i
THE MOTH Boo
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I (FRONTISPIECE)
LARVAE OF MOTHS
1. Hyloicus cliersis Hiibner.
2. Callosamia promethea Drury.
3. Cucuilia convexipennis Grote & Robinson.
4. Citheronia regalis Fabricius.
5. Euchcetias egle Drury.
6. Sibine stimulea Clemens.
7. Catocala innubens Guenee.
8. Samia cecropia Linnaeus.
9. Prolimacodes scapha Harris.
10. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith.
11. Mamestra picta Harris.
12 Achatodes zece Harris.
13. Datana ministra Drury.
14. Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith.
15. Nerice bidenlata Walker.
16. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson.
17. Lycia, cognataria Guenee.
18. Cerura multiscripta Riley.
19. Tortricidia testacea Packard.
THE NEW NATURE LIBRARY
THE MOTH BOOK
A POPULAR~GUIDE TO A KNOWL-
EDGE OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH
AMERICA
^
BY
W. J. HOLLAND, D. D., PH. D., Sc. D., LL. D.
DIRECTOR OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURG, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE
WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETIES OF LONDON ; MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE ; ETC., ETC.
WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY,
AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRO-
DUCING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR,
AND IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS
VOLUME FIVE
GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1916
COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
W. J. HOLLAND
TO MY HONORED FRIEND,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
WHOSE NAME IS A SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL
SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE,
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK
PREFACE
\17HEN a few years ago I published "The Butterfly Book," I
^' stated in the preface to that volume that I would follow it
by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United
States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture
should seem to justify me in so doing. "The Butterfly Book"
was very favorably received, and not only I, but my publishers,
have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent,
urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in
1898. A prompt compliance with these requests has, however,
unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official
duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent me from devot-
ing any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition.
In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were
other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves.
The species of moths known to occur in the United States and
Canada vastly exceed in number the species of butterflies found
within the same limits. While it was possible to bring together
brief descriptions and numerous illustrations of the majority of the
species of butterflies found in the region, it became evident at the
outset that in dealing with the moths it would be necessary to
resort to a different method. It became plain that a process of
selection would have to be followed, if the volume were to be
kept within proper limits as to size and cost. It would have been
comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material
at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have
illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books
of which "The Moth Book" is one to provide in reasonably
compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness
cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. In-
stead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure all
the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to
Preface
occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to
select those species which would adequately represent the various
families and the commoner and more important genera, thus pro-
viding a work which might serve as an introduction to the study.
This process of selection had to be made with much patience and
care. Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is some-
times difficult to obtain perfect specimens" for purposes of photo-
graphic reproduction. Even where species are well known and
common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to
which I have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was
almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow
of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory
manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working natural-
ist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughts-
man, become very serious blemishes when resort is had to methods
of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent
in searching through various collections for the kind of material
which was required, and often in remounting specimens which,
while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit
them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience
and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their re-
ward, and I have been able to assemble enough properly prepared
material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose.
"Brevity is the soul of wit," and this fact has not been
forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The
limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded
the preparation of lengthy descriptions. This brevity in descrip-
tion is, however, as the writer believes, abundantly compensated
for by the illustrations in the Plates. One good recognizable
figure of a species is worth reams of mere verbal description.
Those who desire to go deeply into the subject, and who wish
to famiharize themselves with all its technicalities, will find in
the list of works named in that part of the introduction devoted
to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire.
I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to
no one am I more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento-
mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the
Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National
Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. Ashmead
viii
Preface
and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentle?
men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the
material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to
do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I
gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of
Rutgers College, who very graciously went over the Plates con-
taining the Noctuidce, thereby saving me in several instances
from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr.
William Beutenmuller, the Curator of Entomology in the
American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most
obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. To Mrs.
Beutenmuller's facile fingers I owe the frontispiece and many
illustrations in the text. To Sir George F. Hampson, of the
British Museum, and to the Trustees of that great institution,
a debt of gratitude is due for many favors, and especially
for permission to use some of the illustrations employed in
their publications. From Dr. Henry Skinner, of the Academy of
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the
Brooklyn Institute, I received great assistance. To the Messrs.
F. A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William
Barnes, of Decatur, III., and to Mr. O. C. Poling, of Peoria, 111., I
return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration.
The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring,
England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to
see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the
Sphingidce. To all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of
others, who have lent their aid in the preparation of the book, I
extend my heartfelt thanks.
While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume
will accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among
the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful
department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some
extent to illustrate.
DIRECTOR'S OFFICE, W. J. H.
CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.
September 8, 1903.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Dedication ................. v
Preface vii
Table of Contents xi
List of Illustrations in the Text xv
List of Colored Plates xxiii
INTRODUCTION
CHAP. PAGE
I. THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS . . . 3-18
How to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. The Eggs of
Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; The
Pupae of Moihs: Form, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths:
Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Legs, Wings.
11. THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECI-
MENS 19-21
Special Instructions for Mounting and Preparing the Smaller
Forms.
III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS 22-26
The Difficulties of Classification. Various Views Entertained
by Writers. Key to the Families of North American Heterocera.
IV. BOOKS ABOUT THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA . . . 27-38
Early Writers. Periodicals.. General Catalogues and Lists.
General Works Containing Information as to the Moths of '
North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the
Different Families of the Moths of North America.
Table of Contents
THE BOOK
THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
PAGE
Family I. The Sphingidae . . '-.' :' .' n . ..... 41
Family II. The Saturniidae 80
Family III. The Ceratocampidae 94
Family IV. The Syntomidae v, * * 9 8
Family V. The Lithosiidae 103
Family VI. The Arctiidae , '. . ; ,. .114
Family VII. The Agaristidae 140
Family VIII. The Noctuidae . . . . 151
Family IX. The Nycteolidae .... . . '. ".'" . .288
Family X. The Pericopidae 289
Family XI. The Dioptidae 291
Family XII. The Notodontidae 292
Family XIII. The Thyatiridae 303
Family XIV. The Liparidae 305
Family XV. The Lasiocampidae 311
Family XVI. The Bombycidae 315
Family XVII. The Platypterygidae 320
Family XVIII. The Geometridae 322
Family XIX. The Epiplemidae 356
Family XX. The Nolidae 357
Family XXI. The Lacosomidae 359
Family XXII. The Psychidse . 360
Family XXIII. The Cochlidiidae . ... .... . . .364
Family XXIV. The Megalopygidae 368
Family XXV. The Dalceridse . 369
Family XXVI. The Epipyropidae 370
Family XXVII. The Zygaenidae 371
Family XXVIII. The Thyrididse 374
Family XXIX. The Cossida? 375
Family XXX. The ^geriidae 379
Family XXXI. The Pyralidae 391
Family XXXII. The Pterophoridae . . .'. . . . .415
Family XXXIII. The Orneodidae 417
Table of Contents
PAGE
Family XXXIV. The Tortricidae 417
Family XXXV. The Yponomeutidae 423
Family XXXVI. The Gelechiidae 424
Family XXXVII. The Xyloricitidae . . . -. . . .428
Family XXXVIII. The CEcophoridae 428
Family XXXIX. The Blastobasidae . ... . . . .'429
Family XL. The Elachistidae 430
Family XLI. The Tineidae "... 430
Family XLI I. The Hepialidae . . 443
Family XLI 1 1. The Micropterygidae . 444
DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS
The World of the Dark 77
"Splitters" and "Lumpers" 112
Sugaring for Moths 146
The Tragedy of the Night Moth (Thomas Carlyle) . . 209
Walking as a Fine 'Art 270
Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) 290
Ode to an Insect (Anacreon) ; 291
Nasu-no Take 301
Moth Song (Cortissoz) 310
The History of Silk Culture 316
Transformation (Henry Brooke) 321
Living and Dying (Gosse) 355
Far Out at Sea (Home) 363
Faunal Subregions 387
Cupid's Candle (Felix Carmen) . , 427
Clothes-moths ' . 434
The End of All (Tennyson) 445
xni
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
FIG. . PAGE
1. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher ....;... 3
2. Egg of Peridroma saucia 5
3. Egg of Samia cecropia 5
4. Larva of Hyloicus kalmiae 7
5. PupaofTelea polyphemus 10
6. Pupa of cut-worm in underground cell 10
7. Front view of the head of a moth 12
8. Lateral view of the head of a moth 12
9. Antennae of moths ........ . . . 13
10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus . . . , ... . . ..,. . 13
1 1 . Legs of a moth '. 1 5
12. Diagram showing the structure of the wings of a moth 16
13. Neuration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis 17
14. Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum . . 17
1 5. Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid 18
16. Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 19
17. Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 20
18. Double mount 21
19. "As it is not done " 26
20. Three joints of the antenna of Protoparce quinquemacu-
latus 41
21. Neuration of the wings of Sesia tantalus 42
22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus .. . , . . . 43
23. Isoparce cupressi 48
24. Hyloicus eremitoides . . . , 50
25. Hyloicus canadensis 51
26. Protambulyx strigilis 54
27. Larva of Pholus satellitia 65
28. Larva of Pholus achemon 66
29. Larva of Darapsa myron . 68
30. Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron 69
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
3 1 . Microgaster which preys upon the larva of Darapsa myron 69
32. Pupa of Darapsa myron ." . . 69
33. Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti 70
34. Light form of larva of Celerio lineata 76
35. Dark form of larva of Celerio lineata 76
36. Philosamia cynthia ' l : . . . 81
37. Cocoon of Samia cecropia .... 83
38. Larva of Callosamia promethea . . , 85
39. Cocoon of Callosamia promethea . . . . ; . . . . 85
40. Larva of Actias luna ....... .... 87
41. Larva of Telea polyphemus 88
42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus 88
43. Larva of Automeris io 90
44. Eggs of Buck-moth . . 92
45. Larva of Buck-moth 92
46. Anisota rubicunda, larva and pupa 95
47. Crambidia pallida 104
48. Crambidia casta 104
49. Palpidia pallidior 105
50. Hypoprepia fucosa 106
51. Hsematomis mexicana 107
52. Comacla simplex 107
53. Bruceia pulverina 108
54. Clemensia albata 108
55. Illice unifascia 109
56. Illice subjecta 109
57. Lerina incarnata 1 1 1
58. Dodia albertae 117
59. Haploa lecontei 119
60. Haploa contigua 119
61. Euerythra phasma 120
62. Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata 120
63. Turuptiana permaculata 121
64. Seirarctia echo 122
65. Alexicles aspersa 122
66. Estigmene prima 122
67. Estigmene acraea 123
68. Isia isabella 125
xvi
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
69. Caterpillar and pupa of Isia Isabella 125
70. Phragmatobia fuliginosa 126
71. Phragmatobia yarrowi 127
72. Apantesis anna 130
73. Kodiosoma fulva 133
74. Ectypia bivittata . . .133
75. Euchaetias egle 135
76. Pygarctia elegans 136
77. Hypocrisias minima - '. '. ; . : '. . 136
78. Egg of Copidryas gloved :> .'- s r V *'. . 141
79. Pupa of Copidryas gloved . . .- . ! v- V' : . . : . - . . 142
80. Larva and moth of Copidryas gloveri .' . V . . . . 142
81. Tuerta sabulosa v ' 1' : . . ; . . 143
82. Alypia disparata . .-'.' ; : .... 144
83. Alypia octomaculata .' J , 144
84. Alypiodes bimaculata 145
85. Apatela populi, $ 154
86. Apatela populi, larva 154
87. Apatela oblinita 158
88. Apharetra dentata 1 58
89. Apharetra pyralis 1 59
90. Cerma cora 161
91. Copibryophila angelica 162
92. Platyperigea praacuta 164
93. Platyperigea discistriga 164
94. Fishea yosemita3 170
95. Momaphana comstocki 172
96. Pyrophila pyramidoides, larva 173
97. Larva of Laphygma frugiperda 174
98. Moth of Laphygma frugiperda 174
99. Podagra crassipes 178
100. Abagrotis erratica 180
101. Metalepsis cornuta 181
102. Setagrotis terrifica 181
103. Agrotis ypsilon 182
104. Pronoctua typica 185
105. Feltia subgothica .''.-'. . . 186
106. Eucoptocnemis fimbdaris 190
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
107. Mamestra picta 194
1 08. Trichopolia serrata 199
109. Eupolia licentiosa 199
1 10. Larva of Heliophila unipuncta 200
in. Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta 200
112. Moth of Heliophila unipuncta 201
113. Larvae and eggs of Heliophila albilinea 202
114. Neleucania bicolorata 203
115. Stretchia muricina 205
116. Perigrapha prim a 205
1 17. Xylina antennata 206
1 1 8. Asteroscopus borealis 209
119. Bellura gortynides . . 211
120. Gortyna immanis 212
121. Larva of Papaipema nitela 213
122. Ochria sauzselitse 214
123. Pseudorthosia variabilis 216
124. Selicanis cinereola 216
125. Orrhodia calif ornica 218
126. Tristyla alboplagiata . . 220
127. Pippona bimatris 221
128. Bessula luxa . 221
129. Oxycnemis fusimacula 221
130. Boll-worm feeding on tomato 223
131. Heliothis armiger 223
132. Derrima stellata . . 224
133. Pseudacontia crustaria 225
134. Grseperia magnifka 225
135. Trichosellus cupes 226
136. Eupanychis spinosae . . . 226
137. Canidia scissa 226
1 38. Palada scarletina 229
139. Sympistis proprius 229
140. Heliodes restrictalis 230
141. Heliosea pictipennis 230
142. Eupseudomorpha brillians 231
143. Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis 232
144. Pseudalypia crotchi 232
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
145. Larva of Euthisanotia grata 233
146. Acherdoa ferraria 234
147. Neumoegenia poetica 235
148. Autographa brassicae 239
149. Diastema tigris 241
150. Eutelia pulcherrima . 242
151. Alabama argillacea, egg, larva, and pupa 243
152. Anepischetos bipartita 245
153. Diallagma lutea 245
154. Incita aurantiaca 246
15*). Trtchotarache assimilis 246
156. Thalpochares aetheria 249
157. Gyros muiri 249
158. Tornacontia sutrix 250
159. Cerathosia tricolor :<.- i~"Y << ?. . . .253
160. Hormoschista pagenstecheri 253
161. Sylectra erycata . .:-'. . 254
162. Melanomma auricinctaria 255
163. Argillophora furcilla 255
164. Parora texana 255
165. Capnodes punctivena 277
166. Selenis monotropa 277
167. Latebraria amphipyroides 279
1 68. Epizeuxis americalis 280
169. Epizeuxis aemula 280
170. Zanclognatha protumnusalis 281
171. Sisyrhypena orciferalis 282
172. Hypenula cacuminalis 283
173. Hypenula opacalis 283
174. Tetanolita mynesalis 284
175. Dircetis pygmaea 284
176. Salia interpuncta 285
177. Lomanaltes eductalis 285
178. Hypena humuli 287
179. Eunystalea indiana 295
1 80. Euphyparpax rosea 298
181. Cargida cadmia . . . . .- . v'.'/-^U . . . .301
182. Hemerocampa leucostigma, moth . . . . - . . . .306
xix
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
183. Hemerocampa leucostigma, female moth, larva, and
male and female pupae 307
184. Hemerocampa leucostigma, full grown female larva . . 307
185. Doa ampla 309
1 86. Leuculodes lacteolaria 310
187. Hypopacha grisea 312
1 88. Malacosoma americana, eggs, larvae, and cocoon. . .313
189. Malacosoma disstria, mature larva . . <-. '.!.>; ; > .313
190. Malacosoma disstria *.?;.':,;. . 314
191. Larva of Bombyx mori ..:*;. *j. . 316
192. Cocoon of Bombyx mori . . . ..,,.-..-'.,<.. .316
193. Moth of Bombyx mori . . . ...>,v .. . * . . . 316
194. Eudeilinea herminiata 320
195. Paleacrita vernata, egg, and larva . ,:\ ..*..-. : . .325
196. Paleacrita vernata, male and female moths . . v . . 325
197. Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa 326
198. Moths of Alsophila pometaria 326
199. Larva of Eois ptelearia 334
200. Moth and cocoon of Eois ptelearia 355
201. Fernaldella fimetaria 337
202. Cymatophora ribearia, moth 340
203. Egg of Goose-berry span-worm 340
204. Goose-berry span-worm 34 1
205. Coniodes plumigeraria 34')
206. Coniodes plumigeraria, larva 346
207. Nigetia formosalis ,.,... . 3sS
208. Oiketicus abboti 361
209. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis . ..-..,,..,.. .361
210. Harrisina americana, larva, and moth 37?
211. Harrisina americana, larvae on grape-leaf 373
212. Zeuzera pyrina ; . . .. '. . . . 376
213. Inguromorpha basalis 378
214. Cossula magnifica 379
215. Synanthedon acerni 386
216. Desmia funeralis 392
217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis ' 394
218. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis 395
219. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, larvae ...-..... 396
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAGE
220. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, pupa 396
221. Hypsopygia costalis 400
222. Pyralis farinalis 401
223. Diatraea saccharalis, larvae . . 403
224. Cornstalk attacked by Diatraea saccharalis 404
225. Moth and pupa of Diatrsea saccharalis 405
226. The Bee-moth . . . H' ' .- . .'.'.. . . . 406
227. Mineola juglandis 408
228. Mineola indigenella, larvae and moth . . ! 409
229. Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves . . . .410
230. Zophodia grossulariae . . 411
231. Canarsia hammondi 411
232. Ephestia kuehniella . . . 412
233. Cocoons of Ephestia kuehniella 413
234. Larva of Ephestia cautella 414
235. Ephestia cautella 414
236. Plodia interpunctella 415
237. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus . . . . . . . . . .416
238. Orneodes hexadactylus 417
239. Eucosma scudderiana 418
240. Ancylis comptana 419
241. Cydia pomonella 420
242. Alceris minuta 421
243. Phthorimaea operculella 424
244. Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis 425
245. Anarsia lineatella, larvae 426
246. Anarsia lineatella, moths 427
247. Depressaria heracliana 428
248. Holcocera glandulella 429
249. Walshia amorphella 430
250. Bucculatrix canadensisella 431
251. Bucculatrix pomifoliella 432
252. Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes-moth) 432
253. Tinea pellionella. (The Fur-moth) 433
254. Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) .... 434
255. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larvae ,. 438
256. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth 439
257. Prodoxus marginatus 439
xxi
List of Illustrations in the Text
FIG. PAG*
258. Prodoxus y-inversa 440
259. Prodoxus reticulata 440
260. Prodoxus coloradensis 440
261. Prodoxus cinereus 441
262. Pronuba yuccasella 442
263. Pronuba yuccasella, pupae 442
xxii
LIST OF COLORED PLATES
Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortype
Company, New York and Chicago
FACING
PAGE
I. Larvae of Moths Frontispiece
II. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) . . ..'.,.., .'... 42
III. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths), &c. .".... . . 48
IV. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 56
V. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 62
VI. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 70
VII. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 76
VIII. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, &c 80
IX. Saturniidae, &c 84
X. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae ... 88
XI. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae, &c. . . 92
XII. Saturniidae, Cossidae, Lasiocampidae 96
XIII. Syntomidae, Lithosiidae, Arctiidae 108
XIV. Arctiidae 116
XV. Arctiidae 122
XVI. Arctiidae, &c 134
XVII. Arctiidae, Agaristidae, Noctuidae 140
XVIII. Noctuidae 156
XIX. Noctuidae 164
XX. Noctuidae 176
XXI. Noctuidae , 182
XXII. Noctuidae 188
XXIII. Noctuidae 194
XXIV. Noctuidae 204
XXV. Noctuidae . 210
XXVI. Noctuidae . 218
List of Colored Plates
FACING
PAGE
XXVII. Noctuida 228
XXVIII. Noctuidse 240
XXIX. Noctuicte 252
XXX. Noctuidse . 260
XXXI. Noctuidse 262
XXXII. Noctuidas 266
XXXIII. Noctuidae 268
XXXIV. Noctuidae 270
XXXV. Noctuidaa 272
XXXVI. Noctuidae 276
XXXVII. Noctuid* 278
XXXVIII. Pericopidae, Dioptidae, Liparidae, Megalopygidae,
&c 290
XXXIX. Notodontida 296
XL. Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, &c. ..'..... 300
XLI. Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, Psychidae, Platyptery- 314
gidae, Lacosomidae, &c
XLII. Noctuidae, -Nycteolidae, Geometridas 330
XLIII. Geometridae 338
XLIV. Geometridae 348
XLV. Geometridae 354
XLVI. y^geriidae ; .' . . 382
XLVII. Cochlidiidae, Zygaenidae, Thryrididae, Pyralidae . 394
XL VIII. Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Tineidae, &c 412
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS
"I suppose you are an entomologist?"
"Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the
individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist,
sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp."
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, The Poet at the Breakfast Table.
THE great order of the scale-winged insects, or lepidoptera,
by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into
two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the Hetero-
cera, or Moths. As Dr. David Sharp well says, " The only
definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that
all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera."*
The distinction made between butterflies and moths, accord-
ing to which all lepidoptera having clubbed antennae are to
be classified as Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without
clubbed antennae are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths,
while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase
of our knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few fami-
lies of lepidoptera, apparently forming con-
necting links between the butterflies and the
moths, in which, while most of the structural
characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the
antennae are distinctly clubbed. This is true
of the Castniidce, found in tropical America, FIG. i. Dahlia
the Neocastniida of the Indo-Malayan region, JSSS:
the Euscbemonidce of Australia, and certain
obscure genera of the Agaristidce, among them that remarkable
insect, Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the
*Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366.
3
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Buru. When, a few
years ago, I communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to
Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played
and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to
the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable
series of specimens in my possession showed. The incident
reveals that in classification hard and fast lines, based upon the
character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There
is scarcely any generalization in reference to organic structures
which students have made which has not been found with the
increase of knowledge to have its limitations. While all this is
true, it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of
the United States and the countries of British North America are
concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based
upon the form of the antennae, holds good, with the sole excep-
tion of '"he insects belonging to the genus Megathymus, which
are by many authors classified with the Castniidce, and by others
with the Hesperiidce. In the "Butterfly Book" 1 have left these
insects with the Hesperiidce. Leaving them out of sight, we may
say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book
deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennae, are moths.
The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States,
or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth,
is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennae of
butterflies, and then by comparison to refer the specimens before
him to their proper suborder.
Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through
which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form
as eggs. When the eggs hatch the insects appear as larvae, or
caterpillars. .They are then, after undergoing a series of molts,
transformed into pupae, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or
may be provided with an outer covering, known as the cocoon,
which is more or less composed of silk. After remaining for
some time in the pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged,
six-footed insects.
THE EGGS OF MOTHS
The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell
containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists
4
FIG. 2. Egg of
Peridroma saucia,
greatly enlarged.
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it
to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. The eggs
of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical, cylin-
drical, and lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs
are common. The eggs of the Cochlidiidx, or
Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking
like microscopic pancakes. The surfaces of
the eggs of moths are seen under a micro-
scope to be more or less ornamented by
raised lines and sculpturings. While in some
cases the eggs of moths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they
are generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluish-
green, or brown. Like the eggs of butterflies, they are provided
with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as
are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. In the
case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro-
pyle is located on the outer margin or rim.
The eggs are always laid by the female in a state of freedom
upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In
captivity moths will often deposit their eggs
in the receptacle in which they are con-
fined. In such cases, unless the observer
knows the food-plant upon which the
species feeds, he will be apt to have great
difficulty in rearing the larvae, unless by a
happy chance he succeeds experimentally
in ascertaining the proper plant. This may
sometimes be done by introducing the
leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and
observing those to which the young caterpillars resort.
The date of oviposition varies with different families and
genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young
insect passes the winter' in the egg, emerging when the early
springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. Some moths
lay their eggs in the late summer and early fall; the eggs hatch
shortly afterward, and the larvae, after molting one or more
times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following
spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such
time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most
5
rm
FIG. 3. Egg of Samia
cecropia, greatly
enlarged.
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring or early summer,
and the eggs hatch shortly afterward.
THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS
The caterpillars of moths are of course extremely small when
they first emerge trom the egg. '1 hey, however, rapidly increase
in relative size as they continue the process of feeding and
molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become
to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appear-
ance. The larva of the Royal Walnut-moth, or " Hickory Horn-
Devil," as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. (See Plate
I, Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at
all uncommon. With its curved horns and numeruos spines it
presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect.
The larvae of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are
principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vege-
table matter. The food of the vast majority consists of the leaves
of grasses, shrubs, and trees. A few larvae feed upon woody
tissues, and bore long galleries under the bark or in the wood
of trees. Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. A
number of species feed upon the inside of growing fruits. Only
a very few species are known to be carnivorous. In Australia
there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of which burrows into
the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of
the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great
family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific men as the
Ichneumonidce. Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed upon scale-
insects, in the same way in which the larva of the butterfly
known as Feniseca tarquinius feeds upon the same class of in-
sects. Among the Tineidce there are certain species which, as
is well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house-
wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by
the destructive larvae of the clothes-moth.
There is considerable variety in the form of heterocerous
larvae, and still greater variety in the manner in which their
bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. The body,
as is the case with the larvae of the Rhopalocera, is composed
normally of thirteen rings or somites, anterior to which is the
head.
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
The head is usually prominent, and is provided with man-
dibles, or jaws, eyes, rudimentary antennae, maxillae, palpi, and
a spinneret for the production of silk. The head may be
globular, hemispherical, or conoid. It is sometimes cleft on top,
or bifid. It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of
being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of
the anterior somite of the body.
Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar,
the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair
of legs which correspond to the six legs of the perfect insect, or
imago. The last two somites of the body are often so closely
united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable.
The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided
on either side with spiracles connecting with the tracheae, through
which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxy-
dization of the waste products of the circulation.
FIG. 4- LarvaotHyloicuskalmia:a, thoracic legs; b, prolegs;
c, anal proleg; d, anal horn; e, head.
The body is usually supported at the middle and at the end
by prolegs, or false legs. In the majority of families there are
four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh,
eighth, and ninth somites, and a fifth pair situated on the
thirteenth or last somite. The latter pair are called the anal
prolegs. In the larvae of the greater portion of the Geometridce,
and in those of numerous Noctuidce, the prolegs are reduced in
number, and in many of the Psychidce they appear to be wholly
wanting. In most of the Geometridee the pair found on the
ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore
in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements
in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
known as " loopers " or "measuring-worms." When, as is the
case with many genera of the Noctuidce, a less complete abortion
of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the
movement employed by the larvae of the Geometridce is wit-
nessed, the caterpillars are said to be " half-loopers," or "semi-
loopers." As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those
belonging to the genus Plusia, in which there are only two pairs
of abdominal prolegs. In the family of the Megalopygidce the
prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads on the somites
ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusive. In the Cochlidiidce
the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by
such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the
fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. In the Eriocephalidce,
which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been
pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal
prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the ninth and
tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. These
larvae are further remarkable in having well-developed antennae.
After the larvae have emerged from the egg and fed for a
longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, becomes
too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts,
or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding until increased develop-
ment makes another molt necessary. The number of such
molts varies in the case of different species. Ordinarily, hetero-
cerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before trans-
forming into pupae, but some genera molt as often as ten times,
while others only molt thrice. The skin which is cast off pre-
serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like
processes, the hairs, and various other appendages attached to
the body at the time of molting. The molting period is a
critical time in the life of larvae, and those who are endeavoring
to rear them should never disturb them in the least at this time.
The bodies of the larvae of moths are covered with tubercles,
the location and arrangement of which has in recent years
received considerable attention from students, and is thought to
furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. These
tubercles sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they
carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous,
or they may be developed until they assume the form of great
8
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
spines, horns, or bulbous projections. The hairs and spines
with which some larvae are ornamented possess stinging proper-
ties. This is true of some genera among the Saturniidce and the
Cochlidiidce in temperate America and of many genera in the same
families and among the Lasiocampidce in the tropics. The sting-
ing hairs of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are
employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they
put upon their arrows. The inflammation caused by these hairs,
even in the case of specimens long dead, I know from personal
experience to be very severe.
The coloration of caterpillars is often very striking and beau-
tiful, and in most cases is such as to adapt them more or less to
their surroundings in life. Cases of protective mimicry are very
numerous. A beautiful illustration of this is seen on Plate I,
fig. 1 5, where the singular form of the caterpillar, combined with
its green tint, suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm,
upon which plant it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in
the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths,
and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the
perfect insects.
There is much diversity in the social habits of the larvae of
moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse
at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in
which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire
colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which
each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In
1893 1 had the pleasure of communicating some information in
regard to this curious phase of insect life to the pages of the
journal of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol.
VI., p. 385). This habit is characteristic of certain genera of
African moths, but has not thus far been observed as occur
ring in the case of any American species.
THE PUP^E OF MOTHS
When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts
and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation
known as pupation. From a life of freedom and motion it
passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power
of motion are lost. The flexible and more or less agile body is
9
FIG. 5. Pupa of Telea
pclypkemus. (Riley.)
The Life -History and Anatomy of Moths
encased in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of
protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a
pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a cell at a greater or
lesser depth beneath the surface, or else weaves a cocoon of silk
about its body. In some cases the
transformation takes place at the
surface of the earth under leaves or
under fallen branches and the loose
bark of trees. In almost all such
cases there is apparently an at-
tempt, though often slight, to throw
a few strands of silk about the body
of the caterpillar, if only to hold in
place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur.
The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably
diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. The pupae of
moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are
more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots
which ornament the pupae of many species of butterflies, causing
them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found.
While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to
the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss
of motion and the imprisonment
within narrow bounds, it neverthe-
less distinctly marks a progression
in the life of the creature. The pupal
case contains within it the moth, as
may easily be ascertained by a care-
ful dissection made in the very earliest
period after the change has occurred,
FIG. 6. Pupa of Cut- worm
in earthen cell. (Riley.)
and which becomes very evident at a later time when the period
of the pupal life is drawing to its close.
In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place
will always be found the exuviae, or the larval skin, etc., of the
caterpillar, which have been cast off.
When the time comes for the perfect insect to emerge from
the pupa, nature has provided methods by which escape from
the prison cell underground, or the tightly woven cocoon, can
be effected. In the case of those pupae which lie deeply buried
10
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed
by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of
spiral twist. The pupa "wriggles" itself upward through the
soil until it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of
least resistance, which is generally the line through which the
larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement
the pupae are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge
of the somites which prevent backward motion. When emer-
gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power
of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of
dissolving and cutting the silken threads. When the moth first
emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body
is long and vermiform. The first act is to secure a quiet resting
place. The fluids of the body are in the process of circulation
rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing out-
ward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand
and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire
adjustment. There is no more interesting spectacle than to
witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently
helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an
insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color.
THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS
The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the
head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head bears the princi-
pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo-
tion, and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those
of assimilation, respiration, and circulation.
The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func-
tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in
this connection the corresponding portion of the " Butterfly
Book," in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to
the diurnal lepidoptera. The anatomy of moths does not radically
differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. The
same names are applied to the parts, and the differences which
occur are not so much differences in function as in outline.
In studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the
head is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. It is
more retracted, as a rule, though in the case of some families,
II
FIG. 7. Head of a
moth viewed from in
front, a, antenna; c,
clypous ; e, eye ; oc, ocel-
lus; p, proboscis.
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
as the Sphingidce, it is produced well in advance of the thorax, but
even in such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the ante-
rior part of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies.
The suctorial apparatus is formed in
the moths as in the case of the butter-
flies by the peculiar modification of the
maxillae into semi-cylindrical and inter-
locking tubes forming the proboscis.
This is enormously produced in some
groups, enabling the insect to hover upon
the wing over flowers and rob their cups
of the honey which they contain. This
is especially true of the Sphingidcv and
some subfamilies of the Noctuidce. In
other cases, as in the family of the Satur-
niidce and Bombycidce, the proboscis is very feebly developed
or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are
without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in
the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs
of reproductive energy, and, when the sexual functions have been
completed, they die.
The eyes of moths are often greatly
developed. This is especially true of those
species which are crepuscular in their hab-
its. The eyes of the heterocera are, as in
all other insects, compound. They may be
naked, or may be more or less studded with
hairs, or lashes, projecting from points lying
at the juncture of the various facets making
up the organ. This fact has been utilized to
some extent in classification. Ocelli, or
minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large
compound eyes, occur in some forms,
just above the latter, but are generally so
concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable
by an expert observer.
The labial palpi of moths, as of butterflies, consist of three
joints, but there' is far greater diversity in the development of the
palpi among the moths than among the butterflies. In some
FIG. 8. Head of a
moth viewed from the
side, a, antenna; e,
eye; oc, ocellus; m.p.,
maxillary palpus ; I. p. ,
labial palpus; p, pro-
boscis.
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain
relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms.
Maxillary palpi are found in some groups. The maxillary palpi
have two joints.
The antennae of moths,
which, as has already been
pointed out, differ greatly in
form from those of butterflies,
are attached to the head in the
same relative location as in
butterflies. Antennae may be
filiform, threadlike, fusiform,
spindle-shaped, or dilate,
more or less swollen toward
the tip. They may be simple,
i. e., without lateral projec-
FIG. 9. Antennae of moths. I,
fusiform; 2, filiform; j, dilate; 4,
ciliate ; 5, bipectinate ; 6, setose-
ciliate; 7, fasciculate; 8, dentate;
p, serrate; 10, lamellate.
tions, but this is rarely the
case. The shaft may be set
with cilia, or small hair-like
projections on the side of the joints. Such antennae are said to be
ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projec-
tions on the joints. These are called setose antennae. In some
FIG. 10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus. Plu-
mose; doubly bipectinate. (From " Insect Life,"
Vol. VII. p. 40.)
forms both cilia and bristles occur on the antennae. When the
bristles are arranged in clusters on the joints of the antennae they
are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections
on the antennae; in such cases the antennae are described as den-
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
fate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to
suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennae are said to be serrate.
When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are
minute plate-like projections, the antennae are described as lamel-
late. Many moths have pectinate antennae, the projections resem-
bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on
each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs
of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is
excessive, so as to cause the antennae to resemble a feather, they
are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of
these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just
been mentioned, antennae may be variously adorned with scales,
especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be
notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case
they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent in
peculiar ways, when they are described as sinuate.
The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the
prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro-
thorax bears the tegulae or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder-
lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries
the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the
last pair of legs and the hind wings.
The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of
nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg-
ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many.
At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal
spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles.
Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of
the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts
of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years
been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in
distinguishing species.
The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur,
tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed
at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws,
known technically as the ungues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just
back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with
spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the
males of various genera. The cut (Figure 1 1) shows the structure
14
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
of the legs. It will be well for the student to thoroughly famil-
iarize himself with the location and names of the different parts
indicated in this and the following figure.
U.T
FIG. ii. Legs of a Moth. (From "Packard's Guide," p. 231.)
i. FORE LEG. 2. MIDDLE LEG. 3. HIND LEG.
c. Coxa. u. Ungues.
t. Trochanter. p. Pulvillus.
/. Femur. 9 sp. i . Single anterior spur.
t. Tibia. sp. 2. Paired medial spurs,
tor. Tarsus. sp . 3. Two pairs of posterior spurs.
The structure of the wings of moths is essentially like that of
butterflies, and consists of a framework of hollow tubes which
support a double membrane which bears upon its surfaces the
scales, which overlap each other like the tiles upon the roof of a
house. The tubes, which are known as veins, communicate with
the respiratory system and are highly pneumatic. They are also
connected with the circulatory system, and are furnished, at least
through their basal portions, with nerves.
The fore wing has normally twelve veins. The hind wing
has also in primitive forms, as the Hepialidce, twelve veins, but
in the vast majority of cases this number has been reduced, and
eight veins is the number which is found in the majority of cases
in the hind wing. The accompanying figures, with their expla-
nations, will suffice far better than any mere verbal explanation
to explain the structure of the wings of moths. (See Figures
12 and 13.)
The relative position of vein five in relation to the median or
subcostal systems has been much utilized in recent years by
systematists in their classification of the various groups.
15
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are
not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the
Hepialidce there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is
sn 11
FIG. 12. Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson's "Moths of
India," Vol. I., with modifications.)
A. FORE WING. B. HIND WING.
c.m. Costal margin. c.n. Costal nervure, vein 1 2 of fore wing,
a.m. Outer margin. 8 of hind wing.
i.m. Inner margin. s.n. Subcostal nervure.
a. a. Apex. tn.n. Median nervure.
i.a. Inner angle. ia,b,c. Three branches of internal nervure.
c. Discoidal cell. 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure.
d. Discocellulars. 5. Lower radial.
ar. Areole. 6. Upper radial
f. Frenulum. 7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing.
7. Subcostal nervure of hind wing.
known as thejugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical
functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast
majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings
is made by means of the frenulum on the hind wing, which hooks
into the retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14.
The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of
specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single
curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females
it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some
16
The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths
groups, as the Phycitina:, the frenulum is simple in both sexes.
In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function
is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of
the basal portion of costa of the hind
wing. The nomenclature of the parts
of the wings of moths is not essentially
different from that which is employed
in describing the wings of butterflies.
There are, however, certain conventional
terms which have been applied by authors
to the markings upon the wings, espe-
cially of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will
serve to explain and illustrate these terms.
A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical
structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be
FIG. 13. Win}
Hepialus gracilis. J
nified. /, jugum.
s of
[ag-
FIG. 14. Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From "Moths of India," Vol. I.)
i. $ ; 2. ?. A. FORE WING.
/. Frenulum.
r. Retinaculum.
c.n. Costal nervure.
B. HIND WING.
s.n. Subcostal nervure.
m.n. Median nervure.
i.n. Internal nervure.
derived from the study of various manuals and special papers,
reference to which will be made hereafter a's the various families
are successively taken up and studied.
Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec-
tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock's
"Manual for the Study of insects." A very useful treatise is
found in Professor David Sharp's two volumes upon the Insecta
contained in the " Cambridge Natural History." Every student,
as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent
occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results
of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of
The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths
reference. An even more valuable work than these is the great
"Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense contained in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum," which is being prepared bv Sir
FIG 15. Wing of Noctuid Moth. (After Beutenmuller,
"Bulletin American Museum Natural History," Vol. XIV., p. 230.)
C, collar lappet; tg, patagium or shoulder lappet; T, thorax;
ab, abdomen; H, head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal
line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform;
or, orbicular; ms, median shade; ren, reniform; tp, transverse
posterior line; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; //, terminal lunules;
st, subterminal line; fr, fringes; om, outer margin; ha, hind angle;
ds, discal mark ; el, exterior line; an, anal angle; im, inner margin.
George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. The
endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire
subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted
the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists through-
out the world in the prosecution of his great task. The work is
of course somewhat expensive, but the working lepidopterist
cannot well do without it. Much help may also be derived from
the older works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though
old, are far from being obsolete and useless.
18
CHAPTER II
THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS
" Does he who searches Nature's secrets scruple
To stick a pin into an insect ?"
A. G. CEHLENSCHLJEGER, Aladdin's Lamp.
EVERYTHING that has been said in "The. Butterfly Book" in
reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of speci-
mens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch,
however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form,
it is worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be
observed in the collection and preservation of these minute
species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butter-
flies. The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to
put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have
glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. These
receptacles may be carried in a bag or pocket by the collector.
When he has returned from the field, the specimens may be killed
by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the
corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel's-hair
pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it
with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is
stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of
ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still
FIG. 1 6. Setting needle used in adjusting wings of micro-
lepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board.
lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to
that of its body, and is then transferred to the setting board.
Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made
19
The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens
differently from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and
larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has
for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vet-
eran collector. Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with
their edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness,
are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft
pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to one-
eighth of an inch occurs between them. This serves as the
groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed
upon the pin the insect is placed in one of these grooves. The
wings are then carefully expanded with a crooked needle
fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure 16, and are then bound
FIG. 17. Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera ; a,
pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac ; b, base
of soft pine ; co., cork ; d, white paper covering cork ; ee, brads,
to which setting threads are tied ; ff, pins set firmly beyond
groove to secure alignment of setting threads ; it, setting
threads ; pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and
which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in
position ; h, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen.
in place by a thread which is held in place by a pin, as shown in
Figure 17. Though the wings of these small insects may, when
mounted, at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread
drawn across them, they generally recover their -position after
removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting
these insects upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point
of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth,
20
The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens
so that they are not torn, nor are the fringes and other delicate
portions injured. In doing this work it is best to use a reading-
glass mounted in a frame, so that the operator can seethe objects
before him magnified two or three diame-
ters. The mounting of micro - lepidoptera
taken in the field and put into envelopes, as
often has to be done, is a very trying opera-
tion. After the insects have been sufficiently
dried they may be set up as double mounts,
the small silver pins being thrust through
pieces of pith held upon a larger pin. The FIG. 18. Double
Pyralidce, the Tortricidce and all the smaller
micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which
has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens
worthy of installation in a well ordered cabinet can be secured.
Larger forms may be placed in envelopes if intended to be
transmitted to great distances prior to study. Larvae may be
inflated in the manner described in "The Butterfly Book." In
all other particulars the directions contained in that volume may
be safely followed by the student.
As the moths around a taper,
As the bees around a rose,
As the gnats around a vapour,
So the spirits group and close
Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking its repose."
E. B. BROWNING,/* Child Asleep.
21
CHAPTER III
THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS
"The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk."
TENNYSON, In Memoriam, xciii.
THE insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes
found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry,
which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to
trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resem-
blance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while
throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield
wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived
from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect
life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of
the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in
order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have
been derived from preexisting forms. At best descent can only
be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which
naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is
possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly,
or even probably, derived from the same stock as another.
Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated
of very few families, so far as such assertion of a common
parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of
to-day.
All attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner
as to show the derivation of one of the existing families from
another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given,
must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that
the various families represent divergences from the parent stem,
which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the
trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, which leaves this
22
The Classification of Moths
fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it
would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then,
laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the
result of his labors, "This is a tree scientifically arranged." In-
asmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be
preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those
forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint
of their common origin.
Exceedingly different views have been entertained by natural-
ists in recent years in reference to the matters which we are dis-
cussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have
been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few
of which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than
natural. Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so
much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the
study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while
to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a
lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which
he has alluded. He is inclined to regard the scheme which has
been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his
great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being
issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole
as satisfactory as any which has recently been evolved. Inas-
much, however, as Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub-
lished a List of the Lepidoptera of the United States, which is
certain for many years to come to be used very largely by Ameri-
can students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon
the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume
to the serial arrangement given in Dr. Dyar's List, although the
writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work
in his views as to the position which should be held in relation
to each other of a number of genera. The last word in reference
to the classification of the insects contained in this group has
certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far
from having attained in our studies to conclusions which may be
accepted as final.
For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a
key to the families which are represented in this book, which is
based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first
23
The Classification of Moths
volume of his "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," and in
the preparation of which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN
HETEROCERA.
Antennae not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed
or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated. . i
i Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins ; wings unlike
in shape 2
Hind wing with cell emitting more than six veins; wings similar in
shape 44
2 Hind wing with vein ic absent 3
Hind wing with vein ic present 22
3 Fore wing with vein 5 nearer 4 than 6 4
Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6
than 4 15
4 Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 4, SyntomidcB.
Hind wing with Vein 8 present 5
5 Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 6
Hind wing with vein S touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell . . : 1 2
6 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyona
middle 7
Hind wing with vein G anastomosing with cell near base only 9
Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar. .Fam. 14, Liparidce.
7 Ocelli present Fam. 6, ArctiidcB.
Ocelli absent 8
8 Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolidce.
Fore wing withoiit such tufts Fam. 5, Lithosiidce.
9 Antennae with shaft more or less dilated toward tip
Fam. 7 , Agaristidce.
Antennae with sliaft not dilated 10
10 Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 10, Pericopida.
Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked 1 1
ii Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base ....
; . Fam. 9, Nycteolidae.
Fore wing trigonatc Fam. 8, Noctu',d&.
ia Hind wing with vein ia absent or not reaching anal angle
Fam. 17, Platypterygidce.
Hind wing with vein ia reaching anal angle 13
13 Frenulum present Fam. 28, Thyrididce.
Frenulum absent Fam. 15, Lasiocampidae.
14 Hind wing with vein 8 diverging from cell from base 15
Hind wing with vein 8 connected or approximate to cell 17
15 Tongue absent; no tibial spurs; frenulum absent . . Fam. 2, Saturniida.
Tongue and tibial spurs present; frenulum absent
Fam. 3, Ceratocampidai.
24
The Classification of Moths
16 Hind wing with vein 8j-emote from 7 '. 17
Hind wing with vein 8 approximated to or united with 7 21
17 Proboscis absent; frenulum absent Fam. 16, BombycidtB.
Proboscis present 1 8
1 8 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to near middle; vein 5 weak
Fam. 1 2 , N otodontidcB .
Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell near base only or vein 5
strong 19
19 Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 separate 20
Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 1 1 , Dioptidce.
ao Fore wing with vein 8 stalked with 9 Fam. 19, Epiplemidce.
Fore wing with vein 8 not stalked with 9 . . Fam. 18, Geometridce.
21 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar . . Fam. i, Sphingidas.
Hind wing with vein 8 not joined to cell by a bar.. Fam. 13, Thyatiridae.
33 Wings divided into plumes 23
Wings not divided into plumes 24
23 Fore wing divided into four plumes Fam. 32, Pterophoridae.
Fore wing divided into six plumes Fam. 33, Orneodidce.
24 Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 30, /Egeriida.
Hind wing with vein 8 present 25
25 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4
Fam. 2 1 , Lacosomidce.
26 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with or closely approximated
to vein 7 Fam. 3 1 , Pyralidae.
Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 26
27 Vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with cell at base 28
Vein 8 free or united to cell by a bar 29
28 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to middle; fore wing with a
branch to vein i below Fam. 24, Megalopygidce.
Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell at base; no branch to vein
i below Fam. 23, Cochlidiidce.
29 Mid spurs of hind tibiae very short or absent 30
Mid spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed 34
30 Proboscis absent t 31
Proboscis present; vein 8 joined to the cell by a bar
Fam. 2 7 , Zygce*id&.
3 1 Female winged 32
Female not winged Fam. 22, Psychidae.
32 Abdomen extending beyond hind wings Fam. 29, Cossidce.
Abdomen not extending beyond hind wings 33
33 Antennas short; larvae free Fam. 25, Dalceridce.
Antennas long as usual; larvae parasitic Fam. 26, Epipyropida.
34 Palpi obtuse Fam. 34, Tortrtcida.
Palpi more or less acute 35
35 Head at least partly roughly haired Fam. 41, Tineida (part).
Head smooth, or with loosely appressed scales .36
The Classification of Moths
36 Antennae with basal eye-cap Fam. 41, Tineidce (part).
Antennae without basal eye-cap 37
37 Maxillary palpi developed 38
Maxillary palpi rudimentary 39
38 Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin
Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidcB (part).
Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 41, Tineidce (part).
39 Hind wing with vein 8 more or less distinctly connected with cell;
outer margin usually sinuate 40
Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell 41
40 Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex
Fam. 37 , Xylorictida.
Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 36, Gelechiidce.
41 Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel 42
Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked 43
43 Posterior tibiae hairy f Fam. 38, CEcophoridce.
\ Fam. 39, Blastobasidce*.
Posterior tibiae smooth Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidce .
43 Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings
Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidce (part).
Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings
Fam. 40, ElachistidcB.
44 Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent Fam. 42, Hepialidae.
Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed. .Fam. 43, Micropterygidae.
* No good character has been shown at present for the separation of the CEcophorida
and the Blastobasid.-e.
26
CHAPTER IV
BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS
THE literature of our subject is quite extensive, and the
most important portions of it are contained in the publications of
various learned societies and institutions.
The first references to the subject are found in the writings
of Linnaeus, Johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hubner, Geyer,
Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hubner,
Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many
of the more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith's
"Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia" gives figures of a
number of moths, with their larvae and food-plants.
In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled
"A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious
to Vegetation," was published. This was followed in 1852 by
the work of A. Guenee on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and
the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the "Species
General des Lepidopteres," forming a portion of the "Suites a
Buffon." Many North American species were here described
for the first time, and some of them were figured in the Atlas of
Plates accompanying the work. In 1850 G. A. W. Herrich-
Schaeffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his " Sammlung
Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropaischer Schmetter-
linge," which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869.
Good figures of a number of North American moths are con-
tained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began
the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British
Museum of his "List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects
in the Collection of the British Museum." This work, which
finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of which appeared
Books about North American Moths
in 1866, contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found
within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker's
descriptions are not always recognizable, and his classification as
to families and genera was at times very careless. In 1859
Brackenridge Clemens published in the Journal of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a
"Synopsis of the North American Sphingides." In 1860 the
Smithsonian Institution issued a "Catalogue of the Described
Lepidoptera of North America," compiled by the Rev. J. G.
Morris. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now
antiquated. In 1862 the same institution published a book by
the same author, entitled "A Synopsis of the Described Lepi-
doptera of North America." It is almost wholly a compila-
tion. The first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region.
From pp. 122-314 the book is devoted to descriptions of the
moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens,
and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp.
330-350. The work is not wholly without value.
This brief review of the literature issued previous to the out-
break of the great Civil War in America, covers practically every-
thing of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to
that time. The period which has followed has been character-
ized by greater activity in all scientific directions, and the prin-
cipal works which have appeared upon the moths of the United
States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list,
which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to
enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the
prosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted him-
self with the contents of this volume.
PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA
Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Entomology).
(Published occasionally.)
Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I-VII, 1878-1885.
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873-
1884.
Canadian Entomologist, Vols. 1-XXXIV, 1869-1903, London, Ontario.
(Published monthly.)
Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889.
38
Books about North American Moths
Entomological News, Vols. I-XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy
of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.)
Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895.
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903.
(Published quarterly.)
Papilio, Vols. I-III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards;
Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I-VI,
1861-1867. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society.)
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V,
1890-1903. (Published occasionally.)
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI,
1878-1903.
Psyche. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge,
Mass., Vols. I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.)
Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX.
1867-1903. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published
quarterly.)
GENERAL CATALOGUES AND LISTS
GROTE, A. R., AND List of the Lepidoptera of North America, I,
ROBINSON, C. T. (Sphingidae to Bombycidae.) American Entomo-
logical Society, Philadelphia, 1868.
GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci,
Hemileucini, Ceratocampidee, Lachneides, Tere-
dines, and Hepiali with Notes (Transactions Amer-
ican Philosophical Society, 1874).
GROTE, A. R. A New Check List of North American Moths, New
York, 1882, pp. 1-73.
BROOKLYN ENTOMO- Check List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America,
LOGICAL SOCIETY North of Mexico (Brooklyn, 1882, pp. 1-25).
SMITH, JOHN B. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America ^Phila-
delphia, American Entomological Society, 1891,
pp. 1-124).
KIRBY, W. F. A Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Hetero-
cera, Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892,
DYAR, H. G. A List of North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin
U. S. National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723.
GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE
MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA
COMSTOCK, J. H. A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895.
DRUCH, HERBERT Biologia Centrali- Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera-
Heterocera, Vols. I-II, Text; Vol. Ill, Plates,
London, 1881-1900,
39
Books about North American Moths
PACKARD, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions.
A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898.
SHARP, DAVID The Cambridge Natural History: Insects, 2 Vols.;
Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York.
STRECKER, HERMAN Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres,
Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and
Colored Illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-1877.
Three Supplements, 1898-1900.
WALKER, FRANCIS List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. Vols. I-XXXV, London,
1854-1866.
RILEY, C. V. Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other
Insects of the State of Missouri. Nos. 1-9, and
Index, 1869-1878.
WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIP-
FERENT FAMILIES OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA
SPHINGID.*
GROTE, A. R., AND A Synonymical Catalogue of North America Sphin-
ROBINSON, C. T. gidae. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol.
V, 1865, pp. 149-193.)
GROTE, A. R. Catalogue of the Sphingidae of North America.
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17-28.)
New Check List of North American Sphingidae,
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp.
220-225.)
CLEMENS, B. Synopsis of the North American Sphingides.
(Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV,
1859, pp. 97-190.)
BOISDUVAL, J. A. Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, 1874.
Vol. I, text; and a series of Plates in the Atlas
accompanying the work, which forms a portion of
the "Suites a. Buff on."
BUTLER, A. G. Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the
Family Sphingidse. (Transactions Zoological Soc.
London, Vol. IX, 1877, pp. 511-644, Plates XC-
XCIV.)
SMITH, JOHN B. An Introduction to a Classification of the North
American Lepidoptera. Sphingidae. (Entomo-
logica Americana, Vol. I, 1885, pp. 81-87.)
List of the Sphingidae of Temperate North America.
(Entomologica Americana, 1888, pp. 89-94.)
A monograph of the Sphingidae of North America
North of Mexico. (Transactions American Ent.
Soc., Vol. XV, 1888, pp. 49-242, Twelve Plates.)
30
Books about North American Moths
FERNALD, C. H. The Sphingidae of New England. Orcmo, Maine,
1886.
BEUTENMULLER, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sphingidae Found
within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 275-320.)
ROTHSCHILD, HON. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae.
W., AND JORDAN, K. (Novitates Zoologicae, 1903.) The most complete
work upon the subject as yet written.
SATURNIID.E
SMITH, JOHN B. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Saturniidae.
(Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. IX, pp. 414-
43 7, Three Plates.)
PACKARD, A. S. Synopsis of the Bombycidas of the United States.
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, 1864,
pp. 97-130 and 331-396.)
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 121-132.)
GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci,
Hemileucini, Ceratocampidae, Lachneides, Tere-
dines, and Hepiali, with Notes. (Proc. Am. Philos.
Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256-264.)
CERATOCAMPIDvE
GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, etc.
(See Above.)
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 147-152.)
SYNTOMID^;
HAMPSON, G F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
British Museum, Vol. I, 1898.
LITHOSIID^E
BUTLER, A. G. On the Lepidoptera of the Family Lithosiidae, in
the Collection of the British Museum. (Transac-
tions Ent. Soc., London, 1877, pp. 325-377.)
STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidas and Bombycidas of
North America, San Francisco, 1874, pp. 242, Ten
Plates. (Numerous Lithosiids are figured and
described.)
HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
British Museum, Vol. II, 1900.
ARCTIID^E
HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
British Museum, Vol. Ill, 1901.
Books about North American Moths
STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of
North America. (Numerous Arctiids are figured
and described.)
BEUTENMULLER, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine Moths
Found within Fifty Miles of New York City.
(Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 353-
448.)
SMITH, JOHN B Preliminary Catalogue of the Arctiidae of Temperate
North America. (Canadian Entomologist, 1889,
pp. 169-175, 193-200, and 213-219.)
The North American Species of Callimorpha
Latreille. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 342-
353-)
LYMAN, H. H. The North American Callimorphas. (Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIX, pp. 181-191.)
GROTE, A. R. Table of the Species of Euchaetes. (Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 196-197.)
AGARISTID^E
HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalasnae in the
Collection of the British Museum, Vol. Ill, pp. 515-
663, 1901.
(Consult also Stretch, Neumoegen and Dyar, and
Periodicals.)
NOCTUID^;
7IAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenas in the
Collection of the British Museum, Vol. IV, et seq.
GUENEE, A. Noctuelites. Sp6cies G6n6ral des L6pidopteres.
Suites a Buff on, Vols. V-VIII.
GROTE, A. R. List of the Noctuidae of North America. (Bulletin
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 1-77.)
Introduction to the Study of the North American
Noctuidag. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol.
XXI, pp. 134-176.)
An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North
America; with "A Colony of Butterflies," London.
1882, pp. 1-85, four colored plates.
Consult also the very numerous papers upon the
Noctuidae published by Grote in the Bulletin of
the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences; The
Canadian Entomologist; the Bulletin of the U. S
Geological Survey, Vol. VI; Papilio; and recently
in the publications of the Roemer Museum at
Hildesheim, Germany.
Books about North American Moths
SMITH, JOHN B. A Catalogue, Bibliographical and Synonymical, of
the Species of Moths of the Lepidopterous Super-
family Noctuidse Found in Boreal America, with
Critical Notes. (Bulletin U. S. Nat. Museum,
No. 44, pp. 1-424-)
This is the most scholarly and complete work
upon the Noctuidae of America which has up to
the present time been published, and is indispensa-
ble to the student.
Consult also the very numerous papers by Professor
Smith which have been published in the Proceedings
of the U. S. National Museum; the Transactions of
the American Entomological Society; The Canadian
Entomologist; Papilio, and other periodicals.
SMITH, JOHN B., AND A Revision of the Species of Acronycta and of
DYAR, H. G. Certain Allied Genera. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum,
Vol. XXI, pp. 1-194.)
HULST, G. D. The Genus Catocala. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent.
Society, Vol. VII, pp. 13-56.)
NYCTEOLID.E
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. I, p. 117.)
HAMPSON, G. F. The Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. U, pp. 365-
388.
PERICOPID.*
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, p. 26.)
DIOPTID^E
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, p. in.)
NOTODONTID*
PACKARD, A. S. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America,
North of Mexico. Part I, Family I, Notodontidae.
(Memoirs National Academy of Science, Vol. VII,
pp. 1-390, Forty-nine Plates.)
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Lepidopterous
DYAR, H. G. Family Notodontidae. (Transactions Am. Ent.
Soc., 1894, pp. 179-208.)
SCHAUS, W. A Revision of the American Notodontidae. (Trans-
actions Ent. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 1:57-344,
Plates XI and XII.)
33
Books about 'North American Moths
THYATIRID^E
GROTE, A. R. A Revision of the Species of Cytnatophorina Found
in the United States and British America, with
Descriptions of New Species. (Proceedings Ent.
Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. II, pp. 54-59.)
SMITH, JOHNS Bulletin 44, U. S. National Museum, pp. 27-29.
LIPARID^E
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II j pp. 28-30 and 57-60.)
LASIOCAMPID^B
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 152-160.)
BOMBYCID.*
HAMPSON, G. F Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. I, pp. 31-40.
PLATYPTERYGID.fi
GROTE, A. R. On the North American Platypterygidae. (Trans-
actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 65-67.)
List of the North American Platypterices, etc.
(Proceedings Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256
264.)
NEUMOEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 61-62.)
GEOMETRID.fi
PACKARD, A. S. A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae
of the United States. (U. S. Geological Survey
of the Territories, Vol. X, pp. 1-607 > Thirteen Plates.)
HULST, G. D. -A Classification of the Geometrina of North America
with Descriptions of New Genera and Species
(Transactions Am. Ent. Soc., 1896, pp. 245-386.)
GUMPPENBERG, C.v. Systema Geometrarum Zonae Temperatioris Sep-
tentrionalis (Nova Acta der Kaiser. Leop. Carol.
Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, 1887-1897.)
EPIPLEMID.fi
HULST, G. D. Transactions American Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII,
PP- 309-310.
HAMPSON, G. F. Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. Ill, pp. 121-137
NOLID.fi
HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the
Collection of the British Museum, Vol. II, 1900.
34
Books about North American Moths
LACOSOMID^E
NEUMGEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.
Vol. II, p. 120.)
PSYCHID.*
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. III-I20.)
COCHLIDIID^E
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 64-76.)
MEGALOPYGID^
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 109-110.)
DALCERIDJE
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXV, p. 121.
DYAR, H. G.
DYAR, H. G. Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 232.
EPIPYROPID^E
DYAR, H. G. List of North American Lepidoptera, p. 359.
WESTWOOD, J. O. Transactions Ent. Soc., London, 1876, p. 522.
ZYG^NID^E
PACKARD, A. S. Notes on the Family Zygaenidae. (Proceedings
Essex Institute, Vol. IV, pp. 7-47.)
GROTE, A. R. Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America.
(Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 29-
36.)
STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of
North America.
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. II, p. 63. (Pyro-
DYAR, H. G. morphidae.)
HAMPSON, G. P. On the Classification of the Thyrididae, a Family of
the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. (Proc. Zool. Soc.,
London, 1897, pp. 6o 3~33-)
COSSID.fi
NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America
DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc.,
Vol. II, pp. 160-166.)
Books about North American Moths
BAILEY, J. S.
Some of the North American Cossidae, with Facts
in the Life History of Cossus centerensis Lintner.
(Bulletin No. 3, Division of Entomology, U. S.
Dept. Agriculture, 1883.)
JEGEKUVJE
BEUTENMULLER, W. Monograph of the Sesiidae of North America North
of Mexico. (Memoirs of the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. I, Part 6, pp. 2 1 7-3 5 2 ; Plates XXIX-XXXVI.)
GUENEE, A. Deltoides et Pyralites. Species General des L6pi-
dopteres, Vol. VIII.
GROTE. A. R. Preliminary Studies on the North American
Pyralidae. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 669705.)
Preliminary List of North American Species of
Crambus. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII, pp.
77-80.)
HAMPSON, G. F. On the Classification of the Schcenobiinae and Cram-
binae, Two Subfamilies of Moths of the Family
Pyralidae. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1895, pp.
8 97-974-)
On the Classification of Three Subfamilies of Moths
of the Family Pyralidae: the Epipaschiinae, Endo-
trichinae, and Pyralinae. (Transactions Ent. Soc.,
London, 1896, pp. 451-550.)
On the Classification of the Chrysauginas, a Sub-
family of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. (Proc.
Zool. Soc., London, 1897, pp. 633-692.)
On the Classification of Two Subfamilies of Moths
of the Family Pyralidae: the Hydrocampinae and
Scopariinae. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1897,
pp. 127-240.)
A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus-
tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part I. (Proc. Zool.
Soc., London, 1898, pp. 590-761.)
A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus-
tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part II. (Proc. Zool.
Soc., London, 1899, pp. 172-291.)
HULST, G. D. . The Phycitidae of North America. (Transactions
Am. Ent. Soc., 1890, pp. 93-228.)
The Epipaschiinae of North America. (Entomo-
logica Americana, 1889, pp. 41-52 and 61-76.)
Books about North American Moths
FELT, E. P On Certain Grass-eating Insects. (Bulletin No. 64,
Cornell Unix 7 . Agric. Experiment Station, 1894,
pp. 47-102, Fourteen Plates.)
FERNALD, C. H. The Crambidze of North America. (Annual Report
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pp. 1-96,
Nine Plates.)
RAGONOT, E. L. Monographic des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae.
(Romanoff's "Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, Vols.
VII-VIII, 1893-1902.) Volume VIII was com-
pleted by Sir George F. Hampson after the death
of the author.
PTEROPHORID^E
FERNALD, C. H. The Pterophoridae of North America. (Special
Bulletin, Mass. Agricultural College, 1898, pp. 164,
Nine Plates.)
TORTRICID^E
FERNALD, C. H. A Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tor-
tricidse of North America North of Mexico. (Trans-
actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, pp. 1-64.)
On the North American Species of Choreutis and Its
Allies. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 236-
245-)
ROBINSON, C. T Notes on American Tortricidae. (Transactions
Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 261-288, Plates I and
IV-VIII.)
WALSINGHAM, LORD North American Tortricidae. Illustrations of
Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV,
pp. i-xii and 1-84, Plates I-XVII.
ZELLER, P. C. Beitraege zur Kentniss der Nordamerikanischen
Nachtf alter besonders der Microlepidopteren.
(Verhandlungen d. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch, Wien,
1873, pp. 447-556; 1873, pp. 201-334; 1875, pp. 207-
360. Treats also of Tineidae.
TINEID.E, ETC.
CLEMENS, B. The Tineina of North America, by the late Bracken-
ridge Clemens. Being a Collected Edition of his
Writings on that Group of Insects. With Notes
by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, London, 1872,
pp. i-xv and 1-282.
CHAMBERS, V. T. Index to the Described Tineina of the United States
and Canada. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the
Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 125-167.)
37
Books about North American Moths
WALSINGHAM, LORD North American Coleophorae. (Transactions Ent.
Soc., London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII.)
A Revision of the Genera Acrolophus Poey and
Anaphora Clemens. (Transactions Ent. Soc., Lon-
don, 1887, pp. 137-173, Plates VII, VIII.)
Steps Toward a Revision of Chambers's Index with
Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Insect
Life, Vol. I, pp. 81-84, 113-117, 145-150, 254-
258, 287-291; Vol. II, pp. 23-26, 51-54, 77-8i,
116-120, 150-155, 284-286, 322-326; Vol. Ill, pp.
325-329, 386-389; Vol. IV, pp. 385-389.)
DYAR, H. G. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidas,
(Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 37-41, 84-86.)
BUSCK, A. New Species of Moths of the Superfamily Tineina
from Florida. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIII,
pp. 225-254.)
New American Tineina. (Journal New York Ent.
Soc., Vol. VIII, pp. 234-248, Plate IX.)
A Revision of the American Moths of the Family
Gelechiidae with Descriptions of New Species.
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, pp. 767-938.)
" When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such,
and the gratification of the esthetic sense of the beauty of complete-
ness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy indolence of
ignorance ; when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a
source of joy, and he is counted happy who is successful in the search,
common knowledge of Nature passes into what our forefathers called
Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used to
be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical
Science." THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, in The Crayfish.
THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA,
NORTH OF MEXICO
"The laugh at entomology is nearly spent. Known professors of the
science, and members of its ' Society,' may now assemble in council and
communicate their observations and inquiries without fear of becoming
themselves subjects for a commission de lunatico inquirendo, and butterfly
hunters, net in hand, may now chase their game without being themselves
made game of." Acketa Domestica.
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
SUBORDER HETEROCERA (MOTHS)
FAMILY I.
THE SPHINGID/E (HAWKMOTHS)
"The Sphinx is drowsy,
Her wings are furled." EMERSON.
THE moths composing this family vary greatly in size. Some
African species are very little more than an inch in expanse of
wings. Those which occur in North America are medium-sized
or large.
The body is relatively very stout, the abdomen conic, cylin-
dric, or flattened on the ventral surface, always protruding far
beyond the hind margin of the secondaries, sometimes adorned
with lateral or terminal tufts capable of expansion. The thorax
is stout and often advanced beyond the insertion of the wings.
The head is large and generally prominent. The eyes are often
large, prominent, and generally naked, never hairy. The palpi
are well, but never excessively, developed.
The proboscis is generally long, some-
times much longer than the body, but in a
few genera among the Ambulicince greatly
reduced and even obsolete. The antennae
are well developed, stouter in the male
FIG. 20. Greatly
than in the female sex, thickening from the magnified view of
base to the middle, or in some genera to ^ e under side of
three joints of the
nearly the end, usually hooked at the ex- antenna of P. guin-
tremity, sometimes merely curved. The quemaculatus.
joints of the antennae in the case of the males
of some of the subfamilies are equipped at either end with pecul-
iarly arranged fascicles of projecting hairs, or cilia, the arrangement
41
Sphingidae
of which, as examined under the microscope, is seen to be quite
different from that which prevails in any other family of moths.
The accompanying illustration (Fig. 20) shows this arrange-
ment in the case of the common Five-spotted Hawkmoth,
(Protoparce quinquemaculatus) .
The wings are small in comparison with the body. The
front wings are very long in proportion to their width, and
the costal veins are always very stoutly developed. The tip
of the wing is usually pointed, and the margins are straight
or evenly rounded, though in some genera, principally be-
longing to the subfamily Ambulicinae, they have undulated
or scalloped margins. The hind margin of the fore wings
is always much shorter than the costal margin. The hind
wings are relatively quite small. The venation of the wings
is characteristic. The primaries have from eleven to twelve
veins, the secondaries eight, reckoning the two internal veins,
veins i a and i b, as one. Veins eight and seven are
connected near the base of the wing
by a short vein, or bar. The discal
cell is relatively quite small in both
wings. There is always a frenulum,
though in the Ambulicina it is frequently
merely vestigial. The general style of
the venation is illustrated in Figure 21,
which represents the structure of the
Wi "g s Of S * si " MaluS Linn * US " The
Linnaeus. hawkmoths have prodigious power of
flight. A few genera are diurnal in their
habits; most of them are crepuscular, flying in the dusk of evening,
a few also about dawn.
The larvae are usually large. There is great variety in their
color, though the majority of the North American species are of
some shade of green. They usually have oblique stripes on
their sides, and most of them have a caudal horn, which in the
last stages in some genera is transformed into a lenticular
tubercle. In a few genera the anal horn is wanting. The
anterior segments of the bodies of the larvae are retractile. When
in motion the body is long and fusiform, but when at rest the
head and the anterior segments are drawn back, the rings
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Hamorrhagia thetis Boisduval, cJ 1 .
2. Hcemorrhagia tenuis Grote, 9
3. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, J 1 .
4. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 9 .
5. Hcemorrhagia thy she Fabricius, J 1 .
6. Hcemorrhagia cimbiciformis Stephens, $ .
7. Hcemorrhagia brucei French, tf.
8. Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9 .
9. Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, J>.
10. Proserpinus darkies Boisduval, $ .
11. Pogocolon gaurce Abbot & Smith, cJ 1 .
12. Pogocolon fuanita Strecker, J 1 .
13. Xylophones tersa Linnagus, c?.
14. Celerio lineata Fabricius, cJ 1 .
15. Deidamia inscriptum Harris, cJ 1 .
1 6. Sesia titan Cramer, (J 1 .
17. E pis tor lugubris Linnaeus, (J 1 .
18. Ampkion nessus Cramer, tf.
19. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, (J 1 .
20. Celerio intermedia Kirby, 9
21. Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, tf.
THE MOTK BOOK.
Sphingidae
"telescoping" into one another, and the anterior portion of the
body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate I, Figure i. It is
alleged that the habit of assuming this posture, suggesting a
resemblance to the Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application
of the name to these creatures. The larvae are not gregarious,
but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants.
Some forms pupate in a cell deep under the soil, others spin
a loose cocoon among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur-
face. The pupae are as remarkable as the larvae. A few genera
have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along
the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the
body. This is illustrated in Figure 22.
FIG. 22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus. (After Riley.)
The Hawkmoths of the United States and Canada fall into
five subfamilies, the Acherontiince, the Ambulicince, the Sesiince,
the Philampelince, and the Chcerocampince.
SUBFAMILY ACHERONTIINCE
Genus HERSE Oken
(i) Herse cingulata Fabricius, Plate VI, Fig. 3, $, (The
Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.)
Syn. convolvuli, var. Merian; affinis Goeze; drur&i Donovan; pungens
Eschsholtz; decolor a Henry Edwards.
This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds
upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvulacece, has
been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linnaeus, which
it resembles, but from which it is abundantly distinct. The
latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the
only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere,
ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in
the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken
at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land.
43
Sphingidae
It settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of
the vessel.
Genus COCYTIUS Hvibner
The genus Cocytius, which includes some of the largest
hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, all of which
are found in the tropics cf the new world. They may easily be
recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in
both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn.
The larvae, which feed upon the Anonacece, are covered with fine
hairs. Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits
covered by the present work. It occurs in southern Florida, and
in southern Texas as a straggler.
(i) Cocytius antaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. I, $. (The
Giant Sphinx.)
Syn. caricce Muller (non Linnaeus); jatrophae Fabricius; hydaspui
Cramer; tnedor Stoll; anotVB Shaw; lapayusa Moore.
The species is somewhat variable, specimens from the
Antilles being often lighter in color than those from Central
America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter
form is accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the
darker form is called by them Cocytius anicem medor Stoll. The
difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation
into two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into
southern Brazil.
Genus PROTOPARCE Burmeister
The head is prominent. The body is stout and heavy. The
tongue in both sexes is at least as long as the body. The palpi
are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the
basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and
the terminal joint minute. The eyes are large, feebly lashed.
The tibiae are either without spines, or feebly armed with
minute spinules. The mid tarsus is provided with a comb of
long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically sphingi-
form. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded.
There is a slight projection of the secondaries at the extremity
of vein i b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of
gray, banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and
44
Sphingidae
spots. The abdomen is generally marked on the sides by rows
of yellowish spots.
The larvae are cylindrical with the head rounded. The anal
horn curves downward and is granulose. The prevalent colors
are shades of green. The segments, from four to eleven
inclusive, are marked on the sides with whitish diagonal stripes.
The pupa has the tongue-case free, curved, and nearly
touching the pectus.
This genus, which is confined to the two Americas, includes
thirty species, of which four occur within our faunal limits.
(1) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, ?. (The
Tomato Sphinx.)
Syn. Carolina Linnaeus; nicoiianas Mn6tris; lycopersici Boisduval.
This is one of our commonest hawkmoths. Its larva feeds
upon the potato, tomato, and other Solanacece. It ranges over
the United States and is represented in Central and South
America by several subspecies or local races.
(2) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV,
Fig. i, ? . See also text figures 20 and 22. (The Five-spotted
Hawkmoth.)
Syn. celeus Hiibner; Carolina Donovan.
Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common.
Its larva feeds upon the Solanacece and is particularly destructive
to tobacco. It is familiarly known in the South as the
"tobacco fly."
(3) Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, Plate IV,
Fig. 4, ? . (The Occult Sphinx.)
This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections
confounded with P. sexta = Carolina Linnaeus. It may readily
be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings,
the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back
of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot
at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and
Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval
habits are not known.
(4) Protoparce rustica Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig. 5, $ . (The
Rustic Sphinx.)
Syn. chionanthi Abbot & Smith. ,
The caterpillar of this hawkmoth feeds upon the fringe-bush
45
Sphingidae
( Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the
southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally
found in the northern States. I have not infrequently taken
specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and then
captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England.
Genus CHL^ENOGRAMMA Smith
This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding,
may be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long
bristles of the mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce,
is wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus
and paronychium present. The eyes are smaller than in
Protoparce, and are not lashed. There are two species in the
genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern
portion of the United States.
(i) Chlaenogramma jasminearum Guerin, Plate VII,
Fig. 6, ? . (The Ash Sphinx.)
Syn. rotundata Rothschild.
The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon the various species
of ash (Fraxinus). It is found in the middle Atlantic States
and southward, and ranges as far west as the Mississippi.
Genus DOLBA Walker
Head small; eyes small and lashed. The antennae are
fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The tibiae are not
spinose. The mid tarsus has a comb.
The genus, which contains but a single species, is differenti-
ated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non-
spinose tibiae.
(i) Dolba hylaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, ? . (The Papaw
Sphinx.)
This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, may readily be
distinguished by the figure given in our plate. Its larva, which
is green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds
upon the papaw, ( ' Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant
where that plant is common, as in the Valley of the Ohio. It
is also said to feed upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada to the
Gulf States and westward to Iowa and Missouri.
Sphingidae
Genus ISOGRAMMA Rothschild & Jordan
This genus has been erected by Rothschild & Jordan for the
reception of the single species which we figure. The learned
authors say: "In the shortness of the fore tibia and first segment
of the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with
the species of Ceratomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus
with CHtenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the
fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed
with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character,
not acquired by Ceratomia, while the pulvillus is an ancestral
structure already lost in Ceratomia."
(i) Isogramma hageni Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8, $ . (Hagen's
Sphinx.)
This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be
confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it
superficially resembles, may be distinguished at a glance by the
slightly greenish shade of the primaries and by the absence
of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is charac-
teristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas.
Genus CERATOMIA Harris
The tongue is reduced in size. The palpi are small. The
eyes are small. The tibiae are unarmed. There is no comb
of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the
paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with
evenly rounded outer margin. The secondaries are slightly pro-
duced at the end of vein i b.
The species have dissimilar larvae. In the case of amyntor
the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic seg-
ments; in the case of the other two species of the genus the larvae
are distinctly and normally sphingiform.
The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting.
(i) Ceratomia amyntor Hiibner, Plate IV, Fig. 6, $.
(The Four-horned Sphinx.)
Syn. quadricornis Harris; ulmi Henry Edwards.
This common hawkmoth, which may be easily recognized by
our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from
Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi
Valley, wherever its food-plant is found.
47
Sphingidae
(2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Plate VI, Fig. 7, ? , (The
Waved Sphinx.)
Syn. repentinus Clemens; brontes Boisduval (non Drury).
This hawkmoth, which may easily be separated from its
congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation
of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the
privet. It ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and
westward into the trans-Mississippi region east of the great plains.
(3) Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, Plate IV, Fig. 7, ? .
(The Catalpa Sphinx.)
The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in
recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to
these trees by denuding them of their foliage. The insect ranges
from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania southward to
Florida and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever
its food-plant occurs.
Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild & Jordan
Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. Tibiae without spines.
The first protarsal segment is short. Hind tibia armed with long
spurs. Comb on mid tarsus wanting ; pulvillus wanting.
Paronychium without lobes. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on
a long stalk.
(i) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval.
(The Cypress Sphinx.)
The insect is of an almost uniform
brown color on the upper surface of
the wings, and may be distinguished
from other species by the two con-
spicuous parallel dark markings on
the limbal area of the fore wings. It
is extremely rare in collections, only FIG. 23. Isoparce cupressi
three or four specimens being as yet Boisduval.
known. It has been reported from Georgia and Florida.
Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan
This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan
for the reception of the single species originally described by
Strecker as Sphinx elsa.
48
EXPLANATION OP PLATE III
(When not otherwise indicated the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Pholus vitis Linnaeus, cJ 1 .
2. Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, cJ 1 .
3. Darapsa pholus Cramer, tfa
wings are whitish. It is as yet a rare pallidior , ? . f
insect in collections, and has only
been recorded from Cocoanut Grove, in Dade County, Florida.
Genus LEXIS Wallengren
The genus Lexis is of moderate size, all of the species
referred to it, with the single exception of the one figured
on our plate, being inhabitants of the Old World. The
metropolis of the genus appears to be southern Asia and
the adjacent islands. One species is recorded from Australia,
and the species, which is the type of the genus, is found in
East Africa.
(i) Lexis bicolor Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 29, $. (The
Yellow-edged Lexis).
Syn. argillacea Packard.
The moth is pale slaty-grey, with the head, patagia, and
anal tuft yellow. The fore wings are bordered on the costa
105
Lithosiidae
with pale yellow, the band of this color running out to nothing
before it quite reaches the apex. The specimen figured on
the plate came from Colorado. It is also said to occur in
Canada and the northern portions of the United States.
Genus HYPOPREPIA Hubner
A small genus of North American moths, all the species of
which occur within the territory covered by this book. The
insects closely resemble each other, and the student who has
learned to recognize one of them cannot fail to refer the others
correctly to their genus. It is not, however, so easy to discrimi-
nate the species. The following little key, which is taken from
Hampson's Catalogue, Vol. II, page 515, may help the student
in making correct specific references :
1 . Ground-color of the fore wing wholly scarlet miniaia
2. Ground-color of the fore wing yellow and crimson fucosa
3. Ground-color of the fore and hind wings yellow cadaverosa
4. Ground-color of the fore wing fuscous brown, of the hind
wing whitish inculta
(1) Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, Plate XIII, Fig. 41, $.
(The Scarlet-winged Lichen-moth.)
Syn. viitata Harris; subornata Neumoegen & Dyar.
This rather common insect ranges from Canada to the
Carolinas and westward in the region of the Great Lakes to
Minnesota. It comes freely, as do all the species of the genus, to
light, and I have found it very abundant at times about the
lamps in the village of Saratoga, New York. I have taken it at
Asheville, North Carolina, and at the White Sulphur Springs in
West Virginia, but have never received specimens from low
altitudes on the Virginian and Carolinian coasts.
(2) Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 42, $ .
(The Painted Lichen-moth.)
Syn . tricolor Fitch ; plumbea Henry
Edwards.
This species, which may be
easily distinguished from the
^ i preceding by the fact that the
FIG. 50. Hypoprepia fucosa, T- f. v.
(After Hampson.) tip of the abdomen is not
marked by a dark fuscous
spot, and by the narrower marginal band of the secondaries,
106
Lithosiidae
as well as by the difference in the color of the wings, is a com-
mon species in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into
the basin of the Mississippi.
Genus H^EMATOMIS Hampson
This little genus includes, so far as is now known, but two
species, both of which are Mexican, but one of which ranges
into southern Arizona. The species are separated as follows by
Hampson :
Fore wing with yellowish streaks, on costa, through cell, and
. . . .mextcana
. . , .uniformis
Fig. 34, $
FIG. 51. H&matomismexicana, $
(After Hampson.)
on inner margin
2. Fore wing with pale streak on the costa only
(i) Haematomis mexicana Druce, Plate XIII
(The Mexican Lichen-
moth.)
With the help of the illus-
trations we have given the
student should have no great
difficulty in identifying this
little moth.
Genus COMACLA Walker
This genus is represented in our fauna by two species. One
other occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and another in
tropical Africa. The two American species are very much
alike in appearance, and it is difficult to distinguish worn
or rubbed specimens. The following key will be of some
assistance:
i. Wings pale mouse gray, translucent; collar and abdomen
ochreous; apex of fore wings rounded simplex Walker
2. Wings and body uniformly
pale mouse gray, wings trans-
lucent only about the mid-
dle, sprinkled with blackish
scales and marked by an
obscure discal dot, apex of
fore wings less rounded and
' more nearly square than in
FIG. 52. Comacla simplex, $
(After Hampson.)
preceding species.} uscipes Grote
(i) Comacla simplex Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The
Mouse-colored Lichen-moth.)
Syn. murina Walker; clarus Grote & Robinson; texana French.
107
Lithosiidae
The species is common in Texas. C. fuscipes occurs in
Arizona.
Genus BRUCEIA Neumcegen
One species is reckoned in this genus, the structural char-
acters of which are well shown in the cut we give.
(i) Bruceia pulverina
Neumoegen, Plate XIII, Fig.
33, $ . (The Powdered
Lichen-moth.)
Syn. hubbardi Dyar.
The insect named hub-
FIG. 53. Bruceia pulverina, S .
(After Hampson.)
bardi by Dyar seems to be
only a smaller form of B.
pulverina.
Genus CLEMENSIA Packard
To this genus Sir George F. Hampson refers a dozen species.
All of these are inhabitants of the hot lands of America, except
the species we figure. Cisthene lactea Stretch is by Hampson
referred to the genus ttlice. Dr. Dyar places it in the genus
Clemensia. The species is unknown to the writer, and does
not exist in any collection which he has examined, so that we
shall not attempt to discuss the vexed question of its proper
location.
(i) Clemensia albata Pack-
ard, Plate XIII, Fig. 38, <$. (The
Little White Lichen-moth.)
Syn. albida Walker ; cana Walker ;
umbrata Packard ; irrorata Henry
Edwards ; patella Druce ; philodina
Druce.
The insect ranges from New
England to Mexico and westward to the Pacific coast.
Genus ILLICE Walker
This is a moderately large genus comprising nearly thirty
species, the most of which are found in tropical America.
It has been subdivided into three sections, or subgenera, by
Hampson. In the second section, equivalent to O^onadia, a
genus erected by Dyar, are placed those species, in which
108
FIG. 54. Clemensia albata, $ .
(After Hampson.)
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII
(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Cosmosoma auge Linnseus, c? 1 .
2. Syntomeida epilais Walker, tf.
3. Syntomeida ipomece Harris, 9 23
4. Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, 24
cJ 1 - 2 5
5. Triprocris latercula Henry Ed- 36
wards, d> , U. S. N. M.
6. Pseudomya minima Grote, c? , 27
U. S. N. M. 28
7. Didasysbelce Grote, cMJ.S.N.M. 29
8. Didasys belce Grote, 9 . 30
9. Horama texa na Grote, (?. 31
10. Eucereon confine Herrich-
Schaeffer, 9 , U. S. N. M. 32
11. Lymire edwardsi Grote, 9- 33
12. Scepsis fulvicollis Hiibner, 9-
13. Scepsis wrighti Stretch, c?, 34
type. 35
14. Lycomorpha grotei Packard , 9- 36
15. Lycomorpha pholus Drury, tf.
1 6. Triprocris constans Henry Ed- 37
wards, c?- 38
17. Lycomorpha fulgens Henry Ed-
wards, 9 . 39
1 8. Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, 40
9-
19. Ctenucha multif aria Walker, 9 , 41
U. S. N. M. 42
20. Ctenucha venosa Walker, tf. 43
21. Ctenucha cressonana Grote, J 1 . 44
45. Kodiosoma fulva
. Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries,
9 , U. S. N. M.
. Dahana atripennis, Grote, c?.
. Nola ovilla, Grote (J 1 .
. Celama triquetrana Fitch, (J 1 .
. Celama pustulata Walker, <5\
U. S. N. M.
. Rceselia fuscula Grote, 9
. Ptychoglene phrada Druce, tf .
. Lexis bicolor Grote, tf.
. Crambidia casta Sanborn, tf.
. Crambidia allegheniensis Hol-
land, c?.
. Nigetia formosalis Walker, J 1 .
. Bruceia pulverina Neumoegen,
tf.
. Comacla simplex Walker, cJ 1 .
. Illice subjecta Walker, cT .
. Illice unifascia Grote & Robin-
son, (J 1 .
. Illice nexa Boisduval, (J 1 .
. Clemensia albata Packard , c^
U. S. N. M.
. H&matomis mexicana Druce, c? .
. Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, 9 ,
Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila.
. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 9
. Hypoprepia fucosa Hiibner, $.
. Kodiosoma eavesi Stretch, tf .
. Kodiosoma tricolor Stretch, c?.
Stretch, 39
Agaristidae
The life-history of this species has been given by Dyar, i.
c., p. 258. The food-plants are Eugenia buxifolia, Eugenia pro-
cera, and Psidium pyrifera. The insect has a wide range in
tropical America, occurring from Florida to southern Brazil.
Genus BERTHOLDIA Schaus
A small neotropical genus represented in our fauna by one
species.
(i) Bertholdia trigona Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2, $.
(Grote's Bertholdia.)
The moth flies in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and north-
ern Mexico.
FAMILY AGARISTID/E
"Ye lovers of marvel and fairy lore,
Say not that the days of enchantment are o'er,
That the well-springs of Fancy and Fable fail.
There are streamlets yet where the river-sprite
With his Harlequin changes bewilders the sight;
There are castles yet of ivory and gold,
Hung with floral fabrics by sunshine unroll'd,
Within whose luxurious recesses recline
Fays of exquisite form, quaffing exquisite wine;
Some in gossamer veiled of ethereal dyes,
Which have only their match in the rainbow'd skies;
Some in richest and softest of velvets arrayed,
Or in mail that does shame to the armourer's trade.
These are haunting us ever for ill, or for good,
Through earth and through air, field, forest, and flood:
To transport our thoughts, as by magic spell,
From the sordid objects whereon they dwell,
To a land of the Marvellous dimly displayed,
Where the light-winged Fancy, by wonder stayed,
Still delighteth to hover, and joyously say:
'Oh! my darling elves, ye're not chased away,
There's a region still where ye have a place
The mysterious world of the Insect race.'"
ACHETA DOMESTICA. Episodes of Insect Life.
The Agaristidas compose a family of moderate size. The
moths are day-flying in their habit, and in the tropics both
140
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII
(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Haploa militaris Harris, $.
2. Haploa colona Hubner, 9
3. Haploa vestalis Packard, <5\
4. Haploa militaris Harris, c?.
5. Haploa consita Walker, tf .
6. Haploa confusa Lyman, cJ 1 .
7. Haploa clymene Brown, J 1 .
8. Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, <5\
9. Haploa dyari Merrick, cT, Merrick Collection.
10. Haploa militaris Harris, */?.
S$
>fc>J
WU
26
Noctuidae
wood (Euonymus). The insect is found from Canada to Georgia
and westward to Missouri and Minnesota.
(17) Apatela albarufa Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 16, $.
(The Reddish-white Dagger.)
A somewhat variable species characterized by a very faint
reddish cast upon the primaries. It ranges from the Atlantic to
New Mexico and Colorado.
(18) Apatela brumosa Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 23, $.
(The Frosty Dagger-moth.)
Syn. inclara Smith.
Very closely allied to A. impressa Walker, but easily dis-
tinguished from that species by the lighter hind wings. The
larva feeds upon willow, birch, and alder.
(19) Apatela noctivaga Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, ?.
(The Burglar Dagger.)
The larva feeds upon poplar and various herbaceous plants.
The insect is found over almost the entire United States and
southern Canada.
(20) Apatela impressa Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 21, $.
(The Printed Dagger.)
The larva feeds upon willow, plum, hazel, currant, and
blackberry. It is found from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky
Mountains.
(21) Apatela impleta Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 22, ?.
(The Yellow-haired Dagger.)
Syn. luteicoma Grote.
The range of this species is from Canada to Florida and
westward far into the valley of the Mississippi. The larva
feeds on a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs.
(22) Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, Plate XVIII, Fig.
1 8, $ . (The Smeared Dagger.)
Syn. salicis Harris.
This is probably the commonest species of the genus. It
occurs from eastern Canada to Florida and westward to the
Rocky Mountains. The larva feeds on a great variety of shrubs
and herbaceous plants. It never is found upon trees. It is very
fond of the various species of smart-weed (Polygonum}, and in the
57
Noctuidae
fall of the year it is very abundant in places where this plant grows.
It does some damage to cotton-plants in the South, but by hand
picking it can easily
be kept under. The
cocoon, which is com-
posed of yellowish
silk, is long and oval.
There are two broods
in the Middle States.
The hibernating in-
sects emerge from
their cocoons in May,
and lay their eggs.
The caterpillars de-
velop and the second
brood of moths ap-
pears upon the wing
FIG. Sj.Apatela oblinata. a. Larva; 6. in July. They Ovi-
Cocoon; c. Moth. (After Riley.) posit and the cater-
pillars of this gene-
ration, having made their cocoons, pass the winter in the
pupal state.
Genus APHARETRA Grote
This is a small genus, the species of which have been
separated from Apatela, in which they have been formerly
placed. We give figures of both species known to occur within
our territory. They have been drawn from the types, and will
suffice for the identification of the perfect insects. Nothing is as
yet known as to their larval stages.
(i) Apharetra dentata Grote. (The Toothed Apharetra.)
This insect occurs in Canada and the northern portions of
FIG. 88. Apharetra dentata,
New York and New England. It is, however, for some reason
as yet very rare in collections. The annexed cut has been
158
Noctuidas
drawn for me by Mr. Horace Knight from the type which is
contained in the British Museum.
(2) Apharetra pyralis Smith. (Smith's
Apharetra.)
The specimen represented in Fig. 89 is
the type contained in the United States
National Museum, a drawing of which I
was kindly permitted to make. The species IG J
is considerably darker than the preceding.
It is thus far only known from the Territory of Alberta in British
America.
Genus ARSILONCHE Lederer
Two species belonging to this genus are represented in our
fauna. Arsilonche color ada was described by Smith in the Pro-
ceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXII,
p. 414, in 1900. The other species, which is well known, we
figure.
(i) Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6, $.
(The White-veined Dagger.)
The abdomen in our figure is dark, the specimen being greased.
It should be light, like the thorax. The insect occurs quite com-
monly in Canada and the northern portions of the United States,
and also in Europe and northern Asia.
Genus MEROLONCHE Grote
For a full account of the three species contained in this genus
the student is referred to the Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 179.
(i) Merolonche lupini Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, $.
(The Lupine Dagger.)
Like all the species of this genus the Lupine Dagger is an
inhabitant of the Pacific States. Good specimens are rare in
collections.
Genus HARRISIMEMNA Grote
Only one species of this genus is thus far known,
(i) Harrisimemna trisignata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 4,
? . (Harris's Three-spot.)
159
Noctuidae
The moth ranges from Canada to Texas, and from the
Atlantic to the Great Plains. The larva feeds on the winterberry
and the lilac.
Genus MICROCCELIA Guenee
This genus is like the preceding represented in our territory
by but one species.
(i) Microccelia diphtheroides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 9, $ ;
form obliterata Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 10, 6 . (The Marbled
Microccelia.)
The form obliterata in which the marblings are wanting is
common. The species is found in the Atlantic Subregion of the
United States.
Genus JASPIDIA Hubner
This is a moderately large genus embracing five species,
which occur in our fauna. We figure two of them.
(1) Jaspidia lepidula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, $. (The
Marbled-green Jaspidia. )
This is a common species in the Atlantic Subregion, ranging
from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi.
(2) Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIX,
Fig. 8, $, (The White-spotted Jaspidia.)
The distribution of this species is practically the same as that
of the preceding.
Genus DIPHTHERA Hu'bner
There is but one species of this genus in our fauna.
(i) Diphthera fallax Herrich-Schzeffer, Plate . XVIII,
Fig. i, $ . (The Green Marvel.)
This beautiful little moth is not uncommon in the Appala-
chian, or Atlantic, Subregion of the Continent.
Genus POLYGRAMMATE Hubner
This genus like the preceding is represented in our territory
by but a single species.
(i) Polygrammate hebraicum Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. II,
$ . (The Hebrew.)
Syn. hebrcea Guenee.
160
Noctuidae
The caterpillar feeds upon the sour gum-tree (Nyssa sylva-
tica). The larval stages have been described by Dyar. (See
Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 9.) The insect is
not uncommon in Pennsylvania and has much the same range
as the preceding three or four species.
Genus CERMA Hubner
Three species of this genus are credited to. our fauna. The
one of which we give a cut has been by some authors con-
founded with Poly gr animate hebraicum.
(i) Cerma cora Hubner. (The Cora Moth.)
Syn. festa Gucnee.
The ground-color of this pretty little moth is
white shading into vinaceous gray, upon which
the darker markings stand forth conspicuously.
It is quite rare, and so far as is known is con-
fined to the Atlantic Subregion of the continent. The figure
was drawn by the author from a specimen in the possession of
the Brooklyn Institute, belonging to the Neumoegen Collection.
Genus CYATHISSA Grote
(i) Cyathissa percara Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 12, $ .
(The Darling Cyathissa.)
This pretty little species is found in the Gulf States and has
been reported as ranging northward as far as Colorado. A
second species of the genus has during the past year been
described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from southern California, under
the name pallida.
Genus CHYTONIX Grote
(i) Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 13, $ ;
Fig. 14, 6 . var. (The Cloaked Marvel.)
Syn. iaspis Guenee.
A common species in the Northern Atlantic States. It may
be found in June and July in Pennsylvania seated upon the bark
of oak-trees in the forest. It comes freely to sugar and to light.
161
Noctuida
Genus COPIBRYOPHILA Smith
Of the sole species, named angelica, belonging to this genus,
which was erected by Prof. J. B. Smith
in the year 1900 (see "Proceedings U.
S. Nat. Mus.," Vol. XXII, p. 416), we
give a cut made from a drawing of the
FIG. 91. Copibryophila type, which is contained in the National
angelica, (After *u*7->
enlarged. (After Riley.)
Central and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great
variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided prefer-
174
Noctuidae
ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden
crops, and attacks cotton. It is said to inflict damage upon
winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The moth is variable in
its markings. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and
by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been
mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm (Leucania uni-
puncta). Because its ravages are generally committed in the fall
of the year it was named The Fall Army Worm by the late
Prof. C. V. Riley. A very excellent account of the insect is given
by this distinguished authority in the "Eighth Annual Report"
of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, et seq., which the
student will do well to consult. It is from this article that
the two accompanying figures have been taken.
Genus LUSSA Grote
(i) Lussa nigroguttata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 38, $ .
This little moth is found in Florida. Not much is as yet
known in regard to its life-history.
Genus MAGUSA Walker
(i) Magusa dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, $ .
Syn. divaricata Grote; angustipennis Mceschler; divida Moeschler.
The sole species of the genus found within our territory,
ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America.
Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards
We figure three of the five species attributed to this genus
and reported to occur within the limits of the United States.
1 i ) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, $ . (The
Yellow Pseudanarta.)
Syn. crocea Henry Edwards.
The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the
southern portions of British Columbia.
(2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 40, $ . (The
Single Pseudanarta.)
The habitat of this species is the southwestern United States.
(3) Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen, Plate XX, Fig. 41, $.
(The Falcate Pseudanarta.)
The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico.
175
Noctuida
Genus HOMOHADENA Grote
A considerable genus, one species of which we represent.
(i) Homohadena badistriga Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. i, $.
This is the only species of the genus, which occurs in the
northern Atlantic States. Most of them are western and
southern. The range of badistriga is from the Atlantic to
Colorado.
Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer
An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species,
most of which are found in the western and southwestern
States. We have selected for representation seven of their
number.
(1) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, $ . (Day's
Oncocnemis. )
Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming.
(2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, $ .
(The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.)
The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last
mentioned.
(3) Oncocnemis occata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 8, ? . (The
Harrow-moth.)
This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying
westward of these, as far as the Pacific.
(4) Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, ? .
(Chandler's Oncocnemis.)
Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains.
(5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. J, $ .
(The Black-banded Oncocnemis.)
This fine species is found in the northern portions of
the Atlantic Subregion. The specimen figured was taken in
Maine.
(6) Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 6, ? .
(The Iris-colored Oncocnemis.)
So far this species has only been reported from Colorado and
Wyoming.
(7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, $ . (The
Gray Oncocnemis.)
The only specimens so far found have been taken in Colorado.
176
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX
(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)
Fishia yosemitce Grote, c?.
Hadena bridghami Grote &
Robinson, tf .
Hadena char acta Grote, tf.
Hadena versuta Smith, cT .
Hadena lignicolor Guen6e, cJ 1 .
Hadena claudens Walker, <5* .
Hadena transfrons Neumcegen,
9-
Hadena mactata Guen6e, 9 .
Hadena basilinea Fabricius, c?
Hadena fractilinea Grote, tf.
Hadena vultuosa Grote, cJ*.
Hadena violacea Grote, 9
Hadenachloro stigma Harvey, c?.
Hadena ntodica Guen6e, tf.
Hadena miseloides Guen6e, 9 .
Hadena turbulenta Hiibner, 9
Calophasia strigaia Smith, 9
U. S. N. M.
Macronoctua onusta Grote, 9
U. S. N. M.
Hadena vinela Smith, <3* .
Hadena occidens Grote, cJ 1 , U.
S. N. M.
Polia theodori Grote, c? .
Polia diversilineata Grote, .
42. Scopelosoma devia Grote,
28. Fagitana littera Guenee, 9
29. Orthosia bicolorago Guen6e, (J 1 .
30. Ortliosia helva Grote, 9
31. Parastichtis discivaria Walker,
c?-
32. Cosmia paleacea Esper, cJ 1 .
33. Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote,
34. Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote,
9-
35. Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, c?.
36. Glaza sericea Morrison, J 1 .
37. Glceainulta Grote, $ .
38. Glaza viatica Grote, $ .
39. Homoglcea hircina Morrison, cJ*.
40. Epiglcea decliva Grote, .
Dasyspoudaa lucens Morrison,
(DP-.
48. Dasyspoudcca meadi Grote, c?.
49. PseudanthcBcia tumida Grote, d*-
50. Stylo poda cephalica Smith, 9 -
51. Melicleptria sueta Grote, cJ 1 .
5 2 . Meliclepiria pulchripennis
Grote, J>.
53. Rhodosea julia Grote, 9 , U. S.
N. M.
Mela par phyria oregona Henry
Edwards, $.
Dysocnemis belladonna Henry
Edwards, d 1 -
Heliaca diminutiva Grote, d*-
57. Axenus arvalis Grote, d 1 -
58. Heliolonche modicella Grote, 9
59. Omianescea Smith, d\U.S.N.M.
60. Xanthothrix neumcegeni Henry
Edwards, 9 .
61. Heliophana mitis Grote, d*
47
54
55.
56.
THE MOTH BOOK
Noctuidse
Genus PALADA Smith
There is but one species of the genus, and
we are able to give a figure of the type of this
through the kindness of the authorities of the
United States National Museum. It received
the specific name scarlatina at the hands of FIG. 138.
Prof. J. B. Smith. Its habitat is California. scarletina, $.
Genus STYLOPODA Smith
(i) Stylopoda cephalica Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 50,?.
This is a very common species in southern California.
Genus SYMPISTIS Hubner
This is another of the many genera among the Heliothid
moths, which are represented thus far in
America by but a single species. The insect
was named proprius by Henry Edwards,
and we give a figure of the type which is in
FIG. 139. Sympis- his collection now in the possession of the
Us proprius, & . \. American Museum of Natural History.
Genus MELAPORPHYRIA Grote
This little genus contains three species. Of these we select
one for illustration.
(i) Melaporphyria oregona Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 54, 3.
The range of the species is from Colorado to Oregon.
Genus DYSOCNEMIS Grote
(i) Dysocnemis belladonna Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 55. <$
This beautiful little moth occurs in Utah.
Genus PSEUDOTAMILA Smith
(i) Pseudotamila vanella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 25, $.
Found among the mountains of Nevada and California.
229
Noctuidae
Genus MELICLEPTRIA Hubner
(1) Melicleptria pulchripennis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig.
52, S.
Syn. tanguida Henry Edwards.
The range of this insect is from Colorado to California.
(2) Melicleptria sueta Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 51, 3.
Syn. californ-icus Grote.
Is distributed from Colorado to California.
Genus HELIOLONCHE Grote
(i) Heliolonche modicella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 58, $.
The moth is distributed from California to Colorado and
Wyoming.
Genus OMIA Hubner
(i) Omia nesaea Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 59, $.
The habitat of this little moth is California.
Genus HELIOPHANA Grote
(l) Heliophana mitis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 61, 3 .
Syn. obliquata Smith.
Genus HELIODES Guene"e
There are but two species so far known to
belong to this genus. They both occur in
California, and are among the smallest of the
FIG. 140. Heliothids. We give in the annexed cut a repre-
H eliod es restric- sentation of the type of the species named restric-
talis, $ . talis by Prof. J. B. Smith.
Genus HELIOSEA Grote
FIG. 141. Heliosea pictipennis
The figure of the type of the genus and the species is kindly
loaned me for use in this book by Sir George F. Hampson. It is
230
Noctuidse
taken from the "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae,"
Vol. IV. The moth occurs in California.
Genus XANTHOTHRIX Henry Edwards
(i) Xanthothrix neumoegeni Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII,
Fig. 60, ? .
This pretty bright colored little moth occurs in California.
Genus AXE N US Grote
(i) Axenus arvalis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 57, $ .
Syn. ochraceus Henry Edwards; amptus Henry Edwards.
A common insect ranging from Colorado to California and
southward.
Genus HELIACA Herrich-Schaeffer
Five species are attributed to this genus, of which we
illustrate one.
(i) Heliaca diminutiva Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 56, j- a cr ot c in, $ }.
that of the type preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller.
Genus EUTHISANOTIA Hubner
(1) Euthisanotia unio Hubner, Plate XVII, Fig. 24, 6 . (The
Pearly Wood-nymph.)
This lovely moth has a wide range throughout the eastern
portions of our territory as far west as the Mississippi.
(2) Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Fig. 23, $.
(The Beautiful Wood-nymph.)
Syn. assimilis Boisduval.
232
Noctuidae
This is a much larger species than the preceding. It
has practically the same
range of distribution. The
affinity of the genus to the
genus Psychomorpka i s
clearly shown by the larva,
a representation of which is
given in the annexed cut
taken from the writings of FlG - ^.-Eutbisanotia grata. a, Full-
Prof C V Rilev who de- grown Iarva; *' enlarged Se 8 ment - Slde
view; c, cervical shield from behind;
voted considerable time to d> ana! hump from behind; e-f, top and
the Study of the life-history side views of egg, enlarged. (After
of these insects. Riley.)
Genus CIRIS Crete
(i) Ciris wilsoni Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, $ .
This insect occurs in Texas and Arizona. It has also been
referred to the Agaristidce and to the Zygcenidce by various
authors. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true
Noctuid.
Genus NOROPSIS Guenee
Fig.
(i) Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, Plate XXVIII,
i, ?
This very pretty moth has a wide range in the hotter portions
of America. It is found in Florida, and represents the invasion
of our southern territory by the fauna of the Antilles, and South
America.
Genus FENARIA Grote
(1) Fenaria longipes Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 16, $ .
The species occurs in Arizona and ranges thence southwardly
into Mexico.
(2) Fenaria sevorsa Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 12, ?.
Syn. cedessa Druce.
The species has the same range as the preceding.
" I love the season well
When forest glades are teeming with bright forms."
LONGFELLOW. An April Day,
233
Noctuidae
Genus ACHERDOA Walker
Only one species of the genus is attributed to it from our
fauna. It received the specific name ferra-
ria a t the hands of the late Francis Walker,
anc * was rename d ornata by Neumoegen.
The cut we give was drawn by Mrs. Beuten-
muller from a specimen in the American
FIG. 146. Acherdoa Museum of Natural History. It represents
jerraria, $ . f the male insect.
Genus AON Neumoegen
(i) Aon noctuiformis Neumoegen, Plate XLI, Fig. 18, 3 .
This is not an uncommon moth in southern Texas.
Genus CIRRHOPHANUS Grote
(i) Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2, ? .
The insect varies considerably in size, the specimen depicted on
the plate being rather small. It is not an uncommon species in
the southern States, and is also found as far north as Pennsylvania.
Genus BASILODES Guenee
(i) Basilodes pepita Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7, ? .
The genus Basilodes contains a number of species which are
all, with the single exception of this species, natives of the south-
western portions of our territory. The present species occurs
from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Colorado. The
insect has been occasionally taken in Pittsburgh.
Genus STIRIA Grote
(i) Stiria rugifrons Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5, $ .
The specimen figured on the plate was caught by the writer
in southern Indiana. It is reported also from Kansas and
Colorado. It probably has a wide range, but is as yet rare in
collections.
Genus STIBADIUM Grote
(i) Stibadium spumosum Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3, $ .
The insect ranges from New York to Colorado and south-
ward. It is very abundant in southern Indiana, where it comes
freely to sugar.
234
Noctuidse
Genus PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote
There are five species reckoned as belonging to this genus.
All of them are southwestern and western forms, except the one
we figure.
(i) Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 9, ?
This moth is quite common in western Pennsylvania. It
ranges southward and westward to the Gulf States and Colorado.
Genus FALA Grote
(i) Fala ptycophora Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, $ .
The habitat of this insect, which is the sole representative of
its genus, is California.
Genus NARTHECOPHORA Smith
This is another genus in which we recognize thus far only
one species.
(i) Narthecophora pulverea Smith, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
11,9.
The figure is taken from a specimen determined by the author
of the species, and contained in the United States National
Museum.
Genus NEUMCEGENIA Grote
The only species of this genus was named poetica by Grote.
It is a beautiful little moth, the fore wings
being bright metallic green, with a golden
reflection, the light spot, which is outwardly
trifid, and the costa being creamy yellow.
The drawing for the annexed cut was made
from the type which is preserved at the FlG -
Brooklyn Institute.
Genus PLUSIODONTA Guenee
The only species of this small genus recognized as found in
North America was named compressipalpis by Guenee. Walker
renamed it insignis. It is represented on Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6,
by a male specimen. The insect is a native of the Atlantic
subregion, and is locally very common in western Pennsylvania.
Noctuidae
Genus GONODONTA Hubner
This genus is representative of the tropical fauna of America,
and but two species occur within our limits, both of them in the
warmer parts of Florida.
(i) Gonodonta unica Neumcegen, Plate XXV1IJ, Fig. 10. $.
The larval stages have been well described by Dyar in the
" Proceedings of the United States National Museum," Vol. XXIII,
p. 272. The caterpillar feeds on Anona laurifolia, the Custard-
apple.
Genus CALPE Treitschke
The genus Calpe is found in the temperate regions of both
hemispheres. Only one species occurs in America.
(i) Calpe canadensis Bethune, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 8, ?.
(The Canadian Calpe.)
Syn. purpurascens Walker; sobria Walker.
The range of this species is restricted to the colder portions
of our territory. It is found in Canada, rarely in northern
New York, and ranges westward to Alberta.
Genus PANCHRYSIA Hubner
This genus, which is generally known under Walker's name
Deva, is better represented in the eastern hemisphere than in the'
western. We figure one species of the four credited to our fauna,
(i) Panchrysia purpurigera Walker, Plate XX VIII, Fig.
13,5.
This pretty little moth, which is not very common, ranges
from New England and Canada to Colorado and New Mexico.
Genus POLYCHRYSIA Hubner
Two species, both of which we figure, are attributed to this
genus as occurring within our territory.
(1) Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 12, ? .
Syn. trabea Smith.
This is a European insect, which is found also in Alberta and
Assiniboia.
(2) Polychrysia formosa Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, $ .
So far, all the specimens which have come under the obser-
vation of the writer have been taken in New England or in
New York.
236
Noctuidse
Genus PLUSIA Hubner
Three of the four species attributed to the genus as found in
America are represented upon our plate.
(1) Plusia aerea Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 16, $ ,
The moth ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward
to Texas and the region of the Rocky Mountains.
(2) Plusia seroides Grote, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 17, $ .
The distribution of this species is almost identical with that
of Plusia cerea. The larva feeds on various species of Spiraea.
(3) Plusia balluca Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 22, ? .
The species is not uncommon in the northern Atlantic States.
Genus EUCHALCIA Hubner
(1) Euchalcia contexta Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 23, $ .
The species is found from Maine to Wisconsin, and occasion-
ally as far south as the mountains of central Pennsylvania.
(2) Euchalcia putnami Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1 5, $ .
Dr. Dyar with questionable correctness treats this species as
a form of the European festucce Linnaeus. There is no doubt of
the distinctness of the two.
(3) Euchalcia venusta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 21, ?.
Syn. striatella Grote.
The range of this species is from Nova Scotia and Canada
southward to the mountains of West Virginia.
Genus EOSPHOROPTERYX Dyar
(i) Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenee, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 1 8, $.
This lovely moth is still very rare in collections. It ranges
from New England and Canada to the mountains of Virginia and
westward into the Valley of the Mississippi.
Genus AUTOGRAPHA Hubner
This is a large assemblage of species, about fifty being recog-
nized as occurring in the United States. Of this number we are
only able to figure about one third.
237
Noctuida
(1) Autographa bimaculata Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
I93-
Syn. u-brevis Guen6e.
This is a common species in the northern Atlantic States.
(2) Autographa biloba Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 24, $ .
The species is distributed widely from the Atlantic to the
Pacific.
(3) Autographa verruca Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 20, $ .
Syn. omega Hubner; oo Cramer; omicron Hiibner; questionis Treitschke ;
rutila Walker.
The moth is scarce in the northern Atlantic States, but has
been recorded as occurring in Massachusetts. It ranges from
New England to Texas and southward through Central and
South America.
(4) Autographa rogationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, $ .
Syn. h amifera Walker; dyaus Grote; includens Walker; culta Lintner.
The range of this species is the same as that of the pre-
ceding.
(5) Autographa precationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
28, a.
The insect is found in Canada and the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains.
(6) Autographa egena Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 29, $ .
This is a southern species, occurring in Florida and the Gulf
States, and ranging southward into South America.
(7) Autographa flagellum Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 27, $ .
Syn. monodon Grote; insolita Smith.
The species ranges from Quebec to Alberta.
(8) Autographa pseudogamma Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
35. *.
The insect is indigenous in Quebec and Nova Scotia.
(9) Autographa ou Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 33, 5 .
Syn. fratetta Grote.
This species is almost universally distributed through the
United States and southern Canada.
(10) Autographa brassicae Riley, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 36, <$ .
Syn. echinocystis Behr.
238
Noctuidae
This insect, which preys upon the Cruciferce in its larval
state, has been well described and its habits fully set forth by
Prof. C. V. Riley in
the Missouri Reports.
It is from his paper
upon the species that
we have been per-
mitted to extract the
figure which is here-
with annexed of the
insect in its various
stages. The moth
appears to be very
generally distributed ^ . -
throughout the United J '^Vv* '
States and Canada, FlG 148 ^ Autographa brassiccp . a , Full-grown
and does a good deal larva; b, pupa; c, male moth. (Aftei Riley.)
to diminish the supply
of the raw material from which sauer-kraut is made.
(n) Autographa oxygramma Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
30, 3.
Syn. indigna Walker.
The moth is found in the southern States, and thence south-
ward to South America.
(12) Autographa rectangula Kirby, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 32, ? .
Syn. mortuorum Guenee.
This lovely species is northern in its range. I found it quite
abundant one summer at Saratoga, New York.
(13) Autographa vaccinii Henry Edwards, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 34, <$ .
This species may easily be distinguished by the strongly
checkered fringes of the primaries.
(14) Autographa selecta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 39, $ .
Syn. viridisignata Grote.
This is a somewhat large species, not very attractively
colored. It is northern in its range.
(15) Autographa angulidens Smith, Plate XX VIII, Fig.
38, 3.
239
Noctuidse
The species is found in Colorado, and probably has a wide
range in the Rocky Mountains.
(16) Autographa ampla Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 31, $.
This fine species is northern in its range, but extends its
habitat southward along the ranges of the great mountains of the
west
(17) Autographa basigera Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 26, $ .
Syn. laticlavia Morrison.
The insect occurs in the Appalachian subregion.
(18) Autographa simplex Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 37, 6 .
This is one of the very commonest species of the genus,
which is apparently universally distributed throughout our
country.
Genus SYNGRAPHA Hubner
This genus is composed of species which are subpolar in
their habitat. Of the four species which are reckoned as belong-
ing to the fauna of North America, we illustrate two.
(1) Syngrapha hocheriwarthi Hochenwarth, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 41, <$
Syn. divergens Fabricius.
Found everywhere in Arctic America. The specimen figured
was taken in Labrador.
(2) Syngrapha devergens Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 40, ? .
Syn. alticola Walker.
The species is found in Labrador, and has been reported from
the high mountains of Colorado. It will probably be found to
have a wide range.
Genus ABROSTOLA Ochsenheimer
We give representations of both the species which occur in
our fauna.
(1) Abrostola urentis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig 42, 6" .
The insect, which is by no means common, is found in the
Appalachian subregion.
(2) Abrostola ovalis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 43, $ .
The range of this insect is the same as that of the last
mentioned.
240
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII
(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained
in the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer,
d-
2. Cirrhophanustriangulifer Grote,
d, U. S. N. M.
3. Stibadium spumosum Grote,
9.
4. Fala ptychophora Grote, d> U.
S. N. M.
5. Stiria rugifrons Grote, d-
6. Plusiodonta compressipalpis
Guenee, d-
7. Basilodes pepita Guenee, 9 .
8. Calpe canadensis Bethune, 9
U. S. N. M.
9. Plagiomimicus pityochromus
Grote, 9 .
10. Gonodonta unica Neumoegen,
9, U. S. N. M.
11. Narthecophora pulverea Smith,
9, U. S. N. M.
12. Polychrysia moneta Fabricius,
var. esmerelda, Oberthur, 9
13. Panchrysia purpurigera
Walker, &.
14. Polychrysia formosa Grote, d-
15. Euchalcia putnatni Grote, d-
1 6. Plusia area Hiibner, d-
17. Plusia oeroides Grote, 9- '
18. Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides
Guenec, d-
19. Autographa bimaculata
Stephens, d-
20. Autographa verruca Fabricius,
(?
21. Euchalciqvenusta Walker, ft.
The insect is found in the southern portions of the Appalachian
subregion.
248
Noctuidae
(2) Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 34, & .
The distribution of this species is identical with that of the
one last mentioned.
Genus THALPOCHARES Lederer
The only species of this genus found within our faunal limits
is a native of Florida. It received the specific name aetheria
at the hands of Mr. Grote. The illustration we give is drawn
FIG. 156. Thalpochares cetheria, $ . f.
from the type which is preserved in the British Museum, and
was drawn for this book by Mr. Horace Knight under the
direction of Sir George F. Hampson. The insect is not common
in collections.
Genus EUMESTLETA Butler
Seven species are given by Dyar in his Catalogue as occurring
within the limits of the United States. The insects have a
southern and southwestern range, occurring in the Gulf States
and in Arizona. We have selected one of them for illustration.
(i) Eumestleta flammicincta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig.
39, a.
Syn. patula Morrison; patruelis Grote.
The habitat of this insect is Florida and Texas.
Genus GYROS Henry Edwards
There is only one species of this genus known. It received
the name muiri through Mr. Henry Edwards in
honor of his friend, John Muir, the well-known
writer, whose charming descriptions of the
natural beauties of the western portions of our
continent have established for him an enviable
position in the world of letters. The moth is FIG. 157. Gyros
found in California, muiri, $ {
249
Noctuid*
Genus TRIPUDIA Grote
This is a genus of considerable size, represented in the
western and southwestern States by nine species, and well
represented in the fauna of Mexico and Central America.
(i) Tripudia opipara Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig.
40, $ .
This is a very common species in Texas.
Genus METAPONIA Duponchel
The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Three species
occur in our fauna. Of these we figure two.
(1) Metaponia obtusa Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXIX, Fig.
4>, 9.
Syn. obtusula Zeller.
The insect occurs from the valley of the Ohio southward to
Texas. It is commoner in the south than in the north.
(2) Metaponia perflava Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 42, ?.
Not an uncommon species in Texas.
Genus CHAMYRIS Guenee
(i) Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, Plate XXIX, Fig. 43, ?.
The species is found from New England and Canada south-
ward to the Carolinas aud westward to Kansas. The larva feeds
on the Rosacecz. The insect is very common in Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and Indiana.
Genus TORNACONTIA Smith
Two species have been attributed to this genus. One of
them, which received the specific name sutrix at the hands of
Grote, is represented in the annexed cut.
It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a
specimen in the collection of the United States
Museum of Natural History in New York.
FIG. 158. Torna- The insect is found in the region of the Rocky
contia sutrix, $. f Mountains.
250
Noctuidae
Genus THERASEA Grote
This is a small genus, represented in our fauna by two species,
(i) Therasea flavicosta Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 47, 6.
The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains.
Genus TARACHE Hiibner
The genus is found in both hemispheres. It is well repre-
sented in our fauna, thirty-five species being known to occur
within the limits of the United States and Canada. Eleven of
these are figured upon our plates.
(1) Tarache termiriimacula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 46, ?
The species ranges from Massachusetts to Illinois.
(2) Tarache delecta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 48, ? .
Syn. metallica Grote.
The range of this species is along the Atlantic coast. It
occurs in the salt-marshes on Long Island and New Jersey, and
ranges thence southward to Texas.
(3) Tarache flavipennis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 52, $ .
The habitat of this species is the Pacific coast.
(4) Tarache lactipennis Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 45, ? .
Not at all an uncommon species in Texas.
(5) Tarache lanceolata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 49, $ .
This species, like the preceding, occurs in Texas.
(6) Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 53 6 .
The habitat of this insect is Arizona.
(7) Tarache aprica Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 50, & .
The range of this species is from the valley of the Ohio south-
ward to Texas and westward to Colorado.
(8) Tarache erastrioides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 54, ? .
The moth is found in New England and Canada and south-
ward so far as West Virginia and Indiana.
(9) Tarache virginalis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 51, ?.
The habitat of the species is from Kansas to Arizona.
(10) Tarache binocula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 44, $, .
The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding,
(i i) Tarache libedis Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 55, $ .
The home of this insect is New Mexico and Colorado.
251
Noctuidse
Genus FRUVA Grote
The species belonging to this genus are southern and south-
western in their distribution. Six are known.
(i) Fruva apicella Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 56, ? .
Syn. truncatula Zeller; accepla Henry Edwards.
A very common species in the Gulf States.
Genus SPRAGUEIA Grote
A genus of small, but very attractively colored moths, which
requent the flowers of the Composite in the later summer.
(1) Spragueia onagrus Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 57, $ .
The moth occurs quite abundantly in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania and the valley of the Ohio, and ranges thence southwardly.
It is common on the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago.)
(2) Spragueia plumbifimbriata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig.
S8, 9.
This modestly colored species is found in Texas.
(3) Spragueia dama Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 59, $ .
Syn. trifariana Walker.
This is a common species in the southern States.
(4) Spragueia guttata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 60, $ .
This pretty moth ranges from Texas to Costa Rica.
Genus CALLOPISTRIA Hvibner
(i) Callopistria floridensis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 61, S .
As the name indicates, the species is from Florida.
Genus METATHORASA Moore
A genus represented in both hemispheres, and particularly
well in Asia.
(i) Metathorasa monetifera Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 62,
?,
A native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from Canada
to Florida. Thus far it does not appear to have been reported
from any locality west of the Alleghany Mountains. I found it
one summer quite abundantly at Saratoga, New York.
252
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX
(Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con-
tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1 . Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee, 9
2. P&ctes pygmcea Hubner, cT.
3. Pcectes abrostoloides Guenee, 9
4. Pcectes occulatrix Guenee, <5\
Merrick Collection.
5. Marasmalus ventilator Grote, 9
6. Marasmalus inficita Walker, c? .
7. AmynaoctoGuenee, 9 , U.S.N.M.
8. Pteratholix bullula Grote, c?,U.
S. N. M.
9. Eucalyptera strigata Smith, c?.
10. Cilia distema Grote, ., Plate XXXII, Fig. 5, 5 . (Carrie's
Underwing.)
This insect, which occurs in western Pennsylvania, appears
to be a form of dejecta, having the same relation to that species
as that which is held by basalts to habilis. It is characterized by
its smaller size, and by the black stripe which runs from the base
of the wing to the apex, giving it quite a different facies from
dejecta. The type is figured upon our plate, and it may from the
illustration easily be recognized.
261
Noctuidae
(9) Catocala retecta Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 8, $ . (Tha
Yellow-Gray Underwing.)
The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward
to the Mississippi.
(10) Catocala flebilis Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. n, $. (The
Mourning Underwing. )
The habitat of this species is the same as that of the last men-
tioned.
(i i ) Catocala robinsoni Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 7, ? .
(Robinson's Underwing.)
The moth ranges from New England to the Mississippi and
southward to Tennessee and the Carolinas. It is particularly
abundant in the Ohio valley.
(12) Catocala obscura Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 14, $ .
(The Obscure Underwing.)
The moth may be found from Canada to Maryland and west-
ward to Colorado.
(13) Catocala insolabilis Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, ?.
(The Inconsolable Underwing.)
The species is found from Canada southward to the Carolinas
and westward to the Mississippi.
(14) Catocala angusi Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, $ . (Angus'
Underwing.)
The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.
(15) Catocala Judith Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 2, $ . (The
Judith Underwing.)
The insect occurs from New England westward in the north-
ern portions of the Atlantic subregion.
(16) Catocala tristis Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The
Gloomy Underwing.)
The species appears to be commoner in New England than
elsewhere.
(17) Catocala relicta Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, ? . (The
Relict.)
Form bianca Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 7, Z . (The
Bianca Underwing.)
This fine moth is found in the northern portions of the Appa-
lachian subregion. It is not uncommon in New England and
262
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Catocala agripplna Strecker, cT.
2. Catocala sappho Strecker, cJ*.
3. Catocala epione Drury, tf.
4. Catocala subviridis Harvey, c? .
5. Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, c? .
6. Catocala lacrymosa Guen6e, c?.
7. Catocala robinsoni Grote, 9-
8. Catocala retecta Grote, cJ 1 .
9. Catocala lacrymosa var. evelina, French, 9 .
10. Catocala insolabilis Guen6e, $.
1 1 . Catocala flebilis Grote, 9 .
12. Catocala lacrymosa var. paulina Henry Edwards, $.
13. Catocala angusi Grote, $ .
14. Catocala obscura Strecker, tf .
15. Catocala viduata Guen6e, 9 .
PLATE XXXI
Noctuidae
northern New York, but it is rare in western Pennsylvania. It
has a westward range to Colorado and Oregon.
(18) Catocala cara Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, <5 . (The
Darling Underwing.)
This large and splendid species is a native of the Appalachian
subregion, and in it has a wide range.
(19) Catocala amatrix Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 12, $.
(The Sweetheart.)
Form nurus Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 13, ? . (The Nurse.)
This is another fine species, which has the same geographical
distribution as the last mentioned.
(20) Catocala marmorata Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 9, ? .
(The Marbled Underwing.)
This is a rather rare species, which has a wide distribution.
Its metropolis appears to be West Virginia and Kentucky, though
it has been taken elsewhere.
(21) Catocala concumbens Walker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 10. f .
(The Sleepy Underwing.)
This lovely moth has a wide range in the Appalachian sub-
region. It is very common in New England and central New
York, less common in western Pennsylvania.
(22) Catocala californica Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. I, $ .
(The California Underwing.)
As the name implies, the species is a native of California.
(23) Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
14, ? . (The Cleopatra Underwing.)
This insect is regarded by some as a varietal form of the pre-
ceding species. It has the same habitat.
(24) Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
ll, . (The Luciana Underwing.)
Syn. nebraska Dodge.
Form somnus Dodge, Plate XXXV, Fig. 16, ? .
The moth is found in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and
Wyoming.
"(25) Catocala babayaga Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 18, $.
(The Babayaga Underwing.)
The habitat of the species is Arizona.
(26) Catocala stretchi Behr, Plate XXXV, Fig. 13, $.
(Stretch's Underwing.) The species is Californian.
263
Noctuidae
(27) Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig.
8, $. (The Augusta Underwing.)
Like the preceding species, this is also confined in its range to
the Pacific coast.
(28) Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
15, $. (The Rosalind Underwing. )
The insect has been found in Kansas and Colorado.
(29) Catocala pura Hulst, Plate XXXV, Fig. 17, $. (The
Pure Underwing.)
The moth is an inhabitant of the region of the Rocky
Mountains.
(30) Catocala unijuga Walker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, ?.
(The Once-married Underwing.)
This is a widely distributed species, the range of which is
northern, extending from New England to Colorado, through
Canada and the region of the Great Lakes. It is common in
central New York.
(31) Catocala meskei Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 6, $.
(Meske's Underwing.)
By some students this species has been regarded as a variety
of the preceding. Its range is the same.
(32) Catocala groteiana Bailey, Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, $.
(Grote's Underwing.)
The moth occurs from Canada to New Mexico, and has been
sometimes treated as a variety of Catocala briseis Edwards.
(33) Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig.
7, 9. (The Hermia Underwing.)
The habitat of the species is Colorado and New Mexico.
(34) Catocala briseis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 12 $.
(The Briseis Underwing.)
The species is an inhabitant of the northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion, and is also known to occur in Colorado.
(35) Catocala faustina Strecker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 3, & .
(The Faustina Underwing.)
The specimen figured on the plate was received by the writer
from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical.
The range of the moth is from Colorado to California.
(36) Catocala parta Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. n, $.
(The Mother Underwing.)
264
Noctuidac
This fine species is quite common in the Appalachian sub-
region and ranges northward into the region of Hudson Bay and
westward as far as Colorado.
(37) Catocala coccinata Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 10, $ .
(The Scarlet Underwing.)
The moth is recorded as occurring from Canada to Florida
and Texas, and westward to the Mississippi. It is not very
common.
(38) Catocala aholibah Strecker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 15,$.
(The Aholibah Underwing.)
The specimen figured on the plate was obtained from the
author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The
insect is found from New Mexico and Colorado to California and
Oregon.
(39) Catocala verrilliana Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 16, $ .
(Verrill's Underwing. )
A neat and prettily marked species which has much the same
range as the preceding, though extending somewhat farther to
the south.
(40) Catocala ultronia Hiibner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 2, $ .
(The Ultronia Underwing.)
Form celia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 4, 3 . (The
Celia Underwing.)
Form mopsa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 7, $ . (The
Mopsa Underwing.)
Besides the three forms of this variable species which we
have selected for illustration, there are several others which have
received subspecific names. The insect is very common, and
occurs from the Atlantic to the Great Plains and from Canada to
Florida.
(41) Catocala ilia Cramer, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 14, $ . (The
Ilia Underwing.)
Form uxor Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 17, ?. (The Wife.)
Form osculata Hulst, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7, $ . (The Beloved
Underwing.)
This is a common and- variable species which is found
generally throughout the United States and Canada.
(42) Catocala innubens Guenee, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 13, $ ;
Plate I, Fig. 7, larva. (The Betrothed.)
265
Noctuidae
Form hinda French, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 10, $ . (The Hinda
Underwing.)
Form scintillans Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 9, $. (The
Glittering Underwing.)
This is another very common and very variable species, which
is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the
Mississippi.
(43) Catocala nebulosa Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 16, ?.
(The Clouded Underwing.)
This fine species is found in the Middle Atlantic and Central
States east of the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in
southern Indiana.
(44) Catocala piatrix Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Penitent)
The moth is found throughout the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains, and as far south as Arizona. It is a common
species.
(45) Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVI,
Fig. 5, 9 . (The Bride.)
This is another common and variable species which has the
same geographical distribution as that of the last-named insect.
(46) Catocala subnata Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 15, ?.
(The Youthful Underwing.)
The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and
appears to be not uncommon in Kentucky and southern Indiana.
(47) Catocala cerogama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6, $ .
(The Yellow-banded Underwing.)
Syn. aurella Fisher; eliza Fisher.
This is a common species ranging from Canada to the
Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi.
(48) Catocala palaeogama Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, $ .
(The Old wife Underwing.)
Form phalanga Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 4, $ . (The
Phalanga Underwing.)
The moth ranges from New England to Virginia and west-
ward to the Mississippi.
(49) Catocala censors Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIV,
F'g- 5> $ (The Consort.)
266
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI I
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W.
Holland.)
1 . Catocala dejecta Strecker, <3* .
2. Catocala Judith Strecker c? .
3. Catocala tristis Edwards, $.
4. Catocala groteiana Bailey, cf.
5. Catocala Carolina Holland, cf .
6. Catocala relicta Walker, 9 .
7. Catocala relicta var. bianco Henry Edwards, (f .
8. Catocala antinympha Hubner, tf .
9. Catocala cara Guen6e, c?.
10. Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, 9
11. . Catocala muliercula Guene'e, c?.
12. Catocala amatrix Hubner, cJ 1 .
1 3 . Catocala amatrix var. nurus Walker, $ .
14. Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, <5*.
15. Catocala alabamce Grote, 9
1 6. Catocalc arnica Hubner, J*.
17. Catocala minuta Edwards, cJ 1 .
1 8. Catocala ccelebs Grote, cJ 1 .
19. Catocala lineella Grote, c?.
20. Catocala nerissa Henry Edwards, 9
2 1 . Catocala gisela Meyer, 9
THE MOTH Boo*
PLATE XXXII
Noctuidae
The insect is found from Pennsylvania southward and west-
ward to Texas.
(50) Catocala muliercula Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. \i,$.
(The Little Wife.)
The insect is an inhabitant of the central portions of the
Appalachian subregion.
(51) Catocala delilah Strecker, Plate XXXIV. Fig. 4, $.
(The Delilah Underwing.)
Syn. adoptiva Grote.
The range of this species is from southern Illinois and Kentucky
southward to the Gulf and westward to Kansas and Nebraska.
(52) Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV,
Fig- 5 3 (The Desdemona Underwing.)
The species is found in the southwestern States.
(53) Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 2, $ . (The Andromache Underwing.)
This species is found in southern California and Arizona. I
am indebted to Mr. O. C. Poling for the fine specimen of this
rare moth which is figured upon the plate. It is closely allied to
the preceding species.
(54) Catocala illecta Walker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. I, 6 . (The
Magdalen Underwing.)
Syn. magdalena Strecker.
The moth is found from Indiana to Nebraska and southward
to Texas.
(55) Catocala serena Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 14, $ .
(The Serene Underwing.)
The insect ranges from Canada and New England westward
into the valley of the Mississippi. It is said to also occur in
eastern Siberia, but this is doubtful.
(56) Catocala antinympha Hiibner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 8, & .
(The Wayward Nymph.)
The moth is reported from Canada to Maryland and west-
ward as far as the Mississippi. I have found it very abundant at
Saratoga, N. Y., and even more abundant on the summits
of the Allegheny Mountains about Ctesson Springs in the month
of August.
(57) Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXII,
Fig. 10. ? . (The Badia Underwing.)
267
Noctuidae
The species is more common in New England than elsewhere.
It is rather abundant on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay,
and occurs also in central New York and the Adirondacks. I have
never known it to be taken in western Pennsylvania,
(58) Catocala coelebs Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 18, $ . (The
Old-maid.)
The range of this species, which is by some students regarded
as a varietal form of the preceding, is from southern Canada
through New England into central New York.
(59) Catocala habilis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. n, 3.
Form basalis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 12, $ .
The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia and westward to
the Mississippi. The form basalis has a black longitudinal streak
from the base of the fore wing along the lower side of the cell.
(60) Catocala abbreviated Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 9, $ .
The insect occurs from Minnesota and Illinois southward to
Texas and westward to Utah.
(61) Catocala whitneyi Dodge, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8, $ .
(Whitney's Underwing.)
The moth, which is probably only a varietal form of the pre-
ceding species, has the same range. The specimen figured on
the plate was received from the author of the species.
(62) Catocala polygama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 13, $ .
(The Polygamist.)
Form crataegi Saunders, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 12, $ . (The
Hawthorn Underwing.)
A common and variable species ranging all over the Appa-
lachian subregion.
(63) Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXV, Fig.
i, $. (The Amasia Underwing.)
Syn. sancta Hulst.
The geographical range of the species is from New York and
Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
(64) Catocala similis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 2, $ .
&yn. formula Grote.
Form aholah Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, $ .
The moth occurs from Rhode Island to Texas. It is a widely
distributed but not very common species.
3*8
EXPLANATION o* 1 PLATE XXXIII
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W.
Holland.)
1. Catocala californica Henry Edwards, *
The insect belongs within the more northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in
Massachusetts.
(68) Catocala grynea Cramer, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, $ .
The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward
to the Mississippi.
(69) Catocala alabamae Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 15, $ .
The habitat of the species is, as indicated by the name, the
state of Alabama.
(70) Catocala gracilis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Graceful Underwing.)
The species occurs from Canada to the southern States on the
Atlantic seaboard and westward to the valley of the Ohio.
(71) Catocala minuta Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 17, $.
(The Little Underwing.)
The moth is indigenous in the Eastern and Middle States.
(72) Catocala arnica Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 16, $.
Form lineella Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 19, $ .
Form nerissa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 20, $ .
This small species is subject to considerable variation. It has
a wide range from Ontario to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the
Great Plains.
" Place and time requiring, let this insect fly.
It hovers round the wick with the wind of its wings the flame is
extinguished." Sudraka, The Mrichchakati, or. The Toy-can.
WALKING AS A FINE ART
THE first act of all animals is that of absorption. Feeding is a
primal necessity. The senses of smell, of touch, and of taste are
involved in it. Sight has little to do with it at first, but is soon
awakened. Coincident with this act among the lower animals is
that of locomotion. Man, whose desire to annihilate space has
become a supreme passion, approaches the act of locomotion
later than all other animals. Young ducks and geese fly from the
Arctic Circle to Florida a few months after they have been
hatched. Babies do not often begin to crawl until they are twice
as old, and rarely walk until more than a year of life has been
passed. There is nothing more interesting than the sight of a
child just beginning to walk. The look of glad surprise and
immense satisfaction which is displayed when a few successful
steps have been taken is delightful to the observer. The triumphs
of the most successful men do not in later years afford them so
much momentary pleasure as is experienced by the little fellow
who realizes that at last after many failures he has "got his
legs."
In much of our going to and fro on this small globe we are
aided by adventitious helps. Stephenson, Fulton, and the fathers
of the science of magnetism and electricity have done much to
pave the way for our rapid transportation from one spot to
another. But there are some places to which we cannot be
hauled, and we have not yet reached the point where we can
dispense with the use of our pedal extremities.
Happy is the man who has acquired the love of walking for
its own sake! There is no form of exercise more health-giving,
none which tends more thoroughly to invigorate, if it be wisely
undertaken. The effect of the act is to quicken the venous
circulation; to send the blood to the lungs, there to be purified
by contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere; to harden and
strengthen the muscles of the legs and to bring those of the arms
and the chest into play. People who walk do not have over-
loaded veins. The shop-girl who stands behind the counter all
day suffers from varicosis, but the man or woman who walks
avoids it. Standing is harder than walking; it is more fatiguing,
and brings no return of health to the system.
270
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J
Holland.)
1. Catocala illecta Walker, J*.
2. Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, <3*.
3. Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, tf.
4. Catocala delilah Strecker, $ .
5. Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, tf.
6. Calocala cerogama Guene'e, <3*.
7. Catocala osculata Hulst, (J*.
8. Catocala whitneyi Dodge, o 1 .
9. Catocala abbreviatella Grote, $ .
10. Catocala coccinata Grote, (5 1 .
ir. Catocala parta Guene"e, (J 1 .
12. Catocala cratcegi Saunders, &.
13. Catocala polygama Guene"e, c?.
14. Catocala ilia Cramer, cJ 1 .
1 5 . Catocala aholibah Strecker, 9 .
1 6. Catocala verrilliana Grote, <5*.
17. Catocala uxor Guen^e, ?.
THE MOTH BOOK
PLATE XXXIV
Walking as a Fine Art
In walking, the best results are secured when there is no
burden upon the mind. The man who carries the load of daily
care with him when he walks derives less benefit from the act
than the man who dismisses all concern and simply gives
himself over to the act. It is a mistake to suppose that it is an
advantage in walking to have some definite object of pursuit.
The woman who is advised by her physician to walk should not
select as her path some busy street upon which she is certain to
be diverted by the opportunity to unite with her exercise a
number of shopping excursions. The man who goes out to
walk should not choose a much frequented part of the town
where he is sure to meet business friends and acquaintances.
The person who desires to derive the best results from his strolls
should select a retired spot in park or country where the "mad-
ding throng" does not resort. It is hard to make Americans
realize the importance of these suggestions. The demand is
forever that exercise, if taken at all, shall have an aim ulterior to
itself, in the pursuit of which the upbuilding of the system shall
take place as a collateral incident. The popularity of golf is due
to the fact that it answers the demand of a great class of persons
to be amused while they are being invigorated. It is one of the
least objectionable forms, in which the pill of exercise is sugar-
coated for consumption by a race which is slowly but surely
working itself to death in office, mill and factory.
Walking for its own sake is pursued to a far greater extent in
England and in Germany than in America. We may well learn
to imitate our cousins on the eastern side of the Atlantic in this
regard.
If walking is to be pursued with an object, there is nothing
which may be chosen as an aim better than the pursuit of that
knowledge which is the end of the naturalist. To become
acquainted with the fields and the flowers which bloom in them,
with the forests and the myriad forms of animate life which
frequent them, is an aim which leads far away from the cares
and pursuits of the weary, workday world. I met the other day
a friend, who, with quick step and alertness depicted in every
feature, was hurrying along one of the avenues in the capital. I
marveled at his gait, for I knew that the winters of fourscore
and five years rested upon his head. "How is it that you have
271
Walking as a Fine Art
found the fountain of eternal youth ?" 1 said. "My dear boy,"
he replied, " I have found it by living near to nature's heart, and
by having my beloved science of entomology to refresh and
quicken me in my daily walks."
Would you cultivate walking as a fine art, learn to see and to
hear what the world, which man has not made nor has entirely
marred, is telling you of the wonders of that life which she kindly
nourishes upon her bosom.
"Cleon sees no charm in nature in a daisy, I;
Cleon hears no anthem ringing in the sea and the sky,
Nature sings to me forever earnest listener, I ;
State for state, with all attendants, who would change ! Not I."
Genus ALLOTRIA Hubner
(i) Allotria elonympha Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 18, $.
This handsome little species is found in the Appalachian sub-
region. It is the sole species of the genus.
Genus ANDREWSIA Grote
(i) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. i, $.
Syn. belfragiana Harvey; jocasta Strecker.
The insect has been found to range from Kansas to Texas. It
appears on the wing in the latter state in May.
Genus EUPARTHENOS Grote
(i) Euparthenos nubilis Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2, $.
The moth occurs from the northern Atlantic States to Arizona.
Genus HYPOCALA Guenee
(i) Hypocala andremona Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 40, $ .
Syn. hilli Lintner.
The insect is characteristic of the neotropical fauna. It occurs
as a straggler into Texas, and is found very commonly throughout
Mexico, Central America, and South America.
Genus LITOCALA Harvey
(i) Litocala sexsignata Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 39, * .
The species occurs through the region of the Rocky Mountains
to California.
272
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV
(The specimens figured are contained in the collectior of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, 9.
2. Catocala similis Edwards, cJ 1 .
3. Catocala aholah Strecker, (J 1 .
4. Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, <5*.
5. Catocala jaquenetta Henry Edwards, <$ .
6. Catocala grynea Cramer, (J 1 .
7. Catocala prceclara Grote & Robinson, <5V
8. Catocala gracilis Edwards, 9 .
9. Catocala marmorata Edwards, 9
10. Ca tocala concumbens Walker, tf .
11. Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, c?.
12. Catocala briseis Edwards, (J 1 .
13. Catocala stretchi Behr, J 1 .
14. Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, 9 .
15. Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, tf.
1 6. Catocala somnus Dodge, 9
17. Catocala pur a Hulst, cJ 1 .
18. Catocala babayaga Strecker, (J 1
THE MOTH BOOK
PLATE XXXV
Noctuidae
Genus TOXOCAMPA Guenee
(i) Toxocampa victoria Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 10, ? .
This is a northern species found from New England to British
Columbia and ranging southward along the higher mountain
ranges of the west.
Genus PHOBERIA Hiibner
(i) Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 14, $ .
Syn. orthosioides Guen6e; jorrigens Walker; ingenua Walker.
The moth has been taken from Maine to Texas and westward
as far as the Great Plains.
Genus SIAVANA Walker
(i) Siavana repanda Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, 9.
Syn. auripennis Grote.
The moth ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to the
Gulf of Mexico. It is not uncommon in Florida.
Genus PALINDIA Guenee
This is an extensive neotropical genus, represented by but
two species, which have thus far been taken within our territory.
(i) Palindia dominicata Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, $ .
The moth occasionally occurs in Texas. It is very common
in Central and South America.
Genus PANAPODA Guenee
(i) Panapoda rufimargo Hubner, Plate XXXVJ, Fig. 19, $ .
Syn. rubricosta Guene'e; cressoni Grote.
Form carneicosta Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 20, $ .
Syn. scissa Walker; combinata Walker.
The insect is found through the Appalachian subregion. It is
quite common in parts of New England, and at certain times has
been taken abundantly in western Pennsylvania.
Genus PARALLELIA Hubner
(i) Parallelia bistriaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 18, $ .
Syn. amplissima Walker.
The insect occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward
to the Rocky Mountains.
273
Noctuidae
Genus AGNOMONIA Hiibner
(i) Agnomonia anilis Dairy, Plate XXX, Fig. 41,3.
Syn. sesquistriaris Hiibner .
The moth is found from Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas.
It is common in Florida.
Genus REMIGIA Guenee
(i) Remigia repanda Fabricius, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 16, $.
Syn. latipes Guen6e; perlata Walker \indentata Harvey; texana Morrison.
The species, which is somewhat variable, is said to occur in
Labrador, but the writer, though he has at various times received
large collections from that country, is not in possession of any
direct evidence of the correctness of the statement. The insect
does, however, occur in northern Canada and ranges thence
southwardly to Argentina, keeping, so far as is known, to the
eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes.
Genus GRAMMODES Guene'e
A moderately large genus, which is represented in both hemi-
spheres. Three species occur in our fauna, of which we figure
one.
(i) Grammodes smithi Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 22, ? .
The moth occurs in the Gulf States and in Mexico. The
specimen figured was taken in southern Texas.
Genus EPIDROMA Guenee
(i) Epidroma delinquens Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 42, ?.
The moth, which is common enough in Central and South
America, has recently been found to occur in southern Florida.
Genus POAPHILA Guenee
This is a genus of large size, the insects belonging to which
occur in the warmer regions of America. We figure but one of
the twelve species, which are attributed to our fauna.
(i) Poaphila quadrifilaris Hiibner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 17, $ .
The insect is known to occur from Massachusetts to Florida
along the coast.
274
Noctuidae
Genus PHURYS Guene'e
Six species occurring within our territory are given as belong-
ing to this genus in the latest list of the lepidoptera of North
America. Of these we illustrate two.
(1) Phurys vinculum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 12, $ .
The species occurs in the Gulf States and southward.
(2) Phurys lima Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig 1 1, $.
The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding
species. It may be easily distinguished by the presence of the
small round dark dot near the base of the fore wings on the inner
margin.
Genus CELIPTERA Guenee
(i) Celiptera frustulum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, $.
Syn. disci ssa Walker; elongatus Grote.
The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of
the Rocky Mountains.
Genus ANTICARSIA Hubner
Of the two species of the genus found within our limits we
give a figure of the one which most commonly occurs.
(i) Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
10, $ .
The moth is found through the valley of the Mississippi from
Wisconsin to Texas.
Genus ANTIBLEMMA Hubner
(i) Antiblemma inexacta Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 23, 3 .
Syn. canalis Grote.
This is a variable insect, to which a number of subspecific
names have been given, based upon slight differences in the
markings of the wings. It is found in the Southern States, and
ranges thence to the southern portions of the South American
continent.
Genus LITOPROSOPSUS Grote
(i) Litoprosopsus futilis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVII,
Fig. 4, 6 .
The insect occurs in Florida and Georgia and also in the
hotter portions of America.
275
Noctuidae
Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval
This is a large genus of remarkably showy insects, which are
more numerously found in the tropics of the Old World than in
the New. There are several very beautiful species which
are found in South America. Only one occurs sparingly as a
straggler into our fauna. It is now and then taken in Florida.
It is commoner in South America and is also found in Africa.
(i) Ophideres materna Linnaeus, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 8, $ .
Syn. hybrida Fabricius; calaminea Cramer.
The insect is rare in Florida.
Genus STRENOLOMA Grote
(i) Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 9, $ .
This fine moth is quite common in the valley of the Ohio, and
ranges from Pennsylvania southward and westward as far as
Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico.
Genus CAMPOMETRA Guenee
The species of this genus are principally found in the southern
and southwestern portions of our territory.
(1) Campometra amella Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 8, 9 .
Syn. integerrima Walker; stylobata Harvey.
The species ranges from Florida to Texas.
(2) Campometra mima Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 9, $ .
The moth occurs from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.
Genus TRAMA Harvey
Three species are assigned to this genus in recent lists.
(i) Trama detrahens Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 21, 3.
Syn. arrosa Harvey.
The habitat of this species is the Southern States.
Genus MATIGRAMMA Grote
A small genus, the species of which are southern, or south-
western, in their distribution.
(i) Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
11,9.
The moth is found from Florida to Texas.
276
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Andrewsia messalina Guenee, c?.
2. Euparthenos nubilis Hiibner, 9
3. Catocala pal&ogama Guenee, J 1 .
4. Catocala pal&ogama var. phalanga Grote, (j" 1 .
5. Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, $ .
6. Catocala piatrix Grote, (J 1 .
7. Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, 9
8. Ophideres materna Linnaeus, 9
9. Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, & .
10. Toxocampa victoria Grote, 9
11. Phurys lima Guen6e, <$.
12. Phurys vinculum Guenee, J 1 .
13. Celiptera frustu lum Guenee, 9.
14. Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, cJ*.
15. Siavana re panda Walker, 9-
16. Remigia re panda Fabricius, <5*.
17. Palindia dominicata Guenee, c?.
1 8. Parallelia bistriaris Hiibner, (J 1 .
19. Panapoda rufimargo Hiibner, c? .
20. Panapoda rufimargo var. carneicosta Guenee, c?.
2 1 . Trama detrahens Walker, c? .
22. Grammodes smithi Guenee, 9.
23. Antiblemma inexacta Walker , 9 .
THE MOTH Be
PLATE XXXV
Noctuidac
Genus CAPNODES Guenee
The genus is well represented in the
tropics of both hemispheres. There is but
one species in our fauna, Capnodes puncti-
vena Smith, a representation of which is
given in the accompanying cut, drawn from p, G
the type in the National Museum. punctivena, $.
Genus YRIAS Guenee
Not a large genus, the species of which are confined to the
southwestern portions of our territory.
(1) Yrias clientis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 13, $.
The insect is found in Arizona.
(2) Yrias repentis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 12, $ .
The moth, like its predecessor, is found in Arizona.
Genus ZALE Hiibner
(i) Zale horrida Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 3, $ .
The moth is found throughout the United States east of the
region of the Great Plains.
Genus SELENIS Guenee
The only species of the genus which occurs within our
borders is monotropa Grote. It is found in Texas. The annexed
FIG. 166. Selenis monotropa ,
cut was drawn from the type of the species which is preserved
in the British Museum. It was made by Mr. Horace Knight,
under the supervision of Sir George F. Hampson.
277
Noctuidae
Genus PHEOCYMA Hubner
(i) Pheocyma lucifera Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 5, ?.
Syn. lineola Walker.
Found in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus YPSIA Guenee
(i) Ypsia undularis Drury, Plate XXXVI 1, Fig. 6, ? .
The moth occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to
Colorado.
Genus PSEUDANTHRACIA Grote
(i) Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
7> ?
The insect, which is far from common in collections, has
practically the same range as the preceding species, of which it
appears at first glance to be a miniature reproduction.
Genus HOMOPTERA Boisduval
This is quite an extensive genus, species of which occur both
in the Old World and the New. Some twenty or more so-called
species are attributed to our fauna, but several of these will no
doubt prove to be mere varieties or local races of others. We
give figures of three of the commoner forms in our plates.
(1) Homoptera lunata Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 15, 6 .
Form edusa Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 16, $ .
Syn. putrescens Guenee; saundersi Bethune; viridans Walker; involuta
Walker.
Almost universally distributed throughout the United States
and Canada.
(2) Homoptera cingulifera Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, ? .
Syn. intenta Walker; woodi Grote.
The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward
to the region of the Great Plains.
(3) Homoptera unilineata Grote, Plate XXXVI I, Fig. 14, ? .
The insect ranges from eastern Canada to the Carolinas and
westward to the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in
eastern Massachusetts. The specimen figured on the plate was
taken at Magnolia, Massachusetts.
278
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII
(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are. contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Thysania zenobia Cramer, o .
2. Erebus odora Linnaeus, $ .
3. Zale horrida Hiibner, cf.
4. Litoprosopus futilis Grote & Robinson, cf
5. Phceocyma lunifera Hubner, 9
6. Ypsia undularis Drury, 9.
7. Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, 9 .
8. Campometra amella Guenee, 9 .
9. Campometra mima Harvey, cf.
10. Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, cf.
11. Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, 9, U. S. N. M.
12. Yrias repentis Grote, cf.
13. Yrias clientis Grote, cf.
14. Homoptera unilineata Grote, 9.
.15. Homoptera lunata Drury, cf.
16. Homoptera lunata var. edusa Drury, cf.
17. Homoptera cingulifera Walker, 9, Merrick Collection.
18. Isogona natatrix Guenee, cf.
19. Hormisa absorptalis Walker, cf.
20. Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, 9.
21. Xanclognatha Icevigata Grote, cf.
22. Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, cf.
23. Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, 9.
24. Renia discolor alis Guenee, cf.
25. Palthis angulalis Hubner, 9 .
26. Heterogramma pyramusalis W'alker, 9
27. Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, cf.
28. Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, 9 .
29. Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, 9 .
30. Philometra metonalis Walker, cf-
31. Hormisa bivittata Grote, cf, U. S. N. M.
32. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, cf.
33. Capis curvata Grote, 9.
THE MOTH BOOK
PLATE XXXVI I
Noctuidse
Genus LATEBRARIA Guenee
(l) Latebraria arnphipyroides Guenee.
There is only one species
of the genus known to occur
within the faunal limits cov-
ered by this book. It is a
straggler from the South
American and Mexican ter-
ritories, in which it is quite
common. The accompanying
cut based upon a drawing
made from a specimen con-
tained in the collection of
the United States National
Museum at Washington, will,
no doubt, enable the Student FIG. 167. Latebraria amphipyroides,
to readily recognize the ^ ' *
species, which is not likely to be confounded with anything else.
Genus EREBUS Latreille
This is a genus of large moths most in evidence in the tropics of
the New World. Only one species occurs in the United States,
(i) Erebus odora Linnaeus, Plate XXX VII, Fig. 2, ? .
Syn. agarista Cramer.
This great moth is very common in the tropical regions of
America. It occurs quite abundantly in southern Florida and the
warmer portions of the Gulf States, and is universally distributed
over the countries of Central America and throughout tropical
South America. It is found as a straggler into the northern
portions of the United States, and has even been taken in
Canada. I have in my collection a specimen which was taken
at Leadville, Colorado, in a snowstorm which occurred there
one Fourth of July. The insect, blown to that lofty and desolate
spot, was caught fluttering about in the drifts.
Genus THYSANIA Dalman
(i) Thysania zenobia Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. I, 9 .
This is another great South American moth, which occasion-
ally occurs within our territory. It has been taken in Florida
279
Noctuid*
and southern Texas. It is a very abundant species in Mexico
and South America.
Genus EPIZEUXIS Hubner
This is a genus of considerable size.
The larvae feed upon dried leaves for the
most part. Eleven species are attributed
to our fauna, five of which we figure.
(i) Epizeuxis americalis Guenee.
Syn. scriptipennis Walker.
The range of this insect is from Can-
ada to Texas east of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It is exceedingly common in the
woods of the Appalachian subregion,
and is one of the moths which are most
FIG. 1 68. Epize uxis commonly attracted to sugar. Thelifehis-
amencalis. a. Larva en- *
larged; b, Dorsal view of tory has been well ascertained, and has
larval segment ;c. Lateral t> een entertainly described by Professor C.
view of do. ; d, Cremaster .._,..
of pupa. (After Riley, V. Riley in the Fourth Volume of " Insect
"Insect Life," Vol. IV, L jf e> T ne reader is re f er red to the ac-
count there given for fuller details.
(2) Epizeuxis scmula Hubner.
Syn. mollifera Walker; herminioides
Walker; effusalis Walker; concisa Walker.
The range and the habits of this
species are very much the same as
those of the last mentioned species.
Like it, the insect is also very frequent
at sugar, and on a warm summer
night, in the forests of southern
Indiana, I have seen as many as twenty
of these moths at one time, congre-
gated about a spot on the trunk of a
tree, which had been moistened with
beer in which sugar had been dis-
solved.
FIG. 169. Epizeuxis
cemula. a, Larva enlarged;
b, Segment of larva viewed
(9) Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, laterally; c, do. viewed dor-
* sally; d, Tip of pupa; e,
Moth. (After Riley," Insect
Life," Vol. IV, p. no.)
ni wvtni c-
Plate XXXVII, Fig. 29, ?.
Syn. ph(zal-isGuen6e; surrectalis Walker.
280
Noctuidae
The species occurs generally throughout the United States and
Canada.
(4) Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 27, $ .
The insect is found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and
from Canada to the Carolinas.
(5) Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 28, ? .
The moth occurs from New England to the Trans-Mississippi
States, east of the Great Plains.
Genus ZANCLOGNATHA Lederer
The genus is of moderate size. All of the species known are
found in the Appalachian subregion, and have within it a wide
range.
(1) Zanclognatha laevigata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 21, $ .
The species is somewhat variable
in the amount of dark shading upon
the fore wings. It is distributed from
Canada to the southern states.
(2) Zanclognatha protumnusa-
lis Walker.
Syn. minimalis Grote.
The moth has much the same
range as the last-mentioned species.
Its life history has been accurately FlG - ^-- Zanclognatha pro-
j j r r /~wr>-i lumnusaus. a, Moth; o.Malc
ascertained, and Professor C.V.Riley antenna; c> Larva; rf, Dorsal
has given US an account Of the habits view of larval segment ;e,later-
of the insect in the paper to which al view of do.; b, d, e, Enlarg-
reference has already been made. ed. (After Riley. "Insect Life,"
The types of both Walker's and Vol. IV, p. in.)
Grote's insects are preserved in the British Museum, and there is
no doubt of their identity.
(3) Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
22, 6.
The habitat and the habits of this species are much the same
as those of the preceding.
(4) Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
20, ?.
The moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian
subregion.
281
Noctuidae
Genus HORMISA Walker
This is a small genus of which there are known to be four
species inhabiting our territory. We figure the two commonest
of these.
(1) Hormisa absorptalis Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 19, $ .
Syn. nubilifascia Grote.
The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to
Illinois.
(2) Hormisa bivittata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Rig. 31, $.
The moth, which is not common in collections, is found from
Quebec and Maine to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward as far
as Pennsylvania and Ohio.
Genus SISYRHYPENA Grote
FIG. 171. Sisyrhypena orciferalis, $ . |
(i) Sisyrhypena orciferalis Walker.
Syn. pupillaris Grote; harti French.
The figure which we give was drawn for this book from the
type of the species which is in the collection of Mr. Grote in the
British Museum. The insect occurs in the southern States.
Genus PHILOMETRA Grote
Three species are reckoned as belonging to this genus. We
give a figure of one of them.
(i) Philometra m.etonalis Walker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, $ .
Syn. goasalis Walker; longilabris Grote.
The moth is found from Nova Scotia and the region of Hudson
Bay to Virginia and westward to Illinois.
Genus CHYTOLITA Grote
(i) Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 23, $ .
The moth is not at all uncommon in the Atlantic subregion.
282
NoctuidjB
Genus HYPENULA Grote
One species is reckoned as belonging to this genus.
FIG. 172. Hypenula cacuminalis,
(i) Hypenula cacuminalis Walker.
Syn. biferalis Walker; opacalis Grote.
The moth is a native of the southern portions of our territory.
The figure we give is taken from Walker's
type, which is preserved in the British
Museum. We also give a figure of a
specimen preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History, and which
was determined by Mr. Grote as his ^
FIG. 173. Hypenula opa-
species, to which he gave the name calis G rotei 3 |.
opacalis. The comparison of the two
figures will serve to illustrate the variability of the species.
Genus RENIA Guenee
There are eight species belonging to the genus which are
found within the region covered by this book. ' One of the
commonest of these is selected for illustration.
(i) Renia discoloralis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 24, $ .
Syn. fallacialis Walker; generalis Walker; thraxalis Walker.
The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus BLEPTINA Guenee
(i) Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 32, $ .
Syn. cloniasalis Walker.
The moth occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains.
Genus TETANOLITA Grote
Three species are assigned to this genus in the latest lists.
Of these, we have selected the one which is the type of the genus
283
Noctuida
for purposes of illustration. The specific name mynesalis was
originally applied to the insect by Walker. Subsequently Grote
gave it the name lixalis. The cut hereto annexed was drawn
FIG. 174. Tetanolita mynesalis, . {.
from Walker's type, which is contained in the collections of the
British Museum. The moth ranges from Pennsylvania to Illinois
and southward to the Gulf of Mexico.
Genus HETEROGRAMMA Guenee
(i) Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, Plate XXXVII,
Fig. 26, ? .
Syn. gyasalis Walker; rurigena Grote.
The species is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and
westward to the region of the Great Plains. It is the only species
in the genus.
Genus GABERASA Walker
(i) Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 2, 5 .
Syn. bifidalis Grote; indivisalis Grote.
The male moth has the fore wings bifid. Grote described the
female, which has not bifid wings, under the name indivisalis.
The moth occurs from Canada to Texas.
Genus DIRCETIS Grote
FIG. 175. Dircetis pygm&a Grote, . {.
There are two species of the genus which are found within
our borders. We give in the cut a figure of the type of Grote's
284
Noctuidse
species to which he applied the name pygmaea. It is found
from Florida to Texas along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico.
Genus PALTHIS Hubner
Two species of the genus are found within the United States.
We figure both of them.
(1) Palthis angulalis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 25, 9.
Syn. aracinthusalis Walker.
The insect is very common everywhere from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico east of the Great Plains.
(2) Palthis asopialis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. i, ? .
The distribution of the species is the same as that of the
preceding.
Genus CAPIS Grote
(i) Capis curvata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 33, $ .
The insect is found in Maine, northern New York, and
Canada. It is the only species belonging to the genus.
Genus SALIA Hubner
Two species belonging to the genus are found within our
territory. We figure in the accompanying cut the type of one of
these, which received the specific name interpuncta at the hands
of Mr. Grote.
FIG. 176. Salia interpuncta, $ . }.
The moth is found from Massachusetts to Arizona.
Genus LOMANALTES Grote
(i) Lomanaltes eductalis Walker.
Syn. Ixtulus Grote.
The figure of the moth which we give
was drawn for this book by Mrs. Beuten-
miiller of New York from a specimen
contained in the collections of the
American Museum of Natural History.
The insect ranges from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota and southward to New York and Pennsylvania
285
FIG. 177. Lomanalu
eductalis, $ . {.
Noctuidae
Genus BOMOLOCHA Hubner
Sixteen species occurring within oar limits are attributed to
this genus in the latest List of the Lepidoptera of North America.
Nine of these we illustrate.
(1) Bomolocha manalis Walker, Plate XLH, Fig. 3, & .
The moth ranges from Canada and Minnesota southward to
the valleys of the Potomac and the Ohio.
(2) Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 4, ? .
Syn. benignalis Walker; laciniosa Zeller.
The geographical distribution of the species practically coin-
cides with that of the last.
(3) Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 7, ? .
Syn. jecialis Grote; pallialis Zeller.
The insect occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to
the Rocky Mountains.
(4) Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 10, $ .
The moth is found from New England to British Columbia,
but does not range far to the south.
(5) Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 5, $ .
The habitat of the insect extends from New England and
Canada westward to Illinois and southward to Pennsylvania and
the Virginias.
(6) Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 6, $ .
Syn. achatinalis Zeller; damnosahs Walker; caducalis Walker; profecta
Grote.
The insect is found from the Middle States southward to
Texas.
(7) Bomolocha toreuta Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 9, $ .
Syn. albisignalis Zeller.
The moth ranges over the same region as the last-mentioned
species.
(8) Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 8, 6 .
Syn. perangulalis Harvey.
The moth is found from Canada to Virginia.
(9) Bomolocha edictalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. n, $ .
Syn. lentiginosa G.~ote; vellifera Grote.
The range of the species is the same as that of the last men-
tioned.
286
Noctuidae
Genus PLATHYPENA Grote
Only one species of the genus is known to occur within our
territory.
(i) Plathypena scabra Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 14, $.
Syn. erectalis Guenee; palpalis Haworth; crassatus Haworth; obesalis
Stephens.
Universally distributed through the United States and Canada
east of the Rocky Mountains.
Genus HYPENA Schrank
The genus is found in all parts of the globe. Three species
are known to be found in our territory. Of these we figure the
one which is commonest.
(i) Hypena humuli Harris, Plate XLII, Fig. 12, 6" J Fig. 13,
? , var.
Syn. evanidalis Robinson ; germanalis Walker.
This insect, the larva of
which does considerable
damage to the hop, is
widelydistributed overthe
whole of the United States
and Canada., It is some-
what variable in the shade
of the wings and the
amount of maculation
upon them. For an account
of the habits of the insect
and the best manner to
guard against the ravages
which the larva commits
the reader is referred to
the excellent article by Dr.
L. O. Howard of the De-
partment of Agriculture
in Washington upon insects injurious to the hop-vine, which
was published as the Seventh Bulletin of the New Series of
Bulletins issued by the Division of Entomology of the Department.
Arm. Who was Samson's love, my dear Moth ?
Moth. A woman, master
SHAKESPEARE, Love's Labor's Lost, 7, 2.
287
FIG. 1 78. Hypena humuli. a, egg; b, larva;
c, segment of do.; d, pupa; e, tip of do.; /,
adult, a, c, e, greatly enlarged. (After
Howard, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., New
Series, No. 7, p. 44.)
FAMILY NYCTEOLID/E
"An vnredy reue thi residue shal spene,
That menye moththe was maister ynne, in a mynte-while."
PIERS PLOWMAN (C) xiii, 216.
THE Nycteolidce are related to the Noctuidce, many of the
genera, especially in the Old World, containing moths which are
green in color and frequent trees. The apex of the fore wing is
more or less produced to a point. The larvae have eight pairs of
legs, and are fleshy, with the anal somite tapering to a point.
They are either naked or slightly pubescent. But two genera are
found in the United States.
Genus NYCTEOLA Hiibner
The genus is represented in both the Old World and the
New. Two species are found in the United States.
(i) Nycteola revayana Scopoli, form lintnerana Speyer,
PlateXLII, Fig. 15, $.
A large number of synonyms and subspecific forms have been
erected by authors who have dealt with this species. The form
which we figure is the one which is most commonly encountered
in our territory.
Genus HYBL^EA Fabricius
This genus is extensively developed in the warmer portions
of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is represented by only one species
in our region.
(i) Hyblaea puera Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, ? .
Syn. saga Fabricius; mirificum Strecker.
The insect, which is common in the tropics of the two hemi-
spheres, occurs occasionally in Florida. The specimen figured on
our plate is contained in the collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum.
288
FAMILY PERICOPID^E
Auctorum)
" Loose to the wind their airy garments flew,
Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew,
Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies,
Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes,
While every beam new transient colours flings,
Colours that change whene'er they wave their wings."
PofK.Rape of the Lock.
The following characterization of the family is taken from
Hampson's "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 495: "Proboscis present.
Palpi smoothly scaled; the third joint long and naked. Legs
smooth; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two
pairs. Frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from
ib'j ic absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with
veins \a and ib present, \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of
cell; 8 free from the base and connected by a bar with 7 at middle
of cell.
"Larva with all the legs present, sparsely covered with long
hairs.
" Cocoon slight."
Genus DARITIS Walker
A small genus of rather showy moths, which is represented in
our fauna by two species.
(i) Daritis thetis Klug, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 5, .
14. Schizura badia Packard, 9 , U. S. N. M.
15. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, .
8. Lophodonta ferruginea Packard,
9.
9. Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-
Schaeffer, (?
10. Pheosia portlandia Henry
Edwards,
and by means of which it regains the place from which it has
dropped. This power is lost as the insect develops after succes-
sive molts. The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not
unbeautiful creature. The head is brilliant vermilion in color; the
body is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped
tufts and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable
disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupae of the two sexes,
as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the
female moth are generally twice as large as those of the male.
The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is to
see to it that in the fall and winter the cocoons, which may be
found adhering to the
twigs of trees and
shrubs and secreted in
the nooks and crannies
of fences, are gathered
together and destroyed.
It is also useful to spray
the young foliage of
trees which are liable
to attack with any one
FIG. 184. -#. leucostigma.
(After Riley.)
Larva of female moth.
307
Liparidae
of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the pur-
pose of destroying the larvae of this and other destructive insects
which attack our shade-trees. The spraying should take place at
intervals when the young larvae are observed to be moving
upward upon the trunks of the trees.
(3) Hemerocampa definita Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.
17. 3-
This species, which is closely allied to the last, is found in the
northern Atlantic States. What has been said as to the habits of
H. leucostigma applies also to this insect.
Genus OLENE Hubner
(1) Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 9, $ .
Syn. parallela Grote & Robinson ; tephra H iibner ; cinnamomea Grote &
Robinson.
The moth, which is somewhat variable in the style and
intensity of the dark markings upon the wings, is found in the
Appalachian subregion, but is somewhat more frequent in the
south than in the north.
(2) Olene leucophsea Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.
7, 6 , Fig. 8, ? .
Syn. basiflava Packard ; atrivenosa Palm ; manto Strecker.
This is likewise a variable insect, the range of which is prac-
tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species.
Genus PORTHETRIA Hubner
(i) Porthetria* dispar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 12, $,
Fig. 13, ?. (The Gypsy Moth.)
This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A
number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and
residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from
a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which
the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were
prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were
allowed to escape through the window of the room in which
they were. Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in
their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul-
tiplied and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus
far been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of
308
Liparidse
all the exertion which has been put forth, the insect appears to
have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States,
though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very
great, owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by
the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance.
Genus PSILURA
(i) Psilura monacha Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 14, <$ ,
Fig. 15, ?.
This is another insect which is said to have been imported from
Europe, and is reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the
New World. The specimens figured on our plate are from a
brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of
Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place.
Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domi-
ciled in the region.
Genus EUPROCTIS Hiibner
(i) Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig.
16, $ . (The Brown-tail Moth.)
This insect, like the two preceding species, is an importation
from Europe. It has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston,
Massachusetts, and is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia,
Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the-Sea.
Genus DOA Neumoegen & Dyar
The only species of the genus, named ampla by Grote, is a
native of Colorado, and ranges thence
southward through Arizona to the
higher mountain plateaus of Mexico.
It also occurs not infrequently in
northwestern Texas. It may easily
be recognized with the help of the
... . , FIG. 185. Doa ampla,
accompanying cut, which is drawn
from a specimen in the collection of the writer.
" Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare,
And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair."
BYRON. Ckilde Harold, Canto I.
309
Liparidae
Genus LEUCULODES Dyar
The genus is thus far represented in our
fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst
applied the specific name lacteolaria. It is a
native of Arizona. The figure which is here-
with given was drawn by the writer from the
type which is preserved in the United States
National Museum.
MOTH-SONG
"What dost thou here,
Thou dusky courtier,
Within the pinky palace of the rose?
Here is no bed for thee,
No honeyed spicery,
But for the golden bee,
And the gay wind, and me,
Its sweetness grows.
Rover, thou dost forget ;
Seek thou the passion-flower
Bloom of one twilight hour.
Haste, thou art late!
Its hidden savors wait.
For thee is spread
Its soft, purple coverlet ;
Moth, art thou sped ?
Dim as a ghost he flies
Thorough the night mysteries."
ELLEN MACKAY HUTCHINSON CORTISSOZ.
310
FAMILY LASIOCAMPID^E
"Now busily convened upon the bud
That crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime,
And spread their muslin canopy around,
Pavilioned richer than the proudest kings."
The Lasiocampidce have been characterized as follows by Sir
George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 402:
"Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally
large. Proboscis absent; eyes small; antennae bipectinate in
both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to
mid and hind tibise and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein \a
not forked with b ; \c rarely present; the cell medial in position;
veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and
from before the angle. Hind wing with two internal veins; 6
and 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching
7, or connected with it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell ;
accessory costal veinlets generally present. Frenulum absent.
Larva with lateral downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and
often subdorsal tufts or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly
clothed with hair.
Cocoon closely woven of silk and hair."
Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as
occurring within our faunal limits.
Genus GLOVERIA Packard
(1) Gloveria arizonensis Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 3, ?.
Syn. dentata Henry Edwards.
The moth is found in Arizona and northern Mexico.
(2) Gloveria psidii Salle, Plate XLI, Fig. 2, $ .
The habitat of the species is the same as that of the foregoing.
(3) Gloveria howardi Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. i, ?.
The specimen figured on the plate is one of several which are
contained in the collection of the United States National Museum,
3"
Lasiocampidac
and which constituted the material upon which the original
description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar.
Genus ARTACE Walker
(i) Artace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. 5, 3.
Syn. rubripalpis Felder.
This rather rare little moth has its habitat in the southern
Atlantic States.
Genus TOLYPE Hubner
Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. We
give illustrations of the one which is commonest.
(i) Tolype velleda Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, $ , Fig. 8, ?.
The species is found throughout the Appalachian subregion.
Genus HYPOPACHA Neumcegen & Dyar
The only species known to belong to this genus was named
grisea by Neumregen. The only specimen
of which the writer has knowledge is the type
which is contained in the collection of the
Brooklyn Institute. Of this I have, through
the kindness of the authorities of that institu-
tion, been permitted to make a drawing, which
is reproduced in the annexed cut. The habitat
. Io7. ** * i A
$. f. of the species is Arizona.
Genus MALACOSOMA Hubner
(i) Malacosoma americana Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, ?.
Syn. decipiens Walker ; frutetorum Boisduval.
The species, which is commonly known as "The American
Tent-caterpillar, " is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian
subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage
of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosacece,
as the wild cherry and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards
with avidity. The great white webs woven by the caterpillars
are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruit-
grower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see
trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil-
312
Lasiocampidae
lar is not pleasan. to
contemplate. The bets
way to combat these
destructive insects is to
diligently search for
their webs when they
first are being formed,
and to cut off the
branches to which they
are attached and burn
them. By following
this method carefully,
their ravages may be
held in check.
(2) Malacosoma
californica Packard,
Plate X, Fig. n, 3.
Syn. pseudoneustria Bois-
duval.
The species, which
is in its habits very
closely allied to the
preceding, has its home
upon the Pacific coast.
(3) Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, Plate X,
Fig- 9> <3 ; form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Fig. 10 , 6 .
Syn. sylvatica Harris ; drupacearum Boisduval ; thoracicoides
Neumcegen & Dyar ; sylvalicoides Neumoegen & Dyar ; thoracica
Stretch ; perversa Neumoegen & Dyar.
The moth is universally distributed through the
United States and Canada. It appears to be rather
variable, and a number of subspecies or varietal forms
have been recognized. Many of the races, if such
they can be called, differ so little from the typical
stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard
the names which have been applied to them as
other than synonyms.
The habits of the larvae are almost identical with
those of the species to which reference has already
been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the
313
FIG. 1 88. M. americana. a, lateral view of
larva ; b, dorsal view of larva ; e, mass of eggs ;
d t cocoon. (After Riley.)
FIG. 189.
M. disstria,
larva. (After
Riley.)
Lasiocampidae
Rosacece, although they also at times feed upon other trees.
The hickories of various species and the walnuts are not exempt
from their ravages. The
writer has never observed
them feeding upon oaks,
birch, or beeches. An ex-
cellent account of the hab-
its of these creatures may
be found in Riley's Mis-
souri Reports, Number III,
from which the illustra-
tions here given have been
FIG. 190. M. disstria. a, egg mass; d, taken. The means of
moth ; f, egg viewed from top ; d, eggs viewed , , . .
from side ; o .,.-.^r =
FAMILY BOMBYCID^E
" And thou, the insect of an hour,
O'er Time to triumph wouldst pretend ;
With nerves of grass wouldst brave the power
Beneath which pyramids must bend! "
CARL GUSTAF AF LEOPOLD.
The Bombycidce were originally confined to the Asiatic conti-
nent, and more particularly to the southeastern portions of that
great land mass. The family is quite small and includes only a
few genera. Of these the genus Bombyx is the only one
which is well known. The family has been characterized as
follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India,"
Vol. I, p. 31:
"Proboscis absent, palpi rather small or absent; antennae
bipectinated in both sexes; legs hairy, without spurs. Frenulum
absent; vein 5 of both wings from or from above the middle of
the discocellulars; veins 7, 8, and 9 of the fore wing generally
more or less bent downward; vein la forming or not forming
a fork with \b\ \c absent or present. Hind wing with two or
three internal veins; vein 8 arising from the base of 7, or free
from the base with a bar between them ; the inner margin irreg-
ular and in part turned over.
Larva elongate and not hairy; dorsal humps on some of
the somites, or a horn on the terminal somite, or paired dorsal
spines.
Cocoon formed of fine silk of great commercial value."
Genus BOMBYX Linnaeus
(i) Bombyx mori Linnaeus.
The silk-worm of commerce is not known to exist in a feral
or wild state in the regions where it is now most commonly
315
Bombycidae
reared. In this respect it is like many other domesticated animals.
The caterpillar, of which a figure is herewith given, feeds upon
FIG. 192. Cocoon of B. mori.
(After Riley.)
FIG. 191. Larva of Bombyx mori. (After Riley.)
the leaves of the white mulberry, and will also feed freely upon
the leaves of the Osage orange, an American hedge-plant. The
insect was introduced at an early date
into the American colonies, but its
culture has not as yet risen in the
New World to great proportions,
though the manufacture of silk from
imported material is at the present
day an important American industry.
The culture of silk is an industry
which might be best undertaken
and maintained in the Southern States of the American Union,
where climatic conditions are wholly favorable to it. The Caro-
linas and Georgia appear to fur-
nish the best climate for the
development of this industry, and
it is believed by those who are
most conversant with the matter
that in time the rearing of the silk-
worm may become in these States
an exceedingly important and
profitable branch of industry.
Southern California and Arizona
are also likely to become centres in which the growing of raw
silk may be successfully pursued.
FIG. 193. Moth of B. mori.
(After Riley.)
THE HISTORY OF SILK-CULTURE
The greater portion of the silk of commerce is produced
by the larvse of the moth known as Bombyx mori.
316
The in-
Bombycidae
sect, through ages of human culture, has become thoroughly
domesticated. It has been wrongly maintained that the moth
known as Tbeopbtla huttoni, and which is found in China and
western India, is the ancestral or feral form from which the
domesticated Bombyx mori has been derived. The common silk-
worm does not exist in a wild state anywhere so far as is known,
and is as much a domestic animal as the Jersey cow or the grey-
hound. Chinese literature clearly shows that the silk-industry
originated in that country. The Emperor Hwang-Ti, whose
reign was in the eighteenth century B.C., fostered the culture of
silk, and his empress, Si-Ling-Chi, who gave her personal atten-
tion to the breeding of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk,
was deified in consequence, and is reputed to be "the goddess
of silk-worms." The methods of securing the silk and weaving
fabrics from it were held secret by the Chinese for nearly two
thousand years, and only after ages was a knowledge of the art
transmitted to Corea, and thence to Japan. Silk in very small
quantities was imported into Greece and Rome from China by
way of Persia. Aristotle was the first writer in Europe to give a
correct account of the manner in which silk is produced. He is
supposed to have derived his information from those who had
accompanied Alexander the Great on his victorious march into
India. The price of silken fabrics in the West at the beginning
of the Christian era, owing to the cost of transportation, was so
great that only the very rich could possess garments of this
material. Their use was restricted to wealthy women. For a
man to use silken clothing was esteemed a sign of luxurious
effeminacy. Under the reigns of Tiberius, Vespasian, and
Diocletian the use of silken apparel by men was positively inter-
dicted; but gradually, with the increase of importation of raw
silk from Persia and its manufacture into stuffs in Asia Minor and
elsewhere, the habit of using it grew, and its cost was slowly
lowered. Under the reign of the Emperor Justinian, in the sixth
century, positive steps to foster sericulture as an imperial monop-
oly were taken. Silk-looms operated by women were estab-
lished in the palace at Constantinople, and Justinian endeavored,
in view of the loss of the supply of raw silk brought about by a
war with Persia, to induce the Prince of Abyssinia to secure to
him supplies of the article by a circuitous route. Relief was finally
Bombycidae
brought to the embarrassed imperial manufacturer when two
Nestorian monks, who had lived long in China and had learned
all the processes of silk-culture, were induced to go back to that
far-away land and bring to Constantinople a stock of the eggs of
the silk-worm. As it was among the Chinese a capital offense to
reveal the secrets of the trade or to export the eggs from which
the worms are hatched, the two priests had to proceed with the
utmost caution. They concealed the eggs in the hollows of the
bamboo staffs which they carried as pilgrims. From these eggs,
thus transported to Constantinople in A.D. 555, all of the silk-
worms in Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, and America until as
recently as 1865 were descended. It was not until the last-men-
tioned year that any importation of fresh eggs of the silk-worm
from China took place. Those two bamboo sticks held within
themselves the germ of a vast industry, countless costly ward-
robes, the raiment of kings, queens, and emperors, and untold
wealth.
From the time of Justinian onward the growth of silk-culture
in Greece and Asia Minor was rapid. It was introduced into
Spain by the Saracens at the beginning of the eighth century. It
found lodgment in Sicily and Naples in the twelfth century, and
in the next century was taken up in Genoa and Venice. It was
not begun in France until the latter part of the sixteenth century,
but in the seventeenth century it made great progress in France,
as well as in Belgium and Switzerland. The weaving of silk had
begun at an earlier date than this in France, Germany, and Eng-
land. Attempts made to introduce the culture of the mulberry-
tree and of the silk-worm in Great Britain have always signally
failed. The climate appears to be against the industry. James I,
who had failed in his attempts to foster sericulture in England,
undertook to plant the industry in Virginia AH 1609. But the eggs
and mulberry-trees he sent out were lost by shipwreck. In 1619
and the years immediately following the attempt was renewed,
and the raising of silk-worms was enjoined by statute and en-
couraged by bounties. In spite of every effort, little came of the
attempt, the colonists finding the growth of tobacco to be far
more profitable. In Georgia and the Carolinas similar attempts
were made, and from 1735 to 1766 there were exported to Eng-
land considerable quantities of raw silk from these colonies. From
Bombycidac
1760 onward the industry declined. Sericulture was at this time
taken up in Connecticut and flourished there more than anywhere
else for many years, though the raw silk was not exported, but
woven on the spot into various fabrics. The production of raw
silk in Connecticut for many years amounted to a sum of not less
than $200,000 annually. In 1830 an effort was made to introduce
into the United States the so-called Chinese mulberry (Morus
multicaulis}. A popular craze in regard to this plant and the
profits of silk-culture was begotten. Fabulous prices were paid
for cuttings of the Morus multicaulis, as much even as five dol-
lars for twigs less than two feet in length. Hundreds of people
came to believe that the possession of a grove of these trees would
be the avenue to fortune. But in 1839 the bubble burst, and
many persons who had invested the whole of their small earnings
were ruined. It was discovered that the trees would not with-
stand frost and were practically worthless, as compared with the
white mulberry (Morus alba). "Colonel Mulberry Sellers" re-
mains in American literature a reminder of those days, and of the
visionary tendencies of certain of our people.
The manufacture of silk thread and of silken fabrics was begun
in the United States at an early date. Machinery for reeling,
throwing, and weaving silk was invented, and the importation of
raw silk was begun. The industry has steadily grown until at
the present time silk-manufacture has come to be an important
industry, in which nearly a hundred millions of dollars are in-
vested. The annual production of silken goods amounts to a
sum even greater than the capital employed and gives employ-
ment to seventy-five thousand persons. So much for the indus-
trial importance of one small species, of those insects to which
this volume is devoted.
It was brown with a golden gloss, Janette,
It was finer than silk of the floss, my pet ;
'T was a beautiful mist falling down to your wrist,
'T was a thing to be braided, and jewelled, and kissed
'T was the loveliest hair in the world, pet."
CHARLES G. HALPINE. Janette's Hair.
FAMILY PLATYPTERYGID/E
"Above the wet and tangled swamp
White vapors gathered thick and damp,
And through their cloudy curtaining
Flapped many a brown and dusky wing-
Pinions that fan the moonless dun,
ut fold them at the rising sun."
WHITTIER.
The family has been described as follows by Sir George F.
Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 326:
"Small or moderate-sized moths of somewhat slender build,
generally with the apex of the fore wing falcate.
Palpi slender and slightly scaled, often very minute. Fore
wing with vein \b forked at the base; \c absent; 5 from close to
the lower angle of cell. Hind wing with one or two internal
veins; \a short when present; 5 from near lower angle of cell;
the discocellulars angled ; the origin of veins 6 and 7 before the
angle of cell; 8 bent down and nearly or quite touching 7.
Larva smooth, with the anal prolegs absent, except in the
genus Euchera;* the anal somite usually with a long process,
the others often humped.
Cocoon spun among leaves."
Genus EUDEILINEA Packard
The only species of the genus known in our
fauna is the one named herminiata by Guenee.
It is a rather rare little moth in collections, being
probably overlooked by collectors on account of
its insignificant size and its general resemblance to
FIG. 194. . commoner species. It is found in the Appalachian
herminiata, $ . \. ,
1 subregion.
* Not American.
320
Platypterygidae
Genus ORETA Walker
(1) Oreta rosea Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 24, ?.
Syn. americana Herrich-Schaeffer ; formula Grote.
The moth js a native of the eastern portions of our territory.
(2) Oreta irrorata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 6, ? .
The range of this species is coincident with that of the last.
Genus DREPANA Schrank
(i) Drepana arcuata Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 23, $.
Syn. fabiila Grote.
Form genicula Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 22, $ .
The species, which is dimorphic, inhabits the Appalachian
subregion. The form genicula occurs in the spring, the form
arcuata in the summer.
Genus FALCARIA Haworth
The genus is common to both hemispheres,
(i) Falcaria bilineata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 7, ?.
The insect, which is by no means common, is a native of the
eastern portion of our territory.
TRANSFORMATION
" Who that beholds the summer's glistering swarms,
Ten thousand thousand gaily gilded forms,
In volant dance of mix'd rotation play,
Bask in the beam, and beautify the day ;
Who 'd think these airy wantons,, so adorn,
Were late his vile antipathy and scorn,
Prone to the dust, or reptile thro' the mire,
And ever thence unlikely to aspire ?
Or who with transient view, beholding, loaths
Those crawling sects, whom vilest semblance cloaths ;
Who, with corruption, hold their kindred state,
As by contempt, or negligence of fate ;
Could think, that such, revers'd by wondrous doom,
Sublimer powers and brighter forms assume ;
From death their future happier life derive,
And tho' apparently entomb'd, revive;
Chang'd, thro' amazing transmigration rise,
And wing the regions of unwonted skies ;
So late depress'd, contemptible on earth,
Now elevate to heaven by second birth."
HENRY BROOKE. Universal Beauty.
321
FAMILY GEOMETRID/E
"... The sylvan powers
Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild
And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed,
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute
Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock
Or rifted oak or cavern deep : the Naiads too
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush
That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles,
Where peril waits the bold adventurer's tread,
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne,
All, all to us unlock their secret stores
And pay their cheerful tribute."
J. TAYLOR. Norwich, 1818.
The Geometridce are a very large and universally distributed
family of moths. There is no country where there is any vege-
tation where they do not occur. Even in the inhospitable re-
gions of the far North, upon the verge of the eternal ice, they may
be found. They are more or less frail in their habit, with con-
siderable expanse of wing in proportion to the size of the body.
They are semidiurnal or crepuscular. They have been character-
ized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson:
". . . Proboscis present or rarely absent. Legs and tarsi
slender, elongate, and naked, or slightly clothed with hair. Fore
wing with vein la forming a fork with \b. \c absent; vein 5
from or from above middle of the discocellulars, 7 rising from 8,
9. Hind wing with the frenulum usually present, but absent in
a few genera. Vein \a very short, apparently absent in some
forms; vein \b running to anal angle; \c absent. 8 with a well-
developed precostal spur.
322
Geometric! se
Larvce with the three anterior pairs of abdominal claspers to-
tally aborted, and progressing by bringing the posterior somites
close to the thoracic, looping the medial somites.. In a few an-
cestral forms there is tendency to develop additional prolegs and
to a more ordinary mode of progression."
The larvae, which are commonly known as "measuring-
worms," "span-worms," or " loopers," have the power in many
cases of attaching themselves by the posterior claspers to the
stems and branches of plants, and extending the remainder of the
body outwardly at an angle to the growth upon which they are
resting, in which attitude they wonderfully resemble short twigs.
Dichromatism is often revealed among them, part of a brood of
caterpillars being green and the remainder brown or yellowish.
Various explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested.
In not a few cases the females are wingless.
Over eight hundred species of Geometridce are known to
occur within the limits of the United States and Canada, and
when the region shall have been exhaustively explored, there is
little doubt that this number will be greatly increased. It is im-
possible within the limits of this book to mention and depict all
of these species. We have therefore confined ourselves to the
description through our plates of one hundred and seventy spe-
cies, which are either more commonly encountered, or are pos-
sessed of some striking character. Incidentally occasion has been
taken to figure a few of the types of species in the collection of
the author which have never before been delineated.
The student who desires to familiarize himself with the fam-
ily with which we are now dealing will derive much assistance
from the writings of Packard and Hulst, the titles of which he
will find in the portion of the Introduction of this book devoted
to the literature of the subject.
SUBFAMILY DYSPTERIDIN/E
Genus DYSPTERIS Hubner
(i) Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLII, Fig.
21, $ . (The Bad-wing.)
This pretty little moth may be easily recognized by the facl
that the hind wings are so much smaller than the fore wings.
Geometridae
It is the only species of the genus found within our territory. It
is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus NYCTOBIA Hulst
Three species belong to this genus. One of them is selected
for illustration.
(i) Nyctobia limitata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 22, $.
Syn. lobophorata Walker ; vemata Packard.
The habitat of this moth is identical with that of the last-men-
tioned species. It is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania.
Genus CLADORA Hulst
(i) Cladora atroliturata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 23, $.
(The Scribbler.)
Syn. geminata Grote & Robinson.
A neatly marked species, which is the sole representative of
the genus in our fauna. The moths may be found in the early
spring seated upon the trunks of trees in the forest. It is a native
of the Appalachian subregion.
Genus RACHELA Hulst
Four species of this genus have been characterized by the late
Dr. Hulst. The only one which occurs in the eastern portions
of the continent we figure.
(i) Rachela bruceata Hulst, Plate XLII, Fig. 24, $.
The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. It is not
uncommon in western Pennsylvania.
SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENIN^E
Genus PALEACRITA Riley
There are reputed to be three species of the genus found in
the United States. Only one of them, because of its economic
importance, has received much attention thus far.
(i) Paleacrita vernata Peck, Plate XLII, Fig. 25, $ , Fig. 26,
? . (The Spring Canker-worm.)
Syn. sericeiferata Walker ; autumnata Packard ; merricata Dyar.
There are two insects known as canker-worms. One of
these, the smaller of the two, is properly named the Spring
324
FIG. 195. Paleacrita ver-
nata. a, mature larva; b, egg,
magnified, natural size shown in
mass at side; c, enlarged seg-
ment of larva, side view; d,
do., viewed dorsally. (After
Riley.)
Geometridae
Canker-worm, because the great majority of the moths issue
from the ground in the spring. It has been a great pest in
orchards, and formerly in our East-
ern cities was a nuisance, not only
because of the injury which it inflicted
upon the foliage of shade-trees, but
because of the annoying manner in
which the larvae, pendent from the
branches by long threads of silk, were
blown about over things and persons
beneath them. It was to effect their de-
struction that the English sparrow was
originally imported into this country.
The ravages of the insects upon the
foliage of trees in parks and gardens have measurably decreased
since this step was taken, but in the open country, especially in
the Valley of the Mississippi,
the insects are still numerous
enough to do much harm
to orchards. The females
being apterous, the best
method of preventing the
multiplication of the insects
upon trees is to prevent
them from climbing up
upon the foliage and ovipositing. A simple device, which has
proved very effective, is to tie a piece of rope about the trunk
of the tree which it is intended to protect, and to insert between
the rope and the bark strips of tin, which, having been put into
place, should be bent downwardly and outwardly, so as to form
a collar with a downward flare. The insects have been found
not to be inclined to pass such a barrier, and they will congregate
just below it, and may there be captured and destroyed. Birds
are the chief enemies of the canker-worm, and every wise or-
chardist will see 'to it that all species of insectivorous birds are
not molested in his neighborhood, but are encouraged to find in
his -trees a hospitable welcome. The small amount of fruit
which the birds take as toll is amply compensated for by the
work which they perform in keeping down insect pests, such as
325
FIG. 196. Paleacrita vemata. a, male; b,
female ; c, joint of antenna ; d, joint of ab-
domen; e, ovipositor. (After Riley.)
Geometridae
the one under consideration. It is the part of wisdom in every
way to protect the birds.
The canker-worm is widely distributed from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
Genus ALSOPHILA Hubner
Only one species of the genus occurs within our limits.
(i) Alsophila pometaria Harris. (The Fall Canker-worm.)
Syn. restituens Walker.
The Fall Canker-worm in many respects closely resembles
the preceding species, but a critical eye can at once detect great
differences both in the form and markings of the caterpillar and
of the mature insect. The moths generally emerge from the
pupal state in the late fall, or
during mild spells of weather
in the winter, and may even
continue to come forth until
the spring is well advanced.
The eggs are not laid as those
of the preceding species, sin-
gly under the scales of bark,
but are deposited in a com-
pact mass fastened to the
twigs by a strong gluey se-
cretion, and are loosely cov-
ered with gray hairs, which the female rubs from her abdomen.
The caterpillars are not ornamented on the back by a multitude
of fine lines, but have a broad brown stripe along the dorsal line.
The moths are larger than those of the Spring Canker-worm, and
have a distinct whitish spot
on the costa of the primaries
near the apex. The cater-
pillar undergoes but two
molts, and matures very
rapidly. It has rudimentary
prolegs on the eighth
somite. The precautionary
measures which have proved effective in combating the Spring
Canker-worm are not efficacious in dealing with this species.
To effectively destroy them the best means is to spray the foil-
326
FlG. 197. Alsophila pometaria. a, egg,
side view; b, do., top view; c, side view
of segment of larva; d, top view of seg-
ment of larva ; f, mature larva ; g, pupa ;
h, cremaster. (After Riley.)
FlG. 198.^. pometaria. a, male; b, fe-
male ; f, female antenna ; d, segment of body
of female, enlarged. (After Riley.)
Geometric! se
age, just as the buds are opening, with some one of the poisonous
mixtures which are prepared as insecticides. One of the very
best means of keeping down the ravages of the insects is to
encourage the cherry-birds (Ampelis) to stay about the place.
They wage relentless war upon the pests.
Genus EUDULE Hiibner
(1) Eudule mendica Walker, Plate XL1I, Fig. 27, 3. (The
Beggar. )
Syn. biseriata Herrich-Schseffer.
This delicate little moth is widely distributed throughout the
Appalachian subregion. It has been commonly placed in the
genus Eupbanessa.
(2) Eudule unicolor Robinson, Plate XLII, Fig. 38, $.
(The Plain-colored Eudule.)
The insect, which has been in most lists attributed to the
genus Ameria, ranges from Colorado to Texas and Arizona.
Genus NANNIA Hulst
(i) Nannia refusata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 31,9. (Har-
vey's Geometer.)
Syn. harveiata Packard.
This is a common species in the spring of the year in the
northern Atlantic States.
Genus HETEROPHLEPS Herrich-Schaeffer
(i) Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII,
Fig. 29, $. (The Three-spotted Fillip.)
Syn. quadrinotata Walker ; hexaspilata Walker.
This pretty little moth is widely distributed throughout the
entire United States, and is very generally associated with the
preceding species in locality and time of appearance.
Genus TEPHROCLYSTIS Hubner
This is a very extensive genus, composed for the most part 01
small and inconspicuous species. It is found in both hemispheres.
We select, for purposes of illustration, one of the commoner
species, which is found in both Europe and America.
Geometridas
(i) Tephroclystis absinthiata Glerck, Plate XL1I, Fig. 32,
$. (The Absinth.)
Syn. minutata Treitschke ; notata Stephens ; etongata Haworth ; absynthiata
Guenee; coagulata Guenee; geminata Packard.
This inconspicuous little creature illustrates the truth of the
remark, already made, that the smaller the insect the more and
the lengthier the names which it bears or which have been im-
posed upon it.
Genus EUCYMATOGE Hubner
(i) Eucymatoge intestinata Guenee, Plate XL1I, Fig. 30, ?.
Syn. impleta Walker ; indoctrinata Walker.
The moth is almost universally distributed throughout the
United States. It is found in the spring of the year seated upon
the trunks of trees, the gray bark of which it assimilates in
color.
Genus VENUSIA Curtis
The genus is common to both hemispheres. Venusia cam-
brica Curtis is found in Europe and the United States. Two
other species of the genus occur in our territory, and of both of
these we give figures.
(1) Venusia duodecimlineata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig.
15.5.
The moth is very widely, if not universally, distributed
throughout temperate North America.
(2) Venusia comptaria Walker, Plate XL1I, Fig. 33, 6 .
Syn. fondensata Walker; inclituitaria Walker; inclinata Hulst; perlineata
Packard.
The species is common in the eastern portions of the United
States.
Genus EUCHCECA Hubner
(1) Euchceca albovittata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 19, $.
(The White-striped Black.)
Syn. propriaria Walker ; reciprocata Walker.
The moth is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and ranges
well up into Alaska, whence I have obtained specimens taken at
Sitka and on Lake Labarge, in the Valley of the Yukon.
(2) Euchceca californiata Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 20, $.
(The Galifornian Black.)
The moth .inhabits the Pacific States.
328
Geometridae
(3) Euchoeca lucata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 6, $ . (The
Woodland Black.)
The insect is distributed from western Pennsylvania and West
Virginia to Illinois, and northward to Manitoba. It is not rare
about Pittsburgh.
Genus HYDRIA Hiibner
4 (i) Hydria undulata Linnaeus, Plate XLfl, Fig. 34, ?. (The
Scallop-shell Moth.)
This neatly marked species is found in both Europe and
America. It is the only species of the genus in the United States.
Genus PHILEREME Hubner
The species of this genus are all Western in their habitat,
(i) Philereme californiata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 36, $.
The specimen figured was taken on the slopes of Mt. Shasta.
Genus EUSTROMA Hubner
This is quite an extensive genus found in both the New World
and the Old. Of the nine species recognized thus far as occurring
within the United States, we figure three.
(1) Eustroma diversilineata Hubner, Plate XLII, Fig. 42, $ .
(The Diverse-line Moth.)
The moth is not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.
(2) Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 53, <3 . (The
Plum Moth.)
Syn. ribesiaria Boisduval ; triangulatum Packard ; montanatum Packard.
The insect is found in both Europe and North America.
(3) Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 43, $ .
(The Dark-banded Geometer.)
A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. It is one of the most
beautiful of the geometrid moths found in the Atlantic States.
Genus RHEUMAPTERA Hubner
A genus of moderate size, the species of which are found in
the temperate and boreal regions of both hemispheres.
(i) Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 40, '$ ,
Fig. 41, $, var. (The Spear-mark.)
The species is very variable, and half a dozen forms have been
named. The only differences existing between these forms are
329
Geometridse
in the relative amount of black and white upon the upper side of
the wings. The moth is found all through northern Europe and
Asia, and is widely distributed through the northern United States
and Canada as far west as Alaska, where it is very common.
(2) Rheumaptera luctuata Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XL11,
Fig. 39> <$
The remarks made as to the preceding species apply equally
well to the present. I have received it in recent years in great
numbers from Alaska.
(3) Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig.
38, $.
The moth is a native of the Pacific States.
Genus PERCNOPTILOTA Hulst
This genus is represented in North America by a single species,
Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibner, which is shown on Plate XLII,
Fig. 48, by a male specimen. The moth also occurs in 'Europe
and northern Asia, and has been described under at least fifteen
different names. The synonymy is too extensive to burden the
pages of this book with it.
Genus MESOLEUCA Hiibner
This is an extensive genus found in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic.
(1) Mesoleuca ruficillata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 21, $.
The habitat of the species is the northern United States and
southern Canada.
(2) Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 47, $ .
Syn. brunneiciliata Packard.
The insect is found in the Pacific subregion.
(3) Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 50, $ .
This is not an uncommon species in Europe and the northern
portions of the United States and in Canada.
(4) Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 49, $ .
The moth occurs in the Atlantic States.
(5) Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee, Plate XLH, Fig. 46, $ .
Syn. flammifera Walker.
The home of the species is in the region of the Rocky Moun-
tains. It is not uncommon in Colorado.
S )y>
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII
(The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Palthis asopialis Guenee, 9
2. Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, tf.
3. Bomolocha manalis Walker, 9 .
4. Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, 9 .
5. Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, <5>.
6. Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, *
*V,,
Geometridae
Genus HYDRIOMENA Hubner
This is a very extensive genus, which is well represented in
the temperate portions of both the Eastern and the Western
Hemisphere. There are nearly thirty species which have been
reported to occur in our fauna.
(1) Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 54, ?.
Syn. rectangulata Fabricius ; bicolorata Borkhausen ; birivata Borkhausen.
The insect is found all over the northern United States and
Canada, and is common in Europe. Various varietal forms have
been described, based upon differences, more or less constant, in
the markings of the wings.
(2) Hydriomena autumnalis Stromeyer, Plate XLII, Fig.
51,5.
This is another species which is found in Europe, and also
occurs in the Pacific subregion of North America. It has an ex-
tensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may
refer to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue of the Moths of the Palae-
arctic Region, or to Dyar's List.
(3) Hydriomena speciosata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 52, $ .
The home of this pretty species is in the southwestern por-
tions of the United States. It occurs in Texas, Arizona, and
southern California.
(4) Hydriomena latirupta Walker, Plate XLII; Fig. 35, $ .
Syn. lascinata Zeller.
The insect is found almost everywhere in the United States
and Canada.
(5) Hydriomena custodiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 10,
$ , upper side ; Fig. 1 1, $ , under side.
Syn. gueneata Packard.
The moth is an inhabitant of the Pacific subregion.
Genus TRIPHOSA Stephens
(i) Triphosa progressata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig- 45, 3.
Syn. indubitata Grote ; dubitata Packard.
The species occurs in the northern portions of the Pacific
subregion.
" Soft-buzzing Slander ; silly moths that eat
An honest name." THOMSON. Liberty, Pt. IV, 609.
Geometridae
Genus CCENOCALPE Hubner
This is a moderately large genus, almost all the species of
which are found in the Pacific subregion or in the southwestern
portions of the United States.
(1) Coenocalpe gibbocostata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 16, $ .
Syn. costinotata Walker ; strigularia Minot ; ceneiformis Harvey.
The moth is one of the few species of the genus found in the
Atlantic States.
(2) Coenocalpe fervifactaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 4, $ .
This rather pretty insect is found in the region of the Rocky
Mountains.
Genus MARMOPTERYX Packard
(i) Marmopteryx marmorata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig.
i, $. (The Marble-wing.)
The insect ranges from Colorado in the east to California in
the west.
Genus GYPSOCHROA Hubner
(1) Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, Plate XLII, Fig. 44, $ .
Syn. propugnata Denis & Schiffermiiller ; propugnaria Treitschke.
The moth occurs in both Europe and North America.
(2) Gypsochroa sitellata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 37, $ .
Syn. hcesitata Guene'e ; impauperata Walker ; albosignata Packard.
The species is quite widely distributed throughout the United
States.
SUBFAMILY MONOCTENIIN^E
Genus PAOTA Hulst
(i) Paota fultaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 27, <$ .
The habitat of the species is Arizona.
Genus H^MATOPSIS Hubner
(i) Haematopsis grataria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 2, $ .
(The Chick weed Moth.)
Syn. saniara Hubner ; successaria Walker.
This common but none the less beautiful little moth is often
seen by the roadsides, where it has the habit of clinging to the
stems of grasses, and of flying up when the footsteps of the
passer-by approach. It is a native of the Appalachian subregion,
Geometridse
and ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond.
The larva feeds on chickweed.
SUBFAMILY STERRHIN^
Genus ERASTRIA Hiibncr
(i) Erastria amaturaria Walker, Plate XL1II, Fig. 22, $.
This insect, which is not likely to be mistaken for anything
else, is a native of the Appalachian subregion. It is common in
Pennsylvania.
Genus PIGEA Guen6e
(i) Pigea mutilineata Hulst, Plate XL1I1, Fig. 3, $.
The insect is found in Arizona. The specimen figured is one
of the types of the species which was loaned to Dr. Hulst, and
upon which he based his description.
Genus COSYMBIA Hubner
(i) Cosymbia lumenaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 12, ?.
Syn. pcndulinaria Guenee ; quadriannulata Walker.
This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion.
Genus SYN ELYS Hulst
This is a small genus containing eight or nine species, all of
which are found in the Southern States, except two.
(i) Synelys alabastaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 5, ?.
Syn. reconditaria Walker ; ennucleata Packard (non Guene'e).
The moth is very common in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus LEPTOMERIS Hubner
(1) Leptomeris quinquelinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig.
9, ?. (The Five-lined Geometer.)
A common species everywhere in the United States.
(2) Leptomeris sentinaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 14, $ .
Syn. spuraria Christoph ; gracilior Butler.
The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of the Ap-
palachian subregion.
(3) Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 8, $ .
(The Magnet Moth.)
Syn. rubrolintaria Packard; rubrolineata Packard.
The insect is found in the Pacific subregion.
333
Geometridae
Genus EOIS Hubner
(i) Eois ptelearia Riley. (The Herbarium Moth.)
The moth which is the subject of consideration is interesting
because of the fact that in recent years it has become known as a
destructive herbarium pest. The larvae attack the flowers, to
FIG. 199. Eois ptelearia. a, larva, from side; b, do., from
above; c, side view of abdominal segment ; d, tubercle of same; e,
pupa;/^ cremaster ; g, abdominal projection. All figures greatly
enlarged. (After C. V. Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 109.)
some extent the leaves, and also to a less extent the hard fruits
and seeds of specimens collected in the Southwestern States
and in Mexico. Their ravages were first detected at the
United States National Museum in the year 1890. Strangely
enough, they show no appetite for species belonging to the flora
of the Eastern and Northern States. It is believed that the insect
is native to the region the plants of which it devours, but thus
far no entomologist has reported its occurrence in the section of
country from which it is supposed to come. The damage it
is able to inflict upon specimens is very great, because of the
very rapid multiplication of individuals which takes place.
An exceedingly interesting account of the insect and its
334
Geometric! ae
destructive work was given by the late Professor C. V. Riley in
"Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 108 et seq. From this article the cuts
which are herewith given have
been extracted. Botanists can-
not too carefully guard against
this and other insect plagues
which multiply in their collec-
tions. A solution of corrosive
sublimate and arsenic, such as
is commonly employed for
poisoning herbarium speci-
mens, will do much to prevent
the ravages of the larvse; but,
as is pointed out by Professor
Riley in the article to which
reference has been made, addi-
tional safety from attack will be
secured if all specimens, as they
are received in the herbarium,
are subjected to at least twenty-
four hours' exposure to the
fumes of bisulphide of carbon
in an air-tight box or receptacle.
This substance, as experience
has shown, is destructive to all forms of insect life. Care should,
however, be exercised in its use, as the fumes mixed with atmo-
spheric gases make a highly explosive compound. The opera-
tion should never be undertaken in the presence of flame. It is
not even safe to allow the fumes of carbon bisulphide to mingle
in large quantity with the atmosphere of an apartment which is
lighted by electricity. Accidental sparking, owing to some de-
fect of the wires, may cause an explosion. Several bad accidents
have occurred from the use in careless hands of this otherwise
most valuable insecticide.
(2) Eois ossularia Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig..7, $ .
The moth, which has an extensive synonymy, which we will
omit, is widely distributed throughout the United States.
(3) Eois inductata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 6, $ .
Syn. consecutaria Walker ; sobria Walker ; suppressaria Walker.
FIG. 200. Eois ptelearia. a, larva;
b, cocoon ; c, moth ; d, egg. All figures
greatly enlarged. (After C. V. Riley,
" Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. no.)
Geometridae
The species is indigenous in the Appalachian subregion.
(4) Eois sideraria Guenee, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 1 3, $ .
Syn. californiaria Packard ; californiata Packard ; padficaria Packard.
The species ranges over the northern portions of the United
States.
SUBFAMILY GEOMETRIN^E
Genus CHLOROCHLAMYS Hulst
(i) Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee, Plate XL1II,
Fig. 17, ?.
Syn. indiscriminaria Walker ; densaria Walker ; deprivata Walker.
The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is freely
attracted to light in the evening.
Genus EUCROSTIS Hiibner
(i) Eucrostis incertata Walker, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 18, $ .
Syn. oporaria Zeller ; gratata Packard.
Not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus RACHEOSPILA Guenee
A small genus, characteristic of the hot lands of the American
continents. One species, R. lixaria, is found in the Appalachian
subregion as far north as the Middle States; the four remaining
species found within our territory have thus far been reported only
from Florida.
(1) Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 19, ?.
The specimen depicted on the plate is the type of the species,
which was taken by the writer on the upper waters of the St.
Johns River.
(2) Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 20, $ .
The specimen depicted on the plate is likewise the type of
the species and came from the same locality as the preceding
species.
Genus SYNCHLORA Guenee
(i) Synchlora liquoraria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 23, $.
Syn. tricoloraria Packard.
A species which is very widely distributed throughout the
United States.
Geometridae
Genus ANAPLODES Packard
(i) Anaplodes iridaria Guenee, Plate XLII1, Fig. 24, <$ .
Syn. rectaria Grote.
The moth ranges from Colorado to California.
SUBFAMILY FERNALDELLINy
Genus FERNALDELLA Hulst
The genus is the only representative of the
subfamily. There are two species in the genus,
both of them natives of the region of the Rocky
Mountains. One of these, originally named
fimetaria by Grote & Robinson, and subse-
quently named balesaria by Zeller, is repre- **&"*"*> $ - i-
sented in the accompanying cut. It is a very common insect in
central Texas as well as in Colorado and Arizona.
SUBFAMILY ENNOMIN^E
Genus EPELIS Hulst
(i) Epelis truncataria Walker, Plate XLI11, Fig. 26, 9.
Syn. faxoni Minot.
This species, the only representative of the genus, ranges
through the northern and cooler portions of the Appalachian
subregion, westward to the Rocky Mountains.
Genus EUFIDONIA Packard
(i) Eufidonia notataria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 25, $ .
Syn. discopilata Walker ; fidoniata Walker ; bicolorata Minot ; quadripunctaria
Morrison.
This neatly marked moth is found in the Appalachian subregion.
It is the only species in the genus.
Genus ORTHOFIDONIA Packard
(1) Orthofidonia semiclarata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig.
30, 9.
Syn. viatica Harvey.
The moth is a native of the Atlantic States.
(2) Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 31, $.
Syn. junctaria Walker.
337
Geometric! ae
The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding
species, but it ranges a little farther to the West, and has been
reported from Colorado.
Genus DASYFIDONIA Packard
(i) Dasyfidonia avuncularia Guenee, Plate XL1II, Fig.
}2,$.
This very pretty moth occurs from Colorado to California. It
is the sole species in the genus.
Genus HELIOMATA Grote
There are reputed to be three species in this genus. Two of
them we figure.
(1) Heliomata infulata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 28, ?.
The habitat of the species is the Atlantic region of the
continent.
(2) Heliomata cycladata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 29, 6 .
The moth ranges from the Atlantic States westward as far as
Montana. It is nowhere very common.
Genus MELLILLA Grote
(i) Mellilla inextricata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 33, 6 .
Syn. xanthometata "\Yalker; snoviaria Packard.
The insect is a native of the Atlantic States.
Genus CHLORASPILATES Packard
(i) Chloraspilates bicoloraria Packard, form arizonaria,
Plate XLIII, Fig. 34, <5 .
The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains.
Genus PHYSOSTEGANIA Warren
. (i) Physostegania pustularia Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig.
35.3.
A native of the Atlantic States, ranging westward into the
Valley of the Mississippi.
Genus DEILINEA Hubner
(i) Deilinea variolaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 36, ?.
Syn. inletltata Packard.
338
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL/Ill
(The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Marmopteryx marmorata 32. Dasyfidonia avuncularia
Packard, c?. Guenee, tf.
2. Haematopis grataria Fabricius, 33. Mellilla xanthometata Walker,
d 1 - d 1 -
3. Pigea multilineata Hulst, cT . 34- Chloraspilates arizonaria Grote,
Type. tf .
4. Triphosa fervifactaria Grote, c? . 35. Physo stegania pustularia
5. Synelys alabastaria Hubner, 9- Guenee, ci\
6. Eois inductata Guenee, J 1 . 36. Deilinea variolaria Guenee, 9.
7. Eois ossularia Hubner, /*?.
20. Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, 51. Sympherta tripunctaria
c?, Type. Packard, 9.
21. Mesoleuca rufocillata Guenee, 52. A pacasia defluata Walker, cJ 1 .
J 1 . 53. Catopyrrha dissimilaria
22. Erastria amaturaria Walker, . \. (After Riley.)
Genus -CYMATOPHORA Hiibner
(i) Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, Plate XLIII, Fig. 45, ? .
(The Gooseberry Span-worm.)
Syn. sigmaria Guene"e; annisaria Walker; aniusaria Walker; grossulariata
Saunders.
The gooseberry and the currant are subject in the United
States and Canada to the attack of various insects, which do a
great deal of damage to them. One of the most frequent causes
of injury to these plants are the larvae of
the Gooseberry Span-worm, which is
represented in Fig. 204. It is, when
mature, about an inch in length, bright
yellow in color, marked with dark-brown
spots upon the segments. The eggs,
which are laid by the mature female at
the end of June or the beginning of July,
are very minute, but upon examination
under the microscope are seen to be beautifully ornamented with
deep pits or sculpturings. They are pale bluish-green. The eggs
are attached by the female to the stems and branches of the plants,
not far from the ground. Being almost
microscopic in size, they readily elude
observation, and this, it is known, accounts
for the fact that the insects are often, by the
transplantation of the shrubs, transferred
from one locality to another in which they
have been previously unknown. The eggs,
having been laid, remain through the sum-
mer and fall and all of the succeeding winter
in a dormant state, and do not hatch until
early in the following spring, when the
leaves are beginning to put out upon the bushes. As soon as the
340
FIG. 203. Egg of
Gooseberry Span-worm.
a, enlarged ; b, natural
size. (After Riley.)
Geometridse
eggs are hatched, the larvae begin to feed upon the young leaves,
and they mature very quickly, the rate of their development being
marked by a correspond-
ing devastation of the
plants upon which they
have established them-
selves. Pupation takes
place at the end of May
or in the beginning of
June. The caterpillar bur-
rows into the loose soil
about the roots of the
bushes, or simply crawls
under loose leaves, and,
without spinning a co-
coon, undergoes transfor-
mation into a chrysalis,
which is smooth and of a
shining mahogany color.
In this state the insects
remain for about two
weeks, when they emerge
as moths, and the cycle
of life is repeated.
The most effectual method of combating the larvae is to
sprinkle the bushes with powdered white hellebore. This is a
good remedy, not only for the species we are considering, but for
several other insects which are likely to occur upon the plants at
the same time.
(2) Cymatophora inceptaria Walker, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 46, 6 .
Syn. argillacearia Packard; modestaria Hulst.
A native of the Appalachian subregion.
(3) Cymatophora successaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig.
48, 9.
Syn. perarcuata Walker.
Form coortaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 49, $ .
A widely distributed species, which is not at all uncommon in
the Middle Atlantic States.
(4) Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 50, & .
341
FIG. 204. Gooseberry Span-worm, a, b, larvae;
c, pupa. (After Riley.)
Geometridae
The specimen represented upon the plate is one of Dr. Hulst's
types. The moth is found in Arizona.
Genus SYMPHERTA Hulst
u) Sympherta tripunctaria Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 51, ? .
The moth is found in northern California, and ranges north-
ward into British Columbia.
Genus AP^CASIA Hulst
(i) Apsecasia defluata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 52, .
Syn. subaquaria Walker.
The habitat of the species is the northern portion of the
Appalachian subregion.
Genus CATOPYRRHA Hubner
(i) Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 54, 6 .
Syn. accessaria Hubner; cruentaria Hubner; atropunctaria Walker.
Form dissimilaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 53, 6 .
The insect, which in the mature form presents many varietal
differences, due to variation in the form and shade of the mark-
ings, is found in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus ENEMERA Hulst
(i) Enemera juturnaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 55, 6.
The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains,
westward to California and northward to Alaska.
Genus CARIPETA Walker
(1) Caripeta divisata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 58, 6.
Syn. albopunctata Morrison.
The insect is found in the Atlantic States.
(2) Caripeta angustiorata Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, $ .
Syn. piniaria Packard.
The moth, which is as yet quite rare in collections, is, like the
preceding species, a native of the Appalachian subregion.
Genus PLATEA Herrich-Schaeffer
(i) Platea californiaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIII, Fig.
57. t.
Syn. uncnnaria Guenee.
342
Geometridae
The moth flies from Colorado to California.
(2) Platea trilinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 56, $ .
Syn. dukearia Grote.
The insect ranges from northern Wyoming to Arizona.
Genus PHILEDIA Hulst
(i) Philedia punctomacularia Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 59, $ .
The insect, which is found in the Pacific States, is represented
on the plate by a figure of the type.
Genus NEPYTIA Hulst
(1) Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 15, 9.
The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion.
(2) Nepytia semiclusaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 60, $ .
Syn. pulchraria Minot; pellucidaria Packard; pinaria Packard.
The moth occurs in the northern portions of the United States.
Genus ALCIS Curtis
(1) Alcis sulphuraria Packard, form baltearia Hulst, Plate
XLIV, Fig. 1,3.
This insect, which is somewhat variable, is represented in
the plate by the type of the form to which the Rev. Dr. Hulst
applied the name baltearia. The species is widely distributed
throughout the United States.
(2) Alcis metanemaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 5, <5 .
The moth occurs in Arizona and southern California. The
figure on the plate is that of the type of the species.
Genus PARAPHIA Guende
(i) Paraphia subatomaria Wood, Plate XLIV, Fig. 10, $.
Syn. nubecularia Guenee ; mammurraria Guenee ; impropriata Walker ; ex-
superata Walker.
Form unipuncta Ha worth, Plate XLIV, Fig. n, ?.
Syn. unipunctata Guenee; triplipunctaria Fitch.
The moth, which is variable in the shade of the wings and
the markings, is found in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus PTEROSPODA Dyar
(i) Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 18, ?.
The insect is a native of California. The specimen figured on
343
Geometric! ae
the plate is the type upon which Dr. Hulst based the description
of the species.
Genus CLEORA Curtis
(1) Cleora pampinaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 4, $ .
Syn. sublunaria Guenee ; frugallaria Guenee ; collecta Walker ; tinctaria
Walker ; fraudulentaria Zeller.
The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging
from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond.
(2) Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 8, ?.
The specimen figured on the plate is the unique type which
was described by Hulst in " Entomologica Americana," Vol. Ill,
p. 214. The species has been overlooked in Dyar's List.
Genus MELANOLOPHIA Hulst
(i) Melanolophia canadaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 7, $ .
Syn. signataria Walker; imperfectaria Walker; contribuaria Walker.
A common species in the early spring throughout the United
States.
Genus ECTROPIS Hiibner
(i) Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermiiller, Plate
XLIV, Fig. 9, 6 .
This species, which is found alike in Europe and America,
has an extensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student
may refer to Dyar's List or to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue.
The species is widely distributed throughout the continent of
North America.
Genus EPIMECIS Hubner
(i) Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 28, $,
Fig. 29, ? .
Syn. hortaria Fabricius ; liriodendraria Abbot & Smith ; disserptaria Walker ;
amplaria Walker.
The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is far
more common in the South than in the North. I have taken it
in Pennsylvania on rare occasions, but it has been found in great
abundance by me in Florida.
344
Geometridae
Genus LYCIA Hubner
(i) Lycia cognataria Guenee, Plate I, Fig. 17, larva; Plate
XLIV, Fig. 13,6.
Syn. sperataria Walker.
This is a common species in the Atlantic States. The larva
depicted on the plate is brown. In every brood there are many
specimens of the larvae which are green, and some are even yel-
lowish. The moth has in the vicinity of Pittsburgh latterly shown
a fondness for ovipositing upon imported rhododendrons, and the
caterpillars have proved troublesome.
Genus NACOPHORA Hulst
(i) Nacophora quernaria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLIV, Fig.
14,?-
The species is not as common as the last, but is not rare. It
has the same habitat, being a native of the Appalachian subregion.
Genus APOCHEIMA Hubner
The genus is found in the boreal regions of both hemispheres.
Only one species occurs in our fauna.
(i) Apocheima rachelae Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 12, $.
(Rachel's Moth.)
The moth is found in Montana, Assiniboia, and northward to
Alaska.
Genus CONIODES Hulst
(i) Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst. (The Walnut Span-
worm.)
In recent years the groves of English walnuts in southern Cal-
ifornia have been found to be liable to the attack of a span-worm,
which previously had been unknown or unobserved. The trees
had up to that time been regarded as singularly immune from the
depredations of insect pests, and considerable alarm and appre-
hension were felt when it was found that a small caterpillar had
begun to ravage them. The insect feeds also upon the leaves of
various rosaceous plants, and upon the oak. The taste for the
foliage of the English walnut has evidently been recently acquired.
An excellent article upon these insects was published in 1897
345
Geometridae
by D. W. Coquillet in the " Bulletins of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture," New Series, No. 7, p. 64. From this
FIG. 205. C. phimigeraria. a, male; b, female, magnified. (After
Coquillet, " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New Series, No. 7, p. 66.)
article we have taken the accompanying cuts, and from it we
draw some of the facts herein set forth. In describing the insect
Mr. Coquillet says: "The color of the caterpillar is a light pinkish
gray, varied with a darker gray or purplish, or sometimes with
black and yellow, but never
marked with distinct lines;
the piliferous spots are black
or dark brown, and the spir-
acles are orange yellow, ringed
with black, and usually situ-
ated on a yellow spot. The
worms become full grown in
the latter part of April or dur-
ing the month of May; they
nf^.- fK P p-irth to n
nt
of from tWO tO four
p itlcheS and f rm Sma11 CelIS '
but do not spin cocoons.
The change to the chrysalis takes place shortly after the cells are
completed, and the chrysalis remains unchanged throughout the
entire summer and until early in the following year, when they
are changed into moths, which emerge from the ground from the
first week in January to the last week in March. The male moth
346
FIG. 206. C. plumigeraria. a, larva,
magnified; b, segment viewed laterally; c t
do. viewed dorsally. (After Coquillet, depth
Geometric! ae
is winged, but the female is wingless and is so very different in
appearance from the male that no one not familiar with the facts
in the case would ever suspect both belong to the same species."
The best means of combating these pests has been found to
be to spray the trees, when the caterpillars are just hatching, with
a solution of Paris green and water, one pound of the poison to
two hundred gallons of water.
Genus PHIGALIA Duponchel
(i) Phigalia titea Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 16, $ .
Syn. titearia Guenee; revocata Walker; strigataria Minot.
The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is
very common in Pennsylvania.
Genus ERANNIS Hiibner
(i) Erannis tiliaria Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 17,6. (The
Linden Moth.)
The species ranges from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky
Mountains.
Genus CINGILIA Walker
(i) Cingilia catenaria Drury, Plate XLIV, Fig. 21,6. (The
Chain-streak Moth.)
Syn. humeralis Walker.
The range of this species is much the same as that of the one
which has just been mentioned above.
Genus SICYA Guenee
(i) Sicya macularia Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23,
? , var.
This species has an extensive synonymy, the insects being
variable in the amount of red which they show on the yellow
ground-color of the wings. The student who wishes to go into
these matters may consult Dyar's List. The insect is very gen-
erally distributed throughout our territory.
Genus THERINA Hiibner
(i) Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, Plate XLIV.
Fig. 26, $ .
347
Geometriflae
A native of the Appalachian subregion.
(2) Therina athasiaria Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 27, $ .
Syn. siccaria Walker; seminudata Walker; seminudaria Packard; bibularia
Grote & Robinson.
The habitat of this species is the same as that of the preceding.
(3) Therina fiscellaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 25, 3 .
Syn. flagitaria Guene'e ; panisaria Walker ; aqualiaria Walker.
The insect ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado.
(4) Therina fervidaria Hiibner, Plate XLIV, Fig, 24, $ .
Syn. pultaria Guenee ; sciata Walker ; invexata Walker.
The moth is quite common in the Atlantic States,
Genus METROCAMPA Latreille
(i) Metrocampa praegrandaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig.
30, $.
Syn. perlata Guenee ; perlaria Packard ; viridoperlata Packard.
The home of the species is the northern part of the United
States and southern Canada.
Genus EUGONOBAPTA Warren
(i) Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 31, & .
(The Snowy Geometer.)
Syn. nivosata Packard.
This is a very common species in the Appalachian subregion.
It is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania.
Genus ENNOMOS Treitschke
The genus is found in both Europe and America. Three spe-
cies are attributed to our fauna, two of which we figure.
(1) Ennomos subsignarius Hubner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 35, &.
Syn. niveosericeata Jones.
The moth ranges from the Atlantic westward as far as
Colorado.
(2) Ennomos magnarius Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 34, o .
(The Notch-wing.)
Syn. alniaria Packard (non Linnaeus) ; antumnaria Mreschler (tion Werne-
burg) ; lutaria Walker.
This is one of the larger and more conspicuous species of the
family. It is rather a common insect in the northern United States,
348
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV
(The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J.
Holland.)
1. Alcis baltearia Hulst, ft, Type. 21. Cingilia catenaria Drury, c?.
2. Caripeta angustiorata Walker, 22. Sicya macularia Harris, c?.
9 23. Sicya macularia Harris, var.,
3. Macaria glomeraria Grote, 9 . 9
4. Cleora pampinaria Guenee, c?. 24. Therina fervidaria Hiibner, $.
5. Alcis metanemaria Hulst, *
Syn. subprivata Walker ; floscularia Grote.
A common species of the Appalachian subregion, particularly
abundant among the Alleghany Mountains.
(2) Plagodis keutzingi Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 36, $ .
Syn. keutzingaria Packard.
The habitat of this species is identical with that of the
preceding.
(3) Plagodis emargataria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 32, ? .
Syn. arrogaria Hulst.
The range of the moth is throughout the northern portions of
the Atlantic subregion.
Genus HYPERITIS Guene"e
(i) Hyperitis amicaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig.
38,5.
Syn. nyssaria Guene"e; exsimaria Guene"e; insinuaria Guene"e; laticincta
Walker ; subsimtaria Guene"e ; neoninaria Walker ; neonaria Packard ; (?sionaria
Walker.
A very variable species, which has a wide distribution
throughout the eastern portions of our territory.
Genus ANIA Stephens
(i) Ania limbata Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 37, ?.
Syn. vestitar'u* Herrich-Schseffer ; resistaria Herrich-Schaeffer ; filimentaria
Guenee.
By no means rare in the eastern portions of our territory.
349
Geometridae
Genus GONODONTIS Hubner
(1) Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV,
Fig. 1,6.
Syn. refractaria Guenee ; mestusata Walker.
The insect ranges from the Atlantic coast to the central por-
tions of the Rocky Mountains. It is very variable in color and
in the distribution of the spots and markings.
(2) Gonodontis duaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 2, ? .
Syn. hamaria Guenee ; agreasaria Walker; adustaria Walker.
The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the
preceding.
(3) Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 14, $ .
The moth is found in the Atlantic States. It is common in
western Pennsylvania.
Genus EUCHLAENA Hubner
(1) Euchlaena serrata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 4,$. (The
Saw-wing.)
Syn. serrataria Packard ; concisaria Walker.
This rather large and showy species is not at all uncommon
in the eastern portions of the region with which this book deals.
(2) Euchlaena obtusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, $ .
Syn. propriaria Walker ; decisaria Walker.
Like the preceding species, a native of the eastern half of the
continent.
(3) Euchlaena effectaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 24, $ .
Syn. muzaria Walker.
A denizen of the Appalachian subregion.
(4) Euchlaena amcenaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 7, $ .
Syn. deplanaria Walker ; arefactaria Grote & Robinson.
The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the preceding
species.
(5) Euchlaena astylusaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 8, $ .
' Syn. madusaria Walker ; oponearia Walker ; vinosaria Grote & Robinson.
A native of the Atlantic States.
(6) Euchlaena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLV
Fig. 25, $ .
Syn. deductaria Walker.
Found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
Geometric! ae
Genus EPIPLATYMETRA Grote
(i) Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, Plate
XLV, Fig. 15, 3.
The insect is common in Wyoming and Colorado.
Genus PHERNE Hulst
(1) Pherne parallelia Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 9, ?.
Syn. paralleliaria Packard.
The moth is a native of the Pacific subregion.
(2) Pherne jubararia Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 20, ?.
The insect occurs in the State of Washington. The specimen
depicted in the plate is the type of the species originally described
by Hulst.
(3) Pherne placearia Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 21,6.
Syn. mellitularia Hulst.
The habitat of the species is California.
Genus METANEMA Guen<5e
(1) Metanema inatomaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 13, $.
A widely distributed species, found throughout the entire
territory.
(2) Metanema determinata Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 12, ?.
Syn. carnaria Packard.
The moth occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian
subregion.
(3) Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 28, ? .
Syn. celiaria Walker ; trilinearia Packard.
The insect has a wide range in the Appalachian subregion.
Genus PRIOCYCLA Guende
(i) Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV, Fig.
6,3.
Very commonly found in the eastern portions of our territory.
Genus STENASPILATES Packard
(i) Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 5, ? .
The moth occurs in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, and is
common in Florida.
351
Geometridae
Genus AZELINA Guene"e
(i) Azelina ancetaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 23, $.
Syn. hubneraria Guenee ; hubnerata Packard ; honestaria Walker ; peplaria
Hubner; stygiaria Walker; atrocolorata Hulst; morrisonata Henry Edwards.
A very common and a very variable species, which is widely
distributed throughout the entire continent, except in the colder
portions.
Genus SYSSAURA Hubner
(i) Syssaura infensata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 10, ?, var.
biclaria Walker.
Syn. ephyrata Guenee ; olyzonaria Walker ; cequosus Grote & Robinson ; ses-
quilinea Grote ; Ktnearia Walker; puber Grate & Robinson; varus Grote & Robin-
son ; juniperaria Packard.
This species, which has a very extensive range in the southern
Atlantic and Gulf States, has been frequently redescribed, as a
reference to the above synonymy will show.
Genus CABERODES Guene"e
(1) Caberodes confusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 29, $.
Syn. remissaria Guenee; imbraria Guenee; superaria Guene"e; ineffusaria
Guenee ; floridaria Guenee ; phasianaria Guenee ; interlinearia Guenee ; varadaria
Walker ; arburaria Walker ; amyrisaria Walker ; myandaria Walker, etc.
This is a very common moth, universally found throughout the
temperate portions of the territory with which this book deals.
It is somewhat variable, but there is hardly any excuse for the
application to it of the multitude of names which have been
given. The student is likely to recognize it in any of its slightly
varying forms from the figure we have supplied in our plate.
(2) Caberodes majoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 31, ?.
Syn. pandaria Walker.
This is a larger species than the preceding, with more delicate
wings. It ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.
Genus OXYDIA Guene"e
(^i) Oxydia vesulia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. n, &.
This moth has a very lengthy synonymy, which we will not
attempt to give. It. is one of the larger species found within our
territory, and ranges from Florida and Texas southward to the
Valley of the Rio de la Plata in South America.
352
Geometridae
Genus TETRACIS Guen .
Syn. erosiata Packard.
This little moth, which may easily be distinguished by its
deeply eroded or scalloped wings, is not uncommon in the Appa-
lachian subregion. It has the habit of alighting upon old rails
and the trunks of trees, and, before composing itself on its new
station, of waving its wings three or four times upward and
downward. This peculiar habit enables the collector to quickly
recognize it.
356
FAMILY NOLID/E
" I would bee unwilling to write anything untrue, or uncertaine out of mine
owne invention ; and truth on every part is so deare unto mee, that I will not lie to
bring any man in love and admiration with God and his works, for God needeth
not the lies of men." TOPSELL, writing upon the Unicorn in The Historic of Four-
footed Beasts.
This is a small family of quite small moths, which have by
many authors been associated with the Lithosiidce. They are
characterized by the presence of ridges and tufts of raised scales
upon the fore wings. They frequent the trunks of trees, and the
larvae feed upon lichens growing upon the bark. The caterpillars
have eight pairs of legs and are thinly clad with minute hairs.
Four genera occur within the limits with which this book deals.
Genus CELAMA Walker
Seven species occurring within our territory are attributed to
this genus.
(1) Celama triquetrana Fitch, Plate XIII, Fig. 25, $ .
Syn. trinotata Walker ; sexmaculata Grote.
The moths may be found in the early spring of the year, sitting
upon the trunks of trees in the forest. They are easily recognized
by the three black tufts of raised scales upon the costa of the fore
wing.
(2) Celama pustulata Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 26, $ .
Syn. nigrofasciata Zeller ; obaurata Morrison.
This species, like the preceding, is common in the Appalachian
subregion. It may be at once distinguished from the former by
the wide black band running across the middle of the primaries.
Genus NOLA Leach
There are three species of the genus found within our fauna.
We select the commonest for purposes of illustration,
(i) Nola ovilla Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 24, 3 .
357
Nolidae
The habits of this insect are much like those of the species de-
scribed under the preceding genus. It is found associated with
them at the same time and in the same localities. The moth has
a considerable range in the Atlantic States, and is always very
abundant in the forests of Pennsylvania in the early spring. It
seems to prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks.
Genus RCESELIA Hiibner
(i) Roeselia fuscula Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 27, ?.
Syn. conspicua Dyar.
This moth is a native of Colorado, where it is not uncommon.
An allied species, Roeselia minuscula Zeller, is found in the At-
lantic States.
Genus NIGETIA Walker
(i) Nigetia formosalis Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 32, $.
Syn. melanopa Zeller.
This rather pretty little creature is common in the woodlands
of the Appalachian subregion.
It is freely attracted to sugar,
and when sugaring for moths
in southern Indiana I have
taken it very frequently. In
fact, it appears to be commoner
FIG. 207. N. formosalis, $ . f . in southern Indiana than in
(After Hampson.) any Qther j oca jj ty where ]
have found it, though it is by no means rare in Pennsylvania.
' ... all you restless things,
That dance and tourney in the fields of air :
Your secret 's out ! I know you for the souls
Of all light loves that ever caused heartache,
Still dancing suit as some new beauty toles!
Nor can you e'er your flitting ways forsake,
Till the just winds strip off your painted stoles,
And sere leaves follow in your downward wake."
EDITH M. THOMAS.
358
FAMILY LACOSOMID^E
" Everything lives by a law; a central balance sustains all."
C. L. VON KUEBEL.
This is a small family of moths peculiar to the Western Hemi-
sphere. While the perfect insects show structural resemblances
to the Platypterygidce, the caterpillars, which have the habit of
constructing for themselves portable cases out of leaves, which
they drag about with them, resemble in some respects the
Psychidce. The young larva of Cicinnus melsbeimeri, imme-
diately after hatching, draws together two small leaves with
strands of silk, and makes between them its hiding-place.
Afterward, when more mature, it detaches two pieces of leaves
and makes out of them a case which it carries about with it, and
which it can desert at will. When at rest it ties the case to a
station selected with a few strands of silk, which it bites off
when it desires again to start on a journey among the branches.
The larva of Lacosoma makes a case by doubling a leaf at the
midrib, cutting it off at the petiole, and taking it with it as a
portable house. There are only two genera of this family in our
fauna. It is more abundantly represented in the tropics of South
America.
Genus CICINNUS Blanchard
(i) Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 17, ?.
(Melsheimer's Sack-bearer.)
Syn. egenaria Walker.
The species occurs in the eastern portions of our territory.
It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania.
Genus LACOSOMA Grote
(i) Lacosoma chiridota Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 21, <$ .
(The Scalloped Sack-bearer.)
The distribution of this species is the same as that of the
foregoing. It occurs quite frequently in western Pennsylvania.
Specimens from Florida in the possession of the author are
smaller and much darker in color.
359
FAMILY PSYCHID^E
" The habits of insects are very mines of interesting knowledge, and it is im-
possible carefully to watch the proceedings of any insect, however insignificant,
without feeling that no writer of fiction ever invented a drama of such absorbing
interest as is acted daily before our eyes, though to indifferent spectators."
J. G. WOOD.
A family of small or medium-sized moths, the larvae of which
feed in a case composed of silk covered with bits of leaves, grass,
twigs, or other vegetable matter, which are often arranged in a
very curious manner. From this fact has arisen the custom of
calling the caterpillars " basket-worms." In certain species found
in Asia and Africa, these "baskets," or "cases," are spiral in
form, and so closely resemble the shells of snails that they were,
in fact, originally sent to the British Museum as shells by the first
person who collected them. The pupa is formed within the
larva-case. The males are winged, but the females are without
wings. The female in almost all of the genera is possessed of a
very lowly organization, being maggot-like, and in truth being
little more than an ovary. She is known to deposit her eggs in
the larval skin which lines the sack in which she was developed.
Copulation takes place through the insertion of the abdomen of
the winged male into the sack where the female is concealed.
Parthenogenesis is ascertained to occur in one at least of the
genera. The moths are obscurely colored. The wings of the
males have numerous scales upon them, but they are in many
species so loosely attached that they are lost in the first few
moments of flight. In consequence the male insects appear to
have diaphanous wings.
Eight genera, including the genus Solenobia, which has by
most authors heretofore been reckoned among the Timidce, are
attributed by Dyar to this family as occurring within our territory.
Much remains to be learned both as to the structure and the life-
history of these interesting, but obscure, moths.
360
Psychidae
FIG. 208.
Oiketicus abboti,
Genus OIKETICUS Guilding
The genus is found in the hotter parts of Amer-
ica, the typical species having originally been
found in Central America. It is also represented
in southern Asia and in Australia. Three species
occur in the United States one in southern Cali-
fornia, another in New Mexico, and a third in
Florida. The latter species was named abboti by
Grote, and the male is delineated in Fig. 208.
The wings are pale smoky brown, with darker
maculation at the end of the cell and just beyond in the primaries.
Genus THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens
(i) Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Ha worth, Plate XLI>
Fig. 12, $.
Syn. coniferarum Packard.
The common "Bag-worm," as it is usually called, occurs
throughout the Appalachian subregion, from the Atlantic to the
c f
FIG. 209. Thyridopteryx ephemer&formis. (Bag-worm.)
, lateral view of do. ;
c, male; d, female; e, burrow in wood made by larva. (After Pike, "Insect Life,"
Vol. IV, p. 317.)
multiplied to a great extent in the environs of the city of Brooklyn.
It has already inflicted much damage upon trees, and, apparently
being firmly established, is destined to work still greater injury.
It is a promiscuous feeder, but evinces a particular fondness for
elms and maples.
376
Cossidae
The eggs are generaiiy laid near the crotch of the tree, and
watch should be kept in the spring of the year to detect their
presence and destroy them before they are hatched.
Genus COSSUS Fabricius
The genus is found on both sides of the Atlantic. Cossus
cossus Linnaeus is a large species which does great damage to
trees in Europe. As I am writing, my friend, Dr. Ortmann, relates
that when he was a boy of eleven, living in his native village in
Thuringia, his attention was called to a notice posted by the
Biirgermeister offering a reward for information which would lead
to the detection and punishment of the individuals who by boring
into the trunks of a certain fine avenue of birch-trees, upon which
the place prided itself, had caused great injury to them. Already
the instincts of the naturalist had asserted themselves, and the
prying eyes of the lad had found out the cause of the trouble.
He went accordingly to the office of the Biirgermeister and in-
formed him that he could tell him all about the injury to the trees.
The official sat wide-mouthed and eager to hear. "But you
must assure me, before I tell you, that the reward you offer will
surely be paid to me." "Yes, yes, my little man; do not be in
doubt on that score. You shall certainly be paid." "Well,
then, Herr Burgermeister, the holes from which the sap is flowing
were not made by boys who were after the birch-sap to make beer,
but by the Weidenbolrer. " l A small explosion of official
dignity followed. The act of the presumptuous boy was reported
to a stern parent, and the result was, in Yankee phrase, a "lick-
ing," which was certainly undeserved.
(1) Cossus centerensis Lintner, Plate XII, Fig. I, $.
The insect is quite rare. It is found in the Atlantic States.
(2) Cossus undosus Lintner, Plate XLI, Fig. 9, ? .
Syn. brucel French.
The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. The
specimen figured was taken on the Arkansas River in Colorado,
near Canyon City.
It is undoubtedly the most attractively marked and most ele-
gant species found in our territory.
1 The common German name for the Cossus.
377
Cossidae
Genus PRIONOXYSTUS Grote
There are two species of this genus found in the United
States. One of them, Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guerin-Mene-
ville = querciperda Fitch, is a rather rare species. It bores its larval
passages in oak. The female, which resembles the female of the
other species, is quite large, sometimes four inches in expanse of
wing. The male, on the other hand, is quite diminutive. I have
never seen a male much more than an inch and a half in expanse
of wing. The species has been taken most frequently in recent
years in western Pennsylvania by local collectors. The other
species, Prionoxystus robiniae Peck, is very common. It fre-
quents various trees, but shows a preference for the wood of the
common locust (Robinia pseudacacia) and various species of
the genus Populus. The male is depicted on Plate XLI, Fig. 1 1,
and the female by Fig. 10 on the same plate. The insect is
widely distributed throughout the United States. I have found
the males exceedingly abundant about the electric lights in some
of our Western cities, as St. Paul and Omaha.
Genus INGUROMORPHA Henry Edwards
Two species of this genus occur within
our limits. Both are found in the extreme
southern portions of the United States. /.
arbeloides Dyar is a native of Arizona. I.
basalis Walker, which is shown in the an-
nexed figure, is found in Florida and Mexico.
The general color of the fore wings is pale
FIG. 2\$.inguro- ashen-gray, with the outer border dull ochre-
ous > marked with dark-brown stride, and
broader spots and blotches toward the outer
margin. The hind wings are darker gray.
" I recognize
The moths, with that great overpoise of wings
Which makes a mystery of them how at all
They can stop flying."
E. B. BROWNING. Aurora Leigh.
378
Genus COSSULA Bailey
Only one species of this genus is known from our fauna. Il
occurs in Florida and Mexico. It was named magnifica by
Strecker, and subsequently also
by Bailey. Druce in the year
1891 applied to it the specific
name norax. It is represented
in the annexed cut one third
larger than the size of life. It
is as yet a rare insect in collec-
tions, only a few specimens hav- FlG . a , 4 ._cw& magnifica, $ . f.
ing been found. No doubt it is
locally common, and when some shrewd observer discovers its
haunts and mode of life, we shall all have a good supply of speci-
mens in our cabinets.
Genus HYPOPTA Hubner
Nine species are said to belong to this genus and are reputed
to occur within our territory. They are all Southern or South-
western forms.
(1) Hypopta bertholdi Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 2, $ .
The specimen figured on the plate came from California.
The author has also received it from Colorado.
(2) Hypopta henrici Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 3, $ .
The moth is found in Arizona and New Mexico.
FAMILY
" I '11 follow you, I '11 lead you about a round
Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier."
SHAKESPEARE. Midsummer Night's Dream, III, I.
The name Sesia being, according to the laws of priority,
strictly applicable to a genus of the Sphingidce, as has been
pointed out on page 61, the name of the family which we are
now considering must be that which is given above. The name
" Sesiidce" must yield to the name " /Egerndce." This is on
some accounts regrettable, as the former name has for many
years been consistently applied to the family by many authors.
379
The name which we use has also been applied by a multitude
of writers, and is already well established in use in certain
quarters.
The /Egeriidce are diurnal in their habits, flying in the hottest
sunshine. They are very rapid on the wing. Their larvae are
borers, feeding on the inner bark or the pith of trees and lesser
plants. The pupae are generally armed with hook-like projec-
tions, which enable them to progress in a forward direction in
the galleries in which they are formed. Some of the genera have
at the cephalic end a sharp cutting projection, which is used to
enable the insect to cut its way out of the chamber before the
change into a moth takes place. The moths have been described
as follows by Hampson in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 189:
"Antennae often dilated or knobbed. Legs often with thick
tufts of hair; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs; hind tibiae with
two pairs. Frenulum present. Wings generally more or less
hyaline; fore wing with veins \a and ib forming a fork at base;
\c absent; veins 4 to 1 1 given off at almost even distances from
the cell. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 coincident
with 7."
The American species have been very thoroughly monographed
by Mr. Beutenmiiller, the amiable and accomplished Curator of the
Section of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in New York. It is through his kindness that the author is
able to give on Plate XLVI of the present volume so many illus-
trations of the species which are found in our fauna. The stu-
dent who desires to know more about these things must consult
Mr. Beutenmuller's great work.
Genus MELITTIA Hiibner
(i) Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, Plate XLVI, Fig. i, ? .
Syn. cucurbitce Harris; ceto Westwood; anuzna Henry Edwards.
The larva of the insect is commonly known as the "Squash-
borer," or the "Pumpkin-borer." The insect has an extensive
range from New England to the Argentine States. It attacks the
Cucurbitacece generally, laying the eggs upon all parts of th*
plant, but preferably upon the stems, into which the caterpillai
bores, and in which it develops until the time of pupation, when
it descends into the ground, makes a cell beneath the surface in
380
^Egeriidse
which it hibernates, and is transformed into a chrysalis the follow-
ing spring. The moths emerge, according to locality, from June
to August. It is said to be double-brooded in the southern parts
of our region, but is single-brooded in the Northern States.
(2) Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 2, $ .
This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but the
fore wings are devoid of the metallic tints which appear in that
species, and there are other minor differences which present
themselves upon comparison of the two forms. The life-history
remains to be worked out. It is thus far known only from
Kansas.
(3) Melittia grandis Strecker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 3, ? .
The insect is reported to occur in Texas and Arizona.
Genus GJEA Beutenmuller
(1) Gaea emphytiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 5, ?.
The types of this species are found in the British Museum.
Nothing is known definitely as to its true locality, except that the
specimens came from the United States. Of course the life-history
is also unknown. It is to be hoped that some reader of this book
will rediscover the species and let us all know its true history.
(2) Gaea solituda Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 4, $ .
The species occurs in Kansas and in Texas, but the history of
its mode of development from egg to imago remains to be
written.
Genus EUHAGENA Henry Edwards
There is only one species of this genus known at the present
time. It was named nebraskse by Henry Edwards in the year
1881. A male specimen is depicted on Plate XLVI, Fig. 34. The
species may easily be recognized by its red wings. Its early his-
tory is unknown. I received several specimens of the insect some
time ago from a friend who sent them to me, but so wretchedly
packed that nothing came to hand but fragments. The well-
meaning sender had done them up in cotton as if they were birds'
eggs, and of course they were all smashed. Never wrap cotton
about moths or butterflies, and then ram cotton down into the
box to make the specimens ride well. Particularly avoid the
"ramming" process.
381
/Egeriidae
Genus ALCOTHOE Henry Edwards
(i) Alcothoe caudata Harris,. Plate XLVI, Fig. 6, $ .
The larvae bore in the roots of various species of clematis.
The insect is widely distributed, occurring from Canada to Florida,
and westward to the Mississippi. The moths come out in April
and May in the South, and from June to August in the North.
The larvae hibernate in their galleries in various stages of growth.
Genus SAN NINA Walker
(i) Sannina uroceriformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 7, $ .
Syn. quinquecaudatus Ridings.
The larva feeds on the tap-root of the persimmon (Diospyros)
at a depth of from eighteen to twenty-two inches under the
ground. The species occurs from Virginia to Florida, and west-
ward as far as the food-plant ranges.
Genus PODOSESIA Mceschler
(i) Podosesia syringae Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 17, ?.
Syn. longipes Mceschler.
The larvae feed on the ash and the lilac. They tunnel their
passages straight into the wood for many inches. They cut their
way out almost to the surface just before pupating, leaving only
a thin layer of fiber to close the end of the gallery ; this is broken
through by the emergent pupa as it comes forth from its cocoon,
and then the pupal envelope is split and the perfect winged insect
appears. The moths are on the wing in western Pennsylvania
in June, and are to be found on the blossoms of Syringa.
Genus MEMYTHRUS Newman
(1) Memythrus tricinctus Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 14, ?.
The larvae infest the small trunks of willows and poplars.
The moths appear in the latter part of June and the beginning of
July; the caterpillars hibernate in their galleries. Transformation
occurs in a tough cocoon located at the outer end of the gallery.
The species is found in New England and the Middle States,
ranging westward as far as Ohio and Michigan.
(2) Memythrus polistiformis Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. n,
3. Fig. 12,?.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI
(The figures in this plate are taken by the kind permission of Mr.
William Beutenmuller from the plates illustrating his Monograph of the
Sesiidae of North America.)
1. Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, 9-
2. Melittia sn~owi Henry Edwards, (J 1 .
3. Melittia grandis Strecker, 9 .
4. Gaza solituda Henry Edwards, c?-
5. Gaea emphytifonnis Walker, 9
6. Alcathoe caudata Harris, J*.
7. Sannina uroceriforinis Walker, (J*.
8. ALgeria apiformis Linnaeus, 9
9. Bembecia marginata Harris, 9
10. Memythrus simulans Grote, 9
11. Memythrus polistijormis Harris, $ .
12. Memythrus polistiformis Harris, 9-
13. Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, c?.
14. Memythrus tricinctus Harris, 9
15. Palmia prcecedens Henry Edwards, 9
1 6. Parharmonia pini Kellicott, tf.
17. Podosesia syringa; Harris, 9-
1 8. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. cT.
19. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, 9
20. Vespamima sequoia Henry Edwards, $ .
21. Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, cJ 1 .
22. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, (J 1 .
23. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, 9
24. Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, 9
25. Synanthedon pyri Harris, 9
26. Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, 9
27. Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, 9
28. Synanthedon acerni Clemens, 9
29. Synanthedon scitula Harris, 9 .
30. Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, 9
31. Synanthedon rutilans Henry -Ed wards, (J 1 .
32. Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, 9
33. Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, (J 1 .
34. Euhagena nebraskce Henry Edwards, $.
35. Paranthrene heucherce Henry Edwards, .
34- Harrisina americana Guerin-
Meneville, c?.
35. Hexeris enhydris Grote, <5*.
36. Meskea dy spier aria Grote, $.
37. Desmia funeralis Hubner, <$.
38. Pantographa limata Grote &
Robinson, c?.
39. Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus,
40. Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee,
41. Pyraus ta insequalis Guenee, d 1 -
42. Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, 9 .
43. Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, (J 1 .
44. Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, d 1 -
45. Evergestis straminalis Hubner,
d 1 -
46. Herculia himonialis Zeller, 9
47. Phlyctcenia tertialis Guen6e, d 1 -
48. Pyrausta illibalis Hubner, 9
49. Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, tf.
50. Pyrausta funebris Strom, d*-
51. Pyrausta unifascialis Packard.
52. Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, d 1 -
53. Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, 9-
54. Pyrausta pertextalis'Lederer, $.
55. Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, d 1 -
' 56. Pyrausta unimacula Grote &
Robinson, c?.
57. Pyrausia ochosalis Fitch, MS.,
58. Eustixia pupula Hubner, d 1 .
59. Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius,
60. Conchylodes platinalis Guenee,
E MOTH BOOK
Pyralidae
summer in Washington, D. C. The insect has a wide range,
being known to occur in the West Indies and Central America.
Genus PHLYCT^ENODES Guen6e
There
This is a genus well represented in both hemispheres,
are over thirty species found in the United States.
(1) Phlyctaenodes triumphalis'Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 5, $ .
This species, which is found in the vicinity of San Luis Obispo,
California, was described by Grote in the "Canadian Entomolo-
gist," Vol. XXXIV, p. 295. It does not appear in Dyar's List.
(2) Phlyctaenodes sticticalis Linnaeus. (The Sugar-beet
Moth.)
' Syn. fuscahs Hiibner; tetragonalis Haworth; sordida Butler.
The moth, of which we give an enlarged representation in Fig.
218, has becmee in recent years the object of attention in
those portions of the
West in which the
cultivation of the
sugar-beet has be-
come an industry of
magnitude. It has
done considerable
damage to the crop
in Nebraska. There
are two and perhaps
three broods pro-
duced in a year. The
insect multiplies with
great rapidity, and
large areas planted FIG 2 ^_ Phlyctanodes sticticaUs , Twicethesize
With the beet have of life. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 320.)
been defoliated by the
caterpillars in comparatively a short time. The larvae hibernate
in cases woven of silk to which particles of earth are adherent,
and which are formed at a small depth under the surface of the
soil. By harrowing the ground it has been ascertained that many
of the cases are thrown up, and are emptied of the larvae by the
meadow-larks and other insectivorous birds, or are killed by the
frosts of winter. Many of them, however, escape such treat-
395
Pyralidae
ment, being possessed of vitality enough to withstand a great
degree of cold. It has been suggested thai a better way in
which to rid the fields of the pests is to apply Paris green to the
beets, in a solution composed of one pound of the poison to two
hundred gallons of water. The spraying of the plants by the
mixture is said to have proved efficacious in cases where the
FlG. 219. P. sticticalis. a, larva,
magnified ; b, dorsal view of segment
of do. ; c, lateral view of segment.
(After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. V,
p. 321.)
FIG. 220. P. sticticalis. a,
outline of larval case ; b, cocoon
of parasite in larval case ; c,
pupa, enlarged. (After Riley,
"Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 321.)
application was made as soon as it was ascertained that the in-
sects were at work upon the leaves. Nature in this case, as in
multitudes of others, comes to the assistance of the agriculturist,
and there is a parasite which destroys many of the larvae. The
cocoon of one of these is shown in Fig. 220.
The moth occurs in Europe as well as in America, and it is
possible that the insect has been imported from the Old World.
(3) Phlyctsenodes oberthuralis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
4,3.
The species occurs in California and Arizona.
Genus TITANIO Hiibner
(i) Titanic proximalis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 6, $ .
The moth is a native of California. The genus to which it
belongs is represented in our fauna by a number of species.
" And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpillar."
ISAIAH. xxxni, 4.
39 6
Pyralidae
Genus PHLYCT^NIA Hiibner
(i) Phlyctaenia tertialis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 47, $ .
Syn. plectilis Grote & Robinson ; syringicola Packard.
This is a common species in the eastern portion of the region.
It is very abundant about Pittsburgh. The genus is represented
in our fauna by a dozen species.
Genus CINDAPHIA Lederer
(i) Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 40, $ .
Syn. julialis Walker ; incensalis Lederer ; amiculatalis Berg ; pulchripictalis
Hampson.
The moth occurs from New York and New England south-
ward to the temperate regions of South America. It is the only
representative of the genus in our fauna.
Genus PYRAUSTA Schrank
This is a very large genus, which is well represented in both
hemispheres. There are about sixty species known to occur
within our territory.
(1) Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 54, $ .
Syn. gentilis Grote ; thesealis Zeller.
The species ranges from New England to the extreme southern
portions of our region.
(2) Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 52, $ .
The moth occurs in western Pennsylvania and Ohio and
Indiana.
(3) Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 49, $ .
Syn. adipaloides Grote & Robinson.
The insect is not uncommon in the Middle Atlantic States.
(4) Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 55, 6.
Syn. orasusalis Walker ; badipennis Grote.
The species is found in the eastern portions of our territory.
It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania.
(5) Pyrausta illibalis Hiibner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 48, ? .
Syn. arsaltealis Walker; euphcesalis Walker; guttulosa Walker; fascia/is
Walker ; subjectalis Lederer ; magniferalis Walker.
The moth, which is somewhat variable in its markings, is
found in the Appalachian subregion.
(6) Pyrausta unifascialis Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 'i,$.
W7
Pyralidse
Syn. subolivalis Packard; hircinalis Grote ; olnigralis Ilulst.
The moth is known to occur in the northern portions of the
United States and to range westward to California.
(7) Pyrausta insequalis Guenee, Plate XLV1I, Fig. 41,3.
Syn. subsequalis Guenee; madetesalis Walker; repletalis Walker; efficitalis
Walker.
The species inhabits the Appalachian subregion.
(8) Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS., Plate XLVII, Fig. 57, 3 .
This species, which is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania,
is in many collections confounded with P. generosa Grote &
Robinson, which it resembles in a general way. The insect is
prevalently smaller than the latter species, and the markings are
different. The species has been correctly discriminated in the
collection of the United States National Museum from P. generosa,
and the name applied to it in manuscript by Fitch is there given
it. I have used this name in designation of the species.
(9) Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. "44, $.
Syn. erosnealis Walker ; diffissa Grote & Robinson ; bellulalis Hulst.
The species ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to
Texas.
(10) Pyrausta unimacula Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII,
Fig. 56, $
The insect is common in Pennsylvania and the Valley of the
Ohio.
(i i) Pyrausta funebris Strom, Plate XLVII, Fig. 50, <5 .
Syn. octomaculata Linnseus ; glomeralis Walker.
This pretty and distinctly marked species, which in the pat-
tern of its wings recalls the markings of the genus Alypia, is
found in the northern parts of temperate North America and in
Europe.
(12) Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 42, ?.
The moth is found from New England to western Pennsyl-
vania and the Valley of the Ohio as far west as southern Indiana.
Genus EUSTIXIA Hiibner
(i) Eustixia pupula Hubner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 58, $ .
The insect is found throughout the Appalachian subregion.
It is freely attracted to light and also to sugar. It is common in
Indiana.
Pyralidae
Genus CORNIFRONS Lederer
(i) Cornifrons simalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7, $.
The range of the moth is from Montana to Oregon.
nus NOCTUELIA Guen cocoon - (After Chittenden, " Bull. U. S. Dept.
even tne straw and Agric>> ,, New Series> Volt IVj p< 1JQ-) A11 figu f es
husks. It Undergoes twice the size of life.
400
Pyralidae
transformation quite rapidly and is known to produce as many
as four generations in a year. The caterpillars prefer the dark
corners of meal-bins and the nooks of granaries and elevators
which are least disturbed, and here will, unless they are detected
and their ravages checked, establish centers of infection, from
which they will go forth to do a vast amount of mischief. The
caterpillars form long cases or tunnels of silk mixed with the
debris of their food, in which they are quite effectually concealed
from view. The best remedy is cleanliness, and frequent moving
of stored products.
Genus HERCULIA Walker
(1) Herculia olinalis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 13, $.
Syn. trentonalis Lederer.
The species is widely distributed throughout the United States
and Canada. The larvae feed upon the leaves of the oak.
(2) Herculia himonialis Zeller, Plate XLVII, Fig. 46, ? .
The moth is found from New England to Pennsylvania. It is
not uncommon among the Alleghany Mountains about Cresson.
SUBFAMILY CHRYSAUGIN/E
This is a small subfamily, represented in our fauna by nine
genera. Two of these we have selected for representation.
Genus SALOBRANA Walker
(i) Salobrana tecomae Riley, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1 1, $.
This curious little moth feeds in its larval state upon the inte-
rior of the seed-pods of the common trumpet-vine (Tecoma).
The eggs are deposited when the pods are forming, and the larvae
develop within them until in the fall, when they become dormant,
hibernating in their burrows until the following spring, when
they prepare for their escape by making an orifice in the outer
shell of the pod and transforming into pupa;. An excellent
account of their habits has been given by the late Professor C. V.
Riley in the "American Entomologist," Vol. Ill, p. 288. The
moth is found in the southwestern portions of the United States,
in the West Indies, and in Mexico and Central America.
401
Pyralidae
Genus TOSALE Walker
(i) Tosale oviplagalis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 33, $ .
Syn. nobilis Grote ; anthcecioides Grote & Robinson.
This is a common insect in western Pennsylvania, coming
freely to sugar. It ranges from the eastern portions of our terri-
tory southward into South America.
SUBFAMILY SCHCENOBIIN^E
This is a small subfamily of peculiar moths in which the pro-
boscis is wanting, and which are represented in our territory by
four genera and a dozen or more species. Of these we have
selected one for illustration.
Genus SCIRPOPHAGA Treitschke
(i) Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
12, ?.
Syn. serriradiellus Walker ; macrinellus Zellner.
The habitat of this moth is the southern part of Florida.
SUBFAMILY CRAMBIN/E
The Crambince, or "Grass-moths," as they are commonly
called, constitute a large subfamily. The North American species
have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little
book entitled "The Crambidae of North America," which was
published in 1896. To this the student will do well to refer.
There are fourteen genera in our territory, and over eighty species.
Only a few of these can be represented in our plates.
Genus CRAM BUS Fabricius
(1) Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, $ .
Syn. semifusellus Walker.
The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the
other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the
grasses.
(2) Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, $.
The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion.
(3) Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, ?.
Syn. bipunctellus Zeller.
4O2
Pyralidae
The insect occurs from Canada and New England in the North
to the Potomac and the Ohio in the South.
(4) Crambus trisectus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, $ .
Syn. interminellus Walker ; exsiccatus Zeller ; biliturellus Zeller.
This is a very common and widely distributed species, rang-
ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate
latitudes.
Genus DIATR^EA Guilding
(i) Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk
Borer.)
Syn. leucaniellus Walker; lineosellus Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; crambi-
doides Grote.
As early as the year 1828 the attention of the world was called
to the damage inflicted upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies
by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper
in which it was described was the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who
was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account
of the insect. About thirty years later, attention was called to
the ravages of
a similar insect
in the island of
Mauritius, into
which it had
been intro-
duced. From
the West In-
dies the insect
was transport-
ed to Louisi-
ana, and a
study of its
pernicious
habits was ac-
curately made
in the year 1 88 1
by Dr. L. O.
Howard of the
United States Department of Agriculture.
Louisiana as a pest since 1855.
403
FIG. 223. D. saccharalis.
larged ; d, third thoracic segment;
varieties of larva, en-
eighth abdominal seg-
ment ; /, abdominal segment from side ; g, same from above,
enlarged. (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 101.)
It had been known in
Pyralidae
The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane.
It attacks with equal avidity sorghum and the stalks of the com-
mon Indian corn, or maize. The insect has gradually worked its
way northward from the region of the Gulf, having found lodg-
ment here and there throughout the Southern States, and is now
known to occur quite abundantly at times as far north as Mary-
land. It is double-brooded in Virginia.
The most serious damage is inflicted upon the crop where
the larvae attack young stalks. Plants which are older and well
established, though
they may suffer to
some extent from the
insects, are generally
not damaged suffi-
ciently to prevent the
maturing and harden-
ing of the grain; but
where the stalks are
young and quite ten-
der, they fail to mature,
are stunted, sicken, and
ultimately die. The
accompanying figure
shows the dwarfed
and sickly appearance
of such a stalk, which
has been invaded by
the borer. The life-
history of the insect
has been briefly given
by Howard as follows :
" In early spring the
parent moth lays her
eggs upon the young
cane near the axils, and
the young borer pene-
trates the stalk at or
near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through
the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active,
404
FIG. 224. D. saccharalis. a, appearance of
corn-stalk infested by larva; b, stalk cut open to
show larval tunnel and pupa. (After Howard,
"Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 99.)
Pyralidae
and frequently leaves the stalk at one place and enters at another,
making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready
to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the
exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There
are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect
hibernates in the larval state within the stalks."
The fact that the insect makes its home in the winter months
in the dry stalks furnishes the means for most effectually com-
bating its attacks. The remedy is found in destroying the
stalks, either by burning
them or by gathering them
up and feeding them to live
stock. It is well known
that where crops are ro-
tated, and the stalks are"
not left standing in the
fields all winter, the insect
does not succeed in inflict-
ing much damage. Care-
ful and intelligent tillage of
the soil, cleanliness in the
fields, will do much to pre-
vent the increase of these
insects, as well as of many
other injurious species
which might be named.
FIG. 225. D. saccharalis. a, female, en-
larged ; b, wings of male ; c, pupa, enlarged.
(After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV,
P- 95-)
In addition to feeding
upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has be,en ascertained
that the insect will attack " Gama-grass" (Tripsactim dactyloides),
and it is recommended to burn over fields in which this grass
grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous
to know more about this insect may consult the pages of " Insect
Life," Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written at length
upon its habits. It is from this article that much of the infor-
mation contained in the preceding paragraphs has been drawn.
SUBFAMILY GALLERIIN/E
This is a subfamily the larvae of at least one species of which
have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of
405
Pyralidae
bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young of
the insects upon whose industry they prey.
Genus GALLERIA Fabricius
(i) Galleria mellonella Linnaeus. (The Bee-moth.)
Syn. cereana Linnaeus ; cerella Fabricius ; obliqnella Walker.
The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country
from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has
been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more
a- c
FIG. 226. The Bee-moth. a, larva: , cocoon ; c, pupa; .Z.grossulariiE.
Moth and cocoon. (After
Riley.)
Genus ZOPHODIA Hiibner
(i) Zophodia grossulariae Riley. (The Gooseberry Fruit-
worm.)
Syn. turbitella Grote.
The larva of this little moth, which is glass-green, feeds
upon currants and gooseberries as they are forming upon the
branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a
cluster of them together with a web of
silk. The berries attacked by the larvae
do not generally fall to the ground, but
shrivel up where they are, attached to
the stalk. The caterpillars transform into
pupae on the ground, under leaves and
among rubbish. There is but one brood
during the year.
The insect is widely distributed from New England and
southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the
Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Valley.
Genus CANARSIA Hulst
( i )Canarsia hammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. )
The larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or
soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple and allied
trees, leaving the framework of
veins and veinlets untouched.
Sometimes it devours all of the
upper surface of the leaf and
completely skeletonizes it; more
frequently it only eats portions
here and there. In the fall of
the year orchards are often made
to appear quite sear and blighted
by the inroads of the minute larvae,
which are gregarious and are at
times found literally in millions
upon the trees.
The insect has an extensive
range, and is found from New
411
FIG. 231. C. hammondi. a, larva ;
b, enlarged dorsal view of segment ;
c, enlarged view of head and anterior
segments; d, moth. (After Riley.)
Pyralidae
England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio
and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas.
By weakening the trees the larvae cause the fruit to fall pre-
maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. It
has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the
insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this
has the effect of destroying the larvae. A better method of pro-
cedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of
one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as
disinfectants in orchards.
Genus EPHESTIA Guenee
(i) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. (The Flour-moth.)
Syn. gitonella Druce.
This wretched pest, the original habitat of which is not
known, has within recent years caused a great deal of trouble
and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the
Atlantic. It is believed by many European entomologists to be
of American origin, but this cannot be proved. Others hold that
FIG. 232. E. kuehniella. (All figures greatly enlarged.) a, larva; , pupa;
c, moth; d, enlarged head of larva; e, enlarged segment; /, moth at rest; g, front
wing, showing characteristic markings ; h, i, neuration of wings. (After Riley,
" Insect Life," Vol! II, p. 166.)
it is an importation from the Orient, and it goes under the name
of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in some localities. Wherever
the creature came from, it is a decided plague. Rapidly multi-
plying, it takes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and.
412
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII
(Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in
the collection of W. J. Holland.)
1. Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, J 1 , U. S. N. M.
2. Samea ecclesialis Guenee, $ , U. S. N. M.
3. Agathodes monstralis Guenee, tf , U. S. N. M.
4. Phlyctanodes oberthuralis Fernald, d\ U. S. N. M.
5. Phlyctcsnodes triumphalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M.
6. Titanio proximalis Fernald, cT, U. S. N. M.
7. Cornifrons simalis Grote, tf , U. S. N. M.
8. Melitara fernaldialis'Hulst, 9 , U. S. N. M.
9. Noctuelia thalialis Walker, d\ U. S. N. M.
10. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, $ , U. S. N. M.
11. Salobrana tecomaz Riley, 9.
12. Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, 9 . U. S. N. M.
13. Herculia olinalis Guenee, , Cocoon viewed
from above, with meal clinging to it. (After Riley,
"Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 167.)
panying illustrations,
which are taken from the pages of "Insect Life," Vol. II, will
enable the student to recognize this creature in its various stages
of development.
Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout
the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some
parts of Canada and New England. In England, Germany, and
Belgium its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment.
It shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the
same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spe-
cies of Plodia, of which we shall also have something to say.
" Bee to the blossom, moth to the flame ;
Each to his passion ; what 's in a name? "
HELEN HUNT JACKSON. Vanity of Vanities.
E.
FIG. 234
(After ^
* e "
Pyralidae
(2) Ephestia cautella Walker. (The Dried-currant Moth.)
Syn. cahiritella Zeller ; pasulella Barrett ; desuetella Walker.
This insect, which in many respects closely re-
sembles the preceding species, like it is destructive
to stored food-products. It is known to feed upon
Zante currants, raisins, cacao-beans, or chocolate-
nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. It is re-
garded as probable that upon occasion it may de-
velop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance
which, containing nutriment, accords in its general
character with the commodities which have been
named. It is especially likely to attack dried fruits
cautella. of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. That the
tw jf^ e insect has been introduced from abroad into our
chit- fauna is beyond reasonable doubt. Its ravages on
u. ' s. i?ept! the other side of the Atlantic have been described by
Agric.," New writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun-
try seems to date from about the time of the At-
lanta Cotton Exposition.
Just as most of the common weeds in our fields are of
European origin, having been brought over in the seeds which
were originally imported,
or at a later time in the
hay and straw which are
used to stuff crates and
packing-boxes, so many
of the destructive insects,
which have greatly multi-
plied in America, are for-
eign in their origin. It is
not without reason that
the government maintains
a set of officers, whose
function it is to inspect
vegetable importations for
the purpose of quarantin-
FIG. 235. E. cautella. a, moth ; b, vena-
tion of wings ; d, eggs. All figures enlarged.
(After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S. Dept.
Agric.," New Ser., No. 8, p. 8.)
ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests.
Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our
farmers would to-day be happier.
4M
Pteropboridae
Genus PLODIA Guene"e
(i) Plodia interpunctella Hiibner. (The Indian-meal Moth.)
Syn. zees Fitch.
The larva of this moth has a propensity to feed upon almost
anything edible which comes in its way. It feeds upon Indian
meal with particular avid-
ity, but does not disdain
grain of any kind, whole
or ground. It breeds in
all sorts of dried fruits
and vegetables. It eats
English walnuts, is said
to invade beehives, and is
known at times to dam-
age herbariums and to
FIG. 236. P. interpunctella. a, moth ;
pupa ; c, larva ; d, front view of head of larva ;
e, lateral view of segment of larva. All figures
enlarged. (After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S.
Dept. Agric.,"New Ser., No. 4, p. 119.)
attack collections of dried
insects. There is nothing
which seems to come
amiss to its appetite, and
it is, when established in a house or store-room, a veritable nui-
sance. There are, according to the temperature of the building
which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the
reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing
has establis " itself under his roof it will require industry, pa-
tience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it.
FAMILY PTEROPHORID/E
" Nature never did betray
The breast that loved her ; 't is her privilege,
Through all the years of this our life, to lead
From joy to joy."
WORDSWORTH.
The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively
small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided
in such a manner as to suggest feathers. The hind wings are
generally trifid, sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are gener-
ally bifid, sometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement,
clumsy in appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They
415
Pteroporidaeh
are generally hairy. The pupae are very remarkable, being soft
and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position
by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies,
though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands
of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about
sixty species of Plume-moths known to occur in the United
States. We can take space to represent only one- of these
species.
Genus OXYPTILUS Zeller
(i) Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. (The Grape-vine
Plume.)
An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the
habits of this insect, which is universally distributed over the
whole Appalachian subregion, is
given by the late Professor Riley
in the "Fourth Missouri Report."
The moths may generally be found
in vineyards and about grape-vines,
when they are beginning to put out
their leaves. The eggs are laid on
the branches before they begin to
blossom, and about the time the
third bunch of grapes on a given
shoot is beginning to mature, it will
be found that the terminal leaves
have been drawn together with a
few strands f silk > and in tne tan -
gle thus prepared, under cover from
heat anc * ra ' n> w ^' k g found the curi-
ous little caterpillars of the Plume-
moth. The accompanying cut, taken
from the paper of Professor Riley to
which allusion has been made, will
serve to tell the story better than can
be done in brief compass by words.
The damage done by the insects is not usually very great, and
it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the
leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the
end of the shoot and destroy the insects.
416
FIG. 237. The Grape-vine
Plume, a, larvae ; b, pupa ; c , en-
larged view of process on back of
pupa ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of
segment of larva. (After Riley.)
Orneodidae
FAMILY ORNEODIDyE
" Very close and diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best
microscope, will leave room for new and contradictory discoveries."
GEORGE ELIOT.
This is a very small family of moths, represented in our
fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both
the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the
case in all the insects of the family.
Genus ORNEODES Latreille
(i) Orneodes hexadactyla Linnaeus. (The Six-plume
Moth.)
The moth, which measures half an inch
in expanse of wings, is found in Europe
and in the cooler portions of North America,
exclusive of the arctic regions. It has
been reported to occur as far south as Mis-
souri, but is more commonly found in
New England, New York, Canada, Mani- FlG g _ Q
toba, and the Northwestern States on the dactyia.
Pacific coast It is nowhere apparently a
common insect, or else is overlooked by collectors on account
of its small size.
FAMILY TORTRICID/E
" Die Kritik nimmt oft dem Baume
Raupen und Bliithen mit einander."
JEAN PAUL RICHTER.
The Tortricidce constitute a very large assemblage of genera
and species. Because of the habit of the larvae of many species
of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these
insects have been often called "Leaf-rollers." Many of the
larvae live in the inside of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits,
and the famous " jumping-beans " of New Mexico and Arizona
are simply the seeds of a species of Croton or Sebastiania in
Tortricidae
which is lodged the larva of a species of Tortricid, which has the
power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of
making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is
Cydia saltitans Westwood ; in the case of Sebastiania seeds the
insect imparting the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar-
monia sebastianice.
It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to
give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tor-
tricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of
the United States and Canada. We shall content ourselves with
an account of a few species, which will serve to show the reader
what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to view in this
single family of beautiful little moths.
Genus EUCOSMA Hubner
(1) Eucosma scudderiana Clemens. (The Misnamed Gall-
moth.)
Syn. saligneana Clemens ; affusana Zeller.
The moth was called " the Misnamed Gall-moth" by Professor
Riley because Clemens
had given it a specific
name which implied that
it was a denizen of wil-
low-trees or willow-
galls, when in fact it has
been ascertained to live
in the galls of the Golden-
rod (Solidago). The in-
sect is not uncommon in
western Pennsylvania,
and is possibly an inqui-
line or intruder in the
galls, which are pro-
duced by another spe-
cies, Gnorimoschema gallcesolidaginis Riley.
(2) Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
27, $ . ;
Syn. similana Clemens ; distigmana Walker ; clavana Zeller ; graduatana
Walsingham.
4 l8
FIG. 239. .. scudderiana. a, moth; b, lar-
val skin protruding from a gall of the Golden-
rod. (After Riley.)
Tortricidse
This is a common species in the Appalachian subregion. It
is found abundantly in western Pennsylvania.
Genus ANCYLIS Hubner
(i) Ancylis comptana Frolich. (The Strawberry Leaf-
roller.)
Syn. conflexana Walker ; fragaria Walsh & Riley.
This little insect has proved a very destructive foe of the
strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. There are two
broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding
upon the tender paren-
chyma, cause the plants
to wither and dry. So
bad have the ravages of
the larvae proved in some
places that horticultur-
ists have been led to Fl * ^ _ * ^^ fl> natural
abandon growing Straw- size; b, enlarged view of anterior portion of
berries in those localities. ^ ^ moth; d > anal se s ment of larva - < After
The insect is found in
Canada and in the portions of the United States immediately
south of the Great Lakes. Although the moth occurs in western
Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been re-
ported from this part of the country.
Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller
(i) Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Plate XLVI1I, Fig. 29, ? .
The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the
bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs
of the common locust (Robinid).
Genus CYDIA Hubner
(i) Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. (The Coddling-moth.)
This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated
to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which
amounts in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every
one is familiar with the pinkish worm which is encountered at
the heart of apples and pears. But for every apple and pear
419
Tortricidae
which survives the attacks of these insects and develops suffi-
ciently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer,
there are scores of apples
and pears the development
of which is entirely ruined,
and they fall to the ground
undersized and worthless.
There are two broods of the
insects annually. The sec-
ond brood hibernates in the
cocoon. We quote again
from Riley: "The same
temperature which causes
our apple-trees to burst their
beauteous blossoms releases
the coddling-moth from its
pupal tomb, and though its
wings are still damp with
the imprint of- the great
Stereotyping Establishment
of the Almighty, they soon
dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each
to seek its companion. . . . The moths soon pair, and the female
flits from blossom to blossom, deftly depositing in the calyx of
each a tiny yellow egg. As the fruit matures, the worm develops.
In thirty-three days, under favorable circumstances, it has become
full-fed; when, leaving the apple, it spins up in some crevice,
changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks after-
wards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the
favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young
worm entering from the side."
The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all wind-
falls and immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty
to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to
the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands
of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons
among the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week
crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and
down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind
420
FIG. 241. C. pomonella. a, burrow in
apple; b, point where egg is laid; e, full-
grown larva; d, pupa; /, moth at rest;
^.moth with wings expanded; A, enlarged
head of larva; i, cocoon. (After Riley.)
Tortricidae
on another. The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe.
Not all the live stock brought into America from Europe, biped
or hexapod, has turned out well.
Genus ALCERIS Hubner
(i) Alceris minuta Robinson. (The Green Apple Leaf-tier.)
Syn. malivorana Le Baron ; vacciniivorana Packard ; variolana Zeller.
The larvae of this insect feed in the early spring upon the
young leaves of apple- and pear-trees, which they crumple up and
tie together with threads of silk. Under the folded leaves they
live and at last undergo their transformation into the pupal state.
The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when dis-
turbed, dropping to the ground or
lowering themselves quickly upon
a strand of silk. The chrysalis, as
shown in the annexed cut, has a
peculiar horn-like boss or projec-
tion at the upper end. The insect
does much damage in the spring
by preventing the proper expan-
sion of the leaves in the terminal
buds and by devouring the blos-
soms. The writer has for several
years been greatly interested in i ary a;
observing the manner in which
these pernicious little creatures
have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a 'couple of dwarf
pear-trees which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has
been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of
tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy
end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the
application of this old-fashioned remedy when needed.
FlG< 242 ._
minuta . at
pupa; c, moth; d, folded
concealing pupa " (After
Genus EPAGOGE Hubner
(i) Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII,
Fig.
40, $ -.
This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a
good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion.
421
Tortricidae
Genus CENOPIS Zeller
(1) Cenopis pettitana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, ?.
The habitat of this species is the Appalachian subregion.
(2) Cenopis groteana Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 28, $-.
The insect is not uncommon in the Valley of the Ohio.
Genus ARCHIPS Hubner
(1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVIII, Fig. }2, ?.
Syn. vicariana Walker ; gossypiana Packard ; arcticana Mceschler.
This is a common species found all over the northern por-
tions of the United States and southern Canada. The larvae in-
flict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of
allied plants.
(2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 30, $ .
Syn. gurgitana Robinson ; lintneriana Grote.
In many respects this species is very closely allied to the last
mentioned, from which it may be distinguished by the darker,
more smoky color of the primaries. It has the same distribution
as rosaceana.
(3) Archips cerasivorana Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 21, ?.
The larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to
feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. It is
found in the northern portions of the United States and southern
Canada.
(4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 31, $ .
The species ranges from New England westward into the
Valley of the Mississippi.
(5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 34, ? .
Syn. furvana Robinson; v-signatana Packard.
The species, which is not at all uncommon, ranges through
the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
Genus PLATYNOTA Clemens
(1) Platynota flavedana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, ?.
Syn. concursana Walker ; laterana Robinson.
The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion.
(2) Platynota labiosana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 25, ? .
422
Yponomeutidae
The insect is found in the southwestern portion of our terri-
tory, having been reported from Colorado and Texas.
Genus TORTRIX Linnaeus
(i) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 22, 6 .
The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being
commoner in the Atlantic States than elsewhere.
Genus EULIA Hiibner
(i) Eulia alisellana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, ?.
The insect is common in the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs in
western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.
Genus AMORBIA Clemens
(i) Amorbia humerosana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23, ? .
The species is indigenous in the northern portions of the
Appalachian subregion.
Genus COMMOPHILA Hiibner
(i) Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII,
Fig. 26, ? .
The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion.
FAMILY YPONOMEUTID/E
" Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth."
SHAKESPEARE. Merchant of Venice, I, 9.
This is a family of moderate size, represented in our fauna by
twenty-two genera and over sixty species. The species have a
characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the
student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able
to figure only three species, owing to the necessary limitations
of space.
Genus YPONOMEUTA Latreille
(i) Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig.
44,5-
Syn. ordinatellus Walker ; euonymella Chambers ; orbimaculella Chambers ;
wakarusa Gaumer.
423
Gelechiidae
The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but more
particularly in the southeastern portions thereof.
Genus ATTEVA Walker
(1) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate XLVI11, Fig. 36, $ .
Syn. compta Clemens.
The insect is common in the southern portions of our region,
being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward
in o Mexico and lands still farther South.
(2) Atteva gemmata Grote, Plate XLVII1, Fig. 37, 6 .
Syn. fastuosa Zeller ; floridana Neumoegen.
The moth is found in the warmer parts of Florida.
FAMILY GELECHIJD/E
" He buildeth his house as a moth." JOB. xxvii, 18.
This is a very extensive family of small moths which possess
habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are
FIG. 243. P. operculella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited
about it, natural size ; b, egg, dorsal view ; c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged ;
d, k, mines of larva in potato ; j, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato,
somewhat reduced ; e, larva, dorsal view ; f, larva, lateral view ; g, larva, third ab-
dominal segment, lateral view; h, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged;
/, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 239.)
424
pupa;
Gelcchiidae
known to be more or less injurious to vegetables, in which they
either burrow in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which
they prey. We can speak of only a few of them.
Genus PHTHORIM^A Meyrick
(i) Phthorimaea operculella Zeller. (The Potato-moth.)
Syn. terrella Walker ; solanella Boisduvat ; tabacella Ragonot.
This insect, represented in Fig. 243, the ravages of which upon
potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been
well known for many years, and which has more recently caused
much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently
found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally
imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years
to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a dan-
gerous and annoying pest. The best
remedy for it is said to be the total de-
struction of infected potatoes, and the
protection of the stored tubers from
access by the ovipositing females.
Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA
Busck
(i) Gnorimoschema gallaesoh-
daginis Riley. (The Solidago Gall-
moth.)
The man who has loitered by the
waysides in the country must often
have noticed the manner in which the
stems of the common golden-rod are
frequently swollen and enlarged about
two thirds of their length from the
root. This swelling may be caused by
the larvae of several insects, but one a 6
of the most frequent causes of the ab- FIG. 244. Galls of the Soli-
normal growth is the larva of a little J^Jaitt^254!^
moth tO Which the above SCSquipeda- row at d, larva at e; b, gall,
lian name has been given. The life- P ening at c '
history of the insect was carefully worked out by Professor
Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained
425
Gelechiidae
in the "First Missouri Report," the accompanying cut has been
taken. It shows a gall as it appears from the outside, and also a
section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed
for itself in the enlargement of the stem.
The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but
particularly in western Pennsylvania.
Genus ANARSIA Zeller
(i) Anarsia lineatella Zeller. (The Peach-twig Borer.)
Syn. pruniella Clemens.
The insect which we are considering was in all probability intro-
duced into California, where it is now most firmly established, from
Asia, probably from Japan.
The eggs are deposited at
the point where the leaves
are attached to the stems,
or where the stem of the
fruit is located. The larvae
make minute burrows un-
der the bark of the twigs
and into the stem of the
fruit, and thus cause dam-
age both to the trees and to
the peaches. The insect is
double-brooded. The larvae
FIG. 245. A. lineatella. a, new shoot
of peach withering from attack of larva ; b,
larva, enlarged; c, pupa, enlarged. (After
Marlatt, "Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New
Ser., No. 10, p. u.)
are secretive, and hide so
effectually that it is said to
be very difficult to detect
them. The insect remains
in the pupal state about ten
days, when the moth emerges. The imago is about half an inch
in expanse of wing. The fore wings are of a beautiful gray
color, clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects
of the second generation hibernate as larvas in their burrows in
the bark of the twigs.
A very full and excellent account of the habits of this
insect has been published in the " Bulletin of the United
States Department of Agriculture " by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. It is
426
Gelechiidae
from -this paper that we have been with great kindness per-
mitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given.
As a means of combating
this pest, it has been recom-
mended to spray the peach-
trees, just as the leaves are
beginning to open in the
spring, with a solution of
one pound of lime and one
pound of Paris green mixed
in two hundred gallons of
water. It is also recom-
mended to spray the trees in
February, or even injanuary,
with kerosene emulsion,
which is said to penetrate
the little burrows in which
the larvae hibernate and kill
them. The latter method is
undoubtedly preferable.
FlG. 246. A. lineatella. a, moth with
wings expanded; b, c, moths with wings
folded. All figures enlarged. (After Marlatt,
" Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New Ser., No.
IO, p. 12.)
CUPID'S CANDLE
' Round her flaming heart they hover,
Lured by loveliness they go
Moth-like, every man a lover,
Captive to its gleam and glow.
Old and young, the blind and blinking,
Fascinated, frenzied things,
How they flutter, never thinking
What a doom awaits their wings!
It is all the same old story,
Pleasure hung upon a breath :
Just a chance to taste of glory
Draws a legion down to death.
Fire is dangerous to handle ;
Love is an uncertain flame ;
But the game is worth the candle
When the candle 's worth the game! "
FELIX CARMEN, in Life, Vol. XLI, p. 494.
427
Xylorictidae
FAMILY XYLORICTID^E
A small family which contains in our fauna two genera and
nine species. The group may be represented by Stenoma
schlaegeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 41,
by a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa-
lachian subregion, and is particularly abundant in western
Pennsylvania.
FAMILY CECOPHORID/E
" Entomology is a science, not a pastime." WESTWOOD.
This is another comparatively small family of interesting in-
sects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are
distributed into thirteen genera. We can represent only a couple
of them, for the purpose of showing the readers of " The Moth
Book " what they are like.
Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth
(i) Depressaria her-acliana De Geer. (The Parsnip Web-
worm.)
FIG. 247. D. heracliana. a, larva, side view ; b, dorsal view ; c, pupa :
anal extremity of pupa ; e, moth, enlarged ; f, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the
larvae, natural size. (After Riley.)
Syn. heraclei Retzius ; umbellana Fabricius ; wnbellella Zetterstedt ; pasti-
nacella Duponchel ; ontariella Bethune.
The Parsnip Web-worm is an importation from Europe,
428
Blastobasidac
where it has been known from time immemorial as an enemy of
umbelliferous plants. A full account of the insect is given by
Riley in "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 94. To this the reader may
refer. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the
plants which have become infested, and to burn them. The in-
sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hid-
den in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed.
Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner
(i) Semioscopis merricella Dyar, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 38, ?.
This is not at all an uncommon insect in western Pennsyl-
vania. There are numerous specimens in the collection of the
writer which have been taken during the past twenty years.
FAMILY BLASTOBASIDyE
This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representa-
tive of which we have selected for illustration a species of the
genus Holcocera, to
which Professor Riley
applied the specific
name glandulella, be-
cause it infests acorns.
The Acorn-moth is an
inquiline; that is to
say, it takes possession
of the remnants of the
, f - , FIG. 248. H. glandulella. a, acorn showing
repast left in the acorn larva; ^ acorn snowmg opening left for moth; c,
by the grub Of a Wee- enlarged view of head of larva ; d, lateral view of
;i u; u u A i segment; e, dorsal view of segment; /, moth; g,
Vll, Which has devel- nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.)
oped within the fruit
and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation else-
where. Between the weevil and the larva of the moth very little
is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to
derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis-
.ippointed. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in
the development of the larva, and also the moth. The insect is
quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.
429
ElachistidcE
FAMILY ELACHISTID^E
This is a large family of moths, many of which are almost
microscopic in size, but all are very beautiful. One of the larger
species we have se-
lected for illustra-
tion. It lives in
the galls which its
presence produces
in the stems of the
FIG. 249. Walshia amorphella.
pba fruticosa). It
belongs to the genus
Walshia, and was
described under the
specific name amor-
phella by Clemens.
In its habits it re-
minds us somewhat of the moth with the frightful name which
lives in the galls of the Golden-rod, about which something has
already been said. The accompanying cut, which has been taken
from Professor Riley's "Second Missouri Report," shows at a a
figure of the female moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft
white little affair, is delineated at b, and the figures c and d show
the galls as they appear. The insect is found in the Appalachian
subregion.
FAMILY TINEID^E
"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth
corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal : but lay up for yourselves trea-
sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do
not break through nor steal." MATTHEW. VI, 19, 20.
The Tineidx are a very great family of moths, some of which
are of moderate size, but most of which are very minute. Among
them there are many insects which are exceedingly beautiful,
although they are so small, while many of them have great
economic importance, being destructive or beneficial. Of a few
of these we shall take opportunity to speak briefly.
430
Tineidae
Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller
(i) Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch-
ieaf Bucculatrix.)
This little insect in its larval stage is known to infest the
leaves of the birch and the wild cherry. The caterpillars feed
upon the parenchyma of
the leaves, attacking both
the upper and the lower
sides, and completelyskel-
etonizing them. Forests
of birches in New England
are known to have been
completely stripped of liv-
ing tissue in the fall of the
year, in such a manner as
to suggest that a fire had
passed over the trees. The
larvae are sluggish in their
movements, when dis-
turbed dropping down by
a silken cord. The cocoons
are white and ribbed, as
represented in the annexed
FlG. 250.^. canadensisella. , skeletonized
birch-leaf ; b, pseudo-cocoon ; c, larva ; d, head
of same ; e, anal segments of do. ;f, anal segment
of pupa; g, cocoon with extended pupal skin;
lined. (After Pack-
h, moth. All figures mz
ard, "Insect Life, "Vol.
p. 14.)
figure. They turn dark
after they have been spun
up for some time. The
insect is not uncommon
in Rhode Island, and is
known to occur throughout New England, northern New York,
and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be
found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is
abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by
Professor A. S. Packard in "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 14.
(2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. (The Apple-leaf
Bucculatrix.)
Syn. pomonella Packard ; curvilineatella Packard.
The minute moth, a greatly enlarged figure of which is given
in the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple-
43'
Tineidae
trees of their parenchyma. While it does not appear to have
wrought great destruction generally, nevertheless there are in-
stances on record where
it has done much damage
in orchards. The larvae
have the habit of form-
ing their cocoons in com-
pany, attaching them to
the twigs in great clus-
ters, as represented in
Fig. 251. This fact has
led to the recommen-
dation that the trees,
FIG. a 5 ,.-A pomifoliella. a, cocoons clus. When infeSted ' sh uld be
tered upon end of twig; b, cocoon, greatly en- lightly pruned all Over in
larged ; c, moth, very greatly magnified. (After the fa)1> and the twjgs
carefully collected and
burned. As the cocoons are located at the ends of the twigs, this
may be a partially effective remedy. Another remedy is to
thoroughly spray the trees with coal-oil emulsion or with linseed-
oil. The greasy application is said to destroy the pupae in the
thin papery cocoons.
Genus TINEOLA Herrich-Schaeffer
(i) Tineola bisselliella Hummel. (The Clothes-moth.)
Syn. crinella Treitschke ; destructor Stephens ; biselliella Zeller ; lanariella
Clemens.
There are several species of Tineid insects which attack gar-
ments made of woolen fiber and furs. One of the commonest
and most widely distrib-
uted of these is the insect
which we are now consid-
ering. In Pennsylvania and
in Maryland and south-
ward, so far as observation
shows, this is the common-
est of the ' ' Clothes-moths. "
The damage, it is needless
tO Say, is not done by the FIG. 252. T. bisselliella. (After Riley.)
432
Tineidae
imago, or perfect insect, but by the larva, or caterpillar. This is
represented in all its destructive ugliness in the annexed cut.
Its food is animal fibers, and it constructs for itself a cocoon
of bits of wool or hair, in which transformation into a pupa finally
takes place. It is partial to a\\ animal hair. It feeds upon furs,
woolens, carpets, horsehair mattresses, and even to some extent
upon silken fabrics, though it has no positive preference for the
latter. The insect, like all the others of its class, has been intro-
duced into this country from the Old World. In a separate
article the writer will speak of the best method of preventing its
ravages.
Genus TINEA Linnaeus
(i) Tinea pellionella Linnaeus. (The Fur-moth.)
Syn. flavescentella Haworth; merdella Zeller; dtibiella Stainton; griseella
Chambers.
This insect makes for itself a movable case in which it travels
about in the larval stage. Its food is very much the same as that
of the preceding
species, and it
is equally de-
structive. The
moth differs
from the pale-
coloredClothes-
moth in having
the fore wings
darker. They
are, in fact,
quite gray, mot-
tled with darker
FIG. 253. T. pellionella. (After Riley.)
gray, as shown in the cut which we have herewith caused to be
reproduced. A comparison between the figures of this and the
succeeding species will enable the student to readily discrimi-
nate them. The lower left-hand figure gives a good representa-
tion of the case made out of bits of hair in which the caterpillar
performs its migrations. The insect is many-brooded, according
to the temperature of its domicile. In the warmer parts of the
country the processes of generation no doubt go on continuously.
Tineidae
In the colder parts of the country winter arrests development
temporarily.
The insect is widely distributed all over the continent, and in
fact all over the world.
Genus TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot
(i) Trichophaga tapetzella Linnseus. (The Carpet-moth.)
The nature and habits of this species are very closely allied to
those of the last two species of which we have spoken. Like
them, it was originally intro-
duced into America from the
Old World. It differs from
them in the larval state in
that, instead of simply mak-
ing a cocoon for itself out of
bits of hair as the Clothes-
moth, or forming a movable
Yi G .*U.-T.tapetzella. (After Riley.) case for itsdf ^ ^ Fur _
moth, it weaves together, out of the debris of the material in which
it is carrying on its ravages, long galleries lined inside with strands
of silk. Theselong, tortuousgalleries, cutthroughthepileof carpets,
are familiar objects to the careful housewife, whose horror and anx-
iety have often been expressed to the writer. It is one of the sad
prerogatives of the entomologist to be made from time to time
the recipient of the household woes of his neighbors, who dis-
cover that the moth and the buffalo-bug "corrupt," and that the
white ant and the cockroach "steal."
The perfect insect, as shown in the annexed cut, is in appear-
ance a very different moth from either of the foregoing species.
CLOTHES-MOTHS
"The moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like
wool." ISAIAH. LI, 8.
From the accounts which have been given in the preceding
pages of the three species of Clothes-moths, the ravages of which
are commonly encountered in the household, it has been learned
that they may each be discriminated from the other by the habits
of the larvae. The Carpet-moth makes a gallery of the substance
434
Tineidae
on which it feeds; the Fur-moth makes a small portable case,
which it carries with it; while the insect which we have called
the Clothes-moth lives for the most part free until the time of
pupation, when it constructs for itself a cocoon out of bits of
fiber.
All of these three species are equally destructive, and there is
no question which is more frequently asked of the writer than
how best to destroy the insects when once they have found lodg-
ment in a house, and how to prevent their attacks.
All of these creatures "love darkness better than light, their
deeds being evil." When it is suspected that furs or garments
are infected by their presence, the first step which should be
taken is to expose them to full sunlight, the hotter the better.
Garments in which moths are known to exist should be hung up
in the open air. And this airing and exposure to sunlight should
not be for an hour or two, but, if possible, it should extend over
a number of days, and should take place in the latter part of May
or the early part of the month of June, at which time the female
moth is engaged in ovipositing. Where it is impossible to air
and expose to sunlight the fabrics which have been attacked, as
is sometimes the case with carpets in dark corners, they should
be thoroughly saturated with benzine. It is "needless to say that
this operation should never be undertaken in the presence of a
candle or other exposed light. Furniture in carpeted rooms
should in the spring of the year be removed from the place where
it has long stood, and the spot should be thoroughly sponged
with benzine. A solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, so
weak that it will not leave any white mark upon a black feather
which has been dipped into it and afterward dried, may be
applied effectively to carpets and to fabrics which are exhibited
in museum cases. At the Carnegie Museum we make it a rule to
spray all substances which might be exposed to the attack of
'inoths, when hung in cases, with a solution of corrosive sub-
limate and strychnine in alcohol.
In carpet warehouses and in establishments where woolen
goods are stored in quantity it is well to have on the roof of the
building an apartment fitted up with large air-tight chests. Into
these chests, or compartments, fabrics supposed to have been
attacked by moths may be put and exposed for twenty-four or
Tineidae
more hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide. This fluid should
be placed in large quantity in shallow pans at the bottom of the
disinfecting-chambers, in such a way that it will not come directly
in contact with the fabrics. Being volatile, the fumes will grad-
ually fill the entire chamber, and will destroy all animal life.
Inasmuch as carbon bisulphide, as has already been stated else-
where in this book, is, when mixed with atmospheric air, highly
explosive, no lights should be allowed to come near the chests,
or the apartment in which the disinfection is taking place. The
writer has in his own household made it a rule in the spring of
the year to take all rugs and have them placed in a large chest
about four feet long, three feet wide, and three feet deep, at the
bottom of which there is a slatted support beneath which is a long,
shallow pan. Into this pan the bisulphide is poured. The rugs
are loosely placed in the chest, and then it is closed tightly and
they are left there for forty-eight hours.
The storage of furs and woolen garments during the summer
months is an important matter. The one thing to be perfectly
ascertained before placing garments in storage is that they are
thoroughly disinfected and that not a single female moth capable
of depositing fertile eggs is present. This fact being known with
certainty, all that it Is necessary to do is to place the garments in
clean air-tight receptacles and close them up so that nothing can
get into them. Garments may be put into perfectly tight paper
bags with all openings pasted shut with a piece of tough paper.
The boxes in which tailors send home garments are good storage
receptacles, provided the garments are free from pests when put
into them and provided every opening in the box is pasted shut
with a piece of paper. It is not an altogether unwise precaution
to put in "moth-balls" or crystals of naphthaline or bits of
camphor, but it must be borne in mind that neither naphthaline
nor camphor will kill the larvae of moths that have once found
access to the garments upon which they are in the habit of feed--
ing. A great deal of money has been uselessly expended upon
such substances, when all that is necessary is simply to insure
the exclusion of the pests.
The annual loss occasioned by these minute yet most annoy-
ing insects is vast, and it is not unreasonable to say that their
mischievous depredations cost the citizens of the United States
436
Tineidae
annually a sum of money which is enough in amount at the
present time to pay the interest upon the national debt.
Genus ADELA Latreille
The moths of this genus are remarkable for the enormous
length of their antennae in proportion to their size. We have
represented one of the commoner species on Plate XLVIII, Fig.
4=;. It received the specific name bella at the hands of the late
Mr. V. T. Chambers. The base of the antennae is black, and the
extremity is white. This fact has prevented the photographer
from getting a full representation of the length of the organ in our
cut. This is much to be regretted, and the student must add in
his imagination to the antennae, as they are shown, a thread-like
extension, extending fully three eighths of an inch beyond the
apparent ending of the organs as depicted. The moths may be
found in shaded woods in June feeding upon the flowers of
Asclepias.
Genus PRODOXUS Riley
The relation of the insect world to the life of plants has been
the subject of a great deal of interesting inquiry in recent years.
It has been discovered that many genera and species depend for
their fructification and consequently for their continued preserva-
tion upon the agency of insects. Without the kind attention
which they receive from the tiny creatures of the air, they would
not produce seed, and the race would speedily become extinct.
One of the most beautiful illustrations of the interdependence of
the world of plants and the world of insects has been discovered
in the case of the Tineid genus Pronuba. This insect has be-
come specialized to a remarkable degree, as we shall have occa-
sion to show in speaking of it. In fact, without its agency the
pollenation of the plants belonging to the genus Yucca is never
accomplished. But, curiously enough, associated with it and
closely resembling it superficially is a genus of moths which does
not possess the power of pollenizing the Yucca, but which is
represented by many species the larvae of which feed in the stems
of the various species of Yucca. The Yucca plants depend for
the perpetuation of the species upon the moth Pronuba. The
moth Prodoxus depends upon the Yucca plants for life, and thus
437
Tineidse
indirectly upon the labor of Pronuba. The whole story is one of
the most interesting in the annals of insect life, and the student
who is curious to know all about its interesting details should
consult the fourth volume of " Insect Life," where Professor Riley
has with minute patience worked out the wonderful story, with
all the skill of a Sherlock Holmes.
(i) Prodoxus quinquepunctella Chambers. (The Bogus
Yucca Moth.)
Syn. decipiens Riley ; paradoxica Chambers.
This little moth, which superficially resembles Pronuba yuc-
casella, has no maxillary tentacle such as is found in the latter
insect. Its absence
is characteristic, in
fact, of all the species
of the genus. The
ovipositor is homolo-
gous to that of Pro-
nuba, but is a stronger
instrument intended
for making incisions
in the tender bark of
the stem, while the
ovipositor of Pronu-
\ organ which is used
f \f \ r^I to thrust the e into
the ovarian cavity of
the growing seed-
vessel.
The larvae of the
various species of
Prodoxus are without
feet, quite maggot-
like, and remain in
their burrows in the stems of the Yucca plants, not descending to
the ground to pupate, as do those of Pronuba. The pupae, when
the time for emergence arrives, protrude themselves from the
stems, and the moth escapes from the pupal skin, very much in the
way in which the same act is performed by various species 'of
438
FIG. 255. P. quinquepunctella.
i, left jaw and antenna ;
larva; d, head
from above ; c, d, left jaw and antenna ; e, pupa ; f, in-
fested stem, showing burrows, castings, cocoons, and
pupa-shell, h. All enlarged. (After Riley.)
FIG. 256. P. quinquepnnc-
tella. a, moth with wings folded ;
b, moth with wings expanded ;
c, enlarged maxillary palpus.
(After Riley.)
Tineidae
wood-burrowing y^Egerians. The cut, Fig. 255, taken from the
writings of Professor C. V. Riley, has more value as an explan-
ation of the facts in the case than a
whole page of verbal description
would have. The species of the genus
Prodoxus all appear upon the wing
before those of the genus Pronuba,
the former having no function to per-
form in connection with the fertiliza-
tion of the flowers, and being on the
spot to oviposit while the flower-stems
are still soft and easily capable of be-
ing cut into by the ovipositor of the
female, while Pronuba must wait until the flowers are opening and
the tissues of these portions of the plant are ready for the peculiar
operations which the perpetuation of the life both of the plant
and the insect call for.
(2) Prodoxus marginatus Riley.
The accompanying cut serves to show the characteristic fea-
tures of this species of the genus. The figure at a gives a view of
the last abdominal segment of the
female magnified twenty-six di-
ameters. The basal joint of the
ovipositor is represented at bjo,
the terminal joint at tjo, and the
oviduct at ov. Figure c repre-
sents the claspers of the male
viewed from above. A view of
the fore wing magnified five
FIG. 2S 7 .-P. marginatus. (After * imes is given at pr., and by it
Riley, "insect Life," Vol. iv, p. 373.) the species may be known.
(3) Prodoxus y-inversa Riley.
The main characteristics of a third species of the genus are
given, in Fig. 258. The left front wing is represented at a, the
hair-line beneath serving to show the natural size of the wing.
By looking at the figure upside down the reader will understand
why the specific name which was given to the moth originally
suggested itself. The genitalia of the male moth are represented
at b enlarged fourteen diameters. This view is taken from above
439
FIG. 258. P. y-inversa. (After Riley,
sect Life," Vol. IV, p. 373.)
Tineidae
and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. At c we have a lateral
view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovi-
positor of the female is
shown at d exserted from
the anal joint of the abdo-
men. At e there is given
another lateral view of
the tip of the ovipositor
much more enlarged.
This view shows the pe-
culiar saw-like structure
of the organ, by help of
which incisions are made
in the soft outer bark of the growing stems of the Yucca. Both
this and the preceding species are found in California.
(4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley.
This pretty little moth, the habits of which are much the same
as those of the preceding three
species, is a native of the State of
Colorado. The figure represents
a female with her wings ex-
panded, and the drawing is mag-
nified more than three times
the size of life. The insect is
undoubtedly, so far as the mark-
ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the
entire genus.
(5) Prodoxus coloradensis Riley.
Fig. 260 is devoted to the illustration of the salient specific
features of a fifth insect belonging to the genus Prodoxus. As
the name implies, this species,
like the preceding, is found in
Colorado. The front wing is
shown four times the size of life,
the hair-line below the figure in-
dicating the natural size. The
genitalia of the male are shown
at b viewed from above, and at
c viewed laterally.
440
FlG . 259 ._/>. reticulata. (After
ley, " insect Life," Vol. iv, P . 374.)
FIG. 260. P. coloradensis, (After
Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 374.)
Tineidse
(6) Prodoxus cinereus Riley.
This species is known to breed in the flower-stems of Yucca
whipplei. The best way in which to set the species before the
FIG. 261. P. cinereus. a, larva; b, head and first thoracic
joint ; c, anal hooks ; d, pupa ; e, pupal shell protruding from
stalk ; f, adult female ; g, side view of clasper of adult male. All
figures greatly enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. V,
p. 306.)
reader seems to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure
given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic
features are carefully depicted. It is found in California.
Genus PRONUBA Riley
(i) Pronuba yuccasella Riley. (The Yucca Moth.)
No discovery in recent ydars has been more interesting to
students of insect and plant life than that which was made in
1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which sub-
sists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the
genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has
been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of
Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the
female moth ; and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer-
tained that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of
mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect
when engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en-
gaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the
441
FIG. 262. P. yuccasella. a, lar-
va; b, female moth with closed
wings ; c, do. with wings expanded
d, side view of larval segment
e, head of larva from below ; _/j do
from above ; g, thoracic leg of do.
h, maxilla; i, mandible; _/', spin
neret and labial palpi; k, antenna,
enlarged. (After Riley
Life," Vol. IV, p. 360.)
Insect
Tineidae
pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable
her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in-
finitely better care than it could be
done by the most skilful horticul-
turist using the most delicate human
appliances.
There are several species of the
genus Pronuba, and they hold a
positive and well-ascertained re-
lationship to the various species
of the plants in the economy of
which they perform so important
a function. Pronuba yuccasella
pollenizes in the Eastern States
the blossoms of the common Yucca
filamentosa, and on the Western
plains it performs the act for the
blossoms of Yucca angustifolia.
Yucca brevifolia is pollenized by Pronuba synthetica. Yucca
wbipplei is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are
other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have
species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the
work of pollenation according to their peculiar requirements.
The larva of Pronuba, after it has attained to full size, drops to
the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, which enable it
to move about and burrow into the earth. It
then undergoes transformation into the pupal
state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig.
263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous
processes, which enable it to make its way
through the loose soil.
The student who desires to become fully
acquainted with this interesting chapter in
insect life must consult the altogether admi-
rable papers written upon the subject by Pro- caseiia. /, malechry
fessor Riley, to whom we are indebted for
almost all that we know in regard to the
subject. These papers may be found in the IV> p ' 3 V
Publications of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the "Fifth
442
FIG. 263. P.yuc-
e chry-
salis ; m, female chry-
salis. (After Riley,
" Insect Life," Vol.
Tineidse
Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri," and in the
fourth and fifth volumes of "Insect Life."
Genus ACROLOPHUS Poey
(i) Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Plate XLV1II,
Fig. 43, 6 .
Syn. bombycina Zeller.
As a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number
of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected the
species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion.
The other species are mainly Southern and Western.
Genus ANAPHORA Clemens
(i) Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate XLV11I, Fig. 42, $ .
Syn. agrotipennella Grote ; scardina Zeller.
The insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Moun-
tains. There are other species in the genus, which are found in
the South and the West.
FAMILY HEPIALID^E
This family is composed of large or moderately large insects.
They are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste-
matists generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom
of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre-
senting an ancestral stock. Some go even so far as to deny that
they are lepidoptera at all. This is, however, an untenable
position.
Genus STHENOPIS Packard
(1) Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, Plate XLI, Fig.
14, $ . (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.)
Syn. argentata Packard ; alni Kellicott.
The larvae feed at first upon the roots of the alder, and then
enter the stems. The insect is found in the northern portions of
the United States and Canada. The moths have the habit of
dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations
over the spot where oviposition is to take place.
(2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, $ .
Syn. stmiaitratus Neumcegen & Dyar.
44.3
Hepialidse
The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.
It occurs rather abundantly in Assiniboia and Alberta.
Genus HEPIALUS Fabricius
(1) Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, Plate XLI, Fig. 15, $.
Syn. pulcher Grote ; macglashani Henry Edwards.
The moth is found in New England and southern Canada.
(2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.)
This species, the neuration of the wings of which is repre-
sented in the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the
northern portions of our territory. .
(3) Hepialus lemberti Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 16, $. (Lem-
bert's Ghost-moth.)
The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in
collections.
FAMILY MICROPTERYGID/E
This family is represented in our fauna by two genera of
minute insects and six species. They are remarkable because
revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point
to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of
insects. One of the remarkable features which they reveal is the
persistence in them of mandibles in the pupae, which are lost in
the irnaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not repre-
sented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Eriocepbala,
which does occur in North America.
We have arrived at last at the end of our necessarily com-
pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths rep-
resented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. We have
thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have
thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might
have been said ; possibly some things have been said which will
have little interest for the general reader; but, upon the whole,
we feel, in bringing this book to its end, that we have given a
fuller and more complete review of the whole subject to Ameri-
can students than has ever been essayed in any book by any
444
Micropterygidae
other writer. Throughout the task has been to a large degree a
labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and
helping those who havfe eyes to see and ears to hear, to under-
stand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the
more wonderful the more we know of it.
THE FINAL GOAL
; O, yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the final goal of ill,
To pangs of nature, sins of will,
Defects of doubt and taints of blood ;
That nothing walks with aimless feet ;
That not one life shall be destroyed,
Or cast as rubbish to the void,
When God hath made the pile complete ;
That not a worm is cloven in vain,
That not a moth with vain desire
Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire,
Or but subserves another's gain."
TENNYSON. In Memoriam, I, III.
THE END
'When the moon shall have faded out from the sky, and the
sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be
frozen over, and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the
equator from either pole, and no keels shall cut the waters, nor
wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and
crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of
extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the
bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a
tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun,
representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth,
a melancholy "bug."
445
INDEX
Abagrotis. genus; erratica, 180
abalinealis, Bomolocha, 286
Abbot, John. 27
Abbotana. genus; clematana, transducens,
transferens, 353
abbotana, Phobetron, 366
abboti, Oiketicus, 361'
abbotti, Sphecodina, 70
abbreviatella, Catocala, 268
Abdomen, 14, 1 8
abdominalis, Pygarctia, 136
abortivaria, Dyspteris, 323
Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240
abrostoloides, Psectes. 241
abrupta, Raphia, 153
Absinth, The, 328
absinthiata, Tephroclystis, 328
absorptalis, Hormisa, 282
absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328
accepta, Fruva, 252
accessaria, Catopyrrha, 342
acericola, Apatela, 153
acericolum, Synanthedon, 386
aceris, Apatela, 153
acerni, Synanthedon, 386
achaia, Apantesis, 130
achatina, Olene, 308
achatinalis, Bomolocha, 286
Achatodes, genus; zeae, 212
achemon, Pholus, 66
Acherdoa, genus; ferraria, ornata, 234
Acherontiinae, 43
"Acheta Domestica," quoted, 140
Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanborni, 371
Acopa, genus; carina, 163
Acorn-moth, The, 429
acraea, Estigmene, 122, 123
Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 408
Acrolophus, genus; bombycina, plumifrontel-
lus, 443
Actias, genus, 86; luna, 87, 88
Actinotia, genus, 172; ramosula, 173
acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245
acutaria, Doryodes, 245
acutilinea, Schinia, 227
acutipennis, Mamestra, 195
Adela, genus; bella, 437
Adelocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, 96
Adelphagrotis, genus; prasina, 179
adipaloides, Pyrausta, 397
Adita, genus; chionanthi, 177
adjuncta, Mamestra, 104
Adrnetovis, genus; oxymorus, 196
admirandus, Memythrus, 383
Adoneta, genus; "ferrigera, nebulosus, pyg-
maea, spmuloides voluta, 365
adoptiva, Catocala, 267
adulatalis, Yuma, 407
adumbrata, Syneda, 259
adustaria, Gonodontis, 350
ad versa, Caenurgia, 257
ssdessa, Fenaria, 233
^Egeria, genus; paiformis, crabroniformis,
vespiformis, 383
JE^eriidsB, Family, 25, 36, 379
aeliaria, Metanema, 351
Emilia, genus; ambigua, bolteri, cinnamo-
mea, occidentalis, Red-banded, Rosy,
sanguivenosa, significans, syracosia, 13?
aemula, Epizeuxis, 280; Synanthedon, 387
aemulataria, Philobia, 339
aequaliaria, Therina, 348
aequilinea, Ipimorpha, 220
aequosus, Syssaura, 352
serea, Plusia, 237
aeroides, Plusia, 237
aesculi, Zeuzera, 576
aesionaria, Hyperitis, 349
aetheria, Thalpochares, 249
aethra, Haemorrhagia, 63
affinis, Herse, 43
affusana, Eucosma, 418
Agapema, genus, 86; galbina, 86
agarista, Erebus, 279
Agaristidae, 3, 24, 32, 140, 232, 233
Agathqdes, genus; designalis, nondahs, mon-
stralis, 393
agilis. Feltia, 186
Agnomonia, genus; anilis, sesquistnans, 274
agreasaria, Gonodontis, 350
agricola, Drasteria, 257
agrippina, Catocala, 260
agrottpennella, Anaphora, 443
agrotipennis, Melioptis, 258
Agrotiphila, genus; incognita, 191
Agrotis, genus; badinodis, 181; geniculata,
idonea, suffusa, telifera, ypsilon, 182
aholah, Catocala, 268
aholibah, Catocala, 265
Ailanthus, 82
Alabama, genus; argillacea, bipunctina,
grandipuncta, xylina, 243
alabamas, Catocala, 269; Peridroma, 183
alabastaria, Synelys, 333
Alarodia, genus; slossoniae, 366
albafascia, Schinia, 228
albarafa, Apatela, 157
albata, Clemensia, 108
albertae, Dodia, 117
albescens, Hyloicus, 50
albicans, Opharus, 139
albicoma, Harpyia, 299
albicomana, Tortrix, 423
albicornis, Synanthedon, 387
albicosta, Eucha>tias, 135
albida, Clemensia, 108; Estigmene, 123
albidula, Eustrotia, 247
albifascialis, Zinckenia, 392
albifrons, Symmerista, 296
albifusa, Mamestra, 193
albilinea, Heliophila, 201
albipennis, Euxoa, 189
albipuncta, Platysenta, 163
albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286
alboclavellus, Crambus, 402
albofascia, Gluphisia, 300
albolineata, Syssphinx, 96
447
Index
alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220
albopunctata, Caripeta, 344
albosigma, Melalopha, 293
albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332
albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159
albovittata, Euchoeca, 328
album, Copablepharon, 222
Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, 384
Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, vac-
ciniivorana, variolana, 421
Alcis, genus ; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphu-
raria, 343
Alcothoe, genus; caudata, 382
Aleptina, genus; inca, 162
aleucis, Schinia, 227
Alexicles, genus; aspersa, 123
algens, Hillia, 166
alia, Graphiphora, 204
alinda, Hylesia, 90
alisellana, Eulia, 423
allediusaria, Tetrads, 353
allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104
alleni, Syneda, 259
Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272
Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, cal-
vina, rivularia, squamigera, stellidaria
terraria, 354
aini, Sthenopis, 443
alniaria, Ennqmos, 348
alope, Erinnyis, 58
Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restituens, 326
alternata, Rhynchagrotis. 179
alticqla, Syngrapha, 240
Alypia, genus, 143, 232; bimaculata. 144;
brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci,
143; disparata, 143, 144; edwardsi, 143;
gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni,
143, 145; lorquini, mac-cullochi, 143; mari-
posa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaculata,
143, 144; quadriguttalis, 144; ridingsi,
143. 145; sacraments, 145; similis, 143,
wittfeldi, 143, 144
Alypiodes, genus; bimaculata, trimaculata
amasia, Catocala, 148, 268
amatrix, Catocala, 263
amaturaria, Erastria, 333
Ambesa, genus; laetella, 410
ambigua, Emilia, 137
ambigualis Gaberasa ; 284
Ambulycinae, 41, 42, 54
Amelanchier, 386
amella, Campometra, 276
Ameria, genus, 327
americalis, Epizeuxis, 280
americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314;
Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Mela-
lopha, 293; Neuronia, 196; Oreta, 321
arnica, Catocala, 269
amicaria, Hyperitis, 349
amiculatalis, Cindaphia, 397
amcena, Melittia, 380
amoenaria, Euchlaena, 350
Amolita, genus; fessa, 244
Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423
Amorpha Fruticosa, 430
amorphella, Walshia, 430
ampelophaga, Pholus, 65
Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371
Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72
amphipyroides, Latebraria, 279
ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 309
amplaria, Epimecis, 344
amplissima, Parallelia, 273
amplus, Axenus, 231
amputatrix, Hadena, 169
Amyna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242
amyntor, Ceratomia, 47
amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352
Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291
Anal angle, 18
Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella
scardina, 443
Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337
Anarsia, genus; lineatella, primiella, 426
Anarta, genus; Black-mooned, Catocaline,
cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im-
pingens, leucocycla, 199; nigrolunata, 198;
nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson's,
schoenherri, Schoenherr's, 199
Anatomy of moths, 10
ancetaria, Azelina, 352
anchocelipides, Rhynchagrotis, 178
Anchocelis, genus: digitalis, 216
ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171
Ancylis, genus; fragariae, comptana, con-
flexana, 419
andremona, Hypocala, 272
Andrewsia, genus; belfragiana, jocasta,
messalina, 272
andromache, Catocala, 267
andrqmedae, Hyloicus, 50
Anepischetos, genus; bipartita, 245
angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibryophila,
162
anguina, Dasylqphia, 296; Mamestra, 195
angulalis, Palthis, 285
angulidens, Autographa, 239
angulifera, Callosamia, 86
angulosa, Lophodonta, 295
angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293
angustalis, Zinckenia, 392
angustiorata, Caripeta, 342
angustipennis, Magusa, 175
Ania, genus; filimentaria, limbata, resistaria,
yestitaria, 349
anilis, Agnomonia, 274
Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, pellucida,
rubicunda, 95; senatoria, stigma, 94;
Virginian, 95; virginiensis, 94, 95
aniusaria, Cymatophora, 340
anna, Apantesis, 130
Annaphila, genus: diva, lithosina, 246
annexa, Feltia, 187
annisaria, Cymatophora, 340
annulifascia, Halisidota, 138
anodonta, Conservula, 215
Anomis, genus; erosa, 244
Anona laurifolia, 236
anonae, Cocytius, 44
Anomoeotes, genus, 371
Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164
antasus, Cocytius, 44
Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220
Antennas, 3, 4, 13, 18; of Eriocephalid lar-
vas, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13
antennata, Xylina, 206
anthcecioides, Tosale, 402
Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexacta, 275
antica, Euchstias, 135; Trichoclea, 199
Anticarsia, genus; gemmatilis, 275
antigone, Estigmene, 123
antinympha, Catocala, 267
antiphola, Halisidota, 137
antiqua, Notolophus, 306
Ants, 147
Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus.
Sculptured, scxjlptus, 191
Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234
Apascasia, genus; defluata, subasquaria, 342
Apantesis, genus, 129; achaia, anna, arge,
130; arizonensis, autholea, 131; b-atra,
132; behri, blakei, bolanderi, 131; cera-
mica, 132; coelebs, 130; colorata, 132;
448
Index
Apantesis Con tinned
complicata, dahurica, 131; decolorata,
determinata, diecki, 132; dione, 130;
docta, 131; dodgei, 132; doris, edwardsi,
130; excelsa, favorita, figurata, f-pallida
132; gelida, 131; incamatorubra,
incompleta, 132; incorrupta, 131;
media, 129; liturata, 131; lugubris,
mexicana, 131; michabo, minea,
mormonica, 131; nais, 132; nerea,
nevadensis, 131; ochracea, 130; oith
129; ornata, 130; otiosa, 131; partheni e
129; persephone, 130; phalerata,
proxima, quenseli, 131; radians,
rectilinea, 129; rhoda, 132; saundersi,
shastaensis, speciosa, strigosa, tur'
131; virgo, 129; virguncula, 131; vittata
williamsi, 132
Apatela, genus, 153, 157, 197; acericola
aceris, 153; albarufa, 157; americana, 153
brumosa, 157; connecta, 156; dactylina
153; fragilis, 156; furcifera, graefi, 155
grisea, 156; hasta, 155; impleta, impressa
inclara, 157; innotata, interrupta, 155
lepusculina, 154; lithospila, 156; lobelia:
155; luteicoma, 157; morula, 155; noctivaga
oblinita, 157; obscura, 153; occidentalis
155: populi, 154; pudorata, quadrata, 156
salicis, 157; spectans, superans, 156;
telum, ulrni, 155; vinnula, 156
Apatelodes, genus; angelica, hyalinopuncta
293; torrefacta, 292
Apex of wing, 18
Apical patch, 18
apicalis, Melalopha, 293
apicella, Fruva, 252
apicosa, Eustrotia, 247
apiformis, ^Egeria, 383
Apharetra, genus; dentata, 158; pyralis,
Smith's, 159; Toothed, 158
Apocheima, genus; rachete, 345
Aporophila, genus, 1 70
Apple-leaf Skeletonizer, The, 411
Apple-leaf Tier, The Green, 421
aprica, Tarache, 251
aquamarina, Drasteria, 257
aquilonaris, Harpyia, 299
Arachnis, genus; aulaea, incarnata, Painted,
picta, zuni, 124
aracintnusalis, Palthis, 285
aratrix, Richia, 190
arbeloides, Inguromorpha, 378
arburaria, Caberodes, 352
arcasaria, Sabulodes, 353
Archips, genus; arcticana, argyrospila, cera-
sivorana, furvana, gossypiana, gurgitans,
lintnerana, parallela, purpurana, rosaceana
yicariana, v-signatana, 422
arcifera, Schinia, 228
Arctia, genus, 114, 134; auripennis, caia
transmontana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134
arctica, Hadena, 169
arcticana, Archips, 422
Arctiidae, 24, 31, 114
Arctonotus, genus, 71; lucidus, terloo!, 71
Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 89
arcuata, Drepana, 321; Hadena, 167
arefactaria, Euchlaena, 350
arge, Apantesis, 130
argentata, Halisidota 138; Sthenopis, 443
argentatus, Euclea, 365
argenteomaculatus, Sthenopis, 443
argenteostriata, Phrygionis, 3^4
argillacea, Alabama, 243; Lexis, 105
argillacearia, Cymatophora, 341
Argillophora, genus; furcilla, 255
argus, Automeris, 89
argyrospila, Archips, 422
arizona, Gnophzla, 290
arizonaria, Chloraspilates, 338
arizonensis, Apantesis, 131; Gloveria, 311
armata, Fota, 178
armataria, Priocycla, 351
armiger, Heliothis, 222
armillata, Hypocrisias, 136
Army Worm, The, 200
Army Worm, The Fall, 174
Aroa, genus, 305
arrogaria, Plagodis, 349
arrosa, Trama, 276
arsaltealis, Pyrausta, 397
Arsilonche, genus; albovenosa, colorada, 159
Artace, genus; punctistriga, rubripalpis, 312
artemis, Hemileuca, 92
arvalis, Axenus, 231
Asclepias, 135, 437
asdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57
Ashmead, William H., viii.
Asimina triloba 46
asopialis, Palthis, 285
aspersa, Alexicles, 122
aspilata, Tetrads, 353
assecoma, Almodes, 354
assimilis, Euthisanotia, 232; Trichotarache,
246
associans, Noctua, 185
associata, Heterocampa, 297
astarte, Heterocampa, 297; Sphinx, 55
asteroides, Cucullia, 208
Asteroscopus, genus; borealis, 209
astricta, Peridroma, 182
astur, Opharus, 139
astylus, Calasymbolus, 56
astylusaria, Euchtena, 350
astymone, Anisota, 95
aterrima, Pachylia. 60
Atethmia, genus; rectifascia, subusta, 220
athabasca, Syneda, 260
athasiaria, Therina, 348
athena, Estigmene, 123
athereo, Heterocampa, 297
atomaria, Phoberia, 273 ; Ogdoconta, 241
atra, Heliotropha, 173
Atreides, genus, 49; plebeja, 49
Atreus, genus, 49
atriciliata, Platysenta, 163
atricincta, Noctua, 184
atrifasciata, Cleora, 344; Oncocnemis, 176
atripennis, Dahana, 103
atrites, Schinia, 228
atrivenosa, Olene, 308
atrocolorata, Azelina, 352; Eustroma, 329
atroliturata, Cladora, 324
atropunctaria, Catopyrrha, 342
atropurpurea, Euxoa, 189
Attacinz, 80, 81
Atteva, genus; aurea, compta, fastuo
floridana, gemmata, 424
auge, Cxjsmosoma, 98
augusta, Catocala, 264
aulaea, Arachnis, 124
aurantiaca, Incita, 246
aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375
aurella, Catocala, 266
aureola, Synanthedon, 385 . "' "
aureopurpurea, Synanthedon, 387
auricinctaria, Melanomma, 255
auriferaria, Paly as, 354
auripennis, Arctia, 134; Siavana, 273
aurivitta, Cydosia, 253
aurora, Hyparpax, 299
aurosea, Automeris, 89
aurotus. Philosamia, 82
aust rails, Baileya, 162
449
index
autholea, Apantesis, 131
Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; anguli-
dens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimacu-
lata, bfassicje, culta, dyaus, echinocystis,
egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, in-
cludens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238;
laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum,
239; omega, omicron, oo, ou, 238; oxygram-
ma, 239; precatipnis, pseudogamma, ques-
tionis, 238; rectangula, 239; rogationis,
rutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240;
u-brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238;
viridisignata, 239
Automeris, genus, 89; argus, aurosea, corol-
laria, fabricii, io. pamina, varia, zelleri,
zephyria, 89
autumnata, Paleacrita, 324
autumnalis, Hydriomena, 331; Laphygma,
autumnaria, Ennqmos, 348
avimacula, Gluphisia, 300
avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338
Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus,
axillaris, Haemorrhagia, 63
Aye-Aye, 77
azaleae, Darapsa, 68
Azelina, genus; ancetaria, atrocolorata,
honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, mor-
risonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352
Azenia genus- implora, 248
B
babayaga, Catocala, 263
badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299
badicollis, Semiophora, 180
badinodis, Agrotis, 181
badipennis, Pyrausta, 397
badistriga, Homohadena, 176
Bad-wing, The, 323
Bag-worm, The, 361
Bailey, J. S., 36
Baileya, genus; australis, doubledayi, oph-
thalmica, 162
baileyi, Xylina, 207
balanitis, Chorizagrotis, 185
balluca, Plusia, 237
baltearia, Alcis, 343
balteolata, Almodes, 354
baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 286
Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 163
Barathra, genus; curialis, occidentata, 196
barberiana, Epipyrops, 370
Barnes, Dr. William, ik
barometricus, Ufeus, 191
Basal dash, 18; line, 18
basalis, Catocala, 261 268; Euxoa, 189;
Inguromorpha, 378
basiflava, Olene, 308
basigera, Autographa, 240
basilinea, Hadena, 168
Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234
Basilona, genus; imperatoria, imperialis
punctatissima, 97
basitriens, Notodonta, 295
bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385
b-atra, Apantesis, 132
Bats, 147*
beani, Phrapmatobia, 126
beata, Noctua, 185
Bee-moth, The, 406
Begfiar, The, 327
behrensaria, Deilinea, 339
Behrensia, genus; conchiformis, 241
behri, Apantesis, 131
belae, Didasys, 99
belfragiana, Andrewsia, 273
belfragei, Holomelina, 116
bella, Adela, 437; Utetheisa, 117
belladonna, Dysocnemis, 229
bellicula, Lithacodia, 248
bellulalis, Pyrausta, 398
Bellura, genus; densa, gostynides, melano-
pyga, vulnifica, 2 1 1
belmaria, Holomelina, 116
Beloved, The, 265
Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody
neripennis, pleciaeformis, rubi, 383
benignalis, Bomolocha, 286
beskei, Crinodes, 301
Bessula, genus; luxa, 221
bertholdi, Hypopta, 379
Bertholdia, genus; Grote's, trigona, 140
Betrothed, The, 265
betulella, Acrobasis, 408
Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380
beutenmnlleri, Isochfetes, 366
bianca, Catocala, 262
bibularia, Therina, 348
bicarnea, Noctua, 183
biclaria, Syssaiira, 352
bicolor, Adelocephala, 96; Diacrisia, 128,
Lexis, 105
bicolora.oro, Orthosia, 217
bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 397
bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338
bicolorata, Eufidonia, 337; Hydriomena,
.331; Neleucania, 203
bidentata, Nerice, 296
biferalis, Hypenula, 283
bifidalis, Gaberasa, 284
biguttata, Cochlidion, 367
bijugalis, Bomolooha, 286
bilineata, Falcaria. ^21; Heterocampa, 297
biliturellus, Crambus, 403
biloba, Autographa, 238
bilunata, Caradrina, 164
bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, 145.
Autographa, 238; Holomelina, 116
bimatris, Pippona, 22 r
binocxila, Tarache, 251
bipartita, Anepischetos, 245
biplaga, Eustrotia, 247
bipunctellus, Crambus, 402
bipunctina, Alabama, 243
birivata, Hydriomena, 331
biselliella, Tineola, 432
biseriata, Eudtile, '327
bisselliella, Tineola, 432
bistnaris, Doryodes, 245; Parallelia, 273
biundata Heterocampa, 297
bivittata, Ectypia, 135; Hormisa, 282
Black, The Californian, The White-striped,
328; Woodland, 329
blakei. Apantesis, 131
blanda, Pseudoglsea, 216
Blastobasida?, 26, 429
Bleptina, gemis; caradrinalis, cloniasaHs, 283
bcerhaviffi, Xylophanes, 75
Boisduval, T. A., 30
bolanderi, Apantesis, 131
bolli, Synanthedon, 385
Boll-worm, The, 222
bolteri, ^Emilia, 137, Euchaetias, 135
Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304
Bombycidae, Family, 12, 25, 34, 315
bombyciformis, Eutolype, 177
bombycina, Acrolophus, 443
bombycoides, Lapara, 53
Bombyx, genus; mori, 315
Bomq'.ocha, genus; abalinealis, achatinaHs,
albisignalis, baltimoralis, benignalis, biju-
galis, caducalis, damnosalis, deceptalis
450
Index
Bomolocha Continued
edictalis, fecialis, laciniosa, lentitjinosa,
madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, perangu-
lahs, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, velli-
fera, 286
Books about North American Moths, 27
borealis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpyia, 290;
Hemerocampa, 306; Hyphoraia, 128
Borer, The Peach-twig, 426
Bouvardia, 75
brannani, Alypia, 143
brassicae, Autographa, 238
Breeding larvae, 5
Brephinae, Subfamily, 355
Brephos, genus; infans, 353
brevis, Schinia, 228
brevicornis, Holomelina, 116
brevipennis, Euxoa, 188
Bride, The, 266
bridghami, Hadena, 166
brillians, Eupseudomorpha, 231
briseis, Catocala, 264
British Museum, Trustees, ix
brontes, Ceratomia, 48
Brooke, Henry, quoted, 321
Brother, The, 153
Brotolomia, genus; iris, 215
Browning, E. B., quoted, 21, 378
Brown-tail Moth, The, 309
bruceata, Rachela, 324
brucei, Cossus, 377; Haemorrhagia, 64;
Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227
Bruceia, genus; hubbardi, pulverina, 108
brumosa, Apatela, 157
brunnea, Ctenucha ; 102
brunneiciliata, Mesoleuca, 330
brunneipennis, Synanthedon, 385
Bryant, W. C, quoted, 113
Bucculatrix, genus; Apple-leaf, Birch-leaf,
canadensiselia, cnrvilmcatella, pomifoli-
ella, pomonella, 431
Buck-moth, 01; Nevada. 02; Tricolor, 93
Budgeon, Miss, Acheta Domestica, quoted,
buffaloensis, Haemorrhagia, 63
bullula, Pteraetholix, 243
burgessi, Hadena, 168
Busck, A., 38
Butler, A. G., so
" Butterfly Book, The," 4
Byron, quoted, 309
Caberodes, genus; amyrisaria, arburaria,
confusaria, floridaria, imbraria, ineffusaria,
interlinearia, majoraria, myandaria, pan-
daria, phasianaria, remissaria, superaria,
varadaria, 352
Cable, G. W., quoted, 80; 314
cacuminalis, Hypenula, 283
cadaverosa, Hypoprepia, 106
cadmia, Cargida, 300
caducalis, Bomolocha, 286
caeca, Turuptiana, 121
caelaria, Xanthotype, 349
Caenurgia, genus; ad versa, convalescens,
purgata, socors, 257
caerulea, Drasteria, 257
caesonia, Tortricidia, 368
cahiritella, Ephestia, 414
caia, Arctia, 134
caicus, Erinnyis, 60
calaminea, Ophideres, 276
calasymbolus, ge-'us, 55; astylus, excascatus,
integerrima, i( Tiyops, pavonina, rosace-
arum, 56
Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 387
calgary, Noctua, 184
Cahdota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, muri-
color, Streaked, strigosa, 139
calif orniae, Leptarctia, 121
californiaria, Eois, 336; Platea, 342
californiata, Eois, 336; Euchceca, 328;
Philereme, 329
californica, Catocala, 263; Estigmene, 123;
Hemileuca, 92; Malacosoma, 313; Orrhodia,
218; Pheosia, 295; Phryganidia, 291;
Samia, 84
californicus, Melicleptria, 230
Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata
3S6
calleta, Callosamia, 86
callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 245
Callizia, genus, 356
Callopistria, genus; floridensis, 252
Callosamia, genus, 84; angulifera, calleta,
86; promethea, 84
Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula, nupera,
Calophasia, genus; strigata, 170
Calpe, genus; canadensis, Canadian, pur-
purascens, sobria, 236
calvina, Almodes, 354
Calymnia, genus; canescens, orina, 219
cambrica, Venusia, 328
"Cambridge Natural History," 17
campestris, Euxoa, 189
Campometra, genus; amella, integerrima,
mima, stylobata, 276
cana, Clemensia, 108; Dasylophia, 296;
Hemerocampa, 306; Lapara, 53
canadaria, Melanolophia, 344
canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celerio, 76; Hyloicus
canadensiselia, Bucculatrix, 431
canalis, Antiblemma. 275
Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 411
candens, Orthodes, 203
canescens, Calymnia, 219
Canidia, genus; scissa, 226
caniplaga, Ellida, 300
Canker-worm, The Fall, 326; The Spring, 324
canningi, Philosamia, 82
Capis, genus; curvata, 285
Capno'des, genus; punctivena, 277
caprotina, Estigmene, 123
capsella, Graphiphora, 204
capticola, Syneda, 259
Capture of specimens, 19
cara, Catocala, 148, 263
Caradrina, genus; bilunata, 164; civica
conviva, extimia, 165; fidicularia, meralis,
multifera, 164; punctivena, rufostriga,
spilomela, 165
caradrinalis, Bleptina, 283
Carama, genus; cretata, pura, 368
carbonaria, Eurycyttarus, 362; Homoglaea,
219
Cargida, genus; cadmia, obliquilinea, 300-
pyrrha, 301
Carica, 58
caricae, Cocytius, 44
carina, Acopa, 163
Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorate
divisata, piniaria, 342
Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 210
Carmen, Felix, quoted, 427
carnaria, Metanema, 351
Carnegie. Andrew, Dedication to, V
Carneades, genus, 188
carneola, Eustrotia, 247
Carolina, Catocala, 261; Eucereon, 100
Haploa, 1 1 8; Protoparce, 45
451
Index
Carpenter- worms, 375
Carpet-moth, The, 434
carpinifolia, Epicnaptera, 314
Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54
caryae, Halisidota, 138
Case-bearer, The Walnut, 408
casta, Crambidia, 104
castellalis, Samea, 393
Castniidae, 3. 4
Catabena, genus; lineolata, miscellus, 163
Catalogues and Lists, 29
catalpae, Ceratomia., 48
cataphracta, Papaipema, 214
catenaria, Cingilia, 347
Caterpillars, 6; Coloration of , 9; gregarious, 9
catharina, Semiophora, 180
Catocala, genus, 79, 147, 148, 260; abbrevia-
tella, 268; adoptiva, 267; agrippina, 260;
aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabamas, 269;
amasia, 268; amatrix, 263; arnica, 269
andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha,
267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga,
263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca,
262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263;
Carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266;
cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; coelebs,
268; concumbens, 263; consors, 266;
crataegi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267;
desdemqna, 267; desperata, 261; eliza,
266; epipne, 260; evehna, 261; faustina,
264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; fratercula,
gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea,
269; guenei, 261; habilis, 268: hermia,
264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267;
innubens, 265; insolabilis, 262; jaquenetta,
269; Judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella,
269; luciana, 263; maestosa, 261 ; magdalena,
267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta,
269; mopsa, 265; muliercula, 267; nebraskae,
263; nebulosa, neogama, 266; nerissa,
269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 269;
osculata, 265; palaeogama, 266; parta,
264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 266;
polygama, 268; praeclara, 269; pura, 264;
relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262; rosalinda,
268; sappho, 260; scintillans, 266; serena,
267; similis, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263;
subnata, 266; subyiridis, 261; tristis,- 262;
ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verril-
liana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi,
268
Catopyrrha, genus; accessaria, atropunctaria,
coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342
caudata, Alcothoe, 382
cautella, Ephestia, 414
Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61
ceanothi, Samia, 84
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84
cecropia, Samia, 83, 84
Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata,
pustulata, sexmaculata, trinotata, trique-
trana, 357
Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamaenerii,
daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata
oxybaphi, 76
celeus, Protoparce, 45
celia, Catocala, 265
vJeliptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu-
:um, 275
Cempis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422
lenterensis, Cossus, 377
tephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229
tephise, Melanchroia, 354
ceramica, Apantesis, 132
Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177
cerasivorana, Archips, 422
Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253
Ceratocampidae, Family, 24, 31, 70, So, 94
Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes
48; catalpae, 48; quadricornis, 47;repenti
nus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48
Cercis, 369
cereana, Galleria, 406
cerella, Galleria, 406
cerintha, Chamyris, 250
Cerisyi,. Sphinx, 54
cerivana, Hadena, 168
Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161
cerogama, Catocala, 266
ceromatica, Scqpelosoma, 218
cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354
Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209
cervina, Euherrichia, 253
ceto, Melittia, 380
Chalcosiidae, Family, 373
chamaenerii, Celerio, 76
Chambers, V. T., 37
Chamyris, genus; cerintha, 250
chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176
Chapman, T. A., 8
characta, Hadena, 167
Charadra, genus; circulifer, contigua, 152.
decora, 153; deridens. 152; dispulsa,
felina, 153; illudens, pythion, 152
chenqpodii, Mamestra, 193
chersis, Hyloicus, 50
chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 45
Chiqnanthus, 46, 51
chiridota, Lacosoma, 359
Chlaenogramma, Genus, 46; jasminearum
rotundata, 46
Chloraspilates, genus; arizonaria, bicolor-
aria, 338
Chloridea, genus; rhexias, spectanda, vire-
scens, 222
chloris, Euclea, 365
Chlorpchlamys, genus; chloroleucaria, den-
saria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336
chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 336
chlorostigma, Hadena, 168
Choephora, genus; fungorum, 216
chosrilus, Darapsa, 68
Chrerocampinae, Subfamily, 75
choripna, Holomelina, 116
Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, inconcinna
introferens, 185
Chrysauginae, Subfamily, 401
chrysellus, Schinia, 227
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 309
Chytolita, genus; morbidalis, 282
Chytpnix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, 161
cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176
cinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 359
ilia, genus; distema, 244
cimbicifqrmis, Haemorrhagia, 63
Cindaphia, genus; amiculatalis, bicoloralis,
incensalis, juliaJis, pulchripictalis, 397
cinerascens, Heterocampa, 297
cinerea, Epidemas. 170; Harpyia, 299;
8! r
Misogada, 297; Xylina, 206
cinereofrons, Schizura, 298
cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicanis, 216
cinereomaculata. Euxoa, 190
cinereus, Prodoxus, 441
cinerosa, Erinnyis, 59
Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humeralis, 347
cingulata, Herse, 43
cingulifera, Homoptera, 278
cinis, Melipotis, 258
cinnamomea, Emilia, 137; Olene, 308
circulifer, Charadra, 152
Cms, genus; wilsoni, 233
Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens
pavitensis, mexicana, 259
Index
Cirrhophanus, genus; triangulifer, 234
Cissusa, genus; inepta, morbosa, sabulosa,
spadix, vegeta, 256
Cisthene lactea, 108
Citheronia, genus; mexicana, regalis, regia,
sepulchralis, 97
citrina, Xanthotype, 349
citronellus, Rhodophora, 224
eivica, Caradrina, 165
Cladora, genus; atrqhturata, gemmata, 324
clandestina, Gluphisia, 300; Noctua, 184
clappiana, Gnophaela, 290
clarkiae, Proserpinus, 73
clarus, Comacla, 107
Classification of moths, 22
claudens, Hadena, 167
clavana, Eucosma, 418
claviform spot, 18
claviformis, Pachnobia, 180
claviplena, Mamestra, 192
Clearwing, Bruce's, 64; Californian, 64;
Graceful, 6?; Humming-bird, 62; Snow-
berry, 63; Thetis, 64
clemataria, Abbotana, 353
Clematis, 382
Clemens, Brackenridge, 28, 30, 37
Clemensia, genus; albata, albida, cana,
irrorata, patella, philodina, umbrata, 108
cleopatra, Catocala, 263
Cleora, genus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraudu-
lentaria, frugallaria, pampinaria, sublu-
naria, tinctaria, 344.
Cleosiris, genus; populi, 205
clientis, Yrias, 277
clio, Euverna, 133
cloniasalis, Bleptina, 283
clorinda, Darapsa, 68
Clothes-moth, The, 432, 434
clotho, Pholus, 67
Clover-hay Worm, The. 399
clymene, Haploa, 118
c-nigrum, Noctua, 183
cnotus, Darapsa, 68
coa, Pinconia, 369
coagulata, Tephroclystis, 328
coccinata, Catocala, 149, 265
coccinea, Calesesia, 387, Ptychoglene, no
coccineifascia, Prothymia, 248
Cochlidiidae, Family, 8, 9, 25, 35, 364
Cochlidion, genus; biguttata, rectilinea
tetraspilaris, y-in versa, 367
cochrani, Euxoa, 189
Cocytius, genus, 44; anonae; antaeus; caricae;
hydaspus; jatrophae; medor; tapayusa, 44
Codd ling-moth, The, 419
coelebs, Apantesis, 130; Catocala, 268
Coenocalpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria,
gibbocostata, ceneiformis, strigularia, 332
cognata, Xylomiges, 197
cognataria, Lycia, 34*
Collar lappet, 18
collaris, Noctua, 184
collecta, Cleora, 344
colona, Haploa, 118
colorada, Arsilqnche, 159
coloradaria, Epiplatymetra, 351
coloradensis, Prodoxus, 440; Raphia 15 j
Coloradia, genus, 90, 91; pandora, 91
coloradus, Hyloicus, 52
coloraria, Catopyrrha, 342
colorata, Apantesis, 132
Columbia, Samia, 84
Comacla, genus; clarus, fuscipes, murina,
simplex, texana, 107
comma, Haploa, 118
eommelinse, Prodenia, 174
commoides, Heliophila, 203
Commpphila, genus; macrocarpana, 423
complicata, Apantesis, 131; fleliophila, 201
Composia, genus; fidelissima, olympia, 289
Compositse, 101, 252
compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235
compta, Atteva, 424
comptana, Ancylis, 419
comptaria, Venusia, 328
Comstock, J. H., 29
comstocki, Momophana, 172
conchiformis, Behrensia, 241
Conchylodes, genus; concinnalis, erinalis
magicalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 393
concinna, Schizura, 298
concinnalis, Conchylodes, 393
concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247
concisa, Epizeuxis, 280
concisaria, Euchlaena, 350
concumbens, Catocala, 263
concursana, Platynota, 422
condensata, Venusia, 328
confederata, Eurycyttarus, 363
confine, Eucereon, 100'
conflexana, Ancylis, 419
confluens Graphiphora, 204
confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197
confusaria, Caberodes, 352
congermana, Mamestra, 193
congrua, Estigmene, 123
coniferarum, Hyloicus, 52; Lapara 53;
Thyridopteryx, 361
Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 345
conjungens, Crambodes, 163
connecta, Apatela, 156
consecutaria, Eois, 335
consepta, Macaria, 340
Conseryula, genus; anodonta, a 15
consimilis, Synanthedon, 385
consita, Haploa, 118
consors, Catocala, 266
Consort, The, 266
conspicua, Drasteria, 257; Hadena *68'
Roeselia, 358
conspecta, Schizura, 298
constipata, Mamestra, 195
contenta, Hadena, 169
contexta, Euchalcia, 237
contigua, Charadra, 152; Haploa, 119
contingens, Sabulodes, 353
continua, Gnophaela, 290
contracta, Hpmopyralis, 256; Schinia 228
contrahens, Himella, 204
contraria, Hyppa, 171; Mamestra, 193
contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344
convalescens, Caenurgia, 257
con'vexipennis, Cucullia, 208
conviva, Caradrina, 163
Convolvulaceae, 99
convolvuli, Herse, 43
coDrtaria, Cymatophora, 341
copablepharon, genus; album, grandis lon-
gipenne, 222
Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162
Copicucullia, genus; propmqua, 208
Copidryas, genus, 141; cosyra, 142; gloveri
141
Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177
Coquillet, D. W., 346
cora, Lerma, 161
coracias, Pseudanthracia, 278
cordigera, Anarta, 198
Cornifrons, genus; simalis, 399
Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403
cornuta, Metalepsis, 181
corollaria, Automeris, 89
Cortissos, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson. quoted,
310
453
Index
Cosmia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea,
Cosmosoma, genus; auge, melitta, omphale,
98
Cossidae, Family, 25, 35, 375
Cossula, genus; magnifica, norax, 379
Cossus, genus; hrucei, centerensis, undosus,
costaemaculalis, Noctuelia, 399
costalis, Hypsopygia, 399
costinotata, Cosnocalpe, 332
Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria. pendulinaria
quadriannulata, 333
cosyra, Copidryas, 142
Cotton-worm, 243
Cowper, quoted, 369
Coxa, 14 15
crabroniformis, Algeria, 383
Crambidia, genus-; allegheniensis, casta
cephalica, Ethosioides, pallida, uniformis,
104
Crambinae, Subfamily, 402
Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis
163
Crambus, genus; alboclavellus, 402: bili-
turellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus,
interminellus, 403; laqueatellus, semi-
fusellus, 402; trisectus, 403; turbatellus
crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60
crar.tor, Pholus, 66
crassatus, Plathypena, 287
crassipes, Podagra, 178
crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257
crataegi, Catocala, 268
Cratsegus, 62
crenulata, Orthodes, 203
crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344
cressonana, Ctenucha, 102
Cressonia, genus, 57; instabilis, juglandis
pallens, robinsoni, 57
cretata, Carama, 368
crinella, Tineola, 432
Crinodes, genus; beskei, 301
crispata, Lagoa, 369
crocallata, Tetracis, 353
crocataria, Xanthotype, 349
crocea, Pseudanarta, 175
Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204
Crocota, genus, 115
croesus, Xylophanes, 75
crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Trichosellus, 226
Croton, 417
crucialis, Xylomiges, 197
Cruciferae, 239
cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342
crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225
Ctenucha, genus, 101; brunnea, cressonana,
latreillana, multifaria, rubrqscapus, 102;
venosa, 101; virginica, walsinghami, 102
cubensis, Calidota, 139
cubilis, Copipanolis, 177
cuculifera, Dasylophia, 296
Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides. Brown-
bordered, convexipennis, intermedia, Inter-
mediate, speyeri, Speyer's, 208
cucurbits, Melittia, 380
culea, Graphiphora, 204
culta, Autographa, 238
cumatilis, Schinia, 227
cunea, Hyphantria, 123
cupes, Trichosellus, 226
cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 178
Cupid's Candle, 427
cupressi, Isoparce, 48
Cupuliferae, 366
curialis, Barathra, 190
curta, Anarta, 199
curvata, Capis, 285
curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431
curvimacula. Calocampa, 208
Custard-apple, 236
custodiata, Hydriomena, 331
Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161
cycladata, Heliomata, 338
Cydia, genus: pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418
Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscula,
253
Cymatophora, genus; aniusaria, annisaria,
340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; grossu-
lariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perar-
cuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; succes-
saria, tenebrosata, 341
cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304
cynica, Orthodes, 203
cynthia Philosamia, 81, 82
dactylina, Apatela, 153
daedalus, Porosagrotis, 187
Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153;
Burglar, 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156;
Cottonwood, 154; Darkish, Dart, 155;
Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked,
155; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156;
Interrupted, Lobelia, 155; Lupine, 159;
Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white,
Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked,
155; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157
Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103
Dahlia hesperioides, 3
dahurica, Apantesis,- 131
Dalceridae, Family, 25, 35, 369
Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369
dama, Spragueia, 252
damalis, Eutolype, 177
damnqsalis, Bqmolocha, 286
danbyi, Gluphisia, 300
Dandy, The, 153
Darapsa, genus, 68; azaleas, chocrilus, clo-
rinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus
68; versicolor, 69
Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196
Daritis, genus; thetis, 289
Dark, World of the, 77
Dart (Dart-moth), Acorn, 185; Added, 187;
Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Black-
girdled, !4; Black-letter, 183; Calgary,
184; Catocaline, 178; Clandestine, Collared,
184; Daedalus, 187; Dappled, 179; Disso-
nant, 189; Fillet, 190; Finland, 183;
Flame-shouldered, '84; Fleece-winged,
Four-toothed, 188; Furtive, 190; Fuscous,
187; Great Black, Great Brown, Great
Gray, 182; Greater Red, Green-winged,
179; Havilah, 184; Inelegant, Interfering,
18.5; Lesser Red, 178; Masters, 186; Muddy,
189; Norman's, i8r. Obelisk, 190; Old Man,
187; Olive, 1 88; Pale-banded, 181; Pale-
winged, i8v, Parental, 190; Pink-speckled,
185; Placid, 178; Polished, .188; Rascal,
187; Reaper, 188; Red-breasted. 178;
Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley's, 187; Rosy,
183; Rubbed, 188; Scribbled, 184; Short-
winged, 1 88; Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 189;
Slippery, 185; Smaller Pinkish, 183;
Soothsayer, 184; Subgothic, Swordsman,
1 86; Tessellate, Tippling, 189; Tripart, 187;
Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver,
186; Variable, 180; Venerable, Voluble,
1 86, White-winged, 189; Yellow-bellied,
190; Yelk>w-streaked, 184; Yellow-toothed,
1 88; Ypsilon, 183
454
Index
Darwin, quoted, 150
Dasyfidoma, genus; avuncularia, 338
Dasylophia. genus; anguina, cana, cuculi-
fera, interna, punctata, signata, thyatiroi-
des, tripartita, 296
Dasyspoudaa, genus; lucens, meadi, 228
Datana, genus; angusi, 293; integerrima,
294; ministra, 293; pcrspicua, 294
daucus, Celerio, 76
davisi, Halisidota, 137
dayi, Oncocnemis, 176
Day-sphinx, White-banded, 62
decepta, Pseudoglaea, 216
deceptalis, Bomolocha, 286
decernens, Feltia, 187
decia, Leptarctia, 121
decipiens, Malacosoma, 312; Prodoxus, 438;
Zeuzera, 376
decisaria, Euchlaena, 350
declarata, Euxoa, 189
decliva, Epiglsea, 219
decolor, Euxoa, 189
decolora, Herse, 43
decolorata, Apantesis, 132
decora, Charadra, 1 53
decoralis, Pangrapta, 254
deducta, Cirrhobolina, 250
deductaria Euchlaena, 350
definita, Hemerocampa, 308
deflorata, Ecpantheria, 1 20
dettuata, Apaecasia, 342
Deidamia, genus, 71: inscriptum, 71
Deilinea, genus, 338; behrensaria, 339; in-
tentata, variolaria, 338
dejecta, Catocala, 261
delecta, Tarache. 251
deleta, Epiglaea, 219
delicata, Trachea, 172
delilah, Catocala, 267
delinquens, Epidroma, 274
delphinii, Euclea, 365
Demas, genus; Close-banded, propinquilinea,
15.2
demissa, Mamestra, 194
densa, Bellura, 211
densaria, Chlorochlamys, 336
dentata, Apharetra, 158; Gloveria, 311
denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 281
dentifera, Eutelia, 242
denudata, Pseudohazis, 93
deplanaria, Euchtena, 350
depontanata, Sabulodes, 353
Depressaria, genus; heracliana, heraclei,
ontariella, pastinacella, umbellana, um-
bellella, 428
deprivata, Chlorochlamys, 336
deridens, Charadra, 152-
Derrima, genus; henrietta, stellata, 224
descherei, Pheosia, 295
desdemona, Catocala, 267
deserta, Illice, no
designalis, Agathodcs, 393
designata, Gypsocbroa, 332; Schinia, 228
Desmia, genus, funeralis, 392
desperata, Alypia, 144; Catocala, 261;
Mamestra, 193
Destruction of insects by electric lights, 95
destructor, Tineola, 432
desuetella, Ephestia, 414
determinata, Apantesis, 132; Metanema, 351
detersa, Euxoa, 188
detracta, Mamestra, 192
detrahens, Trama, 276
Deva, genus, 236
devastatnx, Hadena, 169
devergens, Syngrapha, 240
devia, Scopelosoma, 218
Diacrisia, genus, 114, 127; bicolor, 128;
funwsa, 127; latipennis, proba, punctata,
pteridis, Red-legged, rubra, Ruddy, rufula,
vagans, 128; virginica, 127; Wandering, 128
Diallagma, genus, lutea, 245
Diastema, genus; lineata, tigris, 241
Diastictis, genus; fracturalis, 393
Diatra;a, genus; crambidoides, leucaniellus,
lineosellus, obliteratellus, saccharalis, 403
Dictyosoma, genus, 48; elsa, 49
Didasys, genus; bete, 99
diecki, Apantesis, 132
Diervilla, 63
diffascialis, Zinckenia, 392
diffinis, Heemorrhagia, 63
diffissa, Pyrausta, 398
digitalis, Anchocelis, 216
Dilophonota, genus, 60
dilucidula, Semiophora, 180
dimidiata, Antaplaga, 220; Leptarctia, 121;
Pheosia, 295; Pyromorpha, 371
diminutiva, Heliaca, 231; Holomelina, 116
dimmocki, Mamestra, 193
dipne, Apantesis, 130
Dioptida, Family, 25, 33, 291
Diospyros, 87, 382
Diphthera, genus; fallax, 160
diphtheroides, Microcoslia, 160
dipsaci, Alypia, 143
Dipterygia, genus, scabriuscula, 17*
Dircetis, genus; pygmaea, 284
dis, Grotella, 220
Discal mark, 18
discissa, Celiptera, 275
discistriga, Platyperigea, 164
disci varia, Parastichtis, 217
discolor, Cosmia, 217
discolqralis, Renia, 283
discopilata, Eufidonia, 337
discors, Hadena, 168
discreta, Gnophala, 290
disertalis, Samea, 393
dispar, Porthetria, 308
disparata, Alypia, 143, 144
displiciens, Euxoa, 189
disposita, Xylina, 206
dispulsa, Charadra, 153
disserptaria, Epimecis, 344
dissidens, Magusa, 175
dissimiiaria, Catopyrrha, 343
dissona, Euxoa, 189
disstria Malacosoma, 313
distema, Cilia, 244
distigma, Adelocephala, 96
distigmana, Eucosma, 418
diva, Annaphila, 246
divaricata, Magusa, 175
divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schini?,, 220
Syneda, 259; Syngrapha, 240
diversilineata, Eustrortia, 329; Polia, 171
divida, Magusa, 175
divisa, Doryodes, 245
divisata, Caripeta, 342
Doa, genus ; ampla, 309
docta, Apantesis, 131
clodgei, Apantesis, 132; Mamestra, IP.I
Dodia, genus; albertse, 117
Dolba, genus, 46; hylaeus, 46
Doll, Jacob, ix, 49
dolli, Hyloicus, 52
dolosa, Xylomiges, 197
domingonis, Ennnyis, 59
dominicata, Palindia, 273
doris, Apantesis, 130
dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 418
Doryodes, genus; acutaria, bistriaris, divisa
promptella, 245
455
Index
doubledayi, Baileya, i6
Double mount, 21
Drasteria, genus; agricola, aquamarina,
caerulea, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea,
erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria,
Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula,
Dried-currant Moth, The, 414
Druce, Herbert, 29
drupacearum, Malacosoma, 313
drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52
druraei, Herse, 43
Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata, Wander-
ing, 171
dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356
duana, Gonodontis, 350
dubia, Estigmene, 123
dubiella, Tinea, 433
dubitans, Hadena, 168
dubitata, Triphosa, 331
ducta, Hadena, 1 69
dulcearia, Platea, 343
dunbari, Litholomia, 207
duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328
duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339-
Dyar, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35,
dyari, Haploa, 118
dyaus, Autographa, 238
Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229
Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374;
fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena,
dyspteraria, Meskea, 375
Dyspteridinae, Subfamily, 32-?
Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323
E
eavesi, Kodiosoma, 133
ecclesialis, Samea, 393
Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419
echinocystis, Autographa, 238
echo, Seirarctia, 122
Ecpantheria, genus; deflorata, muzina, scri-
bonia, 120
Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344
Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigroflava, Two-
banded, 133
edictalis, Bomolocha, 286
edmandsi, Schizura, 298
eductalis, Lomanaltes, 285
edusa, Homoptera, 278
edwardsi, Alypia, 143; Apantesis, 130;
Erinnyis, 58; Hemihyalea, 138; Lymire,
100; Syneda, 260
effectaria, Euchlaena, 350
efficitalis, Pyrausta, 398
effusalis, Epizeuxis, 280
egena, Autographa, 238
egenaria, Cicinnus, 359
Eggs, of moths, 4, 5
eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93
egle, Euchaetias, 133
eglenensis, Pareuchaetes, 134
Elachistidae, Family, 26, 430
electra, Hemileuca, 91
elegans, Odontosia, 294; Pygarctia, 136
legantalis, Pangrapta, 254
elimata, Semiophora, 180
Eliot, George, quoted, 417
eliza, Catocala, 266
Ellida, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata,
ello, Erinnyis, 58
ekmgata, Tephroclystis, 328
elongatus, Celiptera, 275
elsa, Dicty
tyosoma, 49
emargataria, Plagodis, 349
Emerson, R. W., quoted, 41, 98, 88, 391,
391
emphytiformis, Gaea, 381
Enarmonia sebastianas, 418
End of All, 44 s
endropiaria, Therina, 347
Enemera, genus; juturnaria, 342
enervis, Orthodes, 203
enotata, Philobia, 339
English sparrow, 95
enhydris, Hexeris, 375
Ennominae, Subfamily, 337
Ennomos, genus ; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria,
magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius,
348
ennucleata, Synelys, 333
enthea, Fishea, 170
Eois, genus, 334; calif orniaria, californiata,
336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia,
335', pacificaria, 336; ptelearia, 334;
siderana, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 335
Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237
Epagoge, genus; tunicana, 421
Epeks, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337
ephemerseformis, Thyridopteryx, 361
Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella, cautella,
desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 412;
pasulella, 414
ephippiatus, Sibine, 364
ephyrata, Syssaura, 35?
Epicnaptera, genus; americana, carpinifolia,
qccidentis, 314
Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170
Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274
Epiglaea, genus; decliva, deleta, pastilhcans,
219
epilais, Syntomeida, 99
epilobii, Celerio, 76
Epimecis, genus; amplaria, disserptana,
hortaria, Tiriodendrana, virginaria, 344
epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232
epione, Catocala, 260
epipnoides, Pangrapta, 254
Epipaschiinae, Subfamily, 407
Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 351
Epiplemidae, Family, 25, 34, 356
Epipyropidae, Family, 25, 35, 370
Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 37
Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu-
bris, 6 1
Epizeuxis, genus; aemula, americalis, concisa,
280; denticulalis, 281; effusalis, hermin-
ioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phaealis, 280;
scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectabs,
280
Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347
Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333
erastrioides, Tarache, 251
Erebus, genus; agarista, odora, 279
erechtea, Drasteria, 257
erecta, Mamestra, 195
erectalis, Plathypena, 287
cremiata, Macaria, 339
eremitoides, Hyloicus, 49
eremitus, Hyloicus, 49
erichto, Drasteria, 257
Erinnyis, genus, 57. 58; alope, 58; caicus, 60;
cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 59; ed-
wardsi, ello, fasciata, 58; festa, 59, flavicans,
janipha?, lassauxi, 58; melancholica, 59;
merianae, 58, 59; obscura, oenotrus, pal-
lida, penaeus, picta, phalaris, piperis,
rhcebus, rustica, 59
Eriocephala. genus, 444
456
Index
ennalis, Conchylodes, 393
Eriocephalidae. 8
erosa, Anomis, 244; Malacosoma, 313
erosiata, Calledapteryx, 356
erosnealis, Pyrausta, 398
erratica, Abagrotis, 180
errato, Euproserpinus, 74
erycata, Sylectra, 254
eson, Xylophanes, 75
Estigmene, genus, 122; acrsea, 122, 123;
albida, 122; antigone, athena, californica,
caprotina, congrua, dubia, klagesi, men-
thastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123; prirna.
122; pseuderminea, rickseckeri, White-
bodied, 123
etolus, Haemorrhagia, 62
Eubaphe, genus, 115
Eucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244
Eucereon, genus, Carolina, confine, Floridan,
100
Euchaetias, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri,
egle, Mouse-colored, inurina, Oregon,
oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135
Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festucae. put-
nami, striatella, venusta, 237
Euchlasna, genus; amcenaria, arefactaria,
astylusaria, concisaria, decisaria, dcduc-
taria, deplanaria, effectaria, madusaria,
muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria,
propriaria, serrata, serrataria, vinosaria,
Euchceca, genus; albovittata, californiata,
328; lucata, 329; propriaria, reciprocata
328
Eucirroedia, genus; pampma, 215
Euclea, genus; argentatus, chlons, delphinii,
femiginea, fraterna, indetermina, monitor,
nana, nanina, paenulata, quercicola, stri-
gata, tardigrada, vernata, viridiclava,
viridis, 365
Euclidia, genus, 257; cuspidea, intercalaris,
258
Eucoptocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190
Eucosma, genus; affusana, clavana, distig-
mana, dorsisignatana, graduatana, salig-
neana, scudderiana, similar.a, 418
Eucrostis, genus; gratata, incertata, oporaria,
336
Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata,
intestinata, 328
Eudeilinea, genus; herminiata,' 320
Eudule, genus; biseriata, mendica, Plain-
colored, unicolor, 327
Eueretagrotis, genus; perattenta, sigrr.oides,
179
Euerythra, genus; phasma, trimaculata, 120
Eufidonia, genus; bicolorata, discopilata,
fidoniata, notataria, quadripunctaria, 337
Eugenia, buxifolia, procera, 140
Eugonobapta, genus; nivosaria, nivosata, 348
Euhagena, genus; nebraskae, 381
Euharyeya, genus, 219
Euherrichia, genus; cervina, granitosa, gran-
itosa, moilissima, rubicunda, 253
Euhyparpax, genus: rosea, 298
Eulia, genus; alisellana, 423
Eumestleta, genus; flammicincta, patruelis,
patula, 249
Eunystalea, genus; indiana, 295
euonymella, Yponomeuta, 423
Euonymus, 157
Eupanychis, genus; hirtella, spinosae, 226
Euparthenos, genus; nubilis, 272
eupatorii, Synanthedon, 385
Euphanessa, genus, 327
euphoesalis, Pyrausta, 397
Euplexia, genus; lucipara, 172
Eupolia, genus; licentiosa, 199
Euproctis, genus; chrysorrhoea, 309
Euproserpinus, genus, 74; errato, euterpe.
phaeton, 74
Eupseudomorpha, genus; brillians, 231
Eupseudosoma, genus; floridum, immaculata,
involutum, nivea, Snowy, 139
euryalus, Samia, 84
Eurycyttarus, genus; carbonaria, 362; con-
federata, 363
kuscnemonidae, 3
Eustixia, genus; pupula, 398
Eustroma, genus; atrocolorata, diversilineata,
montanatum, prunata, ribesiaria, triangu-
latum, 329
Eustrotia, genus; albidula, apicosa, biplaga,
carneola, concinnimacula, intractabilis,
muscosula, musta, nigritula, synochitis,
247
Eutelia, genus; dentifera, pulcherrima, 242
euterpe, Euproserpinus, 74; Syntomeida, 99
Euthisanotia, genus, 142, 232; assimilis,
grata, unio, 232
Euthyatira, genus; pennsylvanica, pudens,
Eutolype, genus; bombyciformis, damalis,
Euverna, genus; clio, 133
Euxoa, genus, 187; albipennis, atropurpurea,
basalis, 189; brevipennis, 188; campestris,
189; cinereomaculata, 190; cochrani, de-
clarata, decolor, 189; detersa, 188; dis-
pliciens, dissona, expulsa, 189; flayidens
1 88; furtivus, gularis, illata, 190; insignata,
insulsa, lutulenta, maizi, 189; messoria,
1 88; nigripennis, 189; obeliscoides, ochro-
gaster, 190; olivalis, perpolita, personata,
pityochrous, quadridentata, 188; redimicu-
la, 190; repentis, 189; sexatilis, 190;
spissa, tessellata, titubatis, 189; turris,
190; velleripennis, 188; verticalis, 189
evanidalis, Hypena, 287
velina, Catocala, 261
victa, Morrisonia, 196
xaltata, Schinia, 227
xcaecatus, Calasymbolus, 56
xcelsa, Apantesis, 132
xitiosa, Sanninoidea, 384
expansa, Nephelodes, 199
expulsa, Euxoa, 189
expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 304
exsiccatus, Crambus, 403
exsimaria, Hyperitis, 349
exsuperata, Paraphia, 343
Exterior line, 18
externa, Galgula, 247
extimia, Caradrina, 165
extranea, Heliophila, 200
exusta, Mamestra, 193
Exuvias, larval, 9
Exyra, genus; semicrocea, 248
Eyes; of cats, 78; of moths, 12, 18; of noc-
turnal animals, 77; of owls, 78
fabricii, Automeris, 89
fabula. Drepana, 321
fadus, Sesia, 62
Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata, nivei-
costatus, obliqua, 217
Fala, genus, ptycophora, 235
Falcana, genus; bilineata, 321
falcata, Pseudanarta, 175
fallacialis, Renia. 283
fallax, Diphthera, 160
Fall Web-worm. 123
457
Index
falsarius, Acoloithus, 371
False Indigo 430
Families of North American moths, Key to, 24
Far out at Sea, 362
farinalis, Pyralis, 400
farnhami, Mamestra, 192
"Far Out at Sea," 363
fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392
fasciata, Dysodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58
fasciatus, Pholus, 67
fasciola, Lithacodes, 367
fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258
fastuosa, Atteva, 424
Faunal Subregions, 387
faustina, Catocala, 264
faustinula, Illice, 109
favorita, Apantesis, 132
faxoni, Epelis, 337
fecialis, Bqmolocha, 286
fegeus, Epistor, 61
felina, Charadra, 153
Felt, E. P., 37
Feltia, genus, 186; agilis, 186: annexa,
decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana,
186; malefida, 187; morrisoniana, semi-
clarata, stigmosa, subgpthica, vancouver-
ensis, venerabilis, volubilis, 186
Femur, 14, 15
Fenaria, genus; asdessa, longipes, sevorsa
233
fenestra, Telea, 87
Feniseca tarquinius, 6
fennica, Noctua, 183
Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida,
300
Feralia, genus: jocosa, 171
Fernald, C. H., 31, 37
Fernaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337
Fernaldellinae, Subfamily, 337
fernaldialis, Melitara, 410
ferox, Syntomeida, 99
ferraria, Acherdoa, 234
ferrigera, Adoneta, 365
ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 295
ferruginoides, Pachnobia, 180
fervidaria, Therina, 348
fervifactaria, Coenocalpe, 332
fessa, Amolita, 244
festa, Cerma. 161; Erinnyis, 59
festivoides, Oligia, 165
festucae, Euchalcia, 237
ficus, Pachylia, 60
Ficus pedunculata, 100
fidelissima, Composia, 289
fidicularia, Caradrina, 164
fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337
figurata, Apantesis, 132
filimentaria, Ania, 349
Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327
fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 399
fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190
fimetaria, Fernaldella, 337
Final Goal, The, 445
fiscellaria, Therina, 348
Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemitae,
flagellum, Autographa, 238
flagitaria, Therina, 348
flammans, Ptychoglene, no
flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249
flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330
Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369
flava, Pseudanarta, 175
flavago, Xanthia, 214
flavedana, Platynota, 422
flavescentella, Tinea, 433
flavicans, Erinnyis, 58
flavicosta, The
flavidens, Euxoa,
erasea, 251
flavipennis, Tarache, 251
flavipes, Bembecia, 383
flavofasciata, Proserpinus, 73
flebilis, Catocala, 622
fletcheri, Xylomiges, 197
flexuosa, Raphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368
Flight, Great powers of, 67
floccalis, Pleonectyptera, 246
florida, Rhodophora, 224
floridalis, Agathodes, 393
floridana, Atteva, 424
floridaria, Caberodes, 352
floridensis, Callopistria, 252; Haemorrhag'a
63; Sphacelodes, 354
nondum, Eupseudosoma, 139
floscularia, Plagodis, 349
Flour-moth, The, 412
fluviata, Percnoptilota, 330
Flying Squirrels, 149
Fontaine, De La, quoted, 373
Forester, Californian, 145; Eight-spotted,
144; Langton's, 145; MacCulloch's, 143;
Mexican, 144; Ridings', Two-spotted, 145:
Wittfeld's, 144
formosa, Gluphisia, 300
formosa, Polychrysia, 236
formosalis, Nigetia, 358
formula, Catocala, 268
formula, Oreta, 321
forrigens, Phobena, 273
Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178
f-pallida, Apantesis, 132
fractilinea, Hadena, 168
fracturalis, Diastictis, 393
fragariae, Ancylis, 419
fragilis, Apatela, 156
fratella, Autographa, 238
f rater, Raphia, 153
fratercula, Catocala, 269
fraterna, Euclea, 365
fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344
Fraxinus, 46, 51
Frenulum, 16, 17
Fringes, 18
frugallaria, Cleora, 344
frugiperda, Laphygma, 174
Fruit-worm, The Gooseberry, 411
frustulum, Celiptera, 275
frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312
Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula
252
fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106 .
Fulgpra candelaria, 370
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 126
fulminans, Perigonica, 205
fultaria, Paota, 332
fulva, Kodiosoma, 133
fulvicollis, Scepsis, 101
fulvoflava, Halisidota, 138
fumalis, Pyrausta, 397
fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Haemorrhagia, 63
funebris, Pyrausta, 398
funeralis, Desmia, 392
funerea, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1
fungorum, Choephora, 216
furcata, Papaipema, 214
furcifera, Apatela, 155
furcilla, Argillophora, 255; Panthea, 152
Fur-moth, The, 433
furtivus, Euxoa, 190
furvana, Archips, 422
fusca, Porosagrotis, 187
fuscalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
fuscimacula, Oligia, 166
fuscipes, Comacla, 107
458
Index
fuscula, Roeselia, 358
fusimacula, Oxycnemis, 221
futilis, Litoorosoous, 275
Gaberasa, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis,
divisalis, 284
Gaea, genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381
galbina, Agapema, 86
Galgula, genus; externa, hepara, partita,
subpartita, vesca, 247
galianna, Hemeroplanes, 60
galii, Celerio, 76
galtesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 418, 425
Galleria, genus; cereana, cerella, mellonella,
obliquella, 406
Gallerimae, Subfamily, 405
gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387
Gall- moth, The Misnamed, 418; The Solidago,
425
Gama-grass, 405
garmani, Graphiphora, 204
Gaura biennis, 224
Ee, Pogocolon, 72; Rhodophora, 224
lina, genus, 305
:hiidae, Family, 26, 38, 424
gelida, Apantesis, 131; Ellida, 300
gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399
geminata, Cladora, 324; Tephroclystis, 328
geminatus, Sphinx, 55
gemmata, Atteva, 424
gemmatilis, Anticarsia 275
generalis, Renia, 283
generosa, Pyrausta, 398
genicula, Drepana, 321
geniculata, Agrotis, 182
gentilis, Parastichtis, 217; Pyrausta, 397
Geometer, Crocus, 349; Dark-banded, 329;
Five-lined, 333; Harvey's, 327; Snowy, 348
Geometers, 149
geometrica, Parasemia, 134
Geometridae, Family. 7, 25, 34, 322
Geometrinae, Subfamily, 336
geometroides, Melanchroia, 355; Pangrapta,
254
georgica, Hyperaschra, 294
germana, Lithomoia, 206
germanalis, Hypena, 287
gibbocostata, Ccenocalpe, 332
gibbosa, Nadata, 296
gilvipennis, Rhynchagrotis, 178
Gingla, genus; laterculae, 373
gisela, Catocala, 269
S'tonella, Ephestia, 412
host-moth; Graceful, Lembert's, 444;
Silver-spotted, 443
glabella, Pyrophila, 173
gladiaria, Feltia, 186
Glaea, genus; inulta, sericea, viatica, 218
glandulella. Holcocera, 429
Glassy-wing, Edwards', 138; Freckled, 139
glaucovaria, Mamestra, 193
Gleditschia, 96
glomeralis, Pyrausta, 398
glomeraria, Macaria 340
gloveri, Copidryas, 141; Samia, 84
loveria, genus; arizonensis, dentata, how-
ardi, psidii, 311
Glover's Purslane-moth, 141
Gluphisia, genus; albofascia, avimac"ula,
clandestina, danbyi, formosa, rupta, sep-
tentrionalis severa, slossoni, trilineata,
wrighti, 300
Glyphodes, genus; hyalinata, hyalinatalis,
lucernalis, marginalis, nitidalis, quad-
ristigmalis, 394
Gnophaela, genus; arizonae, clappiana, con-
tinua, discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, mor-
risoni, .vermiculata, 290
Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; gallaesolidaginis,
418, 425
goasalis, Philometra, 282
Goat-moths, 375
goniata. Safaulodes, 353
Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236
Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasaria
duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata
obfirmaria, refractaria, 350
Gooseberry Fruit-worm, The, 411
Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340
gordius, Hyloicus, 51
Gortyna, genus; immanis, Hop-vine, nicti-
tans, 212; obliqua, Oblique, 213; sera.
Veiled, velata, 212
gortynides, Bellura, 211
Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 355
gossypiana, Archips, 422
gracilenta, Alypia, 144
gracilior, Leptomeris, 333
gracilis, Catocala, 269; Haemoirhagia, 63;
Hepialtas, 444
gradata, Macaria, 340
graduatana, Eucosma, 418
graefi, Apatela, 155
Graeperia, genus; magnifica, 225
Grammodes, genus; smithi, 274
Grammodia, genus, 60
grandipuncta. Alabama, 243
grandirena, Melipotis, 258
grandis, Copablepharon. 222; Mamestra, 193;
Melittia, 381; Noctua, 184
granitata, Sciagraphia, 339
S-anitosa, Euhernchia, 253
rape-leaf Folder, The, 392
Grape-vine Plume, The, 416
graphica, Syneda, 259
Graphiphora, genus; alia, capsella, confluens,
culea, garmani, hibisci, insciens, instabilis,
modifica, orobia, oviduca, 204
Grass-moths, 402
grata, Euthisanotia, 232; Oligia, 166
grataria, Haematopsis, 332
gratata, Eucrostis, 336
gratulata, Mesoleuca, 330
Grease-wood, 96
Green Apple-leaf Tier, The, 421
grisea, Apatela, 156; Hypopacha, 312;
Illice, no
griseella, Tinea, 433
griseocincta, Orthodes, 203
grossulariae, Zophodia, 411
S-ossulariata, Cymatophora, 340
rote, A. R., 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36
groteana, Cenopis, 422
grotei, Hasmorrhagia, 63; Hemileuca, 91;
Lycomorpha, 101; Psaphidia, 177
Sroteiana, Catocala, 264
rotella, genus; dis, 220
Groundling; Dusky, Red, 165
grynea, Catocala, 269
gaeneata, Hydriomena, 331
uen^e, A., 27, 32, 36
Sienei, Catocala, 261,
uettarda elliptica, 139
Guilding, Lansdown, 403
gularis, Euxoa, 190
gulosa, Hemerocampa, 308
Gumppenberg, C. v., 34
gurgitans, Archips, 422
guttata, Platyprepia, 128; Spragueia, 25*
guttifera, Halisidota, 138
guttulosa, Pyrausta. 397
gyasahs, Heterogramma, 284
459
Index
Gymnocladus, 96
Gynaephora, genus; rossi. 305
Gypsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata
haesitata, impauperata, propugnata, pro-
pugnaria, sitellata, 332
Gypsy Moth, The, 308
Gyros, genus; muiri, 249
H
habilis, Catocala, 268
Habrosyne, genus; scnpta, 303
Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, 1 68 ; Albertan, 167;
amputatrix, arctica, 169; arcuata, 167;
Base-streaked, basilinea, 168; Black-
banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham's, 166;
Broken-lined, Burgess', burgessi, cerivana,
1 68; characta, 167; chlorostigma, 168;
claudens, 167; conspicua, 168; contenta,
169; Dark Ashen, 170; Darker, 169;
Dark-spotted, Dark-winged, 167; Destroy-
ing, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Double-
banded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 169;
fractilinea, 168; Great Western, 169;
Green-spotted, 168; Half-Moon, 169; Halt-
ing, 1 68; hilli, 167; incallida, insignata,
lateritia, 168; lignicolor, 169; loculata, 168;
mactata, 167; marshallana, 169; misel-
oides, modica, 167; molochina, 168;
Mullein, 169; Neumoegen's, 166; nigrior,
Northern, 169; obliviosa, 168; occidens,
ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Red-
winged, 1 68; semilunata, Speckled Gray,
169; sputatrix, 168; subcedens, 167;
transfrons, 166; Turbulent, turbulenta,
167; verbascoides, 169; versuta, 167;
vinela, 170; violacea, Violet, 167; viralis,
vultuosa, 1 68; White-spotted, 167; Wood-
colored, 169
Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163;
pergentilis, subjuncta, 162
hadeniformis, Melipotis, 258
Haematomis, genus; mexicana, unifprmis, 107
Hasmatopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, suc-
cessaria, 332
Haemorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; aethra, axillaris,
63; brucei, 64; buffaloensis, cimbiciformis,
diffinis, 63; etolus, 62; floridensis, fumosa,
gracilis, grotei, marginalis, metathetis
63; palpalis, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus,
63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; senta,
64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe. 62;
uniformis, 63
hassitata, Gypsochrea, 332
hageni, Isogramma, 47
halesaria, Fernaldella, 337
halicarniae, Lapara, 53
Halisidota, genus, 115, 137; annulifascia,
138; antiphola, 137; argentata, caryas,
138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 138; Gartered
137; guttifera, 138; harrisi, i37;'Hickory,
tonga. Long-streaked, maculata, porphy-
ria, Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessel-
lated, tessellaris, 137
Halpine, Charles G., quoted, 319
hamaria, Gonodontis, 350
hamifera, Autographa, 238
hammondi, Canarsia, 41*1
Hampson, 'Sir George F., ix, 18, 23, 31, 32,
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 98, 103, 114, 140, 151,
288, 289, 292, 303, 306, 311, 315, 320,
322, 356, 364, 371, 374, 375, 380, 391
Haploa, genus, 117; Leconte's, 118; Lyman's,
119; Carolina, clymene, colona, comma,
118; confusa, 119; consita, 118; contigua,
19; dyari, interruptomarginata, lactata,
militaris, vestalis, 118
Harpyia, genus; albicoma, aquilonaris, bore-
ahs, cinerea, scolopendrina, 299
Harris. Thaddeus William, 27
Harris' Three-spot, 159
harrisi, Halisidota 137; Lapara, 53; Pygoc-
tenucha, in
Harnsimemna, 149, 159; trisignata, 159
Harrisina, genus; americana, texana, 372
harti, Sysyrhypena, 282
haruspica, Noctua, 184
harveiata, Nannia 327
harveyi, Heliophila, 201
hasdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57
hasta, Apatela, 155
hastata, Rheumaptera, 329
havilae, Noctua, 184
Hawkmoth, 78; Clemens', 52; Five-Spotted,
Head; anatomy of, 12, 18; larval, 7
hebraea, Polygrammate, 160
hebraicum, Polygrammate, 160, 161
Hebrew, The, 160
heiligbrodti, Syssphinx, 96
Heliaca, genus; diminutiva, 231
Heliochilus, genus; paradoxus, 222
Heliodes^ genus; restrictalis, 230
Heliolonche, genus; modicella, 230
Heliomata, genus; cycladata, infulata, 338
Heliophana, genus; mitis, obliquata, 230
Heliophila, genus, 200; albilinea, 201; com-
moides, 203; complicata, 201; extranea,
200; harveyi, 201; heterodoxa, lapidaria,
202; minorata, 201; multilinea, 202;
pseudargyria, subpunctata, 201; uni-
puncta, 200
Heliosea, genus; pictipennis, 230
helipthidata, Sciagraphia, 339
Heliothis, genus; armiger, 222; nuchalis
scutosus, 224
Heliotropha, genus; atra, reniformis, 173
helva, Orthosia, 2 1 7
Hemerocampa, genus, 305; borealis, cana,
305; definita, 307; gulosa, intermedia,
leucographa, leucostigma, obliviosa, ve-
tusta, 306
Hemeroplanes, genus, 60; galianna, licastus,
parce, 60
Hemihyalea, genus; Edwards', edwardsi,
138; Freckled, labecula, 139; quereus,
translucida, 138
Hemileuca, genus, 91; artemis. californica,
92; electra, grotei, hualapai, 91; iuno, 92;
maia, neumosgeni, 91; nevadensis, 92;
proserpina, sororius, 91; tricolor, 93;
yayapai, 92
Hemileucinae, Subfamily, 80, 81, 90
hemizpnae, Synanthedon, 385
henrici, Hypopta, 379
henrietta, Derrima, 224
hepara, Galgula, 247
Hepialids, Family, 15, 16, 26, 443
Hepialus, genus; gracilis, hyperboreus, lem-
berti, macglashani, pulcher, 444
hera, Pseudohazis, 93
heraclei, Depressaria, 428
heracliana, Depressaria, 428
herbimacula, Mamestra, 195
Herculia, genus; himonialis, olinalis, tren-
tonalis, 401
Herder, Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge, 290
herilis, Feltia, 186
hermia, Catocala, 264
herminiata, Eudeilinea, 320
herminioides. Epizeuxis, 280
Herrich-Schasffer, G. A. W., 27
Herse, genus, 43; affinis, cingulata, convol-
vuli, decolora, drurasi, pungens. 43
460
Index
hersiliata, Mesoleuca. 330
hertaria, Epimecis, 344
Heterocampa, genus; associata. astarte,
athcrco, bilineata, biundata. cinerascens,
manteo, menas, mollis, obliqua, olivatus,
puiverea, seraiplaga, subalbicans, turbida,
ulmi, umbrata, varia, 297
Heterocera, defined, 3
heterodoxa, Heliophila, 202
Heterogenea, genus; shurtleffi, 368
Heterogramma, genus; gyasalis, pyramu-
salis, rarigena, 284
Heteropacha, genus; rileyana, 314
Heterophleps, genus; hexaspilata, quadrino-
tata, triguttaria, 327
heuchera, Paranthrene, 387
hexadactyla, Orneodes, 417
hexaspilata, Heterophleps. 327
Hexeris, genus; enhydris. reticulina, 375
hibisci, Graphiphora, 204
"Hickory Horn-devil," 6, 97
hieroglyphica, Noropsis, 233
hilaris, Zeuzera, 376
hilli, Hadena, 167; Hypocala, 272
Hillia, genus; algens, 166
hilliana, Noctua, 183
Himantopterus. genus, 371
Himella, genus; contrahens, thecata, 204
himonialis, Herculia, 401
hinda, Catocala, 266
Hippia, genus; packardi, 296
hircina, Homoglaea, 219
hircinalis, Pyrausta, 398
hirtella, Eupanychis, 226
hirtipes, Zosteropoda, 203
histrio, marasmalus, 242
Hoboken, 147
hochenwarthi, Syngrapha, 240
Holcocera, genus; glandulella, 429
Holland, Clive, quoted, 353
hollandaria, Racheospila, 336
Holmes, O. W., quoted, 3, 371
Holomelina, genus, 115; choriona, belfragei,
belmaria, bimaculata, Black-banded, brevi-
cornis, diminutiva, Ehrman's, Five-spotted,
immaculata, Least, Plain-winged, 116;
obscura, opella, ostenta, rubricosta, Showy,
Homoglaea, genus; carbonaria, hircina, 219
Homohadena, genus; badistriga, 176
Homoptera, genus; cingulifera, edusa, in-
tenta, involuta, lunata, putrescens, saun-
dersi, unilineata, viridans, woodi, 278
Homopyralis, genus; contracta, tactus, zonata,
256
honesta, Jodia, 215
honestaria, Azelina, 352
Honey-locust, 96
Honey-streak, The, 339
hopffen, Gnophaela, 290
Hops, 287
Horama, genus; texana, 100
Hormisa, genus; absorptalis bivittata, nu-
bilifascia, 282
hormos, Hypsoropha, 256
Hormoschista, genus; pagenstecheri, 253
hornbeckiana, Pholus, 67
Horne, R. H., quoted, 363
horrida, Zale, 277
hortaria, Epimecis. 346
hortulana, -Feltia, 186
hospes, Synanthedon, 387
Howard, L. O., viii, 403, 405
howardi, Gloveria, 311
howlandi, Syneda, 260
hualapai, Hemileuca, 91
Huber, 112
hubbardi, Bruceia, 108
hubneraria, Azelina, 352
hubnerata, Azelina, 352
hudsonica, Alypia, 145, Syneda, 260
Hulst, Rev. G. p.. 33, 34, 36
humeralis, Cingilia, 347
humerosana, Amorbia, 423
humilis, Schiznra, 298
humuli, Hypena, 287
Huxley, Thomas Henry, quoted, 38
hyalinata, Glyphodes, 394
hyalinatalis, Glyphodes, 394
hyalinopuncta, Apatelodes 293
hyalinus, Phobetron, 366
Hyamia, genus; perditalis, semilineata, sex-
punctata, umbrifascia, 234
Hyblrea, genus; mirificum, puera, saga, 288
hybrida, Ophideres, 276; Utetheisa, 117
Hydria, genus; undulata, 329
Hydriomena, genus; autumnalis, bicolorata,
birivata, custodiata, gueneata, lascinata,
latirupta. rectangulata, sordidata, specio-
sata, 331
hydrome1i ; Litodonta, 296
hyteus, Dolba, 46
Hylesia, genus, 90; alinda, 90
Hyloicus, genus, 49; albescens, 50; andro-
medae, 50; canadensis. 51; chersis, 50;
coloradus, 52; coniferarum, 52; dolli, 52
drupiferarum, 52; eremitus, 49; eremitoides
49; gordius, 51; insolita, 51; kalmiae, 51
libocedrus, 51; lugens, 49, 50; luscitiosa
52; oreodaphne, 50; perelegans, 51
pinastri, 52; plota, 51; pcecila, 51; saniptri
52; separatus, 50; sequoiae, 52; sordida, 49
vancouverensis, 50; vashti, 50
Hyloicus kalmiae, larva of, 7
hyp;ethrata, Macaria, 339
Hyparpax, genus; aurora, perophoroides,
rosea. venus, venusta, 299
Hypena, genus; evanidalis, germanalis,
humuli, 287
Hypenula, genus; biferalis, cacuminalis,
opacalis, 283
Hyperaeschra, genus; georgica, scitipennis,
stragula, tortuosa, 294
hyperboreus, Hepialus, 444
hyperici, Synanthedon, 385
Hyperitis, genus; aesionaria, amicaria, ex-
simaria, insinuaria, laticincta, neonaria,
neoninaria, nyssaria, subsinuaria, 349
Hyphantria, genus, 122, i23;cunea, i23;pal-
lida, 124; punctatissima, I23;textor, 124
Hyphoraia, genus; borealis, parthenos, 128
Hypocala, genus; andremona, hilli, 272
hypocastrina, Zeuzera, 376
hypochraria, Gonodontis, 350
Hypocrisias, genus; armillata, Least, minima,
136
Hypopacha, genxis; grisea, 312
Hypoprepia, genus; cadaverosa, fucosa,
inculta, miniata, plumbea, subornata
tricolor, vittata, 106
Hypopta, genus; berthqldi, henrici, 379
Hyppa, genus; ancocisconensis, Common,
contraria, xylinoides, 171
Hypsopygia, genus; costalis, fimbrialis, 399
Hypsoropha, genus; hormos, monilis, 256
I
lanassa, genus; lignicolor, lignigera, virgata
298
iaspis, Chytonix, 161
Ichneumon-flies, 69
Ichneumonida?, 6, 68
idonea, Agrotis, 182
461
Index
ilia, Catocala, 265
illabefacta, Mamestra, 194
illapsa, Noctua, 185
illata, Euxoa. 19
illecta, Catocala, 267
illepida, Polia, 171
illibalis, Pyrausta, 397
Illice, genus, 108; deserta, no; faustinula,
109; grisea, no; nexa, 109, 110; packardi,
plumbea, schwarziprum, striata, subjecta,
tenuifascia, unifascia, 109
illocata, Dryobota, 171
illudens, Charadra, 152
imbraria, Caberodes, 352
imbrifera, Mamestra, 192
imitata, Sabulodes, 353; Synanthedon, 385
imitella, Cydosia, 253
immaculata, Eupseudosoma, 139; Holo-
melina, 1 1 6
impauperata, Gypsochroa, 332
imperator, Pachysphinx, 57
imperatoria, Basilona, 97.
imperfectaria, Melanolophia, 344
imperialis, Basilona, 971
impingens, Anarta, 199
impleta, Apatela, 157; Eucymatoge, 328
implora, Azenia, 248
impressa, Apatela, 157
impropria, Synanthedon, 385
impropriata, Paraphia, 343
improvisa, Bombycia, 304
inatomaria, Metanema, 351
inca, Aleptina, 162
incallida, Hadena, 168
incandescens, Cirrhobolina, 259
incarcerata, Melalopha, 293
incarnata, Arachnis, 124; Lerina, in
incarnatorubra, Apantesis, 130
incensalis, Cindaphia, 397
inceptaria, Cymatpphora, 341
incertata, Eucrostis, 336
Incita, genus; aurantiaca, 246
incivis, Peridroma, 183
inclara, Apatela, 157
inclinata, Venusia, 328
inclinataria, Venusia, 328
includens, Autographa, 238
inclusa, Melalopha, 293
incognita Agrotiphila, 191
incompleta, Apantesis, 132
inconcinna, Chorizagrotis, 185; Scotogramma
198
inconstans, Panula, 258
incorrupta, Apantesis, 131
inculta, Hypoprepia, 106
incurvata, Sabulodes, 353
indentata, Melalopha, 293; Remigia, 274
indetermina, Euclea, 365
indiana, Eunystalea, 295
Indian-meal Moth, The, 415
indicans, Mamestra, 195
indigenella, Mineola, 409
indigens, Platysenta, 163
indigna, Autographa, 239
indiscriminaria, Chlorochlamys 336
indivisalis, Gaberasa, 284
indoctrinata, Eucymatoge, 328
indubitata, Triphosa, 331
inductata, Eois, 335
indurata, Xylomiges, 197
ineffusaria, Caberodes, 352
inepta, Cissusa, 256
inermis, Peridroma, 182
inexacta, Antiblemma, 275
inextricata, Mellilla, 338
infans, Brephos, 355
infecta, Mamestra, 195
infensata, Syssaura, 352
inficita, Marasmalus, 242
infirma, Synanthedon, 385
infructuoga, Morrisonia, 197
infulata, Heliomata, 338
infumata, Cosmia, 217
infuscata, Scotogramma, 198
ingenita, Dalcendes, 369
ingenua, Phoberia, 273
Inguromorpha, genus; arbeloides basalis,
378
mnexa, Mamestra, 195
innominata, Xylina, 207
inornata, Sisyrosea, 366; Trichocosmia, 220
innotata, Apatela, 155
innubens, Catocala, 265
inquaesita, Papaipema, 213
insciens, Graphiphora, 204
inscriptum, Deidamia, 71
insequalis, Pyrausta, 398
insignata, Euxoa, 189; Hadena, 168
insignis, Plusiodonta, 235
insinuaria, Hyperitis, 349
insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 419
insolabilis, Catocala, 262
insolita, Autographa, 238; Hyloicus, 51
insularis, Philosamia, 82
insulata, Pareuchaetes, 134
instabilis, Cressonia, 57; Graphiphora, 204
insulsa, Euxoa, 189
integerrima, Calasymbolus, 56; Campometra,
276; Datana, 294
intenta, Homoptera, 278
intentata, Deilmea, 338
interlinearia, Caberodes, 352
intermedia, Apantesis, 129; Celerio, 76;
Cucullia, 208; Hemerocampa, 308; Utethe-
isa, 117
intermediata, Mesoleuca, 330
interminellus, Crambus, 403
interna, Dasylophia, 296
interpuncta, Saha, 285
interpunctella, Plodia, 415
interrupta, Apatela, 155
interruptomarginata, Haploa, 118
intestinata, Eucymatpge, 328
intractabilis, Eustrotia, 247
intractata, Noctua, 183
introferens, Chorizagrotis, 185
inulta, Glaea, 218
inusitata, Synanthedon, 386
invexata, Therina, 348
involuta, Homoptera, 278
involutum, Eupseudosoma, 139
io, Automeris, 89; Calasymbolus, 56
Ipimorpha, genus; aequilinea, pleonectusa,
ipomceas, Schizura, 298; Syntomeida, 99
iricolor, Oncocnemis, 176
iridaria, Anaplodes, 337
iris, Brotolomia, 215
irrecta, Pleonectvptera, 246
irrorata, Clemensia, 108; Oreta, 321
Isabella, Isia, 124
Isaiah, quoted, 396, 434
Isia, genus, 125, 127; Isabella, 125
Isogona, genus; natatrix, tenuis, 256
Isoohaetes, genus; beutenmulleri, 366
Isogramma, genus, 47; hageni, 47
Isoparce, genus, 48; cupressi, 48
Issus, genus, 370
Jackson, Helen Hunt, quoted, 413
jaguarina, Schinia, 228
jamaicensis, Sphinx, 55
462
Index
Janette's Hair, 319
janiphae, Erinnyis, 58
janualis, Semiophora, 180
Japan, 79. 37
laquenetta, Catocala, 269
jasminearum, Chlaenogramma, 46
Jaspidia, genus; lepidula. Marbled-green,
teratophora, White-spotted, 160
Jatronha, 58
jatrophae, Cocytius, 44
Jean Ingelow, quoted, 179
Job, quoted, 151, 424
joeasta, Andrewsia, 272
;' acosa, Feralia, 171
odia, genus; honesta, rufago, 215
oker, The, 171
ordan, Dr. Karl, ix, 31
jorulla, Rothschildia, 82
juanita, Pogocolon, 73
jubararia, Pheme, 351
jucunda, Melipotis, 258; Noctua, 183
Judith, Catocala 262
juglandis, Cressonia, 57; Mineola, 408
Juglans, 87
Jugum, i 6
julia, Rhodosea, 225
J'ulialis, Cindaphia, 397
umping beans, 417
juncimacula, Mamestra, 192
juncta, Noctua, 184
junctaria, Orthofidonia, 337
June-berry, 386
juniperaria, Syssaura, 352
juno, Hemileuca, 92
Jussieua, 67
jussieuae, Pholus, 67
juturnaria, Enemera, 342
K
Kalmia, 51
kalmias, flyloicus, 51
Keats, quoted, 114
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 06
keutzingaria, Plagodis, 349
keutzingi, Plagodis, 349
Key to families of North American moths, 24
Killing specimens, 19
Kirby. W. F., 29
klagesi, Estigmene, 123
Kodiosoma, genus; eavesi, fulva, nigra,
tricolor, 133
kcebelei, Synanthedon, 387
Kuebel, C. L. von, quoted, 359, 368
kuehniella, Ephestia, 412
labecula, Hemihyalea, 139
labiosana, Platynota, 422
labruscae, Pholus, 67
laciniosa, Bomolocha, 286
Lacosoma, genus; chiridota, 339
Lacosomidae, Family, 25, 35, 359
lacrymosa, Catocala, 261
lactata, Haploa, 1 1 8
lacteolaria, Leuculodes, 310
lactipennis, Tarache, 251
lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 330
lastella, Ambesa, 410
laetulus, Lomanaltes, 285
laevigata, Zanclognatha, 281
Lagoa, genus; crispata, pyxidifera, 369
lanariella, Tineola, 432
lanceolata, Tarache, 251
langdonalis, Pyrausta, 397
langtoni, Alypia, 143, 145
languida, Melicleptria, 230
lanuginosa, Megalopyge, 369
Lapara, genus, 53; bombycpides, cana, coni-
ferarum, halicarniae, harrisi, pineum, 53
Laphygma, genus; autumnalis, frugiperda,
macra, plagiata, signifera, 174
lapidaria, Heliophila, 202
Lappet, collar and shoulder, 18
laqueata, Calidota, 139
laqueatellus, Crambus, 402
larentioides, Phalasnostola, 254
Larvae; food of, 6
lascinata, Hydriomena, 331
Lasiocampidas, Family, 9, 24, 34, 311
lassauxi, Erinnyis, 58
Latebraria, genus: amphipyroides, 279
laterana, Platynota, 422
laterculas, Gingla, 373
lateritia, Hadena, 168
latex, Mamestra, 194
laticincta, Hyperitis, 349
laticinerea, Xylina, 207
laticlavia, Autographa, 240
latipennis, Diacrisia, 128; Gnophaela, 290
latipes, Remigia, 274
latirupta, Hydriomena, 331
Lathosea, genus; pullata, ursina, 209
latreillana, Ctenucha, 102
laudabilis, Mamestra, 195
Laugher, The, 152
Lauraceae, 85
Leaf -rollers, 417
lecontei, Haploa, 118
Legs of moths, 14, 15
lemberti, Hepialus, 444
lena, Leptarctia, 121
lentiginosa, Bomolocha, 286
Leopard-moth, The, 376
lepidula, Jaspidia, 160
Lepipolys, genus; perscripta, 177
Leptarctia, genus; californiae, decia dimi-
diata, lena, 121
Leptina, genus, 162
leptinoides, Schizura, 299
Leptomeris, genus, gracilior, magnetaria,
quinquelinearia, rubrolinearia, rubrolinea-
ta, sentinaria, spuraria, 333
lepusculina, Apatela, 154
Lerina, genus; incarnata, robinsoni, in
leucocycla, Anarta, 199
leucographa, Hemerocampa, 308
leucophaea, Olene, 308
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 308
Leuculodes, genus; lacteolaria, 310
Lexis, genus; argillacea, bicolor, 105
libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 215
libedis, Tarache, 251
libera, Mamestra, 193
libocedrus, Hyloicus, 51
Libraries, Readers in, 98
liburna, Scolecocampa, 244
licastus. Homeroplanes, 60
licentiosa, Eupolia, 199
Lichen-moth; Allgehenian, 104; Banded, 109;
Blue-green, Crimson-bodied, in; Druce's,
no; Funereal, in; Little White, 108:
Mouse-colored, 107; Narrow-banded, no;
Powdered, 108; Subject, 109; Mexican,
107; Painted, 106; Pale, Pearly-winged,
104; Scarlet-winged, 106; Yellow-blotched,
no
ligata, Mamestra, 195
ligni, Scolecocampa, 244
lignicolor, lanassa, 298; Hadena, 169
lignigera, lanassa, 298
lilacina, Mamestra, 194
lima, Phurys, 275
463
Index
limata, Pantographa, 393
limbata, Ania, 349
limbolaris, Melipptis, 258
limitata, Nyctobia, 324
lineata, Celerio, 76; Diastema, 241; Schima.
227
lineatella, Anarsia, 426
lineella, Catocala, 269
lineola, Pheocyma, 278
lineolata, Catabena, 163
Lines, on wings of Noctuid moth, 18
linnei, Pholus, 67
lintnerana, Archips, 422; Nycteola, 288
lintneri, Ommatostola, 211
Liparidae, Family, 24, 34, 305
liquida, Mamestra, 192
Liquidambar, 85, 87
liquoraria, Synchlpra, 336
lirwdendraria, Epimecis, 344
Liriodendron, 85
Lithacodes, genus; diyergens, fasciola, 367
Lithacodia, genus; bellicula, 248
Litholomia, genus; dunbari, napaea, 207
Lithomoia, genus; germana, 206
Lithosiidas, Family, 24, 31, 103
lithosina, Annaphila, 246
lithosioides, Crambidia, 104
lithospila, Apatela, 156
Litocala, genus; sexsignata, 272
Litodonta, genus, hydromeli, 296
Litoprosopus, genus; futilis, 275
littera, Fagitana, 217
Little Wife, The, 267
littoralis, Pachnobia, 180
lituralis, Zanclognatha, 381
liturata, Apantesis, 131
Living and Dying, 354
lixaria, Racheospila, 336
Lobelia 155
lobelias, Apatela, 155
lobophorata, Nyctobia, 324
loculata, Hadena, 168
Lomanaltes, genus; eductalis, laetulus, 285
longa. Halisidota, 138
Longfellow, H. W., quoted, 121, 233
longilabris, Philometra, 282
longipenne, Copablepharon, 222
longipes, Fenaria, 233; Podosesia, 382
Lonicera, 62, 63
"Loopers," 8
Lophodonta, genus; angulosa, ferruginea,
295
lorata, Sabulodes, 353
lorea, Mamestra, 195
lorquini, Alypia, 143
Lowell, Tames Russell, quoted, 116
lubens, Mamestra, 194
lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 280
lubricans, Noctua, 185
lucata, Euchreca, 329
luccusalis, Samea, 393
lucens, Dasyspoudaea, 228
lucernalis, Glyphodes, 394
luciana, Catocala, 263
lucidata, Fagitana, 217
lucidus, Arctonotus, 71
lucifera, Pheocyma, 278
lucipara, Euplexia, 172
luctuata, Rheumaptera, 330
luctuosus, Epistor, 61
lugens, Hyloicus, 49, 50
lugubns, Apantesis, 132; Epistor, 61; Thyns,
lumenaria, Cosymbia, 333
luna, Actias, 87; Nycterophasta, 221
lunata, Homoptera, 278
lunilinea, Strenoloma, 276
lupini, Merolonche, 159; Synanthedon, 385
Lupinus, 64, 124
luscitiosa, Hyloicus, 52
Lussa, genus; nigroguttata, 175
lustralis, Mamestra, 192
lustrans, Synanthedon, 385
lutaria, Ennomos, 348
lutea, Diallagma, 245
luteicoma, Apatela, 157
lutulenta, Euxoa, 189
luxa, Bessula, 221
Lycia, genus; cognataria, sperataria, 345
Lycomorpha, genus; grotei, palmeri, pholus.
101
lycopersici, Protoparce, 45
Lyman. H. H., 32, 118
Lymire, genus; edwardsi, 100
1 yncea, Pachylia, 60
lynx, Schinia, 227
Macaria, genus, 339; consepta, 340; eremiata,
339; glomeraria, 340; gradata, hypaethrata,
339". prasatomata, 340; retectata, retentata,
s-signata, subcinctaria, 339
mac-cullochi, Alypia, 143
macglashani, Hepialus, 444
Mackay, C. W., quoted, 272
macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 378
macra, Laphygma, 174
macrinellus, Scirpophaga, 402
macrocarpana, Commophila, 423
Macronoctua, genus; onusta, 170
mactata, Hadena, 167
macularia, Sicya, 347
maculata, Halisidota, 137; Thyris, 374
maculicollis, Opharus, 139
madariae, Synanthedon, 385
madefactalis, Bomolocha, 286
madetesalis, Pyrausta, 398
madusaria, Euchlaena, 350
Ma?nas, genus: vestalis, 127
maestosa, Catocala, 261
magdalena, Catocala, 267; Nycterophajta,
221
magicalis, Conchylodes, 393
magnarius, Ennomos, 348
magnetaria, Leptomeris, 333
magniferalis, Pyrausta, 397
magnifica, Cossula, 379: Grasperia, 225
Magusa, genus; angustipennis, dissidens,
divaricata, divida, 175
maia, Hemileuca, 91
maizi, Euxoa, 189
majoraria, Caberodes, 352
majuscula, Cydosia, 253
Malacosoma, genus; americana, 312: cali-
fornica, 313; decipiens, 312; disstria,
drupacearum, erosa, 313; frutetorum, 312,
perversa, pseudp-neustria, sylvaticoides,
thoracica, thoracicoides, 313
malana, Balsa, 163
Malaporphyria, genus; oregona, 229
malefida, Feltia, 187
malivorana, Alceris, 421
Mamestra, genus, 191; acutipennis, 195
adjuncta, 194; albifusa, 193; Allied
anguina, 195; Brown-winged, 196; cheno
podii, 193; claviplena, Cloudy, 192
Clover, congermana, 193; constipata, 195
contraria, Cousin-German, 193; Darling
demissa, 194; desperata, 193; detracta
192; dimmocki, Dimmock's, 193, Dispar
aged, 192; dodgei, 195; Empurpled, 192
Erect, erecta, 195; exusta, 193; farnhami
Farnham's, 192; Fluid, 194; Fused-spot
464
Index
Mamestra Continued
192; glaucovaria, Grand, grandis, Har-
nessed, 193; herbimacula, 195; Hitched,
illabefacta, 194; imbrifera, 192; indicans,
infecta, innexa, 195; juncimacula, 192,
latex, 194; Laudable, laudabilis, 195;
libera, 191; ligata, 195; Hlacina, Lilacine;
194; Liquid, Hquida, 192; lorea, 195;
lubens, 194; Lustral, lustralis, meditata,
192; Modern, negussa, neoterica, 196;
nevadae, Neyadan, 193; olivacea, Olivace-
ous, 195; Painted, picta, 193; purpunssata,
192; radix, 193: renigera, 195; rosea,
Rosy, 193; rugosa, Rugose, 194; Snaky,
strigicollis, 195; Studied, 192; subjuncta,
193; suffusa, 192; teligera, 195; trifolii, 193;
vicina, 195
mammurraria, Paraphia, 343
manalis, Bomolocha, 286
Mandibles of larvae, 7
Manetta, 75
manifestolabes, Semiophora, 180
manteo, Heterocampa, 297
manto, Olene, 308
"Manual for the Study of Insects," by
Comstock, 17
Maple-borer, The, 386
Maple-trees, 95
Marasmalus, genus; histrio, inficita, venti-
lator, 242
Marble-wing, The, 332
Margin of wings, 18
marginalis, Glyphodes, 394
marginalis, Haemorrhagia, 63
marginata, Bembecia, 383; Schinia, 228
marginatus, Prodoxus, 439
marginidens, Papaipema, 214
marina, Misogada, 297
mariposa, Alypia, 143, 145
Marlatt, C. L., 426
Marmopteryx, genus; marmorata, 332
marmorata, Catocala, 263; Marmopteryx,
marshallana, Hadena, 169
Marumba, genus, 56
Marvel, The Cloaked, 161; The Green, 160
masoni, Rhododipsa, 225
materna, Ophideres, 276
Matigramma genus; pulverilinea, 276
Matthew, quoted, 430
matthewi, Scepsis, 101
matuta, Alypia, 144
matutina, Rhodophora, 224
meadi, Dasyspoudaea, 228
Meal Snout-moth, The, 400
"Measuring -worms," 8
Mecoceras, genus; nitocraria, nitocris, penin-
sularia, 354
Mecoceratinae, Subfamily, 354
Median, shade, 18
medita, Mamestra, 192
medor, Cocytius, 44
Megalopyge, genus; lanuginosa, opercularis,
subcitrina, 369
Megalopygidae, 8, 25, 35, 368
Melalopha, genus; albosigma, americana,
apicalis, incarcerata, inclusa, indentata,
ornata, strigosa, vau, 293
melancholica, Erinnyis, 59
Melanchroia, genus; cephise, 354; geome-
troides, mors, 355
Melanchroiinae, Subfamily, 354
Melanolophia, genus; canadaria, contribuaria,
imperfectaria, signataria, 344
Melanomma, genus; auricinctaria, 255
melanopa, Ni ' '
Melicleptria, genus; californicus, languida,
pulchripennis, sueta, 230
Melipotis, genus; agrotipennis, cinis, fascio-
laris, grandirena, hadeniformis, jucunda,
limbolaris, pallescens, perlaeta, sinualis
258
Melitara, genus; fernaldialis, 410
melitta, Cosmosoma, 98
Melittia, genus; amoena, ceto, cucurbitae,
380; grandis, 381; satyriniformis, 380;
snowi, 381
Mellilla, genus; inextricata, snoviaria, xan-
thometata, 338
mellistrigata, Sciagraphia, 339
mellitularia, Pherne, 351
mellonella, Galleria, 406
melsheimeri, Cicinnus, 359
Memythrus, genus, 382; admirandus, 383;
polistiformis, 382; simulans, 383; tricinctus,
382
menas, Heterocampa, 297
mendica, Eudule, 327
mendocino, Saturnia, 89
Mentha, 49
menthastrina, Estigmene, 123
meralis, Caradrina, 164
merdella, Tinea, 433
merianae, Erinnyis, 58, 59
Merolonche, genus; lupini, 159
merricata, Paleacrita, 324
merricella, Semioscopis, 429
Merrick, F. A., ix, 118
Merrick, H. S., ix
Meskea, genus; dyspteraria, 375
meskei, Catocala, 264; Platysenta, 163
Mesoleuca, genus; brunneiciliata, flammifera,
gratulata, hersiliata, intermediata, lacus-
trata, ruficillata, 330 .
messalina, Andrewsia, 272
messoria, Euxoa, 188
mestusata, Gonodontis, 350
Metalepsis, genus; cornuta, 181
metallica, Tarache, 251
Metamorphoses, 4
Metanema, genus; aeliaria, carnaria, deter-
minata, inatomaria, quercivoraria trili-
nearia, 351
metanemaria, Alcis, 343
Metaponia, genus; obtusa, obtusula, per-
flava, 250
metathetis, Haemorrhagia, 63
Metathorasa, genus; monetifera, 252
metonalis, Philometra, 282
Metrocampa, genus; perlaria, perlata, prae-
grandaria, viridoperlata, 348
mexicana, Apantesis, 131; Cirrhobolina, 259;
Citheronia, 97; Estigmene, 123; Haema-
tomis, 107
michabo, Apantesis, 130
Microcoelia, genus, 156, 160; diphtheroides,
Marbled, obliterata, 160
Microgaster, 69
Micropterygidae, Family, 26, 444
Mjcropteryx, genus, 444
Micropyle, 5
Midget, Brown-spotted, 166; Festive, 165;
Grateful, 166
Mikania scandens, 99
militaris, Haploa, 118
mima, Campometra, 274
elanopa, Nigetia, '358
elanopyga, Bellura, 211
nporne
minea, Apantesis, 130
Mineola, genus, 408; indigenella, 409; jug-
landis, 408; nebulo, zelatella, 409
miniana, Rhododipsa, 225
minians, Nephelodes, 199
miniata, Hypoprepia, 106
minima, Hypocrisias, 136; Pseudomya, 99
465
Index
minimalis, Rhychagrotis, 178, 179; Zan-
clognatha, 281
ministra, Datana, 293
minorata, Fota, 178; Heliophila, 201
minuscula, Hadenella, 163; Roeselia, 358
minuta, Alceris, 421; Catocala, 269
minutata, Tephroclystis, 328
mirificum, Hyblaea, 288
miscellus, Catabena, 163
miseloides, Hadena, 167
Misnamed Gall-moth, The, 418
Misogada, genus; cinerea, marina, sobria,
unicolor, 297
mitis, Heliophana, 230
modesta, Pachysphinx, S7; Synanthedon,
387; Ulolonche, 198
modestaria, Cymatophora, 341
modica, Hadena, 167
modicella, Heliolonche, 230
modifica, Graphiphora, 204
moffatiana, Scopelosoma, 218
mollifera, Epizeuxis, 280
mollis, Heterocampa, 297
mollissima, Euherrichia, 253
molochina, Hadena, 168
Molts, larval, 8
Momophana, genus; comstocki, 172
monacha, Psilura, 309
Monarda, 49
moneta, Polychrysia, 236
rnonetifera, Metathorasa, 232
monilis, Hypsoropha, 256
monitor, Euclea, 365
monodon, Autographa, 238
Monoleuca, genus; semifascia, 365
monotropa, Selenis, 277
mopsa, Catocala, 265
monstralis, Agathodes, 393
montana, Albuna, 384; Dysodia, 375
montanatum, Eustroma, 329
Montgomery, James, quoted, 302
Moore, Thomas, quoted, 304
morbidalis, Chytolita, 282
morbosa, Cissusa, 256
mori, Bombyx, 315
mormonica, Apantesis, 131
Morrenia, 58
Morris, Rev. J. G., 28
Morrisonia, genus, 196; confusa, 197; evicta,
196; infructuosa, multifaria, 197; sectilis,
vomerina, 196
morrisonata, Azelina, 352
morrisoni, Gnophaela, 290
morrisoniana, Feltia, 186
mors, Melanchroia, 355
mortua, Schinia, 228
mortuorum, Autographa, 239
mcrula, Apatela, 155
Moths; Achaia, 130; Acorn, 429; Acraea, 123;
Alinda, 90; Anna, 130; Arge, 130; Astur,
139; Carpet, 434; Chain-streak, 347;
Clio, 133; Clymena, 118; Colona, 118;
Cora, 161; Cosyra, 142; Cotton-worm, 243;
Diverse-line, 329; Dried-currant, 414;
Echo, 122; Fall Web-worm, 123; Flour,
412; Fur, 433; Galbina, 86; Glover's
Purslane-, 141; Granite, 339; Gypsy, 308;
Harrow, 176; Hera, 93; Herbarium, 334;
Honey-locust, 96; Imperial, 97; Indian-
meal, 415; To, 89; Juno, 92; Leopard, 376;
Linden, 347; Luna, 87; Magnet, 333;
Magpie, 93; Michabo, 130; Milk-weed,
135; Oithona, 129; Pandora, 91 ; Parthenice,
129; Persephone, 130; Plum, 329; Poly-
phemus, 87; Potato, 425; Privet, 394;
Mexican Walnut-, 97; Pine-devil, 97;
Rosy Maple-, 95; Royal Walnut-, 97;
Moths Continued
Sand-dune, 143; Scallop-shell, 329; Six-
lume, 417; Skiff, 367; Solidago Gall-, 425;
potless Fall Web-worm, 124; Stigma, 94;
Sugar-beet, 395; Sun-flower, 339; Yucca,
Moth-Song, 310
Muir, John, 249
muiri, Gyros, 249
muliercula, Catocala, 267
multifaria, Ctenucha, 102; Morrisonia, 197
multifera, Caradrina, 164
multilinea, Heliophila, 202
multilineata, Pigea, 333
multipuncteila, Yponomeuta, 423
multiscripta, Cerura, 299
mundula, Drasteria, 257
murasnula, Porosagrotis, 187
muralis, Psaphidia, 177
muricina, Stretchia, 205
muricolor, Calidota, 139
murina, Comacla, 107; Euchaetias, 135
muscosula, Eustrotia, 247
musta, Eustrotia, 247
mustelina, Schizura, 299
muzaria, Euchlaena, 350
muzina, Ecpantheria, 120
myandaria, Caberodes, 352
Myginda ilicifolia, 99
mynesalis, Tetanolita, 284
myops, Calasymbolus, 56
Myosotis, 134
myron, Darapsa, 68
N
Nacophora, genus; quernaria, 345
Nadata, genus; gibbosa, 296
nais, Apantesis, 132
nana, Euclea, 365
nanina, Euclea, 365
Nannia, genus; harveiata, refusata, 327
napsea, Litholomia, 207
narrata, Drasteria, 257
Narthecophora, genus; pulverea, 235
nasoni, Natada, 366
Nasu-no Take, 301
nasutaria, Phiprosopus, 245
Natada, genus; daona, nasoni, rude, 366
natatrix, Isogona, 256
nebraskse, Catocala, 263; Euhagena, 381
nebulo, Mineola, 409
nebulosa, Catocala, 266
nebulosus, Adoneta, 365
necopina, Papaipema, 214
neglecta, Synanthedon, 385
negussa, Mamestra, 196
Neighbor, The, 119
Neleucania, genus; bicolorata 203
Nelphe Carolina, 100
Neocastniidas, 3
neogama, Catocala, 149, 266
neonaria, Hyperitis, 349
neoninaria, Hyperitis, 349
Nephelodes, genus; expansa, minians, sobria,
subdolens, violans, 199
Nepytia, genus; nigrovenaria, pellucidaria,
pinaria, pulchraria, semiclusaria, 343
nerea, Apantesis, 130
Nerice, genus; bidentata, 296
Nerium odorum, 99
nesaea, Omia, 230
nessus, Amphion, 72
Neumcegen, B., 31, 33, 34, 35
neumoegem, Hermleuca, 91; Xanthothrix 231
Neumcegenia, genus; poetica, 235
Neuronia, genus; americana, 196
466
Index
nevadse, Mamestra, 193: Thyris, 374
nevadensis, Apantesis, 131; Hemileuca, 92
nerissa, Catocala, 269
nexa, Illice, 109, no
nicotianae, Protoparce, 45
Nigetia, genus; formosalis, melanopa, 358
Night air, 80
nigra, Kodiosoma, 133; Peridroma, 182
nigricans, Phobetron, 366
nigriceps, Noctua, 184
nigrior, Hadena, 169
nigripennis, Euxoa, 189
nigrirena, Schinia, 227
nigritula, Eustrotia, 247
nigrofasciata, Celama, 357
nigrofimbria, Xanthoptera, 248
nigroflava, Ectypia, 133
nigroguttata, Lussa, 175
nigrolunata, Anarta, 198
nigrpvenaria, Nepytia, 343
nimia, Orthodes, 203
niobe, Seirarctia, 122
nitela, Papaipema, 213
nitens, Orthodes, 203
nitida, Schizura, 298
nitidalis, Glyphodes, 394
nitocraria, Mecoceras, 354
nitocris, . .ecoceras, 354
nivaria, Anarta, 199
nivea, Eupseudosoma, 139
niveicilialis, Pyrausta, 398
niveicostatus, Fagitana, 217
niveosericeata, Ennomos, 348
nivosaria, Eugonobapta, 348
nivosata, Eugonobapta, 348
nobilis, Schinia, 288; Tosale, 402
noctivaga, Apatela, 157
Noctua, genus, 183; associans, 185; atricincta,
184; beata, 185; bicarnea, 183; calgary,
clandestina, collaris, 184; c-nigrum, fen-
nica, 183; grandis, haruspica, havilse, 184;
hilliana, 183; illapsa, 185; intractata,
jucunda, 183; juncta, 184; lubricans, 185;
nigriceps, 184; normanniana, oblata, ob-
tusa, 183; patefacta, 184; perconflua,
plagiata, 183; plecta, substrigata, uni-
color, vicaria, 184
Noctuelia, genus; costasmaculalis, gelidalis,
novalis, peruyiana, thalialis, 399
Noctuidae, Family, 7, 24, 32, 151
noctuiformis, Aon, 234; Tuerta, 143
Nola, genus; ovilla, 357
Nolidae, Family, 24, 34, 357
Nonagria, genus; Large, oblonga, permagna,
subflava, Yellowish, 211
nondescriptus, Phobetron, 366
notata, Philobia, 339; Tephroclystis, 328
notataria, Eufidonia, 337
notatella, Nycterophasta, 221
Notch-wing, The, 348
Notodonta, genus, 294; basitriens, simplaria,
Notodontidae, Family, 25, 33, 292
Notolophus, genus; antiqua, nova, 306
norax, Cossula, 379
normani, Crocigrapha, 204
normanniana, Noctua, 183
Noropsis, genus; hieroglyphica, 233
nova, Notolophus, 306
novalis, Noctuelia, 399
nubecularia, Paraphia, 343
nubihfascia, Hormisa, 282
nubilis, Euparthenos, 272
nuchalis, Heliothis, 224
nundina, Schinia, 227
nupera, Calocampa, 208
Nurse, The, 263
nurus, Catocala, 263
nuttalli, Pseudohazis, 93
Nycteola. genus; lintnerana revayana, 288
Nycteolidae, Family, 24, 33, 288
Nycterophseta, genus; luna magdalena,
notatella, 221
Nyctobia, genus; limitata, lobophorata,
vernata, 324
Nymphula, genus; obscuralis, 399
Nymphulinas, Subfamily, 399
Nyssa sylvatica t 161
nyssaria, Hyperitis, 349
obaurata, Celama, 357
obeliscoides, Euxoa, 190
oberthuralis, Phlyctasnodes, 396
obesalis, Plathypena, 287
obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 350
oblata, Noctua, 183
oblinita, Apatela, 157
obliqua, Fagitana, 217; Heterocampa, 297,
Sphida, 211
obliquata, Heliophana, 230; Pleroma 206;
Sphida, 211
obliquella, Galleria, 406
obliquifera, Balsa, 163
obliquilinea, Cargida, 300
obliterata, Microcnelia, 160
obliviosa, Hadena, 168; Hemerocampa, 305
oblqnga, Nonagria, 211
obnigralis, Pyrausta, 398
obrussata, Phrygionis, 354
obscura, Apatela, 153; Catocala, 262; Erin-
nyis, 59; Holomelina, 115; Pseudosphinx,
obscuralis, Nymphula, 399
obscurus, Anytus, 191
obtusa, Noctua, 183; Metaponia, 250
obtusaria, Euchlsena, 350
obtusula, Metaponia, 250
obvia, Eucoptocnemis, 190
occata, Oncocnemis, 176
occidens, Hadena, 169
occidentalis, Emilia, 137; Apatela, 155;
Pachysphinx, 5 7
occidentata, Barathra, 196
occidentis, Epicnaptera, 314
occulta, Peridroma, 182; Protoparce, 45
ocellata, Sphinx, 54
Ocelli, 12
ocellinata, Sciagraphia, 339
ochosalis, Pyrausta, 398
ochracea, Apantesis, 130; Platyprepia, 128
ochraceus, Axenus, 231
Ochria, genus; sauzaelitas, 214
ochreipennis, Zanclognatha, 281
ochrogaster, Euxoa, 1 90
octo, Amyna, 242
octomaculata, Alypia, 143, 144; Pyrausta,
398
oculatana, Dysodia, 374
oculatrix, Paectes, 241
oculea, Telea, 87
Ode to an Insect, 291
Odontosia, genus; elegans, 294
odora, Erebus, 279
odyneripennis, Bembecia, 383
CEcophoridas, Family, 26, 428
CEhlenschlaeger, quoted, 303
osmearia, Syssaura, 352
ceneiformis, Ccenocalpe, 332
cenotrus, Erinnyis, 59
Ogdoconta, genus; atomaria, cinereola, 241
Oiketicus, genus; abboti, 361
oithona, Apantesis, 129
467
Index
Olene, genus; achatina, atrivenosa, basi-
flava, cinnamomea, leucophaea, man to,
parallela, tephra, 398
Ohgia, genus; festivoides, 165; fuscimacula
grata, rasilis, 166; varia, 165
olinalis, Herculia, 401
olivacea, Mamestra, 195
olivalis, Euxoa, 188
olivatus, Heterocampa, 297
olivia, Catocala, 269
olympia, Composia, 289
olyzonaria, Syssaura, 352
omega, Autographa, 238
Omia, genus; nesaea, 230
omicron, Autographa, 238
Ommatostola, genus; lintneri, 211
omphale, Cosmospma, 98
onagrus, Spragueia, 252
Oncocnemis, genus; atrifasciata, Black-
banded, chandler!, Chandler's, cibalis,
dayi, Day's, Gray, tricolor, Iris-colored,
Narrow-banded, qccata, tenuifascia, 176
ontariella, Depressaria, 428
onusta, Macronoctua, 170
oo, Autographa, 238
opacalis, Hypenula, 283
opacifrons, Semiophora, 180
opella, Holomelina, 115
opercularis, Megalopyge, 369
operculella, Phthorimaea, 424, 425
Opharus, genus; albicans, astur, maculicollis,
pustulata, 139
Ophideres, genus; calaminea, hybrida, ma-
terna, 276
ophthalmica, Baileya, 162; Sphinx, ss
opipara, Tripudia, 250
opina, Valeria, 172
oponearia, Euchlaena, 350
oporaria, Eucrostis, 336
opuscularia, Pterospoda, 343
orbica, Amyna, 242
Orbicular spot, 18
orbimaculella, Yponomeuta, 423
orciferalis, Sysyrhypena, 282
ordinaria, Hadena, 169
ordinatellus, Yponomeuta, 423
oregona, Melaporphyria, 229
oregonensis, Euchastias, 135
oreodaphne, Hyloicus, 50
Oreta, genus; americana, formula, irrorata,
rosea, 321
orgyiae, Prothymia, 248
orilliana, Pachnobia, 180
orina, Calymnia, 219
orizaba, Rothschildia, 82
ornata, Acherdoa, 234; Apantesis, 130;
Melalopha, 293
ornatrix, Utetheisa, 117
Orneodes, genus; hexadactyla, 417
Orneodidae, Family, 25,' 417
ornithogalli, Prodenia, 174
orobia, Graphiphora, 204
orosusalis, Pyrausta, 397
orphisalis, Pyrausta, 397
Orrhodia, genus, calif ornica, 218
Orthodes, genus; candens, crenulata, cynica,
enervis, griseocincta, nirr.ia, nitens, pro-
deuns, 203; pueriiis, 204; tecta, togata,
vecors, velata, 203
Orthofidonia, genus; junctaria, semiclarata,
vestaliata, viatica, 337
Orthosia, genus; bicolorago, helva, 217
orthosioides, Phoberia, 273
Ortmann, A. E., 377
ortonii, Peridroma, 182
osculata, Catocala, 265
ossularia, Eois, 335
ostenta, Holomelina, 115
otiosa, Apantesis, 131
ou, Autographa, 238
ovalis, Abrostola, 240
ovjduca, Graphiphora, 204
ovilla, Nola, 357
oviplagalis, Tosale, 402
Oviposition, Time of, 5
ovulalis, Conchylodes, 393
Owls, 78
oxybaphi, Celerio, 76
Oxycnemis, genus; fusimacula, 221
Oxydia, genus; vesulia, 352
oxygramma, Autographa, 239
oxymorus, Admetovis, 196
Sxyptilus, genus; periscelidactylus, 416
zonadia, genus, 108
Pachnobia, genus; claviformis, ferruginoides,
littoralis, orilliana, pectinata, Reddish,
salicarum, Willow, 180
Pachylia, genus, 60; aterrima, crameri, ficus,
lyncea, undatifascia, venezuelehsis, 60
Pachysphinx, genus, 56; imperator, modesta,
occidentalis, princeps, 57
pacificaria, Eois, 336
Packard, A. S., p. 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 145
packardi, Estigmene, 123; Hippia 296;
Mice, 109; Scepsis, 101; Schinia, 228
Packardia, genus; elegans, 367; geminata,
368; nigripunctata, 367
Paectes, genus; abrostoloides oculatrix,
pygmasa, 241
paenulata, Euclea,
365
pagenstecheri, Hormoschista, 253
Palada, genus; scarletina, 229
palaeogama, Catocala, 266
paleacea, Cosmia, 217
Paleacrita, genus; autumnata, merricata,
sericeiferata, vernata, 324
Paleontology, 22
Palindia, genus; dominicata, 273
pallens, Cressonia, S7
pallescens, Melipotis, 258
pallialis, Bomolocha, 286
palliatricula, Chytonix, 161
pallida, Crambidia, 104; Cyathissa, 161;
Erinnyis, 59; Hyphantria, 124
pallidior, Palpidia, 105
pallidulus. Sphinx, 55
palmeri, Lycomorpha, 101
Palmer-worms, 114
Palmia, genus; praecedens, 383
palpalis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Plathypena, 287
Palpi, 7, 12
Palpidia, genus; pallidior, 105
Palthis, genus; angulalis, asopialis, aracin-
thusalis, 285
Palyadinae, subfamily, 354
Palyas, genus; auriferaria, 354
pamina, Automeris, 89
pampjna, Eucirrosdia, 215
pampinaria, Cleora, 344
pampinatrix, Darapsa, 68
Panapoda, genus; carneicosta, combinata,
cressoni, rubricosta, rufimargo, scissa 273
Panchrysia, genus; purpurigera, 236
pandana, Caberodes, 352
pandora, Coloradia, 91
pandorus, Pholus, 65
Pangjapta, genus; decoralis, elegantalis,
epionoides, geometroides, recusans, 254
panisaria, Therina, 348
Panthea, genus; Eastern, furcilla, portlandia,
Western, 152
468
Index
Pantographa, genus; limata, suffusalis, 393
Panula, genus; inconstans, 258
Paota, genus; fultaria, 332
Papaipema. genus, 213; cataphracta, cerus-
sata, furcata, 214; inquassita, 2 1 3 ; margini-
dens necopina, nitela, 213, 214; purpu-
rifascia, 213
Pawpaw, The, 46
paphia, Telea, 87
paradoxica, Prodoxus, 438
paradoxus, Heliochilus, 222
Paragrotis, genus, 188
parallela, Archips, 422; Olene, 308
Parallelia, genus; amplissima, bistriaris, 273
parallelia, Pherne, 351
paralleliaria, Pherne, 351
Paranthrene, genus; heucherae, 387
Paraphia, genus; exsuperata, impropriata,
mammurraria, nubecularia, subatomaria,
triplipunctaria, unipuncta, unipunctata,
Parasemia, genus; geometrica, plantaginis,
Parasitized larva, 69
Parastichtis, genus; discivaria, gentilis, 217
parce, Hemeroplanes, 60
parentalis, Richia, 190
Pareuchaetes, genus; eglenensis, Gray-winged,
insulata, 134; tenera, 134, 135; Yellow-
winged, 134
Parharmonia, genus; pini, 384
Parora, genus; texana, 255
parta, Catocala, 264
parthenice, Apantesis, 1 29
parthenos, Hyphoraia, 128
partita, Galgula, 247
passer, Hadena, 168
pastillicans, Epiglaea, 219
pastinacella. Depressaria, 428
pasulella, Ephestia, 414
Patagium, p. 18
patalis, Xylomiges, 197
patefacta, Noctua, 184
patella, Clemensia, 108
patibilis, Drasteria, 257
patruelis, Eumestleta, 249
patula, Eumestleta, 249; Porosagrotis, 187
paulina, Catocala, 261
pavitensis, Cirrhobolina, 259
pavonina, Calasymbolus, 56
Parsnip Web-worm, The, 428
Peach-borer, The, 384
Peach-twig Borer, The, 426
pectinaria, Euchlaena, 350
pectinata, Pachnobia, t8o
pelasgus, Hasmorrhagia, 62
pellionella, Tinea, 433
pellucida, Anisota, 95
pellucidaria, Nepytia, 343
penasus, Erinnyis, 59
pendulinaria, Cosymbia, 333
peninsularia Mecoceras, 354
Penitent, The, 266
pennsylvanica, Euthyatira, 304
pepita, Basilodes 234
peplaria, Azelina, 352
pepsidiformis, Sanninoidea, 384
perangulalis, Bomolocha, 286
perarcuata, Cymatophora, 341
perattenta, Eueretagrotis, 179
percara, Cyathissa, 161
Percnoptilota, genus; fluviata, 330
perconflua, Noctua, 183
perditalis, Hyamia, 254
perelegans, Hyloicus, 51
perflava, Metaponia, 230
pergentilis, Hadenella, 162
Pericopidae, Family, *4, 33, 289
periculosa Trigonophora, 215
Peridroma, genus, 182; alabamae, 183,
astricta, 182; incivis, 183; inermis, nigra,
occulta, ortonii, saucia, 182; simplaria,
183
Pengea, genus; vecors, xanthioides, 165
Perigonica, genus; fulminans, 205
Perigrapha, genus; prima, 205
Periodicals containing information as to
moths, 28
periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 416
perlaria, Metrocampa, 348
perlata, Metrocampa, 348; Remigia, 274
perlaeta, Melipotis, 258
perlevis, Euchaetias, 135
perlineata, Venusia, 328
perlubens, Xylomiges, 197
perlucidula, Pyromorpha. 371
permaculata, Turuptiana, 121
permagna, Nonagna, 2 1 1
perophoroides, Hyparpax, 299
perplexa, Synanthedon, 385
perpolita, Euxoa, 188
perpura, Anarta, 199
perscripta, Lepipolys, 177
persephone, Apantesis, 130
persica, Sanninoidea, 384
Persimmon, 87, 382
personata, Euxoa, 188; Raphia, 153
perspicua, Datana, 294; Thyris, 374
perstrialis, Scirpophaga, 402
pertextalis. Pyrausta, 397
peruviana, Noctuelia, 399
perversa, Malacosoma, 313
pettitana, Cenopis, 422
petulca, Xylina, 206
pexata, Xylina, 207
phaealis, Epizeuxis. 280
phaeton, Euproserpinus, 74
Phalaenostola, genus; larentioides, 254
phalanga. Catocala. 266
phalaris Erinnyis, 59
phalerata, Apantesis, 132
phasianaria. Caberodes. 352
phasma, Euerythra, 120
Pheocyma, genus; lineola, lucifera, 278
Pheosia, genus; californica, descherei, dimi-
diata, portlandia, rimosa, 295
Pherne, genus; jubararia, mellitularia, paral-
lelia, paralleliaria, placearia, 351
Phigalia, genus; revocata, strigataria, titea,
titearia, 347
Philagraula, genus, 356
Philedia, genus; punctomacularia, 343
Philereme, genus; californiata, 329
Philobia, genus; aemulataria, enotata, notata,
sectomaculata, 339
philodina, Clemensia, 108
Philometra, genus; goasalis, longilabris,
metonalis, 282
Philosamia, genus, 82; aurotus, canningi,
82; cynthia, 81, 82; insularis, pryeri, vesta,
walkeri, 82
Phiprosopus, genus; acutalis, callitrichoides,
nasutaria, 245
Phlyctsenia, genus; plectilis, syringicola,
tertialis, 397
Phlyctsenodes genus; fuscalis, 39S; oberthur-
alis, 396; sordida, sticticalis, tetragonalis,
triumphalis, 395
Phoberia, genus; atomaria, forrigens, in-
genua, orthosioides, 273
Phobetron, genus; abbotana, hyalinus, nigri-
cans, nondescriptus, pithecium, tetradac-
tylus, 366
469
Index
Pholus, genus, 65; achemon, 66; ampelo-
phaga, 65, clotho, 67; crantor, 66, fascia-
tus, hornbeckiana, jussieuae, labruscae,
linnei, 67; pandorus. 65; posticatus, 66;
satellitia, 65; strigilis, 67; typhon, 65;
vitis, 67
pholus, Darapsa, 68; Lycomorpha, 101
phrada, Ptychoglene, no
Phragmatobia, genus; beani, brucei. fuligi-
nosa, 126; remissa, 127; rubricosa, 126;
yarrowi, 127
Phryganidia, genus; californica, 291
Phrygionis, genus; argenteostriata, cerussata,
obrussata, 354
Phthorimaea, genus, 425; operculella, 424,
425; solanella, tabacella, terrella, 425
Phurys, genus; lima, vinculum, 275
Phycitinae, Subfamily, 407
Physpstegania, genus; pustularia, 338
piatrix, Catocala., 266
pica, Pseudohazis, 93
Pickle-worm, The, 394
picta, Arachnis, 124; Erinnyis, 59; Mamestra,
pictipes, Synanthedon, 386
Piers Plowman, quoted, 288
Pigea, genus; multilineata, 333
pinaria, Nepytia, 343
pinastri, Hyloicus, 52
Pinconia, genus; coa, 369
pineum, Lapara, 53
pini, Parharmonia, 384
piniaria, Caripeta, 342
Pinion; Ashen, 206; Bailey's, Broad Ashen,
Dowdy, 207; Green Gray, 206; Nameless,
Nappy, Thaxter's, 207; Wanton, 206;
Warm Gray, 207
pinorum, Vespamima, 384
piperis, Erinnyis, 59
Pippona, genus; bimatris, 221
pithecium, Phobetron, 366
pityochromus, Plagiomimicus, 235
pityochrous, Euxoa, 1 88
placearia, Pherne, 351
placida, Rhynchagrotis, 178
plagiata, Laphygma, 174; Noctua, 183
Plagiomimicus, genus; pityochromus, 235
Plagodis, genus; arrogaria, emargataria,
floscularia, keutzingaria, keutzingi, seri-
naria, subprivata, 349
plantaginis, Parasemia, 134
Plantago, 120, 125, 134
Platagrotis, genus; pressa, 179
Platanus, 87, 367
Platea, genus; californiaria, 342; dulcearia,
trilinearia, 343; uncanaria 342
Plathypena, genus; crassatus, erectalis,
obesalis, palpalis, scabra, 287
platinalis, Conchylodes, 393
Platynota, genus; concursana, flavedana,
labiosana, laterana, 422
Platyperigea, genus; discistriga, praeacuta,
164
Platyprepia, genus; guttata, ochracea, vir-
ginalis, 128
Platypterygidae, Family, 24, 34, 320
Platysenta, genus; albipuncta, atriciliata,
indigens, meskei, videns, 163
plebeja, Atreides, 49
pleciasformis, Bembecia, 383
plecta, Noctua, 184
plectilis. Phlyctasnia, 397
plena, Dysodia, 375
pleonectusa, Ipimorpha, 220
Pleonectyptera, genus; floccalis, irrecta,
pyralis, 246
polyg
Polyg
Pleroma, genus; obliquata, 206
plicatus, Ufeus, 191
Plodia, genus; interpunctella, zeae, 415
plota, Hyloicus, 51
plumbea, Hypoprepia, 106; Illice, 109
plumbifimbriata, Spragueia, 252
Plume, The Grape-vine, 416
Plumeria, 58
plumeriae, Pseudosphinx, 57
plumifrontellus, Acrolophus, 443
plumigeraria, Coniodes, 345
Plusia, genus, 8, 237; aerea, aeroides, balluca,
237
Plusiodonta, genus; compressipalpis, in-
signis, 235
pluto, Xylophanes, 75
Poaphila, genus; quadrifilaris, 274
Podagra, genus; crassipes, 178
Podosesia, genus; longipes, syringae, 382
pcecila, Hyloicus, 51
poetica, Neumcegenia, 235
Pogocolon, genus, 72; gaurae, 72; juanita,
vega, 73
Polia. genus; diversilineata, illepida, Theo-
dore's, theodori, Varied-banded, 171
Poling, O. C., ix
polistiformis, Memythrus, 382
politia, Sabulodes, 353
Polychrysia, genus; formosa, moneta, trabea,
236
jlygama, Catocala, 268
Dlygamist, The, 268
Polygonum, 157
Polygrammate, genus; hebraea, hebraicum,
1 60
polyphemus, Telea, 87
pometaria, Alsophila, 326
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 431
pomonella, Bucculatrix, 431
Pope, Alexander, quoted, 289
popeanella, Anaphora, 44^
populi, Apatela, 154; Cleosiris, 205
Populus, 57, 155, 378
Porosagrotis, genus; da?dalus, fusca, muras-
nula, patula, rileyana, septentrionalis,
tripars, vetusta, worthingtoni, 187
porphyria, Halisidota, 138
Porrima, genus; regia, 226
Porthesia, genus, 305
Porthetria, penus; dispar, 308
portlandia, Panthea, 152; Pheosia, 295
posticatus, Pholus, 66
Potato-moth, The, 425
praeacuta, Platyperigea, 164
prascedens, Palmia, 383
pneclara, Catorala, 269
prasgrandaria, Metrpcampa, 348
pragatomata, Macaria, 340
prasina, Adelphagrotis, 179
precationis, Autographa, 238
pressa, Platagrotis, 179
prima, Anorthodes, 164; Estigmene, 122.
Perigrapha, 205
princeps, Pachysphinx, 57
Prinos, 46
Priocycla, genus; armataria, 351
Prionoxystus, genus; macmurtrei, querci-
perda, robinia?, 378
pnvatus, Anytus, 191
Privet -moth, The, 394
proba, Diacrisia, 128
Proboscis, 12
procinctus, Dargida, 196
proclivis, Rhizagrotis, 185
Prodenia, genus; commelinae, ornithogalli,
prodeuns, Orthodes, 203
470
Index
Prodoxus, genus; cinereus, 441 1 coloradensis,
440; decipiens, 438; margmatus, 439;
paradoxica, quinquepunctella, 438; reti-
culata, 440; y-inversa, 439
profecta. Bomolocha, 286
progressata, Triphosa, 331
Prolegs, abdominal, anal, 7
Prolimacodes, genus; undifera, scapha, 367
promethea, Callosamia, 84
promptella, Doryodes, 245
Pronoctua, genus; typica, 185
Pronuba, genus, 441; maculata, synthetica,
442; yuccasella, 441
propinqua, Copicucullia, 208
Dropinquajis, Rivula, 245
propinquilinea, Demas, 152
propriaria, Euchoeca, 32&; Euchlaena, 350
proprius, Sympistis, 229
propugnata, Gypsochroa, ,132
propugnaria, Gypsochroa 332
proserpina, Hemileuca, 91
Proserpinus, genus, 72, '.-3, 74; clarkiae,
flavofasciata, 73
Protambulyx, genus, 54; strigilis, carteri, 54
Prothymia, genus; coccineifascia, orgyiae,
rhodarialis, semipurpurea, 248
Protoparce, genus, 44; Carolina Linnaeus;
Carolina Donavan; celeus; chionanthi; ly-
copersici; nicotianae occulta, 45; quinque-
maculatus, 41, 43, 45; rustica sexta, 45
Protosia, genus, in
protumnusalis, Zanclognatha, 281
proxima, Apantesis, 131; Synanthedon, 387
proximalis, Titanio, 396
prunata, Eustroma, 329
pruniella, Anarsia, 426
Pryer, Henry, 79
pryeri, Philosamia 82
Psaphidia, genus; grotei, muralis, resumens,
viridescens, 177
Pseudacontia, genus; crustaria, 225
Pseudalypia, genus; crotchi, 232
Pseudanarta, genus; crocea, falcata, Falcate,
flava, Single, singula, Yellow, 175
Pseudanthoecia, genus; tumida, 228
Pseudanthracia, genus; coracias, 278
pseudargyria, Heliophila, 201
pseuderminea, Estigmene, 123
pseudogamma, Autographa, 238
Pseudoglaea, genus; blanda, decepta, tasdata,
216
Pseudohazis, genus, 93; denudata, eglanteri-
na, hera, nuttalli, pica, shastaensis, 93
Pseudolimacodes, genus, 217
Pseudomya, genus; minima, 99
pseudoneustria, Malacosoma, 313
Pseudorgyia, genus, versuta, 245
Pseudorthosia, genus; variabilis, 216
Pseudosphinx, genus, 57; asdrubal, hasdrubal,
obscura, plumeriae, rustica, tetrio, 57
Pseudotamila, genus; vanella, 229
Pseudothyatira, genus; cymatophoioides,
expultrix, 304
psidii, Gloveria, 311
Psidium pyrifera, 140
Psilura, genus; monacha, 309
Psychidas, Family, 7, 25, 35, 360
Psychomorpha, genus; epimenis, 232
ptelearia, Eois, 334
Pteraetholix, genus; bullula, 243
pteridis, Diacrisia, 128
Pterophoridaa, Family, 25, 37, 415
Pterospoda, genus; opuscularia, 343
Ptychoglene, genus; coccinea, flammans,
phrada, sanguineola, tenuimargo, no
ptycophora, Fala, 235
puber, Syssaura, 353
pudens, Euchaetias, 135; Euthyatira, 304
pudorata, Apatela, 156
puera, Hyblaea, 288
puerilis, Orthodes, 204
pulchella, Xylomiges, 197
pulcher, Hepialus, 444
pulcherrima, Eutelia, 242
pulchraria, Nepytia, 343
pulchripennis, Melicleptria, 230
pulchripictalis, Cindaphia, 397
pullata, Lathosea, 209
pultaria, Therina, 348
pulverea, Heterocampa, 297; Narthecophora
235
pulverilinea, Matigramma, 276
pulverina, Bruceia, 108
Pulvillus, 14, IS
punctata, Dasylophia, 296; Diacrisia, 128
punctatissima, Basilona, 97; Hyphantria, 123
punctistriga, Artace, 312
punctivena, Capnodes, 277; Caradrina, 165
punctomacularia, Philedia, 343
pungens, Herse, 43
Pupae, 9
pupillaris, Sysyrhypena, 282
pupula, Eustixia, 149, 398
pura, Carama, 368; Catocala, 264; Utetheisa,
117
purgata, Csenurgia, 257
purpurana, Archips, 422
purpurascens, Calpe, 236
purpurifascia, Papaipema. 213
purpurigera, Panchrysia, 236
purpurissata, Mamestra, 192
pustularia, Physostegania, 338
pustulata, Celama, 357; Opharus, 139
putnami, Euchalcia, 237
putrescens, Homoptera, 278
Pygarctia, genus; abdominalis, elegans, Ele-
gant, Orange-bodied, spraguei, Sprague's,
vivida, 136
pygmasa, Adoneta, 365; Dircetis, 284;
Paectes, 241
Pygoctenucha, genus; funerea, harrisi, pyr-
rhoura, terminalis, votiva, 1 1 1
PyralidcE, Family, 21, 25, 36, 246, 391
Pyralinae, Subfamily, 399
Pyralis, genus; farinalis, 400
pyralis, Apharetra, 159; Pleonectyptera, 246
pyramidalis, Albuna, 384
pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 149, 173
pyramus, Hasmorrhagia, 63
pyramusalis, Heterogramma, 284
Pyrausta, genus; adipaloides, arsaltealis,
badipennis, 397; bellulalis, diffissa, emci-
talis, erosnealis, 398; euphoesalis, fascialis,
fumalis, 397; funebris, generosa, 398;
gentilis, 397; glomeralis, 398; guttulosa,
397; hircinalis, 398; illibalis, 397; inse-
qualis, 398; langdonalis, 397; madetesalis,
398; magniferalis, 397; niveicilialis, ob-
nigralis, ochosalis, octomaculata, 398;
orasusalis, orphisalis, pertextalis, 397;
repletalis, 398; subjectalis, 397; subolivalis,
subsequalis, 398; thesealis, 397; tyralis,
398; unifascialis, 397; unimacula, 398
Pyraustinae, Subfamily, 392
pyri, Synanthedon, 387
pyrina, Zeuzera, 376
Pyromorpha, genus; dimidiata, perlucidula
Pyrophila, genus; glabella, Gray, Mouse-
colored, pyramidoides, repressus, trago-
poginis, 173
pyrrha, Cargida, 301
Pyrrhia, genus; tunbra, 214
pyrrhoura, Pygoctenucha, 111
471
Index
pythion, Charadra, 152
pyxidifera, Lagoa, 369
Q
quadrata, Apatela, 136
quadriannulata, Cosymbia, 333
quadricornis, Ceratomia, 47
quadridentata, Euxoa, 188
quadrifilaris, Poaphila, 274
quadriguttalis, Alypia, 144
quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 443
quadrinotata, Heterophleps, 327
quadripunctaria, Eufidoma, 337
quadristigmalis, Glyphodes, 394
Quaker, Boyish, 204; Cynical, Rustic, Small
Brown, 203
quinquecaudatus, Sannina, 382
quinquelinearia, Leptomeris, 333
quinquemaculatus, Protoparce, 45
quinquepunctella, Prodoxus, 438
quenseli, Apantesis, 131
quercicola, Euclea, 365
querciperda, Prionoxystus, 378
quercivoraria, Metanema, 351
quercus, Hemihyalea, 138
quernaria, Nacophora, 345
questionis, Autographa, 238
Rachela, genus; bruceata, 324
rachelse, Apocheima, 345
Racheospila, genus; hollandaria, lixaria,
saltusaria, 336
radians, Apantesis, 132
radix, Mamestra, 193
Ragonot, E. L., 37, 408
ramosula, Actinotia, 173
Rancora, genus; solidaginis, strigata, 209
Raphia, genus; abrupta, coloradensis, flex-
uosa, f rater, personata, 153
Rascal Leaf-crumpler, The, 409
rasilis, Oligia, 166
raspa, Syssphinx, 96
Ratarda, genus, 305
reciprocata, Euchoeca, 328
reconditaria, Synelys, 333
rectangula, Autographa, 239
rectangulata, Hydriomena, 331
rectaria, Anaplodes, 337
rectifascia, Atethmia, 220
rectilinea, Apantesis, 129; Cochlidion, 367
recurvalis, Zinckenia, 392
recusans, Pangrapta, 254
redimicula, Euxoa, 190
reducta, Turuptiana, 121
refractaria, Gonodontis, 350
refusata, Nannia, 327
regalis, Citheronia, 97
regia, Citheronia, 97; Porrima, 226
regnatrix, Xanthopastis, 231
Relict, The, 262
relicta, Catocala, 149, 262
Remigia, genus; indentata, latipes, perlata,
repanda, texana, 274
remissa, Phragmatobia, 127
remissaria, Caberodes, 352
Renia, genus; discoloralis, fallacialis, gener-
alis, thraxalis, 283
Reniform spot, 18
reniformis, Heliotropha, 173
renigera, Mamestra, 195
repanda, Remigia, 274; Siavana, 273
repentinus, Ceratomia, 48
repentis, Euxoa, 189; Yrias, 277
repletalis, Pyrausta, 398
repressus, Pyrophila, 173
resistaria, Ania, 349
restituens, Alsophila, 326
restrictalis, Heliodes, 230
restorata, Sciagraphia, 339
resumens, Psaphidia, 177
retecta, Catocala, 262
retectata, Macaria, 339
retentata, Macaria, 339
reticulata, Prodoxus, 440
reticulina, Hexeris, 375
Retinaculum, 17
revayana, Nyctepla, 288
revocata, Phigalia, 347
Rheumaptera, genus; hastata, 329; luctuats,
rubrosuffusata, 330
rhexiae, Chloridea, 222
Rhizagrotis, genus; proclivis, 185
rhoda, Apantesis, 132
rhodarialis, Prothymia, 248
Rhododendrons, 173
Rhododipsa, genus ;masoni, miniana, volupia,
Rhodophora, genus; citronellus, florida,
gauras, matutina, 224
Rhodosea, genus; julia, 225
rhcebus, Erinnyis, 59
Rhopalocera, 3
Rhynchagrotis, genus; alternata, 179; ancho-
celioides, cupida, gilvipennis, 178; mini-
malis, 178, 179; placida, rufipectus, velata,
178
ribearia, Cymatophora, 340
ribesiaria, Eustroma, 329
richardsoni, Anarta, 199
Richia, genus; aratrix, parentalis, 190
Richter, Jean Paul, quoted, 417
rickseckeri, Estigmene, 123
ridingsi, Alypia, 143, 145
Riley, C. V., 30, 141, 154, 175, 201, 223,
232. 233, 239, 243, 280, 281, 33S, 362,
rileyana, Heter'opacha, 314; Porosagrotis,
187; Synanthedon, 385
rimosa, Pheosia 295
Rivula, genus; propinqualis, 245
rivulana, Almodes, 354
rivulosa, Schinia, 228
Robinia, pseudacacia, 378, 419
robiniae, Prionoxystus, 378
Robinson, C. T., 29, 30, 37
robinsoni, Catocala, 262; Cressonia, 57;
Lerina, 1 1 1
Roeselia, genus; conspicua, fuscula, minuscula,
358
rogationis, Autographa, 238
Rosaceae, 83, 155, 366, 410
rosaceana, Archips, 422
rosacearum, Calasymbolus, 56
rosalinda, Catocala, 268
rosea, Euhyparpax, 298; Hyparpax, 299;
Mamestra, 193; Oreta 321; Thyreion, 222
roseitincta, Schinia, 227
rossi, Gynasphora, 305
Rothschild, Hon. Walter, ix, 31
Rothschildia, genus, 82, 83; jorulla, orizaba,
82
rotundata, Chlasnogramma, 46
Royal Walnut-moth, 6
rubens, Hsemorrhagia, 64
rubi, Bembecia, 383
rubicunda, Anisota, 93; Euherrichia, 253
rubra, Diacrisia, 128; Samia, 84
rubricosa, Phragmatobia, 126
rubricosta, Holomelina, 115
rubripalpis, Artace, 312
rubrolinearia, Leptomeris, 333
472
Index
mbrolineata, Leptomeris, 333
rubroscapus, Ctenucha, 102
rubrosunusata, Rheumaptera, 330
rude, Natada, 366
rufago, Jodia, 215
ruficaudis, Hasmorrhagia, 62, 63
ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 330
rufipectus, Rhynchagrotis, 178
rufostriga, Caradrina, 165
rufula, Diacrisia, 128
rugifrons, Stiria, 234
rugosa, Mamestra, 194
rupta, Gluphisia, 300
rurigena, Heterogramma, 284
Rustic; Brown-streaked, Civil, Convivial,
165; Mooned, Speckled, 164
rustica, Erinnyis, 59; Protoparce, 45; Pseu-
dosphinx, 57
rutila, Autographa, 238
rutilans, Synanthedon, 385
Sabal palmetto, 122
Sabulodes, genus; _ arcasaria, cpntingens,
depontanata, goniata, imitata, incurvata,
lorata, politia, sulphurata, transfindens,
transmutans, transposita, transvertens,
truxaliata, 353
sabulosa, Cissusa, 256; Tuerta, 143
Sack-bearer, Melsheimer's, Scalloped, 359
sacramenti, Alypia, 145
Saddle-back, The,' 364
saga, Hyblaea, 288
Salia, genus; interpuncta, 285
salicarum, Pachnobia, 180
saliceti, Sphinx, 55
salicis, Apatela, 157
saligneana, Eucosma, 418
Sallow; Angle-striped, 217; Anointed, 218;
Even-lined, 220; Lost, Moffat's, 218;
Red-winged, 215; Roadside, 218; Round-
loaf, 219; Silky, 218; Sloping, Smudged,
219; Unsated, Walker's. 218
Salobrana, genus; tecomse, 401
saltusaria, Racheospila, 336
sambuci, Zotheca, 219
Sambucus, 212, 219
Samea, genus; castellalis, disertalis, ecclesi-
alis, luccusalis, 393
Samia, genus, 83; calif ornica, ceanothi, 84;
cecropia, 83, 84; Columbia, euryalus,
gloveri, rubra, 84
sanborni, Acoloithus, 371
sanguineola, Ptychoglene, no
sanguivenosa, ^Emilia, 137
saniaria, Haematopsis, 332
saniptri, Hyloicus, 52
Sannina, genus; quinquecaudatus, uroceri-
formis, 382
Sanninoidea, genus; exitiosa, pepsidiformis,
persica, xiphiasforniis, 384
saporis, Triocnemis, 225
sappho, Catocala, 260
satellitia, Pholus, 65
saturata, Schinia, 227
Saturnia, genus, 89; mendocino, 89
Saturniidae, Family, 9, 12, 24, 31, 80
Saturniinas, 80, 81, 86
satyricus, Ufeus, 191
satyriniformis, Melittia, 380
saucia, Peridroma, 182
Sauer-kraut, 239
saundersi, Apantesis, 129; Homoptera, 278
sauzaslitas, Ochria, 214
saxea, Syneda, 259
scabra, Plathypena, 287
scaftnuscula, Dipterygia, 172
Scale insects, fed upon by larvae, 6
Scape-moth, The Yellow-collared, The White-
collared, I 01
scapha, Prolimacodes, 367
Scarce Bordered Straw, 222
scardina, Anaphora, 443
scarletina, Palada, 229
Scepsis, genus, 100; fulvicollis, matthewi,
packardi, semidiaphana, wrighti, 101
Schaus, W., 33
Schidax, genus, 356
Schinia, genus, 226; acutilinea, 227; alba-
fascia, 228; aleucis, 227; arcifera, atrites,
brevis, 228; brucei, chrysellus, 227; con-
tracta, 228; cumatilis, 227; designata,
divergens, 228; exaltata, 227; jaguarina,
228; lineata, lynx, 227; marginata, mortua,
228; nigrirena, 227; nobilis, 228; nundina,
227; packardi, rivulosa, 228; roseitincta,
saturata, separata, simplex, 227; spraguei,
tertia, thoreaui, 228; trifascia, 227
Schizura, genus; badia, 229; cinereofrons,
concinna, conspecta, edmandsi, humilis,
ipomceas, 298; leptinoides, mustelina,
299; nitida, 298; significata, 299; unicornis,
298
schlaegeri, Stenoma, 428
schoenherri, Anarta, 199
Schcenobiinae, Subfamily, 402
schwarziorum, Illice, 109
Sciagraphia, genus; duplicata, granitata,
heliothidata, mellistrigata, ocellinata, res-
torata, subcolumbata, 339
sciata, Therina, 348
scintillans, Catocala, 266
Scirpophaga, genus; macrinellus, perstrialis,
serriradiellus, 402
scissa, Canidia, 226
scitipennis, Hyperasschra, 294
scitiscripta, Cerura, 299
scitula, Synanthedon, 387
scobialis, Epizeuxis, 281
Scolecocampa, genus; liburhi, ligni, 244
Scoliopteryx, genus; libatrix, 215
scolopendrina, Harpyia, 299
Scoparia, genus, 399
Scopariinse, Subfamily, 399
Scopelosoma, genus, 217; ceromatica, devia,
moffatiana, walkeri, 218
Scotchmen, 80
Scotogramma, genus; inconcinna, infuscata,
submarina, 198
Scribbler, The, 324
scribonia, Ecpantheria, 120
scripta, Habrosyne, 303
scriptipennis, Epizeuxis, 280
scudderiana, Eucosma, 418
sculptus, Anytus, 191
scutellaris, Bomolocha, 286
scutosus, Heliothis, 224
Sebastiania, 417
Seckel pear, 410
sectilis, Morrisonia, 196
sectomaculata, Philobia, 339
sedata, Tarache, 251
Seirarctia, genus; echo, niobe, 122
selecta, Autographa, 239
Selenis, genus; monotropa, 277
Selicanis, genus; cinereola, 216
semiaperta, Tricholita, 205
semiauratus, Sthenopis, 443
semiclarata, Feltia, 186; Orthofidonia, 337
semiclusaria, Nepytia, 343
semicrocea, Exyra, 248
semidiaphana, Scepsis, 101
semifascia, Monoleuca, 365
473
Index
semiflava, Xanthoptera, 249
semifusellus, Crambus, 402
semilineata, Hyamia, 254
semilunata, Hadena, 169
seminudaria, Therina, 348
seminudata, Therina, 348
Semiophora, genus; badicollis, catharina,
dilucidula, elimata, janualis, manifesto-
labes, opacifrons, tenebrifera, 180
Semioscopis, genus; merricella, 429
semiplaga, Heterocampa, 297
semipurpurea, Prothymia, 248
senatoria, Anisota, 94
senta, Haemorrhagia, 64
sentinaria, Leptomeris, 333
separata, Schinia, 227
separates, Hyloicus, 50
septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 300; Porosagrotis,
187
sepulchralis, Citheronia, 97; Thyris, 374
Sequoia, 52
sequoias, Hyloicus 52; Vespamima, 384,
serena, Catocala, 267
sericea, Glaea, 218
sericeiferata, Paleacrita, 324
serinaria, Plagodis, 349
serrata, Euchlaena, 35; Trichopolia, 199
serrataria, Euchlaena, 350
serriradiellus, Scirpophaga, 402
Sesia, genus, 61, 379; fadus, tantalus, titan
62
Sesiidae, Family, 379
Sesiinas, Subfamily, 57
sesquilinea, Syssaura, 352
sesquistriaris, Agnomonia, 274
Setagrotis, genus; terrifica, 181
Setting-board, 20
Setting-needle, 1 9
severa, Gluphisia, 300
sevorsa, Fenaria, 233
sexatilis, Euxoa, 1 90
sexfasciata, Synanthedon, 385
sexmaculata, Celama, 357
sexpunctata, Hyamia, 254
sexsignata, Litocala, 272
sexta, Protoparce, 45
Shakespeare, quoted, 94, 103, 356, 379, 423
Sharp, David, quoted, 3, 17, 30
shastaensis, Apantesis, 131; Pseudohazis, 93
Sheep-moth, Nuttall's, 93
Siayana, genus; auripennis, repanda, 273
Sibine, genus; ephippiatus, stimulea, 364
siccaria, Therina, 348
Sicya, genus; macularia, 347
Sideraria, Eois, 336
sigmaria, Cymatophora, 340
sigmoides, Eueretagrotis, 179
signata, Dasylophia, 296; Tricholita, 203
signataria, Melanolophia, 344
signifera, Laphygma, 174
significans, ^Emilia, 137
significata, Schizura, 299
silago, Xanthia, 214
Silk -culture, The History of, 316
Silk -moth, The Ailanthus, 82; Ceanothus,
Columbian, Glover's, 84; Mendocino, 89;
Orizaba, 82; Spice-Bush, 84; Tulip-tree,
86; Zephyr, 89
simalis, Cornifrons, 399
similana, Eucosma, 418
similis, Alypia, 143; Catocala, 268
simplaria, Notodonta, 295; Peridroma, 183
simplex, Autographa, 240; Comacla, 107;
Xylomiges, 197
simulans, Memythrus, 383
singula, Pseudanarta, 175
sinualis, Melipotis, 258
Sister, The Little, 269
Sisyrosea, genus; inornata, textula, 366
sitellata, Gypsochroa, 332
Six-plume Moth, The, 417
Skeletonizer, The Apple-leaf, 411
Skinner, Henry, ix
slossoni, Gluphisia, 300
slossoniae, Alarodia, 366
Slug; Monkey, 366; Nason's, 366; Pygmy.
365; Slosson's, 366, Spiny Oak-, 365
Small Angle Shades, 172
Smerinthus, 54
Smith, Herbert H., 20
Smith, John B., viii, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 118,
smithi, Grammodes, 274
Smythe, Ellison, 63
Snout-moth, The Meal, 400
snoviaria, Mellilla, 338
snowi, Melittia, 381
sobria, Calpe, 236; Drasteria, 257; Eois, 335;
Nephelodes, 199
socia, Syneda, 259
socors, Caenurgia, 257
Solanaceae, 45
solanella, Phthorimaea, 425
Solenobia, genus, 360
solidaginis, Rancora, 209
Solidago, 101, 117, 126, 252, 418
Solidago Gall-moth, The, 425
solituda, Gaea, 381
Somites, in body of larvae, 6
somnus, Catocala, 263
sordida, Hyloicus, 49; Phlyctaenodes, 395
sordidata, Hydriomena, 331
sororius, Hemileuca, 91
Southey, quoted, 77
stellata, Derrima, 224
stellidaria, Almodes, 354
Stenaspilates, genus; zalissaria, 351
Stenoma, genus; schlaegeri, 428
Sthenopis, genus; alni, argentata, argenteo-
maculata, quadriguttattis, semiauratus,
443
Stibadium, genus; spumosum, 234
sticticalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
stigma, Anisota, 94
stigmata, Dryobota, 171
stigmosa, Feltia, 186
stimulea, Sibine, 364
Stinging Caterpillars, 90; spines, 9
Stiria, genus; rugifrons, 234
stragula, Hyperaeschra, 294
Strawberry-borer, The, 385
Strawberry Leaf -roller, 419
Strecker, Herman, 30, 52
Strenoloma, genus; lunilinea, 147, 276
Stretch, R. H., 32, 35
stretchi, Catocala, 263; Syneda, 260; Utethe-
Stretchia, genus; muricina, 205
striata, Illice, 109
striatella, Euchalcia, 237
strigata, Calophasia, 170; Euclea, 36^;
Eucalyptera, 244; Rancora, 209
strigataria, Phigalia, 347
strigicollis, Mamestra, 195
strigilis, Pholus, 67
strigosa, Apantesis, 131; Calidota, 139;
Melalopha. 293
strigularia, Cosnocalpe, 332
stygiaria, Azelina, 352
stylata, Cerapoda, 177
stylobata, Campometra, 276
Stylopoda, genus; cephalica, 229
spadix, Cissusa, 256
Span-worm; Goose-berry, 340; Walnut, 345
474
Index
Sparrows, English, 325
Spear-mark, The, 329
Specimens, capture of, killing, mounting, 19
speciosa, Apantesis, 131
speciosata, Hydriomena, 331
spectanda, Chloridea, 222
spectans, Apatela, 156
Spectre, The, 77
Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 364
sperataria, Lycia, 345
Spermacoce, 75
speyeri, Cucullia, 208
Sphacelodes, genus; floridensis, vulnerana,
Sphacelodinae, Subfamily, 354
Sphecodina, genus, 70; abbotti, 70
Sphida, genus; obliqua, obliquata, 211
Sphingidae, 12, 25, 30, 41
Sphinx, genus, 54; astarte, 55 ; cerisyi, 54;
geminatus, jamaicensis, 55; ocellata, 54;
ophthalmica, pallidulus, saliceti, triparti-
Sphinx, Abbot's, 70; Abbot's Pine, 53;
Achemon, 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea,
68; Bear, 71; Big Poplar, 57; Blinded,
56; Bpmbyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy's, 54;
Chersis, 50; Clark's Day-, 73; Colorado,
52; Cramer's, 59; Cypress, 48; Domingo,
59; Ello, 58; Euterpe, 74; Fig, 60; Four-
horned, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy, 67; Gaura,
72; Giant Gray, 57; Gprdian, 51; Grote's,
61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 49; Hog, 68;
Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 69; Laurel,
51; Lesser Vine, 67; Lettered, 71; Lintner's.
51; Lintner's Pine, 53; Madame Merian's,
58; Mourning, 61; Nessus, 72; Neumcegen's,
50; Obscure, 59; Occult, 45; CEnotrus, 59;
Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine, 52; Pluto,
75; Rustic, 45; Satellite, 65; Sequoia, 52;
Silver-spotted, 60; Small-eyed, 56;
73; Striped Morning, 76;
.; Tomato, 45; Twin-spot, 55;
Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walnut, 75;
Waved, 48; Western Poplar, 57; White-
banded Day-, 62; Wild Cherry, 52; Yellow-
banded Day-, 73
spilomela, Caradrina, 165
Spinneret, 7
spinosae, Eupanychis, 226
spinuloides, Adoneta, 365
Spiraea, 237, 366
spissa, Euxoa, 189
"Splitters" and "Lumpers," 112
Sport, The, 152
Spots on wings of noctuid moth, 18
spraguei, Pygarctia, 136; Schinia, 228
Spragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus,
plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252
spumosum, Stibadium, 234
spuraria, Leptomeris, 333
Spurs, tibial, 14, 15
sputatrix, Hadena, 168
squamigera, Almodes, 354
s-signata, Macaria, 339
subaequaria, Apaecasia, 342
subalbicans, Heterpcampa, 257
subapicalis, Xylomiges, 197
subatomaria, Paraphia, 343
subcedens, Hadena, 167
subcinctaria, Macaria, 339
subcitrina, Megalppyge, 369
subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339
subdolens, Nephelodes, 199
subflava, Nonagria, 211
subgothica, Feltia, 186
sutyecta, Illice, 109
subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397
Strecker's,
Tersa,
subiuncta, Hadenella, 162; Mamestra, 193
sublunaria, Cleora, 344
submarina, Scotogramma, 198
subnata, Catocala, 266
subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398
subornata, Hypoprepia, 106
subpartita, Galgula, 247
subprivata, Plagpdis, 349
subpunctata, Heliophila, 201
Subregions, Faunal, 387
subsequalis, Pyrausta, 398
subsignarius, Ennomps, 348
subsinuaria, Hyperitis, 349
substrigata, Noctua, 184
Subterminal line, 18
subusta, Atethmia, 220
subviridis, Catocala, 261
successaria, Cymatophora, 341; Haematopsis,
332
Sudraka, quoted, 269
sueta, Mehcleptria, 230
suffusa, Agrotis, 182; Mamestra, 192
suffusalis, Pantographa, 393
Sugar-beet Moth, The, 395
Sugar-cane, 403
Sugaring for moths, 146
sulphuraria, Alcis, 343
sulphurata, Sabulodes, 353
superans, Apatela, 156
superaria, Caberpdes, 352
suppressaria, Eois, 335
surrectalis, Epizeuxis, 280
sutrix, Tornacontia, 250
Sweetheart, The, 263
Swift, quoted, 370)
Swordgrass ; American, Dot and Dash, 208
Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254
sylvaticpides, Malacosoma, 313
Symmerista, genus; albifrons, 296
Sympherta, genus; tripunctaria, 342
Symphoricarpus, 62, 63
Sympistis, genus; proprius, 229
Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acerni, 386;
aemula, albicornis, 387; aureola, 385;
aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, bolli,
brunneipennis, consimilis, eupatorii, 385;
gallivorum, 387; hemizonae, 385; hospes,
387; hyperici, imitata, imprppria, infirma,
383; inusitata, 386; kcebelei, 387; lupini,
lustrans, madariae, 385; mpdesta, 387;
neglecta, perplexa, 385; pictipes, 386;
proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilans, 385;
scitula, 387; sexfasciata, tipuliformis,
washingtonia, 385
Synchlora, genus; liquoraria, tricoloraria, 336
Syneda, genus; adumbrata, alleni, 259;
athabasca, 260; capticola, divergens, 259;
edwardsi, 260; graphica, 259; howlandi,
hudsonica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi,
260
Synelys, genus; alabastaria, ennucleata,
reconditaria, 333
Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, diver-
gens, hochenwarthi, 240
synochitis, Eustrotia, 247 _
Syntomeida, genus; epilais, euterpe, ferox,
ipomeae, 99
Syntomidae, 24, 31, 98
syracosia, ^Emilia, 137
Syringa, 382
synngae, Podosesia, 382
syringicola, Phlyctaenia, 397
Syssaura, genus; aequosus, biclaria, ephyrata,
infensata, juniperaria, cemearia, olyzonaria,
puber, sesquihnea, varus, 352
Syssphinx, genus, 96; albolineata, heilig-
brodti, raspa, White-lined, 96
471
Index
Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, orciferalis, pupil-
laris, 282
tebacella, Phthorimaea, 425
tactus, Homopyralis, 256
tasdata, Pseudoglaea, 216
talidiformis, Crambodes, 163
tantalus, Sesia, 42, 61, 62
tapayusa, Cocytius, 44
tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434
Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216
Tarache, genus; aprica, binocula, delecta,
erastrioides, flavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo-
lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminima-
cula, virginalis, 251
tardigrada, Euclea, 365
Tarsius spectrum, 77
Tarsus, 14, 15
Taylor, J., quoted, 322
tearli, Bombycia, 304
Tecoma, 40, 401
tecomae, Salobrana, 401
tecta, Amyna, 242; Orthodes, 203
Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia,
polyphemus, 87
telifera, Agrotis, 182
teligera, Mamestra, 195
telum, Apatela, 155
tenebrifera, Semiophora, 1 80
tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341
tenera, Pareuchaetes, 134
Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 445
tenuifascia, Illice, 109; Oncocnemis, 176
tenuimargo, Ptych9glene, no
tenuis, Haemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256
tepida, Xylina, 207
tephra, Olene, 308
Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, ab-
synthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata,
minutata, notata, 328
teratophora, Jaspidia, 160
terlooi, Arctonotus, 71
Terminal lunules, 18
terminalis, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 ; Utetheisa, 1 1 7
terminimacula, Tarache, 251
terraria, Almodes, 354
terrella, Phthorimaea, 425
terrifica, Setagrotis, 181
tersa, Xylophanes, 75
tertia, Schinia,
tertial:
tessella
tessellata, Euxc ...
testacea, Tortricidia, 368
Tetanqlita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284
Tetracis, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocal-
lata, 353
tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366
tetragonalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367
tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 57
texana, Comacla, 107; Harrisina, 372;
Horama, 100; Parora, 255; Remigia, 274
textor, Hyphantria, 124
textula, Sisyrosea, 366
thalialis, Noctuelia, 399
Thalpochares, genus; sstheria, 249
thaxteri, Xylina, 207
thecata, Himella, 204
theodori, Polia, 171
Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251
Therina, genus, 347; sequaliaria, athasiaria,
bibularia, 348; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria,
fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria,
pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, seminudata,
siccaria, 348
i, Schinia, 228
ilis, Phlyctasnia, 397
llaris, Halisidota, 137
thesealis, Pyrausta, 397
thetis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Daritis, 289
Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358
Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390
thoracica, Malacosoma, 313
thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313
thorates, Xylophanes, 75
Thorax, 14, 18
thoreaui, Schinia, 228
thraxalis, Renia, 283
Thyatiridae, Family, 25, 34, 303
thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; Dosylo-
phia, 296
Thyreion, genus; rosea, 222
Thyrididae, Family, 24, 35, 374
Thyridopteryx, genus; coniferarum, ephe-
merasformis, 361
Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata, Mournful,
nevadae, perspicua, sepulchralis, Spotted,
^,374 .
Thysama, genus; zenobia, 279
thysbe, Hasmorrhagia, 62
Tibia, 14, is
Tiger, 78
Tiger-moths, 115; Aulaean, 124; Banded, 132;
Bean's, 126; Blake's, 131; Brtice's, 126;
Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, 134;
Intermediate, 129; Isabella, 125; Labrador,
Little Virgin, 131; Many-spotted, 121;
Mexican, 131; Nevada, 131; Ornate, 130,
Phyllira, 132; Ranchman's, 128; Ruby,
126; Small, 134; St. Lawrence, 128;
Straight-lined, 129; Virgin, 129; Virginian,
Vestal, 127; Williams', 132; Yarrow's, 127;
Zuni, 124
triangulatum, Eustroma, 329
triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234
tigris, Diastema, 241
Tilia, 300
tiliaria, Erannis, 347
timais, Xanthopastis, 231
tinctaria, Cleora, 344
Tinea, genus; clubiella, flavescentella, grise-
ella, merdella, pellionella, 433
Tineidae, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, 430
Tineola, genus; biselliella, bisselliella, crinella
destructor, lanariella, 432
tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 385
titan, Sesia, 62
Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396
titea, Phigalia, 347
titearia, Phigalia, 347
titubatis, Euxoa, 189
togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214
Tolype, genus; velleda, 312
Topsell, "Histqrie of Serpents," quoted,
114; "Historic of Four-footed Beasts,"
quoted, 357
toreuta, Bomolocha, 286
Tornacontia, genus; sutrix, 250
torrefacta, Apatelodes, 292
Tortricidae, Family, 2;., 25, 37, 417
Tortricidia. genus; caesonia, flexuosa, testa-
cea, 368
Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423
tortuosa, Hyperasschra, 294
Tosale, genus; anthoecioides, nobilis, ovi-
plagalis, 402
Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273
trabalis, Yuma, 407
trabea, Polychrysia, 236
Trachea, genus; delicata, 172
Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209
tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173
Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276
tranquila, Zotheca, 219
transducens, Abbotana, 353
476
Index
transferens, Abbotana, 353
transfindens. Sabulodes, 353
transfrons, Hadena, 166
translucida, Hemihyalea, 138
transmontana, Arctia, 134
transmutans, Sabulodes, 353
transposita, Sabulodes, 353
transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, 353
Transverse, anterior line, 18; posterior line,
18
trentonalis, Herculia, 401
Trichoclea, genus; antica, 199
Trichocosmia, genus; inornata, 220
Tricholita, genus; semiaperta, signata, 205
Trichophaga, genus; tapetzella, 434
rrichopolia, genus; serrata, 199
Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupes, 226
Trichotarache, genus; assimilis, 246
tricinctus, Memythrus, 382
tricolor, Cerathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93;
Hypoprepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133
tricoloraria, Synchlpra, 336
trifariana, Spragueia, 252
trifascia, Schinia, 227
trifolii, Mamestra, 193
trigona, Bertholdia, 140
Trigonophora, genus; periculosa, v-brun-
neum, 215
triguttaria, Heterophleps, 327
trilinearia, Metanema, 351; Platea, 343
trilineata, Gluphisia, 300
trimaculata, Alypiodes, 145; Euerythra. 120
trinotata, Celama, 357
Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 225
tripars, Porosagrotis, 187
tripartita, Dasylophia, 296
tripartitus, Sphinx, 55
Triphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata, pro-
gressata, 331
tnphpunctana, Paraphia, 343
Triprocris, genus, 371; cqnstans, latercula,
372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372
Tripsacum dactyloides, 405
Tripudia, genus; opipara, 250
tripunctaria, Sympherta, 342
triquetrana, Celama, 357
trisectus, Crambus, 403
tristis, Catocala, 262
Tristyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220
triumphalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395
,
Trochanter, 14, 15
truncataria, Epelis, 337
truncatula, Fruva, 252
truxaliata, Sabulodes, 353
Tubercles, larval, 8
Tuerta, genus; noctuiformis, sabulosa, 143
tumida, Pseudanthoecia, 228
tunicana, Epagoge, 421
turbans, Apantesis, 131
turbatellus, Crambus, 402
turbida, Heterocampa, 297
turbitella, Zophodia, 411
turbulenta, Hadena. 167
Turkeys, Shooting wild, 148
turns, Euxoa, 190
Turuptiana, genus; caeca, permaculata, re-
ducta, 121
Typha latifolia, 211
typhon, Pholus, 65
typica, Pronoctua, 185
tyralis, Pyrausta, 398
u-brevis, Autographa, 238
Ufeus, genus; barometricus, plicatus, satyri-
cus, 191
ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Hetero-
campa, 297
Ulolonche, genus; modesta, 198
Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257
ultronia, Catocala, 265
umbellana, Depressaria, 428
umbellella, Depressaria, 428
umbra, Pyrrhia, 214
umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297
umbrifascia, Hyamia, 254
uncanaria, Platea, 342
Underwings, The, 260; Agrippina, 260;
Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American
Copper, 173; Andromache, 267; Angus',
262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga, 263; Badia,
267; Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California,
263; Carrie's, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra,
263; Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected.
261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione,
260; Evelina, Faintly Green, 261; Faustina,
264; Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262; Graceful,
269; Grote's, 264; Hawthorn, 268; Hermia,
264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 265; Inconsolable,
Judith, 262; Little, 269; Luciana, 26^;
Magdalen, 267; Marbled, 263; Meske's,
264; Mopsa, 265; Mother, 264; Mourning,
Obscure, 262; Old-Maid, 268; Oldwife, 266;
Olivia, 269; Once-married, 264; Paulina,
261; Phalanga, 266; Pure, 264; Robinson's,
262; Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet,
265; Serene, 267; Sleepy, Stretch's, 263;
Tearful, 261; Ultronia, Yen-ill's, 265;
Wayward, 267; Widow, Widowed, 261;
Whitney's, 268; Yellow-banded, 266;
Yellow -gray, 262; Youthful, 366
undatifascia, Pachylia, 60
undifera, Prolimacodes, 367
undosus, Cossus, 377
undularis, Ypsia, 278
undulata, Hydria, 329
undulosa, Ceratomia, 48
Ungues, 14, 15
unica, Gonodonta, 236
unicolor, Eudule, 327; Misogada 297;
Noctua, 184
unicornis, Schizura, 298
unifascia, Illice, 109
unifascialis, Pyrausta, 397
uniformis, Cratnbidia, 104; Haematomis, 107,
Hasmorrhagia, 63
unijuga, Catocala, 264
unilineata, Homoptera, 278
unimacula, Pyrausta, 398
unimoda, Xylina, 207
unio, Euthisanqtia, 232
unipuncta, Heliophila, 200; Leucania, 175;
Paraphia, 343
unipunctata, Paraphia, 343
urentis, Abrostola, 240
uroceriformis, Sannina, 382
ursina, Lathosea, 209
Utahensis, Arctia, 134
Utetheisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The
Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia
ornatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117
uxor, Catocala, 265
V
vaccinii, Autographa, 239
vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421
Vaccinium, 56
vagans, Diacrisia, 128
valens, Ulosyneda, 257
Valeria, genus; opina, 172
vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 50
vanella, Pseudotamila, 229
477
Index
varadaria, Caberodes, 352
varia, Automeris, 89, Heterocarapa, 297;
Oligia, 165
variabilis, Pseudorthosia, 216
variana, Tapinostola, 216
variolana, Alceris, 421
variolaria, Deilinea, 338
varus, Syssaura, 352
vashti, Hyloicus, 50
vau, Melalopha, 293
v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215
vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165
vega, Pogocolon, 73
vegeta, Cissusa, 256
velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, 178
velleda, Tolype, 312
velleripennis, Euxoa, 188
vellifera, Bomolocha, 286
Venation of wings, 16
venerabilis, Feltia, 186
venezuelensis, Pachylia, 60
venosa, Ctenucha, 101
ventilator, Marasmalus, 242
venus, Hyparpax, 299
Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptana, con-
densata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, in-
clinataria, perlineata, 328
venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 299
verbascoides, Hadena, 169
Verbena, 163
vermiculata, Gnophaela, 290
vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Palea-
crita, 324
verrilliana, Catocala, 265
verruca, Autographa, 238 .
versicolor, JDarapsa, 69
versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245
verticalis, Euxoa, 189
vesca, Galgula, 247
Vespamima, genus; pmorum, sequoias, 384
vespiformis, .digeria, 383
vesta, Philosamia, 82
vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 337
vestalis, Hapk>a, 118; Maenas, 127
vestitaria, Ania, 349
vesulia, Oxydia, 352
vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis,
187
viatica, Glaea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337
Viburnum, 62, 63
vicaria, Noctua, 184
vicariana, Archips, 422
vicina, Mamestra, 195
victoria, Toxocampa, 273
videns, Platysenta, 163
vidua, Catocala, 261
viduata, Catocala, 261
vinculum, Phurys, 275
vinela, Hadena, 170
vinnula, Apatela, 156
vinesaria, Euchlaena, 350
violacea, Hadena, 167
violans, Nephelodes, 199
viralis, Hadena, 168
virescens, Chloridea, 222
virgata, lanassa, 298
virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251
virginaria, Epimecis, 344
virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127
virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95
virgo, Apantesis, 129
virguncula, Apantesis, 131
viridans, Homoptera, 278
virjdescens, Psaphidia, 177
viridiclava, Euclea, 365
viridiSj Euclea, 365
viridisignata, Autographa, 239
vmdoperlata, Metrocampa, 348
viridula, Zotheca, 219
Vitaceae, 61, 65, 70
vitis, Pholus, 67
vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, 106
vivida, Pygarctia, 136
volubilis, Feltia, 186
volupia, Rhododipsa, 225
voluta, Adoneta, 365
vomerina, Morrisonia, 196
votiva, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1
v-signatana, Archips, 422
vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354
vulnifica, Bellura, 211
vultuosa, Hadena, 168
W
Wainscot; Comma, 203; Dark-winged,
False, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201;
Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201
wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423
Walker, Francis, 27, 30
walkeri, Philosamia, 82; Scopelosoma, 218
Walking as a Fine Art, 270
Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408
Walnut Span-worm, The, 345
Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430
Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38
walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102
Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374
washingtonia, Synanthedon, 385
washingtoniana, Xylina, 207
Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards',
100; Lesser, 99; Polka-dot, 99; Scarlet-
bodied, 98; Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99
Web- worm, The Parsnip, 428
Westwood, J. O., 35, 370, 428
whitneyi, Catocala, 268
Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320
Wife, The, 265
williamsi, Apantesis, 132
wilsoni, Ciris, 233
Wings, structure of, p. 15
wiskotti, Arctia, 134
Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144
Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, 360
woodi, Homoptera, 278
Woodling, Beautiful, Brown, Fletcher's
Grieving Hardened, Oregon, Simple, 197
Wood-nympn, Beautiful, Pearly, 232
Woolly bears, 115, 125
Wordsworth, quoted, 415
worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187
wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, 101
Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214
xanthioides, Perigea, 165
xanthometata, Mellilla, 338
Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231
Xanthoptera, genus; nigrofimbria, 248;
semiflava, 249
Xanthothrix, genus; neumosgeni, 231
Xanthotype, genus; caelaria, citrina, cro-
cataria, 349
xiphiseformis, Sanninoidea, 384
Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207;
cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, latici-
nerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida,
thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana, 207
xylina, Alabama, 243
xylinoides, Hyppa, 171
Xylomiges, genus; cognata, crucialis, dolosa
fletcheri, indurata, patalis, perlubens
pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197
478
Index
Xylophanes, genus, 75; boerhaviae, croesus
eson, pluto, tersa, thorates, 75
Xylorictidge. Family, 26, 428
Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127
yavapai, Hemileuca, 92
y-inversa, Cochlidion, 367; Prodoxu, 439,
yosemitre, Fishea, 170 *, j ^
Yponomeuta, genus; euonyniellfl|HlB-
punctella, orbimaculella, ordinafellus, \va-
karusa, 423
Yponomeutidae, Family, 26, 38, 423
Ypsia, genus; undularis, 278
ypsilon, Agrotis, 140, 182
Yrias, genus; clientis, repentis, 277
Yucca, 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, 442;
whipplei, 440, 442
Yucca-moth, 441
yuccasella, Pronuba
Yuma, genus; adulatalis, trabalis, 407
Zale, genus; horrida, 277
zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 351
Zanclognatha, genus; laevigata, lituralis,
minimalis, ochreipennis, protumnusalis, 281
zeae, Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 415
zelatella, Mineola, 409
Zfller. P. C., 37
,zelleri, Automeris, 89
zenobia, Thysania, 279
zephyria, Automeris, 89
Zexizera, genus; sesculi, decipiens, hiiaris
hypocastrina, pyrina, 376
Zinckenia, genus; albifascialis, angustalis,
diffascialis, fascialis, recurvalis, 392
zonata, Homopyralis, 256
Zophodia, genus; grossulariae, turbitella, 411
Zosteropoda. genus; hirtipes, 203
Zotheca, genus; sambuci, tranquila, viridula
219
zuni, Arachnis, 124
Zygaenidae, Family, 25, 35, 233, 371
479
library U* My
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
/
^^
niversity of Califc
Southern Region
Library Facility