^ ■" / V '.,' ■■ ■ ■■■' ■\ ■ / / ,' 1 "f ■ . ; ii-ij-as^-^s^sm > ii«i»ii I I I iii .^ iif i I jim I— «— »»i<;^myjiiinjnimwiiii!ii n ii j i LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO . V ^ presented to the UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO by MR. LOUIS I. GORDON HILL'S ALBUM. €y^)<$^ % C- ~^v HILL'S ALBUM OF iojrapltn and ^rt: CONTAINING porteit^ and peq-^I^Etcpg of Wjani} pergong WHO HAVE BEEN AND ARE PROMINENT AS RELIGIONISTS, MILITARY HEROES, INVENTORS, FINANCIERS, SCIENTISTS, EXPLORERS, WRITERS, PHYSICIANS, ACTORS, LAWYERS, MUSICIANS, ARTISTS, POETS, SOVEREIGNS, HUMORISTS, ORATORS AND STATESMEN: TOGETHER WITH CHAPTERS RELATING TO HISTORY, SCIENCE, AND IMPORTANT WORK IN WHICH PROMINENT PEOPLE HAVE BEEN ENGAGED AT VARIOUS PERIODS OF TIME. BY THOS. E. HILL, AUTHOR OF "HILL-S MANUAL OF SOCIAL AND BUSINESS FORMS," Etc., Etc. CHICAGO: HILL STANDARD BOOK COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1887. XS^- ^- ? 1 ^ Copyright, 188IJ, by Thos. E. nill. Copyright, 1883, by Thos. E. Hill. Copyi'iglu, 1881, by Thos. E. Hi.,.^ 14 Uitu — ome are horn great, some acliietre greatness, ^nd some liaue greatness thrust upon them." — tf)|;< ! f •.(y^-~- 9-- -«fe t:^. PREFAC: "^14?^ sYERlBODY desires success. Some will have a higher mark, a more exalted ^ ambition, than others, but from the cradle to the grave there is within the huiuan heart a desire to excel in some direction. An individual lias been victorious in tlic l)attle of life and has coinc; coii- spicuously to the fnint. The world is curious to know the steps that were taken by which that success was won. Under what circumstances and where was the individual born:^ What mental gifts did he inherit? What were his opportunities in childhood? Wiiat were the fortunate circumstances that assisted him? What advantages had he that we have not i As we draw lessons from examples, these are questions that naturally and properly arise in the muid of every inquiring and aspiring person. To answer these questions is the object of this work. In its preparation the aim has been to jiresent prominent life-histories in a sjjace so brief as to be quickly read, in language so plain as to be easily understood, and in a foi-m so attractive as to make the turning of its pages a source of real and never-ending pleasure. The reader will miss some names, probably, that should have been mentioned, and may regret that facts and peculiarities concerning certain individuals have not been more fully given; but that omission will be excused when it is considered that no book, which would come within the ability of the peoj^le to buy, could contain all the names of those about whom it is desirable to read. From tlie multitude of rej^resentative characters, these names are chosen. The record of their life-work reveals some faults to be avoided and many virtues worthy of imitation. Nearly all these biographies teach lessons which the youth of the land will find profitable for study, while their perusal will be interesting and instructive to all. V ? PAGE. BOOK I. REL,ieiO>' AXO ITS FOTIKSERS, Containing Names of Religious Founders, Religious Denominations, Beliefs, Glossary of Religious Terms, Etc 19 BOOK II. .>III,ITAKY CHIEFTAINS ASTD FAMOTTS BATTl.ES, Giving Biographical Sketches of Military Heroes at all Times, Great Battles, Military Terms, Etc 50 BOOK III. DI8COVEREKS AJfB EXPI.ORERS, Presenting the Histories of Individuals famous for Exploration, Travel and Discovery 77 BOOK IV. SKETCHES OF I.EADIXG I^TVENTORS, Presenting Condensed Accounts of theirWork and Dates of Important Inventions 84 BOOK V. HISTORY OF FINANCIERS, Giving the Means by which Rich Men have Acquired Wealth, Personal Sketches of Millionaires, Secrets of Success, Etc 102 BOOK VI. SKETCHES OF THE SCIENTISTS, Containing the Names of Famous Originators and Discoverers in Sclentillc Pursuits 132 BOOK VII. THE THEORY OF PROGRESSION, Giving a Portrait of Darwin, and views of Earth and .\niniul Life at Different Epochs of Time 138 BOOK vin. Ol'R DOMESTIC ANIMAI..S, Giving Historical SkiUhes, Di»cil|,tl.jn». IVculiarltles and Merits of the Different Varieties. Each Illustrated 164 HOOK IX. ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE, Presenting Sketches of Distinguished Aslronomers. Illustrations of the Planets aiirl List of .\H(ronoinieal Terms 100 BOOK X. PHRENOLOGY AND SCIENCE OF .MIND, Containing Portraits of Phrenological Teacliers. Heads of DifTerent rhnrart,-i-s anrl T)i.s(.ri|itl(,iiH of Phrennlotfleal Organs 213 PAGE. BOOK XI. HUMORISTS AND CARICATURISTS, Giving Portraits and Biographies of Noted Individuals who have Succeeded in making People Laugh 224 BOOK XII. PHYSICIANS, LA-WYERS AND SOVEREIGNS, Containing the Names of a Few who have been Celebrated in Law, Medicine, and as Rulers of Kingdoms 197-242-249 BOOK XIII. ORATORS AND STATESMEN, Containing Pen-Sketches and Portraits of Individuals noted for Oratorical Power and Influence in Swaying Public Mind 2.53 BOOK XIV. ACTORS AND PLAY'-WRIGHTS, Giving the History of those who have been Prominent as Tragedians, Comedians, Play- Writers, Etc 263 BOOK XV. HISTORIANS, NOVELISTS, ESSAY'ISTS, Etc., Giving Personal Sketches of Authors Distinguished as Historians, Writers of Fiction, Editors, Etc 268 BOOK XVI. POETS AND SONG-WRITERS, Presenting Sketches of the most Distinguished Poets in the Old and New Worlds, with Occasional Choice Extracts 294 BOOK XVII. PAINTERS AND SCX-LPTORS, Containing the Iliograidiics of Artists Celrlir.-ited for Sculpture, Poitrait-Painting and Landscape Delineation 327 BOOK XVllI. CONOR ESSION.VL DIIC ECTOR Y, Containing Tnbulatetl Sketch of Every Memlii-r of Congress from the Founding of our (Jovernmentto the Pi-esent Time 450 BOOK XIX, nE.WTiriTL HOMES, Showing Principles of Bejiuty, Rel.-iting u> Curves. Proportion and Contrast, and Views *»(' Itesidences and Ornanuuitnl Grounils.. , . .',3'i BOOK XX. HOrsEHOLD ORNAMENTATION. Giving illustrations of Various Household Klfgancies, Directions for their Making along \villi \'ie\vs of Several Interiors .WJ ^ CJ.- i; /TTLcraiLBE^icMi: s ^Biographies. ; <»- '•^=:-*-s^<- — <>— -&- Aaron. First Jewish High-Priest 45 Ahhott. .hiculj. Writer of Hooks for the Young 280 Abbutt. Juhii S. C, Writtir of Many Histories 280 Abbot, Samuel. American Christian Merchant 45 Abercromby.Sir Itiilph. British General 53 Abercronibie, James, a British General in America 58 Abernethy, John. Eccentric English Surgeon Portrait 197 Abraham, Founder of the Jewish Nation 45 Abrantes, Duke of, French General 53 Adair. John, an American General 61 Adams, Alvin, Founder of Adams Express Portrait 370 Adams. Charles Francis, Minister to England Portrait 444^ Adams, John, Statesman and Sth President Portrait 244 Adams, John Q., Statesman and 6th President Portrait 244 Adams, William T., (" Oliver Optic") a Wi-iter for Boys Portrait 372 Addiaon, Joseph, Elegant Essayist and Poet Portrait 323 ^sop, Ancient Philosopher and Fabulist 192 ^tius, a Roman General 53 Agamemnon. Grecian Genera) at the Siege of Troy 33 Agassiz, Louis J. R., Naturalist 192 Agnew. Dr. D. Hayes Portrait 387 Agricola. Cneius J.. Roman General under Domitian 53 Akers, B. Paul, an American Sculptor 338 Alcibiades, Athenian Conqueror of Sparta 53 Alcott. A.Bronson, the " Philosopher of Concord" Portrait 268 Alcott, Louisa May, Author of " Little Women " Portrait. . . .268 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, Poet and Magazine Writer 295 Alexander the Great. Conqueror of the Ancient World 53 Alexander, William, a Revolutionary Officer 58 Alfred the Great, King of the Saxons in England 53 Alger, W''illiam R., Unitarian Preacher and Author 280 Alger. Horatio. Jr., Writer of Juvenile Books 280 Allan. Sir Hugh, Great Ocean Navigator Portrait 438 Allen, Ethan, Hero of Foit Ticonderoga.... Portrait 58 Allen. Solomon, a Revolutionary Officer 58 Allen, Thomas, Journalist and Railroad Official Portrait 428 Allen, William H., an American Naval Officer 63 Allen. William H., President of Girard College Portrait. . . .387 Allibone, Samuel A., American Author 281 Alvarado. Pedro D., Conqueror of Mexico under Cortez 53 Alvarez. Juan, Conqueror of Mexico in 1855 53 Ames, Daniel T., Commercial Teacher and Penman, Portrait.. ..^^G Ames, Oakes, Manufacturer and Legislator Portrait. . . ,373 Andersen, Hans Christian, a Danish Author 269 Anderson, Robert, an American General 68 Andrew, Christ's Apostle 45 Andrew, John A., War-Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 368 Anglesey, Marquis of, a Distinguished British General at Waterloo 53 Ajigell, George T., Humanitarian Portrait 371 Angelo, Michael. Painter. Sculptor and Poet Portrait ... ,327 Anton, Charles. Author of Greek and Latin Educational Books 275 Anthony. Mark, Husband of the Renowned Cleopatra 53 Appleton, Daniel. Foundei- of New York Book-Publishing House 130 Appleton, Nathan, Merchant and Political Economist 130 Appleton. Samuel, Prosperous and Liberal Merchant 130 Aquinas. Thomas. Italian Theologian 45 Aristotle, the Great Grecian Philosopher 132 Arius, Greek Patriarch and Founder of Arianism 45 ArnUnius. James, Founder of the Arminian Belief 45 Armstrong, George B.. Founder of Railway Mail-Service Portrait 400 Armstrong. John. Revolutionary Officer 58 Arnnlil. Benedict, a Revolutionary Traitor 58 Arnold. Isaac N.. Member of Congress and Historian Portrait 40] Arthui, Chester A., Twenty-First President Portrait 245 TAGE. Arthur, Timothy S., American Story-Writer Portrait 26» Asbury, Francis. First American Methodist Bishop 45 Ashe, John, a Revolutionary Officer 58 Aspinwall. William H., Merchantand Steamboat Owner Portrait — 381 Astor, John Jacob, Merchant in New York Portrait 104 Athanasius. Egyptian Patriarch 45 Attila. King of the Huns and Conqueror of Europe 53 Audubon. John J., the American Ornithologist Portrait 133 B. Bacon, Sir Francis, English Philosopher and Politician 1^*6 Bagley, John J., Tobacco Maimfacturer and Governor. Portrait ... .42ri Bailey, Theodorus, an American Admiral 63 Bainbridge, William, an American Commodore 63 Baker. Edward P.. Statesman and Soldier 68 Baldwin. E. J.. Merchantand Mining Speculator Portrait 124 Bancroft, Albert L. , Bookseller and Publisher Portrait 405 Bancroft. George, American Historian Portrait 269 Bancroft. Hubert H.. Historian Portrait. . . .410 Banks. Nathaniel P.. Soldier and Statesman Portrait 368 Barber. Francis, a Revolutionary Officer , 58 Barings, The. F^nglish Merchants and Bankers , 125 Barnard, Frederic A. P.. President of Columbia College Portrait — 381 Barnes, Albert, Preacher and Commentator Portrait 393 Barney, Joshua, an American Commodore 63 Barnum, PhineasT., Showman Portrait 130 Barron, James, an American Commodore 63 Barron, Samuel, an American Naval Captain 63 Barron, Samuel, an American Commodore 63 Barry. .Tohn. an American Commodore 63 Bartholomew, Christ's Apostle 4.') Bates, Edward, Attorney-General of the United States Por(7'af(....429 Baxter, Richard, English Author and Divine 45 Bayard, " Chevalier," a French Knight 53 Bayard, Thomas F.. American Statesman Portrait 434 Beard, James H-, Portrait and Scene-Painter 334 Beard, William H., Animal -Painter 334 Beauregard. Peter G. T., a Confederate General 72 Beechers. The 198 Beecher, Henry Ward, Preacher, Author and Lecturer Portrait.. 4^'2G'2 Beecher, Lyman, American Divine 45 Bede, (the " Venerable"). English Monk and Author 45 Beethoven, Ludwig von. GermaTi Musical Composer 246 Behring, Vitus, a Russian Explorer 77 Belford, James M., Jurist and Legislator Portrait 416 Belknap. William W., Secretary of War 68 Bengel. John Albert, Catholic Theologian 45 Bennett, James Gordon. Founder of the New York Berald. ,. .Portrait 280 Bennett, James G., Jr., Owner of the New York Herald Portrait 383 Bennett, S. Fillmore. Author of " Sweet Bye-and-Bye" Portrait 305 Benton, Thomas H.. Thirty Years a Senator Portrait 43f) Berkeley. George, Irish Episcopalian Bishop 45 Bernadotte, Jean B. J., a French King of Sweden 53 Bergh, Henry. Humanitarian— 223 Illustrations of Animals... Por/rai( 147 Bemhardt.Sara. French Actress Portrait 265 Beza, Theodore, Swiss Cal\-inist Preacher 45 Biddle, Nicholas, an American Naval Commander 63 Biddle, Nicholas, an Old-Time American Financier 125 Bierstadt, Albert, German- American Artist Portrait ... .3'2S Bismarck. Prince, the Prussian Statesman 143 Black Hawk, a British Indian Chief 61 Blackstone, Sir William. Eminent Jurist 242 Blaine. James G.. Journalist and Statesman Portrait 260 Blair, Francis P.. Politician and Soldier Portrait 430 Blair. Hugh, Episcopalian Preacher and Author 45 Blitz. Signor. Magician and Ventriloquist Portrait ... .3^3 Blucher, Gebhard L. von. an Eminent Prussian Marshal 53 ^>x' Boehm, Jacob, German Music-Writer 45 Boehme, Joseph E., English Sculptor Portrait. . . .338 Boggs, Charles S.. an American Rear-Adniiral 63 Boker, George H., Poet and Political Leader Portrait. . . .392 Bolivar, Simon Y. P., Founder of the South American Republic 53 Bonaparte, Napoleon, French Military Chieftain Portrait . .t>\-5S Bonheur. Rosalie. Animal-Painter ^ 334 Bonner, Robert. Editor of the New York Ledger Portrait 382 Booth, Edwin, Exhibitor of Art in the Drama 267 Booth, Junius Brutus, Delineator of Shakspearian Characters 267 Booth, John Wilkes. Tragedian 267 Bom, Brian, the Irish Conqueror of the Danes * 54 Boston Biographical Sketches 365 Boucicault, Dion, Play-Writer and Actor 263 Boudinot, Elias, American Patriot and Philanthropist 45 Bowen. Thomas M., Jurist and Senator Portrait 417 Bozzaris, Marco. Greek Warrior 54 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, English Novelist 270 Bradstreet, John,a British General in America 58 Brainerd, David, American Indian Missionary 45 Brandt, Joseph, a British Indian Warrior 58 Bragg. Braxton, a Confederate General 72 Bremer, Frederika, Swedish Novelist 271 Brewster, Benjamin H., Jurist and Ex- Attorney-General Portrait 386 Bright. John, English Orator and Statesman Portrait 438 Brock, Isaac, a British General in America 61 Broderick, David C, Politician and Senator 407 Bronte Sisters. The,— Charlotte. Emily and Anne Portrait 271 Bross, William, Journalist and Ex-Lieutenant-Governor Portrait 399 Brown, Jacob, an American General 61 Brown. John, Scotch Biblical Critic 45 Browne. Charles F., {" Artemus Ward") the Humorist Portrait 224 Browning. Elizabeth Barrett. Author of " The Cry of the Children " 295 Browning. Robert. Dramatic and Lyric Poet 295 Brownlow. William G., Journalist and Methodist Preacher 45 Brownson, Orestes A., Unitarian Writer and Lecturer 45 Bruce, Robert, the Scotch Warrior and King 54 Bi-unswick, Duke of, Prussian Hero 54 Bi:yan. Thomas B.. Colorado Miner Portrait 415 Br>*ant. William Cullen. Journalist and Poet Portrait 316 Buchanan, James, Statesman and 15th President Portrait 245 Buckle, Henry T.. English Liberal Author Portrait 143 Buddha. Founder of Buddhism Ideal Portrait 22 Buell, Don Carlos, an American General 68 Bull, Ole, Swedish Violinist 248 Bulwcr-Ly tton, Edward R.— " Owen Meredith "—Poet 301 Bunyan. John, English Preacher and Author 45-283 Burdett-Coutts. Baroness, English Philanthropist 125 Burdette, Rol)t^rt J. (" Hawkeye-Man ") Humorist Portrait.... 231 Burgoyne. John, a British General in America 58 Burnet. Gilbert. English Bishop 45 Burnet, Jacob. Pioneer at Cincinnati Portrait. . . .424 BuniH, Robert. Scottish Bard Portrait 320 Bumsidt!. Ambrose H., an American General 68 Burr, .\aron. American Offlcer ,58 Bushnell. Horace, Congregatlonallst Author and Preacher 45 Butler, Benjamin F.. Soldier and Politician Por^ra//. 68-242 Butler. James, a Revolutionary Oftlcer 58 Butler, John, a British Guerrilla Officer In America 59 Butler, Joseph. English Bishop and Author 45 Butler. Zebulon. a Revolutionary Officer .-59 Byron, Lord, EngliMh Poet Portrait ... .310 Byron, John, the English Circumnavigator 83 C. Cabot, John, Discoverer of Newfoundland 77 Cabot. Sebastian, thf Spanish Explorer 7ft Cadwallader. John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Ca!»ar. Jullun, Roman Warrior and Fin«t Emperor 54 Calhoun, John C, Advocate of" State-Rlglitw " Port rait.... 444 Calmet, Augustine, French Blblf-<'ominentator 45 Calvin. John. French Rcformt-r and Writer 45 Campbell. .lamew V.. Supreme Court Judge 427 (^'anipbell. Alexander. Fotmder of the Campbcllltc-BaptlRtK 46 <_':implM-II. ThomaH, Author of" Th--Goods Merchant I^rtrait 376 Claghom. James L., Banker Por(rai(....394 Clark, George Rogei-s. an American Officer 59 Clarke. Adam, Methodist Bible-Commentator 46 Clarke, William, an American General 61 Clay, Henry, American Orator and Statesman Portrait 253 Clemens. Samuel L., (" Mark Twain "), Humorist Portrait 226 Clemmer, Mary, Poet, Novelist and Journalist Portrait 279 Cleveland. Grover, 22nd President Portrait 245 Clinton, De Witt. Builder of the Erie Canal Portrait 444 Clinton, Sir Henry, a British Commander in America 59 Clinton, James, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Cobden, Richai-d, the " Corn-Law " Advocate Portrait 442 Cole, Thomas, the American Landscape-Pa inter 333 Cole, Vicat,a Spirited English Landscape- Painter Portrait 334 Coleman, William T., Pioneer and Merchant Portrait 411 Coleridge. S. Taylor, Author of " The Ancient Mariner," Etc. . .Portrait 325 Colfax, Schuyler, Ex Vice-President of the United States Portrait. . . .435 Collins, William Wilkie, an English Story-Writer Portrait 275 CollingAvood, Lord, Nelson's Successor at the Battle of Trafalgar. 54 Collyer. Robert, Unitarian Clergyman Portrait 380 'Colorado Biographies 414 Columbus, Christopher, Discoverer of America Portrait. ... 80 Colt. Samuel, Inventor of the Revolver Portrait 85 Combe. George, Advocate of Phrenology Portrait 214 Compte. August, the Author of '• Positivism" 136 Conde, Princes and Dukes of, Bourbon Heroes in France 54 Confucius, Chinese Moral Philosopher Ideal Portrait . .24-4(i Conkling, Roscoe, Lawyer and Statesman Portrait 259 Conway. Moncure D., Political Economist ..269 Conwa.v, Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Conslantine the Great 54 Cook, David J., Rocky-Mountain Detective 417 Cook, Captain James, the English Navigator Portrait 78 Cooke, Jay, Banker 394 Cooper, J. Fenimore. Author of Pioneer and Sea-Stories Portrait 278 Cooper, Pntor, Founder of the Cooper Institute: Portrait 114 Copernicus, Discoverer of the " Copernican System" 199 Cordova. Francisco, F. de, a Spanish Commander 54 CornwalUs. Charles (Marquisl, a British Commander in America 59 Corter.. Hernando, Spanish Contjueror of Mexico 54 Coutts, Thomas, English Banker 125 Cowper. William. Author of "The Task "and other Poems.. .Portrait 326 Cox. Samuel S.. Lawyer. Editor. Author and C(Uigressman, ...Portrait. . ..381 Cranmer, Thomas, English Archbishop and Reformer 46 Crawford, Thomas, American Sculptor 331 Crevecoeur. Philippe de. French Marshal and nai*on 54 Crocker. Charles. Merchant and Itailroad Builder Portrait 413 Croghiin, Oeorgc, Kx-lnspectnr-Gcncral of the Army 61 Cromwell, Oliver. Lord Proti-ctor of Great Britain 54 Cnilkshank, George, English Caricaturist Portrait 32H Curtis. George William, Editor of Harper's Weekly Portrait 279 Gushing, Cdleb. Lawyer and Statesman 243 Cushman Charlotte. Actress and Elocutionist Portrait 204 Cuvler, Baron. Naturalist Portrait 133 CyriH the flr.'iit. " M.miireh ..f all the Earth " 54 ~^ ]/: AI.IMIAHKTU'AL SUMMAKV <>V UUHiRAVlllKH, .Portrait. . 97 . 63 Daffuerre, Louis J., Inventin- of the naj^imireotype Duhlgreri, John A., Iiivcntui- uf llie niilili^ri-n Gun Uahlgren. L'lric, an Ainerieun Army (>lt1(.'LT 68 Dale, Richard, un American Naval Coniniander 63 Danipier, William, an Einini-nt English Navigator 77 Dana, Richard H.. American I'oet and Essayist 270 Dana. Richard H., Jr. Author 279 Dana. Charles A.. Editor of the New York Sun Portrait 382 Dante. Author of the " Divine Comedy " Portrait 301 Darius the Mede, the Conqueror of Babylon r>4 Darius I.. King of Persia ^'•1 Darius III., the Last King of Persia 54 Davoust, Louis N., Minister of War under Napoleon I fVt Darwin, Charles R.. Expounder of Evolution Portrait 138 David, Jean P., French Sculptor 339 Davidson. George, Scientist Portrait 412 Davidson, Tyler, Donator of a Public Fountain Portrait 420 Davis, Andrew Jackson, Spiritualistic Seer Portrait 34 Davis, David. Jurist and Ex-Senator Portrait 441 Davis, Jefferson. President of the Southern Confederacy Portrait .7'2-A3(i Davis, Jefferson C, an American General 68 Davis, Dr. Nathan S., Medical Practitioner and Writer Portrait 403 Dawes, Henry L. , New England Statesman 374 Dearborn. Henry, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Decatur, Stephen, an American Commodore 63 Decatur, Stephen, Jr., an American Commodore 63 De Foe, Daniel, Author of " Robinson Crusoe " Portrait 278 De Kalb, Baron John, a Revolutionary Hero 59 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, Enpineerof the Suez (Egypt) Canal. . .Poj'^miV 08 De Quincey, Thomas, English Essayist 279 Desaix de Veigoux, L. C. A., Known as " The Just Sultan " 54 Dessaix, Joseph M., a French General under Napoleon 54 Detroit Biographies 425 Dick, Thomas, English Author of Religio-js-Scientific Books 278 Dickens, Charles, English Novelist and Journalist Portrait 291 Dickinson, Anna E., American Female Orator Portrait. .. 261 Disraeli, Benj. (Earl of Beaconsfieldi. Author and Statesman. Por(rai(. .. .274 Disraeli, Isaac, Author of " The Curiosities of Literature," Etc., 274 Disston, Henry. Prominent Saw-Manufacturer Portrait 391 Dix. John A., American Statesman and Soldier 61 Doddridge, Philip, English Author and Preacher 46 Dodge. Mary Abigail, Caustic American Essayist 275 Dougherty, Daniel, Lawyer, Lecturer and Politician Portrait 390 Douglass, Frederick, Colored Orator and Journalist Portrait ... .'2n^ Douglas, Stephen A., Statesman Portrait 402 Dow, Lorenzo, Methodist Preacher 46 Downing. Andrew Jackson, Landscape-Gardener Portrait ... .S'M Draper, John W.. Chemist and Natural Philosopher Portrait 136 Dryden. John. Poet and Dramatist 295 DuChaillu.Paul B., the African Explorer Portrait.... 78 Dudevant, Mme. (" George Sand"), the French Novelist Portrait 272 Duffei'in. Earl of. Ex-Governor-General of Canada Portrait 441 Dumas, Alexandre, French Novelist and Dramatist Portrait 280 Dumas. General, a Mulatto French Officer 54 Dupont, Samuel F., an American Rear-Admiral 63 Duroc, Girard C. M., General of Napoleon's 54 Dwight, Timothy, President of Yale College 46 Eads, James B. . Civil-Engineer Portrait 196 Early. Jubal A., a Confederate General 72 Eaton, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Edison, Thomas A., the American Inventor Portrait 86 Edward, Prince of Wales, Known as " The Black Prince " 54 Edwards, Jonathan. Presbyterian Preacher and Author 46 Eliot, John, Puritan Indian Missionary 46 Elliott, Jesse D., an American Commodore 63 Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen " of England 249 Emerson. Ralph W.. Poet and Speculative Philosopher Portrait 144 Espartero. Joaquin B.. a Spanish Nobleman and Warrior 54 Ericsson. John. Inventor of the Screw Propeller. Portrait ... 97 Evans, John. Ex-Governor of Colorado Portrait... 416 Evans, Marian (" George Eliot"), English Writer Portrait 273 Evarts, William M.. Ex-Secretary of State Portrait 380 Everett, Edward, Statesman and Orator Portrait 374 PAOE. Ewcll, Richard S., a Confederate General 72 F. Fahrenheit, Gabriel D., Improver of the Thermometer 144 Fair, Jame)* G., Mining Expert and United States Senator 122 Faraday, Michael, English ChciniKt Portrait.... 192 Farley, Jamci" T.. Lawyer and Senator Portrait. . . .4 Johnston, Alberts., a Confederate General 72 Johnston, Joseph E., a Confederate General 72 Jones, Jacob, an American Naval Commander 64 Jones, John Paul, an American Naval Commander 64 Jones. John P.. Speculator and United States Senator Portrait 125 Jonson, Ben., English Poet and Dramatist Portrait. .. .298 Josephus, Flavius, Intelligent Historian of the Jews 277 Joy, James F., Prominent Ritilroad Projector, Portrait.... 426 Juarez, Benito Pablo and Maximilian, Mexican Rulers 55 Judas Iscariot. Christ's Betr.iyer 46 Judson, Adoniram, Americin Baptist Missionary 46 Judson. Mrs. Ann H., American Baptist Missionary 40 Judson, Sarah H,, American Baptist Missionary 46 Judson,Emily C, American Author and Missionary 46 Junot, Andoche, Gallant French Officer 53 Kader, Abdel, Arabian Author and Warrior 53 Kane, Elisha K., the Arctic Explorer. ...Portrait 83 Kearney, Lawrence, an American Commodore 64 Kearney, Philip, an American General 68 Kearny, Stephen W., an American General , 61 Kecne, James R., Extensive Speculator 123 Kelley, William D., Jurist and Statesman Portrait . . . .394 Kellogg, Clara Louisa, American Soprano Singer 246 Kelly. .John. Political Leader Portrait. ..384 Kennedy, John P., Author of " Horseshoe Robinson '* 288 Kepler, Johaiin. German Astronomer 200 Keppler, Joseph, Puck's Humorous Artist Portrait 233 Key, Francis S.. Author of "The Star-Spanglcd Banner" 306 Klnzle, John H.. Early Resident of Chicago Portrait. ...Sm Kiss, August, Sculptor of "The Amazon and Tiger" 330 Knott, J. Proctor, Governor of Kentucky ...Portrait. .. .434 Knox. J. Armoy iTcxas SiflinUH). Humorist Portrait. ...'2'2i} Knox. Henry, a R*'Volutloimry General 5*) Knox, John. Piottr-^tant ScoLch Reformer 4)1 K..^^iith. Li.nN. Iliiiigarian Patriot Portrait .r>r,~-2(V2 — jO:- ^ M^ ALPHABETICAL SUMMAKY OV lilOGRAPHIES. Lafayette, Marqii is de, a "Rovolutionary Officer SB Larnartine, Alplionst? M. I,, de, Historian and Statearauii 282 Lamb, Charles, Entilish I'oct and Essayist 284 Landor, Walters., Essayist and Dramatist 283 Landseer, Sir Edwin, English Painter of Animals 335 Laphain, Increase A., Naturalist and Scientific Writer Portrait 432 La Place, Pierre S. (Marquis), a French Astrouorncr '20() Latimer, Hutjh, Protestant Bishop and Martyr 4G Law, George, Financier PortraU....376 Lawrence, Abhott, Merchant and Minister to England 130 Lawrence, Amos, Merchant and Manufacturer 130 Lee, Ann, Founder of the Shakers 46 Lee, Caroline (Mi's, Hentz), Novelist 277 Lee, Fitzhugh, a Confederate General 72 Lee. George W. C, a Confederate General 72 Lee, Henry, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Lee, Robert E., a Confederate General Portrait 70 Lee, William, Publisher Portrait 372 Leidy, Joseph, Medical and Scientific Writer Portrait. ,,.394 Leiand, Charles G.. Journalist and Author Portrait.... 390 Leslie, Frank, Publisher of Hlustrated Periodicals Port rait.... 37 fi Lewes, George Henry. Enjjlish Author , 273 Lewis, Andrew, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Lewis, Charles B. (" M. Quad ") Humorist Portrait 230 Lewis, Morgan, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Lick, James, California Millionaire Portrait 117 Liebig. Baron, German Chemist Portrait 194 Lincoln. Abraham, Lawyer and President Portrait. ...245 Lincoln, Benjamin, a Revolutionary General 59 Lincoln, Robert T., Secretary of "War Portrait ... .A^'2. Lind. Jenny, the " Swedish rfightingale " 248 Linnseus, Carl von, the Swedish Naturalist 195 Lippincott, Joshua B., Bookseller and Publisher Portrait 391 Lippincott, Sara Jane(" Grace Greenwood") Portrait 270 Livingstone, David, the African Explorer Portrait 82 Locke, David R. ("Petroleum V. Nasby "), Humorist Portrait 225 Logan. John A., an American General Portrait .G^^-^)0 Longfellow, Henry W., Author of" Hiawatha," Etc.,, Portrait 318 Lnngstreet, James, a Confederate General 72 Loiigworth, Nicholas, Horticulturist and Wine-Grower Portrait 115 Lopez, Narciso, Patriot of Cuba 55 Lorimer. George C. Baptist Clergyman Portrait 404 Loveland, William A. H.. Builder of Railways in Colorado 417 Lowell, James Russell, Poet, Essayist and Diplomat Portrait 299 Luther. Martin. German Religious Reformer 46 Lyell, Sir Charles, Geologist 144 Lyman. Phineas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Lynch, William F., an American Naval Commander 64 Lyon, Nathaniel, an American General (>8 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, Novelist, Poet and Play- Writer Purtrait 307 M. Macaulay, Thomas B., Poet, Historian and Essayist 287 Macomb, Alexander, an American General 61 Macdonald, George, Scotch Novelist Portrait 281 Macdonald, Sir Jolin A., Prime Minister of Canada Portrait 439 Mackay, Charles, Journalist. Lecturer and Poet 301 Mackey, John W.. Wealthy Mine-Owner and Miner Portrait. . . ,122 Mac Millan, James, Manufacturer of Car- Wheels Portrait ... .427 Macready , William C. , English Tragedian 2G4 Mac Veagh. Wayne, Statesman and Diplomat Portrait 391 Madison, James. Statesman and Ex-President Portrait 244 Magellan. Ferdinand, Discoverer of the Straits of Magellan 83 Magruder, John B. , an American General 72 Mahone, William, Senator and Railway Magnate Portrait 435 Marcy, William L., Jurist, Statesman and Governor 377 Marion, Francis, a Revolutionary General 59 Marryat, Captain Frederick, Writer of Sea- Tales 2S9 Mason John M. , American Author and Divine 46 Mason. Lowell, American Music-Composer Portrait 248 Mather, Cotton. Presbyterian Preacher and Author 46 Mather, Increase, President of Harvard College Portrait .4R-SG8 Matthew (or Levi l, Christ's Apostle 46 Mann, Horace, Educational Reformer. Portrait 437 Maury. Matthew F., American Marine Philosopher 143 McArthur, Duncan, an American Scout and Pioneer 59 PAGE McCall, George A,, an American General 69 McCarthy. Justin. English Journalist, Novellttt. Etc 288 McClellan, George H., Soldier and ExGovemor Portrait. G&-44't McClcrnand, John A., an American General 6i' McCIurc, Alexander K,, Journalist and Public Officer Portrait 3i*4 McCook, Alexander D., an American General 69 McCormick, Cyrus H,. Promoter of the Grain-Reaper Portrait.... 88 McCulloch, Benjamin, a Confederate General 72 McDonough. Tlioma-"«. an American Naval Commander ., 64 McDrmgall, Alexander, a Revolutionary General 59 McDowell, Irvin, an American General 68 Mcpherson, James B.. an American General 68 McVlcker. James H.. Proprietor of McVIckor's Theatre Portrait 398 Meade, George G., an American General 68 Meagher, Thomas F.. an American General 69 Medill, Joseph, Editor of the Chicago Tribune portrait Sft*! MeiggB, Henry, Railroad Contractor and Builder. Pr>r(rart....n6 Meissonier, Jean L. E., the Famous Artist Portrait.,.. 340 Melancthon. Philip. European Religious Reformer 46 Mercer, Hugh, a Revolutionary General 5© Mesmer, Frederick A., the Founder of " Mesmerism'' 145 Michelet, Jules, French Historian and Essayist 281 Mifflin, Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Mill. John Stuart. Philosopher and Political Economist Portrait 145 Mills. Darius O., Founder of the Bank of California Portrait 412 Miller. William, Founder of the Adventists 46 Miller.John F., Lawyer. Soldier and Senator. Portrait 406 Miller, Hugh, the British Geologist '•*5 Miller, Joaquin, "The Poet of the Sierras" Portrait 300 Milton. John, Author of " Paradise Lost." Etc Portrait 313 Miltiades, the Hero of the Battle of Marathon &•'> Milwaukee Biographies "^31 Mitchel, Ormsby M., an American General 69 Mitchell, Alexander, Railway Magnate and Banker Portrait 431 Mitford, Mary Russell, Author of" Our Village" 271 Mohammed. Founder of the Musselman Religion Ideal Portrait.. '2ii-^i Moltke, Helmuth K. B. von. a German General 35 Montefiore, Sir Moses, Jewish Philanthropist PoHra«., , .435 Moore, Thomas, Irish Melodist 298 Moody, Dwight L., Evangelist Portrait. . . .402 More, Hannah. English Authoress 272 Monroe, James. Statesman and President Portrait 244 Morris, George P,, American Song-Writer 298 Monis, Charles, an American Naval Commander 64 Morgan, Edwin D.. Governor and Senator For(rai7 .376 Morgan, Daniel, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Morse, Prof. S, F. B.. Electrician and Inventor Portrait 196 Morton. Oliver P., Senator from Indiana Portrait 439 Moses, the Hebrew Law-Giver Meal Portrait . ,20-46 Motley, John L., American Historian Portrait '2Xi Moultrie, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Mozart, J. C. W. A.. German Musician Portrait....24G Muhlenberg. Henry M.. Founder of the Lutheran Church in America 46 Muhlenberg. Peter J. G.. a Revolutionary General 59 Muloch, Dinah Maria, Author of " John Halifax" 271 Murray, Lindley, American Grammarian 281 N. Nast, Thomas, Harper's Humorous Artist Portrait — 232 Nathanael. Christ's Apostle * Neal, Joseph C Journalist and Humorous AVriter 281 Neander, Augustus. German Historian of the Church 46 Nero, Lucius Domltius C, Tyrannical Emperor of Rome 55 Newton, Sir Isaac, Discoverer of the Laws of Gravitation Portrait. . . .200 New York Biogi-aphical Sketches 37o Nichols, George Ward, Originator of Musical Festivals Portrait 422 Nilsson, Christine, the Swedish Soprano 247 O'Conor, Charles. Eminent Lawyer in New York fortroil. . . .242 Ogden, William B.. First Mayor of Chicago For(.-a«. . . .401 Oglesby, Richard J.. Soldier and Statesman 69 Ord, Edward O. C, an American General 69 Packard, S. S., Founder of Packard's Commercial CoUege Portrait. . . .380 Paine, Thomas, American Author P»rfrni(.4G-2ia ? 12 ALPHABETICAL SUMMABY OF BIOGRAPHIES. PAGE. Pakenham, Sir Edward, a British General in America 61 Paley, William. Episcopal Theologian 46 Palmer, Thomas W., Merchant and Senator ^Portrait 426 Palmer, Potter. Builder of the Palmer House Portrait 401 Park. Mungo. the African Explorer 83 Parker, Harvey D.. " Parker House. "Boston Portrait 370 Parker, Theodore, Preacher and Author of "Parkerism " Portrait.4G-l9S Pamell, Charles Stuart, Champion of Irish Liberty Portrait. ...435 Parton, James, Biographer and Miscellaneous Writer. Portrait 281 Patti, Adflina. Italian Prima-Donna 247 Patti, Carlotta, Soprano Concert Singer 247 Paul the Apostle, Missionary to the Gentiles 4C Paulding. Hiram, an American Rear-Adniiral G4 Paulding, James K.. Author and Cabinet Officer 377 Payne, John Howard, Author of '• Home, Sweet Home" .Portrait... 304 Payson, Sara, Better Known as "• Fanny Fern " Portrait 270 Peabody, George, Banker and Financier Portrait 113 Peale, Charles W.. Portrait-Painter and Naturalist 351 Peale. Rembrandt, Painter of ** The Court of Death " 351 Peck, George W, {peck's Sun), Humorist Portrait 231 Pelagius. Founder of the Pelagians 46 Pendleton, George H., Senator from Ohio Portrait 421 Penn, William, Founder of Pennsylvania Portrait 386 Perry, Christopher R., an American Naval Commander 64 Perry, Oliver H., an American Commodore 64 Perrj'. Matthew C.. an American Commodore 64 Peter the Great, Shipwright and Czar of Russia 251 Peter the Hermit. Originator of the Crusades in the Holy Land 46 Peter, Simon, Christ's Apostle 46 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, Author of " The Gates Ajar," Etc... .Por/raff 272 Phidias, the Ancient Grecian Sculptor a30 Philadelphia Biographical Sketches 386 Philip. Christ's Apostle 46 Phillips, Wendell, the Orator and Philanthropist Portrait 144 Piatt, John J., Poet and United States Consul Por(raf(....424 Pickens, Andrew, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Pierce, Franklin, Soldier and President Portrait 245 Pike, Samuel N.. Builder of Pike's Opera House Portrait 423 Pike, Zebulon M., an Ameiican General 61 Pillow, Gideon J., a Confederate General 72 Pinckney, Charles C, a Revolutionary Officer 09 Pinckney. Thomas, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Pitkin, Frederick W., Capitalist and Bunker Portrait. ...417 Pitman, Isaac. Inventor of Phonography Portrait 193 Pixley, Frank M., Political Writer Portrait.... 413 Pizarro, Francis, Conqueror of Spanish America 55 Plankinton, John. Provision Dealer and Hotel Owner Portrait 431 Plato. Founder of the Acjulemic Sect 132 Piea.'«onton, Alfred, an American General 69 Poe, Edgar Allan. Author of " The Raven," Etc Portrait 314 Polk, James K., Politician and President Portrait. . . .245 Polk, Lconidart, a Confederate General 72 Pollok, Robert. Author of- The Course of Time" 294 Poiiieroy, Mark M., Journalist and MiULT. Por(rai(.... 416 Ponipey, Cneiu.>*, a Roman Statesman and Warrior 55 Poniatowaki, Prince Joseph, an Illustrious Polish General 55 Pope, Alexander, Author of" The Essay on Man," Etc Portrait ... .2Si7 Pope, John, an American General 69 Porter, David, an American Commodore 64 Porter, Davltl D., an American Admiral 64 Porter. Fitz-John. an American General 69 Porter, Peter B., an American General 61 PowcrH, Hiram, One of America's Greatest Sculptors Portrait 336 Preble. George H.. an American Naval Commander (M Preble, Edward, an American Commodore 64 Preneott. William H., American Historian of Spain Portrait.... '^4 Presidential Biographies... 244-24.'i Price. Sterling, a Confederate General 73 Prohanco. Henry, Builder of the Tyler-Davidson Fountain Port rait.... 421 Ptolemy. Clanrllutt, Antronomer, Geographer and Mathematician 199 Pullman, George M., Promoter of Railway Comforts Portrait.... 92 Putnam, Israel, a Uevolutlonary Ofllifer 59 Putnarn. Rufus. an American Engineer 59 PythftgoraH, the (Jrefinn Melaphyaleal Philosopher 199 Q. Cjulncy. JoHlah, Statetiman and JuriHt 374 V'lltiiiiiii. J.^lm A . (Ill AuMTl'/m 'i.-ri.-riil ill n PAGE. Raikes, Robert. Promoter of SundaySchools ..Portrait 570 Ralston, William C, the San Francisco Banker Portrait 120 Randolph, John. Brilliant but Eccentric Statesman Portrait 436 Ransom. Thomas E. G-, an American General 69 Raphael, the Great Italian Artist Ideal Portrait 327 Raymond, Henry J.. Founder of the New York rimes Portrait 382 Reade, Charles, Eccentric and Entertaining Novelist 286 Redding, Benjamin B., Railroad Land-Agent Portrait ...406 Redpath, James, Journalist and Philanthropist .....Portrait 369 Reid, Cajitain Mayne. Author of Books of Adventure 286 Reid, Samuel C, Designer of the American Flag 64 Eeid. Whitelaw, Editor of tt; New York Tribune Portrait 382 Rembrandt, Paul, a Skillful Dutch Artist .' 351 Renan, J. Ernest, French Theological Writer 1.286 Reni, Guido,the Eminent Italian Painter 340 Revere, Paul, a Noted Revolutionary Patriot Portrait 368 Reviere, Briton, Creator of Many Fine Art-Works Portrait 332 Rice, Alexander H., Ex-Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 374 Ripley. Eleazer W., an American General 61 Ripley, Roswell S.,an American Officer 61 Robertson. William. Scotch Preacher and Historian 46 Rodgers. John, an American Commodore 64 Rodgers, John (2), an American Rear-Admiral 64 Rogers, John, Sculptor of Grouped Statuettes 337 Rogers, John, English Reformer and Martyr 46 Rogers, Randolph, a Noted American Sculptor 337 Rollin, Charles, Distinguished Historian of the Ancients 286 Rosecrans, William S., an American General 69 Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, Founder of Banking-House Portrait 103 Rouett. John L., Soldier, Marshal and Governor Portrait 417 Rousseau. Jean J., French Writer 286 Rubens, Peter P., German Painter 329 Sage, Russell, Member of Congress and Financier Portrait 384 Sakya-Muna, Teacher of Buddhism 46 Santa Anna, Antoni L. de, a Mexican General and Ruler 55 San Francisco Biographies 405 Sankey, Ira D., Singer of Gospel Hymns 404 Saxe, John G.. American Humorous foet 300 Scammon, Jonathan Y., Attorney and Banker Portrait 395 Schenck, Robert C. an Ameiican General 69 Schiller, Johann C. T. von. Historian, Poet and Dramatist , 296 Schceffer, Peter, One of the Inventors of Printing 91 Schofield, John M., an American General 69 Schurz, Carl. Journalist, Orator and Diplomat Portrait.... 377 Schuyler, Philipi a Revolutionary Officer 59 Scott, Thomas, A., the Railway Financier Portrait 125 Scott, Sir Walter, Author of the " Waverley Novels" Portrait 293 Scott, Wintield, an American General Portrait 62 Sedgwick. Catharine M., American Authoress 284 Sedgwick, John, an American General 69 Semmes, Raphael, Commander of the "Alabama" 64 Seward, William H., Great American Statesman Portrait 437 Shakespeare, William, English Dramatist Portrait 308 Sharon, William. Merchant and United States Senator Portrait.... 121 Slwiw, Henry, St. Louis Merchant Portrait ... .429 Shaw, Henry W. ("Josh Billings") Humorous Writer and Lecturer 224 Shelby. Isaac, an American Commander 61 Shepanl. Charles A. B.. Boston Publisher PoWrai7. . . .372 Sheridan, Philip H., Commander-in- Chief of the Army Porf7*ai7. 69-103 Sheridan, R. Biinsley, Play-Writer and Politician Portrait 290 Sherman, John, Ex-Secretary of the Treasury Pbr(rai7....434 Sherman, William T., Ex-General «)f the Army Por^raiY. 69-f29 Shields, James, an American Soldier and Statesman 81 Shuhrlck, William B.,an American Rear-Admiral 64 Shubrlck, John T., an American Rear-Admiral 64 Shuman, Andrew, Editor of the Chicago Evening Journal Port rait.... 404 Sickles, Doniel E.. an American General 69 Slgel. Franz, an American General 69 Sigourncy, Lydta H.. P<»et and Miscellaneous Writer 294 Simpson. Matthew. Bishop In the Methodist Church Portrait, . . .390 Slnton, David, Manufacturer and Art-Patron 423 Smiles. Samuel, Essayist and Historian 289 Smith. Gerrlt, the American Philanthropist 198 Smith. .losi'pb. Founder of MormoiUsm Portrait.. .. 32 -vc).7>K Al.l'IlAliKTICAl, SUMMARY OF lilOliKAl'lIIKS. 13 I PAGE. Smith, Kirby E., a Confederate General 73 Smith. Richard, Editor of the Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette. Portrait 422 Smith, Willium E., Merchant and Governor Portrait 432 Socinu.s, Faustus, European Refonner 48 Soeratos, the Grecian Philosopher Ideal Portrait. ...132 Solomon, Kin^' of Israel 252 Sothern, Edward A., English Comedian.: 266 South worth, Emma D. E. N., Writer of Romances 285 Spencer, Herbert, English Philosopher and Scientist Por(rart....l37 Spencer, Piatt R., Author of " Speuceiian " Penmanship Portrait 341 Spencer, Robert C, Business Teacher and Penman For(rni( 432 Spener, Philipp J., Founder of the Sect of the Pietists 46 Spinosa, Benedict, Founder of the Sect of Pantheists 46 Spofford, Harriet E., Story-Writer 285 Sprockles, Claus, California Sugar-Reflner Portrait 411 Spring, Gardiner. American Author and Preacher 46 Spurgeon, Charles H., English Preacher Portrait 255 Spurzheim. Johann G., Phrenologist Portrait 214 St. Clair, Arthur, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Stager, Anson, Telegraph Superintendent Portrait. . ..400 Stanford, Leland, Ex-Governor of California Porfrat't 124 Stanley, Henry M. , the African Explorer 77 Stanton, Elizabeth Cody, Woman-Saffrage Promoter, Portrai't. ...195 Stark, John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Stephens, Alexander H., Senator from Georgia Portrait. .. .439 Stephenson, George, Improver of Railway Locomotion Portrait.... 96 Steuben, Fred. W. A. (Baron), a Revolutionary Hero 59 Steward, Ira, Eight-Hour Advocate Portrait 362 Stewart, Alexander T., Dry-Goods Merchant Portrait. . . .109 Stewart, Charles, an American Rear-Admiral 64 Stewart. William M.. Lawyer and Senator Portrait 413 St. Louis Biographies 428 Stockton, Robert F., an American Commodore 64 Storey, Wilbur F., Editor of the Chicago Times .' Portrait. . . .404 Storrs, Emory A., Lawyer and Brilliant Orator Portrait 399 Strother, David H., Author and Artist 285 Stringham. Silas H., an American Rear-Admiral 64 Stuart, Gilbert C, American Portrait-Painter 328 Stuart, James E. B., a Confederate General 73 Sue, Eugene, French Author 285 Sullivan, John, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Sumner, Charles, Statesman ■ Portrait. . . .371 Sumner, Edwin V., an American General 69 Sumter, Thomas, a Revolutionary General 59 Swedenborg, Emanuel, Founder of New Jerusalem Church Portrait. .31--46 Sweet, Alexander E. (Texas Siftings), Humorist Portrait.... 228 Swinburne, Algernon C. English Poet 294 Swing. David, Clergyman Portrait 402 T. Tabor, Horace A. W., Colorado Capitalist Portrait 416 Taylor, Bayard, Traveler, Poet and Novelist 285 Taylor, Moses, Merchant Portrait.... 381 Taylor. Zachary, Soldier and President For trait. 6 1-245 Tecumseh, a Chief of the Sha\vnee Indians .^ 61 Teller, Henry M., Ex-Secretary of the Interior Por^ait 415 Tennyson. Alfred, Poe^Laureate of England Portrait. . . .319 Terrail, Peter du — See " Bayard, Chevalier" 53 Terry, Alfred H., an American General 69 Tevis, Loyd, California Capitalist Portrait. ...407 Thackeray, William M., Lecturer, Poet and Novelist Portrait 292 Thaddeus, or Jude. Christ's Apostle 46 Thiers, Louis A.. French Statesman and Historian 288 Thomas, Christ's Apostle 46 Thomas, George H., an American General 69 Thomas, Hiram W., Clergyman Portrait. ...399 Thomson, James, Author of " The Seasons," Etc Portrait 297 Tilden, Samuel J.. Lawyer and Ex-Governor Portrait 384 Tourgee, Albion W., Author of " A Fool's Errand" Portrait... 390 Tourjee, Eben, Leader in Boston Musical Affairs Portrait 373 TowTie, Alban N.. Railway Superintendent Portrait 406 Trail. Dr. Russell T.. Developer of the Water-Cure 144 Trollope, Anthony, English Novelist 288 Trollope, Mrs. Frances M.. Traveler and Novelist 288 Trollope, Thomas A., Historian and Novelist 288 Trowbridge, John T.. American Author Portrait 302 Truxtun, Thomas, an American Naval Commander 64 Tweed, William M., New York Politician 385 PAOE. TwiggH, David E., an American General 01 Tyndall, John, English Natural Phllonophcr 136 Tyndal. William. Entrlish Translator of the Bible 46 Tyler, John, Politician and President Portrait 244 Vallandigham, Clement A., Democratic Politician Portrait — 44.* Van Buren, John, Lawyi*r and Politician Portrait 443 Van Buren, Martin, Pulltician and President Portrait 244 Vandurbilt. Cornelius, Steamboat-Owner and Financier Portrait. ...106 Vanderbilt, William H., liailrood Magnate Portrait ... .^1^ Van Dorn, Earl, a Confederate General 73 Van Rensselaer, Solomon, an American Officer 61 Van Rensselaer, Stephen. Land-Owner and Scientist SSTi Vennor, Henry G., Scientist and Weather Prophet Portraft.... 44r> Verne, Jules, Fn-nch Writer of Romances Portrait 2«i» Vespucci. Amerigo, Aftt-r Whom America Was Named. . ./rfea/ Portrait 81 Victoria. Reigning Queen of Great Britain Portrait 2.''»0 Villard, Henry, Railroad Operator. Portrait 44.'> Virgil, Publius D. M., Roman Poet 2»4 Volney, Constantino F. C, Physician and Author 4&-289 Voltaire, Marie F. A., Author and Poet 46-282 W. Walters, The John, Proprietors of the London Tim^s 285 Wanamaker, John, Merchant Portroit.... 391 Ward, Artemas. a Revolutionary Officer. 59 Ward, Eben B., Navigator and Manufacturer. PortroW.. ..427 Ward, John Q. A., an American Sculptor 337 Warren, Joseph, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Warrington, Lewis, an vVmerican Commodore 64 Washburne. Elihu B., Statesman and Diplomat Portrait. .. .404 Washington, George, the Hero of American Freedom Port rait. 56-244 Washington, William, a Revolutionary Officer 59 Watt, James, Discoverer of the Power of Steam Portrait 94 Watts, Isaac, English Hymn-Writer and Preacher 46 Way land. Francis, Baptir^t Preacher and Author 46 Wayne, Anthony, a Revolutionary Hero 59 Webster, Daniel, Lawyer. Orator and Statesman Portrait 258 Webster, Noah, the American Lexicographer Portrait.... 287 Weed, Thurlow. American Journalist. Portrait 286 Weitzel. Godfrey, an American General 69 Wells, Samuel R-. Phrenologist Portrait. . . .385 Welsh, John. Minister to England Portrait — 392 Wells, William H., an Educator Portrait 395 Wellington, Duke of. English Military Hero Portrait 50 Wentworth, John, Journalist and Public Officer Portrait 402 Wesley, Charles, Hymn- Writer and Preacher 46 Wesley, John, Founder of the Methodist Church 46 West. Charles W. , Cincinnati Capitalist Portrait 424 Wheeler. William A.. Vice-President of the United States Portrait 443 Whipple Abraham, an American Commodoi-e 64 Whitefield, George, Calvinistic Methodist Preacher P0rt7-oit.46-2.')3 Whitfield. John G., the Humorous Character-Actor ....Portrait 236 Whitman. Walt.. Poet and Lecturer Portrait 387 Whitney, Eli, Inventor of the Cotton-Gin *. 87 Whittier, John G.. American Poet Portrait 303 Wickliffe. John, English Religious Reformer 46 Wilkinson. James, a Revolutionary Officer .59 Williams, Barney, Irish .\ctor 26;j Williams, John D.. Pen Artist in Flourishing Portrait 344 Williams, Roger. Founder of Rhode Island 46 Willis. Nathaniel Parker, Poet and Journalist Portrait 299 Wilson. Henry, Vice-President of the United States Portrait 440 Winder, William H., an American General 61 Windom, William, Secretary of the Treasury Portrait 439 Winslow, John A., an American Rear-Admiral 64 Winthrop, John, Early Governor of Massachusetts Portrait 365 Winthrop. Robert C. , Author and Senator Portrait 369 Wolfe. Charles. Author of "The Burial of Sir John Moore" 299 Woodward. R B... Proprietor of Califomian Pleasure-Grounds. Portrait 113 Wool, John E., an American General 61 Worcester. Joseph E.. American Lexicographer Portrait 284 Wordsworth. William, the " Poet of Humanity " 301 Worth. Charles, Ladies' Dressmaker in Paris Portrait 354 Worth, William J., an American General 61 Y. Youmans. Edward L. and Eliza Anne. Scientific Authors. 289 Young, Thomas L., Governor of Ohio Portrait 422 Z. Zoroaster, Founder of the Sun- Worship in Persia 36-46 Zninglius, Ulrich, Protestant Swiss Reformei 4*; ^^ 1: li s%^i^^ Miscellaneous Index. *-*^|255^' A. B. C. of Snccess 131 Actors and Actresses 263 Animals, Our Domestic (Illustrated) 164 Artists — Renowned Painters and Sculptors 327 Astronomical Dictionary (Illustrated) 205 Astronomy — What is Known of It (33 Illustrations^ 201 Aunt Jerasha on Woman's Rights (Illustrated) 241 B. •Bad HabitB of Horses— Balking, Sbying, etc (Illustrated). 160-161 Beautiful Dress — Science of (Illustrated) 355 Beliefs Concerning' a Future Existence 19 Biographies — Alphabetical Summary 7-13 Births, Jloted Persons — Each day of the Tear 446 Blinders on Horses— Their Evil Effects (Illustrated) 150 Book of Nephi — Mormon Bible — Extracts 33 Brutality in the Workshop and the Home (Illustrated) 153 Buddhistic and Brahministic Beliefs 22 Buddhistic Hells 23 Cattle and Calves Abused While in Transit (Illustrated) Cattle and Children Cruelly Treated (Illustrated) Character and Feeling — Facial Changes (Illustrated) Character Influenced by Size of the Head (Illustrated) Check-Reins — Evils of Their Use (Illustrated^ Check-Reins Destroy the Beauty of the Horse. .(Illustratedi Colleges — How Xamed Congregationalists — History and Belief Congresses from 1774 to 1886 Cruelty to Animals (Illustrated) Cruelty to Birds, for " Sport" (Illustrated) Curved Lines in House-Building (Illustrated) ...152 152 234-235 . .222 ..149 ..149 353 .... 40 450 ....147 153 ....359 Dates of Important Inventions 99 Deaths, Noted Persons — Each day of the Year 448 Definitions of Astronomical Terms 205 Definitions of Military Terms 73-76 Dennis O'Brien's '• Champoon Supper " (Illustrated). . . .237 Divisions of the Brain (Illustrated) 215 "Docking," "Nicking" and "Clipping" Horses — Evils of 159 Duty of Benevolence 21 E. EITtcl of f'olor in Drese (Illustrated) 355 Eminent Luwycru S-IS Imminent PhyHlrinnM 107 English Swell's Dialect (Illustrated) 239 Evolution — Darwin's Theories (Illustrated). 138-142 Explorere and Navigators 77 Extracts from the Koran 30 Extracts from the Xew Testament 28 Extracts from the Talmud 21 Facial Expression (Illustrated) 336 Famous Warriors 50-73 Fidelity of tlie Dog (Illustrated) 154 Financiers and Business -Managers 130 Fish-Culture — Its History and Science 134 Fish, Apparatus for Hatching 135 Fish-Eggs — How Impregnated 135 Fish-Eggs— How Hatched 135 Fish, How to Feed the Young 135 Forms of Abuse to Animals and Persons (Illustrated) 148 Franklin's Business Maxims 131 General Grant's Trip Around the World 66 George Peabody's Benevolent Bequests 114 Good Habits, List of 131 Great Military Heroes of the World 53-55 H. Hares Hunted — Dogs Tormented (Hlust rated) 154 Hans Schmidt's Mistake (Illustrated) 239 Harness, Saddle and Bridle — Best Kinds and Proper Use 157 History, Government and Creeds of Various Denominations 36 History and Oovernment of the Church of England 38 History of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States. . 38 History and Belief of the Baptists 39 History of the Jewish Ueligiim 36 History and Beliefs of the Presbyterians 39 History and Practices of the Boman Catholic Church 87 History of the Shakers .43 Homes, Beautiful (Illustrated) 536 " Home, Sweet Home " — Its History 304 Horses — Their History and Kinds (Illustrated). . . .155 Horses — Importance and Methods of Careful Shoeing 168 Horses Faithful, AUhough Ill-Treated (Illustrated) 151 Horses — Their Humane Trealmeiil and Management 155 Horses — Feeding, Bedding and Grooming 158-159 Horses — Prevention and Cure of Bad Habits. . .(Illustrated), 160 161 Horses — Over-F(;eding to be Avoided 159 Horses — Overworked and Ruined (Illustrated) 161 Horses— Training Them lo Perform Tricks (Illustraled) 102 :6> ^:o: A1,1'11A1;I0TIIJAI. ISUMMAliV OF CONTKNTb. Horses — Vicious Ones Subdued — Rarey's Method ITjO Horses — Wlien and How to Water 159 How to JRreali u Colt 150 Homes Made Beautiful (Hlustrated) 530 Humorists — Persons Who Malie People Laugh 334 I. Important Battles of the English in Early Times 50 Itni)ortant Battles of the French 53 lulluence of the Christian Religion 38 James Lick's Bequests 117 Jefferson's Ten Rules For Business 131 Jewish Scriptures, The 21 Jewish Law of Punishment 21 Jewish Treatment of the Poor 31 Jumping Frog of Calaveras County — Murk Twain (Hlustrated) 226 K. Kiugs and Queens (Illustrated) 249 Labor— Benefits of Reduced Hours 303 Labor — Shorter Hours Should be Universally Adopted 304 l,!ibor — Consumption Must Balance Production 364 Labor — Changes of Thirty Years in Hours and Practice 3ti3 Laws of Proportion and Parallel Lines (Illustrated) 355 Lawyers, Eminent 242 Leading Officers in the American Revolutionary War 58 Leading Otficers in the Wars of 1812 and with Mexico 61 Leading Officers in the Union Army— 1861-1865 68 Leading Officers of the Southern Army — 1861-1865 72 Letter from a Traveling Showman — Artemus Ward 224 Levi Solomons Sells a Coat 237 List of Contents in this Volume 6-18 List of Poems in this Volume 16 Literary Celebrities 268 Lutherans — Their Origin and Faith 45 M. Mastering the Horse — Pratt's Method 157 Mas^ters in Penmanship 341 Money-Making — McDonough's Rules 131 Moravians — United Brethren 43 Musicians and Musical Composers 246 N. Names of Well-Known Colleges — How Originated 353 Nasby's Account of His First Marriage 225 Nature Teaches True Elements of Art (Illustrated) 357 New Jerusalem Church — Its Doctrines 44 New York City— Well-Known Points of Interest. (lUnstrated) 108 North American Indians — Religious Belief 44 Noted Work— At What Age Performed 352 Off-Hand Writing (IlUistrated) , . . .344 Old Mother Pitkin Tells the News— Whitfield. . .(Illustrated; 236 Orators, Famous 253 Origin of Various Forms of Worship 36 Origin of Names of Well-Known Colleges 353 Our Yankee Cousin's Story. PAOE. .(IIla8trated)....238 Painters, Eminent 327 Parson Skinner's "Sarmon" to Skillcttvillere. .{inuslrated) 240 Pen- Flourishing — Principles of Beauty (Illustrated).. . .345 Philauthropists and Heformerw 198 Phrenology and Its Teachers (Ilhit'traled) 213 Phrenological Organs Classified and Described. .(Illustrated) .217-222 Physiognomy — The Science of 214 Poets, Distinguished , 294 ** Positivism " — Compte's Philosophy .130 Preface to this Volume 5 Precepts from the Chinese Sacred Books 25 Presidents of the United States (Illustrated). 244-245 Principal Battles of the Revolution 57 Progress of Invention (Illustrated) 84 Prominent American Naval Commanders 63 Prominent Battles of the War of 1812 60 Prominent People — A Special Group (Illustrated). 433-445 Prominent Religious Teachers — Table 45 Q. Quakers— Their Government and Belief 42 Railway Travel Made Luxurious (Illustrated).... 92 Relief and Variety in Arranging Dress (Hlustrated).. . .357 Religion and Hs Founders 19 Religious Terms — Glossary 47 Rewaids of Kindness 23 Robert G. Ingersoll's Funeral Sermon 257 Rules that Lead to Success 131 Sal Scroggins' Visit to the City (Hlustrated) 241 San Francisco — Leading Points of Interest (Illustrated). . . .119 Scientists, Statesmen, Philanthropists and Reformers 132-200 Second Adventists — History and Belief 43 Selections from the Old Testament Scriptures 31 Solar System — Description of the Planets (Hlustrated). 202-204 Spencerian Penmanshii) — Analysis (Illustrated) 342 Stables— The Best 158 "Star Spangled Banner" — Its History 300 Stephen Girard's Bequests 112 Straight and Curved Lines Contrasted (Illustrated) 355 Success, Requisites for 131 Suggestions for Men's Dress (Illustrated) 357 " Sweet Bye-and-Bye " — Its History 305 T. Teachings and Precepts of Buddha 23 Teachings of Swedenborg 44 Teachings of Zoroaster 20 "Texas Sittings'" — Origin and Success 239 The Brain — Quality and Functions (Illustrated) 216 The Buddhistic Hells and Heaven 23 The Horse as Man' s Willing Serviint (Illustrated) 148 The Lord's Prayer 28 The Methodist Church— History and Growth 41 The Mind Influenced by Training (Illustrated) 223 The Religion of Confucius and the Chinese (Illustrated) 35 i: :?>= 2^ ii: ■t It; ALPHABETICAL SUMlLUiY OF CONTENTS PAGE. Three Ladies' Dresses (Illustrated) 360 The Silly Boys Experience (Illustrated) 239 The Sun-Worshipers — Their Belief 26 The Temperaments Described 216 The Ten Commandments 21 The Zend-Avesta— The Persian Bible 26 Two Men's Dresses (Illustrated) 361 Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati (Illustrated) 420 u. Unitarians — Their Historj' and Belief 41 United Brethren — Characteristics 43 Universalists — History and Belief 42 V. Vaccination — History of Its Discovery 19T w. Wealth — Motives for Its Accumulation (Illustrated) 102 What Dressmakers Must Do (Illustrated) 356 What Mohammedanism Teaches 30 What the Mormons Believe 33 What Phrenology has Taught (Illustrated) 215 What Spiritualists Believe 35 What Swedenborgianisra Teaches 31 What Tailors Cannot Do (Tllnstrated) 355 What Tailors Must Understand (Illustrated) 355 What the Talmud Teaches 21 Writings of Andrew Jackson Davis 35 Who Were the Christian Fathers? 38 Why Vanderbilt Became Rich 107 Z. Zoroaster — Belief of His Followers 45 "^"^; ^ m\{ LIST OF POEMS. PAGE. Age of Wisdom— 77iacA-f ray 292 Answer to a Child's Question — Coleridge 325 Birthplace of Burns — Ingersoll 320 Claude Melnotte's Apology and Defense — Bulwer 30T Comus; Extract — ^^dton 313 Destruction of Sennacherib — Byron 312 Elegy on the Death of a Mad-Dog — Goldsmith 324 Eve's Lament on Leaving Paradise — Milton 313 Familiar Quotations from Shakspeare 309 Highland Mary— B»rns 321 Home, Sweet Home — Payne 304 How are Thy Servants Blest, O Lordl— Addison 323 Hymn of the Hebrew Maid— Sco« 293 Light Shining Out of Darkness— f'ouper 326 PAGE. Make Your Home Beautiful — Anonymous 552 School-Days, Extract— Whittler 303 Seed-Time and Harvest— nTiiUier 303 Severed Friendship — Coleridge 325 Snow-Shower — Bryant 317 Soldier's T>vefim— Campbell 322 Song of the Brook — Tennyson 319 Star-Spangled Banner— AVy 30e Sweet Byc-a.nA-Bye— Bennett 305 Thanatopsis — Bryant 317 The Raven— Poc 314 To the Nightingale— Jfii/o/i 313 Village Blacksmith — Longfellow 318 ■4^-f ^^^ GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS. =E^^ I'AGE. Ames' Pcn-Drawinjr 347 Animals Tortured While Dolnif Transported. . .IM Apprnntlud Undi.T Control of a Hard Master. . . 153 " A Slt-rn Choite," From a Pulntinti: by lievifrir .'.VA'-i Ahx 107 " Aiint JeruHhft " 241 Hank of California. Snn Francisco 1^ Ittncvok-ncff and Kindnefw IllUHtrated 213 lilrdH. Variontt Klndh 190 Iilrthptace of RumK, near Ayr, Scotland 321 Birthplace of fk-neni! fJranl. In Ohio Cfl Birthplace of Jay Gould. New York 127 Hlrthplocc of tieorjfc 8t<;phenij, ing man - from tlie lower ani- mal crea- tion. There exists in the high- er under- standing a belief that this earth-life is not all — that tlieie IS a state of being beyond this, and tint death is 1) u t the }) o r t a 1 through which the soul passes to the other sphere of existence, when the spirit can no longer remain in its habitation on earth. "What the condition is in spirit-life is a matter of conjecture. That it is a place where the extreme of torment is meted out to those who have done evil on earth is the opinion of some. -— ^- )_-^" LEADER OF THE ISRAELITES OUT FROM THE LAND OF EGYPT ON ELY wastes former ruins and desolate mark the seat of a civilization in many portions of Egypt. Here flour- ished science and here was fostered art, thousands of years back in ttie history of a race, the evidence of whose greatness is shown in the relics of beautiful sculpture and grand architecture that lie scattered over the country. Throughout Southern Asia and Egypt the various systems of religion took root earliest in the history of mankind. Here lived and taught Confucius, in China; here Brahma ^^^^^'^^ and Buddha established their codes of wor- ship in India; here ZoroTister proclaimed his religion in Persia. Here Mohammed grew to power and made the Koran the revealed religion in Arabia. Across from Arabia, in Egypt, on the banks of the Red Sea, Moses became a great religious leader, and near by was the birth-place of Jesus, whose spiritual teaching and example laid the foundation for that grand system of Christianity which has been the guide and beacon light of the highest civilization in the last eighteen centuries. The first mention, according to the beet chronological data, of religious worship, dates back to a period 3, 875 years before Christ, when Cain and Abel were offering tlieir sacrifices on the altar. Cain having brought of the fruits of the ground, and Abel of the firstlings of his flock. The writer who made record of the fact was Moses, who is supposed to have written the first five books of the Old Testament, and was the founder of the Jewish religion. In the tribe of Levi were a husband and wife known as Aniram and Jochabcd. To them a child was born, at a time when, for certain r<;asoiis, the King of f^gypt had commanded the death of every new- born male Israelite. To save her child from death, the mother made H basket that floated like a small boat, in which she placed her infant at ft prtint !)>• the side of the river Nile where hIk: knew the daughter (if I'haranh was in the habitof bathing. In the meantime she secreted her daughter in the reeds near by, to watch the result. As had been anticipated, the princess discovered the child, and l)eing impressed with its beauty, she resolved to adopt it. The sister of the infant, who was near at hand, offered to find a nurse for tlie child, which met the favor of the princeijs, and thereupon she brought the mother, who, in the capacity of nurse, became an inmate of the palace, where the child was named Moses. In the court of the King he was educated in a most liberal manner WTien about forty years of age he killed an Egyptian officer, whom he saw ill-treating an Israelite; for which offense, in order to save himself, Moses fled into Arabia, where he married the daughter of a priest, settled in Midian, and for forty years followed the pursuit of a shepherd near Mount Sinai. During his long residence in Arabia, the condition of the descend- ants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as Israelites, in Egypt, became deplorable, through persecutions of various kinds. Accord- ing to the Biblical account (from which we condense this biography), God appeared to Moses in a burning bush, one day as he cared for his flocks, and commissioned him to return to Egypt and announce himself as authorized to conduct the Israelites from the land where they were enduring so many persecutions into Canaan, a region of the country bordering upon the Mediterranean Sea. That the people whom Moses proposed to deliver might have no doubt as to his divine authority, the Lord permitted him to perform various miracles in the presence of the people. Of these is related the changing of a rod to a serpent, and from a serpent to a rod again ; the making his hand leprous, and instantly restoring it to health; the drawing of water from a rock by smiting it, and the turning of water into blood. The peoi)le were thus made to believe in his power and capacity for leadersliii> nf the emigrants, of whom there were 000, OUO men. beside women and children. It is related that, aside from providing themselves with all the jewelry they could obtain, and varictus other kinds of personal effects, the Israelites look with them (m their jour- ney large droves of cattle, whereby food might be obtained; and yet, notwithstanding this provision, there was such scarcity as to make it nec<'ssary thiit the Lord provide manna and other food by which the people could be fed. Another miraculous provisicm made for them was that of sending before them on their journey out of Egypt a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night: while iniother was the opening of the Ked Sea to lei them pass tlirouL'h on dry land, and the C(uuing together of the waters again afler Iheir i)assage, thus drowning the EL'yptians, who were THE TEACHINttS OF MOSES. 21 jmrsniii"^ iind iiiU-ndin;^ to culture ibe Israelites, for the purpose of returning tbem to bondage. Thus tbt followers of Moses escaped out of Egypt, but, owing to their m;my tnmsgrfpgions, they were prevented from entering the promised land until the offenders among them had died. Even Moses himsi'lf. from errors committed, was not allowed to enter it, but from Mount Pisgiili he was i>ermitted to see the land of Canaan. Retaining bis faculties undimmed to the lust. Moses died when 120 years old, and was buried on the confines of Canaan, but at a point which is not known. The Jewish Scriptures. To Moses is attributed the writing of the first five books of the Bible. The history of the creation of the world, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden; the account of the flood; the building of the Tower of Babel; the calling of Abraham to be- come the founder of the Jewish nation; the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah — these events of which Moses wrote occurred from fifteen to twenty-five hundred years before his own birth. The progress of the history of the Israelites, which began by God calling Jacob Israel; the selling of Joseph into Egypt; the settlement of Jacob and his family in that country; the rapid increase of the Israelites and their enslavement by the Egyptian kings — these evcnte, by his record, occurred at a much later date before his birth. The deliverance of this people from their bondage by God Himself ; the receiving of the ten commandments on Mount Sinai ; the wandering of the peoi>le forty years in the wilderness — these events he wrote of as occurring in his own time. To the writings of Moses the aucient priests added much oral law, legal provisions and traditions. The whole of this, collected into one volume, along with the five books written by Moses — being Genesis, Exodns, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy — became the Bible of the Jewish people, called the ' 'Talmud. ' ' What the Talmud Teaches. To Moses and the Tahnud wan ihr < hristian world first indebted for the idea of a Sabbath as a day of rest and spiritual imi>rovement. By him and it was expounded the idea of one God, the Creator and Ruler over all things; and in it was taught the necessity of lifting the tliought above the idol and worshii)ing the one God as a Supreme and All-Pervading Spirit. Unlike the teaching of Christ in its severity and in its advocacy of retaliation for sins committed, it aimed, never- theless, in its code to befriend the poor and unfortunate, and to deal justly by those who observed and obeyed the laws. EXTRACTS FROM THE TALMUD. THE following are some of the command- ments and teachings of the Mosaic law as found in the Talmud: In a place where there are no eminent men, endeavur thou to become eminent. Be of the disciples of Aaron, lovingr and pur- suing peace; loving mankind and bi'ingingthein to the study of the law. If I do not act for myself, who can do it for nie? When I am alone by myself, what am I! If I act not now. when shall I? If one has acquired a good name, he has acquired it for himself; if one has acquired a knowledge of the law, he has obtained immortal life. He who attends much at school increaseth wisdom ; he who increaseth in reflection increaseth in prudence ; he who exerciseth much charity multiplieth peace. He who incnM-.rli In- il.-li imili ii.]i.f h food for worms; he wli" nui It i |il n Ih r uln - i m i riiseth care; he whoinri ,-.,-.uii hm.iii' .-i [ >. .mi - im-reajs- eth lewdness; he whi> iiiiiHi|ilifili uun-^t-rvnts increiisecu jobbery , but he who increaseth hi3 knowledge of the law incicaseth life. He who is ambitions of magnifying his name destroyeth his name, and he who duth not increase his knowledge diminishelh it; and he who (ioth not study the law (ieserve.-i death; and who-soever useth for himself the crown of the law will perish. Separate not thyself from the congregation; nor have cnnHdence in tlivself until the day of thyiiMth. .(ii.lt,'-- not thy nriuitil thou art I)I,'irf(l ill thr ^iUili' '■ii'ciiiiisliiiiri.'-' : ttilDnV llttfr aiivHiniu'"tiirhi-nir..iMpr.luMi-!l>l.Mn Ilit-hMi.._- that It nftiTward-- may t>i- iiimj>ri-li(inif him by that the sungoeth down; lor that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin; wherein shall he sleep? Selections From the Old Testament Scriptures, -^s^ THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. I. W AM the Lord thy God, which have jli brought thee out of the land of ■**■ Egj'pt. outof the house of bondage. Thou Shalt have no other gods before me. II. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any- thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; thou shalt not bow down tln>elf to them nor serve them; fori, the Lord thy God. am a iealousGor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neich- bor'swife. norhisman-ser\'ant. nornis maid-ser^'ant. nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's. ifflm^MnnfflH Duty of Benevolence. And if thy brother he waxen poor and fallen in decay with thee, then thou shalt relieve him; 3'ea, though he be a stranger or a sojourner; that he may live with then. Take thou no usury of him, or ln.■rease^ but fear thy God, ; rhat thy brother may live iih thee. Thou shalt not give lum thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase. At the end of everj- seven years thou shalt make a release. And this is the man- ner of the release; Every cred- itor that lendeth aught unto his neighbor shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbor, or of his brother, because it is called the Lord's release. Of a foreigner thou mayest exactit again, but that which is then with thy brother thine hand shall release, save when there are no poor among you. Rewards of Kindness. If there be amonir you a poor man of one of thy brethren within aiiv of thv gates in thy land which the Lord thy God givetb thee, thou shaft not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother; but thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend lum sufficient for his need in that he want- eth Thou shalt surely give him. and tliine heart shaJi not be grieved when thou givest unto him. because for this thing the Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thy works and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto :C5> — M-^ buddhism; its founder and his history. ? _1 ft Ji.5W!.MW<<.'t!ii),t5,itsxs?t>jJ't!3J»i; BUDDHA, A Reli^'ious TeaL-ht-r 640 Years Before Christ. BUDDHA, Founder of the Buddhistic Religion ^'W'W^^^^^'WW^W^W^'WW^ The Buddhistic and Brahmanistic Beliefs. T KAPILAVASTOr. the capital of Central India, Siddharta was born K '■""■^^V "-; /—-? k2>^- ?" about 670 years before Christ. His ^\c>'V ..I I A V&^ i-S >:.- father, Couddhodama, was the kin tj of the realm, and his mother, Maya Devi, a very beautiful woman, was the daughter of king StHiprabuddha. Both father and mother of Siddharta were cele- brated — the father for the wisdom of his government, and his mother for her exemplary life and piety. His mother dying seven days after his birth, his guardianship was entrusted to a maternal aunt, by whom he was trained with care. As a student in school, he excelled in study, but was much disposed to be absorbed in meditation. Such is the account from ancient writings. Having arrived at a suitable u^e. a maiden was selected for him lu marry, named tiopa, but her father, Dandapani. withheld his consent to the marriage until Siddharta should demonstrate his worthiness by talents of a high order. He was compelled, therefore, to enter a contest with five hundred young men, in the various studies, games and exercises at that time esteemed in India. In this examination and exhibition. Siddharta came off victorious in scholastic exercises, knowledge of morals, philosophy, and games of bodily skill, through which fact Gopa became his wife. Thougli happily situated, his mind turned constjintly to religienis meditjition. and, feeling that he had a higher duty to perform, he finally left his father's palace, exchanged his garments for those be- fitting one more lowly and humble, and entered upon a study of Brahmanism, which dissenting from, he retired to the wilderness of Ourovilva, where he Hpent six years In austerity, fasting, meditation and prayer, for the purpose of solving the mysteries of life, sin, death, goodness and wisdom. At the end of this period of meditation, he felt himself so enlight- ened as to be Buddha, the meaning of which is ' 'Perfect Sage. " He was seated, at the time wlien he received his revelation, under a [ig-Iree. n place that Hft<;rwards became greatly celebrated, and was known as BfKlhimnndn. i. e. the "Seat of Intellect." Hiover Thsang, a Chinese pilgrim, who visited this locality 633 years before Christ, found many monuments erected here, and seven days he spent in worshiping them. Feeling the inspiration full upon him. Buddha, then thirty-six years of age, commenced his preaching, first in small places, and afterwards in the city of Benares. In the succeeding forty years he traversed all Northern India, preach- ing his system, combating the Brahmans, and making many converts. He lived to see his doctrine generally accepted throughout India. He died when about eighty years of age, 543 years before Christ. For 1,600 years the system of religion thus founded by Buddha retained its hold on the people of the country where it was first established, but in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, through much persecution, the last traces of the system disappeared in India. It spread, however, over nearly the whole of Eastern Asia, and became the popular religion of China, Japan. Siam, Anam. Assam, Nepaul. Ceylon, Thibet and the Burman Empire, having about 370,000.000 nf b('li('V(!rs, making the largest number of followers of any religion on earth. Brahmanism and Buddhism. Before the advent of liuddliit-ui, Brahmanism liad been the religion of India for many centuries, as it is to-day. It has never been traced to any individual as its founder. Brahma being only the name of one of the imaginary gods of the people from which the religion takes its name. The book of Brahma was written by Menu, and from its pages is learned that the Brahmans believe in the transmigration of souls through various forms of animal life, perfect blis.s or heaven being attained when we at last become unconscious. What Buddhists Believe. The doctrines of Buddha are based on the same principles of philosophy as those of Brahmanism. Both believe in transmigration and final unconsciousness. Buddha dilTered. however, from I^rahma, in the simplicity of his religious doctrine. He aimed to raise the people above idol wor- ship, and his religion was largely instrumental in dispensing with much harlmric ceremony, bloodshed aneopIe of his time. .h ■O^-— ■*- ,M-e: it. I THK liUDlJlIISTIC IIKLLS AND HKAVKN. His object was to tench man to attain to a pnrc and holy life. He did not. tluTefore. seek to propiiLiate his doctriai.'!- t)y the sword, but engrafted them upon the ri'Iiiiiuus forms and habitH already eetab- lishcd. thus improving the condition of Uic people. The Buddhist believes in no creation, but that matter is constantly undergoing change of form; that at death man is immediately horn again, cithtr in some animal, some condition in one of the lower hells, in somt? e.xaltt-d human being, or in one of the upjjcr heavuns, according as his lift- Ua;' been ijood and worthy in the present existence. Buddhistic Hells. For the punishment of the wicked there are, in the Buddhistic belief, one hundrt-d and thirty-six hells, situated in the interior of the earth. At death, the soul of the sinner will enter the form of a woman, a stone, on inanimate clod, some reptile, or it may pass to one of the many hells, which have varying degreee of punishment, the least time in which is ten million years. The Buddhistic Heaven. As a reward for goodne-s. at d<-ath tin- ^-oul will enter the form of an cxaltt'd man, a blessed spirit, or may become a divinity in one of the many heavens, which have varying degrees of happiness in which the soul may remain for many billions of years. While the ignorant Bnddliist often worsliips Buddha himself as an idol, it was not the design of Buddha that he should be so worshiped. The doctrine makes nothing to worship but a gcMjd life. It has no recognition of God, no belief in. and no e.xpectationof. immortality. Heaven is attained, according to the doctrine, when man. having passed through the various forms and conditions assigned him, is at last allowed to rest in an unconscious state. Teachings and Precepts of Buddha. tHOU Shalt not lie. Thou Shalt not hate. Thou Shalt not calumniate. Thou shall nut speak of injuries. Thou shalt not infringe the laws of chastity. Thou shalt not kill even the snuillest eiea- ture. Thou shalt not excite quarrels by repeating the words of others. Thou shalt not appropriate to thyself what belongs to another. As rain breaks throug:h an ill-thatched house, passion will break through an unrelleeting mind. Cut out the love of self like an autunin lotos with thy hand. Cherish the love of peace. As a solid rock is not shaken by the wind, wise people falter not amidst praise or blame. There is no fire like passion, no shark like hatred, no snare like folly, no torrent like greed. He whose evil deeds are covered by good deeds brightens up this world like the moon freed from clouds. If a man commits a sin, let him not do it again; let him not delight in sin; pain is the outcome of evil. If a man does what is good, let him do it again; let him delight In it; happiness is the outcome of good. If a man has transgressed one law and spoken lies, and scoffs at another world, there is no evil he will not do. Let a man overcome anger with love; let him overcome evil with good; let him overcome the greedy by liberality anr and full of perfume, are the fruitful words of him who acts accordingly. Not to commit any sin, to do good and to purify one's mind, that is the teaching of the Awakened. Not to blame, not Ut strike; to live restrained under the law; to be moderate in eating, and to dwell on the highest thoughtB, this is the teaching of the Awakened. Not in the sky. not in the midst of the sea. not if we enter into the clefts of the mountains. is there known a spot in the whole world when a man might be freed from an e\il deed. Not nakedness, not plaited hair, not diet, not fasting, ncjt lying on the earth, not nibbing with dust, nor sitting motionless, can purify a niortnl Mho has not overcome desires. All that we are is the result of what we have thought; it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of oiir thought-s. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him as the wheel follows the foot of him who draws the carriage. If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him like a shallow that never leaves him. Let the wise man guard his thoughts, for they are difficult to perceive, very artful and ru>h wherever tliey list. If one man conquer in battle a thousand times a thousand men. and if another conquer himself, he is the greatest of conquerors. One's own self conquered is better than all other people; not even a God could change into defeat the victory of a man who h.is vanquished himself and always lives imder restraint. By one's self the evil is done, by one's self one suffers, by one's self evil is left undone, by one's self one is purified. Purity and impurity belong to one's self; no one can purify another. — ,0.' ■Ji THE CHINESE LAW-GIVER. "WW Sage, and Principal Author of the Chinese Moral Law. ^WW HE READER who has studied the Chinese character has doubtless been impressed with the fact that through every vicissitude, in whatever part of the world he may be, thou- sands of miles from his native home, the Chinaman will, as far as possible, conform to the habits and customs of his ancestors. However fashionable the dress of the people around him. he is happiest in his loose blouse. Whatever may be the style for the boot or shoe, he is best satisfied with his thick-solcd slipper; and however differently the men of other races may dress tlieir hair, nothing but the most stern nec- essity will cause him to chaugi- the style in which the hair has been worn for hundreds of years in his own country. Seldom disposed to originate, but quick and iipt as an imitator, he readily adapts himstflf to circumstances, and through his frugality and industry is usually above the necessity of beggary or want. A study of Confuciusand his teachings reveals the fact that the distinctive char- acteristics of the Chinaman are the results of his religious training. The Bible of the Chinese is the writings of Confucius. For over two thousand years they have been the supreme law to many millions of the Chinese race, who giitheri'd their spiritual strength and regulated their daily walk by their pre- cepts and instructions. Notwithstand- ing tliiit no claim is made that he was aided by Divine assistance or supernatural power, few religions have exerted so great an influence. The wage Confucius, according to the rccordB of the Chinese his- torians, was born flvc hundred and fifty-one years before Christ, and was u direct descendant of an emperor who reigned over China two thoiisnnd yrur- bi-rmr his birth. His fiitlur ilvini,' when he was three CONFUCIUS. years of age, his guardianship and instruction devolved upon his mother, who, devoting her best efforts to his care, was rewarded by the utmost filial piety on the part of the son, a virtue which the Chi- nese regard among the foremost of the principles of goodness. Sent to the public school when seven years of age, he so quickly excelled his comrades in his studies as to greatly honor his teacher, who soon advanced him to the position of assistant. At this young age, the historians tell us. he avoided the noisy sports of his com- panions, and devoted himself to the study of religious rules, which precepts he earnestly endeavored to follow. He was appointed to public service when seventeen years of age, but resigned to mourn the death of his mother, which occurred in his twenty- fourth year. Having conveyed her remains to the summit of a mountain where was the grave of his father, he went into retire- ment for three years, his only relief being the study of philosophy. Becfmiing, in the meantime, acquainted with the precepts of the sages that had lived before his day, and being desirous of teaching, he entered upon this work at the age of thirty. To increase his knowledge he visited neighboring coun- tries, preaching wherever he went. Returning to China, he was called in his fiftieth year to the position of Prime Min- ister, an ottice which the intrigues of a neighboring prince soon compelled him to resign. He retired then to pri\ate lift% and devoted the remainder of his years to the recording of his own thoughts, besides collecting the wisdom of others for the beneiit of future generations. On one of his journeys abroad, for the purpose of making new researches, news came of the death of his wife, which overwhelmed him with grief. Returning to his home, he announced to his disciples that the days of his life were niunbered, and that the utmost haste would be necessary to enable him to finish his work. l'l)on the completion of his writings, which comprise four bonks on governmental and m()ral law, one only of which is claimed as his own. the ollur tlircf rnhl;iining Ilu- law of snr^ bcfort' him, hi- phici-d Ilu-ni % 7^ =k|:(?- TEACIIIMCJS OK CONFUCIUS. on iui altar and rfiiderod thanks that his life had hocn spared until he I'ouUl <-oniitli'te his labors. He suhsequcntly. realizing that his death was rapidly approuchin;^, designated the duty that he tlKJUght each of his disciples should perform, and soon after died, at the age of sev'^d' He who exercises govemmf^nt by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar-star, which keeps its place, and all the stars turn toward it. Things that are done it is needless to speak about; things that have had their course it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are just it is needless to blame. The good man employs himself only with virtue; the had only with his riches. The first continually thinks upon the good and interest of the state; but the last thinks on what concerns himself. Endeavor to imitate the wise, and never dis- courage thyself, how laborious soever it may be; if thou canst arrive at thine end, the happiness thou wilt possess will recompense all thy pain. If a i)erson has deviated from the path of integ- rity ami niii.HriH-e, he needs only to excite the goodili.it i-iiiaiTis to make atonement by pains and iiulu^lry. and he will infallibly arrive at the highest .statu of virtue. It is necessary to meditate, in particular, on the things we believe we know, and to weigh every- thing by the weight of reason, with all the atten- tiveness of .spirits, and with the utmost exactness whereof we are capable. It is the wise man only who is always pleased; virtue renders his spirit quiet, nothing troubles him, nothing disquiets him, because he practices not virtue as a reward; the practice of virtue is the sole recompense he expects. When the opportunity of doing a reasonable thing shall offer, make use of it without hesita- tion. If a man, although full of self-love, endeavors to perform good actions, behold him already very near that universal love which urges him to do good to all. The defects of parents ought not to be imputed to their children. If a father, by his crimes, render himself unworthy of being promoted to honor, the son ovight not to be excluded, if he do not render himself imworthy. If a man shall be of obscure birth, his birth ought not to be his crimes. Do unto another what you would he should do unto you. and do not unto another what you would not should be done unto you. Thou only needest this law alone; it is the foundation and principle of all the rest. We cannot observe the necessary rules of life, if there be wan tine these three virtues: (!) Wisdom, which makes us discern good from evil. (2) LTniversal love, which makes us love all men who are virtuous. (3) That resolution which makes ns constantly persevere in the adherence to good, and avei-sion for evil. Always remember that thou art a man, that human nature is frail, and that thou mayest easily fall. But, If liappening to f(»rget what thou art. thmi cliaiicfst tu fall, be not discouraged; remciidtir lh;it thmi niay.-sl rise again; that it is in thy [xiw.r t.i br._:ik the bunds which join thee to thy oiliiisi'. and to subdue the obstacles which hinder thee from walking in the paths of virtue. The wise man never hastens, either in his studies or his words; he is sometimes, as it were, mute, but when it concerns him to act and practice virtue, he, as I may say, precipitates all. He who in Ids studies wholly applies himself to labor and exeicise. and neglects meditation, loses his tinii'; and he who unly applies himself to nit'ditation and neglects experimental exercise, does oidy wander and lose himself. The first can never know anything exactly, and the last will only pursue shadows. To the niind virtue communi- cates inexpre.ssible beauties and perfections; to the body it prolines lieli^'htful sensations: it affords a iiTtjiin pli> >M-k'iiMrM> . certain transports, certain \vjiy>. a\ hicii inlinilcly jilease. Andasitis the projjcrty of virtue tu Ijcealm the heart, and keep the peace there, so this inward tranquillity and secret joy produces a certain serenity in the countenance; a certain air of goodness, kindness and reason, which attracts the esteem of the whole world. There are four rules according to which a perfect man ought to square himself. (1 ) He ought tfl jiractlce. in respect of his father, what he requires from his son. (2) In the service of the state he ought lo show the same fidelity which he demands of those who are under him. (3> He must act. in respect to his elder brother, after the same manner he wouhl that his younger brother should act toward himself, rit He ought to behave liimself tow.'trd his friends as he desires his friends shoidd carry themselves toward him. The perfect man continually acquits himself of these duties, how common soever they may appear. If yon undertake an affair for another, manage and follow it with the same eagerness and fidelity as if it were your own. ,\lways beh;ive ytuirself with tin- same precaution and "discretion as you would do if you were observed by ten eyes and pointeil out hy so many h-iinls. d: 26 ZOKOASTEE, AUTHOR UF THE ZEND AVESTA. The Sun Worshipers of Persia and their Religion. HE tnui'Ier who may sojourn for any time in some of the Asiatic cities is interested as he retires near the close of day from the husy thorouL'hfares to the seaside, or to some elevation, in witness- ing the worship of the declining sun by the Parsees. a remnant of a once great religions body whose Bible is the Zend Avesta, the author of wliich was Zoroaster. The exact date at whidi this personage lived is not known. Some authorities place the time of his birth at a period about 400 years before Christ. Others date it back to a i>eriod before Moses. According to tradition, a good spirit appeared to his mother, who lived in Bokhara, in Southern Turkey, just before his birth, and assured her that she should be protected from the evil spirits that were seeking to destroy her child; that he would be a prophet, and the world was waiting for him. liecorded accounts make his father to have been Pourushaspa, and that the child lived, grew to manhood, and preached under the favor of King Gushtasp, who accepted and favored the general adoption of his doctrines. The Zend Avesta, which contains the revealed religion of his followers, represents him as possessed of supernatural endowments, and as receiving from the Supreme Divinity, by personal interview, the truths which his religion teaches. From Turkey his influence extended southward until it overspread all Persia, and extended largely into other portions of Asia. Its former influence and strength is shown in the remnants of ancient ruins of temples dedicated to worship, like those of Persepolis in Southern Persia and others. The disciples of Zoroaster belie\e that as time ne\er had a begin- ning, it will consequently have no ending; that eternity can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can create and destroy everything, and consequently may be considered the first great cause or creator. They believe that originally there were two spirits — good and evil — typified by light and darkness; that the good spirit, God, evolved from the purest light, resides beyond the sun; that the bad spirit, the Devil, was evolved from darkness, is the embodiment of evil, and resides in hell. That these two spirits have always been and will continue to be engaged in a strife for mastery, until light prevails. That God, whom they call Oromasdez, created six other gods to assist him, whose attributes are Benevolence, Wisdom, Truth, Beauty, Order and Health. That the god of darkness created six other gods of opposite attributes to aid him in counteracting the influence of goodness. Their belief is further explained elsewhere. TEACHINGS OF ZOROASTER. Treat old apre with ureat respept and tcndemesm. Be very scnipuloiiM to ob(«erve the truth in all The part'iital inlinl hath w<.wn nyinttcils through the world. To refuKC hospitality and not to Huccor the poor are (tins. Multiply ilninfHtic unlinalM, nourlHh them, and trt-at thetn KL'nlly. Cniilvnti* ihe xoll, drain mai-shes and destroy dnnK^^Tous creatiirCH. Ther*; \h no Kreat<--r ci'ime than to buy ffrain and keep It until it bt-cornf!* dt-ar. All (foofl thontfhtM, worcN and actions are the proiluetlons of the celestial world. There Is soniethintf Inti-lllKlhh- which It bchoovei* thft' to apprehend with the llnwf rof the mind. The «fnil Is a brl(fht lire, and by the iiower of the Father remains immortal, and Is mistress of lit.-. Avoid evci-j'thintr calculated to injure others. Have no eumpjuiionship with a man who injures his nei({;hb(ir. He who sows the (?rn not allow thyself to he carried away by auKer. Angry words and scornful looks are sins. To strike a man, or vex him with words. Is a sin. Even the intention t« strike another merits pnidsh- ment. Opposition to peace is a sin. Keply to thtne enemy with gentleness. Fornication antl Immodest tookti arc wins. Avoid li.-. lltluii-n.-s. b.-eailH,- it in nhe of the readiest means to give evil spirits power over body and soul. Strive, therefore, to keep pure in body and mind, and thus prevent the entrance of evil spirit.s. who are always trying to gain possession of man. To think evil is a .sin. Contend cnii-itanllv .Tgninst evil, morallv and phyMriiH\ , iiil«iri,ill\ .irid externally. Strive in every " ;iy tn ili ii-li ili.- |ii.wer of .\rlnuines. the evil uiic. ami (li-trii\ Ins uiitks. If a man liii» done this he may fearlessly meet death, well assure.l that radiant izeds will lead him across the hnnlnoiis bridge into a paradise of eternal happi- ness. Hut thouifh he has been brave In battle, killed wild be»>ts and I'ought with all maniiei «f external evils, if he has negleetcd t.. cnnil.iit evil within himself, he has ren.son to fear that Arinianesand his [>evs will seize him and eiiriy him to Duzakh, where he will be punished accord- ing to his sins; not to satisfy the vengeance of Ormudz, but because, having connected himself with evil, this in Ihe only means of bet>oniing purilled tluM-efrom, so i\m to be capable of enjoying liap|>iiie>~at a future period. t>: OUTLINE lilOGKAI'illCAL SKETCH OF JKSUS. 27 t THE JESUS THE ^HRIST^ Bible Account of His Life and Teachings. power of the shadow thee. " tion says further: "She was with child of the Holy Ghost HE founder of the Christian religion, Jesus Christ, was bom in Bethlehem, in Judea, a region of the country bordering on the East of the Mediterranean Sea. in the year of the world 4004. His mother, Mary, according to Biblical narrative, was betrothed to a carpenter named Joseph, when it was announced to her through an angel : ' ' The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the hall over _ Highest The Bible dcscrip- found ^ and further, that her husband "knew her not until she had brought forth her first-born son," who was named Jesus. Joseph and Mary, who resided at Nazareth, were stopping temporarily at an inn at Bethlehem, which being full at the time of his hirth, the child was wrapped in swaddling clothes and laid in a manger. Shepherds tending their flocks at night had the fact of his birth re- vealed to them by an angel, and they went to Bethlehem to see the child, and three wise men from the East, guided by a star, also came, and fell down and worshiped him. Being circumcised on the eighth day, he was brought to the temple in Jerusalem at the expiration of thir- ty-three days. King Herod, at that time being in Judea. hearing of the birth of Jesus, and fearing the loss of his throne from the predictions given of the child, sent a bund of robbers to slay all the male children to be found in and about Bethlehem under two years of age, but, being warned by a dream, the parents of Jesus fled into Egypt, where they remained until Herod's death, when they returned to Nazareth, in Palestine, seventy-five miles north of Jerusalem. Not much is known of him until he was twelve years of age, when bis parents took him to the annual feast of the Passover at Jerusa- lem, where he astonished the doctors of law by the wisdom of his ciuestinns and answers at that time. JESUS, Teacher of forfjiveness and love, and founder of the Christian Religion. Of his life from thiit period until his thirtieth year nothing is known. It is supposed, however, that he assisted Joseph as a car- penter, improving such opportunity as was presented for reflection and meditation. Alxmt six months previous to the commencement of hi.s ministry, John the Baptist, a cousin of Jesus, proclaimed the coming of Jesus as the i)romised Messiah, and hesonght the people to repent of their sins and accept him. Many repented and were baptized, thus preparing themselves to be his followers. Jesus came soon after and was baptized, at his own request, in the river Jordan. It is said that as he came out from the water, a voice from heaven proclaimed: --This is My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased." Then followed a fast of forty days in the wilderness; after which he selected his disciples and commenced his preaching. His ministry was remarliable for the many miracles which it is recorded he performed. He cured by a word a nobleman's son lying sick at Capernaum. He changed water to wine to supply the guests at a marriage feast in Galilee. He stilled a tempest on the Sea of Galilee; healed a palsied centurion; raised Lazarus from the dead at Bethany; restored to sight blind Bar- timeus; blighted with a word a barren fig-tree, and fed 5.000 per- sons with five loaves and two small fishes. He delivered the memorable Ser- mon on the Mount, and gave the Lord's Prayer as an example to those who are disposed to indulge in long prayers. He drew upon him- self the hostility of the Pharisees for healing the sick at the pool of Bethesda on the Sabbath, and gave offense to the Jews for gathering food also on that day. For these of the forms and ceremonies of the Jews, he claimed to possess divine power, which offenses, the overturnin; and the hostility aroused becau the scribes and Pharisees commenced a system of persecution, finally ended in his death. At the last feast of the Passover he instituted the Lord's Supper, and at that time announced that one of his disciples would betray him. Afterwards, in the garden of Gethsemane. he prayed with great agony of spirit, and hither came an armed band, with Judas. r>- ^ T 28 CHILDHOOD HOME OF JESUS. EXTRACTS FROM HIS TEACHINGS. one of his disciples, who made Jesus known by kissing him. Refus- ing all offers of assistance. Jesus surrendered himself, and was brought to the court of seventy — the Jewish Sanhedrim — where he was accused before Pontius Pilate, the governor, of blasphemy in claiming to be the Son of God — a fact which Jesus not denying, he was condemned to death, though of any crime Pilate admitted him to be entirely innocent. With a crown of thorns placed upon his head, he was led to Cal- vary, outside of Jerusalem, where he was ignominiously crucified between two thieves, among his last words being, when suffering the agony of death on the cross, that tender and compassionate expres- sion — a sentiment that will live and elevate the races in all the years to come: "Father, forgive them, fob they know not what THEY DO I"' At his death, the Bible narrative says, the sun was darkened, the earth u a woman to lust after her hath (committed adultery with her alreadv in his heart. — Mat- thew v., 27, 28. If ye forgive men their tres- passes, vour Heavenly Father will Hl»o"f«rgive you; but if ye forgive not men their trespa-'^sen, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.- Matthew vi. , 14, 15. Judge not that ye be not Judged. For with what Judg- ment ye Judge ye shall be Judged and with what measure ye mete, it shall be mea.s- ured to you again.— Matthew vii., 1. 3. Axk. and it shall be given you; seek and ye shall And; knock, and it shall be opened milo you ; for every one that iusketh receiveth. and he tliat seek- eth lln them: for this is the law and the prophets.- Matthew vil. . II. 12. Entery** in at the strait gate, for wide isthegate, and broad is the way, that leare like unto them; for your Father knowetli what things yo have neoci of, before ye ask Him. After this manner therefore pray yo: Our Father which art In heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will lie done in earth, oa it is In heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not Into teniiitallon. but deliver us from evil : For thine Is the kingtloin, and the power, and (h.- gl..rv foievei- Amen, Mi.irhew vl , U remained on earth forty days, giving blessings and instructions, and promising to be with those who should believe. Taking with him his disciples, he then retired to the Mount of Olives, where, in the act of spreading his hands and blessing them, he was taken up into heaven, and a cloud received him out of their sight. The Influence of the Christian Religion. Much controversy has existed since the appearance of Christ, as to his miraculous conception, his subversion of the laws of nature to perform miracles, and his alleged divinity. Into that discussion we do not purpose now to enter. It is sufficiently shown, however, by Bible history, that in daily walk, example and precept, Christ was the purest and noblest character that ever appeared on earth. His teaching moulded and fixed in the human mind an idea of an Omnipresent, All-wise and Supreme Creator, elevating his followers above idol-worship. He inculcated the law of charity and forgive- ness as no one else had done, and, by his disregard of past observances and forms, he ushered in a progressi/e, advancing theology, which has been, and is. the religion of civiHzati(m. ^^^^ Teaching and Precepts of Jesus. TAKE heed that ye do not your alms before men. to be "seen of them : otherwise ye have no reward uf your Father which isin heaven But when thi>u doest alms let not thy left hand know what thy light hand doeth, that thine alms may be in secret ; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.— Mat- thew vi., 1, 3. 4. E\. i> u'.M.d treehringeth forth ■-■ ' ' I ml- '"" '■' '■"rruj.'t trre Im [N-:' Mi I. .Mil ex il Injlt, A pi.Kl II. ■- , :,,iiiMt l.riiiti-furlh evil fruit; neiili. T r:.ii a ...rrupt tree bring fori 1 1 jri.i.d tnul. Every tree that brim^.ili li.nli not good fniit is hew n down and east into the ftre. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them.— Matthew vii. . 17-20. Whosoevershall e.mfess Me be- fore men him will 1 1■.l^te^^ als.i I>efore My Father \\\\\v\\ is in heaven; bvit whosoever sliall deny Me before men. him will I also deny before Mv Father in heaven. —Matthew x. . 32. 33. Think not that I am come to destroj the law or the prophets; I am not come to destroy, but to fulHI. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass one Jot or one tittle shall in no-^iseposs from the law till all be fullifled. Whosoevei' therefore shall break one of these least command- ments, and shall teach men so, he shall lie called the least in thekiiiird.iMinl lieav.ii. Imt wh,,- sover -.^LalM.>;llld^ra.■|lllleln,tlle sa^llrvhall U- .■.illr.l tTTval in the kingil.inn.r he;iven— Matthew v. 17-19. Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn; for they shall be comforted. BU?ssed ai'e the meek ; for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the merciful; for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see God. Blessed are the pcacemakei*8; for they sliall be called the children of God. Blessed are they. which aiv persecuted for right- eousness' sake; I'or theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are ye when men shall revile you and per- secute you. and shall say all manner or evil against you Ciilsely, for My sake; rejoice and be excelling glad, fnr great Is your reward fn heaven; for so per.seewted they the prophets which were before you,— Matthew v.. 2-12. Ye have heard that It hatli been said, thou shalt love tliy neighbor anil hate thine enemy; hut I say unto you, love your enemies, bless them that curse you. do good to them that hate you. and pray for them which ilespltefully use and perse- cute you. -Mailhew v.. 13. U. k HISTORV AND WOKK OF MOHAMMKD. 29 X*Xv^ I I' j5 p J\ 3v f IT f! *B3i^ Mohammed, ! i /// ■///l1_^ «- # — ..••■•■■>'r-->'' ;"■■•■, ^ v ^iJii^liHiit 1^'.^ V-.' ..■^'. THE MOHAMMEDAN RELIGION AND ITS TEACHINGS. ^W^'W .k ERSIA, Arabia. Syriii, Asia Minor. Egypt, Northern Africa, Asiatic Turkey and Tar- tary, arc included in that portion of the world over which prevails the Moham- medan religion. That an individual could arise in the broad light of history at so late a day, and establish such a wide-spread religion, would indicate him to be a very rcniarkaldc man. Such was Mohammed. The city of his nativity was Mecca, in Arabia, where was born in the year 570. His father, Abdullah, who was a merchant in humble circum- stances, died two months after his birth, and his mother six years later. His guardian- ship was then confided to his grandfather, who died two years afterwards, when he went to live with his uncle, Abu Taleb, with whom he made journeys through Syria and other countries; and with another uncle, named Zobias, he traveled extensively throughout Arabia; during which time he acquired valuable knowledge, which, it may well be supposed, served him in good stead in the later years of his eventful life. In his varying fortunes he was at one time a shepherd near Mecca ; subsequently a linen trader, and, a little later, was in the employ of a wealthy widow named Khadijah. whom he married when about twenty-five years of age, she being fifteen years his senior. Through this marriage he had four daughters and two sons, and with his family he passed ten years of peaceful life, the love of meditation growing upon him to that extent, however, that at forty he was in the habit of resorting to a solitary cave at Mount Hara, where he gave himself up to religious meditation. It was a time in the history of Arabia when reform was needed. Through tyranny and conquest in the surrounding nations, his country was being made the refuge of the religiously oppressed. Hither came and with the varying the inauguration of a MOHAMMED, Founder of the Mohammedaa Religion the Jews, the worshipers of lire anil of idols; beliefs and contentions the time was ripe for reform that should bring order out of chaos. In his solitude, Mohammed i,'ave himself >ip to reflection, praying that he might become thi' instrumentality whereby the people should be saved from their idolatries. While he meditated thus he passed into a convulsion, when an angel appeared to him and commanded him to read. In that condition, it is claimed, he saw and read the decrees of God which he afterwards promulgated in the Koran. Having settled in his own mind the fact that he was not under 111.' ccmtrol of an evil spirit, he yielded to Ihr inlliience thus brought t..m viinl. and a woman I'or a wi-niun; biil hv ^Imm bis hrotlu-r Sh.-Ul loigivc may he piosr.-ii1<>ri and Im- ..l.li^red to make ,sati^faL■tiun according to what is jii>l, and a line shall be tf .;^^^il;K :(!L — HISTOKV AND WOKK OF SVVKDEXBUKy. 31 ''^' Emanusl Swgdsnborg. ■ft: -)•. j^^l e o o o o o g^ii^pmaaiiiyij)jiiii{iii;ii>iiiy^^ii i>- OOOOQOOO O' Gi o Biographical Sketch of the Swedish Seer. A LEARNED man and a prophet chosen to iL'Veal liglit from heaven, Emanuel Sweden- liorgmay justly be classed with those who are recognized by a large number of followers as having received spiritual instruction superior to what is given most mortals on earth to know. He was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Jan- uary 29, 1688; his father, Bishop of Skarn, in West Gothland, being Jesper Swedborg, hich name, by the ennobling of ^^^^ the family, was changed to Swedenborg, in 1719- Carefully educated in the Lutheran church, he was remarkable, as a child, for spiritual susceptibility, the claim being that angels spoke through him. Completing his studies at Upsal. he spent the following two years in travel througb Holland, England and France, afterwards settling in Griefswald. in Pomerania, and engaged in scientific pursuit. He subsequently established and published in Sweden, for two years, a scientific journal devoted to mathu- matics and mechanics; during which time he became acquainted with Christopher Palhem. an engineer, who secured through King Charles XIL his appointment as assessor extraordinary of the College of Mines. During the succeeding years he gave 'attention to mining engineering, published various works relating to scientitic subjects, and was elected to membership in academies of science in Stockholm. St. Petersburg and Lipsal. In 1745, being then fifty-seven years of age. he announced his scientific labors finished, and. feeling himself called by God, entered upon the work of revealing to men a new system of religious truth, the claim being that he was permitted to converse with spirits and angels, and could thus clearly reveal the mysteries of the spiritual world. In order to deA'ote himself exclusively to his work, he retired from other labor, and commenced his mission by first reading the Christian Bible in the original; following which he wrote several books explan- atory of his revelations regarding the Scriptures, which he published at his own expense; among them the Arcana Celestia. in eight Emanuel Swedenborg, large quarto volumes, being a commentary on GenesJB and Exodus, besides accounts of ' wonderful things seen and heard in heaven and hell." These were followed by many other works of a religious character. Never married, he was a modest, unassuming man, who never alluded to his spiritual intercourse unless closely questioned; but of his ability to converse with spirits, and thus receive intelligence of distant countries and places, independent of other means of com- munication, his believers had not the slightest doubt. A stroke of apoplexy, on Christmas eve in 1771, deprived him of speecli and lamed one side. In a lethargic state he remained for three weeks, at the end of which he re- covered his speech, when he told his attendants that the angels had kept him company during the time, as usual. He died in London, March 24, 1772, being at the time eighty-four years, eight weeks and five days old. Uis lx)dy was deposited in the vault of the Swedish church in Princess' Square, Radcliffe Highway, London, and there it has rested for over a hun- dred years. The revelations which he taught have impressed themselves upon the minds of thousands of be- lievers who make the congregations in the New Jerusalem churches in many parts of the civilized world. What Swedenborgianism Teaches. The writings of Swcdenborg reveal the fact that a hidden meaning is in the Scriptures, not generally under- stood, which is explained by the law of correspondence between natural and spiritual things. Thus the garden of Eden and what it contained corre- sponds to the human soul, its impulse? and affections. That the disobedience of Adam and Eve symbolizes the departure of mankind at an early period from their original state of innocence. That the New Jerusalem, seen by John descending from God out of heaven, signifies not only the cliief city of Palestine, but the Lord's church, and particularly the religious doctrines by which a person is united into a church. Hence the New Jerusalem church, which is synonymous with a new doctrine of pure truth from the Holy Word, is destined to regenerate the world. The doctrines and belief of the Swedenborgians are outlined on another page. % lo. — K ^: i THE MOKMON FKUPHET. 4^ .■'3r TrsT Joseph Smith. J -♦— i--.-aJ:5^:r<^'"i— ♦- Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Mormonism. 19JK T SHARON. Vt., December 23. 1805. was born Jobeph Sniilh, the subject of this sketch. Wben ten j-ears of aj^e his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y. .and four years afterwards went to Man- chester, N. Y. . a town sis miles distant, where Joseph spent his time on a farm. With a mind much given to religious contemplation. Smith, then about fourteen years of age, retired to a ■^2j3*-'/-V< grove and earnestly called upon the Lord. While I '^^f^ ^*^"^ engaged in supplicating, he claims to have been enrapt in a heavenly vision, when he saw two glorious personages, who exactly resembled each other in features and likeness, surrounded by a brilliant light, which eclipsed the sun at noonday. They assured him that at some future time the fullness of the gospel should be made known unto him. On the evening of September 21, 1833, while engaged in prayer, an angel en- compassed by a halo of light appeared to him. and announced that he was chosen to be an instrument in the hands of Ood for the promulgation of a new dispensation. He at that time was told. also, where plates were deposited, on which were engraven an abridgment of the records of the ancient prophets that had existed on the continent. After many visits from the angels, in which he was told of the glory of events that should transpire in the last days, the angel, be further claims, delivered the plates into his hands on the morning of September 22, 1827. These plates, he assures us, had the appearance of gold, being in size about six by eight inches, and about the thick- ness of tin. They were filled with engravings in Egyptian characters, and bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book, with three rings running through the whole, the volume being about six inches thick. With the plates came a pair of spectacles, the glasses in which being transparent were called Urim andThummim; and looking through these he was enabled to translate the engravings on the plates, which related to the early history of America, fnnu itt^ first settlement by a tribe who came from the Tower of Babel at the confusion of languages, to the beginning of the fifth century of the Christian era. The records on the plates confirmed the appearance of Christ on i-arth and His resurrection, and was especially designed to aid In a fuller and more complete understanding of the Bible, and was to be iiirorpi. rated with it. JOSEPH SMITH, Mormon Prophet and Preacher. In translating the plates. Smith, with the aid of the Btoue spectacles, seated beside a blanket suspended in the room, to hide profane eyes from looking upon the inscriptions, read the records upon them, while Oliver Cowdery wrote it as Smith read. When completed, this became the Book of Mormon, which found believers in sufficient number to enable Smith's followers to found the Church of the Latter- Day Saints by an organization at Manchester, N. Y. , April 6. 1830. Various opinions exist as to the authenticity of the Mormon scriptures, the plates being carried away by the angel that delivered them. The Book of Mormon has the sworn testimony of Oliver Cowdery, who wrote the book into English, that he saw the plates, and to his name is appended the signatures of ten others who affirm that they also saw them. The opponents claim that afterwards, in a quarrel with Smith, some of these witnesses renounced Mormonism and declared that they had sworn false as to seeing the plates. It is believed by some that the matter which composes this book was written as a religious novel by an educated man, formerly a clergyman, named Solomon Spalding, who died soon after taking his manuscript to a Pittsburgh printing ofllice. That in this oftice was a man named Sidney Rigdon, a printer, who, attracted by the Oriental and antique style of the composition, copied it, fur- nished it to Smith to read to Cowdery. and thus, with more or less of other com- positi(m intermixed, the matter for the Book of Mormon was obtained. Rigdon afterwards left the printing office, and, associating himself with Smith, engaged in preaching. The basis of belief which the Mor- mons, who styled themselves Latter-Day Saints, preached in the beginning was that the millennium was near at hand, and that America, the land of the free, somewhere in the interior of the conti- nent, was to become the New Jerusalem. From New York Smith and Rigdon went to Independence, Mo., where they arranged for the erection of a temple. Subsequently they were for some years at Kirtland. Ohio, where they endureil various persecutions, Brigham Young in the meantime joining them there. Returning again to Missouri, they were soon comp*'llt'd to leave there and take up settlement in Illinois, where was built up the city of Nauvoo. in which Smith was mayor, president of the church, and commander of a military organization. In Jill the nioveuu'uts from one Stale to unolliir. the erection of ■G^ NKW HOKMON TEMI'LE. EXTUACTS KKOM THE MOKMoN lilBLE. ■63 fliiirchi's (ir the (Iciiiii; of miy iinportant work, the same wjis usually done throii^b revi'lulions that came to Smith. In I84.'J, Smith, who then had one wife, received a revelation anthorizin^ polygamy, whicli caused a distit-nwion in the Mormon ranks. In an exposition of Smith and Rij,'rton. sixteen women testified that the^e leaders had made attempts to j^educe them, under the guise of a revelation from heaven. Foster and Lane, who printed this expose, had their jirinting oftice destroyed by the Mormons, and were compelled to flee In Carthage. 111., where they obtained warrants for the arrest of Joseph Smith, Ilyrum Smith (his brother), and several others. The Smiths were lodged in jail at Carthage. On the evening of June 37. a mob attacked the jail. In the contest Hyrum Smith was shot and killed in tin- building, and Joseph having emptied the con- tents of his revolver upon the crowd, was shot while attemiJting to escape from a window, and fell to the ground dead. Brighiim Young was appointed to the head of the church, and in 1848 the Mormons emigrated to Ttah, where, in the ViUley of the Great Salt Lake, they made their homes, and where they laid out and built the town of Salt Lake City. In 18rj2. nine years after the revelation to Smith, Brigbam Young afflrmed the revelation authorizing polygamy, which has been a distinctive feature of the Mormcm religion since that time. What the Mormons Believe. They believe in the one God and Christ the Mediator and Savior, as revealed in the Old and New TesUmients, which, aided by the Book of Mormon, they take as their rule of faith. They believe fur- ther that we have, before being on earth, existed as spirits in other conditions, and that we descend to earth to pass life here as a proba- tionary discipline. They believe in the necessity of faith, repentance, baptism by immersion, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and that those who accept the divine word as revealed in the Bible and the Book of Mormon, and do right, will inherit eternal happiness; that those who disobey must suffer in the next existence. Polygamy is justified by them on the ground of necessity for the protection of woman, though forbidden by the Mormon Bible. ! Estracts from Book of Nephi, ^^ii^HE Lull! yivL'tli no conuriiiiui- /fl ineiits untu the (.-hihlrfii nf im-u, I' J I save hv shall prepare a way fur ||il them that they tiiay accomplish Vy the thinyr which he coinmnnd- \ eth. Wherefore let us be faith- ful in keepiiijj: the comiiiaiidinents of the Lord.— 1 Nephi iii., 7. 16. The Lord slayeth the wicked to bring forth his li^'hteuus purposes- It is better that one man should perish than that a nation should dwindle and perish In unbelief. — 1 Nephi iv. . 13. The Lord is able to do all thinps, according to his will, for the children of men, if it so be that they exercise faith in him. Wherefore let us be faithful unto him.— 1 Nephi vii., 12. Remember. O man. for all thy doings thim shalt be brought into judgment. Wherefore if ye have sought to do wickedly in the days of your proba- tion, then ye are found unclean before the judgment seat of God; and no unclean thing can dwell with God. Wherefore ye must be cast oti forever. —1 Nephi X., 20, 21. Whoso would hearken unto the word of God, jind would hold fast unto it, tliey would never perish; neither could the temptations and the tiery darts of tJie advei-sary overpower them unto blindnets, to lead them away to de- struction.— 1 Nephi XV., 2i. Behold, the Lord hath created the earth that it should be inhabited; and he hath created his children that they should p.>SiHs:s it. And he raiseth up a j'ightf.iiis n.iti.ii), and destroveth the nation.- ..f tlif \\ iekcd. And heleadeth away the rii-'htcous into precious lands.and tlie wicked he destruyeth and curseth the land unto them for their sakes. And he loveth those who will have him to be their God.— 1 Nephi svii., 36-36, 40. The time speedily shall come that all churches which are built up to get gain, to get power over the rtesh, to become popular in the eyes of the world, who seek the lusts of the flesh and the things of the world, and to do all manner of iniiiuity . yea. in fine, all those who belong to the kingdom of the devil, are those who need fear, and tremble, and quake; they are those who must Ne^w Mormon Temple. Salt Lake City, Utah. be lirought low in the dust; they are those who must be consumed as stubble. — 1 Nephi xxii., 23. The Messiali Cometh in the fullness of time, that he may redeem the children of men from the fall. And because that they are redeemed from the fall, they have become free forever— knowing good from evil — to act for themselves. — 2 Nephi ii. , 26. O the vainness, and the frailties, and the fool- Extracts from Book of Kepbi, MoIlM'iN mul.K. IshnesB of men ! When they are learned they think they are wise, and they hearken not unto the counsel of God, for they set it a»ide, supposing tlicy know of themselves, wherefore their wisdom is foolishness, and It proflteth them not ; and ihey -shall per- ish. But to be learned is good, if they hearken unto the counsels of God.— 2 Nephi ix., 28, 29. Who are cursed: The rich, who are rich as to the things of the world; because they are rich they despise the poor, and they persecute the meek, and their hearts are up»jn their treasures; wherefore their treasure is their god, and behold, their treasure shall perish with them also. The deaf, thai will n<>t hear, for they shall perish. The blind, that will not see; for they shall pensh also. The uncircumcised of heart; for a knowledge of their iniquities shall smite them at the last day. The liar; tfir he shall be thrust down to hell. The murderer, who deliberately killeth: for he shall die. Those who c'inimit whoredoms; for they shall be thnisi down to hell. Those that wor- ?liip idols; for the devil of all devils dclighteth in them. In fine, all those who die in their sins; for they shall return to God and behold his face, and lemain in their sins. —2 Nephi ix. , 30, 31. The Lord doeth that which is good among the children of men: and he doeth nothing save it be plain unto the children of men; and he inviteth tliein all to come unto him. and par- take of his goodness; he denieth none who conte unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and all are alike unto God, both Jew and 2 Nephi xxvi., 33. Behold the Lamanites. your brethren (whom ye hate, because of their filthiuess and the cursings which have come u[K>a their skins), are more righteous than you; for they have not forgotten the commandment of the Lord, which was given unto our fathers, that they should have, save it were one wife: and concubines they should have none. — Book of Jacob iii. , 5. Gentile.- &:^ r>- 3i SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR OF NATUEE S DIVINE REVELATIONS. Andrew Jackson Davis.1 *-f PROUIKENT REPRESENTATIVE DF MODERN SPIRITISM. N THE YEAR 1843, Professor Grimes, a phrenologist and lecturer on magnetism, gave an exhibition of his powers as a mes- merist in one of the public halls in Pough- keepsie, N. Y. Attention thus directed to the subject caused a citizen in the town, Mr. William Livingston, to experiment upon a boy, an apprentice in a boot and shoe store, whom he chanced to meet there, with a view to determining the truth or falsity of that which was claimed as a science. The boy thus selected for trial by Livingston was Andrew Jack- son Davis. He was then sixteen years old, slight in frame, delicate in constitution, honest, inexperienced and uneducated. Born in Blooming Grove, Orange county, N. Y. , in 1826, young Davis had with his parents been a resident of several places prior to coming to Poughkeepsie, mostly in rural neighborhoods, where his father, who was a shoemaker in very humble cir- cumstances, in turn worked at weaving, shoemaking, and by the day for various farmers. The mother of Davis, a woman of deli- cate constitution, possessed the gift of second sight, which enabled her to detail where lost things about their premises might be found; to see sights, and hear sounds, in which condition she exhibited an abstractic)n of mipd that made her oblivious to things about her. From her the son inherited an extreme susceptibility of impression, through which, it is stated, he often heard music in the air, when in the fields, and words addressed to him from an unseen source. On the occasion of the first experiment by Livingston, Davis went from the mes- meric into the clairvoyant c(mdition, in which, while blindfolded, he minutely told the time by holding a watch to hi.-* forehead, read a newspaper, tfjid the ailments of those present and described various articles presented for examination. On the evening of January 1, 1844, he passed into the third magnetic condition, in which he claimed he could see the internal organs of each person in the room, could see the interior of other houses and their inmates, and sec the entire city; that on this occHHion, for the first, bis mind went out and away, thousands of mihrs. and nature revealed itself as it could not be seen with mortal • yen; that every object, from a grain of salt to the loftient mountain, lind each an atmosphere of its own. Thus the flower, the blade of ANDREW JACKSON DAVIS. DlatlnguisliuJ Autliuc, I'liiloauphcr, Spirilualiat &ntl Sncr. grass, the tendril, the leaf, the nafleral — all had an atmosphere with a color distinctly its own. This emanation encircling some species of vegetation seemed from four inches to eight feet in diameter. Each animal had also a sphere about it. At this time, as contin- ually afterwards, was revealed to him the law of sympathy by which everything in nature exists, the position of minerals in the earth, the dependence one upon the other of earth, trees, vegetation, animals, human beings, and of the sun. moon and stars in the heavens. On the evening of March 0, 1844. he went, in company with Mr. Livingston, to a residence in Poughkeepsie, to make a clairvoyant examination of a patient, on which occasion the somnambulic condi- tion remained so firmly fastened upon him after he left the house and parted company with Livingston, as to cause him to walk along the banks of the Hudson to Catskill, a distance of forty miles from Pough- keepsie. Restored to consciousness at the end of his journey, he obtained food, and being directed as to his way back, was a portion of the time again in the clairvoyant condition on his return. Many singular visions, it is related, appeared to him during this journey, which he was compelled to make by an unseen power. At that time he claims to have conversed with invisible beings, who gave him in- structions as to the position he should occupy as a teacher. During the suc- ceeding year he was engaged with Mr. Livingston in giving diagnoses of disease and prescriptions to the sick, hundreds of the alUicted crowding their rooms. Within this time Davis developed other powers of a philosophical character, and, severing his connection with Livingston, he went with Dr. S. S. Lyon, of Bridge- l)ort, Conn., to New York city, in the fall of 1845, to deliver a series of private lectures in the clairvoyant condition, the Rev. William Fishbough. of New Haven, Conn., being chosen to transcribe the rev- elati()ns. lu a room at No. 9d Greene street. New York, on the 38th of November, 1845, there sat young Davis, Dr. Lytm, Mr. Fishbough and three witnesses, among them being Dr. T. Lea Smith. Only a few had been invited to witness the exhibition. When all was in readiness, with Mr. Fishbough at the tal»le. Davis, in a clairvoyant state, with closed eyes, after a little time of still- ness, slowly remarked: "This night I reach my superior condition." Then began the first part of that series of discourses which after- wards appeared as "Nature's Divine Revelations," a scientific, metaphysical work which attracted much attention at the time because of the rationalistic views advanced. More especially was the work TIIK I'AS.SACiK OK A KiiUL FROM EARTH-LIKE INTO SI'IKIT EXI!5TE>X'E. 60 njiarded very rcmjirkablL' as coming in such a inannLT from an ilUter- atf, niu'dticated .vcmlli, twenty-one years of age. Davis. Fishliongh and Lynn remained in New York two years, the clairvoyant giving medical prui^cripticms during a portion of eacli day, and at other times dictating what was to be written. During the time on one occasion, having discovered from u clairvoyant exami- nation, that a certain lady patient would die of a cancer at a given time, he repaired to her residence at the period designated to witness tlie departure of the spirit from the body — a dissolution termed dcjith. The birth of this woman into the spirit-world Davis very minutely described. As her body lay motionless, with weeping friends around it, he passed into the superior condition, and in an adjoining room he beheld first a bright light, as the extremities of the body grew cold, begin to gather itself above her head. Gradually this light grew larger, then the woman herself began to appear, first her head and then her body being developed, until, as life became extinct in the body, she stood as a spirit in the freshness of mature life above the inanimate frame in which she had lived. She hovered in spirit form a brief time among her friends, who mourned her as dead, took a brief survey of those who did not realize that she stood in life beside them, gave a farewell look at her What Spiritualists Believe. HAT man has a spiritual nature as well as a (■■•rporal; in other woi-ds. that the real man IS a spirit, whieh spirit has an organized form composed of spiritual substance, with parts and organs corresponding to those of I the corporeal body. That man, a« a spirit, is immortal, and has contimifi! idriitity, Rtiiik' fuiinil to survive that chant.''' I Mllftl |'li> sirnl lii-ath, it iiia>' be reasonably sui>pi>^e', partake unavoidably of the imperfections of the inind from which they emanate, and of the channels through which they come, and are. moreover, liable to misinterpretation by those to whom they are addressed. Hence, that no inspired communication, in this or any past age (whatever claims may be or have been set up as to its source), is authorita- tive, any further than it expresses truth to the individual consciousness; which lost is the final standard to which all inspired or spiritual teach- ings must be brought for test. That inspiration, or the influx of ideas and promptings from the spirit-world, is not a miracle The Writings of A. J. Davis. Although Mr. Davis attended school but a few months, in which he mastered only the barest rudiments of writing, spelling and reading, he has become a well known lecturer and an author of many books treating upon the philosoj)hy of Life. Death and the Hereafter. With such limited opportunity for educational advancement in the schools, and in his early home, his present intellectual en- dowment is very remarkable. His friends claim it to be the result of direct spirit assistance. The books claiming his authorship are named as follows: Nature's Divine Revelations. The Physician. Vol. I. Gt. Harmonia. The Teacher. Vol. II. Gt. Harmonia. The Seer. Vol. HI. Gt. Harmonia. The Reformer. Vol. IV. Gt. Harmonia. The Thinker. Vol. V. Gt. Harmonia. Magic Staff — An Autobiography of A. J. Davis. A Stellar Key to the Summer-Land. I'Ukl i ■St. Tiiith vs. Theologj-. curring Questions from the Appr-arhm^M Answers tu Ev People. Children's Progi*essive Lyceum Manual. Death and the After-Life. History and Philosophy of Evil. Harbinger of Health. Harmunial Man. or Thoughts for the Age. Events in the Life of a Seer. (Memoranda). Philosophy of Special Providence. Free Thoughts <'i.iicernint: Religion. Peneti'alia, Containing' Hannonial Answers. Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse. The Inner Life, or Spirit Mysteries Explained. The Temple — on Diseases of Brain and Nerves. "The Fountain, with Jets of New Meanings. Tale of a Physician, or Seeds and Fruits of Crime. Genesis and Ethics of Conjugal Love. Diakka. and their Earthly Victims. .Views of Our Heavenly Home. of a past age, but a perpetual fact, the ceaseless method of the divine economy for human eleva- tion. That all angelic and demoniac beings whieh have manifested themselves, or interposed in hu- man affairs in the past, were simply disembodied human spirits, or beings of like character and origin, in different grades of advancement. That all authentic miracles (so called) in the past, such as the raising of the apparently dead, the healing of the sick by the laying-on of hands or other simple means, the power over deadly poisons, the movement of physical objects without visible instrumentality, etc.. have been produced in harmony with uiiiversnl laws, and hence may be repeated at any time under suitable cunditions. former hleted, the clairvoyant power gradually diminished, and Davis no longer submitted to the magnetic manifestations. He has written several bm»ke since then, but, his friends claim, none containing greater wisdom than that entitled ''Nature's Divine Revelations." He subsequently trav- eled extensively throughout the country, engaged in lecturing. Mr. Davis has been twice married, and of late years ha» resided at Orange, New Jersey. In 1848 the so-called spirit-rappings made their appearance at Rochester, N. Y. , and at other points. These were followed by various other physical manifestations, which to skeptics have never been entirely satisfactorily accounted for. Spiritualists believe that these demonstrations are made by spirit-power, and that the revela- tions of Davis came also through the agency of departed spirits once on earth. The adherents of this belief have multiplied so rapidly that they now number, it is estimated, some ten millions of believers. At their fifth annual convention, held at Rochester, X. Y., 1808, the Spiritualists of America formed themselves into an association, and announced and adopted the following as their basis of faith: Here and the Hereafter. That the causes of all phenomena— the sources of all power, life and intelligence— are to be sought for in the internal or bpirituai realm, not in the external or material. That the chain of causation, traced backwards from what we see in nature and In man. lead.s inevitably to a Creative spirit, who nmst l>e not only a faiint of life i [uvi't. but a farming principle (wisdom)— thus sustaining the dual parental rela- tions of father and mother to all individualized intelligences, who consequently are all brethren. That man. as the offspring of this Infinite Par- ent, is in some .sense his image or finite embodiment; and that, by virtue of this parent- age, each human being is. or has in his inmost nature, a germ of divinity— an incorruptible off- shoot of the divine essence, which is ever prompt- ing to good and right. That all evil in man is in harmony with this divine principle; and hence whatever prompts and aids man to biing his external nature into subjection to and in harmony with, the divine in him— in whatever religious system or formula it may be embodied— is a "means of salvation" from evil. That the hearty and intelligent conviction of these truths, with a realization of spirit-communi- cation, tends: (11 To enkindle lofty desires and spiritual aspirations, an effect opposite to that of materialism, which limits existence to the present life. t2t To deliver from painful fears of death, and dread of imaginary evils consequent thereupon, as well as to prevent inordinate sorrow and mourning for deceased friends. (3) To give a rational and inviting (■.iruei)tion of the after- life to those who us.; Die lUe^-nt worthily, (ii To stimulate to the liit,'lie>I pn-vjhle uses of 'the pres- ent life, in view uf \x> relation.-- to the future, loj To energize the soul in all that is good and elevat- ing, and to restrain from all that is evil and impure. This must result, according to the laws of moral inrtuence. from a knowledge of the con- stant pressure or cognizance of the loved and pure. To promote our earnest endeavors, by purity of life, by unselfishness, and by loftiness of aspiration, to live constantly en r(i/>por( with the higher conditions of spirit life and thought. (7i To stimulate the mind to the largest investiga- tion and the freest thought on all subjects, especially on the vital themes of spiritual philos- ophy and duty, that we may be qualified to judge for ourselves what is right and true. <8) To deliver from all bondage to authority, whether vested in creed, book, or church, except that of received truth. (9) To cultivate self-reliance and careful investigation by taking away the support of authorities, and leaving each mind to exercise its own truth-determining powers. (10) To quicken all philanthropic impulses, stimulating to enlight- ened and unselfish labors for universal human good, under the encouraging assurance that the redeemed and exalted spirits of our race, instead of retiring to idle away an eternity of inglorious ease, are encompassing us about as a great cloud of witnesses, inspiring us to the work, and aiding it forward to a certain and glorious issue. 36 HISTOEY AXD WuRK OF THE JEWISH CHURCH. gV .'-^ Heligious Denominations. J^^"^^ W^"^^^^ History, Government and Beliefs of Varioys Cliurcli Organizations. ORIGIN OF VARIOUS FORMS OF WORSHIP. IIATEVER may be the nationality of individ- uals, or whatever may he the religion to which they have been born or educated — whether Bud- dhistic, Mohammedan, Christian or Barbaric, it will be found, if religionists at all, that each has his or her peculiar ideas of the means by which a worship shall be conducted. ^Vbile no two minds, probably, ever exactly agree concerning human destiny any more than two faces ever look exactly alike, yet, in every community there will generally be a certain number that will nearly enough agree in religious opinion to form an organiza- tion. If this organization lives, retains its individuality, and has peculiarities of belief and government distinctly its own, it becomes a denomination. Among the believers in the Christian religion there have been and are at the present time many different grades of opinion. Tliere are, in all, over one thousand different religions. The history of several of the most prominent of the religious orgauLzations and be- liefs will be found in the succeeding pages relating to deno-minations. Af te r the death of Moses Joshua, his chosen succes- r. conducted •^ ^~nlt in their becoming a strong and prosperous nation, in whicli the promif- 38 THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. for use at different hours. The fasts and fes- tivals have distinctive peculiarities of worship. Clianeres. — Under Pope Gregol-y. about the year 600. ancient Britain was converted from Paganism to Catholicism, which continued to flourish, with varying success, until the acces- sion of Henry VIII. , in the sixteenth century. Henry sought the aid of the Pope in getting a divorce from his wife, the queen, in order that he might marry Anne Boleyn. This being refused. Henry threw off his allegiance to Catholicism, and became the head of the church in England. In the succeeding reign of his only son, Edward VI. , also in the six- teenth century, the Church of England was established, and England was arrayed on the Protestant side of the struggle then going on in Europe. When Queen Mary, in 1553, ascended the throne, she brought England again under Papal dominion, and slew about 300 Protestants, including some of their most prominent leaders — Latimer, Ridley and others. Under Elizabeth, who succeeded Mary. Protestantism was again restored, and Catholicism has since then been subordinate to the Puritans and Establish'ed Church of England in its public influence. In Ireland, however, Catholicism has held a prosperous sway. The Reformation, beginning in 1517 by Luther, himself a Catholic monk, greatly injured Catholicism by its assaults upon several of the distinctive Catholic doctrines; and extending throughout Germany, Switzer- land and France, led to the introduction of a vigorous Protestantism in those countries. John Calvin, in the same century, becoming dissatisfied with the doctrines of Catholicism, in which he had been educated, also became noted as a reformer and a Protestant leader. The countries in which Catholicism mostly prevails at this day are Austria. France, Spain, Italy. Ireland. Portugal, Mexico and all the countries of South America. They have also many missions and a large number of believers in other countries. In the United States, where the Catholic religion was first established {in Maryland) in 1G2.3. there was. in I81"6, computed to be a membership of 10.000,000. The Christian Fathers. — These were the first and most eminent writers of the Chris- tian church. Those of the first century are styled the ' 'Apostolical Fathers ;" those of the first three centuries, prior to the religious council at Nice, "Antenicene Fathers," and those who flourished subsequently, "Post- nicene Fathers." None of their writings are to be considered as inspired in the sense in which that word is applied to the Christian Bible. The following is a complete list of these fathers; Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius and Polycarp lived in the days of Christ's apostles; Papius, A. D. 't^"^: Justin Martyr. 140; Dionysius of Corinth, IT.O; Tatian. 172; Hegesippus. 173; Melito. 177; Irensus, 178; Athenagoras, 178; Milti- ades. 180; Theophilus. 181: Clement of Alexandria, 194; Tertullian, 200; Minutius Felix. 210; Ammonius, 220; Origen. 230; Firmilian. 23 3; Dionysius of Alexandria, 247; Cyprian, 348; Novatus, or Novatian, 251; Arnobius. 306; Lactantius, 306; Alex- ander of Alexandria. 313: Eusebius. 315; Athanasius. 326: Cyril of Jerusalem, 34H; Hilary. 354: Epiphaneus. 368; Basil, 370; Gregory of Nazianzen. 3 70; Gregory of Nyssa.'370; Optatus, 370; Ambrose. 374: Philaster. 380; Jerome, 392; Theodore of Mopsuestia. 394: Ruftinus, 397; Augustine, 398; Chrysostom.398: Siilpitius Severus.401 ; Cyril of Alexandria, 412; Theodoret. 423; and Germanius, 494. Their writings are prin- cipally valuable as proofs of the exi^tencr and authenticity of the New Testament, extending back, as they do, to the time of the apostles. =THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. ^ -*-/ w-z**^ ^^ Church of England, which is ^\y^f^W^^ Episcopal in government, the most prominent Protestant or- ganization in England, was founded in the reign of Edward VI.. King of Great Britain, in the sixteenth century. Christianity, however, both Protestant and Catholic, had a previous existence in the nation. Eusebius, an ancient writer, posi- tively declares that it was introduced Into Britain by the apostles of Christ and their disciples. Its Government. — The reigning sovereign is the head of the church, with supreme power. There are two archbishops — of Canterbury and York — and twenty-five bishops. These bishops rank as temporal barons, so that each has a seat and a vote in the House of Peers in Parliament. Other prelates in the church are designated as deans, archdeacons, rectors, vicars, etc. The archdeacons possess author- ity next to the bishops, and are sixty in number. They look after church property, reform abuses, excommunicate members, etc. Rectors have charge of the parish churches, and vicars seem t • • 2«2^a»S«,j^^^ _j.jJ^,.fnt: tiie early per- secutors ot the German Baptists were Pope Innocent I. . and Cyril of Alexandria, by whom they were driven from their houses of worship into secret places, and threatened with death, under, ancient laws wdiich forbade rebaptism. so- called. Thus they were scattered, but in the first da\vn of the Kef.)rm;ilinii tlnir piiriri pies reap- peared anii'llK tlie riihli'es, .if the West, and several sects, including the Waldenses and Albi- genses. Prominent in the results of the Reforma- tion the German Baptists applied its doctrines to the social positions of life and threatened " "an end to priestcraft and kiIl^,^■|■aft, spiritual domination, titles iUld v;iss;daMT." lllll they Weie overi'Onie with fuul r.-|irii:u'ln'- n\\'\ an^K'nnt sr..rii, ;uid thou- sands of German BajtlisL peasants peiis-hed for their principles. In England, from the time of Henry VIII. until that of William III. . a full cen- tury and a half, the Baptists struggled against intense «ippositii>n in their elTnrts tn uldaiii liberty of eoii>ri<-iiee I'lr all. Hut iiiitd tlie Quakers arose they stiKid enlirrlv a|c.Tii> in I liis atli-riipt to secure thc'-suul liberty" of the subject. In (.'lomweli's time, however, they succeeded in obtaining a fair hearing, and made progress under the leadership of Milton and Vane, but were betrayed by one Monk. In the time of f'h.irles II. the prisons were filled with their iniifessors and martyrs, but their priiiiiples e..iit iinied to (,'ain adherents among the people, and hustcneil the religious revolution of 1688. It is claimed that to the Baptists English constitutional liberty owes a debt that it can never fully repay. Among them "christian" freedom found its earliest, itsstaunehest, its most ^ ^-^ consistent and Us most disinterested champIonB." RellKloiiH Belief.— The Baptists, with the generality of ebritsliaii ilennniiiiatloiis. believe In the Hlvine Trinity of Kiither, Soti and Holy (iliost, as one Sujiieiue Being, I'lf/itor oT all things, Saviurof all men who believe in the Lord .lesuS Christ and His atonement for sin, and the sancti- fyink'. enlik'litenmt; antl comforting Influences of the Holy i;li.ist I. n tlie souls of mem thesplritual unity of the whole biliiving church under Christ, ItH head, and m the diilv of inakiiiu' this unity visible by snbj.ction to Mini mall things. They differ from other den. imiiiatioris, h'lwever. In per- sistently refusing to acknowledge any baptism complete and satisfactory except that which immerses the entire body of the disciple in water; rejecting, rigidlv, all other forms and methods of performing this important rite. Baptism, to them, is an essential means of grace. While they do not believe in the baptism of infants of an irresponsible age, and consider spiritual rpialiflea- tion necessary, they baptize all who repent and believe the gospel, whether in childhood, youth or manhood, and frei|uently wlude households are thus engi-afted on the church of (:;"hrist. The majority also exercise a rigid regulation in their churches that no person who has not been bap- tizeil by immersion shall be permitted to partake of the bread and wine In the sacrament of the Lord's sujiper. This prohibition, however, has led to divisions, and the doctrine of a more liberal comnmnion is by some now strenuously aostles. At least Mvtr of the Noii i ■uiifoi iiii-.t^ wnr i-xi-ruted iiy tin- govL'inmriit fi.i' ini-iilv ndvi.iatini; tlu'ir princijjlcs. In nddition. in I.'"i!''.!, an act was passi'd iiiiprl.sonlng and bani>hing from tin- kirigdon of discretionary years who should embrace the doctrines of the Non-Conformist or refuse to attend the services of the Established Church. In conse- quence of this law a number of the proscribed people went to Holland — how many is not known, but the Dutch treated them with little favor, owing to prejudices derived from the slanders of English prelates. In time, however, these bad impressions were removed, and churches were established in several cities of Holland, where they continued to flourish for more than one hun- dred years. At the time of the passage of the act of banish- ment, in England, it was estimated that there were 20.000 Non-Conformists in the kingdom. Those who remained in England were subsequently ti'eated with more kindness and allowed greater liberty of conscience during the latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of her suc- cessor, James VI., a new series of acts was passed by which conformity to the Established Church was rigidly enforced, on pain of excommunica- tion. Thus the Puritans were silenced, and many sought relief in flight. Among others who fled from the country amid painful persecution was one John Robinson, a Non-Conformist minister, and part of his congrega- tion, from the North of England. Going to Hol- land, about the year lfi08. they remained at Leyden for about ten years, during which they prospered and the church increased. In America.— In 1617. owing to the contam- inating influences of society in Holland. Mr. Robinson and his friends meditated a removal to North America, where in the wilds of that new country they hoped to be instrumental in convert- ing the native savages and securing the broadest liberty of r-unsciencc. Negotiations were begun wiih ill-- c'lii.tiy of Virginia, but the liberty of C'.iisri.MU'r that they so much desired could not be assured to th-in there. In 1619 a grantof land in America was obtained, but as ships enough could not be procured to con- vey the entire Holland church across the Atlantic, Mr. Robinwon and a part of his conprcgntinn remained at Leyden, while the others, uiidir I\1i1it Brewster, sailed. Discouraging <'iiriirn>t!iiii.s twice caused them to return, but at l.i^t, in Die Mayflower, one hundretl succeeded in landing at Plymouth, in Massachusetts. December 22. 1620. Ten years they struggled against serious hard- ships and adverse circumstances, but then and there and subsequently they established the present Congregational Church of America— a church that has given to the world some of its most talented and pious divines, materially aided in fonuing the best and greatest of our national institutions, and done much in framing the char- acter of the American people. Present Form of Govemnjent.— The Congregational form of church government was in effect, if not altogether in name, established in Massachusetts and in New England generally. With it any body of men united together for religious worship constituted a church, perfect and complete in all its parts. From this principle the whole system may logically be deduced. It is a voluntary union, leaving each church (self- created, in one sense) independent of every other, except so far as it is bound by those laws of christian intercourse which govern societies equally with individuals. It can elect its own officers, admit and exclude membei"s at wjU. and whatever the Bible recognizes as coming within the province of a christian church. The only church officers now recognized by the Congregationalists are pastors and deacons, the office of elder having been dropped more than a century ago. Deacons are chosen by the votes of the church, and gener- ally they are ordained by tin- iinpo-^ilion of liands. To dismiss a pastor, a. niut'inl r.iuncii of ministers of neighboring churches is I'oininoiily called. The power of licensing pasturs is now generally in- trusted to associations of p)istoi"s, whicli embrace all within certain local limits. The ordinary meetings of these associated pastors are for per- sonal improvement, mutual counsel and advice. This denomination is one of the most prosperous in the United States. Reliorloufi Belief.— Implicit reliance on the christian scriptures is an i'ssential part of their faith and polity, and no doctrine not round therein is to be received. Calvinism exists as a prominent feature with the usual i>rlli.nli.x bt-licfs. infant and adult baptism by s|ninkliiig. tlu- sacianient of the Lord's supper, to In- partaken of by all christians jtresent, etc. ^■ -^^ITHE METHODISTS IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. If^ f^ ^fa/c^Tr&v. 1^ lU'^ I.IOtll S OtllLTS, Se ' S in^s for ' "^ soi-iptures L(>W state of religion and mor- ality prevailed in KuKlaiid in the early part of the i'i(jhtcenth t-enturv. In 1729. John Wesley, now fiiiiioiis us Ihe founder <>f M. llii..lisrii.iiiul Ihrii a in-eslnter in I In' < iMii.'h ..f Kiik'land. with Ijrothrr Charles and tw.i set apart certain even- reiuling the orijrinal ■iptures and prayei-. Their littl.- i-iiL-le was subsequently in.-i,iis(d hy thf adnii>sn)n of fi.iii-.itluTS, -.IK- -if vvlnirri was aftiTwai'ds the (■■■h-hnitt'd evan- gelist, George Whiterteld. Their sphere of work was then extend- ed to visiting prisoners, and the sick poor in the town;and their private meetings, further eidarged by new members, became more religious. They now numbered fifteen, "all of one heart and one mind " in piety and charity, and were irreverently called the " Godly Club," and afterwards " Meth- odists." In the latter part of 1739. eight or ten persona came to Mr. Wesley in London, "who ai)peared to be deeply convicted of sin and earnestly groaning for redemption." With these he formed the first Methodist class-meeting. They met every Thurs- day evening, and. soon growing in numbei-s, they then and there received such advice from Mr. Wesley as he judgi-it was most nt-fiifiil for them, and engntred in di'\'i>ti"nal t-xiTrj-i's. This was the origin of that wmld wide d<'in>iinnation now known as Methodists, wliich, whatever peculiar- ities distinguish its several branches, remains essentially in doctrine and government very much as Mr. Wesley established it. Hlntory.— Mr. Wesley, in 1735, visited Amer- ica in the furtherance of his project of establish- ing the principles of a pure religion, but met with no tlattfiirik' -nneess. and returned home. In 1738 Rev. (n-iiikT'' W'liiterield also came to America, and by tlu> hiilliim y of his oratory and influential presence created a remarkable enthusiasm in the religious world. Whitelield returned to America seven times, preaching along the Atlantic coast, visiting Georgia, the Caiolinas, Maryland and Virginia and the Bermudas; but while he labored successfully in the cause of benevolence, he estab- lished no separate congreg.ations. On some points of belief he and Mr. Wesley differed. After a prosperous growth in England, Method- ism was introduced as an organization into the United States about 1766, when a few Methodists from Ii'eland settled in New York. Preachers were sent over by Mr. Wesley, and in 1773 the first regular conference was held in Philadelphia. Eleven years later American Methodism became independent of the English organization, and Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury were commis- sioned as bishops in America by Mr. Wesley, and they were so received. ' H.-fon- thi- close of the century Methodism had rxt. ruled w.slwurd to the Mississipjpl river, into f:ari;nl;i, and pro-piri-d In New England. In 1812 Its rpK-iiilins h.id inin-ased to nioii- than lH.'i.OOO. wilh in-urlv 700 pniichcrs. It iiilr.iductd tin- Sund.iv s.|,.,..l Into t his cutintry, eslablishe.t a publishirig house, and took ad- vanced giuurid in the cau.se ot lernperanee. The <}f»vernineiil:. —The general conference meets once in lour years, and is composed of clergy and hiy delegates from all dioceses. It electa bishops, niLssionary and cdn-ii il si-cre- taries, book-agents and its periodn. I niiii.i^, and is the final court of appeals: trn- l.i-li.i.- and cases of niijii-al from tin- Jtnnii;il (■-.iilii i-nces. The anini.il .■..rilVi .-urcs aiv held in airh dn>cese, and pir-i.ied ..MI l.v ji l.isli,,p, ()!.■ I.i-ln.ps not being conlin.-d 111 thfir mimstrat imis to uny one diocese. This conference consists of traveling preachers, whom it locatcH, and over whose char- acters and labors it holds supervision. Tlie dis- trict conference is controlled hv the presiding elder of the district, pa.sturs, l.jcal preac-hers. exhorters and one steward, and the Sunday-school sujjerintendent from eaeli pa-sti>ia! i-harge. It licenses local preachers, and commends them for ordination or admission, and looks after the financial, educational and benevolent interests of the district. The quarterly conference consists of the pastor,Iocal preachers, exhorters. stewai-ds, class-leadei-s, trustees and Sunday-school suiierin- tendents of a single pastoral' charge, over which it has supervision. The class-leaders and stew- ards usually hold a meeting for each church once a month, presided over by the pastor, and care for the sick and needy, guard the discipline of the members, recommend persons for member- ship and for license to exhort. Each church is also divided into classes under pious leadei'ship, who meet weekly for testimony, prayer and counsel as to their spiritual welfare. The minis- try consists of bishops and traveling preachers, the latter being obliged to change their charges every three years. The bishops preside over the annual and missionary conferences, station the ministers, arrange the preaching districts, etc. nfethodlflm In the United States.— Tlie Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States is divided into two sections, Xorth and South, with separate jurisdirtitm-. and controlling interests, but similar toeurh utln-r in executive powers and divisions. Bodi air thrifty institu- tions, and have large intinberships. and their many educational, publishing, benevolent and missionary institutions exert a wide influence on the prosperity of their respective sections. Branches. — The church, both in England and America, has, from time to time, experienced secessions and the formation of new organiza- tions, with more or less important changes in discipline and point* of doctrine. In Great Britain we have the Wesieyan (original i Metlu>d ists, the Calvinistic, the New Connection, the Primitive, the United Free, the lUble Chr^Htlan and the Irish Primitive Methodlj*tK, with Keveral minor divlnlons. In America, hesidei* the main divisionsof a .Vorth and South church, there are the African MethudlMt Episcopal, the Methodist I'rrjtewtant, the Wcnh-yan Connection. Canadian Methodists, the Evangelical Association, the United Brethren in Christ and the Free Meth- odists. RellKlouN Beller.— Faith in the Holy Trinity a-s one GcmI; the combined divine and human natures of Christ, who sullered. was cruciHed. deiul and buried, in order to atone for the wins of men; who rose again from the dead, and ascended to heaven as the Jledlator between God and man. to return again a-s the Judge of men at the last day; the divine identity of the Holy Ghost with God; the siitllci.-ncy of the holy scriptures for all necessai \ iii-ti luiion as to salvation; the doctrine of oiigiriiil MO maintained; man's free will to tpurii to Uod for salvation declared; man justified alone by faith in Christ as the only and all-suffi- cient Savior; good works of no value beyond testifying to one's faith, and In that ca.se pleasing God; sin, rejH,'ntanoe and foi'giveness may follow one's first conversion from sin; the visible church of Christ found in his faithful followers; denial of the doctrine of pui-gatory, woi-ship of images, etc.. public service to be carried on in tht- common language of the pe<»|de. the sacrarm iit> of liapti-m and the I-ord's supjter not savintc ordimuiCL-s; infant baptism pi-rmitted; masses declared to be blasphcni.nis .aul il.-reitliil; permitting the mar- riage (if ministf-rs; changes in rites or ceremonies permitted: rt-t^ognition of the civil government of the United States declared; a community of goods in the church denied, but the duty of alms- giving urged; the nature and righteousness of a christian man's oath in court justiii.-d. Tlle^^.■ are the main principles of the .M.lJji.dlst fhiiich. whose "general rules" require a ^luft ^mcj pnnis observance of public and private duty in common life, touching our own and our neighbor's wel- fare. These general rules forbid doing harm or evil of any kind, such as profanity, sabbath-break- ing, drunkenness, buying and selling slaved; fighting, 'luarieling, retuming evil for evil, law- suits, bantering, dealing in smuggled goods, taking usury, uncharitable and unprotilable con- versation: speaking evil of magistrates or minis- tei-s; doing toothers what we would not wish them to do to us, wearing gold ornaments and costly apparel; unholy anmsement. singing secular songs orunprolltable books; softness of "living and self-indulgence; laying up treasure on earth; borrowing without a probability of paying; requiring members to evidence their desire for salvation by doing good to all men, exercising mercy and charity, by being diligent and finigal; attending public worship, hearing or reading the Bible: partaking of the Lord's supper, praying in private and in the family; searching the scrip- tures, and by fasting or abstinence. <$>-4t^^> THE UNITARIAN DENOMINATION. ;|-^ ISTORY.— The Unitarians trace tin history of their doctrines back to Aims, a liberal bishop who lived in Alexandria in the fourth century. In 182.> the British and Foreign Unitar- _ ian Association was founded. It is . JT devoted to the dis.semination of Uni- ■^ ^'S'''"' '^ tarian literature, and the promotion c/^\» of missionary efforts, philanthropy, * etc. In Anierleii.— From the earlv i^cttlement of New Kn-l.in.l. tin- li.irli ims ..f rn'itaiiainsm were man!t.->t. In isi:, ih,- lii-cii-viun l.i.>t\v .-.-ii Dr. Chaiiiiing and hr. Wurce^trr rfsultfd in the sep- aration of the Unitarians from the Congregation- alists. and the establishment of a distinct .sect of the former. This movement was followed by the secession of a large number of Congregationalist ministei-s and churches to the Unit-arian fold from Boston and its vicinity, and Harvard College passed into their hands. Since then Unitarianism lias widt'Iy spr.-ad and prospered in Great Britain and the United States, and in other parts of the world. It> advocates number many talented and popular preachers and writers, and it has origi- n.ated numerous educational institutions. Persecu- tion followed it in Hungary and Transylvania for a while, but it has since then increased its influ- ence, especially in the latter country, where they number about 60.000 or more. ReliariouH Belief.— The Unitarians believe that there is but one God. the Father and Creator of all men, who is superior in might and g^)vem- ment to all other beings, having no equal. They consequently deny Christ was himself divine, but admit that his disposition and life partook of the divine nature. They reject the doctrine of total depravity, moral inability and the necessity of a vicarious atonement for sin. Some individuals accept the doctrine of the fall of Adam, but deny its power to destroy the inbred rectitude of human nature, while others do not totally reject the redeeming office of Christ, and others again con- Hne His missiou on earth to that of an exemplar and a teacher. Unitarianism beyond this ha,s no creed to bind its followers. It recognizes the rites of baptism and the Lord's supper. It is liberal in all things. Christmas and Easter are commonly recognized as festivals. Some regard the chris- tian gospel as a means of redemption for the human race, and others recognize it as an expo- nent of natural religion, with precept*, truths, laws. etc.. tending to exalt the individual life. The Unitarians claim fellowship in belief with the Jewish tenet of one God. to which thev say that the tt-achings of Christ and His disciples in the New Testament strictly conform. Controversies in the early church, they claim, impaired this belief and made way for the opposite doctrine of the Holy Trinity. 1 ^ 42 UNIVERSALISTS AXD QUAKERS. ::3. the following profession of faith was formed and published; "We believe that the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testaments contain a revelation of the character and will of God. and of the duty, inter- est and linal destination of mankind. "We believe there is one God, whose nature is love: revealed in one Lord Jesus Christ, by one Holy Spirit of Grace, who will finally restore the whole family of mankind to hohness and happiness. "We believe that holiness and true happiness are inseparably connected; and that believers ought to maintiiin order and practice good works, for these things are good and protttable unto men." As the principal doctrine that distinguishes the Universalists from other christian believers is the final restoration of mankind to eternal holiness and happiness, the following extended article of faith will perhaps throw light upon the reasons for this belief: "Believing that the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments are profitable for doctrine, reproof, correction and instruction in righteous- ness, that the servant of God may be thoroughly furnished unto good works, and whoso that prop- erly readeth them becomes wise unto salvation, we do most devoutly believe that every promise and every threatening made in them and relating to a period yet future will be fully performed and completely fulfilled, to the honor, glory and praise of God, and to the benefit, satisfaction and final salvation of man. We do not, therefore, believe that the law (or threatenings) is against the gospel tor promises), for the promises were first made unto Abraham, and the law was given to Moses i30 years afterwards, not to tmnut. but to confirm, the promises. Therefore will all eh;!-, tisement but tend to produce the ble^MiiK's promised for all the nations, families and kin- dreds of the earth, in Christ, the chosen Seed." They also teach, and constantly enforce in their preachings and writings, that salvation is not shelter nor safety, nor escape from present or future punishment. It is inward and spiritual, and not from any outward evil, but deliverance from error, unbelief, sin, the tyranny of the flesh and its hurtful lusts into the liberty and blessed- ness of a holy life, and supreme love to God and man. They urge on all to seek salvation, not from the torments of a future hell, but from the pres- ent captivity and sin. No one is wholly saved in this life, but all men are saved, in a greater or less degree after death ; in other words, that man's probationary state will continue until Christ shall have fully completed His work of redemption and surrendered His kingdom to the Father. GoTernnienl.~The government of the Uni- versalist church is ecclesiastical and congrega- tional, the United Convention being the final court of appeal in all cases of fellowship and discipline. Government and Belief of the Quakers, HE religious society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, was originated in England, about the middle of the seventeenth century, by George Fox, a shoe- maker, who was much given to meditation. Con- sidering the low state of religitm among the people, and their worldly-minded- ness {hv himself having always led a religious lifel. he became troubled because the teachings and practices of the Established Church, in which he was reared, did not give to Its members tliat victory over sin which the gospel enjoins. He with- drew into retirement and studied the scriptures, with a desire rightly to under- stand them. Some time afterwards he commenceii his labors as a preacher, traveling through England mostly on foot, and refusing all compensation for his preaching. His earnestness, piety and Hible teachings were crowned with gratifying success, and in a few years a large number of persons had (embraced the doctrines which he preached. His success, however, woh attended with a ncries of severe ncrHfciitions from the priesthood of the Estab- IlMhed Church and Its adlierentH. but his doctrines grew In favor with the people. In Cromwell's lime he first despised the Foxltes; and subse- 'juently he endeavored to purchase their infiuencc, but In thiM he failed; they were above comiptlon. In a few years meetings were cHtabllshcd In rirarly all parlM of (Jreat Britain, and although the FriendM were subjected to extfUHlve Individual persecution, whippings, imprisonment, loss of property, etc. , their nunibei"s continued to mcrease, so that their religion flourished in Hol- land and other countries. In America.— About the year 1655, the first Friends arrived in .\merica, at Boston, and began their religious labors among the people, many of wh'Uri cniljiarfd their il<'i;triiies. But the spirit of i-fr-erntiuii followni th.-iii in N.-w KriL'land. as in t 'Id F,Tik'luUil: vurimis piini-hniiiils were inllictcd \ip>mTe.>linn ol the dead; the eleULiI 1. 1, --, >liM-- ,,| III.' re.leemeii a lid the ever- lasting t, .1 in. it ( ..1 tlie wieked. the divine Inspi- ration of Iliesei iplnies; one baptism: thcspiritnal naiiiie of the eel.biation of the Lord's sujuier; the religi..us ministry of men and wonu-n ; sileiie,' in the churches, where all sit with their heu. Is covered, and speak only "as the ^l.lllt iii,ive.s them;" a free gospel for all peojile. ■■p|,.,,iiiipti to war, contention and personal violence, the sufferance of injuries without resentment or going to law; the refusal to take any legal oath concerning the truth in courts; the observance of the S;.bbath; the ..ppo^iti..^ to slaveiV; (he snbinl'-sion to liimian tr-n eininents; simple und nmi-t-'Titatioiis nuide-i of livin^r and teniperaiice ; foibiddlnic indulgence in worhlly aiiiusenieTits or the observance of worldly fashions in dIl■v^, language or furnltui-e, and aih-ocatinga coni innal fear of God, with the crucifixion of oil worldly lusts; a christian conduct at all times becoming their profession and adorning the doctrine of the Savior In all things. illE SlIAKKKS, MOKAVIANS AiM) ADYKNTLSTS. ■i'-i i^^^ THE SHAKER DENOMINATION. ^% *<^,^--^ v^ _-.<^.^f^ :>*» •^HE Shakers, or Millennial Church, was ri'UMilfil by Ann Lee. a seceticr from III ■ I'lu-nds, Mr Vimkers. iin Knulisli ^^Mlll,lll. in tin- Siati- of New York. |ii KiiijMiiy jit WalLTviiet, eijfht miles hiini Albany, She eanie from Man- 'lifsiri-. Eni^Innd, whei'e she had r:iuij'ht her relipion. She hroiiijht to • Aincncii with her a hr<)thei' aiiil also (K/ltw two (M- three of her proselytes, arriv- T Y e ^S at New York in May, 1774. IVhy Xntned Shakers. — The name -.1 the s.nittv f"fiii.iewfi> h.iv.- tl..iiii-.h.d and atliiined an lii.ii.MaljIe lejuitalion fortlirill arila(;es in tile United States. ^Vhere Originated. -The society originated in a secessitm fmm the Quakers in England, in 1747. They hold that the revelation of God in pro- gressive, and believe in an eternal "Mother," a« well as an eteiiial Father, and two Chi'ists. main and female, are the pi.>treny ot tin- tw.. ^rl■^■a^ Kter- iial I'.eingH. They aie < iiniini-tie in Ihei?' social reiutiiuiH. living in taMiiIies toj,'-,rlier; b.-lieve only in marriage as a means to perpetuate tlie laeo instead of for sensual indulgence, while soniH reside in isolated family relations; but there is a general commune of property for the benefit of the society at large. There in nineh of mysticism and spiritism in their religion, with a few doc- irine^ (derived from their own " revelalionH ") that ai-e not to be found in the religion of other sects. They aim to lead holy lives, and provide comfortably for each other In health, sickness or old age. In their ordinary nu-etings for worship they formerly engaged in a ri'trnlar danee. ji]TMi)im;. tnrniiiu r»iund rapidly, fulling iMi their kiiers. and as^uinint.' otlier similar pof-tiireH. Soni. rime^ they riiaieh.d around the room, in onlei, and In harmony with songs that they sing, shouting and clapping their hands. They also had Intervals of shuddering, as if in a fit of ague; but It is understood that the modern Shakers are less violent in their movements than in the olden times. -^«®@i THE MORAVIANS. --«2-«5^@KS'«©^^'>' l^^iJ^aT^JOt^Sj'giSg^^SG-WS^- m V\fev- .»/HIS religious sect, known also as the T^^^=a^ "United Brethren." but not to be ' confounded with another called the ' rinteil Brethren in Christ." assert that tliey denxe their origin from the d' .- - — ■ !;> Creek eiiiiiih ill the ninth centnry. ^■■nij^^^"^ It i-)ii>M -lale.l iliat llu-v .ire a branch \^.Ji\Zy^ of the Hllvsltes, .,!■ lilvriples of the ■r^ martyr John llus^. who uithdrew into Moravia, a province of Austria, in the fifteenth century. Another authority states that the Moravians originated un- t der the teai-hiiiL's of Count Zimtendorf, a I lierman n-il>leiii:iii, whiMlo'd in 1760. His ' foll...\v.-r-^ are railed M-Ta viails because tile earliest ut liis converts were some Moravian families. The society itself traces its descent from the old Moravian'arul ludieniian brethren, who existed as adistinet see( '^i\t\ \ears before the Lutheran Keforniation. Tiiev also sty|.-d therii-elvr> r.iitaa Fratrmii. Count /-inzeinii-rf eame to Aiiieiiea in 1741, and preaulied at (leiiiiantovMi and Krtlile- hem, Pa. In 1842 he ordained the iiii~'iMii,iri.-s. and that same year oneof these nii--i. .11.11 ii-> inion. In tile past tli.-y have lived indistinct communities, and united their interests very closely, but did not bold to a coninnmity of goods; nor in their separated communities did they allow houpeholders who were not members In full com- munion to obtain a permanent residence. Then discipline allo\ve, I'llbllc l elli.'i..ns meetings were held every evening. Cni Sunday mornings the church litany was read and sermons were preached. The church festivals of fhrist- mas and Easter were celebrated. Music held a prominent place in their devotions. Previous to partaking of the Lord's supper, they had a 'Move- feast" of coffee, tea and light cakes, with hymns and iiistniinental music. Funerals were attended by bands nl nuisic, without any external badges of niourniii^r. Such were the customs of the chill rh Il-ss than forty years ago. The seat of the provincial board of the .American branch of tlie church IS at Bethlehem. Pa., and its educational institutions are located at Bethlehem. Nazareth and Litiz, in Pennsylvania: Salem, N. C, and Hope, Ind. The missionary field includes Green- land, Labratior, North American Indians, the Mo^quito coast, certain West Indian and other islands. Surinam, South Africa, Thibet and Australia. On the continent of Europe there is a special mission woj-k, called the "Diaspora." which extenS — ^: THE SWEDENBORGIANS. THE KELIGION OF INDIANS. institution and other advantages, at Battle Creek, Mich.— obserx-e the Jewish Sabbath, or seventh day of the week, instead of Sunday. The pro- phecies in Daniel and Revelation are particular favorites in the ground-work of this denom- ination. In 1845 a "Mutual Conference nf .\dventists" was held in Albany, N. Y. , and agreed upon asso- ciated church action and belief. ,\fter commend- ing the formation of christian churches, they state as follows: Rellfflous Belief.— The Second .\d%'ent believers generally throughout the country have united in church fellowship, with no other creed or form of discipline than the written word of God. which they believe is a sufficient rule, both of faith and duty. Second Advent conferences are held as often as it is deemed necessary, for the consideration and discussion of such subjects and measures as the interests of the cause may demand; they are constituted of both ministerial and lay members, from all portions of the country. This body is purely voluntary and advisory, and claims to exercise no authority over the conscience of any. They look upon the Advent doctrine, embrac- ing, as it does, the personal and visible appear- ance and reign of Christ on earth, the. restitution of the heavens and earth to their paradisiacal state as the eternal inheritance of the saints, etc.. as the only view which will explain and harmonize the word of God. They believe the second advent of Christ to judge the world to be near at hand, and that is the great practical doctrine set forth and used by the apostles as a motive to holiness. It was to them and their suffering brethren the great source of comfort, and the hope of the whole Israel of God. The Second Comlnar.— The early Adventists regarded the second coming of the Lord to be at hand for these reasons: "1. The four great empires are to be succeeded by the everlasting kingdom of God: and it is very manifest that the last, the Roman govern- ment, has passed its predicted divisions, and must soon end. "2. The waning of the Ottoman or Mohamme- dan power is regarded as another index that the kingdom of Christ will soon come. "3. The universal movements and agitations, with the famine.s, pestilences and earthquakes, together with the signs in the sun, moon and stars, etc. . they consider conclusive evidence of the speedy coming of Christ. "4. This gospel of the kingdom which was to be preached in all the world for a witness to all nations is now completing its work." Side Doctrines.- Several doctrines have been grafted into the Second Advent organiza- tions, inclniling that which claims that the soul, after dt'ath, remains insensible and inactive (sleeping I until the resurrection morn, and that none but the righteous souls will be raised and endowed with immortality, etc. Government.— At the sixteenth annual meet- ing of the Advent Christian Association, at Springfield, Mass., in August, 1875, it was resolved to convoke a general conference in order to com- plete the congregational form of government that has been adopted by this denomination. The Doctrines of the New Jerusalem Church are shown in the following: I.— God is One in Essence and in Person, in whom there is a distinct and essential Trinity, r (lU-il in the word the Father, Son. and Holy SjiiiH, and the Lord Jesus Christ is this God and the only true object of worship. II.— In order to be saved, man must believe on the Lord and strive to obey His commandments, looking to Him alone for strength and assistance, and acknowledging that all life and salvation are from Him. III.— The Sacred Scriptures, or the Divijie Word, is not only the Revelation of the Lord's will and the history of His dealings with men. but also contains the infinite treasures of His wisdom expressed in symbolical or correspondent ial lan- guage, and therefore, in addition to the sense of the letter, thei'e is in the word an inner or spiritual sense, which can be intenireted only by the law of correspondence between things natural and things spiritual. IV.— Now is the time of the second coming of the Lord, foretold in Matt. xxiv. , and the establish- ment of the New Church signified by the New Jerusalem in Revelation xxi. , and this second com- ing is not a visible appearance on earth, but a new disclosure of Divine Truth and the promulgation of true Christian doctrine, effected by means of the Lord's sei-vant. Emanuel Swedenborg, who was specially instructed in this doctrine, and commis- sioned to publish it to the world. v.— Man's life in the material body is hut the preparation of eternal life, and when the })ear in the he.ivens. Rut let no one entertain the idea that the sun of the spiritual wr.rh! is Cod himself. (;od himself is a M;in. The first pi nee,-diTv,r fn>ni His lo\'e ami wisilmn is a tiny spji mi-u pi nniple. which appears to the sight .if th.' angels as .i sun: but when the Lurout in restless discontent and dark- ness forever. In New Jersey the ahoHginos believed in three gods, who respectively made white men. Indians and negroes. After death they believed that the spirit or "shadow" of (he dead went southward to some unknown place, and enjoyed some kind of happiness, such as hunting, lislilng. dancing, etc.. and never grew weary of these amuHcments. Thit* applied tn mo-t of the defid, but If nnv were not happy hereafter, they were punished only by privation outside of the place where the happy spirits dwell. Rewards and ptinishinents had no reference to the worship of the Supreme Being, but to man's conduct towards nmn. Other tribes had various iileas c)f a Supreme Ood and His attributes, mingled with mmdi of paganism and snperftttlon. The belief in future existence and of rewards .and imnishments after death were common, and their lieax'eii was full of material - ZilKOASTIO BELIEF. THE LUTllEKANH. I'ROMINENT ItEI.IGIOUS TEACHEKii. 4u 4/? & RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF THE FOLLOWERS OF ZOROASTER. ^ E; -^r. % DEAS (if twos pprvaik' all tiu- I'eli- ■^:.i & ^f^ ^^ZJ'^m tfiori uf tlie fulluwers ol' Zoroaster; '?'— 1?^ they believe that there are two lives, mental and pliysieal; two intel- lects, one the Hpark from the source of liKht. iiml one of earth, whieh is neijuired. In the eternal warfare which has been waged anions? the heavenly bod- ies, the sun assumed the leadership of the stars, and hence the reverence of those believers for the sun. In the creation of the material world there were twelve companies organized under the twelve siyns of the Zodiac, placed in four great divisions- north, south, east and west, with Mars over the north. Mercury over the south. .I'lpiter over the ciu^t. and Saturn overthe west. Venu« commanding the center. From the world (iod created a bridge that reached to the source of light, over a chasm of utter darkness, In due time the spirits of darkness, under the Command »( tlie evil one. commenced an attack on the p;itliwrtv leiidint,' K. tUv li^'ht, but, ;ifter a lerri- bk-.-i.nlIi<'I. 111.- .-vij spiril u,,- \;.ri.piivh.-.! and fell biiek ti. eui'tlj Ml Ihf I-iriii ..t a -rr p.nl , licue-- the antipathy of the IuHowlIs "f tliis i eliKi'J" to ser- pents and reptiles. Having finished the creation of the material world, God created man and woman to inhabit it, who were tempted by the deWl to drink goats' milk, which produced Ilbldlnounde«ire», and oftor- wardK brought shame. Thus mo^e miserable through the Kin of the flntt parents, the human race Htano\v, Lorenzo Methodist Preacher Eng. , Ireland, U. S. . .Coventry, Conn Oct. 16, 1777 Feb. 2, 1834 I>\\ ight, Timothy Congi-egationalist.. ..President Yale College Connecticut Northampton, Mass. .May 14, 1752 Jan. 11, 1817 EtiH ards, Jonathan Presbyterian Preacher and Author Connecticut Windsor, Conn Octobers, 1703.. -March 22, 17.^8.. Eliot, John Puritan Indian Missionary Massachusetts Nasing, England 1004 May 20, 1690 Fenelon, Francis €le S Roman Catholic Prelate and Writer France Perigord, France Aug. 6, 1651 Jan. 7, 1715 Flavel, John Episcopal. N. C Preacher and Author England Bromsgrove. Eng 1627 June 26. 1691..., FU'chiere, John VT Methodist Preacher England and Europe. \yon, Switzerland. ..Sept. 12,1729 Aug. 14, 1785..., Fo, or Fohl Paganism Founder of Religion China China 1027 B. C , Giiyon. Jane B. de I* Mystic Enthusiast Religious Writer European cities Montargis, France April 13, 1648 June 9, 1717 Henry, Matthew Prot. Dissenter Preacher and Author Chester. England Broad Oak. Eng Oct. 18, 1662 June 22. 1714..., llervey, James Episcopal Preacher and Author -^ ?^*i?5?" ^^'^ i*^*^!: '■ Hardingstone, Eng... Feb. 26, 1713 Dec. 25, 1758..., r iingLia. EjUgLanQ ) ...Rabbi and Teacher Palestine Babylon, Assyria 112 B. C. . ...Physician^ England and Europe. Enfield, England Sept. 2, 1726 Jan. 20, 1790.. ...Philanthropist England England Aug. 24, 1707 June 17, 1791.. . ..Theological Writer England Yorkshire, England. .1764- Aug. 28, 1757.. Hillel Jewish ll«>\%-ard, John Philanthropist . Hiintfntrtnii, Countess of- .Protestant IlTitehlnwon, John Rationalist Hu«ts, John Protestant Eminent Reformer Bohemia Prague, Bohemia 1736 July 7, 1415 Ij^natius de Lioyola Roman Catholic Founder of Jesuits Spain and Italy Azcoitia, Spain 1491 July 31, 1556. ... James ibro. of John i Christian ...Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine Jerome of Praprtie Protestant Religious reformer England and Europe. Prague, Bohemia About 1375 May 30. 1416. .... Jiiilson, Adouiram Baptist Missionary Burniah Maiden, Mass Aug. 9. 1788 April 12, 1850... Jiidson, Mrs. Ann H Baptist Missionary Burniah Bradford, Mass Dec. 22, 1789 Oct. 24, 1826.... Jndson, Sarah H Baptist Missionary Burmah Alstead, N. H Nov. 4, 1803 Sept. 1, 1845.... Jiidson, Emily C Missionary Burmah Eaton, New York. ...Aug. 22, 1817 June 1, 1854 John (bro- uf Janies) Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Bethsaida, Palestine Judas Iscarlot Hypocrite Christ's Apostle Palestine K-Oox, John Protestant Reformer Scotland Gifford, Scotland 1505 Nov. 24, 1572... Latimer, Hufrh Protestant Bishop and Martyr England Thurscaston, Eng About 1490 Oct. 16, 1555,... I,.ee, Ann Friend Founder of Shakers New York State Manchester, Eng Feb. 29, 1736 Sept. 8, 1784 I,.nthei>, Martin Protestant Eminent Reformer Germany Eisleben, Saxony Nov. 10. 1483 Feb. 18, 1546... MaMon. John M Presbyterian .\uthorand Divine New York City New York City March 19, 1770.... Dec. 26. 1829 blather. Increase Pre.sbyterian Pres. Harvard College Massachusetts Dorchester, Mass June 91, 1639 Aug. 23. 1723..., M:ttlier, Cotton Presbyterian Preacher and Author Massachusetts Boston. Mass Feb. 12. 1663 Feb. 13. 1728 Melanethon, Philip Protestant Noted Reformer Germ'y, France, Eng. Brettan, Germany... Feb. 16. 1497 April 19, 1560. . . Mohammed Moslem Religious Founder Arabia Mecca, Arabia 570 or 571 June 8. 632 Moses Jewish Leader and Lawgiver Egypt and Arabia Egypt B. C. 1571 B. C. 1451 Miihlenhere. Henry M. .. .Lutheran Founder of Church United States Eimbeck, Germany. .1711 1787 Matthew, or Levi Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Galilee Miller, William Protestant Founder of Adventists Eastern New York.. .Pittsfleld, Mass 1781 Dec. 20, 1849.... Neander, Augustus Lutheran Church Historian Germany Gottingen, Germany. Jan. 17, 1789 July 14, 1850.... Xathanael Christian Christ's Apostle Palestine Paine, Tliomas Free Thinker Liberal Author Pennsylvania Thetford. England.. .Jan, 29, 1737 June 8, 1809 Paley, William Episcopal Religious Writer England Peterboro. England. .July, 1743 May 25, 1805 Pai'ker, Theodore Independent Preacher and Author Massachusetts Le.vington. Mass Aug. 24, 1810 May 10, I860...., PituI the Apostle Christian Gentile Missionary Asia Minor, Europe.. Tarsus, Asia Minor. ..A. I>. 10 A. D. 65 Pelatcius Roman Catholic Founder of Pelagians Italy and Palestine. .England About 390 Peter the Hermit Roman Catholic Originator of Crusades Palestine Amiens. France 1050 1115 Peter the Apostle Christian Preacher to Jews Asia Minor Bethsaida, Palestine Philip Christian Christ's Apostle Asia Minor Bethsaida. Palestine ICohertHon, Wnt Presbyterian Preacher and Historian Scotland Bosthwick, Scotland. Sept. 19, 1721 June II, 1793.... Kot;ers, John Episcopal ! bIu-3^ at'^theSke! 5 " ■^"^'""''' ^^'^'•""^y- -England About 1600 Feb. 4, 1555.... Mak^a-Miina Mystic Teacher of Buddhism Hindoostan About 600 B. C Noel n no. Fa list ua Vnltarian Religious Reformer Switzerland, Poland. Siena, Italy Dec. 1539 March 3, 1604... Npener, Phillpp J Protestajit Founder of the Pietists Germany Rappoltsweiler, Ger.Jan., 1035 Feb. 5, 1705...., N|»liM»Ma, Benedict Pantheist Founder of a Sect Holland, Germany. ..Amsterdam, Hoi Nov. 24, 1632 Feb. 21, 1677 Nprlnur. tiardlner Presbyterian Preacher and Author Mass. and New York. Newbury port, Mass. .Feb. 24, 1785 Aug. 18, 1873 HwedenborK. Emanuel I'n.t.-stant Religious Teacher, Seer Sweden Stockholm, Sweden. .Jan. 29, 1688 March 29, 1772., 'riiaddeUH, t»r JiKle cliriHliun Christ's Apostle Palestine ." , 'Fhonias the .\|MiMlie Christian Preacher of the Gospel Uncertain 'Fyndal, AVllllam Episcopal Preacher. Bible Translator. England. Germany.. .North NIbloy, Eng.. .About 1484 Oct. 6. 1536 A'olney, t'onstantlne F. C.Delst Physician and Author France and Corsica. .Craon, France Feb. 3, 1757 April 25, 1820. ... Vol I III re, Marie F. A Deist Author and Poet France Paris, France Nov. 21, 1694 May 30. 1778 Wat In, iNaac Independent Preacher and Author London. England Southampton, Eng... July 17, lfl74 Nov. 25, 1748 Way I a lid, FrancU Baptist Preacher and Author New England New York March U. 1796 Sept. 26. 1H65 We«ley, John Metljodlst Founder of Methodism England, America .. .Epworth, England. . .June 17, 1703 March 2. 1791 AVesiey. Charles Methodist jSrlter""^" "'"^ ^y'""" '■ England, America.. .Epworth. England... Dec. 18.1708 March 29, 1788. . . Whllefleld, Oeo Methodist Preacher Enuland, America... Gloucester, England. Dec. 16. 1714 Sept. 30, 1770 Wlek litre, Johu Episcopal Religious Reformer Entrland WieklilTc. England.. About 1324 Dec. 31, 1384 Willi iiniM. ICnirer Baptist Founder of Rhode Island. .Rhode Island Wales About 1599 1683 Xiilniclliis, L'irlvh Protestant Swis.H Reformer Switzerland Wlldhausen, Swlt2...Jan. 1, 1484 Oct. 11, 1531 Zoroaster Mysticism Author of Persian Bible Persia About 400 B. C ;(i — ==<51 •:c>— ~^- DICTIONARY OF KELIGIOUS TKKMS IX COMMON USK. ■ ^iji^e' &■ G' o' '0000 'o Q G O G O"]^^ BBA— A word applied to religious superiors or bishops in foreign churches; meaning "Father." Abbey— A society of monks, governed by an abbot, or of nuns, presided over by an abbess; also, the house in which they dwell. Abbe— An abbot, or governor over an abbey. Abbrtcy — Whatever pertains to the office of an abbot or abbess. Academic — A believer in the philu>ophy of riato or Socrates. Acolyte — A church servant, employed in inferior duties. Adainio— Relating to the first man, Adam. Adoption— The reception of the redeemed into the family of God. Advent— A devotional season in the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, just before Christmas; a coming; applied spiritually to the first and second coming of Christ to the earth. Adventlsts— Generally applied to those who expect and teach that the second coming of Christ draws near; a religious sect. Advocate— A term applied to Christ as our intei-cessor at the throne of God. AITiiBlon- The pouring or sprinkling of water upon a person in the ceremony of baptism. AKnoHtlcIsm- A doctrine that neither denies nor believes in the existence of God. AeruuH Del— Latin words, meaning the Lamb of God; applied to Jesus Christ. Alblsenses— A sect of christian reformers who left the Roman Catholic church in the twelfth century; so called from Albi, in the south of France. Alcoran— Another name for the Koran, the sacred scriptures of the Mohammedans, written by Mohammed. AIcoi'anic^-Belongingto Mohammedism. Allah— The Arabian name for the true God. AM-halloi%-— A church feast on the first of November in honor of all saints; also called AU- Saint.s'-day. Alleluia— Hallelujah, signifying praise to Jehovah, the Jewish God. AII-Sonl«'-day — A Roman Catholic holy- day, when they pray for the souls of the faithful dead. Amen- A word at the end of a prayer or thanksgiving, meaning, "Let it be so." Anabaptist- One who does not believe in infant Ijaptism. Anathema— A curse pronounced by church authoritit-s uj>on any person or thing. Anathemntize— To curse. Anchoi'ite — A hermit; one who religiously retires from society and dwells alone. Anchoress— A female anchorite. Angel— A messenger from God; a ministering spirit; a ht-avenly inhabitant. Aneellc— Pertaining to angels; innocent or amiable. ADtedlliivian— Before the flood. Anthem— Church music adapted to passages of scripture. Anthologry (Greek) — A book of Church prayers. AnthrouoIoKy— Or Anthropomorphism; ex- pres.siuns which invest tile Deity with human pas- sions and attributes. Antl-Chrlst- The man of sin, as opposed to Christianity ; described in I. John ii. , 18 and II. Thes- salonians ii. , whose reign on earth is yet expected. Aiitl-chrlstlan— Opposed to Christ's teach- ings. Antlnomlann— A sect who, it is alleged, denied an i>lilij?ation, under the gospel, to obey the moral law of the Old Testament. Apocalypse— One of the names applied to the last book (Revelation) in the christian Bible; it means discovery, disclosure. Apocrypha— Certain books in the christ- ian Bii>le whose divine inspiration is consid- ered doubtful. Apostate — One who forsakes his religious vows. Apostle— Applied to the twelve disciples of Christ; one sent out to preach the christian or other doctrine Apostolical— Relating to the doctrines or work of an apostle. Archbishop— A chief bishop. Ark of the Covenant— A sacred chest of the Jews, containing the Mosaic tables of com- mandments and other religious memorials. Armenians- A sect that maintained that the divine nature of Christ absorbed his human. Armlnlans— Disciples of Arminius. of Hol- land; a sect of christians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; believing in a conditional and divine election to salvation and reprobation; universal redemption, on conditions, and spirit- ual regeneration. Ascension-day- A church festival in com- memoration of the return of Christ into heaven after his resurrection. Ash-'Wednesday— The first day of the annual fast of forty days in the Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches, called Lent. Ascetic— .■\ religionist who separated himself or herself from the world; lived unmarried, and in seclusion and poverty. Athanaslan Creed— -A creed used in the Church of England, relating to the Trinity; attri- buted to Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, in the fourth century. Atheist — One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a^Supreme Ruler or Creator; an infi- del, or unbeliever. Arlanlsm— A belief in the doctrines of Arius. Bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century, who taught that Christ was created and inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, although the first and best of created beings. Atonement— Satisfaction for injury; spe- cially adapted to the sufferings and death of Christ, by which God the Father became willing to forgive the sins of those who should believe in the all-sufficient power of Christ to save men from sin and its effects. AiiKiistine— An order of monks, named after St. Augustine; called also .\ustin friars, or White friars. Auricular Confession— One of the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church, which requires its adherents to confess their sins in the ears of a priest. Ave Maria — An invocation to the Virgin Mary; also a season of prayer in Italy. im- in? aiiliip us the creator of all things. Brahmanism- The religion of Brahma. Brahmin — A priest of the Hindoo religion. Brahmanee- Wife of a Hindoo priest. Broad Church— A Church between the High and the Low (or evangelical) church parties in England. Brother — A member of a church or monastic order. religion of Buddha, in Buddhism- The Hindoslan. Buddhist - Buddha. Calvary — The place where Christ was cnici- fled. just west of Jerusalem. Calvinism- A religion taught by John Calvin, the Protestant Reformer, of France. Calvlnlst — A believer Calvin. Calvinlstlc- teachings. Campbellltes— .A sect of the Baptists, known as Disciples of Christ, or Christ-ians, founded by Alexander Campbell, of Virginia. Canaanltes- People who inhabited the Land of Canaan, in Asia Minor. -A religious rule of doctrine, or church One who worships or believes i in the teachings of Relating to Calvin or his Canon- law. Canonical- Relating to Church laws. Canonicals— The official garments of a church functionary. Canonization— Placing a dead person among the saints of the church. Canon-ia'tv— The law which governs all Roman Catholic churches. Canticles — The book in the Old Testament known as the Song of Solomon. Capuchin — A monk or nun of the Roman Catholic order of St. Francis. Cardinal — One of the council of seventy appointed by the Pope to advise in church mat- ters, and from whom one is elected Pope by the others, when a vacancy occurs in the Papal chair. Carmelite — A monk of the order established on Mt. Carmel. .Asia Minor, in the fourth century, by the Ruman Catholics. ? -SL)^|>\ DICTIoNAKY OF KKLIGIOUS TERMS. Casuist — One who considers and settles cases of conscience. Catechism — A reduction of doctrinal points to questions and answers, for educational pur poses. Cathedral — The church in which the bishop of a diocese principally urtieiat^s. Cathedra is the chair which he usually occupies when in his official position. Catholic — Meaning the Universal, true, or whole Christian church; especially applied to the Roman Catholic church. Celebrant — jV church dignitary, who per- forms a religious rite. Censer — .4 dish in which incense is burned in churches. Ceremonial — The order of rites and cere- munie> used in public worship. Cerlnthlan — .\n ancient relipious sect, which endeavureii to harmonize the Jewish, Gnostic, and Christian doctrines. Chaplaln — A clerg>-man connected with the anny or naval service, or some other department of the government or civic societies; legislative bodies, etc. Cheruh — .\ high order of angelic beings; plural, cherubim. Christian- A disciple of Jbsus Christ, one who loves and obeys His teachings. ChrUtlanirv— The religion of Christians, foundfd un the teju-hings of Christ. Chrlsteninpr— The baptism of an infant. ChrlRtmaw— The annivei-sary of the birth of Jesus Ch^l^l. December 25. Churchmen — .A. term usually applied to leaine I or active members or officials of the Epis- copal church. Church-WarUen— A local official of the Episcopal Church, who oversees its temporal atfairs. CI ass- leader— .4 Methodist official, who has charge of the spiritual interests of a section of churcb-meinbers. ClerK5*man— One duly authorized to preach the gospel, and perform marriage, baptismal and funeral services. Commentator— An e.vpounder, or e.\piainer of the Bible or other books. Communion-Harmony between believers in anv one form of religion, and between God and nuin ; the celebration of the Lord's^ supper. Compunction— A consciousness of guilt. Conle««lon— Acknowledgment of having done wrong. ConfesMonal — The seat where the nriest sits while hearing the confessions of his (lock. ConfesNoi The priest who hears confessions in the Roman Catholic Church; also the one who confesses to him. Confirmation- A .sacred rite in the Episco- pal church, wherein the bishop lays his hands uiion the heads of the members and invokes the l.k-singof the Holy Ghost, with its sanctifying influences upcm their lives. i'onformlty- Having harmony - with the E-*tabIished Church of England, its ntes, its doc- trines and practices; or with those of any other denomination. ConTuclan —A believer in the teachings of Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher. ConBreffatlon- .\n a.xsemhlage of wor- shipers. ConereBtttlonall«iii— That form of church govurniiH-iit that has nu bishop at its head; as the Baptist, Presbyterian and Congregational churches. j Consecration — Setting apart the person or pronertv f"r a sacred i)ui-pose; dedicating a building to the worship of God; dedication. Consistory — Any solemn assembly or coun- cil- a rellgi"Us court for the settlement of church questions; the college of cardinals at Rome. Consociation -A tree-will confederacy of neighboring Congregational churches for mutual advice ami co-upcration in church matters, com- posed of lay members. Con«ubstnntlatlon-A Lutheran doctriii.- that the actual, substantial presence of tin- bfxly of Christ is with the bread and wine of the Lord's supper. Contrition -Penitence— true sorrow for sin. <*onvent — An nssemhiage of monks or of nuns di-vi.t.-fl t'l n religious life; the house in which th' y live; a Homan Catholic institution. Conventual — one who lives in a convent. C archbishop's staff, with the fig- ure of a cross a its top. Cross — Two pieces of wood or metal laid across each other and fastened: a symbol of Che cross on which Jesus Christ waa nailed and died. Crown — The head-dress of royalty; spirit- ually, the Christian, through grace, is able to overcome temptation, and thus wins a crown of victory; after death, if he is faithful, he hopes for a crown of glory. Crucial — Partaking of the nature of a cross or crucifixion, applied to any severe trial of the mind or body. Crucifix — An image of Christ dying on the cross. Crucifixion- Suspension of a human body on a cross, applied specifically to the death of Christ. Curate— An assistant to the clergyman in the Church of England. Damnation — The state of being condemned ; the punishment of the wicked after death. Deacon — The lowest order of clergymen; a subordinate church officer. Dean — A church prelate, subordinate to a bishoj). DecaloKiie — The ten commandments of God. Dedication —See COSSECR.VTION. Deify — To make a god of anything or being; to make godlike; as. Csesar was deified. Deism — The doctrine or creed of a deist. I>eittt — One who believes in a Supreme Ruler; but M'tt in revealed religion, taking nature and rcax.ii for hiE guide in doctrine; a free-thinker; an intldcl. Del Htlc — Pertaining to deism. Deity — A Divine being; God, the Supreme Ruk-r, whatever distinguishes God from other beings. Delude — The destruction of mankind by water in till- days of Noah. Demon —A spiritual being, a departed soul; an evil spirit; adevil. Demoniac — -^ human being influenced by a dfiiiiiii: a sect who believe that the devils will filially be saved from God's wrath. Denomlnittlon- A religious sect; a collec- tion of iiidivilocese — The district govt-rned by a particu- liii' iti-ho|i. tlie bishop Is a diocesan. I>lrtfe — .\ funeral hymn or piece of music. DIsciulc — One who wililnifly receives and ndiiiits tiie teachings of another as his or her gut.!.-. Discourse — Conversation; a sermon; an explanatory address. DlNpensntlon — The distribution of good and (■vllhy(i(»l to man; God's system of governing man, as the JcwIkIi and Chrlstlim riestly offices; the Levites were subordinate to the priests. MaffI — A caste of Persian priests, or wi^ie men. Mahomet — Same as Mohammed. Martyr — One who 'dies, or is persecuted, on acc«tunt of his religious belief. Materialist — One who denies the existence of spiritual substances, and maintains that the sovil of man is the result of a particular organiza- tion of matter in the body. (Webster). Messiah — Christ the promised Deliverer of Israel ; described in the Old Testament, rejected by the Jews, but accepted as the Savior by all Christians. Methodists — The denomination of Christians founded by .John Wesley. Mllletiniuni- A thousand years of holiness and peace on earth, described as a future event in Revelation XX. A Millenarian is one who believes in a literal reign of Christ on earth during the millennium. Monastery — A dwelling-house for monks, as a convent is tor nuns. Monk — .\ religious devotee, who separates himself from the world for service as a Koman Catholic priest; a dweller in a monastery. Mormonism — The religion founded by Joseph Smith. Mosaic — Pertaining to the career and laws of Mnsi's, the Israelitish leader. A believer in the Moslem or Mussulman - d^K'trinesof Mohammed. Mysticism — Obscurity of doctrine. Mystics A -sect which professes a pure sub- ' lime, disinterested devotion, and claims direct in- tercourse with the Divine Spirit. Nihilism — Skepticism as to the reality of anything. Nuncio — A Papal ambassador to a sovereign. Nun — A woman devoted to a religrious life, and living in a convent. Ordination — Religious ceremonies in prepar- ing a minister or priest for active duties in the church. Optimist — One who believes that all things are Miiiered for the best. Paecan — One who worships false gods. Pantheism — The doctrine that the universe, as a whole, is God. Papal — Relating to the Pope of Rome. Papist — A Roman Catholic. Patriarch — Ancient heads of families among tht.' Jews. Pelagian — A follower of the doctrines of Peiagms. Pentateuch — The first five books of the Old Testiiinent. Pentecost — The fiftieth day after the pass- over; a solemn festival of the Jews. Pessimist — One who believes that every tiling is tending to the worst. Pharl«ees — A sect of the Jcwn, rigid in their outward religious ceremonies, separating thent- selves on this account from other Jews. PietlstM — A Oerman sect of Reformers. Poly tlielsm —The doctrine of a plurality of gods. Ponllflcjki — belonging to the Pope. PreilcMtinadon —The doctrine of prcdes- tiuiition by (i.id of certain events in the history of men, especially their future happiness or misery. Presbyter — An ehier in the Presbyterian church, and a priest in the Church of Kngland. Presbyterian —One who belongs to a churcli governed by piesliytcrs. Priesthood -The office or character of a priest. Prol>atl<»ner.— A member taken on trial in a Methodist church for six months. Processional — Wliatever relates to religious processions. Puritans — Early dissenters from the Church of ICngland. Puseyism — A proposition to carry back the discipline and doctrine of the Church of Kngland to the second year of King Edward the Sixth. Dr. Pusey, however, was less of a doctrinarian than a ritualist. Pyrrhonlst — .\ skeptic, who has doubts of everything. (kuaker — A member of the sect called Friends. Rationalist —One who dejiends wholly on his reason as the supreme authority in matters of religion; a disbeliever in revealed religion. Redemptionlsts — A Roman Catholic order, the priests uf which devote themselves to the spiritual wants of the German people. KellBion —Any system of faith and worship. Restorationists —Those who believe that the puni-shment of the wicked after death will be but temporary, and that then they will be restored t ■> + * +' military education at Angers, in France. ^ Cast of Wellington s Face At eighteen he was commissioned an Ensign, and at twenty-six, as a Lieutenant Colonel, he commanded a brigade in the English army. When twenty-seven years old he went as a Colonel with his regiment to India. Six years later he was made a Alajor-General. doing conspicuous service in the Indian wars in 1803. He returned to England in 1805, and soon after entered Parliament, when thirty-six years of age. Two years afterwards he was engaged in military service again, and in the succeeding seven years he served his country so well, in the vari-^-us military fields to which he was assigned, as to win, in 1814, the thanks of Parliament and a pension of SIOO. 000 per year, besides a Parliamentary grant of ^2,500,000. In that year he was also made Duke of Wellington. In 1815. with his military headquarters at Brussels, in Belgium, he fought at Hongtmiont, on June 18, his final famous conflict, known as the battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon and the French troops were defeated. Three days afterwards he crossed, with his army, the French frontier, and proceeded to Paris, where terms of settle- ment were agreed upon, which, upon his part, as commander of the army and conqueror, were liberal and magnanimous. For his distinguished services, the King of the Netherlands made him Prince of Waterloo, and the British nation gave him an estate worlli $1,000,000. In 1818. the Duke resigiied his command in France, and returned to England, where he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army, a position which he held, except at brief intervals, until his death, his attention being largely occu- pied during his remaining years with state affairs. From 1827 to 1830 he was England's Prime Minister. He was subsequently appointed to several most imjjortant and responsible state positions, in all of which, whether in the cabinet councils or not, he extended his influence to the utmost to preserve the peace of Europe, which he did. almost unbroken, for forty years after the battle of Waterloo. He died of apoplexy, at Walmer Castle, Kent, in England, Sep- tember 14, 1852, being eighty-three years of age at the time of his death. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, in London, and the public obsequies attending his burial were the most elaborate ever seen in England. He was strongly built, possessed sharp gray eyes, a prominent, aquiline nose, and was below medium height. He united in his char- acter quick discernment to perceive, courage to execute, and con- scientious desire to do justice. Although lacking in oratorical power, his judgment was always such as to command attention and influence. Altogetlier his career stands prominent as an existence well rounded out, being from the first to the last a most successful life. WELL-KNOWN AND IMPORTANT BATTLES OF THE ENGLISH IN EARLY TIMES. BATTI-E of Ilastingn.— Foupht between Williain of Noniiandy. surnaiiieU the Coii- .-iiKTor. imd KinpHurold, of En^'huid. n.nr Hasl- iiiKS. Kn^rLind, OcU)berl4. lOBfi. Willi, u.i ii;ul in his <-(jiniiiiiii nu-n, and Kdward II.. of Kntjlimd, wiMi m-arly lUO.Oiic EnKli^hmen. at Bannticklmi n. Si-nllaiid. Juni- 24, Vili. Th*.- Knjflish wt-ie dfleatcd, with the loss ot 30.000 men. By this contlict th«; independence of Scotland from Kn;?land was achieved, and Uruee secured its throne. Buttle of Towton.— Fouprlit at Towton, near York. Knfrlnnrl. l)ctween the rival claimants to tlie ttirone <>!' Hnfflnnd, Kdward IV. , and Ilt-nry VI., Marcli 29, 1*61. Each wa-s supported by al)out .'.0,000 men, and an ntrreemenl wjls inad«' that no nuarter should be jr'ven. The battk- lasted more tli:in a day, anrl cnilefl, after Die slauKliterof over :!0,000 jiersrtns, in the defeat of Henry and Die L:tnea>.trian annv, the vletorv of the York dvnasty and Ihe .Htahlishincnt of l-Mward IV. upon lli'e ttirone of KtiKland. Battle of BoKMMirth.— Foupfhton Bosworth ncid, Kntfland. I.ctwcin the Earl of Hlehniond. a claimant for th.- ttiroJic of Enu'hind. and Richard III. , the reigning King, August 22. 1485. Treacli- ery aided Hichmond, and Kichard fell, fighting l»ravcly, Iliehniond winning the Held. Richard was the liLst of the 1*1 an tn genets, and their govern- oHTit. by this event, passed into that of the Tu.i, ISO?, Tin' comliinocl hind and sea attack rcsiiltrd in th.' capture of the Danish fleet, and Uciliimton ret-eived the thanks of I'arliament for tliis victory. Battle of Talavera.— Fought at Talavera. in Spain, July 27 and 2R. IXOit, between 22,000 IJritisIi troops, under Lord Wellington, and .'(0, 000 French, under Victor, .louithin. and Sebastiani. On tlie (Second day the French were (Iriven out. and Wel- lington occupied the city. Battle of BailiOoK*— ^oult, with the French army, having taken the fortllled city of Badajoz. Spain, fi-om the .Soaniards, Wellington, wltli his British tv.M>p-;, iMsii ged the eitv for iw.iitv s. and Blucher, with his Prussian command, under- took its dtfensf. On .Tune 10, ISI.'i, Blucher and the i'|-u — i,in- I nrniiMT.'ir-,! \,i|.i.N-n. of about 70.000 men (iiielndinkT l.'l,:.llOeavalrv). The alli-v .■.■nsi^lid ot a littl.' nioir than 2ri. 000 English sol.h.i-., uhMul 17,;>00 Nether- landers, and the rest were ilirmaiis. and weiv subHe(iuently reinforced by Blucher and the Prus- sians. The Imllle lasleil from before noon until towftrdH evening, and rcsull<>d In the complete rout of the French troops, and the overthrow of the Ereneh KnipcKu-. The losses of ihr liniisb allies, in.lnding tlm,e of the PrnsM,Miv uei. alioiit 2:1.000 men. and of the French more Ibiin .10.000, b. asides 227 pieces of cannon. Tfe^ d. ? LIFE AND AVuliK <)V XArol.KOX I. Brilliant Career and Final Overthrow. i^^NE OF THE most conspicuous characters in the ' history of the world was Napoleon Bonaparte. Imperious and self-willed as a child; talented and aspiring as a j'outh; ambitious, successful, rifh aiul one of the most powerful men in the world in his manhood; beaten, defeated and dying a prisoner on a lonely island at last — his career, whatever may be the opinion concerning his merit, was, at least, calculated to claim the attention of mankind. Corsica is an island about 115 miles long by 52 wide, situated in the Mediterranean Sea, about 100 miles southeastward from France. Upon this island, at Ajaccio, August 35, 1769, Na- poleon was born. Here he passed his childhood, a fondness for military tactics very distinctly marking itself with him in his boyhood, as shown in a fondness for organizing, drilling and commanding in military companies (so his biographers claim) the boys with whom he was asso- ciated. His father was Charles Bonaparte, a Cor- sican noble. His mother was a woman of superior beauty, courage and ability, and upon her devolved the youthful edu- cation of her children, of whom there were two sons, Joseph and Napoleon, and three daughters. Evincing a decided taste for military pursuits, Napoleon was sent to the mili- tary school of Brienne, in Champagne, when eleven years old, and afterwards to a military school at Paris, to complete his studies. In 1785, when sixteen years of age, he was made a Lieutenant of artillery and put on duty in his native country. Subsequently driven by the English out of Corsica, he lived with his family in very humble circumstances at Marseilles, in France. In 1793 he was made a Captain, and soon after was instrumental in securing the capitulation nf Marseilles. The summer of 1793 Napoleon spent in Paris. In September of that year he took part in the siege of Toulon. For extraordinary military success achieved there he was made, in 1794, a Brigadier-General of artillery. He was then twenty-five years old. At the close of a campaign against the Piedmontese troops, in NAPOLEON 1794, he retired to Paris, but his loyalty having been suspected, he was not assigned to service. He remained in Paris for about five months, in such poverty as to make even the blacking of his boots an expense in which he could not indulge. Hope, however, buoyed him up. He was young, adventurous, and the future was before him. In his thoughts of what he might accomplish, he seriously contemplated at one time offering his services to the Sultan of Turkey. In the meantime, however, the French government, having adopted a new constitution, and a dissension having sprung up whereby the party in power was likely to be besieged and dis- possessed, he was called to the com- mand of 5,000 troops, and successfully repulsed 30,000 of the National Guard, who were attempting to take possession of the C(mvention. Through the accomplishment of this achievement he was soon afterwards given the command of the army of the interior. This was in 1795, when he was twenty-six years of age. During this time having made the acquaintance of Madame Josephine Beauharnais. a widow of supe- rior accomplishments, from the West Indies, he was married to ber, and through the influence of this union he was given the control of the army in Italy, of which, one week after his marriage, he departed to assume command. His army consisted of .30,000 troops. Opposing him were 00,000 men; yet, not- withstanding that difference in numbers, he instituted a campaign which resulted in routing and destroying five armies, each larger than his own. and made large ac- cessions to the territory of France. He next invaded Egj-pt. of which his army soon possessed the mastery. He then passed into Syria for more conquests, hut having a decimated army he returned to Eg}*pt, where, giving the control of his forces to KIcber, his second in com- mand, he returned to France to be the head of a powerful party, overthrew the Directory then in power, and made himself First Consul. That was in 1799. The next five years of his life were full of startling events. In 1800 he was again in Italy, at the head of his army, and for various successes he was proclaimed by the French government Consul for life. In 1805 he was made Emperor. On the occasion of his coronation, he disdained the assistance of thr ■■'G^ .ri XAPOLEON S BANISHMENT TO THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA. Pope, but, instead, placed the crown upon his own head, and at the same time crowned Josephine. Six months later he crowned him- self King of Italy, at Milan. In the succeeding two years Napoleon, again at the head of his armies, secured victories in Austria, Prussia and Portugal; made the King and Queen of Spain abdicate in favor of his brother Joseph, and at the same time gave the throne of Naples to his brother-in-law. Murat. In 1809 Napoleon was divorced from Josephine for the purpose of marrying Maria Louisa, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. The fruit of this marriage was one child, a son. who at birth was designated the King of Rome. New alliances were formed, and the French Empire had seemingly a settled future before it. Napoleon, then forty-two years of age, was in the zenith of his power. From that time, however, his sun slowly began to set. The Spaniards did not take kindly to the encroachments of the French, and the wars waged in that country under the Napoleonic dynasty cost France 400. 000 men. Then came a period of great financial depressiLMi throughout France, in which the people were impoverished, and following came the opening of hostilities among the nations northward from France. At the head of an army of 500. 000 men, Napoleon passed his retreat, he gathered about him the army, once more marched upon Paris and drove Louis XVIII. from the throne upon which he had been seated by the other European powers. The Congress of Nations, then in session at Vienna, immediately inaugurated meas- ures to unseat him. Napoleon, with his enthusiastic followers, undertook again the initiative, and, in Belgium, was successful in defeating the Prussians at Liguy. But his army was too weak for the combined powers then arrayed against him. On the 18th of June, 1815, was fought the battle of Waterloo; the great military chieftain there met his overthrow, and the French army was dispersed. Napoleon hurried to Paris, and was soon followed by foreign armies, who again took possession of the French capital. After twenty- three years of war, in which hundreds of thousands of the men of France had been sacrificed, their capital was now in the hands of the foreign powers. The French Legislature demanded that Napoleon abdi- cate the throne once more, and just one hundred days from the time he had last ascended it, he signed a treaty for its abdication again, he being required to embark immediately for the United States. Fearing, however, capture by the British cruisers, he went on board a British man-of war and voluntarily gave himself up, trusting to the magnanimity of England for a generous hospitality. The English into Russia, where victory crowned his marches until he drove out the Russians from Moscow, of which city he took possession, in 1812. with bis vic- torious army. Here, on the night of September 15, with the city in their possession, the French were startled by the breaking out of fire in all parts of the town. The Russians had resorted to the only means they knew of to vanquish their pur- suers — the sacrifice of their homes in order to destroy the means upon which their enemies 8ubsisU;d. Into the heart of the enemy's country Nai>oleon dare not pur- sue further. Until October I9th nation, however, insisted upon pi«ee««ifaW£eQf£teei«S«€ea^ftt)eefWft-ft:€«t^>ieaa^^^^^ considering him a prisoner of war, and from the allied powers they obtained consent to banish him to the island of St. Helena, where, like a caged eagle, ac- customed to lofty and grand flights, he pined under his restraint for six years, and died May 5, 1821, during a terrific storm of wind and rain, which vividly recalled to him, in his dying moments, the terrible bat- tle-scenes in which he had been so many times the central figure. Maria Louisa never saw him again after his banishment to the isle of Elba, and in his declin- ing fortunes from that time forward she apparently took no interest. She married, in 1821. ^ he lingered, endeavoring to make ^333^.nia339.^aiaja?3333a?3?aJ.^^VV^^^?<»^»3ja?i»33v^^ an Austrian general. Count a settlement for peace, but all NaDoleon*S Tomb Albert Von Neipperg, who had offers being rejected, he re- luctantly commenced a retreat, which, in the midst of the snows that had fallen, was one of the most terrible journeys for an army of which history makes record. Napoleon himself, in a private conveyance, made his way directly to Paris, and announced his defeat, his losses being, out of the .V)0.000 men whom he took into Russia, 125,000 slain, 132,000 dead from hunger, disease and cold, and 193,000 lost as prisoners. Napoleon at once set about the conscripting of new troops, and in 1813 he passed into Germany to prosecute other wars, many great battles being fought in that year, with varying success, the battle at Leipsic costing his army 50. 000 men. At length the French people were clamorous for peace, the strength and manhood of the country being so rapidly drained us to make war no longer desirable. Napo- leon encountered tins feeling upon his return from Germany, but, organizing a fresh campaign, he made another effort to contend with the allied powers, which were moving against him. and which finally entered the French capital and compelled htm to abdicate hi.'' throne, be being given the island of Klba for his retreat. He pined here for more action, and within a year, escaping from Under ,1 ma.'Jsivt- inonuineiil in lln; Hotel ties Invalides, Frtince. himself been divorced from his first wife. Maria Louisa bore bim several children, and was a devoted wife and mother. Josephine, who had at one time been divorced from her first hus- band, before her marriage with Nai)ole(m. was most devotedly attached to the Emperor, notwithstanding her divorcement from him, and was restrained from sharing his imprisonment at Elba only from fear of hurting the feelings of Louisa. With an annual income of $.500,000 and her rank and title settled upon her by Napoleon, she spent the last years of her life at Malmaison. At her death she was buried in the church of Rueil. in a tomb erected by her children, EugeiR- and Hortensc. At his death, Napoleon was buried beneath a weeping willow, in Slane's valley, on the island of St. Helena, where his remains rested for twenty years. Under the administration of Louis Philippe his ashes were removed to France, ami they now rest there under an im])osing monument in the Hotel des Invalides. An overweening ambition for power, a despotic government, ton great a love for war, which overwhelmed his country in trouble, ill- treatment of the King and Queen of Spain, and many other actions :;S? BATTLES OF THE EKENCII. (;iiEAT MILITARY HICKOES. which mark the tyrant, are stains that blacken his memory. Never- Iholess he- did many wonderful things for France. lie subdued anarchy and brought orderoutof chaos: he re-establi.shcd her church, and dur- ing his reign he placed his country in the very first rank of the nations. He was unsurpassed as a military genius and administrator. He possessed in the highest degree self-reliance, untiring energy, and the power to command. His short, thick-set frame carried one of the loftiest intellects in the world, and for daring adventure, bold and wonderful achievement, his career was one of the most remarkable in the persoiud histories of the world. Important and Well-Known Battles of the French. TIATTI-E OF MAKENOO. FoiiKht at -" Miirenco. a village "I I'lrdiji,,,,! , italv .[uiie U. 1800, betwci-n nl ■;.s,ilim !■ i ..mli aoldlfrs under Victor and N;ii)i.lc.)ii, un.l ;mi \)isti i m irniv of 31.000 men and 200 cunnoii, , [iinn.l. ,1 tpv gen- eral Mi;las. At one time tliL- Full, h ,. :,l but rallied againand overwlielmet! till vii-iiiiin l,)rce The Austrlans lost 7,000 killed luid woiindid 3 000 prisoners. 20 pieee.s of aitillcry and 8 h.xttle-niig-i The loss of the French was about 7,000 killed and wounded, and 1.000 prisoners. The result ot this battle was the evacuation of all the fortified places m Italy west of the Mincio river, held bv the Austrians. Battle orHoheiiliiiden.-Foueht at Hohen- hnilen a vill.iti, 1,1 1 pper Bavaria, twenty miles east ol .Mum. Ii, .„il,er 3. 1800. between the treilch Ctncial .llui eau, with 100.000 men. and Archduke John of Austria, with an unknown number of Austrians. It resulted in the victory ot the French troops. The Austrians lost 8,000 in killed and wounded, more than 10,000 prisoners and 100 guns. The French loss was about 5,000 men. This battle i-e-opened negotiations leadintr to a treaty of peace at Luneville. Battle of Austerlitz.— Fought near Auster- itz. a small town in Moiavia. December 2. 1805 between Napoleon, with 80.000 French soldiers' and the combined Russian and Austrian army of 84,000 men, commanded by the Emperors of Riissia and Austria. The allies having chosen their posi- tion wioniily, Napoleon attacked and completely roiiti-d 111, •111. alter a most severe contest. The ttltics lust :io.i»io in killed, wounded and prisoners, and the l-reneh 12,000. As a result of this b.attle Austria was compelled to negoti.ile tin- iiime of Presburg. the Emperor of Russia i itii id 1., In, own dominions, and Nkpoleon acquired a large control of (.enti-al Europe. Battle of Jena.— Fought October H. 1806. at .leiia. Germany, between tin- French, under Napo- leon, and the combined I'm, i ml saxon army and the latter were i-outed ^' nh h h lul slaughter (in the same day. at Auei -iidi , i ,. i ni.niv .Marshal Davoust. in command of a Kiemh luin- 'ailiieved a victory over the Prussians. Bv tlie.,, I ivii battles more than 20.000 Prussians we're kiilid th. mili'- tary strength of Prussia was niatiiKijIy reduced and .Napoleon, following up the advantages thus l?amea, soon obtained possession of the capital ot that kingdom. Battle of Friedland Fought at Fried- land, irussia, .lull,. M, 1807. liet%veeu Napoleon, with over ,0.1 1- 1 vmh troops, and about .53.000 Kussians. under Geneial Bennlngsen. The French OSS was 8,000 men and two standards-, theKussians lost 1,,000 men and about eighty guns. This bat- tle resulted m the treaty of Tilsit, July 7, 1807. Battle of Alhuera — Fought May 16. 1811. at Albuera. .Spain, between General Berestord. eom- manding about 30.000 allied British, Spanish and -^>— '-— ci^-'^Q -^■-•~-.<^^ GREAT MILITARY HEROES OF THE WORLD. ,^>.^,^„,,^^^(5^^J BDEL KADER— An Arabian Emir; hoi-n in Algrtria near Mas- cara, in 1806 or 1807; operated in Algeria and Morocco, against the French and Moors. He was a learned author as well as a warrior, and the father of twenty-four children; died in 1873. Abercromby, Sir R:ilph— A ■ British General: born in Scotland, in 1738; fields of operation; The seven vears" war; American war; Flanders and Holland; commander in the West Indies; Irish revolution of 17fl8, and iiffainst the French in Egypt: wounded in the battle of Alexandria, Egypt; died near that city in 1828. Abrantes, Duke or— Andoche Junot— A Colonel-General of French hussars under Napo- leon I. ; born at Bussy-Ie-Grand, in Burgundy, in 1771; an impetuous officer, and known as "the Tempest:" raised from the ranks for bravery; dis- tinguished in Bonaparte's Italian and Egyptian campaigns; commanded in Portugal; served in Spain and Russia; died insane, at Montbard, France, in 1813. ,-Etius— A Roman General ; born in Ma?sia, about A. D. 39r.; vanquished Burgimdians and Flanks in Gaul; attacked Attila. the Hunnish invader of Gaul, on the plains of Chalon, ini.51, and more than 300,000 men perished on both sides: was assassinated at Rome, A. D. 4.J4, by the Roman Emperor Valentinian, who was jealous of his fame. Aeamemnon— An ancient King of Mycenae, in which kingdom he is supposed to have been born, date unknown: commanded the combined forces of Greece nt the memorable siege of Troy, immortalized by Homer; murdered by his wife on his return from that campaign. Aerrieola, Cneius *JuliuH~A Roman Gen- eral; born at Forum Julii (now Frejus), in Gaul, A. D. 40; sent to Britain by Domitian, and brought it into complete subjection; murdered, it is sup- posed, by Domitian. who was jealous of his suc- cess, at Hmne, A. L>. 93. . AlcibiaOes— An Athenian General; bom at Athens Greece, B. C. 450: etfected the conquest ot Sicily and that over Sparta; was murdered B C. 404. by a Persian satrap, at the instigation' of Lysander. Alexander the Great— A Macedonian Gen- eral; born in Macedonia. B. C. 356; destroyed Thebes; defeated King Darius, of Persia; subdued Asia Minor; routed 600.000 Persians at the battle of Issus: subdued Egypt, Tvre. and Libya; con- quered Persia; became brutal; pushed his con quests, and reached Babylon, having conquered nearly all existing nations; died while intoxicated at Babylon. B. C. 323. Alfred the Great— King of the Saxons in England: born at Wantage. Eng., A. D. 849; made successful resistance, on several occasions, to invading Danes, or Northmen; established coast defenses: translated the Bible and otlier books; was a patron of education and literature- died about 901. Alvarado. Pedro ».— A Spanish General; honi at Badajoz, Spain, about the close of the fif- teenth century: was the conqueror of Mexico, under Cortez, and Guatemala; governor of Guate- mala .and Honduras: killed in a fight with Mexican Indians, in New Galicia, Mex. . in 1541. Alvarez, Juan— A Mexican General: born in Mexico about 1790 ; drove Santa Anna from power in the revolution of 1855. conquering the republic of Mexico; died in 1867. Ancrlesey, AlarquU of— A British General; born in England, in 1768; distinguished for valor in Flandei-s. Holland. Corunna. Waterloo— losing a leg in the latter battle.and was Loi-d-Lieutenant of Ireland: died in 1854. Antony, Mark— A Roman Triumvir; born m Italy. B. C. 83; ably seconded Julius Cfesar in his struggle for supreme power, and was made joint Consul of Rome with him; achieved other national triumphs by his genius and valor, but being defeated in battle at Actium. B. C. 30. he slew himself; was husband of the renowned Cleo- patra, who killed herself, on leaming of his death, by the sting of an asp of^i« hf^r^'"^ ""/ ^^"^ ^""^- ^^^ P'*<^e ^"d date ?r-i 1 I ^ are unknown ; he swayed tlit^ Northern «n!i ^Tm .^"^ the Rhine totlie Volga; overran Illvria and all tne region between tlie Black Sea and' the Adriatic; Thrace, Macedonia and Greece were de^ astated: marched through Germahv into Gaul ; in%aded Italy, destroying manv cities; died sud- denly in his camp. A. D. 453 or 454; is supposed to &%''e o? G^od.^'^'"^'^^' ^^"*^^ himself, the Bayard. *'ChevaIier"-Peter dii Ter- rail— .\ French knight, distinguished for his valor, virtue.generosity and courie.-^v.and greaHv honored in life and in death; displaved admirable m-aveo" and talents; was bom at the chateau de Bayard, m Dauphiny, in 1476; was mortally wounded in battle in the 3Iilanese,atRomagnano' m lo'Zi. ^ Bernadotte. Jean B. J.- A French Mar- shal: born at Pau. France. inl764: was a coadjutor m the French Revolution, and in Bonapaite's campaigns; invaded Sweden and became its king for twenty-six years, rluring which time the country prospered; died at Stockholm. Sweden in 1844- ^r^'j?^**,***' Gebhard L. Von— A Prussian Marshal; bom at Rostock, Gei-many. in 1742: served under Frederick the Great, during the seven years' war: retired to agricultural pursuits- recalled to the army in 1786; active in the cam- paigns of 1792 to '94. distinguishing himself and gaining promotion; participated vigorou'^Iy in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814; defeated at LicTjv bv Napoleon, in 1815, and turned the battle of \\ aterloo mto a victoi-y for the English; was made Prince of Wahlstadt; died at Kribowitz, Prussia, Boli-var. Simon T. P.— President of South American republics; born at Caracas. Venezuela in 1,83; M-rested Central South America from Spam, and founded the republics of Bolivia and Colombia; died at San Pedro, near Carthaeena Spain, in 1831. Bonaparte, Xapoleon— An Emperor of France, King of Italy, etc. ; operated in France, Portuguese troops, and 23,000 French, under >Iar- shal Soult. The latU-r hoped by defeating Bcre»- ford to raise the niege of Badajoz bv the Brltlbh. but wa« decisively defeatfrl by the aniex. Battle of Cliidad Kijdriffo.- FoughtatClu- dad Rodrigo.a stronghold of Si)aiii.near the Portu- guese boundary. .January 19, 1»12. .Mussena. with a Irench force. had occupied it in IRIO. and retained it. Wellington began its .siege January 8. 1812. and furiously bombarded It. Flndingthat'twobreaches of sufficient size liad been made in the walls, he stormed the fortiliciitimis in the face of a murder- ous resistance, but succeeded in capturing the town. The British gained a vast amount of storeH and 1.50 cannon, but lost 1,300 men. The French loss was 300 killed and l.-'iOO prisonei-.«. For this exploit. Wellington was created a duke by Spain a viscount by Portugal and an earl by England. Battle of Lelpxlf.- Fought October 10. 17, 18andl'J, 1813. between 160.000 French, under Na- poleon, with 800 cannon and 300. 000 men and nearly 1,400 cannon, under Prince Schwarzenberg. com- posing the allied armies of Russia. Prussia and Austria. After severe lighting against such fear- ful odds, on the I9th. Napoleon madea full retreat leaving 12.000 able soldiers and 25,000 more of -iick and wounded in the hands of the allies. The total lo.ss of the French was more than 60,000. and that of the allies .50.000. This battle and its results served to liasten the downfall of Napoleon. 7^ (> — 54 GREAT MILITARY HEROES OF THE WORLD. Italy. Spain, Eg'j'pt, Russia and Belgium, as the greatest warrior of modern times, in point of ambition, energy and power overmen; born at Ajaccio. in the Island of Corsica, in 1769. and died. a lonely prisoner, in the island of St. Helena, in 1821. Bozzaris, Marco— A patriot and warrior of great distinction; bom in Greece, about 1790; made war against the Turks from 1820 to 1S23. and was killed in the latter year in the victoi-ious fight at >[issolonghi. Korii. Brian— A native king of Ireland; born at -Mimster. Ireland, about A. D. 927; over- came the Danes and prosperously reigned, but in a revolt of his own people they were assisted by Danes, and a light ensued, in which Boru was slain, but the Danes were permanently repulsed; died at Clontarf, Ireland, in 1014. Bruce. Robert — Earl of Carrick and King of Scotland; born in Scotland in A. D. 1274; bear- ing his father's name, he fought for the freedom of Scotland from the English yoke, fii-st fighting under the English banner against his competitor for the crown. Baliol ; Bruce was crowned at Scone, in 1306, defeated Edward II. at Bannock- burn, in 1314, thus tinnly establishing his throne; died in 1329. Brnnswick, Charles MV. F.. Duke oi*— A Prussian General, born at Brunswick, Prussia, in 1735; served actively in the seven years' war. and his services were celebrated by Frederick the Great in a poem; was mortally wounded at the battle of Auerstadt, in ISOG. C%8a.r, Julius— First Roman Emperor; bom at Rome, B. C. 100: owing to family affairs, the Dictator Sylla resolved to destroy him, but at the solicitation of friends spared his life; became Chief Pontiff and Prsetor, and in B. C. 59 Consul ; Mil»d>ied Gaul; twice invaded Britain; overcame Itiil>-, became Dictator and Consul at Rome; van- i|in>lifd the Egyptians, and captured .Spain; bt'Lj-iue the victim of a conspiracy formed by Brutus, Cassius and others, and was assassinated in the Senate House, March 15, E. C. 44, Collinswood, Cuthbert, Liorcl— English Admiral; born at Xewcastle-on-Tyne. Eng. , 1750; was at Bunker Hill. America; expedition to Cen- tral America ; with Lords Howe and Jervis in their victories over the French. 1794. 1707. and with Lord Nelson at Trafalgar. 1805, taking that officer's place when he fell, and finishing tlie victory; for this he was raised to the Peerage of England, with thanks of Parliament and a liberal pension for his family ; died at sea, 1810. Conde, PrInceH and Dukes of— Nine mem- bers of the younger luni.sclu'lil of the Bourbons of France, who played iiiipiMi.iul military and politi- cal parts in French hihtury iji-tween 1530 and 1800; of these Louis II. . surnanu-d the Great, was born at Paris. 1621. and distinguished himself in the wars with Spain, between 1645 and 1650. Constantine the Great— Emperor of Rome, bom at Naissus. in Moesia. about 274; struggled for the empire with Maxentius.whom he overcame: vanquished Licinus; chastised the Goths; made Christianity the dominant religion, and removed the capital from Rome to Constanti- nople (Byzantium); died at Nicomedia. 337. Coi-dova, Francisco Ferdinand de— S|..iiii-.li General, born at Madrid, 1792; fought in till- raniiJ.aign against Napoleon; minister i>t' war, IS-17. in 1840 went to Italy with an army to aid in restoring the Pope; fought against the victorious insurgents in the revolution of 18.54, and rted to France; in 18.56 he returned to Spain, and in 18C4 was made minister of war in the cabinet of Narveez. Cortez, Hernando— Conqueror of Mexico; born at MiMlellin, Spain, 1485; sailed in 1504 for San Domingo, W. I. ; received several appoint- ments front the governor; in 1518 fitted out his (•xpedition to Mexico, contrary to the governor's wishes: between March 4. 1519, and Aii;.-ii-i i.; | ,"i he waged a w;ir with the Mexicans xvtmii m nlii i| in his vanquishing them, and he hi-. .Lim ^-.n . i jii.i of .Mexico; jealousy at home, him.-Mi, iiiiiicd him, and he died in solitude In Si)ain, nearScvilhr 1.547. tVeveccpur, Philippe de— French Mnrthal and Haron ; born t?arly in the Hflecnlli i-' nlury. In France; distinguished as a woldln- umi-w ( 'JuhIch the Bald and Louis VI. , and in nuiucroiis miiitarv and tllr>l'>niiili<- uiid.Ttakiiigs, sign.-. I, r<.r Fnin.-.-. 111.- ti.MlKs .,f .\ria-^ .ulii.li gavr iinpcilant tcrii- loiy to l-niTM-.'i and Kntrl.uid, II.- al><) ov.t.-.ujic Duke .MiLXUiiiltan in i'lr.mly, taking more t.-iri- tory. and wa.H on his way to conquer Naples, when he died near Lyons, in France, in 1494. Cromwell, Oliver— Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth; bom at Hvmtingdon, Eng. , 1599; became a zealous Puritan; entered Parliament, irj2.'>: onpoHcd King Charles I. in Par- liament, and took the ilelrl agaln^^t him, winning \ l.-toriesover lln- roval Irooii^, m mMiuiou>i well- f'.ught battb-- b.tw.en IflCJ jukI Ifilf,. iin.l aided In hi-ini/iiig th.' kiritr t.. ii>.' .-..■.nr'.i.i . Ii.> i lim >.ulKlu.-d Ireland, after severe fighting, and defeated the Scotch loyalists; in 1651 he reached the sum- mit of his power, becoming Lord Protector in 1653; during his dynasty England was prosper- ous, respected and feared by other nations; died at Whitehall Palace. Eng., 1658. Cyrus the Great — His career as a Persian General was foretold by Isaiah more than one hundred years before his birth, but considerable diversity of history surrounds his acts; he was son of Cambyses, the Persian; at the age of thirty he was sent with 30,000 men to assist his uncle Cyax- eres, who was about to be attacked by the Baby- lonians, dispersing the latter; pushed the war into adjoining countries; subdued Cappadocia; captured Sardis, the capital of Lydia; reduced almost all Asia to subjection; returned and fought the Assyrians; captured Babylon after a siege; engaged in several other wars and subdued all the nations between Syria and the Red Sea. and is described in Scripture as "Monarch of all the earth ;■' he is supposed to have reigned from about 558 to 529 B. C. , dying at the age of seventy years. Darius, the Mede— Son of Astyages, King of the Medes; mentioned in Daniel v.. 31. ix., 1. andxi.,1; in scripture also called Artaxcrxes; in either A. M. 3448 or 3468, he conquered Babylon, dethroning Belshazzar, his sister's grandson. King of the Chaldeans, occupying the throne for about two years, when he died, and Cyrus the Great reigned in his stead. Darius I., King of Persia— Son of Hystas- pes; took Babylon after a siege of twenty months; gave permission for rebuilding the Jewish temple at Jerusalem and sent the captive Jews to their own country; subsequently the Persians invaded Greece, but were defeated at Marathon; while preparing to take the Held against the Greeks in person, Darius died B. C. 4S5. Darius III., the last Kins of Persia- Persia being invaded by Alexander the Gieat. Darius took the field against him in person, com- manding an army of 600,000 men; two battles were fought, at Granicus and near Issus; in the latter the Pei-sians were routed, having nioi-e than 100,000 men killed; Darius escaped. and afterwards fought the Greeks again, but was defeated and fled; he was found murdered. B. C. 331, in his chariot, the victim of Bessus, governor of Bac- triana, who coveted his throne. Davoust, I^ouis Nicholas— A French Mar- shal; born at Annoux. Burgundy, 1770; studied at Brienne with Napoleon; distinguished himself on several occasions in the French army, and went with Bonaparte to Egypt; in the campaigns of 1806 and 1809 he won the titles of Marshal, Duke and Prince, was governor of Hamburgh in l«i;i, 1814; minister of war under Napoleon in 1815. and commanded the army which capitulated under the walls of Paris; died in Paris. 1823. Dessaix, Joseph Marie — A French Gen- eral under Napoleon; born at Thonon, Savoy, 1764; served at the siege of Toulon, in U;ily and in the campaign of 1806 against Austria, wiimiiij,' the title of Count of the Empire; commanded at the city of Berlin; in 1813 was intrusted with tlie defense of France on the line of the Alps, and subsequently was commander of the National Guard at Lyons; died in France, in 1834. Desalx de Veigfoux, Louis Charles Anthony — -\. .-eleliiateil French (ieneial. of noble deseeiit; hiirri in Auvergne. ITCiS Lii'iileiiMnt inthe;u-Mi\ ■.<\ ni i-iii ; defended Fori K'.-lil m ir.n.. conini:uiiliii;j .< il i v , -[nn in the army i >i i in- IMnnc . accomp;nitr(l I ..|.:irtcto Egypt.' wlnTe ],<■ w.is known as -ilie .lust Sultan;" and fell in the hat He of Marengo, June 14, 1800, just as he had aided in winning victory over the Austnans. DuniiiN, General— A inuliitto Fr.-nch odleer; born in .l.r 'rni--. II ivli. \HV.: ; i-iilere.l Ihe French anny ;it t..i!r1.'.'ri , tn.t.'d for his li.iiKN.nne flk'Uie. pnHljgi.His strength and great bravery; ^ir^ril under Duinouriez. then in Italy, under n.i|imIi.)||, and at the battle of Brixen, single- li:iinlid. he defended a bridge against the enemy until the French could come to his rescue; he also served with distiru-tion in Egypt; died at Villiors- Cotterets, France. 1806. Duroc, C}lriird4\ »f.-.\ favorite General of Nai)oleon's; bom near N;uiey, Fianee. 1772: Governor of the Tuilleries; ■■nqil.iye.l .>n iin|i.n-- taiit diplomatic missions; serve.! at Atis(ei-lit/. in the campaigns of iHOfl antl *07, in Austria and in Hns-i;., Kill. .lilt the battle of Bautzen, while eseiirtnig Hie I'lniperor to an elevation. Napoleon bought the land where he fell, and ereeted a mon- ument to his nu'inory thereon; died near Markers- dorf. Saxony, 1813. Edward, Prince or WalcH— Known iiii *'the Hlack Prince," from the color of his armor i son of King Edward III., of England; born at WoodKtodc, Eng.. l-SSO: accompanied his father to France in n45. and p^ulieipate.l in tin- great vic- tory (d'Cr.ev; n.v.i;.'..! III.' Fieiieh .Luninionw. 13.55 and '.Sfi. and re-l..r.(l ■ r.-.lro the ( 'ruid " to the thron.-ol Spiiin, .Ik.I in I iii^'lun.l. i:t:r,. Espnrtero, Joa<|iiln B.— A Spanish Gran- dee; boi-n near Cuidad Ileal, Spain. 1792; fought the South American insurgents in Venezuela and Peru; favored the succession ut i^ueeii Isabella II. to the throne; fought the Carlists successfully in the civil war. 1833- '39; was head of Queen Chris- tina's ministry; succeeded her as regent in 1840; being overcome by Narvaez he retired to England, until 1847, when he returned to Spain, and resumed his lost honors; subsequently became head of Isabella's government, and after her expulsion he supported the provisional government, refusing the crown, which was olfered to him, on account of his great age. Oarlbaldl, Gulseppe— An Italian patriot; born at Nice, 1807; raised ;i mariner; in 1834 he was exiled from Italy forexeitiima revolution; visited the Black Sea and South Anienea; espoused the cause of the republic ot KioGrande; was repulsed and taken prisoner; escaping, he returned to Rio Grande and joined an expedition against the Bra- zilians, sometimes on land and sometimes at sea; after the war he settled at Montevideo; this place being besieged, liaribahli fitted out a flotilla, and the town was saved. lie then returned to Spain and participated in the military affairs of 1848, defeating the Neapolitans. Being surrounded by Austrians, he was offered terms of capitula- tion, which he refused, and he and his adherents fied; but his wife died, he was arrested, iKinisiied, and came to New York; made vo>;i;-'.s ti. Hie Pacific, and returned to Nice; here In- juineil the Sardinian government against the Austiians; rendered important services during the war to the Italian cause, and in 1860 captured Sicily and became Dictator; afterwards he assisted in the overlhr'nv of King Francis, and the kingdom of Tu u Sirih. - i>. .aiiie merged in that of Italy. Gar- ib;ilili 1. -L^rii. .1 the l)iet:(toisliii. and retired to the isLiml i-r t^ipiera. Subse.iuently he reappeared pruiuiiieiitly in the troubles in Italy, and incited the Hungarians against the Austrians. In a battle near Aspromunte he was wounded and taken pris oner but was pennittetl to return to Caprera. Again he lepeated ins m. cements tor the eomjuest of Rome, but w;iv upim one .leeasum arrested, and on the other detect led in l.:title and taken prisoner, but rele.ised Jis.iii Ainenean citizen. In 1870, when tlie lie! -U III II- -i| Fl.ilire •.\as established, he joined ill Its national deteiK-e, aiulser\ed in the French army, but without distinguishing himself. He filled a seat in the National Assembly for a time, but resigned and retired to Caprera. He wrote novels and poems, and was undoubtedly one of the most remarkable men of this centuiy. Among his latest acts was the procuring of a divorce from his second wife. Died, June 2, 1882. Gonsalvo of Cordova, Hernandez A.— A eelelxated Spanish waiii..t, kiiMun :is--the Great Captain," burn at Moritill... Spain, H.53. He entered upon a military lile at (illeeii years; distinguished himself in wars against the Moors, Portuguese. Turks and French; was Viceroy of Naples, wliich kingdom he had conquered; died in Granada, Spain, 1515. Oaurgaud, Oaspard* Baron— A French General, born at Versailles, France, 1783; attended milit:irv schools; entered the army in 1802; fought in the eain|>aigns ut Gernuuiy, Poland. Spain and again in Ceiiiiany; went tu Hussia with Naiioie.m; at Moscow piiveiited the explosion .it .'.00,000 pounds of puwder. and was created Baron ; aee..inpamed Napoleon tlirough nuineruus battles, saving his hie .m one occasion; was aiinuig the l:i-t o(li.'.-iv t.i le.ive the field of Waterloo, and ■ "■<■ iMni.'d III- .-hief to St. Helena. Returning 1.1 iji^i mil, )i. AMiNe.i for the release of Nap(. I. -on I [Mill exile, ;itid r i 1 1 red to France, where he lived on a legiiey livuu his former friend and com- iiKinder; died in 1K52. OouKh, If UKhVlKcoiint— .\ Bi'itish General; born at Woodsti.uii. Iiehnul. i;79. enter. -d the army in 1794; s.>i\ed ;li.miii.-i Hi,. I'uleii in Smith Africa; in the \\ . -t Imli. v, ,n Sp:nn, .|islin;,Mii-.b ing himself in se\eral iDiiJort.uit buttles; r.ini miuidcr-in-Chicf in Chuui, and created a Ban. net; transferi"ed to India, with supreme coinnmn.l, In- carried on a brilliant and successful campaign against the Sikhs, from 1843 to 1849; superseded by Sir Charles Napier; made a viscount, handsomely pensioned, and created Field Marshal. Orant. Sir .Tume>« Hope— A Bhtisli Hen eraU b.trn al Kilgra-l.-n, Se..(lan.l, 1,S(IS; eiiter.-d tli.-iinnvin lS2r.. served in the Ilist Knglivli uar with China, in India ILun ISIX to l.s,'>s. uh.-i.' Ii.- w 1811 h.- s,-rved Willi di-lin.-liiii; in tli.- i.rmv. j.;irli clp;UMik' III s"Mi.. .if Hie ni.i-l .lislingnisli.'.l liatH.-s and .Mt.q.i.lk'll^ 1 'I- NMpMlei.ii i.iid nHi.'l-s, \ subsequently, after Napnlcnn's return from Elba, attached hhn-^clf tn tli-' Ijni.. i m '- rmtviiiL-s, heconiiiitr '.\ Miit^lial ol" l-i m. . in, I i ikirik' u citn- spicUMUs p;ul in (lis r]ii,i ,-|„ , n Hisfail- UIT. linWL'ver. In brint; in- Im.- )ii.mIi.)I1 jit th«i buttlu of Waterluu, rather (Ij-h .h ..Imv pre- vious orders, eosl Napdleon hi^ -lu-nil ilii.ir. in that eont(^st. Ketiriiik' from Kr^inii unJii pio- wcription, he liver! live years in llx' Uiuhil Slates, at l'litladelr>hia. He il-lurned In [•lance in 1821, anil was restored U. Ins rank of Marshal. Iluvelock, Sir Ilciify \ Uril i-h Ceneral, distiuK'iiished by his bnllMiii l' i ni|i,i ii^ii a^'^aiiist the Kepoys in India in lHri;.h<.( .uiuilv Dur- liani, Hnt'-. I79'i; entered tin |;piii-li .iirnv in 1815; Went to India in ISlM; pari leipiii.'il m ihr hiirniese war (d 1.S'.>1 wHb di^I ineriMii, m ili.. ,n\ i-imi of Afirhanislan. under Sii Willi. ii^-bhy ( ■,,ii..ii, 18:}8 ami l«:iii, in the MalnaHacunipuik'ti and in the war a(?ainst the Sikhs; fought in Persia. IxriO; his operations in 1857. in opposition to the Sepoys under the Nana Sahib, however, established his military fame; died near Lucknow, India, of dysentery, November, 1857. receiving' a baronetcy from the English government the day after his death. •losin of vVi'c, **the lHaifl of Orleans*'— This Ki't-atest of heroines was born of humble par- ents at Doniremi. France, UIO; tended sheep and took eare of horses at a eountry inn; but havint? a mind far superior to her station, and brooding over the sufferings of lier country and the means of relieving tliem until she beli.-ved herself called by mysterious V. lilts 1,1 bn-onie the deliverer of France, she iilfer./d lier^-.-lf tr. the king as a divinely appointed wanmr. Her services were accepted, and she took the Held against the ene- mies of her country. Her alleged divine appoint- ment and bravery inspired her tf Maxi- milian, in June. 1867. In Octobei' Juarez was re-elected president of Mexico. Five years of unsuccessful revolutions against him followed. but peace came in 1872. The health of Juarez, how- ever, failed undci- all his trials, and he died in .Mexico, in 18T3, of apoplexy. K<»MMiith, IvOIiIm— Ex-govcrnor of Hungary; born at Monok. I«n.': ,uU-v<-c\ rtw National Diet a.sa reiiresenlaliv. ill i-,."i, |,,i imlil i -liing reports of the pnnTedintTs i-l I h i - ,i - ■ m I.I \ . he was con- victed i.t hi^'h InM-.in ;,Mil -rot. -I. red tO foUr years-iiii|,M-iiiirNr,ii, Within two years. however. ho wji- lil.ii ii, ,1 ,,,1 an amnesty; became editor of anew-j.ii. I ,ii ir.iii in isu; in ^8^« he visited Vienna, ih, . .ipilul ..f Austria, to press the claims of Hungary upon the governni.nl. an.l rrinrncd to Presburg as minister of Ihianee, Irider Ihis administration he successfully earrii-d <)ut import- ant nwasures for the relief ofthe peasantry under the feudal system, which was swept away. Dur- ing the civil war of 18I8-'49 he was governor of Hungary. The Hungarians having been sup- pressed, mainly by the armed intn vrnli.in of Russia. Kossuth retired to Turkey with s.-veral political allies and ,^,(M)0 troops. Itv the interyen- tion of England and France. Turkey refused to deliver up Kossuth at the request of Austria and Russia, and he and his followers were retained as prisoners in Asia Minor until 1851. Kossuth then proceeded to l;,ngland. and sailed for the United States in the autumn of that year. Here he traveled, advocating the cause of Ilungary. and was received with great favor. Afterwards he returned t-i England, residing there for several years, engaged in ieetming ..nd writing for the newspapers. From 1S6^ to lST-'> he resided in priv- acy at Turin, devoting much time to scientific investigations. Lopez, Xarciso— Cuban revolutionist; born in 1799, in Venezuela. S. A., of wealthy parents; served for some time in the Spanish army, retir- ing in 1822. while Colonel. After the Spaniards evacuated Venezuela, he went to Cuba, and then to Spain, espousing the cause of Queen Isabella against Don Carlos, the pretender, and became the recipient of several offices, which, for polit- cal reasons, he rejected, returning to Cuba. Seized with the idea of Cuba becoming independ- ent of Spain, he came to the United States in 18i9, and organized, at the expense of nearly his entire fortune, three separate and unsuccessful expedi- tions to free Cuba from the Spanish yoke. The last expedition, which sailed in August, 1851, resulted in the capture of Lopez and many of his followers, and his own execution at Havana, Sep- tember 1, 1851. IMClltisideK— Illustrious Athenian General ; flourished 111 the lifteenth century before Christ; reduce.! rhersonrsus, Leinnos and Cyclades. and before Christ. 490 years, fought and overcame the invading Persian army at Marathon; accused of treason by his countrymen, he was thrown into prison, where he died of a wound received in fighting for Grecian independence; died B. C. 489. Moltke, Helmuth K. B. "Von— A German General; born at Parchim. Germany. 1800; at eighteen became an officer; entered the Prussian service in 1822; went to Constantinople in 1835. and improved the Turkish government's fortifica- tions, and fouffht for the Sultan In the want ngaiuHt the Kurdu and Egypt; retumi-d to PniKnia in 1839; in 18.16 became the adjutant of Prince Frederic, and in IH-'tH chief of the general Mtalf «»f the army: In ixr.9 he was mad<; Lleutenant-Gen- eral. figured hirg.-iy in the warn with Denmark llHU) and Austria (IKfiOi. When the war with France began. in 1870, hts plans resulted in a «orle« of ustiuiisliing and continuous vlctorieM. He wan rewaided by th.- title of Count unrl large dona- thuiM of money. t-U:. ; was made a General Field Marshal In 1M71, and life member of the upper house of the Prussian parliamenl. Nero, LiticlUM DomUlim ClaiidlUH — A Roman emperor; bom at Aiitiiiin, Italy, in 37; succeeded Claudius, who was murdered, in hi us Emperor, and proved to be one of the basest of tyrants. The story of his life Is a catalogue of eniej erini.s. whde the success of the Roman army .jiii ill- his ri-ign was glorious. A rebellion against this lynut. in 68, proving successful, he c«nnniitted suieide. Plzurro, Francln— Born atTruxlMo. Spain. in lilf), and while a boy ran away to Spanish America. In 1524 he discovered Peru, in connec- tion with Almagro. and Charles the Fifth made Iiim Governor of the new-found coimtry, over which he achieved the conqucwt in 1532. in 1537 a contest between him and Almagro terminated in the defeat and exeeuti.m ofthe latter. AImagrr>"s son, in revenge, in 1. HI, aided by some friends, assassinated Pizarro in his jtaiace at Lima, Peru. Pompey, Cnelus— Known as Pompey the Great; a Roman statesman and warrior; i)0m 106 B. i'. : at the age of twenty-three, with the parly of Sylla. and commanding three legions, he recov- ered to Rome. Sicily and Africa; ended the war in Spain, and considerably extended the Roman Empire in Asia; married Ca?sar"s daughter. In a few years dissensions arose between Caesar and Pompey; civil war ensued, and Pompey was defeated in the battle of Pharsalia. He then tied to Egypt, where he was assassinated. B. C. 48. Ponlatowski, Prince Joiieph—HlustrlouB Polish General; born at Warsaw. 1763; distin- guished hims.-ir in tin- cause of Poland during the nnh.ii'p.v stnigi^'lr-. ..t i:\ri and •'.t4: entered the Fr.-nrh arni>', and .-.viiihite.! r.iris|ii.-iii)Us bravery and talent m the campaigns bitwt-en 1806 and 1814; was made a Marshal on the battle-field at Leipsic, and was drowned in the river Elster, 1813, Santa Anna, Anton! I^opez de— A Mexi- can General; born at Jalapa. Mex.. 1798; entered the Spanish army, becoming Lieutenant-Colonel in 1S21; joined Iturbide in 1822 in overthrowing Spanish rule and reducing the province of Vera Cruz; Iturbide was in turn overthrown by Santa Anna, who proclaimed himself emperor. The Mexican Republic was formed soon afterwards, and from that time until 1833 Santa .\nna was engaged in fighting against or maintaining, at the head of Mexican troops, the claims of rival chiefs. In 1833 he became president, retaining the office for three years, at the end of whieh tiiiie he was taken prisoner at San Jacint.> by politu-al oppo- nents. After his liberation, in 1837, he lost a leg while engaged in repulsing French troops at Vera Cruz. From 1841 to 1845 he was again president of the republic. In 1845 he was exiled for ten years, but was recalled to the presidency and to protect .Mexico against the United States armv. In several encounters with Scott and Taylor, the American Generals, his forces were defeated, and in 1848 he was compelled to resign. From 18.52 to 1855 he was president once more, and was then driven into exile again by the revolt of General Carrera, living peaceably for some years at St. Thomas. After that, he pariicipated niore or less quietly in Mexican political changes, but without any notable s'uccess. Died, June '^), 1876. r .(>-— 50 SKETCH (IF THE EIFE OF GEOEGE WASHINGTON. George Washington. HERO OF THE WAR FOR UNITED STATES INDEPENDENCE. ANY CIRCTMSTANCES must necessarily com- bine to make, witli any individual, a great career. Among them there must be a suita- ble training, a locality in which genius may ex- pand, and opportunity to draw forth genius. Many great men have lived, passed through life, and died comparatively unknown. The occasion never offered by which their power might have been seen. They could have been distinguished had opportunities been favorable. Very truly has Gray in his * "Elegy. " speaking of the country churchyard, said: 5^*^'*' Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant nitli celestial fire; Hand that the rod of empire mi^lit have swajed, And waited to cstasy the living lytt. But the favoring circumstance never came by which they could be carried for- ward to greatness and renown. The career we follow in life depends, therefore, much on circumstances; some people call it luck. In till* study of man wc cannot fail to recognize I hat greatness hangs on a myriad of causes that exist outside of him- self. Of these one of the most important of all, perhaps, is tile inheritance of a well-balanced mind. Without mental capacity the opportunities may be ever so favorable, yet they will pass unim- proved. With strong brain-power, cou])led with ambition to achieve, perceptive power to foresee, and judgment to direct. and opportunity offering, the individual goes forwanl to success and power. Of all the circumstances, therefore, which may be presented, there are none so desirable to the child as the possession, at birth, of a brain-power capable of grasping the opportunities as they occur in after-life. Sucli was the gift which 'George Washington's mother presented to her child. A strong woman, of clear intellect and high moral character, she endowed him witli the caimcity for a prosperous life in any event, and for a great career, if opportunity ollert^d for him to enter upon it. The war of the Hevoliition occurred in his time, and, with a genius equal to the occasion, lie made his |ilace in the hi:arts of the peojile. On February 32, 17.32. (Jeorge Washington was born at liridge's Creek, in Weslmorelund ctninty, Va. His father afterwards lived on the Kuppahanuock. a short distance from FrcderickshurL'. ivlnrc lu- WASHINGTON. DUUnC"'^)"'! < died in 1743. K-aviny; a widow and five children, comfortably provided for with u large landed property, of which, by will. George inherited the homestead, while the oldes^t brother, Lawrence Washington, received the estate on the Potomac. George, who at his father's death was not ten years of age, obtained, at an ordinary school, a knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic. At fourteen he commenced the study of geometry and surveying, in which he made such progress as to cause him to enter upon the profession of surveying when sixteen years of age, at which time he was in the employ of Lord Fairfax, who had hirge estates in the vicinity of the Alleghany Mountains. Three years he passed thus, traversing the wilderness, surveying in the summer, and spending the winter with his brother Lawrence. During this period, engaged thus in active open-air employment, he developed into fine physical j)roportlons, became familiar with the lands of which he afterwards was a large^owner. and formed an acquaintance with the Indian tribes then in that region, from whom be obtained knowledge that served him well in after-years. At this time it was a matter of dispute between the English and French govern- ments as to the ownership of the North American continent. The French were tlu-M intrenched o\\ the St. Lawrence and at the mouth of the Mississippi. The English were in possession of the region bordering the Atlantic coast. In view of the probability of a rupture between the two countries, and possibly of an Indian war. the Colonial conntry was divided into districts, and Washington, then nineteen years of age. was made an Adjutant, with the rank of Major. Through the dt-ath of bis brother I>awrence. in 1752. George <-:inie into the possessicm of the estate at Mount Vernon, the name having been given to it by Lawrence in honor of Admiral Vernon, a popular naval hero with whom he was acquainted. The succeeding year was largely occupied by George in settling his brother's aflfairs. In the meantime the threatening attitude of the French caused Governor Dinwiddle, then governor of the Colonies, to residve upon dispatching a messenger to confer with the French comimmderas to their intcTi- tions. It was a hazardous journey of over .'iOO miles, to be made in mid-winter through a then tr!ii-kI("-« wild.-rness. Washington, being -:o: WASIIINGTONS SEEVICE IN TllK ENGLISH AE.MY. selectt'tl to execute the work, performed the journey Hiicccssfiilly, though amid greiit dangers from the Indians. From that interview of Washington, it was learned that the French proposed to resist the extensi(m of English occupation towards the Ohio. It was thereupon resolved by the Colonial Assembly to take action against the French, and among the regiments raised and ordered into the field was one of which Washington, refusing to take the Colonelcy, was made a Lieutenant Colcmel, and stationed at a point whore now stands the city of Pittsburgli, Pa. For five years Washington was in the royal service, the command of the army in various battles devolving upon him. In one of the engagements, known as Braddock's defeat, he received four bullet-holes through his coat, and two horses were shot under him. In January, 1759, lie married Mrs. Martha Custis. In the mean- time, the French having been expelled from the Ohio valley, he resigned his commission, and retired shortly after his marriage to Mount Vernon. Washington then became a member of the provincial Assembly, which met at Williamsburg. His private business, whicli was then large, mostly occupied his attention, however, for the next sixteen years. During that period the resolution had been made by the colonists to free themselves from the mother country, and to Wash- ingt()n, then forty-three years of age. was given the command of the army. July 3, 1775. Then followed an eight years' war, during which time he fought, with varying success, the English gen- erals Howe. Clinton, Burgoyne. and Cornwallis, finally surrounding Cornwallis at Yorktown, where Washington compelled his surrender. To his perseverance, courage, patience and prudence, were the American people greatly indebted for their independence, which was secured by a treaty of peace, signed in 1783. Resigning his commission at the close of the war. Washington returned again to Mount Vernon, and participated but lUtle in public affairs until May, I7H7, when he served as a member of the con- vention, in Philadelphia, which framed the Constitution of the United States, Of this body he was unanimously chosen President. Washington was elected the first President of the United States, and on the 30th of March. 1781), he was inaugurated, John Adams being Vice President. At that time the seat of government was at New- York, where it remained for eleven years afterwards, being removed to Washington in 1800. During the first and second years of his Presidential administration Washington made a tour through the Eastern and Southern States in his own carriage, his journey throughout being one continual ovation. He was twice elected to the Presidency. At the close of his official life he returned once more to his country residence, hoping for permauent retirement, but owing to an apprehended difficulty with France, be consented to become Lieutenant General and Com- mander-in-Chief, a post which he accepted with extreme reluctancy, and only as a matter of duty to his country. In consequence of a severe cold which he caught when exposed in a snow and rain storm, as he was riding in his saddle about his estate, on the 12th of December, 1799. he was confined to his bed, and died two days afterwards. At Mount Vernon in a tomb He the remains of Washington to-day. The estate came into the possession of John A. Washington, and from him were 200 acres, the mansion and tomb, purchased by the Ladies' Mount Vernon Association in 1858, for the sum of $200,000. The design is to preserve everything about the house as it was at the lime of Washington's death, thus making it attractive as a place of perpetual resort for pilgrimage in the future. PROMINENT BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. BATTLES of Lexington and Cnn- eord. — Fiiught. tii-st. at Lexington. Mass., bL't\\L-(.-n SOU Erilish soldiers, under Lieutenant Col- onel Smith and Major Pitcairn. and a large foree of colonists, under Captain John Parker. April 19, 1775. wliile tlie British were on their way to Con- cord, Mass. . tM seizf a quantity of military stores belonging to till.' ri.i.iru-t-.. A skn nii-li ensued at Lexington, eight of th.' ■■..Ii.iiist- 1., in;: killed. The British proceeded tu LMiicuid. but were severely repulsed by the colonists, under Colonel J'ames Barrett, who drove them again towards Lexington. At Lincoln the Bi-itish were attacked by the Lex- ington militia, and a-s they entereii Lev;ingt^ni, the entire British force only escaped de>ti uetiun at the hands of the enraged citizens i.f thai \ leinity by receiving reinforcements from Boston, As it was, the colonists Imtlv pursued them back to Boston. In this exi>editinn the British lost 273 riien, killed, wouiuied ami missing, and the colo- nists forty-nine killed, thirty-four wounded and five missing. This day's work inaugurated the war of the Revolution. Capture of Tieonderotja.— Eighty Ameri- can soldiers, under I'.^l.-ml Ktlian .Allen, of Vermont, surprised ihe livui'li fort at Ticonderoga, X. V. , commanded bv Captain i'elaplace. early on the morning of May H), 177Ji. and without firing a shot demanded its surrender "in the name of Jehovah and the Continental Congress." No resistance wa:* made, and the Americans captured two ofticei-s. forty-eight soldieis, 128 pieces of artillery, and a large quantity of small arms. By this stroke England lost control of the Green Mountain district. Biittle of Bunker Hill.— Fought June in and 17, 177.'>. near Boston, between 1.500 British soldiers, under Generals Howe and Pigott. who attempted to storm the redoubt on Breed's Hill, defended by 2.500 Americans, under command of Colonels Prescott and Putnam. The redoubt was gallantly defended until the amnmnition of the Americans was exhausted, when a retreat was ordered, and amid a galling fire they escaped to Charlestown Neck, at which point the pui-suit ended- The British lost 226 officers and men killed and S28 wounded, and the Americans 145 killed or missing and 301 wotuided. Battle of Quebec.— Fought December 31. 1775, between the Biitish troops in the citadel and a small force of American s(»ldiers. undei" General Richard Montgomery, who attempted to capture the upper town. The assault failecL >Iontganiery and about 700 of his men being killed or wounded. Battle of Fort Moultrie.— Fought on Sul- livan's Island, Charleston harbor, S. C. , June 28, 1776. between four vessels of the British navy, carrying loG cannons and reinforcements, under command of Sir Peter Parker, and 135 Americans, under Colonel William Moultrie, in a fort which mounted twenty-six guns. The vessels opened lli-e on the fort at short range, and the contest lasted from about noon until after nine o'clock in the evening, wlu-n the British vessels were either disabled ■■V uMlidr.'W, withtiut capturing the fort. TheBnli-h Ii.mI ^)-, raen killed and wounded; the Amerir.ni- i i. \ in killed and tWL-iity-.-ix wounded. It was a bi illi.iiil vieH)ry for the Amci icaii fort and its brave commander. Battle of "White Plains.— Foiight October 28. 177f>. at Chattcrton Hill. N. Y. . between 4.000 men of Howt^'s British army and 1.100 Americans, under Mcliuutrall. The Americans were driven from their itosition, with a loss of nearly 100 killed and wounded, and eighty prisoners. The British lost 32'J men. Battle of Trenton.— Fought at Trenton. N. J.. December 26. 177fi. between about 1.300 British and Hessian troops and 2,HM) Americans, under Washington, who surprised the Hessians, killed seventeen, took about l.ooo prisonei-s, six brass cannon. 1,200 stand of arms, and the stand- ards of an entire brigade. Not an American was killed in the skirmish. Battle of Princeton.— Fought at Princeton. K. J. , January 3. 1777, between the American army, under General Washington, and the British army, under General Mawhood. The action lasted but twenty minutes, but was fiercely contested, and i-esulled in a virtoiy for the .Americans. wJio lost about thiity mt-n and seven officers, while the British loss was 200 killed .ind wounded and 230 prisoners, including fourteen officers. Battle of the Brandy\%-lne.— Fought on the banks of Brandywine creek, September 11, 1777, between the British army of 18,000 men. under General Howe, and an American force of 13.onn, Tmder General Washington. i-esultingin the defeat of Hie latter, and the occupation of Phila- didjihia b^- tlie British. The loss of the Americans vv;is iirarlV l.iuHl men. Battle of Grernianto\%'n.— Fought October 1. 17T7. .It iHiiiiantown, I'a. . between the Ameri- can arni.v. under Washington, and the British army, under General Howe. The Americans were defeated, with a loss of about 1,000 men; the British lost more than COO. Battle of Bennfni^on.— Fought August 16. 1777. between a body of New Hampshiie militia. under General .Sturk, and a portif)u of Burgoyne's British army, under Colonel Baum. at Benning- ton. Vt. The British were defeated, with a loss of 200 killed. 600prisonei-s, and 1.000 stand <.f arms. The Americans lost fourteen killed and forty-two wounded. Battle of Stillwaler.-Fought at Still- water-, N. Y. , September 10, 1777, between British and Canadian soldiers and Indians, under Generals Burgoyne and Fraser. and a portion of the Amer- ican army, under Generals Morgan and Arnold. The fight lasted for several houi>. and resulted in the loss of about 600 British soldiers and less than 100 Americans. Battle of Saratoga.— Fought at nearly the same place as the foregoing, October 7, 1777. between the British army, under Btu'goyne, and the Americajis, under Genei-al Gates. '.At night Burgoyne i-etreated. This contest resulted in the disheartening of Burgoyne. and on the Nth he surrendeied, leaving in the liands of the .Ameri- cans forty-two brass cannon. 1,617 muskets, and 5,108 prisoners. At the time of the surrender the American army numtiered 10.817 erfective men. . Battleof Monmouth.— Fought at Freehold, N. J. , June 28. 177R, between the British army, under Sir Henry Clinttm.and the Arii4Tieans.under AVashington. The contest was spirited and event- ful, and resulted in the retreat of the British, with the loss of nearly 300 killed and 100 prisoners. The American loss wjis sixty-nine killed and IfiO wounded. Battles of Savannsih.— Fought Deeeml>er 29, 1778, between the British, under Ceneral Clin- ton, and the Americans, under General Lincoln. This contest resiUted in the surrender of the eity of Savannah. (Ja. . to the British. In September, 1779. Savannah, still in possession of the British, was besieged by an allied French and Anterican force under Count D'Estaing and General Lincoln. They assaiUted Ihe city October 9. 1779, but were repulsed by the British, with a loss of nearly 800 men. i ~istiiit attacks of the Americans soon biought {■(.niuiillis t" terms, and on the 19th he surren- diifd, thus virtually ending the war of the Revo- lution. In this siege and surrender the British lost more than 350 in killed and wounded, 8,087 prisoners and 106 cannon. .^'JlmQ^j^sP^ Leading Officers in the American Revolutionary War. ja^sj^t)*^'^^^ ^.IIE CELEBRATED actor in the American struggle for national independence, Ethan Allen, was born in Connecticut, in 1739. and about 1763 he, with his brothers, removed to near Bennington, Vt. Here he took an active part in the distinguished controversy between the colonics of New York and New Hampshire, relative to their boundary lines, and was appointed, in 1770, 10 represent the settlers in the law-suits which ensued at Albany. X. Y. The court decided against them, and they, with Allen at their head, made an armed resistance to the authorities. Thus they were enabled to protect the New Hampshire landowners and remove the New York settlers from the dis- puted territory. This condition of hostility to the legal powers continued until the break- ing out of the American Revolution. In 1775, Allen, in command of the ' ' Green Mountain Boys," advanced towards Ticon- deroga, N. Y. . and on the morning of May 10, Allen, with eighty men. having been reinforced, surprised the British camp at that point, commanded by Captain Dclaplace, and demanded the surrender of the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- nental Congress. " The bewildered Englishmen immediately complied with this forcible requirement, and the Americans captured two officers, forty-eight soldiers, one hundred and twenty cannon .ef/(3l^ ^""^ ^ large quantity of small arms. This success also wrested the control of the Green Mountains from the English. Allen continued to aid in redeeming the colonies from British dominion, and the samt- year was taken prisoner and sent to England. A few months later he was sent back to America and treated as a felon, being most of the time heavily shackled, until May. 1778. when he was exchanged. I'pon his release he was warmly received by Washington and Con- gress. The land controversy between the colonies continuing, Allen was made a General, and, subsequently, was sent as an agent of Vermont to explain the course of that state to Congress. Complications then arose between the states and the British authorities, but Allen was enabled, by political strategy, to keep his adherents unmolested until near the end of the Revolution. After the war he served in the Vermont Legislature, residing in that State which occurred at Burlington, Vt..in 1789. He was honesty and frankness. ETHAN ALLEN, f the Kattli.' ..f Ticonderoga. until his death, ever distinguished for his bravery ^ ;>t>I„OMOX AI-,IjEX, — An American ■ .M;ij"i': horn at Sorlliampton, Mass., in k i7'.l,cnmman served at Ticonrjeroga. N. V. ; died in Kng- land. In 1781. Alexunder, "Wllllnm— An American Major- Oeneral; bom in New York city, in 172(5; fought In the battles of Long Island. Gcrmantown and Monmouth; died at Albany. N. Y. . in 1783. ArmMtroniTt •John— An .\merican offlccr; born at Carlisle. Pa., in 1758; fought at Princeton, N. .r. ; was appointed Minister to France In 1804, and Secretary of War, un:> Kiillvr, tJ(»hii— A British (fiicriilla leader; btn-n ill ('(iiiiieetieut, year uiikiii>«n; Wrutallv rnvatred the valley of tin- WMiriniik'; time of ileath unknown; was ^jrantnl ,". (mo ,iri .s r)f land in t'ana >i ..t i.mi, Ih,- and OlhiT l.l.ir.-v; ^^;|^ a iri.Kih.r .it \\\- I tiit-'il States Coii;>tiliitiimal Convention; dit;d at Little Britain, N. Y., in 1812. Conu-ay, Thomas— An American General; born in Ireland, in 17.33; served at Brandywine and Germantown. and conspired against Washington, died about 1800. Cornn^alllN, Chairles (Marquis)— A Brit- ish commander: born in England, in 17:S8; served at Brandywine. Charleston, Camden, Yorktown, ete. : died in India, in 1805. Dearborn, Henry— An American General; born at Hampton, N. H. , in 1751: served at Bunker Hill. Mniininiitti, etc.; was twice a member of Contrn.''-, ■4i served, also, in the war of 1812; died at Columbia, S. C. , in 1835. Hnyne. Isaac— An American Colonel; bom in South Carolina, ia 1745; served at Qtia'tf House. S. C. and vyns €;fei;rift0ti ftt CtiHrlijfidcr, SI. C. . in 1781, by the. Kntisb ontiioriries; on i/it> charge of being a traitoi" to '2T2s.t Biitiin- Heath, ^'iiiiam — .'\ti Attitniviiti uederur; born at Roxbury, Mass., in 1737; served at King's Bridge and Morri'^ania: filled several public offices, and died at Roxbury, Mass. Howarfl. (John Eacer- An American Gen- eral. Born in Baltimore county. Md. , in 17.52; served at White Plains, Germantown, Monmouth, Camden, Cowpens and Guilford Court House; was a brave and active soldier, was governor of Marvland. and a United States senator from that State; diega. N. Y., where he wtt« slain, in 17.'i8. Howe. Sir William— A British commander: born in (;ieat Brilam. place unknown, in 1729; served at Hunker Hill, on Long Ihland. at (Jer- mant()wn and elsewhere; was sueceede.-^Ii>n. Mass.. in 17.50; -xerved at Bunker Hill, Ku-.i.iii. New York city, Princeton, Monmouth, Yuikinwn, etc.; was Secretary of War under Washington; died at Thomaston. Me., in 1806. I,.at'iiyelte, Murqiils de— .An American General; lioin ne;(r Brioud. Franee, in 17.'i7; served at Br^gidy wine. Barren Hill. Monmouth, Yorktown, etc, ; died at Paris, greatly honored, in 18:i4. Lee, Henry — .An American officer; born in Westmoreland county, Va. , in 17.50; served In South Carolina, atfjuilford Coui-t House, and in other contlicts; was greatly esteemed; died at Cumberland Island, Ga. , in 1818. Lie wis, Morgran — An American General ; born in New York city, in 1754; served in the bat- tle of Saratoga and in the campaign in Nortliern New Y'ork; was governor of New York, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; also participated in the war of 1812; died in New Y'ork city, in 1844. LewiM. Andrew — An American General ; born in TNt.-! . In-land. about 1730; served in the expeditKin t" t.iki- possession of Ohio; with Wash- ington at Fort Necessity; at Braddock's defeat; near Fort Dut^uesne; was treaty commissioner to the Six Nations of Indians; served, also, at Point Pleasant, O, ,and at (iwynne's Island; died in Bed- ford county, Va., about 1780. Lincoln, Benjamin— An .American General; born at Hingham, Mass. . in 1733; served at Bemis Heights, Savannah. Charleston and Y'ork- town; was Secretary of War and governor of MassarhusL'tts; died at Hingham, his birth-place, in 1810. Lyman, Phineas — An American oflicer; born at Durham, Conn., about 1716; fought in the battle of Lake George, in 1755. and served at Ticon- deroga, Crown Point, etc. ; died in West Florida, in 1775. Mc Arthur, Duncan— An American scout and pioneer; born in Dutchess county. N.Y.. in 1772; served in the Kentucky and Ohio Indian war districts; was governor of Ohio: serve(l. also, in the war of 1812; died in Ohio, in 1839. Marion, Francis — An American General; born at Winyaw, S. C. in 1732; .served in the Cherokee war of 1761. in South Carolina and Georgia, at the battle of Camden, etc. ; was dis- tinguished for the secrecy and rapidity of his operations against the British; died near Eutaw. S. C, in 1795. M<;'I>4kitcrall, Alex. — An .\merican General; boi 11 in Sroiiaiid. in 1731; served at White Plains ami t Ml ni.iiitKwn; was a member of the Colonial C'>iiy:ri_s~, Mied in New York, in 1786. Mercer, Husrh- An American General; born In Scotland, about 1720: fought at Trenton and Frincetoiii was mortally wounded in the latter contest, and died, greatly mourned, ia 1777. UliHlin, Thomas— An American General; ^"-"n at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1744; served on Long isiand; was president of Congress; died at Lan- caster. Pa., in 1800. Morfran, Daniel— An American General: born in New Jersey, in 1736; served at Quebec and Cowpens, and in the Pennsylvania insurrection of 1794; was a member of Congress; died at Win- chester. Va. , in 1802. Moultrie. TVilliam- An American Genera) ; born in South Carolina, in 1731; fought at Sulli- van's Island and Charleston, S. C. . was governor of South Carolina, and historian of the Revolu- tion; died at Charleston, S. C, . in 1805. .MnhlvniMTu. IVt«*r >l. O.— An American (MiM-ral, hoin al Trappe. Pa., In 1746; won a clergyman al WoorlHtoek. Va. . at the breaking out of the KevolulioM; stripped olf hlH clerical gown, anil put oti the rMjntitiental regimentalH, read his i;oriiints«don uh a colonel, and formed a regiment of his parishioners; rose In rank In the army; wan member of Congress, L'nIted StateH senator and colleetor of cuiitoniK ut Philadelphia; where he died, in 1K07. Pickens, Andrew— All American General; born at Paxton, Pa., in 1739: served at Kettle Creek, Stono, Cowpens. Augusta (Oa. ) and Eutaw Springs; member of the South Carolina Legisla- ture and of CongresH from that State; dledatTom- asHce, S. C. , in 1817. Ptnekney,CharleHC— An American officer; born at Charleston. S. C. , in 1746; served at Ki.unly"ine, Germantown, Charleston. Savannah and in Morida; was a member of the National Conslituliujial Convention of 1787. and UniU-d States Minister to France; died at Charleston, S. C, in 1825. Pinckney, Thomas— An Amei-iean Major; born at Charlest- ingfrom the British; died at Brooklyn, Conn., in 1790. Putnam, RuTus- An American enjrineer ; born at Sutton, Mass.. in 1738; constructed the fortilleations at West Point, N. Y. , and founded Marietta, (). . where he died, in 1824. Schuyler, Philip- An American General; bom at Alliany, N,Y. . in 1733: participated in the opeiaii-ms against the British under Burgfjyne. and in New York; was a member of Congressaml United States senator from New York; died at Albany, N. Y., in 1801. Stark, John— An intrepid American General; born at Londonderry, N. H., in 1728; fought in Canada, and at Bennington and Saratoga; died at Manchester. N. H. . in 1822. Steuben, Fred. IV. A. (Baron) — An American General: horn at Madgeburg. Prussia, in 1730: served at Monmouth and Yorktown ; founded Steuben county, N. Y. ; died near Utica N. Y*.. in 1794. Sullivan. *Iohn— An American General; bom at Berwick. Me., in 1740; served in Canada, on Long Island, at Trenton. Bramiywine and Ger- mantown; was a member of Congress and judge in New Hampshire; died at Durham, N. H.. in 1795. Sumter, Thomas — An American General; horn in Virginia, in 1734; participated in several battles of the Revolution; was a member of Con- gress. United Slates senator and American Minis- ter to Brazil; was the last surviving General of the Revolutionary army, and died near Camden S. C, , in 1832. St. Clair, Arthur — An American General; born at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; served at Tren- ton, Princeton and Ticonderoga; was, also, a member of Congress and governor of the North- west Territory; died at Greensburg. Pa., in 1818. Ward, Artemas — An American General; bom at Shrewsbuiy, JUass., in 1727; serve*! at Bos- ton and Roxbury Heights: was a member of Congress; died at his birth-place, in 1800. Warren, Joseph- An American General; born near Roxbury, Mass. . in 1741; was slain at Bunker Hill, 1775: was intrepid and eloquent. Washington, William— .An American Gen- eral; born in Stafford county. Va. . in 17.52; served on Long Island, and at Trenton, Princeton. Cow- pens and Eutaw Springs; was a relative of George Washington; died at Charleston, S. C- . in 1810, Wayne, Anthony— An American General; knoxvn as "Mad .Anthony," on account of his energetic bravery: born in Chester countv. Pa., in 1745; served at Brandywine. (iermantown, Mon- mc)uth and Stony Point; died at Erie, Pa., in 1796, "Wilkinson, James— An American General: bom in Maryland, in 17.57: served in Canada, against the Wabash Indians, and on the Maunie.- river, O. ; was governor of LouisLina, and serv(-turL-d the British frigate Gucrriere. Captain Dacres; British loss, seventy -nine killed and wounded. Amei'ican loss, fourteen. October 18. 1812. the American sloop of war. Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig. Frolic. Captain Whingates. but the British ship Poictiers, with seventy four guns, captured both the Wa-^p and the Frolic. 0.-1.,1m 1 T' I'fiy thi' Amcrfrnn frigate United Stat'--. ''.I'l •>'• I'. -.■..lilt, -■,i|i(iit-.-(i ihe British tritr.tii- M.H-r.|M[ii,iii, i',i|.t,iiii c.ini.-n. time, one hour iti-l ,1 )i.ill , r.i i(i-.li l"--s, t In It y SIX killed and sixty-eight wounded, American loss, five killed and seven wounded. Peceniber20. 1812. the American frigate Consti- tution. Captain Bainhrldgc. c.-iptiin-d the British frik'ate .Java. <'aptain Lanilieii, ..if San Salvador, afterasevere t-ngagenu-iit , Iliili-h h.ss. Captain Lambert klMed. an'|uaih on of nine American war vessels. umb-T Ci.mpiiMiiMTe O. H. Perry, and a British sqn.idinu .it -i\ armed vessels, under Com- mander Barclay. The American force consisted of 4-^0 omcers and men, with Hftyfour cannon, while the British numbered .^02 officers and men. with sixty-three cannon. The contest was severe, lasting about three hours. The Americans were, however, successful, capturing two ships, two brigs, one schooner and a sloop. Perry lost one vessel, sunk, the Lawrence, his llag-ship. The loss in men was nearly equal, numbering about 130 killed and wounded on each side. Barclay, the British commander, was killed. This battle secured the supremacy of Lake Erie to the Ameri- cans, and was important in this respect. More Battled at Sea-February 24. 1813. off the coast of British fJuiana. S. A., the Ameri- can fi-igate Hornet, eiirhtcen guns, encountered the British brig Peucork. and after a short cnga^enicnt. the latter snii endcrcd, she being in a sinking eonditiun, and in a short time she went down, drowning nine of her men and five of the Hornet's crew. The Peacock lost thirty-three killcil and wounderl In the tight, including lior eoniTnander. while the Hornet's loss wan only one killed and two wounded. .lune 1. 1813. the American frigate Chesapeake, foi'ty eight guns, commaiuleil by the same cap- tain. Lawrence, engaged the British fiigatc Shannon, Captain Broke, also carrying forty eight cannon, about thirty miles from Boston. The tight lasted but hflcen minutes, and resulted ill the death of Lawrence and the capture of the Chesapeake. The American loss was forty-eight killed and ninety-eight wounded, the British had twenty-three killed and Hfty-six wounded. September 5. 1813. the American sloop of war Enterprise, commanded by Lieutenant William Burroughs, encountered. olT I'orlland. Me., the British brig Boxer, commanded by Lieutenant BIyth. and captured the latter after a sharp engagement. BIyth was killed, and Burroughs w;is mortally wounded. They were buried side by side at Portland. Battle of Chippewa, TViaKiira FallJi.— July 5, ISH, a force ol l.'.tOO Americans, uniler General Wiiilield Scott, fonglit 2. 100 Britisli troops under General lliall, at t^hippewa. The latter, after several attacks and counter-attacks, were repulsed. The Americans lost sixty-eight killed and 267 wounded, the British, laS killed and 365 wounded. Battie of Iet. and continued until after dark wdb grejit severity. Tlie British bat- tery of nine guns was captureii. and Uiall's troops were tlnvcii olf after tluee unsuccessful attempt* to regain it. Tbi: Americans lost 743 men killed and wounded, and the British 878. Brown and Seott were both wovmded. Battle of Lake Champlaln— General Macorrdi, with about 1.500 American troops, held possession of Plattshnigli. N. Y.. on the western shore of Lake thamplaiti, in Aut'ust. 1814. when the British General, Sii ilroi^-i- Pir\ost, advanced upon the town with r.'.oiH) in.-ri im ibe lake the Americans had a tleet of fotnteen vessels, carry- ing eighty-six puns and 8fi0 men. under Captain McDonough. wlillc the British squadron, under Captain l)ownie. numbered sixteen vessels, ninety- live guns and about 1.000 men, September It. 1814, early in the morning, the naval battle began, lasting with severity foi' several hours, and resulting in a total victory for the Americans, the British hauling down their riags and surrender- ing. The land attack of the British soldiers was abandoned when the result of the naval fight was leurneti. Tin- AinerlcailH lost 112 killed and woiiiitlL'd, The British loss was estimated at al.uut 200, excliiBJve of prinoners, and seventy-five Ciiiinon, beside their (funboats. liVaHhlncr(«>n 15iirn«Ml.— August 24. \HU, an nrinv '>r "'.'I'lit i;iili-.li, under General Koss, who had 'l.iiiiiril 111 ( lir ...|,. aki- Bay, marched on the national caiiilal, tin'l; |.i. -.session of the city and burned the publie buiNlini^s, inf'ludinH' the capilol and the President's house. They met with but little oppositir>n. The RrUiHli al BsiKlniorc.— After burn Inn Wasliinicton, Hosh re-embarked bin army ond assaulted the city of Baltimore, Md. , September I y and 13, hut was repulsed by the citizens. Qon- eriil Koss was killed. Nuvail 0|»er»tloiiH.— Peace was consum- mated about t'hri»tina«. 18U, but ttie nirws did not reach America for some lime afterward, and Il(fJit- ing continued on land and Mca. Additional naval captures hy the Americans comprised seven Brit- isJi war vessels, and the British captured twi> American frigates and two or three Buialler craft. linttlc of Xew Orlcana.— Foueht January 8, !8I.'», four miles from the city, between <,0(»0 Americans, un^ unty, iT^BAIR, aOHX-An Am General; born In (~'he~tir '■. S. C , in 1759; fought in the h:i New Orleans. January K, 18ir»; com- manded Kentucky militia, and was a member of Congress from Ken- tucky; died in 1840. Black Hawk— A British Indian Chief; born near the mouth of Rock , ■■ , river. IP... about 1768; fought in Illi- I Y ,1, ftois and Wisconsin, in 1832. against m Generals Scott. Atkinson and Dodge; ^ was linally captured and imprisoned; died near PesMoines, Iowa, in 1838. Brock. Isaac— A British General; born in England, in 1769, served at Detroit and Queens- town, and was slain in the battle of Queenstown heights, near Niagara, N. Y. , August IG, 1812. Bi-own, Jacob—An .\merican General; born in Bucks county. Pa., in 177.'); served at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. , Chippewa, Niagara Falls and Fort Erie, in the war of 1812; was chief Major-General of the United States army in 1821; died at Wash- ington, D. C, in 1828. Chandler* John — An American General; born in Massachusetts, year unknown; served in the war of 1812; was United States Senator from Maine; died at Augusta, Me., in 1844. Clarke* "William— An American General; born in Virginia, in 1770; served in the exploring expedition to Oregon, in 1804; was Governor of Missouri Territory in 1813-1821, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in 1822; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 1838. Croehan, George — United States Inspector- General of the Army; born near Louisville. Ky. , in 1791; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; was at the battle of Tippecanoe, Ind. , in 1811; died at New Oiieans, in 1849. Dix. flohn A.— .\n American Officer and Statesman: born at Boscawen, N. H., in 1798; was an Adjutant in the war of 1812. and prominently served in the war of the Rebellion: was Governor of the State of New York; died in New York city, in 1879. Qainex. Edmund P.— An American General; born in Culpeper county, Va. , in 1777; served at Chrystler's Field and Fort Erie, in the war of 1813; was instrumental in procuring the arrest of Aaron Burr for treason; died at New Orleans, in 1849. Orantt Ulysses 9. — An American General; born at Point Pleasant, O. , in 1822. fought in Mex- ico, under Generals Scott and Taylor; a hero of the war of the Rebellion, and eighteenth Presi- dent of the United States. Harmar, Josiah — General-in-Chief of the United States armv; born in Pennsylvania, in 1763; died at Philadelphia. Pa., in 1813. Harriflon, W^llllam H,— An American General; l»orn at Berkeley. Va., in I77:i; fought the Indians at Tippecanoe, Ind., in 1811. and at the battle of the Thames, in Canada; wa.s a mem- ber of Congress from Ohio, and ninth President «( the United States; died at Washington, D. C. in April, 1841. Harney, William S.— An American Gen- eral; born in Louisiana, in 1798; is (1880) still living, and has probably been in the army service longer than any other officer,— with an honorable record. SSiill, William — An American General; born at Derby. Conn. , in i7.i3: served in the wars of the Revolution and 1812; in the latter he surrendered Detroit to the British; was Governor of Slichigan in IS05; died at Newton, Mass.. in I82.>. •Tackson, Andrew — An American General; born at Waxhaw settlement, in North Carolina, in 17r.7: fought the Creek Indians in 1813; defeated the British General Pakenham at New Orleans, La., January 8, 1815; was seventh President of the United States for two terms, from 1829 to 1837; suppressed the South Carolina " nullitters;" died near Nashville, Tenn. , in 1845. Kearny, Stephen W.— An American Gen- eral; born at Newark, N. J., in 1791; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; wa.s Governor of Cal- ifornia in 1847; died at St. Louis, Mo., in 1848. ACafomli, Alexander — An .\merican Gen- eral, hnrn ;it 11- in.if , Mi.'h., in 1782; served at Niagani, V"v{ (l.-.Mk-.' ami Plattsburg, in 1813 and 1814; was (.'uiamaiidLi in Chief of the army; died at Washington. D. C, in 18U. Pakenliam, Sir Edwiird- A British Gen- eral; place and date of birth unknown; fought the Americans under General Jackson at New Orleans. January 8, 1815; was defeated and slain in that conllict. Pike, Zebiilon M. — An American General; born at Lamberton, N. J., in 1773; explored the sources of the 5Iississippi; served in the American besiegement of York, Can., in 1813, at which time and place he was Uilled. Porter, Peter B.— An American General; born at Salisbury, Conn., in 1773; served in the battles of Black Rock, Chippewa. Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie; was Secretary of War under Presi- dent John Q. Adams; died at Niagara Falls, in 1M44. Quitman, John A.— An American General; born in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1799; served under General Taylor, in Mexico. 1846-1848; was Governor of Mississippi, and a member of Congress from that State; died at Natchez, Miss., in 1858. Ripley, Koswell 8. — An American officer; born in Ohio, about 1823; served in the war with Mexico, against the Indian.*; in Florida, and as a Confederate in the war of the Rebellion; was wounded at the battle of Antietam, and died at Charleston, S. C. , in 1803. Ripley, Kleazer liV.— An American Gen- eral; liorn at Hanover. N. H., in l782; nerved at Chi|>pcwa, Lundy's Lane, and Fort Eric; died at West Feliciana, La., in 1859. Shelby, iHaac— An American commander; born near Hagerstown. Md., in n.iO: served in the American wars with the Indians, the war of the Revolution, and the war of 1812; was Governor of Kentucky eight years; died In Lincoln county, that State, in 1826. Shields, (lames — -^n American Brigadier- General of volunteei-s; born at Dungannon. Ire- land, in 1810; servefi in the war with Mexico and the Rebellion: was United States Senator, respec- tively, from the States of Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri; died in 1879. Taylor, Zachary— An American General; born in (Grange county? Va. , in 1784: served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; was twelfth President of the United States; died at Washington, D. C, in 1850. Teciimseh — A famous chief of the Shawnee Indians; born in Ohio, about 1768; operated against the whites in Ohio and Indiana; was killeii at the battle of the Thames, in 1813, as is supposed by Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of the Kentucky militia. TwiKcs, David E.— An American General, born in Richmond county. Ga. . in 1790; served in the wars of 1812 and Mexico; joined the Confeder- ates in the war of the Rebellion; died at Augusta, Ga., in 1863. Van Rensselaer. Solomon— An American officer; bom in Rensselaer county, N. Y. , in 1774; served in the battle of the Miami, in 1792. and in the battle of Queenstown heights, in 1812; was a member of Congress from the State of New York, 1819-1822; died at Albany, N. Y. , in 1852. Winder, William H.— An .American Gen- eral; born in Maryland, in 1775; serve\ — iTj: f 62 LIFE AAD TIMES OF GENEEAE SCOTT. f^-a^i^.'^V^^-/^^^'.^'^^^-^-^^^^-'. WINFIELD SCOTT. Outline Sketch of a Long, Eventful and Busy Life. NE OF THE MOST prominent of American military heroes was General Winfield Scott, whose life-history is a succession of distinguished events. His birth occurred at Petersburg, Va. , June 13,1786. After receiving an education at William and Mary College, near Wil- liamsburg, Va. . he studied law and was admitted to its practice in 1806. In 1808 he joined the army as a Captain of light artillery, being stationed at Baton Rouge, La. In 1809 he was brought before a court-martial and suspended for a year, because of criticising the conduct of his superior officer. During the time of his suspension he studied military tactics. Being restored to duty, he was ap- pointed a Lieutenant-Colonel at the begin- ning of the war of 1812, and sent to the Canadian frontier. There he participated in the battle of Qneen&town heights, ren- dering efficient service, but on being promptly reinforced, he and his whole command were captured by the British. Having been exchanged, early in 1813. he joined the ai-my under General Dearborn as an Adjutant-General, with the rank of Colonel. In May of that year, at Fort George, he was severely wounded by the exploBion of a powder magazine. He held a com- manding position in General Wilkinson's proposed expedition against Montreal, which was abandoned, however, in the autumn of 1813. In March of the following year he was appointed to the position of Brigadier- General, and soon afterwards he estab- lished a camp, at Buffalo, for tlie purpose of givins; military instruction. July. 1814. was an eventful month in the career of the General. On the 3d he participated in the succeseful attack on Fort P>ie. on the Niagara river, which, with part of its garrison, was captured. The battle of Chippewa was fought on the 5th, resulting in the success of the Americans. On the 25th occurred the short and bloody conflict of Lundy's Lane, near Niagara Falls, in which Scott won a hard- fought victory, having two horses shot under him and receiving two severe wounds, one of which partially disabled his left arm. When the war was over. President Madison tendered Scott the position of Secretary of War in his Cabinet, but this he declined. He was then promoted to the rank of Major-General, receiving also a gold medal and thf thnnk« of Congress fnrlii'fl military services. WINFIELD SCOTT. After assisting in reorganizing the army on a peace footing. General Scott visited Europe on a military and diplomatic mission for the Government. Returning to the United States in 1816, he was married to Miss Mayo, of Richmond, Va. , and prepared several works on military tactics and regulations. In 1832 he visited Illinois, to participate in the war against the Sacs and Fox Indians; but before he could take the field the capture of the famous chief Black-Hawk rendered his services unnecessary. In the same year, when the South Carolinians threatened to nullify certain provisions of the Federal Constitution. General Scott com- manded the military forces at Charleston with good effect in sup- pressing the rebellious spirit of the citizens. From 1835 to 1837 General Scott was engaged in the war against the hostile Indians in Florida and in the Creek country, but his niili- ^ tary conduct in these campaigns subjected him to trial by a court-martial, in which, however, he was triumphantly acquitted. In 1838 he efficiently assisted in remov- ing the Georgia Indians to a new reserva- tion west of the Mississippi river; and in the following year he was active in sup- pressing the difficulties arising from the unsettled boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick. This trouble was not. however, permanently settled with Great Britain until 1842, when the Ashburttm treaty was signed. General Scott, in 1841, after the death of General Macomb, was made Com- mander-in-Chief of the army; and in 1847 he assumed command of the troops ordered to take part in the war with Mexico. The events of that campaign were bril- liant and successful. Vera Cruz was invested on the Dth of March, and on the 2Cth the castle of San Juan dc t'lua cai)itu- lated. the garrison of 5, 000 Mexicans laying down their arms outside of the city on the 9th. On the 18th of April the battle of Cerro Gordo was fought, Santa Anna being driven from his strong position, and on the following day General Scott captured Jalapa, taking Pcrote on the 22d, and Puebla on May 15. Here he rested, awaiting rein- forcements, until August 7. wlien the advance of the army upon the city of Mexico began. On the 10th of August, at the head of nearly 11,000 men. in front of the city, General Scott encountered opposition from about 19, 000 Mexicans under Generals Valencia and Santa Anna. The severe bailies of Contreras and Churubusco, in which these opposing forces were engaged, occurred on the 20th of August, the Americans being victorious. The capital was now at the mercy of General Srntt. but an nnuistict' was agreed upon until September 7, in nnlcr, if possible, to negotiate a peace. The negotiations, however, were nnsuecessful, and tlie attack ni»m the city began by besieging the strong forlificationi^ of Cbapnllepec.at the southwest entrance to the city, which were defended by 14.000 Mexicans. On the yth General Worth, with 3, 500 American soUliers, carried a portion of this stronghold, capturing more than HOO pri.son- ers and a considerable quantity of the enemy's nuinitions of war, but with the loss of about one-fourth of his own ofticers and men. The remaining fortifications at ChapuUepcc were carried by storm on the 13th. and on the following day General Scott entered the city of Mexico and raised the American Hag over the far-famed * ' halls of the Monfezumas, " meeting with but slight opposition. Order was soon established, and a levy of S150, 000 was made upon the city, two- thirds of which amount General Scott sent to Washington for the purpose of founding military asylums. The Americans retained possession of the city until peace was concluded, in February, 1848, governing it judiciously and successfully. Returning to the United States, General Scott was subjected to a formal Investigation o/ his conduct in the Mexican war, and whh tri- umphantly vindicated. In IS.'JS the General was nominated fcir President of the United States by the Whig party; but, although popular us a military hero, he failed in his election. General Franklin Pierce, the Democratic candidate, receiving a majority of the (dectoral vote- A dispute having arisen between Great Britain and the United States as to the boundary line of British America in the Straits of Fuca. General Scott was appointed a commissioner, in 1859. to investigate the trouble, and succeeded in amicably and satisfactorily adjusting the matter. When the Southern Rebellion was inaugurated, in 1B61, General Scott, although bowed down by the weight of years, was very zealous as a loyal military chieftain, but too intirm to participate actively in the succeeding campaigns; and he retired from the army in October, retaining his rank and pay, and making room for younger and more energetic military commanders. After a brief visit to Europe, he passed the remainder of his life at West Point. N. Y. , where he died May 20, 1866, full of honors, and where his remains were buried. ?3C3C30QC3C3€3C3C3QC3! PROMINENT NAVAL COMMANDERS. ^^^^:^i^iI>I.EN. WII-CIAM H. -Com- V^^Wif ny.unU-v. l.<.m at rrnvi.ience. R. 1.. =.'\^/^&:m'\ .|,|;si, .i.lru'.l Ilu- iiavv in ISOO, as i>M (list in tr i-hr.l 111 III i>' t_'iin liiyad' United States^ of which he watj Fii'st Lieutenant, and the ; ish frigate Macedonian, in 1812. the ter beinp- captured; in 1X13 he coni- iiianiicd tli.l.ii:: .\i-:n~. lai.turinB Brit- isti pnijii'i i\ , Ml j.nj^ii-li \\aters, esti- niatL'd tn ]>!■ w-iith ^ : iinii.oiiii; the same yt-ar. in a ti^^lit with Hit- I'.iitish brig Peli- can, he lost ]iisvust.el and his life, dying at I'lyniouth, Eng. , on the following day. Builey* Theodorus— Rear-Admiral; born in New Yoik, in 1805; operated at Pensacola, 1861, and in contests with Mississippi forts. 1862, etc.; placed on the retired list in 1866, and died at San Fram-iseo. Cal.. in 1877. Baiiibi'id^e. Willinm— A successful Com- nioduie: Ixnn at Princeton, N. J., in 1774; served in the war between the United States and Tripoli, in 1803; in 1812. in the frigate Constitution, captured the British frigate Java, killing and wovmding Hi of the British, and losing thirty- three of his own officers and men; was President of the board of naval commissioners of the United States, died at Philadelphia, in 1833. Bitrney, •Joshua — Commodore: born at Baltimore. Md. , in 17.59; served in the wars of the Revolution and 1812; was severely wounded at the battle of Bladensburg; died at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1818. Barron, »Janie«— Commodore: born in Vir- ginia, in 17fi8. distinguished for skillful seaman- ship and scientific acquirements; was made a Captain in 1799; served in the Mediterranean; eni.onntiM('d, in IS07, in the frigate Chesapeake, the Uriiisli ship Leopard, to which he surrendered, Ilarnm biiiig wounded; the succeeding court- martial vintUeated his firmness and courage, but suspended him for his mismanagement in the fight; entered tlie merchant service; an attempt to restore him to the navy brouglit about a duel, in 1820, between him and Commodore Decatur, who was killed, Barron being severely wounded, subsequently lie hrld several important naval positions on shore; died 1851. Barron, Samuel — Commodore; born at Hampton, Va. , about 1703; appointed to defemj Norfolk. Va. . against the French, in 1708; served in the war with Tripoli, commanding a sqviadron in 1805; capttned the town of Derne. in Tripoli; resigned on account of ill-health; commanded the navy-yard at Gosport. Va. ; died in 1810. Barron, Samuel— Captain, born in Virginia place and date unknown, entered the navy as a i! r,, 111, fiik'..!.- r.r.Liidy- Ah. I'l I the Uiiiird Stall - to |-,, .ml-;. I..-, n. hr .. r:i|> tain Ml IS.V, , j..inril llir Tnn I clr i ,i !,■-, in I )ir u.ir of the Rebellion, in 18111, eoinmanded tlie naval defenses of North Carolina and Virginia; surren- dered, at H.atteras inlet, in 1861. to the Union forces, was exchanged in 1862; went to England and tittrd uut lilitekade-runners and jjrivateers, and altri the ** ar retiuned to Virginia and engageil in fanning. Barry, John— Commodore; born at Tacum- shane, Ireland, in 1745; served in the war of the Revolution, died at Philadelphia, in 1803. Bidflle, Nicholas — Commander; born at Philadelphia, Pa., in 17.50. entered the British navy in 1770: joined the colonists at the beginning ofthewarnf tlu' Revolution, doing good .service at sia in caiJlurinir I'.ritJsli prizes; while in com- mani! ..I his ship, the Kandolph, in 1778, he was wounded in an action with a British vessel, and a few days afterward at sea the magazine of the Randolph exploded, destroying himself and 310 of his men with the vessel. Bo^f*!*, Charles S. — Rear-Admiral; bom at New Brunswick, N. J. , in 1.S1I; entered the navy in 1826: served in various parts of the world, becom- in;,' a cinnmander in 1855; in 1858 was light-house ins]n(t'n I >n the Pacific coast; was with Farra- guls i;ii|f squadron in 1862. and fought with di^tingiiisht'd bravery; in 1866 he became a Com- modore; in 1867 and 1868 was in the Atlantic squadron: became Rear-Admiral in 1870, and com- manded the European fleet in 1S71. Chaiincey, Isaac — Commodore; bom at Black Rock, Conn., in 1772; joined the navy in 1799; w.as made a commander in 1802: served in the war with Tripoli, and in the war of 1812 con diioted many successful operations against the British fleet on the great American lakes; subse- quently commanded the New York navy-yard; died at Washington, in 1840. Dahl(;ren, dohn A.— Rear-Admiral and inventor of the Dahlgren shell-gun; born at Phil- adelphia, Pa. , in Ibuy, was euii)loyed in Brazil and Mediterranean squadrons, in navy yard duty, the coast survey, etc. : attempted, unsuccessfully, in 1863, to retake Fort Sumter from the Confederates, was appointed chief of tlie ordnance biu-eau in 1867, and died at Washington, in 1870. Bale, Kiohard — Couimaiuler: born at Nor- folk, Va., in 1756; entered the British navy, after- ward joining the Federal service: was taken pris- oner, escaped and was recaptured by the British; escaping again, he joined the squadron uf Paul .loncs, becoming Lieutenant of Jones' own ship, and continued with him through several conflicts, afterwards entered the regular American navy, in 1781; aftci' many vicissitudes he commanded a squadron during the w;ir with Tripoli in the Med iterranean sea. resigned in 1802. and retired to private lilt-, dying in 1826, at Philadelphia Decatur, Stephen- Commodore; bom at Newport, li. L. in 175!. entered the merchant ser- vice early in life, soon commanding a vessel, in the war of the Revolution he also commanded several Federal privateers, capturing British ships, which gave him distinction, during the hoslilitirs belwfcii tlw Ainrric;in> and Kraiiee, in 1708. he iL-nder^^-d efticHiit set vice, and in 1800 ]ie eominandeh)ngton addressed to hfni a highly complimentary letter; ho subseouctiLly entered the Russian service as a Rear-Atlmiral; but fell into iHiUtical disfavor, and retired to Paris. Frant-o. where he i.i. S \ , but died in August of yellow h\.'. ,ii I'.iit ^|i,un. in the inland uf Trin- idad, his iLiii.uru-- aHuiu^iitl being brought home and buried at Newport, R. I. Perry, Matthew C. —Brother of Oliver H.. a Commodore, born at South Kingston. R. I., in 1795; served under Commodores Decatur and Rodgers as a midshipman; became a Captain in 1837; commanded the Brooklyn navv-yard, the African squadron, and the s.pi.idion in the (Julf of Mexico 'lining' the McMcun war ; in LS.VJ lie .-oni- mandcd tlK- Tiiitcd States expedition lo Japan which resulted in the lieal> with that empire, in 1854; died at New York, in 1858. Porter, David — Commodore; bora at Boston, Mass., in 1780; served in the wars with France and Tlipoli, and of 1812; made an active cruise to Brazil and the Pacific, in 1812 and 1813, capturing British whale and other ships; fought pirates in the West Indies in 1823; served in the Mexican navy until 1829; was appointed Consul- General to the Barbary States, and afterwards Minister to Turkey; died at Pera, Turkey. In 184:1. Porter, David D.— Admiral, son of the, above named olficer; born at Philadelphia. Pa. , in 1813; served in the war with Mexico iunl the war of the Rebellion; also in the Mcdii.i i :irirari, the coast stirvey and the naval oh. i \ ii .n v . t-ir distinguished services in Ihe t-w \i ^^.M li- w.is made a Ki*ar-.\dmiral in 1863; was piuinuled to Vicc-Admiral in 1866, and succeeded Farrugut as Admiral in 18*0. Prel»le, Edward— Commodore; bom at Fal- mouth Neck, Me., in 1761; rendered distinguished services in the war of the Revolution and the war with Tripoli, for the latter of which he received a gold medal and a vote of tlianks from Congress, in 1805; died at l'i)rtland. Me., in 1807. Preble, Oeorice II.— Captain; nephew of the foregoing oMicer: born nt Portlnnd. Me. . in 1816; served in the Mexican and Chinese squad- rons, and in the war of the HchclUon; is the author of the " History of the American Flag." Held, Aaniiicl <;,— Captain, born in 1783. phue unknown: seived in the war of 1812, in Fuyal Hoads. where hr' gallantly defended his vessel, the brig tieneral Armstrong, against a superior British force, in 1814; ilesigned the present Ameri- can fiag, in 1818; dU-d in 18lU. KodicerM. John- Cummodore; born in Hart- ford county. Md., in 1771; served effectively in the wars with France and Tripoli, and in the war of 1812; diedat Philadelphia. Pa., in 1838, being, at that time, the senior officer of the navy. Rodgers, «Johii (2i — Rear-Admiral; bom in Maryland, in 1812; served in the Mississippi and Southwestern campaigns in the war of the Rebellion. Died, May 5, 1882 Semmes, Raphael- Commander; bom in Charles county. Md., in 1809; served in the war with Mexico, under General Worth; was a Con- federate naval cruiser in the war of the Rebellion, and distinguished for his many and successful raids on United States merchant vessels in his steamship Alabama, in 1862 and 1863; wrote several books; died in 1877. Shubrick, «Iohn T. — Rear-Admiral; bom in South Carolina, in 1778; entered the navy in 1806; served in the Chesapeake, as a subordinate, in her fight with the Leopard, in 1807; was a Lieutenant in the Constitution when she captured the Guer- riere. in 1812; was in the Hornet when she fought the Peacock, in 1813, and in the President when she was captured by a British squadron, in 1815; in the Guerriere, he participated in the naval operations against Algiers, in 1815, and was drowned in that year while conveying the Tripolitan treaty to the United States. Shnbrick, William B. — Rear-Admiral; brother of John T. ; born in South Carolina in 1790; entered the navy in LSOfi, and was actively engaged in several v. --el- •]\i\ iw^ tin- w;ir of 1S12; subsequently serveii m \ iii.ni- I'.iciu'n -iniaili-ons and in the 'war of l)i'' iieh.i Imm. l.eing made a Rear-Admiral in 186:;. died at \V;i,-liington in 1874. Stewart, Charles — Rear--\dmiral; born at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1778; served in the wars with France and Tiipoli, and in the war of 1812; com- manded the Constitution when she captured the British war-vessels Cyane and Levant, February, 1815: subsequently commanded squadrons in the Mediterranean and Pacific ocean: was after\vard3 a navy commissioner, and commanded the home squadron and the Philadelphia navy-yard; died at Bordentown. N. J. , in 1869. Stockton, Robert P. —Commodore; born at Princeton. N. J., in 17%; entered the navy in 1810; was a Lieutenant in 1814; in 1821 aided in founding the colony of Liberia, in Africa; subse- quently fought pirates in the W'est Indies; in 1838 was a fiag-officer in the Mediterranean; was made a Captain in 1839; returned to the United States and advocated the advantages of a steam navy; in 1845 went to the Pacitic coast, and in 1846 con- quered California for the United States; resigned in 1849, and in 1851 was elected United States Senator from New Jersey; died"in 1866, at Prince- ton, N. J. Stringham, Hilas H.— Rear-Admiral; born at ^lidillrloii. N Y., in 1798; entered the navy in 1809; sej\ediii tlie war with Tripoli; was engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade on the coast of Africa; served actively in the war with Mexico and the war of the Rthellion; commanded the Charleston navy-yard, and was Port-Admiral at New York; died at Brooklyn, N. Y. , in 1876. Xriixtiin, Thomas — Commander; horn oti Long Island, N. Y. , in 1755; sei'ved in privateers during the war of the Revolution, making many valuable captures; was commissi()ned a Captain in the navy in 1795; commanded the frigate Con- stellation, with which, in 1799. be captured Ihe French frigate L'Insui ^ente. .uu] m ismi disjihled. with heavy loss t lienrli ni killed and wounded, the fia^rai. 1 .i \ . lu. ..m-c, leren uit,' lor this action a gold nieil.U tiuiu L'oiigre.ss; in 1S02 he was discharged from llie navy; was afterwards a sheriff of Philadelphia, Pa., where he died in 1822. Whipple. Abraham- Commodore; born at Providence, R. I., in 17;!3; served with admirable strntegy and skill in the French and Indian war; partici|iated in the war of the Revolution: com- inaiided the llrst vessel that showed the .American ilau ill ilie liver Thames, Eng. , in 1784; died near Marietta. (>., In 1819. Warrlnirtoii, Lewi"— Commodore; born at Willlamsbtirg, Va., In 1782; entered the navy in 1800, and served under Commodore Preble In the war with Tripoli, in 1807 participated, on the Chesapeake, in tlie capture of the Itritisli war- vessel Leopard; in 1814 commaiiiicd the Peacock, and that year (-aptured fourteen British merchant vessels, with valuable results; after the war ho commanded a West India sipiadron; was subse- quently a navy commissioner and chief of oril- nance 'at Washington, where lie died In 1851. \%'IiimIo\v, «l€>liii A. — Rear-Admii-al; bom at Wiliiiingloii. N. C, In I8II; served in the war with -Mexico and in the war of theKebetlion: In 1861 and 1862 hi- was attaehnl (.■ the Mississippi Motilla; in 18H4, while coiumau.liiik' tlie st.'ani- sloop Kearsargc. he sunk the I'onlederate cruiser Alabama, off Chcrboiu-g, France; sub-Hcquently commanded the Gulf squadron and the navy-yard at I'ortsmouth, N. H. ; died at Boston, Mass'., in 1873. (^ rsi \^ i i'i;'>MiM:.\r rtiMMAxuKii <)V v.. 8. a];.mii:s i.\ -iiik i.aik cnii, wak. OOO&OOG0OOOGOGGG x^^g >^ O O O r_, r-j r., r., ^ C-j ■^^^-^\M l^^«!4l— =- U. S. Grant. ^.£L- H fir s m: o ^ '^ -■■ o o o o o G ■A o ^ A^ „-. His Boyhood, Military Education and Subsequent Successes. IIROL'GH the influence of the Hon. Thomas L. Hamer, a member of Congress, Hiram Ulysses Grant, then a youth, in 1830. was admitted to the West Point Military Academy. By a mistake his name went upon the records at the Academy as Ulysses S. , and in the military an- nals from that time remained so. Born at Point Pleasant, O. , April 27, 1823, young Grant, at the time of hU entrance at the Academy, was seventeen years of age. His admission to the school was from no choice of } ^-^ t^his own. On the >y contrary, he sought ^ , . "■ to avoid attending •i' ", V '/ it, and only went ^ (y at last by command of his father. Remaining in the Military Academy fnuryears, he graduated in 1843. Receiv- ing an appointment as Lieutenant by brevet, he proceeded to Missouri, and from tbenec the regiment to which he belonged was called to the army of General Taylor, in Texas, where, in 1845, he was commis- sioned a Lieutenant, being then twenty- three years of age. In the following year he particii)ated with his regiment in sev- eral of the battles fought in ^le.xico. where he received honorable mention for his bravery, and was promoted to a Cap- taincy by brevet. At the close of the Mexican war he came northward with bis regiment, being stationed for a time at Detroit, and afterwards at Sackett's Harbor, in the State of New York. In 1848 he married Miss Julia T. Dent, of St. Louis. Four years afterwards, in 18.52, he was with his regiment in California and Oregon, when, tiring of his inactivity and absence from home, he resigned his commission, being then at Vancouver, and returned to St. Louis, fully resolved upon leading the (juiet life of a civilian. ULYSSES S. GRANT Naturally averse to warfare, he never desired to enter military service again. lie settled upon a corner of the Dent farm, some miles out of SSI. Louis, and among his other labors he drew wood to the St. Louis mar- kets in the morning, sold it, smoked his cigar quietly, and ret\irned to his home in the evening. Tiring of this quietude, he sought greater activity in the business of a real estate agency in St. Louis, hut the fates were against bis pecuniary prosperity. In vain he sought to obtain an appointment to a petty oftice in that city, but failing in that, he entered into business with his father, at Galena, 111., the sign upon the store reading, 4'^ GKANT S KETUKN TO THE tJNITKIJ STATKS KKO^[ HIS JOfKNEV ABROAD. 67 ? Stands where tbere was a swamp in 1700, when Peter the Great dctcrniiiu'd to found a city hi're. They went into the Kremlin in Moscow, a group of hugu religious edifices, surrounded by an immense wall twelve feet thick and forty feet ia bight; and gazed at the cathedral of St. Stephen, in Vienna, founded in the fourteenth century and completed in the fifteenth, the steeple of which is 444 feet in bight, being fourteen feet higher than St. Peter's in Rome. The beautiful specimens of lithography were examined at Munich, which is the center of this art in Europe. They quenched their thirst with the waters at Vichy, the celebrated watering-place in France; and they drank of the wines at Bordeaux, which is in the center of the wine-producing interest in Southern France. They saw the summer residence, the "-Villa Eugenia," of Napo- leon Third, as they crossed the Pyrenees, at Uiarrilz; Ihi-y looked with interest upon the Escurial, twenty-five miles from Madrid, the former residence of the Spanish kings, and their last resting place, which cost $15,000,000. The castle of St. George, which crowns the highest point in the city of Lisbon, was studied. So were curiosities inspected with interest on the journey through to Ireland, which country they left to visit India — thei r first prominent stopping place being Bombay — a city of a million people, where the immense number of Hindoo servants, that hovered about them like phantoms by day and spirits by night, was one of the curiosities. The singu- lar manner of disposing of the dead here, by placing the corpse above a grating on the top of a high tower, where the vultures pick the flesh, leaving the bones to drop into a pro- miscuous pile below, arrested their attention. They crossed the river Ganges at Allahabad, where 200.000 people come annually, and millions come every twelfth year, to bathe in the supposed sacred waters of what is really a turbid, muddy river. Here, formerly the first-born child was drowned, and to show their devo- tion many drown themselves at the present time. The mausoleum in the Pearl mosque at Agra, erected by the emperor two hundred years ago in memory of his former wife, at an estimated cost to-day of $50,000,000. was a sight not to be forgotten. At Amber, General Grant rode an elephant and the remainder of the party were carried in sedan-chairs. A tiger that had killed twenty-five men before he was captured; a dance by girls who attend the king in Central India; the scattering of a great profusion of flowers and scented water upon the party — were also among the attractions here. They passed through Benares, a sacred city, where thousands are brought to die. the belief being that if one dies within ten miles of the city, though the vilest sinner, he is sure of passing into everlasting bliss. When dead, the bodies are burned and the ashes are cast into the Ganges. Sacred bulls, not a hair of Principal Battles in which General Grant Conrimanded During the Civil War. Selznre of Padiicah, Ky., Sept. 6. 1861. Battle of Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7, IHHl, between 2.aT0 Unionists, under General Grant, an.i alj-.ut f;,(MKl Confederate^-, undur General I'ulk. After a sharp engatft-nifnt, tlie ('(inlederates were reinforced, and the Unionists retired, with u loss ..f K4 killed, 288 wounded, and 235 missing. The Confederates probably lo.>:-t l,UU<.i men. Fort DonelMon, Teiin., Siege and capture of, Feb. 13-16, ]ftfi2. The Confederates. 20.0(X) in number, under Generals Pillow. Floyd and Buckner, held the fort until the 16th. when they unconditionally sur- rendered to General Grant and his 20.000 Unionists. The Confederates lost ]:i.r>00 prisoners, 40 cannon and a large quantity of stores. The Union loss was 321 killed, 1.046 wounded, and 150 missing. Battle of Shlloh (or Pittsburg Landing), Tenii., April fi and 7, 18H2, Ijcru.-.Mi 4.'.,(HK) troops under General Grant, and 40,iX>0 Con- federates, iind.i lit-miuls .\. S. Johnston and Beauregard. Grant, being reinforced by Biiell, the Confederates retired to Corinth. Miss., having lost General Johnston and 1,727 others killed, 8,012 wounded, and 950 miseing. The Union losses were 1,700 killed, 7.495 wounded and 3,022 prisoners. Capture of Jackflon, Miss., May 13. 18f 53— Occupied by General Joseph E. Johnston's Confederate troops, who were driven out by Gen- eral Grant's army, with a loss of 7 cannon, 4<_>*J prisoners and a large quantity of military stores. Battle of Baker*ii Creek, MIhs.. May 16, 1863~Grant. with about 25.000 men, fought Pemberton. with about the same number of troops, defeating the latter, who lost 2,(i00 killed, 2,000 prisoners and 29 cannon. Battle of Big Black River, MUs.. May 17. 1863. between Grant's and Peinbetton's forces, the latter being again defeated, with the loss of 2.60(.) men and 17 cannon. Siege of Tleksburg, Miss., May 18, 1863, by Grant, was begun- ViekiiljurBr Snrrenilered, July 4. 1863— Pemberton yielded to Grant, w ith 27,000 pi i?.oncrs. 132 cannon and 50,000 stand of arms. Battles of the WiUlernesn. Va., May 5. to 31, 1864. between Grant, with about ]30,ihh) men. and Lee. with 60,000 men. Union losses in 27 days: 5,584 killed : 28.364 wounded ; 7,45(J missing. Confederate losses— estimated— 20,0(_tO. Battle of Cold Harbor, Va., June 3. 1864, between Grant and Meade, with about I5(i,riiM_> men, and Lee and Longstreet, with about 50,(H>;) troops. The Union army was repulsed with the loss of abou t 7,000 men, Lee losing about 3. 500. Battle of Petersburg, Va., June 15, 16. 1864. between Grant, with about 1. Grant wa.s repulsed with the loss of 10,000 men, killed, wounded and missing. Siege of Petersburg, June 18, 1864, begun by Grant. Fall of Petersburg, April 1,2, 18G5— Outer lines carried by Grant. Surrender ofl.ee, April 9, 1865, with his entire army to Grant. This ended the war. which was to be injured; beggars, mosques, and idols — surrounded them here on every side. Splendid Arabian horses and the Peacock throne, valued at $30. - 000.000, were among the curioslticB at Delhi. They hhook hands with Lord Lytton at Calcutta, and passed into Southern Asia by way of Sini^apore. where they have perpetual summer. There they saw the first Chinese paf^oda, and with the temperature never hlj;;her than 90 degrees and never lower than 70. with frt-qnent rains, they found the plantations of pine-apple, bread-fruit, orange, mango, coffee, chocolate, cassia, clove, apple and palm-trees, in abundance. Through Bankok. Cochin-China, Hong-Kong and Canton, the party passed into China, where they were carried on chairs; where thousands of stolid, solemn-faced natives would gather in every city to look upon the visitors in the day-time, and rockets would testify the respect of the people at night. The excursionists spent weeks amid the groves and beautiful land- scape scenes of Japan, which coun- try they declared to be one of the most beautiful they had seen; and finally reluctantly departed for America, arriving in San Francisco September liO, 1879, where, twenty- five years before. General Grant, a young man. comparatively unknown, had passed through the streets as one of the pioneers. They partook of the hospitalities of the Palace hotel, the largest on the American continent; were feted at the residences of several of the millionaires; they made a hurried visit to Oregon, and then passed into Nevada, where, at Virginia City, in company with J. W. Mackey. J. G. Fair, and others, they went into the California silver mine, twenty- three hundred feet under ground. There they crossed streams of water that would boil eggs, in a temperature so warm that miners can work only thirty minutes, when they must retire to the air-shafts for a cooler temperature. Over the Rockies, the party passed eastward; tarried for a little time at Galena, and then went forward to Chicago, where a grand reception awaited the General. A journey to Cuba. Mexico, and other points of interest, occu- pied the time for months; and when the Republican Convention assembled at Chicago in June, 1880. so firm was General Grant's hold upon the affections of the people as to make him one of the strongest candidates before the Convention, as a nominee for the third presidential term. Many friends, however, preferring that he be no more the target for party spite, he was not selected as a can- didate in the presidential race. — the feeling being that the grand honors he had earned should not be jeopardized by party struggle again in official life. General Grant and family selected New York as their place of res- idence, where until the summer of 1885 he enjoyed the honors which he so grandly won. He died of a cancer, at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885, deeply lamented by the whole nation. A 6S BRIEF BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF UNION OFFICERS. «M««i^«««u*«««n«««ft«x«««v«i ^^^ ..^s^iMaisi^ DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS 1 1 »«wlv»»v^»»»»"»' Weil-Known Officers in the Union Service During the Civil War. -,XI>EKSON% Robert — A Ma)(ir-(i<'neral : bom Ti.M!- Lmiu-\ ilk-. Ky.. in ]SO,"i; ^rl M'll Ml tilt Hl.lCk- llitwU war. 1S;«. and in Tlie war with Mexico; ilefendfd Fort Suintfi- at I liarlesCon. S.C. .ayrainst i;.-aiiii-':iMl. in April, isr.l; iriiu'd I'roin tlie arniv '-••<>t\ afterwards; traii>Uit(j(.l aJid wi-'t military manuals t.l L'Vuliition. etc., died in France, in is;i. Baker, Edward B.— A Colonel of voluntet-rs: born in London, Eiig. , in 1811; served m the war with Mexico; at Ball's Blutf. Va. , m 1S61, where he wa-s slain in battle; had been a member of Congress i:roin Illinois, a United States Senator Irom Oregon, and resided in California. Belkna|>. William W.— A brevet Major- General of volunteers; born at Newburgh. N. Y. , in 1822; entered the service Croni Iowa, and was assigned to the army of the Tennessee, participat- ing in its brilliant career; was appointed Secretary of War hy President tJrant. but resigned that po.iitioii and retired to private life. Buell, Don Carlos— A Major-General; born near Marietta. O. . in 1S18: gr.aduated at West Point Military Academy, in 18il; served in the Florida war; in frontier duty : the Mexican war; the AdjutanHJeneral's office at Washington; was Adjut-'iiit-Geiierars assistant in several military divisions of the country; served near Washing- ton, at Shiloh; in the district of the Ohio; at Perryville; was tried by a court of inquiry; was mustered out. injured. IH64; since the war has been the president of iron-works in Kentucky. Burnnide. Ambrose E.— A Major-General; born at Liberty, Ind., in 1824; fields of operation: New Mexico, boundary commi.ssion (1851-2); first Bull Run battle, 18fil; in North Carolina, Fredericksburg, South Mountain, Vicksburg, the Wilderness, etc. ; was elected Governor of Khode Island in 1866. UCl and 1868; was a meinbir of Con;;ri'ss from that State: invented a brecch- luading gun. Butler. Benfamin F.— A Major-General of volunteers, born at iJeerlleld. N. H.. in 1818; fields of operation: Eastern Virginia; captured Forts CMark and Hatteras. N. C. ; New Orleans; anny of the James; Petersburg, etc. : was member of Con- gress from MiLSsachusetts, and Governor. C:anhy. Edward K. S.— A Brigadier-Gen- eral; boni In Kentucky, in 1819: llelds of opera- tion; Florida. Indian and Mexican wars; New Mexico. 1861-2: draft riots in New York, 1863; captured Mobile. 186-'): Modoc Indian troubles, 1872-3; was shot down in Callfoinia. while under a ling of truce, in 1873, by the Modoc chief "Captain Jack." DahlBTren, Ulrlc— A Colonel of voluntoers; born in Bucks i-ounty. Pn . in 18(2: served at Hngarstown, Md., and neur Kielminml, Va, . and was killed in battle m-ar King and t^ueen's Court- House. Va., March 4. 1864. Fremont, *John C'.— A Major-General; born at Nav;iiiiiiili. <'u.. ill )K13; flehls of operation; Teacher of mathematics in the navy, railmad surveyor and engineer; explnratioii "f mountain passes between North Carolina and Tennessee; e.vpedition in the mountainous Clier<)Uee ei'untry of Georgia. North Carolina, and Tennessee; exploration between the Missouri river and the British boundary; survey of the Des Moines river and the western frontier; exijloration of South Pass in the Rocky Mountains, to the Columbia river Ml ( Mi-^'ini ; exiilnratiDn uf Oif;;i>n and Cali- fornia . ixiiediti-.n aeii'v- (lie .■Miitiin.-iit by way of the Rio (;iiinde; ^ettled m (.'alit.irnia, purchased the immensely wealthy Mariposa estate in Cali- fornia: Unite'd States Senator from California; visited Europe; made another exploration across the continent; settled in New York; ran for President in 1856: beaten by Buchanan; in the Rebellion com/nanded the western district and the mountain district of Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, but>oon retired rnu7i the army; since 1864 he has, for a time, been Governor of Arizona. Davis, JefToriton C — A brrvet M:i,i'"ii--Oen- er;U; born in Claik (.■oinu,\ , Iml. , m ivn lu hi- uf operation^ Mexnau u n I'^i l ^mui. i ISfil ; Milford, Mo.; IVa Kidk'r. CoiirUli, Mm 1 1 .-.-Ikm-o. Chickamauga; Atlanta camijaigii: Alaska and Modoc war; shot tieneral Nelson at Louisville, Ky. , in 1862, and died in Indiana, in 1879. Franklin, TVllliam B-— A brevet Major- General; born at York. Pa., in 1823: fields of operation: Government surveys, 1843-46; Mexican war, under Tayloi; professor of philosophy and civil engineer; army of the Potomac; Antietam, Fredericksburg, Sabine Cross-Roads. etc. : since the war has been Vice-President of the Colt's Fire- Arms Manufacturing Company, at Hartford, Conn. Gillmore, Qiilncy A.— A Major of Engi- neersjborn at lihvck River, O.. in lS2r>; fields of operation: engineer corps; Hilton Head; Fort Pulaski, and Forts Sumter and Wagner; was engineer in charge of the Atlantic coa^t defenses, in 1874. Hallei-k. Ilenrv TT.— GeneiMlin-riii.-f of the riiilrii SL.tes ;uinv; born :il W ,ilri mII.' N V.. in IKi:.; lieMs ..t npeiati.'ji :MiIiIii\ .ii^' i ii.'.t. direct!.)!- uf Almatlen il vei niin-.--, ]au>er; president of a railroad: Major-tU'ueral. 1861; Corinth; a'*tny of the James; the Pacific, and the South; author of several mining', military and international law-books; died at Louisville, Ky. , in 1872, Hancock, 'WlnfleldS.— A Major-General; born in Montgomery county. Pa., in 1824; Helds of operation : Finntter duty; Mexican war; Wll- liam^buiK; Krazei's farm; South Mmintain: Antie- tam; I'u'derieksbiirg: Chancellorsville: Gettys- burg; till' Wilderness and ensuinu battles : afk-r the w.areonimaiided several milltai v ilepari iiM'nt.H; was noiiiinut.-d fi.r President of the Inited States bv the DriiKM-rats. and defeated, in 1880. by Gen- eral Garlleld Died. Feb.it. I8M6. Hooker, fJo«ieph— A brevet Major-Oeneral; bom at Hadley. Mass., In 1815; fields of opera- tion: Florida; Mexican war; California; Oregon; Peninsular campaign in 1862; Fredericksburg: (.Minncellorsville: Chattanooga: I^ookout J^Ioun- tJiln. and about Atlanta; lioldlng. aft^'rwards, tliree military departments; retired in 1808; died ill lK7y. Howard, Oliver O.— A brevet Major-Gen- eral; bornat Leeds. Me.; lields of operation: Bull Hun; lost an arm at Fair Oaks; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Chattanooga; Atlanta campaign; Commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau, and trustee of Howard University; also special com- missioner to the Indians. 1872, in Arizona and New Mexico; afterward appointed superintendent of the Military Academy at West Point. Kearny, Philip— A Major-General of volun- teers; born in New York ■ ity. in 1815; fields of operation: Algeria; Mexican war, where he lost an arm; Indians in <.»iet-on; Italian war of 1859, winning the French cross ot Honor; Williams- burg: Seven Pines; Fi:Lzer's Farm; second Bull Run; Chantilly. where he was mortally wounded, dying near that place in 1862. Uogan, tlohn A.— A Major-General of volun- teers; born in Jackson county. III., in 1826; fields of operation; Mexican war; Illinois Legislature, 1852-"57; Presidential elector. 18.^i6; member of Congress four terms; union officer at Bull Run, Belmont. Fort Donelson. Poit (.Mbson. Vicksburg. Kenesaw Mountain and commander of the army of the Tennessee: present United States Senator, his term expiring in 1885. JLyon, Xathaniel— A Brigadier-General of volunteei-s; born at .\shford. Conn., in 1819; fields of operation: Florida a'ld Mexican wars; Califor- nia and Oregon. 1848 to 1853: Kansas and Missouri, 1854 to 1861; St Louis; BoonesviJle, Mo.; Dry Spring, Mo.; Wilson's Creek, Mo.; where he was slain, in 1861. McClellan, Oeorge B.— Geni'ml-in Chi-'f of the United States army; born at I'li il.u!, l|,lii.(, Pa., in 1826; fields of operation M.\i,,iii \\:i,. surveys of Texas coast and I'arih.' !:iilro;ii|, ofiieiallv viMtrM lli.' < 'j mh u.,i . rln-i cn^'itiri'r of IlliuMiv r.iii III T uh ...1.1 |.r. -]i|.iit St. I.i.nis ami Cinemnali t ,.ili ...nl , d. p.M I nn nl mI the Ohi..; W.-T-TM \.i., .iim> ...1 Ma r«.Uiii..Lr, .Ml|i.'i>eded b\ I'll I null . and retired from tlie war. \s\V', w.-i^ I Ml .1 li>r President by the l)emi>ci-;ii> in \m\i-. w.t~ ili|. Mh'd : went to Europe, i-etni nintr in ISC..'^: followed civil engineering: and was four terms Governor of New Jersey. Died, Oct. -29. 1SK5. McDowell, Irvln— .A Major-Oeneral; born at Franklinton, O. . in 1818; fields of operation: Mexican war; Assistant Adjutant-General; organ- izer of troops at Washington; department of N. K. Virginia: army of the Potomac; Second Bull Run; department of the Pacific, aiid departments of the East and South. Died, May 4, 1885. IWcPhcmon, JameH B.— A Major-General of volunteers: born at Clyde. O.. in 1828; fields of operation: Milit^xry engineer, 1853 to '61, on the east antl west coasts: military railroads in Ten- nessee; Corinth; Vicksburg; llesaca, Dallas. Alliitoona, Kiilp House and Kenesaw; before Atlanta, where he was killed, in 1864. Meade, OeorareO.— A Major-General; born att'adiz. Spain, in 1815: fields of operation; Flor- ida war; Governmi-nt surveys; Mexican war: lake surveys; Dranesville; Mechanicsville: Onjd Har- bor; t*razier's farm; second Bull Run; Maryland campaign; South Mountain and .\ntietain: Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; (Jettysbiirg; In command of the army of the Potoniac to tin- jmrreiuler of Li-e, and afterwards of several mili- tary dislriets; died in 1872, at Philadeli.hia. Pa. >iJ.C>-- Meneher, ThomaN F.— An Irish political refut'L-e ami a l'.iiirailii-i-(Jenernl of volunteers; born at Wjitni-iM hrland. in 1823, tlelds of optM-atton. i"i M.'iiii \<\v York regiment; llrst IJtill Klin; foi 1 lip 111 ii itrigadc; battles before ItirhiiMniil ; \(iiiii.iiii I i.ilriii'k-.l>iii'K; Chaiicel- |,.c^\ 111,-; itiilii.ii\ ih-iii^i ..r Ilir Ki.ivviih; nius- ( till I Miir in IM. I, srrM I It \ 1.1 Mi.ri(,iii.( Ti-rritory; aclJiikMl-'Veirici. arn.l.m.iUy (liuwju'd, in 1867, near Fuit Bentuii, MunL. McCull, Genrav A.— A Brigadier-General; born at riiiladidphia. iii lS02i served in the war of the Kebellion, and died, in 1868, at West Ches- ter, I'a. nicC^lerniind, «lohik A.— A Major-General of volunteers; born in Hreckenridge county, Ky. ; served in the war of the Itebellion; has been a member of Congress. AlcCouk, Alexander I>.— A brevet Major- General, in the war of the Kebellion; one of the family of "HghtingMeOooks." Mitchel, Oi-ninby M.— A Major-General; born 111 liii-.ii iiii,\, Ky. , 111 1810; lleids of oper- ation: S.-i'iil ihr a-tniniiiiiHr; in eliarge of Cin- cinnati and Imdl. y ,.lt>. rvatories; Hrigadicr-Gen- eral of volunteers, 1801; department of Ohio; near Bridgeport, Ahi. ; seized the Corinth and Chattanooga railroad; took charge of the depart- niHiit of the south and died of yellow fever, at lUaiilurt, S. C- . in 1862. ile was popular as a lec- titiii on astronomy; skilUul in preparing astro- nun mal machinery, and distinguished by his additions to his favorite science. Oelesby, Richard «J.— A Major-General of v.ippi. 18*52; New Madrid; Island No. 10; ainiy uf Virginia; Cedar Mountain; Second Bull Run; depai'tment of the Northwest, and depart- ment of Missouri. Porter, Fitz. ijohii — A Major-General of vuluntr.Ts, iM.ni at Pml^inmnh. N. H. . in 1823; ti.'hls nl npi'iMiii-n Wai Ml Mr\n'o; iustructor at \V..-st ruint; (lr|rri-r nl Wasli 1 n ;,'ton in 1861 ; army uf the rutuiiia,-. Han.iver Court House; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; Pope's campaign in North- ern Virginia; Second Bull Run; campaign of Maryland; Antietam: dismissed for alleged mis- conduct, 1863. Rannom, ThomiiM E. O. — A Brigadier-Gen- ci-al , born in ISIM , mad.- a good icccjid in the war of the Rebellion, mid died at Cliieago, 111., In 1864. RoHecrunn. William 8.— A Major-General of vidiiiiteers; Imrn at Knih'ston. O. , in 1810; lleldB of .iijcrati.m- Civil .'n^;iii.-fr, pi-nl. -ssnr at Went I'.iint, -■riLrau-rd in l.iL~m.-- al • 'nintiti:. 1 1 : in 1861 ji.iiM-d .MrCl.ll.Ml; t..Mk i,:Lit Ml 11,1 rations In \V<.->uin \ nu'inia. aimy uf th.- .Mi^-si-sijipi , luka and Corinth, Miirfrceshoio; Chnkaiiiauga; department of the Missouri in 1861: iiiu--ti-i._-(l uut of volunteer serviec. 1866, and n-si-n.-d his posi- tion of Brigadier-GenL-ral in the regvilar army in 186?; .Minister to Mexico in 180.8-1869. Schciick, Robert C— vV Major-General of volunteers; born atKianklin. O. . in 1809, entered the war nf thr K.l..-|[i..ii in 1861; was wounded at the see. mil liatlk- ..t lUili Run. August. 1862; was pr»'vii.u.-.|y .in :iii,,ni. y at Dayton, O. ; a mem- ber of tlir t tlih. 1,1 -I I ti , and went to Congress from tliat sr m n.,,,, im i,, ig^i ; afterward again a Mieiiil.i I ..1 1 iiiiL!M ■ hnni 1863 to 1871; subse- quently Unitt'd htates .Minister to both Brazil and England. Slgel, Franz— A Major-General of volunteers; born atZinsheim, Baden. Gfrmanv, was a Ger- man refugee; a tea<-lier in X._u V.,i k -ilv and St. Louis, Mo.; entered the war id' tli.' K.li.-lhon as Colonel of the 3d Missouri volnnteecs, serving in the campaign in Southwestern Missouri; battle of WilwMi's Creek; at Pea Ridgc: in Virginia, under Fremont and Pope, and second Bull Run. Schoheld, .lohn M.— A Major-General; born in (liaiuiuiiiia r..unty, N. Y. , in 1831: (lelds of 'i|iGeneraI of the U. S. army: horn at Somer- set, O., in 1831; Heldsof operation: Te.\as; Pacific coast; Mississippi campaign. 1802; Booneville; PerryviUe. Tennessee campaign; Murf reesboro ; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Missionary Ridge; army of the Potomac; the Wilderness and Rich- mond campaign. Cold Harbor; army of the Shenandoah; theOpequan; Fisher's Hill; Cedar creek; from Winchester to Petersburg; important raids; second Richmond campaign; Five Forks; siege of Petersburg; advance on Richmond; pur- Bultof r^e: varfoiiK military tlepartmcnts, south and west; Lieutcnanl-General In I8fitt. Sherman, ^Vllllam T.— A Mujor-General In the war of the Rebellion, and prcKent General of the V. S. army: born at Lancaster, O. . In 1820; (lelds of operation: Florida; California; St. Loui». New Orleans; banker in San Francisco and New York; lawyer at Lca%'enworth; .Huperintendintof Louisiana military Mchool ; rejoined the army in 1861; llrst Bull Run. camp of inslruetlon at St. Louis; Tennessee and Mississippi campaign, Shl- loh; Corinth: VIc-ksburg, 1862: Arkansas po»»t: Vieksburg. 1863; Chattanooga; Knoxville; Merid- ian. Miss.; In%'aded Georgia; Dalton; Resaea; Cassvillf; Dallas; Kcnesaw; Marietta; Hege of Atlanta; Jonesboro; occupation of Atlanta; march to Savannah; occupied the city; Columbia, S. C. ; Cheraw; Fayetteville. N. C. ; Averysboro; Bentonville; Goldsboro; Raleigh; advance to Richmond and Washington; .MUitarv division of the Mississippi and .Missouri: Lieut4■nan^General of the U. S. army. 1800; special mission to Mex- ico; visited Europe; published his own memoirs, Slcklen, I>nnlel E.— A Major-General of volunteer-; horn in .N'.w York city, in 1822: fields or oprr.ilion Lawvn in New York; member of LctrislaHiie. Scri.laiy ..I Legation to Kngland, Buchanan's administration; State Senator: three terms in Congress, killed Key for seducing his wife; was tried for the murder of Key and acquitted; raised a hrig.ide in 1801: Chickahominv campaign: snrcfcdcd in command i)f HookLi"'s tliM^ion, Anti.'I.im. Fr.-d.-i n-ksl.iirtr. c|ian.-,-lloi> villi'; llrltysljiii'i.'. " luTC lit- lovl :i U-^ _ ;ippoliitt'<|;C?^ — --~^; THE CONFEDERATE MILITARY CHIEFTAIN. i WW ROBERT J. LEE. ^C^^^"0 G O b Q O 'e G G o o' OOO0OOOOO 00 00 W^J^l /A-^ His Services for the Union, and Later for the Confederacy. ELDOM DOES HISTORY make record of a more truly brave man than was Robert E. Lee; at the same time his career as an American soldier was eventful and interesting. The son of a distinguished officer of the war of the Revolution, Colonel Henry Lee, he inherited much of the military spirit, energy and talent that marked his own career. . Entering the West Point Military Academy, in 1825, when eighteen years old, he graduated from it, second in his class, four years later, without having received either a reprimand or a mark of demerit during his studies. Having been ap- pointed a Lieutenant in the engineers corps of the arniy in 1829, he passed five years in assisting to build Forts Monroe and Cal- houn, in Virginia; three more as assist- ant to the chief engineer of the army at Washington, and, in 1835, served as as- sistant astronomer in determining the western boundary of Ohio. His duties from 1837 to 1842 included the superintendence of the government's improvement of the harbor at St. Louis, Mo., and rendering the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri rivers more navigable. Hetwecn 1841 and 1845. having pre- viously been promoted to a captaincy, he was assiwtant to the chief engineer and member of the board of Atlantic coast defenses, superintending, among other public works, the construc- tion and repair of the fortifications at the entrance to New York harbor. At the breaking out of the war with Mexico, in 1845, he was appointed chief engineer of the army under General Scott. In the succeeding contest he greatly distinguished hjniself by his gallant and meritorious ROBERT frviccH at the battles of Ccrro Oordo. Contrerns Cherubusco and Chepultepec, being wounded in the latter conflict, and receiving, successively, promotion as Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel. After the war he continued to serve his country in various depart- ments, and from 1852 to 1855 was superintendent of the West Point Military Academy. In the latter year he became Lieutenant-Colonel of a new regiment of cavalry, of which Albert Sidney Johnston was the colonel, serving with it in Texas for about two years, when he returned to Virginia on leave of absence. In 1857, by his wife's inheritance, he came into possession of the estates of Arlington House, on the Potomac, and the White House, on the Pamunky river in Virginia. This lady, whom be married in 1832, was the daughter of Mr. Custis. the grandson of the widow who became the wife of George Washington. Colonel Lee, in October, 1859, commanded the detachment of troops sent by the government to sup- press the famous raid of John Brown into Virginia, for the purpose of freeing the slaves in that State. During nearly tne whole of the year 1860 he commanded the military depart- ment of Texas, returning home in Decem- ber on leave of absence. Virginia seceded from the Union on the 17tb of April, 1861, and three days later Colonel Lee resigned his command in the army, saying, in his letter to General Scott: *'Save in the defense of my native State, I never desire again to draw my sword. " Immediately repairing to Richmond, Va. , he was appointed Major-Gcneral of tlie Confederate forces of the Slate. Early in May, Virginia joined the Southern Confederacy, the capital of which was then established at Richmond; but owing to a contention for coninnmding positions in the Confederate army, which arose between several officers who had ranked high in the United states army and withdrawn therefrom. General Lee was not called into important service for more tlian a year. In the meantime he super- intended the fortifications at Richmond and other places, and acted, also, ns the adviser of President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate Stales, performing many of Ihe duties pertaining to a secretary of .A. ~^: T GKNEKAL LEE S EFFUKTS IN UEHALK OK THE CONFEDERACY. 9-- Generul JosL']>h E. Jolinston having bccTi wounded in buttle and General Albert S. Jobnt-lon having been killed in the tlglit at Shiloh. General Lee assumed command of the Confederate army June 3. 1802. June 2(i, he entered with his command ujx)!! that series of con- ' flicts in Virginia known us ' ' the Seven-days' battles, " wliich resulted in the retirement of the Federal arnty under McCIellan to Ilarrif^on's landing, after the struggle at Malvern Hill. By this act Kichmoiul was relieved from the siege which it had undergone. August 29 and 30, 18ti2, General Lee and his forces encountered tbc Union army under General Pope, and fought the second battle of Bull Uun, defeating his antagonists. General Lee immediately followed up this victory with an attempt to invade Maryland, which resulted in the indecisive battle of Antie- tani. September 10 and 17. Recrossing the Potomac into Virginia, Lee took a strong position near Culpepcr Court House. Early in November he massed his forces on the Fredericksburg bank of the Rappahannock river to resist the attempt of the Union army under Burnside to cross that stream. Lee successfully held this position, and on December 13. having been attacked by Burnside, signally defeated the Union forces. Burnside was succeeded in his command by General Joseph Hooker, who, in 1863. attacked Lee in front, turned his left flank and gained the rear of his army. Then followed the conflict at Chancellorsville, May 2-4, in which General Lee was vicliorious. Lee next invaded Pennsylvania with a large army. The Union army of the Potomac was at this time commanded by General Meade, who encountered Lee's troops at Gettysburg, Pa., where, July 1-3, 1863, was fought one of the most bloody and decisive battles of the war. On the third day of the contest, Lee, being repulsed, retired in good order to the northern bank of the Potomac, which a heavy flood prevented his crossing, into Virginia, and strongly intrenched his forces. Meade, by a circuitous march, had reached that vicinity, and intended to give Lee battle, but before his intention could be carried out Lee had safely forded the river and fallen back to the Rapidan, followed closely and threatened by Meade's troops; but no important conflict ensued. The operations of both armies were neither decisive nor of special importance during the fall and winter of 1863-'64. In the spring of 1864. in camp on the banks of the Rapidan, Lee, with some 60. 000 men, found himself opposed to General Grant, who commanded a Union army numbering about 140. 000. On the 4th of May. Grant endeavored to turn the Confederate troops by the right, crossing the Ra]>idan river without opposition, and marching through the weetern verge of the Wilderness, At this juncture, by a bold and skillful movement. Lee attacked him. and thus began the bloody but unde- cisive battle of the Wilderness, which coniiuued May .'> and (i. After the fight both armies intrenched opposite each other, but neither commander seemed willing to attack the other. A movement by Grant to outflank Lee led to the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 12, which, although neverc, did not prove victorious for either army. Another attempt by Grant, May 18, to turn Lee's flank and compel him to fall back on Richmond, resulted in a slow and partial success, until at the end of that month, the two armies confronted each other at the Chickahominy river. An attack was made by Grant. Jnne 3, but he was signally repulsed. Both parties remained there, strongly intrenched, neither venturing an attack, until June 12. when Grant moved ont of his intrenchments, crossed the Chicka- hominy, and took up his position at Petersburg, Va. , twenty-two miles south of Richmond. Lee, finding the Confederate capital in danger of capture by this movement of Grant's, also crossed the Chickahominy and James rivers, in order to defend Petersburg. If that stronghold could be retained by the Confederates, the Union armies could not take Richmond, which was strongly fortified, by any direct assault. The siege and defense of Petersburg, therefore, occupied the attention of the contending forces until April, 1805, wheu Grant passed around the defenses and broke through the Con- federate lines. On the 2d, Lee abandoned his further defense of Petersburg and Richmond, having suffered heavy losses in killed and wounded. His hope, now, was to reach the mountainous region of the valley of Virginia with his remaining force of about 40.000 men. But they were short of provisions, and obliged to scour the country in squads in search of food, many throwing away their arms, although pursued vigorously by Grant. At Appomattox Court House. Lee'a army found themselves barred by a superior Union force which had reached there before them. Correspondence between Grant and Lee as to terms preceded the final surrender of the latter to the Union Army on the 9th of April, 1805, closing the civil war, Richmond having already been captured by the Unionists. After the war General Lee retired to a strictly private life, almost entirely stripped of his former fortune. In October, 1865, he became President of Washington College, at Lexington. Va. , wiiich flourished under his supervision. His death occurred in October, 1870, the result of a stroke of paralysis. His wife died three years later. General Lee was the father of three sons, all of whom were in the Confederate army. BKIKK SKETCH OF WELL-KNOWN MILITARY CELE15RITIES IN THE OONFEDEEACY. LEADING .V^---^*^ THE 5?^J * i ^>^ SERVICE. Prominent Men that Took Part in Behalf of the South, EATJREG.VKD, Peter G. T.-A (jen«ral; born at New Orleans, La., in IRIS; fields of operation: Graduated at West Point in 1838; was in the Mexi- can war, enerineerinp' operations at New Orleans ami on the Gulf, with the chartre of conytnietinfr public hulhl- infirs: supeiintendent of West Point Military academy; joined the Confed- eracy in 1861; conducted tJie attack on Fort Sumter; at first Bull Run; de- partment of the Tennessee; Shiloh; Charleston: Petersburg; since the war, engaged in railroad operations in the Brag?, Braxton— A Major-General; bom in Warren county, N. C. , about 1S15; fields of operii- tiorn Tid;i, >l-'\ir;ni war; Western frontier service; i.-ij-jkM 111- |M-itii>ii in the army in 18.'»5; State oMiii-i in Liiiii-ian.i; joined the Confederacy in iMil, I'.-ii^^aLt.lii; Shiloh; department of the Mis- >i — ippi; in ixtiii. rt'treated from Kentucky; was K iMii\i-(l from his cuiinnand, but soon restored; iijip-'^'^'d Rosecrans in the department of Tennes- see; Murfrtesboro; Chickamauga; Chattanooga; Richmond, and in Georgia, opposing Sherman; died at Galveston, Tex., in 1875. Bavis, JeflTerson— Colonel; bom in Chris- tian cminty. Kv Hawk war.lWl-; Taylor; ^v .V iM sippi, 1><1^ !>; 1^ ' Pierce, I'j. -M i was raplu in 1808: served in the Black in the war with Mexico, under ■d States Senator from Missis- I i-'Iai'y of War under President "t the Southern Confederacy; 1 soldiers in Georgia, in IStio; was imprisoned ior two years by the Union authorities, and then released. Early, cViibal A.— A Major-General; bom in Virj^lnia. .-ibout ISli; fiidds of operation: Grad- ual, d at West Point in 1837; Lieutenant of Artillery; lawver; Mexican war: joined the Con- f.-'lei:it('-s. IStil; Hull Run: I Vd.u' Mountain; Fird.ri.-ksburg; GettysbuiL': sii.M.ii'li.ih Valley: tln-iteiied Washington; iii\ ulni r- un-ylvania; lull [I. (1 Chanibersburg: defrii.d l.v Mieiidan on thi- npequan, at Fisher's Ihil antl t ledar (^eek; I'.iiied at Waynesboro. After the war, he visited Kiii'-pe; returning, practiced law at Richmond, \'iminia. Kwellf Richard S.— A Lieutenant-General; born in the district of Columbia, in 1830; fields of operatiun: Graduated at West Point in isiii; Mex- ican war; Apache Indians, isr.9; j.iinnl t In' i iTiied- erates. May. IHHI. first Bull Run, '..uu. \liil; Malvern Hill; Cedar Mountain; J'.n l.i siiIumi; see. Mid Bull Run. where he losta leu'. (.etl> .-l.iirtr; Ihe Wilderness; Spoltnylvanla Court House: Hich- MM.rid, -*urrerideri's M..nrnf. iSii to 'H\. .-Iiief of ordmincein M«Mean w;.r; in ell;, rtre .d :irs,-ri;.l at rike-vjll.-, Md. ; joined I he ( 'oiifedcrn.-v in ISi;i; oper.iied on the Peninsula su badly tluit he was dismissed frcjin the serviee. •lacUHon, Thoman .!.(," Stonewall")— A Lieutcnant-General: born at Clarksburg. Va. , In 1821; fields of operation: Graduated at West Point in 1846; Mexican war; New Yoi-k harbor; Florida war; resijrned, 1852; professor and in- atructoi- in Virginia military academy at Lexing- ton: joined the Confederate arniy in 186i; Harper's Ferry; first Bull Run; Shenandoah Valley: Cross Keys: seven days' battles of the Peninsula; Cold Harbor; Malvern Hill; Cedar Mountain; neeond Hull Run; Harper's Ferry, 1862; Antietam; Fredericksburg and Chaneidloi-yville; mortally wounded, ;:in ^eeirtary of war: Mexican war, under General W. O. Butler; farmer in Mexico; re-enteied the United States army; Paymaster; Colonel of Cavalry, in command of the department of Texas, expedition to Utah, brevetted Brigadier-General; department of the Pacific, 1861; resigned and joined the Confederate army, 1861: commanded division of the West, and ■was slain at Shiloh, Tenn. , in 1862. Johnston, Joseph E.~A Major-General; born in Prince Edward county. Va.. in 1807; fields of operation; Graduated at West Point in 1829; garrison duty; Florida war; resigned, 1837; be- came a civil engineer; re-entered the army, 18.38, as topographical engineer; survey of British boundaries, in 1843; coast survey: Mexican war; in charge of Western 1 1\ ii umj'I ovcments: Utah expedition. 1858; Quarl -i neral. 1860; re- signed, and joined the i ixiiid. i Hev in 1861; first Bull Run; Yorktown; l-".ui o.»U>. departments of Tennessee and Mississippi; Jackson, Tenn.; Dalton, Ga. ; Resaca: Allatoona Pass; Kenesaw Mountain; Atlanta; turned over his command to Hood; eonr. ntr.(t. d annies a^;»in>t Sherman, to whoni he Mil 1' iiil'i>il, 111 isii."., Suieeili..' w.ir, he has been - nj-.i^'i ■! m iHoniotin;,' the :i;^rieiiitural, comineicial and i.iiliuad intt-rfsts uf the bouth, residing in Georgia. I>ee, Georgre W. C— Son of Robert E. Lee; a General; born in Virginia, about 1833; gradu- ated at West Point in 1854; Lieutenant of Engineers; resigned, 1861, and joined the Confed- eracy; Aid-de-camp to Jefferson Davis, and General of infantry; succeeded his father as president of Washington college, at Lexington, Virginia. l.t Point in l.sij; :Mexii'an war; frontier iluty in Texas; re-i^'md his coin- mission :uiil joined the Confedrraey, in I.Sdl; first Bull Run. Yorktown; Williamsburg'; Seven Pines; Cold Harbor: Frazier's K;irm; seemui Bull Run; South Mountain; Antietam: Chickamauga; near Knoxville; battles of the Wilderness; on the James River; Petei"sburg: after the w-ar, he engaged in civil i)ur8uits in New Orleans, La. Mcrnlloch, Benjamin— A Major-General ; boi h'Mihriiord county. Tenn., in 1814; parti- cip;iii i] in ilie l.,iitleof Pea Ridge, Ark., where ho w;l-. killed. MuM-h 7. 1S62. Magriuler, «l«>lin B. — A Major-General; hm-n in Viivinia, ahout ISIO; was active in the war: died at llonstcm. Tex., in 1871. polk, I-eonidaw— A Major-Gcncral; horn at Rahijrh. N. C. , in 1806; fields of operation: Grad- uated at West Point; was Episcopal bishop of Louisiana; joined the Confedeiati- army earlv in the Rebellion; district of the .Mi^-i— ippi ; eon- structed tortiM<'ations: Shiloh, I'liiwitle; Mnr- freesboro; Cliickamnuga; deparlment of the Mississippi; Atlanta campainn; never resigned his bishopric; killed at the battle of Pine Mountain, near Marietta, Oa.,bvu cannon-ball, in 1864. I*lilf»\v, Oldeon tl. — A (iencral; born in Williani-nn <-oun1v, Tenn.. in 1806; fields of oper- iilion l'i;ie|(ei-.l liiw; Mevi.-iui war; tried for :(> — Insubordination, ftiuifti'fiuitted: battle of Belmont, Mo.. IHOli Fcn-t Dont'ison, 1862, In the Soutliwest, under lit'iiui-effjiiii. iiol a KTuduate of West Point. I*i'ice, Slei'Mim— -\ iMaJDr-fJenenil; born in riiMce lidwaitl L'ouiity. Va., in 1«09. participated in opei'ulions in Missouri and Ai-kunsiis; Wilson's Cri'(.'k: LL'xington; was a nieniber of Congress from Missouri and Governor of that State; (lied afcSt. Louis. Mo., in ISflT. Smith. Kirby E.— A Major-Goneral; born at St. Autfustine. Khi. . about 1825; (Jeids of opera- tion, (iraduuted at West Point in IHIfj; Mexlean war; instructor at West Point; appointed Major of cavalry: j-eslK'ned. and joined the fonfedurata army, was at llrst Hull Kiiri. iiivad.d Tennessee; sent to the triins-.Mih>-i,sip|ii rk-iijuliiiiiit: Mann- Held. Pleasant Hill. H,;l itiv.r i-p'i ati.ms. and Banks' retrejit; surrendered to Cantjy. May, 1805. 8tiiurC, •James E. B.— A Major-General; buin in Patrick county. Va. , In 1832; was In th« battle of Spotlsylvanitt Court House. Vu.. and was slain while llKhtlnK near Kichinond, Va. . In 18M. Van I)orn, Earl— A Major-Ocncral Mississippi. In 1821; participated in the Hunt's Cross Koads and Franklin, Tcnn. Spring Hill, Teun., in 1863. : bom In ttghlH lU ; died at ^^ - -»y , -^ Definition of fMiilitary Terms. _ B A T I S — Large branches of trees, having one end sharpened, laid in rows with the pniiits outward, in front of a liMtiii