~3 yi.s. . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 Banks, Nath'l P 
 
 Mass. Jan. 30, 1816 I8o8-I8fil— 3 yrs. . 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Andrew, John X 
 
 Mc.lMay 31. 1818 1861-18(iR— .'i yrs. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1867 
 
 Rull,.,k. .Mex. H.... 
 
 Mass. Mar. 2. IRIR ISHfi-lSTO— J yi.s. . 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1882 
 
 CliLllin. ^^•illiara.... 
 
 Mass.;Mar. 6. 1S*1« IM711-I872— 2yrs. . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 
 \V,.-lil.urii. Wm. B. 
 
 Mass.ijan. 31, 1h2ii 1m72-187.^— 3yrs. . 
 
 Varied 
 
 
 i;a>t,ni. William 
 
 Conn. Oct. 3. 1H2II 1n7.^>-1876— 1 yr... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Ric..., Alexander H. 
 
 Mass. Aug. 30, 1818 187«-1879— 3 yr3. . 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 
 Talbot, Thomas 
 
 N, Y. Sept. 7. 1818 1879-1880-1 yr. . . 
 
 Hanufac'r 
 
 ..1885 
 
 Long, John D 
 
 Butlel-, Ben.1. F 
 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Nov. 5, 1818 1883-1884— lyr,.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Robinson, Geo. D... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1834 
 
 1884-1886-2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MIC-HIQAN. (Continued.) 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Mason, Stevens T. . . 
 Woodbridge, Wm, . 
 
 Gordon, J. W 
 
 Barry, John S 
 
 Felch, Alpheus 
 
 Greeiiley, W, L 
 
 Ransom, Epaph 
 
 Barry, John S 
 
 McClelland, Rob't. . 
 Parsons, A 
 
 Conn, 
 
 Vt'.".'. 
 Me... 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 Pa. .. 
 X Y. 
 
 Year, in Offii;.. 
 
 Wlien 
 Dleil. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Aug. 
 July 
 
 1811 
 
 1780[ 
 
 '1802 
 1806 
 ,1813 
 .1796 
 .1802 
 1807 
 1817 
 
 1837- 
 1840- 
 1.841- 
 1X42 
 
 1849- 
 1847 
 1848. 
 I8.-,li- 
 18-,2 
 1853- 
 
 1840—3 yrs. 
 1841-1 yr.. 
 1842-1 vr.. 
 I.s4ii-4yrs. 
 1.S47~1 vr.. 
 1S48 — 1 yr. . 
 IH.511— 2'yrs. 
 1852— 2 yrs. 
 lH.-,3— lyr.. 
 185.>— 2 yrs. 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Law.ver. . 
 
 Lawyer.. 
 Vari.d... 
 Jurist... 
 Lawyer.. 
 Lawyer.. 
 Varied . . 
 Lawyer. , 
 Lawyer., 
 
 .1843 
 .1861 
 .1853 
 .1870 
 
 !.'i883 
 ..1859 
 ..1870 
 ..1880 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 "'■"' i «l..n fkiri.. 
 Horn 
 
 Tmtv io Office. OocupaltoB. 
 
 When 
 UU4. 
 
 Bingham. Kinsley.. IN, Y. Dec. 16, 1808 
 Wlsner, Moses !n, Y, June 3, 1815 
 
 Bluir, Austin N, Y. Feb. 8. 1818 
 
 Clap... lleiiiy H.... Mass. May 24. IK04 
 Baldwin. Ikiiry P.. R. I.. Feb. 22, 1«I4 
 
 Bagley.JohnJ N, Y, July 24, 18:)2 
 
 Crosswell, Chas, M. N. Y. Oct. 31, l«2.-> 
 Jerome, David H... Mich. Nov. 17, 1829 
 Begole, Josiah W. . . N. Y. Jan. 20, 1815 
 Alger. Russell A.... Ohio. Feb. 27, 1836 
 
 1855- 185H-4 yrs. . ' Agricul'st. 
 ia5»-I8«l— 2 yrs. .Unknown. 
 1861 18*(5— 4yr». . Lawyer... 
 1865-1869— 4 yrs.. Manufac'r 
 1869-1873— 4 yr«. 'Varle*!... 
 1873 1877— 4yi.s., Manufac'r 
 1K77-188I— 4yr»., Lawyer... 
 1881-1882— 1 yr... Merchant. 
 1882-1884-2 yrs. . Varied. . . . 
 ISM- 1886-2 yn>.. Lumber'n. 
 
 ..1861 
 ..1863 
 
 !.'i86!» 
 
 '. Ami 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MIXNESOTA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Hum. 
 
 When Bf,rn- 
 
 Tears in Office. 
 
 Ocetipalion. 
 
 When 
 bird. 
 
 Sibley. Henry H 
 
 Ramsay, Alex 
 
 Miller, Stephen 
 
 Marshall, Wm. R... 
 
 Mich. 
 Ha. .. 
 Pa... 
 Mo... 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. H. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Feb. -20, 1811 
 Sept. 8. iHl.-, 
 Jan. 7, 1816 
 Oct, 17, 1825 
 1831 
 
 1858-1858— Trader.... 
 
 1858-1862 — 4 yrs. . Lawyer.. . 
 1862-1866— 4 yrs.. Merchant. 
 1866-1870— 4 yrs.. Surveyor. 
 
 '!is8i 
 
 Davis, Cushman K. 
 Pillsbury, JohnS, ,. 
 Hubbard, Lucius F. 
 
 June 16, 1838 
 July 29, 18'2« 
 Jan, 36,1836 
 
 1874-1876— 2yrs.. 
 1876-1882-6 yrs.. 
 1882-1887-5yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Miller 
 
 
 JIanufac'r 
 
 ::.:::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ".:.'.:'.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. Year, in Office. 
 
 OecupMion. "'"" 
 
 Die,]. 
 
 Holmes. David 
 
 Poindexter, Geo. . . . 
 
 Leake, Walter 
 
 Holmes. David 
 
 Brandon, Gerard C. 
 Scott, -Abraham M.. 
 
 Runnels. Hiram 
 
 Lynch. Charles 
 
 McNutt, Alex. G 
 
 Tucker, Tilgham M. 
 
 Brown. Albert G 
 
 Mathews. Jos. W 
 
 Quitman. John A... 
 
 Guion, John J 
 
 Whitfield. James... 
 
 Foote. Henry S 
 
 MacRae. John J 
 
 McWillie. Wm 
 
 Pettus, John J 
 
 Thompson. Jacob. . . 
 Sharkey, Wm. L.... 
 Humphries, Benj. G 
 
 Alcorn. James L 
 
 Powers. R. C 
 
 Ames, Adelbert 
 
 Va... 
 Va,., 
 Va, . , 
 Va,., 
 
 vi!!! 
 
 N. 0, 
 S.C.. 
 
 nVy! 
 
 vii:'.'. 
 
 Miss.. 
 S. C. 
 
 N.C.'. 
 
 iiiV!', 
 
 Me!'.'. 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Hie 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.iaoi 
 Hky'si.'isii 
 
 Se'pt."i'.1799 
 
 Sept','20,'l866 
 
 1810 
 
 Nov. 17, 1795 
 
 Miy'is/isio 
 
 Nov'.'— ,1816 
 Oct."3i','l835 
 
 1817-1819— 2 yrs.. 1 Unknown. ..1832 
 
 1819-1821- 2yrs. . Lawyer 1853 
 
 1821-1825-^ yrs.. Unknown. ..1825 
 1825-1827—2 yrs. . Unknown. . .1832 
 
 1827-1 83 1—4 yrs. . Unknown. ' 
 
 1831-1833— 2 yrs.. Unknown. | 
 
 1833-1835— 2 yrs. . Unknown 
 
 1835-1837 — 2 yrs. . Unknown. 
 
 1837-1841— t yrs.., Unknown.'. .1848 
 1841-1843— 2 yrs.. Lawyer... '..1859 
 
 1813-1848— 5 yi.s..! Jurist 
 
 1848-1850— 2 yrs.. Unknown 
 
 1850-1851— lyr. ...Varied 1858 
 
 1851-1851— .Unknown 
 
 1851-185-2- lyr... UnknowTi.i 
 
 1852-1854— 2 yrs.. Lawyer... ..1880 
 
 1854-1858-^ yrs.. Lawyer 1868 
 
 1858-1860— 2 yrs... Varied 1869 
 
 1860-1862-2 yrs.. Unknown 
 
 1862-1864— 2 yrs.. Lawyer 
 
 1864-1866-2 yrs.. Unknown 
 
 1866-1868—2 yrs. . Unknown 
 
 1868-1870-2yr8.. Lawyer 
 
 1870-1874— 4yni.. Unknown 
 
 1874-1876— 2 yrs.. Unknown 
 
 1876-lHH2-6yrs. . Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 1882-1S86— lyre. ..Unknown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1..:" 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;'":.: ...1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 OcmpatioiL. 
 
 McNair. Alex 
 
 Bates. Frederick... 
 
 Miller. John 
 
 Dunklin, Daniel. .. 
 Bo^ps. Lilbum W, 
 
 Reynolds. Thos 
 
 EdVards. John C. . 
 King. Austin A 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Tenn, 
 
 18*.!i 1-1824 — tyrs. .Unknown. 
 
 ,18*24-1825 — 1 yr... 'Unknown. 
 
 1825-1832—7 yrs. . ISoIdier. . . . 
 
 1832-1836—4 yrs. . | Unknown. 
 
 |l83t!-lN4ri — i vrs.. Unknown. 
 
 lW4n-ls+l — I yrs.. Unknown. 
 
 ilH44-lK4>': — 1 vrs.. I Unknown. 
 
 Sept. 20, 1801 1 1^^8-1853— 5 yi-s. . ,Juri-t
 
 r 
 
 584 
 
 60v?:rnors of different states. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 MISSOITRI. (Continued.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 WLerc 
 Bora. 
 
 WbenBora. TearB iu Office. Occupation. 
 
 Price, Sterling 
 
 Polk, Trusten 
 
 Va... 
 Del... 
 
 Sept. — , 1809 
 May 29,1811 
 
 1853-1857-^ yrs.. 
 
 1857-1857— 
 
 1857-1857— 
 
 1857-1861-4 yi-s.. 
 
 18KI-1861 — 
 
 18r,l-i,SH4— 3 vrs.. 
 IHtrl-lMHM— 4 vrs. . 
 lHtW-1871— 4\rs.. 
 1871-1873— 2yrs.. 
 1873-1875-2 yrs. . 
 1875-1877-2 yrs.. 
 1877-1881-4 yrs.. 
 188I-1885--lvrs.. 
 1885-1889—4 yrs. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Varied. . . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1867 
 
 ..1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jackson, Claiborne. 
 Gamble, Hamilton.. 
 P'letcher, Thos. C... 
 McClurgr. Jos. W.... 
 
 Brown, D. Grat:: 
 
 Woodson. Silas 
 
 Hardin. Chas. H.... 
 
 Phelps. Johns 
 
 Crittenden, Thos. T. 
 Marmaduke. John S. 
 
 Mo!!! 
 
 Ky... 
 
 Conn. 
 Ky... 
 
 
 
 Feb! 22, 1818 
 May 28, 1826 
 
 Dec! 22, '1814 
 Jan. 2, 1834 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X£BRASK..4.. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 Tears io Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 
 
 
 1867-1871— 4 yi-s.. Unknown. 
 1871-1873— 2 vrs.. Unknown. 
 1873-1875— 2 yrs.. Unknown. 
 1875-1879— 1 yrs.. Unknown. 
 1879-1883-^ yrs. . Unknown. 
 188^1887—4 yrs. . Unknown. 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JfEVAD.*.. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Tears in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Nve, James W 'N. Y. June 10. 1815 
 
 Bialsden,H.G 
 
 Edwards, T.D Ky... Mar. 4, 1831 
 
 Bradley. L. R Va. . . Feb. 18.1805 
 
 Kinkead. John H. . . Pa. . . Dec 10, 1826 
 Adams Jewett V^... Vt. .. Aug. 6. 1835 
 
 lftni-lHrt4— 3 yrs.. 
 
 lMt;4-lM71— 7 yrs.. 
 
 I.->71 -1^71- 
 
 1871-1879-8 yrs.. 
 1879-1883^ yrs.. 
 1883-1887— 4 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Miner 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Stockman. 
 Merchant. 
 Stockman. 
 
 ..1876 
 I! 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 KEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Whew 
 Bora. 
 
 Years io Office. 
 
 Weare, Meshack — 
 
 L.an(?don, John 
 
 Snllivnn, John 
 
 Ilartl,:tt, Jostah 
 
 Cilnmn. John T 
 
 Lanirdoti, John 
 
 SrniHi. Jeremiah... 
 
 I.:inKiion. John 
 
 I'luincr, William... 
 
 (lilman, John T 
 
 I'luMicr. William... 
 
 I>i;ll.SainU(!l 
 
 Woodhnry. L<?vl 
 
 Morrill. David L.... 
 i*ii'r<;e. Btjnjamin... 
 
 Hell, John 
 
 Harvey, Matthew.. . 
 Harpt^r, Joweph M. . 
 Ilinstnoor. Haniuel.. 
 BadKer, Williuin... 
 
 liili. Isaac 
 
 I'aire. John 
 
 Hiil)l>ar<l. Henry 
 
 .Steile, John H 
 
 C<dl>y, Anthony — 
 Wllllann-. Jarod W. 
 l>ln.,nioor, Samuel.. 
 
 N. H. 
 N.H. 
 Maj4s. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 
 N. H. 
 
 Me. . . 
 N. H. 
 
 Maj<H. 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 
 June 2.'), 
 Feb. 17, 
 Nov. 21, 
 Dee. 11), 
 June -'r> 
 Nov. '2'.K 
 June !.'■*> 
 Oet. !i. 
 Dee. l:i, 
 Oct. «. 
 Kcb. SI, 
 Dee. 22, 
 June 10, 
 
 June 21 
 June 21. 
 July 1 
 
 April' H, 
 May 21, 
 May 3, 
 
 N. H.' 
 N. H. 
 
 11770-1778— 2 yrs. 
 
 17-tl 1778-1790-2 yrs. 
 1741 I7i«>-1792— 2yrs. 
 1727 17!l2-17i)4-2yrs. 
 17.'):i 1794-1805-9 yrs. 
 1741 1H0..-1809— 4yr«. 
 17r.9 IKI11I lHIO-1 yr.. 
 1741 IMlii-1812— 2yrs. 
 17M9 IMI2-1H14— 2 vrs. 
 n-,:l 1814-1816-2 Vrs. 
 17811 181(1-1819— 3 yrs. 
 I77CI 1819-1823— » yrs. 
 1789 1823-1824-1 yr.. 
 1772 1824-1827— 3 yrs. 
 
 1827-1829— 2 yr». 
 
 1829-18;ia— 1 yr. . 
 
 1781 1830-1831-1 yr.. 
 
 1787 1831-1831— 'ifyr.. 
 1711(1 18:il-1834-'3yr». 
 
 1834-1830- 2yrs. 
 
 1788 1830-1839— 3 yrs. 
 1787 1839-1842—3 yrs. 
 1784 1842-1844-2 vrs. 
 1844-184(1— 2 vrs. 
 
 1840-1847-1 jr.. 
 
 1847-1840-2 vrs. 
 
 1799 IW49 18.-.2— 3 yrs. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 .Uerchant. 
 
 ..1819 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..!79.'> 
 
 Physician. 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 ..1819 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1842 
 
 
 ..1810 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1K)4 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1828 
 
 
 ..1854 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..18.50 
 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1851 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..1849 
 
 Unkno^vn. 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1836 
 
 Physician. 
 
 ..1865 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 . 1835 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Journalist 
 
 ..1851 
 
 Affrlcul'st. 
 
 ..1803 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1857 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1864 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1889 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. (Continued.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. Yean, in Office. 
 
 I 
 
 Occupktion. 
 
 Wbin 
 
 Died 
 
 
 
 1 1852-1854—2 vrs. . 
 
 UnknoMrn. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 LnkiM.wn. 
 
 l;. l;. oiiiT 
 Lnknuwn. 
 Ultrgym'n 
 R. R. Offi'r 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Baker. Nathaniel B. 
 Metcair, Ralph 
 
 N. H. 
 N. H. 
 
 Sept. 29, 1818 
 
 IVH8 
 
 1807 
 
 1854-1855-1 yr. . . 
 
 1W55-1857— 2 yrs. . 
 1857-1859— 2 yrs.. 
 l859-lHfii_2 vrs.. 
 
 l.si;|-|-.i;:; _> vi<.. 
 
 I.'-'..: 1-'. . _■ M.-, . 
 l.-r..-, 1^. -- L' \i-.- . 
 
 i»b, i.m;j— :j yr.--.. 
 186y-l«71— 2yrs.. 
 1871-1873— 2 yrs.. 
 1873-1874-1 yr... 
 1874-1875-1 yr.. 
 1875-1877-2 yrs.. 
 1877-1879-2 yrs.. 
 1879-1881— 2 yrs.. 
 1881-1883-2 yrs.. 
 18a3-]885-2yrs.. 
 1885-1887— 2 yrs.. 
 
 . . 1876 
 ..1858 
 ..1876 
 
 Goodwin. Ichabod. . 
 Be rry, Nathaniel S. 
 Gilmore. Joseph A.. 
 Smyth, Frederick.. . 
 Harriinan. Walter. 
 Slearn.'. i )nslow.... 
 Wi-.-tim, J;iines A... 
 Straw, Kzt-kiel A.... 
 
 n.h: 
 
 Mass. 
 
 ;.";.v.v.'.i8i7 
 
 Aug. 30. 1811 
 
 !.i8(i7 
 
 '.;i8S4 
 ..1878 
 
 Cheeney. Person C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Head Natt 
 
 N.H. 
 
 May 20, 1828 
 
 . 1883 
 
 
 
 Hale Samuel W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STETT elERSE'E'. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 V. here 
 Dorn, 
 
 Wheo Horn, 
 
 Veara in Office 
 
 Uccupftlion. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Livingston. Wm.... N. Y. 
 
 Nov. 30, 1723 
 
 1776-1790— 14 yrs. Journalist 
 1790-1792-2yrs.. Lawyer... 
 1792-1801-9 yre.. Lawyer... 
 1801-1802— 1 yr... Lawyer... 
 1802-1803-1 yr... Lawyer... 
 
 1S(l3-18r.> 9 Vl-s T.awvo,. 
 
 .1790 
 
 Howell. Richard 
 
 Bloouifield. Joseph. 
 
 Lambert. John 
 
 Bloomtield. Joseph. 
 
 OKden. Aaron 
 
 Penninprton. Wm. S. 
 liiikerscn, Mahlon. 
 ^VlllMlr.^..n, Isaac. 
 
 \v,,ll. c^inet D 
 
 V n ]:\<v D 
 
 Snulli.n 1 ■■:.iiri L.. 
 
 Del. 
 
 1754 
 
 18()2 
 
 S.J.. 
 N. J-. 
 N J. 
 
 1753 
 
 1748 
 
 1753 
 
 ..1823 
 
 ..1823 
 
 18"'3 
 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N.J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 N. Y. 
 N. C. 
 N. Y. 
 N. J.. 
 N.J.. 
 Ohio. 
 N. J.. 
 N. J.. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1756 i8i2-isi3— 1 yr... 
 
 1757 1813-1815— 2 yrs.. 
 
 April 17, 1770 181.5-1817— 2 yrs.. 
 
 17B8 1817-1829— 12 yrs. 
 
 Mar. 10. 1783,1829-1829 — yr... 
 
 1791 1 829-1832-3 yrs. . 
 
 June 9. 17.-17 1,N32-|K33-1 yr... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1839 
 ..1826 
 ..1853 
 ..1844 
 ..18.50 
 ..1873 
 ..1842 
 
 .^- . 1. ^ , 1 h.i^ V 
 
 V , r, 1. rl) 
 
 Dirk. ■!— Ill, I'liilo 
 
 I'.iiMiii^-Mii.Wm.... 
 
 11 .-, I'.iilel 
 
 Nii.ittnii < 'h.irles C. 
 
 11. MP. l.'l 
 
 K..I1, ,-.■ V 
 
 I'luu. U.j.in..mM... 
 Newell, William A. . 
 Olden, Charles S.... 
 
 1791 1S33-1H33 yr... 
 
 1791 , 1833-1836-3 yrs. . 
 
 1792', 1830-1837-1 yr... 
 
 1797 1837-1843-6 yrs.. 
 
 1801 11843-1844-1 yr... 
 
 1790:1844-1848-4 yrs.. 
 
 1801 1848-1851— 3 yrs.. 
 
 1809 1851-18.54— 3 yrs.. 
 
 1816 18.)4-l857-3 yrs. . 
 
 1815 1857-1860-3 yrs.. 
 
 1799 1860-1863-3 yrs. . 
 
 1816 1863-1866-3 yrs. . 
 
 1812 1866-1869-3 yrs. . 
 
 June 24, 1826 1869-1872—3 yrs, . 
 
 1816, 1872-1875-3 yrs.. 
 
 1831 187.5-1878-3 yrs.. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1826 lS78-188l-3yrs.. 
 
 1830 1881-1884-3 yrs.. 
 
 Oet. 8, 1836,1884-1887- 3yrs. . 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Aprrieiil'st. 
 Lawyer... 
 Physician. 
 
 Broker 
 
 Physician. 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 ,.1846 
 ..1873 
 ..1862 
 ..1862 
 ..1877 
 ..1859 
 ..1877 
 ..1872 
 
 !!i876 
 
 Ward. Marcus L....iN. J.. 
 Randolph. Theo. F. N. J. . 
 
 Parker. .loel iN. J.. 
 
 Beadle, Joseph D. . . iN. J. . 
 MeClellan. Geo, B... Pa. .. 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Soldier .. 
 
 ..1884 
 1.1885 
 
 Ludlcnv. George C. . .N. J. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STEW TORK. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Clinton, George 
 
 .lay. Jolin 
 
 {'liiiloii. Corgc 
 
 Lewis. M.iiCTn 
 
 T iikLiis. Diul'l D. 
 
 Tvler. J..1IM 
 
 Clint.. II. li.'WItt.... 
 Y.-.l.'s, Joseph C... 
 Clinton. D.Witt.... 
 Pitcher. Nathaniel. 
 Van Buren, Martin. 
 
 Throop. |.:nos. T 
 
 Marev, Wm. L 
 
 Seward. Wm. H 
 
 Boiiek. Wm. C 
 
 WrlRht. Silas 
 
 Yountr, John 
 
 Fish. Iliinillton 
 
 Hunt. Wiishinirton, 
 Seym.itiv, H-.r/iti.. 
 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 N. y. 
 
 Mass . 
 
 N. y. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Mass. 
 Vt. .. 
 N. Y. 
 N. Y. 
 N Y, 
 
 July 28, 
 Dee. 1, 
 July 26, 
 Oet. IH, 
 June 21, 
 July 4, 
 Mar. 2, 
 Nov, 9, 
 Mar. 2, 
 
 Dec. 5, 
 Aug. 21, 
 Dee. 12, 
 May 10, 
 
 May' 24,' 
 Julie 12. 
 .\ug. 3, 
 i\iig. 
 
 M.i 
 
 31 
 
 1739 
 1745 
 1739 
 17.54 
 1774 
 1742 
 1799 
 1768 
 1709 
 1777 
 1782 
 1784 
 1786 
 1801 
 1786 
 1795 
 1802 
 IKOH 
 181 I 
 l~|(i 
 
 1788-1795- 
 179.5-1801- 
 I8lll-18(,)4- 
 
 l.m 14-181)7 
 
 I K( 17- KM 16- 
 1816-1817- 
 1817-1822- 
 1822-1824- 
 1824-1827- 
 1827-1829- 
 I829-1831- 
 1831-1833- 
 1833-1839- 
 1839-1843- 
 1843-1845- 
 184.5-1847- 
 1847-1849- 
 1849 1,851 - 
 185l-18,-,3- 
 l,-<53-18,55- 
 
 ■7 yrs. 
 ■Oyrs. 
 
 3 vrs. 
 
 3 yrs. 
 
 9 yrs. 
 -lyr.. 
 
 5 yrs. 
 -2 yrs. 
 
 3 yrs. 
 -2 yrs. 
 -2 yrs. 
 2 yrs. 
 
 6 yrs. 
 
 4 yrs. 
 ■2 yrs. 
 •2 yrs. 
 2 yrs. 
 2 yrs. 
 2 yrs. 
 2 yi-s. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer, , . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Merchant. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. .. 
 Unknown, 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Agrieul'st 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Uiwyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 When 
 Pled. 
 
 .1812 
 .1829 
 .1812 
 .1844 
 .1825 
 . 1829 
 .1828 
 .1837 
 .1828 
 .18.36 
 .1862 
 .1874 
 . 18.57 
 .1872 
 .lft59 
 .1847 
 . 1852 
 
 ! 1867 
 .1886 
 
 ^^
 
 Sit^ — 
 f 
 
 CiuVKltJSOKS Ol'' JJlJ'KKKKN'T ti'l'ATKS. 
 
 NEW TUICK.. (Contluufd.; 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wliorc 
 Horn. 
 
 Clark, Myron H — 
 
 Kinp. .lolin A 
 
 Mfii't'iin. Edwin 1)., 
 S.vriKnir. Homtio. 
 I'VMIun. Itnilii'n K. 
 Il..irii>»n. JoJin T.. 
 
 liix. J.ihn A 
 
 Tildi n, Samuel J.. 
 h'Dliinsini. Lni'iiis.. 
 Coin. 11, Vl.inzoB. 
 ( 'li-vcland, (iiover. 
 Hill. D.ivi.l IS 
 
 Ifi5.'i-18.')7-2 yra. . lUiiknown, 
 
 N. Y.'jan. 3, 17«8'is.".7 lH.'.;i-2 yr.i. .'At'rlc-ul'Bt, 
 Mass. Feb. 3. IMll |H.-,ll-lKi;:i 4vr,4.. M.nlmnt. 
 N. Y. May 31. IMIii |Mi;;i inv.r, 2 yr^. l.invv.-r ., 
 N. Y. July I. IHIl INi;:.-l.illll- 4yr».. Mc-iiliunt. 
 N. Y. Jan. 10. Ik_'.s inibi-IH73— J yrs. . Lawyer... 
 
 iN. H. July 24. I71W l>i7MM7.'>-2yr»..!Vai-leil 
 
 .N. Y. Fell. !l, 1H14 1M7.I-I877-2 vrs..il,awyer... 
 N. Y. Nov. 4. IKIii IH77-l88l)-3yiii..'Lawvei-... 
 
 N. Y. Jan. 22, IH:j2 IMMH-IHSM -3 vi k. Varliil 
 
 N.J.. Mar. 18, 1S.-I7 1 B.-*,! - 1 R84 - 1 m-... Lawyer... 
 N. Y. Aug. 29, 1843 1884. 1887-3 yis.. Luwvei'... 
 
 . 1HH7 
 . 1883 
 . 1881! 
 
 IVOKTH <'.VKOI.I\',V. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Marti 
 
 1, Alexander.. 
 
 N, J . 
 
 
 ...17411 
 
 1789-1792-3 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 -.1807 
 
 ."^liaik- 
 
 It. RiehardD. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Mar, 
 
 25, 1758 
 
 1792 179,=.-3 yrs,. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 -.1802 
 
 A»he, 
 
 Sninuel 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 .... 1 7(13 
 
 179.-. 179H_3yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 •:i835 
 
 liavie 
 
 William R... 
 
 Engd 
 
 
 
 1798 1799-1 vr .. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 -.1820 
 
 WillL 
 
 Ills, Beni 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 ....17.-.4 
 
 1799 LSI 12 -3 vrs.. 
 
 Soldier.... 
 
 -.1814 
 
 Turin. 
 
 r James 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 ....17W 
 
 IHII2 lNll.-,_3 vrs.. 
 
 Soldier. .. 
 
 • . 1824 
 
 \ll-\:l 
 
 ider, Nath'L. 
 
 N. C 
 
 Mar. 
 
 5, 175H 
 
 IKII.-, 1MII7-2yrs.. 
 
 Physician. 
 
 -.1808 
 
 Ulllli 
 
 ins, Benj 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 ....17.54 1KI7 |siis_l vr ., 
 
 Solfher. .. 
 
 -.1814 
 
 St. III.- 
 
 David 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 17, 1770 IHl.s-l.sKi— :J Vrs 
 
 Jurist 
 
 -.1818 
 
 Si, mil 
 
 Ileniainhl... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 181U-18U-1 yr... 
 
 Soldier. .. 
 
 -.1829 
 
 Hank 
 
 IIS, William.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 181 1-1814-3 yrs.. 
 
 Planter... 
 
 -.1812 
 
 Milli'i 
 
 William 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 '1814-1817-3 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Mraii- 
 
 i,.l"lin 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 4. 1782 1817-1820-3 yrs.. 
 
 
 ..1863 
 
 
 lin, .lesse, .... 
 s, Caliriel.... 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 17tiO 18*»0-1821 1 yr 
 
 Planter... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 • . 1824 
 . . 1829 
 
 ll.iliii 
 
 
 ....1764,1821-1824-3 yi-s!: 
 
 KiiiM 
 
 1, Hiitchlus... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 
 1824-1827-3 vrs.. 
 
 
 • . 1836 
 
 Irril,' 
 
 . James 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 
 ....1788'1827-18J8-1 \r .. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 -.1853 
 
 
 John 
 
 . Montfort. . . 
 
 N. C. 
 N. C. 
 
 
 ....1787 
 
 1828-1830-2 yrs.. 
 1830-1832-2 vrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1841 
 ..1842 
 
 M,,k,. 
 
 
 ....1760 
 
 Sl\,|ll 
 
 liavidL 
 
 N. C. Jan. 
 
 4,1801 
 
 1832-183.-1-3 i-i-s. 
 
 Educator. 
 
 
 SjiaiL' 
 
 il. Ki.-liard D. 
 
 N. c; 
 
 ....1798 
 
 1835-1837-2 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 -.1850 
 
 liuilli- 
 
 V. KdwardB.. 
 
 N. C.j 
 
 ....1811 
 
 1837-1841-4 yrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1853 
 
 M.inl 
 
 ead,.lolin M.. 
 
 Va...!july 
 
 4, 1793 
 
 1841-l84.-)-4yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1866 
 
 i;r;<li: 
 
 Ill, Win. A.... 
 
 N. f!. Sept 
 
 .•i, IS04 
 
 l84.-.-7849-4yrs.. 
 
 Law.ver. . . 
 
 ..1875 
 
 Maiili 
 
 . Charles 
 
 N. C. Nov. 
 
 23, 1S5) 
 
 1849-1851-2 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1871 
 
 Kia.l 
 
 lavid S 
 
 N. 0. Aprilli). ISI3 l,s,-,l-l,s.a5-4yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 llratu 
 
 . Tliuinas 
 
 N. C. Nov. 
 
 il, isiii l.s,v.-i,s,-,9-4yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1872 
 
 Kill-, 
 
 Mini W . ... 
 
 N. C. Nov. 
 
 23, ]sjn ls:,'i l.^ni- 2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1861 
 
 \ :inc-i 
 
 , z.l.iilon B.. 
 
 fJ. C. May 
 
 13, ts:m |.s.;l.l.SH5_2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . , 
 
 
 lliilili- 
 
 1, William W. 
 
 N. C. Nov. 
 
 24, 1S18 l.s.i-,-i.sn.', yr... 
 
 18, 1802 lSi;.vl,Kiili_4 yrs.. 
 
 Journalist 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 Welti 
 
 , J.iiialhan... 
 
 N. O. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 ..1869 
 
 ll.ilii,. 
 
 1. William W. 
 
 V. c. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 24. 1818ilsi;;i-lM73-4 yrs.. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 
 Calilu 
 
 ■II, Tod R. ... 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 19, lalS!lM7:i-ls74-l yr... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1874 
 
 l!roi;il 
 
 en, Curtis H.. 
 
 N, <;, 
 
 Dee. 
 
 IR, irtin 1874-IH77— 3yrs. . 
 
 Planter. . . 
 
 
 \ ance 
 
 Zeliulon B.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 May 
 
 13, lsi:in 1877-l.s.sl— 4 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Jarvi» 
 
 Thomas J,.. 
 
 N. C. 
 
 July 
 
 18, 1N3(; lssl-lSM3-2yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 Seales 
 
 Alfred M.... 
 
 N. 0. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 26, 1827 
 
 1883-1887— 4 yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 _ When Bora. 
 Born. 
 
 YenTs In Office. 
 
 Occupalioo. 
 
 ■When 
 Died. 
 
 Whitaker, John 1 
 
 1859-1882-3 yrs. . 
 18i;2-18fi(i-4yi-s.. 
 1HHH-187II— 4 vrs.. 
 1870-1877-7 yrs. . 
 1877-1878—1 yr... 
 1878-1882— 1 yrs.. 
 1882-1887— 5 yrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 Woixls, (lecrge L... 
 
 
 lin.vtT. Lafayette.. 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unkno^vn. 
 
 
 Thayer, W. W 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ::::::::::::....::":: :"":::::;;;;:::::: " "i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 WUro 
 Born. 
 
 Byrd. Charles W. .. 
 
 Timii. Edward 
 
 k'iiker. TI1011111.H. ... 
 Iliiiiliii;:ii<ii, Sam'l. 
 
 Meit-s, Keiurn J 
 
 Looker, ( Ithlliel, , .. 
 Worthink'ton, Thos. 
 
 Brown, Ethan A 
 
 Triluhle, Allen 
 
 Moi row, Jeremiah.. 
 Tiiliihle. Allen 
 
 .Alc.\i'lliur. liuiiean. 
 
 Liica^ Uoberc 
 
 Vanee. Jo.seph 
 
 Slialtnon. Wilson... 
 Corwln, Thomas... 
 Shannon. Wilson... 
 Bartlev, Thomas W 
 Barllev, Mordeeal.. 
 
 liehb. Williiun 
 
 Ford. Seahiiry 
 
 Wood, Keul.en 
 
 Medill. William 
 
 Chase. Salmon P 
 
 Dennison. William. 
 
 Tod. David 
 
 Brough. John 
 
 Anderson, Charles.. 
 
 Cox, Jacob D 
 
 Hayes, Ruth'd B 
 
 Noyes, Edward F. . . 
 
 Allen, William 
 
 Hayes, Ruth'd B 
 
 Y'oung, Thomas L.. 
 Bishop, Kieliard M.. 
 
 Foster, Charles 
 
 Hoadl.v. George i 
 
 Foi'aker, Joseph B.. I 
 
 Engd 
 
 t'onn. 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 Va. . 
 Conn. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Va. .. 
 N. Y. 
 Va... 
 Pa. .. 
 Ohio. 
 Ky... 
 Ohio. 
 
 Juno 19, 17«e 
 .'!"'.'.'.'.'.i7(i; 
 
 Dec. — , 1740 
 Oct. 4, 17.'i7 
 July 16, 1774 
 July 4, 1776 
 
 178.3 
 
 Fell. 6 
 
 April I, 
 Mar. 21, 
 Feb, 24. 
 July 19. 
 Feb. 24, 
 
 17&3 
 1804 
 1802 
 1792 
 1801 
 1808 
 
 Pa. .. leu. 10, 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Conn 
 
 Vt 
 
 Del 
 
 N. II, J.:ii. 13, 
 Ohio. Nov. i). 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Ohio. Sept. 11, 
 Ky... June 1, 
 Can.. Oct. 27, 
 Ohio. Oct. 4, 
 Mass. lOct. 3, 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ohio. Oct. 4, 
 
 Ohio. I April 12, 1828 
 
 1802-1S03-I yr.. 
 
 1803-1807— Jyrs. 
 
 1807-1808-1 yr.. 
 
 I8I18-18IO— 2yrs. 
 
 l«10-l8l4-4yrH. 
 
 1814-1814 yr-. 
 
 1814-1818-4 yrs. 
 
 1818-1822-4 yrs. 
 
 1822-1822 — yr.. 
 i.,ri8;>2-182«-4 vrs. 
 .1783 1826-1830— 4} l-s, 
 .1772 1830-18:12-2 yrs. 
 17K1 lK32-l8:j6-4yr». 
 1780; 1830-18:18—2 Vl-s. 
 1 8112 1 1 8:i8 - 1 840- 2 y rs 
 1794 1840-I842— 2yi-s. 
 1802 1842-1814— 2 yrs. 
 
 1844-18)4 — yr.. 
 
 I844-I840-2yi-B. 
 
 1846-1849-3 yrs. 
 
 1849-18,W— 1 yr.. 
 
 18."iO-18'',3— 3yrs 
 
 IK>:)-185G-3yrs. 
 
 185()-180(1— 4yrs. 
 181,'',l I800-J802— 2 yrs. 
 1H05 1862-1804-2 yrs. 
 1811 isi;4- 1865— 1 yr.. 
 1814:18(15-1866—1 yr.. 
 1828 1806-1868— 2 yrs. 
 1W22 I81.8-1872— 4yrs. 
 1K32 IH72-1874— 2yrs. 
 18!t6 1874-1870— 2 yrs. 
 1822,1876-1877—1 yr.. 
 11877-1878-1 yr.. 
 
 1878-18M1— 2 vrs. 
 
 1880-1884— 4 yrs. 
 
 1884-1886—2 yrs. 
 
 1886-1888-2 yrs. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Physician, 
 Unknown 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Farmer.. . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jutist 
 
 Surveyor. 
 Surveyor. 
 Surveyor. 
 Surveyor. 
 Sui-veyor. 
 Merchant. 
 I.awyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Affi-Ieurst, 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Merchant. 
 Merchant. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Wlirn 
 Diwl. 
 
 .1817 
 . 1825 
 
 !i827 
 . 1852 
 .1870 
 . 18.52 
 
 ■ iwtj 
 
 .18.53 
 .1851 
 .1877 
 . 18115 
 .1877 
 
 '. 1876 
 .1873 
 . 18.55 
 .1864 
 .1865 
 .1873 
 .1882 
 .1868 
 . 1865 
 
 PESIIV S YI, V ASriA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 V, h,:rL. 
 
 Boru, 
 
 ■When Born. 
 
 Tears in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 "When 
 
 Died. 
 
 Mifflin, Thomas 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 1744tl790-179&-9 yrs. . 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 ..laoo 
 
 McK.-aii.Th.'inas 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 10, ]-:t4 17if:'-1808— 9 yrs. . 
 
 Lawj-er... 
 
 ..18J7 
 
 .SinU..-i, SiiTinn 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. r,. I7,'.!> lM(is-iKl7-9yi-s.. 
 
 Tanner. .. 
 
 -.1819 
 
 ftinilaw "\\ illiam... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 .Tune 20, IT'ls |ki7-1K20— 3 yrs. . 
 
 Lawver. . . 
 
 ..184(5 
 
 Hc-i.-^ter, Jo^L■ph 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Nov. 18. 17r.2 ls_>n.iH23-3yrs.. 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 ..1KJ2 
 
 Sliulze, John A 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 July 19, 177'. ls*j:i-iH29— 6yrs.. 
 
 Clergym'n 
 
 ..18.52 
 
 Wolf. George 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Aug. 12, 1777 1.si:m-Is:^.5— 6yrs.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1H40 
 
 Ritner, Joseph 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Mar. 25, 17sn is;;,", ls:^9^yrs.. 
 
 Agrieul'st. 
 
 ..ISfJO 
 
 Porter, David R 
 
 Pa.. . 
 
 Oct. 31, IT--- l--:i:i l'<4->— 6 vrs.. 
 
 Manufac'r. 
 
 ..I8H7 
 
 Shunk. Francis R... 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Aug. 7. 17-- l-( . 1S4H— 3vrs.. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1K4.S 
 
 Johnston, Win. F. . . 
 
 Pa... 
 
 Nov. 'J. ]••>- i-l^ 17..2— 4yrs.. 
 
 ■Varied 
 
 ..1872 
 
 Bigler. William 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Dec. — . 1-1 ; l-."tJ lx.J.->— 3yrs.. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 ..1880 
 
 
 Pa. .. 
 Pa... 
 
 Sept. 11. lspi|i,K.-,.,-]S.58--3yrs.. 
 .Vpnl 2, 1K'I7 ls,-,8-lSfi]— 3yrs,. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 Packer, William F.. 
 
 Journalist 
 
 ..1870 
 
 Curtin, Andrew G.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Aprii22.1Si7 isni-18fi7— 6yrs.. 
 
 La'vrver... 
 
 
 Gearv. J.ihii W 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Dec. 311 ispitiw;7-l>^7.1— (1 vrs.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..1873 
 
 Hartr;,n!t,.IohnF.. 
 
 Pa. .. 
 
 Dee. lU, ls:^n|lH73-lH7!t— (Jyrs.. 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 
 Hnvt. Hinrv M 
 
 Pa. . . 
 
 June H, ]s:«iliN7li-lSL.'<:i— 4 vrs,. 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 
 
 Md... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 :;:::::::::::::::::. i::::;;;;:;;).:;:::: 
 
 RHODE ISI^Ajm. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born, t 
 
 Tmts in Oi&c«. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Fenner. Artliur P.. . 
 
 Smith. Henry 
 
 Wilbour, Isaac 
 
 Fenner, James 
 
 Jones, William 
 
 Kniprht, Nehemiah. 
 Giljbs. William C... 
 
 Fenner. James 
 
 Arnold, Lemuel H. . 
 
 Francis. John B 
 
 Sprague, William.. 
 
 R.I. 
 
 R. I.. 
 IR. 1.. 
 lU. I. 
 li. I. 
 R.I. 
 R. 1. 
 Vt. . 
 Pa. . 
 K. I. 
 
 1745 
 
 April 25, 1783 
 Jan. 22, 1771 
 8, 1753 
 31, 1780 
 ... .179tl 
 ....1771 
 29, 1792 
 May 31 , 1794 
 Sept. 12, 1830 
 
 Oct. 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 189.1-1805—15 yrs. 
 180.5-1806—1 yr... 
 1806-18(17-1 yr. .. 
 18(17-1811 — 1 vrs.. 
 1811-1817— 6 vrs.. 
 1S17-IW21 — Ivrs. . 
 1821-1.824— 3 yrs. . 
 1824-1831-7 vrs.. 
 18:^1-1833—2 vrs.. 
 1833-1838—5 jTS. . 
 1838-1839— lyr... 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1805 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..ia'i7 
 
 UnkTiown. 
 
 ..1840 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 -.1822 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1854 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1871 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 ..1840 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..18.52 
 
 AgricuPst. 
 
 ..lftfi4 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 
 ?5
 
 RHODE ISLAND. (Continued.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 King, Samuel W 
 
 Fenner, James 
 
 Jackson, Ciiarles. . . 
 
 Diman, Byron 
 
 Harris. Eiisha 
 
 .\nthonv. Henry B. 
 
 .\llen, Philip 
 
 Lawrence, Wm. B.. 
 
 .iUen. Philip 
 
 Diniond, Francis M. 
 
 Hoppin, Wm. W 
 
 Dyer, Eiisha 
 
 Turner, Tlios. G 
 
 Sprague, William.. 
 
 Bartlett, John R 
 
 Cozzens. William C. 
 
 Smith. James Y 
 
 Burnside, .\mb. E.. 
 Padelford. Seth. ... 
 
 Howard, Henry 
 
 Lippett, Henry 
 
 Vanzandt, Chas. C.. 
 Littlerteld, Alfred H 
 Bourn. Augustus O 
 Wetmore, George P 
 
 R. I.. 
 R.I. 
 R. I. 
 R. I. 
 R. I. 
 R. I. 
 R. 1. 
 X. Y 
 
 K. I 
 R. I 
 R. I 
 R. I 
 R. I.. 
 Conn, 
 Ind. . 
 Mass, 
 R. I., 
 R. 1.. 
 R. I.. 
 R. I.. 
 R. I.. 
 Eng'd 
 
 May 23, 
 
 Mar.' ' 3, 
 Aug. 5, 
 
 Aprii i', 
 Sept. 1, 
 Oct. 23. 
 Sept. 1, 
 
 Sept! "l, 
 July 20, 
 Oct. 24, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Oct. 13, 
 Aug. 26, 
 Sept. 15, 
 May, 23, 
 Oct. 3, 
 .\pril 2. 
 Oct. 9, 
 Aug. 10, 
 .\pril 2, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Aug. 2, 
 
 1786 
 .1771 
 1797 
 1795 
 .1791 
 1815 
 1785 
 1800 
 1785 
 .1796 
 1807 
 1811 
 1810 
 1830; 
 1805 
 1811 
 1809 
 1824 
 1807 
 1826 
 18181 
 1830 
 1829 
 1834 
 1846 
 
 1839-1843—4 yrs. 
 1843-1845—2 yrs. 
 lH45-lK4t;-l vr. . 
 Is4i; IN47-1 vr.. 
 1,K47 1.S49— 2 vrs. 
 1849-1851—2 yrs. 
 1851-1852-1 yr.. 
 
 1852-18,52 
 
 1852-1853-1 yr.. 
 18.-.3-lw.'>4-l yr.. 
 1854-I.S57— 3 yrs- 
 l«,-,7-lH,-,;i-2yrs. 
 1859-1800—1 yr. . 
 1860-1861—1 yr. . 
 1861-1862—1 yr. . 
 1862-1863—1 yr.. 
 18i>3-lM66— 3 yi-s. 
 lKO,;-],si;;i— 3 yrs. 
 LSI 1:1-1,-172-3 yrs. 
 1872-l.s75-3yrs. 
 1875-1877—2 yrs. 
 1877-1880—3 yrs. 
 1880-1883— 3 yrs. 
 1883-1886-3 yrs. 
 1886-1889— 3 yrs. 
 
 .1851 
 .1846 
 .1861 
 .1865 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Manufac'r 
 Unknown. 
 Manufac'r ..1861 
 Journalist I .. 1884 
 
 Varied '..1865 
 
 Lawyer 1881 
 
 Varied 1865 
 
 Unknown, ..1858 
 
 Lawyer. 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Insurer. 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 State Offi'r 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Soldier. 
 
 Jlerchant. 
 
 Manufac'r, 
 
 Manufac'r 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 
 Manufac'r' 
 
 Manufac'rj 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 SOITTB GARor.iarA. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Pincknev. Thos 
 
 Vandei hor^t, Arn.. 
 Moultrie, William.. 
 Pinckney. Charles. . 
 Rutledge, Edward. . 
 
 Drayton, John 
 
 Richardson. Jas. B. 
 
 Hamilton, Paul 
 
 Pinckney, Charles.. 
 
 Drayton, John 
 
 Middleton, Henry.. 
 
 Alston, Joseph 
 
 Williams, David R.. 
 Pickens, Andrew... 
 
 Geddes, John 
 
 Bennett, Thomas... 
 
 Wilson, John L 
 
 Manning, Rich'd I.. 
 
 Taylor, John 
 
 Miller, Stephen D... 
 Hamilton. James. . . 
 Hayne. Robert Y... 
 McDuffie, George... 
 
 Butler, Pierce M 
 
 Noole. Patrick 
 
 Hennegan, B. K 
 
 Richardson, John P 
 Hammond, Jas. H,. 
 
 Aiken, William 
 
 Johnson, David 
 
 Seabrook, W. B 
 
 Means, John H. 
 
 Manning. John L. . . 
 Adams. James H... 
 Alston. R. F. W... 
 Gist. William H... 
 Pickens, Francis W 
 
 Bonham, M. L 
 
 .Magarth. A. G 
 
 l*crry, Benjamin F 
 
 Orr. James 1, 
 
 Scott. Robert K.... 
 
 Moses, F.J 
 
 Chamberlain, i>. 11 
 Hampton. Wade.. . 
 Simpson, Wm. 1>. . 
 Hagood. Johnson.. 
 Thompson, Hugh S 
 
 S. C. 
 S. C. 
 S. C. 
 
 Oct. 23, 1750 
 
 ,1731 
 17.58 
 1749 
 
 Mar. 9, 
 Nov. — I 
 
 S. C. 
 
 s.c'. 
 
 .S. C. 
 
 S.c. 
 
 s. c. 
 s.c. 
 s. c. 
 s.c. 
 c. 
 
 Ga.. 
 
 S. C. 
 
 C. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 S.C. 
 S.C. 
 
 S.C. 
 
 sic! 
 sic! 
 
 Mar. 9, 1758 
 
 .1770 
 .1778 
 
 -May 1 . 
 May 14. 
 May 8. 
 May 8, 
 Nov. 10, 
 
 1791 
 1788 
 
 Aprill4, 
 Nov. 15, 
 
 1801 
 1807 
 .1806 
 
 Api-il 7, 
 May 6, 
 
 1807 
 1815 
 
 May 12, 1822 
 
 1788-1792— 4 yrs. 
 1792-1794-2 yrs. 
 1794-1796-2 yrs. 
 179f5-179.s— 2 yrs. 
 1798-l,sim-2 yrs. 
 lm«i-l,sii2-2yrs. 
 lK)2-18U4-2 yrs. 
 1804-1806—2 yrs. 
 1806-1808—2 yrs. 
 1808-1810— 2 yrs. 
 ISIII-1H12— 2 vrs. 
 I,sl2 1.814-2 .vrs. 
 I,sl4 |Nlii-2yrs. 
 1816-1818-2 yrs. 
 1818-1820— 2 yrs. 
 1820-1822-2 yrs. 
 1822-1824— 2 yrs. 
 1824-1826— 2 yrs. 
 1>^26-1828— 2 yrs. 
 1><2S-1830— 2yrs. 
 l.-<30-183'2--2yrs. 
 1832-1834—2 yrs. 
 1834-1836-2 yrs. 
 1836-1838—2 yrs. 
 1838-1840— 2 yrs. 
 
 1840-1840 ... . 
 
 1840-1842--2yrs. 
 1842-1844- 2yrs. 
 1844-1846-2 yrs. 
 1846-1848—2 yrs. 
 1848-18.50—2 yrs. 
 1850-1852—2 yi-s. 
 1852-1854—2 yrs. 
 1854-18.56— 2 yrs. 
 18.56-18.58-2 yrs. 
 1858- I860— 2 yrs. 
 1860-1862—2 yrs. 
 1862-1864—2 yrs. 
 1864-1865—1 yr.. 
 1865-1866-1 yr. . 
 1866-1869-3 yrs. 
 1869-1873-4 vrs. 
 18731875— 2 yrs. 
 1875-1877— 2 yr.s. 
 1877-1878-1 yr.. 
 1878-1880— 2 vrs. 
 1880-1882— 2 yi-s. 
 188'2-1888— 4 yi-s. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Soldier.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer., . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown, 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Varied.... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . 
 Planter... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Varied 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 1805 
 ,1822 
 .1800 
 
 1816 
 1822 
 
 i'846 
 1816 
 1830 
 1838 
 
 TE.VNE88EE. 
 
 18.16 
 1832 
 1838 
 18.57 
 1839 
 ,1851 
 
 1840 
 
 1864 
 1864 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Yeftra In Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 WlK-n 
 
 DU-d. 
 
 
 
 1745 
 
 17;«i-18ni— 5yrs.. 
 1801-18(.W-2yrs.. 
 1803-1809-6 yrs.. 
 1809^815-6 yrs.. 
 1815-1821— 6 yrs.. 
 1824-1827— 6 yrs.. 
 1827-1829-2 yrs.. 
 1829-1835— 6yrs.. 
 1835-1839-4 vrs. . 
 1839-1841 -2 yrs.. 
 1841-1K4.5— 4yrs.. 
 1845-1847-2 yrs. . 
 1847-1849-2 yrs.. 
 1849-1851— 2 yrs.. 
 1851-1853-2 yrs.. 
 1853-1857-4 yrs. . 
 1857-1861-4 yrs.. 
 1861-1864— 3 yrs.. 
 1864-1869-5 yrs.. 
 1869-1871-2 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va. 
 
 1745 
 
 Soldier. ... 1815 
 
 
 
 
 
 McMinn, Joseph 
 
 Carroll. William .. 
 
 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Houston, Samuel... 
 
 Va... 
 
 N.* C.' 
 N. C. 
 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 
 Tenn. 
 N. C. 
 Tenn. 
 Tenn. 
 Va... 
 
 Mar. 2, 1793 
 
 Lawyer... 
 
 ..1863 
 
 Cannon, Newton... 
 
 Polk, James K 
 
 Jones, James C 
 
 Brown. Aaron V.. . 
 
 Brown, Neil S 
 
 Trousdale, William. 
 Campbell, Wm. B.. 
 Johnson, .Andrew... 
 
 1781 
 
 Nov. 2, 1795 
 June 8, 1809 
 Aug. 15, 1795 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Agricul'st. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Mechanic. 
 
 ..J842 
 ..1849 
 ..18.W 
 ..1W59 
 ..1886 
 
 "1867 
 
 Dec. 29, 1808 
 .1818 
 
 ..1875 
 
 Johnson, Andrew. . . 
 Brovvnlow, Wm. G.. 
 
 Dec. 29, 1808 
 Aug. 29. 1805 
 
 ^lechanic. 
 Vaned. . . . 
 
 ..1875 
 ..1877 
 
 
 
 
 1871-1874—3 yrs. . iUnknown. 
 
 
 Porter, James D 
 
 Marks, Alberts 
 
 
 
 1874-1879-5 yrs.. 
 1879-1881-2 yrs.. 
 188]-i88:J-2yrs.. 
 1883-1887— t yrs. . 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 Bate, William B. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 
 Born. 
 
 When Born. 
 
 Veara in Office. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 Hendei-son, J. P 
 
 Wood, George T 
 
 Bell, Peter H 
 
 Pease, Ed ward M... 
 
 Runnels, H.G 
 
 Houston, Samuel.., 
 
 Clark, Edward 
 
 Lubbeck. F. R 
 
 Mui-rah, Pendleton. 
 
 Hamilton, A.J 
 
 Thockmorton, J. W. 
 Pease, Edward M... 
 Davis. Edmund J... 
 
 Coke, Richard 
 
 Hubbard, R. E 
 
 Roberts, Oran M 
 
 Ireland, John 
 
 N. C. 
 
 Ga... 
 Va. . . 
 Conn. 
 Miss.. 
 Va. . . 
 Ala... 
 
 s.c. 
 
 .^la... 
 Ala... 
 Tenn. 
 Conn. 
 Fla... 
 Va... 
 Ga... 
 S.C. 
 Ky... 
 
 Mar. 31, 1808 
 1818 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. isii 
 
 1821 
 
 Mar. 2, 1793 
 
 1820 
 
 Oct. 16. 1815 
 
 1818 
 
 Jan. 28, 1815 
 Feb. 1, 1825 
 
 1812 
 
 1824 
 
 Mai-. 13, 1829 
 
 1834 
 
 1815 
 
 Jan. 1 , 1827 
 
 184.5-1847— 2yrs.. 
 1847-1849— 2 yrs.. 
 1849-1853— 4 yrs.. 
 1853-1857-4 yrs.. 
 1857-1859-2 yrs.. 
 1859-1801- 2yrs.. 
 
 1861-1861— 
 
 1861-1863-2 yrs.. 
 1863-1865— 2 yrs.. 
 186.5-1866— lyr... 
 1866-1867— lyr... 
 1867-1870-3 yrs.. 
 1870-1874-4 yrs.. 
 1874-1877-3 yrs.. 
 1877-1879-2 yl-s.. 
 1879-1883— 4 yrs.. 
 I883-1887-4yi-s.. 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Planter... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Planter... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Financier. 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer... 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Jurist 
 
 ..1858 
 ..1856 
 
 '.'.'1883 
 ..1873 
 ..1863 
 ..1877 
 
 '.".i'865 
 ..1875 
 
 !!i'883 
 ..1883 
 
 
 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Chittenden. Thos... 
 
 Kubinson, Moses 
 
 Chittenden, Thos, .. 
 
 Brigham, Paul 
 
 Tichenor, Isaac 
 
 Smith, Israel 
 
 Tichenor, Isaac 
 
 Galusha, Jonas 
 
 Chittenden, .Martin. 
 
 Galusha, Jonas 
 
 Skinner, Richard . . . 
 Van Ness, Corn. P. . 
 
 Butler, Ezra 
 
 Crafts. Samuel C. .. 
 Palmer. William A. 
 
 Jenison. Silas H 
 
 Paine. Charles 
 
 Mattocks, John 
 
 Slade, William 
 
 Kalon. Horace 
 
 Coolidgc. (',iil,,s.... 
 VVllllaiMS, {ii!!-,. K.. 
 Fail-hanks, Iliaslns. 
 Robinson, John N. . . 
 
 Rovcc, Stephen 
 
 Hyland, FIclcbcr. .. 
 
 Hall. Hilanil 
 
 Fairbanks. Erastus. 
 Holbrook. Fl-i-d-k... 
 SmUh, .1. Gn-goiy. , 
 
 Conn. 
 Mass. 
 Conn, 
 ronn. 
 N. J . . 
 Conn. 
 N. J.. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Vt.... 
 Conn. 
 Conn. 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.,.. 
 Conn. 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 
 yt.... 
 
 Mass. 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Conn 
 Vt... 
 
 Mar. 26, 
 
 Jan. 17 
 Feb. 8, 
 April 4, 
 Feb. 8, 
 
 jiar.'iii 
 
 May '36", 
 
 June 16. 
 May 9, 
 
 July 20, 
 
 1730 
 1741 
 .1730 
 1746 
 17.54 
 1759 
 1754 
 .17.53 
 1769 
 .1753 
 1788 
 .1781 
 .1762 
 1768 
 .1780 
 .1791 
 .1799 
 1770 
 178(! 
 .18IH 
 .1792 
 .1782 
 .1792 
 .1804 
 .1787 
 .1799 
 1795 
 .1792 
 .1813 
 .1818 
 
 1777-17,89— 12 vrs. 
 1789-17!tO— 1 vr... 
 17;tii 1797 -7 vrs.. 
 
 When 
 Died. 
 
 17;i7-l,-<n7— in vrs 
 lN(i7-l,Hii,s-l vr.. 
 ISII8 l,-«^»— 1 vr.. 
 1M1I9-1SI3.-4 \rs. 
 1S1.-1-181,-,— 2vrs. 
 18l,-,-l,8-2n-5vrs. 
 1820-182.-1— ;t vrs. 
 1823-1821:— 3 vrs. 
 1820 I82H— 2V1S. 
 182M-l,s:n-3 vrs, 
 1831-1835— 4 vrs. 
 1835 1,S41 -6 vrs. 
 1S4I-IS43-2 vrs, 
 lst3 IS44 -1 vr.. 
 l,-<ll-lNI(;-2'vrs. 
 lK46-l.'<49-3Vrs. 
 184il-18,50— 1 yr.. 
 18,50-18.5-2-2 yrs. 
 1862-18,53-1 vr.. 
 18.53-18,54- 2yrs. 
 1854 18.56— 2 vrs. 
 18,56 18.58— 2 yrs. 
 1858 1860- 2'vi-s. 
 1860-1861—1 yr., 
 1861 -1863~2yr,s. 
 1.863 1865-2 VI-S. 
 
 -\gricurst. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Agriiul'st. 
 Sol. her. .. 
 I..iw\er... 
 I.awver... 
 l.aw.vcr... 
 Unknown. 
 ,\gricurst 
 rnkiiown. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 .lurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 Varieil 
 
 .lurlst 
 
 I'-arnicr... 
 I'nkiiown. 
 
 .luiist 
 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknow-n. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Manufac'r 
 Lawyer... 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Unknown. 
 Jurist.. .. 
 Maniifiic'i- 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer.. . 
 
 ..1797 
 ..1803 
 ..1797 
 ..1824 
 ..1838 
 ..1810 
 ..1838 
 ..1834 
 .1841 
 ..1834 
 ..1833 
 ..18,52 
 ..1838 
 ..18,53 
 
 .1860 
 ..1849 
 ..18.53 
 ..1,847 
 ,.1859 
 ..18,55 
 ..1866 
 ..18.53 
 ..1864 
 ..I860 
 
 .18118 
 ..1.885 
 ..1885 
 ..1864
 
 :(y^ — 
 
 GOVKKNOU8 OK niFFERENT STATES. 
 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 
 
 
 VIROINIA. 
 
 (Continued.) 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Wlicr. 
 Born. 
 
 Whou Born. Y«ft" In Offloe. 
 
 Ocoupntlon. 
 
 nhcD 
 
 Died. 
 
 NAMES. |2r 
 
 When Bora. 
 
 V»n Id Ofle«. 
 
 Oecupntloo. 
 
 WbfD 
 
 Wed 
 
 Dillinpham.PauI... 
 
 Mass. 
 
 vt.... 
 
 Aug. 6, 1800! 1865-1867-2 vrs.. 
 
 
 HolUday, P. W. M.. 
 
 
 1878-1882— 4 vrH.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 1821- 
 
 1867-1869-2 yrs.. 
 1 « fi 1 870- 1 vr. . . 
 
 H. II. Offl'r 
 Lawyer. . . 
 
 ..1885 
 ..1870 
 
 
 1882-1888-4 yrs.. 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Vt.... 
 Mass. 
 Vt.... 
 
 ..........1814 
 
 Lee, FItzhugh 
 
 Va... 
 
 
 
 Hendee, tieorpe W. 
 
 Nov>30. 1h:ij 1.^7(1 1870— 
 
 1 .MJ.-. 1 87" 1 N72-2 yrs. . 
 
 .-...17:191187;; 1874-2 yrs.. 
 
 Sept.—, 18n;i 1K74 1876— 2vrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stewart. John W... 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Lawyer.. . 
 Manufae'r 
 Lawyer... 
 
 '.'.1885 
 ..1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Converse, JiiHiis... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Peck. Asiilirl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fjiirlmnk.s. Horace. 
 Proctor, KeiHluld... 
 Farnham, Roswell.. 
 
 18-1 
 
 1876 1878-2 yrs.. 
 187.S 1880— 2yrs. 
 1HSI.-IHS2— 2vrs.. 
 ls,Mi>-|K.S4— 2!yrs.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mass. 
 Vt.. . 
 
 1.M27 
 
 ls:i2 
 
 
 Bai-atow, John L. .. . 
 
 Farmer.. . 
 
 
 
 
 N. H. 
 
 1832 
 
 TFEST VIRGIIVIA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Bora. 
 
 1 When 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DiH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boreman, A. I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pa. .. - - - ' 
 
 July 24, 1823 
 
 IWil-lbea- 8 yre. . 
 1869-1871-2 ym.. 
 1871-1877-6 yrs.. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Matthews Henry M. 
 
 
 
 1877-1881-4 yrs.. Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wilson, E. Willis . 
 
 
 
 1885-1889-4 yrs.. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « !„,. ' 
 
 Years in Office. 
 
 Oeeiipiktion. 
 
 Wl.t-n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 B.™. 
 
 V hen Born. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Va... 
 
 Jan. 29, 1756 
 
 1791-1794-3 yrs.. 
 1794-1796-2 yrs.. 
 1796-1799-3 yrs.. 
 I-9»-1802~3yrs.. 
 1802-1805-2 yrs.. 
 1.8O.-,-l808-3vrs.. 
 1808-1811— 3 yrs.. 
 
 1811-1811 — 
 
 1811-lS12-lyr... 
 1812-1814— 2 yrs.. 
 isi4-l8i6-2vrs.. 
 1816 1S19— 3yrs.. 
 lslii-is22-3yrs.. 
 I.SL'2 IS25— 3 vrs.. 
 18i.-,-ls27— 2yrs.. 
 1827-1830— 3 yrs.. 
 1K30-1X34— 4yrs. . 
 1834-18.36— 2 yrs.. 
 1836-1837—1 yr... 
 1837-18411- 3yrs.. 
 1840-1841—1 yr... 
 1841-1842-1 yr... 
 1842-1843—1 yr. .. 
 1843-1846-3 yrs.. 
 1846-1849-3 yrs . 
 184ii-l8.-,2-3yrs.. 
 18:.j-iK.-.ii-4 yrs.. 
 ls,^it;-186(J— 4yrs.. 
 18«.>-lSI54-4yrs.. 
 1864-1868-4 yrs. . 
 1868-1871-3 yrs.. 
 1871-1874— 3 yrs.. 
 1874-1878—4 yrs. . 
 
 Unltnown. ..1818 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. ..1813 
 
 Lawyer 1831 
 
 Unknown. ..1808 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Lawyer 1862 
 
 Lawyer 1831 
 
 Unknown. .1811 
 Lawyer... '..1842 
 Unknown. ..1820 
 Unknown. ..1843 
 Unknown. ..1828 
 
 Lawyer 1836 
 
 Lawyer 1862 
 
 Lawyer. ..[..1830 
 Unknown. ..1837 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \PI8CONSIX. 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 Page. John 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 Va!.'! 
 Va... 
 
 A|irir28, 1758 
 April 17, 1743 
 
 Mar.'29,'l790 
 April 28, 1758 
 
 Cabell, William H.. 
 
 Tyler. John 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 Smith. George W. . . 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Where 
 Born. 
 
 When Boni. 1 Tews in Office. i OecuMiioa. „. '^ 
 
 1 \ " T.^ 
 
 Barbour, James 
 
 Ni.'holas. Wilson C. 
 Pn-Inii. JiitmsP... 
 Kimdolph. Thos. M. 
 Pleu^^aiits, James... 
 
 Tyler, John 
 
 Giles. William B.... 
 
 Floyd. John 
 
 Tazewell, Little'nW 
 Kobertson, Wind... 
 ('aiiipliell, David.. . 
 (iiliiKT, Thomas W. 
 Kutliertord, John.. 
 (iri'fj:<)ry. John M... 
 Mcl)uwell. James... 
 
 Smith, William 
 
 Floyd, John B 
 
 Va... 
 Va 
 
 June 10, 1775 
 
 Dewey, Nelson 
 
 Farwell, Leonard J. 
 
 Barstow. Wm. A 
 
 McArthur, Arthur. . 
 
 Bashford, Coles 
 
 Randall. Alex. W... 
 Harvey, Louis P. . . . 
 Salomon, Edward.. 
 
 Lewis, James T 
 
 Fairchild, Lucius. . . 
 Washburn. Cad. C. . 
 
 Conn. 
 N. Y. 
 
 Conn. 
 
 N .' v. 
 
 N. Y. 
 Conn. 
 Prus. 
 N. Y. 
 Ohio. 
 Me... 
 
 1817 
 
 1848-1852-4 yrs.. 
 1852-1854— 2 yrs.. 
 1854-1856-2 yrs.. 
 1856-1856-- 
 
 lK,-.i: I--,.. 2 yrs.. 
 
 !■-'■- I-' -' 
 
 Capitalist. 
 Land Deal 
 Merchant. 
 
 Jurist 
 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Unknown. 
 Educator. 
 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 Va... 
 Va. . 
 Va... 
 
 vk'.'.[ 
 
 Va! ! ! 
 Va. . . 
 Va... 
 
 177-'. 
 
 !!!!!!!!!!i7H9 
 
 Mar. 29, 179ii 
 Aug. 12, 17i;2 
 
 Dec."i7,'i774 
 
 !!!!!!!. '.'1796 
 
 Sept. 6, 1797 
 
 180,'. 
 
 Jan. 5. 1819 
 .Sept. 13, 1813 
 
 j'aii.' '24,' i's'lf! 
 Oct. — , 182" 
 July 22, 1820 
 
 IH'II 
 
 !"l865 
 
 !!i8'78 
 
 ..1872 
 ..I8<i2 
 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer... 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 Unknown. 
 
 "..'Is'ii 
 
 '.'.1851 
 
 Oct. 30, I'^i' !-' 1 l-';i;-2yrs. . 
 
 IS ;i [-.1, 1-7J— 6yrs. . 
 
 .\pnl22, ]si^ i-'T: 1^74- 2yrs. . 
 July 10. 1^.1" 1.^74 I.S76— 2yrs.. 
 .Iiilv31. 1812 1876-1878— 2 yrs.. 
 .lull./ 18, 1K24 l.M78-lH.82-4yrs.. 
 June 17 1830 18812 1887— 5 vra . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Varied.... 
 
 ..1882 
 
 Ludinprtoii, Ihiiris'n N. Y. 
 Smitli, Willi;uii K... Sr..t.. 
 Rusk Jere M Ohio 
 
 Lumber'n. 
 Merchant. 
 
 .!iws;i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 Lawyer. . . 
 Varied.... 
 Unknown. 
 
 ■.■1876 
 ..1884 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wise, Henry A 
 
 Letcher, John 
 
 Va... 
 Va... 
 
 Dec. 3. 18in: 
 Mar. 29, 1813 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walker. Gilbert C. 
 Kemper, James L. . . 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Aug. 1. 1832 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 :i. 
 
 =^^
 
 t>- 
 
 ? 
 
 mil ^ 
 
 Hill's Album 
 
 ,. '" iiiiJi" i 
 
 %^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 >/>?> 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 DISTINGUISHED 
 
 POETS, 
 ARTISTS, 
 
 OBATOKS, 
 
 LAWYERS, 
 WRITERS, 
 
 STATESMEN, 
 
 PHVSICIAKS, 
 SOVEREIGNS. 
 
 il^ 
 
 iO 
 
 Illustrated with Euniretis of Portraits 
 Tlirougliout with Elegant Engravings 
 Science and Art. 
 
 \0 
 
 HK2- 
 
 
 Largs Quarto, Elegantly Bound in Cloth and Qold, 
 
 Half and Full Morocco; Sprinted and 
 
 Gilt Edges. 
 
 By HON. THOS. E. HILL, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "hill's MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 HE PURPOSE of Hill's Album has 
 
 ■ been to present in a condensed 
 
 form the leading and essential 
 
 y^^-^^- :rzz facts concerning the lives of the 
 
 most noted persons who have 
 ever lived. 
 
 The Plan has been followed 
 £~ of arranging distinct classes to- 
 '^ "' L'tther. Thus the great Religious 
 Founders, including Moses, Bud- 
 dha, Confucius, Zoroaster, 
 ^^ li^/f i. ''^^r^ " "^ •*3PT'' ..^ Christ, Mohammed and others, 
 -~" ^ *'**'''n, • ^J^ .^, ^^~ accompanied by fine illustra- 
 tions, biographies. History and 
 Beliefs of Denominations, Dictionary of Religious Terms, etc., are 
 included in one chapter. The Great Military Heroes at all times, 
 including Wellington, Bonaparte, Washington, Grant and many 
 others, together with a list of memorable battles fought, a Dictionary 
 of Military Terms, etc., form another chapter, and so through the 
 volume. 
 
 The Lessons drawn from these biographies as they are presented, 
 are nf themselves a peculiar feature of this work. In the histories of 
 the Rothschilds, the Astors, Vanderbilt, Girard, Peabody, A. T. 
 Stewart, Jay Gould, Longworth, Mackey, Flood and others, the 
 secret of their success in money-getting is very clearly stated, 
 so that the reader desirous of making money may greatly profit 
 by the reading. And thus throughout the volume the causes 
 that led to success, in whatever direction, arevery clearly pointed 
 out. Much light under this head is given in the chapter devoted to 
 phrenology. 
 
 The Examples presented through the struggles of inventors, 
 including Howe, Goodyear, Stephenson, Watt, and multitudes of 
 others celebrated for triumphs in war, finance, exploration, science, 
 literature and art. are worthy of careful study and imitation by the 
 young who aspire to supremacy. 
 
 General Matter. The chapters relating to the History and Beliefs 
 of the Great Denominations: the Illustrated Darwinian Philosophy, 
 showing the world's progress at different epochs of time ; the depart- 
 ment devoted to Astronomy, presenting the subject in simple lan- 
 guage, clearly illustrated; the chapter relating to Phrenology, accom- 
 panied by views and diagrams of heads; the portion concerning 
 Household Decoration and that treating of Landscape Gardening, 
 all profusely illustrated, are each intensely interesting and instructive. 
 
 The Scope of the work it is impossible to enumerate here; 
 suffice it to say eleven pages are devoted to giving the table of con- 
 tents. The range of the work includes the men who have formed 
 the religious beliefs, that have been brilliant lights in the commercial 
 world, that have wrought great improvements, that have discovered 
 new continents, that have opened the book of science, that have 
 made the people happy through laughter, that have written our 
 sweetest songs, that have produced the most thrilling tales, that have 
 presented the world the most truthful portraitures with the brush 
 and chisel, and that have stirred the hearts of the people through 
 powerful oratory. 
 
 The Typographic Display of the Album is a distinguishing 
 feature of iln- lnntk. In ele;;;uit, artistic finish it is without a rival, 
 the secret of its superior embellishment lying in the fact that the 
 power to produce the book mechanically rests with the author, who, 
 by his knowledge of the artistic, is able to produce the matter in 
 such attractive form. 
 
 SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. AGENTS WANTED. 
 
 )()ok is publislu'd l>y tlic Hill Stanchird Bitok Co.. in Cliicjiij^o. 111., on luvivy tinted 
 ^ er-ciilendored paper, in various styles of elegant biiidiiiii;. Full information eoncern- 
 ^^F^^ ing terms to agents, territory in whicli tliey may sell the hook, etc., can be learned by 
 addressing 
 
 HILL STANDARD BOOK CO., Publishers. 
 
 ,,^^, (03 State Street. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 -sS:
 
 >^t>- 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 Brief Extracts From Hundreds of Similar Testimonials 
 
 V 
 
 .-» 
 
 The following are from papers published at Aurora, 111., where the author of the Album resided 
 twelve years, during the last of which he was Mayor of the city. 
 
 From the Aurora Beacon. 
 
 ^HE business career of Wr. Tlios. E. Hill, who was at 
 one time a resident of Aurora, and mayor of the 
 cilj', has been very successful, and some have 
 been inclined to think it the result of sood luck. Every 
 enterprise of which he took hold seemed to turn him 
 money, and schemes which would have been abortive in 
 the hands of ordinary men blossomed into rare success 
 under his management. The same good fortune follows 
 him and his enterprises to this day. There la no 
 " luck " in it at all. It grows first from his intense industry, energy 
 and application; second from his enthusiasm; and third from his 
 keen appreciati<m of what the public desires^ drawn from long contact 
 with it and close study. In his youth he was eminently successful 
 as a canvasser, as a teacher of writing and lecturer ow penmanship. 
 In Aurora, for a number of years he published and edited the Herald 
 with great success. When he sold his newspaper, and established the 
 system of city messenger, which has since become so popular between 
 minor cities and Chicago, he exploited new ground which was for a time 
 very profitable; and it was during the hours when he was passing be- 
 tween Aurora and Chicago, that he conceived and did the first work 
 upon the "-Manual,"' that splendid product of the brain, of the com- 
 piler, the printer and the book-binder, which has made Thos. E. HiU's 
 name familiar from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, and from 
 Minnesota to Florida. 
 
 *' For two years or more past, Mr. Hill has been of opinion that 
 there existed room for another work besides the '^ Manual," which 
 should be equally popular and useful — and meet a demand as uni- 
 versal as that enjoyed by his first great w'ork. He has devoted a 
 large amount of labor and inventive genius to the accomplishment of 
 his ideal, anil we now have it before us in "Hill's Album op 
 BiOGKAPiiY AND Art. " It is a large quarto volume of 451 pages, 
 printed upon heavy tinted paper, with hundreds of fine portraits, 
 miscellaneous illustrations, unique, artistic and elegant designs. In 
 its preparation he has called to his aid the most modern and refined 
 skill of the type-maker, engraver and typographer, and he has thus, 
 in the " Album," surpassed, in artistic and typographical display, all 
 his former efforts. 
 
 "The new work is divided into eighteen departments, as follows: 
 1st, Religion and its Founders; 2d, Military Chieftains and Famous 
 Battles; 3d, Discoverers and Explorers; 4th, Sketches of Leading 
 Inventors; 5tb, History of Financiers; 6th, Sketches of the Scientists; 
 7th, the Theory of Progression; 8th, Astronomical Science; 9th, 
 Phrenology and Science of Mind; 10th, Humorists and Caricaturists; 
 llth, Physicians, Lawyers and Sovereigns; 12th, Orators and States- 
 men; 13, Actors and Play Writers; 14th, Historians, Novelists, Es- 
 sayists, etc.; 15th, Poets and Song Writers; lUth, Painters and 
 
 Sculptors; 17th, Household Ornamentation; 18th, Beautiful Homes. 
 Under these heads are given very many beautiful engravings of men, 
 incidents and places, with sketches, biographical and pertinent, 
 interspersed with very many things valuable to every person who 
 would be reasonably well informed. We doubt if there is any one 
 volume where so much useful information of the kind is gathered, 
 and certainly there is none where it is put in more methodical form, 
 or presented in a manner so pleasing to the eye and taste." 
 
 From the Aurora Blade. 
 
 "Every page of Hill's Album is a model of typography and 
 originality, each differing from the other in mechanical construction, 
 and each succeeding leaf a surprise from an artistic standpoint. The 
 question one asks, instinctively, is, how can a man conceive so many 
 elegant designs? The contents of the book, however, are what prove 
 its most forcible recommendation. The name of the author of this 
 valuable work, Hon. Thomas E. Hill, is in itself enough to recom- 
 mend it to all. Our readers are advised to examine the book care- 
 fully when^ey have the opportunity. 
 
 From the Aurora Herald, 
 
 "'Hill's Album of Biography and Art,' is the name of a new 
 book by Hon. Thos. E. Hill, author of "HilKs Manual of Social and 
 Business Forms." It is gotten up very much after the style of the 
 Manual, but more elaborate and expensive, as nearly every page has 
 some engraving especially for it. The title of the book does not give 
 any adequate idea of the immense amount of information it cont^iins. 
 We suppose it is called an Album because of the many pictures it 
 contains, but in addition thereto it contains short biographical sketches 
 of distinguished men, from the time of Moses and Aaron down to 
 the present. It gives a sketch of Moses, with his portrait, and an 
 outline of his teachings; of Buddha, portrait and doctrines, also the 
 same of Confucius, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Swedenborg, Andrew- 
 Jackson Davis, and Joseph Smith, and an outline of the belief of the 
 different Christian denominations. It also gives sketches and por- 
 traits of numerous warriors, inventors, financiers, scientists, actors, 
 humorists, explorers, poets, lawyers, doctors, statesmen, orators, 
 artists, etc. , and gives as much about each as most people would 
 care to remember. It is, in short, a complete library in one volume, 
 and must have been the work of years to gather the information and 
 put it in this condensed form. Of the typographical excellence it is 
 unnecessary to speak, as all know that whatever Mr. Hill undertakes 
 in that line, is done in the best style known to the art. We know of 
 no other book which has so many new and original designs. '*
 
 ■t 
 
 The Universal Testimony Is that Hill's Album is one of the Most Unique, Elegant and Useful 
 Books in the World. Read the Verdict. 
 
 "One of the Most Instructive and Entertaining Books." 
 
 [From Rev. H. W. Thomas. Chicago.] 
 THINK 'Hill's Album' is one of (he most instruct - 
 five and entertaining books I ever saw." 
 
 '^Most Fascinatingly Interesting." 
 
 [From the Passaic (N. J.) Item.\ 
 
 " We know of no volume so comprehensive 
 in its information as this, and arranged in such 
 a manner as to be most fascinatingly inter- 
 esting.'''' 
 
 "The Most Beautiful and Complete." 
 
 [Fruiii the Chicago Inter-Ocean ] 
 
 "One of the most beautiful and complete books of the year. Not 
 only is it wholly creditable as a fine specimen of the printer's art, 
 but the elegant, unique and artistic designs are worthy of special 
 commendation. But the value of the book is in its reading contents, 
 and the admirable system and method of its arrangement. The 
 author is the Hon. Thomas E. Hill, author of *■ Hill's Manual of 
 Social and Business Forms,' another of the practical books. The 
 book, under many headings, gleans the most interesting and valuable 
 acts of history bearing upon the subject." 
 
 " We Have Examined It and Were Captured." 
 
 [From the Sandwich (iW.) Argus.] 
 
 *" Hill's Album' is a wonder of art and industry. We have 
 examined it and were captured. Mr. Hill made a great success of 
 his * Manual,' and this work gives evidence of his old-time industry 
 and thoroughness. It is full of information upon matters of science, 
 art, architecture, mechanics, biography, religion, etc., and is embel- 
 lished and illustrated in the highest perfection. The amount of per- 
 sistent labor needed for Mr. Hill to accomplish this perfect 'Album,' 
 is as wonderful as the skill shown in gathering in so small a compass 
 the pith of the world's history. " 
 
 Must be Largely Sought and Highly Prized." 
 
 [From the Pennutjfs Art Journal. New York.] 
 **The subject-matter of the work, in its extent and skillful man- 
 ner of presentation, bears unmistajiable evidence of great labor and 
 profound research, as well as a liberal expenditure of money on the 
 part of the author. The embellishments are upon a scale most liberal 
 and excellent in taste. The work, as a whole, is one that must be 
 largely sought and Highly prized by all classes, not alone as a hand- 
 book of valuable and interesting information, but as a beautiful and 
 appropriate ornament for the parlor or drawing-room. It is a fitting 
 companion of ' Hill's Manual,' which has proved the most popular and 
 ready-selling work of its day, having already reached its thirtieth 
 edition, and into the hundreds of thousands of copies sold. Like 
 tli(; * Manual,' the new work is to be sold only on subscription, 
 throutrh agents. " 
 
 " It is a Marvel." 
 
 [From the Chicago Tribune.] 
 
 "In the preparation of a work like this a vast amount of labor was 
 required, and it is a marvel that the author was able to condense so 
 much valuable information into so Utile space." 
 
 " Extreme Beauty, Wise Brevity and Charming Variety." 
 
 [From Rev. J. B. Lockwood, Mt. Joy, Pa. ] 
 
 ^^ Extreme beauty, wise brevity, charming variety and practical 
 utility are some of the evident characteristics of this second venture 
 in book-making by Mr. Hill. We predict an immense demand for 
 the ' Album.' In the drawing-room It will be an elegant ornament; 
 in the sitting-room an entertaining companion; in the study a handy 
 volume of biographical reference. Like its predecessor — the 
 * Manual ' — it will be a special educator in the family, and will 
 largely aid in promoting intelligent citizenship in the community." 
 
 "One of the Most Valuable Works to Place in a Family." 
 
 [Froiu the Chicago Youths' Eramincr.] 
 "We supposed when we saw 'HilPs Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms,' we saw as fine a work as was ever issued in this country, 
 and were not satisfied until the work was numbered among our books. 
 As we examine the new book, now before us, by Hon. Thos. E. Hill, 
 we feel how unequal we are to the task of giving the work anything 
 like the description it deserves, in a notice of this character. Noth- 
 ing but a personal examination will give even a fair idea of its 
 merits. We can honestly say that it is one of the most valuable 
 works to place in a family that it has ever been our pleasure to 
 examine. " 
 
 " Far Ahead of Anything Ever Issued of Like Nature." 
 
 [From the Jolict (111. ) Signal. ] 
 
 " It is dedicated ' to those striving for excellence in the various 
 departments of human action, and who would know how others have 
 won success.' It comprises eighteen different departments, and it is 
 a model, not qfi]y for the vast number of interesting subjects treated 
 upon, and the conciseness and brevity of the articles and amount of 
 useful and desirable information contained, but for the beauty of its 
 typography and the charming manner in which the subjects are 
 grouped and illustrated. It is/rtr ahead of anything ever issued of 
 like naturet and is an elegant and attractive volume for any parlor or 
 library. " 
 
 "I Consider This a Fair Test." 
 
 J. J. MooRE, from sf. Charlrs, Mo. , wi'ttes: 
 
 " I have taken twenty-seven orders in this place for the ' Album,' 
 In four days / consider this a fair test of what 1 can do. " 
 
 Chaui.ks N. TnoMAS, Ge?i. Agt. in New Enghind, irrUes: 
 "The agent I put at work tn Maine took seventeen orders for 
 'Albums,' his first week, working half his time." 
 
 B. W. Kratbill, reporting from Lancaster, Pa.y says: 
 "My first day netted me teu sales for the 'Album,' " 
 
 [OVElll
 
 One Opinion and One Voice Concerning the Album. -^^ 
 
 Regardless of Time, Cost and Labor." 
 
 [From the Chinit^o Ilummu- Jnurunl. ] 
 
 "The ' Album' exhibits an immense amount of work gotten up re- 
 gardless of time- y cost and labor, niul is bound to please. It is a book 
 which every student should possess, and which every person witli lim- 
 ited time for reading can refer to aud at once obtain almost any dej^ired 
 information. At the same time it is so attractively illustrated and ele- 
 gantly bound that it would constitute an ornament to any parlor table. 
 The book is doubly interesting because the author is so well known in 
 Chicago and vicinity. Besides bidng a gentleman of exceedingly flue 
 tastes and the highest culture, he is known as oneof great kindness of 
 heart and instinctively humane. The Journal, always deeply inter- 
 ested in this phase of a man's character, takes pleasure in recogniz- 
 ing this element in that of Mr. Hill, and brings to mind a bright 
 instance of it at the time he held the office of Mayor of the city of 
 Aurora, 111. The subject of kindness to animals had long engaged 
 his attention, and he then and there proceeded to put in practice the 
 principles he had long upheld. He made it his business to go around 
 the city daily, and if there was a horse standing unfed, exposed to 
 bitter cold or undue heat, he caused it to be provided with food and 
 shelter until the heartless owner had come to reason and was likely to 
 take better care of his animal himself. The good that one man in 
 such a position can accomplish is great, and if each official in high 
 position would opeidy censure and aid in punishing the brutal acts 
 which he can scarcely fail to witness upon our streets daily, it would 
 do much toward preventing the abuse of the dumb and patient ser- 
 vants of mankind. " 
 
 "A Condensed Popular Encyclopaedia/' 
 
 [Kroin the Cliicago Evening Journa!.] 
 
 "'Hill's Album' is an illustrated compendium of biography, 
 history, literature, art and science — in fact, a condensed popular en- 
 cyclopmdia. One is astonished, on glancing through its ample pages, 
 that so much and so vast a variety of highly instructive and useful 
 matter could have been crowded into one book, and at the same time 
 presented in a form and style so tasteful and attractive. Almost 
 every man or woman whose name has become conspicuous in modern 
 times in connection with great works or great thoughts or great sys- 
 tems is included in the sketches, and many of them in the illustra- 
 tions of this remarkable ' Album. ' Religious systems and leaders, 
 wars and war heroes, great inventions and inventive geniuses, sys- 
 tems of finance and great linanciers, the sciences and the great men 
 of science, celebrities in the various departments of literature, music 
 and great musicians, the drama and its chief actors, the law and the 
 great lawyers, medicine and the great physicians, statesmanship and 
 politics and famous leaders in the affairs of State, and art and the 
 great artists, are sketched in a manner which gives the reader a good 
 degree of information regarding each and all; and in addition to all 
 these, Mr. Hill has gathered a mass of facts and hints for the benefit 
 of the housekeeper and the student which are invaluable and always 
 in order. 
 
 "The people of America are aware of the great practical value of 
 'Hill's Manual,' which can be found in almost every counting-room 
 and household in the land; and when we assure them that his 
 ' Album,' which is published in form and style similar to that of the 
 ' Manual,' is, in its peculiar line, equally valuable, and that it as 
 surely fills a popular want as that did, they will need no further sug- 
 gestion as to the desirability of possessing It." 
 
 "Goes to the Root of Everything." 
 
 [F1..111 Ui,-!H.i,u, (III. / St'w.-i.] 
 
 "Hon. Thos. E, Hill, ouci; editor of the Aurora Herald, and 
 author of that almost indispensable volume, ' Hill's Manual of Social 
 and Husiness Forms," which has found its way into so many homes 
 in Kendall county, has just presented a new volume to the world, 
 entitled 'Hill's Album of Biography and Art. ' It is altogether one 
 of the finest volumes ever produced, besides being a regular encyclo- 
 paedia of information that no person in this age should be without. 
 
 " To those who have read ' Hill's Manual,' we need say but little in 
 praise of the 'Album,' for they know that the author of both could 
 not but make a success of such a \vork as is comprised in the latter. 
 
 "The book treats not alone of the biographies of men and women 
 eminent in the world of art, literature, music and the drama, but of 
 religion and its founders, military men, discoverers, lawyers, states- 
 men, physicians, and it also gives synopses of some; of the different 
 scientific theories that have at once startled the world. Without 
 delving into Darwin's intricacies, for instance, one may yet obtain a 
 clear idea of bis theory of progression, by the synopsis in this work, 
 which will impress itself deep enough on the mind to enable one to 
 comprehend it thoroughly; and so with other subjects — astronomical 
 science, science of mind, finance, household ornamentation, and all 
 he touches on. The author is not superficial, but where such an 
 array of subjects is treated in a work of this magnitude, the articles 
 must necessarily be brief, yet he goes to the root of everything, dis- 
 carding superfluities, and telling facts in an interesting style pecul- 
 iarly his own. " 
 
 "Gotten Up on the Same Elegant Scale/' 
 
 [From the Phrenolngiral Journal. New York. ] 
 
 " It is in fine a cyclopiedia of eminent persons and of the subjects in 
 religion, science, art and literature which are deemed by the world 
 of importance to civilization. Upward of six hundred and fifty his- 
 torical men and women are sketched, and a large proportion of these 
 have their portraits given. We are informed of the tenets of ancient 
 religions, and, in contrast with them, a brief exposition of Christian- 
 ity. Mormonism, Spiritualism and other later forms of belief 
 receive their share of consideration also. It should be added that 
 the prominent Christian sects are described as to their history and 
 growth. Following the religious department, which is very properly 
 put first, we have a summary of the great military heroes of history, 
 and of important battles fought in Europe and America — the late war 
 for the Union receiving a good share of the compiler's attention. 
 Then follows a department of exploration and discovery; then a 
 very interesting (because fresh in most of its details) section related 
 to inventors and invention. The rich men of the world come in for 
 a share of the printed space, and then science, politics and philan- 
 thropy fill fifty or more of the large pages. The author evidently 
 places much confidence in the doctrine of Gall and Spurzheim, for a 
 considerable section is devoted to a synopsis of phrenology, with 
 several well selected illustrations. The humorists and the artists 
 who please the public with their facetious talk and drawing, 
 are well represented, and so are the writers, essayists, poets and 
 orators who direct attention to the serious side of life. The prac- 
 tical has its place in the book, especially in the space given to pen- 
 manship, household decoration and architectural designs. Mr. Hill 
 has prepared a very attractive book, and its success will probably 
 match that of his 'Manual,' which was gotten up on the same elegant 
 scale.'" 
 
 ^ Ov- —
 
 in an latts of tf)t 
 eniteli States 
 
 Co iScpreBcnt ti)e 
 intctcsts of 
 
 USINESS 
 
 ■^«' 
 
 HIS Book is attaining an immense circulation, 
 the printing of the twenty-seventh edition having 
 been called for within a short period from the 
 time of its first publication ; and its sale is con- 
 stantly increasing with unparalleled rapidity, the 
 prospect being that in time it will reach nearly 
 every household in the land. 
 
 SPECIAL feature of this book favorable to 
 agents, is, that it has a more rapid sale in any 
 locality the more fully people become acquainted 
 with its merits. A second and third canvass of a 
 town is more profitable to the agent than the 
 first. For terms to agents, address /fill Standard 
 Book Co. , Publishers, 103 State St. , Chicago, III. 
 
 COMMEXTDATZOITS. 
 
 The following are brief extracts from hundreds of similar notices received from the press and the people. 
 
 WHAT NEWSPAPERS SAY. 
 
 From the "Statesman," Austin, Texas, 
 
 " It is a book that no professional or business 
 man ought to be without." 
 
 From the " Churchman/* San Francisco, 
 Cal. 
 
 "The work is having the rapid sale which its 
 intrinsic value should inspire." 
 
 Salt 
 
 From the " Women's Exponent," 
 Lake City. 
 
 "We view it as one of the best books of its 
 kind ever brought to our notice.'' 
 
 From tlie *' Detroit Free Press." 
 
 "This book disarms criticism by carefully re- 
 fraining from i)romising too mucli. and as care- 
 fully performing all that it promises." 
 
 From the "Daily Times," DeuTer, Col 
 
 "The book Is an original, elegant, and won- 
 
 ' "" comprehensive volume, alike indis- 
 
 In every home, countine-room and 
 
 derfullv comprehensive volume, alike indis- 
 pensable *~ '■' *'"~ ' 
 ofUce." 
 
 From the *' Republican," Red Wingr, 
 Minn. 
 
 " No one can Imagini- the amount of Informa- 
 tion there Is in this l»ook from its title. It Is 
 clearly the fundamental principles of a Com- 
 mercial College, cnllatod and l)ound, so you can 
 carry it home with you to be .studied at your 
 leisure." 
 
 From the " Chicago Tribune." 
 
 " I'rttf. Hill has done aii excellent service In 
 preparing so splendid a work. With It at han<l, 
 one need never be at a loss for the form todo al- 
 ntost any ordinary business correctly, or Id 
 prepare a nott; or an answer to th*- nianv aiirl 
 varl<-d calls of sudal life. We predict fur it 
 great popularity and an extensive wjUe." 
 
 OPINIONS OF PROMINENT 
 MEN. 
 
 From Hon. Schuyler Colfax, late Vice- 
 President of the United States. 
 
 South IJexd, Ini>. 
 
 My Dear Sir: I have examined with interest, 
 and also with surprise, your "Manual of Social 
 and Business Forms," and find it really an en- 
 cyclopedia of information of all kinds, needed 
 in social or business life, admirably arranged 
 and handsomely illustrated, forming the most 
 comprehensive and satisfactory work of the 
 kind I have ever seen. It ought to be in every 
 library and counting-room, and the longer it is 
 examined and used, the more highly it will be 
 appreciated. Yours truly, 
 
 SCHIJYLER COLFAX. 
 
 Prof.Thos. E. Hill, Chicago, III. 
 
 From Prof. A. Freese, formerly Sup't 
 of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 "Hill's Manual is no ordinary affair. This 
 you will see after examining it" five minutes. 
 For a young ni:ni wlm wants to kiiuw huw busi- 
 ness is done, how I.. put things in guo.t sh:ipc. 
 and the rnjht shape, this book is invalualtjc. 
 He could attord to pav S50 for it, in case ho could 
 not get it for less. If I could have found such a 
 work in my boyhood, my blunders would have 
 been less, and my greenness less apparent when 
 I struck out Into this sharp and critical world." 
 
 From W. W. Chandler, General Ajjent 
 Star Union Line, Chicaffo. 
 
 Chicaoo, III. 
 
 It Is Indeed a wonderfnl proOiictinn, and I am 
 more and mnro aslonislied :it the great vurlttfi 
 and vast amount of praetical information it 
 contains. No young man <-;iti afford to be with- 
 onta copy, and the Information It contains Is 
 eipi^Ily valuable and kssential to evehy 
 LAI>Y IN THR LAND. Av oftr of a htnulrcd 
 dollars for the booh, irr rren five tLnies that sum, 
 ii'oitld not hity it ffDm iiir, were it an iinvossi- 
 bUity to procure nnuiUer enpy. 
 
 Hill's Manual ls hmphatically thk 
 most ooml'lktk, ('(tm pkkiiensi vk. anp kf'.- 
 
 LIAIJLK WOUK OF THE KIND KVKK I'lrilLISlI KI>, 
 BEYOND TUK SHATKJW OK A DOUUT. 
 
 WHAT AGENTS SAY. 
 
 From J, S. Martin, Gold Hill, Nevada. 
 
 "I have canvassed for Hill's Manual seven 
 days, and taken 127 orders." 
 
 From J. W. Fn^Iand, Plain City, Utah. 
 
 "The book takes well, and the more it is 
 known the better it is liked." 
 
 From T. F. Graber, Kenosha, Wis, 
 
 " I never saw a book that I could canvass for 
 with a will, before 1 saw yours," 
 
 Wm. H. Shepard, San Francisco, Cat., 
 
 Writes: "Our canvass in Denver. Colorado 
 bids fair to reach 350 subscriber.'^." This was 
 the second canvass, six months after the first. 
 
 H, B. Mathews, Aurora, 111., 
 
 Says: "This is the best book In existence for 
 an agent to sell in Iiard times, as it enables peo- 
 ple to save money aiul make money; hence, 
 they cannot afford to be without it. 
 
 From Mrs, L. Uoag:, Hiffh Forest, MJnn. 
 
 " We find by recanvassing after the book has 
 been introduced, we can double on our sub- 
 scribers, anil we intend going over the ground 
 time and again." 
 
 From Wm. Rolph, I..aporte City, Iowa« 
 
 " I like the business of canvassing for Hill's 
 Manual first-rate, because it pays, and it is su(*h 
 a work as I consider honorable to sell, for It Is 
 equal to all the agent can say for It." 
 
 Chas. S. Attix, Camp Brown, Wyoming:, 
 
 Inquires conrcriUng the agency of Hill's 
 Manual, s*ivlng that many who have seen a copy 
 of the l)OoK in his fiossession <leslre It. aiuI 
 adds: "I have been offered ten dollars for the 
 (■((pv 1 have, but would nut i)art for It for double 
 that amount." 
 
 (OVKR.)
 
 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 The newspapers of the country have been of one voice in the praise of Hill's Manual. The 
 following testimonials are a few of the hundreds of similar character. 
 
 >>®*= 
 
 IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 From tlie I5ost«»n Herald. 
 
 "A very valu;iliic volume is 'Hill's Manual 
 of Social and Husincss Korms.' It is a lar^e 
 quarto, luindsoinely produced us far as externals 
 are concerned, but not less attractive and desira- 
 ble on account of its contents, for, from its pa^es 
 the self-instructing student can become tamiliar 
 with all the forms in general use, and almost 
 everything- that a person should know in this 
 practical age." 
 
 From the Nashua (N. H.) Telegraph. 
 
 " * Hill's Manual * is one of the most beautiful 
 and useful books ever published. It is a book 
 for everybody, man, woman and child. No one 
 can failto find much in it that is both entertain- 
 ing- and instructive, and that can be ap|)lied to 
 practical use. It is an eminently usefulbook for 
 
 Eublic or private libraries, and a most valuable 
 ook for study nnd reference by every man in 
 every possible business. No book on this con- 
 tinent was ever gotten up with such exquisite 
 taste in its mechanical execution, and certainly 
 none that will be of greater value to themasses 
 of men and women — old and young. Whoever 
 purchases the book will have in it alone a valu- 
 able library at very small cost.'* 
 
 From the Suflfolk Co. (Mass.) Jox'-nal. 
 " Of its inestimable value one cannot judge 
 fully without examining the work. Manyof the 
 most eminent men in our country have given it 
 their unqualified praise, having bought and used 
 it, and the general sentiment among them is, that 
 having once possessed it and become acqiuiinted 
 with its worth, they could hardly be induced to 
 part with it at any price. Among those in this 
 section of country are Gov. Gaston, Gov. Rice, 
 C. G. Atwoodof the Boston Board of Trade, G. 
 A. Somerby, Esq., and many others. The lead- 
 ing educational men of our country speak of it 
 in the same terms of praise." 
 
 From the Fall River (Mass.) Border 
 City Herald. 
 
 *' * Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 FouMS.' — This is a valuable new work of real 
 excellence, and forms a manual comprehending 
 instructions and examples to guide the scholar, 
 the man of business, the teacher, and the general 
 public in every branch of enterprise over the wide 
 domain of human effort. The work is of the most 
 varied character, and supplies alike the wants of 
 the old and the demands of the young in every 
 phase of human life. \Ve assure all who pur- 
 chase this work that a more elegant, useful, and 
 comprehensive volume of instructions and ex- 
 amples, suiting all ages and conditions in life in 
 both sexes, has never been laid upon our tables." 
 
 From the Cambridge (]\Iass.) Chronicle. 
 '* 'Hill's Manual of Social axd Business 
 FouMs' is one of the most useful volumes ever 
 placed upon the desk of a business or profes- 
 sional man, or upon the table of a drawing-room. 
 It is a perfect treasure of valuable and practical 
 information on social and business topics, which 
 are of immense importance to every one. The 
 items confined within the limits of the book em- 
 brace instructions and guides for the city officer, 
 student, politician, clergyman, physician, clerk. 
 In fact, every person who is in business' or 
 engaged in anycallingwhatevcr, will findinfor- 
 mation as to the proper manner in which to 
 write any document entering into .he various 
 social and business relations of life." 
 
 IN THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 From the I'hrenolojcical (N. Y.) Journal. 
 
 "This work is exceedingly comprehensive. 
 The author has evidently aimed to cover all the 
 departments of practical life in which the pen is 
 an essential instrumentality, and his endeavor 
 has not failtjd of eminent success in producing 
 a most useful book. We have been informed 
 that upward of 50,000 copies have been sold in 
 a short time ; and no wotuier, as it is such a 
 work as an agent can tilk about, if talk be at 
 all necessary besides its examination." 
 
 From tlic Akron (Ohio) Beacon. 
 
 "Let it be placed where young neople may 
 have access to it; and in the hantls of every 
 family, where children can, as it were, gkow up 
 with it, so that its principles may become a kind 
 of second nature to them, and many a stream 
 will be bridged which would otherwise separate 
 them from positions in both social and business 
 life, which by nature they are fitted to fill. The 
 work certainly belongs to the list of articles 
 which should be considered a necessity in 
 every household, and a timely, helping hand to 
 those of mature years." 
 
 From the Easton (Penn.) Free Press. 
 
 " ' Hill's Manual ' is a work of which no writ- 
 ten description can give a properly adequate 
 idea. It must be examined, that its merits may 
 be appreciated. The author seems to have 
 studied the wants of almost every person and 
 family, and more perfectly met these wants than 
 it would seem possible to do in volumes; and 
 yet we find it in one compact book, which comes 
 within the reach of all." 
 
 From the Syracuse (N. Y.) Daily Jonrnal. 
 
 "It has often been remarked of individuals 
 that 'they have forgotten more in a minute' 
 than others have ieanied in a lifetime. Whether 
 the remark is to b; ta^en is a :romplimPnt to the 
 former or a reflection upon the latter, matters not 
 particularly, since it is a well-known fact, and 
 one most frequently and sincerely regretted by 
 everybody, that thousands of little things that 
 contribute to daily pleasure, convenience or 
 knowledge are absolutely forgotten and beyond 
 recall at t^e very moment when most they are 
 needed. What heart ^lurning^ what vexation of 
 spirit would be averted, what incalculable ma- 
 terial benefits, even, would often accrue were 
 there at our elbow some monitor, visible or in- 
 visible, embodying in its inexhaustible resources 
 the miiltiim in parvo which forgetful mortals 
 crave. 
 
 " Such a mentor, nearly if not alto^^ether in- 
 fallible, has been provided in * Hill's Alanual of 
 Social and Business Forms and Guide to Correct 
 \Vriting,* a copy of which lies before us, and 
 the examination of which suggests the fitness 
 of the above title. Its external appearance and 
 internal composition fit it. in all respects, to be 
 the guide of young and old, male Jind female, 
 business man of whatever trade, calling or pro- 
 fession, and man of leisure, dimce .ind scholar. 
 'Hill's Manual' best speaks for itself, for its 
 compactness, brevity and comprehensiveness 
 brings 'vHl^z; '^s ?cvers thousands upon thou- 
 sands of items of information in daily practical 
 use, the topical enumeration of which, in the 
 general index, occupies seven pages. 
 
 "The book is a marvel of patience and pains- 
 taking care. It is the work of years, and a tri- 
 umph at last. No more useful book can be 
 found in existence." 
 
 IN THE WEST AND SOUTH 
 
 From the Cliicatco Kveiiinj; Journul, 
 Murdi H, 1870. 
 
 "The people of Aurora, III,, yesterday elected 
 Thomas K. Hill mayor of their city, without 
 opposition. The press and the people unani- 
 mously declared him to be so eminently fitted 
 for the place, by wealth, public spirit anti enter- 
 prise, that all classes united in choosing him for 
 the place, irrespective of party or political feel- 
 ing. Though formerly, for several years, en- 
 gaged in teaching, Mr, Hill has latterly made 
 fourualism his profession. He is best known to 
 the world, however, as the author of 'Hill's 
 Manual of Social and Business Forms,' a book 
 which, though a very large volume, has had the 
 remarkable sale of over 50,ocx> copies in a very 
 brief time." 
 
 From the Chica^^o Eveninpr Post, 
 
 "One of the most useful volumes that was 
 ever laid upon the counting-room desk or the 
 drawing-room table, is ' Hill's Manual of Busi- 
 ness Forms.* It is a perfect treasury of knowl- 
 edge ; a complete encyclop:edia of [Practical in- 
 formation. Scanning the table of^contents, it 
 is puzzling to conceive how so much can have 
 been crowded into the confines of a single book 
 — impossible to believe that the half which is 
 there promised can be fulfilled. But turning 
 over the pages, one by one. observing the freight 
 they bear, the method of its arrangement, its 
 variety ar.d completeness, incredulity is suc- 
 ceeded by astonishment and a<lmiration. The 
 work is a marvel of ingenxuty and industry, a 
 prodigy of patient and skillful labor." 
 
 The Preston (Minn.) Republican says: 
 
 "Hill's Manual, as a whole, is the outgrowth 
 of many years of preparation, the object of the 
 author bemg to give in a concise form, and in one 
 compendium, much that has been heretofore in- 
 accessible, and also much thai could be obtained 
 elsewhere only at great cost, thus placing this 
 import:tnt informafion in convenient form for 
 ready reference, within the reach of all. In the 
 , varied departments of practical, evcry-day life, 
 it will be found at once the faithful tutor, the 
 reliable guide, and the safe adviser. 
 
 " For the business man or mechanic, the pro 
 fessional man or farmer, for evcrv lady, the stu- 
 dent, the young or old, and pre-eminently for 
 the family, the work has never had its equal, as 
 regards real practical utility. 
 
 "Meeting an existing want among all classes 
 of people, the sale of the work at the present 
 time, in proportion to the population, has rarely, 
 if ever, been equaled by any other work, even 
 in the most prosperous years of tlie last decade." 
 
 From the I.oaisville Commercial. 
 
 "Hill's Manual. — We learn that this useful 
 book is meeting with the favor it so well de- 
 serves. Tt is a peculiar work, in the respect that 
 no desc.iption will give a person a true idea of 
 it, owing to the diversit\* of subjects treated ; 
 hence, only those who examine the \vork can 
 really appreciate it. We are all, to some extent, 
 specialists, having given more attention to some 
 one line of business or study, leaving other mat- 
 ters of equal importance but partially covered; 
 and just here this work will be found to meet a 
 want which almost everyone has felt. It cer- 
 tainly belongs to the list of articles which should 
 be considered a necessity in every office and li- 
 brary, and is a helping hand to those of mature 
 years."
 
 COMMENDATIONS 
 
 FROM 
 
 DISTINGUISHED EDUCATORS AND EMINENT MEN. 
 
 NO work of an educational character, of late years, has met with such universal approval from 
 teachers and learned inen as this. While the book is most warmly welcomed by the 
 illiterate, it is equally sought for by the educated. Hundreds of testimonials from distinguished 
 individuals misfht be griven similar to the following: 
 
 From Samuel Fallows, ex-State Supt. 
 Pub. Schools, Wisconsin. 
 
 " I am highly delighted with the plan and 
 execution ot Hill's Manual." 
 
 From Prof. J, G. Cross, Principal of 
 the Northwestern Business College, 
 Naperville, 111. 
 
 "It is a most valuable book, which ought to 
 be multiplied as many liines as there are families 
 in the United States. I have adopted it as a 
 book of daily reference for our business stu- 
 dents." 
 
 From Theodore B. Boyd. Principal of 
 the Louisville Commercial College. 
 
 "I have examined 'Hill's Manual of Social 
 and Business Forms.' and am surprised at the 
 amount of useful information contained in one 
 volume. Prof. Hill seems to have studied the 
 wants ®f every one. It is one of the most use- 
 ful books that was ever laid upon the counting- 
 room desk or the drawing-room table." 
 
 From D. S. Burns, Supt. Puh, Schools, 
 Harrisburg, Pa, 
 
 *' I know of no work that contains so great a 
 variety of valuable information on social and 
 business tonics as * Hill's Manual of Social and 
 Business Forms.' I think it a work of special 
 value to those who have not had opportunities 
 of an extended school course, or becoming 
 familiar by contact with the conventionalities 
 of society." 
 
 From Wm. Cornell, Supt. Pub, Schools 
 in Fall Kiver, Mass. 
 
 " I most cheerfully recommend "Hill's Man- 
 ual of Social and Business Forms * as a very full 
 work on the various 'Forms' which every per- 
 son is likely to have occasion to use in his rela- 
 tions with persons in society. A thorough study 
 of the 'book' by our young men and women 
 would repay them by their acquiring a large 
 fund of very valuable and practical knowledge 
 from its pages. It should meet with a large 
 circulation." 
 
 From M. M. Ballou, Distinguished Au- 
 thor, formerly l'iit>lisher of '* Boston 
 <;i(»be," " BaUoti's IMouthly," etc. 
 
 *' ' Hill's Manual ' is one of thnse indispensa- 
 ble books of reference which both business men 
 and families should always have at hand. It is 
 such a natural outgrowth of the spirit of the 
 age to condense and put in available form im- 
 portiint information upon every subject, that, 
 while wc are much gratified to possess this vol- 
 ume, we are also surprised that such a book has 
 not before been produced. It is exactly what its 
 title indicates, a book of 'Social and Business 
 F'orms ' ; but it would require too much space to 
 give even a synopsis of this valuable compen- 
 dium of instruction and im]>ort:int knowledge." 
 
 From D. P. Lindsley, Author of Linds- 
 ley's System of Tachygraphy, Ando- 
 ver, Mass. 
 
 " ' Hill's Manual * is really the most compre- 
 hensive, thorough and elegant volume, treating 
 on ' Social and Business Forms,' that has ever 
 been issued in this country." 
 
 From Gov. Gaston, of Massachusetts. 
 
 '''Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms' contains much valuable and useful in- 
 formation. I think // well meets a public ivant, 
 "and can therefore be safely and properly com- 
 mended to public favor." 
 
 From President McCollister, of Buch- 
 tel College, Akron, Ohio. 
 
 " * Hill's Manual ' is a timely book, meeting 
 a public want which has not been filled before. 
 Every family should own this book. It contains 
 information important and useful to all classes. 
 I feel all who examine it will want it." 
 
 From ^Vm. 31. Cubery, of Cubery & Co., 
 Publishers of the ** Pacific Church- 
 man," San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 *' 'Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms' is not only a luxurv, but a necessity — 
 eminently serviceable in the social circle, and 
 indispensable to the man of business who 
 would save time and money. I keep a copy 
 in my e-ounting-room for ready reference." 
 
 From Stephen Walkley, Treasurer of 
 the Peck, Stow & W'ilcox Co., South- 
 ington. Conn. 
 
 " Hill's Manual is remarkable as containing a 
 great varietv of forms fornumberless little things 
 which all people have to do at sometime in their 
 lives, but which most people do so seldom that 
 thev entirely forget the methods in ordinary use, 
 and do them awkwardlv or not at all. I have 
 known even well-educated persons travel one or 
 two miles to have a subscription paper drawn, 
 just for the lack of such a book as this. I am 
 surprised at the great scope of the work, and 
 have yet to discover anv social or business form 
 needed by people in the ordinary walks of life 
 which is not there given." 
 
 From Newton Bateman, ex-State Supt. 
 of Public Schools. Illinois. 
 
 " Knox College, Galeshikg, III. 
 "'Hill's Manual of Social and Business 
 Forms ' is the best and most complete work of 
 the kind that has yet fallen under mv notice. 
 Indeed I do not see how it could well be more 
 comprehensive and exhaustive in respect to the 
 matters of which it treats. It contains, in com- 
 paratively small compass, an immense amount 
 of useful information upon a great variety of 
 practical matters, general and special, with 
 which every person in every community ought 
 to be acqu. tinted." 
 
 From Geo. Sonle, President of Soule*B 
 Commercial and Literary Institute, 
 New Orleans. 
 
 "I am pleased to say that I regard 'Hill's 
 Manual ' as one of the most valuable works for 
 all classes of society which the nineteenth cen- 
 tury has produced." 
 
 From Prof. Worthy Putnam, Author of 
 Putnam's Elocution and Oratory, Ber- 
 rien Springs, Mich. 
 
 " have bought Hill's Manual — I like it — I 
 admire it ; and so says my household. It is a 
 little encyclopa?diaof use, ornament, and knowl- 
 edge for both men and women. It is a gem of 
 aufliorship, artistic execution and usefulness." 
 
 From the venerable Jared P. Kirtland, 
 M.B., LL.B. 
 
 "After a thorough and critical examina- 
 tion of 'Hill's Manual,' I have subscribed for 
 three copies : one to accompany \Vebster's Una - 
 bridged Dictionary on my wrfting desk for my 
 own use, the others for mv two eldest great- 
 grandsons. * * * It should be in the posses- 
 sion of every class of persons, from the young 
 student to the most active business man or 
 woman." Jared P. Kirtland. 
 
 President Grant Subscribes. 
 
 The agent of Hill's Manual at Long Branch 
 writes : " By ten a. m. I was at the president's 
 cottage, tipped and doffed my hat, announced 
 my business, when the president promptly said 
 he did not want to subscribe. I obtained per- 
 mission to show it to him, and did so very hur- 
 riedly. At the conclusion, he took my specimen 
 copy, paid me the cash, and added his name to 
 my autograph book." 
 
 From Major Merwin, Editor "American 
 Journal of Education," St. Louis. 
 
 "After having given * Hill's Manual ' a very 
 careful and thorough examination, I do not hesi- 
 tate to say that it will be found one of the most 
 useful And practical works to put into the schools 
 of the country that has ever been published. It 
 
 IS A 1- IT AND almost INDISPENSABLE COM.PANION 
 
 TO Webster's Unabridged Dictionary ; con- 
 taining in a compact form just tliose tilings every 
 person who transacts any business needs to 
 know. There is scarcely a subject which comes 
 within the purview of any individual, either in 
 public or private life, but what is explained in 
 this elegant volume. If it could be consulted in 
 the drawing up of contracts, nearly all the mis- 
 takes which occur might be avoided, and the ill 
 feeling and litigation growing out of misunder- 
 standings would be a thing of the past. I wish 
 every person in the Slate could be supplied with 
 a copy." 
 
 SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, and not at Bookstores. AGENTS WANTED. Address, for terms, 
 
 HILL STANDARD BOOK €0., Piiblislicrs, 
 
 No. 103 State Street, CHICAGO, ILL.
 
 University of California 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILrrY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los '^"g^'f^; Vibrarv 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed 
 
 NOV 1 1393
 
 B38"3^
 
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