i
 
 THE MOTH Boo
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE I (FRONTISPIECE) 
 
 LARVAE OF MOTHS 
 
 1. Hyloicus cliersis Hiibner. 
 
 2. Callosamia promethea Drury. 
 
 3. Cucuilia convexipennis Grote & Robinson. 
 
 4. Citheronia regalis Fabricius. 
 
 5. Euchcetias egle Drury. 
 
 6. Sibine stimulea Clemens. 
 
 7. Catocala innubens Guenee. 
 
 8. Samia cecropia Linnaeus. 
 
 9. Prolimacodes scapha Harris. 
 
 10. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith. 
 
 11. Mamestra picta Harris. 
 12 Achatodes zece Harris. 
 
 13. Datana ministra Drury. 
 
 14. Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith. 
 
 15. Nerice bidenlata Walker. 
 
 16. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson. 
 
 17. Lycia, cognataria Guenee. 
 
 18. Cerura multiscripta Riley. 
 
 19. Tortricidia testacea Packard.
 
 THE NEW NATURE LIBRARY 
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 A POPULAR~GUIDE TO A KNOWL- 
 EDGE OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH 
 AMERICA 
 
 ^ 
 
 BY 
 
 W. J. HOLLAND, D. D., PH. D., Sc. D., LL. D. 
 
 DIRECTOR OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURG, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE 
 WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
 OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL 
 SOCIETIES OF LONDON ; MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE ; ETC., ETC. 
 
 WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, 
 AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRO- 
 DUCING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR, 
 AND IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS 
 
 VOLUME FIVE 
 
 GARDEN CITY NEW YORK 
 
 DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 
 
 1916
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY 
 W. J. HOLLAND
 
 TO MY HONORED FRIEND, 
 
 ANDREW CARNEGIE, 
 
 WHOSE NAME IS A SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL 
 
 SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE, 
 
 I DEDICATE THIS BOOK
 
 PREFACE 
 
 \17HEN a few years ago I published "The Butterfly Book," I 
 ^' stated in the preface to that volume that I would follow it 
 by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United 
 States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture 
 should seem to justify me in so doing. "The Butterfly Book" 
 was very favorably received, and not only I, but my publishers, 
 have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent, 
 urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in 
 1898. A prompt compliance with these requests has, however, 
 unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official 
 duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent me from devot- 
 ing any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition. 
 In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were 
 other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves. 
 The species of moths known to occur in the United States and 
 Canada vastly exceed in number the species of butterflies found 
 within the same limits. While it was possible to bring together 
 brief descriptions and numerous illustrations of the majority of the 
 species of butterflies found in the region, it became evident at the 
 outset that in dealing with the moths it would be necessary to 
 resort to a different method. It became plain that a process of 
 selection would have to be followed, if the volume were to be 
 kept within proper limits as to size and cost. It would have been 
 comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material 
 at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have 
 illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books 
 of which "The Moth Book" is one to provide in reasonably 
 compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness 
 cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. In- 
 stead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure all 
 the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to
 
 Preface 
 
 occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to 
 select those species which would adequately represent the various 
 families and the commoner and more important genera, thus pro- 
 viding a work which might serve as an introduction to the study. 
 This process of selection had to be made with much patience and 
 care. Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is some- 
 times difficult to obtain perfect specimens" for purposes of photo- 
 graphic reproduction. Even where species are well known and 
 common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to 
 which I have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was 
 almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow 
 of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory 
 manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working natural- 
 ist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughts- 
 man, become very serious blemishes when resort is had to methods 
 of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent 
 in searching through various collections for the kind of material 
 which was required, and often in remounting specimens which, 
 while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit 
 them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience 
 and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their re- 
 ward, and I have been able to assemble enough properly prepared 
 material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose. 
 
 "Brevity is the soul of wit," and this fact has not been 
 forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The 
 limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded 
 the preparation of lengthy descriptions. This brevity in descrip- 
 tion is, however, as the writer believes, abundantly compensated 
 for by the illustrations in the Plates. One good recognizable 
 figure of a species is worth reams of mere verbal description. 
 Those who desire to go deeply into the subject, and who wish 
 to famiharize themselves with all its technicalities, will find in 
 the list of works named in that part of the introduction devoted 
 to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire. 
 
 I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to 
 no one am I more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento- 
 mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the 
 Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National 
 Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. Ashmead 
 
 viii
 
 Preface 
 
 and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentle? 
 men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the 
 material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to 
 do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I 
 gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of 
 Rutgers College, who very graciously went over the Plates con- 
 taining the Noctuidce, thereby saving me in several instances 
 from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr. 
 William Beutenmuller, the Curator of Entomology in the 
 American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most 
 obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. To Mrs. 
 Beutenmuller's facile fingers I owe the frontispiece and many 
 illustrations in the text. To Sir George F. Hampson, of the 
 British Museum, and to the Trustees of that great institution, 
 a debt of gratitude is due for many favors, and especially 
 for permission to use some of the illustrations employed in 
 their publications. From Dr. Henry Skinner, of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the 
 Brooklyn Institute, I received great assistance. To the Messrs. 
 F. A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William 
 Barnes, of Decatur, III., and to Mr. O. C. Poling, of Peoria, 111., I 
 return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration. 
 The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring, 
 England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to 
 see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the 
 Sphingidce. To all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of 
 others, who have lent their aid in the preparation of the book, I 
 extend my heartfelt thanks. 
 
 While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume 
 will accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among 
 the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful 
 department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some 
 extent to illustrate. 
 
 DIRECTOR'S OFFICE, W. J. H. 
 
 CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 September 8, 1903.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dedication ................. v 
 
 Preface vii 
 
 Table of Contents xi 
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text xv 
 
 List of Colored Plates xxiii 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 I. THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS . . . 3-18 
 
 How to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. The Eggs of 
 Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; The 
 Pupae of Moihs: Form, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths: 
 Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Legs, Wings. 
 
 11. THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECI- 
 MENS 19-21 
 
 Special Instructions for Mounting and Preparing the Smaller 
 Forms. 
 
 III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS 22-26 
 
 The Difficulties of Classification. Various Views Entertained 
 by Writers. Key to the Families of North American Heterocera. 
 
 IV. BOOKS ABOUT THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA . . . 27-38 
 
 Early Writers. Periodicals.. General Catalogues and Lists. 
 General Works Containing Information as to the Moths of ' 
 North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the 
 Different Families of the Moths of North America.
 
 Table of Contents 
 
 THE BOOK 
 
 THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Family I. The Sphingidae . . '-.' :' .' n . ..... 41 
 
 Family II. The Saturniidae 80 
 
 Family III. The Ceratocampidae 94 
 
 Family IV. The Syntomidae v, * * 9 8 
 
 Family V. The Lithosiidae 103 
 
 Family VI. The Arctiidae , '. . ; ,. .114 
 
 Family VII. The Agaristidae 140 
 
 Family VIII. The Noctuidae . . . . 151 
 
 Family IX. The Nycteolidae .... . . '. ".'" . .288 
 
 Family X. The Pericopidae 289 
 
 Family XI. The Dioptidae 291 
 
 Family XII. The Notodontidae 292 
 
 Family XIII. The Thyatiridae 303 
 
 Family XIV. The Liparidae 305 
 
 Family XV. The Lasiocampidae 311 
 
 Family XVI. The Bombycidae 315 
 
 Family XVII. The Platypterygidae 320 
 
 Family XVIII. The Geometridae 322 
 
 Family XIX. The Epiplemidae 356 
 
 Family XX. The Nolidae 357 
 
 Family XXI. The Lacosomidae 359 
 
 Family XXII. The Psychidse . 360 
 
 Family XXIII. The Cochlidiidae . ... .... . . .364 
 
 Family XXIV. The Megalopygidae 368 
 
 Family XXV. The Dalceridse . 369 
 
 Family XXVI. The Epipyropidae 370 
 
 Family XXVII. The Zygaenidae 371 
 
 Family XXVIII. The Thyrididse 374 
 
 Family XXIX. The Cossida? 375 
 
 Family XXX. The ^geriidae 379 
 
 Family XXXI. The Pyralidae 391 
 
 Family XXXII. The Pterophoridae . . .'. . . . .415 
 Family XXXIII. The Orneodidae 417
 
 Table of Contents 
 PAGE 
 
 Family XXXIV. The Tortricidae 417 
 
 Family XXXV. The Yponomeutidae 423 
 
 Family XXXVI. The Gelechiidae 424 
 
 Family XXXVII. The Xyloricitidae . . . -. . . .428 
 
 Family XXXVIII. The CEcophoridae 428 
 
 Family XXXIX. The Blastobasidae . ... . . . .'429 
 
 Family XL. The Elachistidae 430 
 
 Family XLI. The Tineidae "... 430 
 
 Family XLI I. The Hepialidae . . 443 
 
 Family XLI 1 1. The Micropterygidae . 444 
 
 DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 The World of the Dark 77 
 
 "Splitters" and "Lumpers" 112 
 
 Sugaring for Moths 146 
 
 The Tragedy of the Night Moth (Thomas Carlyle) . . 209 
 
 Walking as a Fine 'Art 270 
 
 Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) 290 
 
 Ode to an Insect (Anacreon) ; 291 
 
 Nasu-no Take 301 
 
 Moth Song (Cortissoz) 310 
 
 The History of Silk Culture 316 
 
 Transformation (Henry Brooke) 321 
 
 Living and Dying (Gosse) 355 
 
 Far Out at Sea (Home) 363 
 
 Faunal Subregions 387 
 
 Cupid's Candle (Felix Carmen) . , 427 
 
 Clothes-moths ' . 434 
 
 The End of All (Tennyson) 445 
 
 xni
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 FIG. . PAGE 
 
 1. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher ....;... 3 
 
 2. Egg of Peridroma saucia 5 
 
 3. Egg of Samia cecropia 5 
 
 4. Larva of Hyloicus kalmiae 7 
 
 5. PupaofTelea polyphemus 10 
 
 6. Pupa of cut-worm in underground cell 10 
 
 7. Front view of the head of a moth 12 
 
 8. Lateral view of the head of a moth 12 
 
 9. Antennae of moths ........ . . . 13 
 
 10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus . . . , ... . . ..,. . 13 
 
 1 1 . Legs of a moth '. 1 5 
 
 12. Diagram showing the structure of the wings of a moth 16 
 
 13. Neuration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis 17 
 
 14. Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum . . 17 
 
 1 5. Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid 18 
 
 16. Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 19 
 
 17. Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 20 
 
 18. Double mount 21 
 
 19. "As it is not done " 26 
 
 20. Three joints of the antenna of Protoparce quinquemacu- 
 
 latus 41 
 
 21. Neuration of the wings of Sesia tantalus 42 
 
 22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus .. . , . . . 43 
 
 23. Isoparce cupressi 48 
 
 24. Hyloicus eremitoides . . . , 50 
 
 25. Hyloicus canadensis 51 
 
 26. Protambulyx strigilis 54 
 
 27. Larva of Pholus satellitia 65 
 
 28. Larva of Pholus achemon 66 
 
 29. Larva of Darapsa myron . 68 
 
 30. Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron 69
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 3 1 . Microgaster which preys upon the larva of Darapsa myron 69 
 
 32. Pupa of Darapsa myron ." . . 69 
 
 33. Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti 70 
 
 34. Light form of larva of Celerio lineata 76 
 
 35. Dark form of larva of Celerio lineata 76 
 
 36. Philosamia cynthia ' l : . . . 81 
 
 37. Cocoon of Samia cecropia .... 83 
 
 38. Larva of Callosamia promethea . . , 85 
 
 39. Cocoon of Callosamia promethea . . . . ; . . . . 85 
 
 40. Larva of Actias luna ....... .... 87 
 
 41. Larva of Telea polyphemus 88 
 
 42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus 88 
 
 43. Larva of Automeris io 90 
 
 44. Eggs of Buck-moth . . 92 
 
 45. Larva of Buck-moth 92 
 
 46. Anisota rubicunda, larva and pupa 95 
 
 47. Crambidia pallida 104 
 
 48. Crambidia casta 104 
 
 49. Palpidia pallidior 105 
 
 50. Hypoprepia fucosa 106 
 
 51. Hsematomis mexicana 107 
 
 52. Comacla simplex 107 
 
 53. Bruceia pulverina 108 
 
 54. Clemensia albata 108 
 
 55. Illice unifascia 109 
 
 56. Illice subjecta 109 
 
 57. Lerina incarnata 1 1 1 
 
 58. Dodia albertae 117 
 
 59. Haploa lecontei 119 
 
 60. Haploa contigua 119 
 
 61. Euerythra phasma 120 
 
 62. Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata 120 
 
 63. Turuptiana permaculata 121 
 
 64. Seirarctia echo 122 
 
 65. Alexicles aspersa 122 
 
 66. Estigmene prima 122 
 
 67. Estigmene acraea 123 
 
 68. Isia isabella 125 
 
 xvi
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 69. Caterpillar and pupa of Isia Isabella 125 
 
 70. Phragmatobia fuliginosa 126 
 
 71. Phragmatobia yarrowi 127 
 
 72. Apantesis anna 130 
 
 73. Kodiosoma fulva 133 
 
 74. Ectypia bivittata . . .133 
 
 75. Euchaetias egle 135 
 
 76. Pygarctia elegans 136 
 
 77. Hypocrisias minima - '. '. ; . : '. . 136 
 
 78. Egg of Copidryas gloved :> .'- s r V *'. . 141 
 
 79. Pupa of Copidryas gloved . . .- . ! v- V' : . . : . - . . 142 
 
 80. Larva and moth of Copidryas gloveri .' . V . . . . 142 
 
 81. Tuerta sabulosa v ' 1' : . . ; . . 143 
 
 82. Alypia disparata . .-'.' ; : .... 144 
 
 83. Alypia octomaculata .' J , 144 
 
 84. Alypiodes bimaculata 145 
 
 85. Apatela populi, $ 154 
 
 86. Apatela populi, larva 154 
 
 87. Apatela oblinita 158 
 
 88. Apharetra dentata 1 58 
 
 89. Apharetra pyralis 1 59 
 
 90. Cerma cora 161 
 
 91. Copibryophila angelica 162 
 
 92. Platyperigea praacuta 164 
 
 93. Platyperigea discistriga 164 
 
 94. Fishea yosemita3 170 
 
 95. Momaphana comstocki 172 
 
 96. Pyrophila pyramidoides, larva 173 
 
 97. Larva of Laphygma frugiperda 174 
 
 98. Moth of Laphygma frugiperda 174 
 
 99. Podagra crassipes 178 
 
 100. Abagrotis erratica 180 
 
 101. Metalepsis cornuta 181 
 
 102. Setagrotis terrifica 181 
 
 103. Agrotis ypsilon 182 
 
 104. Pronoctua typica 185 
 
 105. Feltia subgothica .''.-'. . . 186 
 
 106. Eucoptocnemis fimbdaris 190
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 107. Mamestra picta 194 
 
 1 08. Trichopolia serrata 199 
 
 109. Eupolia licentiosa 199 
 
 1 10. Larva of Heliophila unipuncta 200 
 
 in. Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta 200 
 
 112. Moth of Heliophila unipuncta 201 
 
 113. Larvae and eggs of Heliophila albilinea 202 
 
 114. Neleucania bicolorata 203 
 
 115. Stretchia muricina 205 
 
 116. Perigrapha prim a 205 
 
 1 17. Xylina antennata 206 
 
 1 1 8. Asteroscopus borealis 209 
 
 119. Bellura gortynides . . 211 
 
 120. Gortyna immanis 212 
 
 121. Larva of Papaipema nitela 213 
 
 122. Ochria sauzselitse 214 
 
 123. Pseudorthosia variabilis 216 
 
 124. Selicanis cinereola 216 
 
 125. Orrhodia calif ornica 218 
 
 126. Tristyla alboplagiata . . 220 
 
 127. Pippona bimatris 221 
 
 128. Bessula luxa . 221 
 
 129. Oxycnemis fusimacula 221 
 
 130. Boll-worm feeding on tomato 223 
 
 131. Heliothis armiger 223 
 
 132. Derrima stellata . . 224 
 
 133. Pseudacontia crustaria 225 
 
 134. Grseperia magnifka 225 
 
 135. Trichosellus cupes 226 
 
 136. Eupanychis spinosae . . . 226 
 
 137. Canidia scissa 226 
 
 1 38. Palada scarletina 229 
 
 139. Sympistis proprius 229 
 
 140. Heliodes restrictalis 230 
 
 141. Heliosea pictipennis 230 
 
 142. Eupseudomorpha brillians 231 
 
 143. Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis 232 
 
 144. Pseudalypia crotchi 232
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 145. Larva of Euthisanotia grata 233 
 
 146. Acherdoa ferraria 234 
 
 147. Neumoegenia poetica 235 
 
 148. Autographa brassicae 239 
 
 149. Diastema tigris 241 
 
 150. Eutelia pulcherrima . 242 
 
 151. Alabama argillacea, egg, larva, and pupa 243 
 
 152. Anepischetos bipartita 245 
 
 153. Diallagma lutea 245 
 
 154. Incita aurantiaca 246 
 
 15*). Trtchotarache assimilis 246 
 
 156. Thalpochares aetheria 249 
 
 157. Gyros muiri 249 
 
 158. Tornacontia sutrix 250 
 
 159. Cerathosia tricolor :<.- i~"Y << ?. . . .253 
 
 160. Hormoschista pagenstecheri 253 
 
 161. Sylectra erycata . .:-'. . 254 
 
 162. Melanomma auricinctaria 255 
 
 163. Argillophora furcilla 255 
 
 164. Parora texana 255 
 
 165. Capnodes punctivena 277 
 
 166. Selenis monotropa 277 
 
 167. Latebraria amphipyroides 279 
 
 1 68. Epizeuxis americalis 280 
 
 169. Epizeuxis aemula 280 
 
 170. Zanclognatha protumnusalis 281 
 
 171. Sisyrhypena orciferalis 282 
 
 172. Hypenula cacuminalis 283 
 
 173. Hypenula opacalis 283 
 
 174. Tetanolita mynesalis 284 
 
 175. Dircetis pygmaea 284 
 
 176. Salia interpuncta 285 
 
 177. Lomanaltes eductalis 285 
 
 178. Hypena humuli 287 
 
 179. Eunystalea indiana 295 
 
 1 80. Euphyparpax rosea 298 
 
 181. Cargida cadmia . . . . .- . v'.'/-^U . . . .301 
 
 182. Hemerocampa leucostigma, moth . . . . - . . . .306 
 
 xix
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 183. Hemerocampa leucostigma, female moth, larva, and 
 
 male and female pupae 307 
 
 184. Hemerocampa leucostigma, full grown female larva . . 307 
 
 185. Doa ampla 309 
 
 1 86. Leuculodes lacteolaria 310 
 
 187. Hypopacha grisea 312 
 
 1 88. Malacosoma americana, eggs, larvae, and cocoon. . .313 
 
 189. Malacosoma disstria, mature larva . . <-. '.!.>; ; > .313 
 
 190. Malacosoma disstria *.?;.':,;. . 314 
 
 191. Larva of Bombyx mori ..:*;. *j. . 316 
 
 192. Cocoon of Bombyx mori . . . ..,,.-..-'.,<.. .316 
 
 193. Moth of Bombyx mori . . . ...>,v .. . * . . . 316 
 
 194. Eudeilinea herminiata 320 
 
 195. Paleacrita vernata, egg, and larva . ,:\ ..*..-. : . .325 
 
 196. Paleacrita vernata, male and female moths . . v . . 325 
 
 197. Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa 326 
 
 198. Moths of Alsophila pometaria 326 
 
 199. Larva of Eois ptelearia 334 
 
 200. Moth and cocoon of Eois ptelearia 355 
 
 201. Fernaldella fimetaria 337 
 
 202. Cymatophora ribearia, moth 340 
 
 203. Egg of Goose-berry span-worm 340 
 
 204. Goose-berry span-worm 34 1 
 
 205. Coniodes plumigeraria 34') 
 
 206. Coniodes plumigeraria, larva 346 
 
 207. Nigetia formosalis ,.,... . 3sS 
 
 208. Oiketicus abboti 361 
 
 209. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis . ..-..,,..,.. .361 
 
 210. Harrisina americana, larva, and moth 37? 
 
 211. Harrisina americana, larvae on grape-leaf 373 
 
 212. Zeuzera pyrina ; . . .. '. . . . 376 
 
 213. Inguromorpha basalis 378 
 
 214. Cossula magnifica 379 
 
 215. Synanthedon acerni 386 
 
 216. Desmia funeralis 392 
 
 217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis ' 394 
 
 218. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis 395 
 
 219. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, larvae ...-..... 396
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 220. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, pupa 396 
 
 221. Hypsopygia costalis 400 
 
 222. Pyralis farinalis 401 
 
 223. Diatraea saccharalis, larvae . . 403 
 
 224. Cornstalk attacked by Diatraea saccharalis 404 
 
 225. Moth and pupa of Diatrsea saccharalis 405 
 
 226. The Bee-moth . . . H' ' .- . .'.'.. . . . 406 
 
 227. Mineola juglandis 408 
 
 228. Mineola indigenella, larvae and moth . . ! 409 
 
 229. Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves . . . .410 
 
 230. Zophodia grossulariae . . 411 
 
 231. Canarsia hammondi 411 
 
 232. Ephestia kuehniella . . . 412 
 
 233. Cocoons of Ephestia kuehniella 413 
 
 234. Larva of Ephestia cautella 414 
 
 235. Ephestia cautella 414 
 
 236. Plodia interpunctella 415 
 
 237. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus . . . . . . . . . .416 
 
 238. Orneodes hexadactylus 417 
 
 239. Eucosma scudderiana 418 
 
 240. Ancylis comptana 419 
 
 241. Cydia pomonella 420 
 
 242. Alceris minuta 421 
 
 243. Phthorimaea operculella 424 
 
 244. Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis 425 
 
 245. Anarsia lineatella, larvae 426 
 
 246. Anarsia lineatella, moths 427 
 
 247. Depressaria heracliana 428 
 
 248. Holcocera glandulella 429 
 
 249. Walshia amorphella 430 
 
 250. Bucculatrix canadensisella 431 
 
 251. Bucculatrix pomifoliella 432 
 
 252. Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes-moth) 432 
 
 253. Tinea pellionella. (The Fur-moth) 433 
 
 254. Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) .... 434 
 
 255. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larvae ,. 438 
 
 256. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth 439 
 
 257. Prodoxus marginatus 439 
 
 xxi
 
 List of Illustrations in the Text 
 
 FIG. PAG* 
 
 258. Prodoxus y-inversa 440 
 
 259. Prodoxus reticulata 440 
 
 260. Prodoxus coloradensis 440 
 
 261. Prodoxus cinereus 441 
 
 262. Pronuba yuccasella 442 
 
 263. Pronuba yuccasella, pupae 442 
 
 xxii
 
 LIST OF COLORED PLATES 
 
 Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortype 
 Company, New York and Chicago 
 
 FACING 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Larvae of Moths Frontispiece 
 
 II. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) . . ..'.,.., .'... 42 
 
 III. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths), &c. .".... . . 48 
 
 IV. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 56 
 
 V. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 62 
 
 VI. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 70 
 
 VII. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 76 
 
 VIII. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, &c 80 
 
 IX. Saturniidae, &c 84 
 
 X. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae ... 88 
 
 XI. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae, &c. . . 92 
 
 XII. Saturniidae, Cossidae, Lasiocampidae 96 
 
 XIII. Syntomidae, Lithosiidae, Arctiidae 108 
 
 XIV. Arctiidae 116 
 
 XV. Arctiidae 122 
 
 XVI. Arctiidae, &c 134 
 
 XVII. Arctiidae, Agaristidae, Noctuidae 140 
 
 XVIII. Noctuidae 156 
 
 XIX. Noctuidae 164 
 
 XX. Noctuidae 176 
 
 XXI. Noctuidae , 182 
 
 XXII. Noctuidae 188 
 
 XXIII. Noctuidae 194 
 
 XXIV. Noctuidae 204 
 
 XXV. Noctuidae . 210 
 
 XXVI. Noctuidae . 218
 
 List of Colored Plates 
 
 FACING 
 PAGE 
 
 XXVII. Noctuida 228 
 
 XXVIII. Noctuidse 240 
 
 XXIX. Noctuicte 252 
 
 XXX. Noctuidse . 260 
 
 XXXI. Noctuidse 262 
 
 XXXII. Noctuidas 266 
 
 XXXIII. Noctuidae 268 
 
 XXXIV. Noctuidae 270 
 
 XXXV. Noctuidaa 272 
 
 XXXVI. Noctuidae 276 
 
 XXXVII. Noctuid* 278 
 
 XXXVIII. Pericopidae, Dioptidae, Liparidae, Megalopygidae, 
 
 &c 290 
 
 XXXIX. Notodontida 296 
 
 XL. Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, &c. ..'..... 300 
 XLI. Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, Psychidae, Platyptery- 314 
 
 gidae, Lacosomidae, &c 
 
 XLII. Noctuidae, -Nycteolidae, Geometridas 330 
 
 XLIII. Geometridae 338 
 
 XLIV. Geometridae 348 
 
 XLV. Geometridae 354 
 
 XLVI. y^geriidae ; .' . . 382 
 
 XLVII. Cochlidiidae, Zygaenidae, Thryrididae, Pyralidae . 394 
 
 XL VIII. Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Tineidae, &c 412
 
 INTRODUCTION
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS 
 
 "I suppose you are an entomologist?" 
 
 "Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the 
 individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, 
 sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp." 
 
 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, The Poet at the Breakfast Table. 
 
 THE great order of the scale-winged insects, or lepidoptera, 
 by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into 
 two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the Hetero- 
 cera, or Moths. As Dr. David Sharp well says, " The only 
 definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that 
 all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera."* 
 
 The distinction made between butterflies and moths, accord- 
 ing to which all lepidoptera having clubbed antennae are to 
 be classified as Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without 
 clubbed antennae are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths, 
 while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase 
 of our knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few fami- 
 lies of lepidoptera, apparently forming con- 
 necting links between the butterflies and the 
 moths, in which, while most of the structural 
 characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the 
 antennae are distinctly clubbed. This is true 
 of the Castniidce, found in tropical America, FIG. i. Dahlia 
 the Neocastniida of the Indo-Malayan region, JSSS: 
 the Euscbemonidce of Australia, and certain 
 obscure genera of the Agaristidce, among them that remarkable 
 insect, Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the 
 
 *Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366. 
 3
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Buru. When, a few 
 years ago, I communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to 
 Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played 
 and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to 
 the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable 
 series of specimens in my possession showed. The incident 
 reveals that in classification hard and fast lines, based upon the 
 character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There 
 is scarcely any generalization in reference to organic structures 
 which students have made which has not been found with the 
 increase of knowledge to have its limitations. While all this is 
 true, it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of 
 the United States and the countries of British North America are 
 concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based 
 upon the form of the antennae, holds good, with the sole excep- 
 tion of '"he insects belonging to the genus Megathymus, which 
 are by many authors classified with the Castniidce, and by others 
 with the Hesperiidce. In the "Butterfly Book" 1 have left these 
 insects with the Hesperiidce. Leaving them out of sight, we may 
 say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book 
 deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennae, are moths. 
 The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States, 
 or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth, 
 is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennae of 
 butterflies, and then by comparison to refer the specimens before 
 him to their proper suborder. 
 
 Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through 
 which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form 
 as eggs. When the eggs hatch the insects appear as larvae, or 
 caterpillars. .They are then, after undergoing a series of molts, 
 transformed into pupae, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or 
 may be provided with an outer covering, known as the cocoon, 
 which is more or less composed of silk. After remaining for 
 some time in the pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged, 
 six-footed insects. 
 
 THE EGGS OF MOTHS 
 
 The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell 
 containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists 
 
 4
 
 FIG. 2. Egg of 
 Peridroma saucia, 
 greatly enlarged. 
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it 
 to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. The eggs 
 of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical, cylin- 
 drical, and lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs 
 are common. The eggs of the Cochlidiidx, or 
 Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking 
 like microscopic pancakes. The surfaces of 
 the eggs of moths are seen under a micro- 
 scope to be more or less ornamented by 
 raised lines and sculpturings. While in some 
 cases the eggs of moths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they 
 are generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluish- 
 green, or brown. Like the eggs of butterflies, they are provided 
 with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as 
 are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. In the 
 case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro- 
 pyle is located on the outer margin or rim. 
 
 The eggs are always laid by the female in a state of freedom 
 upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In 
 captivity moths will often deposit their eggs 
 in the receptacle in which they are con- 
 fined. In such cases, unless the observer 
 knows the food-plant upon which the 
 species feeds, he will be apt to have great 
 difficulty in rearing the larvae, unless by a 
 happy chance he succeeds experimentally 
 in ascertaining the proper plant. This may 
 sometimes be done by introducing the 
 leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and 
 observing those to which the young caterpillars resort. 
 
 The date of oviposition varies with different families and 
 genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young 
 insect passes the winter' in the egg, emerging when the early 
 springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. Some moths 
 lay their eggs in the late summer and early fall; the eggs hatch 
 shortly afterward, and the larvae, after molting one or more 
 times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following 
 spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such 
 time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most 
 
 5 
 
 rm 
 
 FIG. 3. Egg of Samia 
 
 cecropia, greatly 
 
 enlarged.
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring or early summer, 
 and the eggs hatch shortly afterward. 
 
 THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS 
 
 The caterpillars of moths are of course extremely small when 
 they first emerge trom the egg. '1 hey, however, rapidly increase 
 in relative size as they continue the process of feeding and 
 molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become 
 to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appear- 
 ance. The larva of the Royal Walnut-moth, or " Hickory Horn- 
 Devil," as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. (See Plate 
 I, Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at 
 all uncommon. With its curved horns and numeruos spines it 
 presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect. 
 
 The larvae of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are 
 principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vege- 
 table matter. The food of the vast majority consists of the leaves 
 of grasses, shrubs, and trees. A few larvae feed upon woody 
 tissues, and bore long galleries under the bark or in the wood 
 of trees. Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. A 
 number of species feed upon the inside of growing fruits. Only 
 a very few species are known to be carnivorous. In Australia 
 there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of which burrows into 
 the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of 
 the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great 
 family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific men as the 
 Ichneumonidce. Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed upon scale- 
 insects, in the same way in which the larva of the butterfly 
 known as Feniseca tarquinius feeds upon the same class of in- 
 sects. Among the Tineidce there are certain species which, as 
 is well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house- 
 wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by 
 the destructive larvae of the clothes-moth. 
 
 There is considerable variety in the form of heterocerous 
 larvae, and still greater variety in the manner in which their 
 bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. The body, 
 as is the case with the larvae of the Rhopalocera, is composed 
 normally of thirteen rings or somites, anterior to which is the 
 head.
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 The head is usually prominent, and is provided with man- 
 dibles, or jaws, eyes, rudimentary antennae, maxillae, palpi, and 
 a spinneret for the production of silk. The head may be 
 globular, hemispherical, or conoid. It is sometimes cleft on top, 
 or bifid. It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of 
 being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of 
 the anterior somite of the body. 
 
 Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar, 
 the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair 
 of legs which correspond to the six legs of the perfect insect, or 
 imago. The last two somites of the body are often so closely 
 united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable. 
 The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided 
 on either side with spiracles connecting with the tracheae, through 
 which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxy- 
 dization of the waste products of the circulation. 
 
 FIG. 4- LarvaotHyloicuskalmia:a, thoracic legs; b, prolegs; 
 c, anal proleg; d, anal horn; e, head. 
 
 The body is usually supported at the middle and at the end 
 by prolegs, or false legs. In the majority of families there are 
 four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh, 
 eighth, and ninth somites, and a fifth pair situated on the 
 thirteenth or last somite. The latter pair are called the anal 
 prolegs. In the larvae of the greater portion of the Geometridce, 
 and in those of numerous Noctuidce, the prolegs are reduced in 
 number, and in many of the Psychidce they appear to be wholly 
 wanting. In most of the Geometridee the pair found on the 
 ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore 
 in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements 
 in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 known as " loopers " or "measuring-worms." When, as is the 
 case with many genera of the Noctuidce, a less complete abortion 
 of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the 
 movement employed by the larvae of the Geometridce is wit- 
 nessed, the caterpillars are said to be " half-loopers," or "semi- 
 loopers." As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those 
 belonging to the genus Plusia, in which there are only two pairs 
 of abdominal prolegs. In the family of the Megalopygidce the 
 prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads on the somites 
 ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusive. In the Cochlidiidce 
 the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by 
 such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the 
 fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. In the Eriocephalidce, 
 which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been 
 pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal 
 prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the ninth and 
 tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. These 
 larvae are further remarkable in having well-developed antennae. 
 
 After the larvae have emerged from the egg and fed for a 
 longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, becomes 
 too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts, 
 or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding until increased develop- 
 ment makes another molt necessary. The number of such 
 molts varies in the case of different species. Ordinarily, hetero- 
 cerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before trans- 
 forming into pupae, but some genera molt as often as ten times, 
 while others only molt thrice. The skin which is cast off pre- 
 serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like 
 processes, the hairs, and various other appendages attached to 
 the body at the time of molting. The molting period is a 
 critical time in the life of larvae, and those who are endeavoring 
 to rear them should never disturb them in the least at this time. 
 
 The bodies of the larvae of moths are covered with tubercles, 
 the location and arrangement of which has in recent years 
 received considerable attention from students, and is thought to 
 furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. These 
 tubercles sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they 
 carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous, 
 or they may be developed until they assume the form of great 
 
 8
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 spines, horns, or bulbous projections. The hairs and spines 
 with which some larvae are ornamented possess stinging proper- 
 ties. This is true of some genera among the Saturniidce and the 
 Cochlidiidce in temperate America and of many genera in the same 
 families and among the Lasiocampidce in the tropics. The sting- 
 ing hairs of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are 
 employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they 
 put upon their arrows. The inflammation caused by these hairs, 
 even in the case of specimens long dead, I know from personal 
 experience to be very severe. 
 
 The coloration of caterpillars is often very striking and beau- 
 tiful, and in most cases is such as to adapt them more or less to 
 their surroundings in life. Cases of protective mimicry are very 
 numerous. A beautiful illustration of this is seen on Plate I, 
 fig. 1 5, where the singular form of the caterpillar, combined with 
 its green tint, suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm, 
 upon which plant it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in 
 the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths, 
 and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the 
 perfect insects. 
 
 There is much diversity in the social habits of the larvae of 
 moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse 
 at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in 
 which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire 
 colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which 
 each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In 
 1893 1 had the pleasure of communicating some information in 
 regard to this curious phase of insect life to the pages of the 
 journal of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol. 
 VI., p. 385). This habit is characteristic of certain genera of 
 African moths, but has not thus far been observed as occur 
 ring in the case of any American species. 
 
 THE PUP^E OF MOTHS 
 
 When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts 
 and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation 
 known as pupation. From a life of freedom and motion it 
 passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power 
 of motion are lost. The flexible and more or less agile body is 
 
 9
 
 FIG. 5. Pupa of Telea 
 pclypkemus. (Riley.) 
 
 The Life -History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 encased in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of 
 protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a 
 pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a cell at a greater or 
 lesser depth beneath the surface, or else weaves a cocoon of silk 
 about its body. In some cases the 
 transformation takes place at the 
 surface of the earth under leaves or 
 under fallen branches and the loose 
 bark of trees. In almost all such 
 cases there is apparently an at- 
 tempt, though often slight, to throw 
 a few strands of silk about the body 
 of the caterpillar, if only to hold in 
 
 place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur. 
 The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably 
 diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. The pupae of 
 moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are 
 more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots 
 which ornament the pupae of many species of butterflies, causing 
 them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found. 
 
 While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to 
 the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss 
 of motion and the imprisonment 
 within narrow bounds, it neverthe- 
 less distinctly marks a progression 
 in the life of the creature. The pupal 
 case contains within it the moth, as 
 may easily be ascertained by a care- 
 ful dissection made in the very earliest 
 period after the change has occurred, 
 
 FIG. 6. Pupa of Cut- worm 
 in earthen cell. (Riley.) 
 
 and which becomes very evident at a later time when the period 
 of the pupal life is drawing to its close. 
 
 In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place 
 will always be found the exuviae, or the larval skin, etc., of the 
 caterpillar, which have been cast off. 
 
 When the time comes for the perfect insect to emerge from 
 the pupa, nature has provided methods by which escape from 
 the prison cell underground, or the tightly woven cocoon, can 
 be effected. In the case of those pupae which lie deeply buried 
 
 10
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed 
 by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of 
 spiral twist. The pupa "wriggles" itself upward through the 
 soil until it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of 
 least resistance, which is generally the line through which the 
 larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement 
 the pupae are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge 
 of the somites which prevent backward motion. When emer- 
 gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power 
 of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of 
 dissolving and cutting the silken threads. When the moth first 
 emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body 
 is long and vermiform. The first act is to secure a quiet resting 
 place. The fluids of the body are in the process of circulation 
 rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing out- 
 ward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand 
 and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire 
 adjustment. There is no more interesting spectacle than to 
 witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently 
 helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an 
 insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color. 
 
 THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS 
 
 The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the 
 head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head bears the princi- 
 pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo- 
 tion, and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those 
 of assimilation, respiration, and circulation. 
 
 The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func- 
 tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in 
 this connection the corresponding portion of the " Butterfly 
 Book," in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to 
 the diurnal lepidoptera. The anatomy of moths does not radically 
 differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. The 
 same names are applied to the parts, and the differences which 
 occur are not so much differences in function as in outline. 
 
 In studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the 
 head is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. It is 
 more retracted, as a rule, though in the case of some families, 
 
 II
 
 FIG. 7. Head of a 
 moth viewed from in 
 front, a, antenna; c, 
 clypous ; e, eye ; oc, ocel- 
 lus; p, proboscis. 
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 as the Sphingidce, it is produced well in advance of the thorax, but 
 even in such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the ante- 
 rior part of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies. 
 The suctorial apparatus is formed in 
 the moths as in the case of the butter- 
 flies by the peculiar modification of the 
 maxillae into semi-cylindrical and inter- 
 locking tubes forming the proboscis. 
 This is enormously produced in some 
 groups, enabling the insect to hover upon 
 the wing over flowers and rob their cups 
 of the honey which they contain. This 
 is especially true of the Sphingidcv and 
 some subfamilies of the Noctuidce. In 
 other cases, as in the family of the Satur- 
 niidce and Bombycidce, the proboscis is very feebly developed 
 or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are 
 without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in 
 the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs 
 of reproductive energy, and, when the sexual functions have been 
 completed, they die. 
 
 The eyes of moths are often greatly 
 developed. This is especially true of those 
 species which are crepuscular in their hab- 
 its. The eyes of the heterocera are, as in 
 all other insects, compound. They may be 
 naked, or may be more or less studded with 
 hairs, or lashes, projecting from points lying 
 at the juncture of the various facets making 
 up the organ. This fact has been utilized to 
 some extent in classification. Ocelli, or 
 minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large 
 compound eyes, occur in some forms, 
 just above the latter, but are generally so 
 concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable 
 by an expert observer. 
 
 The labial palpi of moths, as of butterflies, consist of three 
 joints, but there' is far greater diversity in the development of the 
 palpi among the moths than among the butterflies. In some 
 
 FIG. 8. Head of a 
 moth viewed from the 
 side, a, antenna; e, 
 eye; oc, ocellus; m.p., 
 maxillary palpus ; I. p. , 
 labial palpus; p, pro- 
 boscis.
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain 
 relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms. 
 Maxillary palpi are found in some groups. The maxillary palpi 
 have two joints. 
 
 The antennae of moths, 
 which, as has already been 
 pointed out, differ greatly in 
 form from those of butterflies, 
 are attached to the head in the 
 same relative location as in 
 butterflies. Antennae may be 
 filiform, threadlike, fusiform, 
 spindle-shaped, or dilate, 
 more or less swollen toward 
 the tip. They may be simple, 
 i. e., without lateral projec- 
 
 FIG. 9. Antennae of moths. I, 
 fusiform; 2, filiform; j, dilate; 4, 
 ciliate ; 5, bipectinate ; 6, setose- 
 ciliate; 7, fasciculate; 8, dentate; 
 p, serrate; 10, lamellate. 
 
 tions, but this is rarely the 
 case. The shaft may be set 
 with cilia, or small hair-like 
 
 projections on the side of the joints. Such antennae are said to be 
 ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projec- 
 tions on the joints. These are called setose antennae. In some 
 
 FIG. 10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus. Plu- 
 mose; doubly bipectinate. (From " Insect Life," 
 Vol. VII. p. 40.) 
 
 forms both cilia and bristles occur on the antennae. When the 
 bristles are arranged in clusters on the joints of the antennae they 
 are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections 
 on the antennae; in such cases the antennae are described as den-
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 fate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to 
 suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennae are said to be serrate. 
 When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are 
 minute plate-like projections, the antennae are described as lamel- 
 late. Many moths have pectinate antennae, the projections resem- 
 bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on 
 each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs 
 of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is 
 excessive, so as to cause the antennae to resemble a feather, they 
 are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of 
 these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just 
 been mentioned, antennae may be variously adorned with scales, 
 especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be 
 notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case 
 they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent in 
 peculiar ways, when they are described as sinuate. 
 
 The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the 
 prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro- 
 thorax bears the tegulae or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder- 
 lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries 
 the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the 
 last pair of legs and the hind wings. 
 
 The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of 
 nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg- 
 ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many. 
 At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal 
 spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles. 
 Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of 
 the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts 
 of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years 
 been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in 
 distinguishing species. 
 
 The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, 
 tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed 
 at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws, 
 known technically as the ungues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just 
 back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with 
 spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the 
 males of various genera. The cut (Figure 1 1) shows the structure 
 
 14
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 of the legs. It will be well for the student to thoroughly famil- 
 iarize himself with the location and names of the different parts 
 indicated in this and the following figure. 
 
 U.T 
 
 FIG. ii. Legs of a Moth. (From "Packard's Guide," p. 231.) 
 
 i. FORE LEG. 2. MIDDLE LEG. 3. HIND LEG. 
 
 c. Coxa. u. Ungues. 
 
 t. Trochanter. p. Pulvillus. 
 
 /. Femur. 9 sp. i . Single anterior spur. 
 
 t. Tibia. sp. 2. Paired medial spurs, 
 
 tor. Tarsus. sp . 3. Two pairs of posterior spurs. 
 
 The structure of the wings of moths is essentially like that of 
 butterflies, and consists of a framework of hollow tubes which 
 support a double membrane which bears upon its surfaces the 
 scales, which overlap each other like the tiles upon the roof of a 
 house. The tubes, which are known as veins, communicate with 
 the respiratory system and are highly pneumatic. They are also 
 connected with the circulatory system, and are furnished, at least 
 through their basal portions, with nerves. 
 
 The fore wing has normally twelve veins. The hind wing 
 has also in primitive forms, as the Hepialidce, twelve veins, but 
 in the vast majority of cases this number has been reduced, and 
 eight veins is the number which is found in the majority of cases 
 in the hind wing. The accompanying figures, with their expla- 
 nations, will suffice far better than any mere verbal explanation 
 to explain the structure of the wings of moths. (See Figures 
 12 and 13.) 
 
 The relative position of vein five in relation to the median or 
 subcostal systems has been much utilized in recent years by 
 systematists in their classification of the various groups. 
 
 15
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are 
 not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the 
 Hepialidce there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is 
 
 sn 11 
 
 FIG. 12. Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson's "Moths of 
 India," Vol. I., with modifications.) 
 
 A. FORE WING. B. HIND WING. 
 
 c.m. Costal margin. c.n. Costal nervure, vein 1 2 of fore wing, 
 
 a.m. Outer margin. 8 of hind wing. 
 
 i.m. Inner margin. s.n. Subcostal nervure. 
 
 a. a. Apex. tn.n. Median nervure. 
 
 i.a. Inner angle. ia,b,c. Three branches of internal nervure. 
 
 c. Discoidal cell. 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure. 
 
 d. Discocellulars. 5. Lower radial. 
 
 ar. Areole. 6. Upper radial 
 
 f. Frenulum. 7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing. 
 7. Subcostal nervure of hind wing. 
 
 known as thejugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical 
 functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast 
 majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings 
 is made by means of the frenulum on the hind wing, which hooks 
 into the retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14. 
 The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of 
 specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single 
 curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females 
 it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some 
 
 16
 
 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 groups, as the Phycitina:, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. 
 In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function 
 is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of 
 the basal portion of costa of the hind 
 wing. The nomenclature of the parts 
 of the wings of moths is not essentially 
 different from that which is employed 
 in describing the wings of butterflies. 
 There are, however, certain conventional 
 terms which have been applied by authors 
 to the markings upon the wings, espe- 
 cially of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will 
 serve to explain and illustrate these terms. 
 
 A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical 
 structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be 
 
 FIG. 13. Win} 
 Hepialus gracilis. J 
 nified. /, jugum. 
 
 s of 
 [ag- 
 
 FIG. 14. Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From "Moths of India," Vol. I.) 
 
 i. $ ; 2. ?. A. FORE WING. 
 
 /. Frenulum. 
 r. Retinaculum. 
 c.n. Costal nervure. 
 
 B. HIND WING. 
 
 s.n. Subcostal nervure. 
 m.n. Median nervure. 
 i.n. Internal nervure. 
 
 derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, 
 reference to which will be made hereafter a's the various families 
 are successively taken up and studied. 
 
 Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec- 
 tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock's 
 "Manual for the Study of insects." A very useful treatise is 
 found in Professor David Sharp's two volumes upon the Insecta 
 contained in the " Cambridge Natural History." Every student, 
 as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent 
 occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results 
 of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of
 
 The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths 
 
 reference. An even more valuable work than these is the great 
 "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense contained in the Collec- 
 tion of the British Museum," which is being prepared bv Sir 
 
 FIG 15. Wing of Noctuid Moth. (After Beutenmuller, 
 "Bulletin American Museum Natural History," Vol. XIV., p. 230.) 
 
 C, collar lappet; tg, patagium or shoulder lappet; T, thorax; 
 ab, abdomen; H, head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal 
 line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform; 
 or, orbicular; ms, median shade; ren, reniform; tp, transverse 
 posterior line; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; //, terminal lunules; 
 st, subterminal line; fr, fringes; om, outer margin; ha, hind angle; 
 ds, discal mark ; el, exterior line; an, anal angle; im, inner margin. 
 
 George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. The 
 endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire 
 subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted 
 the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists through- 
 out the world in the prosecution of his great task. The work is 
 of course somewhat expensive, but the working lepidopterist 
 cannot well do without it. Much help may also be derived from 
 the older works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though 
 old, are far from being obsolete and useless. 
 
 18
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS 
 
 " Does he who searches Nature's secrets scruple 
 To stick a pin into an insect ?" 
 
 A. G. CEHLENSCHLJEGER, Aladdin's Lamp. 
 
 EVERYTHING that has been said in "The. Butterfly Book" in 
 reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of speci- 
 mens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch, 
 however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form, 
 it is worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be 
 observed in the collection and preservation of these minute 
 species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butter- 
 flies. The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to 
 put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have 
 glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. These 
 receptacles may be carried in a bag or pocket by the collector. 
 When he has returned from the field, the specimens may be killed 
 by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the 
 corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel's-hair 
 pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it 
 with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is 
 stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of 
 ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still 
 
 FIG. 1 6. Setting needle used in adjusting wings of micro- 
 lepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board. 
 
 lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to 
 that of its body, and is then transferred to the setting board. 
 Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made 
 
 19
 
 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens 
 
 differently from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and 
 larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has 
 for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vet- 
 eran collector. Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with 
 their edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness, 
 are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft 
 pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to one- 
 eighth of an inch occurs between them. This serves as the 
 groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed 
 upon the pin the insect is placed in one of these grooves. The 
 wings are then carefully expanded with a crooked needle 
 fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure 16, and are then bound 
 
 FIG. 17. Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera ; a, 
 pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac ; b, base 
 of soft pine ; co., cork ; d, white paper covering cork ; ee, brads, 
 to which setting threads are tied ; ff, pins set firmly beyond 
 groove to secure alignment of setting threads ; it, setting 
 threads ; pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and 
 which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in 
 position ; h, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen. 
 
 in place by a thread which is held in place by a pin, as shown in 
 Figure 17. Though the wings of these small insects may, when 
 mounted, at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread 
 drawn across them, they generally recover their -position after 
 removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting 
 these insects upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point 
 of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth, 
 
 20
 
 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens 
 
 so that they are not torn, nor are the fringes and other delicate 
 portions injured. In doing this work it is best to use a reading- 
 glass mounted in a frame, so that the operator can seethe objects 
 before him magnified two or three diame- 
 ters. The mounting of micro - lepidoptera 
 taken in the field and put into envelopes, as 
 often has to be done, is a very trying opera- 
 tion. After the insects have been sufficiently 
 dried they may be set up as double mounts, 
 the small silver pins being thrust through 
 pieces of pith held upon a larger pin. The FIG. 18. Double 
 Pyralidce, the Tortricidce and all the smaller 
 micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which 
 has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens 
 worthy of installation in a well ordered cabinet can be secured. 
 
 Larger forms may be placed in envelopes if intended to be 
 transmitted to great distances prior to study. Larvae may be 
 inflated in the manner described in "The Butterfly Book." In 
 all other particulars the directions contained in that volume may 
 be safely followed by the student. 
 
 As the moths around a taper, 
 
 As the bees around a rose, 
 As the gnats around a vapour, 
 
 So the spirits group and close 
 Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking its repose." 
 
 E. B. BROWNING,/* Child Asleep. 
 
 21
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS 
 
 "The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk." 
 
 TENNYSON, In Memoriam, xciii. 
 
 THE insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes 
 found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry, 
 which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to 
 trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resem- 
 blance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while 
 throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield 
 wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived 
 from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect 
 life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of 
 the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in 
 order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have 
 been derived from preexisting forms. At best descent can only 
 be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which 
 naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is 
 possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly, 
 or even probably, derived from the same stock as another. 
 Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated 
 of very few families, so far as such assertion of a common 
 parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of 
 to-day. 
 
 All attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner 
 as to show the derivation of one of the existing families from 
 another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given, 
 must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that 
 the various families represent divergences from the parent stem, 
 which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the 
 trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, which leaves this 
 
 22
 
 The Classification of Moths 
 
 fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it 
 would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then, 
 laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the 
 result of his labors, "This is a tree scientifically arranged." In- 
 asmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be 
 preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those 
 forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint 
 of their common origin. 
 
 Exceedingly different views have been entertained by natural- 
 ists in recent years in reference to the matters which we are dis- 
 cussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have 
 been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few 
 of which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than 
 natural. Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so 
 much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the 
 study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while 
 to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a 
 lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which 
 he has alluded. He is inclined to regard the scheme which has 
 been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his 
 great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being 
 issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole 
 as satisfactory as any which has recently been evolved. Inas- 
 much, however, as Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub- 
 lished a List of the Lepidoptera of the United States, which is 
 certain for many years to come to be used very largely by Ameri- 
 can students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon 
 the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume 
 to the serial arrangement given in Dr. Dyar's List, although the 
 writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work 
 in his views as to the position which should be held in relation 
 to each other of a number of genera. The last word in reference 
 to the classification of the insects contained in this group has 
 certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far 
 from having attained in our studies to conclusions which may be 
 accepted as final. 
 
 For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a 
 key to the families which are represented in this book, which is 
 based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first 
 
 23
 
 The Classification of Moths 
 
 volume of his "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," and in 
 the preparation of which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar. 
 
 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN 
 HETEROCERA. 
 
 Antennae not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed 
 
 or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated. . i 
 
 i Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins ; wings unlike 
 
 in shape 2 
 
 Hind wing with cell emitting more than six veins; wings similar in 
 
 shape 44 
 
 2 Hind wing with vein ic absent 3 
 
 Hind wing with vein ic present 22 
 
 3 Fore wing with vein 5 nearer 4 than 6 4 
 
 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 
 
 than 4 15 
 
 4 Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 4, SyntomidcB. 
 
 Hind wing with Vein 8 present 5 
 
 5 Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 6 
 
 Hind wing with vein S touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell . . : 1 2 
 6 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyona 
 
 middle 7 
 
 Hind wing with vein G anastomosing with cell near base only 9 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar. .Fam. 14, Liparidce. 
 
 7 Ocelli present Fam. 6, ArctiidcB. 
 
 Ocelli absent 8 
 
 8 Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolidce. 
 
 Fore wing withoiit such tufts Fam. 5, Lithosiidce. 
 
 9 Antennae with shaft more or less dilated toward tip 
 
 Fam. 7 , Agaristidce. 
 
 Antennae with sliaft not dilated 10 
 
 10 Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 10, Pericopida. 
 
 Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked 1 1 
 
 ii Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base .... 
 
 ; . Fam. 9, Nycteolidae. 
 
 Fore wing trigonatc Fam. 8, Noctu',d&. 
 
 ia Hind wing with vein ia absent or not reaching anal angle 
 
 Fam. 17, Platypterygidce. 
 
 Hind wing with vein ia reaching anal angle 13 
 
 13 Frenulum present Fam. 28, Thyrididce. 
 
 Frenulum absent Fam. 15, Lasiocampidae. 
 
 14 Hind wing with vein 8 diverging from cell from base 15 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 connected or approximate to cell 17 
 
 15 Tongue absent; no tibial spurs; frenulum absent . . Fam. 2, Saturniida. 
 
 Tongue and tibial spurs present; frenulum absent 
 
 Fam. 3, Ceratocampidai. 
 
 24
 
 The Classification of Moths 
 
 16 Hind wing with vein 8j-emote from 7 '. 17 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 approximated to or united with 7 21 
 
 17 Proboscis absent; frenulum absent Fam. 16, BombycidtB. 
 
 Proboscis present 1 8 
 
 1 8 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to near middle; vein 5 weak 
 Fam. 1 2 , N otodontidcB . 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell near base only or vein 5 
 
 strong 19 
 
 19 Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 separate 20 
 
 Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 1 1 , Dioptidce. 
 
 ao Fore wing with vein 8 stalked with 9 Fam. 19, Epiplemidce. 
 
 Fore wing with vein 8 not stalked with 9 . . Fam. 18, Geometridce. 
 21 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar . . Fam. i, Sphingidas. 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 not joined to cell by a bar.. Fam. 13, Thyatiridae. 
 33 Wings divided into plumes 23 
 
 Wings not divided into plumes 24 
 
 23 Fore wing divided into four plumes Fam. 32, Pterophoridae. 
 
 Fore wing divided into six plumes Fam. 33, Orneodidce. 
 
 24 Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 30, /Egeriida. 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 present 25 
 
 25 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4 
 
 Fam. 2 1 , Lacosomidce. 
 
 26 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with or closely approximated 
 to vein 7 Fam. 3 1 , Pyralidae. 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 26 
 
 27 Vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with cell at base 28 
 
 Vein 8 free or united to cell by a bar 29 
 
 28 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to middle; fore wing with a 
 branch to vein i below Fam. 24, Megalopygidce. 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell at base; no branch to vein 
 
 i below Fam. 23, Cochlidiidce. 
 
 29 Mid spurs of hind tibiae very short or absent 30 
 
 Mid spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed 34 
 
 30 Proboscis absent t 31 
 
 Proboscis present; vein 8 joined to the cell by a bar 
 
 Fam. 2 7 , Zygce*id&. 
 
 3 1 Female winged 32 
 
 Female not winged Fam. 22, Psychidae. 
 
 32 Abdomen extending beyond hind wings Fam. 29, Cossidce. 
 
 Abdomen not extending beyond hind wings 33 
 
 33 Antennas short; larvae free Fam. 25, Dalceridce. 
 
 Antennas long as usual; larvae parasitic Fam. 26, Epipyropida. 
 
 34 Palpi obtuse Fam. 34, Tortrtcida. 
 
 Palpi more or less acute 35 
 
 35 Head at least partly roughly haired Fam. 41, Tineida (part). 
 
 Head smooth, or with loosely appressed scales .36
 
 The Classification of Moths 
 
 36 Antennae with basal eye-cap Fam. 41, Tineidce (part). 
 
 Antennae without basal eye-cap 37 
 
 37 Maxillary palpi developed 38 
 
 Maxillary palpi rudimentary 39 
 
 38 Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin 
 
 Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidcB (part). 
 
 Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 41, Tineidce (part). 
 
 39 Hind wing with vein 8 more or less distinctly connected with cell; 
 
 outer margin usually sinuate 40 
 
 Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell 41 
 
 40 Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex 
 
 Fam. 37 , Xylorictida. 
 
 Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 36, Gelechiidce. 
 
 41 Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel 42 
 
 Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked 43 
 
 43 Posterior tibiae hairy f Fam. 38, CEcophoridce. 
 
 \ Fam. 39, Blastobasidce*. 
 
 Posterior tibiae smooth Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidce . 
 
 43 Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings 
 
 Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidce (part). 
 
 Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings 
 
 Fam. 40, ElachistidcB. 
 
 44 Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent Fam. 42, Hepialidae. 
 
 Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed. .Fam. 43, Micropterygidae. 
 
 * No good character has been shown at present for the separation of the CEcophorida 
 and the Blastobasid.-e. 
 
 26
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS 
 
 THE literature of our subject is quite extensive, and the 
 most important portions of it are contained in the publications of 
 various learned societies and institutions. 
 
 The first references to the subject are found in the writings 
 of Linnaeus, Johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hubner, Geyer, 
 Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hubner, 
 Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many 
 of the more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith's 
 "Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia" gives figures of a 
 number of moths, with their larvae and food-plants. 
 
 In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled 
 "A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious 
 to Vegetation," was published. This was followed in 1852 by 
 the work of A. Guenee on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and 
 the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the "Species 
 General des Lepidopteres," forming a portion of the "Suites a 
 Buffon." Many North American species were here described 
 for the first time, and some of them were figured in the Atlas of 
 Plates accompanying the work. In 1850 G. A. W. Herrich- 
 Schaeffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his " Sammlung 
 Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropaischer Schmetter- 
 linge," which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869. 
 Good figures of a number of North American moths are con- 
 tained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began 
 the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British 
 Museum of his "List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects 
 in the Collection of the British Museum." This work, which 
 finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of which appeared
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 in 1866, contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found 
 within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker's 
 descriptions are not always recognizable, and his classification as 
 to families and genera was at times very careless. In 1859 
 Brackenridge Clemens published in the Journal of the Academy 
 of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a 
 "Synopsis of the North American Sphingides." In 1860 the 
 Smithsonian Institution issued a "Catalogue of the Described 
 Lepidoptera of North America," compiled by the Rev. J. G. 
 Morris. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now 
 antiquated. In 1862 the same institution published a book by 
 the same author, entitled "A Synopsis of the Described Lepi- 
 doptera of North America." It is almost wholly a compila- 
 tion. The first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region. 
 From pp. 122-314 the book is devoted to descriptions of the 
 moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens, 
 and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp. 
 330-350. The work is not wholly without value. 
 
 This brief review of the literature issued previous to the out- 
 break of the great Civil War in America, covers practically every- 
 thing of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to 
 that time. The period which has followed has been character- 
 ized by greater activity in all scientific directions, and the prin- 
 cipal works which have appeared upon the moths of the United 
 States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list, 
 which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to 
 enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the 
 prosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted him- 
 self with the contents of this volume. 
 
 PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD TO 
 THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Entomology). 
 (Published occasionally.) 
 
 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I-VII, 1878-1885. 
 
 Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873- 
 1884. 
 
 Canadian Entomologist, Vols. 1-XXXIV, 1869-1903, London, Ontario. 
 (Published monthly.) 
 
 Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889. 
 
 38
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 Entomological News, Vols. I-XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy 
 of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.) 
 Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895. 
 
 Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903. 
 (Published quarterly.) 
 
 Papilio, Vols. I-III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards; 
 Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron. 
 
 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I-VI, 
 1861-1867. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomo- 
 logical Society.) 
 
 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V, 
 1890-1903. (Published occasionally.) 
 
 Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI, 
 1878-1903. 
 
 Psyche. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge, 
 Mass., Vols. I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.) 
 
 Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX. 
 1867-1903. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published 
 quarterly.) 
 
 GENERAL CATALOGUES AND LISTS 
 
 GROTE, A. R., AND List of the Lepidoptera of North America, I, 
 ROBINSON, C. T. (Sphingidae to Bombycidae.) American Entomo- 
 
 logical Society, Philadelphia, 1868. 
 
 GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, 
 
 Hemileucini, Ceratocampidee, Lachneides, Tere- 
 dines, and Hepiali with Notes (Transactions Amer- 
 ican Philosophical Society, 1874). 
 GROTE, A. R. A New Check List of North American Moths, New 
 
 York, 1882, pp. 1-73. 
 BROOKLYN ENTOMO- Check List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America, 
 
 LOGICAL SOCIETY North of Mexico (Brooklyn, 1882, pp. 1-25). 
 SMITH, JOHN B. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America ^Phila- 
 
 delphia, American Entomological Society, 1891, 
 pp. 1-124). 
 
 KIRBY, W. F. A Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Hetero- 
 
 cera, Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892, 
 
 DYAR, H. G. A List of North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin 
 
 U. S. National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723. 
 GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE 
 
 MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 COMSTOCK, J. H. A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895. 
 DRUCH, HERBERT Biologia Centrali- Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera- 
 Heterocera, Vols. I-II, Text; Vol. Ill, Plates, 
 London, 1881-1900, 
 
 39
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 PACKARD, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions. 
 
 A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898. 
 SHARP, DAVID The Cambridge Natural History: Insects, 2 Vols.; 
 
 Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York. 
 STRECKER, HERMAN Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, 
 
 Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and 
 
 Colored Illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-1877. 
 
 Three Supplements, 1898-1900. 
 WALKER, FRANCIS List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection 
 
 of the British Museum. Vols. I-XXXV, London, 
 
 1854-1866. 
 RILEY, C. V. Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other 
 
 Insects of the State of Missouri. Nos. 1-9, and 
 
 Index, 1869-1878. 
 
 WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIP- 
 FERENT FAMILIES OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 SPHINGID.* 
 
 GROTE, A. R., AND A Synonymical Catalogue of North America Sphin- 
 
 ROBINSON, C. T. gidae. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. 
 V, 1865, pp. 149-193.) 
 
 GROTE, A. R. Catalogue of the Sphingidae of North America. 
 
 (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17-28.) 
 New Check List of North American Sphingidae, 
 (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp. 
 220-225.) 
 
 CLEMENS, B. Synopsis of the North American Sphingides. 
 
 (Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, 
 1859, pp. 97-190.) 
 
 BOISDUVAL, J. A. Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, 1874. 
 Vol. I, text; and a series of Plates in the Atlas 
 accompanying the work, which forms a portion of 
 the "Suites a. Buff on." 
 
 BUTLER, A. G. Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the 
 
 Family Sphingidse. (Transactions Zoological Soc. 
 London, Vol. IX, 1877, pp. 511-644, Plates XC- 
 XCIV.) 
 
 SMITH, JOHN B. An Introduction to a Classification of the North 
 
 American Lepidoptera. Sphingidae. (Entomo- 
 logica Americana, Vol. I, 1885, pp. 81-87.) 
 List of the Sphingidae of Temperate North America. 
 (Entomologica Americana, 1888, pp. 89-94.) 
 A monograph of the Sphingidae of North America 
 North of Mexico. (Transactions American Ent. 
 Soc., Vol. XV, 1888, pp. 49-242, Twelve Plates.) 
 
 30
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 FERNALD, C. H. The Sphingidae of New England. Orcmo, Maine, 
 
 1886. 
 BEUTENMULLER, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sphingidae Found 
 
 within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bull. Am. 
 
 Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 275-320.) 
 
 ROTHSCHILD, HON. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae. 
 W., AND JORDAN, K. (Novitates Zoologicae, 1903.) The most complete 
 
 work upon the subject as yet written. 
 
 SATURNIID.E 
 
 SMITH, JOHN B. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Saturniidae. 
 
 (Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. IX, pp. 414- 
 43 7, Three Plates.) 
 
 PACKARD, A. S. Synopsis of the Bombycidas of the United States. 
 
 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, 1864, 
 pp. 97-130 and 331-396.) 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 121-132.) 
 
 GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, 
 
 Hemileucini, Ceratocampidae, Lachneides, Tere- 
 dines, and Hepiali, with Notes. (Proc. Am. Philos. 
 Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256-264.) 
 
 CERATOCAMPIDvE 
 
 GROTE, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, etc. 
 
 (See Above.) 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 147-152.) 
 SYNTOMID^; 
 HAMPSON, G F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the 
 
 British Museum, Vol. I, 1898. 
 
 LITHOSIID^E 
 
 BUTLER, A. G. On the Lepidoptera of the Family Lithosiidae, in 
 
 the Collection of the British Museum. (Transac- 
 tions Ent. Soc., London, 1877, pp. 325-377.) 
 
 STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidas and Bombycidas of 
 
 North America, San Francisco, 1874, pp. 242, Ten 
 Plates. (Numerous Lithosiids are figured and 
 described.) 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the 
 
 British Museum, Vol. II, 1900. 
 ARCTIID^E 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the 
 
 British Museum, Vol. Ill, 1901.
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of 
 
 North America. (Numerous Arctiids are figured 
 and described.) 
 
 BEUTENMULLER, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine Moths 
 Found within Fifty Miles of New York City. 
 (Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 353- 
 448.) 
 
 SMITH, JOHN B Preliminary Catalogue of the Arctiidae of Temperate 
 
 North America. (Canadian Entomologist, 1889, 
 pp. 169-175, 193-200, and 213-219.) 
 The North American Species of Callimorpha 
 Latreille. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 342- 
 353-) 
 
 LYMAN, H. H. The North American Callimorphas. (Canadian 
 
 Entomologist, Vol. XIX, pp. 181-191.) 
 
 GROTE, A. R. Table of the Species of Euchaetes. (Canadian 
 
 Entomologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 196-197.) 
 
 AGARISTID^E 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalasnae in the 
 
 Collection of the British Museum, Vol. Ill, pp. 515- 
 663, 1901. 
 
 (Consult also Stretch, Neumoegen and Dyar, and 
 Periodicals.) 
 
 NOCTUID^; 
 
 7IAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenas in the 
 
 Collection of the British Museum, Vol. IV, et seq. 
 
 GUENEE, A. Noctuelites. Sp6cies G6n6ral des L6pidopteres. 
 
 Suites a Buff on, Vols. V-VIII. 
 
 GROTE, A. R. List of the Noctuidae of North America. (Bulletin 
 
 Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 1-77.) 
 Introduction to the Study of the North American 
 Noctuidag. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol. 
 XXI, pp. 134-176.) 
 
 An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North 
 America; with "A Colony of Butterflies," London. 
 1882, pp. 1-85, four colored plates. 
 Consult also the very numerous papers upon the 
 Noctuidae published by Grote in the Bulletin of 
 the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences; The 
 Canadian Entomologist; the Bulletin of the U. S 
 Geological Survey, Vol. VI; Papilio; and recently 
 in the publications of the Roemer Museum at 
 Hildesheim, Germany.
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 SMITH, JOHN B. A Catalogue, Bibliographical and Synonymical, of 
 
 the Species of Moths of the Lepidopterous Super- 
 family Noctuidse Found in Boreal America, with 
 Critical Notes. (Bulletin U. S. Nat. Museum, 
 No. 44, pp. 1-424-) 
 
 This is the most scholarly and complete work 
 upon the Noctuidae of America which has up to 
 the present time been published, and is indispensa- 
 ble to the student. 
 
 Consult also the very numerous papers by Professor 
 Smith which have been published in the Proceedings 
 of the U. S. National Museum; the Transactions of 
 the American Entomological Society; The Canadian 
 Entomologist; Papilio, and other periodicals. 
 
 SMITH, JOHN B., AND A Revision of the Species of Acronycta and of 
 
 DYAR, H. G. Certain Allied Genera. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 
 
 Vol. XXI, pp. 1-194.) 
 
 HULST, G. D. The Genus Catocala. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. 
 
 Society, Vol. VII, pp. 13-56.) 
 
 NYCTEOLID.E 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. I, p. 117.) 
 HAMPSON, G. F. The Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. U, pp. 365- 
 
 388. 
 
 PERICOPID.* 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, p. 26.) 
 
 DIOPTID^E 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, p. in.) 
 
 NOTODONTID* 
 
 PACKARD, A. S. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America, 
 
 North of Mexico. Part I, Family I, Notodontidae. 
 (Memoirs National Academy of Science, Vol. VII, 
 pp. 1-390, Forty-nine Plates.) 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Lepidopterous 
 
 DYAR, H. G. Family Notodontidae. (Transactions Am. Ent. 
 
 Soc., 1894, pp. 179-208.) 
 
 SCHAUS, W. A Revision of the American Notodontidae. (Trans- 
 
 actions Ent. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 1:57-344, 
 Plates XI and XII.) 
 
 33
 
 Books about 'North American Moths 
 
 THYATIRID^E 
 
 GROTE, A. R. A Revision of the Species of Cytnatophorina Found 
 
 in the United States and British America, with 
 Descriptions of New Species. (Proceedings Ent. 
 Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. II, pp. 54-59.) 
 
 SMITH, JOHNS Bulletin 44, U. S. National Museum, pp. 27-29. 
 
 LIPARID^E 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II j pp. 28-30 and 57-60.) 
 
 LASIOCAMPID^B 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 152-160.) 
 
 BOMBYCID.* 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. I, pp. 31-40. 
 
 PLATYPTERYGID.fi 
 
 GROTE, A. R. On the North American Platypterygidae. (Trans- 
 
 actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 65-67.) 
 List of the North American Platypterices, etc. 
 (Proceedings Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. XIV, pp. 256 
 264.) 
 
 NEUMOEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 61-62.) 
 
 GEOMETRID.fi 
 
 PACKARD, A. S. A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae 
 
 of the United States. (U. S. Geological Survey 
 of the Territories, Vol. X, pp. 1-607 > Thirteen Plates.) 
 
 HULST, G. D. -A Classification of the Geometrina of North America 
 
 with Descriptions of New Genera and Species 
 (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc., 1896, pp. 245-386.) 
 
 GUMPPENBERG, C.v. Systema Geometrarum Zonae Temperatioris Sep- 
 tentrionalis (Nova Acta der Kaiser. Leop. Carol. 
 Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, 1887-1897.) 
 
 EPIPLEMID.fi 
 
 HULST, G. D. Transactions American Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 
 
 PP- 309-310. 
 HAMPSON, G. F. Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. Ill, pp. 121-137 
 
 NOLID.fi 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the 
 
 Collection of the British Museum, Vol. II, 1900. 
 
 34
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 LACOSOMID^E 
 
 NEUMGEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc. 
 
 Vol. II, p. 120.) 
 
 PSYCHID.* 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. III-I20.) 
 COCHLIDIID^E 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 64-76.) 
 
 MEGALOPYGID^ 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 109-110.) 
 
 DALCERIDJE 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXV, p. 121. 
 DYAR, H. G. 
 
 DYAR, H. G. Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 232. 
 
 EPIPYROPID^E 
 
 DYAR, H. G. List of North American Lepidoptera, p. 359. 
 
 WESTWOOD, J. O. Transactions Ent. Soc., London, 1876, p. 522. 
 
 ZYG^NID^E 
 
 PACKARD, A. S. Notes on the Family Zygaenidae. (Proceedings 
 
 Essex Institute, Vol. IV, pp. 7-47.) 
 GROTE, A. R. Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America. 
 
 (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 29- 
 
 36.) 
 STRETCH, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of 
 
 North America. 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. II, p. 63. (Pyro- 
 DYAR, H. G. morphidae.) 
 
 HAMPSON, G. P. On the Classification of the Thyrididae, a Family of 
 
 the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 
 London, 1897, pp. 6o 3~33-) 
 
 COSSID.fi 
 
 NEUMCEGEN, B., AND A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America 
 DYAR, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., 
 
 Vol. II, pp. 160-166.)
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 BAILEY, J. S. 
 
 Some of the North American Cossidae, with Facts 
 in the Life History of Cossus centerensis Lintner. 
 (Bulletin No. 3, Division of Entomology, U. S. 
 Dept. Agriculture, 1883.) 
 
 JEGEKUVJE 
 
 BEUTENMULLER, W. Monograph of the Sesiidae of North America North 
 of Mexico. (Memoirs of the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
 Vol. I, Part 6, pp. 2 1 7-3 5 2 ; Plates XXIX-XXXVI.) 
 
 GUENEE, A. Deltoides et Pyralites. Species General des L6pi- 
 
 dopteres, Vol. VIII. 
 
 GROTE. A. R. Preliminary Studies on the North American 
 
 Pyralidae. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the 
 Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 669705.) 
 Preliminary List of North American Species of 
 Crambus. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII, pp. 
 77-80.) 
 
 HAMPSON, G. F. On the Classification of the Schcenobiinae and Cram- 
 
 binae, Two Subfamilies of Moths of the Family 
 Pyralidae. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1895, pp. 
 8 97-974-) 
 
 On the Classification of Three Subfamilies of Moths 
 of the Family Pyralidae: the Epipaschiinae, Endo- 
 trichinae, and Pyralinae. (Transactions Ent. Soc., 
 London, 1896, pp. 451-550.) 
 
 On the Classification of the Chrysauginas, a Sub- 
 family of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. (Proc. 
 Zool. Soc., London, 1897, pp. 633-692.) 
 On the Classification of Two Subfamilies of Moths 
 of the Family Pyralidae: the Hydrocampinae and 
 Scopariinae. (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1897, 
 pp. 127-240.) 
 
 A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus- 
 tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part I. (Proc. Zool. 
 Soc., London, 1898, pp. 590-761.) 
 A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus- 
 tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part II. (Proc. Zool. 
 Soc., London, 1899, pp. 172-291.) 
 
 HULST, G. D. . The Phycitidae of North America. (Transactions 
 
 Am. Ent. Soc., 1890, pp. 93-228.) 
 The Epipaschiinae of North America. (Entomo- 
 logica Americana, 1889, pp. 41-52 and 61-76.)
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 FELT, E. P On Certain Grass-eating Insects. (Bulletin No. 64, 
 
 Cornell Unix 7 . Agric. Experiment Station, 1894, 
 pp. 47-102, Fourteen Plates.) 
 
 FERNALD, C. H. The Crambidze of North America. (Annual Report 
 
 Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pp. 1-96, 
 Nine Plates.) 
 
 RAGONOT, E. L. Monographic des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. 
 
 (Romanoff's "Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, Vols. 
 VII-VIII, 1893-1902.) Volume VIII was com- 
 pleted by Sir George F. Hampson after the death 
 of the author. 
 
 PTEROPHORID^E 
 
 FERNALD, C. H. The Pterophoridae of North America. (Special 
 
 Bulletin, Mass. Agricultural College, 1898, pp. 164, 
 Nine Plates.) 
 
 TORTRICID^E 
 
 FERNALD, C. H. A Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tor- 
 
 tricidse of North America North of Mexico. (Trans- 
 actions Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, pp. 1-64.) 
 On the North American Species of Choreutis and Its 
 Allies. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 236- 
 245-) 
 
 ROBINSON, C. T Notes on American Tortricidae. (Transactions 
 
 Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 261-288, Plates I and 
 IV-VIII.) 
 
 WALSINGHAM, LORD North American Tortricidae. Illustrations of 
 Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in 
 the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV, 
 pp. i-xii and 1-84, Plates I-XVII. 
 
 ZELLER, P. C. Beitraege zur Kentniss der Nordamerikanischen 
 
 Nachtf alter besonders der Microlepidopteren. 
 (Verhandlungen d. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch, Wien, 
 1873, pp. 447-556; 1873, pp. 201-334; 1875, pp. 207- 
 360. Treats also of Tineidae. 
 
 TINEID.E, ETC. 
 
 CLEMENS, B. The Tineina of North America, by the late Bracken- 
 
 ridge Clemens. Being a Collected Edition of his 
 Writings on that Group of Insects. With Notes 
 by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, London, 1872, 
 pp. i-xv and 1-282. 
 
 CHAMBERS, V. T. Index to the Described Tineina of the United States 
 and Canada. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the 
 Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 125-167.) 
 
 37
 
 Books about North American Moths 
 
 WALSINGHAM, LORD North American Coleophorae. (Transactions Ent. 
 Soc., London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII.) 
 A Revision of the Genera Acrolophus Poey and 
 Anaphora Clemens. (Transactions Ent. Soc., Lon- 
 don, 1887, pp. 137-173, Plates VII, VIII.) 
 Steps Toward a Revision of Chambers's Index with 
 Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Insect 
 Life, Vol. I, pp. 81-84, 113-117, 145-150, 254- 
 258, 287-291; Vol. II, pp. 23-26, 51-54, 77-8i, 
 116-120, 150-155, 284-286, 322-326; Vol. Ill, pp. 
 325-329, 386-389; Vol. IV, pp. 385-389.) 
 
 DYAR, H. G. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidas, 
 
 (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 37-41, 84-86.) 
 
 BUSCK, A. New Species of Moths of the Superfamily Tineina 
 
 from Florida. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIII, 
 pp. 225-254.) 
 
 New American Tineina. (Journal New York Ent. 
 Soc., Vol. VIII, pp. 234-248, Plate IX.) 
 A Revision of the American Moths of the Family 
 Gelechiidae with Descriptions of New Species. 
 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, pp. 767-938.) 
 
 " When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such, 
 and the gratification of the esthetic sense of the beauty of complete- 
 ness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy indolence of 
 ignorance ; when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a 
 source of joy, and he is counted happy who is successful in the search, 
 common knowledge of Nature passes into what our forefathers called 
 Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used to 
 be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical 
 Science." THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, in The Crayfish.
 
 THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 NORTH OF MEXICO
 
 "The laugh at entomology is nearly spent. Known professors of the 
 science, and members of its ' Society,' may now assemble in council and 
 communicate their observations and inquiries without fear of becoming 
 themselves subjects for a commission de lunatico inquirendo, and butterfly 
 hunters, net in hand, may now chase their game without being themselves 
 made game of." Acketa Domestica.
 
 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 
 
 SUBORDER HETEROCERA (MOTHS) 
 
 FAMILY I. 
 THE SPHINGID/E (HAWKMOTHS) 
 
 "The Sphinx is drowsy, 
 Her wings are furled." EMERSON. 
 
 THE moths composing this family vary greatly in size. Some 
 African species are very little more than an inch in expanse of 
 wings. Those which occur in North America are medium-sized 
 or large. 
 
 The body is relatively very stout, the abdomen conic, cylin- 
 dric, or flattened on the ventral surface, always protruding far 
 beyond the hind margin of the secondaries, sometimes adorned 
 with lateral or terminal tufts capable of expansion. The thorax 
 is stout and often advanced beyond the insertion of the wings. 
 The head is large and generally prominent. The eyes are often 
 large, prominent, and generally naked, never hairy. The palpi 
 are well, but never excessively, developed. 
 The proboscis is generally long, some- 
 times much longer than the body, but in a 
 few genera among the Ambulicince greatly 
 reduced and even obsolete. The antennae 
 
 are well developed, stouter in the male 
 
 FIG. 20. Greatly 
 
 than in the female sex, thickening from the magnified view of 
 base to the middle, or in some genera to ^ e under side of 
 
 three joints of the 
 
 nearly the end, usually hooked at the ex- antenna of P. guin- 
 tremity, sometimes merely curved. The quemaculatus. 
 joints of the antennae in the case of the males 
 of some of the subfamilies are equipped at either end with pecul- 
 iarly arranged fascicles of projecting hairs, or cilia, the arrangement 
 
 41
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 of which, as examined under the microscope, is seen to be quite 
 different from that which prevails in any other family of moths. 
 The accompanying illustration (Fig. 20) shows this arrange- 
 ment in the case of the common Five-spotted Hawkmoth, 
 (Protoparce quinquemaculatus) . 
 
 The wings are small in comparison with the body. The 
 front wings are very long in proportion to their width, and 
 the costal veins are always very stoutly developed. The tip 
 of the wing is usually pointed, and the margins are straight 
 or evenly rounded, though in some genera, principally be- 
 longing to the subfamily Ambulicinae, they have undulated 
 or scalloped margins. The hind margin of the fore wings 
 is always much shorter than the costal margin. The hind 
 wings are relatively quite small. The venation of the wings 
 is characteristic. The primaries have from eleven to twelve 
 veins, the secondaries eight, reckoning the two internal veins, 
 veins i a and i b, as one. Veins eight and seven are 
 connected near the base of the wing 
 by a short vein, or bar. The discal 
 cell is relatively quite small in both 
 wings. There is always a frenulum, 
 though in the Ambulicina it is frequently 
 merely vestigial. The general style of 
 the venation is illustrated in Figure 21, 
 which represents the structure of the 
 
 Wi "g s Of S * si " MaluS Linn * US " The 
 Linnaeus. hawkmoths have prodigious power of 
 
 flight. A few genera are diurnal in their 
 
 habits; most of them are crepuscular, flying in the dusk of evening, 
 a few also about dawn. 
 
 The larvae are usually large. There is great variety in their 
 color, though the majority of the North American species are of 
 some shade of green. They usually have oblique stripes on 
 their sides, and most of them have a caudal horn, which in the 
 last stages in some genera is transformed into a lenticular 
 tubercle. In a few genera the anal horn is wanting. The 
 anterior segments of the bodies of the larvae are retractile. When 
 in motion the body is long and fusiform, but when at rest the 
 head and the anterior segments are drawn back, the rings
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE II 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Hamorrhagia thetis Boisduval, cJ 1 . 
 
 2. Hcemorrhagia tenuis Grote, 9 
 
 3. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, J 1 . 
 
 4. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 9 . 
 
 5. Hcemorrhagia thy she Fabricius, J 1 . 
 
 6. Hcemorrhagia cimbiciformis Stephens, $ . 
 
 7. Hcemorrhagia brucei French, tf. 
 
 8. Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9 . 
 
 9. Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, J>. 
 
 10. Proserpinus darkies Boisduval, $ . 
 
 11. Pogocolon gaurce Abbot & Smith, cJ 1 . 
 
 12. Pogocolon fuanita Strecker, J 1 . 
 
 13. Xylophones tersa Linnagus, c?. 
 
 14. Celerio lineata Fabricius, cJ 1 . 
 
 15. Deidamia inscriptum Harris, cJ 1 . 
 
 1 6. Sesia titan Cramer, (J 1 . 
 
 17. E pis tor lugubris Linnaeus, (J 1 . 
 
 18. Ampkion nessus Cramer, tf. 
 
 19. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, (J 1 . 
 
 20. Celerio intermedia Kirby, 9 
 
 21. Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, tf.
 
 THE MOTK BOOK.
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 "telescoping" into one another, and the anterior portion of the 
 body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate I, Figure i. It is 
 alleged that the habit of assuming this posture, suggesting a 
 resemblance to the Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application 
 of the name to these creatures. The larvae are not gregarious, 
 but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants. 
 
 Some forms pupate in a cell deep under the soil, others spin 
 a loose cocoon among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur- 
 face. The pupae are as remarkable as the larvae. A few genera 
 have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along 
 the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the 
 body. This is illustrated in Figure 22. 
 
 FIG. 22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus. (After Riley.) 
 
 The Hawkmoths of the United States and Canada fall into 
 five subfamilies, the Acherontiince, the Ambulicince, the Sesiince, 
 the Philampelince, and the Chcerocampince. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ACHERONTIINCE 
 Genus HERSE Oken 
 
 (i) Herse cingulata Fabricius, Plate VI, Fig. 3, $, (The 
 Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.) 
 
 Syn. convolvuli, var. Merian; affinis Goeze; drur&i Donovan; pungens 
 Eschsholtz; decolor a Henry Edwards. 
 
 This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds 
 upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvulacece, has 
 been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linnaeus, which 
 it resembles, but from which it is abundantly distinct. The 
 latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the 
 only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere, 
 ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in 
 the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken 
 at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land. 
 
 43
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 It settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of 
 the vessel. 
 
 Genus COCYTIUS Hvibner 
 
 The genus Cocytius, which includes some of the largest 
 hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, all of which 
 are found in the tropics cf the new world. They may easily be 
 recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in 
 both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn. 
 The larvae, which feed upon the Anonacece, are covered with fine 
 hairs. Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits 
 covered by the present work. It occurs in southern Florida, and 
 in southern Texas as a straggler. 
 
 (i) Cocytius antaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. I, $. (The 
 Giant Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. caricce Muller (non Linnaeus); jatrophae Fabricius; hydaspui 
 Cramer; tnedor Stoll; anotVB Shaw; lapayusa Moore. 
 
 The species is somewhat variable, specimens from the 
 Antilles being often lighter in color than those from Central 
 America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter 
 form is accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the 
 darker form is called by them Cocytius anicem medor Stoll. The 
 difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation 
 into two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into 
 southern Brazil. 
 
 Genus PROTOPARCE Burmeister 
 The head is prominent. The body is stout and heavy. The 
 tongue in both sexes is at least as long as the body. The palpi 
 are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the 
 basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and 
 the terminal joint minute. The eyes are large, feebly lashed. 
 The tibiae are either without spines, or feebly armed with 
 minute spinules. The mid tarsus is provided with a comb of 
 long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically sphingi- 
 form. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded. 
 There is a slight projection of the secondaries at the extremity 
 of vein i b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of 
 gray, banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and 
 
 44
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 spots. The abdomen is generally marked on the sides by rows 
 of yellowish spots. 
 
 The larvae are cylindrical with the head rounded. The anal 
 horn curves downward and is granulose. The prevalent colors 
 are shades of green. The segments, from four to eleven 
 inclusive, are marked on the sides with whitish diagonal stripes. 
 
 The pupa has the tongue-case free, curved, and nearly 
 touching the pectus. 
 
 This genus, which is confined to the two Americas, includes 
 thirty species, of which four occur within our faunal limits. 
 
 (1) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, ?. (The 
 Tomato Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. Carolina Linnaeus; nicoiianas Mn6tris; lycopersici Boisduval. 
 
 This is one of our commonest hawkmoths. Its larva feeds 
 upon the potato, tomato, and other Solanacece. It ranges over 
 the United States and is represented in Central and South 
 America by several subspecies or local races. 
 
 (2) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV, 
 Fig. i, ? . See also text figures 20 and 22. (The Five-spotted 
 Hawkmoth.) 
 
 Syn. celeus Hiibner; Carolina Donovan. 
 
 Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common. 
 Its larva feeds upon the Solanacece and is particularly destructive 
 to tobacco. It is familiarly known in the South as the 
 "tobacco fly." 
 
 (3) Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, Plate IV, 
 Fig. 4, ? . (The Occult Sphinx.) 
 
 This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections 
 confounded with P. sexta = Carolina Linnaeus. It may readily 
 be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings, 
 the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back 
 of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot 
 at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and 
 Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval 
 habits are not known. 
 
 (4) Protoparce rustica Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig. 5, $ . (The 
 Rustic Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. chionanthi Abbot & Smith. , 
 
 The caterpillar of this hawkmoth feeds upon the fringe-bush 
 45
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 ( Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the 
 southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally 
 found in the northern States. I have not infrequently taken 
 specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and then 
 captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England. 
 
 Genus CHL^ENOGRAMMA Smith 
 
 This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding, 
 may be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long 
 bristles of the mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce, 
 is wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus 
 and paronychium present. The eyes are smaller than in 
 Protoparce, and are not lashed. There are two species in the 
 genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern 
 portion of the United States. 
 
 (i) Chlaenogramma jasminearum Guerin, Plate VII, 
 Fig. 6, ? . (The Ash Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. rotundata Rothschild. 
 
 The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon the various species 
 of ash (Fraxinus). It is found in the middle Atlantic States 
 and southward, and ranges as far west as the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus DOLBA Walker 
 
 Head small; eyes small and lashed. The antennae are 
 fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The tibiae are not 
 spinose. The mid tarsus has a comb. 
 
 The genus, which contains but a single species, is differenti- 
 ated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non- 
 spinose tibiae. 
 
 (i) Dolba hylaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, ? . (The Papaw 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, may readily be 
 distinguished by the figure given in our plate. Its larva, which 
 is green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds 
 upon the papaw, ( ' Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant 
 where that plant is common, as in the Valley of the Ohio. It 
 is also said to feed upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada to the 
 Gulf States and westward to Iowa and Missouri.
 
 Sphingidae 
 Genus ISOGRAMMA Rothschild & Jordan 
 
 This genus has been erected by Rothschild & Jordan for the 
 reception of the single species which we figure. The learned 
 authors say: "In the shortness of the fore tibia and first segment 
 of the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with 
 the species of Ceratomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus 
 with CHtenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the 
 fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed 
 with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character, 
 not acquired by Ceratomia, while the pulvillus is an ancestral 
 structure already lost in Ceratomia." 
 
 (i) Isogramma hageni Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8, $ . (Hagen's 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be 
 confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it 
 superficially resembles, may be distinguished at a glance by the 
 slightly greenish shade of the primaries and by the absence 
 of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is charac- 
 teristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas. 
 
 Genus CERATOMIA Harris 
 
 The tongue is reduced in size. The palpi are small. The 
 eyes are small. The tibiae are unarmed. There is no comb 
 of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the 
 paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with 
 evenly rounded outer margin. The secondaries are slightly pro- 
 duced at the end of vein i b. 
 
 The species have dissimilar larvae. In the case of amyntor 
 the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic seg- 
 ments; in the case of the other two species of the genus the larvae 
 are distinctly and normally sphingiform. 
 
 The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting. 
 
 (i) Ceratomia amyntor Hiibner, Plate IV, Fig. 6, $. 
 (The Four-horned Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. quadricornis Harris; ulmi Henry Edwards. 
 
 This common hawkmoth, which may be easily recognized by 
 our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from 
 Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi 
 Valley, wherever its food-plant is found. 
 
 47
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 (2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Plate VI, Fig. 7, ? , (The 
 Waved Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. repentinus Clemens; brontes Boisduval (non Drury). 
 
 This hawkmoth, which may easily be separated from its 
 congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation 
 of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the 
 privet. It ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and 
 westward into the trans-Mississippi region east of the great plains. 
 
 (3) Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, Plate IV, Fig. 7, ? . 
 (The Catalpa Sphinx.) 
 
 The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in 
 recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to 
 these trees by denuding them of their foliage. The insect ranges 
 from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania southward to 
 Florida and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever 
 its food-plant occurs. 
 
 Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild & Jordan 
 
 Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. Tibiae without spines. 
 The first protarsal segment is short. Hind tibia armed with long 
 spurs. Comb on mid tarsus wanting ; pulvillus wanting. 
 Paronychium without lobes. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on 
 a long stalk. 
 
 (i) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval. 
 (The Cypress Sphinx.) 
 
 The insect is of an almost uniform 
 brown color on the upper surface of 
 the wings, and may be distinguished 
 from other species by the two con- 
 spicuous parallel dark markings on 
 the limbal area of the fore wings. It 
 is extremely rare in collections, only FIG. 23. Isoparce cupressi 
 three or four specimens being as yet Boisduval. 
 
 known. It has been reported from Georgia and Florida. 
 
 Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan 
 
 This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan 
 for the reception of the single species originally described by 
 Strecker as Sphinx elsa. 
 
 48
 
 EXPLANATION OP PLATE III 
 
 (When not otherwise indicated the specimens figured are contained 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Pholus vitis Linnaeus, cJ 1 . 
 
 2. Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, cJ 1 . 
 
 3. Darapsa pholus Cramer, <J*. 
 
 4. Darapsa ntyron Cramer, <J*. 
 
 5. Pholus achemon Drury, c? 1 . 
 
 6. Pholus panddrus Hiibner, (J 1 . 
 
 7. Lapara bombycoides Walker, tf. 
 
 8. H enter o planes parce Fabricius, &. 
 g. Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, cT. 
 
 10. Dysodia oculatana Clemens, (J 1 . 
 
 ir. Pholus labruscoe Linnaeus, c?. 
 
 12. Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, $. 
 
 13. Darapsa versicolor Harris, tf. 
 
 14. Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, &. 
 
 15. Hcemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, <5\ 
 
 1 6. Lapara conifer arum, Abbot & Smith, $ , U.S.N.M.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 (i.) Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, Plate V, Fig. 14, $ . (The 
 Elsa Sphinx.) 
 
 This peculiarly colored hawkmoth, which may easily be 
 recognized by the figure in our plate, occurs in Arizona. A 
 number of years ago Mr. Jacob Doll reared a large number of 
 specimens from the larvae. Since then but few specimens have 
 been obtained, and it is as yet comparatively rare in collections. 
 
 Genus ATREIDES Holland 
 
 The generic name Atreus proposed by Grote and adopted on 
 structural grounds by Rothschild & Jordan for this genus, 
 having been preoccupied by Koch in the Arachnida, I have 
 given the name Atreides to the genus, which contains the single 
 species named originally Sphinx plebeja by Fabricius. 
 
 (i) Atreides plebeja Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 6, $ . (The Ple- 
 beian Sphinx.) 
 
 This common species feeds in its larval state upon the 
 trumpet-vine (Tecoma). It ranges from Canada to the Gulf 
 States and westward to the Mississippi, wherever its food- 
 plant is found. It is double-brooded in the Middle States, one 
 brood appearing in June, the second in August. 
 
 Genus HYLOICUS Hubner 
 
 This genus, which includes some thirty species, most of 
 which are found in America, though a few occur in Europe and 
 Asia, is represented in our faunal limits by sixteen species, of 
 which eleven are figured in our plates. It corresponds largely 
 with the genus Sphinx as defined by many recent writers. 
 
 (1) Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, Plate VI, Fig. 6,9. (The 
 Hermit Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn., sordida Harris. 
 
 This hawkmoth, which is double-brooded, lives in the larval 
 stage on spearmint (Mentha) and wild bergamot (Monarda). It 
 ranges from New England southward to Georgia, and westward 
 into the Mississippi Valley. It is not uncommon in western 
 Pennsylvania, where it is double-brooded. 
 
 (2) Hyloicus eremitoides Strecker. (The Hermit-like 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn., lugens Grote (non Walker). 
 
 49
 
 Sphmgidae 
 
 This species, which is allied to the preceding, may be easily 
 recognized by its pale, silvery-gray color, by the almost entire 
 absence of a dorsal stripe on the 
 abdomen, and by the marking 
 of the secondaries, which are 
 grayish-white, having on the 
 outer margin a broad band which 
 is black inwardly, fading into 
 darkish gray near the margin, a 
 median irregularly curved black 
 band, and at the insertion of 
 the wing a black basal patch. 
 The cut (Fig. 24) will enable the 
 student to recognize the species, 
 which is not common in collec- FIG. 34. Hyloicus eremitoides. 
 tions. The insect is found in 
 Kansas and the southwestern States. 
 
 (3) Hyloicus separatus Neumcegen, Plate VI, Fig. 10, $ . 
 (Neumoegen's Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. andromedce Boisduval (partim.); lugens Smith (partim.). 
 
 This species has been confounded with others, but may easily 
 be recognized from the figure which we give in our plate. It 
 ranges from Colorado southward through New Mexico and 
 Arizona into Mexico. 
 
 (4) Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, Plate I, Fig. I, larva ; Plate 
 VII, Fig 8, ? . (The Chersis Sphinx.) 
 
 This common and widely distributed species ranges from 
 Canada to Florida, westward to the Pacific, and southward into 
 Mexico. Several local races are recognized, that which occurs 
 upon the Pacific coast having been named oreodaphne by Henry 
 Edwards. The caterpillar feeds upon the wild-cherry, the ash, 
 the privet, and other allied plants. The insect is double-brooded 
 in the Middle States, appearing on the wing in the latter part of 
 May, and again in August. 
 
 (5) Hyloicus vancouverensis Edwards. 
 Syn. vashli Strccker. 
 
 Form albescens Tepper, Plate VI, Fig. 5, $ (The Van- 
 wouver Sphinx.) 
 
 There are two forms of this hawkmoth, one, Hyloicus van-
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 couverensis vancouverensis in which the middle of the 
 thorax is pale gray, and the other, Hyloicus vancouverensis 
 albescens, which has a very dark thorax, and which is figured 
 on our plate. The moth is found from northern California to 
 British Columbia, and eastward to Montana and Alberta. 
 
 (6) Hyloicus insolita Lintner, Plate V, Fig. 4, $ . 
 (Lintner's Sphinx.) 
 
 This species, which is well represented on our plate, occurs 
 in Texas. It is not common in collections. Rothschild & Jordan 
 regard it as a form of H. libocedrus Henry Edwards, and 
 apparently with reason. 
 
 (7) Hyloicus perelegans Henry Edwards. (The Elegant 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 This hawkmoth may be distinguished by the even dark 
 silvery-gray color of the fore wings, which are crossed by a dis- 
 tinct submarginal whitish band. The maculation recalls a dark 
 chersis with the dark thorax and the body of H. drupiferarum. 
 It is found on the Pacific coast. 
 
 (8) Hyloicus canadensis 
 Boisduval. 
 
 Syn. plota Strecker. 
 
 This species, which is not 
 common, is represented by the 
 accompanying cut (Fig. 25), 
 drawn from a specimen in the 
 Engel Collection in the Carnegie 
 Museum, and taken in Massa- 
 chusetts. It occurs in eastern 
 Canada, northern New York, F , G 25 _ Hyloicus canadensis. 
 and New England. 
 
 (9) Hyloicus kalmiae Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 8, $. 
 (The Laurel Sphinx.) 
 
 This hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon Kalmia, Cbi- 
 onantbus, and Fraxinus. It is not uncommon in the Middle 
 States of the Atlantic coast region, ranging from southern 
 Canada to Georgia. 
 
 (10) Hyloicus gordius Cramer, Plate V, Fig. 13, $ . (The 
 Gordian Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. pcecila Stephens. 
 
 51
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon various rosaceous 
 plants, as the wild rose and the crab-apple. It ranges over the 
 Atlantic region from southern Canada and New England to 
 Georgia, and westward to Colorado. 
 
 (n) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, Plate V, Fig. i, $. 
 (Clemens' Hawkmoth.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow. The 
 insect occurs from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward 
 through the eastern portion of the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 (12) Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, 
 Fig. 7, $ . (The Wild-Cherry Sphinx.) 
 
 This common and easily recognizable species ranges over the 
 whole of temperate North America from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific. The caterpillar feeds upon various trees and shrubs, but 
 seems in the Middle Atlantic States to prefer the wild-cherry as 
 a food-plant. 
 
 (13) Hyloicus dolli Neumcegen. 
 
 Form coloradus Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 3, ? . (The Colorado 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 Rothschild & Jordan recognize two forms of this species, H. 
 dolli dolli Neumcegen, and H. dolli coloradus Smith. The 
 latter we figure. The former is prevalently lighter in color than 
 the form coloradus. The insect ranges from Colorado to 
 Arizona. 
 
 (14) Hyloicus sequoiae Boisduva'l, Plate V, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (The Sequoia Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. coniferarum Walker (partim). 
 
 The early stages of this insect we do not remember to have 
 seen described. It occurs on the Pacific coast. Boisduval's type 
 was found sitting on the trunk of a red-wood tree (Sequoia}. 
 
 (15) Hyloicus pinastri Linnaeus. (The Pine Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. saniptri Strecker. 
 
 The late Dr. Strecker reported this species as having been 
 found by him in the vicinity of Reading, Pennsylvania, on one or 
 two occasions. No one else has taken it, so far as is known. 
 It is common in Europe, and has often been figured by European 
 writers. 
 
 Besides the species above given, there are one or two other 
 species of the genus found in our territory. 
 
 52
 
 Sphingida 
 
 Genus LAPARA Walker. 
 
 Head small. Palpi short and slender. Tongue very short, 
 almost obsolete. Eyes small. Antennae slender. Thorax 
 stout and short. Abdomen long and cylindrical, tapering. Legs 
 weak. Fore and mid tibia spinulose. The larva is without an 
 anal horn, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle forward 
 and backward, pale green, striped with white, and checkered 
 with darker green. The caterpillars feed upon various species of 
 pine, and are not at all sphingiform in appearance. There are 
 reputed to be four species of the genus found in our fauna, two 
 of which we figure. L. halicarnice Strecker, of which only one 
 specimen is known, which I have recently examined, appears to 
 be a somewhat hypertrophied and, in consequence, aborted 
 female of L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith. It is very doubtfully 
 a valid species. 
 
 (1) L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate III, Fig. 16, $. 
 ^Abbot's Pine Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. cana Martyn. 
 
 This species is somewhat variable, especially in the size of 
 the females and in the amount of marking upon the fore wings. 
 It is a common insect in the foot-hills of the Alleghenies about 
 the headwaters of the Potomac River. I found the larvae in great 
 abundance upon pines at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, in the 
 summer of 1884. It ranges from Canada to Florida and west- 
 ward into the basin of the Mississippi, but has never been 
 reported from any point west of that river, south of Minnesota, 
 so far as is known to the writer. 
 
 (2) L. bombycoides Walker, Plate III, Fig. 7, $ . (The 
 Bombyx Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. harrisi Clemens. 
 
 This little hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized from 
 the figure we give, has the same geographical distribution as the 
 preceding species, and feeds upon the same forms of vegetation 
 in the larval stage. 
 
 Lapara pineum Lintner (Lintner's Pine Sphinx) is a 
 species of which thus far only two specimens have turned 
 up. They differ from the two species we have figured in 
 being wholly devoid of discal streaks and markings upon 
 the fore wings. It is believed by recent authorities that these 
 
 53
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 specimens represent an extreme variation of the very variable 
 L. conifer arum. 
 
 SUBFAMILY AMBULICIN^E 
 Genus PROTAMBULYX Rothschild & Jordan 
 
 This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species, 
 which occurs as a straggler into the extreme southern limits of 
 the United States, and is represented in Florida by a local race, 
 to which Rothschild & Jordan have given the subspecific name 
 of carteri in honor of Sir Gilbert T. Carter, the Governor of the 
 
 Bahamas, an ardent lepidop- 
 terist. From A. strigilis Lin- 
 naeus, which is represented in 
 the annexed cut, A. carteri 
 may be distinguished by the 
 fact that the fore wing is 
 broader, less deeply excavated 
 below the apex, and by the 
 further fact that most of the 
 lines and markings on the 
 upper side of the wings and 
 all the markings on the lower 
 
 FIG. 36. Protambulyx strigilis. 
 (Somewhat reduced.) 
 
 side of the wings are ob- 
 solete. While strigilis has 
 not yet been reported from 
 our territory, except as represented by the form above men- 
 tioned, it is highly probable that it will be found to occur in 
 southern Florida. 
 
 Genus SPHINX Linnaeus 
 
 The type of the genus Sphinx of Linnaeus is unquestionably 
 the well-known European species named by the immortal Swede 
 Sphinx ocellata. With this species the following two species, 
 which have for many years been referred to the genus Smerinthus 
 Latreille, which sinks as a synonym, are strictly congeneric. 
 
 (i) Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, Plate VII, Fig. 3, $. (Cerisy's 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 The larva feeds upon different species of willows. There are 
 several forms, or subspecies, whicn have received names, and 
 
 54
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 which run into each other to such an extent as to make it often 
 impossible to distinguish them. These forms are Sphinx astarte 
 Strecker, in which the outer margin of the fore wing is a little 
 less dentate, and the brown markings of the same wing are a 
 little narrower; Sphinx ophthalmica Boisduval, which has rather 
 pale fore wings; Sphinx pallidulus Henry Edwards, in which 
 the color of the fore wings is cinnamon-gray; and Sphinx saliceti 
 Boisduval, in which the blue markings of the ocellus on the 
 hind wing do not form a ring, but appear as two opposed 
 crescents. 
 
 The insect is comparatively rare in the eastern part of the 
 continent, but is not uncommon in the western States. It 
 ranges from Canada in the north to the upper portions of the 
 Gulf States, and westward to the Pacific, extending its habitat 
 southward along the high lands of Mexico. 
 
 (2) Sphinx jamaicensis Drury. 
 
 Normal form geminatus Say, Plate IV, Fig. n, $. (The 
 Twin-spot Sphinx.) 
 
 This beautiful hawkmoth was originally named and described 
 in error by Drury as coming from the Island of Jamaica. He also 
 was so unfortunate as to have had for his type an aberrant speci- 
 men in which the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue 
 spot. Such specimens now and then occur, and have been 
 obtained by breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave 
 the name geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in which 
 there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr. Grote gave to 
 this aberrant form the name tripartitus. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon willows, birches, and various 
 species of wild-cherry. The insect is quite common in the 
 Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from southern Canada to the 
 Carolinas and northern Georgia, and westward to eastern Kansas 
 and Iowa. 
 
 Genus CALASYMBOLUS Grote 
 
 The genus differs from Sphinx in the fact that the head is 
 crested, and the hind wing is on its costal margin toward the 
 apex produced into a somewhat broad lobe. There are three 
 species recognized as belonging to the genus, all of which we 
 figure. 
 
 55
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 (1) Calasymbolus excsecatus Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, 
 Fig. 4, $ . (The Blinded Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. pavonina Geyer. 
 
 The larva feeds upon various plants of the order Rosacea, but 
 does not strictly confine itself to these. It has been reported as 
 found upon the willow, the hazel, iron-wood, and other allied 
 plants. It is a common species, and in the region of Pennsyl- 
 vania is double-brooded. It ranges from southern Canada to 
 Florida and westward across the valley of the Mississippi to the 
 borders of the great plains. 
 
 (2) Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 
 12, 9. (The Small-eyed Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. rosacearum Boisduval. 
 
 The food-plants and the geographical distribution of this 
 species are very much the same as those of the preceding 
 species, though it seems to range a little further westward, 
 examples having been received from Colorado. It is not nearly 
 as common as C. exccecatus. 
 
 (3) Calasymbolus astylus Drury, Plate IV, Fig. 10, $ . 
 (The Huckleberry Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. to Gray; integerrinta Harris. 
 
 A rather scarce species, which is found from New England to 
 Pennsylvania. The caterpillar feeds upon various species of 
 Vaccinium and allied plants. The moth is easily distinguished 
 by the fact that the outer margins of the fore wings are almost 
 even, whereas in myops they are distinctly produced at the 
 end of vein 3, and in exccecatus they are scalloped. The 
 transverse lines on the limbal area of the fore wings, which 
 are distinct in myops, are almost wanting in astylus, and the 
 inner margin of the primaries is heavily margined with dark 
 brown. 
 
 Genus PACHYSPHINX Rothschild & Jordan 
 
 The genus Pachysphinx has been erected for the reception of 
 the single species, two forms of which we figure on our plates. 
 It is very different from the oriental genus Marumba, into which 
 Mr. Dyar, following Kirby, has put it in his recent List. Any one 
 who is familiar with the peculiar style of coloration of the species 
 of Marumba, as well as with the structural differences, which 
 
 56
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J, 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, $. 
 
 2. Protoparce sexta Johanssen, 9 
 
 3. Hyloicus dolli color adus Smith, 9 . 
 
 4. Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, $ . 
 
 5. Hamorrhagia senta Strecker, J. 
 
 6. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer, 9 
 
 7. Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, 9 
 
 8. Isogramma hageni Grote, cT. 
 
 9. Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, c?. 
 10. Calasymbolus astylus Drury, tf. 
 
 n. Sphinx jamaicensis Drury, form geminatus Say, c? 
 
 is. Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, 9 .
 
 "HE MOTH BOOK
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 present themselves, will recognize the propriety of the separa- 
 tion, which has been made. 
 
 (i) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, Plate VII, Fig. i, $. 
 (The Big Poplar Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. prince ps Walker. 
 
 Form occidentalis Henry Edwards, Plate VII, Fig. 2, ? . 
 (The Western Poplar Sphinx. ) 
 
 Syn. imperator Strecker. 
 
 This noble hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon various 
 species of the genus Populus and upon willows. There are a 
 number of local races or subspecies, two of which we give ; the 
 common eastern form and the western variety. The latter may 
 at once be distinguished by its generally paler coloration. It 
 ranges over the United States and as far south as northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 Genus CRESSONIA Grote & Robinson 
 
 There is but one species in this genus. The insect is easily 
 recognizable, in spite of the fact that it varies considerably in the 
 color of the wings. 
 
 (i) Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 9, $ . 
 (The Walnut Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. instabilis Marty n; pollens Strecker; robinsoni Butler. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the black walnut, the butternut, 
 and the hop-hornbeam. Some of the larvae are green, others are 
 reddish, but the color of the larvae seems to have no relation to 
 any variation in color of the perfect insects. The species is dis- 
 tributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the eastern 
 boundary of the great plains. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SESIIN^E 
 Genus PSEUDOSPHINX Burmeister 
 There is but one species in this genus, which is structurally 
 closely related to the species falling into the genus Erinnyis. It 
 is a characteristic insect of the American tropics, and possesses a 
 very wide range. 
 
 (i) Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, Plate VI, Fig. 2, $ . 
 (The Giant Gray Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. plumerice Fabricius; rustica Sepp; hasdrubal Cramer; asdrubal 
 Poey; obscura Butler. 
 
 57
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 The larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread-like anal horn. 
 It is very strikingly colored, the body being purplish black, 
 girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head 
 and anal claspers being bright red, of the color of sealing wax. 
 It feeds upon various Euphorbiaceous plants, preferably Plum- 
 eria. The insect occurs not uncommonly in southern Florida. 
 
 Genus ERINNYIS Hubner 
 
 This is a moderately large genus, the species of which are all 
 confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Western 
 Hemisphere, though one species, as we shall see, occasionally 
 occurs as a straggler far north of the metropolis of the genus. 
 
 (1) Erinnyis alope Drury, Plate V, Fig. 12, $ . (The Alope 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. flavicans Goeze; fasciata Swainson; edwardsi Butler. 
 
 The caterpillar is brown on the upper side, and pale green on 
 the lower side, the colors being separated by a dark brown inter- 
 rupted lateral band on either side of the body. On the third 
 segment from the head there is a dark spot relieved by a red ring 
 in the centre. The anal horn is quite short. The larva feeds 
 upon Jatropha and Carica. The insect occurs in southern 
 Florida and ranges southward as far as northern Argentina. 
 
 (2) Erinnyis lassauxi Boisduval. 
 
 Form merianse Grote, Plate V, Fig. 2, ? . (Madame 
 Merian's Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. janiphcB Boisduval. 
 
 This hawkmoth, which is widely distributed through the 
 tropics of the new world, displays considerable variation, and 
 several forms, or local races, have been recognized. The one 
 which occurs within our territory we have figured, and the 
 student will have no difficulty in recognizing it. The larva, 
 which is said to closely resemble that of the next species, is 
 reported to feed upon Morrenia in the West Indies. It occurs in 
 Florida. 
 
 (3) Erinnyis ello Linnaeus, Plate V, Fig, 10, $ ; Fig. 3, 
 ? . (The Ello Sphinx.) 
 
 This is quite the commonest of all the hawkmoths of the 
 American tropics, and becomes a perfect drug in collec- 
 tions made by amateur naturalists, who venture into those 
 
 58
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 regions, net in hand. It may at once be recognized by the 
 figures we have given, which are taken from specimens bred 
 on the Indian River by Mr. Wittfeld. The sexes are dissimilar, 
 as the student may observe. It straggles north sparingly, even 
 as far as Canada, and is common in the Gulf States. 
 
 (4) Erinnyis cenotrus Stoll, Plate V, Fig. n, ?. (The 
 CEnotrus Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. pen&us Fabricius; melancholica Grote; piperis Grote & Robin- 
 son; picta Kirby. 
 
 The sexes in this species are dissimilar, the female being as 
 represented on our plate with light fore wings, marked with 
 dark spots and lines, while the male is prevalently quite dark on 
 the fore wings. The species may easily be recognized by the 
 black spots on the under side of the abdomen. 
 
 (5) Erinnyis crameri Schaus, Plate V, Fig 7, ? . (Cramer's 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 This species, which has often been confounded with the pre- 
 ceding, may easily be distinguished from it by the pale shoulder 
 lappets, the absence of black spots on the under side of the ' 
 abdomen, and the more evenly colored fore wings, which recall 
 those of E. meriance, from which it is at once distinguished by 
 the absence of the white lateral markings on the abdomen. The 
 species occurs in Florida and Texas. 
 
 (6) Erinnyis obscura Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 5, $ . (The 
 Obscure Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. rustica Schaller; phalaris Kirby; stheno Hubner; pallida Grote; 
 cinerosa Grote & Robinson; rhcebus Boisduval. 
 
 This small species is well represented in our plate by a speci- 
 men which in the main conforms to the most usual style of 
 marking. It can always be distinguished from E. ello, which it 
 resembles in having a dark longitudinal shade through the fore 
 wings, by its much smaller size, and by the absence of the white 
 and black lateral stripes upon the abdomen, which are character- 
 istic of the latter species. It is common in Florida. 
 
 (7) Erinnyis domingonis Butler, Plate V, Fig. 9, ? . (The 
 Domingo Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. obscura Walker (non Fabricius) ; festa Henry Edwards. 
 This species, which occurs in Florida and the Antilles, may 
 be distinguished from the preceding by the darker color of the 
 
 59
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 primaries and the absence of the pale color on the outer margin 
 of the shoulder lappets, which is characteristic of E. obscura. It 
 is also considerably larger than E. obscura. 
 
 There remains one other closely allied species in this group, 
 to which Cramer gave the name caicus, and which occurs 
 occasionally in Florida. The body is marked like E. ello-, the fore 
 wings are dark with longitudinal paler stripes, the secondaries 
 are red as in E. crameri, but almost wholly without the dark 
 border found in that species, it being replaced by a series 
 of dark stripes running inwardly from the border toward the 
 middle of the wing. For this species, hitherto associated 
 with the preceding in the genus Dilophonola, Rothschild & 
 Jordan have erected the genus Grammodia, upon structural 
 grounds. 
 
 Genus PACHYLIA Walker 
 
 This is a small genus, containing four species, of which one 
 occurs in our territory. It is not likely to be confounded with 
 anything else. 
 
 (i) Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. 12, ?. (The 
 Fig Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. crameri M6n6tri6s; lyncea Clemens; venezuelensis Schaufuss; 
 undalifascia Butler; aterrima Bonninghausen. 
 
 This great hawkmoth, which is very common in Central and 
 South America, occurs sparingly in Florida and Texas. 
 
 Genus HEMEROPLANES Hubner 
 This small genus, the species of which may at once be 
 detected by the silvery spots of the fore wings, being the 
 only American genus of sphingids thus adorned, is characteris- 
 tically neotropical. It is represented in our fauna by a single 
 species. 
 
 (i) Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, Plate III, Fig. 8, $. 
 (The Silver-spotted Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. licastus Stoll; galianna Burmeister. 
 
 The figure given on our plate is sufficiently accurate to make 
 a verbal description unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern 
 Florida in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, and ranges thence south- 
 ward over the Antilles into South America. 
 
 60
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Genus EPISTOR Boisduval 
 
 Five species belong to this genus, the type of which is the 
 species which we figure, and the only representative of the 
 genus found in our territory. 
 
 (i) Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 17, $ . (The 
 Mourning Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. fegeus Cramer; luctuosus Boisduval. 
 
 There can be no difficulty in identifying this well-marked 
 but obscurely colored hawkmoth, which occurs in Florida and 
 Georgia, and even straggles now and then as far north as New 
 Jersey. It is very common in the Antilles and South America. 
 In Florida it is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in May 
 and September. The larva feeds on the Vitacece. 
 
 Genus CAUTETHIA Grote 
 
 There are three species of this genus, only one of which 
 occurs within the limits of the United States. The figure we 
 give will permit of its identification without difficulty. 
 
 (i) Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, Plate II, Fig. 21, $. 
 (Grote's Sphinx.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is southern Florida, where it 
 apparently is not uncommon. 
 
 Genus SESIA Fabricius 
 
 The body is depressed, fusiform, without lateral tufts, but 
 with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft, composed of coarse flattened 
 scales. The abdomen is produced for more than half its length 
 beyond the hind wings. The palpi are produced and appressed, 
 forming a short snout-like projection beyond the head. The 
 tongue is stout, but comparatively short. The antennae are 
 slightly thickened at the end, and have a sharp recurved tip. 
 The mid tibiae have terminal spurs, and the hind tibiae two pairs 
 of spurs. The fore wings have eleven veins. The venation is 
 characteristically sphingiform, and is illustrated in Figure 21. 
 The prevalent colors are black and dark brown with white spots 
 and bands on the wings and in some species on the abdomen. 
 The moths fly in the hottest sunshine. 
 
 The type of the genus Sesia established by Fabricius is the 
 species named tantalus by Linne. Rothschild & Jordan, in the 
 
 61
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 latest Revision of the Spbingidce, recognize five species as 
 belonging to the genus, three of which occur within the limits 
 of the United States, tantalus Linnaeus, fadus Cramer, and the 
 species we figure upon our plate. All three have by some 
 recent writers been regarded as practically identical. Into the 
 somewhat vexed question of their specific relationship it is not 
 our purpose to enter in these pages. 
 
 (i) S. titan Cramer, Plate II, Fig. 16, $. (The White- 
 banded Day-Sphinx.) 
 
 The white spots of the fore wings are semi-transparent. On 
 the under side the wings are whitish at the base and on the 
 inner margin of the secondaries. They are crossed about the 
 middle by two parallel distinct dark bands, which are quite close 
 to each other. 
 
 The moth sometimes strays as far north as Massachusetts. 
 It is very common in southern Florida and throughout tropical 
 America. 
 
 Genus H^MORRHAGIA Grote 
 
 Moth. Head small. Tongue as long as the body. Antennae 
 clavate, two-thirds the length of the costa, with a minute 
 recurved hook at the tip. Thorax smooth, strongly projecting 
 before the insertion of the wings. Abdomen more or less 
 flattened beneath, and, especially in the males, adorned with a 
 broad fan-shaped anal tuft. The primaries have eleven veins. 
 Both primaries and secondaries are transparent about the 
 middle; the outer margin of the former is evenly rounded, and 
 of the latter slightly excavated between veins \b and 2. 
 
 Larva. Characteristically sphingiform, provided with an 
 anal horn. The epidermis in most species of the genus is more 
 or less granulated. The caterpillars feed for the most part upon 
 Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, Viburnum, Cratcegus, and allied 
 plants. 
 
 Pupa. The pupa, which is brown in color, is enclosed in 
 a somewhat dense cocoon, formed on the surface of the ground 
 under fallen leaves. 
 
 (i) Haemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 5, $. 
 (The Humming-bird Clearwing.) 
 
 Syn. pelasgus Cramer; ruficaudis Kirby; etolus Boisduval. 
 62
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE V 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, c?. 
 
 2. Errinyis lassauxi meriance Grote, $ . 
 
 3. Errinyis ello Linnaeus, $ . 
 
 4. Hyloicus libocedrus insolita Lintner, c?. 
 
 5. Errinyis obscura Fabricius, J 1 . 
 
 6. Atreides plebeja Fabricius, tf. 
 j. Errinyis crameri Schaus, $ . 
 
 8. Hyloicus sequence Boisduval, (J 1 . 
 
 9. Errinyis domingonis Butler, 9 
 
 10. Errinyis ello Linnaeus, &. 
 
 11. Errinyis cenotrus Stoll, 9- 
 
 12. Errinyis alope Drury, $ . 
 
 13. Hyloicus gordius Stoll, cJ 1 . 
 
 14. Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, <5*.
 
 THE Moxrt BOOK
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Form cimbiciformis Stephens, Plate II, Fig. 6, ? . 
 
 Syn. ruficaudis Walker (partim) ; floridensis Grote ; uniformis Grote 
 & Robinson; buffaloensis Grote; pyramus Boisduval. 
 
 This is the largest and the commonest species of the genus. 
 It may easily be recognized by the figures given on Plate II. It 
 is subject to considerable variation. The form cimbiciformis 
 is distinguished by the absence of the dentations on the inner 
 side of the marginal brown band of the fore wings. It has been 
 obtained by breeding from the eggs of H. thysbe, and thysbe has 
 been bred from it. It is a dimorphic form of the species. The 
 caterpillar of H. thysbe feeds upon Viburnum and allied plants. 
 The insect ranges from Canada and Nova Scotia southward to 
 Florida and westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Haemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, Plate III, 
 Fig. 15, $. (The Graceful Clearwing.) 
 
 Syn. ruficaudis Walker (non Kirby) (partim). 
 
 The thorax and basal segments above are olive-green. The 
 middle segments are black, the two preterminal segments are 
 margined laterally with reddish. The anal tuft is black, divided 
 in the middle by red hairs. On the under side the palpi, pectus, 
 and thorax are white, and the abdomen pale red. The pale area 
 of the thorax is traversed on either side by a stripe of reddish 
 hair, and there are three rows of white spots on the under side 
 of the abdomen. It occurs in the States of the Atlantic seaboard 
 from New England to the Carolinas. 
 
 (3) Haemorrhagia diffinis Boisduval. (The Snowberry 
 Clearwing.) 
 
 Spring form tenuis Grote, Plate II, Fig. 2, ? . 
 
 Syn. fumosa Strecker; metathetis Butler; diffinis Beutenmuller. 
 
 Summer form diffinis Boisduval. 
 
 Syn. marginalis Grote. 
 
 Summer form axillaris Grote & Robinson, Plate II, Fig. 3, $ ; 
 Fig. 4, ? - 
 
 Syn. grotei Butler; cethra Strecker. 
 
 This species is trimorphic. The life history has been in part 
 very carefully worked out by Mr. Ellison Smythe of Blacksburg, 
 Virginia. (See "Entomological News," Vol. XI, p. 584.) 
 The form diffinis has the marginal band dentate inwardly. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, and 
 Dier-villa. The insect has a wide range from New England to 
 
 63
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Georgia and westward to the eastern boundaries of the great 
 plains. 
 
 (4) Hsemorrhagia senta Strecker, Plate IV, Fig. 5, $. 
 (The Californian Clearwing.) 
 
 Syn. rubens Hanham (non Edwards). 
 
 The head, thorax, and basal segments of the abdomen are 
 brownish-olivaceous. The abdomen is black. The two seg- 
 ments immediately preceding the terminal segment are marked 
 laterally by yellow tufts of hair. The anal tuft is wholly black. 
 The wings are very narrowly bordered with brown. There is 
 no rusty red spot at the apex of the primaries. The clear 
 portions of the wing in certain lights have a bright steel-blue 
 luster. The under side of the palpi, the pectus, and the 
 abdomen are pale straw-yellow. In size this species is about 
 as large as H. diffinis. 
 
 The perfect insect occurs in Utah and California, frequenting 
 the blossoms of Lupinus. 
 
 (5) Haemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. I, $. 
 (The Thetis Clearwing.) 
 
 Syn. palpalis Grote; rubens Edwards. 
 
 Decidedly smaller than either of the two preceding species. 
 The thorax is olive-green, passing on either side into pale 
 yellow. This color is continued dorsally on the abdomen as far 
 as the terminal segment, but is more or less lost in the broad 
 yellow preanal band. The basal and middle segments of the 
 abdomen are marked laterally with black, and the anal tuft is 
 correspondingly marked with black on either side. The 
 marginal band of the fore wings is narrow, as in H. diffinis, and 
 is always distinctly marked above and below at the apex by a 
 rust-red triangular spot. The wings at their insertion are more 
 or less shaded with pale rusty red both above and below. 
 
 This species ranges from Colorado and Wyoming westward 
 and northward to Oregon and British Columbia. It has been by 
 Dr. Dyar made synonymous with the following species, from 
 which it is, however, quite distinct. 
 
 (6) Haemorrhagia brucei French, Plate II, Fig. 7, $ . 
 (Bruce's Clearwing.) 
 
 This is a small species, in size approximating H. thetis, from 
 which it may be at once distinguished by the green color of the 
 
 64
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 scales upon the thorax and the basal segments of the adbomen, 
 and the fact that the anal tuft is wholly black, not divided by 
 yellow scales in the middle as is the case in H. tbetis. 
 The species is not uncommon in Colorado and Utah. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PHILAMPELIN/E 
 Genus PHOLUS Hubner 
 
 This is a large genus, including nineteen species, and a num- 
 ber of subspecies. It is confined to the Western Hemisphere. 
 Six species occur 
 within our territory. 
 P. typbon Klug, which 
 we have not figured, 
 is occasionally found 
 in Arizona. The larvae 
 feed upon the Vitacea, 
 and in the case of two 
 of the species have 
 done at times some 
 damage to vineyards. 
 
 (i) Pholus satel- 
 litia Linnaeus. (The 
 Satellite Sphinx.) 
 
 Form pandorus 
 Hubner, Plate III, Fig. 
 6, <$. 
 
 Syn. ampelophaga 
 Walker. 
 
 This insect which 
 is widely distributed 
 throughout the eastern 
 United States, and 
 ranges northward into 
 southern Canada, is 
 well-known to all 
 growers of vines. The 
 caterpillar, when it 
 first emerges from 
 the egg and for several successive molts is green in color and 
 
 FIG. 27. Larva of Pbolus satellitia pan- 
 dorus; a; mature larva; b, larva after third 
 molt, head retracted; c, young larva. (After 
 Riley.)
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 has at the anal extremity a very long caudal horn, which begins 
 gradually to curl up, as represented in the accompanying cut, 
 and after the third molt entirely disappears, being replaced by 
 a lenticular shining eye-like prominence. In the latter stages of 
 development the larvae frequently become dark brown, and 
 Professor Riley maintains that this is invariably the case in the 
 neighborhood of the city of St. Louis. It is not invariably the 
 case in other localities, as I know from experience. I have 
 reared a number of specimens in which the green color perdured 
 to the time of pupation, though the brown form is very common. 
 Like the larva of the following species, the caterpillar of P. 
 satellitia has the power of withdrawing the first two segments 
 of its body into the third, when at rest, or when suddenly alarmed. 
 When crawling or feeding the first segments are protruded, as 
 represented in the cut by the larger figure. 
 
 Several local races of P. satellitia are recognized as occurring 
 in the Antilles and in South America, one of these, for which 
 Mr. Grote proposed the name posticatus, occurs in Florida, as 
 well as in Cuba and the Bahamas. It may be distinguished from 
 the formpandorus by its slighter build, its narrower wings, which 
 in the case of the primaries have the outer margin straighter than 
 in pandorus, and by the presence of a large roseate spot cover- 
 ing the anal angle of the secondaries. There are other differences 
 of a minor character, but those mentioned will enable the student 
 to discriminate this form from the one we have figured. 
 
 (2) Pholus achemon Drury, Plate III, Fig. 5, $ . (The 
 Achemon Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. crantor Cramer. 
 
 Like the preceding species the caterpillar of this beautiful 
 hawkmoth feeds upon vines, and shows especial fondness for 
 
 FIG. 28. Larva of Pholus achemon. (After Riley.) 
 
 the grape. It is also addicted to the Virginia creeper ( ' Ampe- 
 lopsisj. The description of the habits of the larva given by 
 
 66
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Professor C. V. Riley, "Missouri Reports," Vol. Ill, p. 75, is most 
 excellent. The figure which we give is taken from that Report. 
 The insect ranges over the entire United States from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific, and from southern Canada to northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 (3) Pholus vitis Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. I, $ . (The Vine 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. hornbeckiana Harris; linnei Grote & Robinson; fasc-iatus Grote 
 (partim). 
 
 The true Pholus vitis, which we figure in our plate, may 
 easily be distinguished from its near ally, Pholus fasciatus 
 Sulzer, by the absence of the pink outer marginal area on the 
 upper two-thirds of the secondaries, by the inward prolongation 
 of the large black spot near the inner margin of the secondaries 
 into a well marked mesial band, and by its larger size. It 
 occurs in Florida and in southern Texas and Arizona, whence it 
 ranges southward over wide areas. 
 
 (4) Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, Plate III, Fig. 2, $. (The 
 Lesser Vine Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. vitis Drury (non Linnaeus); jussiencs Hubner; strigilis Vogel. 
 
 The caterpillar is reported as feeding upon Jussieua in the 
 tropics. In our territory it feeds upon various species of Vitacece. 
 It is quite common in the region of the Gulf States and south- 
 ward, and sometimes is even taken as a straggler as far north as 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 (5) Pholus labruscae Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. n, $. (The 
 Gaudy Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. clotho Fabricius. 
 
 This beautiful creature is characteristic of the tropics, where 
 it is not uncommon. It occurs quite abundantly in southern 
 Florida and along the borders of the Gulf, and throughout the 
 Antilles, Central, and South America. Specimens, in spite of 
 the subtropical habitat of the species, have been taken in Canada, 
 illustrating the wonderful power of flight which is possessed by 
 these insects, the frail wings of which bear them in the dusk 
 of evening, during the few days of their existence in the winged 
 form, from the orange-groves of the south to the banks of the 
 St, Lawrence, a thousand leagues, across rivers, plains, and 
 mountains.
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Genus DARAPSA Walker 
 
 We include in this genus three species, all of which 
 occur within our territory, and all of which we figure upon 
 our plates. 
 
 (1) Darapsa pholus Cramer, Plate III, Fig. 3, $ . (The 
 Azalea Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. choerilus Cramer; azaleas Abbot & Smith; clorinda Martyn. 
 
 This medium-sized hawkmoth, which is one of our com- 
 monest species in western Pennsylvania, may easily be distin- 
 guished from its very near ally, D. myron, by its reddish color. 
 The caterpillar feeds upon Viburnum and Azalea. 
 
 (2) Darapsa myron Cramer, Plate III, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Hog Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. pampinatrix Abbot & Smith; cnoius Hiibner. 
 The caterpillar, of which we give a figure, feeds upon wild 
 and domestic grape-vines, and also upon the Virginia Creeper. 
 
 It is a very common 
 insect in the Atlantic 
 States, and ranges as 
 far west as Kansas and 
 Iowa. It has been re- 
 garded as injurious to 
 vineyards, but the 
 damage done is incon- 
 siderable, and the in- 
 sec t s can easily be 
 combated by picking 
 off the larvae from the 
 vines and crushing 
 them under foot. The 
 reason why these in- 
 sects do comparatively 
 small damage is per- 
 haps found in the fact that they appear to be especially subject 
 to the attacks of a small hymenopterous parasite, belonging to 
 the family Ichneumonidce. The female ichneumon-fly deposits 
 her eggs upon the epidermis of the young caterpillar. As soon 
 as the eggs hatch, the grub penetrates the body of the caterpillar 
 and feeds upon the fatty tissues lying just under the skin. 
 
 68 
 
 FIG. 29. Larva of D. myron. 
 (After Riley.)
 
 FIG. 30. Parasitized lar- 
 (After 
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Before the caterpillar reaches maturity the grubs emerge from 
 beneath the skin, and attaching themselves to the epidermis, 
 proceed to weave about themselves 
 little white cocoons, in which they 
 are transformed into perfect insects, 
 emerging to repeat the cycle of 
 life. Caterpillars which have been va" "of *D. myron. 
 thus parasitized do not survive the Rilev -) 
 ordeal. The accompanying cut (Fig. 30), shows a larva 
 upon which the ichneumon-flies have done their deadly work. 
 The insect, which accomplishes the task 
 of destruction imposed upon it in the 
 economy of nature, is very small. The 
 figure given herewith shows it of its 
 natural size, and also enlarged, so that its 
 structural peculiarities 'may be more easily 
 FIG. 31. -Micro- recognized. The species which we are con- 
 ftroys larvae of D. sidering shares this liability to parasitism 
 myron. w jth its congeners, as well as with the repre- 
 
 sentatives of many other genera of the Sphingidce. I was greatly 
 annoyed a number of years ago by having a large series of the 
 larvae of the beautiful Darapsa versicolor, which I had collected 
 in their early stages, destroyed by this ichneumon-fly, and the 
 following summer, and, in fact, for several summers following, 
 the larvae of D. versicolor, which had been for awhile quite 
 abundant in certain localities known to me, almost entirely dis- 
 appeared. In one ravine, where I had obtained them by the 
 hundreds, they were not to be 
 found. 1 account for their dis- 
 appearance by the unusual num- 
 bers of the parasites which had 
 infested them that summer. 
 
 The larva of myron under- 
 goes pupation in a loose COCOOn FIG. 32. Pupa of D. myron . 
 of coarsely woven threads of silk, which it spins under leaves at 
 the surface of the ground. In this respect its habits are strictly 
 like those of the other species of the genus. 
 
 (3) Darapsa versicolor Harris, Plate III, Fig. 13, $ . (The 
 Hydrangea Sphinx.)
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 This lovely hawkmoth, which is accounted quite rare in 
 localities, has been found very commonly at certain times in 
 western Pennsylvania. Its larva feeds upon the wild hydrangea, 
 which grows abundantly in deep wooded glens, along the 
 margin of brooks. The insect ranges from New England to the 
 mountains of the Carolinas and westward into the eastern border 
 of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Genus SPHECODINA Blanchard 
 
 The head is broad. The proboscis is nearly as long as the 
 body. The antennae are fusiform, with a recurved hook at the 
 tip. The body is broad, flattened beneath. The abdomen has a 
 pointed anal tuft, and the segments are adorned laterally with 
 prominent truncated tufts of coarse hairs. The wings in theii 
 outline closely resemble those of the genus Amphion. Only om 
 species of the genus is known. 
 
 (i) Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, Plate II, Fig. 19, $. 
 (Abbot's Sphinx.) 
 
 This beautiful hawkmoth is found throughout the Eastern 
 States and southern Canada and ranges westward as far as Iowa 
 
 and Kansas. The 
 larva feeds on the 
 Vitacea and is 
 not uncommon 
 o n Ampelopsis. 
 The caterpillar is 
 not provided with 
 an anal horn, but 
 has instead an 
 eye-like tubercle, 
 or boss, at the 
 anal extremity. 
 It has the habit, 
 when disturbed, 
 of throwing its 
 head violently 
 from side to side, a movement found in other sphingid larvae, 
 and also in some of the Ceratocampidce. 
 
 FIG. 33. Larva and moth of S. abbotti. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 7
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Cocytius antcBUS Drury, ?. 
 
 2. Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, c?- 
 
 3. Herse cingulata Fabricius, c? 
 
 4. Dolba hylceus Drury, 9 . 
 
 5. Hyloicus vancouverensis albescens Tepper, c?. 
 
 6. Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, 9 . 
 
 7. Ceratomia undulosa Walker, 9 
 
 8. Hyloicus kalmice Abbot & Smith, 9 
 
 9. Cress on-ia juglandis Abbot & Smith, 9 
 10. Hyloicus separatus Neumoegen, <5*.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK.
 
 Sphingidae 
 Genus DEIDAMIA Clemens 
 
 The head is small, narrow, retracted, crested. The eyes are 
 small. The antennae are fusiform, with the tip bent back slightly, 
 scarcely hooked. The thorax is stout, somewhat crested. The 
 abdomen is conic, and in the male has a small anal tuft. The 
 fore wings, which have twelve veins, are narrow, with the inner 
 margin sinuate. The apex of the fore wings is truncated, and 
 the outer margin is deeply excavated opposite the end of the cell 
 and also just above the inner angle, which is distinctly produced. 
 The hind wings are slightly crenulate on the outer .margin. 
 There is only one species belonging to the genus. 
 
 (i) Deidamia inscriptum Harris, Plate II, Fig. 15, $. 
 (The Lettered Sphinx.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the wild grape-vine. The moth 
 appears in the early spring. It is a common species in western 
 Pennsylvania, but seems elsewhere to be regarded as quite rare. 
 It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Genus ARCTONOTUS Boisduval 
 
 This small genus, in which there are reputed to be two 
 species, is very closely related to the genus Proserpinus, from 
 vhich, as has been pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan, it 
 lifters in appearance "owing to the more woolly scaling." 
 The chief structural difference is found in the fact that the 
 antenna is not clubbed but fusiform, gradually curved, and 
 the feet are without a pulvillus, and have only vestiges of the 
 paronychium. 
 
 (i) Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, Plate III, Fig. 14, $ . 
 (The Bear Sphinx.) 
 
 This insect, which hitherto has been rare in collections, 
 appears to have a wide range along the Pacific coast, from 
 southern California to British Columbia. It appears upon the 
 wing very early in the spring of the year. 
 
 The name Arctonotus terlooi is applied to a species, reported 
 from northern Mexico by Henry Edwards, and described by him, 
 in which the hind wings are wholly vinous red, and the green 
 basal band of the fore wings is wanting. 
 
 71
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Genus AMPHION Hubner 
 
 Head small. Eyes small, hemispherical. Palpi rather short. 
 Tongue nearly as long as the body. Antennae fusiform with a 
 long curved hook at the tip. Body plump, somewhat globose, 
 the thorax projecting very little beyond the insertion of the 
 primaries, and the abdomen terminating in a conspicuous fan-like 
 tuft. The fore wings are comparatively short and narrow, exca- 
 vated on the outer margin below the apex and above the inner 
 angle, which is strongly produced. The inner margin is deeply 
 sinuate. The hind wings are bluntly lobed at the anal angle. 
 There is only one species in the genus. 
 
 (i) Amphion nessus Cramer, Plate II, Fig. 18, $ . (The 
 Nessus Sphinx.) 
 
 This species, which may easily be recognized from the figure 
 on the plate, is not uncommon in the Middle States. It ranges 
 from Canada to Georgia and westward to Wyoming. It flies in 
 the daytime on cloudy days and in the late afternoon before sun- 
 set. The caterpillar feeds on Ampelopsis and the wild grape. 
 
 Genus POGOCOLON Boisduval 
 
 This small genus, which is closely related in many structural 
 respects to Proserpinus, differs from it very decidedly in the form 
 as well as in the habits of the insects belonging to it. In the 
 structure of the antennas and neuration of the wings the insects 
 belonging to Pogocolon show a close relationship to the insects 
 referred to the genus Proserpinus, but the form of the abdomen 
 is wholly different, elongated, cylindrical, and not bombyliform. 
 The moths, moreover, are crepuscular, whereas the moths re- 
 ferred to the genus Proserpinus are diurnal in their habits, in this 
 respect resembling the species of the genus Hccmorrhagia. 
 There are at least three species belonging to this genus. 
 
 (i) Pogocolon gaurae Abbot & Smith, Plate II, Fig. n, $. 
 (The Gaura Sphinx.) 
 
 The upper side of this small species is sufficiently delineated 
 in the plate to require no verbal description. On the under side 
 the wings are vinous brown, shading on the outer third into 
 olive-green, and reproducing the maculation of the upper surface. 
 The hind wings are deep olive at the base, passing into yel- 
 lowish green outwardly. 
 
 72
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 The insect feeds in the larval stage upon various species of 
 Gaura, and ranges from Georgia to Texas and as far north as 
 southern Kansas. 
 
 (2) Pogocolon juanita Strecker, Plate II, Fig. 12, . 
 (Strecker's Day-sphinx. ) 
 
 The moth in the general style of its maculation is very much 
 like the preceding species, but is considerably larger, and the 
 colors are decidedly brighter. The caterpillar is quite different 
 in its markings from the larva of L. gaurce, 
 
 The habitat of this species is Texas, so far as is now known. 
 
 One other species of Pogocolon, P. vega Dyar, occurs in our 
 region. It is much darker in color than the two former species, 
 which it otherwise somewhat closely resembles. 
 
 Genus PROSERPINUS Hubner 
 
 Head small ; proboscis moderate or long ; antennae clavate ; 
 body stout ; abdomen with or without lateral tufts, but always 
 with a more or less well developed anal tuft. Anterior tibiae 
 stout, armed with spines outwardly and at tip. Fore wings 
 elongate, generally somewhat curved outwardly about the 
 middle, and with the inner angle more or less distinctly 
 produced ; more or less densely clothed with scales over their 
 entire surface. The moths are diurnal in their habits, and mimic 
 bumblebees in their appearance. 
 
 (i) Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, Plate II, Fig. 8, ? . 
 (The Yellow-banded Day-sphinx.) 
 
 The head and thorax are pale yellow, the latter obscured with 
 brownish hairs about the middle. The abdomen is black with 
 the basal segment about the middle and the preterminal segment 
 on either side pale yellow. The fore wings on the upper side 
 are blackish, crossed by an oblique whitish band. The hind wings 
 are deep black, crossed by a broad orange-yellow band. The fore 
 wings on the under side are bright orange-yellow at the base. 
 
 This is always a rare insect in collections. It ranges, so far 
 as is known, through British America, and southward and east- 
 ward to Maine and Massachusetts. It is found in very early 
 summer hovering over flowers. 
 
 (2) Proserpinus clarkiae Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. 10, ? . 
 (Clark's Day-sphinx.) 
 
 73
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 Syn. victories Grote. 
 
 The head, thorax and abdomen on the upper side are preva- 
 lently pale olive-green, the fifth and the three anal segments of 
 the abdomen being darker green. The fore wings are pale green 
 with an oblique brownish median band, and a triangular paler 
 brownish spot at the apex. There is a small black discal dot at 
 the end of the cell. The hind wings are deep orange-yellow, 
 margined with black. On the under side the wings are olive- 
 green, darker at the base. The hind wings have a waved 
 whitish band about their middle on the under side. The legs 
 are greenish-white. 
 
 This species is found from Oregon to northern California, and 
 eastward to Utah and Montana. 
 
 Genus EUPROSERPINUS Grote & Robinson 
 
 This genus is discriminated by Rothschild & Jordan from 
 Proserpinus by the fact that the antenna is more abruptly hooked 
 and slenderer at its extremity than in Proserpinus, and by the 
 absence of the pulvillus and paronychium, which are found in 
 Proserpinus. Two species belong to the genus, both having 
 white hind wings margined with darker color and the under side 
 of the pectus and the wings also white. 
 
 (1) Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, Plate II, 
 Fig. 9, $ . (The Phaeton Sphinx. ) 
 
 Syn. errato Boisduval. 
 
 The head and thorax above are gray, the abdomen blackish. 
 The preterminal segment has yellow lateral tufts. The anal tuft 
 is black. The fore wings above are of the same color as the 
 thorax. The hind wings are yellowish-white with a broad black 
 marginal band. Expanse 32 mm. 
 
 The habitat of this species is southern California. 
 
 (2) Euproserpinus euterpe Edwards. (The Euterpe 
 Sphinx.) 
 
 This species, which is only known to the writer through an 
 examination of the type, is discriminated from the preceding by 
 the absence of pale tufts on the side of the abdomen and the fact 
 that the marginal band of the hind wing is bowed inwardly and 
 not straight as in E. Phaeton. 
 
 74
 
 Sphingidae 
 
 SUBFAMILY CH^ROCAMPIN/E 
 Genus XYLOPHANES Hu'bner 
 
 This genus, which is American, is very large, containing fifty 
 species and many subspecies. Of these species two only are 
 found, so far as is now known, within our territory, though it is 
 possible that a thorough exploration of southern Florida may 
 show that one or two of the species which are found in the 
 Antilles also occur in that State. The student will have no diffi- 
 culty in recognizing the species occurring within our borders by 
 means of the figures which are given upon our plates. 
 
 (1) Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, Plate IV, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Pluto Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. bcerhavice Fabricius; crcesus Dalman; thorates Hiibner; eson 
 Walker 
 
 This beautiful hawkmoth, which is very common in the 
 Antilles, ranging southward to southern Brazil, occurs in 
 southern Florida. The larva feeds upon Erythroxylon. 
 
 (2) Xylophanes tersa Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 13, $. (The 
 Tersa Sphinx.) 
 
 This common and easily recognized species has a wide range, 
 occurring very rarely as far north as southern Canada, thence 
 southward to Texas and Mexico, and as far south as northern 
 Argentina. The larva feeds on Bowvardia, Spermacoce, and 
 Marietta. 
 
 Genus CELERIO Oken 
 
 Head of moderate size. Eyes hemispherical, not prominent. 
 Antennae distinctly clavate, and armed at the tip with a minute 
 hook. The thorax is stout, projecting for about one-third of its 
 length beyond the insertion of the fore wings. The abdomen 
 is conic, untufted, produced more or less at the tip, and project- 
 ing for half its length beyond the hind margins of the secondaries. 
 The fore wings, which have eleven veins, are produced at the 
 apex. Their outer margin is slightly and evenly bowed out- 
 wardly. Their inner margin is very slightly sinuate. The hind 
 wings have their outer margin evenly rounded, except at the 
 extremity of vein i b, where they are slightly produced. The 
 genus is well represented in the Old World, and there are several 
 South American species. Only two species occur in our territory. 
 
 75
 
 Sphingidoe 
 
 (i) Celerio lineata Fabricius, Plate II,' Fig. 14, $ (The 
 Striped Morning Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. daucus Cramer. 
 
 This is probably the commonest of all the North American 
 Sphingidse. The larva feeds upon Portulaca. There is con- 
 siderable diversity in the maculation of the larva?. The two 
 figures here given represent the two most usual forms of the 
 caterpillar. The insect ranges over the southern portions of 
 
 FIG. 34. Light form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) 
 
 British America to the Gulf of Mexico and southward to the 
 Antilles and Central America. I have seen hundreds of the 
 moths swarming about the electric lights in the streets of 
 Denver, Cheyenne, and Colorado Springs. The moth flies con- 
 
 FIG. 35. Dark form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) 
 
 stantly in bright sunshine on the Laramie Plains of Wyoming 
 in the month of August, frequenting the blossoms of thistles. 
 I have seen it busily engaged in extracting the sweets from dew- 
 spangled beds of Soapwort (Saponaria), in the valleys of 
 Virginia long after the sun had risen in the morning. 
 
 (2) Celerio intermedia Kirby, Plate II, Fig. 20, ? . (The 
 Galium Sphinx.) 
 
 Syn. epilobii Harris (non Boisduval); chamanerii Harris; galii Walker; 
 oxybaphi Clemens; canadensis Guene'e. 
 
 This hawkmoth, which is the North American representant 
 of Celerio gallii, which is found all over the north temperate 
 regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, ranges from Canada to 
 
 76
 
 EXPLANATION OP PLATE VII 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Pachysphinx modesta Harris, J 1 . 
 
 2. Pachysphinx modesta occidental!* Henry Edwards, 9 . 
 
 3. Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, 9 . 
 
 4. Calasymbolus excoecata Abbot & Smith, c?. 
 
 5. Protoparce rustica Fabricius, 9 
 
 6. Chl&nogramma jasminearum Boisduval, 9 . 
 
 7. Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, J 1 . 
 
 8. Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, 9 .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 World of the Dark 
 
 Vancouver and southward through the mountains of the 
 Appalachian System and along the higher plateaus and mountain 
 ranges of the West as far as Central Mexico. I have specimens 
 taken in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. The identification 
 of the species may easily be made by means of the figure 
 on our plate. 
 
 THE WORLD OF THE DARK 
 
 " Sorrowing we beheld 
 
 The night come on; but soon did night display 
 More wonders than it veil'd; innumerous tribes 
 From the wood-cover swarm'd, and darkness made 
 Their beauties visible." 
 
 SOUTHEY. 
 
 There are two worlds; the world of sunshine, and the world 
 of the dark. Most of us are more or less familiarly acquainted 
 with the first; very few of us are well acquainted with the latter. 
 Our eyes are well adapted to serve us in the daylight, but they 
 do not serve us as well in the dark, and we therefore fail to 
 know, unless we patiently study them, what wonders this 
 world of the dark holds within itself. There are whole armies 
 of living things, which, when we go to sleep, begin to awaken; 
 and when we awaken, go to sleep. The eyes of the creatures 
 of the dark are adapted to seeing with less light than our eyes 
 require. The broad daylight dazzles and confounds them. 
 Sunshine has much the same effect upon them that darkness has 
 upon us. Our twilight is their morning; our midnight is their 
 noonday. 
 
 This is true even of many of the higher vertebrates. The 
 lemurs, which are a low family of simians, are nocturnal in their 
 habits. So also is the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, and that curious 
 little member of the monkey tribe known as the Specter 
 (Tar sins spectrum). No one can see the great eyes of these 
 creatures without realizing at a glance that they love what we 
 call d:irkness better than what we call light, though they are 
 far from being evil-doers. The great family of the cats are 
 principally nocturnal in their habits. Their eyes are capable of 
 being used in daylight, for the beautifully contracting and ex- 
 panding iris modifies the amount of light admitted to the retina 
 
 77
 
 World of the Dark 
 
 far more delicately and instantaneously than any device, attached 
 to the most perfectly constructed camera, regulates the amount 
 of light transmitted through its lens. The tiger in the jungle 
 sees what is going on about him in the starlight as well as we 
 see what is happening in the noontide. 1 have studied the 
 eyes of lions and tigers in the dark. The yellowish- green iris in 
 the night almost entirely disappears from view, and shrinks 
 down into a narrow ring. The windows of the eyes have the 
 curtains drawn back wide, so as to let in all the light which the 
 darkness holds within itself. The great orbs then look like 
 globes of crystal, framed in a narrow band of gold, lying on a 
 background of the blackest velvet, while in their pellucid depths, 
 fires, tinged with the warm glow of blood, play and coruscate. 
 
 The eyes of many birds are adapted to the dark. This is 
 true, as everybody knows, of the owls, and of their not distant 
 relatives, the goat-suckers. I remember having, when a boy, 
 dissected an owl, which I found dead after a long protracted 
 period of intensely cold weather. The thermometer had stood 
 at twenty degrees below zero for several nights in succession. 
 The earth was wrapped deep in snow. Upon the sleety crust 
 I found a great horned owl, lying dead, and frozen stiff. It may 
 have died of old age, or it may have starved to death. The 
 instinct of the child, who takes his toys to pieces in order to see 
 how they are made, seized me, and, with a sharp penknife as a 
 scalpel, and a few needles set in sticks of pine, I took my owl 
 apart, and made drawings of what I found. I did not then 
 know the names and functions of all the parts, but the drawing 
 of the eye, which I made, I still have in an old portfolio, and 
 there I saw it the other day. The eye of an owl is a wonderful 
 piece of mechanism. It is a wide-angle lens of beautiful powers 
 of adjustment. It is adapted to taking in all the light there is, 
 when the light is almost all gone; and it is so contrived as to 
 shut out light, when too much of its splendor would dazzle. 
 and hurt. 
 
 Among the insects thousands and tens of thousands of 
 species are nocturnal. This is true of the great majority of the 
 moths. When the hour of dusk approaches stand by a bed 
 of evening primroses, and, as their great yellow blossoms 
 suddenly open, watch the hawkmoths coming as swiftly as 
 
 78
 
 World of the Dark 
 
 meteors through the air, hovering for an instant over this 
 blossom, probing into the sweet depths of another, and then 
 dashing off again so quickly that the eye cannot follow them. 
 My friend, Henry Pryer, had a great bed of evening primroses in 
 his compound on the Bluff in Yokohama. Well I remember 
 standing with him before the flowers, and, as the light began to 
 fade upon the distant top of Fuji-no-yama, with net in hand 
 capturing the hawkmoths, which came eagerly trooping to the 
 spot. When it grew quite dark O-Chi-san held a Japanese 
 lantern aloft to help us to see where to make our strokes. A 
 dozen species became our spoil during those pleasant evenings. 
 Ah ! those nights in Japan ! Can I ever forget them ? 
 
 Did you ever reflect upon the fact that the wings of many 
 moths, which lie concealed during the daytime, reveal their 
 most glorious coloring only after dark, when they are upon the 
 wing ? Take as an illustration, the splendid moths of the great 
 genus Catocala, the Afterwings, as we familiarly call them. The 
 fore wings are so colored as to cause them, when they are 
 quietly resting upon the trunks of trees in the daytime, to look 
 like bits of moss, or discolored patches upon the bark. They 
 furnish, in such positions, one of the most beautiful illustrations 
 of protective mimicry which can be found in the whole realm of 
 nature. The hind wings are completely concealed at such times. 
 The hind wings are, however, most brilliantly colored. In some 
 species they are banded with pink, in others with crimson; still 
 others have markings of yellow, orange, or snowy white on a 
 background of jet-black. One European species has bands of 
 blue upon the wings. These colors are distinctive of the species 
 to a greater or less extent. They are only displayed at night. 
 The conclusion is irresistibly forced upon us that the eyes of 
 these creatures are capable of discriminating these colors in the 
 darkness. We cannot do it. No human eye in the blackness of the 
 night can distinguish red from orange, or crimson from yellow. 
 The human eye is the greatest of all anatomical marvels, and the 
 most wonderfu piece of animal mechanism in the world, but 
 not all of power is lodged within it. There are other allied 
 mechanisms which have the power of responding to certain 
 forms of radiant energy to a degree which it does not possess. 
 
 Let me commend to the study of my readers this world of the 
 
 79
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 dark of which I have been speaking. Some of the pleasantest 
 excursions afield which can be made are those which the 
 naturalist takes, when he has only moonlight or starlight to 
 guide his steps. Always take a dark lantern with you. Without 
 it you cannot see, and even with it you will not see much which 
 it might be delightful to behold. But without a lantern you will 
 not see a great deal, and you may in the thick wood get deeply 
 mired in a boggy hole, or even break a limb. Your eyes are not 
 made like those of the owl and the cat. Do not be afraid of the 
 "night air." The air of the night has the same chemical com- 
 position as the air of the day. It is cooler, of course, and some- 
 times it has fog in it, but cool and even foggy air is not un- 
 healthful. Scotchmen live half their lives in fog, but are healthy. 
 The only things to be dreaded are the mosquitoes, carrying with 
 them the germs of malaria, as we call it. These may be kept 
 off if you only know how to anoint yourself with a properly 
 prepared lotion. 
 
 FAMILY SATURNIID/E 
 
 "When ^hypocritically clad in dressing-gown and slippers, I stopped 
 at my guest's inner door and Fontenette opened it just enough to let me 
 hi, I saw, indeed, a wonderful sight. The entomologist had lighted up the 
 room, and it was filled, filled ! with gorgeous moths as large as my hand 
 and all of a kind, dancing across one another's airy paths in a bewildering 
 maze, or alighting and quivering on this thing and that. The mosquito- 
 net, draping almost from ceiling to floor, was Deflowered with them, 
 majestically displaying in splendid alternation their upper and under 
 colors, or, with wings lifted and vibrant, tipping to one side and another 
 as they crept up the white mesh, like painted and gilded sails in a fairies' 
 regatta." G. W. CABLE. 
 
 This family is composed of moths, which are for the most 
 part medium-sized or large. The larvae are cocoon-makers. The 
 perfect insects have vein 8 of the hind wings .diverging from the 
 cell from the base of the wings. The frenulum is wanting. The 
 tongue is aborted, being at most extremely rudimentary. There 
 are no tibial spurs on the legs. The antennae are either singly or 
 doubly bipectinated to the tips in the case of the males, and 
 often in the case of the females. Bipectination of the antennae 
 occurs also in the family Ceratocampidce, but in the latter family 
 it never extends to the tip of the organ. The family falls into 
 three subfamilies: the Attacince; the Saturniince; and the Hemi- 
 
 80
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of \7. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Samia cecropia Linnaeus, tf. 
 
 2. Samia rubra Behr, <5\ 
 
 3. Caliosamia angulifera Walker, <j\ 
 
 4. Caliosamia angulifsra Walker, 9 . 
 
 5. Automeris zephyria Grote, $ . 
 
 6. Pinconia coo. Schaus, J 1 . 
 
 7. Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, 9 . 
 
 8. Samia Columbia Smith, $ . 
 
 9. Anisota virginiensis Drury, <5\ 
 
 10. Anisota virginiensis Drury, 9 . 
 
 11. Anisoia rubicunda Fabricius, tf, 
 
 12. Hylesia ahnda Druce, $.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND,
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 leucince. These subfamilies may be discriminated by the help of 
 the following Key: 
 
 Hind wings with one distinct internal vein. 
 Discal cell of both wings open 
 Discal cell of both wings closed 
 
 Hind wings with two distinct internal veins 
 
 Attacinae. 
 Saturniinae. 
 Hemileucmte. 
 
 FIG. 36. Philosamia cynthia. 
 
 a. Eggs; b. Larva; c. Cocoon; d. Pupa; e. Moth. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 81
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 SUBFAMILY ATTACIN/E 
 Genus PHILOSAMIA Grote 
 
 This genus, which may be distinguished from all others in our 
 fauna by the tufted abdomen of the perfect insect, is represented 
 by a single species, which, originally imported from the eastern 
 parts of Asia, has become thoroughly acclimatized on the Atlantic 
 seaboard in the vicinity of the larger cities, from which, as 
 centres, it has spread to some extent to the surrounding country. 
 
 (i) Philosamia cynthia Drury, Plate IX, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Ailanthus Silk-moth.) 
 
 Syn. aurotus Fabricius; insularis Vollenhoven; vesta Walker; canningi 
 Walker; walkeri Pelder; pryeri Butler. 
 
 The cut (Fig. 36) and the representation on our plate obviate 
 all necessity for mere verbal description of the species. The in- 
 sect which was originally introduced into Europe about the 
 middle of the last century was first introduced into America in 
 the year 1861. It was hoped that it would prove a valuable silk- 
 bearing species, but although a good grade of coarse silk may be 
 made from it by the process of carding, and strong and service- 
 able fabrics are manufactured from it in China, no method of 
 successfully and economically reeling the cocoons has yet been 
 invented. The caterpillar feeds upon the ailanthus, and these 
 shade trees in some places have been known to be completely 
 defoliated by the worms. 
 
 Genus ROTHSCHILDIA Grote 
 
 This characteristically neotropical genus may always be rec- 
 ognized by the large more or less triangular translucent spots of 
 the wings, and the general likeness to the species we figure 
 upon our plate. The abdomen is without tufts. The antennae 
 of both sexes are doubly bipectinated. The fore wings are 
 generally considerably produced at the apex. Two species 
 occur within our faunal limits. 
 
 (i) Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, Plate X, Fig I, $. 
 (The Orizaba Silk-moth.) 
 
 From Rothschildia jorulla Westwood, the other species 
 found in our territory, this is easily separated by its generally 
 lighter color and the much larger size of the translucent spots 
 
 82
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 upon the wings. Both species occur in Arizona, where they 
 are not, however, nearly as common as they are in Mexico. 
 
 Genus SAMIA Hubner 
 
 In this genus, composed of quite large moths, characterized, 
 as are the moths of the two preceding and the next succeeding 
 genera, by having the discal cells open, we find that the spots 
 on the middle of the wings are opaque, not hyaline, as in the 
 genus Rothschildia ; and, furthermore, the fore wings are more 
 rounded and less produced than in that genus. 
 
 (i) Samia cecropia Linnaeus, Plate VIII, Fig. i, $ ; Plate 
 I, Fig. 8, larva. (The Cecropia Moth.) 
 
 This splendid moth, which is very common, is one of a small 
 number of our native silk-moths, which attract more or less 
 
 FIG 37. Cocoon of Samia cecropia. (After Riley.) 
 
 popular attention, and the spring of the year in our museums is 
 always regarded as a period in which a certain portion of the 
 time of the entomological staff will be consumed in replying to 
 the letters of persons who, having for once opened their eyes to 
 the wonders of the insect world, have sent in old matchboxes 
 through the mails specimens of this insect, generally adding the 
 information that the species is probably "new to science" or 
 "excessively rare," they having for the first time in their lives 
 noticed the moth. 
 
 The larva feeds upon a great variety of deciduous trees and 
 shrubs, though manifesting a predilection for the Rosacece, 
 willows, maples, and the lilac. The cocoon is a familiar object. 
 The insect is found over the whole Atlantic seaboard, and ranges 
 westward to the eastern margin of the great plains.
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 (2) Samia gloveri Strecker, Plate XII, Fig. 4, $ . (Glover's 
 Silk-moth.) 
 
 This species, which may be distinguished from the preceding 
 by the more obscure, purplish color of the outer band, which 
 in 5. cecropia is bright red, ranges over the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains from Arizona in the south to Alberta and Assiniboia 
 in the north. A small dwarfed form has been taken upon the 
 high mountains of Colorado, to which Neumoegen gave the sub- 
 specific name reducta. 
 
 (3) Samia Columbia Smith, Plate VIII, Fig. 8, $ . (The 
 Columbian Silk-moth.) 
 
 This species, which is well represented in our plate, may be 
 discriminated from its allies by its smaller size, and by the 
 absence of the reddish outer shading of the transverse white line 
 which crosses the wings about their middle. It ranges from 
 Maine to Wisconsin, never, so far as is known at present, rang- 
 ing south of the forty-first parallel of north latitude. While 
 closely allied to 5. gloveri, it is much smaller, and the larva 
 shows marked differences. The caterpillar feeds upon the larch. 
 (4) Samia rubra Behr, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, $ . (The Ceano- 
 thus Silk-moth. ) 
 
 Syn. ceanoihi Behr; euryalns Boisduval; calij 'ornica Grote. 
 
 The species which is easily separated from its congeners by 
 its small size and prevalently redder cast of coloration, is found 
 on the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Utah and Wyoming, 
 The larva feeds upon Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. 
 
 Genus CALLOSAMIA Packard 
 
 The structure of the moths of this genus is much like that of 
 the preceding genus, but the species composing it may invari- 
 ably be discriminated from others by the fact that the pectinations 
 of the antennae of the females in the anterior pair on each joint 
 are shorter than the posterior pair. The genus contains several 
 species, two of which are common in portions of our territory, 
 and the other is a straggler into our fauna from Mexico. 
 
 (i) Callosamia promethea Drury, Plate I, Fig. 2, larva; 
 Plate XI, Fig. II, , Fig. 12, ?. (The Spice-bush Silk-moth.) 
 
 Every country boy who lives in the Atlantic States is familiar 
 with the cocoons, which in winter and spring he has found 
 
 84
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX 
 
 (Except \.nen otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Tele a polyphemus Cramer, $. 
 
 2. Philosamia cynthia Drury, tf. 
 
 3. Agapema galbina Clemens, d\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Automeris to Fabricius, <J*. 
 
 5. Automeris io Fabricius, 9 
 
 6. Automeris pamina aurosea Neumoegen, cJ 1 . 
 
 7. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, (J 1 . 
 
 8. Pseudohazis her a Harris, (J 1 . 
 
 9. Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, <5*
 
 THE MOTH Boox
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 hanging from the twigs of the spice-bush, the sassafras, and 
 other trees. As they dangle in the wind they are easily de- 
 tected, though they are often 
 wrapped in the dead leaf in 
 which the caterpillar originally 
 spun them. The larva of which, 
 in addition to the figure given in 
 Plate I, we furnish a cut herewith, 
 is a rather striking object, the 
 coral-red tubercles on the second 
 and third anterior segments 
 showing conspicuously against 
 the bluish-green epidermis. The 
 insect subsists in the larval stage 
 upon a great variety of deciduous 
 shrubs and trees, showing a 
 
 Fig. 38. Callosamia promethea. 
 a, Young larva; b, front view of 
 head; c, magnified view of a seg- 
 ment of young larva; d, mature 
 larva. (After Riley.) 
 
 special predilection for the Lauracece, 
 Liriodendron, Liquidambar, and the 
 wild-cherry. It ranges over the Atlantic 
 States from Florida to New England 
 into southern Canada, and thence 
 westward through the valley of the 
 Mississippi to the eastern boundaries 
 of the great plains. Whether the silk 
 produced by this common and easily 
 reared species could be utilized in 
 such a way as to make its production commercially profitable 
 is a problem to be solved in the future. No one up to 
 
 8? 
 
 Fig. 39. Cocoon of C. 
 promethea. (After Riley.)
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 the present time has succeeded either in reeling or carding 
 the silk of the cocoons. 
 
 (2) Callosamia angulifera Walker, Plate VIII, Fig. 3, $ , 
 Fig. 4, ? . (The Tulip-tree Silk-moth.) 
 
 This species may easily be discriminated from the last named 
 by the fact that the males are not without discal spots as in that 
 species, but have large angular white spots, causing them to 
 resemble in this respect the females of C. promethea. The larva 
 feeds commonly on the tulip-poplar (Liriodendron). The cocoon 
 is not suspended from the twigs, as in the case of C. promethea. 
 
 The only other species of the genus, which occurs in our fauna, 
 is Callosamia calleta Westwood, which may be differentiated 
 from the two foregoing species by the fact that it has a whitish 
 band on the collar and at the base of the thorax. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SATURNIIN^ 
 
 The discal cells are closed. The antennae are pectinated in 
 both sexes to the tip. The hind wings have but one internal 
 vein distinctly developed. But four genera representing this sub- 
 family are found within our territory. 
 
 Genus AGAPEMA Neumcegen & Dyar 
 
 The antennae of both sexes are doubly bipectinated, those of 
 the female having both the anterior and posterior pectinations of 
 equal length. Only one species is known. 
 
 (i) Agapema galbina Clemens, Plate IX, Fig. 3, $ . (The 
 Galbina Moth.) 
 
 This interesting insect occurs in southern Texas, Arizona and 
 Mexico. The larval stages have been described by Henry 
 Edwards (see "Entomologica Americana," Vol. IV, p. 61). The 
 specimen figured is considerably darker than the figures given 
 by Strecker. Specimens as light as those he depicts have never 
 fallen into the hands of the author. 
 
 Genus ACTIAS Leach 
 
 The species of this genus may easily be discriminated by their 
 pale green color, and the tailed h.nd wings. The pectinations of 
 the antennae in the female sex are shorter in the anterior pair on 
 
 86
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 each joint than the posterior pair. The genus is quite large, but 
 only one species occurs in temperate North America. It is bettei 
 represented in the Old World. 
 
 (j) Actias luna Linnaeus, Plate XII, Fig. 7, 3. (The Luna 
 Moth.) 
 
 This common and well-known insect has an extensive range 
 from Canada to Florida and westward to Texas and the trans- 
 Mississippi States as far as the region of the great plains. The 
 larva, of which we give 
 a representation, feeds 
 upon the various species 
 of walnut and hickory, 
 the sweet-gum (Liqui- 
 dambar), the persimmon 
 (Diospyros), and other 
 trees. In North Caro- 
 lina it appeared to be 
 particularly fond of the 
 persimmon. The cocoon 
 is thin and papery, spun 
 among leaves, and falls 
 to the ground in autumn. 
 In consequence it is not 
 nearly as often found as those of some other species, which 
 have been described in the preceding pages. 
 
 Genus TELEA Hubner 
 
 This is a very small genus, including only two or three 
 species. It is confined to the New World. The only represen- 
 tative in our faunal limits is the well-known species, which we 
 figure. 
 
 (i) Telea polyphemus Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. I, ?. (The 
 Polyphemus Moth.) 
 
 Syn. paphia Linnaeus; fenestra Perry; oculea Neumoegen. 
 
 This very common moth feeds in the larval stage upon a 
 great variety of trees and shrubs. I have found the caterpillar 
 upon various species of oaks, upon the two species of Juglans, 
 which grow in the Eastern States, upon hickory, basswood, elms, 
 maples, birches, chestnuts, the sycamore (Platanus), wild- 
 
 8? 
 
 FIG. 40. Larva of A. luna. (After Riley.)
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 roses, and the beech. Other observers have reported the larva 
 as found upon a great variety of other trees. The caterpillar, 
 
 FIG. 41. Larva of Telea polyphemus. (After Riley.) 
 
 which is of a beautiful shade of green, is ornamented on the 
 sides by raised lines of silvery white, and is altogether a beauti- 
 ful object, so far as coloration is concerned. The cocoon is in 
 form like that of Actias luna, but is much more dense, and, after 
 it has been spun up, is injected by the larva with a fluid, which 
 appears to precipitate a white chalky matter through the fibers 
 after it has dried. Efforts to reel the silk have hitherto amounted 
 to but little. The insect is double-brooded in the southern States. 
 
 In Pennsylvania and north- 
 ward it is single-brooded. 
 The moth ranges across 
 the entire continent and 
 into Mexico in the South. 
 We have given in Figure 5 
 a representation of the 
 FIG. 42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus. pupa, in Figure io a cut 
 (After Riley.) of the anten na greatly en- 
 
 larged, and in Figures 41 and 42 are shown the larva and the 
 cocoon. The latter, as is illustrated in the cut, is spun among 
 leaves, and falls in the autumn to the ground. A number of 
 aberrant forms and local races have been described, and there is 
 considerable variety in the depth of the ground-color of the wings 
 
 88
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE X 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the 
 collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, 9 
 
 2. Basilona imperialis Drury, 9 . 
 
 3. Cither onia regalis Fabricius, cT 
 
 4. Cither onia mexicana Grote & Robinson, tf. 
 
 5. Adelocephala bicolor Harris. cT. 
 
 6. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, 9 
 
 7. Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, cT 
 
 8. Color adia pandora Blake, <$ . 
 
 9. Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 10. Malacosoma erosa Stretch, tf. 
 
 11. Malacosoma californica Packard, c?. 
 
 12. Malacosoma americana Fabricius, 9i U. S. N. M.
 
 Saturn iidae 
 
 in a long series of specimens collected in the same locality. I 
 have one or two fine melanic specimens, in which the wings are 
 almost wholly black on the upper side. Albino specimens are 
 also occasionally found. 
 
 Genus SATURNIA Schrank 
 
 This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species. 
 
 (i) Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Plate XII, Fig. 6, $. 
 (The Mendocino Silk-moth.) 
 
 The insect inhabits northern California, where it is not 
 uncommon. The larva feeds upon Arctostaphylos tomentosa. 
 
 Genus AUTOMERIS Hxibner 
 
 Four species of this genus occur within our borders. Three 
 of them we figure on our plates. The other, Automeris ^elleri 
 Grote & Robinson, may be distinguished from those we give by 
 its much greater size, the female expanding fully five inches 
 across the wings, and having three broad brown bands parallel 
 to the margin of the hind wing, a large blind ocellus in the 
 middle of that wing, and the fore wings purplish brown, marked 
 with darker brown spots at the base, the end of the cell, and on 
 the limbal area. 
 
 (1) Automeris pamina Neumoegen, Plate IX, Fig. 6, $. 
 (The Pamina Moth.) 
 
 The figure we give is taken from an example of the form 
 called aurosea by Neumcegen, in which the hairs along the inner 
 margin of the hind wings are somewhat more broadly rosy red 
 than in the specimens which he indicated as typical. The 
 specimen was labeled by, and obtained from, the author of the 
 species. 
 
 (2) Automeris zephyria Grote, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, ? . 
 (The Zephyr Silk-moth.) 
 
 This beautiful insect which is found in New Mexico, is well 
 delineated in our plate, and may easily be discriminated from 
 other species by the white transverse lines of the fore wings. 
 
 (3) Automeris io Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 4, $ , Fig. 5, $ . 
 (The Io Moth.) 
 
 Syn. corollaria Perry; varta, Walker; fabricii, Boisduval; argus 
 Neumoegen & Dyar. 
 
 8 9
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 This common insect, which ranges from Canada to 
 Florida, and westward and southward to Texas and 
 Mexico, subsists in the larval stage upon a large variety of 
 
 trees and shrubs; in fact, the 
 caterpillar is almost omnivo- 
 rous. The larva is a beautiful 
 object, the body being green, 
 ornamented with a lateral 
 stripe of pink and creamy 
 white and covered with 
 clusters of branching spines. 
 These are possessed of sting- 
 ing properties, and the cater- 
 pillar should be handled with 
 extreme care, if painful con- 
 sequences are to be avoided. 
 In spite of this defense the 
 larvae are greatly liable to 
 the attack of ichneumon 
 
 which 
 
 Fio. 43.-Larva of Aulonteris io. 
 
 (After Riley.) tudes of them. 
 
 Genus HYLESIA Hiibner 
 
 This is a neotropical genus of small size, one species of 
 which, common enough in Mexico, is occasionally found in 
 Arizona. It is a true Saturnian, the secondaries having but one 
 inner vein and the discal cells in both wings being closed. 
 
 (i) Hylesia alinda Druce, Plate VIII, Fig. 12, $. (The 
 Alinda Moth.) 
 
 The specimens I have were taken on the Mexican border of 
 Arizona. So far as I remember, nothing has been written upon 
 the life-history of the species. 
 
 SUBFAMILY HEMILEUCIN^E. 
 
 The moths of this subfamily may be structurally differentiated 
 from their near allies by the fact that the hind wings have two 
 distinct internal veins, i a and i b. The antennas of the male 
 insect in the genus Coloradia are doubly bipectinated. In the 
 
 90
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 genera Hemileuca and Psettdoha^is, the antennae of the males 
 are singly bipectinated. In the former genus the females have 
 bipectinated antennae; in the latter the females have the antennae 
 serrate, or very feebly pectinated. 
 
 Genus COLORADIA Blake 
 
 (i) Coloradia pandora Blake, Plate X, Fig. 8, $. (The 
 Pandora Moth.) 
 
 The range of this insect is from the eastern foot-hills of the 
 Rocky Mountains to the Cascades, and from Montana to Mexico. 
 
 Genus HEMILEUCA Walker 
 
 Eight species of this genus are known from our territory, 
 four of which we figure. H. electra Wright has the hind wings 
 more or less red with a black border. H. grotei is a black 
 species with a white collar, and a series of narrow white spots 
 covering the middle of the wings, three on the fore wing, and 
 those on the hind wing composing a narrow median band. 
 H. neumcegeni is a beautiful insect with snowy white thorax and 
 reddish brown abdomen. The wings are snowy white with 
 orange discal marks crossed by two black bands on the pri- 
 maries and one on the secondaries, the inner line of the primaries 
 being relieved externally by an orange spot bordered with black. 
 H. hualapai NeumcEgen has the wings dull pink, either without 
 markings, or crossed by two pale lines. The form with the pale 
 transverse lines has been dubbed sororius by Henry Edwards. 
 
 (i) Hemileuca maia Drury, Plate XI, Fig. i, $. (The 
 Buck-moth.) 
 
 Syn. proserpina Fabricius. 
 
 In the fall of the year, when the leaves are falling and the 
 days are still mellow and warm, the Buck-moths may be seen 
 flitting through the air at noonday. They especially frequent the 
 edges of groves of oaks. Upon the twigs of these trees, as well 
 as occasionally upon willows, wild cherry-trees, and hazels, they 
 deposit their eggs in clusters, as represented in Figure 44. The 
 larvae, which are gregarious and have stinging spines or bristles 
 upon the somites, hatch in the latter part of April or in May, 
 according to latitude, and after undergoing five molts, pupate in 
 
 91
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 the ground. The moths emerge in the fall, though a few winter 
 over in the soil until the next spring, when they emerge, or 
 they may even remain dormant until the following fall. 
 
 The wings are semi-translucent, and in some 
 specimens are apparently almost devoid of 
 scales. The insects are diurnal, or semi-crepus- 
 cular in their habit, and 1 have never known 
 them to be attracted to artificial light. The 
 name "Buck-moths" is said to have been given 
 to them because they fly at the time when deer- 
 stalking is in order. 
 
 The insect ranges from Maine and Nova 
 Scotia to Florida 
 and westward to 
 the eastern edge of 
 the great plains. 
 In the Carolinas it 
 is very common, especially in 
 groves of the Black-jack Oak, 
 which grow on barren up- 
 lands. 
 
 (2) Hemileuca neva- 
 densis Stretch, Plate XI, 
 Fig 2, $. (The Nevada 
 Buck-moth.) 
 
 Syn. californica Wright ; 
 artemis Packard. 
 
 This species, which 
 closely resembles the pre- 
 ceding, may be distin- 
 
 FIG. 44. Eggs 
 of Buck-moth. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 guished from it by the 
 
 much wider expanse of the 
 
 transverse discal bands in 
 
 both wings, and the much 
 
 redder tuft of anal hairs. 
 
 It may be a mere local race of Hemileuca maia, 
 
 authors have recently accorded it specific rank. 
 
 (3) Hemileuca juno Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 8, 
 Juno Moth.) 
 
 Syn. yavapai Neumcegen. 
 
 92 
 
 FIG. 45. Buck -moth; a, mature 
 larva; b, pupa; c-d, bristles on larvae in 
 first stage; e, thoracic spine in second 
 stage; /, spine in third stage; g, spine 
 in fifth stage. (After Riley.) 
 
 but most 
 
 (The
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Hemileuca maia Drury, cJ 1 . 
 
 2. Hemileuca nevadensis Stretch, <5\ 
 
 3. Pseudohazis her a pica Walker, tf . 
 
 4. Pseudohazis her a pica Walker, 9 . 
 
 5. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, <^- 
 
 6. Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, c?. 
 
 7. Tolype velleda Stoll, J* . 
 
 8. Tolype velleda Stoll, 9 . 
 
 9. Anisota stigma Fabricius, <5*. 
 
 10. Anisota stigma Fabricius, 9 
 
 11. Callosamta promethea Drury, $. 
 
 12. Callosamia promethea Drury, 9- 
 
 13. Basilona imperialis Drury, (J*. 
 
 14. Sys sphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, $. 
 
 15. Cargida pyrrha Druce, c?. 
 
 16. Fenaria longipes Druce, J 1 - 
 
 17. Xanthopastis timais Cramer, 9- 
 
 1 8. Euchcctias murina Stretch, 9 
 
 19. Copidryas cosyra Druce, <j\ 
 
 20. Apantesis intermedia Stretch, cJ 1 -
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Saturniidae 
 
 This beautiful moth occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 (4) Hemileuca tricolor Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Tricolor Buck-moth.) 
 
 This species, like the preceding, is found in Arizona and in 
 New Mexico. The larvae feed upon the Grease-wood, according 
 to report. 
 
 Genus PSEUDOHAZIS Grote & Robinson 
 
 This is a small genus of rather striking and exceedingly vari- 
 able insects, the life histories of which have not been as thor- 
 oughly studied as is desirable. The moths appear to be diurnal 
 in their habits, and may be found in vast numbers in the morn- 
 ing hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of 
 the Rocky Mountains. I have found them particularly abundant 
 about Laramie Peak in Wyoming in the latter part of June and 
 July. They appear to frequent flowers in company with diurnal 
 lepidoptera, as. the various species of Argynnis, and they may 
 then be easily taken. Their flight is rapid. They are character- 
 istic of the country of the sage-brush, and the ranges of the 
 western sheep-herder. 
 
 (l) Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisduval. 
 
 Form nuttalli Strecker, Plate IX, Fig. 7, $ ; Plate XI, Fig. 5, 
 $ . (Nuttall's Sheep-moth.) 
 
 Syn. shastaensis Behr; denudata Neumoegen. 
 
 The two figures given on our plates show two forms of this 
 well-known insect. Whatever the amount of black or purple 
 upon the fore wings the specimens may always be distinguished 
 from others by the presence just beyond the discal spot of the 
 fore wings of a longitudinal dash of Indian yellow. This is 
 characteristic, and I have never failed to find it in a long series 
 of specimens, no matter how the other markings varied. 
 
 (2) Pseudohazis hera Harris, Plate IX, Fig. 8, $ . (The 
 Hera Moth. ) 
 
 Form pica Walker, Plate XI, Fig. 3, $ ; Fig. 4, ? . (The 
 Magpie Moth.) 
 
 This extremely variable moth is represented by the typical 
 form in the figure given upon Plate IX, and in the figures given 
 upon Plate XI by two specimens showing the form, which is 
 
 93
 
 Ceratocampiden 
 
 most common in Colorado and Wyoming, in which the wings 
 are greatly suffused with black. To this form Walker's name 
 pica properly applies. 
 
 FAMILY CERATOCAMPIDy^ 
 
 " In Nature's infinite book of secrecy 
 A little I can read." SHAKESPEARE. 
 
 This family contains moths of large or medium size, the 
 larvae of which do not produce cocoons, but undergo transforma- 
 tion in the ground. The larvae are generally more or less orna- 
 mented with spines and bristly protuberances. The moths have 
 the tongue developed, but nevertheless feebly. The tibial spurs 
 are present. The frenulum is lacking. The genera belonging to 
 this family are American, and only five of them occur within our 
 faunal limits. 
 
 Genus ANISOTA Hubner . 
 
 Of the five species, recognized as belonging to this genus and 
 occurring within our borders, we have selected three for repre- 
 sentation. Anisota senatoria, a common species found in the 
 Atlantic States, is distinguished from its very near ally, Anisota 
 virginiensis, not only by marked differences in the larval stage, 
 but by the fact that the females are almost exactly like the female 
 of Anisota stigma, profusely covered with black spots or freck- 
 lings on the wings, while the females of virginiensis, as shown 
 in the plate, are almost wholly destitute of such spots. The 
 males of these two species are almost alike, the only difference 
 being that the male insect in the case of -virginiensis is somewhat 
 darker than in the case of Anisota senatoria, and less ochreous. 
 
 (i) Anisota stigma Fabricius, Plate XI, Fig. 9, 3 ; Fig. 
 10, $. (The Stigma Moth.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon various species of oak. It is orna- 
 mented with short spines upon the segments, arranged in rows, 
 those on the second segment from the head being long and 
 recurved. The color of the larvae at maturity is a dull reddish 
 brown, marked with small creamy-white and gray punctulations. 
 The insect occurs in the Appalachian faunal region, from Canada 
 to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas and Missouri. 
 
 94
 
 Ceratocampidae 
 
 (2) Anisota virginiensis Drury, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig. 
 10, ? . (The Virginian Anisota.) 
 
 Syn. astymone Olivier; pellucida Herrich-Schaeffer. 
 
 The male insect has the fore wings almost transparent about 
 the middle, as is the case with Anisota senatoria. as has already 
 been pointed out, but the female is not heavily spotted, as is the 
 case in that species. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The moth 
 has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species. 
 
 (3) Anisota rubicunda Fabricius, Plate VIII, Fig. n, $, 
 (The Rosy Maple-moth.) 
 
 The larva of this beautiful moth feeds commonly upon the 
 silver-maple, which in many of our western cities has been 
 extensively planted as a shade-tree. The depredations it commits 
 upon the foliage have subjected it to the indignation of arbori- 
 culturists. It was 
 formerly very com- 
 mon in the city of 
 Pittsburgh, but for 
 many years past it 
 has almost entirely 
 disappeared, so that 
 it is now regarded as 
 a rather rare insect by 
 local collectors. The 
 disappearance of the 
 
 moth is due no doubt e 
 
 to the combined influ- 
 ence of the electric 
 lights, Which annually FlG - 4<3. Anisota rubicunda. a. larva; b. 
 VP u P a ; c - female moth. (After Riley.) 
 
 destroy millions of 
 
 insects, which are attracted to them, and to gas-wells, and 
 furnaces, which lick up in their constantly burning flames other 
 millions of insects. Perhaps the English sparrow has also had a 
 part in the work of extermination. In Kansas the insect is very 
 common. I recently saw in the city of Atchison numerous 
 maples, which had almost been stripped of their leaves by these 
 larvae. The range of the insect is practically the same as that of 
 the other species of the genus. 
 
 95
 
 Ceratocampidae 
 
 Genus ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schaeffer 
 
 As in the preceding genus, vein 1 1 of the fore wing is stalked 
 with veins 6-8, but the outer margin of the wing is not straight 
 as in that genus, and longer than the internal margin, but it is 
 convex and shorter than the inner margin. There are a number 
 of species belonging to the genus, which are indigenous in 
 Central and South America, but only one occurs within our 
 borders. 
 
 (i) Adelocephala bicolor Harris, Plate X, Fig. 5, $ ; Fig. 6, 
 ? . (The Honey-locust Moth.) 
 
 Syn. distigma Walsh. 
 
 The larva feeds upon the Honey-locust (Gleditschia) and the 
 Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus). It is a rather common 
 insect in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from the region of 
 the Great Lakes southward to Georgia and Kansas. 
 
 Genus SYSSPHINX Hubner 
 
 The insects assigned to this genus by recent writers do not 
 differ greatly in structure from those referred to the preceding 
 genus. The principal structural differences consist in the fact 
 that the antennae of the females are somewhat shorter and less 
 strongly pectinated, and the abdomen is generally longer, in some 
 species greatly exceeding the hind margin of the hind wings. 
 The genus is well represented in Mexico and Central America. 
 Only four species occur in our territory, two of which we figure, 
 (i) Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig. 
 7, $ . (The White-lined Syssphinx.) 
 
 Syn. raspa Boisduval. 
 
 The figure we give is sufficient to enable the student to iden- 
 tify this species which is common in Mexico, and also occurs in 
 southern Arizona. 
 
 (2) Syssphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, Plate XI, Fig. 14, ? . 
 (Heiligbrodt's Syssphinx.) 
 
 This very pretty moth, which may easily be determined by 
 the help of the figure we give, is not uncommon in southern 
 Arizona. The caterpillar feeds, it is said, upon Grease-wood 
 bushes. 
 
 96
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the 
 collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Cossus centerensis Lintner, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Hypopla berthbldi Grote, 9 
 
 3. Hypopta henrici Grote, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Samia gloveri Strecker, cT. 
 
 5. Artace punctistriga Walker, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Saturnia mendocino Behrens, cJ 1 . 
 
 7. Actias luna Linnaeus, (J 1 . 
 
 8. Hemileuca juno Packard, cJ 1 . 
 
 9. Hemileuca tricolor Packard, c?.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Ceratocampidae 
 Genus CITHERONIA Hubner 
 
 This genus of large and showy moths is characteristically 
 neotropical, having its metropolis in Central America. Three 
 species occur in our territory, two of them having an extensive 
 northern range. 
 
 1 i) Citheronia regalis Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 4, larva ; Plate 
 
 X, Fig. 3, $ . (The Royal Walnut-moth.) 
 
 Syn. regia Abbot & Smith. 
 
 The caterpillar, which is known by boys as the "Hickory 
 Horn-devil," feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs, 
 showing a decided preference for the walnut and butternut, the 
 persimmon, and several species of arborescent sumac (Rhus). 
 
 (2) Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, Plate XLI, 
 Fig. 5, $ . (The Pine-devil Moth.) 
 
 The larva, which is smaller and more obscurely colored than 
 that of the preceding species, feeds upon various species of pine, 
 and the insect ranges from the Carolinas northward to Massa- 
 chusetts along the coast. It is not uncommon in the valley of 
 the Potomac, and at Berkeley Springs I have found it abundant in 
 the larval state in the months of July and August. 
 
 (3) Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig. 
 4, $ . (The Mexican Walnut-moth.) 
 
 This species, which is in many respects very closely allied to 
 C. regalis, occurs in Arizona, and southward. 
 
 Genus BASILONA Boisduval 
 
 The only representative of this genus within the limits of the 
 United States is the species which is illustrated on our plates. 
 There are a number of other species, which are Mexican or South 
 American. 
 
 (i) Basilona imperialis Drury, Plate X, Fig. 2, ? ; Plate 
 
 XI, Fig. 13, $ . (The Imperial Moth.) 
 
 Syn. imperaioria Abbot & Smith; punctatissima Neumregen. 
 
 The larva feeds upon a vast number of trees and shrubs, and 
 may almost be described as omnivorous. The larvae are eithei 
 brown or green, the color having nothing whatever to do with 
 the character of the perfect insects, which emerge from the 
 pupae. Such cases of dichromatism among larvae are not at all 
 uncommon. 
 
 97
 
 Syntomidae 
 
 FAMILY SYNTOMID/E 
 
 " Whoever looks at the insect world, at flies, aphides, gnats, and innumerable 
 parasites, and even at the infant mammals, must have remarked the extreme 
 content they take in suction, which constitutes the main business of their life. If 
 we go into a library or news-room, we see the same function on a higher plane, 
 performed with like ardor, with equal impatience of interruption, indicating the 
 sweetness of the act." EMERSON. 
 
 This family, which quite recently has been monographed by 
 Sir George F. Hampson, consists of moths which are small, or 
 at most of medium size. They are diurnal in their habits, and 
 frequent flowers. At first glance, they often are mistaken 
 for wasps and other hymenoptera, which they mimic. The 
 following characterization of the family is quoted from the 
 learned author, to whom reference has just been made: 
 
 " Proboscis usually well developed, but sometimes aborted; 
 palpi short and porrect, long and downcurved, or upturned; 
 frons rounded; antennae simple, ciliated, or bipectinate, usually 
 with short branches dilated at extremity in both sexes; tibiae 
 with the spurs short. Fore wing usually with the terminal area 
 broad; vein \a forming a fork with \b, \c absent; 5 from below 
 middle of discocellulars ; 7 stalked with 8, 9. Hind wing small; 
 vein i a often absent; \c absent; 8 absent, rarely rudimentary 
 and not reaching costa; frenulum present; retinaculum bar- 
 shaped." Hampson, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalcznce, 
 Vol. 1, p. 20. 
 
 Eleven genera comprised within this family are recognized by 
 recent writers as holding place in the fauna of the United States 
 and Canada. Most of these are southern, and represent a 
 northern movement of the great complex of genera and species 
 referable to the family, which inhabits the hot lands of equa- 
 torial America. 
 
 Genus COSMOSOMA Hubner 
 
 This is a large genus, including at least eighty species, which 
 are found in Central and South America. Only one species is, 
 at present, known to occur within our faunal limits. 
 
 (i) Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, Plate XIII, Fig. I, $. 
 (The Scarlet-bodied Wasp-moth.) 
 
 Syn. omphale Hubner; melitta Moschler. 
 9 8
 
 Syntomidac 
 
 This beautiful little insect occurs throughout the tropics of 
 the New World, and is not rare in southern Florida. The larval 
 stages have been described by Dyar (see "Psyche," Vol. VII. 
 p. 414). The caterpillar feeds upon Mikania scandens.. 
 
 Genus SYNTOMEIDA Harris 
 
 The type of this genus is Syntomeida tpomece. Six species 
 have thus far been assigned to it, two of these occuring in the 
 extreme southern portions of our territory. 
 
 1 i ) Syntomeida ipomeae Harris, Plate XIII, Fig. 3 9 . 
 (The Yellow-banded Wasp-moth.) 
 
 Syn. ferox Walker; euterpe Herrich-Schseffer. 
 
 This species is confined to the southern States along the 
 borders of the Gulf of Mexico. The caterpillar, which according 
 to report feeds upon the Convolvulacece, remains to be fully 
 described. 
 
 (2) Syntomeida epilais Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 2, $. 
 (The Polka-dot Wasp-moth. ) 
 
 The larva has been described by Dyar (see Journal New 
 York Entomological Society, Vol. IV, p. 72, and " Insect Life," 
 Vol. II, p. 360). The caterpillar feeds upon Nerium odorum. 
 
 Genus PSEUDOMYA Hubner 
 
 This is a small neotropical genus, including, so far as is 
 known, but eight species, one of which occurs in the extreme 
 southern part of Florida. 
 
 (i) Pseudomya minima Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Lesser Wasp-moth.) 
 
 The caterpillar, which has been described by Dr. H. G. 
 Dyar in " Psyche," Vol. VIII, p. 42, feeds upon Myginda 
 ilicifolia. 
 
 Genus DIDASYS Grote 
 
 Only one species has hitherto been referred to this genus. 
 It is found in Florida. 
 
 (i) Didasys belae Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 7, $, Fig. 8 ?. 
 (The Double-tufted Wasp-moth.) 
 
 As shown in our plate, the male has the end of the 
 abdomen ornamented by two tufts, while the female is devoid 
 
 99
 
 Syntomidae 
 
 of these appendages. The insect is found on the Indian River 
 in Florida, and southward. 
 
 Genus HORAMA Hubner 
 
 Ten species compose this genus, of which only one is found 
 within the limits of the United States. 
 
 (i) Horama texana Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 9, $. (The 
 Texan Wasp-moth.) 
 
 No difficulty should be experienced in identifying this moth 
 by the help of the figure which is given. 
 
 Genus EUCEREON Hubner 
 
 Sixty-two species, all inhabiting the hot lands of North and 
 South America, are assigned by Hampson to this genus. The 
 only one thus far known to occur within the limits of the 
 United States is figured on our plate. 
 
 (i) Eucereon confine Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIII, Fig. 10, 
 $ . (The Floridan Eucereon.) 
 
 Syn. Carolina Henry Edwards. 
 
 This interesting little moth, which was described by Henry 
 Edwards under the name Nelphe Carolina, had been figured by 
 Herrich-Schaeffer under the specific name above cited thirty-two 
 years before. It is rare in Florida, but is common in the 
 Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. 
 
 Genus LYMIRE Walker 
 
 This is a small genus comprehending only five species. Its 
 only representant within our borders was originally assigned by 
 Grote to the genus Scepsis, which it superficially resembles. 
 
 (i) Lymire edwardsi Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. II, $. 
 (Edwards' Wasp-moth.) ., 
 
 The larval stages, thanks to the labors of Dr. H. G. Dyar, are 
 known. The caterpillar feeds upon Ficus pedunculata. The 
 insect, when pupating, spins a small cocoon of hair and silk. 
 For fuller knowledge upon the subject the reader is referred to 
 "Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 361. 
 
 Genus SCEPSIS Walker 
 
 Three species of this genus, which does not range far into the 
 Mexican territory, are recognized. Two of these we figure; 
 
 100
 
 Syntomidae 
 
 the third, Scepsis packardi Grote, =matthewi Grote, is a trifle 
 larger in size, than the other two, much paler in color, and 
 inhabits Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. 
 
 (1) Scepsis fulvicollis Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 12, $. 
 (The Yellow-collared Scape-moth.) 
 
 Syn. semidiaphana Harris. 
 
 This common insect, the larva of which feeds upon grasses, 
 has a wide range from Canada to the Gulf States, and westward 
 to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Chihuahua in 
 Mexico. The moths frequent the blossoms of the golden-rod 
 (Solidago) in the late summer. 
 
 (2) Scepsis wrighti Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 13, $ . (The 
 White-collared Scape-moth.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is southern California. The speci- 
 men figured was sent me by Mr. Wright, labeled " Type," and 
 may be accepted as typical of the species. 
 
 Genus LYCOMORPHA Harris 
 
 A small genus of moths, diurnal in their habits, having a 
 preference for the flowers of the Compositor, upon which they 
 may frequently be found in their habitats. 
 
 ( i ) Lycomorpha grotei Packard, Plate XIII, Fig. 14, ? . 
 (Crete's Lycomorpha.) 
 
 Syn. palmeri Packard. 
 
 This pretty little insect occurs in Colorado and thence south- 
 ward to Texas. So far as recalled by the writer its larval stages 
 have not as yet received attention from any of our American 
 students of the lepidoptera. 
 
 (2) Lycomorpha pholus Drury, Plate XIII, Fig. 15, 6. 
 
 This common insect, but not the less beautiful because it is 
 common, is widely distributed throughout the United States. 
 The larva is said to feed upon lichens. 
 
 Genus CTENUCHA Kirby 
 
 This genus, which includes about twenty species, is quite 
 well represented in our fauna. Figures of all the species occur- 
 ring within our territory are given in the plates. 
 
 (i) Ctenucha venosa Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 20, $ . (The 
 Veined Ctenucha.)
 
 Syntomidse 
 
 From Ctenucha cressonana, its nearest ally, this species may 
 be distinguished by its smaller size, the reddish tint of the stripes 
 upon the fore wings and the edges of the shoulder lappets, and 
 the fact that the fringe opposite the end of the cell on both wings 
 is marked by fuscous, and not uniformly white throughout 
 as in C. cressonana. The species ranges from Colorado to 
 Mexico. 
 
 (2) Ctenucha cressonana Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 21, $. 
 (Cresson's Ctenucha.) 
 
 This species, which is one of the largest in the genus, may 
 easily be recognized by the figure we give and the remarks 
 made in connection with what has been said in regard to the 
 preceding species. 
 
 (3) Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Brown-winged Ctenucha.) 
 
 Easily recognized by the pale brown color of the primaries, 
 upon which the veins stand forth in a darker shade of brown: 
 
 (4) Ctenucha multifaria Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 19, $. 
 (The Californian Ctenucha.) 
 
 This species, which is closely allied to the next, may be dis- 
 criminated by the fact that the fore wings are lighter in color, 
 the collar is black, not orange spotted with black, as in C. 
 rubroscapus, and the costal margin of the primaries is nar- 
 rowly edged with white. 
 
 (5) Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, Plate XIII, Fig. 
 22, $ . (Walsingham's Ctenucha.) 
 
 Syn. walsinghami Henry Edwards. 
 
 This species, which may be distinguished by the aid of what 
 has been said under the preceding species, as well as by our 
 figure, may have the edges of the shoulder lappets either red, as 
 in our figure, or orange yellow. It is found in the Pacific States. 
 
 (6) Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, Plate XIII, Fig. 18, $ . 
 (The Virginian Ctenucha.) 
 
 Syn. latreillana Kirby. 
 
 This moth, which is not at all uncommon in the northern 
 portions of the Appalachian faunal region, may be found in the 
 tetitude of New York City and Pittsburgh frequenting the blos- 
 scms of blackberries at the end of May and in June. The larva 
 feeds, as do the larvae of the other species, upon grasses. 
 
 102
 
 Lithosiiclae 
 
 Genus DAHANA Grote 
 
 Only one species, the type of the genus, is known. 
 
 (i) Dahana atripennis Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 23, $ . (The 
 Black-winged Dahana.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is southern Florida. The insect 
 does not appear to be common in collections. 
 
 FAMILY LITHOSIID/E 
 
 "You would be another Penelope: yet, they say, all the yarn she spun 
 in Ulysses's absence did but fill Ithaca full of moths." 
 
 SHAKESPEARE, Coriolanus, I, 3. 
 
 The moths belonging to this family have the larvae of the 
 usual form displayed by the Arctiidae, with all of the prolegs 
 present. They feed principally upon lichens. They pupate in 
 cocoons spun up of silk, in which the hairs of the larva are 
 mingled. 
 
 The perfect insects, or imagoes, are of medium size or small. 
 As a family, they present many variations in structure, both as 
 to the venation of the wings and secondary sexual characteris- 
 tics. The following general characterization of the group is 
 taken from Hampson, "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," 
 Vol. II, p. 80: 
 
 " Proboscis usually well developed, but often aborted; palpi 
 usually short and porrect, sometimes reaching well beyond the 
 frons, often upturned, rarely reaching above the vertex of the 
 head; antennae of male usually with bristles and cilia, often bipec- 
 tinate, sometimes dilated or with tuft of scales on upper side of 
 shaft; ocelli absent; tibiae with the spurs usually moderate, some- 
 times long or absent. Fore wing typically long and narrow, but 
 in a large section, short and broad, the narrow winged genera 
 having vein 5, and often vein 4, absent. Hind wing with 
 vein 8 coincident with the cell from base to one-third or to 
 near end of cell." 
 
 About a dozen genera have thus far been recognized as 
 represented in the fauna of the region of which this book 
 treats. 
 
 103
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 Genus CRAMBIDIA Packard 
 
 This small genus, consisting of moths displaying delicate 
 shades of slaty-gray, pale yellow, or pearly white upon their 
 wings, is represented in our fauna by six species, three of 
 
 which we figure, one of them 
 being hitherto undescribed. 
 The genus falls into two sec- 
 tions, in the first being included 
 those species in which there is 
 no areole in the fore wing, and 
 
 FIG. 
 
 , $ -f 
 
 the areole developed. The first 
 
 section is represented by Crambidia pallida, and contains, in 
 addition, the species named lithosioides and uniformis by Dyar ; 
 ihe second section is represented by Crambidia casta, and con- 
 tains, in addition, the species named cephalica by Grote & 
 Robinson, and the species herein described and named allegheni- 
 ensis. The structure of the insects is sufficiently well set forth 
 in the two cuts we give, which have been kindly furnished by 
 Sir George F. Hampson, with the permission of the Trustees of 
 the British Museum. 
 
 (1) Crambidia pallida Packard. (The Pale Lichen-moth.) 
 The moth is uniformly brownish-grey, with the hind wings 
 
 a trifle paler than the fore wings. The wings on the under 
 side are lighter than on the upper side. The species occurs 
 in the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Crambidia casta Sanborn, Plate XIII, Fig. 30, $ . (The 
 Pearly-winged Lichen-moth.) 
 
 On the under side the fore 
 wings and the costal area of 
 the hind wings are fuscous, 
 and in some specimens the 
 upper side of the wings is 
 also slightly touched with pale 
 fuscous. The insect appears 
 
 to be not uncommon in Colorado and ranges thence south 
 and north toward the Pacific coast. 
 
 (3) Crambidia allegheniensis, sp. nov., Plate XIII, Fig. 31, $ . 
 (The Alleghenian Lichen-moth.) 
 
 FIG. 48. -Crambidia casta, $ . 
 
 104
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 The head and anterior portions of the thorax are pale yellow. 
 The patagia are of the same color. The thorax and the abdomen 
 on the upper side are pale slaty-gray. The legs and the tip of 
 the abdomen on the under side are ochreous, the middle of the 
 abdomen on the under side being dark slaty-gray. The fore wing 
 on the upper side is slaty-gray, with the costa evenly edged with 
 pale yellow. The hind wings are translucent white. On the 
 under side the wings are marked as on the upper side, but paler. 
 The insect is slightly smaller than casta. It occurs in western 
 Pennsylvania. The type, which is in the collection of the author, 
 was taken by him in East Pittsburgh. 
 
 Genus PALPIDIA Dyar 
 
 The genus is represented by only one species, so far as is now 
 known. 
 
 (i) Palpidia pallidior Dyar. ( Dyar's Palpidia. ) 
 This insect, a drawing of the type 
 of which is given in the annexed cut, 
 has the fore wings pale ochreous, with the 
 interspaces between the veins strongly 
 irrorated with dark scales. The hind FIG. 49 . Pa//>tfa 
 wings are whitish. It is as yet a rare pallidior , ? . f 
 
 insect in collections, and has only 
 been recorded from Cocoanut Grove, in Dade County, Florida. 
 
 Genus LEXIS Wallengren 
 
 The genus Lexis is of moderate size, all of the species 
 referred to it, with the single exception of the one figured 
 on our plate, being inhabitants of the Old World. The 
 metropolis of the genus appears to be southern Asia and 
 the adjacent islands. One species is recorded from Australia, 
 and the species, which is the type of the genus, is found in 
 East Africa. 
 
 (i) Lexis bicolor Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 29, $. (The 
 Yellow-edged Lexis). 
 
 Syn. argillacea Packard. 
 
 The moth is pale slaty-grey, with the head, patagia, and 
 anal tuft yellow. The fore wings are bordered on the costa 
 
 105
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 with pale yellow, the band of this color running out to nothing 
 before it quite reaches the apex. The specimen figured on 
 the plate came from Colorado. It is also said to occur in 
 Canada and the northern portions of the United States. 
 
 Genus HYPOPREPIA Hubner 
 
 A small genus of North American moths, all the species of 
 which occur within the territory covered by this book. The 
 insects closely resemble each other, and the student who has 
 learned to recognize one of them cannot fail to refer the others 
 correctly to their genus. It is not, however, so easy to discrimi- 
 nate the species. The following little key, which is taken from 
 Hampson's Catalogue, Vol. II, page 515, may help the student 
 in making correct specific references : 
 
 1 . Ground-color of the fore wing wholly scarlet miniaia 
 
 2. Ground-color of the fore wing yellow and crimson fucosa 
 
 3. Ground-color of the fore and hind wings yellow cadaverosa 
 
 4. Ground-color of the fore wing fuscous brown, of the hind 
 
 wing whitish inculta 
 
 (1) Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, Plate XIII, Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Scarlet-winged Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. viitata Harris; subornata Neumoegen & Dyar. 
 
 This rather common insect ranges from Canada to the 
 Carolinas and westward in the region of the Great Lakes to 
 Minnesota. It comes freely, as do all the species of the genus, to 
 light, and I have found it very abundant at times about the 
 lamps in the village of Saratoga, New York. I have taken it at 
 Asheville, North Carolina, and at the White Sulphur Springs in 
 West Virginia, but have never received specimens from low 
 altitudes on the Virginian and Carolinian coasts. 
 
 (2) Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 42, $ . 
 
 (The Painted Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn . tricolor Fitch ; plumbea Henry 
 Edwards. 
 
 This species, which may be 
 easily distinguished from the 
 
 ^ i preceding by the fact that the 
 FIG. 50. Hypoprepia fucosa, T- f. v. 
 
 (After Hampson.) tip of the abdomen is not 
 
 marked by a dark fuscous 
 
 spot, and by the narrower marginal band of the secondaries, 
 
 106
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 as well as by the difference in the color of the wings, is a com- 
 mon species in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into 
 the basin of the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus H^EMATOMIS Hampson 
 
 This little genus includes, so far as is now known, but two 
 species, both of which are Mexican, but one of which ranges 
 into southern Arizona. The species are separated as follows by 
 Hampson : 
 
 Fore wing with yellowish streaks, on costa, through cell, and 
 
 . . . .mextcana 
 . . , .uniformis 
 
 Fig. 34, $ 
 
 FIG. 51. H&matomismexicana, $ 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 on inner margin 
 
 2. Fore wing with pale streak on the costa only 
 
 (i) Haematomis mexicana Druce, Plate XIII 
 (The Mexican Lichen- 
 moth.) 
 
 With the help of the illus- 
 trations we have given the 
 student should have no great 
 difficulty in identifying this 
 little moth. 
 
 Genus COMACLA Walker 
 
 This genus is represented in our fauna by two species. One 
 other occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and another in 
 tropical Africa. The two American species are very much 
 alike in appearance, and it is difficult to distinguish worn 
 or rubbed specimens. The following key will be of some 
 assistance: 
 i. Wings pale mouse gray, translucent; collar and abdomen 
 
 ochreous; apex of fore wings rounded simplex Walker 
 
 2. Wings and body uniformly 
 pale mouse gray, wings trans- 
 lucent only about the mid- 
 dle, sprinkled with blackish 
 scales and marked by an 
 obscure discal dot, apex of 
 fore wings less rounded and 
 ' more nearly square than in 
 
 FIG. 52. Comacla simplex, $ 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 preceding species.} uscipes Grote 
 
 (i) Comacla simplex Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The 
 Mouse-colored Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. murina Walker; clarus Grote & Robinson; texana French. 
 
 107
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 The species is common in Texas. C. fuscipes occurs in 
 Arizona. 
 
 Genus BRUCEIA Neumcegen 
 
 One species is reckoned in this genus, the structural char- 
 acters of which are well shown in the cut we give. 
 
 (i) Bruceia pulverina 
 Neumoegen, Plate XIII, Fig. 
 33, $ . (The Powdered 
 Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. hubbardi Dyar. 
 
 The insect named hub- 
 
 FIG. 53. Bruceia pulverina, S . 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 bardi by Dyar seems to be 
 only a smaller form of B. 
 pulverina. 
 
 Genus CLEMENSIA Packard 
 
 To this genus Sir George F. Hampson refers a dozen species. 
 All of these are inhabitants of the hot lands of America, except 
 the species we figure. Cisthene lactea Stretch is by Hampson 
 referred to the genus ttlice. Dr. Dyar places it in the genus 
 Clemensia. The species is unknown to the writer, and does 
 not exist in any collection which he has examined, so that we 
 shall not attempt to discuss the vexed question of its proper 
 location. 
 
 (i) Clemensia albata Pack- 
 ard, Plate XIII, Fig. 38, <$. (The 
 Little White Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. albida Walker ; cana Walker ; 
 umbrata Packard ; irrorata Henry 
 Edwards ; patella Druce ; philodina 
 Druce. 
 
 The insect ranges from New 
 England to Mexico and westward to the Pacific coast. 
 
 Genus ILLICE Walker 
 
 This is a moderately large genus comprising nearly thirty 
 species, the most of which are found in tropical America. 
 It has been subdivided into three sections, or subgenera, by 
 Hampson. In the second section, equivalent to O^onadia, a 
 genus erected by Dyar, are placed those species, in which 
 
 108 
 
 FIG. 54. Clemensia albata, $ . 
 (After Hampson.)
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Cosmosoma auge Linnseus, c? 1 . 
 
 2. Syntomeida epilais Walker, tf. 
 
 3. Syntomeida ipomece Harris, 9 23 
 
 4. Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, 24 
 
 cJ 1 - 2 5 
 
 5. Triprocris latercula Henry Ed- 36 
 
 wards, d> , U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Pseudomya minima Grote, c? , 27 
 
 U. S. N. M. 28 
 
 7. Didasysbelce Grote, cMJ.S.N.M. 29 
 
 8. Didasys belce Grote, 9 . 30 
 
 9. Horama texa na Grote, (?. 31 
 
 10. Eucereon confine Herrich- 
 
 Schaeffer, 9 , U. S. N. M. 32 
 
 11. Lymire edwardsi Grote, 9- 33 
 
 12. Scepsis fulvicollis Hiibner, 9- 
 
 13. Scepsis wrighti Stretch, c?, 34 
 
 type. 35 
 
 14. Lycomorpha grotei Packard , 9- 36 
 
 15. Lycomorpha pholus Drury, tf. 
 
 1 6. Triprocris constans Henry Ed- 37 
 
 wards, c?- 38 
 
 17. Lycomorpha fulgens Henry Ed- 
 
 wards, 9 . 39 
 
 1 8. Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, 40 
 
 9- 
 
 19. Ctenucha multif aria Walker, 9 , 41 
 
 U. S. N. M. 42 
 
 20. Ctenucha venosa Walker, tf. 43 
 
 21. Ctenucha cressonana Grote, J 1 . 44 
 
 45. Kodiosoma fulva 
 
 . Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, 
 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 . Dahana atripennis, Grote, c?. 
 
 . Nola ovilla, Grote (J 1 . 
 
 . Celama triquetrana Fitch, (J 1 . 
 
 . Celama pustulata Walker, <5\ 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 . Rceselia fuscula Grote, 9 
 
 . Ptychoglene phrada Druce, tf . 
 
 . Lexis bicolor Grote, tf. 
 
 . Crambidia casta Sanborn, tf. 
 
 . Crambidia allegheniensis Hol- 
 land, c?. 
 
 . Nigetia formosalis Walker, J 1 . 
 
 . Bruceia pulverina Neumoegen, 
 tf. 
 
 . Comacla simplex Walker, cJ 1 . 
 
 . Illice subjecta Walker, cT . 
 
 . Illice unifascia Grote & Robin- 
 son, (J 1 . 
 
 . Illice nexa Boisduval, (J 1 . 
 
 . Clemensia albata Packard , c^ 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 . H&matomis mexicana Druce, c? . 
 
 . Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, 9 , 
 Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 
 
 . Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 9 
 
 . Hypoprepia fucosa Hiibner, $. 
 
 . Kodiosoma eavesi Stretch, tf . 
 
 . Kodiosoma tricolor Stretch, c?. 
 
 Stretch, <?.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 the nind wing is slightly produced at the anal angle. Here 
 come two of the species found in our fauna, /. schwar^iorum 
 and /. unifascia. In the third section, typical Illice, fall the 
 species in which the anal angle is not produced. Here are 
 placed five species. The student may find the following key 
 helpful in determining his specimens: 
 
 A. Hind wing slightly produced at the anal angle. 
 
 Lappets and markings of fore wing yellow, hind wings 
 crimson, fuscous at apex. 
 
 1 . Fore wing with the band across the wing crimson on the 
 
 inner margin ........................ schwarziorum Dyar 
 
 2 . Fore wing with the band across the wing not crimson on 
 
 the inner margin ........................ unifascia Grote 
 
 B. Hind wing not produced at the anal angle. 
 Abdomen crimson ; fore wing slaty-gray in ground color. 
 
 1. Fore wing with crimson patch on the costa ....... subjecta Walker 
 
 2. Fore wing without crimson patch on costa, and with a pink 
 
 streak on the inner margin at the base . . . .striata Ottolengui 
 
 3. Fore wing with whitish patch about the middle of the inner 
 
 margin ................................ plumbea Stretch 
 
 Abdomen orange or yellowish. 
 
 1. Hind wing pale yellow, with apex blackish ........ nexa Boisduval 
 
 2. Hind wing smoky-gray .................... faustinula Boisduval 
 
 (i) Illice unifascia Grote 
 & Robinson, Plate XIII : Fig. 
 36, ? . (The Banded Lichen- 
 moth.) 
 
 Syn. lenuifascia Harvey. 
 
 The insect ranges from 
 the Ohio Valley southward to 
 
 FlG . 55 .niice unifascia, $ . 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 Texas, and from Virginia to Florida. The transverse band 
 
 is often interrupted in the 
 middle of the wing, and there 
 is variation in the color of 
 the hind wings, which, while 
 usually red or crimson, may 
 FIG. 56. Illice subjecta, $ . f al so be orange, or even 
 
 (After Hampson.) yellow. 
 
 (2) Illice subjecta Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 35, $ . (The 
 Subject Lichen-moth.) 
 Syn. packardi Grote. 
 
 109
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 The distribution of this species is much the same as that 
 of the preceding. Its range is slightly more northern than 
 that of /. unifascia. 
 
 0) lllice nexa Boisduval, Plate XIII, Fig. 37, $. (The 
 Yellow-blotched Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. grisea Packard; deserta Felder. 
 
 This species is found upon the Pacific coast, and is not 
 uncommon in southern California. 
 
 Genus PTYCHOGLENE Felder 
 
 A small genus confined to the southwestern portions of 
 our territory. The four species occurring within our fauna 
 may be briefly characterized as follows: 
 
 1 . Head, thorax, base of abdomen, basal two-thirds of prima- 
 
 ries and basal half of secondaries bright carmine ; black 
 marginal borders of both wings strongly dentate 
 inwardly coccinea Henry Edwards 
 
 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wings crimson, 
 
 narrowly edged with black on inner margin, and with 
 a black marginal band covering the wing for about one- 
 fifth of its length, dentate inwardly opposite end of 
 cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, more or less broadly 
 laved with crimson on costal margin phrada Druce 
 
 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wing crimson, with 
 
 the costal margin narrowly edged with black; terminal 
 black band of the same width as in the preceding 
 species, but not dentate inwardly. Hind wing pale 
 yellowish crimson, with the outer marginal band 
 1 strongly toothed inwardly on vein 2 sanguineola Boisduval 
 
 4. Head, thorax, and abdomen, deep black; patagia crimson; 
 
 fore wings deep crimson, very narrowly edged on 
 external margin with black, extending on costal margin 
 a short distance from the apex toward the base. Hind 
 wings deep bluoblack, very narrowly edged on the 
 costa with crimson, the crimson fascia not quite reach- 
 ing the apex tenuimargo sp. nov. 
 
 (1) Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 28, $. 
 (Druce's Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. flammans Dyar. 
 
 (2) Ptychoglene tenuimargo sp. nov., Plate XIII., Fig. 
 17, ?. (The Narrow-banded Lichen-moth.) 
 
 no
 
 Lithosiidae 
 
 The type of this species, which I have received in recent 
 years from Arizona and in great abundance from the State of 
 Chihuahua in Mexico, is figured upon our plate. 
 
 Genus PYGOCTENUCHA Grote 
 
 A small genus containing three species, two of which are 
 found within the limits of the United States. They may be 
 discriminated as follows: 
 
 1. Uniformly black, collar-lappets and tip of abdomen ochre- 
 
 yellow ; size small funerea Grote 
 
 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black shot with brilliant blue; 
 
 fore coxae, tegulae, patagia, and anal tuft scarlet, the 
 latter white in the female ; fore wings black shot with 
 green; hind wings black shot with blue. Fully one- 
 third larger than preceding species terminates Walker 
 
 (1) Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, Plate XIII., Fig. 40, $. 
 (The Funereal Lichen-moth.) 
 
 The specimen figured on our plate was kindly loaned for 
 the purpose by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 
 The insect occurs in New Mexico. 
 
 (2) Pygoctenucha terminalis Walker. (The Blue-green 
 Lichen-moth.) 
 
 Syn. harrisi Boisduval; pyrrhoura Hulst; votiva Henry Edwards. 
 
 This insect, referred by Hampson to his genus Protosia, 
 must be placed here, Pygoctenucha having priority over 
 Protosia, which falls as a synonym. 
 
 Genus LERINA Walker 
 
 Only one species belongs to this genus. It was originally 
 named by Walker, and made the type of the genus. Subse- 
 quently it was redescribed by Boisduval as Ctenucha robinsoni, 
 under which name it has 
 passed current in American 
 collections until recently. 
 
 (i) Lerina incarnata 
 Walker. (The Crimson- 
 bodied Lichen-moth.) FIG. 57. Lerina incarnata, $ . f 
 
 Syn. robinsoni Boisduval. (After Hampson.) 
 
 The head, tegulae, and patagia, with the terminal half of 
 the abdomen are deep crimson. The rest of the body and 
 
 III
 
 14 Splitters " and " Lumpers " 
 
 its appendages are black. The wings are bronzy-green. The 
 insect inhabits Mexico and southern Arizona. 
 
 "SPLITTERS" AND "LUMPERS" 
 
 Every true naturalist is called upon to exercise the faculty of 
 discrimination and the faculty of generalization. His work 
 trains him to detect dissimilarities on the one hand and like- 
 nesses on the other. His judgments as to likeness are expressed 
 in the genera, the famiies, the orders, which he proposes. His 
 judgment as to dissimilarities is most frequently expressed in his 
 views as to species. When the two faculties of discrimination 
 and generalization are well balanced and accompanied by the 
 habit of patient observation, ideal conditions are reached, and 
 the work of the naturalist in classification may be expected to 
 stand the test of time. But where, as is often the case, one of 
 these faculties is exalted at the expense of the other, there 
 are certain to result perversions, which will inevitably cause 
 trouble to other students. When a man cultivates the habit of 
 discrimination to excess, he is apt to become, so far as his labors 
 as a systematist are concerned, "a splitter." A "splitter" 
 magnifies the importance of trivial details; he regards minute 
 differences with interest; he searches with more than micro- 
 scopic zeal after the little things and leaves out of sight the lines 
 of general resemblance. Huber, the celebrated naturalist, said 
 that by patient observation he had come to be able to recognize 
 the different ants in a hill, and, as one by one they emerged from 
 their subterranean galleries, he knew them, as a man living upon 
 a certain thoroughfare in a great city comes at last to know by 
 sight the men and women who are in the habit of daily passing 
 his windows. No doubt the critical eye can detect as great 
 individual differences in the lower animal world as are to be 
 detected among men. A student comes to apply himself with 
 great zeal to searching out and describing these differences, and 
 when he undertakes to say that because of them one form 
 should be separated specifically from another he becomes "a 
 splitter." 1 recall an entomologist whose chief weapon of 
 research was a big microscope. He would take a minute insect 
 and study it until he was able to number the hairs upon its head. 
 Then he would describe it, giving it a specific name. The next 
 
 112
 
 " Splitters " and " Lumpers 
 
 specimen he would subject to the same critical process, and if 
 the number of hairs was not just the same, or a small wart was 
 detected here or there, or a bristle grew in a place where 
 a bristle did not grow in the specimen previously examined, it 
 too, was described and a specific name was given it. It was as 
 if a man, sitting and looking out on the throng upon Broadway, 
 should resolve to give every individual a specific name and 
 should declare he had seen as many species of men as he had 
 seen men passing his window. The labors of such naturalists 
 may be highly entertaining to themselves, but they are, to say 
 the least, provocative of unpleasant feelings in the minds of 
 others who come after them and are compelled to deal with and 
 review their labors. 
 
 The "lumper," on the other hand, is a man who detects no 
 differences.' "All cocoons look alike to me!" he says. Any two 
 moths which are of approximately the same size and the same 
 color, are, by him, declared to belong to the same species. 
 Questions of structure do not trouble him. General re- 
 semblances are the only things with which he deals. No 
 matter if eggs, larvae, legs, veins, and antennas are different it 
 is "all one thing" to him. His genera are " magazines," into 
 which he stuffs species promiscuously. The "lumper" is the 
 horror of the "splitter," the "splitter" is anathema to the 
 " lumper"; both are the source of genuine grief and much hard- 
 ship to conscientious men, who are the possessors of normally 
 constituted minds and truly scientific habits. Nevertheless, we 
 are certain to have both "splitters" and "lumpers" in the 
 camps of science until time is no more. "This kind goeth 
 not forth" even for "fasting and prayer." 
 
 " Look at this beautiful world, and read the truth 
 
 In her fair page ; see every season brings 
 New change to her of everlasting youth 
 
 Still the green soil, with joyous living things 
 Swarms the wide air is full of joyous wings." 
 
 BRYANT.
 
 FAMILY ARCTIID^ 
 
 "AH diamonded with panes of quaint device, 
 Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes, 
 As are the Tiger Moth's deep damask wings." 
 
 KEATS. 
 
 "There is another sort of these caterpillers, who haue no certaine place 
 of abode, nor yet cannot tell where te find theyr foode, but, like vnto 
 superstitious Pilgrims, doo wander and stray hither and thither (and like 
 Mise), consume and eat vp that which is none of their owne ; and these 
 haue purchased a very apt name amongst vs Englishmen, to be called 
 Palmer-worms, by reason of their wandering and rogish life (for they 
 neuerstayin one place, but are euer wandering) , although by reason of 
 their foughnes and ruggednes some call them Beare-wormes. They can 
 by no means endure to be dyeted, and to feede vpon some certaine herbes 
 and flowers, but boldly and disorderly creepe ouer all, and tast of all 
 plants and trees indifferently, and liue as they list." TOPSELL, History of 
 Serpents, p. 105 (1608). 
 
 This is a large family including many genera and reckon- 
 ing, according to recent lists, over two thousand species. 
 The family is represented in our fauna by thirty-eight genera, 
 and at least one hundred and twenty species. 
 
 The following characterization of the family is adapted from 
 Hampson, with special reference to the genera occurring within 
 our territory: 
 
 Proboscis more or less aborted in the typical genera Arctia, 
 Diacrisia, and allies, fully developed in most neotropical 
 genera, and in Utetheisa and its allies; palpi slight and porrect, 
 or well developed and upturned; ocelli present; eyes rarely 
 hairy; antennae pectinate or ciliate; tibial spurs typically small, 
 but often well developed, the hind tibiae with the medial spurs 
 absent in a few genera and the fore tibiae in others with curved 
 apical claw, the mid and hind tibiae rarely spined. Wings 
 usually well developed. Fore wing with vein \a separate from 
 \b; *, from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of 
 discocellulars; 6 from or from near upper angle; areole present 
 in many genera. Hind wing with vein \a present; \c absent' 
 
 114
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 4 often absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below 
 angle of discocellulars; 6, 7 sometimes coincident; 8 coin- 
 cident with the cell from or almost from base to near middle, 
 or extremity of the cell and even in some genera beyond the 
 extremity of the cell. In the genus Halisidota vein 8 is obsolete. 
 The larvae have all the prolegs and are generally profusely 
 clothed with hairs. They pupate in cocoons woven of silk 
 mixed with the hairs which are shed during the process of 
 spinning. The caterpillars of some species have received the 
 common appellation of "woolly bears," and the moths are 
 familiarly known as "tiger-moths." 
 
 Genus HOLOMELINA Herrich-Schseffer 
 
 The names Eubaphe and Crocota, proposed by Hubner, 
 and applied recently by some writers to this group of insects, 
 being what are known to students as nomina nuda, cannot 
 stand. 
 
 It may be said in passing that this genus from a classi- 
 ficational standpoint is in a very unsatisfactory condition, so far 
 as some of the species are concerned. The "Splitters" and the 
 "Lumpers" have been hard at work upon it, and inasmuch as 
 the insects show very little purely structural variation, and 
 vary greatly in color and size, there has resulted great con- 
 fusion. Within the limits of the space assigned to us in the 
 present compendium we have not the opportunity to discuss 
 these questions, but suggest to our readers that there is here 
 an opportunity to use both eyes and mind to advantage in 
 solving some of the vexed points. The test of breeding should 
 be rigorously applied, and the larval stages of the insects 
 should be critically observed. 
 
 (1) Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 
 17, $ . (The Showy Holomelina.) 
 
 This conspicuous and very beautifully colored insect- ranges 
 from Colorado through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. 
 
 (2) Holomelina opella Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 23, $ . (The 
 Tawny Holomelina.) 
 
 Syn. obscura Strecker; rubricosta Ehrman. 
 
 This species is rather common in Pennsylvania and the 
 Atlantic States as far south as Georgia. 
 
 "5
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Form belmaria Ehrman, Plate XIV, Fig. 24, $. 
 (Ehrman's Holomelina.) 
 
 This insect, a paratype of which is figured as above cited, 
 is regarded by Dr. Dyar as a varietal form of H. opella. The 
 author is inclined to question the correctness of this determi- 
 nation, because all specimens of the moth so far seen, and a 
 considerable series has come under observation, appear to be 
 structurally different from H. opella, in so far forth that the 
 fore wings are narrower, longer and more produced at the 
 apex. The mere fact that they are always black in itself could 
 hardly constitute a valid ground for specific discrimination. 
 
 (3) Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, Plate XIV, Fig. 20, 
 $ . (The Plain-winged Holomelina.) 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 (4) Holomelina diminutiva Grasf, Plate XIV, Fig. 22, ? . 
 (The Least Holomelina.) 
 
 Very common in Florida, and apparently quite constant in 
 size and markings. It is sunk as a synonyn of aurantiaca, form 
 rubicundaria, by Dyar, but the writer is not willing to admit 
 that this is correct. 
 
 (5) Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Plate XIV, Figs. 
 19, 21, ? . (The Black-banded Holomelina.) 
 
 Syn. belfragei Stretch. 
 
 This species has also been sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca 
 by recent writers, but with doubtful propriety. It is common 
 in the Gulf States and particularly in Louisiana and Texas. 
 
 (6) Holomelina quinariaGrote, Plate XIV, Fig. 18, $. (The 
 Five-Spotted Holomelina.) 
 
 Syn. choriona Reakirt; bimaculata Saunders. 
 
 Characterized by the creamy white spots upon the fore 
 
 wings. The depth of color of the primaries varies much, from 
 
 dark brown to pale ferruginous, the specimen 'figured being 
 
 representative of the latter form. The spots also vary much 
 in size. 
 
 'And there's never a blade nor a leaf too mean 
 To be some happy creature's place." 
 
 LOWELL. 
 
 116
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp, 
 
 dMJ. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Bertholdia irigona Grote, $ . 
 
 3. Pareuchtetesinsulata Walker, 9 
 
 4 . Pareuchcetes eglenensis .Clemen s , 
 
 9. 
 
 5. Opharus astur Cramer, J 1 . 
 
 6. Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, 
 
 9- 
 
 7. Hemihyalea labecula, Grote, tf . 
 
 8. Halisidoia argentata Packard, 
 
 J. 
 
 g. Halisidota argentata Packard, 
 9- 
 
 10. Halisidota carycE Harris, c?. 
 
 11. Halisidota maculata Harris, J 1 . 
 
 12. Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & 
 
 Smith, tf. 
 
 13. Halisidota cinct ipes Grote, c?. 
 
 14. ^Emilia roseata Walker, 9 
 
 15. ALmilia ambigua Strecker, &. 
 
 16. Halisidota longa Grote, c?. 
 
 17. Holomelina ostenta Henry Ed- 
 
 wards, cJ 1 . 
 
 1 8. Holomelina quinaria Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 19. Holomelina brevicornis Walker, 
 
 9. 
 
 20. Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, 
 
 d- 
 
 21. Holomelina brevicornis W T alker, 
 
 9 , var. 
 
 22. Holomelina diminutiva Grsef , J 1 . 
 
 23. Holomelina opella Grote, J 1 . 
 
 24. Holomelina belmaria Ehrman, 
 
 9 , paratype. 
 2 5 . Leptarctia California Walker, 9 . 
 
 26. Leptarctia dimidiata Stretch,^ . 
 
 27. Leptarctia decia Boisduval, <3\ 
 
 28. Leptarctia lena Boisduval, (J 1 . 
 
 29. Neoarctia beani Neumoegen, 9 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 30. Neoarctia brucei Henry Ed- 
 
 wards, <5*. 
 
 31. Phragmatobia fuliginosa Lin 
 
 naeus, 9 
 
 32. Diacrisia rubra Neumoegen, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 33. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, (J 1 . 
 
 34. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, 9-
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 19'.i3.
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus DODIA Dyar 
 
 Only one species has thus far been assigned to this genus. 
 It was named Dodia albertae by Dr. Dyar in the year 1901. 
 The description both of the genus 
 and the species will be found in the 
 Journal of the New York Entomologi- 
 cal Society, Vol. IX, p. 85. The an- 
 nexed cut (Fig. 58) is taken from 
 the type of the species in the United 
 States National Museum. The in- *" S*-Dodia oB**.. 
 sect has thus far only been found in the Territory of Alberta. 
 
 Genus UTETHEISA Hubner 
 
 A genus of small extent, represented both in the Old 
 World and the New by nine species, two of which occur 
 within our territory. 
 
 (i) Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. 27, ?. (The 
 Beautiful Utetheisa.) 
 
 Syn. hybrida Butler; intermedia Butler; terminalis Neumcegen & Dyar. 
 
 This common moth, which frequents the blossoms of the 
 golden-rod (Solidago) in the late summer and fall, is widely 
 distributed in the States of the Atlantic seaboard, and shows 
 some tendency to local variation. 
 
 (2) Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, Plate XVII, Fig. 8, g . 
 (The Ornamented Utetheisa.) 
 
 Syn. stretchi Butler; pura Butler. 
 
 This species may easily be distinguished from the preceding 
 by the washed-out appearance of the primaries. In the form 
 named pura by Butler the fore wings are white, immaculate, 
 except for the red costal streak. The species is common in the 
 Antilles, and occurs in southern Florida. 
 
 Genus HAPLOA Hubner 
 
 The genus Haploa, which is confined to our territory, has 
 furnished a great deal of amusement to classificationists, who 
 have busied themselves with the spots and markings on the 
 wings of the species, which are very variable. In a long 
 series of specimens of any one of the species it will be found 
 
 117
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 that scarcely two are exactly alike in the amount of black 
 or white displayed upon the fore wings. The reader will 
 do well in this connection to consult the Proceedings of the 
 United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 338-353, where 
 Prof. John B. Smith has written upon the subject, the Canadian 
 Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 181 et seq., where Mr. H. H. Lyman 
 has presented his views, and the Plate given by Mr. F. A. 
 Merrick in the Entomological News for 1903, in which the 
 extreme variability of H. lecontei in a given locality is 
 illustrated. 
 
 (1) Haploa clymene Brown, Plate XVII, Fig. 7, $. (The 
 Clymene Moth.) 
 
 Syn. interruptomarginata De Beauvois; comma Walker. 
 
 This is one of the most constant species of the genus, 
 and may easily be recognized by the figure we have given upon 
 the plate. It ranges from southern New England to Georgia, 
 and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds upon 
 Eupatorium it is said, and the writer believes that the state- 
 ment, which has been called in question, is correct, for, although 
 he has never reared the larvae to maturity himself, he has observed 
 the female moth ovipositing upon this plant in southern Indiana. 
 It is also said to feed upon willows. 
 
 (2) Haploa colona Hiibner, Plate XVII, Fig. 2, 9. (The 
 Colona Moth.) 
 
 Syn. Carolina Harris. 
 
 Form consita Walker, Plate XVII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 
 Syn. lactata Smith. 
 
 This species, which is the largest of the genus, is very 
 variable in the amount of the black shown upon the fore wings. 
 We give two extremes. Other forms are recognized. The 
 insect has its metropolis in the southwestern States, though it 
 occurs also very sparingly in the northern Atlantic States, and 
 more commonly in the southern Atlantic States. It is common 
 in Texas. 
 
 (3) Haploa lecontei Boisduval (Leconte's Haploa). 
 Form dyari Merrick, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, &. 
 
 Form militaris Harris, Plate XVII, Figs. 4, 10, $ ; 
 Fig. i, 9 . 
 
 Form vestalis Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, $ . 
 
 118
 
 FIG. 59. Haploa 
 lecontei, $ . 
 
 ArctJM* 
 
 This is a protean species, of which a half dozen, or more, 
 forms have been recognized, named, and described. We give in 
 our cut (Fig. 59), a figure of the wings of 
 a specimen, which agrees in its markings 
 with the specimen figured by Boisduval, 
 the author of the species, in his Plate given 
 in the Regne Animal. Such specimens 
 come in the form of their maculation very 
 near the next species, which has been 
 differentiated by Lyman under the name 
 confusa. Haploa lecontei ranges from 
 New England to Georgia and westward to the Mississippi. 
 It is a very common insect in western Pennsylvania. The cater- 
 pillar feeds upon Triosteum perfoliatum, and in localities where 
 this plant is abundant the moths may be found in swarms at 
 the end of. May and the beginning of June. 
 
 (4) Haploa confusa Lyman, Plate XVII, Fig. 6, $ . (Lyman's 
 Haploa.) 
 
 This form, or species, is well represented in our plate. It 
 appears to be constant, and is indigenous to the New England 
 States. The specimen figured came from the neighborhood of 
 Claremont, New Hampshire. 
 
 (5) Haploa contigua Walker. (The Neighbor.) 
 
 The cut we give (Fig. 60), shows the maculation of the 
 wings of this species sufficiently well to 
 enable it to be separated at once from its 
 congeners. It occurs in the Atlantic region 
 from New England northward and westward. 
 It is found in the Catskills and the Adiron- 
 dacks, and probably occurs in the mountains 
 of northern Pennsylvania, although I do not 
 recall any reference to its having been taken 
 in that State, nor have I seen it on the 
 Alleghenies, where I have passed several 
 
 FIG. 60. Haploa 
 contigua, $ 
 
 summits of 
 summers. 
 
 the 
 
 Genus EUERYTHRA Harvey 
 
 There are two species of this genus known, Euerythra 
 phasma Harvey, which is represented in the accompanying cut 
 
 119 .
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 (Fig. 61), and Euerythra trimaculata, which is figured on 
 Plate XVI, Fig. 4. The insects occur in Texas and Arizona. 
 They are not common in collections as yet, and so far as the 
 
 PIG. 61. Euerythra phasma, $ . |. (After Hampson.) 
 
 writer recalls, their larval habits have not been described. The 
 student who desires to study the structure of the genus should 
 consult Hampson's Catalogue, or Prof. Smith's Paper pub- 
 lished in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 
 Vol. X, p. 335 et seq. 
 
 Genus ECPANTHERIA Hubner 
 
 This is a large genus, well represented in the tropics of 
 America. Only two species occur within the limits of our 
 fauna, Ecpantheria muzina Oberthur, which is found in 
 Texas as a straggler from the Mexican territory, and Ecpan- 
 theria deflorata Fabricius, which is more commonly known 
 by its synonymical name, scribonia, 
 given to it by Stoll. The larva of 
 this handsome moth is itself a 
 beautiful object. It is deep black, 
 clothed with black hairs, and at 
 the junction of the somites, or 
 segments of the body, it is banded 
 with rings of crimson. The male 
 of the perfect insect is figured on 
 Plate XVI. Fig. 16, and in the 
 accompanying cut we give a figure 
 of the larva. The Eyed Tiger-moth 
 ranges from southern New England, where it is rare, through 
 the southern parts of the United States into Mexico. It is 
 quite common in the Carolinas, and in my boyhood I derived 
 much pleasure from rearing the larvae, which fed very freely 
 upon the plantain (Plantago). 
 
 1 20 
 
 6 
 
 FIG. 62. E. deflorata; a larva; 
 
 b magnified hair of larva. 
 
 (After Riley.)
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus TURUPTIANA Walker 
 
 There are eight species in this genus, but only one of them 
 occurs within the limits of the United States. 
 
 (i) Turuptiana permaculata Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 
 15, $' (The Many-spotted Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. reducta Grote ; caeca Strecker. 
 
 FIG. 63. Turuptiana permacvlaia, $ . |. (After Hampson.) 
 
 This neat moth is found in Colorado and thence southward 
 as far as Arizona and Mexico. 
 
 Genus LEPTARCTIA Stretch 
 
 There is only one species in this genus, but the single 
 species by assuming protean colors has caused a great multi- 
 plication of names: We have figured a few of the varietal 
 forms. 
 
 (i) Leptarctia California; Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 25, <?. 
 
 Form lena Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 28, $ . 
 
 Form decia Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 27, $. 
 
 Form dimidiata Stretch, Plate XIV, Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 The moth is found in southern California, where it is quite 
 /ommon. The student will have little trouble in recognizing 
 the commoner varieties by the help of the figures we have 
 given, but these are only a few of the forms which occur. 
 
 And with childlike credulous affection 
 We behold those tender wings expand, 
 Emblems of our own great resurrection. 
 Emblems of the bright and better land." 
 
 LONGFELLOW.
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus SEIRARCTIA Packard 
 
 (i) Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig 10, larva; 
 Plate XVI; Fig. 23, 9 . (The Echo Moth.) 
 
 Syn. niobe Strecker. 
 
 This beautiful moth, the caterpillar of which feeds upon the 
 
 FIG. 64. Seirarctia echo, $ . \. (After Hampson.) 
 
 sabal palmetto, occurs in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Genus ALEXICLES Grote 
 
 Alexicles Moth.) 
 
 FIG. 65. Alexicles 
 aspersa, $ . 
 
 (i) Alexicles aspersa Grote. (The 
 
 This moth is referred by Hampson 
 to Hyphantria. It may belong there, 
 but I leave it in the genus erected for 
 it by Grote. The abdomen is 
 vermilion-colored, with black dorsal 
 spots. The wings are dark brown, 
 the primaries somewhat lighter than 
 the secondaries and showing obscure 
 darker spots, arranged in transverse bands. 
 
 Genus ESTIGMENE Hubner 
 
 There are reputed to be four species of this genus found 
 within the United States. Albida Stretch 
 is possibly only an extreme white varia- 
 tion of E. acrcea. E. prima Slosson is 
 represented in Fig. 66. It is found in the 
 New England States, northern New York, 
 FIG. 66.Estigmene and Canada. The three species just named 
 prtma, $ . a jj a g ree j n having the abdomen yellowish 
 or orange above, and ornamented dorsally by a series of black 
 
 122
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Apantesis rectilinea French, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Arctia caia, var. wiskotli Staudinger, 9 . 
 
 3 . A pantesis determinata Neumoegen , c? 
 
 4. Apantesis proximo Guerin-Me"ncville, 9 
 
 5. Arcita caia Linnaeus, 9 
 
 6. Apantesis phalerata Harris, 9 . 
 
 7. Apantesis nevadensis Grote & Robinson, cJ 1 . 
 
 8. Apantesis persephone Grote, tf . 
 g. Apantesis virguncula Kirby, (J 1 . 
 
 10. Apantesis persephone Grote, 9 
 
 11. Apantesis virgo Linnaeus, (J 1 . 
 
 12. Apantesis figurata Drury, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 13. Apantesis parthenice Kirby, c?. 
 
 14. Apantesis phyllira Drury, c?. 
 
 15. Apantesis arge Drury, tf . 
 
 1 6. Apantesis virguncula Kirby, <j\ var. 
 
 17. Apantesis michabo Grote, 9- 
 
 1 8. Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, <?. 
 
 19. Platyprepia virginalis "Boisduval, 9- 
 
 20. Apantesis achaia Grote & Robinson, c?. 
 
 21. Apantesis radians Walker, 9- 
 
 22. Apantesis vittata Fabricius, 9- 
 
 23. A pantesis radians Walker, J 1 . 
 
 24. Apantesis achaia Grote & Robinson, $ . 
 
 25. A pa ntesis vittata Fabricius, c?. 
 
 26. Hyphantria cunea Drury. var. pallida Packard, cJ 1 . 
 
 27. Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, 9
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 COPYR.GHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND,
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 spots. E. congrua has the abdomen white on the upper side. 
 The genus is represented in Asia, Africa, and Tasmania, as well 
 as in the temperate regions of North America. 
 
 (i) Estigmene acrsea Drury, Plate, XVI, Fig. n, S, 
 Fig. 12, ?. (The Acraea Moth.) 
 
 Syn. caprotina Drury; menthastrina Martyn; pseuderminea Peck; 
 cali) 'arnica Packard; packardi Schaupp; klagesi Ehrman. 
 
 A western variety with the fore wings slightly shaded with 
 brown has been dubbed dubia by Walker, and rickseckeri by 
 Behr. In Mexico there is a local race in which the males have 
 the hind wings white like the females, and to this race Hampson 
 has applied the name mexicana. This is altogether one of 
 
 FIG. 67. Estigmene acrcpa, $ . |. (After Hampson.) 
 
 the commonest insects in the Middle Atlantic States, and with 
 the illustrations we have given can be easily determined. 
 
 (2) Estigmene congrua Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (The white-bodied Estigmene.) 
 
 Syn. antigonc Strecker; athena Strccker. 
 
 A fairly common species in Pennsylvania and the Atlantic 
 States generally, ranging westward as far as Colorado. 
 
 Genus HYPHANTRIA Harris 
 
 This small genus contains only three or four species, one of 
 which is South African. 
 
 (i) Hyphantria cunea Drury. (The Fall Web- worm 
 Moth.) 
 
 Form punctatissima Abbott & Smith, Plate XVI, 
 Fig. 10, $*. 
 
 *The specimens used on Plate XVI. Figs. 10 and 7, both unfortunately developed 
 grease on their abdomens between the time when they were set up for the photographer, 
 and the time when they were photographed. The abdomen in both cases is normally 
 white, with darker markings 
 
 123
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Form pallida Packard, Plate XV, Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 The larvae are social in their habits, and spin great webs upon 
 the foliage of almost all kinds of deciduous trees in the late 
 summer and fall, and do a great deal of damage to orchards and 
 nurseries. The insects pupate in loose cocoons, in crannies, 
 and even under the loose surface of the soil. The species ranges 
 over the United States from southern New England and New 
 York to Texas and further west. 
 
 (2) Hyphantria textor Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Spotless Fall Web-worm Moth.) 
 
 This species, which is closely allied to the preceding in its 
 habits, may be distinguished by the white antennae, and the un- 
 spotted abdomen. There are specimens of the preceding 
 species, which have the wings as immaculate as in H. textor. 
 The range of the insect is from Canada to the Gulf, and from 
 Nova Scotia to California. 
 
 Genus ARACHNIS Geyer 
 
 A small genus containing eight or nine species found in the 
 southwestern States of the American Union, Mexico, and Central 
 America. 
 
 (1) Arachnis aulaea Geyer, Plate XVI, Fig. i, $ . (The 
 Aulaean Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. incarnata Walker. 
 
 The insect occurs in southern Arizona and ranges thence 
 southwardly as far' as Guatemala. The larval stages have been 
 described by Dyar in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVI, 
 
 P- 307. 
 
 (2) Arachnis picta Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Painted Arachnis.) 
 
 Names have been applied to a number of color varieties of 
 this insect. It ranges from Colorado to southern California and 
 northern Mexico. The larva feeds upon Lupinus. 
 
 (3) Arachnis zuni Neumcegen, Plate XVI, Fig. 3, ? . (The 
 Zuni Tiger-moth.) 
 
 The figure we give will enable the student to recognize this 
 pretty and rather rare species without any difficulty. It ranges 
 from New Mexico to Arizona and southward on the table- 
 lands. 
 
 124
 
 Arctiidce 
 
 Genus ISIA Walker 
 
 Three species belong to this genus, one found in Argentina, 
 the other in Turkestan, and the third in the United States 
 and Canada. 
 
 FIG. 68 Isia isabella, 3 . \. (After Hampson.) 
 
 (i) Isia Isabella Abbot & Smith, Plate XVI, Fig. 13, 9- 
 (The Isabella Tiger-moth.) 
 
 This common insect is found everywhere in the United 
 States. The caterpillar is the familiar "woolly bear," which 
 may be often seen by the roadside rapidly making its way in the 
 fall of the year to a hiding-place in which to hibernate, or, in 
 the spring, to some spot where it may find food. It is reddish- 
 brown in color, black at either end. When disturbed, it curls 
 up and lies motionless, as if feigning death. To "caterpillar," 
 in the slang phrase of the Middle West, is to silently succumb 
 
 FIG. 69. Isia isabella. a. larva; b. pupa. 
 
 and yield to the unavoidable. The larva feeds freely upon a great 
 variety of herbaceous plants. It is fond of the grasses, and 
 particularly likes the leaves of the plantain (Plantago\ There 
 does not appear to be any marked tendency to variation in this 
 species. Both the moth and the larva are common objects, with 
 which eve/y American schoolboy who has lived in the country 
 
 125
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 is familiar; and unhappy is the boy who has not at some time or 
 other in his life made the country his home. " God made the 
 country, man made the town." 
 
 Genus PHRAGMATOBIA Stephens 
 
 A genus of modern extent, represented in Europe, Asia, 
 and North America. The structural characteristics of the wings 
 are displayed in Fig. 71. 
 
 (i) Phragmatobia fuliginosa Linnaeus, Plate XIV, Fig. 
 31, ? . (The Ruby Tiger-moth.) 
 Syn. rubric os a Harris. 
 
 The Ruby Tiger-moth is widely distributed, being found 
 throughout boreal Asia, Europe, and the northern United States 
 
 _j and Canada. A multitude of 
 
 minor subvarietal forms have 
 been distinguished, and to some 
 of them names have been ap- 
 plied, but there is compara- 
 tively little difference between 
 them, and the student who has 
 once learned to recognize the 
 species will find no difficulty 
 in assigning to it any specimens 
 which may come into his pos- 
 session. The insect, so far as 
 our fauna is concerned, is a 
 
 FIG. 70. Phragmatobia fuliginosa. 
 a. larva; b. cocoon; c. imago, $ . 
 From "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 236.) 
 
 northern species, quite common 
 in New England and Canada, 
 
 and ranging southward along the Appalachian Mountains into 
 the Carolinas, where it only occurs at high elevations above 
 sea-level. It is also found ranging southward along the 
 Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar feeds upon a variety of 
 herbaceous plants, and is partial to the shoots of the golden- 
 rod (Solid ago). 
 
 (2) Phragmatobia brucei Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 
 30, $ . (Bruce's Tiger.) 
 
 This species is found in Colorado upon the mountains. 
 
 (3) Phragmatobia beani Neumoegen, Plate XIV, Fig. 29, $ . 
 (Bean's Tiger-moth.) 
 
 126
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 The habitat of this species is the Rocky Mountains of Alberta 
 and Assiniboia. 
 
 (4) Phragmatobia yarrowi Stretch. ( Yarrow's Tiger- 
 moth.) 
 
 Syn. remissa Henry 
 Edwards. 
 
 This pretty little 
 tiger - moth is found 
 from the country south 
 of Hudson Bay to FIG p ^. ^ ~ Hampson.) 
 
 British Columbia, and 
 
 ranges thence southward along the higher mountain ranges as 
 far as northern Arizona. 
 
 Genus M^ENAS Hiibner 
 
 Only one species of this rather extensive genus, which is 
 represented in South America by five species and by a con- 
 siderable number in Africa and the Indo-Maluyan region, occurs 
 in North America. 
 
 (i) Maenas vestalis Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 5,5. (The 
 Vestal Tiger-Moth.) 
 
 This insect, which closely resembles Estigmene congrua, 
 figured on the same plate, may be distinguished from the latter 
 not only by structural peculiarities, but unfailingly by the 
 ordinary observer, by the presence of the two 'black spots on 
 the hind wings, as shown in our illustration. 
 
 Genus DIACRISIA Hiibner 
 
 This large genus, which includes over one hundred and 
 twenty-five species, according to the arrangement given in 
 Hampson's Catalogue, not reckoning the species referred to 
 the genus Isia, which he also places here, is represented in 
 our fauna by four insects, of which we give illustrations. 
 
 (i) Diacrisia virginica Fabricius. Plate XVI. Fig. 7, $. 
 (The Virginian Tiger-moth.) 
 
 The form figured on our plate is the slight variety named 
 fumosa by Strecker. in which the fore wings are a little dusky 
 at their tips as if they had been flying about in the smoke of 
 the furnaces at Reading or Pittsburgh. Ordinarily the species 
 
 127
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 is pure white. The body of the specimen on our plate is 
 greasy, and hence too dark 
 
 (2) Diacrisia latipennis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 6, $ . 
 (The Red-legged Diacrisia.) 
 
 The coxae and femora are pink or reddish. The insect is 
 common in Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic States generally. 
 
 (3) Diacrisia rubra Neumcegen, Plate XIV, Fig. 32, $. 
 (The Ruddy Diacrisia.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is British Columbia, Oregon, 
 and Washington. 
 
 (4) Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, Plate XIV ; Fig. 33, $ , 
 Fig. 34, ?. (The Wandering Diacrisia.) 
 
 Syn. pteridis Henry Edwards; bicolor Walker; rufula Boisduval; 
 punctata Packard; proba Henry Edwards. 
 
 The insect illustrates the phenomenon of sexual dimor- 
 phism, the males and females being unlike in color. The 
 species-makers have had some sport with it, as shown by the 
 synonyms. 
 
 Genus HYPHORAIA Hubner 
 
 This is a sub-arctic genus, circumpolar in its distribution 
 in the Northern Hemisphere. Three species occur in our terri- 
 tory, one of which we figure. 
 
 (i) Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. 20, ?. 
 (The St. Lawrence Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. borealis Moeschler. 
 
 The moth, which is one of the most beautiful in the 
 family, is comparatively rare in collections. It occurs in 
 northern New England, and the valley of the St. Lawrence, 
 westward to Manitoba. It is occasionally found in the Catskills. 
 
 Genus PLATYPREPIA Dyar 
 
 One species is found in our region. It is somewhat variable 
 in the style and number of the spots upon the wings. 
 
 (i) Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, Plate XV, Fig. 18, 
 $ . Fig. 19. ? . (The Ranchman's Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. ochracea Stretch; guttata Boisduval. 
 
 A very beautiful insect, quite common in Colorado. 
 Wyoming, and Montana, and thence ranging westward to 
 northern California and the region of Puget's Sound. 
 
 128
 
 Arctildee 
 
 Genus APANTESIS Walker 
 
 The metropolis of this genus is North America, only two 
 species attributed to it being found in the Old World. There 
 are over twenty valid species found within our limits, and 
 numerous so-called subspecies and varietal forms. A small 
 treatise might be written upon these, but in a volume like 
 this, which is designed to cover in as compact form as pos- 
 sible the most needed information, all that we can do is to 
 help the student to the determination of the more important 
 species. 
 
 (1) Apantesis virgo Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. n, <3 . 
 (The Virgin Tiger-moth). 
 
 Found in the northern Atlantic States and Canada. 
 
 (2) Apantesis parthenice Kirby, Plate XV, Fig. \j, $ . 
 (The Parthenice Moth.) 
 
 Syn saundersi Grote. 
 
 The habitat of this species is the same as that of A. virgo, 
 from which it may always be discriminated by its smaller 
 size, the narrower white lines upon the fore wings and the 
 absence of the dark spot at the origin of vein two on the 
 hind wings, which is characteristic of the former species. 
 
 (3) Apantesis intermedia Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 20, $ , 
 (The Intermediate Tiger-moth.) 
 
 This species which is by some authors regarded as a 
 southern form of A. parthenice, is intermediate in size between 
 A. virgo and A. parthenice. It closely resembles the latter in 
 the maculation of the wings, but the pinkish-white stripes on 
 the primaries are broad as in A. virgo. 
 
 (4) Apantesis oithona Strecker, Plate XVI, Fig. 30, $ . 
 (The Oithona Moth.) 
 
 This insect is undoubtedly genetically the same as A. recti- 
 linea French. The difference is merely in the width of the 
 pale lines on the fore wings, which, being narrower in recti- 
 linea, give these wings a darker appearance. 
 
 Form rectilinea French, Plate XV, Fig. i, ?. (The 
 Straight-lined Tiger-moth.) 
 
 This insect in its varietal forms ranges from the Atlantic 
 States across the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 129
 
 Arctncrse 
 
 (5) Apantesis michabo Grote, Plate XV, Fig. 17, $. 
 (The Michabo Moth.) 
 
 Syn. minea Slosson. 
 
 The illustration we give is sufficient to enable the student 
 to identify this species, which is discriminated from its con- 
 geners most readily by observing the broad flesh-colored band 
 on the costa of the fore wings. In the form minea the flesh- 
 colored lines are deep-red. This is the only difference. 
 
 (6) Apantesis arge Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 15, $. (The 
 Arge Moth.) 
 
 Syn. dione Fabricius; incarnatorubra Goeze; ccelebs Martyn; nerea 
 Boisduval; doris Boisduval. 
 
 Allied to the preceding species, but ascertained by the test 
 of breeding to be distinct. The species is very variable. The 
 hind wings are not often as free from dark markings as the 
 specimen, and frequently are as much spotted and blotched with 
 black as is the figure of A. michabo we give. The species is 
 found almost everywhere within the United States and Canada. 
 
 (7) Apantesis ornata Packard. (The Ornate Tiger-moth.) 
 Form achaia Grote & Robinson, Plate XV, Figs. 20, 24, 
 
 $ . (The Achaia Moth.) 
 
 Syn. edwardsi Stretch. 
 
 A variable insect to which a number of names have been 
 given. The variety in which the hind wings are yellow is 
 A. ochracea Stretch. The species is found on the Pacific 
 coast. The larval stages have been described by Dyar, Psyche, 
 
 Vol. V, p. 380, 556. 
 
 (8) Apantesis anna Grote. 
 (The Anna Moth.) 
 
 Form persephone Grote, 
 Plate XV, Fig. 8, $, Fig. 10, ?. 
 (The Persephone Moth.) 
 
 FIG. 7 a. Apantesis anna, $ . We g ive in Fi g ure 7 2 a cut 
 
 representing a specimen of the 
 
 typical anna, in which the hind wings are wholly black. 
 Persephone is the normal form. The insect is very variable in 
 the amount of black displayed upon the hind wings, and also 
 to some extent in the width and extent of the light lines on the 
 primaries. The species is found in the Atlantic States, and is 
 
 130
 
 Arctiid* 
 
 not at all uncommon in western Pennsylvania. The larva has 
 been described by Dyar. 
 
 (9) Apantesis quenseli Paykull, Plate XVI, Fig. 28, ? . 
 (The Labrador Apantesis.) 
 
 Syn. strigosa Fabricius: gelida Moeschler; liturata M6ne" trie's ; compli- 
 cata Walker; turbans Christoph. 
 
 This little moth is found in Labrador, Greenland, and Arctic 
 America generally. It also occurs in Arctic Europe and Asia and 
 upon the summits of the Swiss Alps. It doubtless will be found 
 upon the American Alps in British Columbia. 
 
 (10) Apantesis virguncula Kirby, Plate XV, Fig. 9,3, 
 Fig. 16, $ . (The Little Virgin Moth.) 
 
 Syn. dahurica Grote (nee Boisduval) ; speciosa Moeschler; otiosa Neu- 
 mcegen & Dyar. 
 
 A variable species. The form described as otiosa has traces 
 of the transverse lines, characteristic of so many other species of 
 the genus, and the fore wings have a more checkered appearance 
 on this account. The insect occurs in the northern United 
 States and Canada. 
 
 (n) Apantesis proxima Guerin-Meneville, Plate XV, Fig. 
 4, ? . (The Mexican Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. docta Walker; mexicana Grote & Robinson; arizonensis Stretch; 
 mormonica Neumoegen. 
 
 Form autholea Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 32, $ . 
 
 From the varietal form autholea figured in the plate proxima 
 may be discriminated by the fact that the latter has the hind 
 wings marked with dark brown or black spots on the margins. 
 The species occurs in southern California, Arizona, Mexico, and 
 Central America. 
 
 (12) Apantesis blakei Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 31, $. 
 (Blake's Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. bolanderi Stretch. 
 
 This species is found in the mountains of California and 
 adjoining States. 
 
 (13) Apantesis nevadensis Grote & Robinson, Plate XVI, 
 Fig. 29, $ . (The Nevada Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. behri Stretch. 
 
 Form incorrupta Henry Edwards, Plate XV, Fig. 7, $ . 
 
 Syn. shastaensis French.
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 As the name indicates, this species is an inhabitant of the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (14) Apantesis williamsi Dodge. (Williams' Tiger-moth.) 
 Form determinata Neumregen, Plate XV., Fig. 3, & . 
 
 Syn. diecki Neumcegen. 
 
 This easily recognized species is found in Colorado and 
 adjacent States among the mountains. 
 
 (15) Apantesis phyllira Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 14, 3. 
 (The Phyllira Moth.) 
 
 Syn. B-atra Goeze: plantaginis Martyn; dodgei Butler; excelsa 
 Neumcegen; favorita Neumoegen; lugubris Hulst. 
 
 This species is found in the Southern States, where it is 
 not uncommon. It is rather variable in the disposition and 
 extent of the dark and light markings. 
 
 (16) Apantesis figurata Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 12, $, 
 (The Figured Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. cer -arnica Htibner; f-pallida Strecker 
 
 This is probably only a form of the preceding species, 
 which occurs with considerable frequency. It is confined to 
 the Southern States. 
 
 (17) Apantesis vittata Fabricius, Plate XV, Fig. 25, 6, 
 Fig. 22, ? . (Banded Tiger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. decor ata Saunders. 
 
 Form radians Walker, Plate XV, Fig. 23, $, Fig. 21 ?. 
 
 Syn. colorata Walker; incomplete! Butler. 
 
 Form phalerata Harris, Plate XV, Fig. 6, ?. 
 
 Syn. rhoda Butler. 
 
 A very common and variable species, which is probably 
 the same as A. nais Drury, which has the abdomen preva- 
 lently ochraceous, and not as strongly marked with black. 
 The species seems to be, so to speak, in a liquid state. In 
 a series of some hundreds of specimens before the writer, 
 many of them bred from larvae, and undoubtedly all referable 
 to the same species, any and all of the forms, which have 
 been named by writers, can be found, yet the bulk of them 
 came from one narrow little ravine in western Pennsylvania. 
 We leave the synonymy as it stands in Dyar's list, so far as 
 the things figured on our plate are concerned, but cannot believe 
 that these insects represent different species, as maintained by 
 some authors.
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus KODIOSOMA Stretch 
 
 This little Californian genus, the structure of which is abun- 
 dantly illustrated by the cut we give, contains but one species, 
 which is represented in a number of varietal forms. 
 
 (i) Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 45, $. 
 
 Form eavesi, Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 43 $ . 
 
 Form tricolor Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 44, $ . 
 
 There are still other forms, 
 one of which is wholly black, 
 and has been named nigra by 
 Stretch. The moth is found in 
 California, and is there not at all 
 uncommon. The life-history 
 has been thus far only imper- 
 fectly ascertained. 
 
 F ' G - 
 
 *' * 
 
 Genus ECTYPIA Clemens 
 
 Two species are referred to this genus. E. thona Strecker, 
 from New Mexico is doubtfully referable to it, but the only 
 specimen known, the type, is in too poor a condition to enable 
 much to be told about it. 
 
 (i) Ectypia bivittata Clemens. (The Two-banded Ec- 
 
 typia.) 
 
 Syn. nigroflava Graef. 
 
 This very beautiful 
 and rare moth occurs 
 in Texas. Its charac- 
 teristics are well dis- 
 played in the figure 
 we give in the accom- 
 
 FIG. 74 Ectypia bivittata, ? 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 panying cut. 
 
 Genus EUVERNA Neumcegen & Dyar 
 
 (i) Euverna clio Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 22, ?. (The 
 Clio Moth.) 
 
 This chastely beautiful moth occurs in the Rocky Mountains 
 of southern California. It is the sole representative of its genus, 
 and is as yet rare in collections.
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus PARASEMIA Hiibner 
 
 This genus is represented in our fauna by certain varietal 
 forms, which agree in part with those found in the Old World, 
 and in part differ from them. There is only one species in the 
 genus, which has a wide circumpolar distribution, and a score 
 or more of names have been given to mere color varieties. We 
 figure two of the commoner variations. The larva feeds on 
 Plantago and Myosotis. 
 
 (i) Parasemia plantaginis Linnaeus. (The Small Tiger- 
 moth.) 
 
 Plate XVI, Fig, 25, $ . The usual form found in Colorado 
 and Wyoming. 
 
 Plate XVI, Fig. 26, $ . Form named geometrica by Grote. 
 
 Genus ARCTIA Schrank 
 
 A circumpolar genus of the Northern Hemisphere, containing 
 four species, which are subject to considerable variation in color 
 and size of spots. 
 
 (1) Arctia caia Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. 5, ?. (The Great 
 Tiger-moth.) 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate was taken in Labrador. 
 Form wiskotti Staudinger, Plate XV, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 Syn. utahensis Henry Edwards; auripennis Butler; transmontana 
 Neumcegen & Dyar. 
 
 The specimen portrayed on the plate was taken in Colorado. 
 
 Genus PAREUCH-ffiTES Grote 
 
 There are three species of this genus, two of which we 
 figure. The species may be discriminated as follows: 
 
 1. Hind wing yellowish insulata 
 
 2. Hind wing white tenera 
 
 3. Hind wing tinged with fuscous eglenensis 
 
 (i) Pareuchaetes insulata Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. }, ?. 
 (The Yellow- winged Pareuchaetes.) 
 
 Syn. cadaverosa Grote; affints Grote; aurata Butler. 
 
 Found in the Gulf States and the Antilles. 
 
 (2) Pareuchaetes eglenensis Clemens, Plate XIV, Fig. 4, 
 ? . (The Gray-winged Pareuchaetes.) 
 
 134
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained 
 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Arachnis aul&a Geyer, 9- 
 
 2. Arachnis picta Packard, $ . 
 
 3. Arachnis zuni Neumcegen, 9 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 4 . Euerythra trimaculata Smith , tf , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 5. Manas vestalis Packard, J 1 . 
 
 6. Diacrisia latipennis Stretch, c?. 
 
 7 . Diacrisia virginica Fabricius , cT . 
 
 8. Estigmene congrua Walker, c? . 
 
 9. Hyphantria cunea Drury, c?. 
 
 10. Hyphantria cunea Drury, tf , 
 
 var. punctatissima, Abbot & 
 Smith. 
 
 11. Estigmene acrcea Drury, tf . 
 
 12. Estigmene acroea Drury, 9- 
 
 13. Isia Isabella Abbot & Smith, 9 . 
 
 14. A coloithus falsarius Clemens, <3* . 
 
 15. Turuptiana permaculata Pack- 
 
 ard, c?. 
 
 1 6. EC panther ia deftorata Fabricius, 
 
 17. Pygarctia elegans Stretch, (?. 
 
 1 8. Pygarctia spraguei Grote, tf ' 
 
 19. Euchcetias oregonensis Stretch, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 20. Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, 9 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 21. EuchoBtias egle Drury, 9- 
 
 22. Euverna clio Packard, 9- 
 
 23. Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith, 
 
 9- 
 
 24. Calidota strigosa. Walker tf . 
 
 2 5 . Parasemia plantaginis Linnaeus, 
 d\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 26. Parasemia plantaginis var. geo- 
 
 metrica, Grote, tf . 
 
 27. Pygarctia abdominalis Grote, 
 
 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 28. Apantesis quenseli Paykull, tf . 
 
 29. Apantesis nevadensis Grote & 
 
 Robinson, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 30. Apantesis oithona Strecker, cJ 1 , 
 
 Engel Collection. 
 
 31. Apantesis blakei Grote, d 1 , U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 32. A pantesis proximo var . autholea . 
 
 Boisduval, (J 1 .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 26 
 
 YRlGHTEC BY W. J, HOLLAND,
 
 Arctii&e 
 
 This species occurs in the Carolinas and southward. 
 Pareuchcetes tenera is found in the Atlantic States and is not 
 uncommon in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus EUCH-ffiTIAS Lyman 
 
 The following key based upon that of Hampson may enable 
 the student to differentiate the species in his collection: 
 
 Abdomen red above. 
 
 Fore wing with costal fascia. 
 
 Fore wing with the costal fascia yellow antica Walker 
 
 Fore wing with the costal fascia white albicosta Walker 
 
 Fore wing without costal fascia. 
 
 Hind wing with crimson patch on inner area perlevis Grote 
 
 Hind wing without crimson patch on inner area. 
 
 Fore wing uniform brownish murina Stretch 
 
 Fore wing white tinged with fuscous bolteri Stretch 
 
 Abdomen orange above. 
 
 Fore wing gray- brown egle Drury 
 
 Fore wing brownish white with the veins white . .oregonensis Stretch 
 Abdomen whitish above pudens Henry Edwards 
 
 (1) Euchaetias murina Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 18, ?. 
 (The Mouse-colored Euchaetias.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is Texas. 
 
 (2) Euchaetias egle Drury, Plate I, Fig. 5, larva; Plate 
 XVI, Fig. 21, ?. (The Milk-weed Moth.) 
 
 FIG. 75. Euchaetias egle, $ . {-. (After Hampson.) 
 
 The figure given above in the text and those given on 
 the plates will suffice for the identification of this common 
 insect, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and 
 beyond. The larva feeds upon Milk-weed (Asclepias). 
 
 (3) Euchaetias oregonensis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 19, 
 $ . (The Oregon Euchaetias.) 
 
 This insect is found throughout the northern portions of 
 the United States and Canada. 
 
 135
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus PYGARCTIA Grote 
 
 A small genus containing four species all found within our 
 territory. The following table taken from Hampson will serve 
 for the identification of the species, taken in connection with the 
 cut and the figures we give: 
 
 A. Fore wing with scarlet fasciae on costa and inner margin spraguei 
 
 B. Fore wing with orange fasciae on costa and inner margin 
 
 a. Abdomen scarlet vivida 
 
 b. Abdomen orange abdominalis 
 
 C. Fore wing without fasciae elegans 
 
 (i) Pygarctia elegans Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 17, $ . (The 
 
 Elegant Pygarctia.) 
 
 The neuration and struc- 
 tural characteristics of the 
 genus are sufficiently well 
 displayed in the accom- 
 panying cut of this species 
 
 scription unnecessary. The 
 insect occurs in southern California, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. 
 
 (2) Pygarctia abdominalis Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 27, ? . 
 (The Orange-bodied Pygarctia.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is Florida. 
 
 (3) Pygarctia spraguei Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 18, $. 
 (Sprague's Pygarctia.) 
 
 The home of this insect is Kansas, Colorado, and adjoining 
 States. 
 
 Genus HYPOCRISIAS Hampson 
 
 A small genus of which a single representant is found within 
 our limits, occurring as a straggler from the Mexican fauna. 
 
 (i) Hypocrisias minima Neumoegen. 
 (The Least Hypocrisias.) 
 
 Syn. armillata Henry Edwards. 
 
 The prevalent tints of the body and fore 
 wings are ochreous and brown. The hind 
 wings are yellowish white. The annexed 
 cut will help the student to recognize the FlG - 77-Hypocri- 
 
 , . . , . sias minima, 5 
 
 insect, when a specimen comes into his 
 possession. The habitat of the species is Mexico, but it is 
 occasionally taken in southern Arizona. 
 
 136
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 Genus EMILIA Kirby 
 
 A small neotropical genus, represented in our fauna by two 
 species. The insect named occidentalis by French is a form of 
 A. roseata, in which the red of the wings has been replaced by 
 ochreous. 
 
 (1) Emilia ambigua Strecker, Plate XiV, Fig. 15, $. 
 (The Red-banded /Emilia.) 
 
 Syn.' bolteri Henry Edwards; syracosia Druce. 
 
 This beautiful insect is found in the Rocky Mountains of 
 Colorado, and thence southward to northern Mexico. 
 
 (2) Emilia roseata Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 14. ?. (The 
 Rosy /Emilia.) 
 
 Syn. cinnamomea Boisduval;* sanguivenosa Neumoegen; significans 
 Henry Edwards; occidentalis French. 
 
 This rather rare insect occurs on the Pacific coast, 
 and, according to report, ranges from British Columbia to 
 Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate came from the 
 latter country. 
 
 Genus HALISIDOTA Hiibner 
 
 An extensive genus, well represented in Central and South 
 America, and containing about a dozen species, which are 
 found within our faunal limits. Of these we figure a number 
 of species, enough to enable the student to recognize the genus, 
 and the commoner species, which he is likely to encounter. 
 
 (1) Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & Smith, Plate XIV, Fig. 
 12, $. (The Tessellated Halisidota) 
 
 Syn. antiphola Walsh; harrisi Walsh. 
 
 The form named Harrisi does not differ from tessellaris in 
 the imaginal stage. The sole difference is in the color of the 
 pencils of hairs in the larvae, which are orange in color, while 
 in tessellaris they are black. This is scarcely sufficient ground 
 upon which to establish a species. 
 
 (2) Halisidota cinctipes Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 13, 6 . 
 (The Gartered Halisidota.) 
 
 Syn. davisi Henry Edwards. 
 
 This species,, which is southern in its habitat, and larger 
 than its close northern ally, tessellaris, has the markings on 
 the fore wings much more distinct than is the case in the latter 
 
 137
 
 Arctiidae 
 
 species. The tarsi are annulated with black bands, marked 
 with small gray points. The insect occurs in the Gulf States 
 and in South and Central America. 
 
 (3) Halisidota maculata Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. n, $. 
 (The Spotted Halisidota.) 
 
 Syn. fulvoflava Walker; guttifera Herrich-Schaeffer. 
 
 This species, which occurs in the northern portions of the 
 Atlantic coast region, ranges westward to California. Several 
 forms from the western territory have been discriminated by 
 writers, and varietal names have been given to them. They are 
 mere color forms. 
 
 (4) Halisidota longa Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 16, ? . (The 
 Long-streaked Halisidota.) 
 
 This species, which may easily be determined by the help 
 of the figure we have given, occurs in Florida. The specimen 
 delineated by the writer was taken by him at light in Jackson- 
 ville in the month of February. 
 
 (5) Halisidota caryae Harris, Plate XIV, Fig. 10, $ . (The 
 Hickory Halisidota.) 
 
 Syn. annulifascia Walker; porpbyria Herrich-Schaeffer. 
 
 This well-marked and easily identified species is common 
 in the northern Atlantic coast region, and ranges westward 
 into the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 (6) Halisidota argentata Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 8, $. 
 Fig. 9, ? . (The Silver-spotted Halisidota.) 
 
 This pretty species is found in Colorado, and thence west- 
 ward and northward to the Pacific coast. A number of sub- 
 species have been named in this connection, but it is doubtful 
 whether the sexes of the insects on meeting each other would 
 recognize any specific differences themselves. 
 
 Genus HEMIHYALEA Hampson 
 Two species of this genus occur within the limits of the 
 
 United States. Edwardsi is distinguished from labecula most 
 
 easily by the fact that the inner margin of the secondaries in 
 
 the former is crimson, while in the latter it is not. 
 
 (i) Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 6, ?. 
 
 (Edwards' Glassy-wing.) 
 
 Syn. translucida Walker; quercus Boisduval. 
 
 This is a Californian species. 
 ,38
 
 Arctiidse 
 
 (2) Hemihyalea labecula Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 7, $ . 
 (The Freckled Glassy-wing.) 
 
 This insect is not uncommon in Colorado. It occurs in 
 early summer about Manitou, and among the mountains 
 generally. 
 
 Genus OPHARUS Walker 
 
 An extensive neotropical genus, represented within the limits 
 of the United States by but one species. 
 
 (i) Opharus astur Cramer, Plate XIV, Fig. 5, 3. (The 
 Astur Moth.) 
 
 Syn. albicans, Walker; maculicollis Walker; pustulata Packard. 
 
 The insect is common in Mexico and South America, and 
 occasionally occurs in Arizona. 
 
 Genus CALIDOTA Dyar 
 
 A neotropical genus containing a dozen species or more, two 
 of which are found within our limits. We figure one of these; 
 the other, C. muricolor Dyar, has the wings mouse-gray, 
 semihyaline, the secondaries paler than the primaries. The head 
 is gray in front, yellowish above; the thorax is gray, the 
 collar edged inwardly with ochreous; the abdomen is reddish 
 buff, with a series of black dorsal spots and broad lateral bands 
 of the same color. The pectus and coxae are ochreous, the 
 legs gray. The type of the species came from Arizona. 
 
 (i) Calidota strigosa Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 24, $. 
 (The Streaked Calidota.) 
 
 Syn. cubensts Grote; laqueata Henry Edwards. 
 
 This insect occurs in Florida, and is abundant in the 
 Antilles. Its life-history has been described by Dyar in the, 
 Proceedings of the United States National Museum, for 1900, 
 p. 268. The food-plant is Guettarda elliptica. 
 
 Genus EUPSEUDOSOMA Grote 
 
 Three species are attributed by Hampson to this genus, 
 one of which, the type of the genus, we figure. It is the only 
 species of the genus occurring within our territory. 
 
 (i) Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp, Plate XIV, Fig. i, <2 . 
 (The Snowy Eupseudosoma.) 
 
 Syn. nivea Herrich-Schxffer;^onWMw Grote; immaculata Graef. 
 
 >39
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 The life-history of this species has been given by Dyar, i. 
 c., p. 258. The food-plants are Eugenia buxifolia, Eugenia pro- 
 cera, and Psidium pyrifera. The insect has a wide range in 
 tropical America, occurring from Florida to southern Brazil. 
 
 Genus BERTHOLDIA Schaus 
 
 A small neotropical genus represented in our fauna by one 
 species. 
 
 (i) Bertholdia trigona Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2, $. 
 (Grote's Bertholdia.) 
 
 The moth flies in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and north- 
 ern Mexico. 
 
 FAMILY AGARISTID/E 
 
 "Ye lovers of marvel and fairy lore, 
 Say not that the days of enchantment are o'er, 
 That the well-springs of Fancy and Fable fail. 
 
 There are streamlets yet where the river-sprite 
 
 With his Harlequin changes bewilders the sight; 
 
 There are castles yet of ivory and gold, 
 
 Hung with floral fabrics by sunshine unroll'd, 
 
 Within whose luxurious recesses recline 
 
 Fays of exquisite form, quaffing exquisite wine; 
 
 Some in gossamer veiled of ethereal dyes, 
 
 Which have only their match in the rainbow'd skies; 
 
 Some in richest and softest of velvets arrayed, 
 
 Or in mail that does shame to the armourer's trade. 
 
 These are haunting us ever for ill, or for good, 
 
 Through earth and through air, field, forest, and flood: 
 
 To transport our thoughts, as by magic spell, 
 
 From the sordid objects whereon they dwell, 
 
 To a land of the Marvellous dimly displayed, 
 
 Where the light-winged Fancy, by wonder stayed, 
 
 Still delighteth to hover, and joyously say: 
 
 'Oh! my darling elves, ye're not chased away, 
 
 There's a region still where ye have a place 
 
 The mysterious world of the Insect race.'" 
 
 ACHETA DOMESTICA. Episodes of Insect Life. 
 
 The Agaristidas compose a family of moderate size. The 
 moths are day-flying in their habit, and in the tropics both 
 
 140
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Haploa militaris Harris, $. 
 
 2. Haploa colona Hubner, 9 
 
 3. Haploa vestalis Packard, <5\ 
 
 4. Haploa militaris Harris, c?. 
 
 5. Haploa consita Walker, tf . 
 
 6. Haploa confusa Lyman, cJ 1 . 
 
 7. Haploa clymene Brown, J 1 . 
 
 8. Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, <5\ 
 
 9. Haploa dyari Merrick, cT, Merrick Collection. 
 
 10. Haploa militaris Harris, <j\ Merrick Collection, 
 
 11. Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robinson, tf. 
 
 12. Fenaria sevorsa Grote, 9 . 
 
 13. Androloma maccullochi Kirby, cJ 1 . 
 
 14. Alypia ridingsi Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 15. Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, 9. 
 
 1 6. Alypia langtoni Couper, tf . 
 
 17. Alypia langtoni Couper, 9. 
 
 1 8. Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, tj 1 . 
 
 19. Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, 9 . 
 
 20. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, tf. 
 
 21. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, 9 
 
 22. Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schaeffer, cT. V 
 
 23. Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, tf . 
 
 24. Euthisanotia unio Hubner, <J*. 
 
 25. Bailey a ophthalmica Guen6e, 9 . 
 
 26. Baileya doubledayi Guene'e, (J 1 . 
 
 27. Baileya australis Grote, J 1 . 
 
 28. Aleptina inca, Dyar tf . 
 
 29. Charadra decora Morrison, c?. 
 
 30. Panthea portlandia Grote, <?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 31. Panthea furcilla Packard, d\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 32. Feralia jocosa Guen6e, tf.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 - 
 
 :v '*''-. '--,.. ,. .-, ' 
 
 " 3 v is' 
 
 31
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 of the Old World and the New reckon in their number some 
 of the most resplendently colored insects found upon the globe. 
 They are regarded as being an offshoot of the Noctuidae. 
 
 The following description of the characteristics of the family 
 is adapted from Hampson with reference to the forms found within 
 our faunal limits: 
 
 'Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned and well devel- 
 oped, the third joint usually naked and porrect; frons with a 
 rounded, conical, or corneous process; antennae cylindrical, 
 almost simple, with slight bristles at the joints, not ciliated, 
 and more or less distinctly dilated toward the extremity. 
 Ocelli present; eyes sometimes hairy; tibial spurs well devel- 
 oped, the tibiae rarely spined; the male claspers often very 
 large; wings large and strongly formed. Fore wing with vein 
 i a separate from ib; ic absent; 5 from or from close to angle 
 of cell; the areole present in nearly all the genera. Hind wing 
 with vein \a present; ic absent; 5 obsolescent from angle of 
 discocellulars; 6, 7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 free 
 at base, then bent downward to anastomose with the cell at a 
 point only. All the species have silvery blue scales on the fore 
 wings. 
 
 The larvae are noctuiform and have all the prolegs present. 
 The pupa is naked/ 
 
 Genus COPIDRYAS Grote 
 
 Two species belonging to this genus occur within the limits 
 of the United States. We give illustrations of both of them. 
 
 (i) Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robin- 
 son, Plate XVII, Fig. n, $. (Glover's 
 Purslane-moth.) 
 
 The life-history of this rather pretty 
 moth has been well worked out by 
 Professor C. V. Riley and from his article 
 published in "Insect Life." Vol. I, p. 104, 
 we have taken the cuts which are here- FIG. 78- Egg of Co- 
 
 ., ~p, , . r . pidryas gloven greatly 
 
 with given. The drawings of the egg, enlarged. 
 
 pupa, and cocoon were made by Mr. C. 
 L. Marlatt. The excellent account given by Professor Riley is 
 drawn upon for the following quotations: "The eggs are laid 
 
 141
 
 FIG. 79. Pupa and cocoon cell 
 of Copidryas gloveri. 
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 on the under side of the purslane leaf, either singly or in clusters 
 of from two to five. The larva hatches in two or three days, and 
 is at first light green or yellowish 
 green with darker shading across 
 the middle of the body. In eight 
 or nine days it attains full growth 
 after having passed through four 
 molts. The full grown larva is 
 light gray or dull white with black 
 dashes on the sides of each seg- 
 ment, and with the shadings of 
 salmon pink." 
 
 "The full-grown larvae enter 
 the ground for pupation, excavat- 
 ing a tubular burrow in the sur- 
 face soil, gumming the lining 
 and closing the opening with a 
 
 thin layer of particles of soil. . . . The insect remains in 
 this state in the neighborhood of twelve days." 
 
 In the accompanying figures we show the egg, the pupa, 
 and the adult larva and moth. The insect is very abundant 
 at certain times in Nebraska, 
 Kansas, and the southwestern 
 States generally, and ranges into 
 northern Mexico. It appears 
 to feed exclusively upon purs- 
 lane, and as this plant is of no 
 particular economic value, but 
 is justly accounted as a trouble- 
 some weed, we may wish bless- 
 ings upon Copidryas gloveri. 
 
 (2) Copidryas cosyra 
 Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 19, d. 
 (The Cosyra Moth.) 
 
 This pretty insect, which FlG So. Copidryas gloveri. a. 
 belongs to the same genus as moth; b. larva. (After Riley.) 
 
 the preceding, though assigned 
 
 by the author of the species to the genus Euibisanotia, is found 
 
 in Arizona and in Mexico. Its habits are undoubtedly very much 
 
 142
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 the same as those of Glover's Purslane Moth, though up to the 
 present time no one has described them. 
 
 Genus TUERTA Walker 
 
 Only one species of this genus, which is better represented in 
 Africa than in America, is found within our borders. 
 
 (i) Tue,rta sabulosa Boisduval. (The 
 Sand-dune Moth.) 
 
 Syn. noctuiformis Moeschler. 
 
 The moth has the primaries grayish-brown 
 marked with white at the insertion of the 
 wings. The secondaries are bright orange- 
 yellow, with a wide black marginal border, 
 
 , . , r~, , , . r , FIG. 81 Tuerta sa- 
 
 as represented in the cut. The habitat of the h u i osa & i 
 
 insect is Arizona and Mexico. 
 
 Genus ALYPIA Hiibner 
 
 This genus is well represented within our territory. The 
 ,'bllowing synopsis of the species is adapted from Hampson: 
 
 I. (Androloma.) Fore wing of male with a dilation of costa and 
 
 a groove of ribbed membrane below it from base ex- 
 tending beyond middle , mac-cullochi 
 
 II. Fore wing of male with a postmedial dilation of costa and 
 
 groove of ribbed membrane below it ; wing elongated. 
 
 a. Fore wing with the markings yellow disparata 
 
 b. Fore wing with the markings white brannani 
 
 III. (Alypia.} Fore wing of male without dilation of costal area 
 
 or grove. 
 
 A. Fore and mid tibiae, orange; hind wings marked with 
 
 white. 
 
 a. Discal spot of fore wing longitudinal octomaculata 
 
 b. Discal spot of fore wing transverse wittfeldi 
 
 Hind wings marked with yellow. 
 
 c. Hind wing with subbasal yellow spot dipsaci 
 
 d Hind wing without subbasal yellow spot langtoni 
 
 B. Mid tibiae only orange. 
 
 a. Wings with the spots not traversed by black veins . .mariposa 
 
 b. Wings with the spots traversed by black veins . . . .ridingsi 
 
 (i) Alypia mac-cullochi Kirby, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, &. 
 (MacCulloch's Forester. ) 
 
 Syn. lorquini Grote & Robinson; similis Stretch; edwardsi Boisduval. 
 
 The habitat of this species is Canada and the Rocky 
 Mountains northward to Alaska.
 
 FIG. 8 
 
 Alypia disparata, $ 
 (After Hampson.) 
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 (2) Alypia disparata Henry Edwards. (The Mexican 
 Forester.) 
 
 Syn. gracilenta Graef ; desperata Kirby. 
 
 The structural features 
 of this species are shown 
 in the accompanying cut, 
 for the use of which we 
 tare indebted to the kind- 
 ness of Sir George F. 
 Hampson. The insect 
 occurs in southern Texas, 
 Arizona, and Mexico. The 
 
 writer has a large series collected for him in the neighborhood of 
 Jalapa, where it is apparently more common than farther north. 
 
 (3) Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Figs. 16, 
 20, S, Fig. 21, ?. (The Eight-spotted Forester.) 
 
 Syn. bimaculata Gmelin; quadriguttalts Hubner; matuta Henry 
 Edwards. 
 
 This very common insect, which sometimes proves a 
 veritable plague by the depredations which it commits upon 
 the foliage of the Ampelopsis, 
 which is extensively grown in 
 our cities as a decorative vine, 
 is found everywhere in the 
 northern Atlantic States, and 
 ranges westward beyond the 
 Mississippi. One good thing 
 which can be set down to the 
 English sparrow is the work, 
 which he has been observed by 
 the writer to do in devouring 
 the larvae of this moth from the 
 vines with which his home is 
 covered. 
 
 (4) Alypia wittfeldi Henry 
 
 Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 18, $ , Fig. 19, ? . (Wittfeld's Forester.) 
 
 Sir George F. Hampson sinks this species as a synonym 
 
 of A. octomaculata, but the writer cannot agree with him in 
 
 this. The form of the spots on the primaries, the white at the 
 
 144 
 
 Os 
 
 FIG. 83. Alypia octomaculata. 
 
 a. larva; b. enlarged somite, 
 
 showing markings ; c. moth. 
 
 (After Riley.)
 
 Agaristidae 
 
 base of the abdomen, and the white annulus near its extremity, 
 are at all events marks quite as characteristic as those by which 
 some other species in the genus are separated. Its habitat is 
 southern Florida. 
 
 (5) Alypia langtoni Couper, Plate XVII, Fig. 17, ?. 
 (Langton's Forester.) 
 
 Syn. sacramenti Grote & Robinson; hudsonica Henry Edwards. 
 
 This species ranges from Canada westward through British 
 Columbia into California in the south and Alaska in the north. 
 
 (6) Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, Plate XVIII, Fig. 
 15. (The Californian Forester.) 
 
 This, undoubtedly the handsomest species of the genus, is 
 confined to the Pacific coast. 
 
 (7) Alypia ridingsi Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, 6, Fig. 
 14, ?. (Ridings' Forester.) 
 
 A common species in the Rocky Mountain region at high 
 elevations, and ranging northward to Sitka and the valley of 
 the Yukon. 
 
 Genus ALYPIODES Grote 
 
 Two species of this genus are Mexican, the third is found 
 in our fauna, though also occurring south of our boundary. 
 
 (i) Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schasffer, Plate XVII, 
 Fig. 22. (The Two- 
 spotted Forester.) 
 
 Syn. trimaculata Bois- 
 duval. 
 
 The figure in the 
 plate represents the typi- 
 cal form, the figure in 
 
 the CUt Shows the ab- F i G .*4.-*ypiodesbimacuU*a. <?. 
 
 erration named ( After Hampson.) 
 
 crescens by Walker, in 
 
 which the hind wing has a yellow spot about the middle of 
 
 the wing. The insect is fairly common in southern California, 
 
 New Mexico, and Arizona. 
 
 "The entomologist need not relax his endeavors day or night. Mothing 
 is night employment." A. S. PACKARD. 
 
 145
 
 SUGARING FOR MOTHS 
 
 The day has been hot and sultry. The sun has set behind 
 great banks of clouds which are piling up on the northwestern 
 horizon. Now that the light is beginning to fade, the great 
 masses of cumulus, which are slowly gathering and rising higher 
 toward the zenith, are lit up by pale flashes of sheet-lightning. 
 As yet the storm is too far off to permit us to hear the boom of 
 the thunder, but about ten or eleven o'clock to-night we shall 
 probably experience all the splendor of a dashing thunder- 
 shower. 
 
 Along the fringe of woodland which skirts the back pastures 
 is a path which we long have known. Here stand long ranks 
 of 'ancient beeches; sugar maples, which in fall are glorious in 
 robes of yellow and scarlet; ash trees, the tall gray trunks of 
 which carry skyward huge masses of light pinnated foliage; 
 walnuts and butternuts, oaks, and tulip-poplars. On either side 
 of the path in luxuriant profusion are saplings, sprung from the 
 monarchs of the forest, young elm trees planted by the winds, 
 broad-leaved papaws, round-topped hawthorns, viburnums, 
 spreading dogwoods, and here and there in moist places clumps 
 of willows. Where the path runs down by the creek, sycamores 
 spread their gaunt white branches toward the sky, and drink 
 moisture from the shallow reaches of the stream, in which duck- 
 weed, arrow-weed, and sweet pond-lilies bloom. 
 
 The woodland is the haunt of many a joyous thing, which 
 frequents the glades and hovers over the flowers. To-night the 
 lightning in the air, the suggestion of a coming storm which 
 lurks in the atmosphere, will send a thrill through all the swarms, 
 which have been hidden through the day on moss-grown trunks, 
 or among the leaves, and they will rise, as the dusk gathers, in 
 troops about the pathway. It is just the night upon which to 
 take a collecting trip, resorting to the well-known method of 
 "sugaring." 
 
 Here we have a bucket and a clean whitewash brush. We 
 
 146
 
 Sugaring for Moths 
 
 have put into the bucket four pounds of cheap sugar. Now we 
 will pour in a bottle of stale beer and a little rum. We have 
 stirred the mixture well. In our pockets are our cyanide jars. 
 Here are the dark lanterns. Before the darkness falls, while yet 
 there is light enough to see our way along the path, we will pass 
 from tree to tree and apply the brush charged with the sweet 
 semi-intoxicating mixture to the trunks of the trees. 
 
 The task is accomplished! Forty trees and ten stumps have 
 been baptized with sugar-sweetened beer. Let us wash our 
 sticky fingers in the brook and dry them with our handkerchiefs. 
 Let us sit down on the grass beneath this tree and puff a good 
 Havana. It is growing darker. The bats are circling overhead. 
 A screech-owl is uttering a plaintive lament, perhaps mourning 
 the absence of the moon, which to-night will not appear. The 
 frogs are croaking in the pond. The fireflies soar upward and 
 flash in sparkling multitudes where the grass grows rank near 
 the water. 
 
 Now let us light our lamps and put a drop or two of chloro- 
 form into our cyanide jars, just enough to slightly dampen the 
 paper which holds the lumps of cyanide in place. We will 
 retrace our steps along the path and visit each moistened spot 
 upon the tree-trunks. 
 
 Here is the last tree which we sugared. There in the light 
 of the lantern we see the shining drops of our mixture clinging 
 to the mosses and slowly trickling downward toward the 
 ground. Turn the light of the lantern full upon the spot, 
 advancing cautiously, so as not to break the dry twigs under 
 foot or rustle the leaves. Ha ! Thus far nothing but the black 
 ants which tenant the hollows of the gnarled old tree appear 
 to have recognized the offering which we have made. But 
 they are regaling themselves in swarms about the spot. Look 
 at them ! Scores of them, hundreds of them are congregat- 
 ing about the place, and seem to be drinking with as mucn en- 
 joyment as a company of Germans on a picnic in the wilds of 
 Hoboken. 
 
 Let us stealthily approach the next tree. It is a beech. 
 What is there? Oho! my beauty! Just above the moistened 
 patch upon the bark is a great Catocala. The gray upper wings 
 are spread, revealing the lower wings gloriously banded with 
 
 147
 
 Sugaring for Moths 
 
 black and crimson. In the yellow light of the lantern the wings 
 appear even more brilliant than they do in sunlight. How the 
 eyes glow like spots of fire! The moth is wary. He has just 
 alighted; he has not yet drunk deep. Move cautiously! Keep 
 the light of the lantern steadily upon him. Uncover your 
 poisoning jar. Approach. Hold the jar just a little under the 
 moth, for he will drop downward on the first rush to get away. 
 Clap the jar over him! There! you have done it! You have 
 him securely. He flutters for a moment, but the chloroform acts 
 quickly and the flutterings cease. Put that jar into one pocket 
 and take out another. Now let us go to the next tree. It is an 
 old walnut. The trunk is rough, seamed, and full of knotted 
 excrescences. See what a company has gathered! There are a 
 dozen moths, large and small, busily at work tippling. Begin 
 with those which are nearest to the ground. When I was young 
 my grandfather taught me that in shooting wild turkeys resting 
 in a tree, it is always best to shoot the lowest fowl first, and 
 then the next. If you shoot the gobbler which perches highest, 
 as he comes tumbling down through the flock, he will startle 
 them all, and they will fly away together; but if you take those 
 which are roosting well down among the branches, those above 
 will simply raise their heads and stare about for a moment to find 
 out the source of their peril, and you can bag three or four before 
 the rest make up their minds to fly. I follow the same plan with 
 my moths, unless, perchance, the topmost moth is some 
 unusual rarity, worth all that suck the sweets below him. 
 
 Bravo! You have learned the lesson well. You succeeded 
 admirably in bottling those Taraches which were sucking the 
 moisture at the lower edge of the sweetened patch. There 
 above them is a fine specimen of Strenoloma lunilinea. Aha! 
 You have him. Now take that Catocala. It is amasia, a charm- 
 ing little species. Above him is a specimen of cara, one of the 
 largest and most superb of the genus. Well done! You have 
 him, too. Now wait a moment! Have your captives ceased 
 their struggles in your jar? Yes; they seem to be thoroughly 
 stunned. Transfer them to the other jar for the cyanide to do its 
 work. Look at your lantern. Is the wick trimmed? Come 
 on then. 
 
 Let us go to the next tree. This is an ash. The moist spot 
 
 148
 
 Sugaring for Moths 
 
 shows faintly upon the silvery-gray bark of the tree. Look 
 sharply ! Here below are a few Geometers daintily sipping the 
 sweets. There is a little Eustixis pupula, with its silvery-white 
 wings dotted with points of black. There is a specimen of 
 Harrisimemna, the one with the coppery-brown spots on 
 the fore wings. A good catch! 
 
 Stop! Hold still! Ha! I thought he would alight. That is 
 Catocala coccinata a fine moth not overly common, and 
 the specimen is perfect. 
 
 Well, let us try another tree. Here they are holding a 
 general assembly. Look! See them fairly swarming about the 
 spot. A dozen have found good places; twc or three are 
 fluttering about trying to alight. The ants have found the place 
 as well as the moths. They are squabbling with each other. 
 The moths do not like the ants. I do not blame them. I would 
 not care to sit down at a banquet and have ants crawling all 
 over the repast. There is a specimen of Catocala relicta, the 
 hind wings white, banded with black. How beautiful simple 
 colors are when set in sharp contrast and arranged in graceful 
 lines! There is a specimen of Catocala neogama, which was 
 originally described by Abbot from Georgia. It is not un- 
 common. There is a good Mamestra, and there Pvrophila 
 pyramidoides. The latter is a common species; we shall find 
 scores of them before we get through. Do not bother with 
 those specimens of Agrotis Ypsilon', there are choicer things to 
 be had. It is a waste of time to take them to-night. Let them 
 drink themselves drunk, when the flying squirrels will come and 
 catch them. Do you see that flying squirrel there peeping 
 around the trunk of the tree ? Flying squirrels eat insects. I 
 have seen them do it at night, and they have robbed me of many 
 a fine specimen. 
 
 Off now to the next tree! 
 
 And so we go from tree to tree. The lightning in the west 
 grows more vivid. Hark! I hear the thunder. It is half-past 
 nine. The storm will be here by ten. The leaves are beginning 
 to rustle in the tree-tops. The first pulse of the tornado is 
 beginning to be felt. Now the wind is rising. Boom! Boom! 
 The storm is drawing nearer. We are on our second round 
 and are coming up the path near the pasture-gate. Our 
 
 149
 
 Sugaring for Moths 
 
 collecting jars are full. We have taken more than a hundred 
 specimens representing thirty species. Not a bad night's work. 
 Hurry up! Here are the draw-bars. Are you through? Put 
 out the light in your lantern. Come quickly after me. I know 
 the path. Here is the back garden gate. It is beginning to 
 rain. We shall have to run if we wish to avoid a wetting. 
 Ah! here are the steps of the veranda. Come up! 
 
 My! what a flash and a crash that was! Look back and 
 see how the big trees are bowing their heads as the wind 
 reaches them, and the lightning silhouettes them against the 
 gray veil of the rain. We may be glad we are out of the 
 storm, with a good roof overhead. To-morrow morning the 
 sun will rise bright and clear, and we shall have work 
 enough to fill all the morning hours in setting the captures we 
 have made. Good-night! 
 
 "it is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many 
 plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects 
 flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to 
 reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each 
 other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all 
 been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest 
 sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance, which is almost 
 implied by reproduction; Variability, from the indirect and direct action 
 of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so 
 high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural 
 Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less 
 improved forms. Thus, from the war of Nature, from famine and death, 
 the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the 
 production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur 
 in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally 
 breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one, and that, whilst 
 this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from 
 so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful 
 have been and are being evolved." DARWIN. 
 
 I 5
 
 FAMILY NOCTUID^E 
 
 " Shall mortal man be more just than God ? 
 Shall a man be more pure than his Maker ? 
 Behold He put no trust in His servants; 
 And His angels He charged with folly: 
 How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, 
 Whose foundation is in the dust, 
 Which are crushed before the moth ? " 
 
 JOB, Chapter IV, 17-19. 
 
 The Noctuidcz are a huge complex of genera and species, 
 the genera being reckoned by hundreds, and the species by 
 thousands. Within the faunal limits intended to be covered by 
 this book there are already known to occur in the neighborhood 
 of three hundred and seventy-five genera, and many more than 
 two thousand species which are referable to this family. In the 
 arrangement of the genera and the species the author has in the 
 main followed Dyar's Catalogue, which is based upon that of 
 Prof. J. B. Smith, published in 1893 as "Bulletin 44 of the 
 United States National Museum." 
 
 The moths are nocturnal in their habits. The neuration is 
 very constant, and is described as follows by Hampson ("Moths 
 of India, "Vol. II, p. 160): 
 
 " Fore wing with vein \a slight and not anastomosing with 
 ibj \c absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3, 4, 5 from close to lower 
 angle; 6 from upper angle; 8 given off from 7 and anastomosing 
 with 9, which is given off from 10 to form an areole; 11 from 
 cell; 12 long. Hind wing with \a and b present; \c absent; 
 2 from middle of cell; 3 and 4 from lower angle; 5 from near 
 lower angle or middle of discocellulars, rarely absent, but more 
 or less aborted in the Acontiince and Trifince. Frenulum always, 
 proboscis almost always, present." 
 
 The larvae are generally naked, or at most pubescent. In 
 some of the subfamilies the larvae are semiloopers, some of the 
 prolegs being absent. Pupation generally takes place under
 
 Noctuidc 
 
 ground without a cocoon, the earth being fashioned in some 
 cases into a cemented cell about the pupa. 
 
 Genus PANTHEA Hubner 
 
 (i) Panthea furcilla Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 31, $. 
 (The Eastern Panthea.) 
 
 Closely allied to the following species, from which it may be 
 distinguished by the absence of the reniform spot at the end of 
 the cell. 
 
 (2) Panthea portlandia Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 30, $ . (The 
 Western Panthea.) 
 
 Transverse markings less diffuse than in the preceding 
 species, and reniform spot always present. 
 
 P. furcilla occurs on the northern Atlantic, and P. portlandia 
 on the northern Pacific coast. 
 
 (For the other two species consult Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, 
 p. 13.) 
 
 Genus DEMAS Stephens 
 
 (i) Demas propinquilinea Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 3, ?. 
 (The Close-banded Demas.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on various deciduous trees, making a 
 case for itself by drawing two leaves together with strands of 
 silk. It occurs in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (For the other two species of genus see Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 
 XXI, p. 22.) 
 
 Genus CHARADRA Walker 
 
 (1) Charadra deridens Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 4, ?. 
 (The Laugher.) 
 
 Syn. circulifer Walker; contigua Walker. 
 
 A rather rare moth, the habitat of which is the Atlantic States, 
 and the larva of which makes a case for itself, very much as 
 done by the preceding species. 
 
 (2) Charadra illudens Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 5, $. 
 Fig. 2, ? . (The Sport.) 
 
 Syn. pyttion Druce. 
 
 A Mexican species, which I admit to the fauna of our territory 
 on the authority of George Franck of Brooklyn., who reports its 
 occurrence in Florida. 
 
 152
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 (3) Charadra decora Morrison, Plate XVII, Fig. 29, $ . 
 (The Dandy.) 
 
 Syn. felina Druce. 
 
 This is likewise a Mexican species, which is said to occur 
 in Arizona, but the fact of its being found there requires 
 verification. 
 
 One other species of the genus, C. dispulsa Morrison, occurs 
 in the Southern States. 
 
 Genus RAPHIA Hu'bner 
 
 (i) Raphia frater Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 3, ?. (The 
 Brother.) 
 
 Syn. personata Walker; flexuosa Walker. 
 
 There are three species belonging to this genus in our 
 fauna. They are closely alike in appearance. The species we 
 figure occurs in the Eastern States. R. abrupta Grote is also 
 an eastern species, while R. coloradensis is found in the West. 
 
 Genus APATELA Hubner 
 
 This is a large genus, well represented in the temperate 
 regions of both the Old World and the New. The latest 
 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the United States credits our 
 fauna with seventy-five species. The genus has been mono- 
 graphed by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, 
 Vol. XXI, pp. 1-104.) Within the compass of these pages we 
 cannot do more than give a representation of a number of the 
 forms, which have been described, leaving the student to 
 further researches in the readily accessible literature of the 
 subject. 
 
 (1) Apatela americana Harris, Plate XVIII, Fig. 12, 9 . 
 (The American Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. acericola Guen6e; obscura Henry Edwards; aceris Abbot & 
 Smith (non Linnaeus). 
 
 This is one of the largest species of the genus. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon deciduous trees of many genera, 
 and the insect occurs from New England to Utah and south 
 to the Gulf States. 
 
 (2) Apatela dactylina Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 17, $ . 
 (The Fingered Dagger-moth). 
 
 Easily distinguished from the preceding species, which it
 
 FIG. 85. Apatela populi, ? 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 resembles in the markings of the fore wings, by its smaller 
 size and the white hind wings. It ranges from Canada to 
 Virginia and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar 
 lives upon alder, willow, and birch. 
 
 (3) Apatela populi Riley, Plate XVIII, Fig. 14, $ (The 
 Cottonwood Dagger-moth.) 
 
 The moth, of which we reproduce the figures of the larva and 
 imago given by Professor Riley, who first described the species, 
 
 ranges from Canada to the 
 western parts of the Carolinas, 
 thence across the continent to 
 the Pacific coast, avoiding the 
 warmer regions of the Gulf 
 States and southern California. 
 The imago is discriminated from 
 Apatela lepusculina Guenee by 
 the broader wings, especially of 
 the female, by the paler ground- 
 color of the primaries, and by the absence of the orbicular 
 spot, which is very rarely as conspicuous as it appears in 
 the figure given by Riley, and still further by the very short 
 basal dash on the 
 fore wings, which 
 in A. lepusculina is 
 long, reaching out- 
 wardly as a sharply 
 defined black line 
 one-third of the 
 length of the cell. 
 The larva is also quite 
 different in impor- 
 tant particulars from 
 that of the species, 
 which has been 
 named, but with 
 which this species is 
 often confounded in 
 collections. The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of different 
 species of the genus Populus, and is particularly common in the 
 
 FIG. 86. Apatela populi, larva. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 '54
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 States of the Mississippi Basin upon the Cotlonwood (Populus 
 monilifera and Populus heterophylla.) 
 
 (4) Apatela innotata Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. I}, $. 
 (The Unmarked Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Svn. graft Grote. 
 
 The figure given in the plate represents a form intermediate 
 between those depicted by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings 
 U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, Plate II, Figs. 17, 18). The ground 
 color is a dirty yellowish-white. The species occurs in Canada 
 and the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 (5) Apatela morula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 8, 6. (The 
 Darkish Dagger-moth. ) 
 
 Syn ulmi Harris. 
 
 This insect occurs from Canada southward and westward to 
 the Rocky Mountains. The caterpillar feeds upon elm, apple, 
 and linden. 
 
 (6) Apatela interrupta Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 5, 9. 
 (The Interrupted Dagger-moth.) f ' 
 
 Syn. occidentalis Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The larva feeds upon the Rosacece, and also upon the elm 
 and the birch. The insect has a wide range from the Atlantic 
 seaboard to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the 
 northern portions of the Gulf States. 
 
 (7) Apatela lobeliae Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Lobelia Dagger-moth.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon oak, in spite of the fact that the 
 author of the species attributed it to the Lobelia, which would 
 no doubt poison it if administered. It ranges from Canada to 
 Florida and Texas, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (8) Apatela furcifera Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 10, $ . 
 (The Forked Dagger-moth.) 
 
 The range of this species is practically the same as that of the 
 preceding. The larva feeds upon various species of wild-cherry. 
 
 (9) Apatela hasta Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 6, ?. (The 
 Dart Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. telum Guenee. 
 
 The insect is found in the northern Atlantic States and 
 Canada. It is smaller and darker than the preceding species, to 
 
 tfl
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 which it is closely allied. The figure in the plate is hardly dark 
 enough. 
 
 (10) Apatela quadrata Grote. Plate XVI II. Fig. 15, $. 
 (The Quadrate Dagger.) 
 
 This species occurs on the Pacific coast and ranges eastward 
 as far as Alberta in the north and Kansas in the south. The 
 author does not recall a description of the larva. 
 
 (n) Apatela superans Guenee, Plate XVI II, Fig. 26, ?. 
 (The Chieftain Dagger.) 
 
 This is a well-marked species, which cannot easily be mis- 
 taken. It occurs in Canada, southward to the Carolinas, and 
 westward through the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds 
 on the same plants as its allies, which have been mentioned above. 
 (12) Apatela lithospila Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 24, $. 
 (The Streaked Dagger.) 
 
 Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The larva feeds 
 upon oak, hickory, and chestnut. 
 
 (13) Apatela connecta Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 19, $. 
 (The Connected Dagger.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is found from Canada to the Caro- 
 linas and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds on wil- 
 lows. 
 
 (14) Apatela fragilis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. i, $. (The 
 Fragile Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. spectans Walker. 
 
 This delicate little species has by some authors been referred 
 to the genus Microccdia, but is a true Apatela, It ranges from 
 Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The 
 caterpillar feeds on birch and various plants belonging to the 
 Rosacece. 
 
 (15) Apatela vinnula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 25, ?. 
 (The Delightful Dagger.) 
 
 This pretty and easily recognizable species feeds in the larval 
 stage upon the elm and ranges from the Atlantic coast to the 
 border of the Great Plains. It comes very freely to sugar. 
 
 (16) Apatela grisea Walker, Plate XVI 1 1 1, Fig. n, ?. 
 (The Gray Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. pudorata Morrison. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on apple, birch, willow, elm, and arrow 
 156
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Diphthera fallax Herrich-Schseffer, $. 
 
 2. Charadra illudens Walker, 9 . 
 
 3. Raphia frater Grote, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Charadra deridens Guenee, 9 . 
 
 5. Charadra illudens Walker, cJ 1 . 
 
 6. Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, (J 1 . 
 
 7. Merolonche lupini Grote, c?, 
 
 Merrick Collection. 
 
 8. Apatela morula Grote, (?. 
 
 9. Apatela lobelia Guenee, cJ 1 . 
 
 10. Apatela furcifera Guenee, cJ 1 . 
 
 11. Apatela grisea Walker, $ . 
 
 12. Apatela americana Harris, 9- 
 
 13. Apatela innotata Guenee, tf . 
 
 14. Apatela lepusculina Guen6e, (J 1 . 
 
 15. Apatela quadrata Grote, 9 . 
 
 1 6. Apatel-a radcliffei Harvey, o 1 . 
 
 17. Apatela dactylina Grote, c?. 
 
 1 8. Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, 9 
 
 19. Apatela connecta Grote, tf. 
 
 20. Apatela noctivaga Grote, 9- 
 
 21. Apatela impressa Walker, tf, 
 
 22. Apatela impleta. Walker, 9. 
 
 23. Apatela brumosa Guen6e, c?. 
 
 24. Apatela xyliniformis Guenee, (J 1 , 
 
 Merrick Collection. 
 
 25. Apatela vinnula Grote, 9 
 
 26. Apatela super ans Guenee, 9
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATS XVIII. 
 
 * 't 
 
 >*/?. 
 
 S$ 
 
 >fc>J 
 
 WU 
 
 26
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 wood (Euonymus). The insect is found from Canada to Georgia 
 and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. 
 
 (17) Apatela albarufa Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 16, $. 
 (The Reddish-white Dagger.) 
 
 A somewhat variable species characterized by a very faint 
 reddish cast upon the primaries. It ranges from the Atlantic to 
 New Mexico and Colorado. 
 
 (18) Apatela brumosa Guenee, Plate XVIII, Fig. 23, $. 
 (The Frosty Dagger-moth.) 
 
 Syn. inclara Smith. 
 
 Very closely allied to A. impressa Walker, but easily dis- 
 tinguished from that species by the lighter hind wings. The 
 larva feeds upon willow, birch, and alder. 
 
 (19) Apatela noctivaga Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, ?. 
 (The Burglar Dagger.) 
 
 The larva feeds upon poplar and various herbaceous plants. 
 The insect is found over almost the entire United States and 
 southern Canada. 
 
 (20) Apatela impressa Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 21, $. 
 (The Printed Dagger.) 
 
 The larva feeds upon willow, plum, hazel, currant, and 
 blackberry. It is found from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (21) Apatela impleta Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 22, ?. 
 (The Yellow-haired Dagger.) 
 
 Syn. luteicoma Grote. 
 
 The range of this species is from Canada to Florida and 
 westward far into the valley of the Mississippi. The larva 
 feeds on a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs. 
 
 (22) Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, Plate XVIII, Fig. 
 1 8, $ . (The Smeared Dagger.) 
 
 Syn. salicis Harris. 
 
 This is probably the commonest species of the genus. It 
 occurs from eastern Canada to Florida and westward to the 
 Rocky Mountains. The larva feeds on a great variety of shrubs 
 and herbaceous plants. It never is found upon trees. It is very 
 fond of the various species of smart-weed (Polygonum}, and in the 
 
 57
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 fall of the year it is very abundant in places where this plant grows. 
 
 It does some damage to cotton-plants in the South, but by hand 
 
 picking it can easily 
 be kept under. The 
 cocoon, which is com- 
 posed of yellowish 
 silk, is long and oval. 
 There are two broods 
 in the Middle States. 
 The hibernating in- 
 sects emerge from 
 their cocoons in May, 
 and lay their eggs. 
 The caterpillars de- 
 velop and the second 
 brood of moths ap- 
 pears upon the wing 
 
 FIG. Sj.Apatela oblinata. a. Larva; 6. in July. They Ovi- 
 
 Cocoon; c. Moth. (After Riley.) posit and the cater- 
 
 pillars of this gene- 
 ration, having made their cocoons, pass the winter in the 
 pupal state. 
 
 Genus APHARETRA Grote 
 
 This is a small genus, the species of which have been 
 separated from Apatela, in which they have been formerly 
 placed. We give figures of both species known to occur within 
 our territory. They have been drawn from the types, and will 
 suffice for the identification of the perfect insects. Nothing is as 
 yet known as to their larval stages. 
 
 (i) Apharetra dentata Grote. (The Toothed Apharetra.) 
 This insect occurs in Canada and the northern portions of 
 
 FIG. 88. Apharetra dentata, 
 New York and New England. It is, however, for some reason 
 as yet very rare in collections. The annexed cut has been 
 
 158
 
 Noctuidas 
 
 drawn for me by Mr. Horace Knight from the type which is 
 contained in the British Museum. 
 
 (2) Apharetra pyralis Smith. (Smith's 
 Apharetra.) 
 
 The specimen represented in Fig. 89 is 
 the type contained in the United States 
 National Museum, a drawing of which I 
 was kindly permitted to make. The species IG J 
 is considerably darker than the preceding. 
 It is thus far only known from the Territory of Alberta in British 
 America. 
 
 Genus ARSILONCHE Lederer 
 
 Two species belonging to this genus are represented in our 
 fauna. Arsilonche color ada was described by Smith in the Pro- 
 ceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXII, 
 p. 414, in 1900. The other species, which is well known, we 
 figure. 
 
 (i) Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6, $. 
 (The White-veined Dagger.) 
 
 The abdomen in our figure is dark, the specimen being greased. 
 It should be light, like the thorax. The insect occurs quite com- 
 monly in Canada and the northern portions of the United States, 
 and also in Europe and northern Asia. 
 
 Genus MEROLONCHE Grote 
 
 For a full account of the three species contained in this genus 
 the student is referred to the Proceedings of the United States 
 National Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 179. 
 
 (i) Merolonche lupini Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, $. 
 (The Lupine Dagger.) 
 
 Like all the species of this genus the Lupine Dagger is an 
 inhabitant of the Pacific States. Good specimens are rare in 
 collections. 
 
 Genus HARRISIMEMNA Grote 
 
 Only one species of this genus is thus far known, 
 (i) Harrisimemna trisignata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 4, 
 ? . (Harris's Three-spot.) 
 
 159
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The moth ranges from Canada to Texas, and from the 
 Atlantic to the Great Plains. The larva feeds on the winterberry 
 and the lilac. 
 
 Genus MICROCCELIA Guenee 
 
 This genus is like the preceding represented in our territory 
 by but one species. 
 
 (i) Microccelia diphtheroides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 9, $ ; 
 form obliterata Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 10, 6 . (The Marbled 
 Microccelia.) 
 
 The form obliterata in which the marblings are wanting is 
 common. The species is found in the Atlantic Subregion of the 
 United States. 
 
 Genus JASPIDIA Hubner 
 
 This is a moderately large genus embracing five species, 
 
 which occur in our fauna. We figure two of them. 
 
 (1) Jaspidia lepidula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, $. (The 
 Marbled-green Jaspidia. ) 
 
 This is a common species in the Atlantic Subregion, ranging 
 from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIX, 
 Fig. 8, $, (The White-spotted Jaspidia.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is practically the same as that 
 of the preceding. 
 
 Genus DIPHTHERA Hu'bner 
 
 There is but one species of this genus in our fauna. 
 
 (i) Diphthera fallax Herrich-Schzeffer, Plate . XVIII, 
 Fig. i, $ . (The Green Marvel.) 
 
 This beautiful little moth is not uncommon in the Appala- 
 chian, or Atlantic, Subregion of the Continent. 
 
 Genus POLYGRAMMATE Hubner 
 
 This genus like the preceding is represented in our territory 
 by but a single species. 
 
 (i) Polygrammate hebraicum Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. II, 
 $ . (The Hebrew.) 
 
 Syn. hebrcea Guenee. 
 
 160
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the sour gum-tree (Nyssa sylva- 
 tica). The larval stages have been described by Dyar. (See 
 Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 9.) The insect is 
 not uncommon in Pennsylvania and has much the same range 
 as the preceding three or four species. 
 
 Genus CERMA Hubner 
 
 Three species of this genus are credited to. our fauna. The 
 one of which we give a cut has been by some authors con- 
 founded with Poly gr animate hebraicum. 
 
 (i) Cerma cora Hubner. (The Cora Moth.) 
 
 Syn. festa Gucnee. 
 
 The ground-color of this pretty little moth is 
 white shading into vinaceous gray, upon which 
 the darker markings stand forth conspicuously. 
 It is quite rare, and so far as is known is con- 
 fined to the Atlantic Subregion of the continent. The figure 
 was drawn by the author from a specimen in the possession of 
 the Brooklyn Institute, belonging to the Neumoegen Collection. 
 
 Genus CYATHISSA Grote 
 
 (i) Cyathissa percara Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 12, $ . 
 (The Darling Cyathissa.) 
 
 This pretty little species is found in the Gulf States and has 
 been reported as ranging northward as far as Colorado. A 
 second species of the genus has during the past year been 
 described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from southern California, under 
 the name pallida. 
 
 Genus CHYTONIX Grote 
 
 (i) Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 13, $ ; 
 Fig. 14, 6 . var. (The Cloaked Marvel.) 
 
 Syn. iaspis Guenee. 
 
 A common species in the Northern Atlantic States. It may 
 be found in June and July in Pennsylvania seated upon the bark 
 of oak-trees in the forest. It comes freely to sugar and to light. 
 
 161
 
 Noctuida 
 
 Genus COPIBRYOPHILA Smith 
 
 Of the sole species, named angelica, belonging to this genus, 
 which was erected by Prof. J. B. Smith 
 in the year 1900 (see "Proceedings U. 
 S. Nat. Mus.," Vol. XXII, p. 416), we 
 give a cut made from a drawing of the 
 FIG. 91. Copibryophila type, which is contained in the National 
 angelica, <?. i- Museum at Washington. 
 
 Genus ALEPTINA Dyar 
 
 This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the 
 species named inca by him in the "Canadian Entomologist," 
 Vol. XXXIV, p. 104. The male is figured on Plate XVII, Fig. 
 28. The insect is found in Arizona and Texas. 
 
 Genus BAILEYA Grote 
 
 A small genus, the species in which have been commonly 
 referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously. 
 
 (1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, ?. 
 Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion. 
 
 It comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of 
 southern Indiana. 
 
 (2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, $ . 
 
 This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally 
 lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade 
 on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to 
 Texas. 
 
 (3) Baileya doubledayi Guenee, Plate XVII. Fig. 26, $ . 
 Of the same size as ophthalmica, but differently marked. 
 
 From australis it may readily be distinguished by its larger size, 
 and by the different marking of the apex of the fore wings. 
 
 Genus HADENELLA Grote 
 
 (1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 24, ? . 
 This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs 
 
 to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as 
 Colorado. 
 
 (2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 25, S . 
 
 162
 
 NeetuidJB 
 
 The identification of this insect with minuscula Morrison, 
 made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this 
 species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north 
 of the Gulf States. 
 
 Genus ACOPA Harvey 
 
 (l) Acopa carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. 16, <$ . 
 
 The habitat of this species is Texas. Three other species 
 belonging to the region of the Southwestern States have been 
 referred to this genus. 
 
 Genus CATABENA Walker 
 (i) Catabena lineolata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 15, $ . 
 
 Syn. miscellus Grote. 
 
 This is a common little moth which ranges from the Atlantic 
 States to California. It is freely attracted to light. The larva 
 feeds on Verbena. 
 
 Genus CRAMBODES Guenee 
 
 (i) Crambodes talidiformis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 Syn. conjugens Walker. 
 
 A common species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging 
 westward as far as Colorado. Like the preceding species the 
 larval form feeds on Verbena. 
 
 Genus PLATYSENTA Grote 
 
 (1) Platysenta videns Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 21, 9. 
 
 Syn. indigens Walker; meskei Speyer; atriciliata Grote. 
 
 This species has the same range as the preceding. It is 
 common at sugar. 
 
 (2) Platysenta albipuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 23, 6 . 
 This moth was originally described from Colorado, but it 
 
 occurs all through the Southwestern States. The specimen 
 figured came from Texas. 
 
 Genus BALSA Walker 
 (i) Balsa malana Fitch, Plate XIX, Fig. 18, 6. 
 
 Syn. obliquifera Walker. 
 
 I6 3
 
 Noctuidw 
 
 This is a very common species in the Atlantic States and is 
 freely attracted to light. 
 
 Genus PLATYPERIGEA Smith 
 
 This genus has been erected by Prof. J. B. Smith for the 
 reception of three species, two of which we figure in the 
 annexed cuts, which have been made 
 * r me fr m the types through the 
 
 courtes y of 
 
 Dr. H. G. Dyar, 
 of Washington. 
 
 FIG. 02. Plalypengea ... ,. , . 
 
 pLacuta, I f All of the species 
 
 have been re- 
 corded from Colorado. They also occur 
 in Wyoming, and I have specimens col- 
 lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. They 
 probably have an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus ANORTHODES Smith 
 
 (i) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio, 
 and its range extends thence southward into the Southern 
 States. It occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and 
 Georgia. 
 
 Genus CARADRINA Ochsenheimer 
 
 This is a genus of moderate extent, represented both in the 
 Old World and the New. We have chosen a few species, 
 familiarity with which will enable the student to recognize 
 others. 
 
 (1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 22, $ . 
 (The Mooned Rustic.) 
 
 Syn. bilunata Grote. 
 
 The moth is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to the 
 interior of New Mexico. It is common in Texas. 
 
 (2) Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 29, . 
 (The Speckled Rustic.) 
 
 Syn. fidicularia Morrison. 
 
 The habitat of this species is the Atlantic Subregion. 
 164
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 are contained 
 
 1. Apatela fragilis Guenee, cJ 1 . 
 
 2. Ciris wilsoni Grote, c?. 
 
 3. Demas pro pinquilinea Grote. 
 
 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Harrisimemna trisignata 
 
 Walker, .$ . 
 
 5. Apatela interrupta Guenee, 9- 
 
 6. Apatela hasta Guenee, 9 . 
 
 7. Jaspidea lepidula Grote, tf . 
 
 8. Jaspidea teratophora Herrich- 
 
 Schreffer, <?. 
 
 9. Microccelia diphtheroides 
 
 Guenee, cJ 1 . 
 10. Microccelia diphtheroides var. 
 
 obliterata, Grote, (? 
 n. Polygram mate hebraicum 
 
 Hiibner, J 1 . 
 
 12. Cyathissa per car a Morrison, c?, 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 13. Chytonix palliatricula Guen6e, 
 
 d 1 - _ 
 
 14. Chytonix palliatricula Guen6e, 
 
 var., <?. 
 
 15. Catabena lineolata Walker, <3\ 
 
 16. Acopa carina Harvey, tf , U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 17. Crambodes talidiformis Guen6e, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 1 8. o/sa malana Fitch, c?. 
 
 19. Anorthodes prima Smith, <?. 
 
 20. Orthodes vecors Guenee, c? 1 . 
 
 21. Platysenta videns Guende, 9. 
 
 2 2 . Caradrina meralis Morrison , & . 
 
 23. Platysenta albipuncta Smith, <? . 
 
 24. Hadenella pergentilis Grote, ? . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 25. Hadenella subjuncta Smith, $ . 
 
 26. Caradrina extimia Walker, cJ 1 . 
 2 7 . Caradrina punctivena Smith , tf . 
 
 28. Caradrina spilomela Walker, <?. 
 
 29. Caradrina multifera Walker, 9. 
 
 30. Perigea xanthioides Guen6e, tf . 
 
 31. Perigea vecors Guenee, 9- 
 
 32. Oligia festivoides Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 33. Oligia grata Hiibner, J 1 . 
 
 34. Oligia fuscimacula Grote, tf. 
 
 35. Hillia algens Grote, c?. 
 
 36. Hadena passer Guen6e, c?. 
 
 37. Hadena burgessi Morrison, of 1 . 
 
 38. Hadena lateritia Hiibner, (5*. 
 
 39. Hadena dubitans Walker, 9 
 
 40. Hadena ducta Grote, 9 . 
 
 41. Mamestra juncimacula Smith, 
 
 42. Hadena nigrior Smith, 9 
 
 43. Hadena verbascoides Guene'e, 9 
 
 44. Hadena devastatrix Brace, cJ 1 . 
 
 45. Hadena arctica Boisduval, cJ 1 .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XIX 
 
 *<fig$ t 
 
 COPYHIGMTED BY W
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (3) Caradrina spilomela Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 28, 6. 
 (The Convivial Rustic.) 
 
 Syn. conviva Harvey. 
 
 This is a neotropical species found all over the hotter parts 
 of North and South America, and ranging northward into 
 Arizona and Texas. 
 
 (4) Caradrina extimia Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 26, I . 
 (The Civil Rustic.) 
 
 Syn. civica Grote. 
 
 The moth occurs in Colorado and thence westward to the 
 Pacific. 
 
 (5) Caradrina punctivena Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 27, $ . 
 (The Brown-streaked Rustic.) 
 
 The identity of this insect with C. rufostriga Packard has 
 been suggested as probable. Its habitat is Colorado, among the 
 mountains, and Labrador. It no doubt occurs at intermediate 
 points at suitable elevations. It is evidently a strictly boreal 
 form. 
 
 Geaus PERIGEA Guenee 
 
 This is a rather extensive genus, well represented in the 
 warmer parts of the New World, and also occurring in the 
 Eastern Hemisphere. Twenty-four species are credited to our 
 fauna in the latest catalogue. We figure two of the commoner 
 species, which have a wide range. 
 
 (1) Perigea xanthioides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 30, $ . 
 (The Red Groundling.) 
 
 This is not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. 
 It is particularly abundant in southern Indiana and Kentucky, 
 where I have obtained it in large numbers. 
 
 (2) Perigea vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 31, ?. (The 
 Dusky Groundling.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is very much the same as that 
 of the preceding. 
 
 Genus OLIGIA Hu'bner 
 
 Nine species belonging to this genus are credited to our terri- 
 tory, of which number three are selected for illustration. 
 
 (i) Oligia festivoides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 32, 6. 
 (The Festive Midget.) 
 
 Syn. varia Walker. 
 
 I6 5
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This is not an uncommon species in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Oligia fuscimacula Grote, Plate XIX Fig. 34, $ . (The 
 Brown-spotted Midget.) 
 
 A common species in the Gulf States. 
 
 (3) Oligia grata Hilbner, Plate XIX, Fig. 33, <$ . (The 
 Grateful Midget.) 
 
 Syn. rasilis Morrison. 
 
 This species is quite widely distributed through the Atlantic 
 States. 
 
 Genus HILLIA Grote 
 
 There are three species in this genus. They are found in the 
 -more temperate regions of our territory, being confined to the 
 Northern States or to high elevations among the mountains of 
 the West. 
 
 (i) Hillia algens Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 35, $ . 
 
 This obscurely colored moth is found in Maine, northern 
 New York, southern Canada, and among the mountains of 
 Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. 
 
 Genus HADENA Schrank 
 
 This is a very large genus which is represented in both the 
 Old World and New. More than one hundred species are credited 
 to our fauna. Of these we have selected a number for purposes of 
 illustration, knowing that familiarity with these will enable the 
 young collector presently to recognize other species, which he 
 will then be able to determine with the help of accessible 
 literature. 
 
 (1) Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, Plate XX, Fig. 
 2, $ . (Bridgham's Hadena.) 
 
 A bright little species, the reddish color of the medial area of 
 the fore wings being quite distinctive. It is found in the 
 Appalachian Subregion. 
 
 (2) Hadena transfrons Neumoegen, Plate XX, Fig. 7, ? . 
 (Neumcegen's Hadena.) 
 
 Closely allied to the preceding species, but with darker 
 primaries, and dark hind wings. Habitat Alberta and British 
 Columbia. 
 
 166
 
 Noctuid. 
 
 (j) Hadena violacea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 12, ? . (The 
 Violet Hadena.) 
 
 This species, which ranges over the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains from Colorado to California, may be distinguished 
 from the preceding two species by its somewhat larger size, and 
 by the fact that the secondaries are immaculately white. 
 
 (4) Hadena claudens Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Dark-winged Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. hilli Grote. 
 
 This species is apparently confined to the northern portion of 
 the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (5) Hadena modica Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 14, $. (The 
 Black-banded Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. subcedens Walker. 
 
 Ranges from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of Colorado. 
 
 (6) Hadena characta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. }, $ . (The 
 Double-banded Hadena.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is in the southwestern portion of 
 the Rocky Mountains. It is not uncommon in Arizona. 
 
 (7) Hadena mactata Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 8, $. (The 
 Dark-spotted Hadena.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is over the Appalachian 
 Subregion and westward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (8) Hadena turbulenta Hubner, Plate XX, Fig. 16, $ . (The 
 Turbulent Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. arcuata Walker. 
 
 This little species is not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (9) Hadena versuta Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Albertan Hadena.) 
 
 So far as is now known this species is found in the Territory 
 of Alberta, but it probably has a wide range on the eastern slopes 
 of the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (10) Hadena miseloides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 15, ?. 
 (The White-spotted Hadena.) 
 
 This is not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. It may 
 easily be recognized by its greenish fore wings, generally marked 
 near the middle by a large white spot. 
 
 167
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 (n) Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, Plate XX, Fig. 13. $ . 
 (The Green-spotted Hadena.) 
 
 This species is variable in color, some specimens having 
 green spots on the disk of the fore wings, others being, as repre- 
 sented in the plate, almost entirely brown. It is a common 
 species in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley, ranging 
 thence southward. The example figured was taken at Columbus, 
 Ohio. 
 
 (12) Hadena fractilinea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 10, $ . (The 
 Broken-lined Hadena.) 
 
 Not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. 
 
 ( 1 3) Hadena basilinea Fabricius, Plate XX, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Base-streaked Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. cerivana Smith. 
 
 This species, which is also found in Europe, occurs in Alberta, 
 and the northwestern portions of British North America. 
 
 (14) Hadena passer Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 36, $. (The 
 Passerine Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. incallida Walker; loculata Morrison; viralis Grote; conspicua 
 Morrison. 
 
 Not a very common species, ranging from southern Canada 
 and the northern Atlantic States westward in the same latitudes 
 to the Pacific, and southward into the mountains of Colorado. 
 
 (15) Hadena burgessi Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 37, $. 
 (Burgess's Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. discors Grote. 
 
 The habitat of this well-marked species is the Atlantic Sub- 
 region and the valley of the Mississippi as far west as the Great 
 Plains. 
 
 (16) Hadena vultuosa Grote, Plate XX, Fig. n, $. (The 
 Airy Hadena.) 
 
 Not a very common species, confined to the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (17) Hadena lateritia Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 38, $ . (The 
 Red-winged Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. molochina Hubner; obliviosa Walker. 
 
 Found throughout temperate North America and Europe. 
 
 (18) Hadena dubitans Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 39, $ . (The 
 Halting Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. Insignata Walker; sputatrix Grote. 
 
 1 68
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Much darker than the preceding species, which it somewhat 
 resembles. It is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic 
 Subregion. 
 
 (19) Hadena ducta Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 40, ?. (The 
 Speckled Gray Hadena.) 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the last 
 mentioned. 
 
 (20) Hadena devastatrix Brace, Plate XIX, Fig. 44, $ . 
 (The Destroying Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. ordinaria Walker; contenta Walker; marshallana Westwood. 
 
 Universally distributed throughout the United States and 
 southern Canada. 
 
 (21) Hadena arctica Boisduval, Plate XIX, Fig. 45, $. 
 The Northern Hadena.) 
 
 Syn. amputatrix Fitch. 
 
 A large and handsome species, easily recognizable. It ranges 
 from Canada and New England into the Carolinas and westward 
 to Colorado. 
 
 (22) Hadena occidens Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 20, $ . (The 
 Great Western Hadena.) 
 
 The species is distributed from Colorado to California. 
 
 (23) Hadena verbascoides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 43, ? . 
 (The Mullein Hadena.) 
 
 A peculiarly marked species, which cannot easily be mistaken 
 for anything else. It occurs in the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 (24) Hadena nigrior Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 42, ? . (The 
 Darker Hadena.) 
 
 Allied to the preceding species, but with the light color of the 
 costal area confined to the basal portion of the wing. Found in 
 New England r.nd Canada. 
 
 (25) Hadena lignicolor Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 5, $ . (The 
 Wood-colored Hadena.) 
 
 A well-marked species, in color recalling H. vultuosa, but 
 larger. It ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado and Arizona. 
 
 (26) Hadena semilunata Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Half-moon Hadena.) 
 
 Not uncommon in Colorado and ranging thence westward to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 169
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (27) Hadena vinela Smith, MS., Plate XX, Fig. 19, $ . (The 
 Dark Ashen Hadena.) 
 
 This species has been long distributed in collections as Fishea 
 enthea, which it is not. I apply to the figure the manuscript 
 name, which has been given me by Prof. J. B. Smith. It is 
 found in New England and southern Canada. 
 
 Genus CALOPHASIA Stephens 
 
 The only species of this genus credited to our fauna is 
 C. strigata Smith, represented. in Plate XX, Fig. 17, by a female 
 specimen, loaned to me by the United States National Museum. 
 It occurs in Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 Genus EPIDEMAS Smith 
 
 This genus was erected by Professor J. B. Smith for the 
 reception of the species figured in Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, from a 
 female specimen in the National Collection, and named by him 
 cinerea. It occurs in Colorado. 
 
 Genus MACRONOCTUA Grote 
 
 (i) Macronoctua onusta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 18, ? . 
 There is only one species of this genus, which occurs in the 
 southern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus FISHEA Grote 
 
 A small genus. There are only two species known. 
 (l) Fishea yosemitae Grote, Plate XX, Fig. I, $ . (The 
 Yosemite Fishea.) 
 
 This species, which is gen- 
 erally referred to the genus 
 Aporophila Guenee, is placed 
 here on the authority of Prof. 
 J. B. Smith. In addition 
 to the figure given in the plate 
 FIG. 94. Fishea yosemitae, ? T- we have inserted a cut drawn 
 
 from the type. By the help of 
 
 these the student will no doubt be able to identify the species. 
 The insect is found in California. 
 
 170
 
 Noctuidse 
 Genus POLIA Hubner 
 
 A moderately large genus, which includes about twenty 
 species in our fauna. Of these we have selected two for 
 illustration. 
 
 (1) Polia theodori Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 21, t . (Theodore's 
 Polia.) 
 
 The home of this species is the southwestern portion of the 
 region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Polia diversilineata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 22, $ . (The 
 Varied-banded Polia.) 
 
 Syn. illepida Grote. 
 
 Like the preceding species this is an inhabitant of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Genus DRYOBOTA Lederer 
 
 (i) Dryobota illocata Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 24, 9. (The 
 Wandering Dryobota.) 
 
 Syn. stigmata Grote. 
 
 A native of the Atlantic Subregion wandering as far west as 
 Colorado. 
 
 Genus HYPPA Duponchel 
 
 The genus is found in both hemispheres. Four species are 
 credited to North America. 
 
 (i) Hyppa xylinoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 23, $ . (The 
 Common Hyppa.) 
 
 Syn. contraria Walker; ancocisconcnsis Morrison. 
 
 A very common species in the Atlantic Subregion. It is freely 
 attracted to light in the spring of the year. 
 
 Genus FERALIA Grote 
 
 A small genus containing four species in our territory. The 
 insects are generally found in groves of pine. 
 
 (i) Feralia jocosa Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 32, $. (The 
 Joker.) 
 
 Found in suitable localities throughout the northern Atlantic 
 States. 
 
 171
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus MOMOPHANA Grote 
 
 The only species of this genus known is a very rare insect so 
 far as has been ascertained. The cut we 
 give was drawn from a unique specimen 
 in the Neumoegen Collection at the 
 Brooklyn Institute. The type is at Cornell 
 University. All the specimens which have 
 FIG. ^.Momo^iuaM been taken have occurred in New York 
 comstocki Grote. . and Canada. 
 
 Genus VALERIA Germar 
 
 This genus occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The only 
 species in our fauna is Valeria opina Grote, the male of which 
 is figured in Plate XX, Fig. 25. It is found in California. 
 
 Genus EUPLEXIA Stephens 
 
 But one species of this genus, which is also found in Europe, 
 occurs in North America. English entomologists call the moth 
 "The Small Angle Shades." The scientific name is Euplexia 
 lucipara Li.inreus, and it is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 26. It 
 occurs all over the United States and Canada. 
 
 Genus TRACHEA HUbner 
 
 This genus is also found in both hemispheres. Only one 
 species is found in America, and is confined to the Atlantic Sub- 
 region. It is known as Trachea delicata Grote, and the male 
 is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 27. 
 
 Genus DIPTERYGIA Stephens 
 
 The genus Dipterygia is represented in the New World by 
 the species named scabriuscula by Linnaeus, which also occurs 
 in Europe. There are several Asiatic species. It is shown on 
 Plate XX, Fig. 28. It ranges from the Atlantic westward to the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus ACTINOTIA Hiibner 
 
 This small genus is represented in the United States and 
 Canada by the insect to which Guenee applied the specific name 
 
 172
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 ramosula, and which is delineated on Plate XX, Fig. 29. It is 
 very common in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus PYROPHILA Hubner 
 
 This genus is better represented in Europe and Asia than in 
 America. 
 
 (1) Pyrophila glabella Morrison, Plate XX, Fig. 32, 6. 
 (The Gray Pyrophila.) 
 
 Not nearly as common as the next species, but widely distrib- 
 uted throughout the United States and Canada. 
 
 (2) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 30, <$ . 
 (The American Copper Underwing.) 
 
 This insect, which is one of the commonest moths in the 
 Atlantic Subregion, and ranges westward as far as Colorado, 
 conceals itself under the loose bark of trees during the daytime, 
 and comes forth at night. It sometimes fairly swarms at sugar, 
 and becomes a veritable 
 pest to the collector, 
 who desires rarer things. 
 The caterpillar does a 
 good deal of damage to 
 
 vegetation. I have re- _ "" ^.. . , . , 
 
 FIG. 96. Larva of Pyrophila pyramidoides. 
 cently been annoyed by (After ^ ley) 
 
 the ravages inflicted by 
 
 the larvae in the spring of the year upon the foliage of imported 
 rhododendrons, for which they seem to have a partiality in my 
 garden. They feed freely on a great variety of shrubs and her- 
 baceous plants. 
 
 (3) Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus, Plate XX, Fig. 31, $ . 
 (The Mouse-colored Pyrophila.) 
 
 Syn. repressus Grote. 
 
 A circumpolar species ranging throughout the temperate zone. 
 
 Genus HELIOTROPHA Lederer 
 
 The genus is represented in the Atlantic States by a species, 
 of which a light and a dark form occur. The typical, or light 
 form, was named reniformis by Grote, and is depicted on Plate 
 XX, Fig. 33, while the dark form, named atra by the same author, 
 is shown on the same plate by Figure 34. 
 
 '73
 
 Noctuid* 
 
 Genus PRODENIA Guenee 
 
 A small but widely distributed genus found in all parts of the 
 globe. Illustrations of two of the three species found in our 
 fauna are given. 
 
 (1) Prodenia commelinae Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 
 
 36,?. 
 
 This species, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion, is 
 common in the southern portion of its range. 
 
 (2) Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 35, & . 
 Not as common as the preceding species, but ranging over 
 
 the entire United States. 
 
 Genus LAPHYGMA Guenee 
 
 A small but widely distributed genus, represented in our 
 fauna by but one species. 
 
 (i) Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 
 37, $ . (The Fall Army Worm.) 
 
 Syn. macro, Guen6e ; signifera Walker ; plagiataWalker ; autumnalis Riley. 
 
 This destructive insect, which is found all over the Atlantic 
 States, the Mississippi Valley, and thence southward through 
 
 f 
 
 FIG. 97. Laphygma frugiperda. FIG. 98. Laphygma frugiperda. 
 
 a. full grown larva; 6. head, mag- a . typical form of moth ; b. c. vari- 
 
 nified; c segment of body, viewed .. t \t+~- p;i^r ^ 
 
 from above; d. viewed from side, eties> (After *u*7-> 
 enlarged. (After Riley.) 
 
 Central and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great 
 variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided prefer- 
 
 174
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden 
 crops, and attacks cotton. It is said to inflict damage upon 
 winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The moth is variable in 
 its markings. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and 
 by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been 
 mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm (Leucania uni- 
 puncta). Because its ravages are generally committed in the fall 
 of the year it was named The Fall Army Worm by the late 
 Prof. C. V. Riley. A very excellent account of the insect is given 
 by this distinguished authority in the "Eighth Annual Report" 
 of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, et seq., which the 
 student will do well to consult. It is from this article that 
 the two accompanying figures have been taken. 
 
 Genus LUSSA Grote 
 
 (i) Lussa nigroguttata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 38, $ . 
 This little moth is found in Florida. Not much is as yet 
 known in regard to its life-history. 
 
 Genus MAGUSA Walker 
 
 (i) Magusa dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, $ . 
 Syn. divaricata Grote; angustipennis Mceschler; divida Moeschler. 
 
 The sole species of the genus found within our territory, 
 ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America. 
 
 Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards 
 We figure three of the five species attributed to this genus 
 and reported to occur within the limits of the United States. 
 
 1 i ) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, $ . (The 
 Yellow Pseudanarta.) 
 
 Syn. crocea Henry Edwards. 
 
 The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the 
 southern portions of British Columbia. 
 
 (2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 40, $ . (The 
 Single Pseudanarta.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is the southwestern United States. 
 
 (3) Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen, Plate XX, Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Falcate Pseudanarta.) 
 
 The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico. 
 
 175
 
 Noctuida 
 
 Genus HOMOHADENA Grote 
 
 A considerable genus, one species of which we represent. 
 
 (i) Homohadena badistriga Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. i, $. 
 
 This is the only species of the genus, which occurs in the 
 northern Atlantic States. Most of them are western and 
 southern. The range of badistriga is from the Atlantic to 
 Colorado. 
 
 Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer 
 
 An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species, 
 most of which are found in the western and southwestern 
 States. We have selected for representation seven of their 
 number. 
 
 (1) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, $ . (Day's 
 Oncocnemis. ) 
 
 Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 (2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, $ . 
 (The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last 
 mentioned. 
 
 (3) Oncocnemis occata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 8, ? . (The 
 Harrow-moth.) 
 
 This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying 
 westward of these, as far as the Pacific. 
 
 (4) Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, ? . 
 (Chandler's Oncocnemis.) 
 
 Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. J, $ . 
 (The Black-banded Oncocnemis.) 
 
 This fine species is found in the northern portions of 
 the Atlantic Subregion. The specimen figured was taken in 
 Maine. 
 
 (6) Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 6, ? . 
 (The Iris-colored Oncocnemis.) 
 
 So far this species has only been reported from Colorado and 
 Wyoming. 
 
 (7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, $ . (The 
 Gray Oncocnemis.) 
 
 The only specimens so far found have been taken in Colorado. 
 
 176
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 Fishia yosemitce Grote, c?. 
 Hadena bridghami Grote & 
 
 Robinson, tf . 
 Hadena char acta Grote, tf. 
 Hadena versuta Smith, cT . 
 Hadena lignicolor Guen6e, cJ 1 . 
 Hadena claudens Walker, <5* . 
 Hadena transfrons Neumcegen, 
 
 9- 
 
 Hadena mactata Guen6e, 9 . 
 Hadena basilinea Fabricius, c? 
 Hadena fractilinea Grote, tf. 
 Hadena vultuosa Grote, cJ*. 
 Hadena violacea Grote, 9 
 Hadenachloro stigma Harvey, c?. 
 Hadena ntodica Guen6e, tf. 
 Hadena miseloides Guen6e, 9 . 
 Hadena turbulenta Hiibner, 9 
 Calophasia strigaia Smith, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 Macronoctua onusta Grote, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 Hadena vinela Smith, <3* . 
 Hadena occidens Grote, cJ 1 , U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 Polia theodori Grote, c? . 
 Polia diversilineata Grote, <J*. 
 Hyppa xylinoides Guen6e, 9 
 
 24. Dryobota illocata Walker, 9 
 
 25. Valeria opina Grote, cJ 1 , U. S. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 26. Euplexia lucipara Linnaeus, 9 . 
 
 27. Trachea delicata Grote, &. 
 
 28. Dipterygia scabriuscula 
 
 Linnasus, 9 
 
 29. Actinotia ramosula Guen6e, 9 
 3 o . Pyrophila pyramidoides Guen6e , 
 
 ef. 
 
 3 1 . Pyrophila tragopoginis Linneeus , 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 32. Pyrophila glabella, Morrison, tf. 
 
 33. Helotropha reniformis Grote, 9 
 
 34. Helotropha reniformis var. atra. 
 
 Grote, 9. 
 
 35. Prodenia ornithogalli Guen^e, 
 
 9- 
 
 36. Prodenia commelina Abbot & 
 
 Smith, 9 . 
 
 37. Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & 
 
 Smith, <j\ 
 
 38. Lussa nigroguttata Grote, <^, U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 39. Pseudanarta flava Grote, c?. 
 
 40. Pseudanarta singula Grote, tf . 
 
 4 1 . Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen ,
 
 THE MOTH Boo* 
 
 PLATE XX
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus LEPIPOLYS Guenee 
 
 (i) Lepipolys perscripta Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. n, ?. 
 Only one species occurs in our territory, ranging from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 Genus ADITA Grote 
 
 (i) Adita chionanthi Abbot & Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 10. 
 
 A rather rare moth, which is found in the Atlantic Subregion, 
 but is much commoner in Colorado and Wyoming. It is the 
 only representative of its genus. 
 
 Genus COPIPANOLIS Grote 
 
 A small genus said to contain four species, which are not as 
 distinctly separable as might be desired. 
 
 (i) Copipanolis cubilis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 12, ?. 
 
 The habitat of this insect is the northern United States. It 
 appears upon the wing in Pennsylvania early in April. 
 
 Genus EUTOLYPE Grote 
 
 (i) Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 13, ?. 
 
 The genus represented by this species contains four others 
 within our limits. They all occur in the Atlantic Subregion, 
 except the species named damalis by Grote, which is Californian. 
 
 Genus PSAPHIDIA Walker 
 
 Of the four species of this genus occuring within our territory 
 we give illustrations of two. 
 
 (1) Psaphidia grotei Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 14, ?. 
 
 The home of this species is the northern Atlantic States. It 
 occurs upon the wing very early in the spring of the year. 
 
 (2) Psaphidia resumens Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 15, ?. 
 Syn. viridescens Walker; muralis Grote. 
 
 The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding 
 species. 
 
 Genus CERAPODA Smith 
 
 Only one species of this genus is known. It was named 
 Cerapoda stylata by Prof. J. B. Smith, and is shown on Plate 
 XXIII, Fig. i. Its habitat is Colorado. 
 
 177
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus FOTA Grote 
 
 There are two species of this genus, both of which we figure. 
 They both occur in Arizona and Mexico. 
 
 (1) Fota armata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 16, $. 
 
 (2) Fota minorata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 17, $. 
 
 We do not recall any description of the habits of these two 
 species. 
 
 Genus PODAGRA Smith 
 
 This genus has been quite recently erected by 
 Smith for the reception of the species, a represen- 
 tation of the type of which, based upon the 
 specimen in the United States National Museum, 
 
 FIG. 99. Poda- . . 
 
 gra crassipes. IS given in Fig. 99. 
 
 Genus RHYNCHAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Over twenty species have been attributed to this genus. Of 
 these we figure six. 
 
 (1) Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 18, ? . 
 (The Catocaline Dart-moth.) 
 
 This pretty species is found in the northern parts of the 
 United States, in Canada, and British America.. It is scarce in 
 the eastern parts of its range south of Maine and the Adirondack 
 Woods. 
 
 (2) Rhynchagrotis rufipectus Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 22, 
 ? . (The Red-breasted Dart-moth.) 
 
 The general distribution of this species is like the former, but 
 it extends much farther southward. 
 
 (3) Rhynchagrotis minimalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 21, ?. 
 (The Lesser Red Dart-moth.) 
 
 This species is found in Maine, southern Canada, and also in 
 Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. 
 
 (4) Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenee, Plate XXI, 
 Fig. 19, ? . 
 
 Syn. cupida Grote; velata Walker. 
 
 A common species in the northern Atlantic Subregion, 
 extending its habitat to the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (5) Rhynchagrotis placida Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 23, $. 
 (The Placid Dart-moth.) 
 
 178
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 A very common species in the northern United States, found 
 as far westward as the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (6) Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 20, ? . 
 (The Greater Red Dart-moth.) 
 
 This species closely resembles in general appearance the 
 species named minimalis, but may be distinguished by its larger 
 size, and the darker color of the hind wings. 
 
 Genus ADELPHAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Of the five species belonging to the genus we select the 
 commonest for illustration. 
 
 (i) Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, Plate XXI, Fig. 24, ? . 
 (The Green-winged Dart-moth.) 
 
 This insect occurs all over Canada, the northern Atlantic 
 States, the Rocky Mountains, and British Columbia. It occurs 
 also in Europe. 
 
 Genus PLATAGROTIS Smith 
 
 The species of this genus are confined to the more temperate 
 regions of our territory. 
 
 (i) Platagrotis pressa Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 25, $. (The 
 Dappled Dart.) 
 
 Occurs in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 Genus EUERETAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Three species of the genus occur, all of them within the 
 Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (1) Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 26, $ . 
 (The Sigmoid Dart.) 
 
 From the following species distinguished readily by its larger 
 size, and the darker coloration of the fore wings. 
 
 (2) Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 27, ? . 
 (The Two-spot Dart.) 
 
 A common species in the Atlantic States. 
 
 " Yon night moths that hover where honey brims over." 
 
 JEAN INGELOW. Songs of Seven. 
 
 179
 
 Noctuidw 
 
 Genus ABAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Only one species is attributed to this genus. It is represented 
 by the accompanying cut, drawn from the 
 type in the United States National Museum. 
 Abagrotis erratica is thus far only recorded 
 from California. It is rare in collections. The 
 
 FIG loo co ^ or ^ the wm & s * s asn en gray in some 
 Abagrotis erratica. specimens; in others pale reddish. 
 
 Genus SEMIOPHORA Stephens 
 
 (1) Semiophora elimata Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 29, ?. 
 Form janualis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 30, 5 . (The Variable 
 Dart.) 
 
 Syn. dilucidula Morrison; badicollis Grote. 
 
 Not at all an uncommon species, ranging from Canada to 
 Georgia. 
 
 (2) Semiophora opacifrons Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 28, ? . 
 (The Black-fronted Dart.) 
 
 This species is found in the more northern portions of the 
 Atlantic Subregion ranging into Quebec. 
 
 (3) Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 33, $ . 
 (The Reddish Speckled Dart.) 
 
 Syn. catharina Grote; manifestolabes Morrison. 
 
 A well-marked species, the fore wings of which have a 
 prevalently reddish cast. It ranges from New Jersey northward 
 into Canada. 
 
 Genus PACHNOBIA Guenee 
 
 The species are mainly boreal, being found in the northern 
 portions of our territory, principally in Canada, and on the 
 higher mountain ranges. 
 
 (1) Pachnobia littoralis Packard, Plate XXI, Fig. 32, $. 
 (The Reddish Pachnobia.) 
 
 Syn. pectinata Grote; ferruginoides Smith. 
 
 The species occurs from the mountains of Colorado north- 
 ward to Alberta. 
 
 (2) Pachnobia salicarum Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 31, 3. 
 (The Willow Pachnobia.). 
 
 Syn. orilliana Grote; claviformis Morrison. 
 
 180
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This species, readily distinguished from all others by the well 
 defined claviform spot, ranges from Massachusetts to Alberta 
 and northward. 
 
 Genus METALEPSIS Grote 
 
 Two species of this genus are credited to our fauna. Of the 
 type of one of these, preserved in the British Museum, I am able 
 to give an excellent figure taken from Sir George F. Hampson's 
 
 FIG. 101. Metalepsis cornuta, 
 
 fine work upon the moths of the world, which is being published 
 by the Trustees of the above named institution. The insect 
 occurs in California. 
 
 Genus SETAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Eight species, all of them found in the northern parts of our 
 territory or at considerable elevations among 
 the mountains of the West, are attributed 
 to this genus. I am able to give a figure 
 of one of these, which Dr. Dyar kindly had 
 drawn from the type in the United States 
 National Museum. It occurs among the 
 mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. The FlG I02 Setagrotis 
 ground color of the wings is pale luteous. temfica, $ . f. 
 
 Genus AGROTIS Ochsenheimer 
 
 (i) Agrotis badinodis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 37, $. (The 
 Pale-banded Dart.) 
 
 Not an uncommon species in the northern Atlantic States 
 and Canada. 
 
 Iftl
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (2) Agrotis ypsilon Rottemburg. (The Ypsilon Dart.) 
 
 Syn. suff usa Denis & Schiffermuller; telifera Harris; idonea Cramer. 
 
 This is an exceedingly common species, which occurs every- 
 where in Canada and the United 
 States. It is also found in Europe. 
 Its larva is one of the species, 
 which under the name of "cut- 
 worms," are known to inflict ex- 
 tensive injuries upon growing 
 plants. They burrow into the 
 loose soil during the day, and 
 le yP silon - come forth at night and do their 
 mischievous work. They are a 
 plague to the market-gardener in particular. 
 
 (3) Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXI, 
 Fig. 36,. 9 . (The Knee-joint Dart.) 
 
 Not a scarce species in the northern Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 Genus PERIDROMA Hubner 
 
 This is a moderately large genus, represented m the United 
 States and Canada by about a dozen species. Half of these we 
 illustrate. 
 
 (1) Peridroma occulta Linnaeus, Plate XXI, Fig. 42, 9. 
 (The Great Gray Dart.) 
 
 The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of our 
 territory. 
 
 (2) Peridroma astricta Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 41, 9. 
 (The Great Brown Dart.) 
 
 The species is found in the northern parts of the Atlantic 
 Subregion, and also in Colorado. 
 
 (3) Peridroma nigra Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 43, 9. (The 
 Great Black Dart.) 
 
 Found in Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 (4) Peridroma saucia Hubner, Plate XXI, Fig. 40, ? ; 
 Egg, Text-figure No. 2. (The Common Cut-worm.) 
 
 Syn. inermis Harris; ortonii Packard. 
 
 Almost universally distributed throughout the United States 
 and southern Canada. It also occurs in Europe. 
 
 182
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens are contained in 
 collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 the 
 
 1. Homohadena badistriga Grote, 22. 
 
 d, U. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Magusa dissidens Felder, d- 2 3- 
 
 3. Oncocnemis atrifasciata 24. 
 
 Morrison, 9 
 
 4. Oncocnemis dayi Grote, d- 2 5- 
 
 5. Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, 26. 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 6. Oncocnemis tricolor Smith, 9- 27. 
 
 7. Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, 9 
 
 8. Oncocnemis occata Grote, 9 28. 
 
 9. Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, d- 
 
 10. Adita chionanthi Abbot & 29. 
 
 Smith, d, U. S. N. M. 30. 
 
 11. Lepipolys perscripta Guene'e, 9. 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 12. Copipanolis cubilis Grote, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 13. Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, 
 
 9- 
 
 14. Psaphidia grotei Morrison, 9 i 
 
 U. S. N. M. 34. 
 
 15. Psaphidia resumens Walker, 9* 35- 
 
 1 6. Fota armata Grote, d- 36- 
 
 17. Fota minor ata Grote, d- 
 
 1 8 . Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote , 37. 
 
 9. 38. 
 
 19. Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides 
 
 Guene'e, 9 39- 
 
 20. Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, 40. 
 
 9. 41- 
 
 21. Rhynchagrotis placida Grote, 42. 
 
 d* red variety. 43. 
 
 Rhynchagrotis rufipectus 
 
 Morrison, 9 
 
 Rhychagrotis placida Grote, d- 
 Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, 
 
 9- 
 
 Platagrotis pressa Grote, d- 
 Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guen6e, 
 
 d- 
 Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote, 
 
 9- 
 Semiophora opacifrons Grote, 
 
 9- 
 
 Semiophora elimata Guen6e, (J 1 . 
 Semiophora elimata var. janua- 
 
 lis Grote, d 1 . 
 Pachnobia salicarum Walker, 
 
 3i- 
 3 2 - 
 33. Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, 
 
 Pachnobia littoralis Packard, 
 
 Noctua nor maniana Grote, d 1 - 
 Noctua bicarnea Guenee, 9 
 Agrotis geniculata Grote & 
 
 Robinson, 9 
 
 Agrotis badinodis Grote, d 1 - 
 Peridroma simplaria Morrison, 
 
 9- 
 
 Peridroma incivis Guenee, d 1 - 
 Peridro masaucia Hiibner, 9 
 Peridroma astricta Morrison, d 1 - 
 Peridroma occult a Linnaeus, 9 
 Peridroma nigra Smith, d*-
 
 Tua MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXI
 
 Noctuidjs 
 
 (5) Peridroma incivis Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 39, $ . (The 
 Uncivil Dart.) 
 
 Syn. alabamae Grote. 
 
 Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 (6) Peridroma simplaria Morrison, Plate XXi, Fig. 38, ? . 
 (The Pale-winged Dart.) 
 
 Not an uncommon species in Texas and Arizona. 
 
 Genus NOCTUA Linnaeus 
 
 This is a very extensive genus, to which over forty species 
 found in our territory are referred in recent lists. 
 
 (1) Noctua normanniana Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 34, $ . 
 (Norman's Dart.) 
 
 Syn. obtusa Speyer. 
 
 Found everywhere in the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (2) Noctua bicarnea Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 35, ? . (The 
 Pink-spotted Dart.) 
 
 Syn. plagiata Walker. 
 
 This is likewise a common species ranging from the Atlantic 
 as far west as Colorado. 
 
 (3) Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, Plate XXII, Fig. I, ?. (The 
 Black-letter Dart.) 
 
 Universally distributed through the Appalachian Subregion 
 and also occurring in Europe. 
 
 (4) Noctua jucunda Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 5, ? . (The 
 Smaller Pinkish Dart.) 
 
 Syn. perconftua Grote. 
 
 Very commonly found in the northern United States. 
 
 (5) Noctua oblata Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The 
 Rosy Dart.) 
 
 Syn. hilliana Harvey. 
 
 The habitat of this species is the North. It is common in 
 Alberta. 
 
 (6) Noctua fennica Tauscher, Plate XXII, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Finland Dart.) 
 
 Syn.. intractata Walker. 
 
 A circumpolar species found throughout northern Europe, 
 Asia, and America.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (7) Noctua plecta Linnaeus, Plate XXII, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Flame-shouldered Dart.) 
 
 Syn. vicaria Walker. 
 
 The distribution of this small and well-marked species is some- 
 what like that of the preceding, but it extends farther to the south. 
 
 (8) Noctua collar-is Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. 7, $ . 
 (The Collared Dart.) 
 
 Occurs in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (9) Noctua juncta Grote, Plate XXII, Fig, 12, $. (The 
 Scribbled Dart.) 
 
 Syn. patefacta Smith. 
 
 The species ranges from Nova Scotia to Alberta. 
 
 (10) Noctua haruspica Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 9, ?. (The 
 Soothsayer Dart.) 
 
 Syn. grandis Speyer. 
 
 Widely distributed through the northern portions of our 
 territory. 
 
 (11) Noctua clandestina Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 14, ?. 
 (The Clandestine Dart.) 
 
 Syn. unicolor Walker; nigriceps Walker. 
 
 A common species ranging from the Atlantic to the Rocky 
 Mountains, and readily separated from the preceding species by 
 the narrower and darker fore wings. 
 
 (12) Noctua havilae Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 18, 6 . (The 
 Havilah Dart.) 
 
 A smaller species than either of the preceding. It occurs from 
 Colorado and Wyoming westward to California. 
 
 (13) Noctua atricincta Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. n, $. 
 (The Black-girdled Dart.) 
 
 Thus far this species has only been reported as occurring in 
 Alberta. 
 
 (14) Noctua substrigata Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 10, 6. 
 (The Yellow-streaked Dart.) 
 
 This species, like the preceding, is found in Alberta. Both 
 probably have a wider range. 
 
 (15) Noctua calgary Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, $. (The 
 Calgary Dart.) 
 
 The remarks made as to the two preceding species apply to 
 this also. 
 
 184
 
 Noctuidas 
 
 (16) Noctua lubricans Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (The Slippery Dart.) 
 
 Syn. associans \Valker; illapsa Walker; beata Grote. 
 
 A very common species, universally distributed throughout 
 the United States. 
 
 Genus PRONOCTUA Smith 
 
 Only one species of this genus, named typica by Prof. 
 J. B. Smith, is known. It is 
 found in Colorado and Wyo- 
 ming. Through the kindness 
 of Dr. Dyar a drawing of the 
 type was made for me at the 
 United States National Museum 
 and it is reproduced in the an- 
 nexed CUt (Fig. 104). FIG. 104. Pronoctua typica. 
 
 Genus CHORIZAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Eight species are attributed to this genus by Dyar in his 
 recent Catalogue of the moths of the United States. We figure 
 three of them. 
 
 (1) Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 15, ? . 
 (The Interfering Dart.) 
 
 This insect is not scarce in Texas and Colorado, and thence, 
 ranges westward to California. 
 
 (2) Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 22, $ . 
 (The Inelegant Dart.) 
 
 An obscurely colored species occuring in the southwestern 
 States. 
 
 (3) Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 17, $ . 
 (The Acorn Dart.) 
 
 The range of this insect is from Colorado to British Columbia. 
 
 Genus RHIZAGROTIS Smith 
 
 About a dozen species have been assigned to this genus by 
 recent writers. We figure one of them, to which Prof. 
 J. B. Smith has applied the name proclivis. It is represented 
 by a female specimen on Plate XXII, Fig. 16. The insect occurs 
 in Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 185
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus FELTIA Walker 
 
 FIG. 105. Feltia subgothic a . 
 rai 
 
 ever, in the West than in 
 range over the northern 
 
 This is a considerable genus, represented by species in the 
 northern portions of both hemispheres. 
 
 (1) Feltia subgothica Haworth. (The Subgothic Dart.) 
 
 Of this common species, which is found in the northern 
 portions of the United States and also in Canada, and which 
 
 likewise occurs in Europe, 
 we give a figure on Plate 
 XXII. We also have re- 
 produced a cut of the 
 species taken from Prof. 
 C. V. Ri ley's First 
 Missouri Report. The 
 larva is one of the com- 
 monest cut-worms, found 
 
 Moth with wings expanded; moth with more abundantly, how- 
 wings closed. 
 
 the East. The species has a wide 
 
 portions of the United States and through southern Canada. 
 
 (2) Feltia herilis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 20, $. (The 
 Master's Dart.) 
 
 The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (3) Feltia gladiaria Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 19, 9 . (The 
 Swordsman Dart.) 
 
 Syn. morrisoniana Riley. 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the 
 previous. 
 
 (4) Feltia venerabilis Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 26, $ . (The 
 Venerable Dart. ) 
 
 Widely distributed throughout the United States. 
 
 (5) Feltia vancouverensis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 42, 9. 
 (The Vancouver Dart.) 
 
 Syn. hortulana Morrison; semiclarata Grote; agilis Grote. 
 
 I have given the above name to the specimen figured on the 
 Plate as cited upon the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith, who has 
 kindly examined the figure. The specimen came from Labrador. 
 
 (6) Feltia volubilis Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 23, 9 . (The 
 Voluble Dart.) 
 
 Syn. stigmosa Morrison. 
 
 1 86
 
 Noctuid 
 
 Found throughout our entire territory. 
 
 (7) Feltia annexa Treitschke, Plate XXII, Fig. 28, $ . (The 
 Added Dart.) 
 
 Syn. decernens Walker. 
 
 Found throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States and 
 ranging into South America. 
 
 (8) Feltia malefida Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 32, ? . (The 
 Rascal Dart.) 
 
 This species has the same range as that of the last mentioned 
 form. 
 
 Genus POROSAGROTIS Smith 
 
 Eleven species are assigned by Dr. Dyar in his Catalogue to 
 this genus. As representatives of these we have chosen five for 
 Hlustration. 
 
 1 i ) Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 25, $ . 
 (The Old Man Dart.) 
 
 Syn. muraenula Grote & Robinson. 
 
 This pale-colored species extends in its range from the Atlantic 
 to Colorado. 
 
 (2) Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. 31, ?. 
 (The Fuscous Dart.) 
 
 Syn. septentrionalis Mceschler; patula Walker. 
 
 The specimen figured was taken at Nain, Labrador. The 
 insect is said also to occur in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (3) Porosagrotis tripars Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 24, $ ; 
 Fig- 37. ? ( Tne Tripart Dart.) 
 
 Syn. worthingtoni Grote. 
 
 The specimens figured came from Colorado. 
 
 (4) Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 33, $ . 
 (Riley's Dart.) 
 
 This species is spread from the Atlantic to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (5) Porosagrotis daedalus Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 29, &. 
 (The Daedalus Dart.) 
 
 The insect is peculiar to the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus EUXOA Hubner 
 
 This great genus, including nearly two hundred species, 
 which are found in the region, with which this book deals, has 
 
 187
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 in recent years been ranged under the name Carneades after the 
 teaching of Grote, but as Carneades, which was erected by 
 Bates, includes a different concept, this name was abandoned 
 by Dr. Dyar, and the name Paragrotis Pratt was substituted for 
 it. This name, however, must yield to the older name proposed 
 by Hiibner, and which we have adopted at the suggestion of 
 Prof. J. B. Smith. 
 
 (1) Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, 
 Fig. 30, $ . (The Four-toothed Dart. ) 
 
 This insect is distributed from Colorado to Oregon. 
 
 (2) Euxoa brevipennis Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 27, 9 . (The 
 Short-winged Dart.) 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 (3) Euxoa olivalis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 34, $ . (The 
 Olive Dart.) 
 
 The species occurs in Colprado and Utah. 
 
 (4) Euxoa flavidens Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 38, 6" . (The 
 Yellow- toothed Dart.) 
 
 This moth is spread through the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains from Colorado to northern Mexico. The specimen 
 figured came from the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. It has 
 been compared with the type in the National Museum at 
 Washington. 
 
 (5) Euxoa perpolita Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 36, 6 . (The 
 Polished Dart.) 
 
 It ranges from the States of the northern portion of the 
 Atlantic Subregion to the mountains of Colorado. 
 
 (6) Euxoa velleripennis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 35, $ . 
 (The Fleece-winged Dart.) 
 
 It has the same range as the preceding species. It may at 
 once be distinguished from it by its slighter build, and by the 
 whiter hind wings. 
 
 (7) Euxoa detersa Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 39, $ . (The 
 Rubbed Dart.) 
 
 Syn. pityochrous Grote; personata Morrison. 
 
 A pale and inconspicuously colored insect, which has the 
 same distribution as the two preceding species. 
 
 (8) Euxoa messoria Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 40, $ . (The 
 Reaper Dart.) 
 
 1 88
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, 9 
 
 2. Noctua phyllophora Grote, 9 
 Noctua oblata Morrison, (J 1 . 
 Noctua fennica Tauscher, cT. 
 
 Noctua jucunda Walker, 9 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 5- 
 
 6. Noctua plecta Linnaeus, cJ 1 . 
 
 7 . Noctua collaris Grote & 
 
 Robinson, (J 1 . 
 
 8. Noctua lubricans Guenee, tf . 
 
 9. Noctua haruspica Grote, 9 
 10. Noctua substrigata Smith, c?- 
 ti. Noctua atricincta Smith, c?- 
 
 12. Noctua juncta Grote, J 1 . 
 
 13. Noctua calgary Smith, tf. 
 
 14. Noctua clandestina Harris, 9 
 
 15. Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, 
 
 9. 
 
 1 6. Rhizagrotis proclivis Smith, 9 
 
 17. Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, 
 
 <?. 
 
 1 8. Noctua havila Grote, J 1 . 
 
 19. Feltia gladiaria Morrison, 9 
 
 20. Feltia herilis Grote, cf 1 . 
 
 21. Feltia subgothica. Haworth, (J 1 . 
 
 22. Chorizagrotis inconcinna 
 
 Harvey, 9 . 
 
 23. Feltia volubilis Harvey, 9 . 
 
 24. Porosagrotis tripars Grote, $. 
 
 25. Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, (?. 
 
 26. Feltia venerabilis Walker, c? 
 
 27. Euxoa brevipennis Smith, 9 
 
 28. Feltia annexa Treitschke, 9 
 
 29. Porosagrotis d&dalus Smith, <J* 
 
 30. Euxoa quadridentata Grote & 
 
 Robinson, c?. 
 
 31. Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, 
 
 32. Feltia malefida Guen6e, 9 
 
 33. Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison. 
 
 9- 
 
 34. Euxoa olivalis Grote, c?. 
 
 35. Euxoa velleripennis Grote, c?. 
 
 36. Euxoa per polita Morrison, oT. 
 
 37. Porosagrotis tripars Walker, tf 
 
 38. Euxoa -ftavidens Smith, $. 
 
 39. Euxoa detersa Walker, <$. 
 
 40. Euxoa messoria Harris, cJ 1 . 
 
 41. Hadena semiiunata Grote, cT- 
 
 42. Feltia vancouverensis Morrison, 9
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXII 
 
 Sfc^ 1 
 
 
 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLUN
 
 . Noctuidae 
 
 Syn. spissa Guene"e; cochram Riley; repentis Grote & Robinson; dis- 
 pliciens Walker, etc. 
 
 This wretched little creature, the larva of which is one of our 
 most destructive cut-worms, was described seven times by 
 Walker under different names. The more inconspicuous, or the 
 smaller an insect, the more names it bears. The littlest bugs 
 have the biggest names. It is thus also, sometimes, with men. 
 
 (9) Euxoa lutulenta Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 13, <$ . (The 
 Muddy Dart.) 
 
 An inconspicuous species, which ranges from Alberta in the 
 north to Colorado in the south, and thence westward to 
 California. 
 
 (10) Euxoa dissona Moeschler, Plate XXIII, Fig. 5, $ . (The 
 Dissonant Dart.) 
 
 This moth is found in Labrador. 
 
 (n) Euxoa titubatis Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 6; $. (The 
 Tippling Dart.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 (12) Euxoa insulsa Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, ?. (The 
 Silly Dart.) 
 
 Syn. insignata Walker; expulsa Walker; declarata Walker; decolor 
 Morrison; campestris Grote; verticalis Grote. 
 
 This is another poor creature, which unconsciously has 
 suffered much at the hands of the species-makers. It is found 
 all over the United States. 
 
 (13) Euxoa albipennis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 7, $ . (The 
 White-winged Dart.) 
 
 Syn. nigripennis Grote. 
 
 A common species in the Atlantic Subregion ranging across 
 the valley of the Mississippi into Colorado. 
 
 (14) Euxoa tessellata Harris, Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Tessellate Dart.) 
 
 Syn. mam, Fitch; atropurpurea Grote. 
 
 Universally distributed throughout our region. 
 
 (15) Euxoa basalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 8, $. (The 
 Basal Dart.) 
 
 This species is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and 
 probably has a still wider range. 
 
 189
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (16) Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 10, $ . 
 (The Yellow-bellied Dart.) 
 
 Syn. illata Walker; cinereomaculata Morrison; gularis Grote; turris 
 Grote. 
 
 This moth is found in the northern Atlantic States and thence 
 westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (17) Euxoa furtivus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. n, $. (The 
 Furtive Dart.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (18) Euxoa obeliscoides Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, $ . 
 (The Obelisk Dart.) 
 
 Syn. sexatilis Grote. 
 
 Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and across the 
 valley of the Mississippi to Wyoming and Colorado. 
 
 (19) Euxoa redimicula Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 9, $. 
 (The Fillet Dart.) 
 
 The insect has exactly the same range as the last mentioned 
 species. 
 
 Genus EUCOPTOCNEMIS Grote 
 
 There is but one species of the genus recognized in our 
 fauna. To this Guenee gave the name 
 fimbriaris. It was afterward named 
 obvia by Walker. Its habitat is New 
 England. It is a scarce species in col- 
 lections. The figure we give was taken 
 FIG. lot.-Eucoptocnemis from a specimen in the United States 
 fimbriaris. National Museum. 
 
 Genus RICHIA Grote 
 
 A small genus of obscurely colored moths. They are found 
 in the southwestern States. 
 
 (1) Richia aratrix Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 14, 3. (The 
 Plough-girl. ) 
 
 The species is found in Colorado and Texas. 
 
 (2) Richia parentalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 15, $. (The 
 Parental Dart.) 
 
 190
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This is a New Mexican species. It also occurs in Texas, and 
 in the mountains of northern Mexico. 
 
 Genus ANYTUS Grote . 
 
 Only a few species have been recognized as belonging to this 
 genus. Of the five which have been named, we figure two. 
 
 (1) Anytus privatus Walker, Plate XXI II, Fig. 16, $ . (The 
 Sculptured Anytus.) 
 
 Syn. sculplus Grote. 
 
 A native of the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (2) Anytus obscurus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 17, <$ . (The 
 Obscure Anytus.) 
 
 Thus far this insect has only been reported from Alberta. 
 
 Genus UFEUS Grote 
 
 A small genus of rather large, plainly colored moths, having 
 a robust habitus, which permits them to be easily distinguished 
 from others. 
 
 (1) Ufeus plicatus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 19, (The 
 Pleated Ufeus. ) 
 
 Syn. barometricus Goossens. 
 
 Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward 
 as far as California. The insect is not, however, very common. 
 
 (2) Ufeus satyricus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 20, $ . (The 
 Satyr.) 
 
 This moth ranges over the northern Atlantic States, but, like 
 the other species of the genus, does not appear to be anywhere 
 very common. 
 
 Genus AGROTIPHILA Grote 
 
 There are seven species attributed to this genus by recent 
 authors. We can only figure one of them. 
 
 (i) Agrotiphila incognita Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 18, &. 
 
 The species occurs in Alberta and westward to British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Genus MAMESTRA Ochsenheimer 
 
 A very large genus, represented in both hemispheres by a 
 large number of species. The caterpillars of some species are 
 
 191
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 quite destructive to cultivated plants. Of the one hundred and 
 ten or more species occurring in our territory we have selected 
 thirty for purpose of illustration. This number of species, 
 if correctly ascertained by the student, ought to enable him to 
 form some idea of the general character of the complex of insects, 
 with which we are now dealing. 
 
 (1) Mamestra imbrifera Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 32, ?. 
 (The Cloudy Mamestra.) 
 
 A native of the northern Atlantic States. It is not rare in 
 New England. 
 
 (2) Mamestra purpurissata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 26, $ . 
 (The Empurpled Mamestra.) 
 
 This is a very common species in Maine and Quebec. It 
 occurs less commonly south of these localities. 
 
 (3) Mamestra juncimacula Smith, Plate XIX. Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Fused-spot Mamestra.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is Colorado. 
 
 (4) Mamestra meditata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 21, $. 
 (The Studied Mamestra.) 
 
 Quite a common species in the Appalachian Subregion. 
 
 (5) Mamestra lustralis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 22, $ . 
 (The Lustral Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. suffusa Smith. 
 
 The range of this species is through the Atlantic States south 
 and west to Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 (6) Mamestra detracta Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 24, $ . 
 (The Disparaged Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. claviplena Grote. 
 
 The range of this insect is the same as that of the last men- 
 tioned species. 
 
 (7) Mamestra farnhami Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 23, ? . 
 (Farnham's Mamestra.) 
 
 A native of the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (8) Mamestra liquida Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 36, $ . (The 
 Liquid Mamestra.) 
 
 The range of this insect is in the northwestern part of out 
 territory as far as British Columbia. 
 
 193
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (9) Mamestra radix Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 25, $ . 
 (Dimmock's Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. dimmocki Grote; desperata Smith. 
 
 Distributed from Maine and Quebec across the northern parts 
 of the United States and the southern portions of the British 
 possessions to the Pacific. 
 
 (10) Mamestra nevadae Grote, Plate XX11I, Fig. 33, ?. 
 (The Nevadan Mamestra.) 
 
 Found in Nevada and California. 
 
 (n) Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIII, 
 Fig. 27, $ . (The Harnessed Mamestra.) 
 
 Not at all an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion, 
 ranging across the Mississippi Valley to the foothills of the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (12) Mamestra grandis Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Grand Mamestra. ) 
 
 Syn. libera Walker. 
 
 (13) Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, $ . 
 (The Clover Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. chenopodii Fabricius; albifusa Walker; glaucovaria Walker; 
 major Speyer. 
 
 Found throughout Europe, northern Asia, and the United 
 States and Canada. The caterpillar does at times considerable 
 damage to crops. 
 
 (14) Mamestra rosea Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 30, ? . (The 
 Rosy Mamestra.) 
 
 Distributed generally through the northern portions of the 
 United States and the southern portions of Canada and British 
 Columbia. 
 
 (15) Mamestra congermana Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 31, 
 ? . (The Cousin German.) 
 
 This insect ranges from the Atlantic to the eastern portions 
 of the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (16) Mamestra picta Harris, Plate I, Fig. n, larva; Plate 
 XXIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The Painted Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. exusta Guen6e; coniraria Walker. 
 
 This is one of the commonest species of the genus. The 
 caterpillar is a conspicuous object, and in the fall of the year is 
 
 193
 
 FIG. 
 
 107. Mamestra picta. a. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 larva; b. moth. 
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 generally very noticeable, feeding upon various herbaceous plants 
 It is a promiscuous feeder, and to enumerate all the vege- 
 tables w h i c h it 
 attacks would al- 
 most be to provide 
 a list of the plants of 
 the United States. 
 They manifest, 
 however, a decided 
 preference, when 
 accessible, for the 
 cruciferous plants, 
 and do much dam- 
 age in fields of 
 cabbages and beets. 
 There are two 
 broods in the 
 Middle States. The 
 species does not 
 occur on the Pacific coast, so far as is known to the writer. Its 
 range is from the Atlantic to the eastern foothills of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (17) Mamestra lubens Grote, Plate XX 1 1 1, Fig. 28, $ . (The 
 Darling Mamestra.) 
 
 A denizen of the northern portions of the United States. 
 
 (18) Mamestra latex Guenee, Plate XXI 1 1, Fig. 40, ? . (The 
 Fluid Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. demissa Walker. 
 
 This insect has the same range as the preceding species. 
 
 (19) Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 38, ? . 
 (The Hitched Mamestra.) 
 
 This species occurs from southern Canada to the Carolinas 
 and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. 
 
 (20) Mamestra rugosa Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, $. 
 (The Rugose Mamestra.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is Maine and Nova Scotia. 
 
 (21) Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 39, $. 
 (The Lilacine Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. illabefacta Morrison. 
 
 194
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Cerapoda stylata Smith, c? , U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 2. Epidemas cinerea Smith, 9 . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 3. Euxoa insulsa Walker, 9 . 
 
 4. Euxoa tessellata Harris, c?. 
 
 5. Euxoa dissona Moeschler, 9 
 
 6. Euxoa titubatis Smith, <J* . 
 
 7. Euxoa albipennis Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 8. Euxoa basalis Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 g. Euxoa jedimicula Morrsion, $ . 
 
 10. Euxoa ochrogaster Guene'e, J 1 . 
 
 11. Euxoa furtivus Smith, <5\ 
 
 12. Euxoa obeliscoides Guene'e, 9 . 
 
 13. Euxoa lutulenta Smith, <j\ 
 
 14. Richia aratrix Harvey, (J 1 . 
 
 15. Richia parentalis Grote, c?. 
 
 1 6. Anytus privatus Walker, <5\ 
 
 17. Anytus obscurus Smith, c?. 
 
 1 8. Agrotiphila incognita Smith, tf . 
 
 19. Ufeus plicatus Grote, c?. 
 
 20. Ufeus satyricus Grote, <j\ 
 
 21. Mamestra meditata Grote, 9 
 
 22. Mamestra lustralis Grote, 9 
 
 specimens figured are contained in 
 
 23. Mamestra jarnhami Grote, 9 
 
 24. Mamestra detracta Walker, o\ 
 
 25. Mamestra radix Walker, <5*. 
 
 26. Mamestra purpurissata Grote, 
 
 ? 
 
 27. Mamestra subjuncta Grote & 
 
 Robinson, d 1 . 
 
 28. Mamestra lubens Grote, <^. 
 
 29. Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, 
 
 &'. 
 
 30. Mamestra rosea Harvey, 9 
 
 3 1 . Mamestra congermana Morrison , 
 
 9- 
 
 32. Mamestra imbrifera Guene'e, 9- 
 
 33. Mamestra nevadce Grote, 9 
 
 34. Mamestra picta Harris, c? 1 . 
 
 35. Mamestra renigera Stephens, 9 
 
 36. Mamestra liquida Grote, 9 
 
 37. Mamestra olivacea Morrison, c?. 
 
 38. Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, 
 
 9- 
 
 39. Mamestra lilacina Harvey, <5*. 
 
 40. Mamestra latex Guen6e, 9 
 
 4 1 . Mamestra grandis Boisduval , $ .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 ELATE XXIII
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This moth ranges from the Atlantic coast to Colorado and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 (22) Mamestra renigera Stephens, Plate XXIII, Fig. 35, $ . 
 (The Kidney-spotted Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. herbimacula Guene'e; infecta Walker. 
 
 This prettily marked little moth is found from New England 
 and Ontario to Colorado. It occurs also in Europe. 
 
 (25) Mamestra olivacea Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 37, $ . 
 (The Olivaceous Mamestra.) 
 
 For the very extensive synonymy of this insect the reader is 
 referred to Dr. Dyar's "Catalogue of the Moths of the United 
 States." It is too lengthy to impose upon these pages. The 
 moth ranges over the northern portions of the United States and 
 southern Canada. 
 
 (24) Mamestra laudabilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. i, ?. 
 (The Laudable Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. indicans Walker; strigicollis Wallengren. 
 
 This species extends its range from New Jersey through the 
 southern States to Texas and southern California and northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 (25) Mamestra lorea Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Bridled Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. ligata Walker; dodgei Grote. 
 
 An obscurely colored species, which ranges from the Atlantic 
 to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (26) Mamestra erecta Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Erect Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. constipata Walker; innexa Grote. 
 
 This little moth occurs in Texas, Arizona, and northern 
 Mexico. 
 
 (27) Mamestra anguina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5, ? . (The 
 Snaky Mamestra.) 
 
 The insect occurs in the northern portions of our territory, 
 and among the higher mountains of the States of Colorado and 
 Wyoming. 
 
 (28) Mamestra vicina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 6, ? . (The 
 Allied Mamestra.) 
 
 Syn. teligera Morrison; acutipennis Grote. 
 
 Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 195
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (29) Mamestra neoterica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 7, $. 
 (The Modern Mamestra.) 
 
 The range of this species is from Manitoba to Alberta, so far 
 as is at present known. 
 
 (30) Mamestra negussa Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, ?. 
 (The Brown-winged Mamestra.) 
 
 The species was originally described from Alberta. It occurs 
 also in northern Montana. 
 
 Genus ADMETOVIS Grote 
 
 (i) Admetovis oxymorus Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 9, $ . 
 This insect which is one of two species, which are attributed 
 to the genus, is found from Colorado to California. 
 
 Genus BARATHEA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Barathra occidentata Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, ? . 
 
 This is a New Mexican species. Another species of the 
 genus, named curialis by Smith, has been described by him as 
 coming from Maine and New Hampshire. 
 
 Genus NEURONIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Neuroma americana Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 12, $. 
 (The American Neuronia.) 
 
 This is the only species of the genus represented in our terri- 
 tory. It occurs in Montana and Alberta. 
 
 Genus DARGIDA Walker 
 
 The only species of this genus found within the limits of the 
 United States was named procinctus by Grote. It is represented 
 by the figure of the male insect on Plate XXIV, Fig. n. It is 
 found from Colorado to California and Oregon. 
 
 Genus MORRISONIA Grote 
 
 Six species are attributed to this genus. We figure two of 
 them. 
 
 (i) Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 13, $ . 
 Syn. evicta Grote. 
 
 Form vomerina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 14, ? . 
 196
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The home of this insect is the Northern Atlantic States. It 
 occurs in both forms in western Pennsylvania and Indiana. 
 (2) Morrisonia confusa Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 15, $ . 
 
 Syn. infructuosa Walker; multifaria Walker. 
 
 Not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 Genus XYLOMIGES Guenee 
 
 In our fauna are found fifteen species which have been 
 assigned to this genus. From their number we have chosen 
 seven to put before the students of this book. 
 
 (1) Xylomiges simplex Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 17, $. 
 (The Simple Woodling.) 
 
 Syn. crucialis Harvey. 
 
 A well marked and easily recognizable species, recalling the 
 genus Apatela, so far as the pattern of the maculation is con- 
 cerned. It is spread from Colorado westward to California. 
 
 (2) Xylomiges dolosa Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 20, $ . (The 
 Grieving Woodling.) 
 
 Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward 
 to Colorado. 
 
 (3) Xylomiges perlubens Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 19, $ . 
 (The Brown Woodling.) 
 
 Syn. subapicalis Smith. 
 
 This species belongs to the fauna of the Pacific coast, ranging 
 eastward to Colorado. 
 
 (4) Xylomiges pulchella Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 21, <$. 
 (The Beautiful Woodling.) 
 
 Habitat British Columbia. 
 
 (5) Xylomiges patalis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 18, $ . 
 ( Fletcher's Woodling. ) 
 
 Syn. fletcheri Grote. 
 
 Found in the Pacific States. 
 
 (6) Xylomiges cognata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 22, & . 
 (The Oregon Woodling.) 
 
 Ranges from British Columbia and Oregon eastward to 
 Colorado. 
 
 (7) Xylomiges indurata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 23, $ . 
 (The Hardened Woodling.) 
 
 197
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Readily distinguished from X. dolosa by the lighter color of 
 the primaries and the pure white secondaries, as well as by the 
 different maculation. It is found in Colorado. 
 
 Genus SCOTOGRAMMA Smith 
 
 Of the thirteen species belonging to this genus and occurring 
 in our fauna we depict thtee. 
 
 (1) ScotogrammasubmarinaGrote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 24, $ . 
 A native of the region of the Rocky Mountains ranging from 
 
 Arizona to Montana. 
 
 (2) Scotogramma infuscata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 25, $ . 
 The figure given on the plate is taken from a specimen in the 
 
 United States National Museum. The insect is found in 
 Colorado. 
 
 (3) Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 
 26, $.. 
 
 This plainly colored species, like its predecessor, occurs in 
 Colorado. 
 
 Genus ULOLONCHE Smith 
 
 A genus of moderate extent, all of the species belonging to 
 which are western, except the one we figure, which occurs in 
 the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (i) Ulolonche modesta Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 The species is not common. 
 
 Genus ANARTA Ochsenheimer 
 
 A subarctic genus, represented in both hemispheres. The 
 insects occur either in high northern latitudes, or at great eleva- 
 tions upon high mountains. There are many species. We give 
 illustrations of five of those found in our fauna. 
 
 (1) Anarta cordigera Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 28, $. 
 (The Catocaline Anarta.) 
 
 Found in northern Canada, Labrador, Alaska, and thence 
 southward along the summits of the higher ranges of the Rocky 
 Mountains to Colorado. It also occurs in the north of Scotland, 
 and from Norway to Kamschatka. 
 
 (2) Anarta melanopa Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2^, $. 
 (The Black-mooned Anarta.) 
 
 Syn. nigrolunata Packard. 
 
 I 9 8
 
 Noctuidx 
 
 A circumpolar species commonly found in both hemispheres. 
 
 (3) Anarta schoenherri Zetterstedt, Plate XXIV, Fig. 30, $ 
 (Schoenherr's Anarta.) 
 
 Syn. leucocycla Staudinger. 
 
 Its habitat is Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Lapland, and 
 arctic Asia. 
 
 (4) Anarta richardsoni Curtis, Plate XXIV, Fig. 29, ?. 
 (Richardson's Anarta.) 
 
 Ranges from Alaska to Labrador, and has been found on the 
 mountains of Norway. 
 
 (5) Anarta impingens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 31, $ . 
 (The Dull Brown Anarta.) 
 
 Syn. nivaria Grote; curia Morrison; per pur a Morrison. 
 
 Found on the mountains of Colorado. 
 
 Genus TRICHOCLEA Grote 
 
 A small genus confined in its range to the mountain regions 
 of the West. 
 
 (i) Trichoclea antica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 32, $ . 
 
 The specimen figured is one kindly loaned me from the 
 national collection, and determined by the author of the species. 
 
 Genus TRICHOPOLIA Grote 
 
 Of this small genus we are able to 
 give a figure of the type of the species 
 named serrata by Professor Smith. The FI(J & 
 moth occurs in Texas. serrat 
 
 Genus EUPOLIA Smith 
 
 Only one species has thus far been referred 
 to this genus. It was named licentiosa by 
 Prof. J. B. Smith. The annexed cut gives 
 a figure of the type, which is preserved in the 
 United States National Museum. Its home 
 
 FIG. iQQ.Eupoha 
 licentiosa. $ . f IS Utah. 
 
 Genus NEPHELODES Guenee 
 
 (i) Nephelodes minians Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 33, $. 
 
 Syn. expansa Walker; sobria Walker; violans Guen6e ; subdolens Walker 
 
 199
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 A common species in the Atlantic States, 
 the fall of the year in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is abundant in 
 
 Genus HELIOPHILA Hiibner 
 
 A large genus well represented in both the eastern and the 
 western hemispheres. Thirty-six species are credited to our 
 fauna. Of these we give figures of eight, selecting the 
 commoner and a few of the rarer forms. 
 
 (i) Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, Plate XXIV, Fig. 40, $ . 
 (The Army Worm.) 
 
 Syn. extranea Guen6e. 
 
 This species, the larva of which is known as the "Northern 
 Army Worm," or simply as the "Army Worm," is found from 
 the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and 
 from Canada to Texas and southward at 
 suitable elevations upon the higher plateaus 
 of northern Mexico. It appears occasionally 
 in vast numbers, and is regarded by the 
 farmer and the horticulturist as one of those 
 pests against the ravages of which they 
 must direct a great deal of energy. The 
 first appearance of these insects in great 
 numbers is recorded as having occurred in 
 New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the 
 year 1743. In the year 1770 they devastated 
 the fertile fields of the valley of the Con- 
 necticut. They devoured the grasses and 
 cereals, but neglected the pumpkins and 
 potatoes. The chronicler of this invasion 
 says: "Had it not been for pumpkins, which were exceedingly 
 abundant, and potatoes, the people would have greatly suffered 
 for food. As it was, great privation was felt 
 on account of the loss of grass and grain." Suc- 
 cessive attacks of the insect have been made 
 since then upon the crops in various parts of the 
 country. The year 1861 is memorable as having 
 been marked by their ravages, which were 
 particularly noticeable in the State of Missouri and in southern 
 Illinois. An excellent account of this invasion has been published 
 
 FIG. no. Larva of 
 H. unipuncta. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 3. in. Pupa 
 H. unipuncta. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 200
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 by Prof. C. V. Riley in his "Second Annual Report" as State 
 Entomologist of Missouri. It appears from the investigations of 
 those who are familiar with the habits of the insect that they 
 appear in greatest numbers in years which are characterized by 
 being wet and cool, following 
 years in which there has been 
 drought. Such conditions seem 
 to be favorable to the develop- 
 ment of the insects in great 
 swarms. Their appearance in the 
 fields is often at first not observed; 
 but when, having attained con- 
 
 . , ,, .. - ic FIG. 112. Moth of H. umpuncta. 
 
 siderable size, the supply of gram (After Riley } 
 
 and grasses gives out, and they 
 
 begin to migrate in vast bodies in search of provender, they at 
 
 once attract attention. 
 
 The best remedy for these pests is to burn over grass lands 
 in the winter, to keep the fence-rows clear of grass and weeds, 
 and to plough under the land in the spring or the fall. Untilled 
 grass lands on which crops are not properly rotated become 
 centres of infection. 
 
 (2) Heliophila pseudargyria Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 
 47, ? . (The False Wainscot. ) 
 
 A common species in the Atlantic States, freely attracted to 
 sugar. 
 
 (3) Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, Plate XXIV, Fig. 
 35, ? . (The Dark-winged Wainscot.) 
 
 Syn. complicate Strecker. 
 
 The range of this species is from New Mexico and Texas 
 to Arizona. 
 
 (4) Heliophila minorata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 41, $. 
 (The Lesser Wainscot.) 
 
 This species is found in California and Oregon. 
 
 (5) Heliophila albilinea Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 34, $. 
 (The White-lined Wainscot.) 
 
 Syn. harveyi Grote. 
 
 The insect is widely distributed, ranging from Nova 
 Scotia to New Mexico and Texas, but apparently avoiding 
 the Great Plains and the regions lying west of them. 
 
 201
 
 Noctuidaa 
 
 It is a very common species in the Atlantic States, 
 and at times does considerable 
 injury to the crops. It has never, 
 however, equaled in destructiveness 
 the first species of the genus, to which 
 we have given our attention on the 
 preceding pages. It is said to be 
 particularly attracted to the wheat 
 when the grain is in the milk and 
 the heads are just maturing. The 
 damage done at this time is, in the 
 Middle States, where winter 
 wheat is commonly grown, due to 
 the first generation of the insects. 
 There are in fact two broods, one 
 appearing on the wing in spring or 
 early summer, the second in the late 
 summer. The latter brood, which 
 generally is more numerous than the 
 first, produces the caterpillars, the 
 pupae of which yield the moths, 
 which, coming out in the spring of 
 the year, lay their eggs in the wheat- 
 fields. It is said that the habit of 
 
 FIG 113 Heliophila atbi- . . . . . . . , 
 
 linea a. Larvae; b. Mass attacking wheat in its period of matu- 
 of eggs laid on the stem ration has lately been acquired by this 
 from h above%.Egg viewed insect, and is an illustration of the 
 from the side; (eggs great- way in which species, long regarded 
 Riley.) gnified) " (Af * ^ innocuous, develop with apparent 
 suddenness destructive tendencies. 
 
 (6) Heliophila heterodoxa, Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 36, $ . 
 (The Heterodox Wainscot.) 
 
 The insect ranges from British Columbia and northern 
 California as far east as Minnesota. 
 
 (7) Heliophila multilinea Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 39, $ . 
 (The Many-lined Wainscot.) 
 
 Syn. lapidaria Grote. 
 
 Not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. 
 
 202
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (8) Heliophila commoides Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 42, $ . 
 ( The Comma Wainscot.) 
 
 The insect occurs from the Atlantic westward as far as 
 Colorado. It is not very common. 
 
 Genus NELEUCANIA Smith 
 
 This is a small genus composed of species, which are, so far 
 as is known, exclusively Western. 
 
 (i) Neleucania bicolorata Grote. (The Two-colored 
 Neleucania.) 
 
 Of this species, which occurs in 
 Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, 
 and probably has a still wider distribu- 
 tion, we are able to give a figure based 
 upon a specimen contained in the United FIG. 114. Neleucania 
 States National Museum. bicolorata. $ {. 
 
 Genus ZOSTEROPODA Grote 
 
 Only one species of this genus is known at present. 
 
 (i) Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 46, $ . 
 
 The insect occurs in California. 
 
 Genus ORTHODES Guenee 
 
 Of the ten species reputed to belong to the genus and said to 
 be found in our territory four are figured. 
 
 (1) Orthodes crenulata Butler, Plate XXIV, Fig. 37, $ . 
 (The Rustic Quaker.) 
 
 An exceedingly common species in the Atlantic States, rang- 
 ing westward throughout the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Orthodes cynica Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 38, $ . (The 
 Cynical Quaker.) 
 
 Syn. candens Guenee; tecta Walker. 
 
 Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the 
 same range. 
 
 (3) Orthodes vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 20, $ . (The 
 Small Brown Quaker.) 
 
 Syn. enervis Guenee; nimia Guene'e; togata Walker; velata Walker; 
 prodeuns Walker; griseocincta Harvey; nitens Grote. 
 
 203
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 This is another small creature, which has caused the species- 
 makers much exercise. It is found very generally throughout 
 the Atlantic States. 
 
 (4) Orthodes puerilis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 45, $ . (The 
 Boyish Quaker.) 
 
 This insect is found in northern California. 
 
 Genus HIMELLA Grote 
 
 (i) Himella contrahens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 44, ? . 
 Syn. thecata Morrison. 
 
 This insect is found from the northern Atlantic States south- 
 ward and westward to New Mexico and Colorado. 
 
 Genus CROCIGRAPHA Grote 
 
 (i) Crocigrapha normani Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 43, $ . 
 Not an uncommon insect in the northern portions of the 
 Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 Genus GRAPHIPHORA Hiibner 
 
 This is an extensive genus, represented in both hemispheres, 
 and containing thirty-six species, which occur within our ter- 
 ritory. We illustrate four of them. 
 
 (1) Graphiphora culea Guenee, Plate XXV Fig. I, ? . 
 
 Syn. modified Morrison. 
 
 This species is quite common in the Appalachian or Atlantic 
 Subregion. 
 
 (2) Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, $ . 
 Syn. capsella Grote; orobia Harvey. 
 
 The insect has the same range as the preceding species, and 
 is equally common. 
 
 (3) Graphiphora alia Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 3, 9 . 
 
 Syn. instabilis Fitch; insciens Walker; hibisci Guenee; conftuens 
 Morrison. 
 
 Not a scarce species in the Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (4) Graphiphora garmani Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, $ . 
 
 A rather scarce insect ranging from western Pennsylvania 
 throughout the valley of the Mississippi as far as Illinois and 
 Iowa. 
 
 204
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 i. Mamestra laudabilis Guen6e, 
 
 9- 
 
 2. Mamestra lorea Guene, tf . 
 
 3. Mamestra rugosa Morrison, cT. 
 
 4. Mamestra erecta Walker, <5*. 
 
 5. Mamestra anguina Grote, 9 . 
 
 6. Mamestra vicina Grote, 9 
 
 7. Mamestra neoterica Smith, cJ 1 . 
 
 8. Mamestra negus sa Smith, 9 
 
 9. Admetovis oxymorus Grote, d 1 . 
 
 10. Barathra occidentata Grote, 9 
 
 11. Dargida procinctus Grote, tf. 
 
 12. Neuronia americana Smith, d 1 - 
 
 13. Morrisonia sectilis Guen6e, d 1 . 
 
 14. Morrisonia sectilis var. vome- 
 
 rina, Grote, 9 
 1*5. Morrisonia confusa Hubner, tf. 
 
 16. Ulolonche mo desta Morrison, d 1 - 
 
 17. Xylomiges simplex Walker, d*- 
 
 1 8. Xylomiges patalis Grote, 9 
 
 19. Xylomiges perlubens Grote, d 1 - 
 
 20. Xylomiges dolosa Grote, d 1 - 
 
 21. Xylomiges pulchella Smith, <$ . 
 
 22. Xylomiges cognata Smith, c?. 
 
 23. Xylomiges indurata Smith, cT 
 
 24. Scotogramma submarina Grote, 
 
 J. 
 
 25. Scotogramma infuscata Smith, 
 
 d 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 26. Scotcgramma inconcinna Smith, 
 
 rf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 27. Anarta melanopa Thunberg, J 1 . 
 
 28. Anarta cordigera Thunberg, c?. 
 
 29. Anarta richardsoni Curtis, 9 . 
 
 30. Anarta schcenherri Zetterstedt, 
 
 cf- 
 
 31. Anarta impingens Walker, c?. 
 
 32. Trichoclea antica Smith, c?, U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 33. Nephelodes minians Guen6e, c?. 
 
 34. Heliophilaalbilinea Hiibner, cJ 1 . 
 
 35. Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, 
 
 9. 
 
 36. Heliophila heterodoxa Smith, c?. 
 
 37. Orthodes crenulata Butler, c? 1 . 
 
 38. Orthodes cynica Guenee, cT. 
 
 39. Heliophila multilinea Walker, 
 
 <?' 
 
 40. Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 41. Heliophila minor ata Smith, J 1 . 
 
 42. Heliophila commoides Guenee, 
 
 d 1 . 
 
 43. Crocigrapha normani Grote, c?. 
 -4.4. Himella contrahens Walker, 9 
 45 Orthodes puerilis Grote, c?. 
 46. Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, <j\ 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 47. Heliophila pseudargyria Guen6e, 9.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 V
 
 Noctuidae 
 Genus STRETCHIA Henry Edwards 
 
 This is an extensive genus, to which a number of Western 
 species have been referred. It badly needs revision by a critical 
 authority. We figure one of the best known forms. 
 
 (i) Stretchia muricina, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, $ . 
 
 In addition to the figure given on the 
 plate we annex a cut made from a drawing 
 of a specimen contained in the collection 
 of the late Henry Edwards, and now in 
 the possession of the American Museum of FIG. 115. _ Stretchia 
 Natural History in New York. muricina. 
 
 Genus PERIGONICA Smith 
 
 This is a small genus, which we represent by a figure of 
 the Coloradan insect to which Prof. J. B. Smith has 
 applied the specific name fulminans. The male is depicted 
 on Plate XXV, Fig. 6. 
 
 Genus PERIGRAPHA Lederer 
 
 The only species of this genus 
 found in our fauna has been named 
 prima by Professor Smith. It is 
 represented by a drawing of the 
 type, which is contained in the 
 p IG Il6 _ Perigrapha American Museum of Natural History. 
 The insect is a native of California. 
 
 Genus TRICHOLITA Grote 
 (i) Tricholita signata Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 7, $. 
 
 Syn. semiaperta Morrison. 
 
 This is the only species of the genus found in the eastern 
 portion ot the United States. There are four other species, 
 but they are western in their habitat. 
 
 Genus CLEOSIRIS Boisduval 
 
 This is a small" genus found in Europe as well as in 
 America. The species which has been chosen to represent 
 the genus was named populi by Strecker, who first described 
 it. It is not at all uncommon in Colorado and Wyoming. It 
 
 205
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 occurs abundantly about the city of Laramie. It is represented 
 upon Plate XXV, Fig. 8, by a female specimen. 
 
 Genus PLEROMA Smith 
 
 (i) Pleroma obliquata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. n, 6". 
 The species of this genus are all found in the western half of our 
 territory. 
 
 Genus LITHOMOIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Lithomoia germana Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 12,9. 
 This is not at all an uncommon species in the northern Atlantic 
 States. 
 
 Genus XYLINA Ochsenheimer 
 
 An extensive genus found both in the New World and 
 the Old. Thirty-five species are attributed to it as found in 
 our fauna. Of this number ten are depicted in this book. 
 
 (1) Xylina disposita Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 13, ?. (The 
 Green-gray Pinion.) 
 
 The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Xylina petulca Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 9, ? . (The 
 Wanton Pinion.) 
 
 Not a common species, having the same range as the preceding. 
 
 (3) Xylina antennata Walker. (The Ashen Pinion.) 
 
 Syn. cinerea Riley. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Atlantic States. The larva feeds 
 upon the apple, poplar, hickory, and other deciduous trees. It 
 
 has the habit of 
 boring into apples 
 and peaches, and 
 the galls which are 
 found upon oaks. 
 The caterpillar is 
 green, marked with 
 a cream-colored lat- 
 eral stripe, and 
 spots of the same 
 color. It pupates 
 beneath the soil in 
 a loose, filmy cocoon of silk, to which the particles of earth are 
 adherent. Pupation takes place at the end of June, or the 
 
 206 
 
 FIG. 117. Xylina antennata. a. Larva boring 
 into peach, b. Moth.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 beginning of July, and the moth emerges in September and 
 October. 
 
 (4) Xylina laticinerea Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 17, $ . (The 
 Broad Ashen Pinion.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last 
 mentioned. 
 
 (5) Xylina innominata Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 10, 3. 
 (The Nameless Pinion.) 
 
 The range of the Nameless Pinion is from the Atlantic to 
 Colorado. 
 
 (6) Xylina unimoda Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 16, $ . (The 
 Dowdy Pinion.) 
 
 The species occurs in New England and the Middle States. 
 
 (7) Xylina tepida Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 15, $. (The 
 Warm Gray Pinion.) 
 
 An eastern species, not uncommon in Pennsylvania. 
 
 (8) Xylina baileyi Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 19, ? . (Bailey's 
 Pinion.) 
 
 A rather pretty species, which has thus far only been reported 
 from northern New York. 
 
 (9) Xylina thaxteri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 18, ? . 
 (Thaxter's Pinion.) 
 
 The home of this species is New England. It was originally 
 described from Maine. 
 
 (10) Xylina pexata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 20, ? . (The 
 Nappy Pinion.) 
 
 Syn. washingtoniana Grote. 
 
 The species ranges from New England to Washington and 
 Oregon. 
 
 Genus LITHOLOMIA Grote 
 
 There are only two species reckoned in this genus. The one, 
 which we figure on Plate XXV, Fig. 22, by a male specimen, 
 ranges over the entire northern portion of the United States from 
 ocean to ocean, but is nowhere very common. The other 
 species, L. dunbari Harvey, is only known from British Columbia. 
 
 Genus CALOCAMPA Stephens 
 
 The genus is found in both hemispheres. The species have 
 a habitus which enables them to be easily recognized. Of the 
 
 207
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 six occurring within the faunal limits, with which this book 
 deals, we illustrate two. 
 
 (1) Calocampa nupera Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 24, $ . 
 (The American Swordgrass.) 
 
 A rather large moth, easily distinguished from the following 
 species by the absence of the dark markings, which are found in 
 the disk of the primaries of the latter insect. It occurs in the 
 Atlantic Subregion. 
 
 (2) Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, Plate XXV, Fig. 23, 
 $ . (The Dot and Dash Swordgrass.) 
 
 The species is found throughout the northern portions of the 
 United States and also in Canada. 
 
 Genus CUCULLIA Schrank 
 
 This is a considerable genus, which occurs in the temperate 
 regions of both the Old World and the New. Four of the 
 fourteen species attributed to our territory are chosen for repre- 
 sentation. The larvae feed on Solidago and other Composite. 
 
 (1) Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, Plate I, 
 Fig. 3, larva; Plate XXV, Fig. 29, &. (The Brown-bordered 
 Cucullia.) 
 
 A native of the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Cucullia asteroides Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 27, ? . 
 (The Asteroid.) 
 
 Found in the same localities as the last named species. 
 
 (3) Cucullia speyeri Lintner, Plate XXV, Fig. 26, 5 . 
 (Speyer's Cucullia.) 
 
 Ranges through Colorado, Wyoming, and the adjacent 
 regions to the west. 
 
 (4) Cucullia intermedia Speyer, Plate XXV, Fig. 30, $. 
 (The Intermediate Cucullia.) 
 
 An Atlantic species. 
 
 Genus COPICUCULLIA Smith 
 
 (i) Copicucullia propinqua Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 28. ?. 
 A native of Colorado and Wyoming 
 
 208
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus RANCORA Smith 
 (i) Rancora solidaginis Behr, Plate XXV, Fig. 25, ? . 
 
 Syn. strigata Smith. 
 
 The range of this insect is from northern California to British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Genus LATHOSEA Grote 
 
 1 i ) Lathosea pullata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 32, i . 
 The species occurs in Oregon and eastward to Colorado. 
 
 (2) Lathosea ursina Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 31, ? . 
 
 A native of Colorado and the southern portions of Wyoming. 
 
 Genus ASTEROSCOPUS Boisduval 
 
 We are able to give a cut of the sole 
 species which has been assigned from our 
 fauna to this genus. It is based upon 
 the type of the species which was named 
 borealis by Smith, and which is preserved 
 in the United States National Museum at _ 
 
 ..... ~, . FIG. 118. Asteroscopus 
 
 Washington. The insect is a male. 
 
 TRAGEDY OF THE NIGHT-MOTH 
 
 Magna ausus 
 
 'Tis placid midnight, stars are keeping 
 Their meek and silent course in heaven; 
 
 Save pale recluse, for knowledge seeking, 
 All mortal things to sleep are given. 
 
 But see ! a wandering Night-moth enters, 
 Allured by taper gleaming bright ; 
 
 Awhile keeps hovering round, then ventures 
 On Goethe's mystic page to light. 
 
 With awe she views the candle blazing; 
 
 A universe of fire it seems 
 To moth-savante with rapture gazing, 
 
 Or Fount whence Life and Motion streams. 
 
 What passions in her small heart whirling, 
 Hopes boundless, adoration, dread; 
 
 At length her tiny pinions twirling, 
 
 She darts, and puff ! the moth is dead. 
 
 209
 
 Tragedy of the Night-Moth 
 
 The sullen flame, for her scarce sparkling, 
 
 Gives but one hiss, one fitful glare; 
 Now bright and busy, now all darkling, 
 
 She snaps and fades to empty air. 
 
 Her bright gray form that spread so slimly, 
 Some fan she seemed of pygmy Queen ; 
 
 Her silky cloak that lay so trimly, 
 Her wee, wee eyes that looked so keen. 
 
 Last moment here , now gone forever, 
 
 To nought are passed with fiery pain; 
 And ages circling round shall never 
 
 Give to this creature shape again ! 
 
 Poor moth ! near weeping I lament thee, 
 
 Thy glossy form, thy instant woe; 
 'Twas zeal for "things too high" that sent thee 
 
 From cheery earth to shades below. 
 
 Short speck of boundless Space was needed 
 For home, for kingdom, world to thee ! 
 
 Where passed unheeding as unheeded 
 Thy little life from sorrow free. 
 
 But syren hopes from out thy dwelling 
 Enticed thee, bade thee earth explore 
 
 Thy frame, so late with rapture swelling, 
 Is swept from earth forevermore ! 
 
 Poor moth ! thy fate my own resembles. 
 
 Me, too, a restless, asking mind 
 Hath sent on far and weary rambles, 
 
 To seek the good I ne'er shall find. 
 
 Like thee, with common lot contented, 
 
 With humble joys and vulgar fate, 
 I might have lived and ne'er lamented, 
 
 Moth of a larger size, a longer date ! 
 
 But Nature's majesty unveiling 
 
 What seemed her wildest, grandest charms, 
 
 Eternal Truth and Beauty hailing, 
 Like thee, I rushed into her arms. 
 
 What gained we, little moth ? Thy ashes, 
 Thy one brief parting pang may show : 
 
 And thoughts like these, for soul that dashes 
 From deep to deep, are death more slow ! 
 
 THOMAS CARLYLE. 
 210
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Graphiphora culea Guenee, 9 
 
 2. Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, <3*. 
 
 3. Graphiphora alia Guenee, 9 
 
 4. Graphiphora garmani Grote, c? . Merrick Col- 
 
 lection. 
 
 5. Stretchia muricina Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 6. Perigonica fulminans Smith, c?. 
 
 7. Tricholita signata, Walker, cJ 1 . 
 
 8. Cleosiris populi Strecker, 9 , U. S. N. M 
 
 9. Xylina petulca Grote, 9 
 
 10. Xylina innominata Smith, J 1 . 
 
 n. Pleroma obliquata Smith, cT, U. S. N. M. 
 
 12. Lithomoia germana Morrison, 9 
 
 13. Xylina disposita Morrison, 9 
 
 14. Homoglcza carbonaria Harvey, 9 
 
 15. Xylina tepida Grote, c?. 
 
 16. Xylina unimoda Lintner, <J*. 
 
 17. Xylina laticinerea Grote, <J*. 
 
 1 8. Xylina thaxteri Grote, 9 
 
 19. Xylina baileyi Grote, 9 
 
 20. Xylina pexata Grote, 9 
 
 21. Xylina capax Grote & Robinson. 
 
 22. Litholomia nap&a Morrison, cJ 1 . 
 
 23. Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, J*. 
 
 24. Calocampa nupera Lintner, cJ 1 . 
 
 25. Rancor a solidaginis Behr, 9 
 
 26. Cucullia speyeri Lintner, c?. 
 
 27. Cucullia aster aides Guen6e, tf . 
 
 28. Copicucullia propinqua Smith, 9 
 
 29. Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, tf. 
 
 30. Cucullia intermedia Speyer, 9 
 
 31. Lathosea ursina Smith, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 32. Lathosea pullata Grote, cT, U. S. N. M. 
 
 33. Nonagria oblonga Grote, (?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 34. Nonagria subflava Grote, 9 
 
 35. Ommatostola lintneri Grote, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 36. Sphida obliqua Walker, 9 .
 
 HE MOTH Boos 
 
 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus BELLURA Walker 
 
 We cause this genus to be represented by a figure of the 
 species named gortynides by 
 Walker. Synonyms are densa 
 Walker, vulnifica Grote, mela- 
 nopyga Grote. The insect is 
 peculiar to the Atlantic States, 
 so far as is known. The cut 
 was drawn from a specimen 
 in the American Museum of 
 Natural History in New York. FIG. 119. Bellura gortynides. ? . {. 
 
 Genus SPHIDA Grote 
 
 (i) Sphida obliqua Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 36, 2 . 
 
 Syn. obliquata Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The range of this moth is from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 
 The specimen figured was taken by the writer at light in 
 Minneapolis. It feeds in the stems of Typha latifolia. 
 
 Genus NONAGRIA Ochsenheimer 
 
 A rather small genus of obscurely colored moths, the larvae 
 of which burrow in the stems of aquatic plants, below the water- 
 line. The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Six species 
 belong to our fauna. 
 
 (1) Nonagria oblonga Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 33, $ . (The 
 Large Nonagria. ) 
 
 Syn. permagna Grote. 
 
 This is a Southern species, thus far only recorded as found in 
 Florida. 
 
 (2) Nonagria subflava Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 34, ? . (The 
 Yellowish Nonagria.) 
 
 The insect ranges from Maine to Illinois, where it is found in 
 the vicinity of lakes and pools of water in which rushes grow. 
 
 Genus OMMATOSTOLA Grote 
 
 (i) Ommatostolalintneri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 356". 
 Thus far this species has only been recorded from New York 
 and New Jersey. 
 
 211
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus ACHATODES Guenee 
 
 (i) Achatodes zeae Harris, Plate I, Fig. 12, larva; Plate XXVI, 
 Fig. i, $. 
 
 This common insect, like those of the next three genera, is a 
 stem-feeder, burrowing in the pith of its food-plants. It feeds 
 in stems of elder (Sambucus), and Indian corn. 
 
 Genus GORTYNA Ochsenheimer 
 
 This genus is represented in the faunae of both hemispheres. 
 It is quite extensive. 
 
 (1) Gortyna velata Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3, 6 . (The 
 Veiled Gortyna.) 
 
 Syn. sera Grote & Robinson. 
 
 Not uncommon in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, Plate XXVI, Fig. 2, $ . 
 This species, which is also found in Europe, has an extensive 
 
 synonymy. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and shows 
 in different localities slight differences in ground-color and mark- 
 ings, which have led to the creation of a' number of subspecific 
 distinctions by writers. 
 
 (3) Gortyna immanis Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 4 $ . (The 
 
 Hop-vineGortyna.) 
 The insect is 
 not often found 
 south of New York 
 and New England 
 to any great extent, 
 though its occur- 
 rence as far south 
 as Maryland as a 
 rarity has been 
 noted. From 
 western New York 
 it ranges across the 
 continent to the 
 Pacific. As it 
 particularly infests 
 
 FIG. 1 20. Gortyna immanis. a. enlarged 
 ment of larva; b. larva; c. pupa; d. adult 
 (After Howard.) 
 
 seg- 
 d* 
 
 the hop it will not be abundant in places where that plant is 
 not grown. In the centre of the hop-growing region of 
 
 212
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 New York and Ontario it is very abundant at times, and its 
 depredations have been complained about by those interested in 
 this industry. The eggs are laid on the young shoots and the 
 little larvae immediately bore into the stem near the tip. Here 
 they remain until they are half an inch long, when they descend 
 and attack the plant at the level of the ground. It has been rec- 
 ommended to pinch the tips which are seen to be affected and 
 thus to kill the young worms. Various applications to be put 
 about the roots have been advocated, for which the reader 
 may consult " Bulletin No. 7 (New Series) of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture." The hop-vines should at all events 
 not be hilled up until the end of July or the beginning of 
 August. This prevents the larvae from having easy access to the 
 stems at the level of the ground. 
 
 (4) Gortyna obliqua Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 13, $ . (The 
 Oblique Gortyna.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is the Atlantic States and the Miss- 
 issippi Valley. 
 
 Genus PAPAIPEMA Smith 
 
 (1) Papaipema inquaesita Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, 
 Fig. 5, $ 
 
 This species is, so far as we know, confined to the northern 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Papaipema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate 
 XXVI, Fig. 7, $ . 
 
 The range of this, as well as of all the species subsequently men- 
 tioned, is the same as that of the first species named in the genus. 
 
 (3) Papaipema Nitela Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 9, $ . 
 Form nebris Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 8, $ . 
 
 The caterpillar inflicts a good deal of damage upon Indian 
 corn by burrowing into the end of 
 the ear when the seed is in the 
 milk. Those who have had to do 
 with the preparation of roasting 
 ears well know the unsightly larvae, 
 which, as they have stripped 
 the husk from the cob, have revealed their presence. Cooks 
 know more about these things than the farmer. The farmer 
 
 213
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 pulls his corn after the seed is hard and dry, but the "kitchen 
 mechanic," who has to deal with green vegetables, often has light 
 upon subjects which elude the observation of the grower. 
 
 (4) Papaipema necopina Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 12, ?. 
 The species occurs in the Middle States, and has been more 
 
 frequently found in New York than elsewhere. . 
 
 (5) Papaipema cerussata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, 
 Fig. 10, ?. 
 
 A pretty species, which occurs in New England and the 
 Northern States as far west as Minnesota. 
 
 (6) Papaipema cataphracta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 6, 6 . 
 The species is found in the northern Atlantic States, and is 
 
 not unusual in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (7) Papaipema marginidens Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 
 II, $. 
 
 A rather scarce species, which has the same range as the 
 preceding. 
 
 (8) Papaipema furcata Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 14, ? . 
 The specimen shown on the plate was taken in western 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus OCHRIA Hubner 
 
 Dr. Dyar in his recent list refers to this genus the insect 
 which was accorded the specific name 
 sauzaelitse by Grote. We give a 
 figure of the moth taken from a 
 specimen in the American Museum 
 of Natural History, for the skilful 
 delineation of which we are indebted 
 
 FIG. 122. Ochnasauzaehtce.^. , /.,/- / \\ r -,,- 
 
 T to the facile fingers of Mrs. William 
 
 Beutenmuller, one of the most accomplished delineators of insect 
 life in America. 
 
 Genus PYRRHIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, Plate XXVI, Fig. i$, ? . 
 
 This species, which occurs in Europe, ranges in North 
 America from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus XANTHIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Xanthia flavago Fabricius, Plate XXVI, Fig. 16, $. 
 Syn. togata Esper; silago Hubner. 
 
 314
 
 Noctuida 
 
 This is likewise a European species, which has a wide range 
 in the northern parts of the United States. 
 
 Genus JODIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Jodia rufago Hubner, Plate XXVI, Fig. 17, $. (The 
 Red- winged Sallow. ) 
 
 Syn. honesta Walker. 
 
 A European as well as a North American species. 
 
 Genus BROTOLOMIA Lederer 
 (i) Brotolomia iris Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 19, ?. 
 
 Not a very common moth, which occurs from New England 
 to Colorado. 
 
 Genus TRIGONOPHORA Hubner 
 
 ( i ) Trigonophora periculosa Guenee, var. v-brunneum 
 Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 18, $ . 
 
 This is a very common species, having the same range as the 
 preceding. The form we figure has the V mark on the wings 
 heavy and dark. In the typical form this mark is light in color. 
 
 Genus CONSERVULA Grote 
 
 ( i ) Conservula anodonta Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 20, $ . 
 A rather scarce species, which is found in the northern part 
 of our territory, south of Canada, and east of the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus EUCIRRCEDIA Grote 
 
 (i) Eucirrcedia pampina Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 21, $. 
 
 The moth comes out late in the fall. I have often found them 
 when a warm day has occurred in the autumn, freshly emerged, 
 and hanging from the stems of bushes from which all the leaves 
 had already fallen. The insect is common in the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 Genus SCOLIOPTERYX Germar 
 
 (i) Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus, Plate XXVI, Fig. 22, $ . 
 (The Herald.) 
 
 A common insect found in Europe and the entire temperate 
 zone in North America. The larva feeds on willows. 
 
 315
 
 Noctuidac 
 
 Genus CHCEPHORA Grote & Robinson 
 
 (i) Choephora fungorum Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, 
 Fig. 23, ? . 
 
 Not a very common moth. It is found among the Alleghanies 
 in western Pennsylvania, and also occurs in other portions of the 
 northern Atlantic subregion. 
 
 Genus PSEUDORTHOSIA Grote 
 
 The only species of the genus was named 
 variabilis by Grote. It ranges from Cali- 
 fornia to Colorado. We give a figure of the 
 species drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a 
 specimen contained in the collection of the 
 
 FIG. 123. Pseudor- ^ ate Henry Edwards, and now in the American 
 
 thosia variability. \. Museum of Natural History. 
 
 Genus PSEUDOGL^A Grote 
 (i) Pseudoglsea blanda Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. tcedata Grote; decepta Grote. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the Pacific States, from which it 
 ranges eastward to Texas and Colorado. 
 
 Genus ANCHOCELIS Guenee 
 (i) Anchocelis digitalis Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 25, $ . 
 The only species in our fauna so far known is found in the 
 northern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus SELICANIS Smith 
 
 Under this generic name Prof. J. B. 
 Smith in 1900 described a species from 
 Colorado to which he gave the specific 
 name cinereola. The type of this insect, 
 which is preserved in the United States 
 National Museum, is represented in the 
 accompanying cut. 
 
 FIG. 124. Selicams 
 cinereola, cT . {. 
 
 Genus TAPINOSTOLA Lederer 
 
 (i) Tapinostola variana Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 26, $ . 
 The figure we give is taken from a specimen belonging to the 
 United States National Museum and coming from Michigan.
 
 Noctuidae 
 Genus FAGITANA Walker 
 
 Two species, which were formerly attributed to the genus 
 Pseudolimacodes Grote, occur in the United States. We figure 
 both of them. 
 
 (1) Fagitana obliqua Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 27, $ . 
 The habitat of this species -is Florida. 
 
 (2) Fagitana littera Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 28, ? . 
 
 Syn. lucidata Walker; ntieicostatus Grote. 
 
 This is a rare insect, which occurs in the Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus COSMIA Ochsenheimer 
 
 (i) Cosmia paleacea Esper, Plate XXVI, Fig. 32, 3 . (The 
 Angle-striped Sallow.) 
 
 Syn. discolor Walker; infumata Grote. 
 
 This insect is found all over northern Europe and the United 
 States. 
 
 Genus ORTHOSIA Ochsenheimer 
 
 The genus is well represented both in the New World and 
 the Old. Of the fifteen species reckoned as belonging to our 
 fauna two are selected for illustration. 
 
 (1) Orthosia bicolorago Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 29, $ . 
 An eastern species, which is not uncommon. 
 
 (2) Orthosia helva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 30, 9 . 
 
 A very common species in the Atlantic States, ranging west- 
 ward as far as Colorado. 
 
 Genus PARASTICHTIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Parastichtis discivaria Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. 31,6. 
 Syn. gcntilis Grote. 
 
 Found throughout the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus SCOPELOSOMA Curtis 
 
 This genus represented in Europe by a single species is 
 represented in the United States and Canada by half a score of 
 species. They appear upon the wing very early in the spring, 
 when the nights are still cool and even frosty. This fact is the 
 reason why they are for the most part not well represented in 
 
 217
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 collections. A good place to collect them is in maple-sugar 
 camps, about the sap-buckets. 
 
 (1) Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 33, 
 $ . (Moffat's Sallow.) 
 
 This as well as all of the other species is found in the northern 
 portion of the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 (2) Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 34, 
 $ . (The Anointed Sallow.) 
 
 Ranges from New Jersey to Maine. 
 
 (3) Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 35, $ . 
 (Walker's Sallow.) 
 
 The moth is known to fly from Texas to Iowa and eastward 
 to Maine and Canada. The larva feeds upon oaks. 
 
 (4) Scopelosoma devia Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 42, $ . 
 (The Lost Sallow.) 
 
 It occurs in northern New York and Canada. 
 
 Genus ORRHODIA Hiibner 
 
 The genus is found both in Europe and 
 America. Prof. Smith has attributed to it a 
 species to which he gave the name of cali- 
 fornica. The type is in the United States 
 National Museum and the annexed figure gives 
 FIG. 125. Orrbodia a representation of it. 1 1 is the only species of 
 califomica. the genus in our fauna. 
 
 Genus GL.JEA Hubner 
 
 (1) Glaea viatica Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 38, $. (The 
 Roadside Sallow.) 
 
 The species appears very late in the fall of the year. It ranges 
 from Texas in the south to Massachusetts in the north. 
 
 (2) Glaea inulta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 37, $ . (The 
 Unsated Sallow.) 
 
 The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to 
 Illinois and Iowa. 
 
 (3) Glaea sericea Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, 3 . (The 
 Silky Sallow.) 
 
 The range of this species is much the same as that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 218
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Achatoaes zece, Harris cT.U. S. 21. Eucirrcedia pampina Guen6e, 
 
 N. M. 9 
 
 2. Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, 
 
 (?. 
 
 3. Gortyna velata, Walker, tf . 
 
 4. Gortyna immanis, Guenee, 9 
 
 5. Papaipema inquasita Grote & 
 
 Robinson, c?. 
 
 22. Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus, 
 
 c?- 
 
 23. Chcephora fungorum Grote & 
 
 Robinson, 9 
 
 24. Pseudoglaa blanda Grote, (J 1 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Papaipema cataphracta Grote, 25. Anchocelis digitalis Grote, cJ 1 , 
 
 tf. U. S. N. M. 
 
 7. Papaipema pur puri fascia Grote 26. Tapinostola variana Morrison, 
 
 & Robinson, oT- 
 8. Papaipema nitela, var. nebris, 27. 
 
 c?, U. S. N. M. 
 Fagitana obliqua Smith, 
 
 Guenee, tf . 
 g. Papaipema nitela Guenee, c?. 
 
 10. Papaipema cerussata Grote & 
 
 Robinson, 9 
 
 1 1 . Papaipema marginidens 
 
 Guenee, 9 . 
 
 12. Papaipema necopina Grote, 9 
 
 13. Gortyna obliqua Harvey, <jV 
 
 14. Papaipema furcata Smith, 9 
 
 15. Pyrrhia umbra Hiifnagel, 9 
 
 16. Xanthia flavago Fabricius, cf- 
 
 17. Jodia rufago Hubner, cT , U. S. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 18. Trigonophora v-brunneum 
 
 Grote, c?. 
 
 19. Brotolomia iris Guenee, 9 
 
 20. Conservula anodonta Gucn6e, 9 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. J>. 
 
 42. Scopelosoma devia Grote, 
 
 28. Fagitana littera Guenee, 9 
 
 29. Orthosia bicolorago Guen6e, (J 1 . 
 
 30. Ortliosia helva Grote, 9 
 
 31. Parastichtis discivaria Walker, 
 
 c?- 
 
 32. Cosmia paleacea Esper, cJ 1 . 
 
 33. Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote, 
 
 34. Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, 
 
 9- 
 
 35. Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, c?. 
 
 36. Glaza sericea Morrison, J 1 . 
 
 37. Glceainulta Grote, $ . 
 
 38. Glaza viatica Grote, $ . 
 
 39. Homoglcea hircina Morrison, cJ*. 
 
 40. Epiglcea decliva Grote, <J*. 
 
 41. Epiglcea pastillicans Morrison,
 
 ~HE MOTH BOOK
 
 Noctuidae 
 Genus EPIGL^EA Grote 
 
 (1) Epiglaea pastillicans Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 41, $ . 
 (The Round-loaf Sallow.) 
 
 The species occurs from West Virginia to Maine, and west- 
 ward to Ohio. 
 
 (2) Epiglaea decliva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 40, $ . (The 
 Sloping Sallow.) 
 
 Syn. deleta Grote. 
 
 The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia, and westward to 
 Illinois. 
 
 Genus HOMOGL^A Morrison 
 
 (1) Homoglaea hircina Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 39, 3. 
 (The Goat Sallow.) 
 
 The habitat of this species is the northern part of our territory. 
 It ranges from Alberta to Nova Scotia, and southward along the 
 Alleghany Mountains into the Western part of North Carolina. 
 
 (2) Homoglaea carbonaria Harvey, Plate XXV, Fig. 14, ? . 
 (The Smudged Sallow.) 
 
 The species ranges from Washington and Oregon eastward 
 to Colorado. It has been located in the genus Euharveya, but 
 this name is a synonym for Homoglaa, according to Prof. J. B. 
 Smith, and accordingly sinks. 
 
 Genus CALYMNIA Hiibner 
 (i) Calymnia orina Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. i, $ . 
 
 Syn. canescens Behr. 
 
 This easily identified moth ranges over the entire temperate 
 portion of the North American continent. The larva feeds upon 
 oaks. 
 
 Genus ZOTHECA Grote 
 
 (i) Zotheca tranquila Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Western Elder Moth.) 
 
 Syn. sambuci Behr; viridula Grote. 
 
 The larva feeds upon elder (Sambucus). The moth ranges 
 from northern California to British Columbia and eastward to 
 Wyoming. The greener form was named viridula by Grote. 
 The difference is hardly subspecific, as the shade of green on the 
 wings is hardly alike in any two specimens, and the color soon 
 fades out. 
 
 219
 
 Noctuidce 
 
 Genus IPIMORPHA Hubner 
 
 (i) Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 3, & . 
 (The Even-lined Sallow.) 
 
 Syn. (zquilinca Smith. 
 
 The species occurs from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus ATETHMIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Atethmia subusta Hubner, Plate XXV11, Fig. 4, $. 
 
 A very common species ranging through the warmer parts 
 of the Gulf States through Central and South America as far as 
 Argentina. 
 
 (2) Atethmia rectifascia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 Found from New Jersey to Illinois and southward. 
 
 Genus TRICHOCOSMIA Grote 
 
 (i) Trichocosmia inornata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 6, $. 
 The insect is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 Genus TRISTYLA SMITH 
 
 The genus was erected by Smith for the 
 reception of a Californian species to which he 
 gave the specific name alboplagiata. Through 
 the kindness of the authorities of the United 
 FIG. 1 2 6. Tristyla States National Museum I am able to give a 
 alboplagiata, $ . representation of the type of this insect. 
 
 Genus ANTAPLAGA Grote 
 
 A small genus composed exclusively of western species. 
 (i) Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 7, $. 
 Hitherto only reported from Colorado. 
 
 Genus GROTELLA Harvey 
 
 (I) Grotella dis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 8, $ . 
 A small moth found in New Mexico and Arizona. 
 220
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PIPPONA Harvey 
 
 The only species hitherto referred to this 
 genus is found in Texas. We give in the cut, 
 which is herewith presented, a figure of a speci- 
 men which is contained in .the American 
 Museum of Natural History, and which was care- 
 fully drawn for this book by Mrs. Beutenmuller. FIG. 
 It was named bimatris by Dr. Harvey. na bimatris,. 
 
 Genus BESSULA Grote 
 
 Through the kindness of the authorities of the British Museum 
 and Sir George F. Hampson I am able to give herewith a figure 
 
 FIG. 128. Bessula luxa. 
 
 of the type of the genus and species, which is preserved in the 
 Grote Collection. The moth occurs in New Mexico and Colorado. 
 
 Genus OXYCNEMIS Grote 
 
 This genus is composed wholly of species which are found 
 in the southwestern portions of our ter- 
 ritory. Of one of these, found in 
 California, to which Smith has applied 
 the specific name fusimacula, we are 
 permitted to give a figure taken from a 
 specimen preserved in the American 
 Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller. 
 
 FIG. 129. Oxycnemis 
 fusimacula. $ . ^. 
 
 Genus NYCTEROPH^ETA Smith 
 (i) Nycterophaeta luna Morrison, Plate XXVII, Fig. 9, $ . 
 
 Syn. magdalena Hulst; notatella Grote. 
 
 The moth ranges from Dakota and Montana southward to 
 southern Colorado. 
 
 221
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus COPABLEPHARON Harvey 
 
 (1) Copablepharon grandis Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 10, $ . 
 The species ranges from northern California and Oregon 
 
 eastward to Montana. 
 
 (2) Copablepharon longfrpenne Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 
 II, ? 
 
 From the preceding species it may easily be distinguished by 
 
 its much greater size. It has thus far only been found in Montana. 
 
 - (3) Copablepharon album Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 12, $ . 
 
 The fore wings in this species are pure white, and not shaded 
 with yellow, as is the case with the other two species, which 
 have been mentioned. It occurs from Oregon to Montana and 
 southward to Colorado. 
 
 Genus THYREION Smith 
 
 (i) Thyreion rosea Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, ?. 
 This insect is thus far only known to occur in Colorado. 
 
 Genus CHLOR1DEA Westwood 
 
 (i) Chloridea virescens Fabricius, Plate XX VII, Fig. 14, $ . 
 Syn. rhexice Abbot & Smith; speclanda Strecker. 
 
 Found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada 
 southward into Mexico. 
 
 Genus HELIOCHEILUS Grote 
 
 (i) Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 15, $. 
 
 The insect ranges from the middle of the Mississippi Valley 
 
 south and west. It does not appear to be common in collections. 
 
 Genus HELIOTHIS Ochsenheimer 
 
 The genus is represented in both hemispheres by a number 
 of species. It used to be made to include a large assemblage of 
 insects, but latterly has been restricted by authors. 
 
 (i) Heliothis armiger Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 17, 5 . 
 (The Boll-worm.) 
 
 This insect, which is known to English entomologists as the 
 ''Scarce Bordered Straw," is unfortunately not scarce in the 
 
 222
 
 FIG. 130. Boll-worm feeding upon a tomato. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 United States, and being of a singularly gluttonous habit in the 
 
 larval stage, has become the object of execration to farmers and 
 
 horticulturists. It 
 
 is a very promis- 
 cuous feeder, but 
 
 shows a special 
 
 fondness for 
 
 young Indian corn 
 
 in the ear and for 
 
 cotton bolls. On 
 
 account of the 
 
 latter peculiarity 
 
 it has received the 
 
 name we have 
 
 applied above. It 
 
 attacks the fruit 
 
 of the tomato when still green, and causes it to rot on the vines. 
 
 It also feeds upon pumpkins, peas, beans, hemp, and, it is said, 
 
 upon tobacco. 
 
 An excellent ac- 
 count of its habits 
 has been given by 
 Prof. C. V. Riley in 
 his "Third Annual 
 Report" as State 
 Entomologist of 
 Missouri. It is from 
 that paper that we 
 have extracted the 
 figures which are 
 herewith given, and 
 which serve to illus- 
 trate the life-history 
 of the insect. The 
 
 FIG. iji.Heliothis armiger. a. Egg viewed from mc . t h ranw; all nvpr 
 the side; b. Egg viewed from on top (both eggs n 1 ran g es a11 over 
 magnified); c. Larva; d. Pupa; e-f. Moth. (After the United States and 
 
 southern Canada. It 
 
 is most abundant in the southern portion of our territory, where 
 there are from three to four broods annually. It is here in the 
 
 22^
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 cotton-fields and in the growing corn that the greatest damage 
 is inflicted. There appears to be no way of applying remedies 
 in a wholesale manner to the crops so as to prevent the depreda- 
 tions of this insect. The only resort is for the grower to go 
 carefully over the fields, and where he detects the presence of the 
 insects in their early stages, to pick them off and destroy them. 
 In the case of corn the presence of the worm is shown by the 
 premature drying of the silk, and in the case of cotton by the 
 fallen flower-buds, which lie withering on the ground. 
 
 (2) Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. 16, $ . 
 (The Spotted Clover-moth.) 
 
 Syn. nucbalis Grote. 
 
 This species, which occurs in Europe and Asia, is also found 
 not infrequently in the western part of our territory. 
 
 Genus DERRIMA Walker 
 
 (i) Derrima stellata Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 67, $. 
 (The Pink Star-moth.) 
 
 Syn. henrietta Grote. 
 
 The specimen figured was taken in Maine. 
 We also give a cut taken from a specimen in 
 the American Museum of Natural History. It 
 is a rare insect, but widely distributed from 
 FIG. 132. Derrima New England to the Mississippi through the 
 stellata, rf. i- northern tier of states. 
 
 Genus RHODOPHORA Guenee 
 
 (1) Rhodophora gaurae Abbott & Smith, Plate XXVII, 
 Fig. 1 8, $ . 
 
 Syn. matutina Hiibner. 
 
 A very common species in the southern and southwestern 
 portions of our territory. The larva feeds upon Gaura biennis. 
 
 (2) Rhodophora florida Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 19, $. 
 Ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward as far as 
 
 Utah. 
 
 (3) Rhodophora citronellus Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI I, 
 Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 This is a common species in Texas and Arizona. It occurs 
 also in Colorado. 
 
 224
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 Genus RHODOSEA Grote 
 
 (i) Rhodosea julia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 53, $. 
 The moth occurs in New Mexico and southward to northern 
 Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate is contained in the 
 United States National Museum. 
 
 Genus RHODODIPSA Grote 
 
 (1) Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, Plate XXVII, Fig. 22, S. 
 Habitat Colorado and Texas. 
 
 (2) Rhododipsa miniana Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 23, $. 
 The insect occurs in New Mexico. 
 
 (3) Rhododipsa masoni Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 24, ?. 
 This species has thus far only been reported from Colorado. 
 
 Genus TRIOCNEMIS Grote 
 
 There is only one species of this genus, to which Grote 
 applied the specific name saporis. The male is depicted on 
 Plate XXVI I, Fig. 21. It ranges from Washington and California 
 eastward to Colorado. 
 
 Genus PSEUDACONTIA Smith 
 
 This is another genus represented thus far 
 by one species. The insect received the specific 
 name crustaria at the hands of Morrison. The 
 figure we give was taken from a specimen 
 contained in the United States National Museum 
 at Washington. The insect ranges from Ne- FIG. 133. Pseuda- 
 braska to Colorado and Wyoming. conlia crustaria. 
 
 Genus GR^PERIA Grote 
 
 The only species attributed thus far to this genus is still a 
 rare insect in collections. We give a figure 
 of the type contained in the collection of the 
 late Berthold Neumcegen, which is preserved 
 at the Brooklyn Institute. The insect occurs 
 FIG. 134. Graperia in Texas. The fore wings are deep maroon, 
 magnifica, d". \. edged anteriorly with pale creamy white. 
 
 225
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PORRIMA Grote 
 
 (i) Porrima regia Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 26, ?. 
 This is a southern species, found in Texas, and also ranging 
 northward as far as Kansas and Colorado. 
 
 Genus TRICHOSELLUS Grote 
 
 (i) Trichosellus cupes Grote. 
 
 Syn. crotchi Henry Edwards. 
 
 This little moth, which is the only one 
 belonging to the genus, is represented in the 
 annexed figure by a drawing of the type, 
 which is preserved in the American Museum 
 of Natural History. 
 
 FIG. 135. Tricho- 
 sellus cupes, . -J-. 
 
 Genus EUPANYCHIS Grote 
 
 The only species belonging to the 
 genus was originally named spinosae by 
 Guenee. Grote & Robinson subsequently 
 called it hirtella. It occurs from Canada 
 southward to the Potomac and westward 
 to Illinois. The figure we give is from a i 
 drawing of a specimen in the United States FlG . l36 .Eupanychis 
 National Museum. spinosce, $ . 
 
 Genus CANIDIA Grote 
 
 FIG. 137. Canidia scissa. 
 
 This is a Floridan species, a figure of the type of which has 
 been prepared for this book under the supervision of Sir George 
 F. Hampson. 
 
 Genus SCHINIA Hubner 
 
 This is a very extensive genus of small and rather pretty 
 moths, which are particularly abundant in the grassy and semiarid 
 
 226
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 lands of the southwestern States. There are, however, a number 
 of species, which occur in the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 (1) Schinia chrysellus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 28, ?. 
 The fore wings are silvery white. The insect is strikingly 
 
 beautiful, and is not at all uncommon in the States of Colorado. 
 New Mexico, and Texas. 
 
 (2) Schinia aleucis Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 29, $. 
 This species is smaller than the preceding, which it resembles 
 
 in a general way. The hind wings are darker. It occurs in Texas. 
 
 (3) Schinia cumatilis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, <3 . 
 
 A beautiful species, with silvery-white wings. It may 
 at once be distinguished from the two preceding species by the 
 different arrangement of the bands upon the fore wings. It is 
 found in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. 
 
 (4) Schinia trifascia Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 35, ? . 
 Syn. lineata Walker. 
 
 The moth is found from the Atlantic to the foothills of the 
 Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 (5) Schinia simplex Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 32, ? . 
 
 The home of this species is Colorado. The fore wings in 
 some specimens are much brighter green than shown on the plate. 
 
 (6) Schinia nundina Drury, Plate, XXVII, Fig. 33, $ . 
 Syn. nigrirena Haworth. 
 
 This is a strikingly marked species, which cannot easily be 
 mistaken for anything else. It ranges from New Jersey south- 
 ward and westward to Illinois and Kentucky. 
 
 (7) Schinia acutilinea Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 34, $. 
 Syn. separata Grote. 
 
 The moth is found in Colorado and Utah. 
 
 (8) Schinia brucei Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 37, $ . 
 The home of the insect is Colorado. 
 
 (9) Schinia lynx Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 38, $ . 
 
 Is taken from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 (10) Schinia roseitincta Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, 6 . 
 Syn. exaltata Henry Edwards. 
 
 Has been found from Colorado to Texas, 
 (n) Schinia saturata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 43, $. 
 Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward to 
 Texas and southern California. 
 
 227
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (12) Schinia tertia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 39, ?. 
 This species is common in Texas. 
 
 (13) Schinia albafascia Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 45, ?. 
 The habitat of this species is Utah and Colorado. 
 
 (14) Schinia jaguarina Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 41, $. 
 The species ranges from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska 
 
 and Colorado and southward to Texas. 
 
 (15) Schinia arcifera Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 42, ?. 
 
 Syn. spraguei Grote. 
 
 The species occurs from New England to New Mexico and 
 southward. 
 
 (16) Schinia packardi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. }\, $. 
 Syn. mortua Grote ; nobilis Grote. 
 
 Distributed from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 
 
 (17) Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVII, 
 Fig. 46, <$ . 
 
 Ranging from the valley of the Ohio southward into Texas. 
 
 (18) Schinia marginata Haworth, Plate XXVII, Fig. 44, 6". 
 
 Syn. rivulosa Guenee; diver gens Walker; contracta Walker; designator 
 Walker. 
 
 Found from New York to Iowa and thence southward. 
 
 (19) Schinia brevis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 40, $ . 
 Syn. atrites Grote. 
 
 This species is spread from Massachusetts to Iowa and 
 southward to New Mexico. 
 
 Genus DASYSPOUD^A Smith 
 
 (1) Dasyspoudaea lucens Morrison, Plate XXVII, Fig. 47, $ . 
 A common insect in Nebraska and westward in Colorado 
 
 and Wyoming. 
 
 (2) Dasyspoudaea meadi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 48, $ . 
 Ranges from Montana southward to Colorado. 
 
 Genus PSEUDANTHCECIA Smith 
 
 (i) Pseudanthcecia tumida Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 49, 3. 
 This insect occurs from Colorado to the higher plateaus of 
 northern Mexico. It is common in Chihuahua. 
 
 228
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Calymnia orina Guenee, cT. 
 
 2. Zotheca tranquilla Grote, d 1 - 
 
 3. Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, 
 
 d 1 - _ 
 
 4. Alethmia subusta Hiibner, d 1 . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 5. Atethmia rectifascia Grote, d\ 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Trichocosmia inornata Grote, 
 
 d 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 7. Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, d 1 - 
 
 8. Grotella dis Grote, J 1 , U. S. N. 
 
 M. 
 
 9. Nycterophceta luna Morrison, 9 
 
 10. Copablepharon grandis Strecker, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 11. Copablepharon longipenne 
 
 Grote, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 12. Copablepharon album Harvey, 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 Thyreion rosea 
 
 S. N. M. 
 Chloridea virescens 
 
 Smith, $ , U. 
 Fabricius, 
 paradoxus Grote, 
 
 15. Heliocheilus 
 cf- 
 
 1 6. Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, d 1 - 
 17." Heliothis armiger Hiibner, J 1 . 
 1 8. Rhodophora gaurcs Abbot & 
 Smith, d- 
 
 19. Rhodophora florida Guenee, d 1 - 
 
 20. Rhodophora citronellus Grote & 
 
 Robinson, d 1 . 
 
 21. Triocnemis sapor-is Grote, d 1 . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 22. Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, d 1 - 
 
 23. Rhododipsa miniana Grote, d 1 - 
 
 24. Rhododipsa masoni Smith, 9 . 
 
 25. Pseudotamilavanella Grote, d 1 . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 26. Porrima regia Strecker, 9 
 
 27. Porrima gloriosa Strecker, 9 
 
 28. Schinia chrysellus Grote, 9 . 
 
 29. Schinia aleucis Harvey, d- 
 
 30. Schinia cumatilis Grote, tf . 
 3 1 . Schinia packardi, $ . 
 
 32. Schinia simplex Smith, 9. 
 
 33. Schinia nundina Drury, d 1 - 
 
 34. Schinia acutilinea Grote, d*- 
 
 35. Schinia trifascia Hubner, 9 
 
 36. Schinia roseitincta Harvey, tf- 
 
 37. Schinia brucei Smith, (J 1 - 
 
 38. Schinia lynx Guenee, cJ*. 
 
 39. Schinia tertia Grote, 9 . 
 
 40. Schinia brevis Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 41. Schinia jaguarina Guen6e, c?. 
 
 42. Schinia arcijera Guenee, 9 . 
 
 43. Schinia saturnta Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 44. Schinia marginata Haworth, 
 
 Schinia albafascia Smith, 9 
 Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robin- 
 
 son, (5>. 
 Dasyspoudaa lucens Morrison, 
 
 (DP-. 
 
 48. Dasyspoudcca meadi Grote, c?. 
 
 49. PseudanthcBcia tumida Grote, d*- 
 
 50. Stylo poda cephalica Smith, 9 - 
 
 51. Melicleptria sueta Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 5 2 . Meliclepiria pulchripennis 
 
 Grote, J>. 
 53. Rhodosea julia Grote, 9 , U. S. 
 
 N. M. 
 Mela par phyria oregona Henry 
 
 Edwards, $. 
 Dysocnemis belladonna Henry 
 
 Edwards, d 1 - 
 Heliaca diminutiva Grote, d*- 
 
 57. Axenus arvalis Grote, d 1 - 
 
 58. Heliolonche modicella Grote, 9 
 
 59. Omianescea Smith, d\U.S.N.M. 
 
 60. Xanthothrix neumcegeni Henry 
 
 Edwards, 9 . 
 
 61. Heliophana mitis Grote, d* 
 
 47 
 
 54 
 
 55. 
 
 56.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 Genus PALADA Smith 
 
 There is but one species of the genus, and 
 we are able to give a figure of the type of this 
 through the kindness of the authorities of the 
 United States National Museum. It received 
 the specific name scarlatina at the hands of FIG. 138. 
 Prof. J. B. Smith. Its habitat is California. scarletina, $. 
 
 Genus STYLOPODA Smith 
 
 (i) Stylopoda cephalica Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 50,?. 
 This is a very common species in southern California. 
 
 Genus SYMPISTIS Hubner 
 
 This is another of the many genera among the Heliothid 
 moths, which are represented thus far in 
 America by but a single species. The insect 
 was named proprius by Henry Edwards, 
 and we give a figure of the type which is in 
 FIG. 139. Sympis- his collection now in the possession of the 
 Us proprius, & . \. American Museum of Natural History. 
 
 Genus MELAPORPHYRIA Grote 
 
 This little genus contains three species. Of these we select 
 one for illustration. 
 
 (i) Melaporphyria oregona Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII, 
 Fig. 54, 3. 
 
 The range of the species is from Colorado to Oregon. 
 
 Genus DYSOCNEMIS Grote 
 
 (i) Dysocnemis belladonna Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII, 
 Fig. 55. <$ 
 
 This beautiful little moth occurs in Utah. 
 
 Genus PSEUDOTAMILA Smith 
 
 (i) Pseudotamila vanella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 25, $. 
 Found among the mountains of Nevada and California. 
 
 229
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus MELICLEPTRIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Melicleptria pulchripennis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 
 
 52, S. 
 
 Syn. tanguida Henry Edwards. 
 
 The range of this insect is from Colorado to California. 
 
 (2) Melicleptria sueta Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 51, 3. 
 
 Syn. californ-icus Grote. 
 
 Is distributed from Colorado to California. 
 
 Genus HELIOLONCHE Grote 
 
 (i) Heliolonche modicella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 58, $. 
 The moth is distributed from California to Colorado and 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Genus OMIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Omia nesaea Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 59, $. 
 The habitat of this little moth is California. 
 
 Genus HELIOPHANA Grote 
 
 (l) Heliophana mitis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 61, 3 . 
 
 Syn. obliquata Smith. 
 
 Genus HELIODES Guene"e 
 
 There are but two species so far known to 
 belong to this genus. They both occur in 
 California, and are among the smallest of the 
 FIG. 140. Heliothids. We give in the annexed cut a repre- 
 H eliod es restric- sentation of the type of the species named restric- 
 talis, $ . talis by Prof. J. B. Smith. 
 
 Genus HELIOSEA Grote 
 
 FIG. 141. Heliosea pictipennis 
 
 The figure of the type of the genus and the species is kindly 
 loaned me for use in this book by Sir George F. Hampson. It is 
 
 230
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 taken from the "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," 
 Vol. IV. The moth occurs in California. 
 
 Genus XANTHOTHRIX Henry Edwards 
 
 (i) Xanthothrix neumoegeni Henry Edwards, Plate XXVII, 
 Fig. 60, ? . 
 
 This pretty bright colored little moth occurs in California. 
 
 Genus AXE N US Grote 
 
 (i) Axenus arvalis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 57, $ . 
 Syn. ochraceus Henry Edwards; amptus Henry Edwards. 
 
 A common insect ranging from Colorado to California and 
 southward. 
 
 Genus HELIACA Herrich-Schaeffer 
 
 Five species are attributed to this genus, of which we 
 illustrate one. 
 
 (i) Heliaca diminutiva Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 56, <? . 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the last 
 mentioned. 
 
 Genus EUPSEUDOMORPHA Dyar 
 
 (i) Eupseudomorpha brillians Neu- 
 mosgen. 
 
 Of this beautiful insect, which is still 
 very rare in collections, we give a figure 
 drawn by the writer from the type, which 
 is contained in the Neumcegen Collection. FIG. 142. Eupseudo- 
 The moth inhabits Texas. morpha brillians, 9 f 
 
 Genus XANTHOPASTIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Xanthopastis timais Cramer, Plate XI, Fig. 17, 9 
 Syn. regnatrix Grote. 
 
 This insect has a very wide range all over the tropics of the 
 New World. It occurs not infrequently in the Gulf States, and 
 occasionally ranges as far north as New York.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PSYCHOMORPHA Harris 
 
 (i) Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, Plate III, Fig. 9, $. 
 This very beautiful little moth appears on the wing early in 
 the spring in Pennsylvania. It is not uncommon in the Atlantic 
 
 States. Hitherto it has 
 been placed by many 
 authors among the Agaris- 
 tidce, but we incline to 
 the opinion that it is better 
 F.G. na.-Larva of pTychomorpha cpi- located where we have put 
 
 menis. a, Full grown caterpillar; b, side it, among the NoctUtdCZ. 
 view of segment enlarged; c, hump on Larval characteristics, hoW A 
 
 eleventh segment. (After Riley.) ever, show a great likeness 
 
 in this stage of develop- 
 ment to the species included in the genus Alypia. The accom- 
 panying cut, which we have reproduced from the writings of 
 Prof. C. V. Riley, may be compared in this connection with the 
 figure of the larva of Alypia octomaculata given on page 144. 
 
 Genus PSEUDALYPIA Henry Edwards 
 
 This genus, like the preceding, has been located by some 
 recent writers among the Agaristidce. The 
 moth is undoubtedly a Noctuid. I have 
 placed it here in the order of arrangement, 
 believing that upon the whole it is better 
 
 located at this point in the serial arrangement Fl p , 
 
 than anywhere else. The figure annexed is / y/> j- a cr ot c in, $ }. 
 
 that of the type preserved in the American 
 
 Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller. 
 
 Genus EUTHISANOTIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Euthisanotia unio Hubner, Plate XVII, Fig. 24, 6 . (The 
 Pearly Wood-nymph.) 
 
 This lovely moth has a wide range throughout the eastern 
 portions of our territory as far west as the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Fig. 23, $. 
 (The Beautiful Wood-nymph.) 
 
 Syn. assimilis Boisduval. 
 
 232
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This is a much larger species than the preceding. It 
 has practically the same 
 range of distribution. The 
 affinity of the genus to the 
 genus Psychomorpka i s 
 clearly shown by the larva, 
 a representation of which is 
 given in the annexed cut 
 taken from the writings of FlG - ^.-Eutbisanotia grata. a, Full- 
 Prof C V Rilev who de- grown Iarva; *' enlarged Se 8 ment - Slde 
 
 view; c, cervical shield from behind; 
 
 voted considerable time to d> ana! hump from behind; e-f, top and 
 the Study of the life-history side views of egg, enlarged. (After 
 
 of these insects. Riley.) 
 
 Genus CIRIS Crete 
 
 (i) Ciris wilsoni Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 This insect occurs in Texas and Arizona. It has also been 
 referred to the Agaristidce and to the Zygcenidce by various 
 authors. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true 
 Noctuid. 
 
 Genus NOROPSIS Guenee 
 
 Fig. 
 
 (i) Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, Plate XXVIII, 
 
 i, ? 
 
 This very pretty moth has a wide range in the hotter portions 
 of America. It is found in Florida, and represents the invasion 
 of our southern territory by the fauna of the Antilles, and South 
 America. 
 
 Genus FENARIA Grote 
 
 (1) Fenaria longipes Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 The species occurs in Arizona and ranges thence southwardly 
 into Mexico. 
 
 (2) Fenaria sevorsa Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 12, ?. 
 
 Syn. cedessa Druce. 
 
 The species has the same range as the preceding. 
 
 " I love the season well 
 
 When forest glades are teeming with bright forms." 
 LONGFELLOW. An April Day, 
 
 233
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus ACHERDOA Walker 
 
 Only one species of the genus is attributed to it from our 
 fauna. It received the specific name ferra- 
 ria a t the hands of the late Francis Walker, 
 anc * was rename d ornata by Neumoegen. 
 The cut we give was drawn by Mrs. Beuten- 
 muller from a specimen in the American 
 FIG. 146. Acherdoa Museum of Natural History. It represents 
 jerraria, $ . f the male insect. 
 
 Genus AON Neumoegen 
 
 (i) Aon noctuiformis Neumoegen, Plate XLI, Fig. 18, 3 . 
 This is not an uncommon moth in southern Texas. 
 
 Genus CIRRHOPHANUS Grote 
 
 (i) Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2, ? . 
 
 The insect varies considerably in size, the specimen depicted on 
 
 the plate being rather small. It is not an uncommon species in 
 
 the southern States, and is also found as far north as Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus BASILODES Guenee 
 
 (i) Basilodes pepita Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7, ? . 
 The genus Basilodes contains a number of species which are 
 all, with the single exception of this species, natives of the south- 
 western portions of our territory. The present species occurs 
 from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Colorado. The 
 insect has been occasionally taken in Pittsburgh. 
 
 Genus STIRIA Grote 
 
 (i) Stiria rugifrons Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate was caught by the writer 
 in southern Indiana. It is reported also from Kansas and 
 Colorado. It probably has a wide range, but is as yet rare in 
 collections. 
 
 Genus STIBADIUM Grote 
 
 (i) Stibadium spumosum Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3, $ . 
 
 The insect ranges from New York to Colorado and south- 
 ward. It is very abundant in southern Indiana, where it comes 
 freely to sugar. 
 
 234
 
 Noctuidse 
 Genus PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote 
 
 There are five species reckoned as belonging to this genus. 
 All of them are southwestern and western forms, except the one 
 we figure. 
 
 (i) Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote, Plate XXVIII, 
 
 Fig. 9, ? 
 
 This moth is quite common in western Pennsylvania. It 
 ranges southward and westward to the Gulf States and Colorado. 
 
 Genus FALA Grote 
 
 (i) Fala ptycophora Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, $ . 
 The habitat of this insect, which is the sole representative of 
 its genus, is California. 
 
 Genus NARTHECOPHORA Smith 
 
 This is another genus in which we recognize thus far only 
 one species. 
 
 (i) Narthecophora pulverea Smith, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 11,9. 
 
 The figure is taken from a specimen determined by the author 
 of the species, and contained in the United States National 
 Museum. 
 
 Genus NEUMCEGENIA Grote 
 
 The only species of this genus was named poetica by Grote. 
 It is a beautiful little moth, the fore wings 
 being bright metallic green, with a golden 
 reflection, the light spot, which is outwardly 
 trifid, and the costa being creamy yellow. 
 The drawing for the annexed cut was made 
 from the type which is preserved at the FlG - 
 Brooklyn Institute. 
 
 Genus PLUSIODONTA Guenee 
 
 The only species of this small genus recognized as found in 
 North America was named compressipalpis by Guenee. Walker 
 renamed it insignis. It is represented on Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6, 
 by a male specimen. The insect is a native of the Atlantic 
 subregion, and is locally very common in western Pennsylvania.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus GONODONTA Hubner 
 
 This genus is representative of the tropical fauna of America, 
 and but two species occur within our limits, both of them in the 
 warmer parts of Florida. 
 
 (i) Gonodonta unica Neumcegen, Plate XXV1IJ, Fig. 10. $. 
 
 The larval stages have been well described by Dyar in the 
 " Proceedings of the United States National Museum," Vol. XXIII, 
 p. 272. The caterpillar feeds on Anona laurifolia, the Custard- 
 apple. 
 
 Genus CALPE Treitschke 
 
 The genus Calpe is found in the temperate regions of both 
 hemispheres. Only one species occurs in America. 
 
 (i) Calpe canadensis Bethune, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 8, ?. 
 (The Canadian Calpe.) 
 
 Syn. purpurascens Walker; sobria Walker. 
 
 The range of this species is restricted to the colder portions 
 of our territory. It is found in Canada, rarely in northern 
 New York, and ranges westward to Alberta. 
 
 Genus PANCHRYSIA Hubner 
 This genus, which is generally known under Walker's name 
 
 Deva, is better represented in the eastern hemisphere than in the' 
 
 western. We figure one species of the four credited to our fauna, 
 (i) Panchrysia purpurigera Walker, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 
 
 13,5. 
 
 This pretty little moth, which is not very common, ranges 
 
 from New England and Canada to Colorado and New Mexico. 
 
 Genus POLYCHRYSIA Hubner 
 
 Two species, both of which we figure, are attributed to this 
 genus as occurring within our territory. 
 
 (1) Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 12, ? . 
 Syn. trabea Smith. 
 
 This is a European insect, which is found also in Alberta and 
 Assiniboia. 
 
 (2) Polychrysia formosa Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, $ . 
 
 So far, all the specimens which have come under the obser- 
 vation of the writer have been taken in New England or in 
 New York. 
 
 236
 
 Noctuidse 
 Genus PLUSIA Hubner 
 
 Three of the four species attributed to the genus as found in 
 America are represented upon our plate. 
 
 (1) Plusia aerea Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 16, $ , 
 
 The moth ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward 
 to Texas and the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Plusia seroides Grote, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 The distribution of this species is almost identical with that 
 of Plusia cerea. The larva feeds on various species of Spiraea. 
 
 (3) Plusia balluca Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 22, ? . 
 
 The species is not uncommon in the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus EUCHALCIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Euchalcia contexta Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 23, $ . 
 The species is found from Maine to Wisconsin, and occasion- 
 ally as far south as the mountains of central Pennsylvania. 
 
 (2) Euchalcia putnami Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1 5, $ . 
 Dr. Dyar with questionable correctness treats this species as 
 
 a form of the European festucce Linnaeus. There is no doubt of 
 the distinctness of the two. 
 
 (3) Euchalcia venusta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 21, ?. 
 Syn. striatella Grote. 
 
 The range of this species is from Nova Scotia and Canada 
 southward to the mountains of West Virginia. 
 
 Genus EOSPHOROPTERYX Dyar 
 
 (i) Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenee, Plate XXVIII, 
 Fig. 1 8, $. 
 
 This lovely moth is still very rare in collections. It ranges 
 from New England and Canada to the mountains of Virginia and 
 westward into the Valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus AUTOGRAPHA Hubner 
 
 This is a large assemblage of species, about fifty being recog- 
 nized as occurring in the United States. Of this number we are 
 only able to figure about one third. 
 
 237
 
 Noctuida 
 
 (1) Autographa bimaculata Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 I93- 
 
 Syn. u-brevis Guen6e. 
 
 This is a common species in the northern Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Autographa biloba Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 24, $ . 
 The species is distributed widely from the Atlantic to the 
 
 Pacific. 
 
 (3) Autographa verruca Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 Syn. omega Hubner; oo Cramer; omicron Hiibner; questionis Treitschke ; 
 rutila Walker. 
 
 The moth is scarce in the northern Atlantic States, but has 
 been recorded as occurring in Massachusetts. It ranges from 
 New England to Texas and southward through Central and 
 South America. 
 
 (4) Autographa rogationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, $ . 
 Syn. h amifera Walker; dyaus Grote; includens Walker; culta Lintner. 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 (5) Autographa precationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 28, a. 
 
 The insect is found in Canada and the United States east of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (6) Autographa egena Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 29, $ . 
 This is a southern species, occurring in Florida and the Gulf 
 
 States, and ranging southward into South America. 
 
 (7) Autographa flagellum Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 27, $ . 
 Syn. monodon Grote; insolita Smith. 
 
 The species ranges from Quebec to Alberta. 
 
 (8) Autographa pseudogamma Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 
 35. *. 
 
 The insect is indigenous in Quebec and Nova Scotia. 
 
 (9) Autographa ou Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 33, 5 . 
 
 Syn. fratetta Grote. 
 
 This species is almost universally distributed through the 
 United States and southern Canada. 
 
 (10) Autographa brassicae Riley, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 36, <$ . 
 Syn. echinocystis Behr. 
 
 238
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 This insect, which preys upon the Cruciferce in its larval 
 state, has been well described and its habits fully set forth by 
 Prof. C. V. Riley in 
 the Missouri Reports. 
 It is from his paper 
 upon the species that 
 we have been per- 
 mitted to extract the 
 figure which is here- 
 with annexed of the 
 insect in its various 
 stages. The moth 
 appears to be very 
 generally distributed ^ . - 
 
 throughout the United J '^Vv* ' 
 
 States and Canada, FlG 148 ^ Autographa brassiccp . a , Full-grown 
 
 and does a good deal larva; b, pupa; c, male moth. (Aftei Riley.) 
 
 to diminish the supply 
 
 of the raw material from which sauer-kraut is made. 
 
 (n) Autographa oxygramma Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 30, 3. 
 
 Syn. indigna Walker. 
 
 The moth is found in the southern States, and thence south- 
 ward to South America. 
 
 (12) Autographa rectangula Kirby, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 32, ? . 
 Syn. mortuorum Guenee. 
 
 This lovely species is northern in its range. I found it quite 
 abundant one summer at Saratoga, New York. 
 
 (13) Autographa vaccinii Henry Edwards, Plate XXVIII, 
 Fig. 34, <$ . 
 
 This species may easily be distinguished by the strongly 
 checkered fringes of the primaries. 
 
 (14) Autographa selecta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 39, $ . 
 Syn. viridisignata Grote. 
 
 This is a somewhat large species, not very attractively 
 
 colored. It is northern in its range. 
 
 (15) Autographa angulidens Smith, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 
 38, 3. 
 
 239
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 The species is found in Colorado, and probably has a wide 
 range in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (16) Autographa ampla Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 31, $. 
 This fine species is northern in its range, but extends its 
 
 habitat southward along the ranges of the great mountains of the 
 west 
 
 (17) Autographa basigera Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 Syn. laticlavia Morrison. 
 
 The insect occurs in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (18) Autographa simplex Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 37, 6 . 
 This is one of the very commonest species of the genus, 
 
 which is apparently universally distributed throughout our 
 country. 
 
 Genus SYNGRAPHA Hubner 
 
 This genus is composed of species which are subpolar in 
 their habitat. Of the four species which are reckoned as belong- 
 ing to the fauna of North America, we illustrate two. 
 
 (1) Syngrapha hocheriwarthi Hochenwarth, Plate XXVIII, 
 Fig. 41, <$ 
 
 Syn. divergens Fabricius. 
 
 Found everywhere in Arctic America. The specimen figured 
 was taken in Labrador. 
 
 (2) Syngrapha devergens Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 40, ? . 
 Syn. alticola Walker. 
 
 The species is found in Labrador, and has been reported from 
 the high mountains of Colorado. It will probably be found to 
 have a wide range. 
 
 Genus ABROSTOLA Ochsenheimer 
 
 We give representations of both the species which occur in 
 our fauna. 
 
 (1) Abrostola urentis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig 42, 6" . 
 The insect, which is by no means common, is found in the 
 
 Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Abrostola ovalis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 43, $ . 
 The range of this insect is the same as that of the last 
 
 mentioned. 
 
 240
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained 
 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, 
 
 d- 
 
 2. Cirrhophanustriangulifer Grote, 
 
 d, U. S. N. M. 
 
 3. Stibadium spumosum Grote, 
 
 9. 
 
 4. Fala ptychophora Grote, d> U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 5. Stiria rugifrons Grote, d- 
 
 6. Plusiodonta compressipalpis 
 
 Guenee, d- 
 
 7. Basilodes pepita Guenee, 9 . 
 
 8. Calpe canadensis Bethune, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 9. Plagiomimicus pityochromus 
 
 Grote, 9 . 
 
 10. Gonodonta unica Neumoegen, 
 
 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 11. Narthecophora pulverea Smith, 
 
 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 12. Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, 
 
 var. esmerelda, Oberthur, 9 
 
 13. Panchrysia purpurigera 
 
 Walker, &. 
 
 14. Polychrysia formosa Grote, d- 
 
 15. Euchalcia putnatni Grote, d- 
 
 1 6. Plusia area Hiibner, d- 
 
 17. Plusia oeroides Grote, 9- ' 
 
 18. Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides 
 
 Guenec, d- 
 
 19. Autographa bimaculata 
 
 Stephens, d- 
 
 20. Autographa verruca Fabricius, 
 
 (? 
 
 21. Euchalciqvenusta Walker, <f , 
 
 22. Plusia balluca Geyer, d- 
 
 23. Euchalcia contexta Grote, d- 
 
 24. Autographa biloba Stephens, d- 
 
 25. Autographa rogationis Guenee, 
 
 26. Autographa basigera Walker, 
 
 27. Autographa flagellum Walker, 
 
 28. Autographa precationis Guenee, 
 
 29. A utographa egena Guenee, d- 
 
 30. Autographa oxygramma Geyer 
 
 31. Autographa ampla Walker, 9- 
 
 32. Autographa rectangula Kirby, 
 
 9- 
 
 33. A utog rapha ou Guenee, d- 
 
 34. Autographa vaccinii Henry 
 
 Edwards, d- 
 
 35. Autographa pseudo^amma 
 
 Grote, d- 
 
 36. Autographa brassica? Riley, d- 
 
 37. Autographa simplex Guenee, d- 
 
 38. Autographa angulidens Smith, 
 
 39. Autographa selecta Walker, d- 
 
 40. Syngrapha devergens Htibner, 
 
 9- 
 
 4 1 . Syngrapha hochenwarthi 
 
 Hochemvarth, d- 
 
 42. Abrostola urentis Guenee, d- 
 
 43. A brostola ovalis Guenee, d- 
 
 44. Behrensia conchiformis , Grote . 
 
 d, U. S. N. M.
 
 THE MOTH BOO 
 
 PLATE XXVIII
 
 Noctuidas 
 Genus BEHRENSIA Grote 
 
 Only one species has thus far been attributed to this genus, 
 (i) Behrensia conchiformis Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 
 
 44, &- 
 
 This little insect, which is as yet very rare in collections, is 
 found in northern California and Oregon. 
 
 Genus DIASTEMA Guenee 
 
 (i) Diastema tigris Guenee. 
 Syn. lineata Walker. 
 
 The sole species belonging to the genus, 
 which occurs within our borders, has been 
 reported from Florida. We give in the ac- 
 companying cut an illustration of a specimen 
 which is found in the American Museum of p IG J49 ._ Diastema 
 Natural History. tigris. 
 
 Genus OGDOCONTA Butler 
 
 (i) Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. i, ?. 
 Syn. atomaria Walker. 
 
 This is not at all an uncommon species in the Atlantic sub- 
 region. 1 have found it particularly abundant in southern Indiana, 
 where it comes freely both to light and to sugar. 
 
 Genus P^ECTES Hiibner 
 
 Eight species are enumerated as belonging to this genus in 
 Dyar's recently published Catalogue. Of these we have given 
 illustrations of three in our plates. 
 
 (1) Paectes abrostoloides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 3, ?. 
 The insect occurs in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward 
 
 into the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 (2) Paectes pygmaea Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 This is a southern species. The specimen from which the 
 figure on the plate was taken was captured in Texas. 
 
 (3) Paectes oculatrix Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 4, $ . 
 
 The species is by no means very common. It has a wide 
 range from the Atlantic into the basin of the Mississippi. The 
 specimen figured on the plate was taken in western Pennsylvania. 
 I have specimens from Indiana and Illinois. 
 
 241
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus EUTELIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Eutelia pulcherrima Grote. 
 
 Syn. dentifera Walker. 
 
 The only species of this genus known to occur within our 
 territory is that which is figured in the accompanying cut, which 
 
 FIG. 150. Eutelia pulcherrima, $ . 
 
 was made from the type now in the possession of the British 
 Museum. The insect is found in New York and New Jersey, 
 but probably has a wider southern range. It is as yet very rare 
 in collections. 
 
 Genus MARASMALUS Grote 
 
 (1) Marasmalus inficita Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 6, $ . 
 
 Syn. histrio Grote. 
 
 This species is found from the northern Atlantic States and 
 Canada southward and westward to Texas and Colorado. 
 
 (2) Marasmalus ventilator Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 5, ?. 
 This species, which is considerably larger than the preceding, 
 
 has the wings more or less marked by reddish scales, which 
 enables it to be easily discriminated from its congener. Its range 
 is practically the same. 
 
 Genus AMYNA Guenee 
 (i) Amyna octo Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 7, ? . 
 This little moth has suffered more than any other known to 
 the writer by being made the sport of the makers of synonyms . 
 No less than nineteen synonyms have been applied to it in addi- 
 tion to its true name. In Dyar's Catalogue it appears under the 
 name orbica Morrison, and tecta Grote is given as a synonym. 
 The student who wishes to know what some of the other names 
 are which have been given to it may consult Hampson's "Moths 
 of India," Vol. II, p. 251. It is found throughout the hot lands of 
 both hemispheres. 
 
 242
 
 Noctuid* 
 
 Genus PTER^ETHOLIX Grote 
 
 (i) Pteraetholix bullula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 8, $ . 
 The habitat of this little moth is the Gulf States. 
 
 Genus Alabama Grote 
 
 (i) Alabama argillacea Hiibner, Plate XXIX, Fig. n, $. 
 (The Cotton-worm Moth). 
 
 Syn. xylina Say; grandipuncta Guenee; bipunctina Guene. 
 
 The Cotton-worm Moth is one of a number of insects which 
 annually inflict a vast amount of damage upon the crops in the 
 southern por- 
 tion of our 
 country. In 
 Prof. Com- 
 stock's "Re- 
 port upon the 
 insects which 
 are injurious to 
 cotton," pub- 
 lished in 1879, 
 and in the 
 "Fourth Re- 
 port of the 
 United States 
 Entomological 
 Commission," 
 there is given 
 
 a great deal of valuable and interesting information in regard to 
 this species. Much may also be learned about it from the study 
 of the "Missouri Reports" published by the late Prof. C. V. 
 Riley. The range of the insect is very broad. It sometimes, 
 though very rarely, occurs as far north as Canada. From this 
 northernmost location it has been found ranging southward as 
 far as Argentina. It sometimes appears to migrate in swarms. 
 A number of years ago, during a heavy snowstorm in November, 
 myriads of the moths suddenly appeared in the city of Pittsburgh, 
 and they came flying in the evening to the electric lights. From 
 one store the proprietor said that he had swept them out by the 
 
 343 
 
 FIG. 151. Alabama argillacea. a. Egg: b. immature 
 larva; c. lateral view of mature larva; d. dorsal vievf 
 of mature larva; e, leaf in which pupation takes 
 place; /, pupa. (After Riley.)
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 quart. I have a few of the insects which thus appeared, and 
 the figure on the plate is taken from one of these specimens. 
 
 Genus ANOMIS Hubner 
 
 The species belonging to this genus are mainly southern. 
 There is considerable uncertainty as to the identification of some 
 of the species, which were named by the older authors. Of the 
 four reputed to be found within our limits we figure the one 
 which is commonest. 
 
 (i) Anomis erosa Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 12, $. 
 
 Occasionally found as far north as New England. Ranging 
 thence southward into the South American continent. 
 
 Genus SCOLECOCAMPA Guenee 
 
 The only species of the genus so far known to occur in the 
 United States was named liburna by Geyer. Guenee subse- 
 quently called it ligni. The larva feeds in decaying wood, 
 particularly that of oaks, chestnuts, and hickories. It tunnels its 
 way through the softer parts, and after reaching maturity makes 
 a loose cocoon composed of a few strands of silk mixed with 
 chips and the frass left in the burrow, from which it emerges in 
 due season as the moth, which is represented on Plate XXIX, 
 Fig. 16, by a male specimen. 
 
 Genus EUCALYPTERA Morrison 
 
 A small genus, the species of which are confined to the 
 southern States and to Mexico and Central America. 
 
 (i) Eucalyptera strigata Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 9, <5 . 
 The habitat of this species is Texas. 
 
 Genus CIL.LA Grote 
 
 (i) Cilia distema Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 10, $, . 
 This obscure little moth, the only representative of the genus 
 in our territory, has hitherto only been reported from Texas. 
 
 Genus AMOLITA Grote 
 
 (i) Amolitafessa Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 13, $. 
 The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward 
 to Texas and Colorado. 
 
 244
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus RIVULA Guenee 
 
 (i) Rivula propinqualis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 14, $ . 
 The range of this insect is from Nova Scotia to Texas, and 
 across the continent as far as the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus PSEUDORGYIA Harvey 
 
 (i) Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 17, $ . 
 This insect is thus far only known to us from Texas. 
 
 Genus DORYODES Guenee 
 
 (i) Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 15, $ . 
 
 Syn. acutaria Herrich-Schaeffer; divisa Walker; promptella Walker. 
 
 There are three species of the genus found in our territory, 
 one of them, so far as is known to the writer, as yet unnamed. 
 The insect we are considering ranges from Maine to Florida and 
 westward to Colorado. 
 
 Genus PHIPROSOPUS Grote 
 
 (i) Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig 
 
 18,?. 
 
 Syn. nasutaria Zeller; acutalis Walker. 
 
 The species ranges from New York to Texas. 
 
 Genus ANEPISCHETOS Smith 
 
 The only species thus far referred to this 
 genus, which was erected by Smith in 1000 
 for its reception, received at the hands of that 
 author the specific name bipartita. A figure 
 of the type, which is contained in the collec- 
 tion of the United States National Museum, is 
 given in the accompanying cut. 
 
 jfackttos bipar* 
 
 tita, $ . {. 
 
 FIG. i^. 
 ma lutea, 
 
 Genus DIALLAGMA Smith 
 
 This genus was erected at the same time 
 as the preceding by the same author for the 
 reception of the insect of which we give a 
 representation in Fig. 153. Its habitat, as 
 also that of the last mentioned species, is 
 Florida. 
 
 345
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 Genus PLEONECTYPTERA Grote 
 
 This is a genus of moderate size, which by some writers has 
 heretofore been placed among the Pyralidce, though it is 
 undoubtedly correctly located among the Noctuidce. Eight 
 species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue. 
 
 (i) Pleonectyptera pyralis Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 19, $. 
 
 Syn. irrecta Walker; ftoccalis Zeller. 
 
 The insect ranges through the southern Atlantic States to 
 Central and South America. 
 
 Genus ANNAPHILA Grote 
 
 A genus of moderate extent, embracing over a dozen species, 
 which are found within the United States. 
 
 (1) Annaphila diva Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 20, $ . 
 The habitat of this pretty little moth is California. 
 
 (2) Annaphila lithosina Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 
 21,9. 
 
 The specimen figured in the plate came from southern 
 California. 
 
 Genus INCITA Grote 
 
 Only a single species, the type of the 
 genus, is known. The figure we give in the 
 annexed cut is drawn from the type in the 
 possession of the American Museum of Natural 
 History in New York. 
 
 FIG. 154. India 
 aurantiaca, $ . {. 
 
 Genus TRICHOTARACHE Grote 
 
 The sole representative of this genus in our fauna is the 
 insect the type of which is given in the accompanying figure, 
 drawn for this work by Mr. Horace Knight, of London. 
 
 FIG. 155. Trichotarache assimilis Grote, $. 
 
 The habitat of the moth is California. 
 246
 
 Noctuid* 
 Genus EUSTROTIA Hubner 
 
 This is quite an extensive genus, of which eighteen species 
 are included in our fauna. Of this number we give illustrations 
 of seven. 
 
 (1) Eustrotia albidula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 22, 9 . 
 
 Syn. intractabilis Walker. 
 
 This little moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, 
 and further west. 
 
 (2) Eustrotia concinnimacula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 23,?- 
 
 Not an uncommon species in the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 (3) Eustrotia synochitis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, 
 Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last. 
 It occurs from Canada to Texas. 
 
 (4) Eustrotia musta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 25,3. 
 
 Found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (5) Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 26, ? . 
 The moth has the same ranges as the last mentioned species. 
 
 It is very common in Indiana. 
 
 (6) Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, Plate XXIX, Fig. 27, $ . 
 
 Syn. nigritula Guenee. 
 
 A very common species, having the same range as its prede- 
 cessor. 
 
 (7) Eustrotia carneola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 28, $ . 
 Syn. biplaga Walker. 
 
 What has been said of the last species applies also to this, 
 except that it is, if anything, even more common. 
 
 Genus GALGULA Guenee 
 
 (i) Galgula hepara Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 31, 3. 
 
 Syn. externa Walker. 
 
 Form partita Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 32, $ . 
 
 Syn. vesca Morrison; subpartita Guene'e. 
 
 This common insect exists, as is shown in the plates, in two 
 forms, one quite dark, the other lighter. It is an inhabitant of 
 the Atlantic subregion, and is particularly abundant in western 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 247
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus AZENIA Grote 
 
 (i) Azenia implora Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, ?. 
 Not an uncommon insect in Arizona. 
 
 Genus LITHACODIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 30, $. 
 
 This little moth may be found from the Atlantic to the Rocky 
 Mountains. It is the only species of its genus occurring in the 
 United States. 
 
 Genus PROTHYMIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Prothymia rhodarialis Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 38, ? . 
 Syn. coccineifascia Grote. 
 
 The species ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. 
 
 (2) Prothymia semipurpurea Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 36, ?. 
 
 The species has the same range as the last. The specimen 
 figured was taken at New Brighton, Pa., by the Messrs. Merrick, 
 whose ardent and successful labors as collectors of the local 
 fauna deserve all praise. 
 
 (3) Prothymia orgyiae Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 37, $ . 
 This is a Texan species. 
 
 Genus EXYRA Grote 
 
 (i) Exyra semicrocea Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 35, ? . 
 
 There are four species of the genus Exyra attributed to our 
 fauna, but only one of these is figured. The species are mainly 
 southern in their range. Exyra semicrocea is found from New 
 Jersey southward and westward as far as Texas. 
 
 Genus XANTHOPTERA Guenee 
 
 Two of the four species which are found within the limits 
 of the United States are represented upon our plates. 
 
 (i) Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 
 33> ft. 
 
 The insect is found in the southern portions of the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 248
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (2) Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 34, & . 
 The distribution of this species is identical with that of the 
 one last mentioned. 
 
 Genus THALPOCHARES Lederer 
 
 The only species of this genus found within our faunal limits 
 is a native of Florida. It received the specific name aetheria 
 at the hands of Mr. Grote. The illustration we give is drawn 
 
 FIG. 156. Thalpochares cetheria, $ . f. 
 
 from the type which is preserved in the British Museum, and 
 was drawn for this book by Mr. Horace Knight under the 
 direction of Sir George F. Hampson. The insect is not common 
 in collections. 
 
 Genus EUMESTLETA Butler 
 
 Seven species are given by Dyar in his Catalogue as occurring 
 within the limits of the United States. The insects have a 
 southern and southwestern range, occurring in the Gulf States 
 and in Arizona. We have selected one of them for illustration. 
 
 (i) Eumestleta flammicincta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 
 39, a. 
 
 Syn. patula Morrison; patruelis Grote. 
 
 The habitat of this insect is Florida and Texas. 
 
 Genus GYROS Henry Edwards 
 
 There is only one species of this genus known. It received 
 the name muiri through Mr. Henry Edwards in 
 honor of his friend, John Muir, the well-known 
 writer, whose charming descriptions of the 
 natural beauties of the western portions of our 
 continent have established for him an enviable 
 position in the world of letters. The moth is FIG. 157. Gyros 
 found in California, muiri, $ { 
 
 249
 
 Noctuid* 
 
 Genus TRIPUDIA Grote 
 
 This is a genus of considerable size, represented in the 
 western and southwestern States by nine species, and well 
 represented in the fauna of Mexico and Central America. 
 
 (i) Tripudia opipara Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 40, $ . 
 
 This is a very common species in Texas. 
 
 Genus METAPONIA Duponchel 
 
 The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Three species 
 occur in our fauna. Of these we figure two. 
 
 (1) Metaponia obtusa Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 
 4>, 9. 
 
 Syn. obtusula Zeller. 
 
 The insect occurs from the valley of the Ohio southward to 
 Texas. It is commoner in the south than in the north. 
 
 (2) Metaponia perflava Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 42, ?. 
 Not an uncommon species in Texas. 
 
 Genus CHAMYRIS Guenee 
 
 (i) Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, Plate XXIX, Fig. 43, ?. 
 
 The species is found from New England and Canada south- 
 ward to the Carolinas aud westward to Kansas. The larva feeds 
 on the Rosacecz. The insect is very common in Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio, and Indiana. 
 
 Genus TORNACONTIA Smith 
 
 Two species have been attributed to this genus. One of 
 them, which received the specific name sutrix at the hands of 
 Grote, is represented in the annexed cut. 
 It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a 
 specimen in the collection of the United States 
 Museum of Natural History in New York. 
 FIG. 158. Torna- The insect is found in the region of the Rocky 
 contia sutrix, $. f Mountains. 
 
 250
 
 Noctuidae 
 Genus THERASEA Grote 
 
 This is a small genus, represented in our fauna by two species, 
 (i) Therasea flavicosta Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 47, 6. 
 The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus TARACHE Hiibner 
 
 The genus is found in both hemispheres. It is well repre- 
 sented in our fauna, thirty-five species being known to occur 
 within the limits of the United States and Canada. Eleven of 
 these are figured upon our plates. 
 
 (1) Tarache termiriimacula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 46, ? 
 The species ranges from Massachusetts to Illinois. 
 
 (2) Tarache delecta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 48, ? . 
 Syn. metallica Grote. 
 
 The range of this species is along the Atlantic coast. It 
 occurs in the salt-marshes on Long Island and New Jersey, and 
 ranges thence southward to Texas. 
 
 (3) Tarache flavipennis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 52, $ . 
 The habitat of this species is the Pacific coast. 
 
 (4) Tarache lactipennis Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 45, ? . 
 Not at all an uncommon species in Texas. 
 
 (5) Tarache lanceolata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 49, $ . 
 This species, like the preceding, occurs in Texas. 
 
 (6) Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 53 6 . 
 The habitat of this insect is Arizona. 
 
 (7) Tarache aprica Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 50, & . 
 
 The range of this species is from the valley of the Ohio south- 
 ward to Texas and westward to Colorado. 
 
 (8) Tarache erastrioides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 54, ? . 
 The moth is found in New England and Canada and south- 
 ward so far as West Virginia and Indiana. 
 
 (9) Tarache virginalis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 51, ?. 
 The habitat of the species is from Kansas to Arizona. 
 
 (10) Tarache binocula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 44, $, . 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding, 
 (i i) Tarache libedis Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 55, $ . 
 
 The home of this insect is New Mexico and Colorado. 
 
 251
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 Genus FRUVA Grote 
 
 The species belonging to this genus are southern and south- 
 western in their distribution. Six are known. 
 
 (i) Fruva apicella Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 56, ? . 
 
 Syn. truncatula Zeller; accepla Henry Edwards. 
 
 A very common species in the Gulf States. 
 
 Genus SPRAGUEIA Grote 
 
 A genus of small, but very attractively colored moths, which 
 requent the flowers of the Composite in the later summer. 
 
 (1) Spragueia onagrus Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 57, $ . 
 
 The moth occurs quite abundantly in southwestern Pennsyl- 
 vania and the valley of the Ohio, and ranges thence southwardly. 
 It is common on the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago.) 
 
 (2) Spragueia plumbifimbriata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 S8, 9. 
 
 This modestly colored species is found in Texas. 
 
 (3) Spragueia dama Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 59, $ . 
 Syn. trifariana Walker. 
 
 This is a common species in the southern States. 
 
 (4) Spragueia guttata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 60, $ . 
 This pretty moth ranges from Texas to Costa Rica. 
 
 Genus CALLOPISTRIA Hvibner 
 
 (i) Callopistria floridensis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 61, S . 
 As the name indicates, the species is from Florida. 
 
 Genus METATHORASA Moore 
 
 A genus represented in both hemispheres, and particularly 
 well in Asia. 
 
 (i) Metathorasa monetifera Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 62, 
 ?, 
 
 A native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from Canada 
 to Florida. Thus far it does not appear to have been reported 
 from any locality west of the Alleghany Mountains. I found it 
 one summer quite abundantly at Saratoga, New York. 
 
 252
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1 . Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee, 9 
 
 2. P&ctes pygmcea Hubner, cT. 
 
 3. Pcectes abrostoloides Guenee, 9 
 
 4. Pcectes occulatrix Guenee, <5\ 
 
 Merrick Collection. 
 
 5. Marasmalus ventilator Grote, 9 
 
 6. Marasmalus inficita Walker, c? . 
 
 7. AmynaoctoGuenee, 9 , U.S.N.M. 
 
 8. Pteratholix bullula Grote, c?,U. 
 
 S. N. M. 
 
 9. Eucalyptera strigata Smith, c?. 
 
 10. Cilia distema Grote, <J*. 
 
 11. Alabama argillacea. Hubner, J 1 . 
 
 12. Anomis erosa Hubner, 9- 
 
 13. Amolitafessa Grote, J 1 .U.S.N.M. 
 
 14. Rivula propinqualis Guenee, 9 
 
 15. Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, J 1 . 
 
 1 6. Scolecocampa liburna Geyer, c?. 
 
 17. Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, 9 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 18. P hiproso pus callitrichoides 
 
 Grote, 9 . 
 
 19. Pleonectyptera pyralis Hubner, 
 
 20. Annaphila diva Grote, J 1 . 
 
 21. Annaphila lithosina Henry 
 
 Edwards, 9 . 
 
 22. Eustrotia albidula Guenee, 9.' 
 
 2 3 . Eustrotia concinnimacula 
 
 Guenee, 9 . 
 
 24. Eustrotia synochitis Grote & 
 
 Robinson, cj 1 . 
 
 25. Eusirotia musta Grote & 
 
 Robinson, <5\ 
 
 26. Eustrotia muscosula Guen6e, 9 
 
 27. Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, J 1 . 
 
 28. Eustrotia carneola Guenee, 9 . 
 
 29. Azenia implora Grote, 9 . 
 
 30. Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, tf . 
 
 31. Galgula he par a Guenee, tf. 
 
 32. Galgula hepara var. partita 
 
 Guenee, tf. 
 
 33. Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Gue- 
 
 nee, (5\ 
 
 34. Xanthoptera semiftava Guenee, 
 
 Eumestleta ftammicincta Walker, 
 opipara Henry Ed- 
 
 35. Exyra semicrocea Guenee, 9, 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 36. Prothymia semipurpurea Walker, 
 
 9 , Merrick Collection. 
 
 37. Prothymia orgyice Grote, cf 1 . 
 
 38. Prothymiarhodarial-isWalker, 9 . 
 39- 
 
 CT- 
 
 40. Tripudia 
 
 wards, tf. 
 
 41. M etaponia obtusa Herrich- 
 
 Schieffer, 9. 
 
 42. M etaponia perflava Harvey, 9 , 
 
 43. Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, 
 
 9- 
 
 44. Tar ache binocula Grote, <5\ 
 
 45. Tar ache lactipennis Harvey, 9 . 
 
 46. Tarac he terminimacula Grote, 9 . 
 
 47. Therasea flavicosta Smith, <J*. 
 
 48. T arache delecta Walker, 9 . 
 
 49. Tarache lanceolata Grote, cT. 
 
 50. Tarache aprica Hubner, J*. 
 
 51. Tarache virginalis Grote, 9 . 
 
 52. Tarache ftavipennis Grote, cT. 
 
 53. Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, 
 
 54. Tarache erastrioides Guenee, 9 
 
 55. Tarache libedis- Smith, (J 1 . 
 
 56. Fruva apicella Grote, 9 
 
 57. Spragueia onagrus Guen6e, c?. 
 
 58. Spragueia plumbifimbriata 
 
 Grote, 9 . 
 
 59. Spragueia dam a Guenee, <5*. 
 
 60. Spragueia guttata Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 61. Callopistria floridensis Guenee, 
 
 d, U. S. N. M. 
 
 62. Metathorasa monetifera Guene"e, 
 
 9. 
 
 63. Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, 
 
 64. Cydosia imitella Stretch, c?. 
 
 6 5 . Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robin- 
 son, c?. 
 
 66. Cydosia majuscula Henry Ed- 
 
 wards, 9 
 
 67. Derrima stellata Walker, c?
 
 THE MOTH BOOK
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 Genus EUHERRICHIA Grote 
 
 A small genus represented by three species in our fauna. 
 Euherrichia granitosa occurs in Florida ; Euherrichia cervina on 
 the Pacific slope; and the species, which we figure, from Canada 
 to Florida and westward to Colorado. 
 
 (i) Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 63, $ . 
 
 Syn. rubicunda Walker. 
 
 The specimen depicted was taken in the neighborhood of 
 Saratoga, N. Y. 
 
 Genus CYDOSIA Westwood 
 
 A small genus represented in our fauna by three species, all 
 of which we figure. The larva pupates in a small cocoon made 
 of strands of silk woven into the form of a globular basket with 
 open meshes, which is suspended from the under side of a leaf 
 by a long cord. 
 
 (1) Cydosia imitella Stretch, Plate XXIX, Fig. 64, $ . 
 The moth is found in the southern States. 
 
 (2) Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 65, $. 
 
 The species occurs in Florida. 
 
 (j) Cydosia majuscula Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 66,?. 
 
 The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the species last 
 mentioned. 
 
 Genus CERATHOSIA Smith 
 
 The only species of the genus was 
 named tricolor by Smith. The fore 
 wings are pure white, spotted with 
 black, the hind wings are pale yellow. 
 The habitat of the species is Texas. 
 
 
 FIG 
 
 pagenstecheri, 
 
 Genus HORMOSCHISTA Mceschler 
 
 The only species of this genus, which 
 occurs within our territory, was originally 
 described by Moeschler from Porto Rico. 
 h is found in. Florida and elsewhere along 
 the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 257
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PHAL/ENOSTOLA Grote 
 
 There is only one species of the genus known to occur within 
 our territory. 
 
 (i) Phalaenostola larentioides Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. i, ? . 
 
 The insect ranges from New York southward to the Carolinas 
 and westward to Missouri. 
 
 Genus PANGRAPTA Hubner 
 
 (i) Pangrapta decoralis Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 3, ? . 
 
 Syn. geometroides Guenee; epionoides Guenee; elegantalis Fitch; 
 recusans Walker. 
 
 The moth occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus SYLECTRA Hubner 
 
 There is only one species of this genus which occurs within 
 the faunnl limits covered by this book. It was originally named 
 erycata by Cramer. Subsequently Hubner 
 applied to it the specific name mirandalis, 
 which, of course, falls as a synonym. It is 
 found in Florida, and is also quite common in 
 the entire equatorial belt of South America. 
 The peculiarly scalloped wings and the 
 nodose antennae serve to readily distinguish 
 the insect, and it is not likely to be confounded 
 with any other. The ground-color of the wings is luteous, 
 variegated with reddish ochraceous. 
 
 Genus HYAMIA Walker 
 
 Three species of the genus are accredited to our fauna. Of 
 these we figure two. 
 
 (i) Hyamia sexpunctata Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 The insect ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. 
 (2) Hyamia perditalis Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 4, ? . 
 
 Syn. semilineala Walker; umbrifascia Grote. 
 
 The range of this moth is the same as that of the preceding 
 species. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 254
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus MELANOMMA Grote 
 
 This is another genus of which we know but the one species 
 in our territory. It received the specific name auricinctaria 
 
 FIG. 162. Melanomma auricinctaria, 
 
 from Mr. Grote, who first described it. It occurs in the southern 
 Atlantic States. The annexed figure is drawn from the type 
 which is preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 Genus ARGILLOPHORA Grote 
 
 The sole representant of this species is shown in the annexed 
 cut, which was prepared for this book by Mr. Horace Knighf 
 
 FIG. 163. Argillophora furcilla, 
 
 from the type, access to which was kindly given by Sir George 
 F. Hampson. The insect was originally reported from Alabama, 
 but is still rare in collections. It probably has a wide range. 
 
 Genus PARORA Smith 
 
 The sole species belonging to this genus was originally 
 described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from Texas. 
 The accompanying cut shows a figure of the 
 type, which is preserved in the United States 
 National Museum. The ground-color of the 
 wings is pale reddish ochraceous. The moth F IG . ^64. Parora 
 is found in Texas. texana, $ 
 
 255
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus HOMOPYRALIS Grote 
 
 Five species belong to this genus. We figure one of the 
 commoner of these as representative. They come freely to 
 sugar. 
 
 (i) Homopyralis contracta Walker, Plate, XXX, Fig. 5, ? . 
 
 Syn. zonata Walker; tactus Grote. 
 
 The insect is widely distributed all over the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 Genus ISOGONA Guenee 
 
 (i ) Isogona natatrix Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 18, ? . 
 Syn. tennis Grote. 
 
 The moth occurs in the southern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus HYPSOROPHA Hubner 
 
 (1) Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, Plate XXX, Fig. 6, $ . 
 The species is quite abundant in northern Florida in the 
 
 spring of the year. It ranges westward and northward as far as 
 Kansas. 
 
 (2) Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 7, ? . 
 The moth occurs from New York to Texas, and is not un- 
 common in the eastern half of the valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus CISSUSA Walker 
 
 Ten species are attributed to this genus in the latest Catalogue 
 of the moths of North America. They are all western and 
 southwestern species. We have selected three of them for 
 purposes of illustration. 
 
 (1) Cissusa spadix Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 9, $ . 
 Syn. vegeta Morrison. 
 
 The species occurs in the southwestern portions of the 
 United States. 
 
 (2) Cissusa inepta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 10, $ . 
 
 Syn. tnorbosa Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth flies in Colorado. 
 
 (3) Cissusa sabulosa Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 1 1, ? . 
 The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding 
 
 species. 
 
 256
 
 Noctuidac 
 Genus ULOSYNEDA Smith 
 
 The only species of this genus was named valens by Henry 
 Edwards. It is represented on Plate XXX, Fig. 12, by a speci- 
 men of the male sex. Its home is Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. 
 
 Genus DRASTERIA Hu'bner 
 
 A widely distributed genus containing four species, which 
 are peculiar to our fauna. All of these are figured on our plates. 
 
 (1) Drasteria erechtea Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 14, ?. 
 
 Syn. sobria Walker; narrata Walker; patibilis Walker; agricola Grote 
 & Robinson; mundula Grote & Robinson. 
 
 This is a very common species widely distributed from 
 Canada to Florida and westward as far as Colorado and 
 Wyoming. It frequents grassy places and may be found from 
 April to October. 
 
 (2) Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth, Plate XXX, Fig. 
 
 15.3. 
 
 Syn. erichto Guene"e. 
 
 Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the 
 same general distribution. 
 
 (3) Drasteria caerulea Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 13, $ . 
 
 Syn. aquamarina Felder. 
 
 The habitat of this pretty species is the Pacific coast. It is 
 one of the very few blue moths which are known. 
 
 (4) Drasteria conspicua Smith, Plate XXX, Fig. 16, $ . 
 This elegant moth is a native of Alberta and the adjacent 
 
 territories of the British possessions. 
 
 Genus C^NURGIA Walker 
 
 (1) Caenurgia convalescens Guenee, Plate XXX, Fig. 17, $ . 
 Syn. socors Walker; purgata Walker. 
 
 The range of this insect is from Canada to Florida and west- 
 ward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Csenurgia adversa Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 18, $ . 
 The habitat of the species is California. 
 
 Genus EUCLIDIA Ochsenheimer 
 
 We show two of the four species which are known to occur 
 within our faunal limits. 
 
 257
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (1) Euclidia cuspidea Hiibner, Plate XXX, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and Georgia 
 and thence westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (2) Euclidia intercalaris Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 19, $ . 
 This is a rather rare species in collections. It is found in New 
 
 Mexico and the southwestern States. 
 
 Genus PANULA Guenee 
 
 (i) Panula inconstans, Plate XXX, Fig. 21, $. 
 Not uncommon in the southern States. 
 
 Genus MELIPOTIS Hubner 
 
 This is a moderately large genus, represented in both the 
 New World and the Old. Of the ten species known to occur 
 within our faunal limits we show six on our plates. 
 
 (1) Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 22, ? . 
 This is not an uncommon insect in the Antilles, and also 
 
 occurs in Florida. The specimen figured on the plate was taken 
 in the latter locality. 
 
 (2) Melipotis pallescens Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX, 
 Fig. 25, ?. 
 
 An inhabitant of the southwestern portions of our territory, 
 reported from Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. 
 
 (3) Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, Plate XXX, Fig. 27, $ . 
 
 Syn. grandirena Haworth. 
 
 Found from New England to Florida and westward to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 (4) Melipotis perlaeta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 
 26, ?. 
 
 The species has been found in Arizona and Texas. 
 
 (5) Melipotis jucunda Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. cinis Guenee; agrotipennis Harvey; hadeniformis Behr. 
 
 The insect ranges from New York to Florida and westward to 
 Texas and Colorado. 
 
 (6) Melipotis sinualis Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 23, $ 
 
 This easily recognizable species is an inhabitant of Texas and 
 Arizona and ranges southward along the high table-lands of 
 northern Mexico. 
 
 258
 
 Noctuidsa 
 Genus CIRRHOBOLINA Grote 
 
 (i) Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison, Plate XXX, Fig. 36, $ . 
 
 Syn. pavitensis Morrison. 
 
 A common insect in Texas. 
 
 (a) Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 28, ? . 
 
 Syn. incandescens Grote. 
 
 The moth occurs quite commonly in the southwestern portions 
 of our territory from Colorado to Arizona and Texas, and thence 
 southward on the Mexican plateaus. 
 
 Genus SYNEDA Guenee 
 
 Twenty-five species are attributed to this genus and indicated 
 as having their habitat within the territory with which this book 
 deals. It is possible that a final revision of the genus will lead to 
 the discovery that some of the so-called species are merely local 
 races or varietal forms of others. There is considerable dissimi- 
 larity between the sexes in some of the species, and it may be 
 that there is in this fact also an element of confusion. The species 
 which are figured on the plates are such as are for the most part 
 well known and the identification of which is certain. 
 
 (1) Syneda graphica Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 30, $ . 
 Syn. capticola Walker. 
 
 The insect ranges from New York to Florida westward to the 
 Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 (2) Syneda divergens Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 32, $ . 
 
 The insect is western and has an ascertained range from Colo- 
 rado to California. 
 
 (3) Syneda alleni Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 35, $ . 
 Syn. saxea Henry Edwards. 
 
 The species has a northern range and is reported from Maine 
 and Canada, Manitoba and Montana. It extends its habitat south- 
 ward along the elevated table-lands of the continent to Colorado 
 and Wyoming. 
 
 (4) Syneda adumbrata Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 34, $ . 
 
 This is a western species ranging from Montana and Arizona 
 in the east to the Pacific. 
 
 (5) Syneda socia Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 38, $ . 
 
 The range of this species is practically the same as that of the 
 last mentioned. 
 
 259
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (6) Syneda howlandi Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 33, $ . 
 Syn. stretchi Behr. 
 
 The insect is distributed from Colorado and Arizona westward 
 to California. 
 
 (7) Syneda edwardsi Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 37, ? . 
 The moth is thus far known only from California. 
 
 (8) Syneda hudsonica Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX, Fig. 
 
 31. a. 
 
 This is a northern species, ranging from Ontario westward to 
 Montana. 
 
 (9) Syneda athabasca NeumoBgen, Plate XXX, Fig. 29, 6 . 
 The moth has been taken in considerable numbers in Alberta 
 
 and Assiniboia, and is also reported as occurring in British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Genus CATOCALA Schrank 
 
 This is a very large genus represented in both hemispheres. 
 The metropolis of the genus appears to be North America; at all 
 events, there are more species found in our territory than occur 
 elsewhere, though in eastern Asia and temperate Europe the 
 genus is very well represented by many strikingly beautiful forms. 
 There is considerable variation in the case of some of the species, 
 and as they have always been favorites with collectors, a great 
 deal has been written upon them, and many varietal names have 
 been suggested. Over one hundred species are attributed to our 
 fauna. Of these the majority are figured in our plates. We 
 follow the order of arrangement given in Dyar's List of North 
 American Lepidoptera. 
 
 (1) Catocala epione Drury, Plate XXXI, Fig. 3, ?. (The 
 Epione Underwing.) 
 
 The insect is distributed from New England and Canada 
 southward to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Iowa. 
 
 (2) Catocala sappho Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Sappho Underwing.) 
 
 This rare species has been found from western Pennsylvania and 
 West Virginia as far west as Illinois and as far south as Texas. 
 
 (3) Catocala agrippina Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. I, ?. 
 (The Agrippina Underwing.) 
 
 The species occurs from New York and the region of the 
 Great Lakes southward to Texas. 
 
 260
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX 
 
 (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Phal&nostola larentioides Grote, 
 
 9- 
 
 2. Hyamia sexpunctata Grote, (? 
 
 3. Pangrapta decoralis Hubner, 9 
 
 4. Hyamia perditalis Walker, 9 . 
 
 5. Homopyralis contracta Walker, 
 
 9- 
 
 6. Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, 
 
 7. Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, 9 
 
 8. Hyblcea puera Cramer, 9 , U. S. 
 
 N. M. 
 
 9. Cissura spadix Cramer, J*. 
 
 10. Cissura inepta Henry Edwards, 
 
 (?. 
 
 11. Cissura s abulosa Henry 
 
 Edwards, 9 . 
 
 12. Ulosyneda v a lens Henry 
 
 Edwards, <?. 
 
 13. Drasteria ccerulea Grote, cf- 
 
 14. Drasteria erechtea Cramer, 9 
 
 1 5 . Drasteria crassiuscula H aworth , 
 
 C?- 
 
 1 6. Drasteria cons picua Smith, c?. 
 
 17. C&nurgia convalescens Guenee, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 1 8. C&nurgia adversa Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 19. Euclidia intercalaris Grote, c?- 
 
 20. Euclidia cuspidea Hubner, $ . 
 
 21. Panula inconstans Guenee, cJ 1 . 
 
 22. Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, 9 
 
 23. M elipotis sinualis Harvey, 9- 
 
 24. Melipotis jucunda Hubner, (J 1 . 
 
 25. Melipotis pallescens Grote & 
 
 Robinson, 9 . 
 
 26. Melipotis perlceta Henry 
 
 Edwards, 9 . 
 
 27. Melipotis limbolaris Geycr, o 1 . 
 
 28. Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, 9 
 
 29. Syneda athabascce Neumoegcn, 
 
 c?. 
 
 30. Syneda graphica Hubner, $ . 
 
 31. Syneda hudsonica Grote & 
 
 Robinson, 9 
 
 32. Syneda divergens Behr, tf. 
 
 33. Syneda howlandi Grote, $. 
 
 34. Syneda adumbrata Behr, c? . 
 
 35. Syneda alleni Grote, c? . 
 
 36. Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison, 
 
 (?. 
 
 37. Syneda edwardsi Behr, 9 
 
 38. Syneda soda Behr, <5*. 
 
 39. Litocala sexsignata Harvey, 9 
 
 40. Hypocala andremona Cramer, 
 
 C?. 
 
 41.' Agnomonia anilis Drury, (5 1 . 
 42. Epidromia delinquens Walker, 
 9-
 
 ["HE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 
 AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO., N.Y. i (
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (4) Catocala subviridis Harvey, Plate XXXI, Fig. 4, $ . 
 (The Faintly Green Underwing.) 
 
 The insect has been by some writers regarded as a variety of 
 the preceding species. It is characterized by larger size, and 
 brighter colored fore wings, on which the maculation is much 
 more distinct. In certain lights there is a pronounced greenish 
 shade visible upon the wings. 
 
 (5) Catocala lacrymosa Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 6, <3 . 
 (The Tearful Underwing.) 
 
 Form paulina Henry Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 12, ?. 
 (The Paulina Underwing.) 
 
 Form evelina French, Plate XXXI, Fig. 9, ? . (The Evelina 
 Underwing.) 
 
 The range of this variable species is practically the same as 
 that of the hist mentioned. 
 
 (6) Catocala viduata Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 15,?. (The 
 Widowed Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. maestoso Hulst; guenei Grote. 
 
 The metropolis of this species appears to be the Gulf States. 
 It is abundant in Texas. 
 
 (7) Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXI, Fig. 5, <$. 
 (The Widow Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. desperata Guenee. 
 
 The insect ranges from Canada to Florida through the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. 
 
 (8) Catocala dejecta Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. i, $. 
 (The Dejected Underwing.) 
 
 The species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic 
 subregion. 
 
 Form Carolina subsp. nm>., Plate XXXII, Fig. 5, 5 . (Carrie's 
 Underwing.) 
 
 This insect, which occurs in western Pennsylvania, appears 
 to be a form of dejecta, having the same relation to that species 
 as that which is held by basalts to habilis. It is characterized by 
 its smaller size, and by the black stripe which runs from the base 
 of the wing to the apex, giving it quite a different facies from 
 dejecta. The type is figured upon our plate, and it may from the 
 illustration easily be recognized. 
 
 261
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (9) Catocala retecta Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 8, $ . (Tha 
 Yellow-Gray Underwing.) 
 
 The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 (10) Catocala flebilis Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. n, $. (The 
 Mourning Underwing. ) 
 
 The habitat of this species is the same as that of the last men- 
 tioned. 
 
 (i i ) Catocala robinsoni Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 7, ? . 
 (Robinson's Underwing.) 
 
 The moth ranges from New England to the Mississippi and 
 southward to Tennessee and the Carolinas. It is particularly 
 abundant in the Ohio valley. 
 
 (12) Catocala obscura Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 14, $ . 
 (The Obscure Underwing.) 
 
 The moth may be found from Canada to Maryland and west- 
 ward to Colorado. 
 
 (13) Catocala insolabilis Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, ?. 
 (The Inconsolable Underwing.) 
 
 The species is found from Canada southward to the Carolinas 
 and westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (14) Catocala angusi Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, $ . (Angus' 
 Underwing.) 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 (15) Catocala Judith Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 2, $ . (The 
 Judith Underwing.) 
 
 The insect occurs from New England westward in the north- 
 ern portions of the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 (16) Catocala tristis Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The 
 Gloomy Underwing.) 
 
 The species appears to be commoner in New England than 
 elsewhere. 
 
 (17) Catocala relicta Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, ? . (The 
 Relict.) 
 
 Form bianca Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 7, Z . (The 
 Bianca Underwing.) 
 
 This fine moth is found in the northern portions of the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. It is not uncommon in New England and 
 
 262
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Catocala agripplna Strecker, cT. 
 
 2. Catocala sappho Strecker, cJ*. 
 
 3. Catocala epione Drury, tf. 
 
 4. Catocala subviridis Harvey, c? . 
 
 5. Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, c? . 
 
 6. Catocala lacrymosa Guen6e, c?. 
 
 7. Catocala robinsoni Grote, 9- 
 
 8. Catocala retecta Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 9. Catocala lacrymosa var. evelina, French, 9 . 
 
 10. Catocala insolabilis Guen6e, $. 
 
 1 1 . Catocala flebilis Grote, 9 . 
 
 12. Catocala lacrymosa var. paulina Henry Edwards, $. 
 
 13. Catocala angusi Grote, $ . 
 
 14. Catocala obscura Strecker, tf . 
 
 15. Catocala viduata Guen6e, 9 .
 
 PLATE XXXI
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 northern New York, but it is rare in western Pennsylvania. It 
 has a westward range to Colorado and Oregon. 
 
 (18) Catocala cara Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, <5 . (The 
 Darling Underwing.) 
 
 This large and splendid species is a native of the Appalachian 
 subregion, and in it has a wide range. 
 
 (19) Catocala amatrix Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 12, $. 
 (The Sweetheart.) 
 
 Form nurus Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 13, ? . (The Nurse.) 
 This is another fine species, which has the same geographical 
 distribution as the last mentioned. 
 
 (20) Catocala marmorata Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 9, ? . 
 (The Marbled Underwing.) 
 
 This is a rather rare species, which has a wide distribution. 
 Its metropolis appears to be West Virginia and Kentucky, though 
 it has been taken elsewhere. 
 
 (21) Catocala concumbens Walker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 10. f . 
 (The Sleepy Underwing.) 
 
 This lovely moth has a wide range in the Appalachian sub- 
 region. It is very common in New England and central New 
 York, less common in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (22) Catocala californica Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. I, $ . 
 (The California Underwing.) 
 
 As the name implies, the species is a native of California. 
 
 (23) Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 
 14, ? . (The Cleopatra Underwing.) 
 
 This insect is regarded by some as a varietal form of the pre- 
 ceding species. It has the same habitat. 
 
 (24) Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 
 ll, . (The Luciana Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. nebraska Dodge. 
 
 Form somnus Dodge, Plate XXXV, Fig. 16, ? . 
 
 The moth is found in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and 
 Wyoming. 
 
 "(25) Catocala babayaga Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 18, $. 
 (The Babayaga Underwing.) 
 
 The habitat of the species is Arizona. 
 
 (26) Catocala stretchi Behr, Plate XXXV, Fig. 13, $. 
 (Stretch's Underwing.) The species is Californian. 
 
 263
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (27) Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 
 8, $. (The Augusta Underwing.) 
 
 Like the preceding species, this is also confined in its range to 
 the Pacific coast. 
 
 (28) Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 
 15, $. (The Rosalind Underwing. ) 
 
 The insect has been found in Kansas and Colorado. 
 
 (29) Catocala pura Hulst, Plate XXXV, Fig. 17, $. (The 
 Pure Underwing.) 
 
 The moth is an inhabitant of the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 (30) Catocala unijuga Walker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, ?. 
 (The Once-married Underwing.) 
 
 This is a widely distributed species, the range of which is 
 northern, extending from New England to Colorado, through 
 Canada and the region of the Great Lakes. It is common in 
 central New York. 
 
 (31) Catocala meskei Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 6, $. 
 (Meske's Underwing.) 
 
 By some students this species has been regarded as a variety 
 of the preceding. Its range is the same. 
 
 (32) Catocala groteiana Bailey, Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, $. 
 (Grote's Underwing.) 
 
 The moth occurs from Canada to New Mexico, and has been 
 sometimes treated as a variety of Catocala briseis Edwards. 
 
 (33) Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 
 7, 9. (The Hermia Underwing.) 
 
 The habitat of the species is Colorado and New Mexico. 
 
 (34) Catocala briseis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 12 $. 
 (The Briseis Underwing.) 
 
 The species is an inhabitant of the northern portions of the 
 Appalachian subregion, and is also known to occur in Colorado. 
 
 (35) Catocala faustina Strecker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 3, & . 
 (The Faustina Underwing.) 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate was received by the writer 
 from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. 
 The range of the moth is from Colorado to California. 
 
 (36) Catocala parta Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. n, $. 
 (The Mother Underwing.) 
 
 264
 
 Noctuidac 
 
 This fine species is quite common in the Appalachian sub- 
 region and ranges northward into the region of Hudson Bay and 
 westward as far as Colorado. 
 
 (37) Catocala coccinata Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 10, $ . 
 (The Scarlet Underwing.) 
 
 The moth is recorded as occurring from Canada to Florida 
 and Texas, and westward to the Mississippi. It is not very 
 common. 
 
 (38) Catocala aholibah Strecker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 15,$. 
 (The Aholibah Underwing.) 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate was obtained from the 
 author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The 
 insect is found from New Mexico and Colorado to California and 
 Oregon. 
 
 (39) Catocala verrilliana Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 16, $ . 
 (Verrill's Underwing. ) 
 
 A neat and prettily marked species which has much the same 
 range as the preceding, though extending somewhat farther to 
 the south. 
 
 (40) Catocala ultronia Hiibner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 2, $ . 
 (The Ultronia Underwing.) 
 
 Form celia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 4, 3 . (The 
 Celia Underwing.) 
 
 Form mopsa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 7, $ . (The 
 Mopsa Underwing.) 
 
 Besides the three forms of this variable species which we 
 have selected for illustration, there are several others which have 
 received subspecific names. The insect is very common, and 
 occurs from the Atlantic to the Great Plains and from Canada to 
 Florida. 
 
 (41) Catocala ilia Cramer, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 14, $ . (The 
 Ilia Underwing.) 
 
 Form uxor Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 17, ?. (The Wife.) 
 Form osculata Hulst, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7, $ . (The Beloved 
 
 Underwing.) 
 
 This is a common and- variable species which is found 
 
 generally throughout the United States and Canada. 
 
 (42) Catocala innubens Guenee, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 13, $ ; 
 Plate I, Fig. 7, larva. (The Betrothed.) 
 
 265
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Form hinda French, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 10, $ . (The Hinda 
 Underwing.) 
 
 Form scintillans Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 9, $. (The 
 Glittering Underwing.) 
 
 This is another very common and very variable species, which 
 is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 (43) Catocala nebulosa Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 16, ?. 
 (The Clouded Underwing.) 
 
 This fine species is found in the Middle Atlantic and Central 
 States east of the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in 
 southern Indiana. 
 
 (44) Catocala piatrix Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Penitent) 
 
 The moth is found throughout the United States east of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and as far south as Arizona. It is a common 
 species. 
 
 (45) Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVI, 
 Fig. 5, 9 . (The Bride.) 
 
 This is another common and variable species which has the 
 same geographical distribution as that of the last-named insect. 
 
 (46) Catocala subnata Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 15, ?. 
 (The Youthful Underwing.) 
 
 The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and 
 appears to be not uncommon in Kentucky and southern Indiana. 
 
 (47) Catocala cerogama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6, $ . 
 (The Yellow-banded Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. aurella Fisher; eliza Fisher. 
 
 This is a common species ranging from Canada to the 
 Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (48) Catocala palaeogama Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, $ . 
 (The Old wife Underwing.) 
 
 Form phalanga Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 4, $ . (The 
 Phalanga Underwing.) 
 
 The moth ranges from New England to Virginia and west- 
 ward to the Mississippi. 
 
 (49) Catocala censors Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIV, 
 F'g- 5> $ (The Consort.) 
 
 266
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI I 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1 . Catocala dejecta Strecker, <3* . 
 
 2. Catocala Judith Strecker c? . 
 
 3. Catocala tristis Edwards, $. 
 
 4. Catocala groteiana Bailey, cf. 
 
 5. Catocala Carolina Holland, cf . 
 
 6. Catocala relicta Walker, 9 . 
 
 7. Catocala relicta var. bianco Henry Edwards, (f . 
 
 8. Catocala antinympha Hubner, tf . 
 
 9. Catocala cara Guen6e, c?. 
 
 10. Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, 9 
 
 11. . Catocala muliercula Guene'e, c?. 
 
 12. Catocala amatrix Hubner, cJ 1 . 
 
 1 3 . Catocala amatrix var. nurus Walker, $ . 
 
 14. Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, <5*. 
 
 15. Catocala alabamce Grote, 9 
 
 1 6. Catocalc arnica Hubner, J*. 
 
 17. Catocala minuta Edwards, cJ 1 . 
 
 1 8. Catocala ccelebs Grote, cJ 1 . 
 
 19. Catocala lineella Grote, c?. 
 
 20. Catocala nerissa Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 2 1 . Catocala gisela Meyer, 9
 
 THE MOTH Boo* 
 
 PLATE XXXII
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The insect is found from Pennsylvania southward and west- 
 ward to Texas. 
 
 (50) Catocala muliercula Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. \i,$. 
 (The Little Wife.) 
 
 The insect is an inhabitant of the central portions of the 
 Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (51) Catocala delilah Strecker, Plate XXXIV. Fig. 4, $. 
 (The Delilah Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. adoptiva Grote. 
 
 The range of this species is from southern Illinois and Kentucky 
 southward to the Gulf and westward to Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 (52) Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, 
 Fig- 5 3 (The Desdemona Underwing.) 
 
 The species is found in the southwestern States. 
 
 (53) Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, 
 Fig. 2, $ . (The Andromache Underwing.) 
 
 This species is found in southern California and Arizona. I 
 am indebted to Mr. O. C. Poling for the fine specimen of this 
 rare moth which is figured upon the plate. It is closely allied to 
 the preceding species. 
 
 (54) Catocala illecta Walker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. I, 6 . (The 
 Magdalen Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. magdalena Strecker. 
 
 The moth is found from Indiana to Nebraska and southward 
 to Texas. 
 
 (55) Catocala serena Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 14, $ . 
 (The Serene Underwing.) 
 
 The insect ranges from Canada and New England westward 
 into the valley of the Mississippi. It is said to also occur in 
 eastern Siberia, but this is doubtful. 
 
 (56) Catocala antinympha Hiibner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 8, & . 
 (The Wayward Nymph.) 
 
 The moth is reported from Canada to Maryland and west- 
 ward as far as the Mississippi. I have found it very abundant at 
 Saratoga, N. Y., and even more abundant on the summits 
 of the Allegheny Mountains about Ctesson Springs in the month 
 of August. 
 
 (57) Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXII, 
 Fig. 10. ? . (The Badia Underwing.) 
 
 267
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The species is more common in New England than elsewhere. 
 It is rather abundant on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay, 
 and occurs also in central New York and the Adirondacks. I have 
 never known it to be taken in western Pennsylvania, 
 
 (58) Catocala coelebs Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 18, $ . (The 
 Old-maid.) 
 
 The range of this species, which is by some students regarded 
 as a varietal form of the preceding, is from southern Canada 
 through New England into central New York. 
 
 (59) Catocala habilis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. n, 3. 
 Form basalis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 12, $ . 
 
 The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia and westward to 
 the Mississippi. The form basalis has a black longitudinal streak 
 from the base of the fore wing along the lower side of the cell. 
 
 (60) Catocala abbreviated Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 9, $ . 
 The insect occurs from Minnesota and Illinois southward to 
 
 Texas and westward to Utah. 
 
 (61) Catocala whitneyi Dodge, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (Whitney's Underwing.) 
 
 The moth, which is probably only a varietal form of the pre- 
 ceding species, has the same range. The specimen figured on 
 the plate was received from the author of the species. 
 
 (62) Catocala polygama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 13, $ . 
 (The Polygamist.) 
 
 Form crataegi Saunders, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 12, $ . (The 
 Hawthorn Underwing.) 
 
 A common and variable species ranging all over the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. 
 
 (63) Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXV, Fig. 
 i, $. (The Amasia Underwing.) 
 
 Syn. sancta Hulst. 
 
 The geographical range of the species is from New York and 
 Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 (64) Catocala similis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 2, $ . 
 &yn. formula Grote. 
 
 Form aholah Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, $ . 
 The moth occurs from Rhode Island to Texas. It is a widely 
 distributed but not very common species. 
 
 3*8
 
 EXPLANATION o* 1 PLATE XXXIII 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Catocala californica Henry Edwards, <f. 
 
 2. Catocala ultronia Hubner, tf . 
 
 3. Catocala faustina Strecker, c? . 
 
 4. Catocala celia Henry Edwards, <5\ 
 
 5. Catocala unijuga Walker, 9 
 
 6. Catocala meskei Grote, cJ*. 
 
 7. Catocala mopsa Henry Edwards, J 1 . 
 
 8. Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, <3 '. 
 
 9. Catocala scintillans Grote, <5*. 
 
 10. Catocala hinda French, (5\ 
 
 11. Catocala habilis Grote, (?. 
 
 12. Catocala basalts Grote, c?. 
 
 13. Catocala innubens Guene"e, c? 1 . 
 
 14. Catocala serena Edwards, J 1 . 
 
 15. Catocala subnata Grote, 9. 
 
 16. Catocala nebulosa Edwards, 9 
 
 17. Poo p/wVa quadrifilaris Hubner, $. 
 
 1 8. Allotria elonympha Hubner, <^.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXXIII
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 (65) Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV, 
 Fig. 4, $ . (The Little Sister. ) 
 
 Form jaquenetta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 5, $ . 
 
 Form gisela Meyer, Plate XXXII, Fig. 21, $ . 
 
 The species is very variable within certain limits, and is 
 widely distributed over the United States and Canada from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 (66) Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 14, 
 $ . (The Olivia Underwing.) 
 
 The species is a native of Texas. 
 
 (67) Catocala praeclara Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV, 
 
 Fig. 7> * 
 
 The insect belongs within the more northern portions of the 
 Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 (68) Catocala grynea Cramer, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, $ . 
 The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward 
 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 (69) Catocala alabamae Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 15, $ . 
 The habitat of the species is, as indicated by the name, the 
 
 state of Alabama. 
 
 (70) Catocala gracilis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (The Graceful Underwing.) 
 
 The species occurs from Canada to the southern States on the 
 Atlantic seaboard and westward to the valley of the Ohio. 
 
 (71) Catocala minuta Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 17, $. 
 (The Little Underwing.) 
 
 The moth is indigenous in the Eastern and Middle States. 
 
 (72) Catocala arnica Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 16, $. 
 Form lineella Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 Form nerissa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 This small species is subject to considerable variation. It has 
 a wide range from Ontario to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the 
 Great Plains. 
 
 " Place and time requiring, let this insect fly. 
 
 It hovers round the wick with the wind of its wings the flame is 
 extinguished." Sudraka, The Mrichchakati, or. The Toy-can.
 
 WALKING AS A FINE ART 
 
 THE first act of all animals is that of absorption. Feeding is a 
 primal necessity. The senses of smell, of touch, and of taste are 
 involved in it. Sight has little to do with it at first, but is soon 
 awakened. Coincident with this act among the lower animals is 
 that of locomotion. Man, whose desire to annihilate space has 
 become a supreme passion, approaches the act of locomotion 
 later than all other animals. Young ducks and geese fly from the 
 Arctic Circle to Florida a few months after they have been 
 hatched. Babies do not often begin to crawl until they are twice 
 as old, and rarely walk until more than a year of life has been 
 passed. There is nothing more interesting than the sight of a 
 child just beginning to walk. The look of glad surprise and 
 immense satisfaction which is displayed when a few successful 
 steps have been taken is delightful to the observer. The triumphs 
 of the most successful men do not in later years afford them so 
 much momentary pleasure as is experienced by the little fellow 
 who realizes that at last after many failures he has "got his 
 legs." 
 
 In much of our going to and fro on this small globe we are 
 aided by adventitious helps. Stephenson, Fulton, and the fathers 
 of the science of magnetism and electricity have done much to 
 pave the way for our rapid transportation from one spot to 
 another. But there are some places to which we cannot be 
 hauled, and we have not yet reached the point where we can 
 dispense with the use of our pedal extremities. 
 
 Happy is the man who has acquired the love of walking for 
 its own sake! There is no form of exercise more health-giving, 
 none which tends more thoroughly to invigorate, if it be wisely 
 undertaken. The effect of the act is to quicken the venous 
 circulation; to send the blood to the lungs, there to be purified 
 by contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere; to harden and 
 strengthen the muscles of the legs and to bring those of the arms 
 and the chest into play. People who walk do not have over- 
 loaded veins. The shop-girl who stands behind the counter all 
 day suffers from varicosis, but the man or woman who walks 
 avoids it. Standing is harder than walking; it is more fatiguing, 
 and brings no return of health to the system. 
 
 270
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Catocala illecta Walker, J*. 
 
 2. Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, <3*. 
 
 3. Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, tf. 
 
 4. Catocala delilah Strecker, $ . 
 
 5. Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, tf. 
 
 6. Calocala cerogama Guene'e, <3*. 
 
 7. Catocala osculata Hulst, (J*. 
 
 8. Catocala whitneyi Dodge, o 1 . 
 
 9. Catocala abbreviatella Grote, $ . 
 10. Catocala coccinata Grote, (5 1 . 
 ir. Catocala parta Guene"e, (J 1 . 
 
 12. Catocala cratcegi Saunders, &. 
 
 13. Catocala polygama Guene"e, c?. 
 
 14. Catocala ilia Cramer, cJ 1 . 
 
 1 5 . Catocala aholibah Strecker, 9 . 
 
 1 6. Catocala verrilliana Grote, <5*. 
 
 17. Catocala uxor Guen^e, ?.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXXIV
 
 Walking as a Fine Art 
 
 In walking, the best results are secured when there is no 
 burden upon the mind. The man who carries the load of daily 
 care with him when he walks derives less benefit from the act 
 than the man who dismisses all concern and simply gives 
 himself over to the act. It is a mistake to suppose that it is an 
 advantage in walking to have some definite object of pursuit. 
 The woman who is advised by her physician to walk should not 
 select as her path some busy street upon which she is certain to 
 be diverted by the opportunity to unite with her exercise a 
 number of shopping excursions. The man who goes out to 
 walk should not choose a much frequented part of the town 
 where he is sure to meet business friends and acquaintances. 
 The person who desires to derive the best results from his strolls 
 should select a retired spot in park or country where the "mad- 
 ding throng" does not resort. It is hard to make Americans 
 realize the importance of these suggestions. The demand is 
 forever that exercise, if taken at all, shall have an aim ulterior to 
 itself, in the pursuit of which the upbuilding of the system shall 
 take place as a collateral incident. The popularity of golf is due 
 to the fact that it answers the demand of a great class of persons 
 to be amused while they are being invigorated. It is one of the 
 least objectionable forms, in which the pill of exercise is sugar- 
 coated for consumption by a race which is slowly but surely 
 working itself to death in office, mill and factory. 
 
 Walking for its own sake is pursued to a far greater extent in 
 England and in Germany than in America. We may well learn 
 to imitate our cousins on the eastern side of the Atlantic in this 
 regard. 
 
 If walking is to be pursued with an object, there is nothing 
 which may be chosen as an aim better than the pursuit of that 
 knowledge which is the end of the naturalist. To become 
 acquainted with the fields and the flowers which bloom in them, 
 with the forests and the myriad forms of animate life which 
 frequent them, is an aim which leads far away from the cares 
 and pursuits of the weary, workday world. I met the other day 
 a friend, who, with quick step and alertness depicted in every 
 feature, was hurrying along one of the avenues in the capital. I 
 marveled at his gait, for I knew that the winters of fourscore 
 and five years rested upon his head. "How is it that you have 
 
 271
 
 Walking as a Fine Art 
 
 found the fountain of eternal youth ?" 1 said. "My dear boy," 
 he replied, " I have found it by living near to nature's heart, and 
 by having my beloved science of entomology to refresh and 
 quicken me in my daily walks." 
 
 Would you cultivate walking as a fine art, learn to see and to 
 hear what the world, which man has not made nor has entirely 
 marred, is telling you of the wonders of that life which she kindly 
 nourishes upon her bosom. 
 
 "Cleon sees no charm in nature in a daisy, I; 
 Cleon hears no anthem ringing in the sea and the sky, 
 Nature sings to me forever earnest listener, I ; 
 State for state, with all attendants, who would change ! Not I." 
 
 Genus ALLOTRIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Allotria elonympha Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 18, $. 
 This handsome little species is found in the Appalachian sub- 
 region. It is the sole species of the genus. 
 
 Genus ANDREWSIA Grote 
 (i) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. i, $. 
 
 Syn. belfragiana Harvey; jocasta Strecker. 
 
 The insect has been found to range from Kansas to Texas. It 
 appears on the wing in the latter state in May. 
 
 Genus EUPARTHENOS Grote 
 
 (i) Euparthenos nubilis Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2, $. 
 The moth occurs from the northern Atlantic States to Arizona. 
 
 Genus HYPOCALA Guenee 
 
 (i) Hypocala andremona Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 40, $ . 
 Syn. hilli Lintner. 
 
 The insect is characteristic of the neotropical fauna. It occurs 
 as a straggler into Texas, and is found very commonly throughout 
 Mexico, Central America, and South America. 
 
 Genus LITOCALA Harvey 
 
 (i) Litocala sexsignata Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 39, * . 
 The species occurs through the region of the Rocky Mountains 
 to California. 
 
 272
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collectior of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, 9. 
 
 2. Catocala similis Edwards, cJ 1 . 
 
 3. Catocala aholah Strecker, (J 1 . 
 
 4. Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, <5*. 
 
 5. Catocala jaquenetta Henry Edwards, <$ . 
 
 6. Catocala grynea Cramer, (J 1 . 
 
 7. Catocala prceclara Grote & Robinson, <5V 
 
 8. Catocala gracilis Edwards, 9 . 
 
 9. Catocala marmorata Edwards, 9 
 
 10. Ca tocala concumbens Walker, tf . 
 
 11. Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, c?. 
 
 12. Catocala briseis Edwards, (J 1 . 
 
 13. Catocala stretchi Behr, J 1 . 
 
 14. Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, 9 . 
 
 15. Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, tf. 
 
 1 6. Catocala somnus Dodge, 9 
 
 17. Catocala pur a Hulst, cJ 1 . 
 
 18. Catocala babayaga Strecker, (J 1
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXXV
 
 Noctuidae 
 Genus TOXOCAMPA Guenee 
 
 (i) Toxocampa victoria Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 10, ? . 
 
 This is a northern species found from New England to British 
 Columbia and ranging southward along the higher mountain 
 ranges of the west. 
 
 Genus PHOBERIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 14, $ . 
 Syn. orthosioides Guen6e; jorrigens Walker; ingenua Walker. 
 
 The moth has been taken from Maine to Texas and westward 
 as far as the Great Plains. 
 
 Genus SIAVANA Walker 
 (i) Siavana repanda Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, 9. 
 
 Syn. auripennis Grote. 
 
 The moth ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It is not uncommon in Florida. 
 
 Genus PALINDIA Guenee 
 
 This is an extensive neotropical genus, represented by but 
 two species, which have thus far been taken within our territory. 
 
 (i) Palindia dominicata Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 The moth occasionally occurs in Texas. It is very common 
 in Central and South America. 
 
 Genus PANAPODA Guenee 
 
 (i) Panapoda rufimargo Hubner, Plate XXXVJ, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 Syn. rubricosta Guene'e; cressoni Grote. 
 
 Form carneicosta Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 Syn. scissa Walker; combinata Walker. 
 
 The insect is found through the Appalachian subregion. It is 
 quite common in parts of New England, and at certain times has 
 been taken abundantly in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus PARALLELIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Parallelia bistriaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 18, $ . 
 Syn. amplissima Walker. 
 
 The insect occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward 
 to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 273
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus AGNOMONIA Hiibner 
 (i) Agnomonia anilis Dairy, Plate XXX, Fig. 41,3. 
 
 Syn. sesquistriaris Hiibner . 
 
 The moth is found from Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas. 
 It is common in Florida. 
 
 Genus REMIGIA Guenee 
 
 (i) Remigia repanda Fabricius, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 16, $. 
 
 Syn. latipes Guen6e; perlata Walker \indentata Harvey; texana Morrison. 
 
 The species, which is somewhat variable, is said to occur in 
 Labrador, but the writer, though he has at various times received 
 large collections from that country, is not in possession of any 
 direct evidence of the correctness of the statement. The insect 
 does, however, occur in northern Canada and ranges thence 
 southwardly to Argentina, keeping, so far as is known, to the 
 eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes. 
 
 Genus GRAMMODES Guene'e 
 
 A moderately large genus, which is represented in both hemi- 
 spheres. Three species occur in our fauna, of which we figure 
 one. 
 
 (i) Grammodes smithi Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 22, ? . 
 
 The moth occurs in the Gulf States and in Mexico. The 
 specimen figured was taken in southern Texas. 
 
 Genus EPIDROMA Guenee 
 
 (i) Epidroma delinquens Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 42, ?. 
 The moth, which is common enough in Central and South 
 America, has recently been found to occur in southern Florida. 
 
 Genus POAPHILA Guenee 
 
 This is a genus of large size, the insects belonging to which 
 occur in the warmer regions of America. We figure but one of 
 the twelve species, which are attributed to our fauna. 
 
 (i) Poaphila quadrifilaris Hiibner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 The insect is known to occur from Massachusetts to Florida 
 along the coast. 
 
 274
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PHURYS Guene'e 
 
 Six species occurring within our territory are given as belong- 
 ing to this genus in the latest list of the lepidoptera of North 
 America. Of these we illustrate two. 
 
 (1) Phurys vinculum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 12, $ . 
 The species occurs in the Gulf States and southward. 
 
 (2) Phurys lima Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig 1 1, $. 
 
 The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding 
 species. It may be easily distinguished by the presence of the 
 small round dark dot near the base of the fore wings on the inner 
 margin. 
 
 Genus CELIPTERA Guenee 
 (i) Celiptera frustulum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, $. 
 
 Syn. disci ssa Walker; elongatus Grote. 
 
 The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus ANTICARSIA Hubner 
 
 Of the two species of the genus found within our limits we 
 give a figure of the one which most commonly occurs. 
 
 (i) Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 
 10, $ . 
 
 The moth is found through the valley of the Mississippi from 
 Wisconsin to Texas. 
 
 Genus ANTIBLEMMA Hubner 
 
 (i) Antiblemma inexacta Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 23, 3 . 
 
 Syn. canalis Grote. 
 
 This is a variable insect, to which a number of subspecific 
 names have been given, based upon slight differences in the 
 markings of the wings. It is found in the Southern States, and 
 ranges thence to the southern portions of the South American 
 continent. 
 
 Genus LITOPROSOPSUS Grote 
 
 (i) Litoprosopsus futilis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVII, 
 Fig. 4, 6 . 
 
 The insect occurs in Florida and Georgia and also in the 
 hotter portions of America. 
 
 275
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval 
 
 This is a large genus of remarkably showy insects, which are 
 more numerously found in the tropics of the Old World than in 
 the New. There are several very beautiful species which 
 are found in South America. Only one occurs sparingly as a 
 straggler into our fauna. It is now and then taken in Florida. 
 It is commoner in South America and is also found in Africa. 
 
 (i) Ophideres materna Linnaeus, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 8, $ . 
 
 Syn. hybrida Fabricius; calaminea Cramer. 
 
 The insect is rare in Florida. 
 
 Genus STRENOLOMA Grote 
 
 (i) Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 9, $ . 
 
 This fine moth is quite common in the valley of the Ohio, and 
 ranges from Pennsylvania southward and westward as far as 
 Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Genus CAMPOMETRA Guenee 
 
 The species of this genus are principally found in the southern 
 and southwestern portions of our territory. 
 
 (1) Campometra amella Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 8, 9 . 
 Syn. integerrima Walker; stylobata Harvey. 
 
 The species ranges from Florida to Texas. 
 
 (2) Campometra mima Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 9, $ . 
 The moth occurs from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 
 
 Genus TRAMA Harvey 
 
 Three species are assigned to this genus in recent lists. 
 (i) Trama detrahens Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 21, 3. 
 Syn. arrosa Harvey. 
 The habitat of this species is the Southern States. 
 
 Genus MATIGRAMMA Grote 
 
 A small genus, the species of which are southern, or south- 
 western, in their distribution. 
 
 (i) Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 
 
 11,9. 
 
 The moth is found from Florida to Texas. 
 
 276
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Andrewsia messalina Guenee, c?. 
 
 2. Euparthenos nubilis Hiibner, 9 
 
 3. Catocala pal&ogama Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 4. Catocala pal&ogama var. phalanga Grote, (j" 1 . 
 
 5. Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, $ . 
 
 6. Catocala piatrix Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 7. Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 8. Ophideres materna Linnaeus, 9 
 
 9. Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, & . 
 
 10. Toxocampa victoria Grote, 9 
 
 11. Phurys lima Guen6e, <$. 
 
 12. Phurys vinculum Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 13. Celiptera frustu lum Guenee, 9. 
 
 14. Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, cJ*. 
 
 15. Siavana re panda Walker, 9- 
 
 16. Remigia re panda Fabricius, <5*. 
 
 17. Palindia dominicata Guenee, c?. 
 
 1 8. Parallelia bistriaris Hiibner, (J 1 . 
 
 19. Panapoda rufimargo Hiibner, c? . 
 
 20. Panapoda rufimargo var. carneicosta Guenee, c?. 
 
 2 1 . Trama detrahens Walker, c? . 
 
 22. Grammodes smithi Guenee, 9. 
 
 23. Antiblemma inexacta Walker , 9 .
 
 THE MOTH Be 
 
 PLATE XXXV
 
 Noctuidac 
 
 Genus CAPNODES Guenee 
 
 The genus is well represented in the 
 tropics of both hemispheres. There is but 
 one species in our fauna, Capnodes puncti- 
 vena Smith, a representation of which is 
 given in the accompanying cut, drawn from p, G 
 the type in the National Museum. punctivena, $. 
 
 Genus YRIAS Guenee 
 
 Not a large genus, the species of which are confined to the 
 southwestern portions of our territory. 
 
 (1) Yrias clientis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 13, $. 
 The insect is found in Arizona. 
 
 (2) Yrias repentis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 12, $ . 
 The moth, like its predecessor, is found in Arizona. 
 
 Genus ZALE Hiibner 
 
 (i) Zale horrida Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 3, $ . 
 The moth is found throughout the United States east of the 
 region of the Great Plains. 
 
 Genus SELENIS Guenee 
 
 The only species of the genus which occurs within our 
 borders is monotropa Grote. It is found in Texas. The annexed 
 
 FIG. 166. Selenis monotropa , 
 
 cut was drawn from the type of the species which is preserved 
 in the British Museum. It was made by Mr. Horace Knight, 
 under the supervision of Sir George F. Hampson. 
 
 277
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PHEOCYMA Hubner 
 
 (i) Pheocyma lucifera Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 5, ?. 
 Syn. lineola Walker. 
 
 Found in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus YPSIA Guenee 
 
 (i) Ypsia undularis Drury, Plate XXXVI 1, Fig. 6, ? . 
 The moth occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to 
 Colorado. 
 
 Genus PSEUDANTHRACIA Grote 
 
 (i) Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 
 
 7> ? 
 
 The insect, which is far from common in collections, has 
 practically the same range as the preceding species, of which it 
 appears at first glance to be a miniature reproduction. 
 
 Genus HOMOPTERA Boisduval 
 
 This is quite an extensive genus, species of which occur both 
 in the Old World and the New. Some twenty or more so-called 
 species are attributed to our fauna, but several of these will no 
 doubt prove to be mere varieties or local races of others. We 
 give figures of three of the commoner forms in our plates. 
 
 (1) Homoptera lunata Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 15, 6 . 
 Form edusa Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 Syn. putrescens Guenee; saundersi Bethune; viridans Walker; involuta 
 Walker. 
 
 Almost universally distributed throughout the United States 
 and Canada. 
 
 (2) Homoptera cingulifera Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, ? . 
 
 Syn. intenta Walker; woodi Grote. 
 
 The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward 
 to the region of the Great Plains. 
 
 (3) Homoptera unilineata Grote, Plate XXXVI I, Fig. 14, ? . 
 The insect ranges from eastern Canada to the Carolinas and 
 
 westward to the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in 
 eastern Massachusetts. The specimen figured on the plate was 
 taken at Magnolia, Massachusetts. 
 
 278
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are. contained in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Thysania zenobia Cramer, o . 
 
 2. Erebus odora Linnaeus, $ . 
 
 3. Zale horrida Hiibner, cf. 
 
 4. Litoprosopus futilis Grote & Robinson, cf 
 
 5. Phceocyma lunifera Hubner, 9 
 
 6. Ypsia undularis Drury, 9. 
 
 7. Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, 9 . 
 
 8. Campometra amella Guenee, 9 . 
 
 9. Campometra mima Harvey, cf. 
 
 10. Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, cf. 
 
 11. Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 12. Yrias repentis Grote, cf. 
 
 13. Yrias clientis Grote, cf. 
 
 14. Homoptera unilineata Grote, 9. 
 .15. Homoptera lunata Drury, cf. 
 
 16. Homoptera lunata var. edusa Drury, cf. 
 
 17. Homoptera cingulifera Walker, 9, Merrick Collection. 
 
 18. Isogona natatrix Guenee, cf. 
 
 19. Hormisa absorptalis Walker, cf. 
 
 20. Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, 9. 
 
 21. Xanclognatha Icevigata Grote, cf. 
 
 22. Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, cf. 
 
 23. Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, 9. 
 
 24. Renia discolor alis Guenee, cf. 
 
 25. Palthis angulalis Hubner, 9 . 
 
 26. Heterogramma pyramusalis W'alker, 9 
 
 27. Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, cf. 
 
 28. Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, 9 . 
 
 29. Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, 9 . 
 
 30. Philometra metonalis Walker, cf- 
 
 31. Hormisa bivittata Grote, cf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 32. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, cf. 
 
 33. Capis curvata Grote, 9.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXXVI I
 
 Noctuidse 
 Genus LATEBRARIA Guenee 
 
 (l) Latebraria arnphipyroides Guenee. 
 
 There is only one species 
 of the genus known to occur 
 within the faunal limits cov- 
 ered by this book. It is a 
 straggler from the South 
 American and Mexican ter- 
 ritories, in which it is quite 
 common. The accompanying 
 cut based upon a drawing 
 made from a specimen con- 
 tained in the collection of 
 the United States National 
 Museum at Washington, will, 
 
 no doubt, enable the Student FIG. 167. Latebraria amphipyroides, 
 
 to readily recognize the ^ ' * 
 
 species, which is not likely to be confounded with anything else. 
 
 Genus EREBUS Latreille 
 
 This is a genus of large moths most in evidence in the tropics of 
 the New World. Only one species occurs in the United States, 
 (i) Erebus odora Linnaeus, Plate XXX VII, Fig. 2, ? . 
 
 Syn. agarista Cramer. 
 
 This great moth is very common in the tropical regions of 
 America. It occurs quite abundantly in southern Florida and the 
 warmer portions of the Gulf States, and is universally distributed 
 over the countries of Central America and throughout tropical 
 South America. It is found as a straggler into the northern 
 portions of the United States, and has even been taken in 
 Canada. I have in my collection a specimen which was taken 
 at Leadville, Colorado, in a snowstorm which occurred there 
 one Fourth of July. The insect, blown to that lofty and desolate 
 spot, was caught fluttering about in the drifts. 
 
 Genus THYSANIA Dalman 
 
 (i) Thysania zenobia Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. I, 9 . 
 This is another great South American moth, which occasion- 
 ally occurs within our territory. It has been taken in Florida 
 
 279
 
 Noctuid* 
 
 and southern Texas. It is a very abundant species in Mexico 
 and South America. 
 
 Genus EPIZEUXIS Hubner 
 
 This is a genus of considerable size. 
 The larvae feed upon dried leaves for the 
 most part. Eleven species are attributed 
 to our fauna, five of which we figure. 
 
 (i) Epizeuxis americalis Guenee. 
 
 Syn. scriptipennis Walker. 
 
 The range of this insect is from Can- 
 ada to Texas east of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. It is exceedingly common in the 
 woods of the Appalachian subregion, 
 and is one of the moths which are most 
 
 FIG. 1 68. Epize uxis commonly attracted to sugar. Thelifehis- 
 amencalis. a. Larva en- * 
 
 larged; b, Dorsal view of tory has been well ascertained, and has 
 
 larval segment ;c. Lateral t> een entertainly described by Professor C. 
 
 view of do. ; d, Cremaster .._,.. 
 
 of pupa. (After Riley, V. Riley in the Fourth Volume of " Insect 
 "Insect Life," Vol. IV, L jf e> T ne reader is re f er red to the ac- 
 count there given for fuller details. 
 
 (2) Epizeuxis scmula Hubner. 
 
 Syn. mollifera Walker; herminioides 
 Walker; effusalis Walker; concisa Walker. 
 
 The range and the habits of this 
 species are very much the same as 
 those of the last mentioned species. 
 Like it, the insect is also very frequent 
 at sugar, and on a warm summer 
 night, in the forests of southern 
 Indiana, I have seen as many as twenty 
 of these moths at one time, congre- 
 gated about a spot on the trunk of a 
 tree, which had been moistened with 
 beer in which sugar had been dis- 
 solved. 
 
 FIG. 169. Epizeuxis 
 cemula. a, Larva enlarged; 
 b, Segment of larva viewed 
 (9) Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, laterally; c, do. viewed dor- 
 
 * sally; d, Tip of pupa; e, 
 
 Moth. (After Riley," Insect 
 Life," Vol. IV, p. no.) 
 
 ni wvtni c- 
 
 Plate XXXVII, Fig. 29, ?. 
 
 Syn. ph(zal-isGuen6e; surrectalis Walker. 
 280
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 The species occurs generally throughout the United States and 
 Canada. 
 
 (4) Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 27, $ . 
 The insect is found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and 
 
 from Canada to the Carolinas. 
 
 (5) Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 28, ? . 
 The moth occurs from New England to the Trans-Mississippi 
 
 States, east of the Great Plains. 
 
 Genus ZANCLOGNATHA Lederer 
 
 The genus is of moderate size. All of the species known are 
 found in the Appalachian subregion, and have within it a wide 
 range. 
 
 (1) Zanclognatha laevigata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 21, $ . 
 The species is somewhat variable 
 
 in the amount of dark shading upon 
 the fore wings. It is distributed from 
 Canada to the southern states. 
 
 (2) Zanclognatha protumnusa- 
 lis Walker. 
 
 Syn. minimalis Grote. 
 
 The moth has much the same 
 range as the last-mentioned species. 
 Its life history has been accurately FlG - ^-- Zanclognatha pro- 
 
 j j r r /~wr>-i lumnusaus. a, Moth; o.Malc 
 
 ascertained, and Professor C.V.Riley antenna; c> Larva; rf, Dorsal 
 has given US an account Of the habits view of larval segment ;e,later- 
 
 of the insect in the paper to which al view of do.; b, d, e, Enlarg- 
 reference has already been made. ed. (After Riley. "Insect Life," 
 The types of both Walker's and Vol. IV, p. in.) 
 Grote's insects are preserved in the British Museum, and there is 
 no doubt of their identity. 
 
 (3) Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 
 
 22, 6. 
 
 The habitat and the habits of this species are much the same 
 as those of the preceding. 
 
 (4) Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 
 20, ?. 
 
 The moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 281
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus HORMISA Walker 
 
 This is a small genus of which there are known to be four 
 species inhabiting our territory. We figure the two commonest 
 of these. 
 
 (1) Hormisa absorptalis Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 Syn. nubilifascia Grote. 
 
 The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to 
 Illinois. 
 
 (2) Hormisa bivittata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Rig. 31, $. 
 The moth, which is not common in collections, is found from 
 
 Quebec and Maine to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward as far 
 as Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 
 Genus SISYRHYPENA Grote 
 
 FIG. 171. Sisyrhypena orciferalis, $ . | 
 
 (i) Sisyrhypena orciferalis Walker. 
 
 Syn. pupillaris Grote; harti French. 
 
 The figure which we give was drawn for this book from the 
 type of the species which is in the collection of Mr. Grote in the 
 British Museum. The insect occurs in the southern States. 
 
 Genus PHILOMETRA Grote 
 
 Three species are reckoned as belonging to this genus. We 
 give a figure of one of them. 
 
 (i) Philometra m.etonalis Walker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, $ . 
 
 Syn. goasalis Walker; longilabris Grote. 
 
 The moth is found from Nova Scotia and the region of Hudson 
 Bay to Virginia and westward to Illinois. 
 
 Genus CHYTOLITA Grote 
 
 (i) Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 23, $ . 
 The moth is not at all uncommon in the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 282
 
 NoctuidjB 
 Genus HYPENULA Grote 
 
 One species is reckoned as belonging to this genus. 
 
 FIG. 172. Hypenula cacuminalis, 
 
 (i) Hypenula cacuminalis Walker. 
 Syn. biferalis Walker; opacalis Grote. 
 
 The moth is a native of the southern portions of our territory. 
 The figure we give is taken from Walker's 
 type, which is preserved in the British 
 Museum. We also give a figure of a 
 specimen preserved in the American 
 Museum of Natural History, and which 
 was determined by Mr. Grote as his ^ 
 
 FIG. 173. Hypenula opa- 
 species, to which he gave the name calis G rotei 3 |. 
 
 opacalis. The comparison of the two 
 
 figures will serve to illustrate the variability of the species. 
 
 Genus RENIA Guenee 
 
 There are eight species belonging to the genus which are 
 found within the region covered by this book. ' One of the 
 commonest of these is selected for illustration. 
 
 (i) Renia discoloralis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. fallacialis Walker; generalis Walker; thraxalis Walker. 
 
 The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus BLEPTINA Guenee 
 
 (i) Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 32, $ . 
 
 Syn. cloniasalis Walker. 
 
 The moth occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and west- 
 ward to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus TETANOLITA Grote 
 
 Three species are assigned to this genus in the latest lists. 
 Of these, we have selected the one which is the type of the genus 
 
 283
 
 Noctuida 
 
 for purposes of illustration. The specific name mynesalis was 
 originally applied to the insect by Walker. Subsequently Grote 
 gave it the name lixalis. The cut hereto annexed was drawn 
 
 FIG. 174. Tetanolita mynesalis, . {. 
 
 from Walker's type, which is contained in the collections of the 
 British Museum. The moth ranges from Pennsylvania to Illinois 
 and southward to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Genus HETEROGRAMMA Guenee 
 
 (i) Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, Plate XXXVII, 
 Fig. 26, ? . 
 
 Syn. gyasalis Walker; rurigena Grote. 
 
 The species is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and 
 westward to the region of the Great Plains. It is the only species 
 in the genus. 
 
 Genus GABERASA Walker 
 
 (i) Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 2, 5 . 
 
 Syn. bifidalis Grote; indivisalis Grote. 
 
 The male moth has the fore wings bifid. Grote described the 
 female, which has not bifid wings, under the name indivisalis. 
 The moth occurs from Canada to Texas. 
 
 Genus DIRCETIS Grote 
 
 FIG. 175. Dircetis pygm&a Grote, <j> . {. 
 
 There are two species of the genus which are found within 
 our borders. We give in the cut a figure of the type of Grote's 
 
 284
 
 Noctuidse 
 
 species to which he applied the name pygmaea. It is found 
 from Florida to Texas along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Genus PALTHIS Hubner 
 
 Two species of the genus are found within the United States. 
 We figure both of them. 
 
 (1) Palthis angulalis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 25, 9. 
 Syn. aracinthusalis Walker. 
 
 The insect is very common everywhere from Canada to the 
 Gulf of Mexico east of the Great Plains. 
 
 (2) Palthis asopialis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. i, ? . 
 
 The distribution of the species is the same as that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 Genus CAPIS Grote 
 
 (i) Capis curvata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 33, $ . 
 The insect is found in Maine, northern New York, and 
 Canada. It is the only species belonging to the genus. 
 
 Genus SALIA Hubner 
 
 Two species belonging to the genus are found within our 
 territory. We figure in the accompanying cut the type of one of 
 these, which received the specific name interpuncta at the hands 
 of Mr. Grote. 
 
 FIG. 176. Salia interpuncta, $ . }. 
 
 The moth is found from Massachusetts to Arizona. 
 
 Genus LOMANALTES Grote 
 (i) Lomanaltes eductalis Walker. 
 
 Syn. Ixtulus Grote. 
 
 The figure of the moth which we give 
 was drawn for this book by Mrs. Beuten- 
 miiller of New York from a specimen 
 contained in the collections of the 
 American Museum of Natural History. 
 The insect ranges from Nova Scotia to 
 Minnesota and southward to New York and Pennsylvania 
 
 285 
 
 FIG. 177. Lomanalu 
 eductalis, $ . {.
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus BOMOLOCHA Hubner 
 
 Sixteen species occurring within oar limits are attributed to 
 this genus in the latest List of the Lepidoptera of North America. 
 Nine of these we illustrate. 
 
 (1) Bomolocha manalis Walker, Plate XLH, Fig. 3, & . 
 The moth ranges from Canada and Minnesota southward to 
 
 the valleys of the Potomac and the Ohio. 
 
 (2) Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 4, ? . 
 Syn. benignalis Walker; laciniosa Zeller. 
 
 The geographical distribution of the species practically coin- 
 cides with that of the last. 
 
 (3) Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 7, ? . 
 Syn. jecialis Grote; pallialis Zeller. 
 
 The insect occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (4) Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 10, $ . 
 The moth is found from New England to British Columbia, 
 
 but does not range far to the south. 
 
 (5) Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 The habitat of the insect extends from New England and 
 
 Canada westward to Illinois and southward to Pennsylvania and 
 the Virginias. 
 
 (6) Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 6, $ . 
 
 Syn. achatinalis Zeller; damnosahs Walker; caducalis Walker; profecta 
 Grote. 
 
 The insect is found from the Middle States southward to 
 Texas. 
 
 (7) Bomolocha toreuta Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 9, $ . 
 Syn. albisignalis Zeller. 
 
 The moth ranges over the same region as the last-mentioned 
 species. 
 
 (8) Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 8, 6 . 
 
 Syn. perangulalis Harvey. 
 
 The moth is found from Canada to Virginia. 
 
 (9) Bomolocha edictalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. n, $ . 
 
 Syn. lentiginosa G.~ote; vellifera Grote. 
 
 The range of the species is the same as that of the last men- 
 tioned. 
 
 286
 
 Noctuidae 
 
 Genus PLATHYPENA Grote 
 
 Only one species of the genus is known to occur within our 
 territory. 
 
 (i) Plathypena scabra Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 14, $. 
 Syn. erectalis Guenee; palpalis Haworth; crassatus Haworth; obesalis 
 Stephens. 
 
 Universally distributed through the United States and Canada 
 east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus HYPENA Schrank 
 
 The genus is found in all parts of the globe. Three species 
 are known to be found in our territory. Of these we figure the 
 one which is commonest. 
 
 (i) Hypena humuli Harris, Plate XLII, Fig. 12, 6" J Fig. 13, 
 ? , var. 
 
 Syn. evanidalis Robinson ; germanalis Walker. 
 
 This insect, the larva of 
 which does considerable 
 damage to the hop, is 
 widelydistributed overthe 
 whole of the United States 
 and Canada., It is some- 
 what variable in the shade 
 of the wings and the 
 amount of maculation 
 upon them. For an account 
 of the habits of the insect 
 and the best manner to 
 guard against the ravages 
 which the larva commits 
 the reader is referred to 
 the excellent article by Dr. 
 L. O. Howard of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture 
 in Washington upon insects injurious to the hop-vine, which 
 was published as the Seventh Bulletin of the New Series of 
 Bulletins issued by the Division of Entomology of the Department. 
 
 Arm. Who was Samson's love, my dear Moth ? 
 Moth. A woman, master 
 
 SHAKESPEARE, Love's Labor's Lost, 7, 2. 
 
 287 
 
 FIG. 1 78. Hypena humuli. a, egg; b, larva; 
 c, segment of do.; d, pupa; e, tip of do.; /, 
 adult, a, c, e, greatly enlarged. (After 
 Howard, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., New 
 Series, No. 7, p. 44.)
 
 FAMILY NYCTEOLID/E 
 
 "An vnredy reue thi residue shal spene, 
 That menye moththe was maister ynne, in a mynte-while." 
 
 PIERS PLOWMAN (C) xiii, 216. 
 
 THE Nycteolidce are related to the Noctuidce, many of the 
 genera, especially in the Old World, containing moths which are 
 green in color and frequent trees. The apex of the fore wing is 
 more or less produced to a point. The larvae have eight pairs of 
 legs, and are fleshy, with the anal somite tapering to a point. 
 They are either naked or slightly pubescent. But two genera are 
 found in the United States. 
 
 Genus NYCTEOLA Hiibner 
 
 The genus is represented in both the Old World and the 
 New. Two species are found in the United States. 
 
 (i) Nycteola revayana Scopoli, form lintnerana Speyer, 
 PlateXLII, Fig. 15, $. 
 
 A large number of synonyms and subspecific forms have been 
 erected by authors who have dealt with this species. The form 
 which we figure is the one which is most commonly encountered 
 in our territory. 
 
 Genus HYBL^EA Fabricius 
 
 This genus is extensively developed in the warmer portions 
 of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is represented by only one species 
 in our region. 
 
 (i) Hyblaea puera Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, ? . 
 
 Syn. saga Fabricius; mirificum Strecker. 
 
 The insect, which is common in the tropics of the two hemi- 
 spheres, occurs occasionally in Florida. The specimen figured on 
 our plate is contained in the collection of the United States Na- 
 tional Museum. 
 
 288
 
 FAMILY PERICOPID^E 
 
 Auctorum) 
 
 " Loose to the wind their airy garments flew, 
 Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew, 
 Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, 
 Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes, 
 While every beam new transient colours flings, 
 Colours that change whene'er they wave their wings." 
 
 PofK.Rape of the Lock. 
 
 The following characterization of the family is taken from 
 Hampson's "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 495: "Proboscis present. 
 Palpi smoothly scaled; the third joint long and naked. Legs 
 smooth; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two 
 pairs. Frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from 
 ib'j ic absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with 
 veins \a and ib present, \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of 
 cell; 8 free from the base and connected by a bar with 7 at middle 
 of cell. 
 
 "Larva with all the legs present, sparsely covered with long 
 hairs. 
 
 " Cocoon slight." 
 
 Genus DARITIS Walker 
 
 A small genus of rather showy moths, which is represented in 
 our fauna by two species. 
 
 (i) Daritis thetis Klug, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 5, <?. 
 The insect occurs in southern Arizona. 
 
 Genus COMPOSIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Composia fidelissima Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXXVIII, 
 Fig. 4, 3. 
 
 Syn. olympia Butler. 
 
 289
 
 Pericopidae 
 
 This very beautiful moth is found throughout the Antilles and 
 in southern Florida. It is the only representative of its genus 
 which occurs within our territory. 
 
 Genus GNOPH^ELA Walker 
 
 Three species of this genus are found within the limits of the 
 United States. Others occur in Mexico and Central America. 
 
 (1) Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 2, 6. 
 
 Syn. hopfferi Grote & Robinson; discreta Stretch; arizonai French; 
 tnorrisoni Druce. 
 
 The habitat of this species is the southwestern portion of our 
 territory and northern Mexico. 
 
 (2) Gnophaela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVIII, 
 Fig. 3, 3 . 
 
 Syn. continua Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth is found from southern Colorado westward and 
 south-westward. 
 
 (3) Gnophaela clappiana Holland, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. I, $ . 
 The figure on our plate represents the type of the species, 
 
 which was taken at Colorado Springs. It occurs from central 
 Colorado to Arizona. 
 
 DAS LIED VOM SCHMETTERLINGE 
 
 44 Liebes, leichtes, luft'ges Ding, War's ein Sylphe, der dein Kleid 
 
 Schmetterling, So bestreut, 
 
 Das da uber Blumen schwebet, Dich aus Morgenduft gewebet, 
 
 Nur von Thau und Bliiten lebet, Nur auf Tage dich belebet ? 
 
 Blute selbst, ein fliegend Blatt, Seelchen, und dein kleines Herz 
 
 Das, mit welchem Rosenfinger ! Pocht da unter meinem Finger, 
 
 Wer bepurpurt hat ? Ftihlet Todesschmerz. 
 
 Fleuch dahin, O Seelchen, sei 
 
 Froh und frei, 
 
 Mir ein Bild, was ich sein werde, 
 
 Wenn die Raupe dieser Erde 
 
 Auch wie du ein Zephyr ist 
 
 Und in Duft und Thau und Honig 
 
 Jede Blute kusst." 
 
 HERDER. 
 
 290
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Gnoph&la clappiana Holland, cf. type. 
 
 2. Gnophcela latipennis Boisduval, cf. 
 
 3. Gnophcela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, cf. 
 
 4. Composia fidelissima Herrich-Schaeffer, cf . 
 
 5. Daritis thetis Klug, 9 . 
 
 6. Phryganidia californica Packard, cf. 
 
 7. Olene leucophcea Abbot & Smith, Qj . 
 
 8. Olene leucoph&a Abbot & Smith, 9 . 
 
 9. Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, cf. 
 JO. Gyncephora rossi Curtis, cf. 
 
 11. Gyncephora rossi Curtis, 9. 
 
 12. Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, cf 1 . 
 
 13. Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, 9. 
 
 14. Psilura monacha Linnzeus, o 71 . 
 
 15. Psilura monacha Linnaeus, 9. 
 
 16. Euproctis chrysorrhaa Linnaeus, cf. 
 
 17. Hemerocampa definita Packard, cf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 18. Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, cf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 19. Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, cf. U. S. N. M. 
 
 20. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, cf. 
 
 21. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, 9. 
 
 22. Carama cretata Grote, cf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 23. Lagoa crispata Packard, cf. 
 
 24. Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & Smith, cf. 
 
 25. Megalopyge opercularis Abbot & Smith, cf.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII.
 
 FAMILY DIOPTID^ 
 
 ' ' Genius detects through the fly, through the caterpillar, through the 
 grub, through the egg, the constant individual; through countless indi- 
 viduals the fixed species, through many species the genus, through all 
 genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the 
 eternal unity." RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 
 
 The moths belonging to this family are, so far as is known, 
 closely related in many respects to the Geometridce. They differ, 
 however, in having veins 3 and 4 of the hind wing arising from 
 a common stalk at the lower angle of the cell. The family is 
 well represented in the tropics of the New World, but is only 
 known in our territory by the genus Phryganidia Packard, 
 which occurs in southern California. 
 
 Genus PHRYGANIDIA Packard 
 
 (l) Phryganidia californica Packard, Plate XXXVIII, 
 Fig. 6, $ . 
 
 The moth, which is obscurely colored, is one of the least 
 attractive insects belonging to the family which it represents. 
 Many of the species are very bright and gay in color, as any 
 student of the fauna of South America knows. The home of 
 the species, as the name implies, is California, to the southern 
 portion of which it is confined. 
 
 " Happy insect, what can be 
 In happiness compared to thee ? 
 Fed with nourishment divine, 
 The dewey morning's gentle wine ! 
 Nature waits upon thee still, 
 And thy verdant cup does fill ; 
 "Tis filled wherever thou dost tread 
 Nature "s self thy Ganymede. 
 
 " Thou dost drink and dance and sing, 
 Happier than the happiest king ! 
 All the fields which thou dost see, 
 All the plants belong to thee, 
 All the summer hours produce, 
 Fertile made with early juice, 
 Man for thee does sow and plough, 
 Farmer he, and landlord thou." 
 
 From the Greek of Anacreon. 
 
 291
 
 FAMILY NOTODONTID^ 
 
 "The Beauty which old Greece or Rome 
 Sung, painted, wrought, lies here at home; 
 
 We need but eye and ear 
 In all our daily walks to trace 
 The outlines of incarnate grace, 
 
 The hymns of gods to hear. " 
 
 WHITTIER. 
 
 The Notodontidae have been characterized by Sir George F. 
 Hampson as follows: "A family of moths superficially resembling 
 the Noctuidae. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with 
 two pairs; tarsi short and hairy. Fore wing with vein la form- 
 ing a fork with iat the base; \c absent; vein 5 from the middle 
 of the discocellulars, or rarely from just below the upper angle of 
 the cell. Hind wings with two internal veins; vein 5 from the 
 centre of the discocellulars or rarely absent; 8 free from the base, 
 curved, and running close along the subcostal nervure or joined 
 to it by a bar. 
 
 ''Larva without the anal prolegs, and carrying the anal 
 somites more or less erect; these often bear paired processes and 
 are sometimes swollen; the other somites are often prominently 
 humped. 
 
 "Pupa naked." 
 
 An elaborate and very useful monograph dealing with the 
 insects composing this family has been written by Professor A. 
 S. Packard, and is published in the Memoirs of the National 
 Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 87-284. The student will do 
 well to refer to this. 
 
 Genus APATELODES Packard 
 (i) Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 
 
 20, $. 
 
 The insect is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 It ranges from Canada to the southern States and as far west as 
 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 292
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 (2) Apatelodes angelica Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 21, 3 . 
 
 Syn. hyalinopuncta Packard. 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the 
 preceding. It is rather common in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus MELALOPHA Hiibner 
 
 Six species and a number of subspecies have been recognized 
 as belonging to this genus and are found in the region with which 
 this book deals. Of four of these we give figures. 
 
 (1) Melalopha apicalis Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 18, $ . 
 
 Syn. vau Fitch; indentata Packard. 
 
 The figure upon our plate, cited above, represents the form 
 of the species to which Grote & Robinson applied the name 
 ornata and of which the name incarcerata Boisduval is a syno- 
 nym. The insect is widely distributed all over the United States. 
 
 (2) Melalopha inclusa Hubner, Plate XL, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 Syn. americana Harris. 
 
 The insect is very widely distributed over the Appalachian sub- 
 region. The larva feeds upon the leaves of various species of 
 the genus Populus. 
 
 (3) Melalopha strigosa Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 The habitat of this species is the northern portion of the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. 
 
 (4) Melalopha albosigma Fitch, Plate XL, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 Widely distributed over the United States. Easily discrimi- 
 nated from the other species by the broad brown shade on the 
 apical half of the outer margin of the primaries, succeeded near 
 the costa by a distinct s-shaped white line. 
 
 Genus DATANA Walker 
 
 Thirteen species which are properly referred to this genus are 
 found within our limits. Of these we give figures of the four 
 which are most commonly found. 
 
 (1) Datana ministra Drury, Plate I, Fig. 13, larva; Plate XL, 
 *'*' ii, $ 
 
 This is a very common species, found throughout the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. The larvae are gregarious and may be found 
 in great masses upon the leaves of the walnut and allied trees in 
 the latter part of August and early September. 
 
 (2) Datana angusi Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 12, $ .
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 The habits and the distribution of this species are very much 
 the same as those of the preceding. 
 
 (3) Datana perspicua Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 
 
 14. & 
 
 More nearly allied to D. ministra than to any other species of 
 the genus, but readily distinguished from that insect by the paler 
 color of the secondaries and the lighter, more yellowish color of 
 the primaries. 
 
 (4) Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 
 i}, <$. 
 
 The darker color of the primaries and the more numerous 
 transverse bands enable this species to be at once separated from 
 the other species which we have figured. 
 
 Genus HYPER^SCHRA Butler 
 
 (1) Hyperaeschra stragula Grote, Plate XL, Fig. i, 3. 
 
 Syn. scitipennis Walker. 
 
 The moth is found throughout the United States. With the 
 help of the illustration we have given there should be no difficulty 
 whatever in determining it. 
 
 (2) Hyperaeschra georgica Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XL, Fig. 
 
 7, 3. 
 
 The moth is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is com- 
 moner in the southern portions of its range than in the more northern 
 portions thereof. It is, however, not very rare in Pennsylvania. 
 
 (3) Hyperseschra tortuosa Tepper, Plate XL, Fig. 4, ? . 
 The insect is as yet quite rare in collections. Its habitat is 
 
 Colorado and Arizona. . 
 
 Genus ODONTOSIA Hu'bner 
 
 (i) Odontosia elegans Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 3, 8. 
 
 This elegant insect is found from Canada to Colorado and 
 appears to be commoner in the region of the Rocky Mountains 
 than elsewhere. 
 
 Genus NOTODONTA Ochsenheimer 
 
 The genus is represented in both hemispheres. There are two 
 species which belong to our fauna. We give illustrations of both 
 of them. 
 
 394
 
 Notodontid* 
 
 (1) Notodonta basitriens Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 5, ? . 
 The moth is found in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Notodonta simplaria Graef, Plate XL, Fig. 6, ? . 
 
 The moth, which is by no means common, occurs in the 
 northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus PHEOSIA Hubner 
 
 (1) Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate "XL, Fig. 9, $ . 
 Syn. rimosa Packard; californica Stretch. 
 
 The moth, which is far from common, ranges from Canada and 
 New England westward to the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Pheosia portlandia Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 10, $ . 
 
 Syn. descherei Neumoegen. 
 
 The species replaces in the northwestern States the form, 
 which has been described as dimidiata. Whether this is a valid 
 species or a local race of the preceding is a question which is 
 still open to discussion. 
 
 Genus LOPHODONTA Packard 
 
 (1) Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 8, ? . 
 The moth is not rare in the Appalachian subregion. The 
 
 caterpillar feeds upon the linden (Tilia). 
 
 (2) Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 
 
 15,<$. 
 
 The insect is found in the same region as the last mentioned, 
 and its habits are very much the same. 
 
 Genus EUNYSTALEA Grote 
 
 (l) Eunystalea Indiana Grote. 
 
 This is one of the rarest insects of the family to which it 
 belongs. Besides the type, which the writer believes to be con- 
 tained in the collection of the 
 British Museum, there is only one 
 other specimen known, which is 
 found in the collection of Dr. 
 Barnes, to whom the author is 
 indebted for the privilege of being 
 allowed to make the cut which is 
 given herewith. The insect occurs FlG . I?9 -Eunystalea indiana, 
 in Florida. J . |. 
 
 295
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 Genus NADATA Walker 
 
 (i) Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 i, ? 
 
 This insect, the distribution of which is almost universal 
 throughout our territory, has been described under a number of 
 varietal or subspecific names, founded for the most part upon 
 trifling variations in the ground-color of the wings. 
 
 Genus NERICE Walker 
 
 (i) Nerice bidentata Walker, Plate I, Fig. 15, larva; Plate 
 XXXIX, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 The larva feeds upon the elm. The insect has a wide range 
 through the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus SYMMERISTA Hubner 
 (i) Symmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, 
 
 Fig. 7. 9 
 
 A very common insect in the Appalachian subregion, ranging 
 from the Atlantic westward as far as the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Genus HIPPIA Moeschler 
 
 (i) Hippia packardi Morrison, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 18, ?. 
 A rather scarce insect in collections. Its habitat is Texas. 
 
 Genus DASYLOPHIA Packard 
 
 (1) Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, 
 
 Fig. 5, 3 
 
 Syn. cuculifera Herrich-S-haeffer; punctata Walker; cana Walker; 
 signata Walker. 
 
 The moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (2) Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 6,?. 
 
 Syn. internet Packard; tripartita Walker. 
 
 The habitat of the moth is the Appalachian subregion. The 
 specimen figured was taken in Indiana. 
 
 Genus LITODONTA Harvey 
 
 (i) Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 20, $ . 
 The moth, which is the sole representative of the genus in 
 
 296
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, 9. 
 
 2. Nerice bidentata Walker, tf . 
 
 3. Hy par pax venus Neumosgen, cJ 1 , U. S. N. M; 
 
 4. Hy par pax aurora Abbot & Smith, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 5. Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, <J*. 
 
 6. Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, 9 . 
 
 7. Simmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, 9 . 
 
 8. Harpyia cinerea Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 9. Harpyia borealis Boisduval, c?- 
 
 10. Harpyia albicoma Strecker, tf , U. S. N. M. 
 
 11. Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, c?. 
 
 12. Cerura multiscripta Riley, tf. 
 
 13. Schizura ipomeoe Doubleday, var. cinereofrons, 
 
 Packard, J>. 
 
 14. Schizura badia Packard, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 15. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, <J*. 
 
 16. Schizura leptinoides Grote, c?. 
 
 17. Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, c?. 
 
 1 8. Hippia packardi Morrison, 9 
 
 19. lanassa lignicolor Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 20. Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, cJ*. 
 
 21. Misogada unicolor Packard, 9- 
 
 22. Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, J*. 
 
 23. Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, c?. 
 
 24. Heterocampa bilineata Packard, <5*. 
 
 25. Heterocampa biundata Walker, $ . 
 
 26. Heterocampa umbrata Walker, <$ . 
 
 27. Gluphisia sever a Henry Edwards, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 28. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, <?. 
 
 29. Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, c?. 
 
 30. Fentonia marthesia Cramer, <j". 
 
 3 1 . Ellida caniplaga Walker, 9
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 W J. HOIAANO, U09
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 our fauna, is not at all uncommon in Texas and Arizona, and 
 ranges southward into northern Mexico. 
 
 Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday 
 
 Eleven species belonging to this somewhat extensive genus 
 are recognized as occurring within the limits with which this 
 book deals. Six of these have been selected for illustration. 
 
 (1) Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, 
 Fig. 22, 3 . 
 
 Syn. varia Walker; mends Harris. 
 
 The moth is not uncommon in the southern States and ranges 
 northward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 
 (2) Heterocampa obliqua Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 2, $ . 
 The insect occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian 
 
 subregion. 
 
 (3) Heterocampa umbrata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 26, 3 . 
 
 Syn. semiplaga Walker; pulverea Grote & Robinson; athereo Harris. 
 
 The moth is rather common in the Appalachian subregion, 
 ranging from the Atlantic as far west as the Mississippi. 
 
 (4) Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, 
 Fig. 23, $ , 
 
 Syn. cinerascens Walker; subalbicans Grote. 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last 
 mentioned. 
 
 (5) Heterocampa biundata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 25, 3 . 
 
 Syn. olivatus Packard; mollis Walker. 
 
 Like the preceding species, this is a native of the eastern 
 portion of our territory, and occurs from Canada southward to 
 Georgia. 
 
 (6) Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. turbida Walker; associata Walker; ulmi Harris. 
 
 Not uncommon in the eastern States. 
 
 Genus MISOGADA Walker 
 
 (i) Misogada unicolor Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 21, ?. 
 
 Syn. marina Packard; cinerea Schaus (non Packard); sobria Walker. 
 
 This is the sole species of the genus. It inhabits the 
 Appalachian subregion. 
 
 297
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 Genus EUHYPARPAX Beutenmuller 
 
 The only species of the genus as yet known is that to which 
 Beutenmuller applied the name 
 rosea. It is a native of Colorado, 
 and is as yet very rare in collec- 
 tions, only one specimen, the 
 type, being known. This is found 
 in the collection of the American 
 Museum of Natural History in 
 
 rpax rosea, Ngw y^ The m()th ^ ^ 
 
 rosy red in color, and marked as 
 
 shown in the cut, which was drawn from the type by Mrs. 
 Beutenmuller. 
 
 Genus IANASSA Walker 
 
 (i) lanassa lignicolor Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 19, ?. 
 
 Syn. virgata Packard; lignigera Walker. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. Two 
 other species, both of them inhabiting the southwestern portions 
 of our territory, are known to belong to the genus. 
 
 Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday 
 
 (1) Schizura ipomoeae Doubleday, form cinereofrons Pack- 
 ard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 13, $ . 
 
 The species is widely distributed throughout the United States. 
 Several subspecific or varietal forms have been described, and a 
 number of synonyms have been created for the species. For a 
 knowledge of these the reader may refer to the Monograph by 
 Professor Packard, to which allusion has already been made. 
 
 (2) Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 
 15. a. 
 
 Syn. nitida Packard. 
 
 This is also a widely distributed species. The larva feeds upon 
 the Rosacece. 
 
 (j) Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 
 17, * 
 
 Syn. edmandsi Packard; humilis Walker; conspecta Henry Edwards. 
 
 This is a very common species of wide distribution. Its 
 habits are much the same as those of the last mentioned. 
 
 298
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 (4) Schizura badia Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 14, ? . 
 
 Syn. significata Walker. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (5) Schizura leptinoides Grote, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 16, $. 
 
 Syn. mustelina Packard. 
 
 The insect ranges through the Atlantic States westward to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Genus HYPARPAX Hiibner 
 
 (1) Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 
 4, *. 
 
 Syn. rosea Walker; venusta Walker. 
 
 The moth occurs in the Appalachian subregion, but is more 
 common in Virginia than elsewhere, so far as the observations of 
 the writer extend. 
 
 (2) Hyparpax venus Neumoegen, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3, g . 
 The habitat of the insect is Colorado. 
 
 (3) Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 28, $ . 
 The insect has thus far been reported only from Florida. I am 
 
 indebted to Mr. Beutenmuller for the loan of the specimen, which 
 is figured upon the plate. 
 
 Genus CERURA Schrank 
 
 The genus is found in both hemispheres. Two species are 
 attributed to it as being found in the United States. 
 
 (i) Cerura scitiscripta Walker, form multiscripta Riley, 
 Plate I, Fig. 18, larva; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 12, $. 
 
 The moth is known to occur from New England to Mexico. 
 
 Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer 
 
 (1) Harpyia borealis Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 9, $ . 
 The range of the species is through the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Harpyia cinerea Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 8, ? . 
 
 The moth occurs almost everywhere throughout the United 
 States and southern Canada. 
 
 (3) Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 II, $. 
 
 Syn. aquilonaris Lintner. 
 
 Form albicoma Strecker, Plate XXXIX, Fig, 10, $ . 
 290
 
 Notodontidae 
 
 The insect is a denizen of Canada and the northern portions of 
 the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 Genus FENTONIA Butler 
 
 (l) Fentonia marthesia Cramer, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 30, $ . 
 
 Syn. tessella Packard; turbida Walker. 
 
 The moth, which is by no means common, has a wide range 
 through the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus GLUPHISIA Boisduval 
 
 (i) Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 
 28, $ . 
 
 Syn. clandestine! Walker; trilineata Packard. 
 
 Widely distributed throughout the entire territory. 
 
 (a) Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 
 
 29, $. 
 
 Syn. albofascia Henry Edwards; rupta Henry Edwards; formosa 
 Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth is found in southern California and Arizona, as well 
 as in northern Mexico. 
 
 (3) Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 
 27,3. 
 
 Syn. danbyi Neumcegen; avimacula Hudson; slossoni Packard. 
 
 The species, which is somewhat variable in the maculation of 
 the wings, is found in the northern portions of our territory. 
 
 Genus ELLIDA Grote 
 
 (i) Ellida caniplaga Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 31, ? . 
 Syn. transversata Walker; gelida Grote. 
 
 The moth in Pennsylvania is double-brooded. The first 
 brood appears upon the wing in the early spring. The cater- 
 pillar feeds upon the linden (Tilia). The second brood is 
 matured about the end of July. The insect is not common in 
 collections, because its habits have not been hitherto understood. 
 
 Genus CARGIDA Schaus 
 
 () Cargida cadmia Guenee. 
 Syn. obliquilinea Walker. 
 
 The moth is a native of the southern States, and ranges from 
 Texas southward to Costa Rica. The cut which we give is 
 
 300
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL 
 
 (When not otherwise indicated, 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Hyperceschra stragula Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 2. Heterocampa obliqua Packard, 
 
 3. Odontosia elegans Strecker, c?. 
 
 4. Hyperceschra tortuosa Tepper, 
 
 9, U. S. N. M. 
 
 5. Notodonta basitriens Walker, 
 
 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Notodonta simplaria Graef, 9 . 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 7. Hyperceschra georgica Herrich- 
 
 Schaeffer, J>. 
 
 8. Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, 
 
 9. 
 
 9. Pheosia dimidiata Herrich- 
 
 Schaeffer, (? 
 
 10. Pheosia portlandia Henry 
 
 Edwards, <? , U. S. N. M. 
 
 11. Datana ministra Drury, (J 1 . 
 
 12. Datana angusi Grote & 
 
 Robinson, tf. 
 
 13. Datana integerrima Grote & 
 
 Robinson, J 1 . 
 
 14. Datana perspicua Grote & 
 
 Robinson, c?. 
 
 15. Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & 
 
 Smith, tf. 
 
 the specimens figured are contained 
 
 1 6. Melalopha albosigma Fitch, 
 
 17. Melalopha strigosa Grote, <5\ 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 
 1 8. Melalopha apicalis Walker, var. 
 
 ornata Grote & Robinson, 
 tf, U. S. N. M. 
 
 19. Melalopha inclusa Hubner, 
 
 9. 
 
 20. Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot & 
 
 Smith, cT. 
 
 21. Apatelodes angelica Grote, cT 
 
 22. Habrosyne scripta Gosse, c?. 
 
 23. Euthyatira pudens Guen6e, J 1 , 
 
 Merrick Collection. 
 
 24. Euthyatira pudens var. pennsyl- 
 
 vanica Smith, 9 , Merrick 
 Collection. 
 
 25. Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides 
 
 Guen6e, (J 1 . 
 
 26. Pseudothyatira expultrix Grote, 
 
 (?, 
 
 27. Bombycia tearli Henry 
 ' Edwards, <?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 28. Hyparpax perophoroides 
 
 Strecker, J* , Beutenmiiller 
 Collection.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XL
 
 Notodontidat 
 
 drawn from the type of Walker's species, which is contained in 
 the British Museum. The insect is rare as yet in collections, 
 though specimens coming from Central America are far more 
 
 FIG. 181. Cargida cadmia, 
 
 numerous in cabinets than specimens obtained from points within 
 the limits of the United States. 
 
 (2) Cargida pyrrha Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 15, $. 
 
 The insect occurs in southern Arizona and in Mexico. 
 
 Genus CRINODES Herrich-Schaeffer 
 
 (i) Crinodes beskei Hiibner, Plate XLI, Fig. 4, $ . 
 
 This very peculiar moth is the only representative of its genus 
 which occurs within our territory. There are numerous species 
 found in the tropics of the New World. The habitat of the 
 present species is Arizona and Mexico. 
 
 NASU-NO TAKE 
 
 NASU-NO TAKE is a volcano in the interior of Japan. Tora-san 
 came into my room on the upper floor of the tea-house where 
 we had made our stay while exploring the summit of the moun- 
 tain, which was in eruption at the time. Tora-san was my fidus 
 Achates. He could make an insect box or repair a jinrickisha, 
 for he was "an honorable carpenter." He did not disdain, 
 when necessity demanded, to prove himself a capable cook, 
 though this was not his calling. He could provide a meal of 
 "America-no Chow" or "Nippon-no Chow," the cuisine of 
 Anglo-Saxon and of Japanese being alike familiar to him. He 
 was best of all an enthusiastic entomologist, and much preferred 
 sugaring for moths to making curries. " Danna-san," he said, 
 "Nasu-no Take have got many moth Tokio no have got." 
 "Yea, verily! good Tora-san." "Danna-san, me catchee moth 
 
 301
 
 Nasu-no Take 
 
 ko komban sugar way. Danna-san go long ?" " With all my 
 heart! Sayo! " And so it was arranged. 
 
 In the oak-forest below the tea-house we sugared the trees. 
 When the night came on we went with our lanterns to the spot. 
 The black shadows clung to the woodland path. As the lanterns 
 went bobbing along the narrow way, each turn produced a 
 weird and beautiful effect. The gnarled old pines, the oaks and 
 the bamboos, the wild yams festooning the shrubbery, thrust 
 forth for a moment into relief against the universal darkness, 
 were fascinating to look upon. Here and there white lilies held 
 up their stately blossoms, and starry flowers, from which the 
 moths fled as we came along, bloomed everywhere. The effect 
 of moving lights in shrubbery and forest-growths is always 
 charming. 
 
 But the captures of that night were more memorable than all 
 the witchery of the strange and beautiful scenery in the midst of 
 which we walked. The gems of our catch were a dozen perfect 
 specimens of the great Snowy Underwing, the most beautiful as 
 well as one of the rarest species of the splendid genus to which 
 it belongs. I never pull out the drawer in the cabinet, where 
 these things have rested full many a day since then, without 
 seeing visions and dreaming dreams of the happy past. How 
 much "globe-trotters" miss when they are not students of 
 nature! The memory of one such night spent in the wild woods 
 is worth the memory of weeks spent in palaces. 
 
 " The insect legions, prank'd with gaudiest hues, 
 Pearl, gold and purple, swarm' d into existence. 
 Minute and marvellous creations these. 
 
 . . ''. ''"' . some proudly shone 
 Like living jewels; some grotesque, uncouth, 
 And hideous ..... 
 Those lived deliciously on honey-dews, 
 And dwelt in palaces of blossomed bells. 
 Millions on millions, wing'd and plumed in front, 
 Fill'd the dim atmosphere with hum and hurry. 
 
 MONTGOMERY. Pelican Island. 
 
 }02
 
 FAMILY THYATIRID/E 
 
 "Feeble though the insect be, 
 Allah speaks through that to thee! 
 As within the moonbeam I, 
 God in glory sits on high, 
 Sits where countless planets roll, 
 And from thence controls the whole : 
 There with threads of thousand dyes 
 Life's bewildered web he plies, 
 And the hand which holds them all 
 Lets not e'en the feeblest fall." 
 
 CEHLENSCHL^GER. Aladdin's Lamp. 
 
 The family has been characterized as follows by Sir George 
 F. Hampson, in his work upon the moths of India: 
 
 "A family of moths resembling the Noctuidce in appearance. 
 
 Proboscis present. Antennae usually rather thickened and 
 flattened. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs, hind tibia with two 
 pairs. Fore wing with vein \a short and slight, not forming a 
 fork with \b ; \c absent; 5 from the center of the discocellulars; 
 veins 7 and 8 stalked; and 9 and 10 stalked, and almost or quite 
 anastomosing with veins 7 and 8 to form an areole. Hind wing 
 with two internal veins; vein 5 from the center of the discocellu- 
 lars, or generally from below the center; veins 6 and 7 given 
 off not far from the base; 8 bent down and quite or almost 
 touching 7 after the bifurcation. 
 
 Larva noctuiform, with five pairs of prolegs." 
 
 Genus HABROSYNE Hiibner 
 
 (i) Habrosyne scripta Gosse, Plate XL, Fig. 22, $ . 
 
 The moth is quite common locally in the northern States of 
 the Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the central por- 
 tions of the Valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 303
 
 Thyatiridae 
 
 Genus PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote 
 
 (i) Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Guenee, Plate XL, 
 Fig. 25, 6 . 
 
 Form expultrjx Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 The moth, which occurs in the two forms which we have 
 delineated on the plate, is a native of the northern portions of the- 
 Appalachian subregion. It is common in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus EUTHYATIRA Smith 
 
 (i) Euthyatira pudens Guenee, Plate XL, Fig. 23, 6 . 
 
 Form pennsylvanica Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 24, ? . 
 
 The moth emerges in the very early spring, and may be found 
 where it is common, seated about three inches from the end of 
 twigs in the woodlands, with its wings folded about the twig in 
 such a way as to elude the observation of those who are not 
 familiar with its habits. The form pennsylvanica is found in 
 both sexes in every brood. It represents a curious case of 
 dimorphism. 
 
 Genus BOMBYCIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Bombycia improvisa Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 
 
 27, 5. 
 
 Syn. tearli Henry Edwards. 
 
 The habitat of the insect is on the Pacific slope, in the northern 
 portions of the coast ranges. 
 
 ' Then rapidly with foot as light 
 As the young musk-roe's, out she flew 
 To cull each shining leaf that grew 
 Beneath the moonlight's hallowing beams 
 For this enchanted wreath of dreams, 
 Anemones and Seas of Gold, 
 
 And new-blown lilies of the river, 
 And those sweet flowrets that unfold 
 
 /Their buds on Camadeva's quiver." 
 
 THOMAS MOORE. Lalla Rookh. 
 
 304
 
 FAMILY 
 
 "The study of entomology is one of the most fascinating of pursuits. It 
 takes its votaries into the treasure-houses of Nature, and explains some of the 
 wonderful series of links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open 
 before us another world, of which we have been hitherto unconscious, and shows 
 us that the tiniest insect, so small perhaps that the unaided eye can scarcely see it, 
 has its work to do in the world, and does it." REV. J. G. WOOD. 
 
 The following characterization of the family is adapted from 
 the pages of Sir George F. Hampson's "Moths of India," Vol. I, 
 p. 432: 
 
 ' A family of moths generally of nocturnal flight, though 
 some genera, as Aroa of the Eastern Hemisphere and Hemero- 
 campa, are more or less diurnal in their habits. The perfect 
 insects are mostly clothed with long hair-like scales upon the 
 body. The males have the antennae highly pectinated, the 
 branches often having long terminal spines, and spines to retain 
 them in position. The females often have a largely developed 
 anal tuft of hair for covering the eggs. The proboscis is absent. 
 The legs are hairy. The frenulum is present, except in the genus 
 Ratarda, which does not occur in America. The fore wing with 
 vein \a not anastomosing with \b ; i^absent except in Ratarda ; 
 5 from close to lower angle of cell. Hind wing with two interna.l 
 veins; 5 from close to lower angle of cell, except in the eastern 
 genera Ga^alina and Porthesia, 8 nearly touching 7 at middle of 
 cell and connected with it by a bar. 
 
 Larva hairy; generally clothed with very thick hair or with 
 thick tufts of hair, and forming a cocoon into which these hairs 
 are woven, they being often of a very poisonous nature.' 
 
 Genus GYN^EPHORA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Gynaephora rossi Curtis, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 10, $, 
 Fig. ii,?. 
 
 The genus is arctic, and the species is found in the arctic 
 
 305
 
 Liparidae 
 
 regions of America, the specimens figured having been received 
 by the writer from Point Barrow in Alaska. 
 
 Genus NOTOLOPHUS Germar 
 (i) Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 18, $ . 
 
 Syn. nova Fitch. 
 
 The moth is found in Europe and in the northern portions of 
 the United States and in Canada. 
 
 Genus HEMEROCAMPA Dyar 
 
 The females in this genus are wingless, or have the wings at 
 most rudimentary. The eggs are deposited in masses, generally 
 upon the surface of the cocoon from which the female has 
 emerged. The larvae are voracious feeders; and as the species 
 are generally very prolific, the insects inflict a great deal of dam- 
 age upon vegetation. 
 
 (1) Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 
 Syn. cana Henry Edwards ; gulosa Henry Edwards. 
 
 The insect replaces on the Pacific coast the following species, 
 which in its habits it closely resembles. 
 
 (2) Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, Plate 
 XXXVIII, Fig. 20, 3, Fig. 21, ?. (The White-marked Tussock 
 Moth.) 
 
 Syn. leucographa Geyer ; intermedia Fitch ; borealis Fitch ; obliviosa Henry 
 Edwards. 
 
 The moth is widely distributed in the Appalachian subregion, 
 and its ravages upon shade-trees and shrubbery are matter of 
 familiar observation. The insect is double-brooded in the more 
 northern portions of its range, and triple- 
 brooded farther south. The first generation is 
 matured from eggs which, having been de- 
 posited in the fall of the year, remain in situ 
 upon the cocoons upon which they were de- 
 posited until they are hatched by the heat of 
 the sunshine of spring. The caterpillars rap- 
 idly develop, and the second generation, which 
 is always much more numerous than the first, 
 begins to appear about the middle of July in 
 the latitude of New York and Philadelphia. 
 306 
 
 FIG. 182 
 
 leucostigma, 
 (After Riley.)
 
 Liparidae 
 
 A third generation follows in the month of September. This 
 generation lays the eggs from which the larvae which appear in 
 the following spring are hatched. 
 
 The female, as has already been stated, is wingless, and lives 
 solely for the purpose of oviposition. Having laid her eggs, 
 which she covers with the hairy scales which she plucks from 
 the abdomen, and mingles with a viscid secretion, which she 
 deposits with the 
 eggs, and which on 
 drying becomes hard 
 and brittle, she dies. 
 The young larva on 
 being hatched has the 
 power of spinning a 
 thin thread of silk, 
 with which it lowers 
 
 FIG. 183. //. leucostigma. a, female; 6, young 
 itself from its resting- larva, magnified; c, female pupa; d, male pupa. 
 
 place when disturbed, (After Rile 7-> 
 
 and by means of which it regains the place from which it has 
 dropped. This power is lost as the insect develops after succes- 
 sive molts. The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not 
 unbeautiful creature. The head is brilliant vermilion in color; the 
 body is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped 
 tufts and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable 
 disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupae of the two sexes, 
 as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the 
 female moth are generally twice as large as those of the male. 
 
 The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is to 
 see to it that in the fall and winter the cocoons, which may be 
 
 found adhering to the 
 twigs of trees and 
 shrubs and secreted in 
 the nooks and crannies 
 of fences, are gathered 
 together and destroyed. 
 It is also useful to spray 
 the young foliage of 
 
 trees which are liable 
 
 to attack with any one 
 
 FIG. 184. -#. leucostigma. 
 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 Larva of female moth. 
 
 307
 
 Liparidae 
 
 of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the pur- 
 pose of destroying the larvae of this and other destructive insects 
 which attack our shade-trees. The spraying should take place at 
 intervals when the young larvae are observed to be moving 
 upward upon the trunks of the trees. 
 
 (3) Hemerocampa definita Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 
 17. 3- 
 
 This species, which is closely allied to the last, is found in the 
 northern Atlantic States. What has been said as to the habits of 
 H. leucostigma applies also to this insect. 
 
 Genus OLENE Hubner 
 
 (1) Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 9, $ . 
 
 Syn. parallela Grote & Robinson ; tephra H iibner ; cinnamomea Grote & 
 Robinson. 
 
 The moth, which is somewhat variable in the style and 
 intensity of the dark markings upon the wings, is found in the 
 Appalachian subregion, but is somewhat more frequent in the 
 south than in the north. 
 
 (2) Olene leucophsea Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 7, 6 , Fig. 8, ? . 
 
 Syn. basiflava Packard ; atrivenosa Palm ; manto Strecker. 
 
 This is likewise a variable insect, the range of which is prac- 
 tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species. 
 
 Genus PORTHETRIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Porthetria* dispar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 12, $, 
 Fig. 13, ?. (The Gypsy Moth.) 
 
 This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A 
 number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and 
 residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from 
 a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which 
 the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were 
 prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were 
 allowed to escape through the window of the room in which 
 they were. Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in 
 their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul- 
 tiplied and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus 
 far been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of 
 
 308
 
 Liparidse 
 
 all the exertion which has been put forth, the insect appears to 
 have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States, 
 though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very 
 great, owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by 
 the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance. 
 
 Genus PSILURA 
 
 (i) Psilura monacha Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 14, <$ , 
 Fig. 15, ?. 
 
 This is another insect which is said to have been imported from 
 Europe, and is reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the 
 New World. The specimens figured on our plate are from a 
 brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of 
 Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place. 
 Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domi- 
 ciled in the region. 
 
 Genus EUPROCTIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 16, $ . (The Brown-tail Moth.) 
 
 This insect, like the two preceding species, is an importation 
 from Europe. It has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, and is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia, 
 Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the-Sea. 
 
 Genus DOA Neumoegen & Dyar 
 
 The only species of the genus, named ampla by Grote, is a 
 native of Colorado, and ranges thence 
 southward through Arizona to the 
 higher mountain plateaus of Mexico. 
 It also occurs not infrequently in 
 northwestern Texas. It may easily 
 be recognized with the help of the 
 
 ... . , FIG. 185. Doa ampla, 
 
 accompanying cut, which is drawn 
 
 from a specimen in the collection of the writer. 
 
 " Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, 
 And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair." 
 
 BYRON. Ckilde Harold, Canto I. 
 
 309
 
 Liparidae 
 
 Genus LEUCULODES Dyar 
 
 The genus is thus far represented in our 
 fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst 
 applied the specific name lacteolaria. It is a 
 native of Arizona. The figure which is here- 
 with given was drawn by the writer from the 
 type which is preserved in the United States 
 National Museum. 
 
 MOTH-SONG 
 
 "What dost thou here, 
 Thou dusky courtier, 
 Within the pinky palace of the rose? 
 Here is no bed for thee, 
 No honeyed spicery, 
 But for the golden bee, 
 And the gay wind, and me, 
 
 Its sweetness grows. 
 Rover, thou dost forget ; 
 Seek thou the passion-flower 
 Bloom of one twilight hour. 
 
 Haste, thou art late! 
 Its hidden savors wait. 
 
 For thee is spread 
 Its soft, purple coverlet ; 
 Moth, art thou sped ? 
 Dim as a ghost he flies 
 Thorough the night mysteries." 
 
 ELLEN MACKAY HUTCHINSON CORTISSOZ. 
 
 310
 
 FAMILY LASIOCAMPID^E 
 
 "Now busily convened upon the bud 
 That crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime, 
 And spread their muslin canopy around, 
 Pavilioned richer than the proudest kings." 
 
 The Lasiocampidce have been characterized as follows by Sir 
 George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 402: 
 
 "Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally 
 large. Proboscis absent; eyes small; antennae bipectinate in 
 both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to 
 mid and hind tibise and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein \a 
 not forked with b ; \c rarely present; the cell medial in position; 
 veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and 
 from before the angle. Hind wing with two internal veins; 6 
 and 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching 
 7, or connected with it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell ; 
 accessory costal veinlets generally present. Frenulum absent. 
 
 Larva with lateral downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and 
 often subdorsal tufts or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly 
 clothed with hair. 
 
 Cocoon closely woven of silk and hair." 
 
 Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as 
 occurring within our faunal limits. 
 
 Genus GLOVERIA Packard 
 
 (1) Gloveria arizonensis Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 3, ?. 
 
 Syn. dentata Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. 
 
 (2) Gloveria psidii Salle, Plate XLI, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 The habitat of the species is the same as that of the foregoing. 
 
 (3) Gloveria howardi Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. i, ?. 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate is one of several which are 
 contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, 
 
 3"
 
 Lasiocampidac 
 
 and which constituted the material upon which the original 
 description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar. 
 
 Genus ARTACE Walker 
 (i) Artace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. 5, 3. 
 
 Syn. rubripalpis Felder. 
 
 This rather rare little moth has its habitat in the southern 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus TOLYPE Hubner 
 
 Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. We 
 give illustrations of the one which is commonest. 
 
 (i) Tolype velleda Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, $ , Fig. 8, ?. 
 The species is found throughout the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus HYPOPACHA Neumcegen & Dyar 
 
 The only species known to belong to this genus was named 
 grisea by Neumregen. The only specimen 
 of which the writer has knowledge is the type 
 which is contained in the collection of the 
 Brooklyn Institute. Of this I have, through 
 the kindness of the authorities of that institu- 
 tion, been permitted to make a drawing, which 
 is reproduced in the annexed cut. The habitat 
 
 . Io7. ** * i A 
 
 $. f. of the species is Arizona. 
 
 Genus MALACOSOMA Hubner 
 
 (i) Malacosoma americana Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, ?. 
 
 Syn. decipiens Walker ; frutetorum Boisduval. 
 
 The species, which is commonly known as "The American 
 Tent-caterpillar, " is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian 
 subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage 
 of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosacece, 
 as the wild cherry and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards 
 with avidity. The great white webs woven by the caterpillars 
 are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruit- 
 grower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see 
 trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil- 
 
 312
 
 Lasiocampidae 
 
 lar is not pleasan. to 
 contemplate. The bets 
 way to combat these 
 destructive insects is to 
 diligently search for 
 their webs when they 
 first are being formed, 
 and to cut off the 
 branches to which they 
 are attached and burn 
 them. By following 
 this method carefully, 
 their ravages may be 
 held in check. 
 
 (2) Malacosoma 
 californica Packard, 
 Plate X, Fig. n, 3. 
 
 Syn. pseudoneustria Bois- 
 duval. 
 
 The species, which 
 is in its habits very 
 closely allied to the 
 preceding, has its home 
 
 upon the Pacific coast. 
 
 (3) Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, Plate X, 
 Fig- 9> <3 ; form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Fig. 10 , 6 . 
 
 Syn. sylvatica Harris ; drupacearum Boisduval ; thoracicoides 
 Neumcegen & Dyar ; sylvalicoides Neumoegen & Dyar ; thoracica 
 Stretch ; perversa Neumoegen & Dyar. 
 
 The moth is universally distributed through the 
 United States and Canada. It appears to be rather 
 variable, and a number of subspecies or varietal forms 
 have been recognized. Many of the races, if such 
 they can be called, differ so little from the typical 
 stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard 
 the names which have been applied to them as 
 other than synonyms. 
 
 The habits of the larvae are almost identical with 
 those of the species to which reference has already 
 been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the 
 
 313 
 
 FIG. 1 88. M. americana. a, lateral view of 
 larva ; b, dorsal view of larva ; e, mass of eggs ; 
 d t cocoon. (After Riley.) 
 
 FIG. 189. 
 M. disstria, 
 larva. (After 
 Riley.)
 
 Lasiocampidae 
 
 Rosacece, although they also at times feed upon other trees. 
 
 The hickories of various species and the walnuts are not exempt 
 
 from their ravages. The 
 writer has never observed 
 them feeding upon oaks, 
 birch, or beeches. An ex- 
 cellent account of the hab- 
 its of these creatures may 
 be found in Riley's Mis- 
 souri Reports, Number III, 
 from which the illustra- 
 tions here given have been 
 FIG. 190. M. disstria. a, egg mass; d, taken. The means of 
 
 moth ; f, egg viewed from top ; d, eggs viewed , , . . 
 
 from side ; <r, d, magnified. (After Riley.) holding the insects in 
 
 check are the same which 
 have been recommended in the case of M. americana. 
 
 Genus HETEROPACHA Harvey 
 
 (i) Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, Plate VIII, Fig. 7 $. 
 
 The moth is not uncommon in the Valley of the Mississippi, 
 ranging from western Pennsylvania to Kansas and Missouri, and 
 southward into Texas. 
 
 Genus EPICNAPTERA Ratnbur 
 
 (i) Epicnaptera americana Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 19. <? , 
 Fig. 20, ? . 
 
 Syn. occidentis Walker ; carpinifolia Boisduval. 
 
 There are a number of color forms of this insect which have 
 received names, and which appear to be local races of some mea- 
 sure of stability in the regions where they occur. We have given 
 in our plate the form which is common in the Mississippi Valley. 
 The specimens figured were bred from larvae reared by Mr. Tallant 
 at Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 " The Baron was an entomologist. Both the Fontenettes thought we should 
 be fascinated with the beauty of some of his cases of moths and butterflies." 
 
 G. W. CARLE 
 
 314
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained 
 in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Gloveria howardi Dyar, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Gloveria psidii Salle, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 3. Gloveria arizonensis Packard, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Crinodes beskei Hiibner, <5*. 
 
 5. Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, 9 . 
 
 6. Or eta irrorata Packard, 9 
 
 7. Falcaria bilineata Packard, 9. 
 
 8. Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson, &. 
 
 9. Cossus undosus Lintner, 9 . 
 10. Prionoxystus robinice Peck, 9 . 
 n. Prionoxystus robinice Peck, tf. 
 
 12. Thyridopteryx ephemer&formis Haworth, c?. 
 
 13. Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, c?. 
 
 14. Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, <$ . 
 
 15. Hepialus hyperboreus Moeschler, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 16. Hepialus lemberti Dyar, <?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 17. Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, 9 
 
 1 8. Aon noctuiformis Neumcegen, c?. 
 
 19. Epicnaptera americana Harris, cJ 1 . 
 
 20. Epicnaptera americana Harris, 9 
 
 21. Lacosoma chiridota Grote, (J 1 . 
 
 22. Drepana genicula Grote, (?. 
 
 23. Drepana arcuata Walker, (?. 
 34. Oreta rosea Walker, 9 .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 ^ x^ j$3Ol 
 
 V i \ 
 
 v' ' I ' > o .,.-.^r =
 
 FAMILY BOMBYCID^E 
 
 " And thou, the insect of an hour, 
 O'er Time to triumph wouldst pretend ; 
 With nerves of grass wouldst brave the power 
 Beneath which pyramids must bend! " 
 
 CARL GUSTAF AF LEOPOLD. 
 
 The Bombycidce were originally confined to the Asiatic conti- 
 nent, and more particularly to the southeastern portions of that 
 great land mass. The family is quite small and includes only a 
 few genera. Of these the genus Bombyx is the only one 
 which is well known. The family has been characterized as 
 follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," 
 Vol. I, p. 31: 
 
 "Proboscis absent, palpi rather small or absent; antennae 
 bipectinated in both sexes; legs hairy, without spurs. Frenulum 
 absent; vein 5 of both wings from or from above the middle of 
 the discocellulars; veins 7, 8, and 9 of the fore wing generally 
 more or less bent downward; vein la forming or not forming 
 a fork with \b\ \c absent or present. Hind wing with two or 
 three internal veins; vein 8 arising from the base of 7, or free 
 from the base with a bar between them ; the inner margin irreg- 
 ular and in part turned over. 
 
 Larva elongate and not hairy; dorsal humps on some of 
 the somites, or a horn on the terminal somite, or paired dorsal 
 spines. 
 
 Cocoon formed of fine silk of great commercial value." 
 
 Genus BOMBYX Linnaeus 
 
 (i) Bombyx mori Linnaeus. 
 
 The silk-worm of commerce is not known to exist in a feral 
 or wild state in the regions where it is now most commonly 
 
 315
 
 Bombycidae 
 
 reared. In this respect it is like many other domesticated animals. 
 The caterpillar, of which a figure is herewith given, feeds upon 
 
 FIG. 192. Cocoon of B. mori. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 FIG. 191. Larva of Bombyx mori. (After Riley.) 
 
 the leaves of the white mulberry, and will also feed freely upon 
 the leaves of the Osage orange, an American hedge-plant. The 
 insect was introduced at an early date 
 into the American colonies, but its 
 culture has not as yet risen in the 
 New World to great proportions, 
 though the manufacture of silk from 
 imported material is at the present 
 day an important American industry. 
 The culture of silk is an industry 
 which might be best undertaken 
 and maintained in the Southern States of the American Union, 
 where climatic conditions are wholly favorable to it. The Caro- 
 linas and Georgia appear to fur- 
 nish the best climate for the 
 development of this industry, and 
 it is believed by those who are 
 most conversant with the matter 
 that in time the rearing of the silk- 
 worm may become in these States 
 an exceedingly important and 
 profitable branch of industry. 
 Southern California and Arizona 
 are also likely to become centres in which the growing of raw 
 silk may be successfully pursued. 
 
 FIG. 193. Moth of B. mori. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 THE HISTORY OF SILK-CULTURE 
 
 The greater portion of the silk of commerce is produced 
 
 by the larvse of the moth known as Bombyx mori. 
 
 316 
 
 The in-
 
 Bombycidae 
 
 sect, through ages of human culture, has become thoroughly 
 domesticated. It has been wrongly maintained that the moth 
 known as Tbeopbtla huttoni, and which is found in China and 
 western India, is the ancestral or feral form from which the 
 domesticated Bombyx mori has been derived. The common silk- 
 worm does not exist in a wild state anywhere so far as is known, 
 and is as much a domestic animal as the Jersey cow or the grey- 
 hound. Chinese literature clearly shows that the silk-industry 
 originated in that country. The Emperor Hwang-Ti, whose 
 reign was in the eighteenth century B.C., fostered the culture of 
 silk, and his empress, Si-Ling-Chi, who gave her personal atten- 
 tion to the breeding of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk, 
 was deified in consequence, and is reputed to be "the goddess 
 of silk-worms." The methods of securing the silk and weaving 
 fabrics from it were held secret by the Chinese for nearly two 
 thousand years, and only after ages was a knowledge of the art 
 transmitted to Corea, and thence to Japan. Silk in very small 
 quantities was imported into Greece and Rome from China by 
 way of Persia. Aristotle was the first writer in Europe to give a 
 correct account of the manner in which silk is produced. He is 
 supposed to have derived his information from those who had 
 accompanied Alexander the Great on his victorious march into 
 India. The price of silken fabrics in the West at the beginning 
 of the Christian era, owing to the cost of transportation, was so 
 great that only the very rich could possess garments of this 
 material. Their use was restricted to wealthy women. For a 
 man to use silken clothing was esteemed a sign of luxurious 
 effeminacy. Under the reigns of Tiberius, Vespasian, and 
 Diocletian the use of silken apparel by men was positively inter- 
 dicted; but gradually, with the increase of importation of raw 
 silk from Persia and its manufacture into stuffs in Asia Minor and 
 elsewhere, the habit of using it grew, and its cost was slowly 
 lowered. Under the reign of the Emperor Justinian, in the sixth 
 century, positive steps to foster sericulture as an imperial monop- 
 oly were taken. Silk-looms operated by women were estab- 
 lished in the palace at Constantinople, and Justinian endeavored, 
 in view of the loss of the supply of raw silk brought about by a 
 war with Persia, to induce the Prince of Abyssinia to secure to 
 him supplies of the article by a circuitous route. Relief was finally
 
 Bombycidae 
 
 brought to the embarrassed imperial manufacturer when two 
 Nestorian monks, who had lived long in China and had learned 
 all the processes of silk-culture, were induced to go back to that 
 far-away land and bring to Constantinople a stock of the eggs of 
 the silk-worm. As it was among the Chinese a capital offense to 
 reveal the secrets of the trade or to export the eggs from which 
 the worms are hatched, the two priests had to proceed with the 
 utmost caution. They concealed the eggs in the hollows of the 
 bamboo staffs which they carried as pilgrims. From these eggs, 
 thus transported to Constantinople in A.D. 555, all of the silk- 
 worms in Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, and America until as 
 recently as 1865 were descended. It was not until the last-men- 
 tioned year that any importation of fresh eggs of the silk-worm 
 from China took place. Those two bamboo sticks held within 
 themselves the germ of a vast industry, countless costly ward- 
 robes, the raiment of kings, queens, and emperors, and untold 
 wealth. 
 
 From the time of Justinian onward the growth of silk-culture 
 in Greece and Asia Minor was rapid. It was introduced into 
 Spain by the Saracens at the beginning of the eighth century. It 
 found lodgment in Sicily and Naples in the twelfth century, and 
 in the next century was taken up in Genoa and Venice. It was 
 not begun in France until the latter part of the sixteenth century, 
 but in the seventeenth century it made great progress in France, 
 as well as in Belgium and Switzerland. The weaving of silk had 
 begun at an earlier date than this in France, Germany, and Eng- 
 land. Attempts made to introduce the culture of the mulberry- 
 tree and of the silk-worm in Great Britain have always signally 
 failed. The climate appears to be against the industry. James I, 
 who had failed in his attempts to foster sericulture in England, 
 undertook to plant the industry in Virginia AH 1609. But the eggs 
 and mulberry-trees he sent out were lost by shipwreck. In 1619 
 and the years immediately following the attempt was renewed, 
 and the raising of silk-worms was enjoined by statute and en- 
 couraged by bounties. In spite of every effort, little came of the 
 attempt, the colonists finding the growth of tobacco to be far 
 more profitable. In Georgia and the Carolinas similar attempts 
 were made, and from 1735 to 1766 there were exported to Eng- 
 land considerable quantities of raw silk from these colonies. From
 
 Bombycidac 
 
 1760 onward the industry declined. Sericulture was at this time 
 taken up in Connecticut and flourished there more than anywhere 
 else for many years, though the raw silk was not exported, but 
 woven on the spot into various fabrics. The production of raw 
 silk in Connecticut for many years amounted to a sum of not less 
 than $200,000 annually. In 1830 an effort was made to introduce 
 into the United States the so-called Chinese mulberry (Morus 
 multicaulis}. A popular craze in regard to this plant and the 
 profits of silk-culture was begotten. Fabulous prices were paid 
 for cuttings of the Morus multicaulis, as much even as five dol- 
 lars for twigs less than two feet in length. Hundreds of people 
 came to believe that the possession of a grove of these trees would 
 be the avenue to fortune. But in 1839 the bubble burst, and 
 many persons who had invested the whole of their small earnings 
 were ruined. It was discovered that the trees would not with- 
 stand frost and were practically worthless, as compared with the 
 white mulberry (Morus alba). "Colonel Mulberry Sellers" re- 
 mains in American literature a reminder of those days, and of the 
 visionary tendencies of certain of our people. 
 
 The manufacture of silk thread and of silken fabrics was begun 
 in the United States at an early date. Machinery for reeling, 
 throwing, and weaving silk was invented, and the importation of 
 raw silk was begun. The industry has steadily grown until at 
 the present time silk-manufacture has come to be an important 
 industry, in which nearly a hundred millions of dollars are in- 
 vested. The annual production of silken goods amounts to a 
 sum even greater than the capital employed and gives employ- 
 ment to seventy-five thousand persons. So much for the indus- 
 trial importance of one small species, of those insects to which 
 this volume is devoted. 
 
 It was brown with a golden gloss, Janette, 
 
 It was finer than silk of the floss, my pet ; 
 
 'T was a beautiful mist falling down to your wrist, 
 
 'T was a thing to be braided, and jewelled, and kissed 
 
 'T was the loveliest hair in the world, pet." 
 
 CHARLES G. HALPINE. Janette's Hair.
 
 FAMILY PLATYPTERYGID/E 
 
 "Above the wet and tangled swamp 
 White vapors gathered thick and damp, 
 And through their cloudy curtaining 
 Flapped many a brown and dusky wing- 
 Pinions that fan the moonless dun, 
 ut fold them at the rising sun." 
 
 WHITTIER. 
 
 The family has been described as follows by Sir George F. 
 Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 326: 
 
 "Small or moderate-sized moths of somewhat slender build, 
 generally with the apex of the fore wing falcate. 
 
 Palpi slender and slightly scaled, often very minute. Fore 
 wing with vein \b forked at the base; \c absent; 5 from close to 
 the lower angle of cell. Hind wing with one or two internal 
 veins; \a short when present; 5 from near lower angle of cell; 
 the discocellulars angled ; the origin of veins 6 and 7 before the 
 angle of cell; 8 bent down and nearly or quite touching 7. 
 
 Larva smooth, with the anal prolegs absent, except in the 
 genus Euchera;* the anal somite usually with a long process, 
 the others often humped. 
 
 Cocoon spun among leaves." 
 
 Genus EUDEILINEA Packard 
 
 The only species of the genus known in our 
 fauna is the one named herminiata by Guenee. 
 It is a rather rare little moth in collections, being 
 probably overlooked by collectors on account of 
 its insignificant size and its general resemblance to 
 FIG. 194. . commoner species. It is found in the Appalachian 
 
 herminiata, $ . \. , 
 
 1 subregion. 
 
 * Not American. 
 320
 
 Platypterygidae 
 
 Genus ORETA Walker 
 
 (1) Oreta rosea Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 24, ?. 
 
 Syn. americana Herrich-Schaeffer ; formula Grote. 
 
 The moth js a native of the eastern portions of our territory. 
 
 (2) Oreta irrorata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 6, ? . 
 
 The range of this species is coincident with that of the last. 
 
 Genus DREPANA Schrank 
 (i) Drepana arcuata Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 23, $. 
 
 Syn. fabiila Grote. 
 
 Form genicula Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 22, $ . 
 
 The species, which is dimorphic, inhabits the Appalachian 
 subregion. The form genicula occurs in the spring, the form 
 arcuata in the summer. 
 
 Genus FALCARIA Haworth 
 
 The genus is common to both hemispheres, 
 (i) Falcaria bilineata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 7, ?. 
 The insect, which is by no means common, is a native of the 
 eastern portion of our territory. 
 
 TRANSFORMATION 
 
 " Who that beholds the summer's glistering swarms, 
 Ten thousand thousand gaily gilded forms, 
 In volant dance of mix'd rotation play, 
 Bask in the beam, and beautify the day ; 
 Who 'd think these airy wantons,, so adorn, 
 Were late his vile antipathy and scorn, 
 Prone to the dust, or reptile thro' the mire, 
 And ever thence unlikely to aspire ? 
 Or who with transient view, beholding, loaths 
 Those crawling sects, whom vilest semblance cloaths ; 
 Who, with corruption, hold their kindred state, 
 As by contempt, or negligence of fate ; 
 Could think, that such, revers'd by wondrous doom, 
 Sublimer powers and brighter forms assume ; 
 From death their future happier life derive, 
 And tho' apparently entomb'd, revive; 
 Chang'd, thro' amazing transmigration rise, 
 And wing the regions of unwonted skies ; 
 So late depress'd, contemptible on earth, 
 Now elevate to heaven by second birth." 
 
 HENRY BROOKE. Universal Beauty. 
 
 321
 
 FAMILY GEOMETRID/E 
 
 "... The sylvan powers 
 Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells 
 The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild 
 And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs 
 That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme 
 And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, 
 But scatter round ten thousand forms minute 
 Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock 
 Or rifted oak or cavern deep : the Naiads too 
 Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face 
 They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush 
 That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles, 
 Where peril waits the bold adventurer's tread, 
 The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, 
 All, all to us unlock their secret stores 
 And pay their cheerful tribute." 
 
 J. TAYLOR. Norwich, 1818. 
 
 The Geometridce are a very large and universally distributed 
 family of moths. There is no country where there is any vege- 
 tation where they do not occur. Even in the inhospitable re- 
 gions of the far North, upon the verge of the eternal ice, they may 
 be found. They are more or less frail in their habit, with con- 
 siderable expanse of wing in proportion to the size of the body. 
 They are semidiurnal or crepuscular. They have been character- 
 ized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson: 
 
 ". . . Proboscis present or rarely absent. Legs and tarsi 
 slender, elongate, and naked, or slightly clothed with hair. Fore 
 wing with vein la forming a fork with \b. \c absent; vein 5 
 from or from above middle of the discocellulars, 7 rising from 8, 
 9. Hind wing with the frenulum usually present, but absent in 
 a few genera. Vein \a very short, apparently absent in some 
 forms; vein \b running to anal angle; \c absent. 8 with a well- 
 developed precostal spur. 
 
 322
 
 Geometric! se 
 
 Larvce with the three anterior pairs of abdominal claspers to- 
 tally aborted, and progressing by bringing the posterior somites 
 close to the thoracic, looping the medial somites.. In a few an- 
 cestral forms there is tendency to develop additional prolegs and 
 to a more ordinary mode of progression." 
 
 The larvae, which are commonly known as "measuring- 
 worms," "span-worms," or " loopers," have the power in many 
 cases of attaching themselves by the posterior claspers to the 
 stems and branches of plants, and extending the remainder of the 
 body outwardly at an angle to the growth upon which they are 
 resting, in which attitude they wonderfully resemble short twigs. 
 Dichromatism is often revealed among them, part of a brood of 
 caterpillars being green and the remainder brown or yellowish. 
 Various explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested. 
 In not a few cases the females are wingless. 
 
 Over eight hundred species of Geometridce are known to 
 occur within the limits of the United States and Canada, and 
 when the region shall have been exhaustively explored, there is 
 little doubt that this number will be greatly increased. It is im- 
 possible within the limits of this book to mention and depict all 
 of these species. We have therefore confined ourselves to the 
 description through our plates of one hundred and seventy spe- 
 cies, which are either more commonly encountered, or are pos- 
 sessed of some striking character. Incidentally occasion has been 
 taken to figure a few of the types of species in the collection of 
 the author which have never before been delineated. 
 
 The student who desires to familiarize himself with the fam- 
 ily with which we are now dealing will derive much assistance 
 from the writings of Packard and Hulst, the titles of which he 
 will find in the portion of the Introduction of this book devoted 
 to the literature of the subject. 
 
 SUBFAMILY DYSPTERIDIN/E 
 Genus DYSPTERIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLII, Fig. 
 21, $ . (The Bad-wing.) 
 
 This pretty little moth may be easily recognized by the facl 
 that the hind wings are so much smaller than the fore wings.
 
 Geometridae 
 
 It is the only species of the genus found within our territory. It 
 is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus NYCTOBIA Hulst 
 
 Three species belong to this genus. One of them is selected 
 for illustration. 
 
 (i) Nyctobia limitata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 22, $. 
 
 Syn. lobophorata Walker ; vemata Packard. 
 
 The habitat of this moth is identical with that of the last-men- 
 tioned species. It is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus CLADORA Hulst 
 
 (i) Cladora atroliturata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 23, $. 
 (The Scribbler.) 
 
 Syn. geminata Grote & Robinson. 
 
 A neatly marked species, which is the sole representative of 
 the genus in our fauna. The moths may be found in the early 
 spring seated upon the trunks of trees in the forest. It is a native 
 of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus RACHELA Hulst 
 
 Four species of this genus have been characterized by the late 
 Dr. Hulst. The only one which occurs in the eastern portions 
 of the continent we figure. 
 
 (i) Rachela bruceata Hulst, Plate XLII, Fig. 24, $. 
 
 The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. It is not 
 uncommon in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENIN^E 
 Genus PALEACRITA Riley 
 
 There are reputed to be three species of the genus found in 
 the United States. Only one of them, because of its economic 
 importance, has received much attention thus far. 
 
 (i) Paleacrita vernata Peck, Plate XLII, Fig. 25, $ , Fig. 26, 
 ? . (The Spring Canker-worm.) 
 
 Syn. sericeiferata Walker ; autumnata Packard ; merricata Dyar. 
 
 There are two insects known as canker-worms. One of 
 these, the smaller of the two, is properly named the Spring 
 
 324
 
 FIG. 195. Paleacrita ver- 
 nata. a, mature larva; b, egg, 
 magnified, natural size shown in 
 mass at side; c, enlarged seg- 
 ment of larva, side view; d, 
 do., viewed dorsally. (After 
 Riley.) 
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Canker-worm, because the great majority of the moths issue 
 from the ground in the spring. It has been a great pest in 
 orchards, and formerly in our East- 
 ern cities was a nuisance, not only 
 because of the injury which it inflicted 
 upon the foliage of shade-trees, but 
 because of the annoying manner in 
 which the larvae, pendent from the 
 branches by long threads of silk, were 
 blown about over things and persons 
 beneath them. It was to effect their de- 
 struction that the English sparrow was 
 originally imported into this country. 
 The ravages of the insects upon the 
 foliage of trees in parks and gardens have measurably decreased 
 since this step was taken, but in the open country, especially in 
 
 the Valley of the Mississippi, 
 the insects are still numerous 
 enough to do much harm 
 to orchards. The females 
 being apterous, the best 
 method of preventing the 
 multiplication of the insects 
 upon trees is to prevent 
 them from climbing up 
 upon the foliage and ovipositing. A simple device, which has 
 proved very effective, is to tie a piece of rope about the trunk 
 of the tree which it is intended to protect, and to insert between 
 the rope and the bark strips of tin, which, having been put into 
 place, should be bent downwardly and outwardly, so as to form 
 a collar with a downward flare. The insects have been found 
 not to be inclined to pass such a barrier, and they will congregate 
 just below it, and may there be captured and destroyed. Birds 
 are the chief enemies of the canker-worm, and every wise or- 
 chardist will see 'to it that all species of insectivorous birds are 
 not molested in his neighborhood, but are encouraged to find in 
 his -trees a hospitable welcome. The small amount of fruit 
 which the birds take as toll is amply compensated for by the 
 work which they perform in keeping down insect pests, such as 
 
 325 
 
 FIG. 196. Paleacrita vemata. a, male; b, 
 female ; c, joint of antenna ; d, joint of ab- 
 domen; e, ovipositor. (After Riley.)
 
 Geometridae 
 
 the one under consideration. It is the part of wisdom in every 
 way to protect the birds. 
 
 The canker-worm is widely distributed from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 Genus ALSOPHILA Hubner 
 
 Only one species of the genus occurs within our limits. 
 
 (i) Alsophila pometaria Harris. (The Fall Canker-worm.) 
 
 Syn. restituens Walker. 
 
 The Fall Canker-worm in many respects closely resembles 
 the preceding species, but a critical eye can at once detect great 
 differences both in the form and markings of the caterpillar and 
 of the mature insect. The moths generally emerge from the 
 
 pupal state in the late fall, or 
 during mild spells of weather 
 in the winter, and may even 
 continue to come forth until 
 the spring is well advanced. 
 The eggs are not laid as those 
 of the preceding species, sin- 
 gly under the scales of bark, 
 but are deposited in a com- 
 pact mass fastened to the 
 twigs by a strong gluey se- 
 cretion, and are loosely cov- 
 ered with gray hairs, which the female rubs from her abdomen. 
 The caterpillars are not ornamented on the back by a multitude 
 of fine lines, but have a broad brown stripe along the dorsal line. 
 The moths are larger than those of the Spring Canker-worm, and 
 have a distinct whitish spot 
 on the costa of the primaries 
 near the apex. The cater- 
 pillar undergoes but two 
 molts, and matures very 
 rapidly. It has rudimentary 
 prolegs on the eighth 
 somite. The precautionary 
 measures which have proved effective in combating the Spring 
 Canker-worm are not efficacious in dealing with this species. 
 To effectively destroy them the best means is to spray the foil- 
 
 326 
 
 FlG. 197. Alsophila pometaria. a, egg, 
 side view; b, do., top view; c, side view 
 of segment of larva; d, top view of seg- 
 ment of larva ; f, mature larva ; g, pupa ; 
 h, cremaster. (After Riley.) 
 
 FlG. 198.^. pometaria. a, male; b, fe- 
 male ; f, female antenna ; d, segment of body 
 of female, enlarged. (After Riley.)
 
 Geometric! se 
 
 age, just as the buds are opening, with some one of the poisonous 
 mixtures which are prepared as insecticides. One of the very 
 best means of keeping down the ravages of the insects is to 
 encourage the cherry-birds (Ampelis) to stay about the place. 
 They wage relentless war upon the pests. 
 
 Genus EUDULE Hiibner 
 
 (1) Eudule mendica Walker, Plate XL1I, Fig. 27, 3. (The 
 
 Beggar. ) 
 
 Syn. biseriata Herrich-Schseffer. 
 
 This delicate little moth is widely distributed throughout the 
 Appalachian subregion. It has been commonly placed in the 
 genus Eupbanessa. 
 
 (2) Eudule unicolor Robinson, Plate XLII, Fig. 38, $. 
 (The Plain-colored Eudule.) 
 
 The insect, which has been in most lists attributed to the 
 genus Ameria, ranges from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 
 
 Genus NANNIA Hulst 
 
 (i) Nannia refusata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 31,9. (Har- 
 vey's Geometer.) 
 
 Syn. harveiata Packard. 
 
 This is a common species in the spring of the year in the 
 northern Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus HETEROPHLEPS Herrich-Schaeffer 
 
 (i) Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, 
 Fig. 29, $. (The Three-spotted Fillip.) 
 
 Syn. quadrinotata Walker ; hexaspilata Walker. 
 
 This pretty little moth is widely distributed throughout the 
 entire United States, and is very generally associated with the 
 preceding species in locality and time of appearance. 
 
 Genus TEPHROCLYSTIS Hubner 
 
 This is a very extensive genus, composed for the most part 01 
 small and inconspicuous species. It is found in both hemispheres. 
 We select, for purposes of illustration, one of the commoner 
 species, which is found in both Europe and America.
 
 Geometridas 
 
 (i) Tephroclystis absinthiata Glerck, Plate XL1I, Fig. 32, 
 $. (The Absinth.) 
 
 Syn. minutata Treitschke ; notata Stephens ; etongata Haworth ; absynthiata 
 Guenee; coagulata Guenee; geminata Packard. 
 
 This inconspicuous little creature illustrates the truth of the 
 remark, already made, that the smaller the insect the more and 
 the lengthier the names which it bears or which have been im- 
 posed upon it. 
 
 Genus EUCYMATOGE Hubner 
 (i) Eucymatoge intestinata Guenee, Plate XL1I, Fig. 30, ?. 
 
 Syn. impleta Walker ; indoctrinata Walker. 
 
 The moth is almost universally distributed throughout the 
 United States. It is found in the spring of the year seated upon 
 the trunks of trees, the gray bark of which it assimilates in 
 color. 
 
 Genus VENUSIA Curtis 
 
 The genus is common to both hemispheres. Venusia cam- 
 brica Curtis is found in Europe and the United States. Two 
 other species of the genus occur in our territory, and of both of 
 these we give figures. 
 
 (1) Venusia duodecimlineata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 15.5. 
 
 The moth is very widely, if not universally, distributed 
 throughout temperate North America. 
 
 (2) Venusia comptaria Walker, Plate XL1I, Fig. 33, 6 . 
 
 Syn. fondensata Walker; inclituitaria Walker; inclinata Hulst; perlineata 
 Packard. 
 
 The species is common in the eastern portions of the United 
 States. 
 
 Genus EUCHCECA Hubner 
 
 (1) Euchceca albovittata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 19, $. 
 (The White-striped Black.) 
 
 Syn. propriaria Walker ; reciprocata Walker. 
 
 The moth is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and ranges 
 well up into Alaska, whence I have obtained specimens taken at 
 Sitka and on Lake Labarge, in the Valley of the Yukon. 
 
 (2) Euchceca californiata Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 20, $. 
 (The Galifornian Black.) 
 
 The moth .inhabits the Pacific States. 
 328
 
 Geometridae 
 
 (3) Euchoeca lucata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 6, $ . (The 
 Woodland Black.) 
 
 The insect is distributed from western Pennsylvania and West 
 Virginia to Illinois, and northward to Manitoba. It is not rare 
 about Pittsburgh. 
 
 Genus HYDRIA Hiibner 
 
 4 (i) Hydria undulata Linnaeus, Plate XLfl, Fig. 34, ?. (The 
 Scallop-shell Moth.) 
 
 This neatly marked species is found in both Europe and 
 America. It is the only species of the genus in the United States. 
 
 Genus PHILEREME Hubner 
 
 The species of this genus are all Western in their habitat, 
 (i) Philereme californiata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 36, $. 
 The specimen figured was taken on the slopes of Mt. Shasta. 
 
 Genus EUSTROMA Hubner 
 
 This is quite an extensive genus found in both the New World 
 and the Old. Of the nine species recognized thus far as occurring 
 within the United States, we figure three. 
 
 (1) Eustroma diversilineata Hubner, Plate XLII, Fig. 42, $ . 
 (The Diverse-line Moth.) 
 
 The moth is not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 53, <3 . (The 
 Plum Moth.) 
 
 Syn. ribesiaria Boisduval ; triangulatum Packard ; montanatum Packard. 
 
 The insect is found in both Europe and North America. 
 
 (3) Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 43, $ . 
 (The Dark-banded Geometer.) 
 
 A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. It is one of the most 
 beautiful of the geometrid moths found in the Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus RHEUMAPTERA Hubner 
 
 A genus of moderate size, the species of which are found in 
 the temperate and boreal regions of both hemispheres. 
 
 (i) Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 40, '$ , 
 Fig. 41, $, var. (The Spear-mark.) 
 
 The species is very variable, and half a dozen forms have been 
 named. The only differences existing between these forms are 
 
 329
 
 Geometridse 
 
 in the relative amount of black and white upon the upper side of 
 the wings. The moth is found all through northern Europe and 
 Asia, and is widely distributed through the northern United States 
 and Canada as far west as Alaska, where it is very common. 
 
 (2) Rheumaptera luctuata Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XL11, 
 
 Fig. 39> <$ 
 
 The remarks made as to the preceding species apply equally 
 well to the present. I have received it in recent years in great 
 numbers from Alaska. 
 
 (3) Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 
 38, $. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Pacific States. 
 
 Genus PERCNOPTILOTA Hulst 
 
 This genus is represented in North America by a single species, 
 Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibner, which is shown on Plate XLII, 
 Fig. 48, by a male specimen. The moth also occurs in 'Europe 
 and northern Asia, and has been described under at least fifteen 
 different names. The synonymy is too extensive to burden the 
 pages of this book with it. 
 
 Genus MESOLEUCA Hiibner 
 
 This is an extensive genus found in the temperate regions of 
 the northern hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic. 
 
 (1) Mesoleuca ruficillata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 21, $. 
 The habitat of the species is the northern United States and 
 
 southern Canada. 
 
 (2) Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 47, $ . 
 
 Syn. brunneiciliata Packard. 
 
 The insect is found in the Pacific subregion. 
 
 (3) Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 50, $ . 
 This is not an uncommon species in Europe and the northern 
 
 portions of the United States and in Canada. 
 
 (4) Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 49, $ . 
 The moth occurs in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (5) Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee, Plate XLH, Fig. 46, $ . 
 
 Syn. flammifera Walker. 
 
 The home of the species is in the region of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. It is not uncommon in Colorado. 
 
 S )y>
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Palthis asopialis Guenee, 9 
 
 2. Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, tf. 
 
 3. Bomolocha manalis Walker, 9 . 
 
 4. Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, 9 . 
 
 5. Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, <5>. 
 
 6. Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, <J*. 
 
 7. Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, tf. 
 
 8. Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, <^. 
 
 9. Bomolocha toreuta Grote, c?. 
 
 10. Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, 9 
 
 11. Bomolocha edictalis Walker, J. 
 
 12. Hypena humuli Harris, <3*. 
 
 13. Hypena humuli var., <$. 
 
 14. P lathy pena scabra Fabricius, <5*. 
 
 15. Nycteola lintnerana Speyer, tf. 
 
 16. Brsphos infans Moeschler, 9 
 
 17. Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, tf . 
 
 18. Melanchrom geometroides Walker, $. 
 
 19. Melanchroia cephise Cramer, $. 
 
 20. Sphacelodes vulneraria Hubner, (J 1 . 
 
 21. Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-SchagfTer, cf. 
 
 22. Nyctobia limitata Walker, tf. 
 
 23. Cladora atroliturata Walker, (J*. 
 
 24. Rachela bruceata Hulst, c?- 
 25.. Paleacrila vernaia Peck, <j\ 
 
 26. Paleacrita vernata Peck, 9 
 
 27. Eudule mendica Walker, <5\ 
 
 28. Eudule unicolor^ Robinson, J*. 
 
 29. Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, (J 1 . 
 
 30. Eucymatoge intestinata Guen6e, 9 
 
 31. Nannia refusata Walker, c?. 
 
 32. Tephroclystis absinthiata Clerck, <J*. 
 
 33. Venusia comptaria Walker, ^. 
 
 34. Hydria undulata Linnaeus, 9 
 
 35. Hydriomena latirupta Walker, tf. 
 
 36. Philereme calif orniata Packard, cf. 
 
 37. Gypsochroa sitellata Guenee, $. 
 
 38. Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, c?. 
 
 39. Rheumaptera btctttata Denis & Schiffermuller, J. 
 
 40. Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, cJ 1 . 
 
 41. Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, var. tf. 
 
 42. Eustroma diversilineata Hubner, <?. 
 
 43. Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, tf. 
 
 44. Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, <5*. 
 
 45. Trtphosa progressata Walker, J 1 - 
 
 46. Mesoleuca hersiliata Guen6e, cJ 1 . 
 
 47. Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, c?. 
 
 48. Percnoptilota fluriata Hubner, (?. 
 
 49. Mesoleuca intermediata Guen6e, <5*. 
 
 50. Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, 9 
 
 51. Hydriomena autumnalis Stromeyer, $. 
 
 52. Hydriomena speciosata Packard, (J 4 . 
 
 53. Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, cJ*. 
 
 54. Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, (5 1 .
 
 THE MOTH BOOK. 
 
 PLATE XLII. 
 
 ." 
 
 ;?.. f 
 
 T 
 
 >* 
 
 *V,,
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus HYDRIOMENA Hubner 
 
 This is a very extensive genus, which is well represented in 
 the temperate portions of both the Eastern and the Western 
 Hemisphere. There are nearly thirty species which have been 
 reported to occur in our fauna. 
 
 (1) Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 54, ?. 
 
 Syn. rectangulata Fabricius ; bicolorata Borkhausen ; birivata Borkhausen. 
 
 The insect is found all over the northern United States and 
 Canada, and is common in Europe. Various varietal forms have 
 been described, based upon differences, more or less constant, in 
 the markings of the wings. 
 
 (2) Hydriomena autumnalis Stromeyer, Plate XLII, Fig. 
 51,5. 
 
 This is another species which is found in Europe, and also 
 occurs in the Pacific subregion of North America. It has an ex- 
 tensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may 
 refer to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue of the Moths of the Palae- 
 arctic Region, or to Dyar's List. 
 
 (3) Hydriomena speciosata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 52, $ . 
 
 The home of this pretty species is in the southwestern por- 
 tions of the United States. It occurs in Texas, Arizona, and 
 southern California. 
 
 (4) Hydriomena latirupta Walker, Plate XLII; Fig. 35, $ . 
 
 Syn. lascinata Zeller. 
 
 The insect is found almost everywhere in the United States 
 and Canada. 
 
 (5) Hydriomena custodiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 10, 
 $ , upper side ; Fig. 1 1, $ , under side. 
 
 Syn. gueneata Packard. 
 
 The moth is an inhabitant of the Pacific subregion. 
 
 Genus TRIPHOSA Stephens 
 (i) Triphosa progressata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig- 45, 3. 
 
 Syn. indubitata Grote ; dubitata Packard. 
 
 The species occurs in the northern portions of the Pacific 
 subregion. 
 
 " Soft-buzzing Slander ; silly moths that eat 
 An honest name." THOMSON. Liberty, Pt. IV, 609.
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus CCENOCALPE Hubner 
 
 This is a moderately large genus, almost all the species of 
 which are found in the Pacific subregion or in the southwestern 
 portions of the United States. 
 
 (1) Coenocalpe gibbocostata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 Syn. costinotata Walker ; strigularia Minot ; ceneiformis Harvey. 
 
 The moth is one of the few species of the genus found in the 
 Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Coenocalpe fervifactaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 4, $ . 
 This rather pretty insect is found in the region of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains. 
 
 Genus MARMOPTERYX Packard 
 
 (i) Marmopteryx marmorata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 i, $. (The Marble-wing.) 
 
 The insect ranges from Colorado in the east to California in 
 the west. 
 
 Genus GYPSOCHROA Hubner 
 
 (1) Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, Plate XLII, Fig. 44, $ . 
 
 Syn. propugnata Denis & Schiffermiiller ; propugnaria Treitschke. 
 
 The moth occurs in both Europe and North America. 
 
 (2) Gypsochroa sitellata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 37, $ . 
 
 Syn. hcesitata Guene'e ; impauperata Walker ; albosignata Packard. 
 
 The species is quite widely distributed throughout the United 
 States. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MONOCTENIIN^E 
 Genus PAOTA Hulst 
 
 (i) Paota fultaria Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 27, <$ . 
 The habitat of the species is Arizona. 
 
 Genus H^MATOPSIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Haematopsis grataria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 2, $ . 
 (The Chick weed Moth.) 
 
 Syn. saniara Hubner ; successaria Walker. 
 
 This common but none the less beautiful little moth is often 
 seen by the roadsides, where it has the habit of clinging to the 
 stems of grasses, and of flying up when the footsteps of the 
 passer-by approach. It is a native of the Appalachian subregion,
 
 Geometridse 
 
 and ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond. 
 The larva feeds on chickweed. 
 
 SUBFAMILY STERRHIN^ 
 Genus ERASTRIA Hiibncr 
 
 (i) Erastria amaturaria Walker, Plate XL1II, Fig. 22, $. 
 
 This insect, which is not likely to be mistaken for anything 
 else, is a native of the Appalachian subregion. It is common in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus PIGEA Guen6e 
 
 (i) Pigea mutilineata Hulst, Plate XL1I1, Fig. 3, $. 
 
 The insect is found in Arizona. The specimen figured is one 
 of the types of the species which was loaned to Dr. Hulst, and 
 upon which he based his description. 
 
 Genus COSYMBIA Hubner 
 (i) Cosymbia lumenaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 12, ?. 
 
 Syn. pcndulinaria Guenee ; quadriannulata Walker. 
 
 This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion. 
 Genus SYN ELYS Hulst 
 
 This is a small genus containing eight or nine species, all of 
 which are found in the Southern States, except two. 
 
 (i) Synelys alabastaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 5, ?. 
 
 Syn. reconditaria Walker ; ennucleata Packard (non Guene'e). 
 
 The moth is very common in the Appalachian subregion. 
 Genus LEPTOMERIS Hubner 
 
 (1) Leptomeris quinquelinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 9, ?. (The Five-lined Geometer.) 
 
 A common species everywhere in the United States. 
 
 (2) Leptomeris sentinaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 14, $ . 
 
 Syn. spuraria Christoph ; gracilior Butler. 
 
 The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of the Ap- 
 palachian subregion. 
 
 (3) Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 8, $ . 
 (The Magnet Moth.) 
 
 Syn. rubrolintaria Packard; rubrolineata Packard. 
 
 The insect is found in the Pacific subregion. 
 333
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus EOIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Eois ptelearia Riley. (The Herbarium Moth.) 
 The moth which is the subject of consideration is interesting 
 because of the fact that in recent years it has become known as a 
 destructive herbarium pest. The larvae attack the flowers, to 
 
 FIG. 199. Eois ptelearia. a, larva, from side; b, do., from 
 above; c, side view of abdominal segment ; d, tubercle of same; e, 
 pupa;/^ cremaster ; g, abdominal projection. All figures greatly 
 enlarged. (After C. V. Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 109.) 
 
 some extent the leaves, and also to a less extent the hard fruits 
 and seeds of specimens collected in the Southwestern States 
 and in Mexico. Their ravages were first detected at the 
 United States National Museum in the year 1890. Strangely 
 enough, they show no appetite for species belonging to the flora 
 of the Eastern and Northern States. It is believed that the insect 
 is native to the region the plants of which it devours, but thus 
 far no entomologist has reported its occurrence in the section of 
 country from which it is supposed to come. The damage it 
 is able to inflict upon specimens is very great, because of the 
 very rapid multiplication of individuals which takes place. 
 
 An exceedingly interesting account of the insect and its 
 
 334
 
 Geometric! ae 
 
 destructive work was given by the late Professor C. V. Riley in 
 "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 108 et seq. From this article the cuts 
 which are herewith given have 
 been extracted. Botanists can- 
 not too carefully guard against 
 this and other insect plagues 
 which multiply in their collec- 
 tions. A solution of corrosive 
 sublimate and arsenic, such as 
 is commonly employed for 
 poisoning herbarium speci- 
 mens, will do much to prevent 
 the ravages of the larvse; but, 
 as is pointed out by Professor 
 Riley in the article to which 
 reference has been made, addi- 
 tional safety from attack will be 
 secured if all specimens, as they 
 are received in the herbarium, 
 are subjected to at least twenty- 
 four hours' exposure to the 
 fumes of bisulphide of carbon 
 in an air-tight box or receptacle. 
 This substance, as experience 
 has shown, is destructive to all forms of insect life. Care should, 
 however, be exercised in its use, as the fumes mixed with atmo- 
 spheric gases make a highly explosive compound. The opera- 
 tion should never be undertaken in the presence of flame. It is 
 not even safe to allow the fumes of carbon bisulphide to mingle 
 in large quantity with the atmosphere of an apartment which is 
 lighted by electricity. Accidental sparking, owing to some de- 
 fect of the wires, may cause an explosion. Several bad accidents 
 have occurred from the use in careless hands of this otherwise 
 most valuable insecticide. 
 
 (2) Eois ossularia Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig..7, $ . 
 
 The moth, which has an extensive synonymy, which we will 
 omit, is widely distributed throughout the United States. 
 
 (3) Eois inductata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 6, $ . 
 
 Syn. consecutaria Walker ; sobria Walker ; suppressaria Walker. 
 
 FIG. 200. Eois ptelearia. a, larva; 
 b, cocoon ; c, moth ; d, egg. All figures 
 greatly enlarged. (After C. V. Riley, 
 " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. no.)
 
 Geometridae 
 
 The species is indigenous in the Appalachian subregion. 
 (4) Eois sideraria Guenee, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 1 3, $ . 
 
 Syn. californiaria Packard ; californiata Packard ; padficaria Packard. 
 
 The species ranges over the northern portions of the United 
 States. 
 
 SUBFAMILY GEOMETRIN^E 
 Genus CHLOROCHLAMYS Hulst 
 
 (i) Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee, Plate XL1II, 
 Fig. 17, ?. 
 
 Syn. indiscriminaria Walker ; densaria Walker ; deprivata Walker. 
 
 The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is freely 
 attracted to light in the evening. 
 
 Genus EUCROSTIS Hiibner 
 (i) Eucrostis incertata Walker, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 18, $ . 
 
 Syn. oporaria Zeller ; gratata Packard. 
 
 Not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus RACHEOSPILA Guenee 
 
 A small genus, characteristic of the hot lands of the American 
 continents. One species, R. lixaria, is found in the Appalachian 
 subregion as far north as the Middle States; the four remaining 
 species found within our territory have thus far been reported only 
 from Florida. 
 
 (1) Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 19, ?. 
 The specimen depicted on the plate is the type of the species, 
 
 which was taken by the writer on the upper waters of the St. 
 Johns River. 
 
 (2) Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 20, $ . 
 The specimen depicted on the plate is likewise the type of 
 
 the species and came from the same locality as the preceding 
 species. 
 
 Genus SYNCHLORA Guenee 
 (i) Synchlora liquoraria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 23, $. 
 
 Syn. tricoloraria Packard. 
 
 A species which is very widely distributed throughout the 
 United States.
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus ANAPLODES Packard 
 (i) Anaplodes iridaria Guenee, Plate XLII1, Fig. 24, <$ . 
 
 Syn. rectaria Grote. 
 
 The moth ranges from Colorado to California. 
 
 SUBFAMILY FERNALDELLINy 
 Genus FERNALDELLA Hulst 
 
 The genus is the only representative of the 
 subfamily. There are two species in the genus, 
 both of them natives of the region of the Rocky 
 Mountains. One of these, originally named 
 fimetaria by Grote & Robinson, and subse- 
 quently named balesaria by Zeller, is repre- **&"*"*> $ - i- 
 sented in the accompanying cut. It is a very common insect in 
 central Texas as well as in Colorado and Arizona. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ENNOMIN^E 
 
 Genus EPELIS Hulst 
 
 (i) Epelis truncataria Walker, Plate XLI11, Fig. 26, 9. 
 
 Syn. faxoni Minot. 
 
 This species, the only representative of the genus, ranges 
 through the northern and cooler portions of the Appalachian 
 subregion, westward to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus EUFIDONIA Packard 
 (i) Eufidonia notataria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 25, $ . 
 
 Syn. discopilata Walker ; fidoniata Walker ; bicolorata Minot ; quadripunctaria 
 Morrison. 
 
 This neatly marked moth is found in the Appalachian subregion. 
 It is the only species in the genus. 
 
 Genus ORTHOFIDONIA Packard 
 
 (1) Orthofidonia semiclarata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 30, 9. 
 
 Syn. viatica Harvey. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 31, $. 
 
 Syn. junctaria Walker. 
 
 337
 
 Geometric! ae 
 
 The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding 
 species, but it ranges a little farther to the West, and has been 
 reported from Colorado. 
 
 Genus DASYFIDONIA Packard 
 
 (i) Dasyfidonia avuncularia Guenee, Plate XL1II, Fig. 
 }2,$. 
 
 This very pretty moth occurs from Colorado to California. It 
 is the sole species in the genus. 
 
 Genus HELIOMATA Grote 
 
 There are reputed to be three species in this genus. Two of 
 them we figure. 
 
 (1) Heliomata infulata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 28, ?. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the Atlantic region of the 
 continent. 
 
 (2) Heliomata cycladata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 29, 6 . 
 The moth ranges from the Atlantic States westward as far as 
 
 Montana. It is nowhere very common. 
 
 Genus MELLILLA Grote 
 (i) Mellilla inextricata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 33, 6 . 
 
 Syn. xanthometata "\Yalker; snoviaria Packard. 
 
 The insect is a native of the Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus CHLORASPILATES Packard 
 
 (i) Chloraspilates bicoloraria Packard, form arizonaria, 
 Plate XLIII, Fig. 34, <5 . 
 
 The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus PHYSOSTEGANIA Warren 
 
 . (i) Physostegania pustularia Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 35.3. 
 
 A native of the Atlantic States, ranging westward into the 
 Valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 Genus DEILINEA Hubner 
 (i) Deilinea variolaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 36, ?. 
 
 Syn. inletltata Packard. 
 
 338
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL/Ill 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Marmopteryx marmorata 32. Dasyfidonia avuncularia 
 
 Packard, c?. Guenee, tf. 
 
 2. Haematopis grataria Fabricius, 33. Mellilla xanthometata Walker, 
 
 d 1 - d 1 - 
 
 3. Pigea multilineata Hulst, cT . 34- Chloraspilates arizonaria Grote, 
 
 Type. tf . 
 
 4. Triphosa fervifactaria Grote, c? . 35. Physo stegania pustularia 
 
 5. Synelys alabastaria Hubner, 9- Guenee, ci\ 
 
 6. Eois inductata Guenee, J 1 . 36. Deilinea variolaria Guenee, 9. 
 
 7. Eois ossularia Hubner, <J*. 37. Sciagra phagranitata Guenee, cT- 
 
 8. Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, 38. Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, <5\ 
 
 d 1 Type. 
 
 9. Leptomeris quinquelinearia 39. Philobia enotata Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 Packard, 9 4- Macaria proeatomata Haworth, 
 
 10. Hydriomena custodiata Guenee, 9 
 
 d 1 . 41. Sciagrapha heliothidata Guenee , 
 
 11. Hydriomena custodiata Guen6e, 9- 
 
 d*i lower side. 42. Sciagrapha mellislrigata Grote, 
 
 12. Cosymbia lumenaria Hubner, 9 . d*- 
 
 13. Eois sideraria Guenee, (J 1 . 43. Macaria s-signata Packard, d 1 - 
 
 14. Leptomeris sentinaria Hubner, 44. Macaria eremiata Guen6e, d- 
 
 cJ*. 45. Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, 9 
 
 1 5 . Venusia duodecimlineata 46. Cymatophora inceptaria Walker , 
 
 Packard, d 1 - d 1 - 
 
 16. Triphosa gibbicostata Walker, <j\ 47. Macaria hypathrata Grote, d . 
 
 17. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria 48. Cymatophora successaria 
 
 Guenee, 9 . Walker, 9 - 
 
 1 8. Eucrostis incertata Walker, J 1 . 49. Cymatophora coortaria Hulst, (J 1 . 
 
 19. Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, 50. Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst, 
 
 9 , Type. d . ?>/*?. 
 
 20. Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, 51. Sympherta tripunctaria 
 
 c?, Type. Packard, 9. 
 
 21. Mesoleuca rufocillata Guenee, 52. A pacasia defluata Walker, cJ 1 . 
 
 J 1 . 53. Catopyrrha dissimilaria 
 
 22. Erastria amaturaria Walker, <J* . Hubner, c?. 
 
 23. Synchlora liquoraria Guenee, <J*. 54. Catopyrrha color aria Fabricius, 
 
 24. Anaplodes iridaria Guenee, c?. d* 
 
 25. Eufidonia notataria Walker, (J 1 . 55. Enemera juturnaria Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 26. Epelis truncataria Walker, 9. 56. Platea trilinearia Packard, J 1 . 
 
 2 7 . Paota fultaria Grote .J*. 57. Platea californiaria Her rich- 
 
 28. Heliomata infulata Grote, 9. Schaeffer, J*- 
 
 29. Heliomata cyclada ta Grote, c?. 58. Caripeta divisata Walker, tf . 
 
 30. OrthofidoniasemiclarataWafeer, 59. Philedia punctomacularia 
 
 9 . Hulst, d 1 Type. 
 
 31. Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee, 60. Nepytia semiclusaria Walker,
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 3' W J. HOLL
 
 Geometridae 
 
 The moth occurs q.uite commonly in the Atlantic subregion. 
 (2) Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, Plate XL1I1, Fig. 38, $. 
 A native of the Pacific subregion. The specimen figured is 
 one of the types. 
 
 Genus SCIAGRAPHIA Hulst 
 
 (1) Sciagraphia granitata Guenee, Plate XL1I1, Fig. 37, <$ . 
 (The Granite Moth.) 
 
 This small moth, which is a common species in the Appa- 
 lachian subregion, has been described under no less than nineteen 
 names by various authors. The student who is curious as to the 
 synonymy may consult Dyar's List. 
 
 (2) Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 41, 
 9 . (The Sun-flower Moth.) 
 
 Syn. ocellinata Guenee; restorata Walker; stibcolumbata Walker; duplicaia, 
 Packard. 
 
 The moth occurs throughout the region of the Great Plains 
 and the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 (3) Sciagraphia mellistrigata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 42, 6 . 
 (The Honey-streak.) 
 
 The insect is found in the northern portions of the United 
 States, and ranges westward and southward, being not at all 
 uncommon in northern Texas and in Colorado. 
 
 Genus PHILOBIA Duponchel 
 (i) Philobia enotata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 39, c5 . 
 
 Syn. (Ztnulataria Walker; sectomaculata Morrison; notata Cramer (nan 
 Linnseus). 
 
 The insect appears to be common everywhere throughout the 
 United States and Canada. 
 
 Genus MACARIA Curtis 
 
 A considerable genus, represented in both hemispheres. 
 
 (1) Macaria s-signata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 43, <3 . 
 The species occurs from Colorado westward to California. 
 
 (2) Macaria eremiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 44, $ . 
 
 Syn. retectata Walker; gradata Walker; retentata Walker; subcinctaria 
 Walker. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (3) Macaria hypsethrata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 47, $ . 
 
 339
 
 Geometridae 
 
 The insect flies in Colorado and adjoining States. 
 
 (4) Macaria praeatomata Haworth, Plate XLIII, Fig. 40, 2. 
 
 Syn. consepta Walker. 
 
 Not a rare species in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (5) Macaria glomeraria Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 3, ? . 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 FIG. 202. Cymatophora ri- 
 bearia, <j> . \. (After Riley.) 
 
 Genus -CYMATOPHORA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, Plate XLIII, Fig. 45, ? . 
 (The Gooseberry Span-worm.) 
 
 Syn. sigmaria Guene"e; annisaria Walker; aniusaria Walker; grossulariata 
 Saunders. 
 
 The gooseberry and the currant are subject in the United 
 States and Canada to the attack of various insects, which do a 
 great deal of damage to them. One of the most frequent causes 
 of injury to these plants are the larvae of 
 the Gooseberry Span-worm, which is 
 represented in Fig. 204. It is, when 
 mature, about an inch in length, bright 
 yellow in color, marked with dark-brown 
 spots upon the segments. The eggs, 
 which are laid by the mature female at 
 the end of June or the beginning of July, 
 are very minute, but upon examination 
 under the microscope are seen to be beautifully ornamented with 
 deep pits or sculpturings. They are pale bluish-green. The eggs 
 are attached by the female to the stems and branches of the plants, 
 not far from the ground. Being almost 
 microscopic in size, they readily elude 
 observation, and this, it is known, accounts 
 for the fact that the insects are often, by the 
 transplantation of the shrubs, transferred 
 from one locality to another in which they 
 have been previously unknown. The eggs, 
 having been laid, remain through the sum- 
 mer and fall and all of the succeeding winter 
 in a dormant state, and do not hatch until 
 early in the following spring, when the 
 leaves are beginning to put out upon the bushes. As soon as the 
 
 340 
 
 FIG. 203. Egg of 
 Gooseberry Span-worm. 
 a, enlarged ; b, natural 
 size. (After Riley.)
 
 Geometridse 
 
 eggs are hatched, the larvae begin to feed upon the young leaves, 
 and they mature very quickly, the rate of their development being 
 marked by a correspond- 
 ing devastation of the 
 plants upon which they 
 have established them- 
 selves. Pupation takes 
 place at the end of May 
 or in the beginning of 
 June. The caterpillar bur- 
 rows into the loose soil 
 about the roots of the 
 bushes, or simply crawls 
 under loose leaves, and, 
 without spinning a co- 
 coon, undergoes transfor- 
 mation into a chrysalis, 
 which is smooth and of a 
 shining mahogany color. 
 In this state the insects 
 remain for about two 
 weeks, when they emerge 
 as moths, and the cycle 
 of life is repeated. 
 
 The most effectual method of combating the larvae is to 
 sprinkle the bushes with powdered white hellebore. This is a 
 good remedy, not only for the species we are considering, but for 
 several other insects which are likely to occur upon the plants at 
 the same time. 
 
 (2) Cymatophora inceptaria Walker, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 46, 6 . 
 
 Syn. argillacearia Packard; modestaria Hulst. 
 
 A native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (3) Cymatophora successaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 48, 9. 
 
 Syn. perarcuata Walker. 
 
 Form coortaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 49, $ . 
 A widely distributed species, which is not at all uncommon in 
 the Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 (4) Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 50, & . 
 
 341 
 
 FIG. 204. Gooseberry Span-worm, a, b, larvae; 
 c, pupa. (After Riley.)
 
 Geometridae 
 
 The specimen represented upon the plate is one of Dr. Hulst's 
 types. The moth is found in Arizona. 
 
 Genus SYMPHERTA Hulst 
 
 u) Sympherta tripunctaria Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 51, ? . 
 The moth is found in northern California, and ranges north- 
 ward into British Columbia. 
 
 Genus AP^CASIA Hulst 
 (i) Apsecasia defluata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 52, . 
 
 Syn. subaquaria Walker. 
 
 The habitat of the species is the northern portion of the 
 Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus CATOPYRRHA Hubner 
 (i) Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 54, 6 . 
 
 Syn. accessaria Hubner; cruentaria Hubner; atropunctaria Walker. 
 
 Form dissimilaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 53, 6 . 
 
 The insect, which in the mature form presents many varietal 
 differences, due to variation in the form and shade of the mark- 
 ings, is found in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus ENEMERA Hulst 
 
 (i) Enemera juturnaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 55, 6. 
 The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains, 
 westward to California and northward to Alaska. 
 
 Genus CARIPETA Walker 
 
 (1) Caripeta divisata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 58, 6. 
 
 Syn. albopunctata Morrison. 
 
 The insect is found in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Caripeta angustiorata Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 Syn. piniaria Packard. 
 
 The moth, which is as yet quite rare in collections, is, like the 
 preceding species, a native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus PLATEA Herrich-Schaeffer 
 (i) Platea californiaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIII, Fig. 
 
 57. t. 
 
 Syn. uncnnaria Guenee. 
 
 342
 
 Geometridae 
 
 The moth flies from Colorado to California. 
 
 (2) Platea trilinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 56, $ . 
 
 Syn. dukearia Grote. 
 
 The insect ranges from northern Wyoming to Arizona. 
 
 Genus PHILEDIA Hulst 
 
 (i) Philedia punctomacularia Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 59, $ . 
 The insect, which is found in the Pacific States, is represented 
 on the plate by a figure of the type. 
 
 Genus NEPYTIA Hulst 
 
 (1) Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 15, 9. 
 The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion. 
 
 (2) Nepytia semiclusaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 60, $ . 
 
 Syn. pulchraria Minot; pellucidaria Packard; pinaria Packard. 
 
 The moth occurs in the northern portions of the United States. 
 
 Genus ALCIS Curtis 
 
 (1) Alcis sulphuraria Packard, form baltearia Hulst, Plate 
 XLIV, Fig. 1,3. 
 
 This insect, which is somewhat variable, is represented in 
 the plate by the type of the form to which the Rev. Dr. Hulst 
 applied the name baltearia. The species is widely distributed 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 (2) Alcis metanemaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 5, <5 . 
 
 The moth occurs in Arizona and southern California. The 
 figure on the plate is that of the type of the species. 
 
 Genus PARAPHIA Guende 
 (i) Paraphia subatomaria Wood, Plate XLIV, Fig. 10, $. 
 
 Syn. nubecularia Guenee ; mammurraria Guenee ; impropriata Walker ; ex- 
 superata Walker. 
 
 Form unipuncta Ha worth, Plate XLIV, Fig. n, ?. 
 
 Syn. unipunctata Guenee; triplipunctaria Fitch. 
 
 The moth, which is variable in the shade of the wings and 
 the markings, is found in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus PTEROSPODA Dyar 
 
 (i) Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 18, ?. 
 The insect is a native of California. The specimen figured on 
 
 343
 
 Geometric! ae 
 
 the plate is the type upon which Dr. Hulst based the description 
 of the species. 
 
 Genus CLEORA Curtis 
 
 (1) Cleora pampinaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 4, $ . 
 
 Syn. sublunaria Guenee ; frugallaria Guenee ; collecta Walker ; tinctaria 
 Walker ; fraudulentaria Zeller. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging 
 from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond. 
 
 (2) Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 8, ?. 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate is the unique type which 
 was described by Hulst in " Entomologica Americana," Vol. Ill, 
 p. 214. The species has been overlooked in Dyar's List. 
 
 Genus MELANOLOPHIA Hulst 
 (i) Melanolophia canadaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 7, $ . 
 
 Syn. signataria Walker; imperfectaria Walker; contribuaria Walker. 
 
 A common species in the early spring throughout the United 
 States. 
 
 Genus ECTROPIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermiiller, Plate 
 XLIV, Fig. 9, 6 . 
 
 This species, which is found alike in Europe and America, 
 has an extensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student 
 may refer to Dyar's List or to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue. 
 The species is widely distributed throughout the continent of 
 North America. 
 
 Genus EPIMECIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 28, $, 
 Fig. 29, ? . 
 
 Syn. hortaria Fabricius ; liriodendraria Abbot & Smith ; disserptaria Walker ; 
 amplaria Walker. 
 
 The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is far 
 more common in the South than in the North. I have taken it 
 in Pennsylvania on rare occasions, but it has been found in great 
 abundance by me in Florida. 
 
 344
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus LYCIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Lycia cognataria Guenee, Plate I, Fig. 17, larva; Plate 
 XLIV, Fig. 13,6. 
 
 Syn. sperataria Walker. 
 
 This is a common species in the Atlantic States. The larva 
 depicted on the plate is brown. In every brood there are many 
 specimens of the larvae which are green, and some are even yel- 
 lowish. The moth has in the vicinity of Pittsburgh latterly shown 
 a fondness for ovipositing upon imported rhododendrons, and the 
 caterpillars have proved troublesome. 
 
 Genus NACOPHORA Hulst 
 (i) Nacophora quernaria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLIV, Fig. 
 
 14,?- 
 
 The species is not as common as the last, but is not rare. It 
 has the same habitat, being a native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus APOCHEIMA Hubner 
 
 The genus is found in the boreal regions of both hemispheres. 
 Only one species occurs in our fauna. 
 
 (i) Apocheima rachelae Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 12, $. 
 (Rachel's Moth.) 
 
 The moth is found in Montana, Assiniboia, and northward to 
 Alaska. 
 
 Genus CONIODES Hulst 
 
 (i) Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst. (The Walnut Span- 
 worm.) 
 
 In recent years the groves of English walnuts in southern Cal- 
 ifornia have been found to be liable to the attack of a span-worm, 
 which previously had been unknown or unobserved. The trees 
 had up to that time been regarded as singularly immune from the 
 depredations of insect pests, and considerable alarm and appre- 
 hension were felt when it was found that a small caterpillar had 
 begun to ravage them. The insect feeds also upon the leaves of 
 various rosaceous plants, and upon the oak. The taste for the 
 foliage of the English walnut has evidently been recently acquired. 
 
 An excellent article upon these insects was published in 1897 
 
 345
 
 Geometridae 
 
 by D. W. Coquillet in the " Bulletins of the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture," New Series, No. 7, p. 64. From this 
 
 FIG. 205. C. phimigeraria. a, male; b, female, magnified. (After 
 Coquillet, " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New Series, No. 7, p. 66.) 
 
 article we have taken the accompanying cuts, and from it we 
 draw some of the facts herein set forth. In describing the insect 
 Mr. Coquillet says: "The color of the caterpillar is a light pinkish 
 gray, varied with a darker gray or purplish, or sometimes with 
 
 black and yellow, but never 
 marked with distinct lines; 
 the piliferous spots are black 
 or dark brown, and the spir- 
 acles are orange yellow, ringed 
 with black, and usually situ- 
 ated on a yellow spot. The 
 worms become full grown in 
 the latter part of April or dur- 
 ing the month of May; they 
 
 nf^.- fK P p-irth to n 
 
 nt 
 
 of from tWO tO four 
 
 p itlcheS and f rm Sma11 CelIS ' 
 
 but do not spin cocoons. 
 
 The change to the chrysalis takes place shortly after the cells are 
 completed, and the chrysalis remains unchanged throughout the 
 entire summer and until early in the following year, when they 
 are changed into moths, which emerge from the ground from the 
 first week in January to the last week in March. The male moth 
 
 346 
 
 FIG. 206. C. plumigeraria. a, larva, 
 magnified; b, segment viewed laterally; c t 
 do. viewed dorsally. (After Coquillet, depth
 
 Geometric! ae 
 
 is winged, but the female is wingless and is so very different in 
 appearance from the male that no one not familiar with the facts 
 in the case would ever suspect both belong to the same species." 
 The best means of combating these pests has been found to 
 be to spray the trees, when the caterpillars are just hatching, with 
 a solution of Paris green and water, one pound of the poison to 
 two hundred gallons of water. 
 
 Genus PHIGALIA Duponchel 
 (i) Phigalia titea Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 16, $ . 
 
 Syn. titearia Guenee; revocata Walker; strigataria Minot. 
 
 The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is 
 very common in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus ERANNIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Erannis tiliaria Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 17,6. (The 
 Linden Moth.) 
 
 The species ranges from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 Genus CINGILIA Walker 
 
 (i) Cingilia catenaria Drury, Plate XLIV, Fig. 21,6. (The 
 Chain-streak Moth.) 
 
 Syn. humeralis Walker. 
 
 The range of this species is much the same as that of the one 
 which has just been mentioned above. 
 
 Genus SICYA Guenee 
 
 (i) Sicya macularia Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23, 
 ? , var. 
 
 This species has an extensive synonymy, the insects being 
 variable in the amount of red which they show on the yellow 
 ground-color of the wings. The student who wishes to go into 
 these matters may consult Dyar's List. The insect is very gen- 
 erally distributed throughout our territory. 
 
 Genus THERINA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, Plate XLIV. 
 Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 347
 
 Geometriflae 
 
 A native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Therina athasiaria Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 27, $ . 
 
 Syn. siccaria Walker; seminudata Walker; seminudaria Packard; bibularia 
 Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The habitat of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 
 (3) Therina fiscellaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 25, 3 . 
 
 Syn. flagitaria Guene'e ; panisaria Walker ; aqualiaria Walker. 
 
 The insect ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado. 
 
 (4) Therina fervidaria Hiibner, Plate XLIV, Fig, 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. pultaria Guenee ; sciata Walker ; invexata Walker. 
 
 The moth is quite common in the Atlantic States, 
 
 Genus METROCAMPA Latreille 
 
 (i) Metrocampa praegrandaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 
 30, $. 
 
 Syn. perlata Guenee ; perlaria Packard ; viridoperlata Packard. 
 
 The home of the species is the northern part of the United 
 States and southern Canada. 
 
 Genus EUGONOBAPTA Warren 
 
 (i) Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 31, & . 
 (The Snowy Geometer.) 
 
 Syn. nivosata Packard. 
 
 This is a very common species in the Appalachian subregion. 
 It is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus ENNOMOS Treitschke 
 
 The genus is found in both Europe and America. Three spe- 
 cies are attributed to our fauna, two of which we figure. 
 
 (1) Ennomos subsignarius Hubner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 35, &. 
 
 Syn. niveosericeata Jones. 
 
 The moth ranges from the Atlantic westward as far as 
 Colorado. 
 
 (2) Ennomos magnarius Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 34, o . 
 (The Notch-wing.) 
 
 Syn. alniaria Packard (non Linnaeus) ; antumnaria Mreschler (tion Werne- 
 burg) ; lutaria Walker. 
 
 This is one of the larger and more conspicuous species of the 
 family. It is rather a common insect in the northern United States, 
 
 348
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Alcis baltearia Hulst, ft, Type. 21. Cingilia catenaria Drury, c?. 
 
 2. Caripeta angustiorata Walker, 22. Sicya macularia Harris, c?. 
 
 9 23. Sicya macularia Harris, var., 
 
 3. Macaria glomeraria Grote, 9 . 9 
 
 4. Cleora pampinaria Guenee, c?. 24. Therina fervidaria Hiibner, $. 
 
 5. Alcis metanemaria Hulst, <j\ 25. Therina fiscellaria Guenee, c?. 
 
 Type. 26. Therina endropiaria Grote & 
 
 6. Euchceca lucata Guenee, (J 1 . Robinson, tf . 
 
 7. Melanolophia canadaria 2 7 . Therina athasiaria Walker, tf . 
 
 Guen6e, <5*. 28. Epimecis virginaria Cramer, 
 
 8. Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, 9, d 1 . 
 
 Type. 29. Epimecis virginaria Cramer, 
 
 9. Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & 9 
 
 Schiffermuller, c? . 30. Metro cam pa pragrandaria 
 
 10. Par aphia subatomaria Wood, Guenee, (?. 
 
 d 1 . 31. Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee, 
 
 11. Par aphia unipuncta Havvorth, d 1 - 
 
 9 . 32. Plagodis emargataria Guenee, 
 
 12. Apocheima rachelae Hulst, d- 9 
 
 13. Lycia cognataria Guenee, tf . 33. Plagodis serinaria Herrich- 
 
 14. Nacophora quernaria Abbot & Schasffer, <^. 
 
 Smith, 9 34- Ennomos magnarius Guenee, 
 
 15. Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, <?. 
 
 9 35- Ennomos subsignarius Hiibner, 
 
 1 6. Phigalia titea Cramer, tf . $ . 
 
 17. Erannis tiliaria Harris, <?. .36. Plagodis keutzingi Grote, c?. 
 
 18. Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, 37. Ania limbata Haworth, 9 
 
 9 , Type. 38. Hyperitis amicaria Herrich- 
 
 19. Euchceca albovittata Guenee, Schasffer, (J 1 . 
 
 (J 1 . 39. Xanthotype crocataria 
 
 20. Euchceca californiata Packard, Fabricius, tf. 
 
 J*. 40. Xanthotype ccelaria Hulst, c?.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 - - 
 
 f * \ A 
 
 UGHTEO BY W. 0. HOU.AN3
 
 Geometridae 
 
 and appears on the wing most abundantly in the late summer and 
 early fall. 
 
 Genus XANTHOTYPE Warren 
 
 (i) Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius, Plate XLIV, Fig. 39, 
 $ . (The Crocus Geometer.) 
 
 Syn. citrina Hiihner. 
 
 Form cselaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 40, $ . 
 
 Quite a common species in the Appalachian subregion. The 
 insect shows great variability in the amount of the dark spots 
 and cloudings upon the upper side of the wings. 
 
 Genus PLAGODIS Hiibner 
 
 (1) Plagodis serinaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 
 
 33> * 
 
 Syn. subprivata Walker ; floscularia Grote. 
 
 A common species of the Appalachian subregion, particularly 
 abundant among the Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 (2) Plagodis keutzingi Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 36, $ . 
 
 Syn. keutzingaria Packard. 
 
 The habitat of this species is identical with that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 (3) Plagodis emargataria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 32, ? . 
 
 Syn. arrogaria Hulst. 
 
 The range of the moth is throughout the northern portions of 
 the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 Genus HYPERITIS Guene"e 
 
 (i) Hyperitis amicaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 
 38,5. 
 
 Syn. nyssaria Guene"e; exsimaria Guene"e; insinuaria Guene"e; laticincta 
 Walker ; subsimtaria Guene"e ; neoninaria Walker ; neonaria Packard ; (?sionaria 
 Walker. 
 
 A very variable species, which has a wide distribution 
 throughout the eastern portions of our territory. 
 
 Genus ANIA Stephens 
 (i) Ania limbata Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 37, ?. 
 
 Syn. vestitar'u* Herrich-Schseffer ; resistaria Herrich-Schaeffer ; filimentaria 
 Guenee. 
 
 By no means rare in the eastern portions of our territory. 
 349
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus GONODONTIS Hubner 
 
 (1) Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV, 
 Fig. 1,6. 
 
 Syn. refractaria Guenee ; mestusata Walker. 
 
 The insect ranges from the Atlantic coast to the central por- 
 tions of the Rocky Mountains. It is very variable in color and 
 in the distribution of the spots and markings. 
 
 (2) Gonodontis duaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 2, ? . 
 
 Syn. hamaria Guenee ; agreasaria Walker; adustaria Walker. 
 
 The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the 
 preceding. 
 
 (3) Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 14, $ . 
 The moth is found in the Atlantic States. It is common in 
 
 western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus EUCHLAENA Hubner 
 
 (1) Euchlaena serrata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 4,$. (The 
 Saw-wing.) 
 
 Syn. serrataria Packard ; concisaria Walker. 
 
 This rather large and showy species is not at all uncommon 
 in the eastern portions of the region with which this book deals. 
 
 (2) Euchlaena obtusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, $ . 
 
 Syn. propriaria Walker ; decisaria Walker. 
 
 Like the preceding species, a native of the eastern half of the 
 continent. 
 
 (3) Euchlaena effectaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 24, $ . 
 
 Syn. muzaria Walker. 
 
 A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (4) Euchlaena amcenaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 7, $ . 
 
 Syn. deplanaria Walker ; arefactaria Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the preceding 
 species. 
 
 (5) Euchlaena astylusaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 8, $ . 
 
 ' Syn. madusaria Walker ; oponearia Walker ; vinosaria Grote & Robinson. 
 
 A native of the Atlantic States. 
 
 (6) Euchlaena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLV 
 
 Fig. 25, $ . 
 
 Syn. deductaria Walker. 
 
 Found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
 
 Geometric! ae 
 
 Genus EPIPLATYMETRA Grote 
 
 (i) Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, Plate 
 XLV, Fig. 15, 3. 
 
 The insect is common in Wyoming and Colorado. 
 
 Genus PHERNE Hulst 
 
 (1) Pherne parallelia Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 9, ?. 
 
 Syn. paralleliaria Packard. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Pacific subregion. 
 
 (2) Pherne jubararia Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 20, ?. 
 
 The insect occurs in the State of Washington. The specimen 
 depicted in the plate is the type of the species originally described 
 by Hulst. 
 
 (3) Pherne placearia Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 21,6. 
 
 Syn. mellitularia Hulst. 
 
 The habitat of the species is California. 
 
 Genus METANEMA Guen<5e 
 
 (1) Metanema inatomaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 13, $. 
 A widely distributed species, found throughout the entire 
 
 territory. 
 
 (2) Metanema determinata Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 12, ?. 
 
 Syn. carnaria Packard. 
 
 The moth occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 (3) Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 28, ? . 
 
 Syn. celiaria Walker ; trilinearia Packard. 
 
 The insect has a wide range in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus PRIOCYCLA Guende 
 
 (i) Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV, Fig. 
 6,3. 
 
 Very commonly found in the eastern portions of our territory. 
 
 Genus STENASPILATES Packard 
 
 (i) Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 5, ? . 
 The moth occurs in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, and is 
 common in Florida. 
 
 351
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus AZELINA Guene"e 
 (i) Azelina ancetaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 23, $. 
 
 Syn. hubneraria Guenee ; hubnerata Packard ; honestaria Walker ; peplaria 
 Hubner; stygiaria Walker; atrocolorata Hulst; morrisonata Henry Edwards. 
 
 A very common and a very variable species, which is widely 
 distributed throughout the entire continent, except in the colder 
 portions. 
 
 Genus SYSSAURA Hubner 
 
 (i) Syssaura infensata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 10, ?, var. 
 biclaria Walker. 
 
 Syn. ephyrata Guenee ; olyzonaria Walker ; cequosus Grote & Robinson ; ses- 
 quilinea Grote ; Ktnearia Walker; puber Grate & Robinson; varus Grote & Robin- 
 son ; juniperaria Packard. 
 
 This species, which has a very extensive range in the southern 
 Atlantic and Gulf States, has been frequently redescribed, as a 
 reference to the above synonymy will show. 
 
 Genus CABERODES Guene"e 
 
 (1) Caberodes confusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 29, $. 
 
 Syn. remissaria Guenee; imbraria Guenee; superaria Guene"e; ineffusaria 
 Guenee ; floridaria Guenee ; phasianaria Guenee ; interlinearia Guenee ; varadaria 
 Walker ; arburaria Walker ; amyrisaria Walker ; myandaria Walker, etc. 
 
 This is a very common moth, universally found throughout the 
 temperate portions of the territory with which this book deals. 
 It is somewhat variable, but there is hardly any excuse for the 
 application to it of the multitude of names which have been 
 given. The student is likely to recognize it in any of its slightly 
 varying forms from the figure we have supplied in our plate. 
 
 (2) Caberodes majoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 31, ?. 
 
 Syn. pandaria Walker. 
 
 This is a larger species than the preceding, with more delicate 
 wings. It ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Genus OXYDIA Guene"e 
 
 (^i) Oxydia vesulia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. n, &. 
 
 This moth has a very lengthy synonymy, which we will not 
 attempt to give. It. is one of the larger species found within our 
 territory, and ranges from Florida and Texas southward to the 
 Valley of the Rio de la Plata in South America. 
 
 352
 
 Geometridae 
 
 Genus TETRACIS Guen<e 
 (i) Tetracis crocallata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 16, $. 
 
 Syn. allediusaria Walker ; aspilata Guenee. 
 
 This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion. 
 
 Genus SABULODES Guenee 
 
 (1) Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 18, ?. 
 
 Syn. imitata Henry Edwards. 
 
 A native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 17, $. 
 
 Syn. depontanata Grote. 
 
 The moth has the same habitat as the preceding species. 
 
 (3) Sabulodes lorata Grote, Plate XLV, Fig. 19, $ . 
 Common in the eastern portions of our territory. 
 
 (4) Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 26, ? . 
 The insect ranges from Colorado to California. 
 
 (5) Sabulodes transversata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 34, ? . 
 
 Syn. transmutans Walker; contingens-'WaSkeT} Iran sfindens Walker ; goniata 
 Guen6e ; transvertens Walker ; transposita Walker ; incumata Guenee. 
 
 This is one of the commonest species which are found in the 
 Atlantic subregion. It is very abundant in Pennsylvania in the 
 late summer and early autumn. There is also a brood which 
 appears in the early summer. 
 
 (6) Sabulodes politia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 30, $ . 
 
 The moth, which is found in Florida, and southward through 
 the warmer portions of America, has a very extensive synonymy, 
 which will be found in Dyar's List. 
 
 Genus ABBOTANA Hulst 
 
 (i) Abbotana clemataria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLV, Fig. 
 
 32, ? , Fig. 33, 6 , var. 
 
 Syn. transferens Walker ; transducens Walker. 
 
 A somewhat variable species, which is widely distributed 
 through the Appalachian subregion. It is not uncommon in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 " Moths, which the night-air of reality blows to pieces." 
 
 CLIVE HOLLAND. My Japanese Wife. 
 
 353
 
 Geometridae 
 
 SUBFAMILY MECOCERATIN/E 
 Genus MECOCERAS Guene"e 
 (i) Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 22, $. 
 
 Syn. nitocraria Hiibner ; peninsularia Grote. 
 
 The habitat of the species is Florida. 
 
 Genus ALMODES Guene~e 
 (i) Almodes terraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 27, $ . 
 
 Syn. stelliJaria Guenee; squamigera Felder ; balteolata Herrich-Schaeffer ; 
 assecoma Druce; calvina Druce; rlvularia Grote. 
 
 This is a tropical species, the sole representative of its genus 
 found within our borders. It ranges from Florida southward 
 into Central and South America. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PALYADIN^E 
 
 Genus PALYAS Guen6e 
 
 (i) Palyas auriferaria Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 36, $. 
 The specimen figured in the plate is the type which was 
 loaned by the writer to the author of the species. 
 
 Genus PHRYGIONIS Hiibner 
 (i) Phryigonis argenteostriata Strecker, Plate XLV, Fig. 
 
 35,?- 
 
 Syn. cerussata Grote ; obrussata Grote. 
 
 This moth, like the preceding species, is a native of Florida. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SPHACELODIN/E 
 Genus SPHACELODES Guen<e 
 (i) Sphacelodes vulneraria Hubner, Plate XLII, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 Syn. floridensis Holland. 
 
 . The moth is found from the southern portions of North Caro- 
 lina along the Atlantic coast to Florida, and ranges southward 
 into South America. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MELANCHROIIN^E 
 
 Genus MELANCHROIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Melanchroia cephise Cramer, Plate XLII, Fig. 19, $ . 
 
 354
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV 
 
 (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J 
 Holland.) 
 
 1. Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schasffer, J 1 . 
 
 2. Gcnodontis duaria Guenee, 9 . 
 
 3. Euchlcena obtusaria Hiibner, tf . 
 
 4. Euchlcena serrata Drury, tf . 
 
 5. Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, 9 
 
 6. Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, tf. 
 
 7. Euchlcena amcenaria Guenee, <J*. 
 
 8. Euchlcena astylusaria Walker, (J 1 . 
 
 9. Pherne parallelia Packard, 9 
 
 10. Syssaura infensata Guenee, var. biclaria Walker, 9 
 
 11. Oxydla vesulia Cramer, (5 1 . 
 
 12. Metanema determinata Walker, 9 
 
 13. Metanema inatomaria Guenee, J 1 . 
 
 14. Gonodontis obfirmaria Hiibner, cJ 1 . 
 
 15. Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, & . 
 
 1 6. Tetrads crocallata Guen6e, cT- 
 
 17. Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, tf . 
 
 1 8. Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, 9- 
 
 19. Sabulodes lorata Grote, c?. 
 
 20. Pherne jubararia Hulst, 9 , Type. 
 
 21. Pherne placearia Guenee, <J*. 
 
 22. Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, tf. 
 
 23. Azelina ancetaria Hiibner, (J*. 
 
 24. Euchlcena effectaria Walker, c?. 
 
 25. Euchlxna pectinaria Denis & Schiffermtiller, <?. 
 
 26. Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, 9 
 
 27. Altnodes terraria Guen6e, tf . 
 
 28. Metanema quercivoraria Guen6e, 9 
 
 29. Caberodes confusaria Hiibner, J*. 
 
 30. Sabulodes politia Cramer, tf . 
 
 31. Caberodes major aria Guenee, 9 
 
 32. Abbotana clemitaria Abbot & Smith, 9 . 
 
 33. Abbotana clemitaria Abbot & Smith, cj\ var. 
 
 34. Sabulodes transversata Drury, 9 
 
 35. Phrygionis argenteostriata Strecker, 9 
 
 36. Palyas auriferaria Hulst, <?, Type.
 
 Qeometridae 
 
 Found throughout the region ot tne Gulf southward to South 
 America. 
 
 (2) Melanchroia geometroides Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 
 1 8, 3; 
 
 Syn. man Lucas. 
 
 The moth occurs in Florida and southern Texas, and ranges 
 thence southward into Brazil. 
 
 SUBFAMILY BREPHIN/E 
 Genus BREPHOS Ochsenheimer 
 
 (i) Brephos infans Moeschler, Plate XLII, Fig. 16, ?. (The 
 Infant.) 
 
 This is a boreal insect which occurs upon the White Moun- 
 tains in New Hampshire, in northern Maine, and ranges thence 
 northwardly to Labrador. 
 
 LIVING AND DYING 
 
 " Then let me joy to be 
 
 Alive with bird and tree, 
 And have no haughtier aim than this, 
 To be a partner in their bliss. 
 
 So shall my soul at peace 
 
 From anxious carping cease, 
 Fed slowly like a wholesome bud 
 With sap of healthy thoughts and good 
 
 That when at last I die 
 
 No praise may earth deny, 
 But with her living forms combine 
 To chant a threnody divine." 
 
 EDMUND GOSSE. The Farm. 
 
 355
 
 FAMILY EPIPLEM1D/E 
 
 " And I will purge thy mortal grossness so, 
 That thou shall like an airy spirit go. 
 Peaseblossom! Cobweb! Moth! and' Mustardseed!" 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. Midsummer Nighfs Dream, III, i. 
 
 This is a family of small moths in many respects closely allied 
 to the Geometridce, so far as the structure and general appearance 
 of the mature insects are concerned. The larvae are, however, 
 quite different. The family has been described as follows by 
 Hampson, "The Moths of India," Vol. Ill, p. 121: 
 
 " Proboscis and frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a 
 separate from \b; \c absent; 5 from or from above the middle of 
 the discocellulars; 7 widely separated from 8, and usually stalked 
 with 6. Hind wing with two internal veins; vein 5 from or from 
 above the middle of the discocellulars; 8 free from the base. 
 
 Larvce with five pairs of prolegs and sparsely clothed with 
 hair." 
 
 The family is much better represented in the tropics of the 
 New World than in our territory, and even better represented in 
 the tropics of the Old World than of the New. Only four genera 
 are known to occur within the United States, Philagraula, Cal- 
 li^ia, Calledapteryx, and Schidax. Of these we have selected one 
 for purposes of illustration. 
 
 Genus CALLEDAPTERYX Grote 
 (i) Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 17, $> . 
 
 Syn. erosiata Packard. 
 
 This little moth, which may easily be distinguished by its 
 deeply eroded or scalloped wings, is not uncommon in the Appa- 
 lachian subregion. It has the habit of alighting upon old rails 
 and the trunks of trees, and, before composing itself on its new 
 station, of waving its wings three or four times upward and 
 downward. This peculiar habit enables the collector to quickly 
 recognize it. 
 
 356
 
 FAMILY NOLID/E 
 
 " I would bee unwilling to write anything untrue, or uncertaine out of mine 
 owne invention ; and truth on every part is so deare unto mee, that I will not lie to 
 bring any man in love and admiration with God and his works, for God needeth 
 not the lies of men." TOPSELL, writing upon the Unicorn in The Historic of Four- 
 footed Beasts. 
 
 This is a small family of quite small moths, which have by 
 many authors been associated with the Lithosiidce. They are 
 characterized by the presence of ridges and tufts of raised scales 
 upon the fore wings. They frequent the trunks of trees, and the 
 larvae feed upon lichens growing upon the bark. The caterpillars 
 have eight pairs of legs and are thinly clad with minute hairs. 
 Four genera occur within the limits with which this book deals. 
 
 Genus CELAMA Walker 
 
 Seven species occurring within our territory are attributed to 
 this genus. 
 
 (1) Celama triquetrana Fitch, Plate XIII, Fig. 25, $ . 
 
 Syn. trinotata Walker ; sexmaculata Grote. 
 
 The moths may be found in the early spring of the year, sitting 
 upon the trunks of trees in the forest. They are easily recognized 
 by the three black tufts of raised scales upon the costa of the fore 
 wing. 
 
 (2) Celama pustulata Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 Syn. nigrofasciata Zeller ; obaurata Morrison. 
 
 This species, like the preceding, is common in the Appalachian 
 subregion. It may be at once distinguished from the former by 
 the wide black band running across the middle of the primaries. 
 
 Genus NOLA Leach 
 
 There are three species of the genus found within our fauna. 
 We select the commonest for purposes of illustration, 
 (i) Nola ovilla Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 24, 3 . 
 
 357
 
 Nolidae 
 
 The habits of this insect are much like those of the species de- 
 scribed under the preceding genus. It is found associated with 
 them at the same time and in the same localities. The moth has 
 a considerable range in the Atlantic States, and is always very 
 abundant in the forests of Pennsylvania in the early spring. It 
 seems to prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks. 
 
 Genus RCESELIA Hiibner 
 (i) Roeselia fuscula Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 27, ?. 
 
 Syn. conspicua Dyar. 
 
 This moth is a native of Colorado, where it is not uncommon. 
 An allied species, Roeselia minuscula Zeller, is found in the At- 
 lantic States. 
 
 Genus NIGETIA Walker 
 
 (i) Nigetia formosalis Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 32, $. 
 
 Syn. melanopa Zeller. 
 
 This rather pretty little creature is common in the woodlands 
 
 of the Appalachian subregion. 
 It is freely attracted to sugar, 
 and when sugaring for moths 
 in southern Indiana I have 
 taken it very frequently. In 
 fact, it appears to be commoner 
 
 FIG. 207. N. formosalis, $ . f . in southern Indiana than in 
 
 (After Hampson.) any Qther j oca jj ty where ] 
 
 have found it, though it is by no means rare in Pennsylvania. 
 
 ' ... all you restless things, 
 That dance and tourney in the fields of air : 
 
 Your secret 's out ! I know you for the souls 
 Of all light loves that ever caused heartache, 
 Still dancing suit as some new beauty toles! 
 Nor can you e'er your flitting ways forsake, 
 Till the just winds strip off your painted stoles, 
 And sere leaves follow in your downward wake." 
 
 EDITH M. THOMAS. 
 
 358
 
 FAMILY LACOSOMID^E 
 
 " Everything lives by a law; a central balance sustains all." 
 
 C. L. VON KUEBEL. 
 
 This is a small family of moths peculiar to the Western Hemi- 
 sphere. While the perfect insects show structural resemblances 
 to the Platypterygidce, the caterpillars, which have the habit of 
 constructing for themselves portable cases out of leaves, which 
 they drag about with them, resemble in some respects the 
 Psychidce. The young larva of Cicinnus melsbeimeri, imme- 
 diately after hatching, draws together two small leaves with 
 strands of silk, and makes between them its hiding-place. 
 Afterward, when more mature, it detaches two pieces of leaves 
 and makes out of them a case which it carries about with it, and 
 which it can desert at will. When at rest it ties the case to a 
 station selected with a few strands of silk, which it bites off 
 when it desires again to start on a journey among the branches. 
 The larva of Lacosoma makes a case by doubling a leaf at the 
 midrib, cutting it off at the petiole, and taking it with it as a 
 portable house. There are only two genera of this family in our 
 fauna. It is more abundantly represented in the tropics of South 
 America. 
 
 Genus CICINNUS Blanchard 
 
 (i) Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 17, ?. 
 (Melsheimer's Sack-bearer.) 
 
 Syn. egenaria Walker. 
 
 The species occurs in the eastern portions of our territory. 
 It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus LACOSOMA Grote 
 
 (i) Lacosoma chiridota Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 21, <$ . 
 (The Scalloped Sack-bearer.) 
 
 The distribution of this species is the same as that of the 
 foregoing. It occurs quite frequently in western Pennsylvania. 
 Specimens from Florida in the possession of the author are 
 smaller and much darker in color. 
 
 359
 
 FAMILY PSYCHID^E 
 
 " The habits of insects are very mines of interesting knowledge, and it is im- 
 possible carefully to watch the proceedings of any insect, however insignificant, 
 without feeling that no writer of fiction ever invented a drama of such absorbing 
 interest as is acted daily before our eyes, though to indifferent spectators." 
 
 J. G. WOOD. 
 
 A family of small or medium-sized moths, the larvae of which 
 feed in a case composed of silk covered with bits of leaves, grass, 
 twigs, or other vegetable matter, which are often arranged in a 
 very curious manner. From this fact has arisen the custom of 
 calling the caterpillars " basket-worms." In certain species found 
 in Asia and Africa, these "baskets," or "cases," are spiral in 
 form, and so closely resemble the shells of snails that they were, 
 in fact, originally sent to the British Museum as shells by the first 
 person who collected them. The pupa is formed within the 
 larva-case. The males are winged, but the females are without 
 wings. The female in almost all of the genera is possessed of a 
 very lowly organization, being maggot-like, and in truth being 
 little more than an ovary. She is known to deposit her eggs in 
 the larval skin which lines the sack in which she was developed. 
 Copulation takes place through the insertion of the abdomen of 
 the winged male into the sack where the female is concealed. 
 Parthenogenesis is ascertained to occur in one at least of the 
 genera. The moths are obscurely colored. The wings of the 
 males have numerous scales upon them, but they are in many 
 species so loosely attached that they are lost in the first few 
 moments of flight. In consequence the male insects appear to 
 have diaphanous wings. 
 
 Eight genera, including the genus Solenobia, which has by 
 most authors heretofore been reckoned among the Timidce, are 
 attributed by Dyar to this family as occurring within our territory. 
 Much remains to be learned both as to the structure and the life- 
 history of these interesting, but obscure, moths. 
 
 360
 
 Psychidae 
 
 FIG. 208. 
 Oiketicus abboti, 
 
 Genus OIKETICUS Guilding 
 
 The genus is found in the hotter parts of Amer- 
 ica, the typical species having originally been 
 found in Central America. It is also represented 
 in southern Asia and in Australia. Three species 
 occur in the United States one in southern Cali- 
 fornia, another in New Mexico, and a third in 
 Florida. The latter species was named abboti by 
 Grote, and the male is delineated in Fig. 208. 
 The wings are pale smoky brown, with darker 
 maculation at the end of the cell and just beyond in the primaries. 
 
 Genus THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens 
 (i) Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Ha worth, Plate XLI> 
 Fig. 12, $. 
 
 Syn. coniferarum Packard. 
 
 The common "Bag-worm," as it is usually called, occurs 
 throughout the Appalachian subregion, from the Atlantic to the 
 
 c f 
 
 FIG. 209. Thyridopteryx ephemer&formis. (Bag-worm.) 
 <r, larva ; b, male pupa ; c, female pupa ; </, male moth ; e, 
 female chrysalis in cocoon, showing eggs in situ ; f, full-grown 
 larva ; g, young larvae with small cones of silk over them. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 borders of the Great Plains. It is a very promiscuous feeder, 
 attacking trees and shrubs of many genera, but, so far as is 
 
 361
 
 Psychidse 
 
 known, abstaining from the Graminece. It evinces special fond- 
 ness for the conifers, and above all for the red cedar and arbor- 
 vitae. It has proved very injurious to shade-trees in some of our 
 cities, and its ravages in St. Louis and Washington have been 
 made the subject of repeated comment in the literature of eco- 
 nomic entomology. A very full and interesting account of the 
 habits of this peculiar insect was published by the late Professo. 
 C. V. Riley in the "First Annual Report of the State Entomologist 
 of Missouri, " to which the reader will do well to refer. The ' ' bag, " 
 or "basket," of the male insect is smaller than that of the female. 
 The males escape from the lower end of the case in the winged 
 form, and having copulated with the females, which remain in 
 their cases and are apterous and sluggish, die. The female de- 
 posits her eggs, which are soft and yellow, in the sack where she 
 has her home, and ends her existence by leaving what little of her 
 body remains after the ova have been extruded, as a sort of loose 
 plug of desiccated tissue at the lower end of the sack. The eggs 
 remain in the case till the following spring, when they hatch. 
 The young larvse emerge, and placing themselves upon the 
 leaves, where they walk about on their fore feet, with their anal 
 extremities held up perpendicularly, proceed to construct about 
 themselves little cones of vegetable matter mixed with fine silk. 
 After a while they cease to hold these cones erect, and seizing 
 the leaves and branches with their feet, allow the bag to assume 
 a pendant position. They moult within their cases four times 
 before reaching maturity and pupating. 
 
 The remedy for these insects is to simply collect the cases 
 which may be found in the fall and winter hanging from the 
 branches, and burn them. In one of the parks in St. Louis sev- 
 eral years ago, the superintendent caused the cases to be col- 
 lected, and they were destroyed by the bushel, with great benefit 
 to the trees the next summer. 
 
 Genus EURYCYTTARUS Hampson 
 
 This is a small genus of very small case-bearing moths, twc 
 species of which are known to occur in the United States. E. 
 carbonaria is found in Texas. The other species, which we figure, 
 is a native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 362
 
 Psychidae 
 
 (i) Eurycyttarus confederata Grote & Robinson, Plate I, 
 Fig. 16, larval case; Plate XLI, Fig. 8, <5 . 
 
 The insects feed upon grasses and herbaceous plants in the 
 larval state. When ready to pupate they attach their cases to 
 the under side of rails, the stringers of fences, and fallen branches 
 of trees. The insect is very common in western Pennsylvania 
 and in the city of Pittsburgh. 
 
 FAR OUT AT SEA 
 
 " Far out at sea the sun was high, 
 
 While veered the wind and flapped the sail ; 
 We saw a snow-white butterfly 
 Dancing before the fitful gale 
 Far out at sea. 
 
 The little wanderer, who had lost 
 
 His way, of danger nothing knew; 
 Settled a while upon the mast ; 
 
 Then fluttered o'er the waters blue 
 Far out at sea. 
 
 Above, there gleamed the boundless sky; 
 
 Beneath, the boundless ocean sheen ; 
 Between them danced the butterfly, 
 
 The spirit-life of this vast scene, 
 Far out at sea. 
 
 The tiny soul that soared away, 
 
 Seeking the clouds on fragile wings, 
 Lured by the brighter, purer ray 
 
 Which hope's ecstatic morning brings 
 Far out at sea. 
 
 Away he sped, with shimmering glee, 
 
 Scarce seen, now lost, yet onward borne! 
 Night comes with wind and rain, and he 
 
 No more will dance before the morn, 
 Far out at sea. 
 
 He dies, unlike his mates, I ween 
 
 Perhaps not sooner or worse crossed ; 
 And he hath felt and known and seen 
 A larger life and hope, though lost 
 Far out at sea." 
 
 R. H. HORNE. Genius. 
 
 363
 
 FAMILY COCHLIDIID/E 
 
 "The rearing of larvae . . . when joined with the entomological collection, 
 adds immense interest to Saturday afternoon rambles, and forms an admirable 
 introduction to the study of physiology." 
 
 HERBERT SPENCER, in Education. 
 
 This family, which has generally been known as the Limaco- 
 didce, is described as follows by Hampson, "The Moths of 
 India," Vol. I, p. 371 : 
 
 "Fore wing with two internal veins; vein \b forked at the 
 base. Hind wing with vein 8 arising free, then bent down and 
 usually anastomosing shortly with 7 near the base of the cells; 
 three internal veins. 
 
 Larva limaciform, and either bearing series of spinous sting- 
 ing tubercles, or smooth and segmented, or unsegmented with 
 very thick transparent cuticle; the head, legs, and claspers small 
 and often retractile. 
 
 Cocoon hard and compact; round or oval in shape, with a 
 lid for the escape of the imago prepared by the larva." 
 
 These curious insects, the larvae of which are commonly 
 known as "slug-caterpillars," are better represented in the tropics 
 of both hemispheres than in the more temperate regions. Never- 
 theless our fauna contains quite a large number of genera and 
 species. Of the majority of these we give illustrations. 
 
 Genus SIBINE Herrich-Schaeffer 
 
 (i) Sibine stimulea Clemens, Plate I, Fig. 6, larva; Plate 
 XLVII, Fig. 9, $ . (The Saddle-back.) 
 
 Syn. ephippiatus Harris. 
 
 The green caterpillars with their little brown saddle on the 
 back are familiar to every Southern boy who has wandered in the 
 corn-fields, and many a lad can recall the first time he came in 
 contact with the stinging bristles as he happened to brush against 
 the beastie. Nettles are not to be compared in stinging power to 
 the armament of this beautifully colored larva. 
 
 364
 
 Cochlidiidae 
 
 Genus EUCLEA Hiibner 
 (j) Euclea nanina Dyar, Plate XLVII, Fig. 25, 6. 
 
 Syn. nana Dyar (non Herrich-Schaeffer). 
 
 The moth is a native of Florida. The writer took it in some 
 numbers, in the spring of the year 1884, on the upper waters of 
 the St. Johns. 
 
 (2) Euclea delphkiii Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 24, ?. 
 (The Spiny Oak-slug.) 
 
 Syn. strigala Boisduval; qnercicola Herrich-Schseffer; tardigrada Clemens; 
 ferruginea Packard ; argentatus Wetherby. 
 
 Form viridiclava Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 23, <5 . 
 
 Syn. monitor Packard. 
 
 Form paenulata Clemens, Plate XLVII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 This is a very variable species. It occurs in the eastern portion 
 of our territory, and is not at all uncommon. 
 
 (3) Euclea indetermina Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 10, 6 . 
 
 Syn. vernata Packard. 
 
 The species is found in the States of the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 (4) Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVH, Figs. 15 
 
 and 29, ? , Fig. 26, $ . 
 
 Syn. viridis Reakirt ; fraterna Grote. 
 
 The insect has the same range as the species last mentioned. 
 
 Genus MONOLEUCA Grote & Robinson 
 
 The insects belonging to this genus are subtropical so far as 
 they are known to occur in the United States. The genus is well 
 represented in Central and South America. 
 
 (i) Monoleuca semifascia Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 22, $ . 
 
 The moth is found in the Gulf States. 
 
 Genus ADONETA Clemens 
 
 (1) Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig- 3, <$ 
 
 Syn. valuta Clemens ; ferrigera Walker ; nebulosus Wetherby. 
 
 This is a common species in western Pennsylvania, and is 
 widely distributed through the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Adoneta pygmaea Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, Fig 
 19, 3. (The Pygmy Slug.) 
 
 The moth has thus far been found only in Texas. 
 365
 
 Cochlidiidae 
 
 Genus SISYROSEA Grote 
 
 (i) Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 
 14. 9- 
 
 Syn. inornata Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The insect occurs in the eastern portion of our territory. It is 
 not rare about Pittsburgh. 
 
 Genus NATADA Walker 
 
 (i) Natada nasoni Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 13, $ . (Nason's 
 Slug.) 
 
 Syn. daona Druce ; rude Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth ranges from the southern portions of the Atlantic 
 coast westward and southward to Texas and Mexico. 
 
 Genus PHOBETRON Hubner 
 
 (i) Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig. 14, 
 larva; Plate XLVII, Fig. 6, 6 , Fig. 7, ? . (The Monkey Slug.) 
 
 Syn. abbotana Hubner; nigricans Packard; hyalinus Walsh; tetradactylus 
 Walsh ; nondescriptus Wetherby. 
 
 The perfect insects are quite dissimilar in the two sexes. The 
 larva, which is a very curious object, feeds upon the Rosacece, the 
 Cupuliferce, and .various low-growing shrubs, as the sassafras, 
 alder, and Spircea. The species is found in the Appalachian sub- 
 region, and was quite common in western North Carolina in 
 former years, and may be so still. The larvae are generally to be 
 found close to the ground. 
 
 Genus ISOCH/ETES Dyar 
 
 (i) Isochaetes beutenmiilleri Henry Edwards, Plate 
 XLVII, Fig. 17, ?. 
 
 This is a rare little insect, which has practically the same dis- 
 tribution as the preceding species. 
 
 Genus ALARODIA Mceschler 
 
 (i) Alarodia slossonise Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 18, ?. 
 (Slosson's Slug.) 
 
 This remarkable little species inhabits in the larval stage the 
 mangroves which grow in the swampy lands on the southern 
 coast of Florida. A good account of its habits has been pub- 
 
 366
 
 Cochlidiidae 
 
 lished by Dr. Dyar in the "Journal of the New York Entomologi- 
 cal Society," Vol. V, and indeed the student who desires to 
 know about the habits of this and all other species of the Cocbli- 
 diidce found in North America must consult the writings of this 
 author, who has made these insects the subject of special and ex- 
 haustive inquiry. 
 
 Genus PROLIMACODES 
 
 (i) Prolimacodes scapha Harris, Plate 1, Fig. 9, larva; Plate 
 XLVI1, Fig. 8, ? . (The Skiff Moth.) 
 
 Syn. undifera Walker. 
 
 The moth has a wide distribution throughout the Appalachian 
 subregion. The larva feeds upon a great variety of shrubs and 
 trees. It appeared to me in my boyhood, when I reared it often, 
 to have a particular fondness for the leaves of the sycamore 
 (Platanus). 
 
 Genus COCHLIDION Hiibner 
 
 (1) Cochlidion biguttata Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 4, ?. 
 
 Syn. tetraspilaris Walker. 
 
 A native of the eastern portions of the region. 
 
 (2) Cochlidion rectilinea Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig. 27,6. 
 
 The insect is quite common locally, and has the same distri- 
 bution as the preceding species. 
 
 (3) Cochlidion y-inversa Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 21,6. 
 The distribution of the species is the same as that of the two 
 
 preceding. The larva frequents hickory. 
 
 Genus LITHACODES Packard 
 
 (i) Lithacodes fasciola Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 
 
 2,6. 
 
 Syn. divergens Walker. 
 
 The caterpillar feeds on a great variety of low shrubs and trees ; 
 it is especially fond of the leaves of the various species of wild 
 cherry. It is common in western Pennsylvania, and is well dis- 
 tributed throughout the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus PACKARDIA Grote & Robinson 
 (i) Packardia elegans Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 16, ?. 
 
 Syn. nigripunctata GoodelL
 
 Megalopygidae 
 
 The larvae feed upon a great variety of trees and shrubs, and 
 are commonly found in the deep glens and ravines of the Appa- 
 lachian subregion, where there is much shade and moisture. The 
 insect is not uncommon in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. 
 
 (2) Packardia geminata Packard, Plate XLV1I, Fig. i,$. 
 
 The larvae frequent places exactly opposite in character to 
 those resorted to by the previous species, being fond of dry open 
 woods, and living upon low shrubs and bushes. The insect is 
 a native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus HETEROGENEA Knoch 
 
 (i) Heterogenea shurtleffi Packard, Plate XLV11, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 This, which is one of the very smallest of all the Cochlidiida, 
 feeds in its larval stage upon black oak, chestnut, beech, and 
 ironwood. The genus is found both in the Old World and the 
 
 New. 
 
 Genus TORTRICIDIA Packard 
 
 (1) Tortricidia flexuosa Grote, form caesonia Grote, Plate 
 XLVII, Fig. 12,?. 
 
 A native of the Appalachian subregion, the larva feeding on 
 chestnut, oak, hickory, and wild cherry. It is not uncommon in 
 western Pennsylvania. 
 
 (2) Tortricidia testacea Packard, Plate I, Fig. 19, larva; 
 Plate XLVII, Fig. n,6. 
 
 The insect, which has the same habitat as the preceding 
 species, feeds upon the same species of plants. It is not uncom- 
 mon at light in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 FAMILY MEGALOPYGID/E 
 
 " Simple and sweet is their food: they eat no flesh of the living." 
 
 C. L. VON KUEBEL. 
 
 This is a small family characteristic of the neotropical regions, 
 and represented by three or four genera, which have a foothold 
 in the southern portions of our territory. 
 
 Genus CARAMA Walker 
 (i) Carama cretata Grote, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 22, $ . 
 
 Syn. pura Butler.
 
 Dalceridae 
 
 The insect feeds in its larval stage upon the red-bud (Cercis). 
 The caterpillars are gregarious at first, but during the later part 
 of their life separate. The cocoon is made in the ground. The 
 insect occurs from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania south- 
 ward in the Appalachian region at comparatively low elevations. 
 
 Genus MEGALOPYGE Hiibner 
 
 (i) Megalopyge opercuiaris Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, 
 Fig. 25, 6 . 
 
 Syn. lannginosa Clemens ; subcitrina Walker. 
 
 The moth is found in Georgia and the region of the Gulf 
 States. 
 
 Genus LAGOA Harris 
 
 (1) Lagoa crispata Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 23, $. 
 (The White Flannel-moth.) 
 
 The caterpillar feeds upon the flowering blackberry (Rubus 
 villosus), and ranges from Massachusetts southward along the 
 coast. 
 
 (2) Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 
 24, $ . (The Yellow Flannel-moth.) 
 
 This is a rare moth in collections. It is no doubt common 
 enough in its proper locality, but thus far few collectors have 
 succeeded in finding it. Its home is on the seaboard of the 
 Southern States. 
 
 FAMILY DALCERID^E 
 
 " So man, the moth, is not afraid, it seems, 
 To span Omnipotence, and measure night 
 That knows no measure, by the scanty rule 
 And standard of his own, that is to-day, 
 And is not ere to-morrow's sun go down." 
 
 COWPER. The Task, VI, 211. 
 
 This is another family which is represented in our fauna only 
 by a small number of species. Besides the insect known as 
 Dalcerides ingenita Henry Edwards, there is only one other 
 species referable to the family known to occur within the Unite I 
 States. This insect is Pinconia coa Schaus, a moth which is 
 not uncommon in Mexico, and occurs in Arizona as a straggler 
 into our territory. Dalcerides ingenita is likewise an inhabitant 
 
 369
 
 Epipyropidae 
 
 of Arizona. In Central and South America the Dalceridae are 
 more numerously found. Of Pinconia coa we give a represen- 
 tation on Plate VIM, Fig. 6. 
 
 FAMILY EPIPYROPIDAE 
 
 " So, naturalists observe, a flea 
 Has smaller fleas that on him prey ; 
 And these have smaller still to bite 'em, 
 And so proceed ad infinitum." 
 
 SWIFT. A Rhapsody, 
 
 The Epipyropidce are a very remarkable little family of para- 
 sitic moths, of which, as yet, comparatively little is known. 
 Professor J. O. Westwood of Oxford, in the year 1876, pub- 
 lished an account of a lepidopterous insect, the larva of which 
 lived upon Fulgora candelaria, the great tree-hopper, which is 
 abundant at Hong-Kong and elsewhere iri southeastern Asia. 
 The caterpillar, according to Westwood, feeds upon the white, 
 cottony secretion, which is found at the base of the wings of 
 Fulgora. In 1902 Dr. Dyar described another species, the moth 
 of which was bred from a larva which was found attached to the 
 body of a tree-hopper belonging to the genus Issus. The speci- 
 men came from New Mexico, and was taken at Las Vegas Hot 
 Springs. The moth, cocoon, and an alcoholic specimen of the 
 larva are preserved in the United States National Museum. Mr. 
 Champion, the veteran explorer of Central America, who has done 
 so much to instruct us as to the biology of those lands, has re- 
 corded in a note in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society 
 of London for 1883, p. xx, that a similar phenomenon was 
 observed by him while collecting in Central America. There is 
 here a field of interesting study for some patient observer whose 
 home is in New Mexico. Dr. Dyar named the New Mexican 
 insect Epipyrops barberiana. 
 
 " The little fleas that do so tease, 
 Have smaller fleas that bite 'em, 
 And these again have lesser fleas, 
 And so ad infinitum. " 
 
 SWIFT. As popularly but incorrectly quoted. 
 
 370
 
 Zygaenidae 
 
 FAMILY ZYG/ENID^E 
 
 " Every traveller is a self-taught entomologist." 
 
 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table. 
 
 The Zygcenidce are not very well represented in the fauna of 
 North America. They are more numerous in the Old World than 
 in the New, and the genera found in the New World are mainly 
 aberrant. The family has been characterized as follows by 
 Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 228: "Closely allied to 
 the Syntomidce, but distinguished by vein \a of the fore wing 
 being present, except in Anomoeotes l \ vein 8 of the hind wing 
 present and connected with 7 by a bar; veinlets in the cell of both, 
 with wings generally present. Frenulum present except in Hi- 
 mantopterus. l 
 
 Larva short and cylindrical. 
 
 Pupa in a silken cocoon." 
 
 Genus ACOLOITHUS Clemens 
 (i) Acoloithus falsarius Clemens, Plate XVI, Fig. 14,3. 
 
 Syn. sanborni Packard. 
 
 The larva feeds upon the grape and the Virginia creeper 
 (Ampelopsis). The insect is not scarce in the Atlantic States. 
 
 Genus PYROMORPHA Herri ch-Schaeffer 
 (i) Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig. 33.^- 
 
 Syn. perlucidula Clemens. 
 
 The insect is not very common. It is a native of the eastern 
 portions of the territory with which this book deals. 
 
 Genus TRIPROCRIS Grote 
 
 There are eight species assigned to this genus in recent lists. 
 They are all found in the southwestern portions of our territory, 
 (i) Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 4, $ . 
 A native of Arizona. 
 
 1 Genera found in Asia and Africa. 
 371
 
 Zygaenidae 
 
 (2) Triprocris latercula Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 
 
 5, a. 
 
 Has the same habitat as the preceding species. 
 
 (3) Triprocris constans Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 
 16,3. 
 
 The moth occurs in New Mexico. 
 
 (4) Triprocris smithsonianus Clemens, Plate XLVII, Fig. 
 
 The insect is not uncommon in the southern portions of Col- 
 orado, and is found in New Mexico and northern Texas. 
 
 Genus HARRISINA Packard 
 
 Three species belonging to the genus occur within the United 
 States. Two of these are indigenous to Texas and Arizona. The 
 other has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. We 
 have selected it for illustration. 
 
 (i) Harrisina americana Guerin-Meneville, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig. 34. $ 
 
 Syn. texana Stretch. 
 
 The habits of this insect have been so well described by Pro 
 fessor C. V. Riley that we cannot do better than quote sorm 
 
 passages from his account, 
 which is to be found in the 
 " Second Annual Report of the 
 State Entomologist of Mis- 
 souri," at page 85. He says: 
 " During the months of July 
 ^ and August, the leaves of the 
 
 ^7^f^^^fr^ If I%I)M r , r 
 
 grape-vine may often be found 
 denuded of their softer parts, 
 
 FIG. 210. -H. americana a, larva; w j t h nothing but the Veins, and 
 6, pupa; c, cocoon; a, e, moths. (After 
 
 Riley.) sometimes only a few of the 
 
 larger ribs left skeleton-like, to 
 
 tell the mischief that has been done. Very frequently only por- 
 tions of the leaf will be thus denuded, and in that event, if we 
 examine such a leaf closely, we shall find the authors of the mis- 
 chief drawn up in line upon the yet leafy tissue with their heads 
 all toward the margin, cutting away with their little jaws and 
 retreating as they feed. 
 
 372
 
 Chalcosiidze 
 
 These soldier-like files are formed by worms in black and 
 yellow uniforms which produce a moth popularly known as 
 the American Procris. 
 The eggs from which 
 they hatch are laid in 
 small clusters on the 
 under side of the leaves, 
 and while the worms 
 are small, they leave un- 
 touched the most deli- 
 cate veins of the leaf, 
 which then presents the 
 appearance of fine net- 
 work, as shown in the 
 right of the figure (211); 
 but when they become 
 older and stronger they 
 devour all but the larger 
 ribs, as shown at the 
 
 . ,. . . ., FlG. 2l\.Ifarrisina atnencana. Larvae. 
 
 left of the figure. . . . (A f te r Riiey.) 
 
 When full grown 
 
 these worms disperse over the vines or forsake them entirely, 
 and each spins for itself a small, tough, whitish, flattened cocoon, 
 within which, in about three days, it changes to a chrysalis, three 
 tenths of an inch long, broad, flattened, and of a light shining 
 yellowish-brown color. In about ten days afterwards the moths 
 begin to issue." 
 
 The insect is double-brooded. It is common in the Appala- 
 chian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic to the borders of the 
 Great Plains in the West. 
 
 FAMILY CHALCOSIID/E 
 
 " Daughters of the air." DE LA FONTAINE. 
 
 This family is represented in our fauna by but a single insect, 
 belonging to the genus Gingla, established by Walker. It is an 
 obscure little moth known as Gingla laterculae Dyar. Its habi- 
 tat is Arizona. 
 
 313
 
 ThyrididJB 
 
 FAMILY THYRIDIDjE 
 
 " And yet I will exercise your promised patience by saying a little of the 
 Caterpillar, or the Palmer-fly or worm, that by them you may guess what a work it 
 were in a discourse but to run over those very many flies, worms, and little living 
 creatures with which the sun and summer adorn and beautify the river-banks and 
 meadows, both for the recreation and contemplation of us Anglers : pleasures which, 
 I think, myself enjoy more than any other man that is not of my profession." 
 
 IZAAK WALTON. The Compleat Angler, Chap. V, Pt. I 
 
 The Thyrididce are a small family of moths revealing decided 
 affinity to the Pyralidce. They have been characterized as follows 
 by Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 352: "Moths generally 
 with hyaline patches and striae on the wings. Palpi obliquely 
 upturned and slender. Antennae almost simple. Fore wing 
 with vein \a forming a fork with \b at base; \c absent; 5 from 
 near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with two internal veins; 
 vein 8 nearly touching vein 7 just before or after the end of 
 the cell. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with two 
 pairs. 
 
 Larva pyraliform, with five pairs of legs." 
 
 Six genera are attributed to this family in the last list of the 
 species found within the United States which has been pub- 
 lished. Of four of these we give illustrations. 
 
 Genus THYRIS Laspeyres 
 
 (1) Thyris maculata Harris, Plate XL VI I, Fig. 30, 8 . 
 (The Spotted Thyris.) 
 
 Syn. perspicua Walker. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Eastern States. It is not common. 
 
 (2) Thyris lugubris Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 31, $. 
 (The Mournful Thyris.) 
 
 Syn. sepulckralis Boisduval ; nevadce Oberthur. 
 
 The range of the species is coincident with that of its only 
 other congener in the United States. 
 
 Genus DYSODIA Clemens 
 
 (i) Dysodia oculatana Clemens, Plate III, Fig. 10, $. (The 
 Eyed Dysodia.) 
 
 374
 
 Cossidae 
 
 Syn. plena Walker ; fasciata Grote & Robinson ; motitana Henry Edwards ; 
 aurea Pagenstecher. 
 
 The species is widely distributed throughout the entire United 
 States. It is very common in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus HEXERIS Grote 
 (i) Hexeris enhydris Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 35, $. 
 
 Syn. reticulina Beutenmiiller. 
 
 The moth occurs in the subregion of the Gulf. 
 
 Genus MESKEA Grote 
 
 (i) Meskea dyspteraria Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 36, $ . 
 The moth is found in Florida and the region of the Antilles. 
 
 FAMILY COSSIDAE 
 
 Bright insect, ere thy filmy wing, 
 Expanding on the breath of spring, 
 
 Quivered with brief enjoyment, 
 'T was thine for years immured to dwell 
 Within a lone and gloomy cell, 
 
 To eat, thy sole employment." Acheta Domestica. 
 
 The Cossidce, "Goat-moths," or "Carpenter-worms," as they 
 are familiarly called, have sorely puzzled systematists. Some 
 writers have been inclined to regard them as allied to the Tortri- 
 cidce. We assign them the position in the linear series which is 
 accorded them by Hampson and also by Dyar. They form a very 
 distinctly defined group, whatever their relationships may be. 
 They are succinctly described by Hampson in "The Moths of 
 India," Vol. I, p. 304, as follows: "Proboscis absent; palpi usu- 
 ally minute or absent; antennae bipectinated to tip or with distal 
 half simple in both sexes, or wholly simple in female. Tibiae with 
 spurs absent or minute. Fore wing with vein ib forked at base; 
 \c present; an areole formed by veins 7 and 10; veins 7 and 8 
 forking after the areole; the inner margins usually more or less 
 lobed. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 free from 
 the base or connected with 7 by an erect bar at end of cell. Both 
 wings with forked veinlets in cell. The female may have as 
 many as nine bristles to the frenulum. 
 
 375
 
 Cossidae 
 
 Larva. Smooth, with a few hairs; internal feeders, boring 
 galleries in wood or the pith of reeds, etc., and often doing con- 
 siderable damage. 
 
 Pupa in a cocoon formed of silk and chips of wood." 
 Six genera are recognized as occurring within our fauna. 
 
 Genus ZEUZERA Latreille 
 
 (i) Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, . Plate IX, Fig. 9, $. (The 
 Leopard-moth.) 
 
 Syn. hypocastrina Poda ; tzsculi Linnaeus ; hilaris Fourcroy ; decipiens Kirby. 
 
 This insect is a native of the Old World, but has within recent 
 years become introduced and acclimated on Long Island, and has 
 
 FIG. 212. The Leopard-moth, a, dorsal view of larva; l>, lateral view of do. ; 
 c, male; d, female; e, burrow in wood made by larva. (After Pike, "Insect Life," 
 Vol. IV, p. 317.) 
 
 multiplied to a great extent in the environs of the city of Brooklyn. 
 It has already inflicted much damage upon trees, and, apparently 
 being firmly established, is destined to work still greater injury. 
 It is a promiscuous feeder, but evinces a particular fondness for 
 elms and maples. 
 
 376
 
 Cossidae 
 
 The eggs are generaiiy laid near the crotch of the tree, and 
 watch should be kept in the spring of the year to detect their 
 presence and destroy them before they are hatched. 
 
 Genus COSSUS Fabricius 
 
 The genus is found on both sides of the Atlantic. Cossus 
 cossus Linnaeus is a large species which does great damage to 
 trees in Europe. As I am writing, my friend, Dr. Ortmann, relates 
 that when he was a boy of eleven, living in his native village in 
 Thuringia, his attention was called to a notice posted by the 
 Biirgermeister offering a reward for information which would lead 
 to the detection and punishment of the individuals who by boring 
 into the trunks of a certain fine avenue of birch-trees, upon which 
 the place prided itself, had caused great injury to them. Already 
 the instincts of the naturalist had asserted themselves, and the 
 prying eyes of the lad had found out the cause of the trouble. 
 He went accordingly to the office of the Biirgermeister and in- 
 formed him that he could tell him all about the injury to the trees. 
 The official sat wide-mouthed and eager to hear. "But you 
 must assure me, before I tell you, that the reward you offer will 
 surely be paid to me." "Yes, yes, my little man; do not be in 
 doubt on that score. You shall certainly be paid." "Well, 
 then, Herr Burgermeister, the holes from which the sap is flowing 
 were not made by boys who were after the birch-sap to make beer, 
 but by the Weidenbolrer. " l A small explosion of official 
 dignity followed. The act of the presumptuous boy was reported 
 to a stern parent, and the result was, in Yankee phrase, a "lick- 
 ing," which was certainly undeserved. 
 
 (1) Cossus centerensis Lintner, Plate XII, Fig. I, $. 
 The insect is quite rare. It is found in the Atlantic States. 
 
 (2) Cossus undosus Lintner, Plate XLI, Fig. 9, ? . 
 
 Syn. brucel French. 
 
 The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. The 
 specimen figured was taken on the Arkansas River in Colorado, 
 near Canyon City. 
 
 It is undoubtedly the most attractively marked and most ele- 
 gant species found in our territory. 
 
 1 The common German name for the Cossus. 
 
 377
 
 Cossidae 
 
 Genus PRIONOXYSTUS Grote 
 
 There are two species of this genus found in the United 
 States. One of them, Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guerin-Mene- 
 ville = querciperda Fitch, is a rather rare species. It bores its larval 
 passages in oak. The female, which resembles the female of the 
 other species, is quite large, sometimes four inches in expanse of 
 wing. The male, on the other hand, is quite diminutive. I have 
 never seen a male much more than an inch and a half in expanse 
 of wing. The species has been taken most frequently in recent 
 years in western Pennsylvania by local collectors. The other 
 species, Prionoxystus robiniae Peck, is very common. It fre- 
 quents various trees, but shows a preference for the wood of the 
 common locust (Robinia pseudacacia) and various species of 
 the genus Populus. The male is depicted on Plate XLI, Fig. 1 1, 
 and the female by Fig. 10 on the same plate. The insect is 
 widely distributed throughout the United States. I have found 
 the males exceedingly abundant about the electric lights in some 
 of our Western cities, as St. Paul and Omaha. 
 
 Genus INGUROMORPHA Henry Edwards 
 
 Two species of this genus occur within 
 our limits. Both are found in the extreme 
 southern portions of the United States. /. 
 arbeloides Dyar is a native of Arizona. I. 
 basalis Walker, which is shown in the an- 
 nexed figure, is found in Florida and Mexico. 
 
 The general color of the fore wings is pale 
 FIG. 2\$.inguro- ashen-gray, with the outer border dull ochre- 
 ous > marked with dark-brown stride, and 
 broader spots and blotches toward the outer 
 margin. The hind wings are darker gray. 
 
 " I recognize 
 
 The moths, with that great overpoise of wings 
 Which makes a mystery of them how at all 
 They can stop flying." 
 
 E. B. BROWNING. Aurora Leigh. 
 
 378
 
 Genus COSSULA Bailey 
 
 Only one species of this genus is known from our fauna. Il 
 occurs in Florida and Mexico. It was named magnifica by 
 Strecker, and subsequently also 
 by Bailey. Druce in the year 
 1891 applied to it the specific 
 name norax. It is represented 
 in the annexed cut one third 
 larger than the size of life. It 
 is as yet a rare insect in collec- 
 tions, only a few specimens hav- FlG . a , 4 ._cw& magnifica, $ . f. 
 ing been found. No doubt it is 
 
 locally common, and when some shrewd observer discovers its 
 haunts and mode of life, we shall all have a good supply of speci- 
 mens in our cabinets. 
 
 Genus HYPOPTA Hubner 
 
 Nine species are said to belong to this genus and are reputed 
 to occur within our territory. They are all Southern or South- 
 western forms. 
 
 (1) Hypopta bertholdi Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 2, $ . 
 
 The specimen figured on the plate came from California. 
 The author has also received it from Colorado. 
 
 (2) Hypopta henrici Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 3, $ . 
 The moth is found in Arizona and New Mexico. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 " I '11 follow you, I '11 lead you about a round 
 Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier." 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. Midsummer Night's Dream, III, I. 
 
 The name Sesia being, according to the laws of priority, 
 strictly applicable to a genus of the Sphingidce, as has been 
 pointed out on page 61, the name of the family which we are 
 now considering must be that which is given above. The name 
 " Sesiidce" must yield to the name " /Egerndce." This is on 
 some accounts regrettable, as the former name has for many 
 years been consistently applied to the family by many authors. 
 
 379
 
 The name which we use has also been applied by a multitude 
 of writers, and is already well established in use in certain 
 quarters. 
 
 The /Egeriidce are diurnal in their habits, flying in the hottest 
 sunshine. They are very rapid on the wing. Their larvae are 
 borers, feeding on the inner bark or the pith of trees and lesser 
 plants. The pupae are generally armed with hook-like projec- 
 tions, which enable them to progress in a forward direction in 
 the galleries in which they are formed. Some of the genera have 
 at the cephalic end a sharp cutting projection, which is used to 
 enable the insect to cut its way out of the chamber before the 
 change into a moth takes place. The moths have been described 
 as follows by Hampson in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 189: 
 "Antennae often dilated or knobbed. Legs often with thick 
 tufts of hair; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs; hind tibiae with 
 two pairs. Frenulum present. Wings generally more or less 
 hyaline; fore wing with veins \a and ib forming a fork at base; 
 \c absent; veins 4 to 1 1 given off at almost even distances from 
 the cell. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 coincident 
 with 7." 
 
 The American species have been very thoroughly monographed 
 by Mr. Beutenmiiller, the amiable and accomplished Curator of the 
 Section of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural His- 
 tory in New York. It is through his kindness that the author is 
 able to give on Plate XLVI of the present volume so many illus- 
 trations of the species which are found in our fauna. The stu- 
 dent who desires to know more about these things must consult 
 Mr. Beutenmuller's great work. 
 
 Genus MELITTIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, Plate XLVI, Fig. i, ? . 
 
 Syn. cucurbitce Harris; ceto Westwood; anuzna Henry Edwards. 
 
 The larva of the insect is commonly known as the "Squash- 
 borer," or the "Pumpkin-borer." The insect has an extensive 
 range from New England to the Argentine States. It attacks the 
 Cucurbitacece generally, laying the eggs upon all parts of th* 
 plant, but preferably upon the stems, into which the caterpillai 
 bores, and in which it develops until the time of pupation, when 
 it descends into the ground, makes a cell beneath the surface in 
 
 380
 
 ^Egeriidse 
 
 which it hibernates, and is transformed into a chrysalis the follow- 
 ing spring. The moths emerge, according to locality, from June 
 to August. It is said to be double-brooded in the southern parts 
 of our region, but is single-brooded in the Northern States. 
 
 (2) Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 2, $ . 
 This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but the 
 
 fore wings are devoid of the metallic tints which appear in that 
 species, and there are other minor differences which present 
 themselves upon comparison of the two forms. The life-history 
 remains to be worked out. It is thus far known only from 
 Kansas. 
 
 (3) Melittia grandis Strecker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 3, ? . 
 The insect is reported to occur in Texas and Arizona. 
 
 Genus GJEA Beutenmuller 
 
 (1) Gaea emphytiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 5, ?. 
 The types of this species are found in the British Museum. 
 
 Nothing is known definitely as to its true locality, except that the 
 specimens came from the United States. Of course the life-history 
 is also unknown. It is to be hoped that some reader of this book 
 will rediscover the species and let us all know its true history. 
 
 (2) Gaea solituda Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 4, $ . 
 The species occurs in Kansas and in Texas, but the history of 
 
 its mode of development from egg to imago remains to be 
 written. 
 
 Genus EUHAGENA Henry Edwards 
 
 There is only one species of this genus known at the present 
 time. It was named nebraskse by Henry Edwards in the year 
 1881. A male specimen is depicted on Plate XLVI, Fig. 34. The 
 species may easily be recognized by its red wings. Its early his- 
 tory is unknown. I received several specimens of the insect some 
 time ago from a friend who sent them to me, but so wretchedly 
 packed that nothing came to hand but fragments. The well- 
 meaning sender had done them up in cotton as if they were birds' 
 eggs, and of course they were all smashed. Never wrap cotton 
 about moths or butterflies, and then ram cotton down into the 
 box to make the specimens ride well. Particularly avoid the 
 "ramming" process. 
 
 381
 
 /Egeriidae 
 
 Genus ALCOTHOE Henry Edwards 
 
 (i) Alcothoe caudata Harris,. Plate XLVI, Fig. 6, $ . 
 
 The larvae bore in the roots of various species of clematis. 
 The insect is widely distributed, occurring from Canada to Florida, 
 and westward to the Mississippi. The moths come out in April 
 and May in the South, and from June to August in the North. 
 The larvae hibernate in their galleries in various stages of growth. 
 
 Genus SAN NINA Walker 
 (i) Sannina uroceriformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 7, $ . 
 
 Syn. quinquecaudatus Ridings. 
 
 The larva feeds on the tap-root of the persimmon (Diospyros) 
 at a depth of from eighteen to twenty-two inches under the 
 ground. The species occurs from Virginia to Florida, and west- 
 ward as far as the food-plant ranges. 
 
 Genus PODOSESIA Mceschler 
 (i) Podosesia syringae Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 17, ?. 
 
 Syn. longipes Mceschler. 
 
 The larvae feed on the ash and the lilac. They tunnel their 
 passages straight into the wood for many inches. They cut their 
 way out almost to the surface just before pupating, leaving only 
 a thin layer of fiber to close the end of the gallery ; this is broken 
 through by the emergent pupa as it comes forth from its cocoon, 
 and then the pupal envelope is split and the perfect winged insect 
 appears. The moths are on the wing in western Pennsylvania 
 in June, and are to be found on the blossoms of Syringa. 
 
 Genus MEMYTHRUS Newman 
 
 (1) Memythrus tricinctus Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 14, ?. 
 The larvae infest the small trunks of willows and poplars. 
 
 The moths appear in the latter part of June and the beginning of 
 July; the caterpillars hibernate in their galleries. Transformation 
 occurs in a tough cocoon located at the outer end of the gallery. 
 The species is found in New England and the Middle States, 
 ranging westward as far as Ohio and Michigan. 
 
 (2) Memythrus polistiformis Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. n, 
 3. Fig. 12,?.
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI 
 
 (The figures in this plate are taken by the kind permission of Mr. 
 William Beutenmuller from the plates illustrating his Monograph of the 
 Sesiidae of North America.) 
 
 1. Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, 9- 
 
 2. Melittia sn~owi Henry Edwards, (J 1 . 
 
 3. Melittia grandis Strecker, 9 . 
 
 4. Gaza solituda Henry Edwards, c?- 
 
 5. Gaea emphytifonnis Walker, 9 
 
 6. Alcathoe caudata Harris, J*. 
 
 7. Sannina uroceriforinis Walker, (J*. 
 
 8. ALgeria apiformis Linnaeus, 9 
 
 9. Bembecia marginata Harris, 9 
 
 10. Memythrus simulans Grote, 9 
 
 11. Memythrus polistijormis Harris, $ . 
 
 12. Memythrus polistiformis Harris, 9- 
 
 13. Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, c?. 
 
 14. Memythrus tricinctus Harris, 9 
 
 15. Palmia prcecedens Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 1 6. Parharmonia pini Kellicott, tf. 
 
 17. Podosesia syringa; Harris, 9- 
 
 1 8. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. cT. 
 
 19. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, 9 
 
 20. Vespamima sequoia Henry Edwards, $ . 
 
 21. Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, cJ 1 . 
 
 22. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, (J 1 . 
 
 23. Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 24. Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, 9 
 
 25. Synanthedon pyri Harris, 9 
 
 26. Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, 9 
 
 27. Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 28. Synanthedon acerni Clemens, 9 
 
 29. Synanthedon scitula Harris, 9 . 
 
 30. Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 31. Synanthedon rutilans Henry -Ed wards, (J 1 . 
 
 32. Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, 9 
 
 33. Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, (J 1 . 
 
 34. Euhagena nebraskce Henry Edwards, $. 
 
 35. Paranthrene heucherce Henry Edwards, <?. 
 
 36. Calasesia coccinea Beutenmuller, 9 
 
 37. Albuna pyrajnidalis , var. montana Henry Edwards, ^.
 
 THE MOTH BOOK 
 
 T* 6 
 
 COPYRIGHTED Br W. J. HOL
 
 /Egeriida 
 
 The insect, which is popularly known as the "Grape-root 
 Borer," ranges from Vermont to the Carolinas, and westward as 
 far as Missouri. It inflicts considerable damage upon both wild 
 and cultivated grape-vines. The moth resembles the wasps of 
 the genus Polistes, whence the name. 
 
 (3) Memythrus simulans Grote, Plate XLVI, Fig. 10, ? . 
 The insect, which is known to occur from New England to 
 
 Minnesota, not ranging below the Potomac and the Ohio, feeds 
 in its larval stage upon the wood of the red oak. 
 
 (4) Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. 13,3. 
 
 The habitat of the species is Texas. 
 
 Genus PALMIA Beutenmuller 
 (i) Palmia prsecedens Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 
 
 IS ? 
 
 The moth is known to occur in North Carolina. It is very 
 rare in collections as yet, and nothing is known of its life-history. 
 
 Genus ^GERIA Fabricius 
 (i) ^geria apiformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. 8, ?. 
 
 Syn. vespiformis Hufnagei; crabroni/ofmisDznis & Schiffermiiller. 
 
 This insect, which in England is known as the "Hornet- 
 moth," because of its resemblance to a hornet, is found abun- 
 dantly in Europe, but less commonly in North America. Its 
 larva lives in the roots and lower portions of the trunks of poplars 
 and willows, and requires two years in which to undergo trans- 
 formation. 
 
 Genus BEMBECIA Hiibner 
 (i) Bembecia marginata Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 9, 9 . 
 
 Syn. pleciaformis Walker; odyneripennis Walker; rubi Riley; flavipes Hulst. 
 
 The insect, which is popularly known as the "Blackberry- 
 borer," is not at all uncommon. The grub-like larvae infest the 
 roots of blackberries and raspberries, and when mature eat their 
 way up about three inches through the pith of the dead cane, and 
 cutting their way outwardly, leave only a thin layer of the epi- 
 dermis between themselves and the outer air. The pupa is armed 
 at its head with a triangular chisel-shaped process, with which 
 
 383
 
 ^geriidae 
 
 it cuts through the epidermis of the plant, and then wriggling 
 forward, until half of the body is extruded, the pupal case bursts, 
 and the moth emerges. The males come out in the early after- 
 noon, the females about four o'clock, copulation occurs almost 
 immediately, and the female begins to oviposit before the sun 
 sets. The moths appear at the end of July and throughout 
 August in Pennsylvania. The larvae overwinter in the canes. 
 
 Genus VESPAMIMA Beutenmiiller 
 (i) Vespamima sequoiae Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 
 
 20, $ . 
 
 Syn. pinorum Behrens. 
 
 This species is said to be very destructive to coniferous trees 
 upon the Pacific slope. The larvae do their mischievous work at 
 the forking of the branches. 
 
 Genus PARHARMONIA Beutenmiiller 
 
 (i) Parharmonia pini Kellicott, Plate XLVI, Fig. 16, $. 
 
 The species is found from Canada to New Jersey. The larvae 
 live under the bark of pine-trees. The moths appear in July and 
 August. 
 
 Genus SANNINOIDEA Beutenmiiller 
 
 (i) Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, Plate XLVI, Fig. 18, 3, Fig. 
 19, ? 
 
 Syn. persica Thomas ; pepsidiformis Hiibner ; xiphiaformis Boisduval. 
 
 This is the well-known " Peach-borer." The larvae infest the 
 trunks of peach-trees and wild cherries near the ground, and also 
 attack the upper roots. The species ranges from Canada to 
 Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. It does a large 
 amount of damage in peach-orchards. 
 
 Genus ALBUNA Henry Edwards 
 
 (i) Albuna pyramidalis Walker, form montana Henry Ed- 
 wards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 37, $ . 
 
 This is a variable species, of which several varieties have been 
 described. It ranges from Nova Scotia into New England, and 
 westward to the Pacific in the same latitudes. Nothing is known 
 of its early history or food-plants. 
 
 384
 
 Ageriidae 
 Genus SYNANTHEDON Hiibner 
 
 (Stfs/Vz auctorum.) 
 
 The name Sesia being properly restricted to a genus of the 
 Spbingidce, we apply to the genus the name proposed by Hubner 
 in the " Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmetterlinge," p. 129. This 
 appears to be the proper and logical method of procedure under 
 the circumstances. 
 
 The genus is very extensive. Fifty-eight species are found in 
 our fauna, of which we delineate eleven. 
 
 (1) Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23, ? . 
 
 Syn. brnnneipennis Henry Edwards ; hyperici Henry Edwards. 
 
 The species ranges from the Virginias and Carolinas west- 
 ward through Ohio and Illinois as far as California and Oregon. 
 
 (2) Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. }i, $, Fig. 32, ?. 
 
 Syn. aureola Henry Edwards; hemizona Henry Edwards; lupini Henry Ed- 
 wards ; perplexa Henry Edwards ; impropria Henry Edwards ; -washingtonia Henry 
 Edwards ; madarice Henry Edwards. 
 
 This insect is known as the "Strawberry-borer." It not 
 only infests the crown of these plants, which it generally destroys, 
 but also frequently attacks raspberries and blackberries at the 
 crown of the roots. It ranges from Nova Scotia westward across 
 the continent, and in the Mississippi Valley southward into north- 
 ern Texas. 
 
 (3) Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. 30, ? . 
 
 The insect is found in California and Washington. Its early 
 stages are unknown. 
 
 (4) Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 
 21,6. 
 
 Syn. lustrans Grote; consimilis Henry Edwards; bolli Henry Edwards; 
 eupatorii Henry Edwards ; sexfasdata Henry Edwards ; infirma Henry Edwards ; 
 imitata Henry Edwards. 
 
 The larva feeds in the stems of Eupatorium purpureum. The 
 insect ranges from New England to Texas. 
 
 (5) Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. 
 26,?. 
 
 The insect, which is found in Europe and Asia, and has also 
 
 385
 
 /Bgeriidje 
 
 been transported to Australia, is an importation into this country 
 from Europe. It feeds in the stems of gooseberry- and currant- 
 bushes. 
 
 (6) Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. 24, ?. 
 
 Syn. inusitata Henry Edwards. 
 
 The larvae feed under the bark of plums, wild and cultivated 
 cherry-trees, peach-trees, the June-berry (Amelancbicr}, and the 
 chestnut. The eggs are laid on the trunks and the branches of 
 the trees. The moths are on the wing in June and July. 
 
 (7) Synanthedon acerni Clemens, Plate XLVI, Fig. 28, ? . 
 
 Syn. acericolum Gennadius. 
 
 This is the common " Maple-borer." The larvae tunnel in the 
 sap-wood and do a great deal of damage to trees, especially in 
 our -larger cities. At times trees are completely girdled by the 
 galleries made by the insects, and 
 are thus killed; at other times they 
 are so weakened that on the occasion 
 of high winds or storms they are 
 broken off and greatly disfigured. 
 The insects emerge from the pupae 
 early in the morning, and may be 
 seen at times in small swarms about 
 the trunks of the trees, ovipositing 
 upon the bark. The time of emer- 
 gence is the latter part of May and 
 the beginning of June. The pupae 
 are formed in small cocoons com- 
 posed of silk and pellets of excre- 
 ment interwoven upon the surface. 
 Just before the moths emerge, the 
 chrysalids work their way partially 
 FIG. 215. s. acerni, a, larvae; out of the tunnels in which they are, 
 
 b, cocoons; c, male; d, pupa pro- , , , , , . r .. 
 
 jecting from burrow. (After Riiey.) and then the outer sheathing of the 
 pupa splits open and the perfect 
 
 insect crawls forth, in a few moments to be upon the wing; foi 
 the development of the power of flight is with this species, as 
 with almost all the ALgeriidce, exceedingly rapid. 
 
 The moth is found from New England as far west as Nebraska. 
 386
 
 ^geriidae 
 
 (8) Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, Plate 
 XLVI, Fig. 33, $ . 
 
 The moth occurs in Texas. No history of its habits has as yet 
 been written. 
 
 (9) Synanthedon pyri Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 25, ? . 
 
 Syn. kabelei Henry Edwards. 
 
 This is a common species everywhere, infesting the bark of 
 pear- and apple-trees. In the vicinity of Pittsburgh many trees 
 have been killed by these mischievous little creatures. 
 
 (10) Synanthedon scitula Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 29, ?. 
 
 Syn. gallivomm Westwood ; hospes Walsh ; amula Henry Edwards. 
 
 The larvae inhabit the bark of chestnut, dogwood, oak, willow, 
 hickory, and the galls of oaks. The moth ranges from Canada to 
 Virginia, and westward through the Valley of the Ohio. 
 
 (n) Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 Fig. 27, ? . 
 
 Syn. proximo. Henry Edwards ; modesta Kellicott. 
 
 The moth is not known to occur south of the Potomac and 
 the Ohio. It ranges from New England to Oregon. The larvae 
 feed upon the trunks and shoots of willows. 
 
 Genus CALESESIA Beutenmuller 
 
 (i) Calesesia coccinea Beutenmuller, Plate XLVI, Fig. 
 ^6,?. 
 
 The habitat of this rare insect is New Mexico. The male and 
 the early stages are as yet unknown. 
 
 Genus PARANTHRENE Hiibner 
 (i) Paranthrene heucherse Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 
 
 Fig. 35, * . 
 
 There are several species in the genus found in the United 
 
 States, which are all, as yet, rare in collections, and little is known 
 
 as to their life-history. The present species has been found in 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 FAUNAL SUBREGIONS 
 
 This volume is an attempt to bring together into compact 
 form an account of the commoner and more striking species of 
 
 .387
 
 ^geriidae 
 
 moths which are found in the United States and Canada. The 
 area is vast, and zoologists as well as botanists have for the pur- 
 poses of science subdivided the region into what are known as 
 "faunal subregions," or "botanical subregions." These subdi- 
 visions of the territory are entirely natural and are based upon a 
 knowledge of the flora and fauna of each area. Both flora and 
 fauna are more or less dependent upon conditions of soil, rainfall, 
 and temperature. 
 
 Beginning with the Atlantic coast, we find a large area ex- 
 tending from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario, southward 
 through New England, the Middle States, and the Eastern Cen- 
 tral States as far south as the Carolinas and northern Georgia, 
 Alabama, and Mississippi, westward into Arkansas, Missouri, and 
 eastern Kansas, then northward through eastern Iowa and Minne- 
 sota, in which, with some slight variations, the predominant fea- 
 tures of the vegetation and of the fauna are alike. In a broad 
 way this territory is known as the Appalachian subregion. It 
 has been subdivided into two parts, to the more northern of 
 which has been applied the name Canadian, and to the southern 
 the name Carolinian. These minor subdivisions of the broader 
 subregion are quite natural, and are based upon the fact that cer- 
 tain groups of plants and animals are characteristic of the one 
 which are not characteristic of the other; yet upon the whole the 
 character of the vegetation and of the animal life of the two lesser 
 areas is in most respects quite similar. The genera are practi- 
 cally the same throughout these territories. It was, when the 
 country was first discovered by white men, a region of trees, 
 except in northern Indiana and parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Minne- 
 sota, where there were prairies; but on these prairies, where trees 
 grew, they were for the most part representatives of the same 
 genera which were found through the eastern parts of the domain, 
 and in many cases were the same species. Accompanying the 
 plants are the insects which feed upon them. 
 
 Beginning on the extreme southern portions of the coast of 
 North Carolina and running along the coast of South Carolina 
 through eastern and southern Georgia, northern Florida, and 
 westward along the Gulf of Mexico, we have a strip of territory 
 preserving many of the floral and faunal peculiarities of the Appa- 
 lachian subregion, but possessing distinctive features of its own. 
 
 388
 
 We detect here the influence of warmer skies and the life of the 
 not-far-off tropics. It is the region of the long-leaved pine, the 
 cypress, the live-oak, the evergreen magnolia, and the palmetto. 
 It is the subregion of the Gulf. It has a fauna of its own. 
 
 In the extreme southern portion of Florida and on the out- 
 lying islands we find established a northern offshoot of the plant- 
 life and of the fauna of the West Indies. The conditions are dis- 
 tinctly tropical here. 
 
 A sharp division takes place west of the Mississippi River, at 
 those points where the heavily wooded lands terminate and are 
 succeeded by the grassy, woodless plains, which lie between the 
 western borders of the Valley of the Mississippi and the eastern 
 ranges of the Rocky Mountains. While the Great Plains are 
 traversed by numerous river valleys, in which there is abundant 
 arboreal vegetation, nevertheless the whole region in part only 
 preserves the faunal and floral characteristics of the Appalachian 
 subregion. The southern part of this territory, lying in New 
 Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona, with which, in part, south- 
 ern California is identified, has a large number of genera and 
 species which range southward along the plateaus and treeless 
 highlands of Mexico and Central America. This may be called 
 the Arizonian or Sonoran subregion. 
 
 The northern half of the belt of the Great Plains is invaded by 
 forms of both plant and animal life which are related to types 
 predominant in the colder regions of the continent. This is 
 especially true where the plains reach a great altitude above the 
 level of the sea. This subregion may be called the Dakotan. It 
 stretches from northern Colorado northward to the British 
 provinces of Assiniboia and Alberta. 
 
 West of the Great Plains is a territory traversed from north to 
 south by the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, in which there 
 occurs a commingling of genera and species, some coming in 
 from the far north on the higher ranges, others coming in from 
 the south on the lower levels, and a multitude of forms mingling 
 with these which show the influence of migration both from the 
 Great Plains and from the Pacific slope. The region of the 
 Rocky Mountains is a region in which there are singular com- 
 plexities, owing to the great differences in elevation. Species of 
 the arctic zone may be found having their habitat within a few 
 
 389
 
 /Egeriidae 
 
 miles of species which are in many cases distinctly subtropical. 
 On the high peaks holarctic genera occur, and in the valleys genera 
 which have their metropolis in Mexico. In a general sense the 
 territory may be called the Coloradan subregion. 
 
 The Pacific subregion includes central and northern California 
 and the valleys lying between the coast and the western outliers 
 of the central Cordillera. The subregion extends northward into 
 British Columbia. There is shown here a distinct resemblance to 
 the fauna of Europe and temperate Asia. 
 
 Beginning in Labrador on the east and 'extending across the 
 entire northern portion of the continent into Alaska is a region 
 which we may call the Holarctic subregion, in which the genera 
 and species alike of plants and animals are for the most part the 
 same which are found in similar latitudes in the Eastern Hemi- 
 sphere. In Alaska there is evidence of a distinct connection be- 
 tween the flora and fauna of Asia. Greenland and Labrador, 
 together with some of the adjacent islands, show remarkable 
 affinities to the flora and fauna of boreal Europe and the Alps. 
 
 Various subdivisions of these broader areas have been sug- 
 gested, but in the main the subregions which the writer has 
 indicated suffice to show the differences in these tracts. 
 
 "... From every chink 
 And secret corner, where they slept away 
 The wintry storms or rising from their tombs 
 To higher life by myriads, forth at once, 
 Swarming they pour, of all the varied hues 
 Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose. 
 Ten thousand forms ! ten thousand different tribes ! 
 People the blaze." 
 
 THOMSON. Summer, 
 
 390
 
 FAMILY PYRALID/E 
 
 " All multiplicity rushes to be resolved into unity. Anatomy, osteology, ex- 
 hibit arrested or progressive ascent in each kind ; the lower pointing to the higher 
 forms, the higher to the highest, from the fluid in an elastic sack, from radiate, 
 mollusk, articulate, vertebrate, up to man ; as if the whole animal world were only 
 a Hunterian Museum to exhibit the genesis of mankind." EMERSON. 
 
 The Pyralidce constitute an enormous complex of subfamilies, 
 genera, and species. They are found in all the temperate and 
 tropical parts of the world, but are more numerous in hot lands 
 than in the colder portions of the globe. Nearly eight hundred 
 species belonging to this family are already known to occur 
 within the United States and Canada, and the region will 
 undoubtedly yet yield many new species to science. We cannot 
 in these pages undertake to give even an outline of the genera 
 and the species, but we have selected a few for illustration in 
 order that the student, encountering these interesting insects, 
 may be able to at least recognize their relative position in the 
 great suborder with which this book deals. 
 
 The moths of this family are described as follows by Sir 
 George F. Hampson in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society 
 of London for 1898, page 590: "Proboscis and maxillary palpi 
 usually well developed; frenulum present. Fore wing with vein 
 \a usually free, sometimes forming a fork with \b\ \c absent; 5 
 from near lower angle of cell; 8, 9 almost always stalked. Hind 
 wing with veins \a, b, c present; 5 almost always from near 
 lower angle of cell; 8 approximated to 7 or anastomosing with it 
 beyond the cell. 
 
 Larva elongate, with five pairs of prolegs. Pupa with seg- 
 ments 9-1 1 and sometimes also 8 and 12 movable, not protruding 
 from cocoon on emergence." 
 
 The Pyralidce have been divided into a number of subfamilies. 
 Of the subfamilies represented in our fauna, we shall in the fol- 
 lowing pages give illustrations of a few species which are com-
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 monly encountered or possess interesting traits. While it is to 
 be wished that we might be able to give a monographic view of 
 the entire family, such a procedure is wholly out of the question, 
 in view of the limits imposed upon us in the matter of space by 
 such a volume as that which has been undertaken. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PYRAUSTIN^ 
 
 The genera of this family may be distinguished by the fact 
 that the median nervure is not pectinated upon the upper side, or 
 is at most very slightly pectinated, by the absence of tufts of scales 
 in the cell of the fore wing, and by the further fact that vein 10 of 
 the fore wing rises from the cell. In the hind wing, vein 7 and 
 vein 8 almost invariably anastomose. 
 
 Fifty-seven genera are found in our territory, represented by 
 two hundred and twenty-four species. 
 
 Genus ZINCKENIA Hiibner 
 (i) Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 28, $. 
 
 Syn. angustalis Fabricius ; recurvalis Fabricius ; diffascialis Hiibner; albifas- 
 cialis Boisduval. 
 
 The moth is found all over the temperate and subtropical 
 regions of both hemispheres. It is common in the southern por- 
 tions of the United States. 
 
 Genus DESMIA Westwood 
 
 (i) Desmia funeralis Hubner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 37, $. 
 (The Grape-leaf Folder.) 
 
 A 
 
 FIG. 2\6. Desmia funeralis. i, larva secreted between folds of leaf; 2, 
 head of larva, magnified; 3, pupa; 4, male moth; 5, female moth. (After 
 Riley.) 
 
 The caterpillar of this pretty little moth feeds upon the leaves 
 392
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 of various wild and cultivated grapes, showing a preference for 
 those species the leaves of which are thin and tender. The 
 caterpillar is of a transparent green color, and is very lively when 
 disturbed. The insects, which do considerable damage in vine- 
 yards, may be kept down by crushing the larvae and the pupae 
 when found in the folded leaves, which are easily detected. The 
 moth is found from Canada to the Gulf east of the Great Plains. 
 
 Genus SAMEA Guenee 
 (i) Samea ecclesialis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 2, ?. 
 
 Syn. castellalis Guenee ; luccusalis Walker ; disertalis Walker. 
 
 The insect is widely distributed throughout the hotter parts 
 of the Western Hemisphere. It is common in Florida and ranges 
 south as far as Argentina. 
 
 Genus DIASTICTIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. i, 3. 
 This is a neatly marked species, which is found in Texas and 
 Arizona, and ranges southward into Mexico and Central America. 
 
 Genus CONCHYLODES Guenee 
 (i) Conchylodes platinalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 60, 6 . 
 
 Syn. ffvulalis Guent*e ; erinalis Walker ; magicalis Felder ; concinnalis 
 Hampson. 
 
 The moth is found in western Pennsylvania and southward 
 through the southern portions of the United States into South 
 America. 
 
 Genus PANTOGRAPHA Lederer 
 
 (i) Pantographa limata Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig. 38, $ 
 
 Syn. suffusalis Druce. 
 
 The insect occurs from Maine to Patagonia. 
 
 Genus AGATHODES Guene"e 
 (i) Agathodes monstralis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. }, $. 
 
 Syn. designalis Guenee ; floridalis Hulst. 
 
 The moth ranges from Florida to the Rio de la Plata in South 
 America. 
 
 393
 
 Pyralida; 
 
 Genus GLYPHODES Guenee 
 
 This is a large genus, represented in both hemispheres by 
 numerous species. We give figures of three. 
 
 (1) Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, Plate XLVII, Fig. 43, 6. 
 (The Pickle-worm.) 
 
 The insect feeds in its larval stage upon cucumbers and 
 melons, into which the caterpillar bores. A good account of its 
 habits is given by Riley in the "Second Annual Report of the 
 State Entomologist of Missouri, " page 67. It has, like most of the 
 Pyralidce, a wide range, and extends from the southern portions 
 of the United States to the southern portions of South America. 
 
 (2) Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus, Plate XLVII, Fig. 39, $ . 
 
 Syn. marginahs Stoll; lucernalis Hubner; hyalinatalis Guenee. 
 
 The range of this species is very much the same as that of 
 the last mentioned. 
 
 (3) Glyphodes quadristigmalis Guenee. (The Privet- 
 moth.) 
 
 s 
 
 FIG. 217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis. , lateral view of larva; b, dorsal view; 
 c, cocoon ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of two segments of larva, enlarged ; /, anal 
 segment of pupa from below, greatly enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," 
 Vol. I, p. 24.) 
 
 This moth has in recent years proved at times troublesome as 
 an enemy of privet-hedges in the southern portions of the country. 
 As many as four broods of the moths have been detected in one 
 
 394
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens represented are con- 
 tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 Packardia geminata Packard, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 Lithacodes fasciola Herrich- 
 Schaeffer, J 1 . 
 Adoneta spinuloides Herrich- 
 
 Schaeffer, $. 
 
 Cochlidion biguttata Packard, 9 . 
 Euclea pcenulata Clemens, <5*. 
 Phobetron pithecium Abbot & 
 
 Smith, <?. 
 Phobetron pithecium Abbot & 
 
 Smith, 9. 
 
 Prolimacodes scapha Harris, 9 
 Sibine stimulea Clemens, c?. 
 Euclea indetermina Boisduval, 
 
 d 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 Tortricidia testacea Packard, c?. 
 Tortricidia cazsonia Grote, $ , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 Natada nasoni Grote, tf, U. S. 
 
 N. M. 
 Sisyrosea textula Herrich- 
 
 Schaeffer, 9 , U. S. N. M. . 
 Euclea Moris Herrich-Schaeffer, 
 
 $, U. S. N. M. 
 Packardia elegans Packard, 9 . 
 Isochcetes beutenmulleri Henry 
 
 Edwards, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 Alarodia slossonice Packard, 9 , 
 
 U. S. N. M. 
 Adoneta pygmcsa Grote & 
 
 Robinson, tf, U. S. N. M. 
 Heterogenea shurtleffi Packard, 
 
 tf, U. S. N. M. 
 Cochlidion y-inversa Packard, 
 
 22. Monoleuca semifascia Walker, ' 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 23. Euclea viridiclava Walker, <?. 
 
 24. Euclea delphinii Boisduval, 9 
 
 25. Euclea nanina Dyar, J 1 . 
 
 26. Euclea Moris Herrich-Schaeffer, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 27. Cochlidion rectilinea Grote & 
 
 Robinson, <5\ 
 
 28. Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, tf. 
 
 29. Euclea Moris Herrich-Schasffer, 
 
 9- 
 
 30. Thyris maculata Harris, c?. 
 
 31. Thyris lugubris Boisduval, d 1 - 
 3 2 . Triprocris s mith s o nianus 
 
 Clemens, <?. 
 33. Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich- 
 
 Schasffer, J>. 
 34- Harrisina americana Guerin- 
 
 Meneville, c?. 
 
 35. Hexeris enhydris Grote, <5*. 
 
 36. Meskea dy spier aria Grote, $. 
 
 37. Desmia funeralis Hubner, <$. 
 
 38. Pantographa limata Grote & 
 
 Robinson, c?. 
 
 39. Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus, 
 
 40. Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee, 
 
 41. Pyraus ta insequalis Guenee, d 1 - 
 
 42. Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, 9 . 
 
 43. Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, (J 1 . 
 
 44. Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, d 1 - 
 
 45. Evergestis straminalis Hubner, 
 
 d 1 - 
 
 46. Herculia himonialis Zeller, 9 
 
 47. Phlyctcenia tertialis Guen6e, d 1 - 
 
 48. Pyrausta illibalis Hubner, 9 
 
 49. Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, tf. 
 
 50. Pyrausta funebris Strom, d*- 
 
 51. Pyrausta unifascialis Packard. 
 
 52. Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, d 1 - 
 53. Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, 9- 
 
 54. Pyrausta pertextalis'Lederer, $. 
 
 55. Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, d 1 - 
 ' 56. Pyrausta unimacula Grote & 
 
 Robinson, c?. 
 
 57. Pyrausia ochosalis Fitch, MS., 
 
 58. Eustixia pupula Hubner, d 1 . 
 
 59. Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius, 
 
 60. Conchylodes platinalis Guenee,
 
 E MOTH BOOK
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 summer in Washington, D. C. The insect has a wide range, 
 being known to occur in the West Indies and Central America. 
 
 Genus PHLYCT^ENODES Guen6e 
 
 There 
 
 This is a genus well represented in both hemispheres, 
 are over thirty species found in the United States. 
 
 (1) Phlyctaenodes triumphalis'Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 5, $ . 
 This species, which is found in the vicinity of San Luis Obispo, 
 
 California, was described by Grote in the "Canadian Entomolo- 
 gist," Vol. XXXIV, p. 295. It does not appear in Dyar's List. 
 
 (2) Phlyctaenodes sticticalis Linnaeus. (The Sugar-beet 
 Moth.) 
 
 ' Syn. fuscahs Hiibner; tetragonalis Haworth; sordida Butler. 
 
 The moth, of which we give an enlarged representation in Fig. 
 218, has becmee in recent years the object of attention in 
 those portions of the 
 West in which the 
 cultivation of the 
 sugar-beet has be- 
 come an industry of 
 magnitude. It has 
 done considerable 
 damage to the crop 
 in Nebraska. There 
 are two and perhaps 
 three broods pro- 
 duced in a year. The 
 insect multiplies with 
 great rapidity, and 
 large areas planted FIG 2 ^_ Phlyctanodes sticticaUs , Twicethesize 
 
 With the beet have of life. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 320.) 
 
 been defoliated by the 
 
 caterpillars in comparatively a short time. The larvae hibernate 
 in cases woven of silk to which particles of earth are adherent, 
 and which are formed at a small depth under the surface of the 
 soil. By harrowing the ground it has been ascertained that many 
 of the cases are thrown up, and are emptied of the larvae by the 
 meadow-larks and other insectivorous birds, or are killed by the 
 frosts of winter. Many of them, however, escape such treat- 
 
 395
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 ment, being possessed of vitality enough to withstand a great 
 degree of cold. It has been suggested thai a better way in 
 which to rid the fields of the pests is to apply Paris green to the 
 beets, in a solution composed of one pound of the poison to two 
 hundred gallons of water. The spraying of the plants by the 
 mixture is said to have proved efficacious in cases where the 
 
 FlG. 219. P. sticticalis. a, larva, 
 magnified ; b, dorsal view of segment 
 of do. ; c, lateral view of segment. 
 (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. V, 
 p. 321.) 
 
 FIG. 220. P. sticticalis. a, 
 outline of larval case ; b, cocoon 
 of parasite in larval case ; c, 
 pupa, enlarged. (After Riley, 
 "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 321.) 
 
 application was made as soon as it was ascertained that the in- 
 sects were at work upon the leaves. Nature in this case, as in 
 multitudes of others, comes to the assistance of the agriculturist, 
 and there is a parasite which destroys many of the larvae. The 
 cocoon of one of these is shown in Fig. 220. 
 
 The moth occurs in Europe as well as in America, and it is 
 possible that the insect has been imported from the Old World. 
 
 (3) Phlyctsenodes oberthuralis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 
 4,3. 
 
 The species occurs in California and Arizona. 
 
 Genus TITANIO Hiibner 
 
 (i) Titanic proximalis Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 6, $ . 
 The moth is a native of California. The genus to which it 
 belongs is represented in our fauna by a number of species. 
 
 " And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of the caterpillar." 
 
 ISAIAH. xxxni, 4. 
 
 39 6
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 Genus PHLYCT^NIA Hiibner 
 (i) Phlyctaenia tertialis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 47, $ . 
 
 Syn. plectilis Grote & Robinson ; syringicola Packard. 
 
 This is a common species in the eastern portion of the region. 
 It is very abundant about Pittsburgh. The genus is represented 
 in our fauna by a dozen species. 
 
 Genus CINDAPHIA Lederer 
 (i) Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 40, $ . 
 
 Syn. julialis Walker ; incensalis Lederer ; amiculatalis Berg ; pulchripictalis 
 Hampson. 
 
 The moth occurs from New York and New England south- 
 ward to the temperate regions of South America. It is the only 
 representative of the genus in our fauna. 
 
 Genus PYRAUSTA Schrank 
 
 This is a very large genus, which is well represented in both 
 hemispheres. There are about sixty species known to occur 
 within our territory. 
 
 (1) Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 54, $ . 
 
 Syn. gentilis Grote ; thesealis Zeller. 
 
 The species ranges from New England to the extreme southern 
 portions of our region. 
 
 (2) Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 52, $ . 
 The moth occurs in western Pennsylvania and Ohio and 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 (3) Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 49, $ . 
 
 Syn. adipaloides Grote & Robinson. 
 
 The insect is not uncommon in the Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 (4) Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 55, 6. 
 
 Syn. orasusalis Walker ; badipennis Grote. 
 
 The species is found in the eastern portions of our territory. 
 It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania. 
 
 (5) Pyrausta illibalis Hiibner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 48, ? . 
 
 Syn. arsaltealis Walker; euphcesalis Walker; guttulosa Walker; fascia/is 
 Walker ; subjectalis Lederer ; magniferalis Walker. 
 
 The moth, which is somewhat variable in its markings, is 
 found in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (6) Pyrausta unifascialis Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 'i,$. 
 
 W7
 
 Pyralidse 
 
 Syn. subolivalis Packard; hircinalis Grote ; olnigralis Ilulst. 
 
 The moth is known to occur in the northern portions of the 
 United States and to range westward to California. 
 
 (7) Pyrausta insequalis Guenee, Plate XLV1I, Fig. 41,3. 
 
 Syn. subsequalis Guenee; madetesalis Walker; repletalis Walker; efficitalis 
 Walker. 
 
 The species inhabits the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (8) Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS., Plate XLVII, Fig. 57, 3 . 
 This species, which is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania, 
 
 is in many collections confounded with P. generosa Grote & 
 Robinson, which it resembles in a general way. The insect is 
 prevalently smaller than the latter species, and the markings are 
 different. The species has been correctly discriminated in the 
 collection of the United States National Museum from P. generosa, 
 and the name applied to it in manuscript by Fitch is there given 
 it. I have used this name in designation of the species. 
 
 (9) Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. "44, $. 
 
 Syn. erosnealis Walker ; diffissa Grote & Robinson ; bellulalis Hulst. 
 
 The species ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to 
 Texas. 
 
 (10) Pyrausta unimacula Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, 
 Fig. 56, $ 
 
 The insect is common in Pennsylvania and the Valley of the 
 Ohio. 
 
 (i i) Pyrausta funebris Strom, Plate XLVII, Fig. 50, <5 . 
 
 Syn. octomaculata Linnseus ; glomeralis Walker. 
 
 This pretty and distinctly marked species, which in the pat- 
 tern of its wings recalls the markings of the genus Alypia, is 
 found in the northern parts of temperate North America and in 
 Europe. 
 
 (12) Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 42, ?. 
 
 The moth is found from New England to western Pennsyl- 
 vania and the Valley of the Ohio as far west as southern Indiana. 
 
 Genus EUSTIXIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Eustixia pupula Hubner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 58, $ . 
 
 The insect is found throughout the Appalachian subregion. 
 It is freely attracted to light and also to sugar. It is common in 
 Indiana.
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 Genus CORNIFRONS Lederer 
 
 (i) Cornifrons simalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7, $. 
 The range of the moth is from Montana to Oregon. 
 
 nus NOCTUELIA Guen<e 
 (i) Noctuelia thalialis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 9, $. 
 
 Syn. peruviana Walker; gelidalis Walker; novalis Grote; coslcemaculalis 
 Snellen. 
 
 The insect is found in the Gulf States and southward through 
 South America. 
 
 SUBFAMILY NYMPHULIN^E 
 
 The insects composing this family are generally found in the 
 vicinity of water, the larvae feeding for the most part upon aquatic 
 plants. Four genera belonging to the subfamily are recognized 
 as occurring within our limits. We give an illustration of one of 
 the commoner species. 
 
 Genus NYMPHULA Schrank 
 
 (i) Nymphula obscuralis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 10, ?. 
 The insect occurs from Maine to Minnesota, and southward 
 into Pennsylvania and West Virginia. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SCOPARIIN/E 
 
 The Scopariince are represented in our fauna by the genus 
 Scoparia alone. Seven species belonging to this genus are 
 attributed to it in the last published list of the Lepidoptera of the 
 United States. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PYRALIN^E 
 
 Five genera belonging to this subfamily occur within our ter- 
 ritory. Of these we have selected for illustration specimens rep- 
 resenting three of the genera. 
 
 Genus HYPSOPYGIA HUbner 
 
 (i) Hypsopygia costalis Fabricius, Plate XLVII, Fig. 59, 3. 
 (The Clover-hay Worm.) 
 
 Syn. fimbrialis Denis & Schiffermiiller. 
 
 399
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 This troublesome little species is no doubt an importation from 
 Europe, where it is very common. It has spread from the Atlantic 
 
 to the Rocky Mountains. It 
 has the habit of infesting 
 stacks of clover-hay, and 
 often does a great deal of 
 damage by weaving its webs 
 of fine whitish silk mixed 
 with excrement in the hay 
 and devouring the leaves. 
 Many cases have been re- 
 ported in which hay had been 
 rendered entirely unfit for use 
 by the presence ofthese pests. 
 As the larvae feed upon 
 dried clover, it has been rec- 
 ommended to make it a 
 point not to stack new hay in places where the old hay is known 
 to have been infected. Furthermore, as the larvae are known to 
 prefer hay which is somewhat moist, it is recommended to make 
 it a point to stack the hay in such a manner that it cannot be 
 subjected to an excess of moisture. This may be done by build- 
 ing the stacks upon a framework of rails elevated a little distance 
 above the ground, so as to permit of the circulation of air beneath. 
 
 FlG. 221. Hypsopygia costalis. 1-2, 
 larvae ; 3, cocoon ; 4, pupa ; 5-6, moth ; 7 
 larva covered with silken web. (After 
 Riley.) 
 
 (The 
 
 Genus PYRALIS Linnaeus 
 
 (i) Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, Plate XLVII, Fig. 53, ? . 
 Meal Snout-moth.) 
 
 This is a cosmo- 
 politan species, being 
 quite abundant every- 
 where. It manifests 
 a decided preference 
 for cereals in almost 
 any form, and feeds 
 
 Upon meal, bran, and FIG. 2^^. Pyralis farinalis. a, moth; 
 
 pvpn thf straw anH c > cocoon - (After Chittenden, " Bull. U. S. Dept. 
 
 even tne straw and Agric>> ,, New Series> Volt IVj p< 1JQ-) A11 figu f es 
 
 husks. It Undergoes twice the size of life. 
 400
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 transformation quite rapidly and is known to produce as many 
 as four generations in a year. The caterpillars prefer the dark 
 corners of meal-bins and the nooks of granaries and elevators 
 which are least disturbed, and here will, unless they are detected 
 and their ravages checked, establish centers of infection, from 
 which they will go forth to do a vast amount of mischief. The 
 caterpillars form long cases or tunnels of silk mixed with the 
 debris of their food, in which they are quite effectually concealed 
 from view. The best remedy is cleanliness, and frequent moving 
 of stored products. 
 
 Genus HERCULIA Walker 
 
 (1) Herculia olinalis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 13, $. 
 
 Syn. trentonalis Lederer. 
 
 The species is widely distributed throughout the United States 
 and Canada. The larvae feed upon the leaves of the oak. 
 
 (2) Herculia himonialis Zeller, Plate XLVII, Fig. 46, ? . 
 The moth is found from New England to Pennsylvania. It is 
 
 not uncommon among the Alleghany Mountains about Cresson. 
 
 SUBFAMILY CHRYSAUGIN/E 
 
 This is a small subfamily, represented in our fauna by nine 
 genera. Two of these we have selected for representation. 
 
 Genus SALOBRANA Walker 
 
 (i) Salobrana tecomae Riley, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1 1, $. 
 
 This curious little moth feeds in its larval state upon the inte- 
 rior of the seed-pods of the common trumpet-vine (Tecoma). 
 The eggs are deposited when the pods are forming, and the larvae 
 develop within them until in the fall, when they become dormant, 
 hibernating in their burrows until the following spring, when 
 they prepare for their escape by making an orifice in the outer 
 shell of the pod and transforming into pupa;. An excellent 
 account of their habits has been given by the late Professor C. V. 
 Riley in the "American Entomologist," Vol. Ill, p. 288. The 
 moth is found in the southwestern portions of the United States, 
 in the West Indies, and in Mexico and Central America. 
 
 401
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 Genus TOSALE Walker 
 (i) Tosale oviplagalis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 33, $ . 
 
 Syn. nobilis Grote ; anthcecioides Grote & Robinson. 
 
 This is a common insect in western Pennsylvania, coming 
 freely to sugar. It ranges from the eastern portions of our terri- 
 tory southward into South America. 
 
 SUBFAMILY SCHCENOBIIN^E 
 
 This is a small subfamily of peculiar moths in which the pro- 
 boscis is wanting, and which are represented in our territory by 
 four genera and a dozen or more species. Of these we have 
 selected one for illustration. 
 
 Genus SCIRPOPHAGA Treitschke 
 (i) Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 
 
 12, ?. 
 
 Syn. serriradiellus Walker ; macrinellus Zellner. 
 
 The habitat of this moth is the southern part of Florida. 
 SUBFAMILY CRAMBIN/E 
 
 The Crambince, or "Grass-moths," as they are commonly 
 called, constitute a large subfamily. The North American species 
 have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little 
 book entitled "The Crambidae of North America," which was 
 published in 1896. To this the student will do well to refer. 
 There are fourteen genera in our territory, and over eighty species. 
 Only a few of these can be represented in our plates. 
 
 Genus CRAM BUS Fabricius 
 
 (1) Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, $ . 
 
 Syn. semifusellus Walker. 
 
 The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the 
 other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the 
 grasses. 
 
 (2) Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, $. 
 The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (3) Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, ?. 
 
 Syn. bipunctellus Zeller. 
 
 4O2
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 The insect occurs from Canada and New England in the North 
 to the Potomac and the Ohio in the South. 
 
 (4) Crambus trisectus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, $ . 
 
 Syn. interminellus Walker ; exsiccatus Zeller ; biliturellus Zeller. 
 
 This is a very common and widely distributed species, rang- 
 ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate 
 latitudes. 
 
 Genus DIATR^EA Guilding 
 
 (i) Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk 
 Borer.) 
 
 Syn. leucaniellus Walker; lineosellus Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; crambi- 
 doides Grote. 
 
 As early as the year 1828 the attention of the world was called 
 to the damage inflicted upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies 
 by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper 
 in which it was described was the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who 
 was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account 
 of the insect. About thirty years later, attention was called to 
 the ravages of 
 a similar insect 
 in the island of 
 Mauritius, into 
 which it had 
 been intro- 
 duced. From 
 the West In- 
 dies the insect 
 was transport- 
 ed to Louisi- 
 ana, and a 
 study of its 
 pernicious 
 habits was ac- 
 curately made 
 in the year 1 88 1 
 by Dr. L. O. 
 Howard of the 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture. 
 Louisiana as a pest since 1855. 
 
 403 
 
 FIG. 223. D. saccharalis. 
 larged ; d, third thoracic segment; 
 
 varieties of larva, en- 
 eighth abdominal seg- 
 
 ment ; /, abdominal segment from side ; g, same from above, 
 enlarged. (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 101.) 
 
 It had been known in
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane. 
 It attacks with equal avidity sorghum and the stalks of the com- 
 mon Indian corn, or maize. The insect has gradually worked its 
 way northward from the region of the Gulf, having found lodg- 
 ment here and there throughout the Southern States, and is now 
 known to occur quite abundantly at times as far north as Mary- 
 land. It is double-brooded in Virginia. 
 
 The most serious damage is inflicted upon the crop where 
 the larvae attack young stalks. Plants which are older and well 
 
 established, though 
 they may suffer to 
 some extent from the 
 insects, are generally 
 not damaged suffi- 
 ciently to prevent the 
 maturing and harden- 
 ing of the grain; but 
 where the stalks are 
 young and quite ten- 
 der, they fail to mature, 
 are stunted, sicken, and 
 ultimately die. The 
 accompanying figure 
 shows the dwarfed 
 and sickly appearance 
 of such a stalk, which 
 has been invaded by 
 the borer. The life- 
 history of the insect 
 has been briefly given 
 by Howard as follows : 
 " In early spring the 
 parent moth lays her 
 eggs upon the young 
 cane near the axils, and 
 the young borer pene- 
 trates the stalk at or 
 near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through 
 the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active, 
 
 404 
 
 FIG. 224. D. saccharalis. a, appearance of 
 corn-stalk infested by larva; b, stalk cut open to 
 show larval tunnel and pupa. (After Howard, 
 "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 99.)
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 and frequently leaves the stalk at one place and enters at another, 
 making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready 
 to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the 
 exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There 
 are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect 
 hibernates in the larval state within the stalks." 
 
 The fact that the insect makes its home in the winter months 
 in the dry stalks furnishes the means for most effectually com- 
 bating its attacks. The remedy is found in destroying the 
 stalks, either by burning 
 them or by gathering them 
 up and feeding them to live 
 stock. It is well known 
 that where crops are ro- 
 tated, and the stalks are" 
 not left standing in the 
 fields all winter, the insect 
 does not succeed in inflict- 
 ing much damage. Care- 
 ful and intelligent tillage of 
 the soil, cleanliness in the 
 fields, will do much to pre- 
 vent the increase of these 
 insects, as well as of many 
 other injurious species 
 which might be named. 
 
 FIG. 225. D. saccharalis. a, female, en- 
 larged ; b, wings of male ; c, pupa, enlarged. 
 (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, 
 P- 95-) 
 
 In addition to feeding 
 
 upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has be,en ascertained 
 that the insect will attack " Gama-grass" (Tripsactim dactyloides), 
 and it is recommended to burn over fields in which this grass 
 grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous 
 to know more about this insect may consult the pages of " Insect 
 Life," Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written at length 
 upon its habits. It is from this article that much of the infor- 
 mation contained in the preceding paragraphs has been drawn. 
 
 SUBFAMILY GALLERIIN/E 
 
 This is a subfamily the larvae of at least one species of which 
 have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of 
 
 405
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young of 
 the insects upon whose industry they prey. 
 
 Genus GALLERIA Fabricius 
 (i) Galleria mellonella Linnaeus. (The Bee-moth.) 
 
 Syn. cereana Linnaeus ; cerella Fabricius ; obliqnella Walker. 
 
 The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country 
 from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has 
 been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more 
 
 a- c 
 
 FIG. 226. The Bee-moth. a, larva: , cocoon ; c, pupa; </, 
 female moth with wings expanded; e, male moth with wings closed. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 than a century, while it has been known from time immemorial 
 in Europe as one of the most dreaded pests of the hive. The 
 moth is double-brooded, the first generation appearing on the 
 wing in the latter part of May and the beginning of June, and 
 the second in August. We cannot do better than to quote in 
 this connection the following account of the insect which is given 
 by Professor C. V. Riley in the " First Annual Report of the State 
 Entomologist of Missouri," p. 166: 
 
 " During the daytime these moths remain quietly ensconced in 
 some angle of the hive, but, as night approaches, they become 
 active, and the female uses her best endeavors to get into the 
 hive, her object being to deposit her eggs in as favorable a place 
 as possible. Wire-gauze contrivances are of no avail to keep her 
 out, as she frequently commences flying before all the bees have 
 ceased their work. But even if she were entirely prevented from 
 entering the hive, she could yet deposit her eggs on the outside s 
 or, by means of her extensile ovipositor, thrust them in between 
 the slightest joint or crack, and the young worms hatching from 
 them would readily make their way into the hive. The moment 
 
 ao6
 
 Pyralida 
 
 the worm is hatched, it commences spinning a silken tube for its 
 protection, and this tube is enlarged as it increases in size. The 
 worm cuts its channels right through .the comb, feeding on the 
 wax, and destroying the young bees on its way. When full- 
 grown, it creeps into a corner of the hive or under some ledge at 
 the bottom, and forms a tough white cocoon of silk mingled 
 with its own black excrement, as shown in Figure 226, b. In due 
 time the moth emerges from this cocoon. 
 
 A worm-infested hive may generally be known by the dis- 
 couraged aspect which the bees present, and by the bottom- 
 board being covered with pieces of bee-bread mixed with the 
 black gunpowder-like excrement of the worm. . . . If a hive is 
 very badly infested with the worm, it is better to drive out the 
 bees and secure what honey and wax there may be left than to 
 preserve it as a moth-breeder to infest the apiary. If put into a 
 new hive, the bees may do something; and if they do not, there 
 is no loss, as they would have perished, finally, from the ravages 
 of the worm." 
 
 SUBFAMILY EPIPASCHIIN^E 
 
 This subfamily is represented in our fauna by fourteen genera 
 and about thirty species. The insects may generally be recog- 
 nized and separated from allied forms by the fact that the cell of 
 the fore wing is adorned -by tufts of raised scales. We have 
 only space to give an illustration of a single genus and species. 
 
 Genus YUMA Hulst 
 (i) Yuma trabalis Grote, Plate XLVI1I, Fig. 14, ? . 
 
 Syn. adulatalis Hulst. 
 
 The insect is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and ranges 
 southward into Texas. Almost all of the Epipascbiince found 
 within our territory are native to the West and the Southwest, 
 only a few species being found in the eastern portions of the 
 United States. 
 
 SUBFAMILY PHYCITIN/E 
 
 This is a very extensive group of moths, which have been 
 admirably monographed by the late Mons. E. L. Ragonot of 
 Paris, in the " Memoires sur les ^Lepidopteres," Vols. VII and 
 
 407
 
 Pyramids 
 
 VIII. There are represented in our fauna over sixty genera and 
 more than two hundred species. We can give our readers 
 merely a glimpse into this corner of the field, but trust that what 
 they shall see may impel them to undertake for themselves the 
 pleasant task of diligent exploration, assuring them that they will 
 find here a world of wonders with which to deal. 
 
 Genus ACROBASIS Zeller 
 
 (i) Acrobasis betulella Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 15, ?. 
 
 This is a common species, ranging from New England to 
 Colorado. There are nearly a dozen other species of the genus 
 known to occur in our fauna, and no doubt many more which 
 have not yet been discovered and described. 
 
 Genus MINEOLA Hulst 
 
 (i) Mineola juglandis Le Baron. (The Walnut Case-bearer.) 
 
 This little moth lives in its larval stage upon the leaves of 
 
 the hickory and walnut. It has the habit of drawing together 
 
 two of the opposite leaves 
 attached to the long peti- 
 ole, and between them it 
 builds a case, which is 
 quite straight and is com- 
 posed of silk, attached to 
 which is excrementitious 
 matter, which is neatly 
 and closely applied to 
 the whole. In this case 
 the larva lives until the 
 cooler airs of autumn 
 warn it to leave the 
 petiole of the compound 
 leaf, which will fall pres- 
 ently, and it then anchors its little case to the twig near by, and 
 in a half-grown state prepares for the cold winds and icy tem- 
 perature of winter. When again spring sends the sap up the 
 branches, and the leaves begin to unfold, it cuts the bands of silk 
 which held the case in place, and completing its development 
 
 408 
 
 FIG. 227. M. juglandis. , case woven 
 between leaves ; b, case ; c, e, wing of M. indi- 
 genella and variety; d, wing of M. juglandis. 
 (After Riley.)
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 upon freshly grown and sapid food, it is transformed into a pupa, 
 from which the moth presently emerges. The moth closely 
 resembles the next species, but the student, by the study of its 
 habits and of the case, which is always straight, and not crooked, 
 as is that of the following species, may at once discriminate it. 
 (2) Mineola indigenella Zeller. (The Rascal Leaf-crumpler.) 
 
 Syn. nebula Walsh; zelatella Hulst. 
 
 This moth is common in 
 the Valley of the Mississippi 
 and in Ontario, but does not 
 appear to be very common in 
 the Eastern States, and is un- 
 known in the extreme south- 
 ern portions of our region. 
 It is very common in western 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Professor C. V. Riley de- 
 scribes its habits as follows: 
 "It is one of those insects 
 which is hardly noticed while 
 it is carrying on its most de- 
 structive work; for it is most 
 voracious during the leafy 
 months of May and June, 
 and is then more or less hid- 
 den by the foliage of the tree, 
 which it so effectually helps to denude. 
 
 FIG. 228. M. indigenella. a, case; b, 
 case wrapped in debris of leaves; c, head 
 of larva; d, moth, enlarged. (After Riley.) 
 
 But the nakedness of 
 winter, though it does not reveal the surreptitious worm, lays 
 bare and renders conspicuous its little house, and these houses 
 these "larval cases whether closely attached in clusters to the 
 twigs as in Figure 228, b, or hidden in a few seared and silk-sewn 
 leaves as at Figure 229, are unerring tokens of past injury to the 
 tree, and symbols of increased injury in the future, unless re- 
 moved. The bunches of leaves anchored to the tree by strong 
 silken cables and breasting defiantly every winter's wind are, 
 indeed, significant insignia upon which is written in characters, 
 if not in words 'result of careless culture and unpardonable 
 neglect.' 
 
 There is but one brood a year, and the larva, about one-third 
 409
 
 FlG. 229. Cluster of leaves 
 hiding larval case of M. indi- 
 genella. (After Riley.) 
 
 Pyralidse 
 
 grown, invariably passes the winter protected in its case. At 
 this season of the year it is always of a deep reddish-brown 
 color. As the leaves expand in spring 
 it rouses from its winter lethargy, 
 and after 'heaving anchor' to use a 
 nautical expression by severing the 
 silken connections of its case, travels 
 in search of food, and having found 
 ir, secures its case again, and breaks 
 its long fast. Toward the end of 
 May it acquires its growth, wnen the 
 earlier brown color frequently takes 
 on a more or less decided deep green 
 hue. It is a smooth worm with the 
 head and thoracic joints as represented 
 ate. The case at this time usually 
 presents the appearance of Figure 228, 
 a, being crooked and twisted like a 
 little horn, gradually enlarging, cornucopia-fashion, from tip to 
 mouth, and reminding one strongly of a piece of bird-dung. It 
 is formed of the worm's excrement and other debris, interwoven 
 with silk, and is completely lined on the inside with a carpet of 
 the last-named material. The worm leaves it for feeding pur- 
 poses mostly during the night. The chrysalis is formed inside 
 this case, and the moths commence to make their appearance 
 during the fore part of June, and later as we go farther north." 
 The insect feeds principally upon the Rosacece, and is very 
 injurious to orchards, attacking apple-trees, plums, quinces, cher- 
 ries, and certain varieties of pears, especially the Seckel pear. 
 
 Genus AMBESA Grote 
 
 (i) Ambesa laetella Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 16, $. 
 The moth is not uncommon in Colorado, Wyoming, and 
 Utah. It is found in the sage-brush in August. 
 
 Genus MELITARA Walker 
 
 (i) Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 8, ?. 
 The insect is not at all uncommon in Arizona, and is also said 
 to occur in Mexico. 
 
 410
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 A 
 
 11 
 
 
 FIG. iy>.Z.grossulariiE. 
 Moth and cocoon. (After 
 Riley.) 
 
 Genus ZOPHODIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Zophodia grossulariae Riley. (The Gooseberry Fruit- 
 worm.) 
 
 Syn. turbitella Grote. 
 
 The larva of this little moth, which is glass-green, feeds 
 upon currants and gooseberries as they are forming upon the 
 branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a 
 cluster of them together with a web of 
 silk. The berries attacked by the larvae 
 do not generally fall to the ground, but 
 shrivel up where they are, attached to 
 the stalk. The caterpillars transform into 
 pupae on the ground, under leaves and 
 among rubbish. There is but one brood 
 during the year. 
 
 The insect is widely distributed from New England and 
 southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the 
 Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Genus CANARSIA Hulst 
 
 ( i )Canarsia hammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. ) 
 The larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or 
 soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple and allied 
 trees, leaving the framework of 
 veins and veinlets untouched. 
 Sometimes it devours all of the 
 upper surface of the leaf and 
 completely skeletonizes it; more 
 frequently it only eats portions 
 here and there. In the fall of 
 the year orchards are often made 
 to appear quite sear and blighted 
 by the inroads of the minute larvae, 
 which are gregarious and are at 
 times found literally in millions 
 upon the trees. 
 
 The insect has an extensive 
 range, and is found from New 
 411 
 
 FIG. 231. C. hammondi. a, larva ; 
 
 b, enlarged dorsal view of segment ; 
 
 c, enlarged view of head and anterior 
 segments; d, moth. (After Riley.)
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio 
 and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas. 
 
 By weakening the trees the larvae cause the fruit to fall pre- 
 maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. It 
 has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the 
 insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this 
 has the effect of destroying the larvae. A better method of pro- 
 cedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of 
 one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as 
 disinfectants in orchards. 
 
 Genus EPHESTIA Guenee 
 (i) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. (The Flour-moth.) 
 
 Syn. gitonella Druce. 
 
 This wretched pest, the original habitat of which is not 
 known, has within recent years caused a great deal of trouble 
 and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the 
 Atlantic. It is believed by many European entomologists to be 
 of American origin, but this cannot be proved. Others hold that 
 
 FIG. 232. E. kuehniella. (All figures greatly enlarged.) a, larva; , pupa; 
 c, moth; d, enlarged head of larva; e, enlarged segment; /, moth at rest; g, front 
 wing, showing characteristic markings ; h, i, neuration of wings. (After Riley, 
 " Insect Life," Vol! II, p. 166.) 
 
 it is an importation from the Orient, and it goes under the name 
 of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in some localities. Wherever 
 the creature came from, it is a decided plague. Rapidly multi- 
 plying, it takes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and. 
 
 412
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII 
 
 (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in 
 the collection of W. J. Holland.) 
 
 1. Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, J 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 2. Samea ecclesialis Guenee, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 3. Agathodes monstralis Guenee, tf , U. S. N. M. 
 
 4. Phlyctanodes oberthuralis Fernald, d\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 5. Phlyctcsnodes triumphalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 6. Titanio proximalis Fernald, cT, U. S. N. M. 
 
 7. Cornifrons simalis Grote, tf , U. S. N. M. 
 
 8. Melitara fernaldialis'Hulst, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 9. Noctuelia thalialis Walker, d\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 10. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, $ , U. S. N. M. 
 
 11. Salobrana tecomaz Riley, 9. 
 
 12. Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, 9 . U. S. N. M. 
 
 13. Herculia olinalis Guenee, <j\ U. S. N. M. 
 
 14. Yuma trabalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N.. M. 
 
 15. Acrobasis betulella Hulst, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 1 6. Ambesa latella Grote, tf. 
 
 17. Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, <J*. 
 
 1 8. Cravibus alboclavellus Zeller, <5*. 
 
 19. Crambus turbatellus Walker, 9 
 
 20. Crambus trisectus Walker, 9 
 
 21. Archips cerasivorana Fitch, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 22. Tortrix albicomana Clemens, cT, U. S. N. M. 
 
 23. Amorbia hunter osana Clemens, 9 , U. S. N. M 
 
 24. Platynota flavedana Clemens, 9 . var. 
 
 25. Platynota labiosana Zeller, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 26. Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, cJ 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 27. Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, c?. 
 
 28. Cenopis groteana Fernald, c?- 
 
 29. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, 9 
 
 30. Archips purpurana Clemens, c?. 
 
 31. Archips parallela Robinson, <?. 
 
 32. Archips* rosaceana Harris, 9 
 
 33. Tosale oviplagalis Walker, J 1 . 
 
 34. Archips argyrospila Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 35. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, 9 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 36. Atteva aurea Fitch, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 37. Atteva gemmata Grote, <J*, U. S. N. M. 
 
 38. Semioscopis merricella Dyar, 9 
 
 39. Eulia alisellana Robinson, 9 
 
 40. Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, d 1 , U. S. N. M. 
 
 41. Stenoma schlcegeri Zeller, & , U. S. N. M. 
 
 42. Anaphora popeanella Clemens, c?. 
 
 43. Acrolophus plumtfrontellus Clemens, (J 1 . 
 
 44. Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, c?, U. S. N. M. 
 
 45. Adela bella Chambers, <5*.
 
 PLATS XLVI11. 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 *- 
 
 T 
 
 EBWAN COLORTYPE CO., N.Y
 
 Pyialidae 
 
 seems to defy attempts to eradicate it. Each female lays from 
 six to seven hundred eggs, and the process of generation seems, 
 where buildings are warm, to go on continuously. Moving and 
 airing the wheat does no good, as the insect seems to multiply 
 in the pipes in which flour is transported in a mill from one place 
 to another by air-pressure. Much damage is done by the habit 
 which the larvae pos- 
 sess of gnawing the 
 fine gauze of the 
 screens in a flour- 
 mill. 
 
 When the insect 
 has once established 
 itself in an elevator or 
 mill, the only remedy 
 appears to be to shut 
 down, and thorough- 
 ly clean the place from 
 top to bottom, and 
 keep shut down and 
 go on cleaning until 
 not a nook or cranny 
 is known to harbor 
 the larvae, cocoons, or 
 moths. The accom- 
 
 FIG. 233. a, Enlarged view of cocoon of Flour- 
 moth from below, showing pupa through thin silk 
 which was attached to a beam. f>, Cocoon viewed 
 from above, with meal clinging to it. (After Riley, 
 "Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 167.) 
 
 panying illustrations, 
 which are taken from the pages of "Insect Life," Vol. II, will 
 enable the student to recognize this creature in its various stages 
 of development. 
 
 Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout 
 the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some 
 parts of Canada and New England. In England, Germany, and 
 Belgium its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment. 
 It shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the 
 same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spe- 
 cies of Plodia, of which we shall also have something to say. 
 
 " Bee to the blossom, moth to the flame ; 
 Each to his passion ; what 's in a name? " 
 
 HELEN HUNT JACKSON. Vanity of Vanities.
 
 E. 
 
 FIG. 234 
 
 (After ^ 
 * e " 
 
 Pyralidae 
 
 (2) Ephestia cautella Walker. (The Dried-currant Moth.) 
 
 Syn. cahiritella Zeller ; pasulella Barrett ; desuetella Walker. 
 
 This insect, which in many respects closely re- 
 sembles the preceding species, like it is destructive 
 to stored food-products. It is known to feed upon 
 Zante currants, raisins, cacao-beans, or chocolate- 
 nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. It is re- 
 garded as probable that upon occasion it may de- 
 velop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance 
 which, containing nutriment, accords in its general 
 character with the commodities which have been 
 named. It is especially likely to attack dried fruits 
 cautella. of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. That the 
 tw jf^ e insect has been introduced from abroad into our 
 chit- fauna is beyond reasonable doubt. Its ravages on 
 
 u. ' s. i?ept! the other side of the Atlantic have been described by 
 
 Agric.," New writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun- 
 try seems to date from about the time of the At- 
 lanta Cotton Exposition. 
 Just as most of the common weeds in our fields are of 
 
 European origin, having been brought over in the seeds which 
 
 were originally imported, 
 
 or at a later time in the 
 
 hay and straw which are 
 
 used to stuff crates and 
 
 packing-boxes, so many 
 
 of the destructive insects, 
 
 which have greatly multi- 
 plied in America, are for- 
 eign in their origin. It is 
 
 not without reason that 
 
 the government maintains 
 
 a set of officers, whose 
 
 function it is to inspect 
 
 vegetable importations for 
 
 the purpose of quarantin- 
 
 FIG. 235. E. cautella. a, moth ; b, vena- 
 tion of wings ; d, eggs. All figures enlarged. 
 (After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S. Dept. 
 Agric.," New Ser., No. 8, p. 8.) 
 
 ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests. 
 Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our 
 farmers would to-day be happier. 
 4M
 
 Pteropboridae 
 
 Genus PLODIA Guene"e 
 (i) Plodia interpunctella Hiibner. (The Indian-meal Moth.) 
 
 Syn. zees Fitch. 
 
 The larva of this moth has a propensity to feed upon almost 
 anything edible which comes in its way. It feeds upon Indian 
 meal with particular avid- 
 ity, but does not disdain 
 grain of any kind, whole 
 or ground. It breeds in 
 all sorts of dried fruits 
 and vegetables. It eats 
 English walnuts, is said 
 to invade beehives, and is 
 known at times to dam- 
 age herbariums and to 
 
 FIG. 236. P. interpunctella. a, moth ; 
 pupa ; c, larva ; d, front view of head of larva ; 
 e, lateral view of segment of larva. All figures 
 enlarged. (After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S. 
 Dept. Agric.,"New Ser., No. 4, p. 119.) 
 
 attack collections of dried 
 insects. There is nothing 
 which seems to come 
 amiss to its appetite, and 
 it is, when established in a house or store-room, a veritable nui- 
 sance. There are, according to the temperature of the building 
 which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the 
 reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing 
 has establis " itself under his roof it will require industry, pa- 
 tience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it. 
 
 FAMILY PTEROPHORID/E 
 
 " Nature never did betray 
 The breast that loved her ; 't is her privilege, 
 Through all the years of this our life, to lead 
 From joy to joy." 
 
 WORDSWORTH. 
 
 The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively 
 small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided 
 in such a manner as to suggest feathers. The hind wings are 
 generally trifid, sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are gener- 
 ally bifid, sometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement, 
 clumsy in appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They 
 
 415
 
 Pteroporidaeh 
 
 are generally hairy. The pupae are very remarkable, being soft 
 and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position 
 by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies, 
 though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands 
 of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about 
 sixty species of Plume-moths known to occur in the United 
 States. We can take space to represent only one- of these 
 species. 
 
 Genus OXYPTILUS Zeller 
 
 (i) Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. (The Grape-vine 
 
 Plume.) 
 
 An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the 
 
 habits of this insect, which is universally distributed over the 
 whole Appalachian subregion, is 
 given by the late Professor Riley 
 in the "Fourth Missouri Report." 
 The moths may generally be found 
 in vineyards and about grape-vines, 
 when they are beginning to put out 
 their leaves. The eggs are laid on 
 the branches before they begin to 
 blossom, and about the time the 
 third bunch of grapes on a given 
 shoot is beginning to mature, it will 
 be found that the terminal leaves 
 have been drawn together with a 
 
 few strands f silk > and in tne tan - 
 
 gle thus prepared, under cover from 
 
 heat anc * ra ' n> w ^' k g found the curi- 
 ous little caterpillars of the Plume- 
 moth. The accompanying cut, taken 
 from the paper of Professor Riley to 
 which allusion has been made, will 
 serve to tell the story better than can 
 be done in brief compass by words. 
 The damage done by the insects is not usually very great, and 
 it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the 
 leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the 
 end of the shoot and destroy the insects. 
 
 416 
 
 FIG. 237. The Grape-vine 
 Plume, a, larvae ; b, pupa ; c , en- 
 larged view of process on back of 
 pupa ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of 
 segment of larva. (After Riley.)
 
 Orneodidae 
 
 FAMILY ORNEODIDyE 
 
 " Very close and diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best 
 microscope, will leave room for new and contradictory discoveries." 
 
 GEORGE ELIOT. 
 
 This is a very small family of moths, represented in our 
 fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both 
 the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the 
 case in all the insects of the family. 
 
 Genus ORNEODES Latreille 
 
 (i) Orneodes hexadactyla Linnaeus. (The Six-plume 
 Moth.) 
 
 The moth, which measures half an inch 
 in expanse of wings, is found in Europe 
 and in the cooler portions of North America, 
 exclusive of the arctic regions. It has 
 been reported to occur as far south as Mis- 
 souri, but is more commonly found in 
 New England, New York, Canada, Mani- FlG g _ Q 
 toba, and the Northwestern States on the dactyia. 
 Pacific coast It is nowhere apparently a 
 common insect, or else is overlooked by collectors on account 
 of its small size. 
 
 FAMILY TORTRICID/E 
 
 " Die Kritik nimmt oft dem Baume 
 Raupen und Bliithen mit einander." 
 JEAN PAUL RICHTER. 
 
 The Tortricidce constitute a very large assemblage of genera 
 and species. Because of the habit of the larvae of many species 
 of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these 
 insects have been often called "Leaf-rollers." Many of the 
 larvae live in the inside of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits, 
 and the famous " jumping-beans " of New Mexico and Arizona 
 are simply the seeds of a species of Croton or Sebastiania in
 
 Tortricidae 
 
 which is lodged the larva of a species of Tortricid, which has the 
 power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of 
 making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is 
 Cydia saltitans Westwood ; in the case of Sebastiania seeds the 
 insect imparting the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar- 
 monia sebastianice. 
 
 It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to 
 give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tor- 
 tricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of 
 the United States and Canada. We shall content ourselves with 
 an account of a few species, which will serve to show the reader 
 what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to view in this 
 single family of beautiful little moths. 
 
 Genus EUCOSMA Hubner 
 
 (1) Eucosma scudderiana Clemens. (The Misnamed Gall- 
 moth.) 
 
 Syn. saligneana Clemens ; affusana Zeller. 
 
 The moth was called " the Misnamed Gall-moth" by Professor 
 
 Riley because Clemens 
 had given it a specific 
 name which implied that 
 it was a denizen of wil- 
 low-trees or willow- 
 galls, when in fact it has 
 been ascertained to live 
 in the galls of the Golden- 
 rod (Solidago). The in- 
 sect is not uncommon in 
 western Pennsylvania, 
 and is possibly an inqui- 
 line or intruder in the 
 galls, which are pro- 
 duced by another spe- 
 cies, Gnorimoschema gallcesolidaginis Riley. 
 
 (2) Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 
 
 27, $ . ; 
 
 Syn. similana Clemens ; distigmana Walker ; clavana Zeller ; graduatana 
 Walsingham. 
 
 4 l8 
 
 FIG. 239. .. scudderiana. a, moth; b, lar- 
 val skin protruding from a gall of the Golden- 
 rod. (After Riley.)
 
 Tortricidse 
 
 This is a common species in the Appalachian subregion. It 
 is found abundantly in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus ANCYLIS Hubner 
 
 (i) Ancylis comptana Frolich. (The Strawberry Leaf- 
 roller.) 
 
 Syn. conflexana Walker ; fragaria Walsh & Riley. 
 
 This little insect has proved a very destructive foe of the 
 strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. There are two 
 broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding 
 upon the tender paren- 
 chyma, cause the plants 
 to wither and dry. So 
 bad have the ravages of 
 the larvae proved in some 
 places that horticultur- 
 ists have been led to Fl * ^ _ * ^^ fl> natural 
 
 abandon growing Straw- size; b, enlarged view of anterior portion of 
 
 berries in those localities. ^ ^ moth; d > anal se s ment of larva - < After 
 The insect is found in 
 
 Canada and in the portions of the United States immediately 
 south of the Great Lakes. Although the moth occurs in western 
 Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been re- 
 ported from this part of the country. 
 
 Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller 
 
 (i) Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Plate XLVI1I, Fig. 29, ? . 
 
 The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the 
 bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs 
 of the common locust (Robinid). 
 
 Genus CYDIA Hubner 
 
 (i) Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. (The Coddling-moth.) 
 This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated 
 to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which 
 amounts in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every 
 one is familiar with the pinkish worm which is encountered at 
 the heart of apples and pears. But for every apple and pear 
 
 419
 
 Tortricidae 
 
 which survives the attacks of these insects and develops suffi- 
 ciently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer, 
 
 there are scores of apples 
 and pears the development 
 of which is entirely ruined, 
 and they fall to the ground 
 undersized and worthless. 
 There are two broods of the 
 insects annually. The sec- 
 ond brood hibernates in the 
 cocoon. We quote again 
 from Riley: "The same 
 temperature which causes 
 our apple-trees to burst their 
 beauteous blossoms releases 
 the coddling-moth from its 
 pupal tomb, and though its 
 wings are still damp with 
 the imprint of- the great 
 Stereotyping Establishment 
 of the Almighty, they soon 
 dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each 
 to seek its companion. . . . The moths soon pair, and the female 
 flits from blossom to blossom, deftly depositing in the calyx of 
 each a tiny yellow egg. As the fruit matures, the worm develops. 
 In thirty-three days, under favorable circumstances, it has become 
 full-fed; when, leaving the apple, it spins up in some crevice, 
 changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks after- 
 wards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the 
 favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young 
 worm entering from the side." 
 
 The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all wind- 
 falls and immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty 
 to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to 
 the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands 
 of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons 
 among the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week 
 crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and 
 down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind 
 
 420 
 
 FIG. 241. C. pomonella. a, burrow in 
 apple; b, point where egg is laid; e, full- 
 grown larva; d, pupa; /, moth at rest; 
 ^.moth with wings expanded; A, enlarged 
 head of larva; i, cocoon. (After Riley.)
 
 Tortricidae 
 
 on another. The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe. 
 Not all the live stock brought into America from Europe, biped 
 or hexapod, has turned out well. 
 
 Genus ALCERIS Hubner 
 (i) Alceris minuta Robinson. (The Green Apple Leaf-tier.) 
 
 Syn. malivorana Le Baron ; vacciniivorana Packard ; variolana Zeller. 
 
 The larvae of this insect feed in the early spring upon the 
 young leaves of apple- and pear-trees, which they crumple up and 
 tie together with threads of silk. Under the folded leaves they 
 live and at last undergo their transformation into the pupal state. 
 The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when dis- 
 turbed, dropping to the ground or 
 lowering themselves quickly upon 
 a strand of silk. The chrysalis, as 
 shown in the annexed cut, has a 
 peculiar horn-like boss or projec- 
 tion at the upper end. The insect 
 does much damage in the spring 
 by preventing the proper expan- 
 sion of the leaves in the terminal 
 buds and by devouring the blos- 
 soms. The writer has for several 
 years been greatly interested in i ary a; 
 observing the manner in which 
 these pernicious little creatures 
 
 have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a 'couple of dwarf 
 pear-trees which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has 
 been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of 
 tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy 
 end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the 
 application of this old-fashioned remedy when needed. 
 
 FlG< 242 ._ 
 
 minuta . at 
 pupa; c, moth; d, folded 
 concealing pupa " (After 
 
 Genus EPAGOGE Hubner 
 (i) Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, 
 
 Fig. 
 
 40, $ -. 
 
 This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a 
 good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion. 
 
 421
 
 Tortricidae 
 
 Genus CENOPIS Zeller 
 
 (1) Cenopis pettitana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, ?. 
 The habitat of this species is the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Cenopis groteana Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 28, $-. 
 The insect is not uncommon in the Valley of the Ohio. 
 
 Genus ARCHIPS Hubner 
 
 (1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVIII, Fig. }2, ?. 
 
 Syn. vicariana Walker ; gossypiana Packard ; arcticana Mceschler. 
 
 This is a common species found all over the northern por- 
 tions of the United States and southern Canada. The larvae in- 
 flict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of 
 allied plants. 
 
 (2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 30, $ . 
 
 Syn. gurgitana Robinson ; lintneriana Grote. 
 
 In many respects this species is very closely allied to the last 
 mentioned, from which it may be distinguished by the darker, 
 more smoky color of the primaries. It has the same distribution 
 as rosaceana. 
 
 (3) Archips cerasivorana Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 21, ?. 
 The larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to 
 
 feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. It is 
 found in the northern portions of the United States and southern 
 Canada. 
 
 (4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 31, $ . 
 The species ranges from New England westward into the 
 
 Valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 (5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 34, ? . 
 
 Syn. furvana Robinson; v-signatana Packard. 
 
 The species, which is not at all uncommon, ranges through 
 the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 Genus PLATYNOTA Clemens 
 
 (1) Platynota flavedana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, ?. 
 
 Syn. concursana Walker ; laterana Robinson. 
 
 The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion. 
 
 (2) Platynota labiosana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 25, ? . 
 
 422
 
 Yponomeutidae 
 
 The insect is found in the southwestern portion of our terri- 
 tory, having been reported from Colorado and Texas. 
 
 Genus TORTRIX Linnaeus 
 
 (i) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 22, 6 . 
 The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being 
 commoner in the Atlantic States than elsewhere. 
 
 Genus EULIA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Eulia alisellana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, ?. 
 The insect is common in the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs in 
 western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 
 
 Genus AMORBIA Clemens 
 
 (i) Amorbia humerosana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23, ? . 
 The species is indigenous in the northern portions of the 
 Appalachian subregion. 
 
 Genus COMMOPHILA Hiibner 
 
 (i) Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, 
 
 Fig. 26, ? . 
 
 The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion. 
 
 FAMILY YPONOMEUTID/E 
 
 " Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth." 
 
 SHAKESPEARE. Merchant of Venice, I, 9. 
 
 This is a family of moderate size, represented in our fauna by 
 twenty-two genera and over sixty species. The species have a 
 characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the 
 student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able 
 to figure only three species, owing to the necessary limitations 
 of space. 
 
 Genus YPONOMEUTA Latreille 
 
 (i) Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 
 
 44,5- 
 
 Syn. ordinatellus Walker ; euonymella Chambers ; orbimaculella Chambers ; 
 wakarusa Gaumer. 
 
 423
 
 Gelechiidae 
 
 The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but more 
 particularly in the southeastern portions thereof. 
 
 Genus ATTEVA Walker 
 
 (1) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate XLVI11, Fig. 36, $ . 
 
 Syn. compta Clemens. 
 
 The insect is common in the southern portions of our region, 
 being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward 
 in o Mexico and lands still farther South. 
 
 (2) Atteva gemmata Grote, Plate XLVII1, Fig. 37, 6 . 
 
 Syn. fastuosa Zeller ; floridana Neumoegen. 
 
 The moth is found in the warmer parts of Florida. 
 
 FAMILY GELECHIJD/E 
 
 " He buildeth his house as a moth." JOB. xxvii, 18. 
 
 This is a very extensive family of small moths which possess 
 habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are 
 
 FIG. 243. P. operculella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited 
 about it, natural size ; b, egg, dorsal view ; c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged ; 
 d, k, mines of larva in potato ; j, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato, 
 somewhat reduced ; e, larva, dorsal view ; f, larva, lateral view ; g, larva, third ab- 
 
 dominal segment, lateral view; h, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged; 
 /, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 239.) 
 
 424 
 
 pupa;
 
 Gelcchiidae 
 
 known to be more or less injurious to vegetables, in which they 
 either burrow in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which 
 they prey. We can speak of only a few of them. 
 
 Genus PHTHORIM^A Meyrick 
 (i) Phthorimaea operculella Zeller. (The Potato-moth.) 
 
 Syn. terrella Walker ; solanella Boisduvat ; tabacella Ragonot. 
 
 This insect, represented in Fig. 243, the ravages of which upon 
 potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been 
 well known for many years, and which has more recently caused 
 much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently 
 found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally 
 imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years 
 to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a dan- 
 gerous and annoying pest. The best 
 remedy for it is said to be the total de- 
 struction of infected potatoes, and the 
 protection of the stored tubers from 
 access by the ovipositing females. 
 
 Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA 
 Busck 
 
 (i) Gnorimoschema gallaesoh- 
 daginis Riley. (The Solidago Gall- 
 moth.) 
 
 The man who has loitered by the 
 waysides in the country must often 
 have noticed the manner in which the 
 stems of the common golden-rod are 
 frequently swollen and enlarged about 
 two thirds of their length from the 
 root. This swelling may be caused by 
 the larvae of several insects, but one a 6 
 
 of the most frequent causes of the ab- FIG. 244. Galls of the Soli- 
 normal growth is the larva of a little J^Jaitt^254!^ 
 
 moth tO Which the above SCSquipeda- row at d, larva at e; b, gall, 
 
 lian name has been given. The life- P ening at c ' 
 history of the insect was carefully worked out by Professor 
 Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained 
 
 425
 
 Gelechiidae 
 
 in the "First Missouri Report," the accompanying cut has been 
 taken. It shows a gall as it appears from the outside, and also a 
 section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed 
 for itself in the enlargement of the stem. 
 
 The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but 
 particularly in western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Genus ANARSIA Zeller 
 (i) Anarsia lineatella Zeller. (The Peach-twig Borer.) 
 
 Syn. pruniella Clemens. 
 
 The insect which we are considering was in all probability intro- 
 duced into California, where it is now most firmly established, from 
 
 Asia, probably from Japan. 
 The eggs are deposited at 
 the point where the leaves 
 are attached to the stems, 
 or where the stem of the 
 fruit is located. The larvae 
 make minute burrows un- 
 der the bark of the twigs 
 and into the stem of the 
 fruit, and thus cause dam- 
 age both to the trees and to 
 the peaches. The insect is 
 double-brooded. The larvae 
 
 FIG. 245. A. lineatella. a, new shoot 
 of peach withering from attack of larva ; b, 
 
 larva, enlarged; c, pupa, enlarged. (After 
 Marlatt, "Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New 
 Ser., No. 10, p. u.) 
 
 are secretive, and hide so 
 effectually that it is said to 
 
 be very difficult to detect 
 them. The insect remains 
 in the pupal state about ten 
 
 days, when the moth emerges. The imago is about half an inch 
 in expanse of wing. The fore wings are of a beautiful gray 
 color, clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects 
 of the second generation hibernate as larvas in their burrows in 
 the bark of the twigs. 
 
 A very full and excellent account of the habits of this 
 insect has been published in the " Bulletin of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture " by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. It is 
 
 426
 
 Gelechiidae 
 
 from -this paper that we have been with great kindness per- 
 mitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given. 
 
 As a means of combating 
 this pest, it has been recom- 
 mended to spray the peach- 
 trees, just as the leaves are 
 beginning to open in the 
 spring, with a solution of 
 one pound of lime and one 
 pound of Paris green mixed 
 in two hundred gallons of 
 water. It is also recom- 
 mended to spray the trees in 
 February, or even injanuary, 
 with kerosene emulsion, 
 which is said to penetrate 
 
 the little burrows in which 
 the larvae hibernate and kill 
 them. The latter method is 
 undoubtedly preferable. 
 
 FlG. 246. A. lineatella. a, moth with 
 wings expanded; b, c, moths with wings 
 folded. All figures enlarged. (After Marlatt, 
 " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric.," New Ser., No. 
 
 IO, p. 12.) 
 
 CUPID'S CANDLE 
 
 ' Round her flaming heart they hover, 
 
 Lured by loveliness they go 
 Moth-like, every man a lover, 
 Captive to its gleam and glow. 
 
 Old and young, the blind and blinking, 
 
 Fascinated, frenzied things, 
 How they flutter, never thinking 
 
 What a doom awaits their wings! 
 
 It is all the same old story, 
 
 Pleasure hung upon a breath : 
 Just a chance to taste of glory 
 
 Draws a legion down to death. 
 
 Fire is dangerous to handle ; 
 
 Love is an uncertain flame ; 
 But the game is worth the candle 
 
 When the candle 's worth the game! " 
 
 FELIX CARMEN, in Life, Vol. XLI, p. 494. 
 
 427
 
 Xylorictidae 
 
 FAMILY XYLORICTID^E 
 
 A small family which contains in our fauna two genera and 
 nine species. The group may be represented by Stenoma 
 schlaegeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 41, 
 by a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa- 
 lachian subregion, and is particularly abundant in western 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 FAMILY CECOPHORID/E 
 
 " Entomology is a science, not a pastime." WESTWOOD. 
 
 This is another comparatively small family of interesting in- 
 sects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are 
 distributed into thirteen genera. We can represent only a couple 
 of them, for the purpose of showing the readers of " The Moth 
 Book " what they are like. 
 
 Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth 
 
 (i) Depressaria her-acliana De Geer. (The Parsnip Web- 
 worm.) 
 
 FIG. 247. D. heracliana. a, larva, side view ; b, dorsal view ; c, pupa : 
 anal extremity of pupa ; e, moth, enlarged ; f, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the 
 larvae, natural size. (After Riley.) 
 
 Syn. heraclei Retzius ; umbellana Fabricius ; wnbellella Zetterstedt ; pasti- 
 nacella Duponchel ; ontariella Bethune. 
 
 The Parsnip Web-worm is an importation from Europe, 
 
 428
 
 Blastobasidac 
 
 where it has been known from time immemorial as an enemy of 
 umbelliferous plants. A full account of the insect is given by 
 Riley in "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 94. To this the reader may 
 refer. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the 
 plants which have become infested, and to burn them. The in- 
 sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hid- 
 den in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed. 
 
 Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner 
 
 (i) Semioscopis merricella Dyar, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 38, ?. 
 
 This is not at all an uncommon insect in western Pennsyl- 
 vania. There are numerous specimens in the collection of the 
 writer which have been taken during the past twenty years. 
 
 FAMILY BLASTOBASIDyE 
 
 This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representa- 
 tive of which we have selected for illustration a species of the 
 genus Holcocera, to 
 which Professor Riley 
 applied the specific 
 name glandulella, be- 
 cause it infests acorns. 
 The Acorn-moth is an 
 inquiline; that is to 
 say, it takes possession 
 of the remnants of the 
 
 , f - , FIG. 248. H. glandulella. a, acorn showing 
 
 repast left in the acorn larva; ^ acorn snowmg opening left for moth; c, 
 
 by the grub Of a Wee- enlarged view of head of larva ; d, lateral view of 
 
 ;i u; u u A i segment; e, dorsal view of segment; /, moth; g, 
 
 Vll, Which has devel- nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.) 
 
 oped within the fruit 
 
 and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation else- 
 where. Between the weevil and the larva of the moth very little 
 is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to 
 derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis- 
 .ippointed. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in 
 the development of the larva, and also the moth. The insect is 
 quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 
 
 429
 
 ElachistidcE 
 
 FAMILY ELACHISTID^E 
 
 This is a large family of moths, many of which are almost 
 microscopic in size, but all are very beautiful. One of the larger 
 
 species we have se- 
 lected for illustra- 
 tion. It lives in 
 the galls which its 
 presence produces 
 in the stems of the 
 
 FIG. 249. Walshia amorphella. 
 
 pba fruticosa). It 
 belongs to the genus 
 Walshia, and was 
 described under the 
 specific name amor- 
 phella by Clemens. 
 In its habits it re- 
 
 minds us somewhat of the moth with the frightful name which 
 lives in the galls of the Golden-rod, about which something has 
 already been said. The accompanying cut, which has been taken 
 from Professor Riley's "Second Missouri Report," shows at a a 
 figure of the female moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft 
 white little affair, is delineated at b, and the figures c and d show 
 the galls as they appear. The insect is found in the Appalachian 
 subregion. 
 
 FAMILY TINEID^E 
 
 "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth 
 corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal : but lay up for yourselves trea- 
 sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do 
 not break through nor steal." MATTHEW. VI, 19, 20. 
 
 The Tineidx are a very great family of moths, some of which 
 are of moderate size, but most of which are very minute. Among 
 them there are many insects which are exceedingly beautiful, 
 although they are so small, while many of them have great 
 economic importance, being destructive or beneficial. Of a few 
 of these we shall take opportunity to speak briefly. 
 
 430
 
 Tineidae 
 
 Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller 
 (i) Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch- 
 
 ieaf Bucculatrix.) 
 
 This little insect in its larval stage is known to infest the 
 
 leaves of the birch and the wild cherry. The caterpillars feed 
 
 upon the parenchyma of 
 
 the leaves, attacking both 
 
 the upper and the lower 
 
 sides, and completelyskel- 
 
 etonizing them. Forests 
 
 of birches in New England 
 
 are known to have been 
 
 completely stripped of liv- 
 ing tissue in the fall of the 
 
 year, in such a manner as 
 
 to suggest that a fire had 
 
 passed over the trees. The 
 
 larvae are sluggish in their 
 
 movements, when dis- 
 turbed dropping down by 
 
 a silken cord. The cocoons 
 
 are white and ribbed, as 
 
 represented in the annexed 
 
 FlG. 250.^. canadensisella. , skeletonized 
 birch-leaf ; b, pseudo-cocoon ; c, larva ; d, head 
 of same ; e, anal segments of do. ;f, anal segment 
 of pupa; g, cocoon with extended pupal skin; 
 lined. (After Pack- 
 
 h, moth. All figures mz 
 ard, "Insect Life, "Vol. 
 
 p. 14.) 
 
 figure. They turn dark 
 
 after they have been spun 
 
 up for some time. The 
 
 insect is not uncommon 
 
 in Rhode Island, and is 
 
 known to occur throughout New England, northern New York, 
 
 and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be 
 
 found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is 
 
 abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by 
 
 Professor A. S. Packard in "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 14. 
 
 (2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. (The Apple-leaf 
 Bucculatrix.) 
 
 Syn. pomonella Packard ; curvilineatella Packard. 
 
 The minute moth, a greatly enlarged figure of which is given 
 in the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple- 
 
 43'
 
 Tineidae 
 
 trees of their parenchyma. While it does not appear to have 
 wrought great destruction generally, nevertheless there are in- 
 stances on record where 
 it has done much damage 
 in orchards. The larvae 
 have the habit of form- 
 ing their cocoons in com- 
 pany, attaching them to 
 the twigs in great clus- 
 ters, as represented in 
 Fig. 251. This fact has 
 led to the recommen- 
 dation that the trees, 
 
 FIG. a 5 ,.-A pomifoliella. a, cocoons clus. When infeSted ' sh uld be 
 tered upon end of twig; b, cocoon, greatly en- lightly pruned all Over in 
 larged ; c, moth, very greatly magnified. (After the fa)1> and the twjgs 
 
 carefully collected and 
 
 burned. As the cocoons are located at the ends of the twigs, this 
 may be a partially effective remedy. Another remedy is to 
 thoroughly spray the trees with coal-oil emulsion or with linseed- 
 oil. The greasy application is said to destroy the pupae in the 
 thin papery cocoons. 
 
 Genus TINEOLA Herrich-Schaeffer 
 (i) Tineola bisselliella Hummel. (The Clothes-moth.) 
 
 Syn. crinella Treitschke ; destructor Stephens ; biselliella Zeller ; lanariella 
 Clemens. 
 
 There are several species of Tineid insects which attack gar- 
 ments made of woolen fiber and furs. One of the commonest 
 and most widely distrib- 
 uted of these is the insect 
 which we are now consid- 
 ering. In Pennsylvania and 
 in Maryland and south- 
 ward, so far as observation 
 shows, this is the common- 
 est of the ' ' Clothes-moths. " 
 The damage, it is needless 
 
 tO Say, is not done by the FIG. 252. T. bisselliella. (After Riley.) 
 
 432
 
 Tineidae 
 
 imago, or perfect insect, but by the larva, or caterpillar. This is 
 represented in all its destructive ugliness in the annexed cut. 
 Its food is animal fibers, and it constructs for itself a cocoon 
 of bits of wool or hair, in which transformation into a pupa finally 
 takes place. It is partial to a\\ animal hair. It feeds upon furs, 
 woolens, carpets, horsehair mattresses, and even to some extent 
 upon silken fabrics, though it has no positive preference for the 
 latter. The insect, like all the others of its class, has been intro- 
 duced into this country from the Old World. In a separate 
 article the writer will speak of the best method of preventing its 
 ravages. 
 
 Genus TINEA Linnaeus 
 (i) Tinea pellionella Linnaeus. (The Fur-moth.) 
 
 Syn. flavescentella Haworth; merdella Zeller; dtibiella Stainton; griseella 
 Chambers. 
 
 This insect makes for itself a movable case in which it travels 
 about in the larval stage. Its food is very much the same as that 
 of the preceding 
 species, and it 
 is equally de- 
 structive. The 
 moth differs 
 from the pale- 
 coloredClothes- 
 moth in having 
 the fore wings 
 darker. They 
 are, in fact, 
 quite gray, mot- 
 tled with darker 
 
 FIG. 253. T. pellionella. (After Riley.) 
 
 gray, as shown in the cut which we have herewith caused to be 
 reproduced. A comparison between the figures of this and the 
 succeeding species will enable the student to readily discrimi- 
 nate them. The lower left-hand figure gives a good representa- 
 tion of the case made out of bits of hair in which the caterpillar 
 performs its migrations. The insect is many-brooded, according 
 to the temperature of its domicile. In the warmer parts of the 
 country the processes of generation no doubt go on continuously.
 
 Tineidae 
 
 In the colder parts of the country winter arrests development 
 temporarily. 
 
 The insect is widely distributed all over the continent, and in 
 fact all over the world. 
 
 Genus TRICHOPHAGA Ragonot 
 
 (i) Trichophaga tapetzella Linnseus. (The Carpet-moth.) 
 
 The nature and habits of this species are very closely allied to 
 
 those of the last two species of which we have spoken. Like 
 
 them, it was originally intro- 
 duced into America from the 
 Old World. It differs from 
 them in the larval state in 
 that, instead of simply mak- 
 ing a cocoon for itself out of 
 bits of hair as the Clothes- 
 moth, or forming a movable 
 
 Yi G .*U.-T.tapetzella. (After Riley.) case for itsdf ^ ^ Fur _ 
 
 moth, it weaves together, out of the debris of the material in which 
 it is carrying on its ravages, long galleries lined inside with strands 
 of silk. Theselong, tortuousgalleries, cutthroughthepileof carpets, 
 are familiar objects to the careful housewife, whose horror and anx- 
 iety have often been expressed to the writer. It is one of the sad 
 prerogatives of the entomologist to be made from time to time 
 the recipient of the household woes of his neighbors, who dis- 
 cover that the moth and the buffalo-bug "corrupt," and that the 
 white ant and the cockroach "steal." 
 
 The perfect insect, as shown in the annexed cut, is in appear- 
 ance a very different moth from either of the foregoing species. 
 
 CLOTHES-MOTHS 
 
 "The moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like 
 wool." ISAIAH. LI, 8. 
 
 From the accounts which have been given in the preceding 
 pages of the three species of Clothes-moths, the ravages of which 
 are commonly encountered in the household, it has been learned 
 that they may each be discriminated from the other by the habits 
 of the larvae. The Carpet-moth makes a gallery of the substance 
 
 434
 
 Tineidae 
 
 on which it feeds; the Fur-moth makes a small portable case, 
 which it carries with it; while the insect which we have called 
 the Clothes-moth lives for the most part free until the time of 
 pupation, when it constructs for itself a cocoon out of bits of 
 fiber. 
 
 All of these three species are equally destructive, and there is 
 no question which is more frequently asked of the writer than 
 how best to destroy the insects when once they have found lodg- 
 ment in a house, and how to prevent their attacks. 
 
 All of these creatures "love darkness better than light, their 
 deeds being evil." When it is suspected that furs or garments 
 are infected by their presence, the first step which should be 
 taken is to expose them to full sunlight, the hotter the better. 
 Garments in which moths are known to exist should be hung up 
 in the open air. And this airing and exposure to sunlight should 
 not be for an hour or two, but, if possible, it should extend over 
 a number of days, and should take place in the latter part of May 
 or the early part of the month of June, at which time the female 
 moth is engaged in ovipositing. Where it is impossible to air 
 and expose to sunlight the fabrics which have been attacked, as 
 is sometimes the case with carpets in dark corners, they should 
 be thoroughly saturated with benzine. It is "needless to say that 
 this operation should never be undertaken in the presence of a 
 candle or other exposed light. Furniture in carpeted rooms 
 should in the spring of the year be removed from the place where 
 it has long stood, and the spot should be thoroughly sponged 
 with benzine. A solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, so 
 weak that it will not leave any white mark upon a black feather 
 which has been dipped into it and afterward dried, may be 
 applied effectively to carpets and to fabrics which are exhibited 
 in museum cases. At the Carnegie Museum we make it a rule to 
 spray all substances which might be exposed to the attack of 
 'inoths, when hung in cases, with a solution of corrosive sub- 
 limate and strychnine in alcohol. 
 
 In carpet warehouses and in establishments where woolen 
 goods are stored in quantity it is well to have on the roof of the 
 building an apartment fitted up with large air-tight chests. Into 
 these chests, or compartments, fabrics supposed to have been 
 attacked by moths may be put and exposed for twenty-four or
 
 Tineidae 
 
 more hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide. This fluid should 
 be placed in large quantity in shallow pans at the bottom of the 
 disinfecting-chambers, in such a way that it will not come directly 
 in contact with the fabrics. Being volatile, the fumes will grad- 
 ually fill the entire chamber, and will destroy all animal life. 
 Inasmuch as carbon bisulphide, as has already been stated else- 
 where in this book, is, when mixed with atmospheric air, highly 
 explosive, no lights should be allowed to come near the chests, 
 or the apartment in which the disinfection is taking place. The 
 writer has in his own household made it a rule in the spring of 
 the year to take all rugs and have them placed in a large chest 
 about four feet long, three feet wide, and three feet deep, at the 
 bottom of which there is a slatted support beneath which is a long, 
 shallow pan. Into this pan the bisulphide is poured. The rugs 
 are loosely placed in the chest, and then it is closed tightly and 
 they are left there for forty-eight hours. 
 
 The storage of furs and woolen garments during the summer 
 months is an important matter. The one thing to be perfectly 
 ascertained before placing garments in storage is that they are 
 thoroughly disinfected and that not a single female moth capable 
 of depositing fertile eggs is present. This fact being known with 
 certainty, all that it Is necessary to do is to place the garments in 
 clean air-tight receptacles and close them up so that nothing can 
 get into them. Garments may be put into perfectly tight paper 
 bags with all openings pasted shut with a piece of tough paper. 
 The boxes in which tailors send home garments are good storage 
 receptacles, provided the garments are free from pests when put 
 into them and provided every opening in the box is pasted shut 
 with a piece of paper. It is not an altogether unwise precaution 
 to put in "moth-balls" or crystals of naphthaline or bits of 
 camphor, but it must be borne in mind that neither naphthaline 
 nor camphor will kill the larvae of moths that have once found 
 access to the garments upon which they are in the habit of feed-- 
 ing. A great deal of money has been uselessly expended upon 
 such substances, when all that is necessary is simply to insure 
 the exclusion of the pests. 
 
 The annual loss occasioned by these minute yet most annoy- 
 ing insects is vast, and it is not unreasonable to say that their 
 mischievous depredations cost the citizens of the United States 
 
 436
 
 Tineidae 
 
 annually a sum of money which is enough in amount at the 
 present time to pay the interest upon the national debt. 
 
 Genus ADELA Latreille 
 
 The moths of this genus are remarkable for the enormous 
 length of their antennae in proportion to their size. We have 
 represented one of the commoner species on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 
 4=;. It received the specific name bella at the hands of the late 
 Mr. V. T. Chambers. The base of the antennae is black, and the 
 extremity is white. This fact has prevented the photographer 
 from getting a full representation of the length of the organ in our 
 cut. This is much to be regretted, and the student must add in 
 his imagination to the antennae, as they are shown, a thread-like 
 extension, extending fully three eighths of an inch beyond the 
 apparent ending of the organs as depicted. The moths may be 
 found in shaded woods in June feeding upon the flowers of 
 Asclepias. 
 
 Genus PRODOXUS Riley 
 
 The relation of the insect world to the life of plants has been 
 the subject of a great deal of interesting inquiry in recent years. 
 It has been discovered that many genera and species depend for 
 their fructification and consequently for their continued preserva- 
 tion upon the agency of insects. Without the kind attention 
 which they receive from the tiny creatures of the air, they would 
 not produce seed, and the race would speedily become extinct. 
 One of the most beautiful illustrations of the interdependence of 
 the world of plants and the world of insects has been discovered 
 in the case of the Tineid genus Pronuba. This insect has be- 
 come specialized to a remarkable degree, as we shall have occa- 
 sion to show in speaking of it. In fact, without its agency the 
 pollenation of the plants belonging to the genus Yucca is never 
 accomplished. But, curiously enough, associated with it and 
 closely resembling it superficially is a genus of moths which does 
 not possess the power of pollenizing the Yucca, but which is 
 represented by many species the larvae of which feed in the stems 
 of the various species of Yucca. The Yucca plants depend for 
 the perpetuation of the species upon the moth Pronuba. The 
 moth Prodoxus depends upon the Yucca plants for life, and thus 
 
 437
 
 Tineidse 
 
 indirectly upon the labor of Pronuba. The whole story is one of 
 the most interesting in the annals of insect life, and the student 
 who is curious to know all about its interesting details should 
 consult the fourth volume of " Insect Life," where Professor Riley 
 has with minute patience worked out the wonderful story, with 
 all the skill of a Sherlock Holmes. 
 
 (i) Prodoxus quinquepunctella Chambers. (The Bogus 
 Yucca Moth.) 
 
 Syn. decipiens Riley ; paradoxica Chambers. 
 
 This little moth, which superficially resembles Pronuba yuc- 
 casella, has no maxillary tentacle such as is found in the latter 
 
 insect. Its absence 
 is characteristic, in 
 fact, of all the species 
 of the genus. The 
 ovipositor is homolo- 
 gous to that of Pro- 
 nuba, but is a stronger 
 instrument intended 
 for making incisions 
 in the tender bark of 
 the stem, while the 
 ovipositor of Pronu- 
 
 \ organ which is used 
 
 f \f \ r^I to thrust the e into 
 the ovarian cavity of 
 
 the growing seed- 
 vessel. 
 
 The larvae of the 
 various species of 
 Prodoxus are without 
 feet, quite maggot- 
 like, and remain in 
 their burrows in the stems of the Yucca plants, not descending to 
 the ground to pupate, as do those of Pronuba. The pupae, when 
 the time for emergence arrives, protrude themselves from the 
 stems, and the moth escapes from the pupal skin, very much in the 
 way in which the same act is performed by various species 'of 
 
 438 
 
 FIG. 255. P. quinquepunctella. 
 
 i, left jaw and antenna ; 
 
 larva; d, head 
 
 from above ; c, d, left jaw and antenna ; e, pupa ; f, in- 
 fested stem, showing burrows, castings, cocoons, and 
 pupa-shell, h. All enlarged. (After Riley.)
 
 FIG. 256. P. quinquepnnc- 
 tella. a, moth with wings folded ; 
 
 b, moth with wings expanded ; 
 
 c, enlarged maxillary palpus. 
 (After Riley.) 
 
 Tineidae 
 
 wood-burrowing y^Egerians. The cut, Fig. 255, taken from the 
 writings of Professor C. V. Riley, has more value as an explan- 
 ation of the facts in the case than a 
 whole page of verbal description 
 would have. The species of the genus 
 Prodoxus all appear upon the wing 
 before those of the genus Pronuba, 
 the former having no function to per- 
 form in connection with the fertiliza- 
 tion of the flowers, and being on the 
 spot to oviposit while the flower-stems 
 are still soft and easily capable of be- 
 ing cut into by the ovipositor of the 
 female, while Pronuba must wait until the flowers are opening and 
 the tissues of these portions of the plant are ready for the peculiar 
 operations which the perpetuation of the life both of the plant 
 and the insect call for. 
 
 (2) Prodoxus marginatus Riley. 
 
 The accompanying cut serves to show the characteristic fea- 
 tures of this species of the genus. The figure at a gives a view of 
 
 the last abdominal segment of the 
 female magnified twenty-six di- 
 ameters. The basal joint of the 
 ovipositor is represented at bjo, 
 the terminal joint at tjo, and the 
 oviduct at ov. Figure c repre- 
 sents the claspers of the male 
 viewed from above. A view of 
 the fore wing magnified five 
 
 FIG. 2S 7 .-P. marginatus. (After * imes is given at pr., and by it 
 Riley, "insect Life," Vol. iv, p. 373.) the species may be known. 
 
 (3) Prodoxus y-inversa Riley. 
 
 The main characteristics of a third species of the genus are 
 given, in Fig. 258. The left front wing is represented at a, the 
 hair-line beneath serving to show the natural size of the wing. 
 By looking at the figure upside down the reader will understand 
 why the specific name which was given to the moth originally 
 suggested itself. The genitalia of the male moth are represented 
 at b enlarged fourteen diameters. This view is taken from above 
 
 439
 
 FIG. 258. P. y-inversa. (After Riley, 
 sect Life," Vol. IV, p. 373.) 
 
 Tineidae 
 
 and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. At c we have a lateral 
 view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovi- 
 
 positor of the female is 
 shown at d exserted from 
 the anal joint of the abdo- 
 men. At e there is given 
 another lateral view of 
 the tip of the ovipositor 
 much more enlarged. 
 This view shows the pe- 
 culiar saw-like structure 
 of the organ, by help of 
 which incisions are made 
 in the soft outer bark of the growing stems of the Yucca. Both 
 this and the preceding species are found in California. 
 
 (4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley. 
 
 This pretty little moth, the habits of which are much the same 
 as those of the preceding three 
 species, is a native of the State of 
 Colorado. The figure represents 
 a female with her wings ex- 
 panded, and the drawing is mag- 
 nified more than three times 
 the size of life. The insect is 
 undoubtedly, so far as the mark- 
 ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the 
 entire genus. 
 
 (5) Prodoxus coloradensis Riley. 
 
 Fig. 260 is devoted to the illustration of the salient specific 
 features of a fifth insect belonging to the genus Prodoxus. As 
 
 the name implies, this species, 
 like the preceding, is found in 
 Colorado. The front wing is 
 shown four times the size of life, 
 the hair-line below the figure in- 
 dicating the natural size. The 
 genitalia of the male are shown 
 at b viewed from above, and at 
 c viewed laterally. 
 440 
 
 FlG . 259 ._/>. reticulata. (After 
 ley, " insect Life," Vol. iv, P . 374.) 
 
 FIG. 260. P. coloradensis, (After 
 Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 374.)
 
 Tineidse 
 
 (6) Prodoxus cinereus Riley. 
 
 This species is known to breed in the flower-stems of Yucca 
 whipplei. The best way in which to set the species before the 
 
 FIG. 261. P. cinereus. a, larva; b, head and first thoracic 
 joint ; c, anal hooks ; d, pupa ; e, pupal shell protruding from 
 stalk ; f, adult female ; g, side view of clasper of adult male. All 
 figures greatly enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. V, 
 p. 306.) 
 
 reader seems to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure 
 given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic 
 features are carefully depicted. It is found in California. 
 
 Genus PRONUBA Riley 
 
 (i) Pronuba yuccasella Riley. (The Yucca Moth.) 
 No discovery in recent ydars has been more interesting to 
 students of insect and plant life than that which was made in 
 1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which sub- 
 sists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the 
 genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has 
 been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of 
 Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the 
 female moth ; and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer- 
 tained that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of 
 mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect 
 when engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en- 
 gaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the 
 
 441
 
 FIG. 262. P. yuccasella. a, lar- 
 va; b, female moth with closed 
 wings ; c, do. with wings expanded 
 
 d, side view of larval segment 
 
 e, head of larva from below ; _/j do 
 from above ; g, thoracic leg of do. 
 h, maxilla; i, mandible; _/', spin 
 neret and labial palpi; k, antenna, 
 enlarged. (After Riley 
 
 Life," Vol. IV, p. 360.) 
 
 Insect 
 
 Tineidae 
 
 pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable 
 her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in- 
 finitely better care than it could be 
 done by the most skilful horticul- 
 turist using the most delicate human 
 appliances. 
 
 There are several species of the 
 genus Pronuba, and they hold a 
 positive and well-ascertained re- 
 lationship to the various species 
 of the plants in the economy of 
 which they perform so important 
 a function. Pronuba yuccasella 
 pollenizes in the Eastern States 
 the blossoms of the common Yucca 
 filamentosa, and on the Western 
 plains it performs the act for the 
 blossoms of Yucca angustifolia. 
 Yucca brevifolia is pollenized by Pronuba synthetica. Yucca 
 wbipplei is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are 
 other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have 
 species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the 
 work of pollenation according to their peculiar requirements. 
 
 The larva of Pronuba, after it has attained to full size, drops to 
 the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, which enable it 
 to move about and burrow into the earth. It 
 then undergoes transformation into the pupal 
 state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig. 
 263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous 
 processes, which enable it to make its way 
 through the loose soil. 
 
 The student who desires to become fully 
 acquainted with this interesting chapter in 
 insect life must consult the altogether admi- 
 rable papers written upon the subject by Pro- caseiia. /, malechry 
 fessor Riley, to whom we are indebted for 
 almost all that we know in regard to the 
 subject. These papers may be found in the IV> p ' 3 V 
 Publications of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the "Fifth 
 
 442 
 
 FIG. 263. P.yuc- 
 e chry- 
 salis ; m, female chry- 
 salis. (After Riley, 
 " Insect Life," Vol.
 
 Tineidse 
 
 Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri," and in the 
 fourth and fifth volumes of "Insect Life." 
 
 Genus ACROLOPHUS Poey 
 
 (i) Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Plate XLV1II, 
 Fig. 43, 6 . 
 
 Syn. bombycina Zeller. 
 
 As a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number 
 of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected the 
 species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion. 
 The other species are mainly Southern and Western. 
 
 Genus ANAPHORA Clemens 
 (i) Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate XLV11I, Fig. 42, $ . 
 
 Syn. agrotipennella Grote ; scardina Zeller. 
 
 The insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. There are other species in the genus, which are found in 
 the South and the West. 
 
 FAMILY HEPIALID^E 
 
 This family is composed of large or moderately large insects. 
 They are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste- 
 matists generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom 
 of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre- 
 senting an ancestral stock. Some go even so far as to deny that 
 they are lepidoptera at all. This is, however, an untenable 
 position. 
 
 Genus STHENOPIS Packard 
 
 (1) Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 
 14, $ . (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.) 
 
 Syn. argentata Packard ; alni Kellicott. 
 
 The larvae feed at first upon the roots of the alder, and then 
 enter the stems. The insect is found in the northern portions of 
 the United States and Canada. The moths have the habit of 
 dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations 
 over the spot where oviposition is to take place. 
 
 (2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, $ . 
 
 Syn. stmiaitratus Neumcegen & Dyar. 
 
 44.3
 
 Hepialidse 
 
 The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. 
 It occurs rather abundantly in Assiniboia and Alberta. 
 
 Genus HEPIALUS Fabricius 
 
 (1) Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, Plate XLI, Fig. 15, $. 
 
 Syn. pulcher Grote ; macglashani Henry Edwards. 
 
 The moth is found in New England and southern Canada. 
 
 (2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.) 
 This species, the neuration of the wings of which is repre- 
 sented in the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the 
 northern portions of our territory. . 
 
 (3) Hepialus lemberti Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 16, $. (Lem- 
 bert's Ghost-moth.) 
 
 The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in 
 collections. 
 
 FAMILY MICROPTERYGID/E 
 
 This family is represented in our fauna by two genera of 
 minute insects and six species. They are remarkable because 
 revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point 
 to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of 
 insects. One of the remarkable features which they reveal is the 
 persistence in them of mandibles in the pupae, which are lost in 
 the irnaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not repre- 
 sented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Eriocepbala, 
 which does occur in North America. 
 
 We have arrived at last at the end of our necessarily com- 
 pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths rep- 
 resented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. We have 
 thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have 
 thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might 
 have been said ; possibly some things have been said which will 
 have little interest for the general reader; but, upon the whole, 
 we feel, in bringing this book to its end, that we have given a 
 fuller and more complete review of the whole subject to Ameri- 
 can students than has ever been essayed in any book by any 
 
 444
 
 Micropterygidae 
 
 other writer. Throughout the task has been to a large degree a 
 labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and 
 helping those who havfe eyes to see and ears to hear, to under- 
 stand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the 
 more wonderful the more we know of it. 
 
 THE FINAL GOAL 
 
 ; O, yet we trust that somehow good 
 Will be the final goal of ill, 
 To pangs of nature, sins of will, 
 Defects of doubt and taints of blood ; 
 
 That nothing walks with aimless feet ; 
 
 That not one life shall be destroyed, 
 
 Or cast as rubbish to the void, 
 When God hath made the pile complete ; 
 
 That not a worm is cloven in vain, 
 
 That not a moth with vain desire 
 
 Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire, 
 Or but subserves another's gain." 
 
 TENNYSON. In Memoriam, I, III. 
 
 THE END 
 
 'When the moon shall have faded out from the sky, and the 
 sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be 
 frozen over, and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the 
 equator from either pole, and no keels shall cut the waters, nor 
 wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and 
 crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of 
 extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the 
 bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a 
 tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun, 
 representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth, 
 a melancholy "bug." 
 
 445
 
 INDEX 
 
 Abagrotis. genus; erratica, 180 
 
 abalinealis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 Abbot, John. 27 
 
 Abbotana. genus; clematana, transducens, 
 
 transferens, 353 
 abbotana, Phobetron, 366 
 abboti, Oiketicus, 361' 
 abbotti, Sphecodina, 70 
 abbreviatella, Catocala, 268 
 Abdomen, 14, 1 8 
 abdominalis, Pygarctia, 136 
 abortivaria, Dyspteris, 323 
 Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240 
 abrostoloides, Psectes. 241 
 abrupta, Raphia, 153 
 Absinth, The, 328 
 absinthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 
 absorptalis, Hormisa, 282 
 absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 
 accepta, Fruva, 252 
 accessaria, Catopyrrha, 342 
 acericola, Apatela, 153 
 acericolum, Synanthedon, 386 
 aceris, Apatela, 153 
 acerni, Synanthedon, 386 
 achaia, Apantesis, 130 
 achatina, Olene, 308 
 achatinalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 Achatodes, genus; zeae, 212 
 achemon, Pholus, 66 
 Acherdoa, genus; ferraria, ornata, 234 
 Acherontiinae, 43 
 
 "Acheta Domestica," quoted, 140 
 Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanborni, 371 
 Acopa, genus; carina, 163 
 Acorn-moth, The, 429 
 acraea, Estigmene, 122, 123 
 Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 408 
 Acrolophus, genus; bombycina, plumifrontel- 
 
 lus, 443 
 
 Actias, genus, 86; luna, 87, 88 
 Actinotia, genus, 172; ramosula, 173 
 acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245 
 acutaria, Doryodes, 245 
 acutilinea, Schinia, 227 
 acutipennis, Mamestra, 195 
 Adela, genus; bella, 437 
 
 Adelocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, 96 
 Adelphagrotis, genus; prasina, 179 
 adipaloides, Pyrausta, 397 
 Adita, genus; chionanthi, 177 
 adjuncta, Mamestra, 104 
 Adrnetovis, genus; oxymorus, 196 
 admirandus, Memythrus, 383 
 Adoneta, genus; "ferrigera, nebulosus, pyg- 
 
 maea, spmuloides voluta, 365 
 adoptiva, Catocala, 267 
 adulatalis, Yuma, 407 
 adumbrata, Syneda, 259 
 adustaria, Gonodontis, 350 
 ad versa, Caenurgia, 257 
 ssdessa, Fenaria, 233 
 
 ^Egeria, genus; paiformis, crabroniformis, 
 
 vespiformis, 383 
 JE^eriidsB, Family, 25, 36, 379 
 aeliaria, Metanema, 351 
 Emilia, genus; ambigua, bolteri, cinnamo- 
 
 mea, occidentalis, Red-banded, Rosy, 
 
 sanguivenosa, significans, syracosia, 13? 
 aemula, Epizeuxis, 280; Synanthedon, 387 
 aemulataria, Philobia, 339 
 aequaliaria, Therina, 348 
 aequilinea, Ipimorpha, 220 
 aequosus, Syssaura, 352 
 serea, Plusia, 237 
 aeroides, Plusia, 237 
 aesculi, Zeuzera, 576 
 aesionaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 aetheria, Thalpochares, 249 
 aethra, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 affinis, Herse, 43 
 affusana, Eucosma, 418 
 Agapema, genus, 86; galbina, 86 
 agarista, Erebus, 279 
 Agaristidae, 3, 24, 32, 140, 232, 233 
 Agathqdes, genus; designalis, nondahs, mon- 
 
 stralis, 393 
 agilis. Feltia, 186 
 
 Agnomonia, genus; anilis, sesquistnans, 274 
 agreasaria, Gonodontis, 350 
 agricola, Drasteria, 257 
 agrippina, Catocala, 260 
 agrottpennella, Anaphora, 443 
 agrotipennis, Melioptis, 258 
 Agrotiphila, genus; incognita, 191 
 Agrotis, genus; badinodis, 181; geniculata, 
 
 idonea, suffusa, telifera, ypsilon, 182 
 aholah, Catocala, 268 
 aholibah, Catocala, 265 
 Ailanthus, 82 
 Alabama, genus; argillacea, bipunctina, 
 
 grandipuncta, xylina, 243 
 alabamas, Catocala, 269; Peridroma, 183 
 alabastaria, Synelys, 333 
 Alarodia, genus; slossoniae, 366 
 albafascia, Schinia, 228 
 albarafa, Apatela, 157 
 albata, Clemensia, 108 
 albertae, Dodia, 117 
 albescens, Hyloicus, 50 
 albicans, Opharus, 139 
 albicoma, Harpyia, 299 
 albicomana, Tortrix, 423 
 albicornis, Synanthedon, 387 
 albicosta, Eucha>tias, 135 
 albida, Clemensia, 108; Estigmene, 123 
 albidula, Eustrotia, 247 
 albifascialis, Zinckenia, 392 
 albifrons, Symmerista, 296 
 albifusa, Mamestra, 193 
 albilinea, Heliophila, 201 
 albipennis, Euxoa, 189 
 albipuncta, Platysenta, 163 
 albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 alboclavellus, Crambus, 402 
 albofascia, Gluphisia, 300 
 albolineata, Syssphinx, 96 
 
 447
 
 Index 
 
 alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220 
 
 albopunctata, Caripeta, 344 
 
 albosigma, Melalopha, 293 
 
 albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332 
 
 albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159 
 
 albovittata, Euchoeca, 328 
 
 album, Copablepharon, 222 
 
 Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, 384 
 
 Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, vac- 
 ciniivorana, variolana, 421 
 
 Alcis, genus ; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphu- 
 raria, 343 
 
 Alcothoe, genus; caudata, 382 
 
 Aleptina, genus; inca, 162 
 
 aleucis, Schinia, 227 
 
 Alexicles, genus; aspersa, 123 
 
 algens, Hillia, 166 
 
 alia, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 alinda, Hylesia, 90 
 
 alisellana, Eulia, 423 
 
 allediusaria, Tetrads, 353 
 
 allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104 
 
 alleni, Syneda, 259 
 
 Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272 
 
 Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, cal- 
 vina, rivularia, squamigera, stellidaria 
 terraria, 354 
 
 aini, Sthenopis, 443 
 
 alniaria, Ennqmos, 348 
 
 alope, Erinnyis, 58 
 
 Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restituens, 326 
 
 alternata, Rhynchagrotis. 179 
 
 alticqla, Syngrapha, 240 
 
 Alypia, genus, 143, 232; bimaculata. 144; 
 brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci, 
 143; disparata, 143, 144; edwardsi, 143; 
 gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni, 
 143, 145; lorquini, mac-cullochi, 143; mari- 
 posa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaculata, 
 143, 144; quadriguttalis, 144; ridingsi, 
 143. 145; sacraments, 145; similis, 143, 
 wittfeldi, 143, 144 
 
 Alypiodes, genus; bimaculata, trimaculata 
 
 amasia, Catocala, 148, 268 
 
 amatrix, Catocala, 263 
 
 amaturaria, Erastria, 333 
 
 Ambesa, genus; laetella, 410 
 
 ambigua, Emilia, 137 
 
 ambigualis Gaberasa ; 284 
 
 Ambulycinae, 41, 42, 54 
 
 Amelanchier, 386 
 
 amella, Campometra, 276 
 
 Ameria, genus, 327 
 
 americalis, Epizeuxis, 280 
 
 americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314; 
 Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Mela- 
 lopha, 293; Neuronia, 196; Oreta, 321 
 
 arnica, Catocala, 269 
 
 amicaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 amiculatalis, Cindaphia, 397 
 
 amcena, Melittia, 380 
 
 amoenaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 Amolita, genus; fessa, 244 
 
 Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423 
 
 Amorpha Fruticosa, 430 
 
 amorphella, Walshia, 430 
 
 ampelophaga, Pholus, 65 
 
 Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371 
 
 Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72 
 
 amphipyroides, Latebraria, 279 
 
 ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 309 
 
 amplaria, Epimecis, 344 
 
 amplissima, Parallelia, 273 
 
 amplus, Axenus, 231 
 
 amputatrix, Hadena, 169 
 
 Amyna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242 
 
 amyntor, Ceratomia, 47 
 
 amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291 
 
 Anal angle, 18 
 
 Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella 
 
 scardina, 443 
 
 Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337 
 Anarsia, genus; lineatella, primiella, 426 
 Anarta, genus; Black-mooned, Catocaline, 
 
 cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im- 
 
 pingens, leucocycla, 199; nigrolunata, 198; 
 
 nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson's, 
 
 schoenherri, Schoenherr's, 199 
 Anatomy of moths, 10 
 ancetaria, Azelina, 352 
 anchocelipides, Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 Anchocelis, genus: digitalis, 216 
 ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171 
 Ancylis, genus; fragariae, comptana, con- 
 
 flexana, 419 
 
 andremona, Hypocala, 272 
 Andrewsia, genus; belfragiana, jocasta, 
 
 messalina, 272 
 andromache, Catocala, 267 
 andrqmedae, Hyloicus, 50 
 Anepischetos, genus; bipartita, 245 
 angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibryophila, 
 
 162 
 
 anguina, Dasylqphia, 296; Mamestra, 195 
 angulalis, Palthis, 285 
 angulidens, Autographa, 239 
 angulifera, Callosamia, 86 
 angulosa, Lophodonta, 295 
 angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293 
 angustalis, Zinckenia, 392 
 angustiorata, Caripeta, 342 
 angustipennis, Magusa, 175 
 Ania, genus; filimentaria, limbata, resistaria, 
 
 yestitaria, 349 
 anilis, Agnomonia, 274 
 Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, pellucida, 
 
 rubicunda, 95; senatoria, stigma, 94; 
 
 Virginian, 95; virginiensis, 94, 95 
 aniusaria, Cymatophora, 340 
 anna, Apantesis, 130 
 Annaphila, genus: diva, lithosina, 246 
 annexa, Feltia, 187 
 annisaria, Cymatophora, 340 
 annulifascia, Halisidota, 138 
 anodonta, Conservula, 215 
 Anomis, genus; erosa, 244 
 Anona laurifolia, 236 
 anonae, Cocytius, 44 
 Anomoeotes, genus, 371 
 Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164 
 antasus, Cocytius, 44 
 Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220 
 Antennas, 3, 4, 13, 18; of Eriocephalid lar- 
 
 vas, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13 
 antennata, Xylina, 206 
 anthcecioides, Tosale, 402 
 Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexacta, 275 
 antica, Euchstias, 135; Trichoclea, 199 
 Anticarsia, genus; gemmatilis, 275 
 antigone, Estigmene, 123 
 antinympha, Catocala, 267 
 antiphola, Halisidota, 137 
 antiqua, Notolophus, 306 
 Ants, 147 
 Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus. 
 
 Sculptured, scxjlptus, 191 
 Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234 
 Apascasia, genus; defluata, subasquaria, 342 
 Apantesis, genus, 129; achaia, anna, arge, 
 
 130; arizonensis, autholea, 131; b-atra, 
 
 132; behri, blakei, bolanderi, 131; cera- 
 
 mica, 132; coelebs, 130; colorata, 132; 
 
 448
 
 Index 
 
 Apantesis Con tinned 
 
 complicata, dahurica, 131; decolorata, 
 determinata, diecki, 132; dione, 130; 
 docta, 131; dodgei, 132; doris, edwardsi, 
 130; excelsa, favorita, figurata, f-pallida 
 132; gelida, 131; incamatorubra, 
 incompleta, 132; incorrupta, 131; 
 media, 129; liturata, 131; lugubris, 
 mexicana, 131; michabo, minea, 
 mormonica, 131; nais, 132; nerea, 
 nevadensis, 131; ochracea, 130; oith 
 129; ornata, 130; otiosa, 131; partheni e 
 129; persephone, 130; phalerata, 
 proxima, quenseli, 131; radians, 
 rectilinea, 129; rhoda, 132; saundersi, 
 shastaensis, speciosa, strigosa, tur' 
 131; virgo, 129; virguncula, 131; vittata 
 williamsi, 132 
 
 Apatela, genus, 153, 157, 197; acericola 
 aceris, 153; albarufa, 157; americana, 153 
 brumosa, 157; connecta, 156; dactylina 
 153; fragilis, 156; furcifera, graefi, 155 
 grisea, 156; hasta, 155; impleta, impressa 
 inclara, 157; innotata, interrupta, 155 
 lepusculina, 154; lithospila, 156; lobelia: 
 155; luteicoma, 157; morula, 155; noctivaga 
 oblinita, 157; obscura, 153; occidentalis 
 155: populi, 154; pudorata, quadrata, 156 
 salicis, 157; spectans, superans, 156; 
 telum, ulrni, 155; vinnula, 156 
 
 Apatelodes, genus; angelica, hyalinopuncta 
 293; torrefacta, 292 
 
 Apex of wing, 18 
 
 Apical patch, 18 
 
 apicalis, Melalopha, 293 
 
 apicella, Fruva, 252 
 
 apicosa, Eustrotia, 247 
 
 apiformis, ^Egeria, 383 
 
 Apharetra, genus; dentata, 158; pyralis, 
 Smith's, 159; Toothed, 158 
 
 Apocheima, genus; rachete, 345 
 
 Aporophila, genus, 1 70 
 
 Apple-leaf Skeletonizer, The, 411 
 
 Apple-leaf Tier, The Green, 421 
 
 aprica, Tarache, 251 
 
 aquamarina, Drasteria, 257 
 
 aquilonaris, Harpyia, 299 
 
 Arachnis, genus; aulaea, incarnata, Painted, 
 picta, zuni, 124 
 
 aracintnusalis, Palthis, 285 
 
 aratrix, Richia, 190 
 
 arbeloides, Inguromorpha, 378 
 
 arburaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 arcasaria, Sabulodes, 353 
 
 Archips, genus; arcticana, argyrospila, cera- 
 sivorana, furvana, gossypiana, gurgitans, 
 lintnerana, parallela, purpurana, rosaceana 
 yicariana, v-signatana, 422 
 
 arcifera, Schinia, 228 
 
 Arctia, genus, 114, 134; auripennis, caia 
 transmontana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134 
 
 arctica, Hadena, 169 
 
 arcticana, Archips, 422 
 
 Arctiidae, 24, 31, 114 
 
 Arctonotus, genus, 71; lucidus, terloo!, 71 
 
 Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 89 
 
 arcuata, Drepana, 321; Hadena, 167 
 
 arefactaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 arge, Apantesis, 130 
 
 argentata, Halisidota 138; Sthenopis, 443 
 
 argentatus, Euclea, 365 
 
 argenteomaculatus, Sthenopis, 443 
 
 argenteostriata, Phrygionis, 3^4 
 
 argillacea, Alabama, 243; Lexis, 105 
 
 argillacearia, Cymatophora, 341 
 
 Argillophora, genus; furcilla, 255 
 
 argus, Automeris, 89 
 
 argyrospila, Archips, 422 
 
 arizona, Gnophzla, 290 
 
 arizonaria, Chloraspilates, 338 
 
 arizonensis, Apantesis, 131; Gloveria, 311 
 
 armata, Fota, 178 
 
 armataria, Priocycla, 351 
 
 armiger, Heliothis, 222 
 
 armillata, Hypocrisias, 136 
 
 Army Worm, The, 200 
 
 Army Worm, The Fall, 174 
 
 Aroa, genus, 305 
 
 arrogaria, Plagodis, 349 
 
 arrosa, Trama, 276 
 
 arsaltealis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 Arsilonche, genus; albovenosa, colorada, 159 
 
 Artace, genus; punctistriga, rubripalpis, 312 
 
 artemis, Hemileuca, 92 
 
 arvalis, Axenus, 231 
 
 Asclepias, 135, 437 
 
 asdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57 
 
 Ashmead, William H., viii. 
 
 Asimina triloba 46 
 
 asopialis, Palthis, 285 
 
 aspersa, Alexicles, 122 
 
 aspilata, Tetrads, 353 
 
 assecoma, Almodes, 354 
 
 assimilis, Euthisanotia, 232; Trichotarache, 
 
 246 
 
 associans, Noctua, 185 
 associata, Heterocampa, 297 
 astarte, Heterocampa, 297; Sphinx, 55 
 asteroides, Cucullia, 208 
 Asteroscopus, genus; borealis, 209 
 astricta, Peridroma, 182 
 astur, Opharus, 139 
 astylus, Calasymbolus, 56 
 astylusaria, Euchtena, 350 
 astymone, Anisota, 95 
 aterrima, Pachylia. 60 
 
 Atethmia, genus; rectifascia, subusta, 220 
 athabasca, Syneda, 260 
 athasiaria, Therina, 348 
 athena, Estigmene, 123 
 athereo, Heterocampa, 297 
 atomaria, Phoberia, 273 ; Ogdoconta, 241 
 atra, Heliotropha, 173 
 Atreides, genus, 49; plebeja, 49 
 Atreus, genus, 49 
 atriciliata, Platysenta, 163 
 atricincta, Noctua, 184 
 atrifasciata, Cleora, 344; Oncocnemis, 176 
 atripennis, Dahana, 103 
 atrites, Schinia, 228 
 atrivenosa, Olene, 308 
 atrocolorata, Azelina, 352; Eustroma, 329 
 atroliturata, Cladora, 324 
 atropunctaria, Catopyrrha, 342 
 atropurpurea, Euxoa, 189 
 Attacinz, 80, 81 
 Atteva, genus; aurea, compta, fastuo 
 
 floridana, gemmata, 424 
 auge, Cxjsmosoma, 98 
 augusta, Catocala, 264 
 aulaea, Arachnis, 124 
 aurantiaca, Incita, 246 
 aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375 
 aurella, Catocala, 266 
 aureola, Synanthedon, 385 . "' " 
 
 aureopurpurea, Synanthedon, 387 
 auricinctaria, Melanomma, 255 
 auriferaria, Paly as, 354 
 auripennis, Arctia, 134; Siavana, 273 
 aurivitta, Cydosia, 253 
 aurora, Hyparpax, 299 
 aurosea, Automeris, 89 
 aurotus. Philosamia, 82 
 aust rails, Baileya, 162 
 
 449
 
 index 
 
 autholea, Apantesis, 131 
 
 Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; anguli- 
 dens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimacu- 
 lata, bfassicje, culta, dyaus, echinocystis, 
 egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, in- 
 cludens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238; 
 laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum, 
 239; omega, omicron, oo, ou, 238; oxygram- 
 ma, 239; precatipnis, pseudogamma, ques- 
 tionis, 238; rectangula, 239; rogationis, 
 rutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240; 
 u-brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238; 
 viridisignata, 239 
 
 Automeris, genus, 89; argus, aurosea, corol- 
 laria, fabricii, io. pamina, varia, zelleri, 
 zephyria, 89 
 
 autumnata, Paleacrita, 324 
 
 autumnalis, Hydriomena, 331; Laphygma, 
 
 autumnaria, Ennqmos, 348 
 
 avimacula, Gluphisia, 300 
 
 avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338 
 
 Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus, 
 
 axillaris, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 
 Aye-Aye, 77 
 
 azaleae, Darapsa, 68 
 
 Azelina, genus; ancetaria, atrocolorata, 
 honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, mor- 
 risonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352 
 
 Azenia genus- implora, 248 
 
 B 
 
 babayaga, Catocala, 263 
 
 badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299 
 
 badicollis, Semiophora, 180 
 
 badinodis, Agrotis, 181 
 
 badipennis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 badistriga, Homohadena, 176 
 
 Bad-wing, The, 323 
 
 Bag-worm, The, 361 
 
 Bailey, J. S., 36 
 
 Baileya, genus; australis, doubledayi, oph- 
 
 thalmica, 162 
 baileyi, Xylina, 207 
 balanitis, Chorizagrotis, 185 
 balluca, Plusia, 237 
 baltearia, Alcis, 343 
 balteolata, Almodes, 354 
 baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 286 
 Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 163 
 Barathra, genus; curialis, occidentata, 196 
 barberiana, Epipyrops, 370 
 Barnes, Dr. William, ik 
 barometricus, Ufeus, 191 
 Basal dash, 18; line, 18 
 basalis, Catocala, 261 268; Euxoa, 189; 
 
 Inguromorpha, 378 
 basiflava, Olene, 308 
 basigera, Autographa, 240 
 basilinea, Hadena, 168 
 Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234 
 Basilona, genus; imperatoria, imperialis 
 
 punctatissima, 97 
 basitriens, Notodonta, 295 
 bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385 
 b-atra, Apantesis, 132 
 Bats, 147* 
 
 beani, Phrapmatobia, 126 
 beata, Noctua, 185 
 Bee-moth, The, 406 
 Begfiar, The, 327 
 behrensaria, Deilinea, 339 
 Behrensia, genus; conchiformis, 241 
 behri, Apantesis, 131 
 belae, Didasys, 99 
 
 belfragiana, Andrewsia, 273 
 
 belfragei, Holomelina, 116 
 
 bella, Adela, 437; Utetheisa, 117 
 
 belladonna, Dysocnemis, 229 
 
 bellicula, Lithacodia, 248 
 
 bellulalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 Bellura, genus; densa, gostynides, melano- 
 pyga, vulnifica, 2 1 1 
 
 belmaria, Holomelina, 116 
 
 Beloved, The, 265 
 
 Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody 
 neripennis, pleciaeformis, rubi, 383 
 
 benignalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 beskei, Crinodes, 301 
 
 Bessula, genus; luxa, 221 
 
 bertholdi, Hypopta, 379 
 
 Bertholdia, genus; Grote's, trigona, 140 
 
 Betrothed, The, 265 
 
 betulella, Acrobasis, 408 
 
 Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380 
 
 beutenmnlleri, Isochfetes, 366 
 
 bianca, Catocala, 262 
 
 bibularia, Therina, 348 
 
 bicarnea, Noctua, 183 
 
 biclaria, Syssaiira, 352 
 
 bicolor, Adelocephala, 96; Diacrisia, 128, 
 Lexis, 105 
 
 bicolora.oro, Orthosia, 217 
 
 bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 397 
 
 bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338 
 
 bicolorata, Eufidonia, 337; Hydriomena, 
 .331; Neleucania, 203 
 
 bidentata, Nerice, 296 
 
 biferalis, Hypenula, 283 
 
 bifidalis, Gaberasa, 284 
 
 biguttata, Cochlidion, 367 
 
 bijugalis, Bomolooha, 286 
 
 bilineata, Falcaria. ^21; Heterocampa, 297 
 
 biliturellus, Crambus, 403 
 
 biloba, Autographa, 238 
 
 bilunata, Caradrina, 164 
 
 bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, 145. 
 
 Autographa, 238; Holomelina, 116 
 bimatris, Pippona, 22 r 
 binocxila, Tarache, 251 
 bipartita, Anepischetos, 245 
 biplaga, Eustrotia, 247 
 bipunctellus, Crambus, 402 
 bipunctina, Alabama, 243 
 birivata, Hydriomena, 331 
 biselliella, Tineola, 432 
 biseriata, Eudtile, '327 
 bisselliella, Tineola, 432 
 bistnaris, Doryodes, 245; Parallelia, 273 
 biundata Heterocampa, 297 
 bivittata, Ectypia, 135; Hormisa, 282 
 Black, The Californian, The White-striped, 
 
 328; Woodland, 329 
 blakei. Apantesis, 131 
 blanda, Pseudoglsea, 216 
 Blastobasida?, 26, 429 
 
 Bleptina, gemis; caradrinalis, cloniasaHs, 283 
 bcerhaviffi, Xylophanes, 75 
 Boisduval, T. A., 30 
 bolanderi, Apantesis, 131 
 bolli, Synanthedon, 385 
 Boll-worm, The, 222 
 bolteri, ^Emilia, 137, Euchaetias, 135 
 Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304 
 Bombycidae, Family, 12, 25, 34, 315 
 bombyciformis, Eutolype, 177 
 bombycina, Acrolophus, 443 
 bombycoides, Lapara, 53 
 Bombyx, genus; mori, 315 
 Bomq'.ocha, genus; abalinealis, achatinaHs, 
 albisignalis, baltimoralis, benignalis, biju- 
 galis, caducalis, damnosalis, deceptalis 
 
 450
 
 Index 
 
 Bomolocha Continued 
 
 edictalis, fecialis, laciniosa, lentitjinosa, 
 
 madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, perangu- 
 
 lahs, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, velli- 
 
 fera, 286 
 
 Books about North American Moths, 27 
 borealis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpyia, 290; 
 
 Hemerocampa, 306; Hyphoraia, 128 
 Borer, The Peach-twig, 426 
 Bouvardia, 75 
 brannani, Alypia, 143 
 brassicae, Autographa, 238 
 Breeding larvae, 5 
 Brephinae, Subfamily, 355 
 Brephos, genus; infans, 353 
 brevis, Schinia, 228 
 brevicornis, Holomelina, 116 
 brevipennis, Euxoa, 188 
 Bride, The, 266 
 bridghami, Hadena, 166 
 brillians, Eupseudomorpha, 231 
 briseis, Catocala, 264 
 British Museum, Trustees, ix 
 brontes, Ceratomia, 48 
 Brooke, Henry, quoted, 321 
 Brother, The, 153 
 Brotolomia, genus; iris, 215 
 Browning, E. B., quoted, 21, 378 
 Brown-tail Moth, The, 309 
 bruceata, Rachela, 324 
 brucei, Cossus, 377; Haemorrhagia, 64; 
 
 Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227 
 Bruceia, genus; hubbardi, pulverina, 108 
 brumosa, Apatela, 157 
 brunnea, Ctenucha ; 102 
 brunneiciliata, Mesoleuca, 330 
 brunneipennis, Synanthedon, 385 
 Bryant, W. C, quoted, 113 
 Bucculatrix, genus; Apple-leaf, Birch-leaf, 
 
 canadensiselia, cnrvilmcatella, pomifoli- 
 
 ella, pomonella, 431 
 
 Buck-moth, 01; Nevada. 02; Tricolor, 93 
 Budgeon, Miss, Acheta Domestica, quoted, 
 
 buffaloensis, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 
 bullula, Pteraetholix, 243 
 
 burgessi, Hadena, 168 
 
 Busck, A., 38 
 
 Butler, A. G., so 
 
 " Butterfly Book, The," 4 
 
 Byron, quoted, 309 
 
 Caberodes, genus; amyrisaria, arburaria, 
 confusaria, floridaria, imbraria, ineffusaria, 
 interlinearia, majoraria, myandaria, pan- 
 daria, phasianaria, remissaria, superaria, 
 varadaria, 352 
 
 Cable, G. W., quoted, 80; 314 
 
 cacuminalis, Hypenula, 283 
 
 cadaverosa, Hypoprepia, 106 
 
 cadmia, Cargida, 300 
 
 caducalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 caeca, Turuptiana, 121 
 
 caelaria, Xanthotype, 349 
 
 Caenurgia, genus; ad versa, convalescens, 
 purgata, socors, 257 
 
 caerulea, Drasteria, 257 
 
 caesonia, Tortricidia, 368 
 
 cahiritella, Ephestia, 414 
 
 caia, Arctia, 134 
 
 caicus, Erinnyis, 60 
 
 calaminea, Ophideres, 276 
 
 calasymbolus, ge-'us, 55; astylus, excascatus, 
 integerrima, i( Tiyops, pavonina, rosace- 
 arum, 56 
 
 Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 387 
 
 calgary, Noctua, 184 
 
 Cahdota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, muri- 
 
 color, Streaked, strigosa, 139 
 calif orniae, Leptarctia, 121 
 californiaria, Eois, 336; Platea, 342 
 californiata, Eois, 336; Euchceca, 328; 
 
 Philereme, 329 
 californica, Catocala, 263; Estigmene, 123; 
 
 Hemileuca, 92; Malacosoma, 313; Orrhodia, 
 
 218; Pheosia, 295; Phryganidia, 291; 
 
 Samia, 84 
 
 californicus, Melicleptria, 230 
 Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata 
 
 3S6 
 
 calleta, Callosamia, 86 
 callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 245 
 Callizia, genus, 356 
 Callopistria, genus; floridensis, 252 
 Callosamia, genus, 84; angulifera, calleta, 
 
 86; promethea, 84 
 Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula, nupera, 
 
 Calophasia, genus; strigata, 170 
 
 Calpe, genus; canadensis, Canadian, pur- 
 
 purascens, sobria, 236 
 calvina, Almodes, 354 
 Calymnia, genus; canescens, orina, 219 
 cambrica, Venusia, 328 
 "Cambridge Natural History," 17 
 campestris, Euxoa, 189 
 Campometra, genus; amella, integerrima, 
 
 mima, stylobata, 276 
 cana, Clemensia, 108; Dasylophia, 296; 
 
 Hemerocampa, 306; Lapara, 53 
 canadaria, Melanolophia, 344 
 canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celerio, 76; Hyloicus 
 
 canadensiselia, Bucculatrix, 431 
 
 canalis, Antiblemma. 275 
 
 Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 411 
 
 candens, Orthodes, 203 
 
 canescens, Calymnia, 219 
 
 Canidia, genus; scissa, 226 
 
 caniplaga, Ellida, 300 
 
 Canker-worm, The Fall, 326; The Spring, 324 
 
 canningi, Philosamia, 82 
 
 Capis, genus; curvata, 285 
 
 Capno'des, genus; punctivena, 277 
 
 caprotina, Estigmene, 123 
 
 capsella, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 capticola, Syneda, 259 
 
 Capture of specimens, 19 
 
 cara, Catocala, 148, 263 
 
 Caradrina, genus; bilunata, 164; civica 
 
 conviva, extimia, 165; fidicularia, meralis, 
 
 multifera, 164; punctivena, rufostriga, 
 
 spilomela, 165 
 caradrinalis, Bleptina, 283 
 Carama, genus; cretata, pura, 368 
 carbonaria, Eurycyttarus, 362; Homoglaea, 
 
 219 
 Cargida, genus; cadmia, obliquilinea, 300- 
 
 pyrrha, 301 
 Carica, 58 
 caricae, Cocytius, 44 
 carina, Acopa, 163 
 Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorate 
 
 divisata, piniaria, 342 
 Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 210 
 Carmen, Felix, quoted, 427 
 carnaria, Metanema, 351 
 Carnegie. Andrew, Dedication to, V 
 Carneades, genus, 188 
 carneola, Eustrotia, 247 
 Carolina, Catocala, 261; Eucereon, 100 
 
 Haploa, 1 1 8; Protoparce, 45 
 
 451
 
 Index 
 
 Carpenter- worms, 375 
 
 Carpet-moth, The, 434 
 
 carpinifolia, Epicnaptera, 314 
 
 Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54 
 
 caryae, Halisidota, 138 
 
 Case-bearer, The Walnut, 408 
 
 casta, Crambidia, 104 
 
 castellalis, Samea, 393 
 
 Castniidae, 3. 4 
 
 Catabena, genus; lineolata, miscellus, 163 
 
 Catalogues and Lists, 29 
 
 catalpae, Ceratomia., 48 
 
 cataphracta, Papaipema, 214 
 
 catenaria, Cingilia, 347 
 
 Caterpillars, 6; Coloration of , 9; gregarious, 9 
 
 catharina, Semiophora, 180 
 
 Catocala, genus, 79, 147, 148, 260; abbrevia- 
 tella, 268; adoptiva, 267; agrippina, 260; 
 aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabamas, 269; 
 amasia, 268; amatrix, 263; arnica, 269 
 andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha, 
 267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga, 
 263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca, 
 262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263; 
 Carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266; 
 cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; coelebs, 
 268; concumbens, 263; consors, 266; 
 crataegi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267; 
 desdemqna, 267; desperata, 261; eliza, 
 266; epipne, 260; evehna, 261; faustina, 
 264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; fratercula, 
 gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea, 
 269; guenei, 261; habilis, 268: hermia, 
 264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267; 
 innubens, 265; insolabilis, 262; jaquenetta, 
 269; Judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella, 
 269; luciana, 263; maestosa, 261 ; magdalena, 
 267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta, 
 269; mopsa, 265; muliercula, 267; nebraskae, 
 263; nebulosa, neogama, 266; nerissa, 
 269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 269; 
 osculata, 265; palaeogama, 266; parta, 
 264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 266; 
 polygama, 268; praeclara, 269; pura, 264; 
 relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262; rosalinda, 
 268; sappho, 260; scintillans, 266; serena, 
 267; similis, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263; 
 subnata, 266; subyiridis, 261; tristis,- 262; 
 ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verril- 
 liana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi, 
 268 
 
 Catopyrrha, genus; accessaria, atropunctaria, 
 coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342 
 
 caudata, Alcothoe, 382 
 
 cautella, Ephestia, 414 
 
 Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61 
 
 ceanothi, Samia, 84 
 
 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84 
 
 cecropia, Samia, 83, 84 
 
 Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata, 
 pustulata, sexmaculata, trinotata, trique- 
 trana, 357 
 
 Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamaenerii, 
 daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata 
 oxybaphi, 76 
 
 celeus, Protoparce, 45 
 
 celia, Catocala, 265 
 
 vJeliptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu- 
 :um, 275 
 
 Cempis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422 
 
 lenterensis, Cossus, 377 
 
 tephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229 
 
 tephise, Melanchroia, 354 
 
 ceramica, Apantesis, 132 
 
 Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177 
 
 cerasivorana, Archips, 422 
 
 Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253 
 
 Ceratocampidae, Family, 24, 31, 70, So, 94 
 Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes 
 
 48; catalpae, 48; quadricornis, 47;repenti 
 
 nus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48 
 Cercis, 369 
 
 cereana, Galleria, 406 
 cerella, Galleria, 406 
 cerintha, Chamyris, 250 
 Cerisyi,. Sphinx, 54 
 cerivana, Hadena, 168 
 Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161 
 cerogama, Catocala, 266 
 ceromatica, Scqpelosoma, 218 
 cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354 
 Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209 
 cervina, Euherrichia, 253 
 ceto, Melittia, 380 
 Chalcosiidae, Family, 373 
 chamaenerii, Celerio, 76 
 Chambers, V. T., 37 
 Chamyris, genus; cerintha, 250 
 chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176 
 Chapman, T. A., 8 
 characta, Hadena, 167 
 Charadra, genus; circulifer, contigua, 152. 
 
 decora, 153; deridens. 152; dispulsa, 
 
 felina, 153; illudens, pythion, 152 
 chenqpodii, Mamestra, 193 
 chersis, Hyloicus, 50 
 chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 45 
 Chiqnanthus, 46, 51 
 chiridota, Lacosoma, 359 
 Chlaenogramma, Genus, 46; jasminearum 
 
 rotundata, 46 
 Chloraspilates, genus; arizonaria, bicolor- 
 
 aria, 338 
 Chloridea, genus; rhexias, spectanda, vire- 
 
 scens, 222 
 chloris, Euclea, 365 
 Chlorpchlamys, genus; chloroleucaria, den- 
 
 saria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336 
 chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 
 chlorostigma, Hadena, 168 
 Choephora, genus; fungorum, 216 
 chosrilus, Darapsa, 68 
 Chrerocampinae, Subfamily, 75 
 choripna, Holomelina, 116 
 Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, inconcinna 
 
 introferens, 185 
 Chrysauginae, Subfamily, 401 
 chrysellus, Schinia, 227 
 chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 309 
 Chytolita, genus; morbidalis, 282 
 Chytpnix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, 161 
 cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176 
 cinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 359 
 ilia, genus; distema, 244 
 cimbicifqrmis, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 Cindaphia, genus; amiculatalis, bicoloralis, 
 
 incensalis, juliaJis, pulchripictalis, 397 
 cinerascens, Heterocampa, 297 
 cinerea, Epidemas. 170; Harpyia, 299; 
 
 8! r 
 
 Misogada, 297; Xylina, 206 
 cinereofrons, Schizura, 298 
 cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicanis, 216 
 cinereomaculata. Euxoa, 190 
 cinereus, Prodoxus, 441 
 cinerosa, Erinnyis, 59 
 
 Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humeralis, 347 
 cingulata, Herse, 43 
 cingulifera, Homoptera, 278 
 cinis, Melipotis, 258 
 cinnamomea, Emilia, 137; Olene, 308 
 circulifer, Charadra, 152 
 Cms, genus; wilsoni, 233 
 Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens 
 
 pavitensis, mexicana, 259
 
 Index 
 
 Cirrhophanus, genus; triangulifer, 234 
 Cissusa, genus; inepta, morbosa, sabulosa, 
 
 spadix, vegeta, 256 
 Cisthene lactea, 108 
 Citheronia, genus; mexicana, regalis, regia, 
 
 sepulchralis, 97 
 citrina, Xanthotype, 349 
 citronellus, Rhodophora, 224 
 eivica, Caradrina, 165 
 
 Cladora, genus; atrqhturata, gemmata, 324 
 clandestina, Gluphisia, 300; Noctua, 184 
 clappiana, Gnophaela, 290 
 clarkiae, Proserpinus, 73 
 clarus, Comacla, 107 
 Classification of moths, 22 
 claudens, Hadena, 167 
 clavana, Eucosma, 418 
 claviform spot, 18 
 claviformis, Pachnobia, 180 
 claviplena, Mamestra, 192 
 Clearwing, Bruce's, 64; Californian, 64; 
 Graceful, 6?; Humming-bird, 62; Snow- 
 berry, 63; Thetis, 64 
 clemataria, Abbotana, 353 
 Clematis, 382 
 
 Clemens, Brackenridge, 28, 30, 37 
 Clemensia, genus; albata, albida, cana, 
 irrorata, patella, philodina, umbrata, 108 
 cleopatra, Catocala, 263 
 
 Cleora, genus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraudu- 
 lentaria, frugallaria, pampinaria, sublu- 
 naria, tinctaria, 344. 
 Cleosiris, genus; populi, 205 
 clientis, Yrias, 277 
 clio, Euverna, 133 
 cloniasalis, Bleptina, 283 
 clorinda, Darapsa, 68 
 Clothes-moth, The, 432, 434 
 clotho, Pholus, 67 
 Clover-hay Worm, The. 399 
 clymene, Haploa, 118 
 c-nigrum, Noctua, 183 
 cnotus, Darapsa, 68 
 coa, Pinconia, 369 
 coagulata, Tephroclystis, 328 
 coccinata, Catocala, 149, 265 
 coccinea, Calesesia, 387, Ptychoglene, no 
 coccineifascia, Prothymia, 248 
 Cochlidiidae, Family, 8, 9, 25, 35, 364 
 Cochlidion, genus; biguttata, rectilinea 
 
 tetraspilaris, y-in versa, 367 
 cochrani, Euxoa, 189 
 
 Cocytius, genus, 44; anonae; antaeus; caricae; 
 hydaspus; jatrophae; medor; tapayusa, 44 
 Codd ling-moth, The, 419 
 coelebs, Apantesis, 130; Catocala, 268 
 Coenocalpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria, 
 gibbocostata, ceneiformis, strigularia, 332 
 cognata, Xylomiges, 197 
 cognataria, Lycia, 34* 
 Collar lappet, 18 
 collaris, Noctua, 184 
 collecta, Cleora, 344 
 colona, Haploa, 118 
 colorada, Arsilqnche, 159 
 coloradaria, Epiplatymetra, 351 
 coloradensis, Prodoxus, 440; Raphia 15 j 
 Coloradia, genus, 90, 91; pandora, 91 
 coloradus, Hyloicus, 52 
 coloraria, Catopyrrha, 342 
 colorata, Apantesis, 132 
 Columbia, Samia, 84 
 Comacla, genus; clarus, fuscipes, murina, 
 
 simplex, texana, 107 
 comma, Haploa, 118 
 eommelinse, Prodenia, 174 
 commoides, Heliophila, 203 
 
 Commpphila, genus; macrocarpana, 423 
 
 complicata, Apantesis, 131; fleliophila, 201 
 
 Composia, genus; fidelissima, olympia, 289 
 
 Compositse, 101, 252 
 
 compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235 
 
 compta, Atteva, 424 
 
 comptana, Ancylis, 419 
 
 comptaria, Venusia, 328 
 
 Comstock, J. H., 29 
 
 comstocki, Momophana, 172 
 
 conchiformis, Behrensia, 241 
 
 Conchylodes, genus; concinnalis, erinalis 
 magicalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 393 
 
 concinna, Schizura, 298 
 
 concinnalis, Conchylodes, 393 
 
 concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247 
 
 concisa, Epizeuxis, 280 
 
 concisaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 concumbens, Catocala, 263 
 
 concursana, Platynota, 422 
 
 condensata, Venusia, 328 
 
 confederata, Eurycyttarus, 363 
 
 confine, Eucereon, 100' 
 
 conflexana, Ancylis, 419 
 
 confluens Graphiphora, 204 
 
 confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197 
 
 confusaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 congermana, Mamestra, 193 
 
 congrua, Estigmene, 123 
 
 coniferarum, Hyloicus, 52; Lapara 53; 
 Thyridopteryx, 361 
 
 Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 345 
 
 conjungens, Crambodes, 163 
 
 connecta, Apatela, 156 
 
 consecutaria, Eois, 335 
 
 consepta, Macaria, 340 
 
 Conseryula, genus; anodonta, a 15 
 
 consimilis, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 consita, Haploa, 118 
 
 consors, Catocala, 266 
 
 Consort, The, 266 
 
 conspicua, Drasteria, 257; Hadena *68' 
 
 Roeselia, 358 
 conspecta, Schizura, 298 
 constipata, Mamestra, 195 
 contenta, Hadena, 169 
 contexta, Euchalcia, 237 
 contigua, Charadra, 152; Haploa, 119 
 contingens, Sabulodes, 353 
 continua, Gnophaela, 290 
 contracta, Hpmopyralis, 256; Schinia 228 
 contrahens, Himella, 204 
 contraria, Hyppa, 171; Mamestra, 193 
 contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344 
 convalescens, Caenurgia, 257 
 con'vexipennis, Cucullia, 208 
 conviva, Caradrina, 163 
 Convolvulaceae, 99 
 convolvuli, Herse, 43 
 coDrtaria, Cymatophora, 341 
 copablepharon, genus; album, grandis lon- 
 
 gipenne, 222 
 
 Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162 
 Copicucullia, genus; propmqua, 208 
 Copidryas, genus, 141; cosyra, 142; gloveri 
 
 141 
 
 Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177 
 Coquillet, D. W., 346 
 cora, Lerma, 161 
 coracias, Pseudanthracia, 278 
 cordigera, Anarta, 198 
 Cornifrons, genus; simalis, 399 
 Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403 
 cornuta, Metalepsis, 181 
 corollaria, Automeris, 89 
 Cortissos, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson. quoted, 
 310 
 
 453
 
 Index 
 
 Cosmia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea, 
 
 Cosmosoma, genus; auge, melitta, omphale, 
 
 98 
 
 Cossidae, Family, 25, 35, 375 
 Cossula, genus; magnifica, norax, 379 
 Cossus, genus; hrucei, centerensis, undosus, 
 
 costaemaculalis, Noctuelia, 399 
 
 costalis, Hypsopygia, 399 
 
 costinotata, Cosnocalpe, 332 
 
 Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria. pendulinaria 
 
 quadriannulata, 333 
 cosyra, Copidryas, 142 
 Cotton-worm, 243 
 Cowper, quoted, 369 
 Coxa, 14 15 
 
 crabroniformis, Algeria, 383 
 Crambidia, genus-; allegheniensis, casta 
 
 cephalica, Ethosioides, pallida, uniformis, 
 
 104 
 
 Crambinae, Subfamily, 402 
 Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis 
 
 163 
 Crambus, genus; alboclavellus, 402: bili- 
 
 turellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus, 
 
 interminellus, 403; laqueatellus, semi- 
 
 fusellus, 402; trisectus, 403; turbatellus 
 
 crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60 
 
 crar.tor, Pholus, 66 
 
 crassatus, Plathypena, 287 
 
 crassipes, Podagra, 178 
 
 crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257 
 
 crataegi, Catocala, 268 
 
 Cratsegus, 62 
 
 crenulata, Orthodes, 203 
 
 crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344 
 
 cressonana, Ctenucha, 102 
 
 Cressonia, genus, 57; instabilis, juglandis 
 pallens, robinsoni, 57 
 
 cretata, Carama, 368 
 
 crinella, Tineola, 432 
 
 Crinodes, genus; beskei, 301 
 
 crispata, Lagoa, 369 
 
 crocallata, Tetracis, 353 
 
 crocataria, Xanthotype, 349 
 
 crocea, Pseudanarta, 175 
 
 Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204 
 
 Crocota, genus, 115 
 
 croesus, Xylophanes, 75 
 
 crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Trichosellus, 226 
 
 Croton, 417 
 
 crucialis, Xylomiges, 197 
 
 Cruciferae, 239 
 
 cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342 
 
 crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225 
 
 Ctenucha, genus, 101; brunnea, cressonana, 
 latreillana, multifaria, rubrqscapus, 102; 
 venosa, 101; virginica, walsinghami, 102 
 
 cubensis, Calidota, 139 
 
 cubilis, Copipanolis, 177 
 
 cuculifera, Dasylophia, 296 
 
 Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides. Brown- 
 bordered, convexipennis, intermedia, Inter- 
 mediate, speyeri, Speyer's, 208 
 
 cucurbits, Melittia, 380 
 
 culea, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 culta, Autographa, 238 
 
 cumatilis, Schinia, 227 
 
 cunea, Hyphantria, 123 
 
 cupes, Trichosellus, 226 
 
 cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 
 Cupid's Candle, 427 
 
 cupressi, Isoparce, 48 
 
 Cupuliferae, 366 
 
 curialis, Barathra, 190 
 
 curta, Anarta, 199 
 
 curvata, Capis, 285 
 
 curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431 
 
 curvimacula. Calocampa, 208 
 
 Custard-apple, 236 
 
 custodiata, Hydriomena, 331 
 
 Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161 
 
 cycladata, Heliomata, 338 
 
 Cydia, genus: pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418 
 
 Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscula, 
 253 
 
 Cymatophora, genus; aniusaria, annisaria, 
 340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; grossu- 
 lariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perar- 
 cuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; succes- 
 saria, tenebrosata, 341 
 
 cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304 
 
 cynica, Orthodes, 203 
 
 cynthia Philosamia, 81, 82 
 
 dactylina, Apatela, 153 
 
 daedalus, Porosagrotis, 187 
 
 Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153; 
 Burglar, 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156; 
 Cottonwood, 154; Darkish, Dart, 155; 
 Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked, 
 155; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156; 
 Interrupted, Lobelia, 155; Lupine, 159; 
 Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white, 
 Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked, 
 155; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157 
 
 Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103 
 
 Dahlia hesperioides, 3 
 
 dahurica, Apantesis,- 131 
 
 Dalceridae, Family, 25, 35, 369 
 
 Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369 
 
 dama, Spragueia, 252 
 
 damalis, Eutolype, 177 
 
 damnqsalis, Bqmolocha, 286 
 
 danbyi, Gluphisia, 300 
 
 Dandy, The, 153 
 
 Darapsa, genus, 68; azaleas, chocrilus, clo- 
 rinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus 
 68; versicolor, 69 
 
 Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196 
 
 Daritis, genus; thetis, 289 
 
 Dark, World of the, 77 
 
 Dart (Dart-moth), Acorn, 185; Added, 187; 
 Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Black- 
 girdled, !4; Black-letter, 183; Calgary, 
 184; Catocaline, 178; Clandestine, Collared, 
 184; Daedalus, 187; Dappled, 179; Disso- 
 nant, 189; Fillet, 190; Finland, 183; 
 Flame-shouldered, '84; Fleece-winged, 
 Four-toothed, 188; Furtive, 190; Fuscous, 
 187; Great Black, Great Brown, Great 
 Gray, 182; Greater Red, Green-winged, 
 179; Havilah, 184; Inelegant, Interfering, 
 18.5; Lesser Red, 178; Masters, 186; Muddy, 
 189; Norman's, i8r. Obelisk, 190; Old Man, 
 187; Olive, 1 88; Pale-banded, 181; Pale- 
 winged, i8v, Parental, 190; Pink-speckled, 
 185; Placid, 178; Polished, .188; Rascal, 
 187; Reaper, 188; Red-breasted. 178; 
 Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley's, 187; Rosy, 
 183; Rubbed, 188; Scribbled, 184; Short- 
 winged, 1 88; Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 189; 
 Slippery, 185; Smaller Pinkish, 183; 
 Soothsayer, 184; Subgothic, Swordsman, 
 1 86; Tessellate, Tippling, 189; Tripart, 187; 
 Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver, 
 186; Variable, 180; Venerable, Voluble, 
 1 86, White-winged, 189; Yellow-bellied, 
 190; Yelk>w-streaked, 184; Yellow-toothed, 
 1 88; Ypsilon, 183 
 
 454
 
 Index 
 
 Darwin, quoted, 150 
 
 Dasyfidoma, genus; avuncularia, 338 
 
 Dasylophia. genus; anguina, cana, cuculi- 
 
 fera, interna, punctata, signata, thyatiroi- 
 
 des, tripartita, 296 
 
 Dasyspoudaa, genus; lucens, meadi, 228 
 Datana, genus; angusi, 293; integerrima, 
 
 294; ministra, 293; pcrspicua, 294 
 daucus, Celerio, 76 
 davisi, Halisidota, 137 
 dayi, Oncocnemis, 176 
 Day-sphinx, White-banded, 62 
 decepta, Pseudoglaea, 216 
 deceptalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 decernens, Feltia, 187 
 decia, Leptarctia, 121 
 decipiens, Malacosoma, 312; Prodoxus, 438; 
 
 Zeuzera, 376 
 
 decisaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 declarata, Euxoa, 189 
 decliva, Epiglsea, 219 
 decolor, Euxoa, 189 
 decolora, Herse, 43 
 decolorata, Apantesis, 132 
 decora, Charadra, 1 53 
 decoralis, Pangrapta, 254 
 deducta, Cirrhobolina, 250 
 deductaria Euchlaena, 350 
 definita, Hemerocampa, 308 
 deflorata, Ecpantheria, 1 20 
 dettuata, Apaecasia, 342 
 Deidamia, genus, 71: inscriptum, 71 
 Deilinea, genus, 338; behrensaria, 339; in- 
 
 tentata, variolaria, 338 
 dejecta, Catocala, 261 
 delecta, Tarache. 251 
 deleta, Epiglaea, 219 
 delicata, Trachea, 172 
 delilah, Catocala, 267 
 delinquens, Epidroma, 274 
 delphinii, Euclea, 365 
 Demas, genus; Close-banded, propinquilinea, 
 
 15.2 
 
 demissa, Mamestra, 194 
 densa, Bellura, 211 
 densaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 
 dentata, Apharetra, 158; Gloveria, 311 
 denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 281 
 dentifera, Eutelia, 242 
 denudata, Pseudohazis, 93 
 deplanaria, Euchtena, 350 
 depontanata, Sabulodes, 353 
 Depressaria, genus; heracliana, heraclei, 
 
 ontariella, pastinacella, umbellana, um- 
 
 bellella, 428 
 
 deprivata, Chlorochlamys, 336 
 deridens, Charadra, 152- 
 Derrima, genus; henrietta, stellata, 224 
 descherei, Pheosia, 295 
 desdemona, Catocala, 267 
 deserta, Illice, no 
 designalis, Agathodcs, 393 
 designata, Gypsocbroa, 332; Schinia, 228 
 Desmia, genus, funeralis, 392 
 desperata, Alypia, 144; Catocala, 261; 
 
 Mamestra, 193 
 
 Destruction of insects by electric lights, 95 
 destructor, Tineola, 432 
 desuetella, Ephestia, 414 
 determinata, Apantesis, 132; Metanema, 351 
 detersa, Euxoa, 188 
 detracta, Mamestra, 192 
 detrahens, Trama, 276 
 Deva, genus, 236 
 devastatnx, Hadena, 169 
 devergens, Syngrapha, 240 
 devia, Scopelosoma, 218 
 
 Diacrisia, genus, 114, 127; bicolor, 128; 
 
 funwsa, 127; latipennis, proba, punctata, 
 
 pteridis, Red-legged, rubra, Ruddy, rufula, 
 
 vagans, 128; virginica, 127; Wandering, 128 
 Diallagma, genus, lutea, 245 
 Diastema, genus; lineata, tigris, 241 
 Diastictis, genus; fracturalis, 393 
 Diatra;a, genus; crambidoides, leucaniellus, 
 
 lineosellus, obliteratellus, saccharalis, 403 
 Dictyosoma, genus, 48; elsa, 49 
 Didasys, genus; bete, 99 
 diecki, Apantesis, 132 
 Diervilla, 63 
 
 diffascialis, Zinckenia, 392 
 diffinis, Heemorrhagia, 63 
 diffissa, Pyrausta, 398 
 digitalis, Anchocelis, 216 
 Dilophonota, genus, 60 
 dilucidula, Semiophora, 180 
 dimidiata, Antaplaga, 220; Leptarctia, 121; 
 
 Pheosia, 295; Pyromorpha, 371 
 diminutiva, Heliaca, 231; Holomelina, 116 
 dimmocki, Mamestra, 193 
 dipne, Apantesis, 130 
 Dioptida, Family, 25, 33, 291 
 Diospyros, 87, 382 
 Diphthera, genus; fallax, 160 
 diphtheroides, Microcoslia, 160 
 dipsaci, Alypia, 143 
 Dipterygia, genus, scabriuscula, 17* 
 Dircetis, genus; pygmaea, 284 
 dis, Grotella, 220 
 Discal mark, 18 
 discissa, Celiptera, 275 
 discistriga, Platyperigea, 164 
 disci varia, Parastichtis, 217 
 discolor, Cosmia, 217 
 discolqralis, Renia, 283 
 discopilata, Eufidonia, 337 
 discors, Hadena, 168 
 discreta, Gnophala, 290 
 disertalis, Samea, 393 
 dispar, Porthetria, 308 
 disparata, Alypia, 143, 144 
 displiciens, Euxoa, 189 
 disposita, Xylina, 206 
 dispulsa, Charadra, 153 
 disserptaria, Epimecis, 344 
 dissidens, Magusa, 175 
 dissimiiaria, Catopyrrha, 343 
 dissona, Euxoa, 189 
 disstria Malacosoma, 313 
 distema, Cilia, 244 
 distigma, Adelocephala, 96 
 distigmana, Eucosma, 418 
 diva, Annaphila, 246 
 divaricata, Magusa, 175 
 divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schini?,, 220 
 
 Syneda, 259; Syngrapha, 240 
 diversilineata, Eustrortia, 329; Polia, 171 
 divida, Magusa, 175 
 divisa, Doryodes, 245 
 divisata, Caripeta, 342 
 Doa, genus ; ampla, 309 
 docta, Apantesis, 131 
 clodgei, Apantesis, 132; Mamestra, IP.I 
 Dodia, genus; albertse, 117 
 Dolba, genus, 46; hylaeus, 46 
 Doll, Jacob, ix, 49 
 dolli, Hyloicus, 52 
 dolosa, Xylomiges, 197 
 domingonis, Ennnyis, 59 
 dominicata, Palindia, 273 
 doris, Apantesis, 130 
 dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 418 
 Doryodes, genus; acutaria, bistriaris, divisa 
 
 promptella, 245 
 
 455
 
 Index 
 
 doubledayi, Baileya, i6 
 
 Double mount, 21 
 
 Drasteria, genus; agricola, aquamarina, 
 caerulea, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea, 
 erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria, 
 
 Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula, 
 
 Dried-currant Moth, The, 414 
 Druce, Herbert, 29 
 drupacearum, Malacosoma, 313 
 drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52 
 druraei, Herse, 43 
 
 Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata, Wander- 
 ing, 171 
 
 dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356 
 duana, Gonodontis, 350 
 dubia, Estigmene, 123 
 dubiella, Tinea, 433 
 dubitans, Hadena, 168 
 dubitata, Triphosa, 331 
 ducta, Hadena, 1 69 
 dulcearia, Platea, 343 
 dunbari, Litholomia, 207 
 duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328 
 duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339- 
 Dyar, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 
 
 dyari, Haploa, 118 
 dyaus, Autographa, 238 
 Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229 
 Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374; 
 fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena, 
 
 dyspteraria, Meskea, 375 
 Dyspteridinae, Subfamily, 32-? 
 Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323 
 
 E 
 
 eavesi, Kodiosoma, 133 
 
 ecclesialis, Samea, 393 
 
 Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419 
 
 echinocystis, Autographa, 238 
 
 echo, Seirarctia, 122 
 
 Ecpantheria, genus; deflorata, muzina, scri- 
 bonia, 120 
 
 Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344 
 
 Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigroflava, Two- 
 banded, 133 
 
 edictalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 edmandsi, Schizura, 298 
 
 eductalis, Lomanaltes, 285 
 
 edusa, Homoptera, 278 
 
 edwardsi, Alypia, 143; Apantesis, 130; 
 Erinnyis, 58; Hemihyalea, 138; Lymire, 
 100; Syneda, 260 
 
 effectaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 efficitalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 effusalis, Epizeuxis, 280 
 
 egena, Autographa, 238 
 
 egenaria, Cicinnus, 359 
 
 Eggs, of moths, 4, 5 
 
 eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93 
 
 egle, Euchaetias, 133 
 
 eglenensis, Pareuchaetes, 134 
 
 Elachistidae, Family, 26, 430 
 
 electra, Hemileuca, 91 
 
 elegans, Odontosia, 294; Pygarctia, 136 
 
 legantalis, Pangrapta, 254 
 
 elimata, Semiophora, 180 
 
 Eliot, George, quoted, 417 
 
 eliza, Catocala, 266 
 
 Ellida, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata, 
 
 ello, Erinnyis, 58 
 
 ekmgata, Tephroclystis, 328 
 
 elongatus, Celiptera, 275 
 elsa, Dicty 
 
 tyosoma, 49 
 
 emargataria, Plagodis, 349 
 Emerson, R. W., quoted, 41, 98, 88, 391, 
 
 391 
 
 emphytiformis, Gaea, 381 
 Enarmonia sebastianas, 418 
 End of All, 44 s 
 endropiaria, Therina, 347 
 Enemera, genus; juturnaria, 342 
 enervis, Orthodes, 203 
 enotata, Philobia, 339 
 English sparrow, 95 
 enhydris, Hexeris, 375 
 Ennominae, Subfamily, 337 
 Ennomos, genus ; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria, 
 
 magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius, 
 
 348 
 
 ennucleata, Synelys, 333 
 enthea, Fishea, 170 
 Eois, genus, 334; calif orniaria, californiata, 
 
 336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia, 
 
 335', pacificaria, 336; ptelearia, 334; 
 
 siderana, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 335 
 Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237 
 Epagoge, genus; tunicana, 421 
 Epeks, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337 
 ephemerseformis, Thyridopteryx, 361 
 Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella, cautella, 
 
 desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 412; 
 
 pasulella, 414 
 ephippiatus, Sibine, 364 
 ephyrata, Syssaura, 35? 
 Epicnaptera, genus; americana, carpinifolia, 
 
 qccidentis, 314 
 
 Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170 
 Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274 
 Epiglaea, genus; decliva, deleta, pastilhcans, 
 
 219 
 
 epilais, Syntomeida, 99 
 epilobii, Celerio, 76 
 Epimecis, genus; amplaria, disserptana, 
 
 hortaria, Tiriodendrana, virginaria, 344 
 epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232 
 epione, Catocala, 260 
 epipnoides, Pangrapta, 254 
 Epipaschiinae, Subfamily, 407 
 Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 351 
 Epiplemidae, Family, 25, 34, 356 
 Epipyropidae, Family, 25, 35, 370 
 Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 37 
 Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu- 
 
 bris, 6 1 
 Epizeuxis, genus; aemula, americalis, concisa, 
 
 280; denticulalis, 281; effusalis, hermin- 
 
 ioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phaealis, 280; 
 
 scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectabs, 
 
 280 
 
 Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347 
 Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333 
 erastrioides, Tarache, 251 
 Erebus, genus; agarista, odora, 279 
 erechtea, Drasteria, 257 
 erecta, Mamestra, 195 
 erectalis, Plathypena, 287 
 cremiata, Macaria, 339 
 eremitoides, Hyloicus, 49 
 eremitus, Hyloicus, 49 
 erichto, Drasteria, 257 
 Erinnyis, genus, 57. 58; alope, 58; caicus, 60; 
 
 cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 59; ed- 
 wardsi, ello, fasciata, 58; festa, 59, flavicans, 
 
 janipha?, lassauxi, 58; melancholica, 59; 
 
 merianae, 58, 59; obscura, oenotrus, pal- 
 
 lida, penaeus, picta, phalaris, piperis, 
 
 rhcebus, rustica, 59 
 Eriocephala. genus, 444 
 
 456
 
 Index 
 
 ennalis, Conchylodes, 393 
 
 Eriocephalidae. 8 
 
 erosa, Anomis, 244; Malacosoma, 313 
 
 erosiata, Calledapteryx, 356 
 
 erosnealis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 erratica, Abagrotis, 180 
 
 errato, Euproserpinus, 74 
 
 erycata, Sylectra, 254 
 
 eson, Xylophanes, 75 
 
 Estigmene, genus, 122; acrsea, 122, 123; 
 albida, 122; antigone, athena, californica, 
 caprotina, congrua, dubia, klagesi, men- 
 thastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123; prirna. 
 122; pseuderminea, rickseckeri, White- 
 bodied, 123 
 
 etolus, Haemorrhagia, 62 
 
 Eubaphe, genus, 115 
 
 Eucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244 
 
 Eucereon, genus, Carolina, confine, Floridan, 
 100 
 
 Euchaetias, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri, 
 egle, Mouse-colored, inurina, Oregon, 
 oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135 
 
 Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festucae. put- 
 nami, striatella, venusta, 237 
 
 Euchlasna, genus; amcenaria, arefactaria, 
 astylusaria, concisaria, decisaria, dcduc- 
 taria, deplanaria, effectaria, madusaria, 
 muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria, 
 propriaria, serrata, serrataria, vinosaria, 
 
 Euchceca, genus; albovittata, californiata, 
 328; lucata, 329; propriaria, reciprocata 
 328 
 
 Eucirroedia, genus; pampma, 215 
 
 Euclea, genus; argentatus, chlons, delphinii, 
 femiginea, fraterna, indetermina, monitor, 
 nana, nanina, paenulata, quercicola, stri- 
 gata, tardigrada, vernata, viridiclava, 
 viridis, 365 
 
 Euclidia, genus, 257; cuspidea, intercalaris, 
 258 
 
 Eucoptocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190 
 
 Eucosma, genus; affusana, clavana, distig- 
 mana, dorsisignatana, graduatana, salig- 
 neana, scudderiana, similar.a, 418 
 
 Eucrostis, genus; gratata, incertata, oporaria, 
 336 
 
 Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata, 
 intestinata, 328 
 
 Eudeilinea, genus; herminiata,' 320 
 
 Eudule, genus; biseriata, mendica, Plain- 
 colored, unicolor, 327 
 
 Eueretagrotis, genus; perattenta, sigrr.oides, 
 179 
 
 Euerythra, genus; phasma, trimaculata, 120 
 
 Eufidonia, genus; bicolorata, discopilata, 
 fidoniata, notataria, quadripunctaria, 337 
 
 Eugenia, buxifolia, procera, 140 
 
 Eugonobapta, genus; nivosaria, nivosata, 348 
 
 Euhagena, genus; nebraskae, 381 
 
 Euharyeya, genus, 219 
 
 Euherrichia, genus; cervina, granitosa, gran- 
 itosa, moilissima, rubicunda, 253 
 
 Euhyparpax, genus: rosea, 298 
 
 Eulia, genus; alisellana, 423 
 
 Eumestleta, genus; flammicincta, patruelis, 
 patula, 249 
 
 Eunystalea, genus; indiana, 295 
 
 euonymella, Yponomeuta, 423 
 
 Euonymus, 157 
 
 Eupanychis, genus; hirtella, spinosae, 226 
 
 Euparthenos, genus; nubilis, 272 
 
 eupatorii, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 Euphanessa, genus, 327 
 
 euphoesalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 Euplexia, genus; lucipara, 172 
 
 Eupolia, genus; licentiosa, 199 
 Euproctis, genus; chrysorrhoea, 309 
 Euproserpinus, genus, 74; errato, euterpe. 
 
 phaeton, 74 
 
 Eupseudomorpha, genus; brillians, 231 
 Eupseudosoma, genus; floridum, immaculata, 
 
 involutum, nivea, Snowy, 139 
 euryalus, Samia, 84 
 Eurycyttarus, genus; carbonaria, 362; con- 
 
 federata, 363 
 kuscnemonidae, 3 
 Eustixia, genus; pupula, 398 
 Eustroma, genus; atrocolorata, diversilineata, 
 
 montanatum, prunata, ribesiaria, triangu- 
 
 latum, 329 
 Eustrotia, genus; albidula, apicosa, biplaga, 
 
 carneola, concinnimacula, intractabilis, 
 
 muscosula, musta, nigritula, synochitis, 
 
 247 
 
 Eutelia, genus; dentifera, pulcherrima, 242 
 euterpe, Euproserpinus, 74; Syntomeida, 99 
 Euthisanotia, genus, 142, 232; assimilis, 
 
 grata, unio, 232 
 Euthyatira, genus; pennsylvanica, pudens, 
 
 Eutolype, genus; bombyciformis, damalis, 
 
 Euverna, genus; clio, 133 
 
 Euxoa, genus, 187; albipennis, atropurpurea, 
 basalis, 189; brevipennis, 188; campestris, 
 189; cinereomaculata, 190; cochrani, de- 
 clarata, decolor, 189; detersa, 188; dis- 
 pliciens, dissona, expulsa, 189; flayidens 
 1 88; furtivus, gularis, illata, 190; insignata, 
 insulsa, lutulenta, maizi, 189; messoria, 
 1 88; nigripennis, 189; obeliscoides, ochro- 
 gaster, 190; olivalis, perpolita, personata, 
 pityochrous, quadridentata, 188; redimicu- 
 la, 190; repentis, 189; sexatilis, 190; 
 spissa, tessellata, titubatis, 189; turris, 
 190; velleripennis, 188; verticalis, 189 
 
 evanidalis, Hypena, 287 
 velina, Catocala, 261 
 victa, Morrisonia, 196 
 xaltata, Schinia, 227 
 xcaecatus, Calasymbolus, 56 
 xcelsa, Apantesis, 132 
 xitiosa, Sanninoidea, 384 
 
 expansa, Nephelodes, 199 
 
 expulsa, Euxoa, 189 
 
 expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 304 
 
 exsiccatus, Crambus, 403 
 
 exsimaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 exsuperata, Paraphia, 343 
 
 Exterior line, 18 
 
 externa, Galgula, 247 
 
 extimia, Caradrina, 165 
 
 extranea, Heliophila, 200 
 
 exusta, Mamestra, 193 
 
 Exuvias, larval, 9 
 
 Exyra, genus; semicrocea, 248 
 
 Eyes; of cats, 78; of moths, 12, 18; of noc- 
 turnal animals, 77; of owls, 78 
 
 fabricii, Automeris, 89 
 
 fabula. Drepana, 321 
 
 fadus, Sesia, 62 
 
 Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata, nivei- 
 
 costatus, obliqua, 217 
 Fala, genus, ptycophora, 235 
 Falcana, genus; bilineata, 321 
 falcata, Pseudanarta, 175 
 fallacialis, Renia. 283 
 fallax, Diphthera, 160 
 Fall Web-worm. 123 
 
 457
 
 Index 
 
 falsarius, Acoloithus, 371 
 
 False Indigo 430 
 
 Families of North American moths, Key to, 24 
 
 Far out at Sea, 362 
 
 farinalis, Pyralis, 400 
 
 farnhami, Mamestra, 192 
 
 "Far Out at Sea," 363 
 
 fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392 
 
 fasciata, Dysodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58 
 
 fasciatus, Pholus, 67 
 
 fasciola, Lithacodes, 367 
 
 fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258 
 
 fastuosa, Atteva, 424 
 
 Faunal Subregions, 387 
 
 faustina, Catocala, 264 
 
 faustinula, Illice, 109 
 
 favorita, Apantesis, 132 
 
 faxoni, Epelis, 337 
 
 fecialis, Bqmolocha, 286 
 
 fegeus, Epistor, 61 
 
 felina, Charadra, 153 
 
 Felt, E. P., 37 
 
 Feltia, genus, 186; agilis, 186: annexa, 
 decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana, 
 186; malefida, 187; morrisoniana, semi- 
 clarata, stigmosa, subgpthica, vancouver- 
 ensis, venerabilis, volubilis, 186 
 
 Femur, 14, 15 
 
 Fenaria, genus; asdessa, longipes, sevorsa 
 233 
 
 fenestra, Telea, 87 
 
 Feniseca tarquinius, 6 
 
 fennica, Noctua, 183 
 
 Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida, 
 300 
 
 Feralia, genus: jocosa, 171 
 
 Fernald, C. H., 31, 37 
 
 Fernaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337 
 
 Fernaldellinae, Subfamily, 337 
 
 fernaldialis, Melitara, 410 
 
 ferox, Syntomeida, 99 
 
 ferraria, Acherdoa, 234 
 
 ferrigera, Adoneta, 365 
 
 ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 295 
 
 ferruginoides, Pachnobia, 180 
 
 fervidaria, Therina, 348 
 
 fervifactaria, Coenocalpe, 332 
 
 fessa, Amolita, 244 
 
 festa, Cerma. 161; Erinnyis, 59 
 
 festivoides, Oligia, 165 
 
 festucae, Euchalcia, 237 
 
 ficus, Pachylia, 60 
 
 Ficus pedunculata, 100 
 
 fidelissima, Composia, 289 
 
 fidicularia, Caradrina, 164 
 
 fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337 
 
 figurata, Apantesis, 132 
 
 filimentaria, Ania, 349 
 
 Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327 
 
 fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 399 
 
 fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190 
 
 fimetaria, Fernaldella, 337 
 
 Final Goal, The, 445 
 
 fiscellaria, Therina, 348 
 
 Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemitae, 
 
 flagellum, Autographa, 238 
 flagitaria, Therina, 348 
 flammans, Ptychoglene, no 
 flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249 
 flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330 
 Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369 
 flava, Pseudanarta, 175 
 flavago, Xanthia, 214 
 flavedana, Platynota, 422 
 flavescentella, Tinea, 433 
 flavicans, Erinnyis, 58 
 
 flavicosta, The 
 flavidens, Euxoa, 
 
 erasea, 251 
 
 flavipennis, Tarache, 251 
 
 flavipes, Bembecia, 383 
 
 flavofasciata, Proserpinus, 73 
 
 flebilis, Catocala, 622 
 
 fletcheri, Xylomiges, 197 
 
 flexuosa, Raphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368 
 
 Flight, Great powers of, 67 
 
 floccalis, Pleonectyptera, 246 
 
 florida, Rhodophora, 224 
 
 floridalis, Agathodes, 393 
 
 floridana, Atteva, 424 
 
 floridaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 floridensis, Callopistria, 252; Haemorrhag'a 
 
 63; Sphacelodes, 354 
 nondum, Eupseudosoma, 139 
 floscularia, Plagodis, 349 
 Flour-moth, The, 412 
 fluviata, Percnoptilota, 330 
 Flying Squirrels, 149 
 Fontaine, De La, quoted, 373 
 Forester, Californian, 145; Eight-spotted, 
 
 144; Langton's, 145; MacCulloch's, 143; 
 
 Mexican, 144; Ridings', Two-spotted, 145: 
 
 Wittfeld's, 144 
 formosa, Gluphisia, 300 
 formosa, Polychrysia, 236 
 formosalis, Nigetia, 358 
 formula, Catocala, 268 
 formula, Oreta, 321 
 forrigens, Phobena, 273 
 Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178 
 f-pallida, Apantesis, 132 
 fractilinea, Hadena, 168 
 fracturalis, Diastictis, 393 
 fragariae, Ancylis, 419 
 fragilis, Apatela, 156 
 fratella, Autographa, 238 
 f rater, Raphia, 153 
 fratercula, Catocala, 269 
 fraterna, Euclea, 365 
 fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344 
 Fraxinus, 46, 51 
 Frenulum, 16, 17 
 Fringes, 18 
 
 frugallaria, Cleora, 344 
 frugiperda, Laphygma, 174 
 Fruit-worm, The Gooseberry, 411 
 frustulum, Celiptera, 275 
 frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312 
 Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula 
 
 252 
 
 fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106 . 
 
 Fulgpra candelaria, 370 
 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 126 
 fulminans, Perigonica, 205 
 fultaria, Paota, 332 
 fulva, Kodiosoma, 133 
 fulvicollis, Scepsis, 101 
 fulvoflava, Halisidota, 138 
 fumalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Haemorrhagia, 63 
 funebris, Pyrausta, 398 
 funeralis, Desmia, 392 
 funerea, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 
 fungorum, Choephora, 216 
 furcata, Papaipema, 214 
 furcifera, Apatela, 155 
 furcilla, Argillophora, 255; Panthea, 152 
 Fur-moth, The, 433 
 furtivus, Euxoa, 190 
 furvana, Archips, 422 
 fusca, Porosagrotis, 187 
 fuscalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 
 fuscimacula, Oligia, 166 
 fuscipes, Comacla, 107 
 
 458
 
 Index 
 
 fuscula, Roeselia, 358 
 fusimacula, Oxycnemis, 221 
 futilis, Litoorosoous, 275 
 
 Gaberasa, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis, 
 
 divisalis, 284 
 
 Gaea, genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381 
 galbina, Agapema, 86 
 Galgula, genus; externa, hepara, partita, 
 
 subpartita, vesca, 247 
 galianna, Hemeroplanes, 60 
 galii, Celerio, 76 
 
 galtesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 418, 425 
 Galleria, genus; cereana, cerella, mellonella, 
 
 obliquella, 406 
 Gallerimae, Subfamily, 405 
 gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387 
 Gall- moth, The Misnamed, 418; The Solidago, 
 
 425 
 
 Gama-grass, 405 
 garmani, Graphiphora, 204 
 Gaura biennis, 224 
 
 Ee, Pogocolon, 72; Rhodophora, 224 
 lina, genus, 305 
 :hiidae, Family, 26, 38, 424 
 gelida, Apantesis, 131; Ellida, 300 
 gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399 
 
 geminata, Cladora, 324; Tephroclystis, 328 
 geminatus, Sphinx, 55 
 gemmata, Atteva, 424 
 gemmatilis, Anticarsia 275 
 generalis, Renia, 283 
 generosa, Pyrausta, 398 
 genicula, Drepana, 321 
 geniculata, Agrotis, 182 
 gentilis, Parastichtis, 217; Pyrausta, 397 
 Geometer, Crocus, 349; Dark-banded, 329; 
 
 Five-lined, 333; Harvey's, 327; Snowy, 348 
 Geometers, 149 
 geometrica, Parasemia, 134 
 Geometridae, Family. 7, 25, 34, 322 
 Geometrinae, Subfamily, 336 
 geometroides, Melanchroia, 355; Pangrapta, 
 
 254 
 
 georgica, Hyperaschra, 294 
 germana, Lithomoia, 206 
 germanalis, Hypena, 287 
 gibbocostata, Ccenocalpe, 332 
 gibbosa, Nadata, 296 
 gilvipennis, Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 Gingla, genus; laterculae, 373 
 gisela, Catocala, 269 
 
 S'tonella, Ephestia, 412 
 host-moth; Graceful, Lembert's, 444; 
 Silver-spotted, 443 
 glabella, Pyrophila, 173 
 gladiaria, Feltia, 186 
 
 Glaea, genus; inulta, sericea, viatica, 218 
 glandulella. Holcocera, 429 
 Glassy-wing, Edwards', 138; Freckled, 139 
 glaucovaria, Mamestra, 193 
 Gleditschia, 96 
 glomeralis, Pyrausta, 398 
 glomeraria, Macaria 340 
 
 gloveri, Copidryas, 141; Samia, 84 
 loveria, genus; arizonensis, dentata, how- 
 
 ardi, psidii, 311 
 Glover's Purslane-moth, 141 
 Gluphisia, genus; albofascia, avimac"ula, 
 
 clandestina, danbyi, formosa, rupta, sep- 
 
 tentrionalis severa, slossoni, trilineata, 
 
 wrighti, 300 
 Glyphodes, genus; hyalinata, hyalinatalis, 
 
 lucernalis, marginalis, nitidalis, quad- 
 
 ristigmalis, 394 
 
 Gnophaela, genus; arizonae, clappiana, con- 
 
 tinua, discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, mor- 
 
 risoni, .vermiculata, 290 
 Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; gallaesolidaginis, 
 
 418, 425 
 
 goasalis, Philometra, 282 
 Goat-moths, 375 
 goniata. Safaulodes, 353 
 Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236 
 Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasaria 
 
 duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata 
 
 obfirmaria, refractaria, 350 
 Gooseberry Fruit-worm, The, 411 
 Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340 
 gordius, Hyloicus, 51 
 Gortyna, genus; immanis, Hop-vine, nicti- 
 
 tans, 212; obliqua, Oblique, 213; sera. 
 
 Veiled, velata, 212 
 gortynides, Bellura, 211 
 Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 355 
 gossypiana, Archips, 422 
 gracilenta, Alypia, 144 
 gracilior, Leptomeris, 333 
 gracilis, Catocala, 269; Haemoirhagia, 63; 
 
 Hepialtas, 444 
 gradata, Macaria, 340 
 graduatana, Eucosma, 418 
 graefi, Apatela, 155 
 Graeperia, genus; magnifica, 225 
 Grammodes, genus; smithi, 274 
 Grammodia, genus, 60 
 grandipuncta. Alabama, 243 
 grandirena, Melipotis, 258 
 grandis, Copablepharon. 222; Mamestra, 193; 
 
 Melittia, 381; Noctua, 184 
 granitata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 
 S-anitosa, Euhernchia, 253 
 rape-leaf Folder, The, 392 
 Grape-vine Plume, The, 416 
 graphica, Syneda, 259 
 Graphiphora, genus; alia, capsella, confluens, 
 
 culea, garmani, hibisci, insciens, instabilis, 
 
 modifica, orobia, oviduca, 204 
 Grass-moths, 402 
 
 grata, Euthisanotia, 232; Oligia, 166 
 grataria, Haematopsis, 332 
 gratata, Eucrostis, 336 
 gratulata, Mesoleuca, 330 
 Grease-wood, 96 
 Green Apple-leaf Tier, The, 421 
 grisea, Apatela, 156; Hypopacha, 312; 
 
 Illice, no 
 
 griseella, Tinea, 433 
 griseocincta, Orthodes, 203 
 grossulariae, Zophodia, 411 
 
 S-ossulariata, Cymatophora, 340 
 rote, A. R., 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36 
 groteana, Cenopis, 422 
 
 grotei, Hasmorrhagia, 63; Hemileuca, 91; 
 Lycomorpha, 101; Psaphidia, 177 
 
 Sroteiana, Catocala, 264 
 rotella, genus; dis, 220 
 Groundling; Dusky, Red, 165 
 grynea, Catocala, 269 
 
 gaeneata, Hydriomena, 331 
 uen^e, A., 27, 32, 36 
 Sienei, Catocala, 261, 
 uettarda elliptica, 139 
 Guilding, Lansdown, 403 
 gularis, Euxoa, 190 
 gulosa, Hemerocampa, 308 
 Gumppenberg, C. v., 34 
 gurgitans, Archips, 422 
 guttata, Platyprepia, 128; Spragueia, 25* 
 guttifera, Halisidota, 138 
 guttulosa, Pyrausta. 397 
 gyasahs, Heterogramma, 284 
 
 459
 
 Index 
 
 Gymnocladus, 96 
 
 Gynaephora, genus; rossi. 305 
 
 Gypsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata 
 
 haesitata, impauperata, propugnata, pro- 
 
 pugnaria, sitellata, 332 
 Gypsy Moth, The, 308 
 Gyros, genus; muiri, 249 
 
 H 
 
 habilis, Catocala, 268 
 
 Habrosyne, genus; scnpta, 303 
 
 Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, 1 68 ; Albertan, 167; 
 amputatrix, arctica, 169; arcuata, 167; 
 Base-streaked, basilinea, 168; Black- 
 banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham's, 166; 
 Broken-lined, Burgess', burgessi, cerivana, 
 1 68; characta, 167; chlorostigma, 168; 
 claudens, 167; conspicua, 168; contenta, 
 169; Dark Ashen, 170; Darker, 169; 
 Dark-spotted, Dark-winged, 167; Destroy- 
 ing, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Double- 
 banded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 169; 
 fractilinea, 168; Great Western, 169; 
 Green-spotted, 168; Half-Moon, 169; Halt- 
 ing, 1 68; hilli, 167; incallida, insignata, 
 lateritia, 168; lignicolor, 169; loculata, 168; 
 mactata, 167; marshallana, 169; misel- 
 oides, modica, 167; molochina, 168; 
 Mullein, 169; Neumoegen's, 166; nigrior, 
 Northern, 169; obliviosa, 168; occidens, 
 ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Red- 
 winged, 1 68; semilunata, Speckled Gray, 
 169; sputatrix, 168; subcedens, 167; 
 transfrons, 166; Turbulent, turbulenta, 
 167; verbascoides, 169; versuta, 167; 
 vinela, 170; violacea, Violet, 167; viralis, 
 vultuosa, 1 68; White-spotted, 167; Wood- 
 colored, 169 
 
 Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163; 
 pergentilis, subjuncta, 162 
 
 hadeniformis, Melipotis, 258 
 
 Haematomis, genus; mexicana, unifprmis, 107 
 
 Hasmatopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, suc- 
 cessaria, 332 
 
 Haemorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; aethra, axillaris, 
 63; brucei, 64; buffaloensis, cimbiciformis, 
 diffinis, 63; etolus, 62; floridensis, fumosa, 
 gracilis, grotei, marginalis, metathetis 
 63; palpalis, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus, 
 63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; senta, 
 64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe. 62; 
 uniformis, 63 
 
 hassitata, Gypsochrea, 332 
 
 hageni, Isogramma, 47 
 
 halesaria, Fernaldella, 337 
 
 halicarniae, Lapara, 53 
 
 Halisidota, genus, 115, 137; annulifascia, 
 138; antiphola, 137; argentata, caryas, 
 138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 138; Gartered 
 137; guttifera, 138; harrisi, i37;'Hickory, 
 tonga. Long-streaked, maculata, porphy- 
 ria, Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessel- 
 lated, tessellaris, 137 
 
 Halpine, Charles G., quoted, 319 
 
 hamaria, Gonodontis, 350 
 
 hamifera, Autographa, 238 
 
 hammondi, Canarsia, 41*1 
 
 Hampson, 'Sir George F., ix, 18, 23, 31, 32, 
 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 98, 103, 114, 140, 151, 
 288, 289, 292, 303, 306, 311, 315, 320, 
 322, 356, 364, 371, 374, 375, 380, 391 
 
 Haploa, genus, 117; Leconte's, 118; Lyman's, 
 119; Carolina, clymene, colona, comma, 
 118; confusa, 119; consita, 118; contigua, 
 19; dyari, interruptomarginata, lactata, 
 militaris, vestalis, 118 
 
 Harpyia, genus; albicoma, aquilonaris, bore- 
 
 ahs, cinerea, scolopendrina, 299 
 Harris. Thaddeus William, 27 
 Harris' Three-spot, 159 
 harrisi, Halisidota 137; Lapara, 53; Pygoc- 
 
 tenucha, in 
 
 Harnsimemna, 149, 159; trisignata, 159 
 Harrisina, genus; americana, texana, 372 
 harti, Sysyrhypena, 282 
 haruspica, Noctua, 184 
 harveiata, Nannia 327 
 harveyi, Heliophila, 201 
 hasdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57 
 hasta, Apatela, 155 
 hastata, Rheumaptera, 329 
 havilae, Noctua, 184 
 Hawkmoth, 78; Clemens', 52; Five-Spotted, 
 
 Head; anatomy of, 12, 18; larval, 7 
 hebraea, Polygrammate, 160 
 hebraicum, Polygrammate, 160, 161 
 Hebrew, The, 160 
 heiligbrodti, Syssphinx, 96 
 Heliaca, genus; diminutiva, 231 
 Heliochilus, genus; paradoxus, 222 
 Heliodes^ genus; restrictalis, 230 
 Heliolonche, genus; modicella, 230 
 Heliomata, genus; cycladata, infulata, 338 
 Heliophana, genus; mitis, obliquata, 230 
 Heliophila, genus, 200; albilinea, 201; com- 
 
 moides, 203; complicata, 201; extranea, 
 
 200; harveyi, 201; heterodoxa, lapidaria, 
 
 202; minorata, 201; multilinea, 202; 
 
 pseudargyria, subpunctata, 201; uni- 
 
 puncta, 200 
 
 Heliosea, genus; pictipennis, 230 
 helipthidata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 Heliothis, genus; armiger, 222; nuchalis 
 
 scutosus, 224 
 
 Heliotropha, genus; atra, reniformis, 173 
 helva, Orthosia, 2 1 7 
 Hemerocampa, genus, 305; borealis, cana, 
 
 305; definita, 307; gulosa, intermedia, 
 
 leucographa, leucostigma, obliviosa, ve- 
 
 tusta, 306 
 Hemeroplanes, genus, 60; galianna, licastus, 
 
 parce, 60 
 Hemihyalea, genus; Edwards', edwardsi, 
 
 138; Freckled, labecula, 139; quereus, 
 
 translucida, 138 
 Hemileuca, genus, 91; artemis. californica, 
 
 92; electra, grotei, hualapai, 91; iuno, 92; 
 
 maia, neumosgeni, 91; nevadensis, 92; 
 
 proserpina, sororius, 91; tricolor, 93; 
 
 yayapai, 92 
 
 Hemileucinae, Subfamily, 80, 81, 90 
 hemizpnae, Synanthedon, 385 
 henrici, Hypopta, 379 
 henrietta, Derrima, 224 
 hepara, Galgula, 247 
 Hepialids, Family, 15, 16, 26, 443 
 Hepialus, genus; gracilis, hyperboreus, lem- 
 
 berti, macglashani, pulcher, 444 
 hera, Pseudohazis, 93 
 heraclei, Depressaria, 428 
 heracliana, Depressaria, 428 
 herbimacula, Mamestra, 195 
 Herculia, genus; himonialis, olinalis, tren- 
 
 tonalis, 401 
 
 Herder, Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge, 290 
 herilis, Feltia, 186 
 hermia, Catocala, 264 
 herminiata, Eudeilinea, 320 
 herminioides. Epizeuxis, 280 
 Herrich-Schasffer, G. A. W., 27 
 Herse, genus, 43; affinis, cingulata, convol- 
 
 vuli, decolora, drurasi, pungens. 43 
 
 460
 
 Index 
 
 hersiliata, Mesoleuca. 330 
 
 hertaria, Epimecis, 344 
 
 Heterocampa, genus; associata. astarte, 
 athcrco, bilineata, biundata. cinerascens, 
 manteo, menas, mollis, obliqua, olivatus, 
 puiverea, seraiplaga, subalbicans, turbida, 
 ulmi, umbrata, varia, 297 
 
 Heterocera, defined, 3 
 
 heterodoxa, Heliophila, 202 
 
 Heterogenea, genus; shurtleffi, 368 
 
 Heterogramma, genus; gyasalis, pyramu- 
 salis, rarigena, 284 
 
 Heteropacha, genus; rileyana, 314 
 
 Heterophleps, genus; hexaspilata, quadrino- 
 tata, triguttaria, 327 
 
 heuchera, Paranthrene, 387 
 
 hexadactyla, Orneodes, 417 
 
 hexaspilata, Heterophleps. 327 
 
 Hexeris, genus; enhydris. reticulina, 375 
 
 hibisci, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 "Hickory Horn-devil," 6, 97 
 
 hieroglyphica, Noropsis, 233 
 
 hilaris, Zeuzera, 376 
 
 hilli, Hadena, 167; Hypocala, 272 
 
 Hillia, genus; algens, 166 
 
 hilliana, Noctua, 183 
 
 Himantopterus. genus, 371 
 
 Himella, genus; contrahens, thecata, 204 
 
 himonialis, Herculia, 401 
 
 hinda, Catocala, 266 
 
 Hippia, genus; packardi, 296 
 
 hircina, Homoglaea, 219 
 
 hircinalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 hirtella, Eupanychis, 226 
 
 hirtipes, Zosteropoda, 203 
 
 histrio, marasmalus, 242 
 
 Hoboken, 147 
 
 hochenwarthi, Syngrapha, 240 
 
 Holcocera, genus; glandulella, 429 
 
 Holland, Clive, quoted, 353 
 
 hollandaria, Racheospila, 336 
 
 Holmes, O. W., quoted, 3, 371 
 
 Holomelina, genus, 115; choriona, belfragei, 
 belmaria, bimaculata, Black-banded, brevi- 
 cornis, diminutiva, Ehrman's, Five-spotted, 
 immaculata, Least, Plain-winged, 116; 
 obscura, opella, ostenta, rubricosta, Showy, 
 
 Homoglaea, genus; carbonaria, hircina, 219 
 Homohadena, genus; badistriga, 176 
 Homoptera, genus; cingulifera, edusa, in- 
 
 tenta, involuta, lunata, putrescens, saun- 
 
 dersi, unilineata, viridans, woodi, 278 
 Homopyralis, genus; contracta, tactus, zonata, 
 
 256 
 
 honesta, Jodia, 215 
 honestaria, Azelina, 352 
 Honey-locust, 96 
 Honey-streak, The, 339 
 hopffen, Gnophaela, 290 
 Hops, 287 
 
 Horama, genus; texana, 100 
 Hormisa, genus; absorptalis bivittata, nu- 
 
 bilifascia, 282 
 hormos, Hypsoropha, 256 
 Hormoschista, genus; pagenstecheri, 253 
 hornbeckiana, Pholus, 67 
 Horne, R. H., quoted, 363 
 horrida, Zale, 277 
 hortaria, Epimecis. 346 
 hortulana, -Feltia, 186 
 hospes, Synanthedon, 387 
 Howard, L. O., viii, 403, 405 
 howardi, Gloveria, 311 
 howlandi, Syneda, 260 
 hualapai, Hemileuca, 91 
 Huber, 112 
 
 hubbardi, Bruceia, 108 
 
 hubneraria, Azelina, 352 
 
 hubnerata, Azelina, 352 
 
 hudsonica, Alypia, 145, Syneda, 260 
 
 Hulst, Rev. G. p.. 33, 34, 36 
 
 humeralis, Cingilia, 347 
 
 humerosana, Amorbia, 423 
 
 humilis, Schiznra, 298 
 
 humuli, Hypena, 287 
 
 Huxley, Thomas Henry, quoted, 38 
 
 hyalinata, Glyphodes, 394 
 
 hyalinatalis, Glyphodes, 394 
 
 hyalinopuncta, Apatelodes 293 
 
 hyalinus, Phobetron, 366 
 
 Hyamia, genus; perditalis, semilineata, sex- 
 punctata, umbrifascia, 234 
 
 Hyblrea, genus; mirificum, puera, saga, 288 
 
 hybrida, Ophideres, 276; Utetheisa, 117 
 
 Hydria, genus; undulata, 329 
 
 Hydriomena, genus; autumnalis, bicolorata, 
 birivata, custodiata, gueneata, lascinata, 
 latirupta. rectangulata, sordidata, specio- 
 sata, 331 
 
 hydrome1i ; Litodonta, 296 
 
 hyteus, Dolba, 46 
 
 Hylesia, genus, 90; alinda, 90 
 
 Hyloicus, genus, 49; albescens, 50; andro- 
 medae, 50; canadensis. 51; chersis, 50; 
 coloradus, 52; coniferarum, 52; dolli, 52 
 drupiferarum, 52; eremitus, 49; eremitoides 
 49; gordius, 51; insolita, 51; kalmiae, 51 
 libocedrus, 51; lugens, 49, 50; luscitiosa 
 52; oreodaphne, 50; perelegans, 51 
 pinastri, 52; plota, 51; pcecila, 51; saniptri 
 52; separatus, 50; sequoiae, 52; sordida, 49 
 vancouverensis, 50; vashti, 50 
 
 Hyloicus kalmiae, larva of, 7 
 
 hyp;ethrata, Macaria, 339 
 
 Hyparpax, genus; aurora, perophoroides, 
 rosea. venus, venusta, 299 
 
 Hypena, genus; evanidalis, germanalis, 
 humuli, 287 
 
 Hypenula, genus; biferalis, cacuminalis, 
 opacalis, 283 
 
 Hyperaeschra, genus; georgica, scitipennis, 
 stragula, tortuosa, 294 
 
 hyperboreus, Hepialus, 444 
 
 hyperici, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 Hyperitis, genus; aesionaria, amicaria, ex- 
 simaria, insinuaria, laticincta, neonaria, 
 neoninaria, nyssaria, subsinuaria, 349 
 
 Hyphantria, genus, 122, i23;cunea, i23;pal- 
 lida, 124; punctatissima, I23;textor, 124 
 
 Hyphoraia, genus; borealis, parthenos, 128 
 
 Hypocala, genus; andremona, hilli, 272 
 
 hypocastrina, Zeuzera, 376 
 
 hypochraria, Gonodontis, 350 
 
 Hypocrisias, genus; armillata, Least, minima, 
 136 
 
 Hypopacha, genxis; grisea, 312 
 
 Hypoprepia, genus; cadaverosa, fucosa, 
 inculta, miniata, plumbea, subornata 
 tricolor, vittata, 106 
 
 Hypopta, genus; berthqldi, henrici, 379 
 
 Hyppa, genus; ancocisconensis, Common, 
 contraria, xylinoides, 171 
 
 Hypsopygia, genus; costalis, fimbrialis, 399 
 
 Hypsoropha, genus; hormos, monilis, 256 
 
 I 
 
 lanassa, genus; lignicolor, lignigera, virgata 
 
 298 
 
 iaspis, Chytonix, 161 
 Ichneumon-flies, 69 
 Ichneumonida?, 6, 68 
 idonea, Agrotis, 182 
 
 461
 
 Index 
 
 ilia, Catocala, 265 
 
 illabefacta, Mamestra, 194 
 
 illapsa, Noctua, 185 
 
 illata, Euxoa. 19 
 
 illecta, Catocala, 267 
 
 illepida, Polia, 171 
 
 illibalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 Illice, genus, 108; deserta, no; faustinula, 
 
 109; grisea, no; nexa, 109, 110; packardi, 
 
 plumbea, schwarziprum, striata, subjecta, 
 
 tenuifascia, unifascia, 109 
 illocata, Dryobota, 171 
 illudens, Charadra, 152 
 imbraria, Caberodes, 352 
 imbrifera, Mamestra, 192 
 imitata, Sabulodes, 353; Synanthedon, 385 
 imitella, Cydosia, 253 
 immaculata, Eupseudosoma, 139; Holo- 
 
 melina, 1 1 6 
 
 impauperata, Gypsochroa, 332 
 imperator, Pachysphinx, 57 
 imperatoria, Basilona, 97. 
 imperfectaria, Melanolophia, 344 
 imperialis, Basilona, 971 
 impingens, Anarta, 199 
 impleta, Apatela, 157; Eucymatoge, 328 
 implora, Azenia, 248 
 impressa, Apatela, 157 
 impropria, Synanthedon, 385 
 impropriata, Paraphia, 343 
 improvisa, Bombycia, 304 
 inatomaria, Metanema, 351 
 inca, Aleptina, 162 
 incallida, Hadena, 168 
 incandescens, Cirrhobolina, 259 
 incarcerata, Melalopha, 293 
 incarnata, Arachnis, 124; Lerina, in 
 incarnatorubra, Apantesis, 130 
 incensalis, Cindaphia, 397 
 inceptaria, Cymatpphora, 341 
 incertata, Eucrostis, 336 
 Incita, genus; aurantiaca, 246 
 incivis, Peridroma, 183 
 inclara, Apatela, 157 
 inclinata, Venusia, 328 
 inclinataria, Venusia, 328 
 includens, Autographa, 238 
 inclusa, Melalopha, 293 
 incognita Agrotiphila, 191 
 incompleta, Apantesis, 132 
 inconcinna, Chorizagrotis, 185; Scotogramma 
 
 198 
 
 inconstans, Panula, 258 
 incorrupta, Apantesis, 131 
 inculta, Hypoprepia, 106 
 incurvata, Sabulodes, 353 
 indentata, Melalopha, 293; Remigia, 274 
 indetermina, Euclea, 365 
 indiana, Eunystalea, 295 
 Indian-meal Moth, The, 415 
 indicans, Mamestra, 195 
 indigenella, Mineola, 409 
 indigens, Platysenta, 163 
 indigna, Autographa, 239 
 indiscriminaria, Chlorochlamys 336 
 indivisalis, Gaberasa, 284 
 indoctrinata, Eucymatoge, 328 
 indubitata, Triphosa, 331 
 inductata, Eois, 335 
 indurata, Xylomiges, 197 
 ineffusaria, Caberodes, 352 
 inepta, Cissusa, 256 
 inermis, Peridroma, 182 
 inexacta, Antiblemma, 275 
 inextricata, Mellilla, 338 
 infans, Brephos, 355 
 infecta, Mamestra, 195 
 
 infensata, Syssaura, 352 
 
 inficita, Marasmalus, 242 
 
 infirma, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 infructuoga, Morrisonia, 197 
 
 infulata, Heliomata, 338 
 
 infumata, Cosmia, 217 
 
 infuscata, Scotogramma, 198 
 
 ingenita, Dalcendes, 369 
 
 ingenua, Phoberia, 273 
 
 Inguromorpha, genus; arbeloides basalis, 
 
 378 
 
 mnexa, Mamestra, 195 
 innominata, Xylina, 207 
 inornata, Sisyrosea, 366; Trichocosmia, 220 
 innotata, Apatela, 155 
 innubens, Catocala, 265 
 inquaesita, Papaipema, 213 
 insciens, Graphiphora, 204 
 inscriptum, Deidamia, 71 
 insequalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 insignata, Euxoa, 189; Hadena, 168 
 insignis, Plusiodonta, 235 
 insinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 419 
 insolabilis, Catocala, 262 
 insolita, Autographa, 238; Hyloicus, 51 
 insularis, Philosamia, 82 
 insulata, Pareuchaetes, 134 
 instabilis, Cressonia, 57; Graphiphora, 204 
 insulsa, Euxoa, 189 
 integerrima, Calasymbolus, 56; Campometra, 
 
 276; Datana, 294 
 intenta, Homoptera, 278 
 intentata, Deilmea, 338 
 interlinearia, Caberodes, 352 
 intermedia, Apantesis, 129; Celerio, 76; 
 
 Cucullia, 208; Hemerocampa, 308; Utethe- 
 
 isa, 117 
 
 intermediata, Mesoleuca, 330 
 interminellus, Crambus, 403 
 interna, Dasylophia, 296 
 interpuncta, Saha, 285 
 interpunctella, Plodia, 415 
 interrupta, Apatela, 155 
 interruptomarginata, Haploa, 118 
 intestinata, Eucymatpge, 328 
 intractabilis, Eustrotia, 247 
 intractata, Noctua, 183 
 introferens, Chorizagrotis, 185 
 inulta, Glaea, 218 
 inusitata, Synanthedon, 386 
 invexata, Therina, 348 
 involuta, Homoptera, 278 
 involutum, Eupseudosoma, 139 
 io, Automeris, 89; Calasymbolus, 56 
 Ipimorpha, genus; aequilinea, pleonectusa, 
 
 ipomceas, Schizura, 298; Syntomeida, 99 
 
 iricolor, Oncocnemis, 176 
 
 iridaria, Anaplodes, 337 
 
 iris, Brotolomia, 215 
 
 irrecta, Pleonectvptera, 246 
 
 irrorata, Clemensia, 108; Oreta, 321 
 
 Isabella, Isia, 124 
 
 Isaiah, quoted, 396, 434 
 
 Isia, genus, 125, 127; Isabella, 125 
 
 Isogona, genus; natatrix, tenuis, 256 
 
 Isoohaetes, genus; beutenmulleri, 366 
 
 Isogramma, genus, 47; hageni, 47 
 
 Isoparce, genus, 48; cupressi, 48 
 
 Issus, genus, 370 
 
 Jackson, Helen Hunt, quoted, 413 
 jaguarina, Schinia, 228 
 jamaicensis, Sphinx, 55 
 
 462
 
 Index 
 
 Janette's Hair, 319 
 
 janiphae, Erinnyis, 58 
 
 janualis, Semiophora, 180 
 
 Japan, 79. 37 
 
 laquenetta, Catocala, 269 
 
 jasminearum, Chlaenogramma, 46 
 
 Jaspidia, genus; lepidula. Marbled-green, 
 
 teratophora, White-spotted, 160 
 Jatronha, 58 
 jatrophae, Cocytius, 44 
 Jean Ingelow, quoted, 179 
 Job, quoted, 151, 424 
 joeasta, Andrewsia, 272 
 
 ;' acosa, Feralia, 171 
 odia, genus; honesta, rufago, 215 
 oker, The, 171 
 ordan, Dr. Karl, ix, 31 
 jorulla, Rothschildia, 82 
 juanita, Pogocolon, 73 
 jubararia, Pheme, 351 
 jucunda, Melipotis, 258; Noctua, 183 
 Judith, Catocala 262 
 juglandis, Cressonia, 57; Mineola, 408 
 Juglans, 87 
 Jugum, i 6 
 julia, Rhodosea, 225 
 
 J'ulialis, Cindaphia, 397 
 umping beans, 417 
 juncimacula, Mamestra, 192 
 juncta, Noctua, 184 
 junctaria, Orthofidonia, 337 
 June-berry, 386 
 juniperaria, Syssaura, 352 
 juno, Hemileuca, 92 
 Jussieua, 67 
 jussieuae, Pholus, 67 
 juturnaria, Enemera, 342 
 
 K 
 
 Kalmia, 51 
 
 kalmias, flyloicus, 51 
 
 Keats, quoted, 114 
 
 Kentucky Coffee-tree, 06 
 
 keutzingaria, Plagodis, 349 
 
 keutzingi, Plagodis, 349 
 
 Key to families of North American moths, 24 
 
 Killing specimens, 19 
 
 Kirby. W. F., 29 
 
 klagesi, Estigmene, 123 
 
 Kodiosoma, genus; eavesi, fulva, nigra, 
 
 tricolor, 133 
 
 kcebelei, Synanthedon, 387 
 Kuebel, C. L. von, quoted, 359, 368 
 kuehniella, Ephestia, 412 
 
 labecula, Hemihyalea, 139 
 labiosana, Platynota, 422 
 labruscae, Pholus, 67 
 laciniosa, Bomolocha, 286 
 Lacosoma, genus; chiridota, 339 
 Lacosomidae, Family, 25, 35, 359 
 lacrymosa, Catocala, 261 
 lactata, Haploa, 1 1 8 
 lacteolaria, Leuculodes, 310 
 lactipennis, Tarache, 251 
 lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 330 
 lastella, Ambesa, 410 
 laetulus, Lomanaltes, 285 
 laevigata, Zanclognatha, 281 
 Lagoa, genus; crispata, pyxidifera, 369 
 lanariella, Tineola, 432 
 lanceolata, Tarache, 251 
 langdonalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 langtoni, Alypia, 143, 145 
 
 languida, Melicleptria, 230 
 
 lanuginosa, Megalopyge, 369 
 
 Lapara, genus, 53; bombycpides, cana, coni- 
 ferarum, halicarniae, harrisi, pineum, 53 
 
 Laphygma, genus; autumnalis, frugiperda, 
 macra, plagiata, signifera, 174 
 
 lapidaria, Heliophila, 202 
 
 Lappet, collar and shoulder, 18 
 
 laqueata, Calidota, 139 
 
 laqueatellus, Crambus, 402 
 
 larentioides, Phalasnostola, 254 
 
 Larvae; food of, 6 
 
 lascinata, Hydriomena, 331 
 
 Lasiocampidas, Family, 9, 24, 34, 311 
 
 lassauxi, Erinnyis, 58 
 
 Latebraria, genus: amphipyroides, 279 
 
 laterana, Platynota, 422 
 
 laterculas, Gingla, 373 
 
 lateritia, Hadena, 168 
 
 latex, Mamestra, 194 
 
 laticincta, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 laticinerea, Xylina, 207 
 
 laticlavia, Autographa, 240 
 
 latipennis, Diacrisia, 128; Gnophaela, 290 
 
 latipes, Remigia, 274 
 
 latirupta, Hydriomena, 331 
 
 Lathosea, genus; pullata, ursina, 209 
 
 latreillana, Ctenucha, 102 
 
 laudabilis, Mamestra, 195 
 
 Laugher, The, 152 
 
 Lauraceae, 85 
 
 Leaf -rollers, 417 
 
 lecontei, Haploa, 118 
 
 Legs of moths, 14, 15 
 
 lemberti, Hepialus, 444 
 
 lena, Leptarctia, 121 
 
 lentiginosa, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 Leopard-moth, The, 376 
 
 lepidula, Jaspidia, 160 
 
 Lepipolys, genus; perscripta, 177 
 
 Leptarctia, genus; californiae, decia dimi- 
 diata, lena, 121 
 
 Leptina, genus, 162 
 
 leptinoides, Schizura, 299 
 
 Leptomeris, genus, gracilior, magnetaria, 
 quinquelinearia, rubrolinearia, rubrolinea- 
 ta, sentinaria, spuraria, 333 
 
 lepusculina, Apatela, 154 
 
 Lerina, genus; incarnata, robinsoni, in 
 
 leucocycla, Anarta, 199 
 
 leucographa, Hemerocampa, 308 
 
 leucophaea, Olene, 308 
 
 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 308 
 
 Leuculodes, genus; lacteolaria, 310 
 
 Lexis, genus; argillacea, bicolor, 105 
 
 libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 215 
 
 libedis, Tarache, 251 
 
 libera, Mamestra, 193 
 
 libocedrus, Hyloicus, 51 
 
 Libraries, Readers in, 98 
 
 liburna, Scolecocampa, 244 
 
 licastus. Homeroplanes, 60 
 
 licentiosa, Eupolia, 199 
 
 Lichen-moth; Allgehenian, 104; Banded, 109; 
 Blue-green, Crimson-bodied, in; Druce's, 
 no; Funereal, in; Little White, 108: 
 Mouse-colored, 107; Narrow-banded, no; 
 Powdered, 108; Subject, 109; Mexican, 
 107; Painted, 106; Pale, Pearly-winged, 
 104; Scarlet-winged, 106; Yellow-blotched, 
 no 
 
 ligata, Mamestra, 195 
 
 ligni, Scolecocampa, 244 
 
 lignicolor, lanassa, 298; Hadena, 169 
 
 lignigera, lanassa, 298 
 
 lilacina, Mamestra, 194 
 
 lima, Phurys, 275 
 
 463
 
 Index 
 
 limata, Pantographa, 393 
 
 limbata, Ania, 349 
 
 limbolaris, Melipptis, 258 
 
 limitata, Nyctobia, 324 
 
 lineata, Celerio, 76; Diastema, 241; Schima. 
 
 227 
 
 lineatella, Anarsia, 426 
 lineella, Catocala, 269 
 lineola, Pheocyma, 278 
 lineolata, Catabena, 163 
 Lines, on wings of Noctuid moth, 18 
 linnei, Pholus, 67 
 
 lintnerana, Archips, 422; Nycteola, 288 
 lintneri, Ommatostola, 211 
 Liparidae, Family, 24, 34, 305 
 liquida, Mamestra, 192 
 Liquidambar, 85, 87 
 liquoraria, Synchlpra, 336 
 lirwdendraria, Epimecis, 344 
 Liriodendron, 85 
 
 Lithacodes, genus; diyergens, fasciola, 367 
 Lithacodia, genus; bellicula, 248 
 Litholomia, genus; dunbari, napaea, 207 
 Lithomoia, genus; germana, 206 
 Lithosiidas, Family, 24, 31, 103 
 lithosina, Annaphila, 246 
 lithosioides, Crambidia, 104 
 lithospila, Apatela, 156 
 Litocala, genus; sexsignata, 272 
 Litodonta, genus, hydromeli, 296 
 Litoprosopus, genus; futilis, 275 
 littera, Fagitana, 217 
 Little Wife, The, 267 
 littoralis, Pachnobia, 180 
 lituralis, Zanclognatha, 381 
 liturata, Apantesis, 131 
 Living and Dying, 354 
 lixaria, Racheospila, 336 
 Lobelia 155 
 lobelias, Apatela, 155 
 lobophorata, Nyctobia, 324 
 loculata, Hadena, 168 
 
 Lomanaltes, genus; eductalis, laetulus, 285 
 longa. Halisidota, 138 
 Longfellow, H. W., quoted, 121, 233 
 longilabris, Philometra, 282 
 longipenne, Copablepharon, 222 
 longipes, Fenaria, 233; Podosesia, 382 
 Lonicera, 62, 63 
 "Loopers," 8 
 Lophodonta, genus; angulosa, ferruginea, 
 
 295 
 
 lorata, Sabulodes, 353 
 lorea, Mamestra, 195 
 lorquini, Alypia, 143 
 Lowell, Tames Russell, quoted, 116 
 lubens, Mamestra, 194 
 lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 280 
 lubricans, Noctua, 185 
 lucata, Euchreca, 329 
 luccusalis, Samea, 393 
 lucens, Dasyspoudaea, 228 
 lucernalis, Glyphodes, 394 
 luciana, Catocala, 263 
 lucidata, Fagitana, 217 
 lucidus, Arctonotus, 71 
 lucifera, Pheocyma, 278 
 lucipara, Euplexia, 172 
 luctuata, Rheumaptera, 330 
 luctuosus, Epistor, 61 
 lugens, Hyloicus, 49, 50 
 lugubns, Apantesis, 132; Epistor, 61; Thyns, 
 
 lumenaria, Cosymbia, 333 
 
 luna, Actias, 87; Nycterophasta, 221 
 
 lunata, Homoptera, 278 
 lunilinea, Strenoloma, 276 
 
 lupini, Merolonche, 159; Synanthedon, 385 
 
 Lupinus, 64, 124 
 
 luscitiosa, Hyloicus, 52 
 
 Lussa, genus; nigroguttata, 175 
 
 lustralis, Mamestra, 192 
 
 lustrans, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 lutaria, Ennomos, 348 
 
 lutea, Diallagma, 245 
 
 luteicoma, Apatela, 157 
 
 lutulenta, Euxoa, 189 
 
 luxa, Bessula, 221 
 
 Lycia, genus; cognataria, sperataria, 345 
 
 Lycomorpha, genus; grotei, palmeri, pholus. 
 
 101 
 
 lycopersici, Protoparce, 45 
 Lyman. H. H., 32, 118 
 Lymire, genus; edwardsi, 100 
 1 yncea, Pachylia, 60 
 lynx, Schinia, 227 
 
 Macaria, genus, 339; consepta, 340; eremiata, 
 339; glomeraria, 340; gradata, hypaethrata, 
 339". prasatomata, 340; retectata, retentata, 
 s-signata, subcinctaria, 339 
 
 mac-cullochi, Alypia, 143 
 
 macglashani, Hepialus, 444 
 
 Mackay, C. W., quoted, 272 
 
 macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 378 
 
 macra, Laphygma, 174 
 
 macrinellus, Scirpophaga, 402 
 
 macrocarpana, Commophila, 423 
 
 Macronoctua, genus; onusta, 170 
 
 mactata, Hadena, 167 
 
 macularia, Sicya, 347 
 
 maculata, Halisidota, 137; Thyris, 374 
 
 maculicollis, Opharus, 139 
 
 madariae, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 madefactalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 madetesalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 madusaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 Ma?nas, genus: vestalis, 127 
 
 maestosa, Catocala, 261 
 
 magdalena, Catocala, 267; Nycterophajta, 
 
 221 
 
 magicalis, Conchylodes, 393 
 
 magnarius, Ennomos, 348 
 
 magnetaria, Leptomeris, 333 
 
 magniferalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 magnifica, Cossula, 379: Grasperia, 225 
 
 Magusa, genus; angustipennis, dissidens, 
 divaricata, divida, 175 
 
 maia, Hemileuca, 91 
 
 maizi, Euxoa, 189 
 
 majoraria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 majuscula, Cydosia, 253 
 
 Malacosoma, genus; americana, 312: cali- 
 fornica, 313; decipiens, 312; disstria, 
 drupacearum, erosa, 313; frutetorum, 312, 
 perversa, pseudp-neustria, sylvaticoides, 
 thoracica, thoracicoides, 313 
 
 malana, Balsa, 163 
 
 Malaporphyria, genus; oregona, 229 
 
 malefida, Feltia, 187 
 
 malivorana, Alceris, 421 
 
 Mamestra, genus, 191; acutipennis, 195 
 adjuncta, 194; albifusa, 193; Allied 
 anguina, 195; Brown-winged, 196; cheno 
 podii, 193; claviplena, Cloudy, 192 
 Clover, congermana, 193; constipata, 195 
 contraria, Cousin-German, 193; Darling 
 demissa, 194; desperata, 193; detracta 
 192; dimmocki, Dimmock's, 193, Dispar 
 aged, 192; dodgei, 195; Empurpled, 192 
 Erect, erecta, 195; exusta, 193; farnhami 
 Farnham's, 192; Fluid, 194; Fused-spot 
 
 464
 
 Index 
 
 Mamestra Continued 
 
 192; glaucovaria, Grand, grandis, Har- 
 nessed, 193; herbimacula, 195; Hitched, 
 illabefacta, 194; imbrifera, 192; indicans, 
 infecta, innexa, 195; juncimacula, 192, 
 latex, 194; Laudable, laudabilis, 195; 
 libera, 191; ligata, 195; Hlacina, Lilacine; 
 194; Liquid, Hquida, 192; lorea, 195; 
 lubens, 194; Lustral, lustralis, meditata, 
 192; Modern, negussa, neoterica, 196; 
 nevadae, Neyadan, 193; olivacea, Olivace- 
 ous, 195; Painted, picta, 193; purpunssata, 
 192; radix, 193: renigera, 195; rosea, 
 Rosy, 193; rugosa, Rugose, 194; Snaky, 
 strigicollis, 195; Studied, 192; subjuncta, 
 193; suffusa, 192; teligera, 195; trifolii, 193; 
 vicina, 195 
 
 mammurraria, Paraphia, 343 
 
 manalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 Mandibles of larvae, 7 
 
 Manetta, 75 
 
 manifestolabes, Semiophora, 180 
 
 manteo, Heterocampa, 297 
 
 manto, Olene, 308 
 
 "Manual for the Study of Insects," by 
 Comstock, 17 
 
 Maple-borer, The, 386 
 
 Maple-trees, 95 
 
 Marasmalus, genus; histrio, inficita, venti- 
 lator, 242 
 
 Marble-wing, The, 332 
 
 Margin of wings, 18 
 
 marginalis, Glyphodes, 394 
 
 marginalis, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 
 marginata, Bembecia, 383; Schinia, 228 
 
 marginatus, Prodoxus, 439 
 
 marginidens, Papaipema, 214 
 
 marina, Misogada, 297 
 
 mariposa, Alypia, 143, 145 
 
 Marlatt, C. L., 426 
 
 Marmopteryx, genus; marmorata, 332 
 
 marmorata, Catocala, 263; Marmopteryx, 
 
 marshallana, Hadena, 169 
 
 Marumba, genus, 56 
 
 Marvel, The Cloaked, 161; The Green, 160 
 
 masoni, Rhododipsa, 225 
 
 materna, Ophideres, 276 
 
 Matigramma genus; pulverilinea, 276 
 
 Matthew, quoted, 430 
 
 matthewi, Scepsis, 101 
 
 matuta, Alypia, 144 
 
 matutina, Rhodophora, 224 
 
 meadi, Dasyspoudaea, 228 
 
 Meal Snout-moth, The, 400 
 
 "Measuring -worms," 8 
 
 Mecoceras, genus; nitocraria, nitocris, penin- 
 
 sularia, 354 
 
 Mecoceratinae, Subfamily, 354 
 Median, shade, 18 
 medita, Mamestra, 192 
 medor, Cocytius, 44 
 Megalopyge, genus; lanuginosa, opercularis, 
 
 subcitrina, 369 
 Megalopygidae, 8, 25, 35, 368 
 Melalopha, genus; albosigma, americana, 
 
 apicalis, incarcerata, inclusa, indentata, 
 
 ornata, strigosa, vau, 293 
 melancholica, Erinnyis, 59 
 Melanchroia, genus; cephise, 354; geome- 
 
 troides, mors, 355 
 Melanchroiinae, Subfamily, 354 
 Melanolophia, genus; canadaria, contribuaria, 
 
 imperfectaria, signataria, 344 
 Melanomma, genus; auricinctaria, 255 
 melanopa, Ni ' ' 
 
 Melicleptria, genus; californicus, languida, 
 
 pulchripennis, sueta, 230 
 Melipotis, genus; agrotipennis, cinis, fascio- 
 
 laris, grandirena, hadeniformis, jucunda, 
 
 limbolaris, pallescens, perlaeta, sinualis 
 
 258 
 
 Melitara, genus; fernaldialis, 410 
 melitta, Cosmosoma, 98 
 Melittia, genus; amoena, ceto, cucurbitae, 
 
 380; grandis, 381; satyriniformis, 380; 
 
 snowi, 381 
 Mellilla, genus; inextricata, snoviaria, xan- 
 
 thometata, 338 
 
 mellistrigata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 mellitularia, Pherne, 351 
 mellonella, Galleria, 406 
 melsheimeri, Cicinnus, 359 
 Memythrus, genus, 382; admirandus, 383; 
 
 polistiformis, 382; simulans, 383; tricinctus, 
 
 382 
 
 menas, Heterocampa, 297 
 mendica, Eudule, 327 
 mendocino, Saturnia, 89 
 Mentha, 49 
 
 menthastrina, Estigmene, 123 
 meralis, Caradrina, 164 
 merdella, Tinea, 433 
 merianae, Erinnyis, 58, 59 
 Merolonche, genus; lupini, 159 
 merricata, Paleacrita, 324 
 merricella, Semioscopis, 429 
 Merrick, F. A., ix, 118 
 Merrick, H. S., ix 
 Meskea, genus; dyspteraria, 375 
 meskei, Catocala, 264; Platysenta, 163 
 Mesoleuca, genus; brunneiciliata, flammifera, 
 
 gratulata, hersiliata, intermediata, lacus- 
 
 trata, ruficillata, 330 . 
 messalina, Andrewsia, 272 
 messoria, Euxoa, 188 
 mestusata, Gonodontis, 350 
 Metalepsis, genus; cornuta, 181 
 metallica, Tarache, 251 
 Metamorphoses, 4 
 Metanema, genus; aeliaria, carnaria, deter- 
 
 minata, inatomaria, quercivoraria trili- 
 
 nearia, 351 
 
 metanemaria, Alcis, 343 
 Metaponia, genus; obtusa, obtusula, per- 
 
 flava, 250 
 
 metathetis, Haemorrhagia, 63 
 Metathorasa, genus; monetifera, 252 
 metonalis, Philometra, 282 
 Metrocampa, genus; perlaria, perlata, prae- 
 
 grandaria, viridoperlata, 348 
 mexicana, Apantesis, 131; Cirrhobolina, 259; 
 
 Citheronia, 97; Estigmene, 123; Haema- 
 
 tomis, 107 
 
 michabo, Apantesis, 130 
 Microcoelia, genus, 156, 160; diphtheroides, 
 
 Marbled, obliterata, 160 
 Microgaster, 69 
 
 Micropterygidae, Family, 26, 444 
 Mjcropteryx, genus, 444 
 Micropyle, 5 
 Midget, Brown-spotted, 166; Festive, 165; 
 
 Grateful, 166 
 Mikania scandens, 99 
 
 militaris, Haploa, 118 
 mima, Campometra, 274 
 
 elanopa, Nigetia, '358 
 elanopyga, Bellura, 211 
 
 nporne 
 
 minea, Apantesis, 130 
 Mineola, genus, 408; indigenella, 409; jug- 
 
 landis, 408; nebulo, zelatella, 409 
 miniana, Rhododipsa, 225 
 minians, Nephelodes, 199 
 miniata, Hypoprepia, 106 
 minima, Hypocrisias, 136; Pseudomya, 99 
 
 465
 
 Index 
 
 minimalis, Rhychagrotis, 178, 179; Zan- 
 clognatha, 281 
 
 ministra, Datana, 293 
 
 minorata, Fota, 178; Heliophila, 201 
 
 minuscula, Hadenella, 163; Roeselia, 358 
 
 minuta, Alceris, 421; Catocala, 269 
 
 minutata, Tephroclystis, 328 
 
 mirificum, Hyblaea, 288 
 
 miscellus, Catabena, 163 
 
 miseloides, Hadena, 167 
 
 Misnamed Gall-moth, The, 418 
 
 Misogada, genus; cinerea, marina, sobria, 
 unicolor, 297 
 
 mitis, Heliophana, 230 
 
 modesta, Pachysphinx, S7; Synanthedon, 
 387; Ulolonche, 198 
 
 modestaria, Cymatophora, 341 
 
 modica, Hadena, 167 
 
 modicella, Heliolonche, 230 
 
 modifica, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 moffatiana, Scopelosoma, 218 
 
 mollifera, Epizeuxis, 280 
 
 mollis, Heterocampa, 297 
 
 mollissima, Euherrichia, 253 
 
 molochina, Hadena, 168 
 
 Molts, larval, 8 
 
 Momophana, genus; comstocki, 172 
 
 monacha, Psilura, 309 
 
 Monarda, 49 
 
 moneta, Polychrysia, 236 
 
 rnonetifera, Metathorasa, 232 
 
 monilis, Hypsoropha, 256 
 
 monitor, Euclea, 365 
 
 monodon, Autographa, 238 
 
 Monoleuca, genus; semifascia, 365 
 
 monotropa, Selenis, 277 
 
 mopsa, Catocala, 265 
 
 monstralis, Agathodes, 393 
 
 montana, Albuna, 384; Dysodia, 375 
 
 montanatum, Eustroma, 329 
 
 Montgomery, James, quoted, 302 
 
 Moore, Thomas, quoted, 304 
 
 morbidalis, Chytolita, 282 
 
 morbosa, Cissusa, 256 
 
 mori, Bombyx, 315 
 
 mormonica, Apantesis, 131 
 
 Morrenia, 58 
 
 Morris, Rev. J. G., 28 
 
 Morrisonia, genus, 196; confusa, 197; evicta, 
 196; infructuosa, multifaria, 197; sectilis, 
 vomerina, 196 
 
 morrisonata, Azelina, 352 
 
 morrisoni, Gnophaela, 290 
 
 morrisoniana, Feltia, 186 
 
 mors, Melanchroia, 355 
 
 mortua, Schinia, 228 
 
 mortuorum, Autographa, 239 
 
 mcrula, Apatela, 155 
 
 Moths; Achaia, 130; Acorn, 429; Acraea, 123; 
 Alinda, 90; Anna, 130; Arge, 130; Astur, 
 139; Carpet, 434; Chain-streak, 347; 
 Clio, 133; Clymena, 118; Colona, 118; 
 Cora, 161; Cosyra, 142; Cotton-worm, 243; 
 Diverse-line, 329; Dried-currant, 414; 
 Echo, 122; Fall Web-worm, 123; Flour, 
 412; Fur, 433; Galbina, 86; Glover's 
 Purslane-, 141; Granite, 339; Gypsy, 308; 
 Harrow, 176; Hera, 93; Herbarium, 334; 
 Honey-locust, 96; Imperial, 97; Indian- 
 meal, 415; To, 89; Juno, 92; Leopard, 376; 
 Linden, 347; Luna, 87; Magnet, 333; 
 Magpie, 93; Michabo, 130; Milk-weed, 
 135; Oithona, 129; Pandora, 91 ; Parthenice, 
 129; Persephone, 130; Plum, 329; Poly- 
 phemus, 87; Potato, 425; Privet, 394; 
 Mexican Walnut-, 97; Pine-devil, 97; 
 Rosy Maple-, 95; Royal Walnut-, 97; 
 
 Moths Continued 
 
 Sand-dune, 143; Scallop-shell, 329; Six- 
 
 lume, 417; Skiff, 367; Solidago Gall-, 425; 
 potless Fall Web-worm, 124; Stigma, 94; 
 Sugar-beet, 395; Sun-flower, 339; Yucca, 
 
 Moth-Song, 310 
 
 Muir, John, 249 
 
 muiri, Gyros, 249 
 
 muliercula, Catocala, 267 
 
 multifaria, Ctenucha, 102; Morrisonia, 197 
 
 multifera, Caradrina, 164 
 
 multilinea, Heliophila, 202 
 
 multilineata, Pigea, 333 
 
 multipuncteila, Yponomeuta, 423 
 
 multiscripta, Cerura, 299 
 
 mundula, Drasteria, 257 
 
 murasnula, Porosagrotis, 187 
 
 muralis, Psaphidia, 177 
 
 muricina, Stretchia, 205 
 
 muricolor, Calidota, 139 
 
 murina, Comacla, 107; Euchaetias, 135 
 
 muscosula, Eustrotia, 247 
 
 musta, Eustrotia, 247 
 
 mustelina, Schizura, 299 
 
 muzaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 muzina, Ecpantheria, 120 
 
 myandaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 Myginda ilicifolia, 99 
 
 mynesalis, Tetanolita, 284 
 
 myops, Calasymbolus, 56 
 
 Myosotis, 134 
 
 myron, Darapsa, 68 
 
 N 
 
 Nacophora, genus; quernaria, 345 
 
 Nadata, genus; gibbosa, 296 
 
 nais, Apantesis, 132 
 
 nana, Euclea, 365 
 
 nanina, Euclea, 365 
 
 Nannia, genus; harveiata, refusata, 327 
 
 napsea, Litholomia, 207 
 
 narrata, Drasteria, 257 
 
 Narthecophora, genus; pulverea, 235 
 
 nasoni, Natada, 366 
 
 Nasu-no Take, 301 
 
 nasutaria, Phiprosopus, 245 
 
 Natada, genus; daona, nasoni, rude, 366 
 
 natatrix, Isogona, 256 
 
 nebraskse, Catocala, 263; Euhagena, 381 
 
 nebulo, Mineola, 409 
 
 nebulosa, Catocala, 266 
 
 nebulosus, Adoneta, 365 
 
 necopina, Papaipema, 214 
 
 neglecta, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 negussa, Mamestra, 196 
 
 Neighbor, The, 119 
 
 Neleucania, genus; bicolorata 203 
 
 Nelphe Carolina, 100 
 
 Neocastniidas, 3 
 
 neogama, Catocala, 149, 266 
 
 neonaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 neoninaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 Nephelodes, genus; expansa, minians, sobria, 
 
 subdolens, violans, 199 
 Nepytia, genus; nigrovenaria, pellucidaria, 
 
 pinaria, pulchraria, semiclusaria, 343 
 nerea, Apantesis, 130 
 Nerice, genus; bidentata, 296 
 Nerium odorum, 99 
 nesaea, Omia, 230 
 nessus, Amphion, 72 
 Neumcegen, B., 31, 33, 34, 35 
 neumoegem, Hermleuca, 91; Xanthothrix 231 
 Neumcegenia, genus; poetica, 235 
 Neuronia, genus; americana, 196 
 
 466
 
 Index 
 
 nevadse, Mamestra, 193: Thyris, 374 
 
 nevadensis, Apantesis, 131; Hemileuca, 92 
 
 nerissa, Catocala, 269 
 
 nexa, Illice, 109, no 
 
 nicotianae, Protoparce, 45 
 
 Nigetia, genus; formosalis, melanopa, 358 
 
 Night air, 80 
 
 nigra, Kodiosoma, 133; Peridroma, 182 
 
 nigricans, Phobetron, 366 
 
 nigriceps, Noctua, 184 
 
 nigrior, Hadena, 169 
 
 nigripennis, Euxoa, 189 
 
 nigrirena, Schinia, 227 
 
 nigritula, Eustrotia, 247 
 
 nigrofasciata, Celama, 357 
 
 nigrofimbria, Xanthoptera, 248 
 
 nigroflava, Ectypia, 133 
 
 nigroguttata, Lussa, 175 
 
 nigrolunata, Anarta, 198 
 
 nigrpvenaria, Nepytia, 343 
 
 nimia, Orthodes, 203 
 
 niobe, Seirarctia, 122 
 
 nitela, Papaipema, 213 
 
 nitens, Orthodes, 203 
 
 nitida, Schizura, 298 
 
 nitidalis, Glyphodes, 394 
 
 nitocraria, Mecoceras, 354 
 
 nitocris, . .ecoceras, 354 
 
 nivaria, Anarta, 199 
 
 nivea, Eupseudosoma, 139 
 
 niveicilialis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 niveicostatus, Fagitana, 217 
 
 niveosericeata, Ennomos, 348 
 
 nivosaria, Eugonobapta, 348 
 
 nivosata, Eugonobapta, 348 
 
 nobilis, Schinia, 288; Tosale, 402 
 
 noctivaga, Apatela, 157 
 
 Noctua, genus, 183; associans, 185; atricincta, 
 184; beata, 185; bicarnea, 183; calgary, 
 clandestina, collaris, 184; c-nigrum, fen- 
 nica, 183; grandis, haruspica, havilse, 184; 
 hilliana, 183; illapsa, 185; intractata, 
 jucunda, 183; juncta, 184; lubricans, 185; 
 nigriceps, 184; normanniana, oblata, ob- 
 tusa, 183; patefacta, 184; perconflua, 
 plagiata, 183; plecta, substrigata, uni- 
 color, vicaria, 184 
 
 Noctuelia, genus; costasmaculalis, gelidalis, 
 novalis, peruyiana, thalialis, 399 
 
 Noctuidae, Family, 7, 24, 32, 151 
 
 noctuiformis, Aon, 234; Tuerta, 143 
 
 Nola, genus; ovilla, 357 
 
 Nolidae, Family, 24, 34, 357 
 
 Nonagria, genus; Large, oblonga, permagna, 
 subflava, Yellowish, 211 
 
 nondescriptus, Phobetron, 366 
 
 notata, Philobia, 339; Tephroclystis, 328 
 
 notataria, Eufidonia, 337 
 
 notatella, Nycterophasta, 221 
 
 Notch-wing, The, 348 
 
 Notodonta, genus, 294; basitriens, simplaria, 
 
 Notodontidae, Family, 25, 33, 292 
 
 Notolophus, genus; antiqua, nova, 306 
 
 norax, Cossula, 379 
 
 normani, Crocigrapha, 204 
 
 normanniana, Noctua, 183 
 
 Noropsis, genus; hieroglyphica, 233 
 
 nova, Notolophus, 306 
 
 novalis, Noctuelia, 399 
 
 nubecularia, Paraphia, 343 
 
 nubihfascia, Hormisa, 282 
 
 nubilis, Euparthenos, 272 
 
 nuchalis, Heliothis, 224 
 
 nundina, Schinia, 227 
 
 nupera, Calocampa, 208 
 
 Nurse, The, 263 
 
 nurus, Catocala, 263 
 
 nuttalli, Pseudohazis, 93 
 
 Nycteola. genus; lintnerana revayana, 288 
 
 Nycteolidae, Family, 24, 33, 288 
 
 Nycterophseta, genus; luna magdalena, 
 
 notatella, 221 
 Nyctobia, genus; limitata, lobophorata, 
 
 vernata, 324 
 
 Nymphula, genus; obscuralis, 399 
 Nymphulinas, Subfamily, 399 
 Nyssa sylvatica t 161 
 nyssaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 obaurata, Celama, 357 
 
 obeliscoides, Euxoa, 190 
 
 oberthuralis, Phlyctasnodes, 396 
 
 obesalis, Plathypena, 287 
 
 obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 350 
 
 oblata, Noctua, 183 
 
 oblinita, Apatela, 157 
 
 obliqua, Fagitana, 217; Heterocampa, 297, 
 
 Sphida, 211 
 obliquata, Heliophana, 230; Pleroma 206; 
 
 Sphida, 211 
 
 obliquella, Galleria, 406 
 obliquifera, Balsa, 163 
 obliquilinea, Cargida, 300 
 obliterata, Microcnelia, 160 
 obliviosa, Hadena, 168; Hemerocampa, 305 
 oblqnga, Nonagria, 211 
 obnigralis, Pyrausta, 398 
 obrussata, Phrygionis, 354 
 obscura, Apatela, 153; Catocala, 262; Erin- 
 
 nyis, 59; Holomelina, 115; Pseudosphinx, 
 
 obscuralis, Nymphula, 399 
 
 obscurus, Anytus, 191 
 
 obtusa, Noctua, 183; Metaponia, 250 
 
 obtusaria, Euchlsena, 350 
 
 obtusula, Metaponia, 250 
 
 obvia, Eucoptocnemis, 190 
 
 occata, Oncocnemis, 176 
 
 occidens, Hadena, 169 
 
 occidentalis, Emilia, 137; Apatela, 155; 
 
 Pachysphinx, 5 7 
 occidentata, Barathra, 196 
 occidentis, Epicnaptera, 314 
 occulta, Peridroma, 182; Protoparce, 45 
 ocellata, Sphinx, 54 
 Ocelli, 12 
 
 ocellinata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 ochosalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 ochracea, Apantesis, 130; Platyprepia, 128 
 ochraceus, Axenus, 231 
 Ochria, genus; sauzaelitas, 214 
 ochreipennis, Zanclognatha, 281 
 ochrogaster, Euxoa, 1 90 
 octo, Amyna, 242 
 octomaculata, Alypia, 143, 144; Pyrausta, 
 
 398 
 
 oculatana, Dysodia, 374 
 oculatrix, Paectes, 241 
 oculea, Telea, 87 
 Ode to an Insect, 291 
 Odontosia, genus; elegans, 294 
 odora, Erebus, 279 
 odyneripennis, Bembecia, 383 
 CEcophoridas, Family, 26, 428 
 CEhlenschlaeger, quoted, 303 
 osmearia, Syssaura, 352 
 ceneiformis, Ccenocalpe, 332 
 cenotrus, Erinnyis, 59 
 
 Ogdoconta, genus; atomaria, cinereola, 241 
 Oiketicus, genus; abboti, 361 
 oithona, Apantesis, 129 
 
 467
 
 Index 
 
 Olene, genus; achatina, atrivenosa, basi- 
 flava, cinnamomea, leucophaea, man to, 
 parallela, tephra, 398 
 
 Ohgia, genus; festivoides, 165; fuscimacula 
 grata, rasilis, 166; varia, 165 
 
 olinalis, Herculia, 401 
 
 olivacea, Mamestra, 195 
 
 olivalis, Euxoa, 188 
 
 olivatus, Heterocampa, 297 
 
 olivia, Catocala, 269 
 
 olympia, Composia, 289 
 
 olyzonaria, Syssaura, 352 
 
 omega, Autographa, 238 
 
 Omia, genus; nesaea, 230 
 
 omicron, Autographa, 238 
 
 Ommatostola, genus; lintneri, 211 
 
 omphale, Cosmospma, 98 
 
 onagrus, Spragueia, 252 
 
 Oncocnemis, genus; atrifasciata, Black- 
 banded, chandler!, Chandler's, cibalis, 
 dayi, Day's, Gray, tricolor, Iris-colored, 
 Narrow-banded, qccata, tenuifascia, 176 
 
 ontariella, Depressaria, 428 
 
 onusta, Macronoctua, 170 
 
 oo, Autographa, 238 
 
 opacalis, Hypenula, 283 
 
 opacifrons, Semiophora, 180 
 
 opella, Holomelina, 115 
 
 opercularis, Megalopyge, 369 
 
 operculella, Phthorimaea, 424, 425 
 
 Opharus, genus; albicans, astur, maculicollis, 
 pustulata, 139 
 
 Ophideres, genus; calaminea, hybrida, ma- 
 terna, 276 
 
 ophthalmica, Baileya, 162; Sphinx, ss 
 
 opipara, Tripudia, 250 
 
 opina, Valeria, 172 
 
 oponearia, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 oporaria, Eucrostis, 336 
 
 opuscularia, Pterospoda, 343 
 
 orbica, Amyna, 242 
 
 Orbicular spot, 18 
 
 orbimaculella, Yponomeuta, 423 
 
 orciferalis, Sysyrhypena, 282 
 
 ordinaria, Hadena, 169 
 
 ordinatellus, Yponomeuta, 423 
 
 oregona, Melaporphyria, 229 
 
 oregonensis, Euchastias, 135 
 
 oreodaphne, Hyloicus, 50 
 
 Oreta, genus; americana, formula, irrorata, 
 rosea, 321 
 
 orgyiae, Prothymia, 248 
 
 orilliana, Pachnobia, 180 
 
 orina, Calymnia, 219 
 
 orizaba, Rothschildia, 82 
 
 ornata, Acherdoa, 234; Apantesis, 130; 
 Melalopha, 293 
 
 ornatrix, Utetheisa, 117 
 
 Orneodes, genus; hexadactyla, 417 
 
 Orneodidae, Family, 25,' 417 
 
 ornithogalli, Prodenia, 174 
 
 orobia, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 orosusalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 orphisalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 Orrhodia, genus, calif ornica, 218 
 
 Orthodes, genus; candens, crenulata, cynica, 
 enervis, griseocincta, nirr.ia, nitens, pro- 
 deuns, 203; pueriiis, 204; tecta, togata, 
 vecors, velata, 203 
 
 Orthofidonia, genus; junctaria, semiclarata, 
 vestaliata, viatica, 337 
 
 Orthosia, genus; bicolorago, helva, 217 
 
 orthosioides, Phoberia, 273 
 
 Ortmann, A. E., 377 
 
 ortonii, Peridroma, 182 
 
 osculata, Catocala, 265 
 
 ossularia, Eois, 335 
 
 ostenta, Holomelina, 115 
 
 otiosa, Apantesis, 131 
 
 ou, Autographa, 238 
 
 ovalis, Abrostola, 240 
 
 ovjduca, Graphiphora, 204 
 
 ovilla, Nola, 357 
 
 oviplagalis, Tosale, 402 
 
 Oviposition, Time of, 5 
 
 ovulalis, Conchylodes, 393 
 
 Owls, 78 
 
 oxybaphi, Celerio, 76 
 
 Oxycnemis, genus; fusimacula, 221 
 
 Oxydia, genus; vesulia, 352 
 
 oxygramma, Autographa, 239 
 
 oxymorus, Admetovis, 196 
 
 Sxyptilus, genus; periscelidactylus, 416 
 zonadia, genus, 108 
 
 Pachnobia, genus; claviformis, ferruginoides, 
 
 littoralis, orilliana, pectinata, Reddish, 
 
 salicarum, Willow, 180 
 Pachylia, genus, 60; aterrima, crameri, ficus, 
 
 lyncea, undatifascia, venezuelehsis, 60 
 Pachysphinx, genus, 56; imperator, modesta, 
 
 occidentalis, princeps, 57 
 pacificaria, Eois, 336 
 Packard, A. S., p. 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 145 
 packardi, Estigmene, 123; Hippia 296; 
 
 Mice, 109; Scepsis, 101; Schinia, 228 
 Packardia, genus; elegans, 367; geminata, 
 
 368; nigripunctata, 367 
 Paectes, genus; abrostoloides oculatrix, 
 
 pygmasa, 241 
 paenulata, Euclea, 
 
 365 
 
 pagenstecheri, Hormoschista, 253 
 
 Palada, genus; scarletina, 229 
 
 palaeogama, Catocala, 266 
 
 paleacea, Cosmia, 217 
 
 Paleacrita, genus; autumnata, merricata, 
 
 sericeiferata, vernata, 324 
 Paleontology, 22 
 Palindia, genus; dominicata, 273 
 pallens, Cressonia, S7 
 pallescens, Melipotis, 258 
 pallialis, Bomolocha, 286 
 palliatricula, Chytonix, 161 
 pallida, Crambidia, 104; Cyathissa, 161; 
 
 Erinnyis, 59; Hyphantria, 124 
 pallidior, Palpidia, 105 
 pallidulus. Sphinx, 55 
 palmeri, Lycomorpha, 101 
 Palmer-worms, 114 
 Palmia, genus; praecedens, 383 
 palpalis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Plathypena, 287 
 Palpi, 7, 12 
 
 Palpidia, genus; pallidior, 105 
 Palthis, genus; angulalis, asopialis, aracin- 
 
 thusalis, 285 
 
 Palyadinae, subfamily, 354 
 Palyas, genus; auriferaria, 354 
 pamina, Automeris, 89 
 pampjna, Eucirrosdia, 215 
 pampinaria, Cleora, 344 
 pampinatrix, Darapsa, 68 
 Panapoda, genus; carneicosta, combinata, 
 
 cressoni, rubricosta, rufimargo, scissa 273 
 Panchrysia, genus; purpurigera, 236 
 pandana, Caberodes, 352 
 pandora, Coloradia, 91 
 pandorus, Pholus, 65 
 Pangjapta, genus; decoralis, elegantalis, 
 
 epionoides, geometroides, recusans, 254 
 panisaria, Therina, 348 
 Panthea, genus; Eastern, furcilla, portlandia, 
 
 Western, 152 
 
 468
 
 Index 
 
 Pantographa, genus; limata, suffusalis, 393 
 
 Panula, genus; inconstans, 258 
 
 Paota, genus; fultaria, 332 
 
 Papaipema. genus, 213; cataphracta, cerus- 
 sata, furcata, 214; inquassita, 2 1 3 ; margini- 
 dens necopina, nitela, 213, 214; purpu- 
 rifascia, 213 
 
 Pawpaw, The, 46 
 
 paphia, Telea, 87 
 
 paradoxica, Prodoxus, 438 
 
 paradoxus, Heliochilus, 222 
 
 Paragrotis, genus, 188 
 
 parallela, Archips, 422; Olene, 308 
 
 Parallelia, genus; amplissima, bistriaris, 273 
 
 parallelia, Pherne, 351 
 
 paralleliaria, Pherne, 351 
 
 Paranthrene, genus; heucherae, 387 
 
 Paraphia, genus; exsuperata, impropriata, 
 mammurraria, nubecularia, subatomaria, 
 triplipunctaria, unipuncta, unipunctata, 
 
 Parasemia, genus; geometrica, plantaginis, 
 
 Parasitized larva, 69 
 
 Parastichtis, genus; discivaria, gentilis, 217 
 
 parce, Hemeroplanes, 60 
 
 parentalis, Richia, 190 
 
 Pareuchaetes, genus; eglenensis, Gray-winged, 
 insulata, 134; tenera, 134, 135; Yellow- 
 winged, 134 
 
 Parharmonia, genus; pini, 384 
 
 Parora, genus; texana, 255 
 
 parta, Catocala, 264 
 
 parthenice, Apantesis, 1 29 
 
 parthenos, Hyphoraia, 128 
 
 partita, Galgula, 247 
 
 passer, Hadena, 168 
 
 pastillicans, Epiglaea, 219 
 
 pastinacella. Depressaria, 428 
 
 pasulella, Ephestia, 414 
 
 Patagium, p. 18 
 
 patalis, Xylomiges, 197 
 
 patefacta, Noctua, 184 
 
 patella, Clemensia, 108 
 
 patibilis, Drasteria, 257 
 
 patruelis, Eumestleta, 249 
 
 patula, Eumestleta, 249; Porosagrotis, 187 
 
 paulina, Catocala, 261 
 
 pavitensis, Cirrhobolina, 259 
 
 pavonina, Calasymbolus, 56 
 
 Parsnip Web-worm, The, 428 
 
 Peach-borer, The, 384 
 
 Peach-twig Borer, The, 426 
 
 pectinaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 
 pectinata, Pachnobia, t8o 
 
 pelasgus, Hasmorrhagia, 62 
 
 pellionella, Tinea, 433 
 
 pellucida, Anisota, 95 
 
 pellucidaria, Nepytia, 343 
 
 penasus, Erinnyis, 59 
 
 pendulinaria, Cosymbia, 333 
 
 peninsularia Mecoceras, 354 
 
 Penitent, The, 266 
 
 pennsylvanica, Euthyatira, 304 
 
 pepita, Basilodes 234 
 
 peplaria, Azelina, 352 
 
 pepsidiformis, Sanninoidea, 384 
 
 perangulalis, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 perarcuata, Cymatophora, 341 
 
 perattenta, Eueretagrotis, 179 
 
 percara, Cyathissa, 161 
 
 Percnoptilota, genus; fluviata, 330 
 
 perconflua, Noctua, 183 
 
 perditalis, Hyamia, 254 
 
 perelegans, Hyloicus, 51 
 
 perflava, Metaponia, 230 
 
 pergentilis, Hadenella, 162 
 
 Pericopidae, Family, *4, 33, 289 
 
 periculosa Trigonophora, 215 
 
 Peridroma, genus, 182; alabamae, 183, 
 
 astricta, 182; incivis, 183; inermis, nigra, 
 
 occulta, ortonii, saucia, 182; simplaria, 
 
 183 
 
 Pengea, genus; vecors, xanthioides, 165 
 Perigonica, genus; fulminans, 205 
 Perigrapha, genus; prima, 205 
 Periodicals containing information as to 
 
 moths, 28 
 
 periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 416 
 perlaria, Metrocampa, 348 
 perlata, Metrocampa, 348; Remigia, 274 
 perlaeta, Melipotis, 258 
 perlevis, Euchaetias, 135 
 perlineata, Venusia, 328 
 perlubens, Xylomiges, 197 
 perlucidula, Pyromorpha. 371 
 permaculata, Turuptiana, 121 
 permagna, Nonagna, 2 1 1 
 perophoroides, Hyparpax, 299 
 perplexa, Synanthedon, 385 
 perpolita, Euxoa, 188 
 perpura, Anarta, 199 
 perscripta, Lepipolys, 177 
 persephone, Apantesis, 130 
 persica, Sanninoidea, 384 
 Persimmon, 87, 382 
 personata, Euxoa, 188; Raphia, 153 
 perspicua, Datana, 294; Thyris, 374 
 perstrialis, Scirpophaga, 402 
 pertextalis. Pyrausta, 397 
 peruviana, Noctuelia, 399 
 perversa, Malacosoma, 313 
 pettitana, Cenopis, 422 
 petulca, Xylina, 206 
 pexata, Xylina, 207 
 phaealis, Epizeuxis. 280 
 phaeton, Euproserpinus, 74 
 Phalaenostola, genus; larentioides, 254 
 phalanga. Catocala. 266 
 phalaris Erinnyis, 59 
 phalerata, Apantesis, 132 
 phasianaria. Caberodes. 352 
 phasma, Euerythra, 120 
 Pheocyma, genus; lineola, lucifera, 278 
 Pheosia, genus; californica, descherei, dimi- 
 
 diata, portlandia, rimosa, 295 
 Pherne, genus; jubararia, mellitularia, paral- 
 lelia, paralleliaria, placearia, 351 
 Phigalia, genus; revocata, strigataria, titea, 
 
 titearia, 347 
 Philagraula, genus, 356 
 Philedia, genus; punctomacularia, 343 
 Philereme, genus; californiata, 329 
 Philobia, genus; aemulataria, enotata, notata, 
 
 sectomaculata, 339 
 philodina, Clemensia, 108 
 Philometra, genus; goasalis, longilabris, 
 
 metonalis, 282 
 Philosamia, genus, 82; aurotus, canningi, 
 
 82; cynthia, 81, 82; insularis, pryeri, vesta, 
 
 walkeri, 82 
 Phiprosopus, genus; acutalis, callitrichoides, 
 
 nasutaria, 245 
 Phlyctsenia, genus; plectilis, syringicola, 
 
 tertialis, 397 
 Phlyctsenodes genus; fuscalis, 39S; oberthur- 
 
 alis, 396; sordida, sticticalis, tetragonalis, 
 
 triumphalis, 395 
 Phoberia, genus; atomaria, forrigens, in- 
 
 genua, orthosioides, 273 
 Phobetron, genus; abbotana, hyalinus, nigri- 
 
 cans, nondescriptus, pithecium, tetradac- 
 
 tylus, 366 
 
 469
 
 Index 
 
 Pholus, genus, 65; achemon, 66; ampelo- 
 phaga, 65, clotho, 67; crantor, 66, fascia- 
 tus, hornbeckiana, jussieuae, labruscae, 
 linnei, 67; pandorus. 65; posticatus, 66; 
 satellitia, 65; strigilis, 67; typhon, 65; 
 vitis, 67 
 
 pholus, Darapsa, 68; Lycomorpha, 101 
 
 phrada, Ptychoglene, no 
 
 Phragmatobia, genus; beani, brucei. fuligi- 
 nosa, 126; remissa, 127; rubricosa, 126; 
 yarrowi, 127 
 
 Phryganidia, genus; californica, 291 
 
 Phrygionis, genus; argenteostriata, cerussata, 
 obrussata, 354 
 
 Phthorimaea, genus, 425; operculella, 424, 
 425; solanella, tabacella, terrella, 425 
 
 Phurys, genus; lima, vinculum, 275 
 
 Phycitinae, Subfamily, 407 
 
 Physpstegania, genus; pustularia, 338 
 
 piatrix, Catocala., 266 
 
 pica, Pseudohazis, 93 
 
 Pickle-worm, The, 394 
 
 picta, Arachnis, 124; Erinnyis, 59; Mamestra, 
 
 pictipes, Synanthedon, 386 
 
 Piers Plowman, quoted, 288 
 
 Pigea, genus; multilineata, 333 
 
 pinaria, Nepytia, 343 
 
 pinastri, Hyloicus, 52 
 
 Pinconia, genus; coa, 369 
 
 pineum, Lapara, 53 
 
 pini, Parharmonia, 384 
 
 piniaria, Caripeta, 342 
 
 Pinion; Ashen, 206; Bailey's, Broad Ashen, 
 
 Dowdy, 207; Green Gray, 206; Nameless, 
 
 Nappy, Thaxter's, 207; Wanton, 206; 
 
 Warm Gray, 207 
 pinorum, Vespamima, 384 
 piperis, Erinnyis, 59 
 Pippona, genus; bimatris, 221 
 pithecium, Phobetron, 366 
 pityochromus, Plagiomimicus, 235 
 pityochrous, Euxoa, 1 88 
 placearia, Pherne, 351 
 placida, Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 plagiata, Laphygma, 174; Noctua, 183 
 Plagiomimicus, genus; pityochromus, 235 
 Plagodis, genus; arrogaria, emargataria, 
 
 floscularia, keutzingaria, keutzingi, seri- 
 
 naria, subprivata, 349 
 plantaginis, Parasemia, 134 
 Plantago, 120, 125, 134 
 Platagrotis, genus; pressa, 179 
 Platanus, 87, 367 
 Platea, genus; californiaria, 342; dulcearia, 
 
 trilinearia, 343; uncanaria 342 
 Plathypena, genus; crassatus, erectalis, 
 
 obesalis, palpalis, scabra, 287 
 platinalis, Conchylodes, 393 
 Platynota, genus; concursana, flavedana, 
 
 labiosana, laterana, 422 
 Platyperigea, genus; discistriga, praeacuta, 
 
 164 
 Platyprepia, genus; guttata, ochracea, vir- 
 
 ginalis, 128 
 
 Platypterygidae, Family, 24, 34, 320 
 Platysenta, genus; albipuncta, atriciliata, 
 
 indigens, meskei, videns, 163 
 plebeja, Atreides, 49 
 pleciasformis, Bembecia, 383 
 plecta, Noctua, 184 
 plectilis. Phlyctasnia, 397 
 plena, Dysodia, 375 
 pleonectusa, Ipimorpha, 220 
 Pleonectyptera, genus; floccalis, irrecta, 
 
 pyralis, 246 
 
 polyg 
 Polyg 
 
 Pleroma, genus; obliquata, 206 
 
 plicatus, Ufeus, 191 
 
 Plodia, genus; interpunctella, zeae, 415 
 
 plota, Hyloicus, 51 
 
 plumbea, Hypoprepia, 106; Illice, 109 
 
 plumbifimbriata, Spragueia, 252 
 
 Plume, The Grape-vine, 416 
 
 Plumeria, 58 
 
 plumeriae, Pseudosphinx, 57 
 
 plumifrontellus, Acrolophus, 443 
 
 plumigeraria, Coniodes, 345 
 
 Plusia, genus, 8, 237; aerea, aeroides, balluca, 
 
 237 
 Plusiodonta, genus; compressipalpis, in- 
 
 signis, 235 
 
 pluto, Xylophanes, 75 
 Poaphila, genus; quadrifilaris, 274 
 Podagra, genus; crassipes, 178 
 Podosesia, genus; longipes, syringae, 382 
 pcecila, Hyloicus, 51 
 poetica, Neumcegenia, 235 
 Pogocolon, genus, 72; gaurae, 72; juanita, 
 
 vega, 73 
 
 Polia. genus; diversilineata, illepida, Theo- 
 dore's, theodori, Varied-banded, 171 
 Poling, O. C., ix 
 polistiformis, Memythrus, 382 
 politia, Sabulodes, 353 
 Polychrysia, genus; formosa, moneta, trabea, 
 
 236 
 
 jlygama, Catocala, 268 
 
 Dlygamist, The, 268 
 Polygonum, 157 
 Polygrammate, genus; hebraea, hebraicum, 
 
 1 60 
 
 polyphemus, Telea, 87 
 pometaria, Alsophila, 326 
 pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 431 
 pomonella, Bucculatrix, 431 
 Pope, Alexander, quoted, 289 
 popeanella, Anaphora, 44^ 
 populi, Apatela, 154; Cleosiris, 205 
 Populus, 57, 155, 378 
 Porosagrotis, genus; da?dalus, fusca, muras- 
 
 nula, patula, rileyana, septentrionalis, 
 
 tripars, vetusta, worthingtoni, 187 
 porphyria, Halisidota, 138 
 Porrima, genus; regia, 226 
 Porthesia, genus, 305 
 Porthetria, penus; dispar, 308 
 portlandia, Panthea, 152; Pheosia, 295 
 posticatus, Pholus, 66 
 Potato-moth, The, 425 
 praeacuta, Platyperigea, 164 
 prascedens, Palmia, 383 
 pneclara, Catorala, 269 
 prasgrandaria, Metrpcampa, 348 
 pragatomata, Macaria, 340 
 prasina, Adelphagrotis, 179 
 precationis, Autographa, 238 
 pressa, Platagrotis, 179 
 prima, Anorthodes, 164; Estigmene, 122. 
 
 Perigrapha, 205 
 princeps, Pachysphinx, 57 
 Prinos, 46 
 
 Priocycla, genus; armataria, 351 
 Prionoxystus, genus; macmurtrei, querci- 
 
 perda, robinia?, 378 
 pnvatus, Anytus, 191 
 Privet -moth, The, 394 
 proba, Diacrisia, 128 
 Proboscis, 12 
 procinctus, Dargida, 196 
 proclivis, Rhizagrotis, 185 
 Prodenia, genus; commelinae, ornithogalli, 
 
 prodeuns, Orthodes, 203 
 
 470
 
 Index 
 
 Prodoxus, genus; cinereus, 441 1 coloradensis, 
 
 440; decipiens, 438; margmatus, 439; 
 
 paradoxica, quinquepunctella, 438; reti- 
 
 culata, 440; y-inversa, 439 
 profecta. Bomolocha, 286 
 progressata, Triphosa, 331 
 Prolegs, abdominal, anal, 7 
 Prolimacodes, genus; undifera, scapha, 367 
 promethea, Callosamia, 84 
 promptella, Doryodes, 245 
 Pronoctua, genus; typica, 185 
 Pronuba, genus, 441; maculata, synthetica, 
 
 442; yuccasella, 441 
 propinqua, Copicucullia, 208 
 Dropinquajis, Rivula, 245 
 propinquilinea, Demas, 152 
 propriaria, Euchoeca, 32&; Euchlaena, 350 
 proprius, Sympistis, 229 
 propugnata, Gypsochroa, ,132 
 propugnaria, Gypsochroa 332 
 proserpina, Hemileuca, 91 
 Proserpinus, genus, 72, '.-3, 74; clarkiae, 
 
 flavofasciata, 73 
 
 Protambulyx, genus, 54; strigilis, carteri, 54 
 Prothymia, genus; coccineifascia, orgyiae, 
 
 rhodarialis, semipurpurea, 248 
 Protoparce, genus, 44; Carolina Linnaeus; 
 
 Carolina Donavan; celeus; chionanthi; ly- 
 
 copersici; nicotianae occulta, 45; quinque- 
 
 maculatus, 41, 43, 45; rustica sexta, 45 
 Protosia, genus, in 
 protumnusalis, Zanclognatha, 281 
 proxima, Apantesis, 131; Synanthedon, 387 
 proximalis, Titanio, 396 
 prunata, Eustroma, 329 
 pruniella, Anarsia, 426 
 Pryer, Henry, 79 
 pryeri, Philosamia 82 
 Psaphidia, genus; grotei, muralis, resumens, 
 
 viridescens, 177 
 
 Pseudacontia, genus; crustaria, 225 
 Pseudalypia, genus; crotchi, 232 
 Pseudanarta, genus; crocea, falcata, Falcate, 
 
 flava, Single, singula, Yellow, 175 
 Pseudanthoecia, genus; tumida, 228 
 Pseudanthracia, genus; coracias, 278 
 pseudargyria, Heliophila, 201 
 pseuderminea, Estigmene, 123 
 pseudogamma, Autographa, 238 
 Pseudoglaea, genus; blanda, decepta, tasdata, 
 
 216 
 Pseudohazis, genus, 93; denudata, eglanteri- 
 
 na, hera, nuttalli, pica, shastaensis, 93 
 Pseudolimacodes, genus, 217 
 Pseudomya, genus; minima, 99 
 pseudoneustria, Malacosoma, 313 
 Pseudorgyia, genus, versuta, 245 
 Pseudorthosia, genus; variabilis, 216 
 Pseudosphinx, genus, 57; asdrubal, hasdrubal, 
 
 obscura, plumeriae, rustica, tetrio, 57 
 Pseudotamila, genus; vanella, 229 
 Pseudothyatira, genus; cymatophoioides, 
 
 expultrix, 304 
 psidii, Gloveria, 311 
 Psidium pyrifera, 140 
 Psilura, genus; monacha, 309 
 Psychidas, Family, 7, 25, 35, 360 
 Psychomorpha, genus; epimenis, 232 
 ptelearia, Eois, 334 
 Pteraetholix, genus; bullula, 243 
 pteridis, Diacrisia, 128 
 Pterophoridaa, Family, 25, 37, 415 
 Pterospoda, genus; opuscularia, 343 
 Ptychoglene, genus; coccinea, flammans, 
 
 phrada, sanguineola, tenuimargo, no 
 ptycophora, Fala, 235 
 puber, Syssaura, 353 
 
 pudens, Euchaetias, 135; Euthyatira, 304 
 
 pudorata, Apatela, 156 
 
 puera, Hyblaea, 288 
 
 puerilis, Orthodes, 204 
 
 pulchella, Xylomiges, 197 
 
 pulcher, Hepialus, 444 
 
 pulcherrima, Eutelia, 242 
 
 pulchraria, Nepytia, 343 
 
 pulchripennis, Melicleptria, 230 
 
 pulchripictalis, Cindaphia, 397 
 
 pullata, Lathosea, 209 
 
 pultaria, Therina, 348 
 
 pulverea, Heterocampa, 297; Narthecophora 
 235 
 
 pulverilinea, Matigramma, 276 
 
 pulverina, Bruceia, 108 
 
 Pulvillus, 14, IS 
 
 punctata, Dasylophia, 296; Diacrisia, 128 
 
 punctatissima, Basilona, 97; Hyphantria, 123 
 
 punctistriga, Artace, 312 
 
 punctivena, Capnodes, 277; Caradrina, 165 
 
 punctomacularia, Philedia, 343 
 
 pungens, Herse, 43 
 
 Pupae, 9 
 
 pupillaris, Sysyrhypena, 282 
 
 pupula, Eustixia, 149, 398 
 
 pura, Carama, 368; Catocala, 264; Utetheisa, 
 117 
 
 purgata, Csenurgia, 257 
 
 purpurana, Archips, 422 
 
 purpurascens, Calpe, 236 
 
 purpurifascia, Papaipema. 213 
 
 purpurigera, Panchrysia, 236 
 
 purpurissata, Mamestra, 192 
 
 pustularia, Physostegania, 338 
 
 pustulata, Celama, 357; Opharus, 139 
 
 putnami, Euchalcia, 237 
 
 putrescens, Homoptera, 278 
 
 Pygarctia, genus; abdominalis, elegans, Ele- 
 gant, Orange-bodied, spraguei, Sprague's, 
 vivida, 136 
 
 pygmasa, Adoneta, 365; Dircetis, 284; 
 Paectes, 241 
 
 Pygoctenucha, genus; funerea, harrisi, pyr- 
 rhoura, terminalis, votiva, 1 1 1 
 
 PyralidcE, Family, 21, 25, 36, 246, 391 
 
 Pyralinae, Subfamily, 399 
 
 Pyralis, genus; farinalis, 400 
 
 pyralis, Apharetra, 159; Pleonectyptera, 246 
 
 pyramidalis, Albuna, 384 
 
 pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 149, 173 
 
 pyramus, Hasmorrhagia, 63 
 
 pyramusalis, Heterogramma, 284 
 
 Pyrausta, genus; adipaloides, arsaltealis, 
 badipennis, 397; bellulalis, diffissa, emci- 
 talis, erosnealis, 398; euphoesalis, fascialis, 
 fumalis, 397; funebris, generosa, 398; 
 gentilis, 397; glomeralis, 398; guttulosa, 
 397; hircinalis, 398; illibalis, 397; inse- 
 qualis, 398; langdonalis, 397; madetesalis, 
 398; magniferalis, 397; niveicilialis, ob- 
 nigralis, ochosalis, octomaculata, 398; 
 orasusalis, orphisalis, pertextalis, 397; 
 repletalis, 398; subjectalis, 397; subolivalis, 
 subsequalis, 398; thesealis, 397; tyralis, 
 398; unifascialis, 397; unimacula, 398 
 
 Pyraustinae, Subfamily, 392 
 
 pyri, Synanthedon, 387 
 
 pyrina, Zeuzera, 376 
 
 Pyromorpha, genus; dimidiata, perlucidula 
 
 Pyrophila, genus; glabella, Gray, Mouse- 
 colored, pyramidoides, repressus, trago- 
 poginis, 173 
 
 pyrrha, Cargida, 301 
 
 Pyrrhia, genus; tunbra, 214 
 
 pyrrhoura, Pygoctenucha, 111 
 
 471
 
 Index 
 
 pythion, Charadra, 152 
 pyxidifera, Lagoa, 369 
 
 Q 
 
 quadrata, Apatela, 136 
 
 quadriannulata, Cosymbia, 333 
 
 quadricornis, Ceratomia, 47 
 
 quadridentata, Euxoa, 188 
 
 quadrifilaris, Poaphila, 274 
 
 quadriguttalis, Alypia, 144 
 
 quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 443 
 
 quadrinotata, Heterophleps, 327 
 
 quadripunctaria, Eufidoma, 337 
 
 quadristigmalis, Glyphodes, 394 
 
 Quaker, Boyish, 204; Cynical, Rustic, Small 
 
 Brown, 203 
 
 quinquecaudatus, Sannina, 382 
 quinquelinearia, Leptomeris, 333 
 quinquemaculatus, Protoparce, 45 
 quinquepunctella, Prodoxus, 438 
 quenseli, Apantesis, 131 
 quercicola, Euclea, 365 
 querciperda, Prionoxystus, 378 
 quercivoraria, Metanema, 351 
 quercus, Hemihyalea, 138 
 quernaria, Nacophora, 345 
 questionis, Autographa, 238 
 
 Rachela, genus; bruceata, 324 
 
 rachelse, Apocheima, 345 
 
 Racheospila, genus; hollandaria, lixaria, 
 
 saltusaria, 336 
 radians, Apantesis, 132 
 radix, Mamestra, 193 
 Ragonot, E. L., 37, 408 
 ramosula, Actinotia, 173 
 Rancora, genus; solidaginis, strigata, 209 
 Raphia, genus; abrupta, coloradensis, flex- 
 
 uosa, f rater, personata, 153 
 Rascal Leaf-crumpler, The, 409 
 rasilis, Oligia, 166 
 raspa, Syssphinx, 96 
 Ratarda, genus, 305 
 reciprocata, Euchoeca, 328 
 reconditaria, Synelys, 333 
 rectangula, Autographa, 239 
 rectangulata, Hydriomena, 331 
 rectaria, Anaplodes, 337 
 rectifascia, Atethmia, 220 
 rectilinea, Apantesis, 129; Cochlidion, 367 
 recurvalis, Zinckenia, 392 
 recusans, Pangrapta, 254 
 redimicula, Euxoa, 190 
 reducta, Turuptiana, 121 
 refractaria, Gonodontis, 350 
 refusata, Nannia, 327 
 regalis, Citheronia, 97 
 regia, Citheronia, 97; Porrima, 226 
 regnatrix, Xanthopastis, 231 
 Relict, The, 262 
 relicta, Catocala, 149, 262 
 Remigia, genus; indentata, latipes, perlata, 
 
 repanda, texana, 274 
 remissa, Phragmatobia, 127 
 remissaria, Caberodes, 352 
 Renia, genus; discoloralis, fallacialis, gener- 
 
 alis, thraxalis, 283 
 Reniform spot, 18 
 reniformis, Heliotropha, 173 
 renigera, Mamestra, 195 
 repanda, Remigia, 274; Siavana, 273 
 repentinus, Ceratomia, 48 
 repentis, Euxoa, 189; Yrias, 277 
 repletalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 repressus, Pyrophila, 173 
 
 resistaria, Ania, 349 
 
 restituens, Alsophila, 326 
 
 restrictalis, Heliodes, 230 
 
 restorata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 
 resumens, Psaphidia, 177 
 
 retecta, Catocala, 262 
 
 retectata, Macaria, 339 
 
 retentata, Macaria, 339 
 
 reticulata, Prodoxus, 440 
 
 reticulina, Hexeris, 375 
 
 Retinaculum, 17 
 
 revayana, Nyctepla, 288 
 
 revocata, Phigalia, 347 
 
 Rheumaptera, genus; hastata, 329; luctuats, 
 
 rubrosuffusata, 330 
 rhexiae, Chloridea, 222 
 Rhizagrotis, genus; proclivis, 185 
 rhoda, Apantesis, 132 
 rhodarialis, Prothymia, 248 
 Rhododendrons, 173 
 Rhododipsa, genus ;masoni, miniana, volupia, 
 
 Rhodophora, genus; citronellus, florida, 
 
 gauras, matutina, 224 
 Rhodosea, genus; julia, 225 
 rhcebus, Erinnyis, 59 
 Rhopalocera, 3 
 Rhynchagrotis, genus; alternata, 179; ancho- 
 
 celioides, cupida, gilvipennis, 178; mini- 
 
 malis, 178, 179; placida, rufipectus, velata, 
 
 178 
 
 ribearia, Cymatophora, 340 
 ribesiaria, Eustroma, 329 
 richardsoni, Anarta, 199 
 Richia, genus; aratrix, parentalis, 190 
 Richter, Jean Paul, quoted, 417 
 rickseckeri, Estigmene, 123 
 ridingsi, Alypia, 143, 145 
 Riley, C. V., 30, 141, 154, 175, 201, 223, 
 
 232. 233, 239, 243, 280, 281, 33S, 362, 
 
 rileyana, Heter'opacha, 314; Porosagrotis, 
 
 187; Synanthedon, 385 
 rimosa, Pheosia 295 
 Rivula, genus; propinqualis, 245 
 rivulana, Almodes, 354 
 rivulosa, Schinia, 228 
 Robinia, pseudacacia, 378, 419 
 robiniae, Prionoxystus, 378 
 Robinson, C. T., 29, 30, 37 
 robinsoni, Catocala, 262; Cressonia, 57; 
 
 Lerina, 1 1 1 
 Roeselia, genus; conspicua, fuscula, minuscula, 
 
 358 
 
 rogationis, Autographa, 238 
 Rosaceae, 83, 155, 366, 410 
 rosaceana, Archips, 422 
 rosacearum, Calasymbolus, 56 
 rosalinda, Catocala, 268 
 rosea, Euhyparpax, 298; Hyparpax, 299; 
 
 Mamestra, 193; Oreta 321; Thyreion, 222 
 roseitincta, Schinia, 227 
 rossi, Gynasphora, 305 
 Rothschild, Hon. Walter, ix, 31 
 Rothschildia, genus, 82, 83; jorulla, orizaba, 
 
 82 
 
 rotundata, Chlasnogramma, 46 
 Royal Walnut-moth, 6 
 rubens, Hsemorrhagia, 64 
 rubi, Bembecia, 383 
 
 rubicunda, Anisota, 93; Euherrichia, 253 
 rubra, Diacrisia, 128; Samia, 84 
 rubricosa, Phragmatobia, 126 
 rubricosta, Holomelina, 115 
 rubripalpis, Artace, 312 
 rubrolinearia, Leptomeris, 333 
 
 472
 
 Index 
 
 mbrolineata, Leptomeris, 333 
 
 rubroscapus, Ctenucha, 102 
 
 rubrosunusata, Rheumaptera, 330 
 
 rude, Natada, 366 
 
 rufago, Jodia, 215 
 
 ruficaudis, Hasmorrhagia, 62, 63 
 
 ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 330 
 
 rufipectus, Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 
 rufostriga, Caradrina, 165 
 
 rufula, Diacrisia, 128 
 
 rugifrons, Stiria, 234 
 
 rugosa, Mamestra, 194 
 
 rupta, Gluphisia, 300 
 
 rurigena, Heterogramma, 284 
 
 Rustic; Brown-streaked, Civil, Convivial, 
 
 165; Mooned, Speckled, 164 
 rustica, Erinnyis, 59; Protoparce, 45; Pseu- 
 
 dosphinx, 57 
 rutila, Autographa, 238 
 rutilans, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 Sabal palmetto, 122 
 
 Sabulodes, genus; _ arcasaria, cpntingens, 
 depontanata, goniata, imitata, incurvata, 
 lorata, politia, sulphurata, transfindens, 
 transmutans, transposita, transvertens, 
 truxaliata, 353 
 
 sabulosa, Cissusa, 256; Tuerta, 143 
 
 Sack-bearer, Melsheimer's, Scalloped, 359 
 
 sacramenti, Alypia, 145 
 
 Saddle-back, The,' 364 
 
 saga, Hyblaea, 288 
 
 Salia, genus; interpuncta, 285 
 
 salicarum, Pachnobia, 180 
 
 saliceti, Sphinx, 55 
 
 salicis, Apatela, 157 
 
 saligneana, Eucosma, 418 
 
 Sallow; Angle-striped, 217; Anointed, 218; 
 Even-lined, 220; Lost, Moffat's, 218; 
 Red-winged, 215; Roadside, 218; Round- 
 loaf, 219; Silky, 218; Sloping, Smudged, 
 219; Unsated, Walker's. 218 
 
 Salobrana, genus; tecomse, 401 
 
 saltusaria, Racheospila, 336 
 
 sambuci, Zotheca, 219 
 
 Sambucus, 212, 219 
 
 Samea, genus; castellalis, disertalis, ecclesi- 
 alis, luccusalis, 393 
 
 Samia, genus, 83; calif ornica, ceanothi, 84; 
 cecropia, 83, 84; Columbia, euryalus, 
 gloveri, rubra, 84 
 
 sanborni, Acoloithus, 371 
 
 sanguineola, Ptychoglene, no 
 
 sanguivenosa, ^Emilia, 137 
 
 saniaria, Haematopsis, 332 
 
 saniptri, Hyloicus, 52 
 
 Sannina, genus; quinquecaudatus, uroceri- 
 formis, 382 
 
 Sanninoidea, genus; exitiosa, pepsidiformis, 
 persica, xiphiasforniis, 384 
 
 saporis, Triocnemis, 225 
 
 sappho, Catocala, 260 
 
 satellitia, Pholus, 65 
 
 saturata, Schinia, 227 
 
 Saturnia, genus, 89; mendocino, 89 
 
 Saturniidae, Family, 9, 12, 24, 31, 80 
 
 Saturniinas, 80, 81, 86 
 
 satyricus, Ufeus, 191 
 
 satyriniformis, Melittia, 380 
 
 saucia, Peridroma, 182 
 
 Sauer-kraut, 239 
 
 saundersi, Apantesis, 129; Homoptera, 278 
 
 sauzaslitas, Ochria, 214 
 
 saxea, Syneda, 259 
 
 scabra, Plathypena, 287 
 
 scaftnuscula, Dipterygia, 172 
 
 Scale insects, fed upon by larvae, 6 
 
 Scape-moth, The Yellow-collared, The White- 
 collared, I 01 
 
 scapha, Prolimacodes, 367 
 
 Scarce Bordered Straw, 222 
 
 scardina, Anaphora, 443 
 
 scarletina, Palada, 229 
 
 Scepsis, genus, 100; fulvicollis, matthewi, 
 packardi, semidiaphana, wrighti, 101 
 
 Schaus, W., 33 
 
 Schidax, genus, 356 
 
 Schinia, genus, 226; acutilinea, 227; alba- 
 fascia, 228; aleucis, 227; arcifera, atrites, 
 brevis, 228; brucei, chrysellus, 227; con- 
 tracta, 228; cumatilis, 227; designata, 
 divergens, 228; exaltata, 227; jaguarina, 
 228; lineata, lynx, 227; marginata, mortua, 
 228; nigrirena, 227; nobilis, 228; nundina, 
 227; packardi, rivulosa, 228; roseitincta, 
 saturata, separata, simplex, 227; spraguei, 
 tertia, thoreaui, 228; trifascia, 227 
 
 Schizura, genus; badia, 229; cinereofrons, 
 concinna, conspecta, edmandsi, humilis, 
 ipomceas, 298; leptinoides, mustelina, 
 299; nitida, 298; significata, 299; unicornis, 
 298 
 
 schlaegeri, Stenoma, 428 
 
 schoenherri, Anarta, 199 
 
 Schcenobiinae, Subfamily, 402 
 
 schwarziorum, Illice, 109 
 
 Sciagraphia, genus; duplicata, granitata, 
 heliothidata, mellistrigata, ocellinata, res- 
 torata, subcolumbata, 339 
 
 sciata, Therina, 348 
 
 scintillans, Catocala, 266 
 
 Scirpophaga, genus; macrinellus, perstrialis, 
 serriradiellus, 402 
 
 scissa, Canidia, 226 
 
 scitipennis, Hyperasschra, 294 
 
 scitiscripta, Cerura, 299 
 
 scitula, Synanthedon, 387 
 
 scobialis, Epizeuxis, 281 
 
 Scolecocampa, genus; liburhi, ligni, 244 
 
 Scoliopteryx, genus; libatrix, 215 
 
 scolopendrina, Harpyia, 299 
 
 Scoparia, genus, 399 
 
 Scopariinse, Subfamily, 399 
 
 Scopelosoma, genus, 217; ceromatica, devia, 
 moffatiana, walkeri, 218 
 
 Scotchmen, 80 
 
 Scotogramma, genus; inconcinna, infuscata, 
 submarina, 198 
 
 Scribbler, The, 324 
 
 scribonia, Ecpantheria, 120 
 
 scripta, Habrosyne, 303 
 
 scriptipennis, Epizeuxis, 280 
 
 scudderiana, Eucosma, 418 
 
 sculptus, Anytus, 191 
 
 scutellaris, Bomolocha, 286 
 
 scutosus, Heliothis, 224 
 
 Sebastiania, 417 
 
 Seckel pear, 410 
 
 sectilis, Morrisonia, 196 
 
 sectomaculata, Philobia, 339 
 
 sedata, Tarache, 251 
 
 Seirarctia, genus; echo, niobe, 122 
 
 selecta, Autographa, 239 
 
 Selenis, genus; monotropa, 277 
 
 Selicanis, genus; cinereola, 216 
 
 semiaperta, Tricholita, 205 
 
 semiauratus, Sthenopis, 443 
 
 semiclarata, Feltia, 186; Orthofidonia, 337 
 
 semiclusaria, Nepytia, 343 
 
 semicrocea, Exyra, 248 
 
 semidiaphana, Scepsis, 101 
 
 semifascia, Monoleuca, 365 
 
 473
 
 Index 
 
 semiflava, Xanthoptera, 249 
 
 semifusellus, Crambus, 402 
 
 semilineata, Hyamia, 254 
 
 semilunata, Hadena, 169 
 
 seminudaria, Therina, 348 
 
 seminudata, Therina, 348 
 
 Semiophora, genus; badicollis, catharina, 
 
 dilucidula, elimata, janualis, manifesto- 
 
 labes, opacifrons, tenebrifera, 180 
 Semioscopis, genus; merricella, 429 
 semiplaga, Heterocampa, 297 
 semipurpurea, Prothymia, 248 
 senatoria, Anisota, 94 
 senta, Haemorrhagia, 64 
 sentinaria, Leptomeris, 333 
 separata, Schinia, 227 
 separates, Hyloicus, 50 
 septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 300; Porosagrotis, 
 
 187 
 
 sepulchralis, Citheronia, 97; Thyris, 374 
 Sequoia, 52 
 
 sequoias, Hyloicus 52; Vespamima, 384, 
 serena, Catocala, 267 
 sericea, Glaea, 218 
 sericeiferata, Paleacrita, 324 
 serinaria, Plagodis, 349 
 serrata, Euchlaena, 35; Trichopolia, 199 
 serrataria, Euchlaena, 350 
 serriradiellus, Scirpophaga, 402 
 Sesia, genus, 61, 379; fadus, tantalus, titan 
 
 62 
 
 Sesiidae, Family, 379 
 Sesiinas, Subfamily, 57 
 sesquilinea, Syssaura, 352 
 sesquistriaris, Agnomonia, 274 
 Setagrotis, genus; terrifica, 181 
 Setting-board, 20 
 Setting-needle, 1 9 
 severa, Gluphisia, 300 
 sevorsa, Fenaria, 233 
 sexatilis, Euxoa, 1 90 
 sexfasciata, Synanthedon, 385 
 sexmaculata, Celama, 357 
 sexpunctata, Hyamia, 254 
 sexsignata, Litocala, 272 
 sexta, Protoparce, 45 
 
 Shakespeare, quoted, 94, 103, 356, 379, 423 
 Sharp, David, quoted, 3, 17, 30 
 shastaensis, Apantesis, 131; Pseudohazis, 93 
 Sheep-moth, Nuttall's, 93 
 Siayana, genus; auripennis, repanda, 273 
 Sibine, genus; ephippiatus, stimulea, 364 
 siccaria, Therina, 348 
 Sicya, genus; macularia, 347 
 Sideraria, Eois, 336 
 sigmaria, Cymatophora, 340 
 sigmoides, Eueretagrotis, 179 
 signata, Dasylophia, 296; Tricholita, 203 
 signataria, Melanolophia, 344 
 signifera, Laphygma, 174 
 significans, ^Emilia, 137 
 significata, Schizura, 299 
 silago, Xanthia, 214 
 Silk -culture, The History of, 316 
 Silk -moth, The Ailanthus, 82; Ceanothus, 
 
 Columbian, Glover's, 84; Mendocino, 89; 
 
 Orizaba, 82; Spice-Bush, 84; Tulip-tree, 
 
 86; Zephyr, 89 
 simalis, Cornifrons, 399 
 similana, Eucosma, 418 
 similis, Alypia, 143; Catocala, 268 
 simplaria, Notodonta, 295; Peridroma, 183 
 simplex, Autographa, 240; Comacla, 107; 
 
 Xylomiges, 197 
 simulans, Memythrus, 383 
 singula, Pseudanarta, 175 
 sinualis, Melipotis, 258 
 
 Sister, The Little, 269 
 
 Sisyrosea, genus; inornata, textula, 366 
 
 sitellata, Gypsochroa, 332 
 
 Six-plume Moth, The, 417 
 
 Skeletonizer, The Apple-leaf, 411 
 
 Skinner, Henry, ix 
 
 slossoni, Gluphisia, 300 
 
 slossoniae, Alarodia, 366 
 
 Slug; Monkey, 366; Nason's, 366; Pygmy. 
 
 365; Slosson's, 366, Spiny Oak-, 365 
 Small Angle Shades, 172 
 Smerinthus, 54 
 Smith, Herbert H., 20 
 Smith, John B., viii, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 118, 
 
 smithi, Grammodes, 274 
 
 Smythe, Ellison, 63 
 
 Snout-moth, The Meal, 400 
 
 snoviaria, Mellilla, 338 
 
 snowi, Melittia, 381 
 
 sobria, Calpe, 236; Drasteria, 257; Eois, 335; 
 
 Nephelodes, 199 
 socia, Syneda, 259 
 socors, Caenurgia, 257 
 Solanaceae, 45 
 solanella, Phthorimaea, 425 
 Solenobia, genus, 360 
 solidaginis, Rancora, 209 
 Solidago, 101, 117, 126, 252, 418 
 Solidago Gall-moth, The, 425 
 solituda, Gaea, 381 
 Somites, in body of larvae, 6 
 somnus, Catocala, 263 
 
 sordida, Hyloicus, 49; Phlyctaenodes, 395 
 sordidata, Hydriomena, 331 
 sororius, Hemileuca, 91 
 Southey, quoted, 77 
 stellata, Derrima, 224 
 stellidaria, Almodes, 354 
 Stenaspilates, genus; zalissaria, 351 
 Stenoma, genus; schlaegeri, 428 
 Sthenopis, genus; alni, argentata, argenteo- 
 
 maculata, quadriguttattis, semiauratus, 
 
 443 
 
 Stibadium, genus; spumosum, 234 
 sticticalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 
 stigma, Anisota, 94 
 stigmata, Dryobota, 171 
 stigmosa, Feltia, 186 
 stimulea, Sibine, 364 
 Stinging Caterpillars, 90; spines, 9 
 Stiria, genus; rugifrons, 234 
 stragula, Hyperaeschra, 294 
 Strawberry-borer, The, 385 
 Strawberry Leaf -roller, 419 
 Strecker, Herman, 30, 52 
 Strenoloma, genus; lunilinea, 147, 276 
 Stretch, R. H., 32, 35 
 stretchi, Catocala, 263; Syneda, 260; Utethe- 
 
 Stretchia, genus; muricina, 205 
 
 striata, Illice, 109 
 
 striatella, Euchalcia, 237 
 
 strigata, Calophasia, 170; Euclea, 36^; 
 
 Eucalyptera, 244; Rancora, 209 
 strigataria, Phigalia, 347 
 strigicollis, Mamestra, 195 
 strigilis, Pholus, 67 
 strigosa, Apantesis, 131; Calidota, 139; 
 
 Melalopha. 293 
 strigularia, Cosnocalpe, 332 
 stygiaria, Azelina, 352 
 stylata, Cerapoda, 177 
 stylobata, Campometra, 276 
 Stylopoda, genus; cephalica, 229 
 spadix, Cissusa, 256 
 Span-worm; Goose-berry, 340; Walnut, 345 
 
 474
 
 Index 
 
 Sparrows, English, 325 
 
 Spear-mark, The, 329 
 
 Specimens, capture of, killing, mounting, 19 
 
 speciosa, Apantesis, 131 
 
 speciosata, Hydriomena, 331 
 
 spectanda, Chloridea, 222 
 
 spectans, Apatela, 156 
 
 Spectre, The, 77 
 
 Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 364 
 
 sperataria, Lycia, 345 
 
 Spermacoce, 75 
 
 speyeri, Cucullia, 208 
 
 Sphacelodes, genus; floridensis, vulnerana, 
 
 Sphacelodinae, Subfamily, 354 
 Sphecodina, genus, 70; abbotti, 70 
 Sphida, genus; obliqua, obliquata, 211 
 Sphingidae, 12, 25, 30, 41 
 Sphinx, genus, 54; astarte, 55 ; cerisyi, 54; 
 
 geminatus, jamaicensis, 55; ocellata, 54; 
 
 ophthalmica, pallidulus, saliceti, triparti- 
 
 Sphinx, Abbot's, 70; Abbot's Pine, 53; 
 Achemon, 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea, 
 68; Bear, 71; Big Poplar, 57; Blinded, 
 56; Bpmbyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy's, 54; 
 Chersis, 50; Clark's Day-, 73; Colorado, 
 52; Cramer's, 59; Cypress, 48; Domingo, 
 59; Ello, 58; Euterpe, 74; Fig, 60; Four- 
 horned, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy, 67; Gaura, 
 72; Giant Gray, 57; Gprdian, 51; Grote's, 
 61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 49; Hog, 68; 
 Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 69; Laurel, 
 51; Lesser Vine, 67; Lettered, 71; Lintner's. 
 51; Lintner's Pine, 53; Madame Merian's, 
 58; Mourning, 61; Nessus, 72; Neumcegen's, 
 50; Obscure, 59; Occult, 45; CEnotrus, 59; 
 Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine, 52; Pluto, 
 75; Rustic, 45; Satellite, 65; Sequoia, 52; 
 Silver-spotted, 60; Small-eyed, 56; 
 73; Striped Morning, 76; 
 
 .; Tomato, 45; Twin-spot, 55; 
 
 Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walnut, 75; 
 Waved, 48; Western Poplar, 57; White- 
 banded Day-, 62; Wild Cherry, 52; Yellow- 
 banded Day-, 73 
 
 spilomela, Caradrina, 165 
 
 Spinneret, 7 
 
 spinosae, Eupanychis, 226 
 
 spinuloides, Adoneta, 365 
 
 Spiraea, 237, 366 
 
 spissa, Euxoa, 189 
 
 "Splitters" and "Lumpers," 112 
 
 Sport, The, 152 
 
 Spots on wings of noctuid moth, 18 
 
 spraguei, Pygarctia, 136; Schinia, 228 
 
 Spragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus, 
 plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252 
 
 spumosum, Stibadium, 234 
 
 spuraria, Leptomeris, 333 
 
 Spurs, tibial, 14, 15 
 
 sputatrix, Hadena, 168 
 
 squamigera, Almodes, 354 
 
 s-signata, Macaria, 339 
 
 subaequaria, Apaecasia, 342 
 
 subalbicans, Heterpcampa, 257 
 
 subapicalis, Xylomiges, 197 
 
 subatomaria, Paraphia, 343 
 
 subcedens, Hadena, 167 
 
 subcinctaria, Macaria, 339 
 
 subcitrina, Megalppyge, 369 
 
 subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339 
 
 subdolens, Nephelodes, 199 
 
 subflava, Nonagria, 211 
 
 subgothica, Feltia, 186 
 
 sutyecta, Illice, 109 
 
 subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 Strecker's, 
 Tersa, 
 
 subiuncta, Hadenella, 162; Mamestra, 193 
 
 sublunaria, Cleora, 344 
 
 submarina, Scotogramma, 198 
 
 subnata, Catocala, 266 
 
 subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 subornata, Hypoprepia, 106 
 
 subpartita, Galgula, 247 
 
 subprivata, Plagpdis, 349 
 
 subpunctata, Heliophila, 201 
 
 Subregions, Faunal, 387 
 
 subsequalis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 subsignarius, Ennomps, 348 
 
 subsinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 
 
 substrigata, Noctua, 184 
 
 Subterminal line, 18 
 
 subusta, Atethmia, 220 
 
 subviridis, Catocala, 261 
 
 successaria, Cymatophora, 341; Haematopsis, 
 
 332 
 
 Sudraka, quoted, 269 
 sueta, Mehcleptria, 230 
 suffusa, Agrotis, 182; Mamestra, 192 
 suffusalis, Pantographa, 393 
 Sugar-beet Moth, The, 395 
 Sugar-cane, 403 
 Sugaring for moths, 146 
 sulphuraria, Alcis, 343 
 sulphurata, Sabulodes, 353 
 superans, Apatela, 156 
 superaria, Caberpdes, 352 
 suppressaria, Eois, 335 
 surrectalis, Epizeuxis, 280 
 sutrix, Tornacontia, 250 
 Sweetheart, The, 263 
 Swift, quoted, 370) 
 
 Swordgrass ; American, Dot and Dash, 208 
 Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254 
 sylvaticpides, Malacosoma, 313 
 Symmerista, genus; albifrons, 296 
 Sympherta, genus; tripunctaria, 342 
 Symphoricarpus, 62, 63 
 Sympistis, genus; proprius, 229 
 Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acerni, 386; 
 
 aemula, albicornis, 387; aureola, 385; 
 
 aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, bolli, 
 
 brunneipennis, consimilis, eupatorii, 385; 
 
 gallivorum, 387; hemizonae, 385; hospes, 
 
 387; hyperici, imitata, imprppria, infirma, 
 
 383; inusitata, 386; kcebelei, 387; lupini, 
 
 lustrans, madariae, 385; mpdesta, 387; 
 
 neglecta, perplexa, 385; pictipes, 386; 
 
 proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilans, 385; 
 
 scitula, 387; sexfasciata, tipuliformis, 
 
 washingtonia, 385 
 
 Synchlora, genus; liquoraria, tricoloraria, 336 
 Syneda, genus; adumbrata, alleni, 259; 
 
 athabasca, 260; capticola, divergens, 259; 
 
 edwardsi, 260; graphica, 259; howlandi, 
 
 hudsonica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi, 
 
 260 
 Synelys, genus; alabastaria, ennucleata, 
 
 reconditaria, 333 
 
 Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, diver- 
 gens, hochenwarthi, 240 
 synochitis, Eustrotia, 247 _ 
 Syntomeida, genus; epilais, euterpe, ferox, 
 
 ipomeae, 99 
 Syntomidae, 24, 31, 98 
 syracosia, ^Emilia, 137 
 Syringa, 382 
 synngae, Podosesia, 382 
 syringicola, Phlyctaenia, 397 
 Syssaura, genus; aequosus, biclaria, ephyrata, 
 
 infensata, juniperaria, cemearia, olyzonaria, 
 
 puber, sesquihnea, varus, 352 
 Syssphinx, genus, 96; albolineata, heilig- 
 
 brodti, raspa, White-lined, 96 
 
 471
 
 Index 
 
 Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, orciferalis, pupil- 
 laris, 282 
 
 tebacella, Phthorimaea, 425 
 
 tactus, Homopyralis, 256 
 
 tasdata, Pseudoglaea, 216 
 
 talidiformis, Crambodes, 163 
 
 tantalus, Sesia, 42, 61, 62 
 
 tapayusa, Cocytius, 44 
 
 tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434 
 
 Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216 
 
 Tarache, genus; aprica, binocula, delecta, 
 
 erastrioides, flavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo- 
 
 lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminima- 
 
 cula, virginalis, 251 
 tardigrada, Euclea, 365 
 Tarsius spectrum, 77 
 Tarsus, 14, 15 
 Taylor, J., quoted, 322 
 tearli, Bombycia, 304 
 Tecoma, 40, 401 
 tecomae, Salobrana, 401 
 tecta, Amyna, 242; Orthodes, 203 
 Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia, 
 
 polyphemus, 87 
 telifera, Agrotis, 182 
 teligera, Mamestra, 195 
 telum, Apatela, 155 
 tenebrifera, Semiophora, 1 80 
 tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341 
 tenera, Pareuchaetes, 134 
 Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 445 
 tenuifascia, Illice, 109; Oncocnemis, 176 
 tenuimargo, Ptych9glene, no 
 tenuis, Haemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256 
 tepida, Xylina, 207 
 tephra, Olene, 308 
 Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, ab- 
 
 synthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata, 
 
 minutata, notata, 328 
 teratophora, Jaspidia, 160 
 terlooi, Arctonotus, 71 
 Terminal lunules, 18 
 
 terminalis, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 ; Utetheisa, 1 1 7 
 terminimacula, Tarache, 251 
 terraria, Almodes, 354 
 terrella, Phthorimaea, 425 
 terrifica, Setagrotis, 181 
 tersa, Xylophanes, 75 
 tertia, Schinia, 
 tertial: 
 tessella 
 
 tessellata, Euxc ... 
 testacea, Tortricidia, 368 
 Tetanqlita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284 
 Tetracis, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocal- 
 
 lata, 353 
 
 tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366 
 tetragonalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 
 tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367 
 tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 57 
 texana, Comacla, 107; Harrisina, 372; 
 
 Horama, 100; Parora, 255; Remigia, 274 
 textor, Hyphantria, 124 
 textula, Sisyrosea, 366 
 thalialis, Noctuelia, 399 
 Thalpochares, genus; sstheria, 249 
 thaxteri, Xylina, 207 
 thecata, Himella, 204 
 theodori, Polia, 171 
 Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251 
 Therina, genus, 347; sequaliaria, athasiaria, 
 
 bibularia, 348; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria, 
 
 fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria, 
 
 pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, seminudata, 
 
 siccaria, 348 
 
 i, Schinia, 228 
 
 ilis, Phlyctasnia, 397 
 
 llaris, Halisidota, 137 
 
 thesealis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 thetis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Daritis, 289 
 
 Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358 
 
 Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390 
 
 thoracica, Malacosoma, 313 
 
 thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313 
 
 thorates, Xylophanes, 75 
 
 Thorax, 14, 18 
 
 thoreaui, Schinia, 228 
 
 thraxalis, Renia, 283 
 
 Thyatiridae, Family, 25, 34, 303 
 
 thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; Dosylo- 
 
 phia, 296 
 
 Thyreion, genus; rosea, 222 
 Thyrididae, Family, 24, 35, 374 
 Thyridopteryx, genus; coniferarum, ephe- 
 
 merasformis, 361 
 Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata, Mournful, 
 
 nevadae, perspicua, sepulchralis, Spotted, 
 ^,374 . 
 
 Thysama, genus; zenobia, 279 
 thysbe, Hasmorrhagia, 62 
 Tibia, 14, is 
 Tiger, 78 
 Tiger-moths, 115; Aulaean, 124; Banded, 132; 
 
 Bean's, 126; Blake's, 131; Brtice's, 126; 
 
 Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, 134; 
 
 Intermediate, 129; Isabella, 125; Labrador, 
 
 Little Virgin, 131; Many-spotted, 121; 
 
 Mexican, 131; Nevada, 131; Ornate, 130, 
 
 Phyllira, 132; Ranchman's, 128; Ruby, 
 
 126; Small, 134; St. Lawrence, 128; 
 
 Straight-lined, 129; Virgin, 129; Virginian, 
 
 Vestal, 127; Williams', 132; Yarrow's, 127; 
 
 Zuni, 124 
 
 triangulatum, Eustroma, 329 
 triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234 
 tigris, Diastema, 241 
 Tilia, 300 
 
 tiliaria, Erannis, 347 
 timais, Xanthopastis, 231 
 tinctaria, Cleora, 344 
 Tinea, genus; clubiella, flavescentella, grise- 
 
 ella, merdella, pellionella, 433 
 Tineidae, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, 430 
 Tineola, genus; biselliella, bisselliella, crinella 
 
 destructor, lanariella, 432 
 tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 385 
 titan, Sesia, 62 
 
 Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396 
 titea, Phigalia, 347 
 titearia, Phigalia, 347 
 titubatis, Euxoa, 189 
 togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214 
 Tolype, genus; velleda, 312 
 Topsell, "Histqrie of Serpents," quoted, 
 
 114; "Historic of Four-footed Beasts," 
 
 quoted, 357 
 
 toreuta, Bomolocha, 286 
 Tornacontia, genus; sutrix, 250 
 torrefacta, Apatelodes, 292 
 Tortricidae, Family, 2;., 25, 37, 417 
 Tortricidia. genus; caesonia, flexuosa, testa- 
 cea, 368 
 
 Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423 
 tortuosa, Hyperasschra, 294 
 Tosale, genus; anthoecioides, nobilis, ovi- 
 
 plagalis, 402 
 
 Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273 
 trabalis, Yuma, 407 
 trabea, Polychrysia, 236 
 Trachea, genus; delicata, 172 
 Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209 
 tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173 
 Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276 
 tranquila, Zotheca, 219 
 transducens, Abbotana, 353 
 
 476
 
 Index 
 
 transferens, Abbotana, 353 
 
 transfindens. Sabulodes, 353 
 
 transfrons, Hadena, 166 
 
 translucida, Hemihyalea, 138 
 
 transmontana, Arctia, 134 
 
 transmutans, Sabulodes, 353 
 
 transposita, Sabulodes, 353 
 
 transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, 353 
 
 Transverse, anterior line, 18; posterior line, 
 
 18 
 
 trentonalis, Herculia, 401 
 Trichoclea, genus; antica, 199 
 Trichocosmia, genus; inornata, 220 
 Tricholita, genus; semiaperta, signata, 205 
 Trichophaga, genus; tapetzella, 434 
 rrichopolia, genus; serrata, 199 
 Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupes, 226 
 Trichotarache, genus; assimilis, 246 
 tricinctus, Memythrus, 382 
 tricolor, Cerathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93; 
 
 Hypoprepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133 
 tricoloraria, Synchlpra, 336 
 trifariana, Spragueia, 252 
 trifascia, Schinia, 227 
 trifolii, Mamestra, 193 
 trigona, Bertholdia, 140 
 Trigonophora, genus; periculosa, v-brun- 
 
 neum, 215 
 
 triguttaria, Heterophleps, 327 
 trilinearia, Metanema, 351; Platea, 343 
 trilineata, Gluphisia, 300 
 trimaculata, Alypiodes, 145; Euerythra. 120 
 trinotata, Celama, 357 
 Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 225 
 tripars, Porosagrotis, 187 
 tripartita, Dasylophia, 296 
 tripartitus, Sphinx, 55 
 Triphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata, pro- 
 
 gressata, 331 
 
 tnphpunctana, Paraphia, 343 
 Triprocris, genus, 371; cqnstans, latercula, 
 
 372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372 
 Tripsacum dactyloides, 405 
 Tripudia, genus; opipara, 250 
 tripunctaria, Sympherta, 342 
 triquetrana, Celama, 357 
 trisectus, Crambus, 403 
 tristis, Catocala, 262 
 Tristyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220 
 triumphalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 
 
 , 
 
 Trochanter, 14, 15 
 truncataria, Epelis, 337 
 
 truncatula, Fruva, 252 
 
 truxaliata, Sabulodes, 353 
 
 Tubercles, larval, 8 
 
 Tuerta, genus; noctuiformis, sabulosa, 143 
 
 tumida, Pseudanthoecia, 228 
 
 tunicana, Epagoge, 421 
 
 turbans, Apantesis, 131 
 
 turbatellus, Crambus, 402 
 
 turbida, Heterocampa, 297 
 
 turbitella, Zophodia, 411 
 
 turbulenta, Hadena. 167 
 
 Turkeys, Shooting wild, 148 
 
 turns, Euxoa, 190 
 
 Turuptiana, genus; caeca, permaculata, re- 
 
 ducta, 121 
 Typha latifolia, 211 
 typhon, Pholus, 65 
 typica, Pronoctua, 185 
 tyralis, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 u-brevis, Autographa, 238 
 Ufeus, genus; barometricus, plicatus, satyri- 
 cus, 191 
 
 ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Hetero- 
 campa, 297 
 
 Ulolonche, genus; modesta, 198 
 
 Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257 
 
 ultronia, Catocala, 265 
 
 umbellana, Depressaria, 428 
 
 umbellella, Depressaria, 428 
 
 umbra, Pyrrhia, 214 
 
 umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297 
 
 umbrifascia, Hyamia, 254 
 
 uncanaria, Platea, 342 
 
 Underwings, The, 260; Agrippina, 260; 
 Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American 
 Copper, 173; Andromache, 267; Angus', 
 262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga, 263; Badia, 
 267; Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California, 
 263; Carrie's, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra, 
 263; Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected. 
 261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione, 
 260; Evelina, Faintly Green, 261; Faustina, 
 264; Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262; Graceful, 
 269; Grote's, 264; Hawthorn, 268; Hermia, 
 264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 265; Inconsolable, 
 Judith, 262; Little, 269; Luciana, 26^; 
 Magdalen, 267; Marbled, 263; Meske's, 
 264; Mopsa, 265; Mother, 264; Mourning, 
 Obscure, 262; Old-Maid, 268; Oldwife, 266; 
 Olivia, 269; Once-married, 264; Paulina, 
 261; Phalanga, 266; Pure, 264; Robinson's, 
 262; Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet, 
 265; Serene, 267; Sleepy, Stretch's, 263; 
 Tearful, 261; Ultronia, Yen-ill's, 265; 
 Wayward, 267; Widow, Widowed, 261; 
 Whitney's, 268; Yellow-banded, 266; 
 Yellow -gray, 262; Youthful, 366 
 
 undatifascia, Pachylia, 60 
 
 undifera, Prolimacodes, 367 
 
 undosus, Cossus, 377 
 
 undularis, Ypsia, 278 
 
 undulata, Hydria, 329 
 
 undulosa, Ceratomia, 48 
 
 Ungues, 14, 15 
 
 unica, Gonodonta, 236 
 
 unicolor, Eudule, 327; Misogada 297; 
 Noctua, 184 
 
 unicornis, Schizura, 298 
 
 unifascia, Illice, 109 
 
 unifascialis, Pyrausta, 397 
 
 uniformis, Cratnbidia, 104; Haematomis, 107, 
 Hasmorrhagia, 63 
 
 unijuga, Catocala, 264 
 
 unilineata, Homoptera, 278 
 
 unimacula, Pyrausta, 398 
 
 unimoda, Xylina, 207 
 
 unio, Euthisanqtia, 232 
 
 unipuncta, Heliophila, 200; Leucania, 175; 
 Paraphia, 343 
 
 unipunctata, Paraphia, 343 
 
 urentis, Abrostola, 240 
 
 uroceriformis, Sannina, 382 
 
 ursina, Lathosea, 209 
 
 Utahensis, Arctia, 134 
 
 Utetheisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The 
 Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia 
 ornatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117 
 
 uxor, Catocala, 265 
 
 V 
 
 vaccinii, Autographa, 239 
 vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421 
 Vaccinium, 56 
 vagans, Diacrisia, 128 
 valens, Ulosyneda, 257 
 Valeria, genus; opina, 172 
 vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 50 
 vanella, Pseudotamila, 229 
 
 477
 
 Index 
 
 varadaria, Caberodes, 352 
 
 varia, Automeris, 89, Heterocarapa, 297; 
 
 Oligia, 165 
 
 variabilis, Pseudorthosia, 216 
 variana, Tapinostola, 216 
 variolana, Alceris, 421 
 variolaria, Deilinea, 338 
 varus, Syssaura, 352 
 vashti, Hyloicus, 50 
 vau, Melalopha, 293 
 v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215 
 vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165 
 vega, Pogocolon, 73 
 vegeta, Cissusa, 256 
 
 velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, 178 
 velleda, Tolype, 312 
 velleripennis, Euxoa, 188 
 vellifera, Bomolocha, 286 
 Venation of wings, 16 
 venerabilis, Feltia, 186 
 venezuelensis, Pachylia, 60 
 venosa, Ctenucha, 101 
 ventilator, Marasmalus, 242 
 venus, Hyparpax, 299 
 Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptana, con- 
 
 densata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, in- 
 
 clinataria, perlineata, 328 
 venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 299 
 verbascoides, Hadena, 169 
 Verbena, 163 
 
 vermiculata, Gnophaela, 290 
 vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Palea- 
 
 crita, 324 
 
 verrilliana, Catocala, 265 
 verruca, Autographa, 238 . 
 versicolor, JDarapsa, 69 
 versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245 
 verticalis, Euxoa, 189 
 vesca, Galgula, 247 
 
 Vespamima, genus; pmorum, sequoias, 384 
 vespiformis, .digeria, 383 
 vesta, Philosamia, 82 
 vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 337 
 vestalis, Hapk>a, 118; Maenas, 127 
 vestitaria, Ania, 349 
 vesulia, Oxydia, 352 
 vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis, 
 
 187 
 
 viatica, Glaea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337 
 Viburnum, 62, 63 
 vicaria, Noctua, 184 
 vicariana, Archips, 422 
 vicina, Mamestra, 195 
 victoria, Toxocampa, 273 
 videns, Platysenta, 163 
 vidua, Catocala, 261 
 viduata, Catocala, 261 
 vinculum, Phurys, 275 
 vinela, Hadena, 170 
 vinnula, Apatela, 156 
 vinesaria, Euchlaena, 350 
 violacea, Hadena, 167 
 violans, Nephelodes, 199 
 viralis, Hadena, 168 
 virescens, Chloridea, 222 
 virgata, lanassa, 298 
 virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251 
 virginaria, Epimecis, 344 
 virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127 
 virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95 
 virgo, Apantesis, 129 
 virguncula, Apantesis, 131 
 viridans, Homoptera, 278 
 virjdescens, Psaphidia, 177 
 viridiclava, Euclea, 365 
 viridiSj Euclea, 365 
 viridisignata, Autographa, 239 
 
 vmdoperlata, Metrocampa, 348 
 
 viridula, Zotheca, 219 
 
 Vitaceae, 61, 65, 70 
 
 vitis, Pholus, 67 
 
 vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, 106 
 
 vivida, Pygarctia, 136 
 
 volubilis, Feltia, 186 
 
 volupia, Rhododipsa, 225 
 
 voluta, Adoneta, 365 
 
 vomerina, Morrisonia, 196 
 
 votiva, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 
 
 v-signatana, Archips, 422 
 
 vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354 
 
 vulnifica, Bellura, 211 
 
 vultuosa, Hadena, 168 
 
 W 
 
 Wainscot; Comma, 203; Dark-winged, 
 False, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201; 
 Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201 
 
 wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423 
 
 Walker, Francis, 27, 30 
 
 walkeri, Philosamia, 82; Scopelosoma, 218 
 
 Walking as a Fine Art, 270 
 
 Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408 
 
 Walnut Span-worm, The, 345 
 
 Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430 
 
 Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38 
 
 walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102 
 
 Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374 
 
 washingtonia, Synanthedon, 385 
 
 washingtoniana, Xylina, 207 
 
 Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards', 
 100; Lesser, 99; Polka-dot, 99; Scarlet- 
 bodied, 98; Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99 
 
 Web- worm, The Parsnip, 428 
 
 Westwood, J. O., 35, 370, 428 
 
 whitneyi, Catocala, 268 
 
 Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320 
 
 Wife, The, 265 
 
 williamsi, Apantesis, 132 
 
 wilsoni, Ciris, 233 
 
 Wings, structure of, p. 15 
 
 wiskotti, Arctia, 134 
 
 Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144 
 
 Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, 360 
 
 woodi, Homoptera, 278 
 
 Woodling, Beautiful, Brown, Fletcher's 
 Grieving Hardened, Oregon, Simple, 197 
 
 Wood-nympn, Beautiful, Pearly, 232 
 
 Woolly bears, 115, 125 
 
 Wordsworth, quoted, 415 
 
 worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187 
 
 wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, 101 
 
 Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214 
 
 xanthioides, Perigea, 165 
 
 xanthometata, Mellilla, 338 
 
 Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231 
 
 Xanthoptera, genus; nigrofimbria, 248; 
 semiflava, 249 
 
 Xanthothrix, genus; neumosgeni, 231 
 
 Xanthotype, genus; caelaria, citrina, cro- 
 cataria, 349 
 
 xiphiseformis, Sanninoidea, 384 
 
 Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207; 
 cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, latici- 
 nerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida, 
 thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana, 207 
 
 xylina, Alabama, 243 
 
 xylinoides, Hyppa, 171 
 
 Xylomiges, genus; cognata, crucialis, dolosa 
 fletcheri, indurata, patalis, perlubens 
 pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197 
 
 478
 
 Index 
 
 Xylophanes, genus, 75; boerhaviae, croesus 
 
 eson, pluto, tersa, thorates, 75 
 Xylorictidge. Family, 26, 428 
 
 Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127 
 
 yavapai, Hemileuca, 92 
 
 y-inversa, Cochlidion, 367; Prodoxu, 439, 
 
 yosemitre, Fishea, 170 *, j ^ 
 
 Yponomeuta, genus; euonyniellfl|HlB- 
 
 punctella, orbimaculella, ordinafellus, \va- 
 
 karusa, 423 
 
 Yponomeutidae, Family, 26, 38, 423 
 Ypsia, genus; undularis, 278 
 ypsilon, Agrotis, 140, 182 
 Yrias, genus; clientis, repentis, 277 
 Yucca, 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, 442; 
 
 whipplei, 440, 442 
 Yucca-moth, 441 
 yuccasella, Pronuba 
 Yuma, genus; adulatalis, trabalis, 407 
 
 Zale, genus; horrida, 277 
 
 zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 351 
 
 Zanclognatha, genus; laevigata, lituralis, 
 
 minimalis, ochreipennis, protumnusalis, 281 
 zeae, Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 415 
 zelatella, Mineola, 409 
 Zfller. P. C., 37 
 ,zelleri, Automeris, 89 
 zenobia, Thysania, 279 
 zephyria, Automeris, 89 
 Zexizera, genus; sesculi, decipiens, hiiaris 
 
 hypocastrina, pyrina, 376 
 Zinckenia, genus; albifascialis, angustalis, 
 
 diffascialis, fascialis, recurvalis, 392 
 zonata, Homopyralis, 256 
 Zophodia, genus; grossulariae, turbitella, 411 
 Zosteropoda. genus; hirtipes, 203 
 Zotheca, genus; sambuci, tranquila, viridula 
 
 219 
 
 zuni, Arachnis, 124 
 Zygaenidae, Family, 25, 35, 233, 371 
 
 479
 
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