LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIV::SIDE SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE OR UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS aoniton: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, Manager OFfimburglj : 100, PRINCES STREET ISCTlin: A. ASHER AND CO. ILcipjtg: F. A. BROCKHAUS i^cbj liork: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS ISombag nnts ffalctitta: MACMILLAN AND CO.. Ltd. SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE SOME ACCOUNT OF THE STUDIES AT THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, M.A. SOMETniE SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE FELLOW OF PETERHOUSE " Antiquam exquirite Matrem." — Verg. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRE8S 1910 First published 1877 Ee-issned 1910 All rights reserved PEEFACE. No one wlio has any experience of the working and life of Cambridge can be ignorant how completely we have been removed from Cambridge of half a century ago, or that we have lost almost the last glimpse of what our University, even forty years since, was like. Not only has she changed, as all that lives must change, but one after another the men of advanced 3'ears or of clear memory (such as Dr Gilbert Ainslie, Francis Martin, Sedgwick, Shilleto and Dr Cookson) have passed away, leaving no such memoranda as Gunning or Pryme left, at least none which are at present generally accessible, to tell us what were the methods and processes of University Study through which were educated the minds which have done much to make our University and our Country what they are. In this quick transition of our academical methods, cus- toms, and institutions, the difficulty becomes intense when we set ourselves to attempt to picture either of our Universities (for the like holds good of Oxford^) at a period removed still further from us by two or three generations. ^ It is as well here (as elsewhere) to apprise the Reader that in the names of persons or colleges mentioned in this volume the italic ti/jye has been reservetl (except where no confusion was anticipated, e.g. on pp. 140 — 142, or in a reprint) for those which belong to Oxford or some foreign seminary. w. b VI TREFACE. Though I am conscious how unworthy my work is of the Universities, to the knowledge of whose history I desire even remotely to contribute, I have endeavoured to collect in this volume some of the materials which are requisite for a faithful account of Cambridge and Oxford in the Eighteenth Century. These lay scattered and isolated, partly in memoirs and mis- cellaneous publications, and I have taken some pains to bring to light some of the secrets of University history and of literary lore which have lain dormant in manuscripts, known perhaps to a few, and read, it may be, by fewer. The Table of Contents and the Index will enable the curious to use the volume as a book of reference. The following method of arrangement has been adopted : Six chapters (it — vii) are devoted to the history and method of the old Cambridge test and examination for the first degree in Arts, and of mathematics, the study predomi- nant ; after which a place is given (ch. viii) to the ' trivials * (grammar, logic and rhetoric), which under the more ancient regime led the undergraduate on his four years' march. Classics and Moral Philosophy, the subsidiary studies of the old Tripos (X, xi), close this portion of the work. The elements of professional education are next considered, viz. Law (ch. Xi), with which Oxford has taught us to associate modern history, thereby encouraging us to give a place to the complete equipment of a man of the world (xii). Oriental Studies (xiii) supply so much of the special edu- cation of a Divine as can be well divorced from the topic of Religious Life, which is not here under our consideration. The elementary methods of the Physician's education are described in five chapters (xiv — xviii) on physics, anatomy, chemistry, mineralogy and botany. PREFACE. VU Special qualification for the second degree in Arts, though barely recognized at Cambridge, was more fully developed at Oxford (xix) ; but its antient ' qiiadrivial' subjects were cither neglected, studied independently as music (xx), or anticipated in the course of astronomy, &c. (xxi). The concluding chapter (xxii) is miscellaneous and sup- plementary ; while the nine Appendices contain documents relating chiefly to old courses and schemes of study, methods of examination and disputations, honorary degrees, Cambridge University Calendars, and the University Press. A collection of undergraduates' letters will probably interest several readers as they have beguiled me in transcribing them. In producing the present publication I have been enabled, by the generosity of the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, to complete the second of three works on University Life and Studies in England daring the Eighteenth Century, which Avere announced in the Preface to a book on Social Life, published by Messrs Deighton, Bell and Co. in 1874, in compliance with the provision for the Le Bas Essay prize. That the day is not far distant when the materials which I have collected and published already will be worked up and turned to good account by one Avho is well qualified for the task, I have good reason to hope. For the present I will record my thanks to the Kev, Pro- fessor John E. B. Mayor of S. John's, and to Mr H. Jackson of Trinity, who with great patience and kindness have suggested improvements and corrections while the sheets have been pass- ing through the press: to Mr H. Bradshaw of King's, the University Librarian, and to the past and present Librarians of Gonville and Caius College ; to the Rev. H. R. Liuard, the University Registrary, to Professor T. WK. Hughes, Mr J. yui PREFACE. W. L. Glaislier, and tlic Rev. Ri. Apploton of Trinity, to the Rev. T. G. Bonney of S. John's, to Mr R. L. Bensly of Gon- ville and Caius, and to Mr J. D. Hamilton Dickson and the Rev. Arthur Lloyd of Peterhouse, as well as to the Rev. Pro- fessor J. R. T. Eaton of Merton, the Rev. Professor T. Fowler of Lincoln, and the Worshipful Walter G. F. Phillimore of All Souls College, Oxon., for criticizing or supplementing certain sections or passages ; to the Rev. H. G. Jebb, rector of Chet- wynd, and to Mr F. Madan, fellow of Brasenose College, as well as to Professor John E. B. Mayor, the Rev. W. G. Searle of Queens', and Mr J. W. Clark of Trinity, for their liberality in communicating papers or MS. collections in their possession. My obligations to books are, I hope, sufficiently expressed in the text and notes of this work, unless it be to Mr Thompson Cooper's New Biographical Dictionary (1873), a work of most agreeable comprehensiveness. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VXCE I. General Introduction 1 — 15 Libraries. Uffenbach 3 College Lectures . 11 Gibbon and Gentlemen-commoners ... 15 IL The Tripos, name and thing 16 — 21 III. The Sophs' Schools before 1765 .... 22—31 A. de la Piyme 23 Ei. Langliton, Byrom ...... 25 Dr Paris and Anstey ...... 26 Cumberland, Chafin, and Fenn . , , . 27 — 31 IV. Acts and Opponencies after 1772 32 — 43 Scholastic latinity 40 — -13 V. The Senate-House 44r— 58 VI. The Admission of Questionists. Huddling - . 59 — 63 VII. The Mathematicks 64—81 Introduction of Newton ..... 65 Clarke, Whiston, Nic. Saunderson, Ei. Laughton, &c., Waring, &c 67—71 Anti-Newtonianism 69 Oxford opinion 71, 72 The limits of reading 73—77 Mathematical Test-books 78—81 VIII. The Trivial Arts 82-89 Grammar 83, 84 Logick 84—87 Ehetorick 87—89 IX. Humanity 90-119 Foreign Classical Scholars and Reviews, Kuster, Euhn- ken, Wyttenbach, &c 92—119 English Magazines 96—98 X CONTENTS. CHAI'TEB PA02 Frankfort-on-Oder Jubilee 98, 99 Publick-Scbools, Wixichester and Westminster, Vin- cent Bourne, latin verse ..... 100 — 104 Quantity and Pronunciation ..... 10.5 — 109 I'orson and Greek verse ..... 112 — 115 Aristotle, Xenopbou, Cicero, Greek Plays, &c. . . 116 Lack of Examination in Greek .... 110, 117 Classical books at the end of the century . . . 118, 119 X. Morals and Casuistry 120 — 134 Text-books 121, 122 A Short and Easy Way at Oxford . . . 123 Aristotle and Descartes ...... 124 Locke's Essay ....... 12G Paley, and Philosophical Essays .... 128 Text-books 129—132 Casuistiy 132—184 XL LawI 135—146 Canon 135—138 Civil 139—142 Common (and Civil) 142 — 145 International 146 XII. Modern Studies 147—161 History . • . . . . - . . , 147 The King's Modem Professors and Scholars . . 148 — 152 Political Philosophy and Economy . . . 151, 152 Modern Languages ....... 153 Travellers and Travelling Studentships . . 154—156 Wits and Poets 156 — 158 Antiquaries ........ 158 Saxonists 159—161 XIII. Oriental Studies ^ 162—170 at Cambridge 103—167 at Oxford 107—170 XIV. PnvsiCK^ . 171—181 XV. Anatomy 182—186 XVI. Chemistry 187 — 195 XVn. Geology and Mineralogy 196 — 201 Ballad on E. D. Clarke . ..... 199—201 1 See also pp. 264, 265. - - See pp. 266—268. 3 Sf>f> nlsr> 11 9.0 J. Sec also p. 204. CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XVin. Botany: at Oxford List of PuhUcatioiis at Cambridge List of Publications XIX, XX. The Degree of M.A ' . The Oxford Course ..... The M.A. Examination — Statute Vioesimus Knox on the Oxford Course . [Prof.] Conington's sagacious remarks on Oxford Cambridge and MrsicK ...... Graduate Anthem- Writers Ballad on Ld. Sandwich's Concert XXI. Astronomy Cambridge Text-books, cir. 1730 List of Mathematical Publications (1731- -1800) XXII. Conclusion Work at Oxford, and Cambridge (cir. 1793) Hard reading ...... The Tutorial System .... Suspicions of Partiality .... Private Tutors. Tutorial Fees Professorships, Privileges and Disabilities . SupiJlementary notes to chapters xi, xiv (Law and Physick) and XIII (Orientalists) PAGE 202-212 203—206 206, 207 207—212 208, 209 213-234 215—221 222 227 228—233 233, 234 235-240 237, 238 238—240 241-251 248, 249 249—251 252-270 253 — 256 257, 258 259 260, 261 261, 262 262, 263 264, 265 266—268 APPENDICES. i. Kelliquiae Comitiales ex codd. Caiensibus ms.tis . 273—288 Duporti Praevaricatio desiderata. 1631.1 ^ , _ 273 — 286 Shcphcardi Musica Praelectio, Terrae-Filius, et Philo- sophus Kespondens Raleigh. Oxon. 1615 . 287, 288 ii. Letters from Persons in Statu Pupillari at Cambridge 170^-1791 289—329 W. Eeneu (Jes.) to J. Strype, &c. . . . 290—312 T. Goodwin & T. Hinckesman (Trin.) to S. Jebb 312, 315, 318, 319 J. Hinckesman (Queens') to S. Jebb . . 313, 314, 316—318 W. Gooch (Caius), Letters, accounts, &'C. . . . 319—329 1 The ground or excuse for printing this 17th century document iu the present collection will bo found stated below on p. 273, XU CONTENTS. APPENDIX PAOK iii. A Stubknt's Guide 1706—1710 330—337 * Advico to a young Student' [l)y D. Watcrland (Magd.)]^ iv. 'E7Ki'/c\o7rat5e/a, or A Method of lustmcting Pui^ilB, 1707, by Dr Eo. Green of Clare Hall . . . 338—342 V. Trinity College Examinations 343 — 351 for Fellowships 343—310 Scholarships 346, 3-47 Directions for Study for T. Zouch (17;"5r)) . . 347, 348 Esaminatiou Paper for Fellowships (1797) . . 348, 349 Freshmen (1799) . . . 350, 351 vL St John's College Examinations (1765—1775) . . 352—356 Old Examination Paper from a MS. in Gonville and Caius Coll. Library 357 vii. Antiquities of the Tkipos Lists and Calendaes . 358 — 367 Proctors' Optimes, Honorary and ^grotat Degrees . 358 — 362 A Junior Proctor's Paper (1752) .... 363, 364 Notes on the earliest Cambridge Calendars . . 364 — 365 Cover of the Calendar for 1802 .... 366 A few peculiarities of later editions .... 367 viii. Antiquities of the Schools from MSS. in Gonville and Caius Coll. (1772—1792) 368—376 Specimens of the Arguments at the Acts . . 369 — 374 Names of Disputants '. 374, 375 Theses or Questions 375, 376 is. Annals of the Cambridge Press 377 — 393 Chronological List of Classical and other works produced from the Universities (1701 — 1800) . 394 — 417 Index 418—435 ^ This tract, or one with the same full title, is ascribed in Watt's Bibl. Brit, 985 i. to W. Wotton, D.D., author of Reflexions on Antient and Modern Learn- ing, who graduated B.A. at Catharine-hall in 1679, and subsequently gained a fellowship at S. John's and a prebend at Salisbury. UNIVEESITY STUDIES. CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. ' Books were there Right many, and in seeming fair. But who knows what tliereiu might be 'Twixt board and board of oaken tree ? ' The Ring given to Venus.— W. Morris. The eighteenth century is hardly far enough removed from us to be canonized among ' the good old times,' and the tradition of abuses which have been since reformed or partially reformed, is sufficiently strong an advocatus diaholi to deter us even from beatifying it. Nevertheless, if we search into its records, wx shall, I be- lieve, find no lack of interest in them, though in form (with the exception of such books as Boswell's Johnson) they are apt to be almost repulsive. Considering the two great shocks which England had .sus- tained in the preceding sixty years, the last century, or at least the reign of Queen Anne, might be said to have opened hope- fully. Politically there was not sufficient cause for either Jacobite or Whig to despair for the future ; the star of the national army and navy was in the ascendant, and our commercial prospects had markedly impi'oved even before the Revolution. The w. 1 2 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Church was improved in temporalities by the Queen, in re- spect both of her fabrics and of her poverty-stricken clergy : the Lower House of Convocation was making efforts to revive eccle- siastical discipline, and to repress immorality. The venerable Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge had originated in 1699 : a branch of it was already doing missionary work in the plantations of Maryland, and received a charter in 1701 as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Hammond and Jeremy Taylor were dead, but Lake and Ken both lived, and the works of all of them were keeping alive a secret, but a very- clear and strong, flame in the hearts of some of our men and women. In the province of literature, which more nearly concerns our present subject, matters were even more hopeful, except in the department of amusement, where Steele and Addison had not yet produced their wares as a set-off against the pernicious artificial comedy, nor had the Spectator as yet drawn the atten- tion of the public to the charms of Shakespeare and Milton. Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, destined to become a source of twofold advantage to his own university, came out in 1702 — 1^ ; while Burnet's 'romance,' as the .staunch Church- men called it, had reached its second volume. Sir Isaac Newton had published his Principia in 1687, and John Locke his Essay in 1689 : — which two works were to mould the mind of Cambridge for the coming century. John Ray had published his important works, and was alive imtil 1705, two years before the birth of Linnaeus. Robert Boyle had died at the end of 1691. Among the 'heads' at Oxford the most noted was John Mill, principal of S. Edmund Hall. To him Richard Bentley ad- dressed an Epistle in 1690, and after publishing Boyle Lectures and Dissertations on Phalaris, was installed master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Feb. 1, 1699—1700. To his activity, as much as to the writings of Newton and Locke, we may attri- bute the revival of Cambridge studies since the Revolution. When Zachary Conrad von Uffenbach visited the English Universities in the summer of 1710, few things seem to have impressed him so much as the wretched state in which most of the college libraries were kept. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 3 The great exception, it is hardly necessary to say, was the noble library of Trinity College. But even here the librarian knew little of his charge, while at the smaller colleges the condition of things was most de- plorable. In ' Tschies Colledge,' (Kdse Collegium) as his servant called the enlarged foundation of Gonville, the librarian was not to be found, and all the books that were to be seen were in a miserable attic haunted by pigeons ^ and so dusty that the German was forced to take off his ruffles^ So of the other colleges, with a few exceptions. In one he noticed that the illuminated initials had been snipt recklessly out of a manuscript of Aulus Geliius. But, alas ! ' Pembrocks- Colledge' is not the only place at Cambridge where this bar- barity has been committed ; nor is the Vatican the only library where the keeper has turned a dishonest penny by selling the paintings from tlie vellum. We can sympathize with Uflfen- bach's blunt aheat in malam crucem talis Bihliothecarius^ ! But what should we think now-a-days if Bodley's librarian employed his time as Hudson did in disturbing the readers with a noisy 'he! he! he!' or in making a profit from the sale of duplicates ? We should not then be surprised to find that the under-libra- rians, ill-paid and well-worked like master Crab and Tom Hearne, looked anxiously lest they should lose the expected 1 111 T. Baker's Act at Oxford (1704) Small blame to chapters cut down to one of the characters talks of putting four or five clergymen.' — Quarterly up his horses in the College Library at Jiev. cclix. 249, 250. In Peteihouse Balliol on that festive occasion. library the gUding &c. of some of the 2 Ulienbach, Eeisen in. 13 &c. (Ulm, initials of Fust and Schaeffer's Latin 1754). Bible (Mentz, 1462) has been scratched 3 I6id. III. 59, CO; cp. 37. 'A great and mutilated in days when even bibliographer relates with glee how by choristers were allowed free access to a present of some splendidly bound the room, which was in sad disorder modern books he obtained possession of when Uffenbach \'isited it, Aug. 7, the chief treasures of a certain cathedral 1710. One of the offenders (a fresh- library. In that library you j^et may man or a jimior sojih) has left not tm"n over volume after volume out of only his name but the date of his which the illuminations have been indenture in the burnished gold — sliced by the penknives of visitors. [Jacques] ' Spearman, 1732'. In that library you still see strata as Dr.W. Stanley, ox-masterofC.C.C.C, it were of collections — plenteous ore in printed (at Bowyer's) in 1722, at his one generation from folios to broad- own expense, a catalogue of the Parker sheets, in the next teiiuix ar()iUa. . . . MSS.whicli Nasniith improved in 1774. 1—2 4 L'NIVEII.SITV STUDIES. douceur. When such days return we may expect to see, as Uffenbach saw tliem, the country folk staring in amazement at the Bodleian 'like a cow at a new gate\' With Mr W. Dunn Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Li- hraty, Oxford before us, we cannot complain that there is lack of information about the past history of that institution. Some- thing of the same kind on a smaller scale has been contributed in behalf of the Cambridge University Library by Mr Bradshaw ; and it is to be hoped that he will not allow this to remain in so inaccessible a place as the pages of the Universitrj Gazette"^ of 18G9. In 1870 Mr Luard edited for the university a Chronological List of the Graces, Documents, &c. which concern the Library. In Isaac Casaubon's time (1613) the Bodleian collection w-as meagre, but was more conveniently open for readers than those of Paris. Its apjiearance in 1691 is described by Mrs Alicia D'Anvers in Academia : or the Humours of the university of Oxford in Burlesque Verse (pjD. 20 — 23). Its arrangement had varied little from what it was about 1675 when David Loggan sketched it for his Oxonia Illustrata, the duodecimos on the lower shelves, the folios with chains at the top^ But in the more important respect of its contents it was in Hearne's time (1714) double what it had been when Casaubon was at Oxford a century before, i. e. at the latter date its manu- scripts were 5916, and printed books 30169. Uffenbach spent about two months at Oxford in the autumn of 1710, and some of his impressions of the Bodleian have been translated by Mr Macray from the Commercium Epistolare. A no less curious account, to which I have already made allusion, is contained in his German diary*, of which professor Mayor's summary is tarrying in the press. L^ffenbach seems to have little higher opinion of 'bookseller' Hudson and Crabb than 1 Ihid. III. 88, ' wie eine Kuh ein neii the back : they were arranged in the Thor ansahen.' Cp. 157. shelves with their fore-edge outward, * Nos. IX— sv. pp. 69, 77, 85, 93, and on it was written the name or 101,109,117. class-mark. At Peterhonse a catalogue 3 Cp. the Guardian, No. lx. (1713). of each shelf was written on the oaken The hooks m libraries doA\-n to the be- panel at its end. ginuuig of last century had no titles on '' Eciscn iii. 87 — 179. GENERAL INTRODUCTIOX. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. o Hearue himself had, but he commends the latter, and notices his great share (and Crabb's) in the new catalogue which came out eventually in 1738 (2 vols.) with no mention of him whatever. Uffenbach includes all three officials in the charge of over- anxiety for fees : but it must be admitted that they were miser- ably under-paid. After the foreigner had got formal admission as a reader he made his first regular visit, which he describes after the following sort : — I asked the way to the Baroccian mss. ; Mr Crabb told me that he would bring me any ms. I re- quired ; I told him that I wished to go through the principal mss. by the catalogue and make notes of each. At last he agreed to go up with me if I would give him a good present. So I was fain to open my purse and give him a guinea. I pre- ferred giving the profit to him, diesem armen Teufel, rather than to the head-librarian Hudson ; for first I must have given him more, and next I should have seen less ; for he does not always stay to the end : whereas Mr Crahh is poking about the whole time. Next morning I wished to return to the Baroc- cian mss. ; but as IVIr Crahh was occupied with strangers and had much besides to do, I turned over the register of donations. It was probably most unfortunate for the library that Hearne, its most devoted worker, was' excluded on some paltry charge of Jacobitism in 1715. Between 1730 and 1740 we learn^ that many days passed without there being a single reader in Bodley, and rarely above two books per diem were consulted, whereas about 1G48-50 the average was above a dozen. In 1787 complaints were formally lodged against the librarian for neglect and incivility by Dr T. Beddocs {Pemh.) the chemistry reader. New rules were drawn up, and matters began to improve^ about 1789. In 1794 we find the curators 1 Macray, 152. The advantage wliich Works i. 5.3). It was not until 18-29 undergi-aduates enjoyed of easy access that B.A.s were allowed to have books to the Bodleian and other libraries on out of the Cambridge hbrary, after a theii- tutors' introduction is insisted on two years' struggle for the privilege, by prof. Bentham (Divinity Leetureg, In 1833 some rules were printed re- p. 37) in 1774, and by Philalethes in lating to the admission of undergrad- answer (p. 7) to V. Knox's misstate- uates, and in 183-1 it was ordered that ments, 6 Feb. 1790. Gibbon, as a they should ring a bell before entering gentleman-commoner, had a key of the library. Magdalen hbrary in 1752 {Misc. ^ Macray 's Aniuils, 75, 152. 6 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. in consultation with tlie librarians of tlie colleges respecting scarce books*, &c. Uffenbach had visited the Cambridge public library a fort- night before he went to Oxford. In those days, when the present Catalogue-room was still the Senate-house, our col- lection of books was, as he saw it, contained in 'two mean rooms of moderate size. In the first on the left-hand side are the printed books, but very ill arranged, in utter confusion. The catalogue is only alphabetical, and lately compiled on the basis of the Bodleian catalogue. It is also local, indicating where the books are to be sought. In the second room, which is half empty, there were some more printed books, and then the MSS., of which, however, we could see nothing well, because the librarian, Dr Laughton (or as they pronounce it, Laffton), was absent; which vexed me not a little, as Dr Ferrari highly extolled his great learning and courtesy. Rara avis in Ids terris. * We met here however by accident the librarian of St Johns library, Mr Baker, a very friendly and learned man, by whose help we saw several other things ; for otherwise the maid, who had opened the door and was with us, would have been able to shew us but little.' He describes the Codex Bezse, some Anglo-Saxon MSS., which he saw, and an untidy drawer of miscellaneous coins. The under library-keeper, who was there, gave him a leaf of an imperfect codex of Josephus written with thick ink, as a curiosity to take away^ ! We cannot but look with envy upon the donation-book and enriched catalogues of the Bodleian. Although the Gough and Douce collections did not come in until the present century (1809, and 1834), yet Hi. RawUnsons (including Hearne's curious papers) was acquired in 175.5, and the (original) Godwyn collection was imported in 1770. But beside these, numerous smaller legacies, &c. came pouring in from Locke, Hody, Narcissus Marsh, South, and Grabe (1704 — 24), Tanner (173G), J. Walker (1754), and Browne Willis in 1760 : — not to mention many other less eminent donors. Mean- ' Macray's Annuls, p. 200. 70 — 75. 81. Baker, Ferrari aud Ncw- - Eiisen iii. p. 20 (prof. Mayor's come enriched St Jolin's library in version, p. 110). Also pp. 33—40, 1740, '14, '65. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 7 while Cambridge came off very poorly, wlietlier because she did not make such graceful speeches to her benefactors, or because the inexorable care with which Bodley kept the books within his walls pleased book-collectors better than the ex- cessively accommodating open-handedness' wherewith we lent, and practically gave away our treasures, — or from whatever cause, I cannot say. Since Holds worth's books in 1649 and Hackett's in 1G70 Cambridge acquired no considerable collec- tions wdth one grand exception^ and her treatment of that one was not very encouraging to future donors. In September, 1710, Sherlock received an announcement from Lord Townshend that King George I. was about to present to the University (whether out of regard to whiggish^ ration- ality or ignorance, the party wits could not agree) the valuable library of the late Bishop Moore of Ely, which he had pur- chased for GOOO guineas. This collection exceeded the number of thirty thousand volumes (including 1790 MSS.), and was more than double of the existing stock of our University Library. In the course of fifteen years a new Senate-house* was built in order to set free the present catalogue-room for the reception of this noble gift; but, as Mr Bradshaw says, it ' The convenience of our system was poraiy account is given bj' Eeneu to appreciated by the learned Oxonian, Strype in an appendix to this Tolume : Humphrey Wauley, in 1699. He testi- but it was not until a century later fies thus (Ellis' Letters of Lit. Men, that this part of the fimd was applied 289) : ' The truth is, the Cambridge to this object. It is now worth about gentlemen are extremely coiu'teous and a thousand pounds annually to the obliging, and, excepting those of Ben- library. net College [where they were bound by ^ It is curious that in 1718, the year sterner laws than the Bodleian], I can of Beutley's degradation, Philip Brooke borrow what books I please.' The in- (Joh.) the librarian was admonished convenient part of the Oxford conserva- for neglect in July and resigned under live system is much relieved by the a charge of want of loyalty in Decem- use of the 'camera,' and the liberty ber, and the V.-C.(Gooch) was inhibited which the curators now have to lend by the proctor Towers on the same out MSS. and rare books when really plea for his leniency in dealing with wanted ; while the peril attcutling our him. Cambridge liberty has been diminished * An account of expenses of building of late years by a wholesale draught- the senate-house, 17'2'2 — 32, is in Cains ing-off of the rarer books into sur- Coll. Library, MS. 621, No. 10. Also veillancc. for fm'ther completion, 1767 — 9, ibid. 2 We might mention also the Worts' MS. 601 ( = 339 red), No. 53 ; JIS. 602 benefaction (1709), of which a coutcm- ( = 278 red). No. 6 ; and MS. 621, N<\ 16. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. was ' upwards of five and thirty years before the new library was ready for use, and during that time the pillage was so unlimited that the only wonder is that we have any valuable books left.' When at last the arrangement was completed (July, 1752) the MSS. were bundled into shelves with no care or order\ though a respectable inventory was made of them. At the same period (iT-lS) no less than 902 volumes were reported as missing from the old library, so that our loss was not only from Bishop Moore's collection. Yet in that very year the new ' Orders for the publick library ' gave readers freedom of access to the books. Indeed it was not until 1809 that any special restriction was put upon the borrowing of MSS. The result was that at the review of the library in 1772 a large number of rare books were not forthcoming. Graduates were convicted of stealing books in 1731 and 1736 ; and in 1846 J. Dearie was transported for the same offence. 1 The following extracts from T. Baker's letters to J. Strype in 1715 and the following years, maybe thought interesting. Univ. Camb. MS. Add. 10, No. 95. ♦ Cambr. Oct. 6«i [1715] You see our university flourisheth, by the King's Koyall bounty. It is indeed a noble gift, I wish we may finde as noble a Eepository to lodge it in, wch is much talkt of, and I hope will be effected. In the mean while I doubt it will be some time before I can have the turn- ing of the MSS: otherwise I should hope to have somewhat to impart.' No. 96. ' Cambridge, Oct. 16. As to a new Library, I have nothing cer- tain to inform. The Law Schools have been spoke of, bi\t as there is hardly roome enough, so they that think of that, seem neither to consult the honor of the Donor, or of the uni- versity. The great design wch is Uke- wise spoke of, is a new Building to front ye present Schools on either side the Eegent walks, with an Arch in the middle. For this money is wanting, and yet if it were begun, I should hope, such a jJublic work would hartUy stick for want of encouragement! In the mean while that wing of the Library is spoke of for the MSS : in the part of wch the present MSS. are lodg'd al- ready, and the printed Books remov'd.' No. 98. (18 Feb. 1715—16.) Baker regrets that he is still unable to get at the books. No. 99. [28 June, 1716.] 'We seem to have come to a resolution, to fit up the Law Schools for the Bp of Ely's Books, but as the execution wiU be slow, so I am sure that there will want roome for a great part of them. ' No, 100. ' Cambridge, Nov. 9, 1716. ' When the Bp of Ely's Books are opened (wch I doubt they will not be in hast) I shall hope to meet with somewhat worth imparting.' No. 107. 28 Sept. 1717. 'not one book yet pi;t up ; nor one class towards receiving them, and when all is finisht will be a very unequal Eepository to so noble a gift.' And the King expected to visit Cambridge. No. 117. 8 Mar. 1717—18. 'One part ... almost finisht, tho' it will not hold much above half the Books.' GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 9 In 1766 it was agreed to print a catalogue of the printed books, but no trace even of a commencement of the work is known to exist. It was not until 1794 that Nasmith undertook to make a fuller list of the MSS. on the basis of the then existing one. About this time the library hours were from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. In 1740 vols XXIV — xlii of Baker's MSS. were acquired, and the Askew classical MSS. in 178G. Donations are recorded from Mr Worthington (1725), Archd. Lewis (1727), Duke of Newcastle (1759), King Charles III. of Spain (1764), Duke of Marlborough (1782), Earl of Hardwicke (1798), and Sir R. Worsley (1799) for small presents, such as Oxford received in abundance. From the nature of the terms of admission into the Cam- bridge library^ it is impossible to measure the use made of it at any period as was done in the case of the Bodleian, but one of the causes which probably deterred some from frequent- ing that building in the more studious months, was not wanting here. The severity of cold in winter of which Mr Macray speaks had power to dishearten even the enthusiastic Thomas Baker, whose health was not good^. It was not until 1790 and 1795 that fire-places were put into our library, and warming apparatus was recommended in 1823, and 1854 — 6. About 1797 Marshall, the library-keeper, became perfectly crippled with rheumatism, and his assistants could not stay above three years in the library, which ' was so extremely damp that few persons could pass any length of time in it with impunity^' But to return to Uffenbach's visit to England in 1710. The absence of librarians and others for the vacation at Cam- bridge obliged hiui to betake himself to other occupations, which he recounts in a no less interesting way. But even in tcrni-timo when he reached Oxford it was unfortunate that 1 In answer to K. Charles' quaere in University. If any strangers be per- Aug. 1675 the Cambridge lieatls de- mittcd the use of the Library, it is by clared that ' No University members licence given them from the V. Chau- uuder the Degree of Masters of Arts ccUor.' (Dyer Pra'. i. 370.) have admittance to the use of the " MS. Add. 10, No. 62 (19 April, publick Library, and those upon no 1712). other caution but their Matriculation » Gunning Bcminisc. Vol. ii. ch. iii. oath, taken at their admission into the 10 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. wlicu the visitor wanted to go to the Ashraolean museum, the uiider-librarian had gone off to the Oxford races {Sept. 1(S), whither Uffenbach himself went in a barge to see the ' Smoak- race\' horse races, &c. Still more must we regret that he visited the universities in the long vacation, both for the credit of the country and for the knowledge which we might have gained of the manners of the time : — for though he attended a music party and met some of the celebrities of the day at the Greek's Coffeehouse and elsewhere, yet many of the senior members of the University were not in residence ; and of undergraduate-life we hear next to nothing, and that little not from personal observation. Soon after his arrival in Cambridge, — that wretched town which he described as about the size of Hochst near Frankfurt, — Uffenbach was astonished to hear from his cicerone, the Italian Ferrari, that there were no classes or lectures {collegia) in the summer, and in winter only three or four, and those generally delivered to the walls (die sie vor die Wdnde thun). It is possible that he had heard an account of what were at Oxford actually called Wall-lectures'^ — the sex sollemnes lectiones of the statutes, ' read j^ro forma in empty school ' (1773) as a qualification for the degree of M.A., and the 'ordinaries' for D.D., which were performed in a slovenly way and to the bare walls, unless some tiresome visitor came in and shamed the student into a more serious exhibition of his proficiency. Ferrari, a foreigner, was not a good person to explain to another the manners and customs of Cambridge, which both in name and thing differed widely from those of the seminaries with which tliey were familiar. Suffice it to say that if they had made enquiry in term-time they would have found Roger Cotes of Trinity, Daniel Waterland of Magdalene, 1 Probably a smocli-race : see The twceu two ruuning footmen who wore Sconring of the White Horse (by the even less covering than the athletes of author of ' Tom Brown'), which illus- the present dnj—iraccatos, immd ne trates the sports of Thames-country. Iraccatos quidem, as an Oxford proctor Compare also Uffenbach's account of called them. the contest ' der das garstigste Gesicht ^ [BUss'] Oxoniana i. 62. Cp. Con- dazu macht' with 'grinning thi-ough sideration on the Puhlic Exercises, horse-collars.' Also Hearne's account Oxon. 1773. p. x. {Diary, 20 Sept. 1720) of a race be- GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 11 Nicholas Sanderson of Christ's, Chr. Anstey (the ekler) and J. Newcome of St John's, and I know not who beside^ with well-filled lecture-rooms in 1710. And if they failed to find in his college auditorium their friend Kichard Laughton of Clare, the popular ' iJujDil-monger,' it would be only because then, as in the preceding year, he was proctor, and in his own person (as we shall see below) fulfilling the office of moderator in the schools for the University at large, where he was en- couraging the senior sophs and questionists to adopt the New- tonian philosophy in the exercises for their bachelor's degree. I have shewn already in my University Life (pp. 83 — 87) that at the close of the eighteenth century a large number of professors at each University did not pretend to lecture. But though this was doubtless a bad state of things, and would have sounded still more deplorable to a foreigner who was ignorant of our English system of college tutors and lecturers ; still this would not prove that even at the dead time, a century after Uffcn- bach's visit, all teaching-life was extinct at our Universities. There was always a supply of coUer/e tutors who, like Tl. Laughton of Clare, fulfilled their duty scrupulousl}^, and consequently made their colleges popular with careful parents and aspiring students. Nor indeed, as I have previously shewn, was the common neglect by any means universal among the professors. In a small society it sometimes happened (as indeed it may now) that some precocious freshman^ read faster than his tutor did in lectures with the bulk of the men of his year, and in the lack of the new intercollegiate system was excused attendance. But [Waterland's] Advice to a Young Student (a thoroughly practical and popular guide, which had a ' run ' in MS. and print for at least thirty years) is only one among several witnesses which might be produced to prove that students relied upon their college tutors for initiation in each subject which they took up. Even Gibbon, when it Avas represented that he had generalized too much from his own ^ William Whiston of Clare, Lucas- autumn of that year, ian professor, published Pradcctiones - e.g. Sir J. Fcini, Caius, 1757; Sir rhysico-Mathematicaf, Cantabrigiao IJ'. Jones, Univ. 1701 ; II. Gunning, in Scholis imhlicis habitae up to that Chr. 1785. time, and was silenced only in the 12 UxXIVERSITY STUDIES. brief and deplorable experience at Magdalen College, Oxford, ■whither he went in his fifteenth year in 1752, and remained but fourteen months, diversifying that short period by 'schemes' or excursions to Bath, to Buckinghamshire, and four to London, — even Gibbon was able to mention the names of John Burton (D.D. 1752), who before his time had been a most painstaking tutor of Corpus Christi, Oxon. for fifteen years, and of Sir William Scott, M.A. 1767 (afterwards Camden Reader of History, and celebrated as a judge under the name of Lord Stowell), who after his time migrating from Corpus Christi became a good and popular tutor at University College, Oxon. One of his own tutors at Magdalen (for Gibbon had the misfortune to change his instructor) was T, Waldgrave or Waldegrave (D.D. 1747), whom he describes as 'a good, sober man, but indolent ;' and who frequently walked with his pupil to the top of Heddington-hill and ' freely conversed on a variety of subjects ^' though the lad was pleased to neglect his Terence lectures which others attended for an hour every morning. In Gibbon's second term his tutor went out of residence and was succeeded by a careless man as it appears. But at that very time George Home was a fellow of the college ; about the time Gibbon should have taken his degree Hi. Chandler, learned in inscriptions, came into residence, and at least two years before he wrote his ' Autobiography ^ ' Martin Joseph Routh had edited the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato, and was already deep in theological research. Forty years earlier E. Holdsworth, a Wykehamist well versed in Virgil, had been a successful tutor at Magdalen (1711-15) until he chose rather to leave his demyship and the certainty of a fellowship than to take the oaths of allegiance \ But, as we see, Gibbon had generalized unduly from the condition of the ' monks of Magdalen ' (where no ' commoners ' were admitted) in 1752 to the normal condition of that and all ' the other colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.' In answer 1 HaiT he known his former pupil's - Gibbon seems to have commenced theological difficulties, Waldegrave his ' Autobiography ' after he went to would in 1753 have striven to dispel Lausanne in 1782. It was published them. (See Gibbon's Misc. Works, posthumously by Ld Sheffield in 1796. Vol. II. Letter xi.) ^ Nichols' Lit. Anccd. iii. 67 n. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 13 to this assumption Dr Parr in note 84< to his Spital Sermon (Easter Tuesday 1800)^ has merely to array, with occasional comments, some three hundred and fifty names of eminent men of letters and science who had resided in the universities in his own time. The following list of certain subjects on which there were lectures at different periods in the colleges is taken at random from biographies &c., and is of course a mere specimen. 1710. St Johns, Camb., for freshmen, M. Hierocles*, Tu., Th., Sat., Logic. In a later term, Algebra : for junior sophs. Ethics : senior sophs, Tacquet's Euclid^, Rohault's Physics. 1737. St Johns, Camb, Logic. 1738. Ch. Ck Oxon. Puffendorf. 1747. Trin. Coll. Camb. Cicero de Officiis. 1752. Magd, Oxon. Terence for freshmen daily. 1755. Trin. Coll. Camb. Puffendorf, Clarke on the Attributes, Locke, Duncan's Logic. Daily early lectures in hall, with a weekly viva voce examination conducted in Latin. 1766. Trinity Hall, Camb, Cicero de Officiis. 1767, Peterhouse, Camb. Newton's Principia, Greek Testa- ment. 1770*. Christ's Coll., Camb. Classics and Locke alternate mornings. Two evenings, Greek Testament, one a Greek or Latin book. 1772. Jesus, Camb. Algebra, and Duncan's Logic, These, 1 Sydney Smith in tlie 1st no. of ' Cambridge editions of Tacqnct's the EfZiJitiir^/i JicriVu' compared Parr's Euclid in 1702 — 3, 1710, by Winston sermon, with its abnormal notes, to (then Lucasian professor), with select the wig which its author wore : — 'while Theorems of Archimedes and practical it trespasses little on the orthodox corollaries. magnitude of perukes in the anterior ■* This date and place are conjectural parts, it scorns even episcopal limits —from the Monthly Mafjazine, 17'.(7, behind, and swells out into boundless i. p. 3G0 a. For the year 1772 one convexity of frizz, the fi^ya Oav/xa of authority mentions only two subjects barbers, and the terror of the literary at Jesus Coll., another mentions three •vyorld.' others as well, and that for freshmen ^ i. e. the work of Hierocles the only ; which shews that wo must not Neo-Platonist, edited by P. Needham, take the rest of my list as exhaustive. Camb. 170i). 14 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. with classical books, Euclid and Arithmetic, were the freshmen's lectures at all colleges, the Logic, however, not being universally taught. 1780. Cath. Hall, Camb. Moral Philosophy. 1785. Christ's Coll., Camb. Euclid, I — VI., Maclaurin's Al- gebra, Classics, Locke, Moral Philosophy, Grotius and Logic and (?) Chemistry. (Gunning's Reminisc, 1. 11.) 1793. Trinity College, Camb. A junior soph, Euclid, XI. It will be observed that our first and fullest list (Ambrose Bonwicke's at St John's, in 1710-13), just coincides with the time of which Uffeubach conceived so gloomy an impression. A glance at Waterland's Scheme, which will be found in the second appendix to this present volume, will give us a still clearer and more encoui'aging view of Cambridge College- lectures between 1710 and 1740. I have mentioned the weekly examination at Trinity, con- ducted in the Latin language. Yearly college examinations were the exception in that century, but some account of those established at St John's, Cambridge, in Dr Powell's days, will be found in another appendix. Under Dr Postlethwaite yearly examinations of freshmen and junior sophs were instituted at Trinity in 1790. Bp Monk, when head-lecturer in 1818, extended the college examination to students of the third year\ We find, moreover, that throughout the century can- didates for degrees were examined sometimes nominally, some- times thoroughly, by the fellows of their own colleges before they were allowed to pass to the public examination of the schools or senate-house. Examples of college tutors examining their pupils privately to see whether they made proper progress are not wanting^. One of Gibbon's reflexions on his experience of Magd. Coll., Oxon. in 1752, is — *A tradition prevailed that some of our predecessors had spoken Latin declamations in the hall; but of 1 Life ofBcnUey, ii. 42i. the Deau once a week a Latin theme' 2 Gimniug Eeminisc. i. ch. i. In besides their lectures. This was just chapter ii. the same author says it two years before Gibbon ^rrote his 'Au- was the custom of his college (Christ's) tobiography. ' 'for the undergraduates to send in to GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 15 this ancient custom no vestige remained : the obvious methods of public exercises and examinations were totally unknown.' If he referred to the order of gentlemen-commoners alone, we may make repl}^ as Evelyn testifies (anno 1G37), that at Balliol they ' were no more exempted from exercise than the meanest Scholars there ' and Erasmus Phillips of Pembroke, nearer* his own time, had in 1721 to take an eSsay to the Master, and to declaim in hall. But it is also true that in 1774 (fourteen years before Gibbon's Memoir was written) the fellow- commoners of St John's, Cambridge, were obliged to attend the examination : — in 1790, in all the colleges of Oxford, a more rigorous discipline was enforced upon noblemen and gentlemen-commoners than the amendments of V. Knox pro- posed, and in several the heirs of the first families of the king- dom submitted to the same exercises and the same severity of discipline with the lowest members of the society. In 1802, S. M. Phillipps, a fellow-commoner of Sidney, was 8th wranglerj__^ Nevertheless, it must be admitted that even in later times, students of this rank were in some instances allowed to be idle or even encouraged in idleness. Indeed, the university as dis- tinct from their college examinations appear scarcely to have reached them, and it is even asserted that Felix Vaughan, of Jesus College (who was also a good classical scholar), Avas the first fellow-commoner whose name appeared on the tripos. He was eleventh senior optime in 1790, being two places below John Tweddell. James Scarlett (Lord Abinger, Exchequer Baron) of Trinity, who took his degree in that same year, though not in honours, is said by Peacock [Statutes, p. 71 n.) to have been the first fellow-commoner who in later times appeared in the schools. In 1750 however Gray mentions (Letter to Wharton, iii. 78) the election to a fellowship at Pembroke, Camb., of E. Delaval, a fellow-commoner ' who has taken a degree in an exemplary manner, and is very sensible and knowing.' Also T. Gisborne, fellow-commoner of St John's, B.A. 1780, was sixth wrangler and senior medallist. But if Gibbon's remarks related to all ranks of students impartially, the following pages must serve to limit the scope of his censure. CHAPTER II. THE TRIPOS. 'Cry you mercy, I took you for a joint-stool.' K, Lear, Act iii. So. 6. Before entering upon the details of the university exercises and examinations, we ought to tr}' to divest ourselves of a modern opinion, that study exists for examinations rather than examinations for study. Indeed, to apply the measure of their prevalence and efficiency to the education of past generations, would be to commit an anachronism. We might look in vain for any public examination to justify the learning and research which in the seventeenth century made English students famous : — whose efforts were fostered, rather by the encouragement of tutors and friends, than by the disputations in the schools. Examinations in our modern ac- ceptation there were none. As books became cheaper, the quicker and the more diligent students discovered that they could acquire knowledge for themselves where previous gene- rations had been dependent on the oral teaching. Then arose the necessity of examination, and as this has come to be more scientifically conducted, and its results to be more public, and at last in a sense marketable, there has been a fresh demand for oral instruction. Again, the increased use of paper and of printing^ which has ^ There was a paper duty in Eng- cal part of the senate-house exaruina- land from 1694 to 1861 (Haydn, Diet. tion was demonstrated on paper by of Dates). About 1770 the mathemati- the candidates, hut the questions v.ere THE TRIPOS. 17 done much to improve and facilitate the art of examining, has in a great measure changed the character of the tripos itself. The Cambridge tripos is a development of the eighteenth century, and its growth may be fairly taken as a sign of tlie vitality of Cambridge. The ground in which it was nursed was the new senate- ho,use, which was in course of preparation in the 3'ears 1722-30. The name of 'the mathematical tripos' was indeed unknown: for not only was it not exclusively mathematical until the intro- duction of the Previous Examination, nor was it called so until there was a classical tripos from which to distinguish it ; but the very name of tripos by no means implied an examination. The history of its name is scarcely less remarkable than the development of the examination to which in process of time it came to be applied. In the ceremonies which were performed on Ash- Wednesday, in the middle of the sixteenth century, at the admission of questiouists to be bachelors of arts, an important function was executed by a certain ' ould bachilour ' who was appointed as first champion on the side of the examining and honour-holding university. He had to ' sit upon a stoole before Mr Proctours ' and to dispute first wath the ' eldest son ' (the foremost of the questiouists) and afterwards with * the father ' (a graduate representing the paternal or tutorial piety of the hall or college coming to the rescue of the young combatant) on the two questions thrown down as a challenge by the eldest son. At this i^eriod, the only ' tripos ' was the three-legged stool. When we next catch full sight of these proceedings a century later, soon after the Restoration of K. Charles II., we find the ' ould bachilour,' if not recognised already as a licensed bufibon, yet needing to be exhorted by the Senior Proctor ' to be witty but modest withall.' Whether it was the contempt for cere- monies which was rife in England in the Reformation period, or the example of the royal patron of Ignoramus (who would, dictated orally by the moderator wbo the year 1801 the problem papers (but sat at a table with them. At certain not the other questious) began to be times they were engaged by themselves printed. I do not remember to have with a problem paper, of which they seen one above eighty years old. must have obtained a MS. copy. Before w. 2 I'S UNIVERSITY STUDIES. it may be supposed, have thoroughly cujoyed the incongruities ot a noisy Couimcmoration), or from these and other influences, the university Quadragesimal ceremonies, though not entirely stript of their religious character, (private prayer being sub- stituted for Mass and the de profundis,) had lost their dignity. We find in the second year of K. Charles I. (May, 1626) the Heads' protesting against this degoneracy. Not only had the ' eldest son ' or questianist, whom we may consider as the prin- cipal, handed over the conduct of his ease to the 'father' whose client he was, but the serious exposition of the argument on the part of the university had now, by custom, fallen into the hands of the first and second regent Master of Arts, while ' the bachelor,' their junior counsel, was apt, in spite of the protests of disciplinarians, to open the case against the petitioner in a speech more remarkable for personalities than for artisprudence. For upwards of a century we find the university authorities scandalized by this functionary and falling foul of him. Ac- cordingly there was some appropriateness in the change of language which (apparently some time betAveen 1560 and 1620) recognised him no longer as the * old bachelor answering ' but as ' the tripos^ ' (or ' Mr Tripos ' quasi dicerent ' Mr Three-legged stool') according to the figure whereby important personages are sometimes referred to as 'the Chair,' 'the Woolsack,' or 'the Bench.' We find the name Tripos or Tripus applied to the B.A. speaking at the ' prior ' and ' latter ' acts of Comitia Minora or Bachelors' Commencement, both colloquially and in academical documents, for a period of more than a century^ Possibly ' Cooper, Annals, iii. 185, says Mr Leslie Stephen has pointed out) 8th May. — Dyer, Prij'i?. i. 293, gives was 'tripos' at the later act, 'in the date as 1^ Mai. comitiis posterioribus' of the Bache- " When wi-iting CHji;. Z/ft', p. 41?i.l, lors' Commencement— only he seems I was inclined to think that in Hearne's to have been something more than an day Tryjos had come to be used as an ould bachilour — a yoiuig M.A. J. equivalent for Praevarlcator or Varier, Byrom, who mentions the degi-adatiou the corresponding of disputant of the of 'one Law,' a M.A. and fellow of Major Commencement. A comparison Emmanuel, to be a soph, says that his with p. 231 in that volume makes me speech was ' at the Trypos.' conclude that this was no exception to 3 g^gj.^ jgoo, 1626, 1665, 1607, 1702, the ordinary distinction of the terms, 1740. See references in Univ. Life, but that Mr Law or Lawes (no other pp. 218, 220, 228—231. than the author of the Serious Call, as THE TRIPOS. 19 because of the capabilities wliich it afforded for puus and allusions classical to the Delphic Oracle, mathematical to tri- laterals, and personal to any one who in some way or another could be likened to the fylfot which quocumque ieceris stahit. But this use of the title was not destined to continue. In the course of the period (a hundred and twenty years or more) which has been indicated as assigning the name Tripos to a personage, we find frequent references to the humorous orations delivered in the schools by those who filled this office. These at first were known as Tripos- Speeches (1713, 1740), but in pro- cess of time shared, if they did not finally appropriate, their composers' title. When it was that Mr Tripos ceased to take part in the argu- ments of the Sojihs' schools I cannot exactly determine. I should conjecture that the custom was not allowed long to sur- vive the opening of the senate-house in 1730 and the improve- ment which took place in university examination between that date and 1750. For many years it had been usual to circulate copies of Latin verses {carmina comitialia^) bearing reference to the formal 'questions' under disputation. Among other dis- putants the two Messieurs Tripos of the year were expected to produce each his two sets, which composition custom has con- tinued ; and at the present time these verses (still known as Tripos-verses, though the writer is never called the Tripos) are the only rcliques of the disputations which, so far as the Arts faculty is concerned, have been entirely superseded by the Pre- vious Examination and improved examination for the degree. These papers of verses about the middle of the last century afforded the single opportunity still conceded to the Triposes for giving vent to their wit and humour, and these broadsheets came (like the speeches of their predecessors) to usurp the title of their composers. About the year 1747-8 the moderators began the custom of printing honour-lists on the back of the two yearly triposes {i. e. sheets of tripos- verses) so that instead of the first Mr Tripos and his speech upon one of two questions at the former Act on Ash- Wednesday, and a second Mr Tripos and his speech more or less humorous upon one of two other questions at the latter Act ^ Such verses were publislied as early as the lOtli century. 2—2 20 ITNIVRRSITY STUDIRS. of the Bachelors' Commencement in Lent, there were, in the middle of the last century and subse([iiently, two sets of Latin verses more or less humorous, composed by two nominees of the Proctors, upon two questions, and at the back a list of Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur semoritas Comitiis Priorihus who had done more than satisfij the moderators by their dis- putations in the schools during the previous year and in their subsequent examination, viva voce and on paper, in the senate- house. Their names in the year 1753 and subsecjucntly were further distinguished as ' wranglers ' and ' senior optimes.' Se- condly two other sets of verses^ backed by a list of Baccalaurei quihus sua reservatur senioritas Comitiis Posteriorihus or junior optimes and ol iroXkoi. Since 1859 the two papers (prior and posterior) have been combined ; and the lists (known as tripos- lists) are circulated entire at the June Commencement. Such interest as is now attached to them belongs rather to the verses than to the lists of the several triposes (for the name has now at last come to signify degree examinations) which have been circulated already severally. But in times when there was but one examination in the Arts faculty (viz. before the classical tripos was established in 1824, distinct from or rather in ad- dition to the mathematical and philosophical senate-house examination) the honour-list printed with the verses on the paper must have been a more precious document ; and in com- mon parlance an honour-man's name was said to stand in such and such a place in the tripos of the year, i.e. upon the back of the tripos-verses. And lastly, as the honour-list was considered as representing the examination itself, so the name has come ^ It was customary, at least about ■written audacious tripos-verses in the the close of the last century, for the previous year,heing judged first). Gun- classical medallists to make Latin ning, Reminisc. i. vii. (cp. ii. iii.) says speeches or declamations in the law ' on the first Tripos day.' This I school after the distribution of verses think must be an oversight, for accord- on the second tripos day. They may iug to his own edition of WalVs Cere- have had some licence of speech given mojiies, pp. 86, 90, the candidates for them as Mr Tripos had in earUer days. the Chancellor's Medals sent in their At all events, in 1790 Tweddell took names the day after the first tripos, that occasion to reflect upon the medals and the successful ones declaimed on examination, in which he was only the second tripos day. second medallist (Wraugham, who had THE TRIPOS. 21 in the last stage to be transferred^ from tlie list to the exami- nation, the result of which is published in that list. Thus step by step we have traced the word TRIPOS passing in signification Proteus-like from a thing of wood {plim truncus) to a man, from a man to a speech, from a speech to two sets of verses, from verses to a sheet of coarse foolscap-paper, from a paper to a list of names, and from a list of names to a system of examination. 1 However, as early as 1713 J. By- when speaking of Law's Jacobite speech rom of Trinity applies the term to an he says it was delivered ' at the Trypos, occasion and not to ai^rson or paper, a pTihlic meeting of the university.' CHAPTER III. THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 'Bona noua, Mater Academia, bona noua.' Bedell Buck's Book (16G5). In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many students may have got their first degree in Arts with little examination or none at alV. Each was called upon to answer one question in ' Aristotle's Priorums ' and to be able to walk through the Re- spondent's Stall! In 1555 and 1665 we read of all candidates being required to keep the Lenten exercise of ' sitting in xl™^ ' (quadragesima), which ceremony is also described in D'Eiues^ diary (1619), p. 67. 'It was the custom for the Bachelor com- mencers to sit in the Schools during the whole of Lent, "except they bought it out," and to defend themselves against all oppo- nents.' But it must have depended entirely upon the Regents whether any student was called upon to dispute ; and the argu- guments and questions which ivere uttered seem to have been often frivolous and undignified. At Oxford the proceeding seems to have been conducted in a still more unseemly manner. Just before Laud's cancellariate a number of 'necessary regents' in addition to the ' masters of the schools ' had to be called in to aid the proctors in quelling the fights and in checking the potations and lounging which disgraced the schools of that university ^ ^ Some account of the early process eloquent exposition in Lis Terence) for degrees is given in my Univ. Life, Lave not been used since 1843. pp. 209, 213, 214, 217, 219. The in- ^ See Oxford Univ. Commission Ee- Kignia doctoralia (in spite of Bentlej-'s port (1852), p. 57. THE sophs' schools IN THE KUILY PART OF THE CENTURY. 23 From tLe answers of Heads and Presidents, Aug. 9, 1675, to the enquiries sent by Monmouth the Chancellor on the King's command, it appears that it was then possible to receive a degree after putting in 'cautions for the performance' of the statutable exercises, and then forfeiting the payment, and that this was not seldom done at Cambridge \ One very curious thing which we must notice is, that the 'acts' in the 'Schools' as distinct from the examination in the senate-house were by no means exclusively mathematical In Puritan times^ the mathematics were, comparatively speaking, neglected at Cambridge (though Ptolemy, Apollouius' Conies and Euclid were generally read), and in the latter half of the following century, after the mathematical revivals about 1645 and 1708, metaphysical and moral questions began to monopolize the ' Schools.' The year 1680 brought one of the most important inno- vations, viz., the appointment of moderators. Up to that time the proctors had presided in the sophs' schools ex officio. Thus provision was made that the disputations should be conducted by persons chosen especially for their scientific qualifications and judgment. The advantage of the new office seems to have been at once recognised, for in 1684 the moderators were appointed to take a prominent part in the examination of those who had passed through their disputations^. An account of the ordeal passed by a candidate for the B.A. degree at the close of the seventeenth century is given in the Diary of Abraham de la Prymc. A summary of this is given in the Autobiuctrapliic BecoUections (p. 55) of his de- scendant. Professor G. Pry me. The following fuller and more accurate edition was put forth by the professor's son Charles de la Pryme for the Surtees Society, 1869 — 70, vol. 54. p. 32. '1694. January. Tliis month it was that we sat for our degree of bachelors of arts. We sat three days in the colledge [St John's] and were examin'd by two fellows thereof in retorick, logicks, ethicks, physicks, and astronomy ; then we were sent to the publick schools, then to be examined again three more days 1 Dyer, Priril. i. 369. Acidi'minrinn, 1654, c. 8. 2 Seth Ward (Sid. Camh.; Prof. ^^ See Monk's 7>VH//cy, i. p. 11. Savil, Pros. Trin. Oxon.) ]'tiuUclae 24 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. l)y nny one that would. Then when the day came of our being cap'd by the Vice-Chancellur, wee were all call'd up in our soph's yowns and our new square caps and lamb-skin hoods on. [Till 1769 undergraduates wore round caps.] There we were presented, four by four, by our father to the Vice-Chancellor, saying out a sort of formal presentation speech to him. Then we had the oaths of the dutys we are to observe in the univer- sity read to us, as also that relating to the Articles of the Church of England, and another of allegiance, Avhich we all swore to. Then we every one register'd our own names in the university book, and after that one by one, we kneel'd down before the Yice-Chancellor's knees, and he took hold of both our hands with his saying to this effect, " Admitto te," &c. " I admitt you to be batchellour of arts, upon condition that you answer to your questions ; rise and give God thanks." Upon that as he has done with them one by one they rise up, and, going to a long table hard by, kneel down there and says some short prayer or other as they please \ 'About six days after this (which is the end of that day's work, we being now almost batchellors) we go all of us to the schools, there to answer to our questions, which our father always tells us what we shall answer before we come there, for fear of his putting us to a stand, so that he must be either necessitated to stop us of our degrees, or else punish us a good round summ of monny. But we all of us answei^'d without any hesitation ; we were just thirty-three of us, and then having made us an excellent speech, he (I mean our father) walk'd home before us in triumph, so that now wee are become com- pleat battchellors, praised be God ! ' I observed that all these papers of statutes were thus im- perfect at bottom, which makes one believe that they were very much infected with Jacobitism.' (This refers I suppose to the forms of the Oath of Allegiance.) 1 Each having done 'his obeisance side of the Senate-Honse (TTaU—Gun- to Mr V. C kneels at the upper table 7nng 1828, p. 78). Buck mentions that and 'giveth God thanks in his Private ' they which are admitted ad practi- Prayers &c.' Bedell Buck's Book IGGiy. candum in 3Iedieina vel CMrurgia do Perhaps this was the origin of the never kneel at the Table; neither do ceremony of the Esquire Bedells di- they which are incorporated.' reding the questioniits to the South THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 25 It was Bentley's boast^ that about 1708-10 by the example of Trinity College, ' the whole youth of the University took a new spring of inJustry...mathematicks was brought to that height that the questions disputed in the. Schools were quite of another set than were ever heard there before.' Of the good part taken by Ri, Laughton, Whiston and Nic. Sanderson, in adding life to the mathematical teaching and exercises in our university, we shall have occasion to speak hereafter. It was at this period that John Byrom, scholar of Trinity, was looking forward to 'change this tattered blue gown for a black one and a lambskin, and have the honourable title of Bachelor of Arts.' Previous to that time he had read Plutarch, Locke's Essay, Grew's Cosmologia Sacra (prescribed by his father as an antidote), Ray's JVisdom of God in the Creation, Whear's Method of Reading Histories, his tutor's ms. Chronology, lectures in Geometry, the Tatler, Bntish Apollo, and had composed themes, and declamations, besides reading French, Italian, Spanish and Hebrew. Writing from Cam- l)ridge to John Stansfield, 21 Dec. 1711, he had previously been 'busy in preparing to defend my questions, though I might have spared my pains; for my first opponent was a sottish and the second a beauish fellow, neither of them con- jurers at disputing ; the third lad put me to my defence a little more tightly, but urged nothing that was unanswerable ; so I came off very gloriously, though I wish I had had better antagonists, for I think I could have maintained those ques- tions well enough. I most of all mistrusted my want of courage to speak before such a mixed assembly of lads. Bache- lors, Masters of Arts, &c., but I was well enough when once up. When I came down I was overjoyed that I had done the last of my school exercises in order to my degree.' A Trinity man had been stopped that week for insufficiency ^ Three or four years later the royal addition to our Univer- sity Library led to a rearrangement of our public buildings, and it is very likely that the temporary disestablishment of the ' Ri. Bentley to T. Batcman, Xt.mas = Chrtham Soc. 1854, pp. 15—17. Pay [1712]. Corrcsp, no. CLWi. p. H'J. Byrom's Memoirs, i. 26 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. old scnato-liouse and Pbysick, Law and Greek schools may have contributed to the degeneracy and disorder of the acade- mical proceedings for the B.A. degree between 171 •"> and 1730. In July of the latter year the present senate-house was inau- gurated, and in December of the following year an attempt was made by Dr Mawson, V.-C, to improve the exercises of the sophs and questionists which had grown disorderly and irre- gular, partly (it may be) through the perpetuation in 1721 of a grace which had been passed on an emergency in 1684, whereby the examinations, declamations, &c. were not held at one regular time for all. The publication of Johnson's Quaestiones points also to some temporary revival about 1730. In 1739, which, to judge from Gray's Cor7'espondence, might be considered as the midst of one of the dark ages of Cam- bridge, in the decline of Bentley and Baker, there was light enough for some to see the need of revising or reviving the oath taken at degreesS On Feb. 25, 1747-8, the form, in- volving a declaration on the part of the candidate, that accord- ing to the best of his knowledge he had performed the sta- tutable and customary exercises, was adopted ^ It is from this time that the honour-lists printed in the Gamb. Univ. Calendar date, Dr Paris (who had been on the Oaths' Syndicate of 1739) was now Vice-chancellor, and exerted his influence to revive some of the exercises which had been disused for several years. Among these were the declamations to be made by bachelors for the degree of M.A. This revival was unpopu- lar with the bachelors ; and Chr. Anstey, junior, a fellow of King's, afterwards author of the New Bath Guide, took occasion to ridicule the authorities in two Latin declamations^, April and June, 1748, which provoked his suspension. A few months later the Duke of Newcastle was elected Chancellor of Cambridge, and it appears from the ephemeral literature which sprang up about the reforms ushering in his cancellariate, that there 1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 212. forcement of the regulation in his o-svn ' Ihid. 258. case as an infringement of the privi- 3 One of them was a mere rhapsody leges of King's Coll. (Cooper's Annals of adverbs in the fashion of the Ox- iv. 261, and C'y?t' ap. Mayor's 5o;!u/cAr, onian hnmorist Tom Brown. It ap- p. 258.) pears that Anstey considered the en- THE sophs' schools IN THE EAKLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 27 were some tokens of revived studiousness among underofra- duates \ It was at this time that Richard Cumberland (the dramatic writer and essayist), was an undergraduate at Trinity. He had received the elements of a sound and elegant scholarship at Bury under Kinsman, and at Westminster in the days of Nichols and Vincent Bourne, while his early holidays had been sj)ent in playing battledore-and-shuttlecock in the lodge with master Gooch, the son of his grandfather's antagonist, in beating such undergraduates as he could get to run short races in the walks, and in listening to Bentley's learned conversation with his visitors. When he matriculated at the age of four- teen he was put into rooms in the turret-staircase, in close proximity to the ' Judges' Chambers,' where he had been born, and under the wing of his grandfather's successor, Dr Smith, and of his tutor, old Dr Morgan, who (being troubled by the gout, and, it may be, by his pupil's inattention at his lectures on De Officiis) left him to his own resources until he took the living of Gainford. Cumberland w^as then handed over to Dr P. Young (Bp. of Norwich), then professor of Oratory, who paid him still less attention, and in his third year to James Backhouse the efficient Westminster tutor. He had not read the first proposition of Euclid when his name appeared among the 'opponents' for the 'act' which was to open the schools for that year. His tutor begged him off, and after some encourage- ment from the master (cousin of Roger Cotes, and founder of the Smith's prizes), he set to work and mastered 'the several branches of mechanics, hydrostatics, optics and astronomy' in the best treatises of the day, allowing himself only six hours' sleep, and dieting himself with milk and cold bathing. Having acquired the habit of making his notes, working his proposi- tions, and even tJiinJcing, in the Latin language, he no longer felt that terror which he had experienced before, though now he was called upon to keep not a mere 'opponency' but an 'act' itself, and though his first antagonist was 'a North-country black-bearded philosopher, who at an advanced age had been 1 [Green's] Academic, 1750, pp.23— 26, meutiouecl in Uidi\ Society, pp. 72, 610, 624. 28 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. admitted at Saint John's to qualify for lioly orders (even at that time a finished mathematician and a private lecturer in those studies).' * After I had concluded my thesis which precedes the disputation' (says Cumberland in his Meynoirs^), 'when he ascended his seat under the rostrum of the moderator I waited his attack amid the hum and murmur of the assembly. His argument was purely mathematical, and so enveloped in. the terms of his art, as made it somewhat difficult for me to discover where his syllogism pointed without those aids and delineations, which our process did not allow of; I availed myself of my privilege to call for a repetition of it, when at once I caught the fallacy and pursued it with advantage, keeping the clue firm in hand till I completely traced him through all the windings of his labyrinth. The same success attended me through the remaining seven arguments, which fell off in strength and subtlety, and his defence became sullen and morose, his Latinity very harsh, inelegant, and embarrassed, till I saw him descend with no very pleasant countenance, whilst it appeared evident to me that my whole audience were not displeased with the unexpected turn which our controversy had taken. He ought in course to have been succeeded by a second and third opponent, but our disputation had already been prolonged beyond the time commonly allotted, and the schools were broken up by the Moderator with a compliment addressed to me in terms much out of the usual course on such occasions.'... * Four times I went through these scholastic exercises in the course of the year, keeping two acts and as many first oppo- nencies. In one of the latter, where I was pitched against an ingenious student of my own college, I contrived to form cer- tain arguments, which by a scale of deductions so artfully drawn, and involving consequences, which by mathematical gradations (the premises being once granted) led to such un- foreseen confutation, that even my tutor, Mr Backhouse, to whom I previously imparted them, was effectually trapped, and could as little parry them, as the gentleman who kept the act, or the Moderator who filled the chair.' His second act was, like the former, for a time delaj^ed ; for 1 pp. 75, 76. THE sophs' schools IX THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 20 the junior moderator'' made an unsuccessful attempt to compel liim to comply with the custom of the schools by bringing forward one metaphysical in the place of a third mathematical question. In due course of time the senate-house examinatioji came on, to supplement, rectify, or confirm the impressions given by the disputations in the schools. Cumberland says that it * was hardly ever' his ' lot during that examination to enjoy any respite.' He 'seemed an object singled out as every man's mark, and was kept perpetually at the table under the process of question and answer''.' By the time he was convalescent from a fever induced by the exertions of his tardy application to mathematics, he learnt that his name would appear tenth at the back of the first tripos verses, viz. among tlie wranglers and senior optimes, for we have no formal distinction between them till three years later. The next glimpse that we get of the schools is in the year 1752, which, with the account of Fenn, ten years later, does not differ materially from Cumberland's account, except in some curious details which were peculiar to the several occa- sions, although they add to our general view of the proceedings, shewing as they do what accidents might diversify the public exercises and examinations. In the former, which is W. Chafin's (of Emmanuel) account of one of the preliminary acts kept in 17-52, the writer says, ' I was keeping an act as respondent under Mr Eliot [Lawr. Elliot, Magd.] the moderator; and [W.] Craven [4th wrangler, after- wards Arabic prof, and master] of St John's was my second opponent. I had gone through all the syllogisms of my first, who was [W.] Disney [Trin., senior wrangler, and only four years later prof, of Hebrew], tolerably well ; one of the questions was a mathcniatical one from Newton's Fri)icipia, and Mr Craven brought an argument against me fraught with tiuxions; of which I knew very little and was therefore at a nonplus, and 1 CumLerland, \slio boars testimony chaplain to the Abp. of Cantcrlnin'. to the generosity of this moderator, In the Univ. Calendar he appears as calls him the Reverend Mr Hay, fellow Tliomas Wray, M.A. Chr. of C(;)7Ji<.s- C7()/-sn'... afterwards domestic ^ Ihid. p. 7!). 30 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. should in one minute have been exposed, had not at that instant the esquire bedell entered the schools and demanded the book which the moderator carries with him, and is the badge of his office. A convocation was that afternoon held in the senate-house, and on some demur that happened, it was found requisite to inspect this book, which was immediately delivered, and the moderator's authority stopped for that day, and we were all dismissed ; and it was the happiest and most grateful moment of my life, for I was saved from imminent disgrace, and it was the last exercise that I had to keep in the schools \' Our next extract relates not to the acts in the schools but to the 'preliminary canter' in college and the Senate-house examination. Sir John Fenn (editor of the Paston Letters) took his degree at Cambridge (Caius) in 1761, sixty-seven years after A. de la Pryme. Having read the Cambridge books on Arith- metic, Algebra, and Geometry in his school-days, he received permission from the tutor, J. Davy, to absent himself from lectures when he pleased. In his Early Thour/hts, &c. he says : — ' The week we took our degree of Bachelor of Arts we sat in the little combination-room of the College for three days to be examined by such of the fellows as chose to send for us to their rooms. ' I sat my three days with the other questionists (or candi- dates for degrees) but was never once sent for during the whole time. I believe the fellows, not having lately applied them- selves to the studies of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, did not choose to examine those who were in the habit of those studies ; but be that as it may, I was the only one of the candi- dates not sent for^ 'On the following Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, we 1 Gent. 3Iafi. Jan. 1818, p. 11. Being his year in that college. Perhaps the invalided by small-pox at the time of fellows wished only to make sure that the tripos, Chafin received an 'hono- no one who would disgrace their col- rary senior optime.' Baker-Mayor, lege should be presented for the uni- II. 1090. versity competition. - There was no other lionour-man of THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. SI sat in the Senate-house for public examination ; during this time I was officially examined by the Proctors and Moderators, and had the honor of being taken out for examination by Mr [W.] Abbott, the celebrated mathematical tutor of St John's College, by the eminent jarofessor of mathematics Mr [E.] Waring, of Magdalene, and by Mr [J.] Jebb of Peterhouse, a man thoroughly versed in the academical studies, afterwards famous for his various writings and opinions unfavorable to the Established Church, of which he was sometime a member, but afterwards deserting it, resigned his preferment, and prac- tised as a physician. On the Friday following, the 28rd of January, 1761, I was admitted to my degree and had the honor of being placed high [5th] in the list of wranglers.' J. Wilson of Peterhouse, afterward judge of the Common Pleas, was senior, T. Zouch of Trin. was third, Fenn was elected to an honoraiy fellowship at Caius, but did not reside there much after takinjf his deg-ree. We learn from the Gentleman's Magazine of 1766 (29 Jan.), that the sophs were to deliver copies of their 'theses' to be read at their disputations to the moderators, and that the best were to be printed by the university. At this time, by the efforts of Wearing, Jebb, Law and Watson, our schools grew into a flourishing condition, which they retained until they quietly withered away in the fresh growth of the Mathematical and Classical Triposes. CHAPTER IV. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE CENTURY. ' See Gray, so used to melt the tender eyes, Stretch'd on the orbit of a circle dies! And Goldsmith, -whom deserted Auburn haled, See on a pointed triangle impaled ! And to encrease their torment, while they're rackt Two undergraduate DevUs keep an act: Who stun their ears with Segments and Equations. Moons horizontal, Tangents, and Vibrations, And all the jargon of your schools they're pat in; Bating they speak a little better Latin.' The Academick Dream (1774), p. 14. In the early part of the eighteenth century the examination for degrees was not in all cases adequate to the measure of knowledge or to the capacity of the candidates. In 1731, just after the new senate-house was in use, the exercises of sophisters and questionists were ordered to be per- formed in the Lent term on the same days and in the same form as in the terms after Easter and Michaelmas. Lent terra 'for many years had been a time of disorder by reason of divers undue Liberties taken by the younger Scholars, an Evil that had been much complained of; and all Exercise had either been neglected or performed in a trifling ludicrous manner\' 1 Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. Cmnh., p. 196. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. S3 Fifty years later we find this trifiing (so far as the degree of B.A. was concerned) confined only to the * huddling,' which Avas done (as will be seen in due course) after^ a fair, though not fully statutable, modicum of solemn exercises and exami- nations. It might have been inferred from the condition of Oxford that Cambridge needed Jebb's agitation in 1774-6 to arouse hostile authorities to improve the time-honoured academical exercises. However, such was not the case ; and it is satis- factory to know that this great reformer had little fault to find with the existing trial of the Sophs' year. He felt the need of inquiry into the work of undergraduates in the earlier part of their course alone ; and for this the personal reminiscences of Cumberland and Paley are his justification. As it was, in Jebb's time (1772) the ordeal was not despicable nor despised, and idle men were apt to think themselves driven to take refuge in the ranks of the fellow-commoners (at that period not liable to examination) ; or else to declare their intention of proceeding in Civil Law as harry-sophs^. From such authorities as are mentioned in the foot-notes*, we are able to gather a fairly complete and, in some respects, a minute account of the exercise requii-ed at Cambridge from Senior Sophs and Questionists in the last year of qualification for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, during the period which lies between the years 1772 and 1827. The first and very important ordeal through which all candidates had to pass were the Acts and Opponencies, or public exercises of the Schools, conducted in Latin umlor the superintendence of the two Moderators, who were usually scni(^r or second wranglers of past time, and to whom also fell the ^ See my Univ. Life, pp. 556, 643, (copied largely from Jehh). 644. " Gradus ad Cantab. 1803, 1824. 2 JehVs Worhs (1772—87), ii. 284— [J. M. F. Wright's] Alma Mater, 300. 1827 (relating to 1818). Gunniiiri's Reniinisc. R. ami. 1780, Facetiae Cantahrigieitses. 183G. 1787. Dr Whfwell, ' Of a Liberal Ednca- Camb.lJniv.Calendar,im2.l\\ivoA. tinn.' 1845. w. 3 34 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. chief responsibility of the public examinations of the senate- house, wliich constituted the final triaP. In the student's third year, after the Senate-house exami- nations of those lucky wights who were his seniors in university- standing by a twelve-month, the Moderators having received a list of the students aspiring to honours at the next examination from the tutors of the several colleges (King's^ excepted) by the hand of a Proctor's servant, with appropriate marks (such as reading, non-7^eading^, hard-reading man, &c.) — send notice on the second and subsequent Mondays in Lent Term to five students to 'keep their act' on the five first days beginning with that- day-fortnight. The Moderator's man (who expects a fee of six- pence for his trouble, as well as eighteen-pence at the time of the act, and other fees from the three opponents) delivers the notice in the following form : Respondeat Gunning, Coll. Christ. 5*° die Februarii 1787. T. Jones, Mod'. The ' Respondent' or ' Act,' as he now may call himself, is ready in the course of an hour or so to wait upon the Moderator with three copies of three subjects on which he puiposes to argue (liaving selected them, perhaps, from the numerous ex- amples in Johnsons Qiiaestiones Philosophicae in Vsum Juvent. Jicad.*) — in the following form : 1 Tlie last act for a B.A. degree at ^ K. H. C. writing in the Monthly Cambridge was performed in 1839. Magazine in 1797, p. 266, asserts that They must have been discontinued, as the so-called non-reading men were Mr H. Sidgwick has observed to me, generally studious, only they read by the independent action of the mode- other subjects than mathematics, rators of the time (T. Gasldn, Jes.,and ^ Not that he would have found Joseph Bowstead, Pemb.), for these anything so modern as Paleij there. — exercises were commended as a guide The. Jolmson, of Eton, King's, and to the moderators in the report of the Magd. Colleges. His Qiiaestiones were Examination Syndicate in the previous jn-inted at Cambridge (pp. 1 — 54, 8vo.) year, confirmed May 30, 1838. Modera- typis Acad. 1732. The demand for such tors have been appointed annually since amanual,givingreference to authorities 1680. Up to that time the Proctors on certain stock ' questions,' may be held the responsibihty of moderating, taken as a proof of the good effect of and in 1709 — 10 Ei. Laughtou, Clar. Dr Mawsou's reformation of the Lent being proctor, chose to preside. disputations when he was V. C. in 2 Jebb adds ' Trinitv-Hall.' 1730, 1731. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 35 Q. S/ Recte statuit Newtonus in 2'^-' sectione Libri i. Recte statuit Newtonus in 3'^ sectione Libri i. Recte statuit Palcius de Utilitate. Except in such cases as that of Palcy himself who, when a Senior Soph in 1762, proposed to deny the eternity of Hell Tor- ments and the Justice of Capital Punishment^ (though, even in his case, the objection to this was not raised by the Moderators — Jebb and Watson — themselves), but was induced to com- promise the matter by affirming the former question which he had proposed to deny, so leaving the negative to the three opponents, who were always expected to espouse the Worse Cause founded on some fallacy^; — the Moderator generally ac- cepted the theses brought to him, and 'at his leisure' (says the garrulous Calendar of 1802, quoting Jebb, 1772) transcribes into his book the questions, together with the names of the Respondent, and of three other students whom, from enquiry of their tutors, he thinks suitable to oppose his arguments. To each of them he sends a copy of the questions with their own names and the words opponentiuni primus, secundus, or tertius, denoting the order in which the three are to dispute. In earlier times there was Disputa- ' V tr. Aeternitas Poenarum contradicit tionum Academicantm Formulae hy B:. divinis Attributes? Origin of Evil in F. 8vo and IGmo 1G38. Ap. § 2. Burnet de Statu Mortuorum 1 I suppose these initials meant xi. p. 290. Tillotson's, Fidcles's and Quaestiones semt : cp. Wesley's Guide Lupton's Sermoris on Hell Tormentn. to Syllogism, p. 109. S. Collihcr's Impartial Enquiry, p. 103, 2 Jehb's specimen, 1772, was and his Essay on Nat. and Revealed , p. a Religion, 112. Swinden's Appendix to Treatise on Hell. Episcopii liespons. Planetae primariao retmentur m orb.- ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ Whitby's Appendix tis suis vi gravitatis, ot motu pro- ^^^ jj ^^^^,^.^_ j^^^^^,^ Jievealed lieli- jectili ginn, vii. NichoUs's Conference, m. Iridis primariae et secnndariae phao- :^^,g_ g^^^^,^ ^,^^_ ^^^' ^^ g g_ ^^ nomena solvi possunt ex pnnopns ^^^^^, _g,^.^.^^„^, „^ ^„^^ ^„_ ^^^ ^P*^*'^^- Dawes's Semi. v. 73. Fabricius dc Non licet magi.stratui civem mort. tra- y^^..^^^^ j^,i Christ. 720.' dcre nisi ob crimen homiculn. ^ ^ ^ , ^,^^^^,^ .^^ ^^^^^^^^_ p_ ^20. Watson's Eesp. Jan. 10'""' Autobiog. Anecdotes, i. 31. Wesley's In Johnson's Quaestiones {Metaphy- Guide to Syllogism, Appendix on sicae), 1732, reference is madc^ to tbo Academical Disjmtation, p. 97. following authorities on the question: 3—2 36 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. The first Respondent of the year, under the overwhelming responsibility which has devolved upon him — that of 'opening the Schools' — takes out a dormiat^ from the dean of his college, enabling him to sit up late at night to study, without thought of having to rise early to the chapel service. He then sets to work to practise and prepare himself for the coming encounter. In the course of the fortnight he asks the three opponents to take wine with him, partly perhaps to secure personal good- will, when the wordy encounter comes on, partly, it appears, to arrange the sham-fight beforehand^. In 1782 'Jemmy' Wood (the future senior wrangler and Master of St John's) was the worse for one of these act's-wines, and subsequently and consequently more sober act' s-hreakfasts^ were substituted for them. Soon after the beginning of this century it became usual for the three opponents to return the compliment in the form of ' tea and turn-out*.' From the last of these festive gatherings, the Respondent retired early to give the Opponents fair oppor- tunity of comparing their proposed arguments and making sure to avoid repetitions^ When the fateful day arrives, the Moderator of the week, pre- ^ Cp.Gunning's Eemimsc. I. iii., and ' vailguses,' or sold by poor students, my Univ. Life, p. 590. or such characters as Jemmy Gordon. 2 This, however, was a comparative- At least, it is recorded of T. Kobinson, lylate refinement. 'The Eev. Eeginald of Trinity, 7th wrangler in [Bp. Prety- Bligh, A.B.' in the advertisement (1781) man] Tomline's yeai-1772, as something at the end of his second frantic attack esxeptional that 'he always made his upon Plumptre and Milner for not oicn argiunciits when he kept an oppon- giving him a fellowship at Queens' chc?/' (Life by E. T. Vaughan, pp. 28, when he was one place above the 29). 'wooden-spoon,' accuses G. Law of 3 Gradus ad Cantai. ed. 1, 1803, having ' bribed his opiDonent to shew s. v. him his Arguments, and teach him to ^ Id. ed. 2, 1824, s. v. take them off.' 5 Gunning Eeminisc. s. a. 1787. Alma Not only were there stock subjects Mater, ii. 37. Li Sij77ionds D'Eiccs' to which it was usual to resort, but time (1619) the Eespondent treated the even the line of ai-giiment was provided combatants after the disputation. So either by references to standard loci also after his act in the College Chapel classici such as are indicated in John- of St John's, he entertained the fel- son's Qaaestiones, or even by tradi- lows and fellow-commoners with sack- tional ' strings ' (as they were caUed at possets in the ' parlour ' or Combina- Oxford),which no doubt were preserved tion-room. (Diary, ed. HaUiwell, G7, after the manner of Tom Brown's 68.) ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 87 ceded by the Proctor's man (or 'bull-dog') carrying the (quarto volume of Statutes \ enters the Philosophical Schools at 3 p.?/i., (1 p.m. in 1818), and, ascending his chair^ at the side of the room, says Ascendat Dominus Respondens. The Respondent accordingly mounts the rostrum on the op- posite side of the Schools, and reads a Latin thesis on whichever of his three subjects he prefers. This is usually 'the moral question^' — 'Recte statuit Paleius de Utilitate' in our supposed case : — if not from Paley, it is generally taken from the writings of Locke, Hume, Butler, Clarke, or Hartley. The thesis takes about ten minutes. Then the Moderator says, Ascendat Oppo- nentium primus, and the first Opponent enters the box below the Moderator's chair, and facing the Respondent. He opposes the thesis in eight arguments of syllogistical form, the Respond- ent attempting to 'take off' or reply to each in turn, the entire discussion being carried on in Latin more or less debased. The Moderator, who has been acting all the while as umpire, when the disputation has begun to slide into free debate, says to the Opponent, Probes aliter*, whenever an argument has been disposed of. At last he dismisses the first Opponent with some such compliment as Domine Opponens, bene dispatasti — {optime ^ See above, p. 30. ha\'ing already distinguished himself 2 Until 1669 the professor's original in mathematical argument, gothic stone chair with those of the * GwmmgReminisc.u.x. The forms opponent and respondent stood in the of syllogisms, &c. commonly in use Divinity School at Oxford. See Wood may be found in Mr C. Wesley's Guide ap. Warton's Balhurst, p. 91. The to Syllogism 1832, pp. 99-106, and in wooden ones in the Cambridge Schools Notes and Queries, 1st S. vi. p. 55. still remain. Gil. Wakefield (Memoirs, 1804, ii. 75 n.) * As early as 1710-11 it needed all tells of ' a Moderator in the Astrono- the influence of an enthusiastic proctor mical Schools at Cambridge, very ill and moderator (Ei. Laughtou of Clare) quahfied for his office, who was in- to induce a soph (Sir W. Browne of capable of settling the debate between Pet. ) to keep his acts in mathematical a resolute opponent and his respondent; questions (Niclwls^ Lit. Anecd. 111.328). and to pacify the former was accus- But by the middle of the century the tomed to terminate the controversy by Cambridge examination was so far a look of complacency on the opponent crystallizing into the mathematical tri- and this conciliatory decision : Domine pos that a questionist (R. Cumberland) opponens ! hoc fortasse verum esse possit was enabled by academical authority in quibusdam casibus, sed non in hoc in 1750 to resist the demands of a casu. Probes al iter.' ['Probo,'I take moderator who had requhed him to it, is a misprint, and rerum for verum.] produce one metaphysical question, he 38 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. disputasti, or optime quidem disputasti), and his place is taken by the second Opponent, who has to array five arguments against the Respondent, and in his tiim makes way for Dominus Opponentium tertius, of whom but tltree are required. The Respondent has to do his best to ' take tliera off,' as with his first Opponent ; and when his task is done, he is examined by the Moderator as to his mathematical knowledge, that he may be the better classed for the coming Senate-house examination: and at last is dismissed with Tu aufem, domine Respoiidens, satis et optime quidem, et in Tliesi et in Disjnitationibus, tuo officio functus es (in which case he may have good hopes of turning out a wrangler) ; or even sumino ingenii acuniine dispu- tasti, which may suggest very high expectations indeed; or with the more guarded praises of satis et bene, or simply bene, or satis, disputasti. Such compliments gave rise to the classification of students as senior and junior Optimes. In general optime quidem was the highest praise expected even by future wranglers ; but in 1790 W. Lax of Trinity intro- duced a fashion of giving high-flown compliments as moderator. He also extended the length of the Acts to two hours, which duration custom seems to have continued — so at least it was in 1820. In the eighteenth century an hour and ten minutes was the usual time. Was this a Jewish mode of reckoning a dispu- tation per tres horas consecutivas^ ? 'The distinguished men of the year appear eight times in this manner in the schools, — twice as Acts (or Respondents), and twice in each grade of Opponency. One act and three opponen- cies are kept before the Commencement (the beginning of July), and the other moiety in^ the October term. The ol iroXkol (generally non-reading men) have less to do, some of them not appearing more than once or twice, except in the farce of huddling, which will be described below : and on some of them occasionally a Descendas^ is inflicted, or an order to quit the 1 Cp. Gunning's Reminisc. i. v. and grace, Feb, 14, 1792, providing that Jebb's aecoimt (1772), ' the Moderator the exercises should take place fi-om appearing a little before two.' The 3 to 5 p.m. change of the usual dinner-hour (see ^ In the Calendar 'before' was an my Univ. Life, p. 657 ; Gil. "Wakefield's erratum. Mem. eh. vii.) was the cause of this ^ Facetiae Cantab. \\ 5-i. Alma Mater jilteration, which was effected by a ii. 129, and my Univ. Life, p. .588. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 39 box for incompetency. This, however, is not very frequent : whenever it does happen, the stigma is indelibly fixed on the unfortunate object^' I have ventured to expand an 'argument' of three 'con- ditional syllogisms' from the last page of Mr C. Wesley's Guide to Syllogism. ' Quaestio tertia est : Recte statuit Paleius de Virtute.' The Respondent, having read his Latin thesis founded upon Paley's Moral Philosophy, is confronted by the first Opponent, who begins the attack at the Moderator's bidding. ' Ascendat Dominus Opponentium primus.' Op. ' Si Dei voluntas sit virtutis regula, cadit quaestio. Sed Dei voluntas est virtutis regula. Ergo cadit quaestio.' Besj). ' Concedo antecedentem, et nego consequentiam^' Op. 'Probo consequentiam : — Si Dei voluntas ideo nos astringat quia praemia poenaeque vitae futurae ex Dei arbitrio pendent, valet consequentia. Sed Dei voluntas nos astringit propter haece praemia et poenas quae ex arbitrio Ejus pen- deant. Ergo valet consequentia.' Resp. ' Concedo antecedentem, et nego consequentiam.' Op. * Iterum probo consequentiam : — Si igitur posito quod angelorum malorum princeps summo rerum imperio potitus esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astringeret, valent conse- quentia et argumentum. Sed posito quod Sathanas summo rerum arbitrio potitus esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astrin- geret. Ergo valent consequentia et argumentum.' Resp. ' Ut alia taceam, Deus homines felices vult ; ange- lorum malorum princeps, miseros ; huic ut resistaraus, lUi ut Even in the bachelors' schools the conditional syllogism. The argnment Moderator in Nov. 1733 had to ad- given in the text seems exactly to fit monish T. Ferrand, a fellow of Trm., the syllogistic form, ' Si A sit B cadit vfiih'3Iodestetegeras.'(Byrom's Diary.) quaestio,' &c. &c., which forms the 1 Univ. Calendar for 1802. Introd. subject of an inquiry by ' M.' in Notes p. xvi. (ind Queries, 1st S. vi. 55 b. By later a The consequentia {"avWoyiaixo^, logicians the word minor is used in- collectio, conchisio. Sec also Ar.Rhet. stead oi antecedens. In earher times II. xxi. Cic. Acad. Post. ii. 8, 9, 30) is the eonsequcns was also called asscrtio, the connexion between the antecedent and the consequentia called loosely and consequent (consequens) of such a ronsequens. 4.0 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. obediauius, ratio ct iiatura suadcnt. Priusquam angelonim ma- lorura princeps liominum felicitatem velle possit, naturarn suara se exuat necesse est,* Mod. (to Ojyponent) ' Probes aliter/ &c., &c., to n argu- ments ; viz., in the last century, eight. If ever a mathematical question was chosen instead of the 'moral' one, a very small stock of Latin would suffice. An argument on the 9th Section of Newton, and another on the tiuth of the Differential and Integral Calculi, are given by Mr C. Wesley. In the latter the Opponent begins with (dec ct 'Si inter limites a; = a, x = h, — flat hoc loco j, cadit J X quaestio.' And the Respondent's final reply consists of six lines of algebraical symbols jmre and simple, and then the conclusion — a" — i" * Ergo valor fractionis , cum n = 0, non evanescit, sed ^ n fit hoc loco J , ideoque nulla discrepantia existit.' Though about 1830 men were called upon to defend all three of the questions on their papers against a limited number of 'arguments' ; it is easy to see wdiy at the end of the previous century the third or ' moral ' question was the popular one, and, as a general rule, the only one discussed. However, we have seen above, p. 29, that in 1753 an act was kept in Newton with fluxions. In 1772 there does not seem to have been any general rule as to which question the respondent should choose. It may be that the grace of 19 Ma7\ 1779 may have given the first impetus to the study of Moral Philosophy, which about that time became the favourite subject for the acts. As to the Latinity of the schools, several typical anecdotes are current. W. Parish of Magdalene (afterwards professor of Chemistry*), who was moderator in 1783 and later years, usually figures in them. 1 W. Farish was vicar of S., Giles, churcli a paraboloid somiding-board, Cambridge, where he was well kno^\'n which was hkeued to a tin coal-scuttle for his mechanical contrivances. He bonnet. While it enabled aU the con- put up over the pulpit in the old gregatiou in that most irregularly built ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 41 The faithful dog of some dominus opponentium tertius having followed his master into the schools, felt no doubt complimented when the astonished moderator in his own canine Latin ex- claimed : Verte canem ex ! Another choice phrase of Farish's was facimus tain bene sine quam cum^. Yet again; a poll-man running into the Schools in haste having neglected to put on a small item of his academical habit, which was de rigiieur on these occasions, was thus reminded : Domine Opponentium Tertie, non hales quod dehes. — Ubi sunt tui...eh. ! eh ! Anglice Bands ? He is said to have answered thus, hesitatingly, Doviine Moderator, simt in meo...Anglich Pocket. The following anecdote will give a notion of a certain class of arguments which were occasionally brought forward in this century, when the disputations were on their last legs, and the establishment of the Classical Tripos had given courage to clever men who had no special capacity for mathematics. I have heard it from Mr Shilleto, of Peterhouse, who (I had hoped) would have revised this account. He was then a scholar of Trinity keeping a second opponency under Francis Martin, who was then moderator (late bursar of Trinity, seventh wrangler in 1824). edifice to hear tlie weak voice of the the division from above, forgetful of preacher, it conducted not a few his guests on the upper floor, who whispers to his ear. His house (which awoke from their first sleep to find Dr Whewell was about to occupy when themselves bewitched into a double- Dr Wordsworth resigned the master- bedded room. Such was his absence ship of Trinity in 1841, and is now of mind that on one occasion he gave inhabited by E. WajTnan, Esq.) in the 'the measles' to his congregation in neighbourhood of tlio School of Py- place of 'the Blessing.' His brother thagoras has still the grooves whereby was author of Tvleration of Marriage. a partition was run up at pleasure ^ Alma Mater i. 198. Jacob Brj'aut through the ceiling of one floor to the records the following elegancy of a room above, or vice versa. One evening College Moderator of the same period having almost sat-out his dining-room (about 178'J), 'Domine opponcns non fire in some dynamical calculation, video vim tuum argumentum.' Nichols' being suddenly seized with a desire to Lit. Anccd. viii. 541. make liimself more snug, he let down 42 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The qvicstion to be disputed was a trite and favourite sub- ject*, Recte statidt Faleius de Suicidiis. This last word is no doubt a barbarism, though to most English ears unequivocal, and sanctioned by time-honoured use in the Philosophical Schools. The Opponent aforesaid being called upon for an argument began thus : Non recte judical Dominus Respondens de suicidio, lit ego quidem censeo, ergo cadit quaestio : si sues enim omnino non caedemus, wide quaeso pernam, hillas, sumen, unde in- quam petasonem sumus hahituri ? Est profecto judaicum et, ut ita dicam' — ' Err as, Domine Opponens/' interrupts the Mode- rator, ' non enim de suibus caesis loquitur Respondens, sed de aliquo qui ultro sibi necem consciverit.' (All this while the Respondent, good mathematician and Johnian though he was, being unacquainted with the terms of Latin pork-butchery, was puzzling his brain to think how he could 'take off' an argument which he could not well understand.) ' Quid est ergo suicidium' (continues the Opponent) ' ut latine nos loquamur, nisi suum caesio V Mr Martin, who had won Bell's and Craven Scholarships, and might (it was thought) have been senior classic, if he had been a candidate for honours in that new Tripos, enjoyed the joke, which would have been thrown away on Professor Farish had he been the moderator. Jebb's opinion of the worth of these acts in 1772 is interest- ing and satisfactory, as coming from a rigid disciplinarian and a radical reformer as times went. He says, 'These exercises are improving ; are generally well attended ; and consequently are often performed with great spirit. But many persons of good judgment, observing, with pain, the unclassical Latin, generally uttered by the student upon these occasions, have maintained that the knowledge of that language is not pro- moted by the present method of disputation ; and have de- livered it as their opinion, that these exercises should be held in English in order to their absolute perfection.' ^ Cp. Alma Jilatcr ii. 36. In earlier iu 1732 on the Quaestio ' Utrum Suici- times the only authority to which T. cliiim sit iUicitum?' vras Adams on Self- Johnson referred 'the acailcmie vouth' Murder. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 43 Forty-seven years later the Senate-bouse examination had so far left the disputations in the rear, that Whewell said^ these had no immediate effect upon a man's place in the tripos, yet although the syllogisms were 'such as would make Aristotle stare, and the Latin would make every classical hair in your head stand on end,' still it was, he thought, ' an exercise well adapted to try the clearness and soundness of the mathematical ideas of the men, though they are of course embarrassed by talking in an unknown tongue.' ^ Wliewoll's Writinijs and Letters (Todhiuitcr) ii. 35, 36. CHAPTER V. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATION. We'll send Blark Antony to the Senate house, And ho shall say you are not well to day. Julius Cccsar, Act ii. Sc. 2. The candidates having been in the three terms beneath the scrutiny of two pai7^s of Moderators \ at least in the capacity of opponent, have arrived at the dignity of Questionists by about the middle of January, six weeks before the First Tripos'"* is published. They breakfast with the 'Father' of their col- lege^ at 7 o'clock on the morning of Plough-Monday (ominous name to modern academical ears for the Monday after Epi- phany !) se'nnight. Then (though they are not yet formally admitted ad respondendum Quaestioni) the B.A. examination begins : the Admission of Bachelors taking place on the fol- lowing Friday, five weeks before 'the First Tripos comes out' ; this is the expression of the Univ. Calendar, but it does not mean the first publication of the honour list. The examiners have already made a preliminary assortment ^ Univ. Calendar, 1802. Introd. ^ By Statutum Acad. Eliz. cap. l. xvi., xvii. § 28, the usual expense of breakfasts ^ As at the present day, the printing and dinners at the time of the dis- and pubhshing of the Tripos Paper putation is to be lightened and di- with its Verses was by no means con- miuished by the Master and the ma- temporaneous with the settlement and jority of the Fellows, proclamation of the honoiur list. THE SENATE-nOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 4.'> of the examinees, into ' classes' of six, cioljt, or ten, accordin"- to the notes made by the moderators at their acts (the persons in each class being arranged alphabetically), and half-a-dozen of these classes (eight, or so, in all) have been published at Deigh ton's, or elsewhere ^ on the previous Thursday. Those who were placed by the Moderators in the 1st or 2nd classes were allowed on even a slight pretext to claim an aegro- tat Senior Optivie' — 'a Nervous Fever, the Scald of a Tea-kettle, or a Bruise of the Hand, frequently put a period to the ex- pectation of their friends'" in the case of some who, having done well in disputation beyond their hopes, in greater discretion than valour thought good to retire with a vague honour degree, without being subjected to further examination. This was called ' gnlpliing it*.' The following account of the Senate-house Examinations is quoted [with the exception of rem^arks enclosed in square brackets] from John Jebb's account (1772), and the revision of it adopted in the Introduction to 'the Cambridge University Calendar for the year 1802,' and was true up to 1827. 'On the Monday morning, a little before eight o'clock, the Students, generally about a Hundred, enter the Senate-House, preceded by a Master of Arts, who on this occasion is styled the Father of the College to which he belongs. On two pillars at the entrance of the Senate-House are hung the Classes ; and a Paper denoting the hours of examination of those who are thought most competent to contend for Honors. 'Immediately after the University clock has struck eight, the names are called over, and the Absentees, being marked, are subject to certain fines. The classes to be examined are called out, and proceed to their appointed tables, where they find pens, ink, and paper provided in great abundance. In this manner, Avith the utmost order and regularity, more than two thirds of the young men are set to work within less than five minutes after the clock has struck eight. There are three chief tables, at which six examiners preside. At the first, the Senior Moderator of the present year and the Junior Moderator of the 1 Univ. Calendar for 1802, pp.xvii. Ix. dar, will be found iu au Appendix. 2 A list of Proctor's Optimes and ^ Univ. Calend. p. xliii. aegrotats, omitted in the Camb. Calen- ■• Alma Mater, 1827, ii. CO. 4G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. preceding year*. At the second, the Junior Moderator of the present, and the Senior Moderator of the preceding year. At the third, the Two Moderators of the year previous to the ttm last, or Two Examiners appointed by the Senate. The two first tables are chiefly allotted to the six first classes; the third or largest to the ol iroSXoL The young men hear the Propo- sitions or Questions delivered by the Examiners [from books in their hands] ^; they instantly apply themselves; demonstrate, prove, work out, and write down, fairly and legibly (otherwise their labour is of little avail) the answers re(][uired« All is silent ; nothing heard save the voice of the Examiners ; or the gentle request of some one who may wish a repetition of the enunciation. [The examination was conducted in English even before the year 1770.] It requires every person to use the utmost dispatch ; for as soon as ever the Examiners perceive any one to have finished his paper and subscribed his name to it, another Question is immediately given. A smattering de- monstration will weigh little in the scale of merit ; every thing must be fully, clearly, and scientifically brought to a true con- clusion. And though a person may compose his papers amidst hurry and embarrassment, he ought ever to recollect that his papers are all inspected, by the united abilities of six examiners, with coolness, impartiality, and circumspection. The Examiners are not seated (1802) ^ but keep moving round the tables, both to judge how matters proceed, and to deliver their Questions at proper intervals. The examination, which embraces Anthmetic, Algebra, Fluxions, the Doctrine of Infinitesimals and Increments, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Oi^tics, and Astronomy, in all their various gradations, is varied according to circumstances : no one can anticipate a question ; for in the course of five minutes he may be dragged from Euclid to Newton; from the humble arithmetic of Bonnycastle, to the abstruse analytics of Waring. While this examination is pro- 1 Previous to 1779 the two Modera- Poll-men especially, tors of the year were the only regular ^ Alma Mater. examiners. At that date those of the ^ In Jehh's time (1772) the Modera- yireceding year were given equal and tors sat at the same tahle with the final authority with them. In 1791 candidates, they had been deputed to examine the THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 47 ceeding at the three tables between the hours of eif)}it and nine, printed Problems... are delivered to each person of the first and second classes ; these he takes with him to any window he pleases, where there are pens, ink, and paper prepared for his operations. It is needless to add that every person now uses his utmost exertion, and solves as many Problems as his abilities and time will allow.' In Jebb's time the examination by the Moderators was the least important ; when not engaged with them, any student was liable to be taken aside for an hour and a half together by the Father of some other college, to undergo a scrutiny in every part of mathematics and philosophy which he professed to have read. In like manner any M.A., or a doctor in any faculty, might subject him to the same ordeal. All such examiners were expected to give an account of their impressions ; — Fathers to Fathers, and other graduates 'to every person who shall make the inquiry.' This plan was not always very satisfactory. John Frere (Caius), of Koydon, (M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A. &c., elder brother of Lady Fenn, the writer of Cobwebs to Catch Flies and other delightful productions of 'Mrs Teachwell' and 'Mrs Lovechild'), was expected by many to beat Paley in 17G3. ' He had already acquired singular fame in the schools, as well from the fluency of his language and his dexterity in repelling the arguments of an antagonist, as from a confidence in his own abilities, and an overbearing manner, which, till he very happily apologized for it in the thesis to his second act, had excited a general disgust... Mr Frere's tutor, who was one of the examiners, requested of Mr Paley on the morning of the first day, that in case any other gentleman offered to examine him he would say that he was engaged as he wished to examine him himself, though he never made good his intimation. He afterwards applied to the Moderators for permission to look over the Problems given to the first class (which consisted of Paley, Frere, Hutton and Hall, all of whom had distinguished themselves in the schools and gained the highest mark of excellency in the Moderator's book), together with the solutions which each individual had returned; a request which, as implying a suspicion of undue partiality, Avas instantly and peremptorily refused. Mr Paley 's 48 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. tutor, on the other hand, though not a member of the Senate, by anxiously enquiring of one of the Moderators how his pupil liad acquitted himself, was enabled to correct a mistake which had arisen from two sets of papers having been delivered with- out names, and the inferior set attributed to Mr Paley. When on being first called upon for examination, the first class came to the bottom of the stairs, which led up to the gallery where the Moderators were seated, Mr Paley, after some hesitation amongst the whole party, ascended first, Mr Frere followed, then Mr Hutton, and lastly Mr Hall. On the subsequent days of examination the same order was observed, a circumstance which appears singular, as their names were afterwards so arranged in the honour list. As soon as Mr Paley was an- nounced to be senior wrangler, one of the fellows of Caius accused the Moderators of partiality in giving him the pre- cedence of Mr Frere ; but that gentleman, on hearing the alter- cation, came forward and ingenuously acknowledged that Mr Paley was his superior.' He had been promised a handsome estate' if he had been senior. 'The Moderators and Fathers^ meet atbreakfast and at dinner. From the variety of reports, taken in connection with their own examination, the former are enabled about the close of the second day (1772) so far to settle the comparative merits of the candidates as to agree upon the names of four-and-twenty, who to them appear most deserving of being distinguished by marks of academical approbation.' [These were the Wranglers and Senior Optimes. These together numbered only 12 in 1765; in 1759 — 60 they reached about 30 ; with those exceptions the aggregate numbers in each year from 1747-8 to 1776 never exceeded 28 nor fell short of 18 : but the exact number four- and-twenty was adhered to only four times in those twenty- nine years. The four honorary patronage degrees and occasional aegrotats (which then were classed) may have altered the num- bers somewhat ; but the numerical limit must have been found to be absurd. From the year 1777 there is hardly any sign of an attempt to control the number of the names on the ' first tripos paper.' In 1824 (the year of the institution of the Classical 1 £1000. Bp. Watsou's Anecd. i. 30. ^ Jebb's account is lierc resumed. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 4!i Tripos) there were 59, thirty-one being wranglers, and twenty- eight senior optimes : there were only seven junior optimes that year. Another statement of Jebb's, that * in the latter list, or that of Junior Optimes, the number twelve is almost constantly adhered to,' applies with truth to a period of nineteen years (17o8-7G). There Avere two considerable exceptions ; 17G0, when there were as many as 18 junior optimes, and the ver^' year in which he wrote (1772), when there were as few as sice. The sketch of the examination questions given on pages 46, 50, refers to the year 1802. Jebb's account of them, thirty years earlier, when there were only two days and a half employed, is as follows :] ' The examination is varied according to the abilities of the students. The moderator generally begins with proposing some questions from the six books of Euclid, plain (sic) trigo- nometry, and the first rules of algebra. If any person fails in answer, the question goes to the next. From the elements of mathematics, a transition is made to the four branches of philosophy, viz. mechanics, hydrostatics, apparent astronomy, and optics, as explained in the works of Maclaurin, Cotes, Helsham, Hamilton, Rutherforth, Keill, Long, Ferguson, and Smith. If the moderator finds the set of questionists, under examination, capable of answering him, he proceeds to the eleventh and twelfth books of Euclid, conic sections, spherical trigonometry, the higher parts of algebra, and Sir Isaac New- ton's Principia; more particularly those sections which treat of the motion of bodies in eccentric and revolving orbits; the mutual action of spheres, composed of particles attracting each other, according to various laws ; the theory of pulses propa- gated through elastic mediums ; and the stupendous fabric of the world.' 'The sul)jcct-matter of the problems of those days was gener- ally the extraction of roots, the arithmetic of surds, the inven- tion of divisers, the resolution of quadratic, cubic, and bi- quadratic equations ; together Avith the doctrine of fluxions, and its application to the solution of questions " de maximis et minimis" to the finding of areas, to the rectification of curves, the investigation of the centre of gravity and oscillation, and to W. 4 50 UNIVEESITT STUDIES. tho circumstances of bodies, agitated, according to various laws, by centripetal forces, as unfolded and exemplified in the fluxional treatises of Lyons, Saunderson, Simpson, Emerson, Maclaurin, and Newton.' The first problem paper of 1802 contained fifteen questions, of which the following are specimens : 1. Given the three angles of a plane triangle^ and the radius of its inscribed circle, to determine its sides. 7. The distance of a small rectilinear object from the eye being given, compare its apparent magnitude when viewed tlirough a cylindrical body of water with that perceived by the naked eye. 8. Find the fluents of the quantities —==■ and x.a^ —of hi/ 15. From what point in the periphery of an ellipse may an elastic body be so projected as to return to the same point, after three successive reflections to the curve, having in its course described a parallelogram ? * At nine o'clock the doors of the Senate-Tiouse are opened. Each man bundles up his papers, writes his name on the out- side sheet, delivers them to the examiners, and retires (only half-an-hour being allowed) to breakfast. [Many of the candi- dates, as we have seen, had already breakfasted with the Father of their college. But Gunning took his at 9 o'clock with a friend in Trinity, throughout the examination in 1786.] ' At half-jyast nine all return again to the Senate-house ; the roll is called over ; particular classes are summoned up to the tables [though not to the same tables and examiners which each had attended during their first session] and examined as before 'till eleven, when the Senate-house is again cleared ' The following are some of the specimens of miscellaneous questions dictated by the moderators in 1802 ; Trisect a right angle. Investigate the rule for the extraction of the square root. Required the value of ,583 of a pound. THE SEXATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 51 Assign the physical cause of the blue appearance of the sky on a clear day, and its redness at sun-set. Clear the equation os^ — - — V- r = of fractions. * in n Compare the centripetal with the force of gravity. Given the altitude of the mercury in the barometer at the top and bottom of a mountain, to find its height. Prove the Binomial Theorem by the method of increments. Giv€n a beam, and the weight that will break it, to find the length of a similar beam, which being similarly situated will break by its own weight. Find the fluxion of X" when it is a minimum. ' Some of the lower classes are mostly employed in demon- strating Euclid, or solving Arithmetical and Algebraical Ques- tions The examination being thus continued 'till eleven, an adjournment of two hours take place. At one o'clock the whole return. Problems are then given to the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and Gth classes, while the Table Examinations proceed nearly as before,' The tliird and fourth classes had twenty problems in the afternoon — among others, 1. Inscribe the greatest cylinder in a given sphere. 3. Given the declination of the sun, and the latitude of the place, to find the duration of twilight. 11. Let the roots of the equation x^ — px^ ■\- qx — r = () be a, b, and c, to transform it into another whose roots are a\ h\ c\ 17. If half the earth were taken off by the impulse of a comet, what change would be produced in the moon's orbit ? The jiftli and sixth classes had fifteen problems, e.g. 2. Every section of the sphere is a circle. — Required a proof. 6. Inscribe the greatest rectangle in a given circle. [Summation of simple series to n terms and ad infinitum, some very simple equations with one unknown quantity]. 15. How far must a body fall internally to acquire the vel. in a circle, the force varying -„2 ? 4—2 62 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ' At three o'clock the Senate-house is again cleared for half- an-hour ; during which time the Proctors treat the Fathers and Compounders with tea and coffee \ On the return, the exami- nations are resumed, and continue till five o'clock, when the Senate-house Examinations break up for the day. 'At seven o'clock in the evening [6 p.m. in 1818] the first four classes... go' to the Senior Moderator's room [or the Com-- bination-room of his college], where they continue till nine [or ten, 1818] to solve Problems; and are treated with fruit and wine. [The number of students admitted to the evening pro- blem-papers became gradually less and less exclusive^ In 1788 only those in the first two classes were admitted except under exceptional causes ; in 1802 we find four classes, and in 1818 six (i.e. all the candidates for honours). The entertain- ment provided became more formal in corresponding ratio. In 1788 the students helped themselves to wine and dessert at a sideboard, and in 1818 they were all given tea before beginning their twenty-four problems. At the earlier date it was con- sidered rather severe to be required to extract the square and cube roots as far as three places of decimals I I give two speci- mens of those set fourteen years later (1802). 15. Construct the equation c^rf — x^y — a^ = 0. 16. Compare the time of descent to the center in the logarithmic spiral with the periodic time in a circle, whose radius is equal to the distance from which the body is projected downward. The work of Examination Tuesday was similar to that of the Monday, and so was that of the Wednesday until the year 1779, when it was determined to give more prominence to the examination in 'Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Locke' which was at that time very superficial, consisting as it did at best of an occasional question or two in Locke, Butler's Analogy, or Clarke's Attributes, thrown in by the Moderator" after he had 1 They were relieved from giving Hall, in the c-venmg, to solre i)robIems. more elaborate eutcrtaiumeuts by a Similar examinations in the Moderators' grace of March 2G, 1784. rooms in the evenings of Monday and '^ However in Gil. Wakefield's time Tuesday for the first s/.r classes are {Memoir i. 109) ' the three first classes mentioned as late as 1828 in Wall- went to the Blodcrator's room at Clare Gunning's Ceremonies, p. 71. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 53 exhausted liis mathematical stock. By grace of Mar. 19, 1779, the examination was continued till 5 p. m. on a fourth day, Thursday ; and all Wednesday was devoted to the moral sub- jects\ At the same time the Moderators of the previous year were added to the regular official staff of examiners, and (by a grace of March 20) the system of brackets {' classes quam mini- mas') introduced. In 1808 a fifth day was added to the examinations ; and in 1827 an encroachment was made on the Friday and Saturday of the preceding week, leaving the Wednesday free. Other changes were made in 1832, 1838, and other years, until in 1868 we find no acts and opponencies (the last was kept in 1839), no viva voce examination, no previous classification (the old 'classes' were abolished in 1838), but the four days and tlie five days with a respite of ten days between. But from about 1780 until 1808 there were only four days (but longer days) spent in the senate-house. And here we will resume the course of the examination in the words of the Nar- rative of the Sixth Calendar of the University of Cambridge.] * Examination Wednesday. The hours of attendance are the same this day as the former. The examinations are confined solely to Logic, Moral Pldlosophy, and points relative to Natural and Revealed Religion. The authors chiefly respected are Locke, Paley, Clarke, Butler, &c.^ Wednesday, comparatively speak- ing, is considered a day of leisure, though all are full employed at stated periods as usual. [Howbeit, Gunning and many others found the time hang heavy on their hands, and solaced ^ There is a tradition that in 180-4 Reminixc. i. cli. vi. J. B. Hollingworth of Peterhouse " ^Vhcn Jebb wrote 1772-5 there was (afterwards Norrisiau Professor and no special day for 'philosophy,' but Archdeacon of Huntingdon) won his after the other subjects 'the Moderator B.A. degree by his knowledge of Locke. sometimes asks a few questions in This however was considered extra- Locke's Essay on the Human I'ndcr- ordinary, and he was placed no higher standing, Butler's Analogy, or Clarke's than next but one to the 'wooden- Attributes. But as the highest aca- spoon.' On the other hand James demical distinctions are invariably Blackburn of Trinity got his place as given to the best proficient in mathe- 14th senior optimc in 1790 by solving niatics and natural philosophy, a very one very hard problem. Inconsequence superficial knowledge in morality and of a dispute with his tutor he would metaphysics will suffice.' (ii. 292.) attempt nothing but that. Gunning 54 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. themselves with teetotum ' below stairs*,' perhaps while waiting for their class to be called up for their one hour's examination.] Answers to the respective Questions are seldom given viva voce, but are required to be written down fully and legibly. It is expected in the examinations of this day, all persons, whether they be candidates for Honors or not, acquit themselves with respectability in the solution of the several Questions which the examiners may think proper to propose. The few subsequent Questions will give an idea of this day's examination. For what purpose does Locke recommend the study of Geometry and Mathematics ? Give the reasons which Gisborne urges against Paley's Prin- ciples of Moral Philosophy. What is Paley's opinion on Subscription to Articles of Religion ? Define simple and mixed modes : and shew wherein Identity consists. How is Enthusiasm to be discovered ? 'The examinations of this day conclude, as usual, at Jive o'clock ; but the fatigue of the Examiners is by no means di- minished ; for during the whole of this, as on the preceding nights, they have a multitude of Papers to inspect, and to affix to each it's degree of merit ; according to which a new arrange- ment of the classes is made out called the Brackets. ^Examination Thursday.... Kt eight o'clock the new Classifi- cations or Brackets [an invention of the year 1779], which are arranged according to the order of merit, each containing the names of the candidates placed alphabetically, are hung upon the pillars [in the Senate-House. Should the Examiners wish to intimate that there is a magnum intervallum between two Brackets, they insert between them a number of lines propor- tionable to that interval. A 'bracket' may include only one name; seldom more than ten are so classed together. In 1802 there were fifteen brackets in all : the names of two men after- wards in the fourth (final) class were unnoticed in the Brackets]. Upon the exhibition of the Brackets, disappointment or satis- faction is visible in the countenances of the Examined ; some ' The Moderators sat in the gallery about 1763. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 55 think their merits are placed too low, while others rejoice in the Bracket assigned them. It seldom happens that a person either lises or falls from a Bracket ; his ultimate station being fixed somewhere within its limits. Each Bracket is examined [much as the Classes were on the preceding days], and when any one evidently appears to have distinguished himself above the rest [of those associated in his own bracket], his proper place is de- termined, and the Examiners give him no further trouble ; and in this manner the rest are arranged. Should any one however be dissatisfied, as frequently happens, he has the power of chal- lenging (often a dangerous experiment) any that he pleases to a fresh examination ; in which case the Moderators call to their assistance the Proctors and some Masters of Arts; who, after the most impartial and sometimes laborious scrutiny, determine the point at issue, and give judgment accordingly. [Isaac Mil- ner^ of Queens' was often thus called in to arbitrate : if he was hearing a challenge of some stupid men in the 5th or 6th classes he would call out to the Moderator at the other end of the room, In i^ehus fuliginosis versatus sum: — so translating his favourite expression ' Sootg felloivs / ' Fresh editions and revisions of the Brackets are published at 9 and 11a. m., and 3 and 5 p. m., according to the course of the examination, liberty being given to any man to challenge the bracket immediately above his own on each occasion, until] 'ixt five o'clock the examinations are finished. ' The Proctors, Moderators, and Examiners retire to a room under the Public Library to prepare the list of Honors, and de- termine the situation of every person that has been examined. Thousands of the papers are frequently again produced, and their real character subjected to the keen criticism of an aggre- gate tribunal of eight learned men. The whole business is sometimes settled without much difficulty in a few hours; some- times not before two or three o'clock the next morning^ [The name of the Senior Wrangler was generally published at mid- night.] At this meeting it is determined whether all arc to have their degrees passed; sometimes two or three are found deficient, in which case they are plucked, i, e. turned over to ^ A ferocious charge of unfairness Lis college in two pampblots, 1780-81. was hurled at him by Beg. I31igh of ' See W. Gooch's letters in Appendix. 56 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Ash Wednesday {Dance's Dcty), or 'till such time as they have ([ualified themselves for their degree. It is scarcely necessary to add, that so little is required of these low men, that all com- passion on the defeat of their hopes, is totally out of the question. [At the end of the century^ 'two books of Euclid's Geome- try, Simple and Quadratic Equations, and the early parts of Paley's Moral Pliilosophy were deemed amply sufficient. Yet in the year 1800 three students failed to pass even this test.' In 1774 a Syndicate was appointed to consider the case of such idle men ' secordia torpentihus' as well as that of those who 'read too high.'] ' In consequence of the insufficiency of many of the Ques- tionists in 1799, Mr Palmer [Joh.], Senior Moderator, signified that for the future no degree should pass, unless the Candidate should have a competent knowledge of the first book of Euclid, Arithmetic, Vidgar and Decimal Fractions, Simple and Qua- dratic Equations, and Locke and Paley. This regulation was communicated to the Fathers in the Senate-House, January 18, 1799, and agreed to. ' Such being the case, it is esteemed a reproach, both to the Father and the College, to send any men without being qua- lified, at least to bear an examination such as that above prescribed ; for all Societies, some time previous to Examination Monday, try the merits of their own men, before they permit them to undergo the Senate-House Examination. A select number (thirty at least, Stat. Acad.) of those who have most distinguished themselves, are recommended to the Proctors for their approbation; and if no reason appears to the contrary, their names are set down according to merit, and classed in three divisions, viz. Wranglers, Senior Optimes, and Junior Op- times ; which constitute the three orders of Honor. The rest are arranged according to merit, but not having obtained any Honor, arc styled the ol nroXkol, or multitude. [The position rof ' Captain of the Poll' was one of distinction. The lowest \ honor, or last Junior Optime, obtains the appellation of the / Wooden Spoon. The last tJiree, four, &c. of the ol iroWoi, who 1 Ct. Pryme's rucoll. p. 92. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 57 are hard run for their degrees, are arranged alphaheticaUy, and usually obtain some distinctive title ; such as the Alphabet, Ele- gant Extracts, Rear Guard, Invincihles, [Consta7it Quantities, and Martyrs'], &c., or sometimes their titles are deduced from their number and concurring circumstances of the day, as The Twelve Judges or Apostles, The Consulate, The Executive Di- rectory or Septemvirate ; &c. [if there was but one, he was called Bion, who carried all his learning about him without the slight- est inconvenience. If there were two, they were dubbed the Scipios ; Damon and Pythias ; Hercules and Atlas ; Castor and Pollux. If three, they were ad libitum the Tliree Graces ; or Three Furies ; the Magi; or Noah, Daniel, and Job. If seven, they were the Seven Wise Men; or the Seven Wonders of the W07M. If nine, they were the unfortunate Suitors of the Muses. If twelve, they became the Apostles. If thirteen, either they deserved a round dozen, or, like the Americans, should bear thirteen stripes on their coat and arms^], &c. 'In the list of Honors, ybwr^ additional names used to be in- serted at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor, the two Proctors, and the Senior Regent. Whether from abuse in bestowing these Honors, or the insignificance attached to the characters of those who have accepted this Cobweb Plumage, none at present [1802] are hardy enough to offer, and none so ridiculous as to accept them....' [These were known as Proctor s Senior Optimes^ or 'gratui- tous Honorati' (Gil, Wakefield). In earlier times the number was not thus limited, nor the names always put at the foot of the Senior Optimes, but ' distributed ad libitum in various parts of the lists.' Tim. Lowten, a good classic, with considerable in- terest as a Johniau, seems thus to have been placed next the senior wrangler in 1761, and above T. Zouch of Trinity, who was properly second wrangler. Thus also in 1G80, Hi. Bentley was hustled down from his proper place as third wrangler to 1 Oxf. and Camb. Nuts to Crack, in 1G50 Tr Arrowf;mitli, master of St p. 217. Joliu's, ' by the j^roctor's iiuhilnfiice 2 Wraughani's Memoirs of Zouch, had sent him unsoii(i]it the senioriti/ «/ p. xxxi. See my Uniiwrsitij Life, p. all his year,'' wo have a plain i)roof of 210. tlio lack of any formal o^iaiuiuatiou at •' When wo road of M. Ilobinson that that time. 58 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. sixth. In like manner in 1776 four names' were placed between the senior wrangler and GiL Wakefield of Jesus. Wakefield thought this was an artifice of the V. C, Ri. Farmer, and the senior proctor W. Bennet, both Emmanuel men, to make the interval seem greater between him and their senior wrangler (Archdeacon) John Oldershaw. Wakefield's editor, however, (1804) thinks that it was done with the purpose rather of giving Bp H, W. Majendie a lift. About 1710 RL Laughton, Proctor and Moderator, used * a promise of the senior optime of the year' to induce (Sir) Wm. Browne, then a student of Peterhouse, to keep his acts on mathematical questions ^ Gunning, in his edition of WaUs Ceremonies, p. 72, n. (1828) says, that ' some years since a Person thus nominated claimed to be a Candidate for the Classical Medal, His claim was dis- allowed ; and in consequence of the discussion which took place on the subject, this absurd practice was shortly afterwards dis- continued.' However, our Appendix will shew some instances of honorary senior optimes winning the medal.} 'Those who take the degree of Bachelor of Arts at any other than this time, are called Bye-Term Men ; they are ar- ranged alphaheticaUy in classes according to their supposed acquirements, either as Baccalaurei ad Baptistam [if admitted ad respondendum quaestioni after Ash Wednesday] or ad Diem. Cinerum [if on or before that day, which w^as called Dunce's Day]; and inserted in the list of seniority among the ol ttoXKoi, [i. e. they, or any of them, may be placed before or after any one or other of the classes of the 'Poll.* They pay heavier fees to the junior proctor and marshall.} ^ The tripoa for 1776 commenced Nic. Simons, Clir. thus — Gil. Wakefield, Jes. J. Oldershaw, Emm. See below, Appendix on honorary de- G. Isted, Trin. grees. H. W. Majendie, Chr. " Nichols' Lit, Anccd. lu. 328. Ri. Rellian, Trin. CHAPTER VI. THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. HUDDLING. Haec alii sex Vel plures uno conclamant ore Sopliistae. JnvBNAii VII. 1C6, 167. It is unnecessary to go through all the details of the admission of the Questionists on Friday (afterwards Saturday) morning as detailed by Mr Raworth in the Calendar of 1802. Suffice it to say that the class-lists of the Questionists are hung on the pillars at 8 a.m. At 10 a Bedell calls up the Houses to hear the Moderator's Latin speech, and admit their Supplicats which are approved, and carried to the Scrutators in the non-regent- house to be placeted. The Questionists come down from the gallery of the senate-house ; and at a given signal the hoodling begins, i.e. each man's bed-maker puts his rabbit's-fur hood over his head. The School-keeper gives all men so distin- guished a copy of the following oath : 'lurabis quod nihil ex iis omnibus sciens nolens practcr- misisti, quae per leges aut probatas consuetudines huius Academiae, ad hunc gi-adum quem ambis adipiscendum, aut peragenda, aut persoluenda, requiruntur, nisi quatenus per gratiam ab Academia concessam tecum dispcnsatum fuerit. lurabis etiam quod Cancellario, et Pro-cancellario nostro comi- ter obtemperabis, et quod statuta nostra, ordinationes, et con- suetudines approbatas, obseruabis. Denique iurabis quod com- 60 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. positioncm inter Actidcniiam ct collegium Regale factam scions nolens, non iiiolabis. Ita te Deus adiuuet et sancta Dei Euan- gelia.' The 'Fathers' present their 'Sons' to the Vice-Chancellor as 'tarn moribus quani doctriua\..idoneos ad respondendum quaestioni.' The Vice-Chancellor admits them authoritatively, ad respondendum quaestioni (after they have taken the oath aforesaid with those of Supremacy and Allegiance), thereby licensing them, somewhat tardily, to undergo examination. This doubtless was a remnant of the ancient custom of admitting questionists to be examined in ' Aristotle's P?-to?'ums^' by the 'Proctors, Posers, and other Regents.' About the year 1555 {Bedell Stokys' Book) it was the custom for the Father to add his conclusion upon the answer of his ' chyldren,' and if he shewed signs of making any lengthy strictures upon them, the Bedell was expected to 'knock hym out,' i.e. to drown his remarks by hammering on the schools door^ ! This part of the proceedings was not more seemlily conducted in the 18th century. For as the Questionists were admitted they went to the Soiihs schools* under the Univ. Library : the Father, Moderator, or some other Regent ascended the moderator's 1 ' A scholar that was to take his de- through some more serious acts and gree of B.A., was asked by the Dean, opponeucies in the schools already who was to present him to the con- and only made up the deficit in the gregation, with what conscience ho statutable number by this fiction, but could swear him, who had spent his by some abuse of authority fellow- university career so unprofitably, to be commoners were admitted (1772) with fit for that degree both in learning and no other performance than this which in mamiers ? The scholar answered they desjiatched in the space of ten him, that he might well swear him to minutes ' reading in that time two he &t 'tarn moribus quam doctrina,^ tov theses, and answering sixteen argu- so the oath runs in Latin.' Rejmnt ments against sis questions: hearing by Halliwell, frorn a lltli cent. Jest- also two theses, and proposing at least Book. eight argiaments against six questions - See my Univ. Life, pp. 203, 217. in his turn. From the precipitation * One taking an ordinary degree in with which the candidate reads his a bye-term, ad diem Cinerum, or ad theses, answers and proposes argu- Baptistam, answered his question in ments, the whole of the ceremony is the Senate-House. Ceremonies. "Wall- very expressively denominated, "hud- Gimning, 1828, p. 166. dliug for a degree." ' Jebb's Works ^ ap. Notes and Queries, 2 S. viii. n. 298, 299. At last they spoke such Most of the candidates had gone gibberisli as I-us thinl--us that-w. THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. 61 pnlpit and made a pair of them occupy the respondent's and opponent's boxes. The mock Respondent then said simply ' Recte statuit Neivtonus,' to which the mock Opponent as simply answered ' Recte inon statuit Neiutonus! This was a disputation, and it was repeated as many times as the statutes required. The parties then changed their sides, and each maintained the contrary of his first assertion. 'I remember (adds the late Prof. A. De Morgan) thinking it was cajDital practice for the House of Commons.' By the side of this the specimen syllogism given in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, 1803, (s.v. Huddling), Asinus mens habet aures Et tu habes aures. Ergo: Tu es asinus mens — was quite rational. ' This, which Sir Thomas More says, was "the form of arguing used by youge children in gi'ammer schooles" in his time, would be thought very good huddling for old boys at the University.' (1803). According to the Cambridge Ceremonies (Wall-Gunning, 1828, p. 163), the huddling Avas performed in the case of candi- dates for an ordinary degree, Avho had not kept all their statu- table exercises, before their s^q^pUcats were presented to the Caput. They were got through in the Sophs' school in pre- sence of the Fathers of their colleges, a B.A., and a Soph. They were also examined by the moderators in their rooms. A young gentleman who was not conspicuous for mathematics was asked by the mock moderator in the mock Latin for which the schools were so famous, Domine respondens, quid fecisti in Academia triennium commorans ? Anne circulum quadrasti ? To which he made answer, shewing his trencher cap with its angles considerably the worse for rough usage, Minime, Domine eruditissime ; sed quadratum omnino circidavi^. On account of the shortness of the Lent Term, permission was granted in 1684 (Dec. 16), to make the work lighter by the passing of two graces"'', allowing inceptors in arts to make their disputatious with an M.A. any day in term-time in the Logic, Philosophy, or Law schools, from 7 to 0, or 9 to 11 a.m., and 1 to 3, or 3 to 5 p.m., in tlie presence of the Proctor (or a 1 Noti'x and Querit'i!, 2 S. viii. 191. - Dijrr Prir. Comh. i. 20r>,20(;. 62 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. regent his deputy) and at least six B.A.'s, and to hold disputa- tions or declamations of inceptors and questionists, even out of term, at the Proctors' pleasure, provided that the questions were duly posted on the doors and a Moderator present, as well as twelve Sophs at the Sophs' disputations, and six B.A.'s at the Bachelors' declamations. That day, thirty-seven years later, Dec. 16, 1721, these exceptional graces were made jyeiyetual. But we find Bentley's opponent, Serjeant Miller, complain- ing as early as 1717, that 'when the Students come to take the degree of B.A., among other things they swear ^ that they have learned rhetoric in the first year of their coming to the University ; in the second and third, logic ; and in the fourth year, philosophy ; and that they have performed several other exercises, which through the multitude of scholars and the want of time appointed for them if they are performed at all, they are, the greatest part of them, in the manner which they call huddling — which is in a slighter manner than the usual moot- ings are in the inns of court.' It appears that the licence granted by the graces* of Dec. 16, in 1684 and 1721 had brought the more ancient Lenten dispu- tations into contempt, so that just ten years after the latter date {i.e. on Dec. 16, 1731) it was ordered by a grace that the exercises of Questionists and Sophisters should be performed in that term as regularly as they were after Easter and Michael- mas ! All exercises had for some time been 'neglected or per- formed in a trifling and ludicrous manner^.' There is no appearance of any cessation of these mock exercises up to the year 1840*. The question asked by the Moderator was usually some- thing ridiculous, and the answer quite immaterial. The com- monest question was Quid est nomen ? and the answer Nescio. About 1830 it was customary to ask a student whether he had * There is no reason to suppose that nations at Trinity between chapel and the students knew the statute well breakfast in 1755. Unii\ Life, p. 117. enough to understand that all this - Dj'er Privil. Camb. i. 265-6, 269. was implied in their oath. In the ' Masters' Hist. C. C. C. C. 196. 18th cent, teachers in Rhetoric, Logic, Cooper's Annals rv. 211. and Ethics, &c. were appointed at ■* The ' classes ' continued till 1839, Peterhouse every year. There were the ' acts ' till 1840. Logic and Locke lectures and exami- THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. C and in its proper form consists of a chain of enthymoms, or implied syllogisms ; and in like manner, all other sound reason- ing on all subjects consists of a like chain of enthymems,' King James I. licensed W. lord ]\Iaynard, co. Wicklow, to appoint in the university of Cambridge a logic lectureship (tenable with a Johnian fellowship), July 20, 1620, with a stipend of £50 ; but it died a natural death in 1G40\ About that period" boys brought with them to college some knowledge of some book of logic such as Seton's or Peter Ramus (the devotee of Logic though the rebel against Aristotle), supple- mented in their first term by lectures on Keckerman or Molineus. Milton found fault with this system of commencing the nurture of students in arts with such hard fare as logic and metaphysics. At St John's in 1737-8 there were 'two logick-tables...join'd^:' while at Trinity in 1755 there were lectures and weekly examinations in Duncan's logic, &c.* In 1710 Bouwicke read Burgersdicii institut. logic, and all the fasciculus prceceptorum logicorum Oxoniensis^. John Jebb bears witness that the former book had been prescribed at Cambridge in the memory of their forefathers ; but then (1775) the barbarous sounds of Darii and Felapton no longer gi'ated on their ears^ As in old times the mere study of the Sentences of Peter 1 Cooper's Annals iii. 135, 136. asserted that it was all derived from Our Univ. Statutes of 1570 provided Sanderson. Letter to [Cyril Jackson] (cap. 4) that the professor of logic dean of Ch. Ch. 1807, p. 11. Cp. Sir should teach the arguments of Aristotle W. Hamilton's Discussions 123, 148, or the Topica of Cicero. 149, 1C8, 718 n. 2 Mayor's M. Robinson IG n., 98. 6 JcWs Works, ii. 357. Ramus when proceeding M.A. at A cm-ious instance of the estimation Navarre astonished his examiners by of logic as compared with skill in argu- choosing for his thesis that ' what Aris- ment is to be found in the note to the totle has said is all wrong ' Quaecun- names of the first wranglers on the que ah Aristotle dicta essent commen- tniioa of 1786 : Ds Bell, Trin., Otter, ticia esse. Whowell, Philos. of Dis- J»nw/, vi. 413 (modified). 92 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, of Newton and Barrow live, so also do thosa of Bcnt- loy and Porson. And we may consider it significant that Bentlcy was virtually third wrangler in 1G80, and was instrumental in the edition of Newton's Princijna, which was prepared by Cotes in 1709-1 7 jf, while Porson though only third senior optime in 1782 (being, as we may conjecture, pitted against skilful mathematicians in the Schools on account of his prestige as a scholar), was discovered in his fatal illness with an algebraical problem*, as well as some greek and latin notes, written in his pocket-book. It was thought that he was intending to prej)are an edition of the Aritlimetica of Diophantus. One good effect of the habit of encouraging colloquial latin we may observe in the intercourse of our learned men with continental scholars. With Bentley himself the language was so thoroughly established as the medium of literary- commerce, that he wrote latin letters not only to P. Burman, Kuster, Hemsterhuys, and Graevius, his foreign correspondents, but even occasionally to Ri. Mead, F.R.S., to J. Mill, Edmund hall, and to E, Bernard, at Exeter Coll. Oxon. Among John Augustus Ernesti's correspondence (ed. Tittmann, 55-C2) 1812, A. S. vrriting from Chesterfield to kept the con-espondents of the Clas- the Monthly Magazine in 1797 (p. 186) sical Journal in calculation for some gives a similar calculation. ' There time in 1812. ' W. S.' gave a solution have been in forty-one years, fi-om (^ith one value for each letter) in 1755 to 1796 inclusive, eighty-two three lines: 'T. E.' followed with medallists. Of these, fifty-one were another filling as many pages : while Wranglers ;—tlmty-one were Senior 'Philo', with happier moderation, Optimes ; consequently the proportion did the task in seven lines. Ihid. ii. in favoiir of the Wranglers is so 722, 736; v. 201, 222, 411; Pryme great that we may lay it down as a [Recollections, p. 151), speaking of positive fact that the mathematical Porson and Dobree's fondness for studies of Cambridge are not unfa- algebra, refers the reader to Appemlix vo;u-able to classical literature. I to the Eeminiscence.i of Chaides But- have not the least doubt that I could ler, Esq., Vol. i. Note 3. prove the superiority of Cambridge The following equation has been to its sister Oxford in these latter ascribed to Porson : ris 6 dpi.6,u6s ov studies.' Te/jLvo{JL^vov eis 5vo dviaa fiip-r], 77 tov 1 This problem — fid^ovos fiepovs divatas fjieTci tov eXdrro- xy + zu = -±44, voi ixeToXan^avonevri, t List of Books on Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics recommended or in \:se at Cambridge in 1730. Adams, J, (King's) On Self Murder. Lond. 1700. Attcrbury, Fr. (Ch. Ch.) Concio ad Clerum. Lond. 1709. at Mr T. Benuet's Funeral, 1706. Mr B. [ = J. Balguy (Joh.)] Foundation of Moral Goodness. 172S. Barbeyrac, Jeau {Lausanne d: Groningen) Puffeudorf, with Prefatory Dissert. 172-i. Baronius, Vincent (0. S. B.) Etliica Christiana. Paris, 1666. Bates, W. (Emm. and Bang's) On the Existence of God. Lond. 1676. Bayle, Pet. (Eoterdam) Diet. (s.vv. Manichcans, Marcionites, Paulicians, &c.) ,lCiOo, Bentley, Ei. (Jo. and Trin.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1693. Berkeley, G. (T.C.D.) Dialogues. Lond. 1713. Treatise on the Princii^les of Human Knowledge. Dublin, 1710. Browne, Pet. (T.C.D.) Procedure of the Understanding. Lond. 1728. Buddeus, J. F. (Halle -tk Jena) De Origine Mali. Burnet, GU. (Aberd.) F.E.S. De Statu Mortuorum. Lond. 1720, 1727. On the XXXIX. Articles. Lond. 1699, 1720. Butler, Jos. {Oriel) Three Sermons with Preface. 1726. A. C. [ = Ant. Collins (King's)] On Liberty and Necessity, 1715. (5^c Gretton and Jackson). Cartesii, Een. {La Flechc) Mcditationes 1630, 1641. de Methodo. (1637) Camb. 1702. Principia. Amst. 1644, li-c. Chambers (Eplir.) Dictionary (s. vv. Ahgtract, General) 1728. Cheyne, G. {Edinh.) Philos. Princip. Lond. 1715. Chubb, T. Eeflectione on Moral and Positive Duties. Collection of Tracts, 4to. Lond. 1730. Clarke, J. of Hull (Pet.) Foundation of MoraUty. York. n. d. , J. dean of Sarum (Cai.) Boyle Lectures on Origin of Evil. Lond. 1720, 21. Clarke, S. (Cai.) On the Catechism. Lond. 1729. Corresp. with a Gentleman at Cambridge. with Dodwell. Lond. 1706. Leibnitz. Lond. 1717. On the Being and Attributes of God. Lond. 1706. Evidences of Nat. and Eovcalod Ecligion. Le Clerc, J. {Geneva) Logica. 1704. Lond. 1(')92. Pneumatologia. Amst. 1692. CoUiber, S. Essay on Nat. and Eevealcd Ecligion. Impartial Enquiry into the Being and Attributes of God, Lond. 1735. 130 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Collier, Artlinr (New Coll.) Clavia UnivcrBalis. Loud. 1713. 'Country Clorgynmn's Letters to a Deist.' Cudwortb, lla. (Kiimi. Clare, Chr.) Eternal and Immutable Morality. Lond. 1731. — • Intellectual System. Lond. IfiTS. Cumberland, Hi. (Magd.) de Legibus Naturae. Lond. 1G72. Dawes, Sir W. Abp. {Joh.; Catb.) Sermons. Lond. 1707 &c. Derham, W. (Tri7i.) Astro-Theologia. Lond. 1711, 1720. rbysico-Theologia. Lond. 1713, 1727. Episcopius, Simon {Amsterd.) Instit. Theol. Amst. 1GC5 — 71. — de Libero Ai-bitrio. • Respons. ad Quaestiones. Fabricins, J. A. (Hamh.) de Veritate Rel. Cbristianae. Hamb. 1725. Fancourt, Sam. On Divine Prescience. Lond. 1729. Felton, H. [Edni. H.) On the Eesurrection, 1725. Fiddes, Ri. (Univ.) Body of Divinity, Vol. ii. Preface on Morality. Lond. 1720. . On Hell Torments. Tbeol. Speculat. Lond. 1718—20. Filmer, Sir- Ro. (Trin.) Patriarcbia. Lond. 1C80. Fordyce, Dav. (J/arisc/jaO Ethics. (Loud. 1754.) Gastrell, Fr. (Ch. Ch.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1703. ' Gloucestersliire,' Gentleman of. On Clarke's Attributes. 'sGravesandc, W. J. (Lcyden) Elem. Phys. Lug. Bat. 1720. Green, Ro. (Clare) Pvincip. Philos. Camb. 1712. Gretton, Phil. (Trin.) Answer to A. C. Lond. 1730. Review of the Argument a priori, 1732. Grew, Nebem. (Pemb.) Cosmologia Sacra. Lond. 1701, 1710. Grotius, Hugo {Lcyden) De Jure Belli et Pacis. Paris 1C25, Excerpta Camb. 1703. Mare Liberum. Lug. Bat. 1609, ' Lond. 1592, Cam6. tributeil the scnrcity of EngUsli au- 1595, &c. aud 'Tlio wliole treatise thorities was 'the careless aud need- of Cases of Conscience,' Lwid. 4to. less neglect of receiving private Cou- IGll. fessions.' Vtciaccio JJitctorDuhitan- " Wliewell and Grote abandoned the tiuin (or, as Whewell would have called popular Paleian sytitcm, and revived it, ' Medulla Dubitationum'). Among the Butlerian principle of the Moral authors he refers to W. Perkins (Chr.), Sense. who published Aureae Cdsiium Con- * Sanderson's Artis I.ogicae Com- scientiae Dcci.^iones, Tribus Libris, &c. pcnuliitm had been printed for him at Basle, 12'"°- IGOi), translated from 'A his own University in 1C18. 13t UNIVEUSITV STUDIES. and Decisions of divers practical Cases of Conscience, fol. Lond. 1049. Tho. Barlow {Queens Coll., Bodley's Librarian), the second bp. of Lincoln of that sirname, took up his predecessor Sander- son's work, by considering sundry Cases of Conscience, which were published posthumously in 1692. H. Feme, S. Mary Hall Oxon. and Trin. Coll. Camb., bp. of Chester, published in Dec. 1G42 (Cambridge, E. Freeman and T. Dunster) The Resolving of Conscience upon this Question Whether. ..Subjects may take Arms and resist? and Whether that case be now? 4to. pp. 51. Also Conscience Satisfied that there is no warrant for the Arms now taken np hij Subjects. Oxon. 1G43, 4to. J. Norman wrote Cases of Conscience, Lond. 1G73, of which 1 know nothing. Watt, so far as I am aware, does not record a single eigh- teenth century book of English casuistry ; and indeed casuistry w^ould be of small use without canonists, of whom even the commencement of that century could claim but the small list given in a note on p. 138, and perhaps Humphry Hody (Wadh., Gk. Prof., and Archd.), and the Cambridge non-jurors, J. John- son (Bene't), and Lawr. Howel (Jes.), and, perhaps one of the greatest, John Ayliffe, ejected fellow of JS^ew College, (author of 'the Antient and Present State of the University of Oxford,' 2 vols. 1714), who published his Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani, 1726; also 'The Law of Pawns,' 1732, and 'A new Pandect of the Roman Civil Law,' (with a bibliographical list) fol. 1734. CHAPTER XI. LAW. A Serjeant of the Lawo ware and wise, That often liadde y been at tlie Parvis '. Chaucer's Prologue. In old times the faculty of Law undertook to teach the jus utrumque, and to give separate degrees in Cauou and Civil Law^ The old English Canon Law consisted of the body of Icga- tine and provincial canons, promulgated and adopted in this country, as well as the Roman corpus of Decretals, Clementines and Extravacjants collected in the twelfth and three followiu<]r centuries. The decretum of Gratian of course included Mer- cator's forged additions to Isidore, on which so much of the pretensions of the See of Rome is founded. Though there were separate degrees in Canon and Civil law, there was yet a close connexion between the two, so that (a.s Mr Mulliuger shews) when Occam attacked one he aimed a blow at the other. They were connected also in the university course, i.e. a candidate for the doctor's degree was not allowed to enter on Canon law until he had heard lectures in Civil for 1 Parvis (paradisus), a leau-to build- ^ In Bedell Stokys' Book (ap. Toa- ing, such as was used by the lawyers cock On the Statutes) are given tho at S. Paul's, and by the scholars at proceedings at the ' Vepers in Canon S. Mary's church, Oxon. for the after- and Cicell, and the Commensment in noon exercise of 'sitting in generals 'or Canon and CinjlV aa they were cou- little-go (in paruiso) iuramcnti (jratia. dueled about 1555. 136 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. three ycarsV It is interesting to observe from tlie information gathered in Mr J. B. Mullingor's early History of Cambridge (1873), how the study of law was from the first little en- couraged in the universities ; and, as respect for learning and culture increased, the law of the period met with disinterested (Ztscouragement. And, on the other hand, when Pope John XXII. had ordered the Constitutions and Decretals to be read in the schools at Cambridge in 1317, that study had tended to exterminate others of greater estimation^. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the statutes of several halls and colleges permitted a limited number of inmates to study Canon law with special permission, and a still smaller number to read Civil law. Although a stop had been put to the ancient study by K. Henry VIII.'s royal prohibition, yet ' afterwards' (says Fuller) 'Scholars applyed themselves to the reforined Canon-Law ■ko enable themselves for Chancellours, Officials, &c, in several Dioceses: yet so that Canon-Law did never after stand hy it self (as subsisting a distinct Faculty wherein any commenced) but was annexed to Civil-Law, and the Degree denominated from the later. And although Civilians keep Canon-Law in Commendam with their own Profession, yet both twisted toge- ther are scarce strong enough (especially [1655] in our sad dayes) to draw unto them a liberal Livelihood ^' It is only surprising that the study did not expire alto- gether, considering the sudden failure of the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticaruni (1551 — 3), on the death of K. Edward VI. English Canon Law Imd been limited, and, so to speak, embodied in the Statute law two years before Henry forbade its study. 25 Hen. VIII. cap. 19. § 7 gives express sanction to the then received cartons, constitutions, &c. which are not contrary to the general laws of the realm. Even received foreign Canon ^ They interpenetrated even in the onem Divcrsitatis. And iff the Scolys university cei"€mouies. At the 'Ves- be hx Cijvyll, tlie yougest Doctoitr in pcrs in Canon and Civil ' (on the day Canon shall aske Eationem Diversita- beforo commencement) the proctor tis.' Bedell Stokys' Book (1555) ap. was to say '■to the yongest Doctoiu: in Peacock's Statutes Univ. Camb. p. I. Cyi-ill iff the Scolys be kepte in ^ Pyer, Priv. Cant. i. 14, 534. Canon, Domine Doctor, (lueratis Eati- ^ ruUcr, Hist. Camb. % vi. cud. CANON LAW. 137 Law was incliKled under these terms according to caj). 21. § 1. Coke's opinion, as given in Gibson's Codex, p. xxix, was that * when the Convocation makes Canons concerning matters which properly appertain to them, and the Sovereign has confirmed them, they are binding on the whole realm.' Lord Hardwicke, however, laid down that the post-reformation constitutions of the church, after royal confirmation, bind the spiritual body, as between members of that body, but not the laity \ at any rate not so as to subject them to pecuniary penalties. Lord Hardwicke, moreover, (when he was known as Mr Attorney-General Yorke) had laid down'^ that the law by which the university itself was governed internally was a com- pound of Civil and Canon Law, and that our universities (like that of Paris) had been, by various gi-ants from the crown, freed from the courts of Common Law, the University courts being practically subject to the jus utrumque^. Such con- siderations may have in some measure modified the effects of that sweeping royal edict of the sturdy Tudor monarch to the partial results of which we have referred, and which is thus recorded : — K. Henry VIII. ' stung (as Fuller says) with the dilatoric pleas of the Canonists at Rome in point of his marriage, drd in revenge destroy their whole Hive throughout the Yniversities.' Accordingly, in his Injunctions of 1534-5, he ordered that thenceforward no degree nor even lectures should be given in Canon Law*. In Q. Mary's reign three persons graduated in that faculty^ It was admitted indeed that the Canon Law "s\^s supposed to be included in Civil Law : and a few enthusiasts, like Hearne, may have dreamt of a good time coming, when it should again 1 This implies (I siipposc) that the Canon Law at all. laity are not held to bo so bound in ^ l^ycr, Ili^it, Camb^ i. 75, 70. Friv. foro cxteriore ; — in foro conscietitiae Camb. i. 413 — 5. every churchman is bound. ■* Fuller, ut sitpra. IIo had somc- 2 [Kurd's] Opinion of an Eminent thing of a precedent in the prcJiibitiou Laivyer, 1751. On the other hand Dr of Civil law laid upon the university of Chii]mi&n,inhia Inquiry into the Bight Paris by Honorius III. in 1220, and of Appeal (sec my Univ. Life,7i, 630), not finally removed till 1()79. had maintained that the university * Peacock On the Statutes, Ai)peu- was subject to Civil only and not to dis, p. /. note. 138 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ])C recognized })y ft special degree. lie even knew an M.A. of Balliol (C. Browne, 1716), who had intended to proceed to the Bachelor and Doctor of Canon Law; only he died*. I3r Gardiner, the Vice-chancellor of that time, told him that they could not indeed hinder him, but that it would be very trouble- some. A few university canonists are mentioned in the note*. Thomas Wood (New Coll.) LL.D. (1703) and Barrister at Law, author of the Institute of the Laws of England [1720 ; cd. 10, 1772], published anonymously in 1708 Some ThoiigJits con- cerning the Study of the Laws of England, Farticularbj in the Tiuo Universities, in a Letter to the Head of a College in Oxford\ He says 'the (7a?ion- Law is read and practised within the Universities. And even Divines think themselves under a necessity to read the Institutes drawn up by Lancellot [Ant- werp, 1566], or Cormnus, and to consult the Decrees and the Decretals with the chief Canonists for settling' of Cases of Conscience, and to inform themselves in Church History. This method also is so far commendable : and if Divines would inspect the Registers of our Ecclesiastical Courts and Clark [Praxis Fr. Clark in Foro Ecclesiastico, 1666], as to the general Practice, they might be sufficiently qualified for the Offices in those Courts ; the Profits of which honourable Posts are often 1 Beliqn. Eearn. Bliss in. 1G5, ^ Ed. 2, 1727. Bodl. Godicin Pamph. ^ David Wilk ins, receiyed the degree 22. Wood published also in 1712 of D. D. at Cambridge, 1717. anno (Bowyer's press, v. ed. 4. 1730) A new aetatis sitae 32. He edited Leges Sax- Institute of the Imperial or Civil Laic, onicae (1721), and Concilia a.d. 416 — with Notes ; shewing in some principal A.D. 1717. (4 Vols. 1737.) cases,. ..hoio the Canon Law, the Laws Bp. Edm. Gibson, M.A. 1694,Queen's of England, and the Laws aiid Customs Coll. Oxon. — Codex Juris Ecclesiae of other Nations, difer from it. In Four Anglicanae. Loud. 1713, Oxou. 1761. Books. 8vo. In 1756 au oration on nichard Grey, M.A. 1718-19, Lin- the same subject was delivered in colnColl.0.ron.wTote (beside J/^'Hioria Trinity HaU chapel by [Sii-] James Technica) A System of Ecclesiastical Marriott, a fellow of the society, short- Law (abridged from Gibson's Codex), ly before he took his doctor's degree. 1730, for which the University con- It was afterwards pubUshed under the ferred on him the degree of D.D. title De Historia et Ingenio Juris Ci- EichardBurn, D.C.Ij. 1762, Qneen's vilis et Canonici, cum Comparatione Coll. Oxon. — Ecclesiastical Law, 1760- Legum Anghae. 65. For others see p. 134. CIVIL LAW. 139 of necessity given to the Laity over the Clergy As to the common Business, Lijnwood^ [Constit. Provincial, 1557], Degfj [Parson's Counsellor, 1676], Godolphin [Repertorium Canoni- cuni, 1678], Watson^ [Complete Incumbent, 1701], &c. are the Oracles which our best Canonists will vouchsafe to consult upon all occasions ; and every Student may quickly learn the skill of turning to an Index as well as the most celebrated Prac- tisers.' (N.B. 'Degg' = Sir Simon Degge.) But at this time it was practically only the Civil Law which was taught by the University professors. Civil Law was encouraged by archbishop Theobald and taught at Oxford as early as 1149, when Vicarius lectured on the Pandects. He was silenced by K. Stephen, and many of the text-books were destroyed by private persons. These books had been pauperibiis praesertim destinati: — whence Oxford law-students were known as paupenstae^. So closely was the study of civil law entwined with that of the canonist, that the blow struck at the one by K, Henry VIII. was almost fatal to the other. In the first year of K. James (1603) there were rumours at Oxford that the very existence of the faculty of (Civil) Law was threatened*, but, a demonstration being made in convocation by Dr Leonard Hutten (deputy Vice- chancellor), and Dr H Marten of New College, letters were sent to the Chancellor and to the earl of Devonshire, and the danger was averted^. This study had been restored at Cambridge in 165 4- 5 on ^ Lindewood was Cliaplam to Abp. Henry the VIII. a sufficient number Chicbcly, Dean of Arches, and after- of [civilians] could not bo found for wards bp. of St David's in 1441. His the public service, more particularly Constitutions was one of the few books in foreign embassies and negotiations, popular in the 15th century (Words- It arose from a strong foeliup; of this worth, Ecch Biog. [Tindall] ii. 129) deficiency that the Protector Somerset and by use it became practically the proposed to couibmo Clare Hall with authoritative digest and Corpus Juris Trinity Hall and the Hostel of St Canonici for England. Nicholas in one great college for the - The author is supposed to have study of the civil law : but the accom- been not Watson, but Place of York. plishmcnt of this project was defeated 3 Mullinger,7/i.s/.rHjr.Cfl?n&. (1873) by the death of the young king.' p. 38. Maiden's Essay on f/ic Or/i/i/i Peacock, S/aM//<'s, App. A. /. note. Our of Univ. p. 73. first M.P.s, ItJOJ, wore D.C.L.s. •• 'Before the end of the reign of ■'' A. Wood's ,ln;iart of tlieir dignitj' tiie mo- ment they pass tho confines of the small territory where they have been conferred.' 1 I have seen a printed notice of professorial lectures on tlie Civil Law to commence in Trin. Hall on Monday, 12 Nov. 1787, at 10 a.m. ^ Dr Jowett, who was tutor of Trin. Hall, was a man of small stature. About 1790, he enclosed a little corner from the public way to plant as a garden, wherospon some one (Porsou, it is said) wrote — A little garden little Jowett made And fenced it with a little palisade; A little taste had little Dr Jowett, This little garden doth a little show it. Or in Latin, Exiguum liunc hortum fecit Jowcttu- lus isto Exiguus, uallo et niuniit cxiguo: Exigui) hoc horto fors:in Juwettulus iste Exiguus mcntcm i>rodidit exiguani. Tlie professor having afterward liiid 142 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. contained the heads of ITallifax's own course of Law lectures, and was printed several times at Cambridge (1774, 1779, 1705). I believe it was the only thing printed by a regius professor of Civil Law at either university in the last century ! Hallifax was also professor of arable (17G8), and bishop of Gloster and St Asaph (1781, 1789). John Wilson of Peterhouse, of the Common Pleas, was senior wrangler in 1761. Jeremiah Pemberton of Pembroke, the commissary in 1784, was 2nd wrangler and senior medallist in 1762. Ri. Peirper Ardeii (lord Alvanley), of the Common Pleas, of Trinity, 12th wrangler in 17CG. Edward Law (lord EUenborough) of Peterhouse, was 3rd wrangler and senior medallist in 1771. Ediuai'd Christian of S. John's, first Downing Professor, was 3rd wrangler in 1779. Not one of these took a degree in law except professor Hallifax, and that not until ten years after his degree in arts. T. Wood, in the tract (1708) to which reference has been made already, asks, *Wiiy should not the Common Law of England be studied at the universities; being "of infinitely more use amongst us even than the Civil and Canon Laws", and of more value (as he says) than the ordinary studies of those societies ?' * Because of this Ignorance you may often hear our Lawyers say, they had rather have any other Clients than Clergymen or Scholars ; for they ask so many odd Questions, and will have a Reason for everything in their own way : whereas a good Reason in the Schools is not always a good Reason in a Cou7'V He shews the practical utility of a know- ledge of Common Law for Country Gentlemen, University Resi- dents, and the Clergy \ whose predecessors used to study the out his estate in gravel, the following and a lawsuit. Facetiae Cantab, ii. 200. postscript was added : — G. Pryme's BecoU. 216. Gunning ii. i. Because this garden made a little talk, i ^^^^^^ iq^q Matthew Eobiuson, He changed it to a little gi-avel walk. j^j^^jj^g ^gf^ his fellowship at St John's The false reputation of having writ- Camb. for a country cui-e, was already ten the epigram, coupled with his no- ' by reading the councils well ac- torious whiggery, cost (archd.) Fr. quainted with the canon law.' Mayor's Wrangham a fellowship at Triu. Hall, Hohinson, p. 53. ' COMMON LAW. 143 Canon Law, wliilc they do not now know anytliing of tlio Common Law wliicli has superseded it. He enumerates several acts with which the Clergy ought to be acquainted : and, after lamenting the want of a 'complete System of our Laws' (p. 4)3), T. Wood commends among the methods then in exist- ence, Finch's Discourse of Law as 'the most methodical Book extant that ever was wrote by one of our Profession ; it almost follows the method of Justinians Institutes.^ Time however required its revision and augmentation with reference to Coke upon Littleton, Wentiuorth on the Office of an Executor (rather than Swinhurn^ or GodolpJiin), and IlaJes Pleas of the Crown, should be read with books li. and iii. of [Sir H.] Finch's Discourse (a translation oi Nomotechnia ou description del com- mun Leys d'Angleterre, 1G13). Pp. 44 — 54 contain accounts of some supplementary works, 'abridgements' and books of re- ference recommended. He concludes by observing that the Chancellor's Court at Oxford ' might be so regulated as to conduce very much to improve this Study' of Common Law : for the exclusive attach- ment to the Civil Law is productive of great inconvenience and disorder ; while the use of Common Law is required in certain cases by the letter of the University Statutes, &c. Fifty years after this the celebrated William Blackstone {Pemh., fellow of All Soids and Queens, afterwards, 17G1 — G, principal of New Inn Hall, where Alberic Gentilis, who came to be law professor at Oxford, in the IGth cent, had re- sided) was made first Vinerlan professor of the Common Law of England (1758), and delivered excellent lectures. He virtually answered the question, which Wood had asked fifty, and Sir J. Fortescue three hundred years bcfcre. Blackstone shewed in his inaugural lecture or Discourse on the Study of Law (4to. Oxon. 1758, pp. 40), that not only wa.s 1 H. Swinburne on Testaments, Eiil- Jure B. et Pads, Ac. were rend l>y ley's Vieio of the Civil and Eccles. Matt. Itobinsou in the miiiiUc of the Law (1G34), Dialogues hctweene a 17tli ccntiirj'. He liail also some nc- D.D. and a Student in the laiues qnaintanco with Canon Law. {Mmjor's (1569), Bacon's Elements of the Com- Kobinson, -p. 53.) J. Godolphin's book mon Laws (KiBO), Cowdl's Instit. juris was called the 0>j)han's Legacy. Anglic. (Cautabr. IGO'J), Grotius De 144 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Common law unpopular at the universities because it was ex- pressed in other languages beside latin (as Sir J, Fortescue had remarked, de Laudibus Legum Angliae, printed about 1490), but because the clergy had been jealous for their own law, and had withdrawn from the rising forum saeculare in accordance with a canon of 1217. Thei-eupon the municipal lawyers find- ing themselves excluded from the universities', had founded their own colleges in the Inns of Court : and the universities knowincr Civil law to be founded on reason had not thought it •worth while to compete with the professional society in teaching the Common law, which was not very valuable as an instrument I of culture. Sir W. Black stone had published his Essay on Collateral Consanguinity (with reference to All Souls) in 1750 when he took his doctor's degree, and soon afterwards his Analysis of the Laws. The Commentaries first appeared at Oxon. in 4 vols, 1765 — 8. His successor in the professorship, Sir Robert Cham- bers {Line, and Univ.), B.C.L., was, like him and James Black- stone (prof, in 1793), at once Vinerian Prof, and principal of New Lnn Hall. Chambers had been an Indian judge, and in 1791 was chief justice. The next professor, Richard Woodeson (1777 — 9.3), D.CL. fellow of Magd.^, published Elements of Jurisprudence, 1789; and a Systematical View of the Laws of England, as treated in a course of Vinenan Lectures read at Oxford, 3 vols, 1792 — 3, re-edited in 1834, Dr G. Croft (in a Letter to a Young Gentle- man, Wolverhampton, 1784) bears witness that 'no diligence has been spared' in these lectures. In the last century two medical and six Common- Law fel- 1 In the last century and the com- judge) Buller. However, in 1827 a mencement of the present, it was not Quarterly Revieicer said (Pp. 236 — 7) uncommon for gentlemen intending that a very considerable proportion for the law to leave the University of English barristers were graduates, without taking a degree. This was though of attorneys not one in a the case for example with jr. Boscfl if h'S of Eiujl. Univ. 27 — 29. J. Jebb a thorou{,'li-goirig Education, p. 71. wliig pi-cpared ' some political or cou- " C. V. Lo Grico of Trin. edited an stitutioual locturos' iu tho latter half Analysis of Taley's 3Ioral and Politi- of 1773 (Life by Disney, p. 50.), but cal Fhilosophy, Carub. 1795. Smith- I do not know that he ever delivered son Tenuant professor of chemistry them. Possibly he was deterred by who was killed iu 1815 had projected the fate of his Greek Testament class. a work on political economy (Dyer, ^ Facetiae Cantab. 183G, p. 158. Frivil. Camh. ii. ii. 99). ^ Prof. Pryme's Recoil, p. 120. 152 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. institute IcctnroR on political economy', and wont so far even as to print ' a Syllabus or Abstract of a System of Political Philosophy' in 1799, in the preface to which he advocated the establishment of public lectures on the subject, 'but not meet- ing Avith suitable encouragement he declined persevering in his planV Mr G. Pryme of Trinity delivered his first lecture in March, 181G, and twelve years later received the title of Pro- fessor of Political Economy. Adam Smith's ' NaUii^e and Causes of ihe Wealth, of Nations' was published in 1-776. Tlie author had left Balliol without a degree, having been surprised when reading Hume's new Treatise of Hmnau Nature, by the college authorities, in 1741. The remarks which he makes in book V. § 1, would not tend to make it a work to be favourably received in Oxford. I do not know that it was commonly read in Cambridge in the last centtury^, butf Pry me ^ (the futurs professor) came across it at the age of fourteen, in 1795, when' his private tutor read it with his older pupils, B. C. Raworth and A, C. Verelst, before they went up to Trinity Hall and Clare ; and Pitt, who took his first degree (M.A.) in the year of its publication, shewed himself so familiar with it (1780), that there is great probability in' his biographer'a supposition^ that he read it with Pretyman (Bp. Tomline) in his protracted residence in Pembroke Hall. If Walpole and Gray had been less excliisi\^ and more popular, and if Gray had worked as professor of Modern Lan- guages, french and italian literature®' might have taken more hold at Cambridge than was the case. But while men are much occupied in the study of greek and latin, their classical tastes are already provided with as piquant diet as any of the moderns could produce. As- at the present day, a few students 1 Dyer, Hist. Camb. i. 220, ' See Stanhope's Life o/Pitt, i. 17. * Cainb. U'liiv. Calendar for 1802, « In 1710, J. Byrom a scholar of p. 159]n. Trinity enquired for Bentivoglio's His- 3 The tact that a, ' Complete Analysis toria della Guerra dalla Fiandra &c., or Abridgment of Ad&m Small's Wealth Tasso, Ariosto, Marino, Fiilvio, G. of Nations' was edited hy Jer. Joyce Testi, Petrarcha &c., Father Paolo's at Cambridge in 1797, makes it proba- Hist. Coneil. Trident. And in Spanish ble however that it was. Don Quixote, Quevedo's Visions, &c. ■* Autobioq. RtcoU. 23. MODERN LANGUAGES, 153 learnt from autliorized teachers on their own account. Mons. Rend La Butte taught french from about the year 1742 till his death in 1790. He had been one of Bowyer's printers, and was the sole compositor of Gardiner's tables of logarithms*. Dr Conyers Middleton had introduced him at Cambridge, where he printed, married, and taught french with great reputition. A contemporary of his was Agostino Isola, who had the honour of instructing at a considerable interval of time the poets Gray and Wordsworth''' in the italian language. He could boast of Pitt also among his numerous pupils. He was a native of Milan, but was forced to fly from his home because- a friend had taken up an English book which Isola had carelessly left about. Charles Isola of Emmanuel, es([uire bedell, 1797-18, was his son, whose little orphan, Emma, won the heart of Charles and Mary Lamb in one of their visits to Cambridge, and was adopted by them, until in 1833 she became Mrs Moxon. The encouragement of modern languages was thought an object beside the scope of the university by some in 1788, when the author of Considerations on the Oaths- complained (p. 39) that in 1782 the Syndics of the Press had employed the £500 arising from the tax on sheet almanacs to * a fac-simile of the Beza ms.' (Kipling's celebrated performance), and 'Italian Sonnets.' £50 was assigned 'To Sig. Isola towards printing a new edition of Tasso's Gerusalemnw Liherata,^.' H. F. Gary, the translator of Dante (180G, 1813), when at Ch. Ch. (B.A. 1794) was instructed in Italian by U. Oliviero. T. J. Mathias (Trin.) was a good Italian scholar. How John Delaport proposed, to stimulate conversation in the french language at Emmanuel Coffee-House in 1763, 1 have already narrated in my University Social Life*; where I have also given a note on the encouragement Avhich the french ^ Hone's Year Book C83. Nicbols' ^ Agostinolsola printed some Italian Lit. Anccd. ii. 459, 726. Labuttc's Selections, translated into English French Grammar was published in verso by some Gentlemen of the Univ. 17()4 ; and in 1790 with a prefatory of Cambridge, 8vo. Loud. 1778, Camb. analysis of the subject. 1788. Also Ariosto's Orlando Fnrioso, 2 Memoirii o/ W. Wordsworth, i. 11. Camb. 1789, Lond. 1790. W. Gooch also learnt of huu. See his * pp. 143, 144, 208 n. letter in an Appendix. 154) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. language received in our collegiate fuundatiims of Oic fourteenth century. Mr Tliunipson Cooper mentions that Herbert Marsh ( Joh.) knew more german than the rest of his countrymen. Something was done both by the universities and by indi- vidual colleges in enabling students to carry their researches in botany, oriental studies or any specialite', beyond the seas. William Worts' will (1709)' was to provide, in process of time, when the interest should be sufficient, after endowing certain other things, an exhibition of £100 ^jer annum for each of two young Cambridge bachelors of arts, who should be sent abroad severally for two years, and should write a descriptive letter every month to tee placed in the Library. It seems that the period of absence was ultimately extended to three years, and the required letters reduced to two. A list of Worts' bachelors is given below '^. This was not altogether a new invention, for Barrow had leave to travel upon similar conditions in 1656, when he was a fellow of Trinity. He wrote his letters in Latin verse. Vernon the botanist had (as will be seen) a travelling-fellowship from Peterhouse at the end of the seventeenth century : and Fynes * Cooper's Annals, iv. 86. 1779 H. Jacob, King's. 2 Worts' Tratellinq Bacheloes, 1780 W. Meeke, Emm. (fellow of Cambridge. Downing). 17G7 P. H. Maty, Trin. Son of a 1782 J. Browne, Trin. wootlen-spoon. LoUauder, 11th wrang. Translated 1783 T. Hardy, Sid. otli jun. opt. Eeisbeck's Travels 1787. Index to 1786 T. Ellis, Caius, 3rd sen. opt. Philos. Transact. Keview 1782-6. 1788 E. Morris, Pet. lOtli wrang. 17C8 J. North, Caius, 7th wrang. 1789 H. Nic. Astley, Chr. 1770 Nedham DjTioke, Joh. 4th sen, 1791 Joshua Stephenson, Joh. opt. 1792 J. Ellis, King's. 1771 T. Kerrich, Magd. 2nd sen. opt. 179i Alex. Eichardson, Bene't. 4th University Librarian 1797. Preb. sen. opt. Lincoln. 1795 J. Singleton Copley, Trin. (Ld. 1772 Fred. Browning, King's. Lyntlhurst)2ndwraug. 2nd Smith's 1775 AllejTie Fitz Herbert, Joh. (Ld. prize. St Helen's), 2ud sen. opt. 1st 1795 G. Caldwell, Jes. 10th wrang. 1st medal. medallist. 1777 C. [Manners] Sutton, Emm. 15th 1797 Eoger Kingdon, Joh. 8th sen. \\Tang. Abp. Cautuar. 1801. ' De- opt. Translated a German theo- scriptiou of five British species logical work. of Orobanche,' Linn. Soc. 1797. 1798 Clement Carlyon, Pcmb. M.D. 1778 Edm. Morris, Trin. 1st jun. opt. 1813. TllAVELLERS. 155 Moryson was similarly assisted in 1589. Sir William Browne made it a condition (1774) that his Petcrhouse 'pliysick-Mlows' should not have leave to travel. Dr Radcliffe founded with an endowment of £000 j)er crnn. two travelling-fellowships at Oxford for masters of arts 'entered upon the physick-line.' These were tenable for ten years and entailed travelling beyond the seas for five years at least ; but rooms were provided in University College for the travellers. A list is subjoined in the notes \ Among travellers whom the universities produced, Edmund Chishull, Corpus, Oxon. was chaplain to the factory at Smyrna, 1698-1702, B.D. 1705. His Travels in Tarkejj were edited posthumously by Dr Mead in 1747, the author having written an appendix on Smyrnaean medals for Mead's Harveian ora- tion in 1724. He wrote also a dissertation on the Sigean Inscription (1721), containing a review of a somewhat hasty private criticism of Bentley's. His Antiquitates Asiaticae (1724) contained an inscription from the Bosporus, wliich Bent- ley emended with marvellous sagacity, as circumstances after- wards contributed to shew. See Monk's Bentley, ii. 15G-9, 411, 412. T. Shaw {Queens and Edm. Hall) who visited Barbary and the Levant about 1730, and J. Marshall (Chr.), 1 Eadcliffc's Teavellikg Masters, (^ledical aud Classical works, Oxfard. 1760—81). 1715 Noel Broxbolmo, Ch. Cli. 1701 J. Turtou, Quceii's. 1715 Hobert Wyutle, Mert. 1770 J. Cohvell, Trin. 1725 C. Peters, Ch. Ch. ' Of a Tcrson 1771 Frauds Milmau, Exeter. Bart. bitten by a mad Dog,' 1715. F.ll.S. 'Instances of the true James Stephens, Corpus (re- Scurvy,' 1772. signed). 1780 James Robertson, Cd/Z/o^ (? ' On 1731 Nat. Hickman, Queen's. the Variation of the Compass at 1735 J. Kidby, Balliul. Jamaica,' 180G.) 1711 J. Monro, S. Joh. 1781 J. Sibthorpe, Line. 1715 G. Dowdaswell, Ch. Ch. (in Car- 1790 E. Ash, Ch. Ch. M.D., F.R.C.r., miua Quadragesimalia, ii.). F.R.S. 'The Speculator,' 1790. 1751 Robert Lynch, Cojyjus. 1791 James Haworth, B.N.C. 1755 David Hartley, imTf.(M.r. King- 1800 C. Ri. Vaughan, Mert. {n\u\ All ston-on-HuU) 'Argument un the Souls) ' Narrative of the Siege of Fr. Revolution,' 1791. Zajfagoza,' 1809. 17G0 Sam. Mu?grave, Corpus, F.R.S. 156 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. who observed the astounding height of the Himalayas before Colebrooke, we shall have occasion to notice in the next chapter. Richard Chandler (fellow of Magd., p. 12), having edited Marmora Oxoniensia for the Clarendon Press in 1763, and Roman Antiquities for the Dilettanti Society in 17G9, was sent out by the latter body to travel in Greece and Asia, He published Inscriptiones Antiquae...i7i Asia M. et Graecia j^'t'ds- sertim Athenis Collectae, Oxon. 1774 Travels in Asia Minor, Oxon. 1775. Travels in Greece, Lond. 1776. History of Ilium and the Chersonesus of Thrace, Lond. 1802. E. Daniel Clarke (Jes.), who travelled in Tartary, Circassia, Greece, Turkey, &c., belongs properly to the present century, as Sir G. Wlieler {Line) is the property of the seventeenth. The classical studies of a uni/versity with the leisure attain- able in academic life, tend to produce a crop of no great value, though somewhat cuiious in its nature. At the beginning of the present century the specimens of facetiae were useless and even noisome, but about the middle of the eighteenth there w^as a coterie of humorists who have left some reputation behind them. Such were Kit Smart (Pemb.), Joseph. Warton {Oriel)., and his more witty brother Tom Warton {Trin.), George Colman the elder and Bonntl Thornton {Ch. Ch.), and other contemporaries of Johnson and Shenstone. It may be that their time would have been better spent, and their peculiar talent better employed if there had been more encouragement in their day for application to clas- sical and continental literature. However it does not seem that Person's humour was much refined by his scholarship. The generation of Pope (R. C), Swift (T. C. D.), Prior (Joh.), Addison {Qu. and Magd.), Steele {Mert.), immediately suc- ceeding Dryden (Trin.), was rather more hopeful. It produced the more elegant school of Chr. Pitt {Neiu Coll.), Vincent Bourne (Trin.), and Samuel Wesley the younger {Ch. Ch.) : but there was also Tom Brown and Edmund Neale {alias Mun Smith) expelled from Christ Church. Nicholas Amherst was removed from St Johns, in an age which was not over particular, and Chr, Anstey (King's) was reprimanded. We may add to this list the minor wits who contributed to the Oxford WITS AND rOETS. 157 Sausage (17G4). Herbert Beaver (Corp?/,s), Michael WoolIIiiiII {Line?), J. Kidgell {llert), Isaac Hawkins Browne (Triu. Cull. Camb.), and two Benet-Hall men, J. Hoadly and J. Duncombe. Ralph Bathurst, whose epigram wsus included in the collection, belonged to the preceding century. Among the poets and more respectable vers'ifiers* we may mention T. Gray (Pet. and Pemb.), S. T. Coleridge (Jes.), \V. AVordsworth (Job.), W. Brome (Job.), Elijah Fenton (Jes. and Trin. Hall), W. Whitehead {Clare), W. Mason (Job. and Pemb.), W. Somerville (New Coll.), Gilbert West and G. Lyttelton (Ch. Ck), T. Tickell {Queens), W. Collins {Qu. and ^fagd), Ri. Jago {Univ.), W. Shenstone, S. Johnson, Heywood, Ri. Graves, Southern and J. Hawkins {Pemh.); O. Lloyd (Cains), G. Dyer (Emm.), Ro. Southey {Ball.). Beside these a large number of men tried their hands at translation. T. Creech {Wadh.) hanged himself at Oxford in 1700, thus avoiding the limit of our century. W. Gifford graduated at Exeter, as also did W. Tasker; W. Hoi well and R. Polwhele and George Ld. Lyttelton at Christ Church, S. Barnet at University, and Dr S. Langley at Pem- broke. Cambridge produced W. Tremenheere of Pembroke Hall, W. Clubbe of Cai\rs, J. Duncombe of Corpus, Fr. Fawkes and Gilbert Wakefield of Jesus, G. Ogle of Sidney and R. Potter of Emmanuel; while Capel Lofft resided some time at Peterhouse, Beside these, some of the more eminent men devoted a part of their energies to translation — as Ambrose Philips, Fenton, Broome, and Garth: Addison, Colman, Tickell, C. Pitt, and Yalden. Joseph Trapp (Wadham) the professor of poetry gave a specimen of his skill in this department. Of his successors in the professorship, which was tonable for five years, Ro. Lowth {New Coll) and John Randolph {Ch. Ch.) were bishops, the latter with Ben. Wheeler {Magd.) being regius professors of Divinity : Ro. Holmes {Xeiv Coll.) was canon of Ch. Ch. and dean of Winchester; the Thomas Wartons, father {Magd.) and son {Trin.), have some reputation : Jo. Spence {New Coll.) was a friend of Pope and has preserved anecdotes of 1 Ri. Duke ami G. Stepney (Triu.), Ch.), with Prior aiul Addison, belong T. Otway J. Piiilips aud W. Iviug {Cli. properly to tlio seveutcoitL century. 158 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. liim and of other contcni])orarics; lie also piiLlislied Polijrnctis (1747), a sort of eighteenth century 'Friends in Council' on art: J. Whitfield was student of Ch. Ch., W. Hawkins fellow of remhroke, and Ja. Hurdis^ D.D., of Magdalen. All (with the exception I believe of Wheeler) were authors, most of them theologians, and almost all published their poetry praelections. Cambridge has never enjoyed the luxury of a professorship in this art. The art and criticism of painting has been utterly neglected by the universities until quite lately, and nothing has been pro- duced of any interest, except in the Avay of caricatures by such draughtsmen as the Kingsmen T. Orde, B.A. 1770, and James Bearblock, B.A. 1789. Tyson also used to etch. In the more serious department of antiquities (and history) Oxford has produced J. Urry and Browne Willis {Ch. Ch), T. Tanner {Qu. and All Souls), A. Charlet and Humphrey Wanley (Univ.), White Kennett and T. Hearne [Edm. Hall), Hi. Baw- linson and Andrew C. Ducarel {S. Johns), and Joseph Spence {Netv Coll.). Cambridge reared Jeremy Collier and F, Blomefield (Cai.), J. Strype (Kath. and Jesus), T. Baker (S. John's), J. Le Neve (no degree), S. Knight, Morris Drake Morris^ and F. Peck (Trin.), S. Pegge, senior (S. John's), W. Richardson' (Emman.), W. Cole (Clare and King's), Jacob Bryant (King's), Bi. Gough and Michael Tyson (Bene't), Sir S. Egerton Bridges (Queens'). We should mention also the learned William Bowyer of S. John's (the pupil of Mr Bonwicke) who took John Nichols into partnership. In the palmy days of the Gentleman's j\kigazine, while Sylvanus Urban was a Nichols, it kept up a connexion with the literary men of Cambridge, and it has left us much valuable information concerning them. John Upton (King's), . and T. Tyrwhitt {Qu., Mert.), as students of english must not be forgotten. Some notices of academical studies ix Saxox are to be found in the same authorities, Nichols' Anecdotes and the Letters from the Bodleian, vol. ii. (1813). ' Praised by H. F. Caiy, Mem. i. 52. Atlicnae Cantab. His edition of God- - Cooper's Annals i\. 162, 1G.3. win Dc PrarsuUhns was i^riuted at ^ Ivichardson made collections fur C'aiiib. 17-13. ANTIQUARIES AND SAXONISTS. 159 To these references I will add the following summary gathered from the studious bookseller, J. Potlieram's Ilim- torical Sketch of Anglo-Saxon Literature in England. 18-iO. (chapters III — Yl.) At the Eeformation the attention of English Churchmen turned naturally to the records of the Saxon Church. Abp. Parker, beside collecting and completing by facsimile the mss. which are now in the University Library and at his own college. Corpus Christi, employed J, Day, the celebrated printer, to cut the first saxon type in brass in 15G6. About seventy years later W. L'Isle received the imprimatur from the Cambridge licenser for printing a Saxon EnrjUsh Psalter. A few years after this (1G40) Sir H. Spelraan (Trin.) designed by w-ill to found a saxon lectureship at Cambridge, but it came not then into existence. He had already given an allowance to Abraham Wheelocke (Trin. and Clare) the arabic professor (see p. 163), who published Chronologia Anglo- Saxonica, with W. Lambard's Leges Sax- onicae, Camb. 1044". The disturbance of property at the time of the civil war delayed the foundation of the professorship^ but Spelman's grandson Roger carried it into effect after Wheelocke's death. Fr. Junius the younger (Leyden), uncle of Is. Yossius, studied at Oxford and procured the cutting of Saxon type there in 1G')4'. We must be content with naming James Usher, abp. of Armngh, who resided at Oxford and left his library to Trin. Coll. Dublin, W. Laud {S. Joh.), abp. of Canterbury, likewise a munificent collector of mss., J. Selden {Hart Hall), Sir Symonds D'Ewcs (Joh.) and Meric Casaubon {Ck. Ch.). The Cambridge type used by Wheelocke being too large, his successor W. Somner of Canterbury had his dictionary printed (1659) at the Oxford press, wdiich Avas afterwards enriched by the type which lord Parker had given to Bowyer's press for miss Elstob's Rudiments of tJie English-Saxon Tongue, 1715. At the end of the seventeenth century Oxford boasted several advancers of saxon studies. G. Hickes {Joh., Magd. C, Magd. H., and Line), Edm. Gibson and Chr. Rawlinson {Queen's) and Humphry Wanley ( Univ.). The greek professor E. Thwaites, of whom Hickes had a high opinion, had as many as fifteen 160 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. saxon students (including T. Benson and Jos. Todhuntcr) at his own college, Queen's. Several books in this department were printed at the close of the seventeenth century, but we will confine our list to the period which is more properly the subject of the present com- pilation. 1701. Vocabularium Gul. Somner, cnra T. Benson (Qit.). 1705. Thesaurus Ling. Vet. Septentrional. G. Hickes (Joh., Mngd. C, Magd. II., Line.) with Catalogue of MSS., &c. Hum. Wanley {Univ.). 1708. Compendium or Latin epitome of Hickes' Thesaurus, by W. Wotton (Joh.), notes by G. Hickes {Jo. d.r.), E. Thwaites (Qu.),and a transcript by Miss E. Elstob. 1708. Notae in Anglo Saxonum Nummos. E. Thwaites {Qu.). 1711. Grammatica Anglo Saxonica. {Id.) 1713. Versions of the Lord's Prayer, J. Chamberlaj'ne (Trin.). 1719. Saxon Homilies. Gul. Elstob. (Cath. Qu. and Univ.) et Soror. „ History of Kent. J. Harris, D.D. (Joh.). 1719—21, 1726. Complete Linguist. (Orator) J. Henley (Joh.). 1720. Textus Eoffensis, T. Hearne {Edm. II.). „ Canons Ecclesiastical. J. Johnson (Magd., and C. C. C. C). 1721. Leges Saxonicae^. Dav. Wilkins (D.D. Camb.). 1722. Asseri Annales, „ Bedae Hist. Eccl. J. Smith, D.D. (? Joh.) Camb. 1723. Hemingii Chartularium Vigorn. T. Hearne {Edm. II.). 1735. Conspectus Thesauri Hickesiani, a Gul. Wotton. Translated by Maurice Shelton, 1737, Concilia, aD. Wilkins (D.D. Camb.), enlarged from the edition of 1717. 1743. Fr. Junii Etymol. Anglic, ed. E. Lye {Hart II.) Oxon. 1745, '53, Enquiry into Anglo-Saxon Government. S. Squire (Joh.).j 1751. Caedmon (j^rojected edition). E. Lye {Hart H.). 1755. History of the Language prefixed to the Diet. S. Johnson {Pcmb.). 1772, Asseri de r. gestis Alfredi, recensuit Fr. Wise {Trin.). „ Anglo-Saxon and Gothic Dictionary, E. Lye {Hart H.) posthumously edited by 0. Manning (Queens'). ,, Leges Saxonicae, 0. Manning (Qu.). 1774. History of English Poetry, Vol. i. T. Warton {Trin.) Oxon. 1778, Letter to J. Dunning by J, Home [Tooke] (Joh.). 1 This work had been commenced a scholar as her brother, and continued by W, Elstob (Cath. H. Camb. ; Qu. to work, in great poverty and without and Univ. Oxo7i.), nephew of Dr much encouragement, after his death. Hickes, who had died in 1714. Ho Their type being destroyed in the fire translated the Saxon homily of Lupus at Bowyer's (1712-13), Ld. Ch. Justice and edited that on the Birthday of Parker gave them new type for her S. Gregory, 1709, &c. His sister Eliz. Saxon Grammar, from drawings made Elstob (whose portrait is in the initial by Humphrey Wanley. at Ro. Nelson's G of that homily) was at least as good request. SAXON. IGl 1786. Diversions of Parley. J. Home [Tooke] (Job.). 1787. Historical Account of the Textus Koffensis, with memoirs of the Elstobs and J. Johnson. S. Pegge (Joh.). 1798. Saxon and English (not Latin) illustrative of each other, exemplified in the errors of Hickes, Wilkins, Gibson, and other scholars. S. Henshall {B. N. C). 1799 — 1805. History of the Anglo-Saxons. Sharon Turner. The middle of the century appears to hav^e had some re- straining power for Saxon studies. Not only was there Lye's abortive edition of Caedmon, but Squire's Saxon Dictionary withered away \ And, yet more important, Ri. Rawlinson's (Joh.) purpose to establish a Saxon Professorship at Oxford was frus- trated for a longer time than Spelman's had been at Cambridge in the preceding century. It was not until the year 1795 that C. Mayo, fellow of S. Johns, was appointed first Rawlinsonian professor. He was succeeded in 1800 by T. Hardcastle fellow of Merton. 1 However Lye did publish in Etymologicon, fol. Oxon. 1713, con- 1750 ' Sacrorum Evangeliorum versio tains an anglo-saxon grammar. Gothica,' in 4to. Oxon. and bis Juuii 11 CHAPTER XIII. ORIENTAL STUDIES. Arabicae linguae professor eras ibit in desertum. Edm. Castell (1669). At this point some information relative to the study of the arch-science Divinity might have been expected to follow our account of Humanity and Morality. This, however, has been postponed for another occasion, if it shall ever arise, "when it is proposed to put together some collections on the kindred topic of Religious Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century. Nevertheless we here subjoin a few notes upon the study not of arable only but of hebrew, as that may be considered simply as a branch of philology, though its literature is theo- logical. Some additional information, kindly communicated by Mr Bensly, will be found in the concluding chapter of this volume. In the seventeenth century our English schools and univer- sities were by no means behindhand in the study of hebrew. It was well done that the drudgery of learning the alphabet and grammar should be got over while the memory was young: and some traces of that system still linger at King's College Camb., and, if not now at Westminster, at the other London schools, and at King Edward Vlth's school. Bury St Edmunds\ ^ Dr J. Covell, master of Christ's (1670 — 77.) and brought home some lfi88 — 1723, was educated at Bury. vahiable eastern MSS. HispupilJohn Hehal a chaplaincy in Constantinople Marshall (B.A. Chr. 1663-4, M.A. com. ORIENTAL STUDIES. 1G3 There were even among the juniors at Cambridge in lGo4, many (as Barrow f[uaiutly said) who could have understood Adam when he gave names to all things^ He added that cabalistic studies were then pursued, and concluded by deploring the death of Abraham Wheelocke (Clare), the first arable professor on Sir T. Adams' foundation^ 1632-53. Wheelocke was also professor of saxon, and died while engaged upon the Polyglot Bible. His place was not filled up until a few years after the Restoration. His successor, Edmund Castell, who had been pensioner of Emmanuel and afterwards fellow-commoner of St John's, finding his lectures neglected the third year of his occupation of the chair, posted up on the Schools' gate the humorous notice which stands at the head of this chapter. Simon Ocklcy of Queens' was author of an ' lutroductio ad Linguas Orientales,' 8vo. Camh. 170G. 'Account of Barbary,' a version of Esdras II., and of an arabic life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, and other works. He lived in very narrow circum- stances; so much so that among Ellis' Letters of Eminent Men^ is one addressed by him in 1717 to the E. of Oxford from the Castle prison, Cambridge, whence he wrote also the introduc- tion to the second vol-ume of his History of the Saracens. His * Oratio Inauguralis habita Cantabrigiae in Scholis publicis. Kal. Febr. Anno 1711,' was published in 4to. in 1712 (Camb.). The first Lord Almoner's reader, 1724-9, was David Wilkins, regiis 1705) spent many years in India sian, Greek, Latine, French, Spanish and acquired unusual knowledge of the and Italian, and ■well versed in the Puranas, Vcdas and the rites of the Greek and Latine Fathers, School- Brahmins (Uffenbach Eciscn iir. 29). men, Counccls and modem writers.' Prof. Cowell, in a paper read before Lloyd {Memoirs, 1668). He also relates the Camb. Philological Soc. (17 April, (p. G19) of Ri. Crashaw the poet 1872) expressed his regret that Mar- that 'Hebrew, Greek, Latine, Spanish, shall did not publish his diaries Ilarl. French, Italian, were as familiar to il/S.S'. 4250— 4256) in 1G80, as they were him as E;)(7?is7i.' Brian Walton him- in advance of anything that was known self, though incorporated at Oxford, in Europe till the present century. was Cambridge-bred piagd. & Pet.). Is. Millcs brought a knowledge of - Cooper's Annals iii. 247 — 9. The Hebrew to S. John's cir. 1G57. Life Lord Almoner's readership was not (1721) p. 14. instituted till 1724. 1 T. Comber of Trinity, who was » pp. 353, 354. Among Ockley'a master (1631, ejected 1645) was 'dex- pxipils about 1705 was J. Jackson (Jes.), terous in Hebrew, Arabick, Coptick, theologian and biblical scholar. Samaritane, Syriack, Chaldce, Per- il— 2 1G4 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. (wlio appears, according to Saxii Onomasticon VI. 278, to liavc correspoiulcd with the versatile orientalist Matliurin Veyssi^re Lacroze of Nantes, St Maur, Bale and Berlin) editor of the 'Concilia' (D.D. 1717), who issued 'Novum Testamentum Copticurn,' and was succeeded by Leonard Chappclow (S. John's, B. A. 1712), who had then been Adams professor for nine years. Chappelovv published an edition of J. 8pencer* ' de Legibus Hebraeorum,' ' Elementa Linguae Arabicae,' a commentary on Job and translations of Abu Ismael's ' Traveller,' and ' Six Assemblies ; or, Ingenious Conversations of Learned men among Arahians' Camh. 1767, from Schultens' edition of arable idioms, proverbs, &c., with special reference to the eluci- dation of Holy Scripture*^. He died in 1779, and was buried in S. Andrew the Great, Cambridge. John Jebb was a candidate for his place, but was beaten by the more popular Samuel Hallifax (B.A. Jesus ; M.A. Trin. Hall), who held the readership and professorship as sine- cures for two years, until he became professor of Civil Law'. Dr W. Craveu followed him, but gave up the professorship when he became master of S. John's in 1795. His successor, Joseph Dacre Carlyle (of Christ's and Queens', B.A. 1779), had studied arable with the assistance of David Zamio of Bagdad. In 1799 he went to Constantinople with Col. Elgin, visited the Troad, &c., and died in England, 1804. He published in arable and latin (1792), 'Maured Allatafet Jemaleddini Filii Togri- Bardii, seu rerum aegyptiacarum annales ab A. c. 971 usque ad 1453,' and ' Specimens of Arabic Poetry,' 1796. Among the Cambridge verses on the occasion of Q. Anne's accession in 1702 are hehrew poems by S. Townsend (M. A. Jesus 1701), Pet. Allix (B.A. Qu. 1702; M.A. Jesus 1706) and ' Master of Benet, 1667—93. not noted. Among these is the entry " Bp. Law, liypo-bibliothecarms in ^Thin. p^-rAa^^s Turkish.' Humphrey 1773, tried to get H. A. Schultens Wauley writing to Dr Charlett in 1699 to make a catalogue of our Oriental noticed here one book described as MSS. Baker -Mayo-r, p. 714, 1. 35. ' lihrr valde peregrina lingua et charac- This portion of the catalogue was terilus plane ignotis exaratus,' and re- the worst done in the hasty list com- cognized in it a late Arabic tract, pleted in 1752. The profr. added Ellis' Lf^^rs (C. S.), p. 286. descriptions of Oriental MSS, where ^ Disney's Jebb, 10, 20, 22. ORIENTAL STUDIES AT CAMBRIDGE. IGo Artliur Ashley Sykes (M.A. Corpus 1708.) Also one each in arable, persiaii, and turkish by C. Wright, late fellow of Trinity. Some of these persian characters had to be supplied by substi- tute from the arabic fount. Wright's MS. aethiopic grammar is in Camb. Univ. Library. Bentley boasted that between 1G99 and 1708 oriental learning began again to be cultivated, first at Trinity under his own rule, and then by infection in the whole university. {Corresp. 449). His own reputation as a hebraist has been established by Mr John Wordsworth {ibid. 790), in the face of Middleton's disparagement of his proficiency in such studies. In a letter written in 1735 {ibid. 711) he wrote to an Oxonian about a persio ms. of the Gospels which had been sent from Ispahan to the university, and offered some acute remarks about its date. In 1703 H. Sike (LL.D. 1705) succeeded Talbot as regius professor of hebrew. By his German connexion he was well known on the continent. Uffenbach much regretted^ that he was not in residence at the time of his visit to Cambridge, and when he was in London he came across a young student of Breslau who was going to study eastern languages under our professor. When he put an end to his own life in his rooms in Trinity in 171 2 ■■^, his death caused much regi'et among foreign scholars as well as in England. In 1706 he paid a visit to Oxford and inspected the arabic and other oriental mss — cor- responding^ with Kuster at Amsterdam and Bentley at Cam- bridge. He edited the Evangelium Infantiae. (arab.)* A Catalogue® of the oriental MSS., and other curiosities given by G. Lewis, archd. of Meath in 1726, was printed at the time in a small pamphlet. The seals on the books and the plates on the book-case bear his name and the date 1707. Among our orientalists several distinguished themselves in the senate-house. J. Parhhurst (Clare) was 6th wrangler in 174|. 1 JJt'i.sen, III. 8i, II. 455. "> This catalogue was re-printed, with * Monk's Bentley, i. 328, 329. the omission of 'chop-sticks. Iterum Luard's End's Diary, p. 8. chop-sticks' and the like, in the Clus- 3 Bentley Corresp. 241. sical Journal, No. xxxvi. and in Dyer'a •» Traject. ad Rhouum, 1G97. Viivileges, i. b^l foil. 1(56 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. C. Torriano (Trin.) first junior optimc in the same year, was liebrcvv professor IT-^S — 7. W. Disney (Trin.) liebrew professor 1757 — 71, was senior wrangler in 1753. W. Craven (S. Job.) arabic professor 1770 — 95, and Ld, Almoner's reader, was 4tb in the same year. S. Hallifax (Jes.) arabic prof. 1708 — 70, and Ld. Almoner's reader, was 3rd in 1754. /. Jebh (Pet.) candidate for the arabic professorship was 2nd, and i^o. Ti/riuhitt (Jes.) 13th in 1757. W. Collier (Trin.) hebrew professor 1771 — 90, was 5th in 1762. J. Porter (Trin.) hebrew professor 1790 — 95, was 5th in 1773. /. Dacre Carhjle (Queens') arabic professor 1795 — 1804, was 10th in 1779. H. Lloyd (Trin.) hebrew professor^ 1795 — 1831, was 10th in 1785. J. Palmer (Job.) arabic professor 1804 — 9, was senior wrangler in 1792. The hebrew professors do not appear to have produced much. A good deal of the instruction imparted at Cambridge in that language'"* in the middle of the century was given by Israel Lyons ^ a Polish silversmith (father of the botanist), whereas in 1741 the stipend (£2), due to the hebrew lecturer at Peterhouse, Avas devoted to increase the dean's salaiy^; eight years later it was agreed to allow £5 to Lyons ' for teaching such scholars the hebrew tongue as shall be appointed by the master and deans.' About 1764 John Jebb learnt from him®, and ^ I have seen a notice bearing the early as 1733 when making one of his date ' 1 Feb. 1799 ' to the effect that sojourniugs in Cambridge, the hebrew Professor (Lloyd) would ■* By a college order, 28 Nov. 1659 give instruction gratis on Tuesdays and the hebrew lecturer's place was con- Thursdays, and ofteuer if desired. ferred on Mr Skelton, the deputy junior 2 The Statutes required every M.A. dean, for his encoiu-agement. The quahfying for the degree of B.D. to lectureship was allowed to he fallow at attend the hebrew lecture daihj for least as early as 1700. seven years. ^ Disney's Jeib, i. 10. ' John Byrom leanit from him as ORIENTAL STUDIES AT OXFORD. 167 at the same time" he was employed as teacher in S. John's Col- leges He died about 1770. Knowing what sentiments Gilbert Wakefield expressed con- cerning greek accents, we are not so much surprised to read in his autobiography the following disagreeable remark: 'The chief motive for the recommendation of points in those who under- stand them, is, I fear, too often pride.' He confesses* that in 1775 he could not master Lyons Hebrew Grammar^, and threw it aside for Masclef's, which discards the points. We may fairly say that Oxford did more than Cambridge for these studies. In the previous century we read of Ri. Kilbye (one of the translators of the Bible) as a hebrew pro- fessor well read in Rabbinical lore, licensing Jacob Barnet, a young jew (who subsequently made off when he had undertaken to be baptized), to give elementary lessons to students*. Arch- bishop Laud had been most munificent in presenting mss. to the University ^ and in his code of statutes he made knowledge of hebrew a condition for the degree of M.A. That it was fairly studied in the middle of the next century is regarded as notorious by a writer in the Student in Feb. 17fY. who is advo- cating the revival of arable". In the second volume (pp. 377 — 380) is a paper on the hebrew root achal, a specimen of a sup- plement to the Originals. Another correspondent contributes a paper (ii. 306 — 309) on reading hehrew ivithout jyoints ; — all this in the midst of the facetiae of Smart and Warton. Laud procured in 1020 the annexation of a canonry at Ch. Ch. to the hebrew professorship: he also endowed a chair of arable, which was supplemented more than a century later by the lord Almoner's readership. Speaking of the time of the Bartholomew Act of Uniformity (1GG2), Burnet says 'the young clergy that came from the uni- versities did good service. Learning was then high at Oxford ; chiefiy the study of the oriental tongues, which was much raised by the Polyglot bible, then lately set forth. They read the 1 Baker-Mayor, p. 1010. 1. 24. * Mark Tattisou's Is. Casaubon, 413. = Memoirs (1804), i. 100, 101, .388. (a. IGIO.) 8 The Scholar's Instructor or RchreyT "^ Hook's Laud, rp. 169, 173, 310. Grammar by I. Lyons, Canib. etl. 1. * The Student, or 0:i.ioTd Miscellany, 1735, 1738, cd. 3. 1757. i. 41— 4G. 168 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. fathers much there. Mathematics and the new philosopliy wore in great esteem. And the meetings that Wilkins liad begun at Oxford were now held in London too in so public a manner that the king himself encouraged them much and had many experiments made before him\' Edward Pococke of Corpus then held both professorships, but he died in 1691 ; and ere the century* opened Thomas Hyde of (King's, Camb. and) Queens, was his successor both for hebrew and for arable. In 1700 he had published his great work ' Historia Religionis veterum Persarum.' He wrote also on Chinese weights and measures, on eastern games, and edited the Gospels and Acts in the malay language. Thomas Hunt of Hart Hall (Prof. Laud. Arab. 1738. Reg. Hebr. 1747-74) printed latin orations *De Antiquitate Ele- gantia, Utilitate Linguae Arabicae ' and ' De usu Dialectorum Orientalium.' Kennicott published his posthumous ' Observa- tions on the Book of Proverbs.' Benjamin Blayney, B.A. Wore, fellow of Hart Hall, was professor of hebrew 1787 — 1802. He published translations of Jeremiah and Zechariah, and in 1709 edited the Oxford Bible, like Mr Scrivener revising the marginal references. Thomas Shaw*,F.R.S. (who was professor of Greek 1747 — 51), fellow of Queen s, having resided at Algiers as chaplain to the english factory, and having visited eastern countries, published in 1738 his ' Travels in Barbary and the Levant,' containing observations and illustrations of the sacred and classical writings as well as other valuable information. Another edition in 1757 included his rejoinders to Pococke's strictures. He succeeded Felton as principal of S. Edmund Hall, and figures in the ' Oxford Sausage ' as the ' Gahy ' of Herbert Beaver's the ' Cushion Plot,' and as a ' convert' in politics. George Home was admitted at Univ. coll. in his sixteenth 1 Biirnet, i. 332 - (folio) i. 192. professorsliip should undertake to Oxon. 1823. teach Chaldee as well as Syriack, the * There is in Letters from the Bod- alternate months throughout the year, leian (1813), ii. 49 — 62 a letter from ^ Ly^g j^jg uamesake (p. 94) he Arthur Bedford {B. N. C. author of seems to have been a butt for the Scripture Chronology 1730, , 44G. Autohiog. of G. Pryme, 4G. 171" UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ei)cre/3/)?, ci? uKpov t?/? 7racSeia<; i\r]XaK(6<;. (1790). His portrait liangs in the libraries of Magdalene and Caius, The following notices, preserved by Dr Webb, prove that ])r Glynn used to do some work as a teacher : 'On the 14th of March, 1750—1 Will begin A Course of Lectures on Tlie Medical Institutes. I. On the Animal Oeconomy. II. On the Operations of Medicines. III. On the History of Diseases. By E. Glynn. Gentlemen who propose to attend these Lectures are desired to call upon Mr Glynn at King's College.' And another to the following effect : On Monday, March 2nd, 1752. Medical Lectures on the Structure and Use of the Principal Organs of the Human Body, will begin at 3 p.m. Anatomy Schools. 1st Course 2 Guineas; 2nd, 1 Guinea. In Dr Webb's collections, vol. i. (Univ. Library), is pre- served a copy of a printed ballad, ' Unfortunate old Clobery ' (with a latin jingling version), to the tunc of 'A Captain bold of Halifax,' relating to Dr Glynn and the ' Chest ' fund at King's. (1780.) 8vo. pp. IG. We will now pass on to our enumeration of scientific men. Stephen Hales was preelected fellow of Corpus, or Benet Hall, in April, 1702, and admitted Feb. 1703; B.D. 1711; F.R.S. 1718. ' Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables, and an attempt to Analyse the Air,' 1727 (being vol. i. of his Statical Essays). ' Hydraulick and Hydrostatical Experiments on the Blood and Blood-vessels : also the Nature 'of certain Con- cretions,' 1783, forming vol. ii. In 1733 he took the degree of D.D. at Oxford by diploma-r-why he took degrees in divinity instead of medicine I cannot say ; 'Admonition to Drinkers of Spirituous Liquors^ ed. 2. 1734; 'Experiments of Sea- Water, Corn, Flesh, &c.; containing many useful Instructions for Voya- PHYSICK. 1 / o gers,' 1739, in which year he was Copley Medallist of the Royal Society; 'Observations on Mrs Stephens s Medicines^ 1740; 'On Ventilation! 1743; 'On Tar- Water,' 1745; On 'Earth- quakes,'' 1750. ' Crounean Lecture, &c., Job x. 11, 12.' Hales was foreign member of the Parisian Academy, Proctor in Con- vocation, Clerk of the Closet to the princess Augusta and prince George (afterwards K. Geo. III.). Like Dr Burton, he was a trustee for the new colony of Georgia, which Wesley visited in 1785. {Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C. 302 sqq.) He planned his Statical experiments in his ' private Elaboratory in Bennet College\' About 1G48 — 9, Dr Wilkins and Wallis had removed to Oxford, and continued such philosophical discussions as they had held for about four years in London, — in the rooms of Wilkins in Wadham College. There, with Boyle, W. Petty, Seth Ward, and other doctors of physic and diviuit\% they had formed the nucleus of the Royal Society, and established the Oxford Philosophical Society, which lasted till 1690. Most of the founders of the Royal Society had removed to London after about ten years' sojourn in Oxford. They were incorporated at the Restoration, and had the honour of receiving and printing the MS. of the Principia. In 1669, Evelyn applied to H. lord Howard to efifect an exchange of Arundel MSS. and scientific books between the university of Oxford and the Society. An unfortunate jealousy against the Royal Society appears to have arisen at Oxford, so that Thomas Sprat of WadJiani, in his history of the R. S. (1667), found it necessary to argue that ExpeHments are not dangerous to the universities. Still, two years later, South, the university orator, took occasion to inveigh against it at the opening of the Sheldonian Theatre, as Wallis informed Boyle. Again, at the very close of that century (1700), Dr W. King of Ch. Ch. satirized the Royal Society, or at least Sir Hans Sloane their president, in two dialogues intituled The Transact ioneer. Sloane was created M.D. at Oxford in the following year. John Freind, one of the most eminent physicians of the century, was M.A. Ch. Ch. 1701, having been joint editor with ^ Ri. DaA-ies, General State of Education, 1759, p. '11. 176 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Foulkos of one of dean AUricli's 'new year's gifts' {De Corona, lOOG). The lectures which he delivered before the university in 1704 as Reader in Chemistry were published in 1709. In 1G71, Dr John Eachard, afterwards master of Catharine Hall, in 'Some Observations upon the Answer to an Enquiry into the Grounds and Occasion of the Contempt of the Clergy' gives an amusing sketch of the pert young academical sciolists of the day. 'And in the first place comes rattling home from the Vniversities the young pert Soph with his Atoms and Globuli; and as full of defiance of all Countrey Parsons, let them be never so learned and prudent, and as confident and magis- terial, as if he had been Prolocutor at the first Council of Nice. And he wonders very much that they will pretend to be Goion- men, whereas he cannot see so much as Cartes s Principles, nor Gassendiis's Syntagma, lying upon the Table ; and that they are all so sottish and stupid as not to sell all their Lihranes and send presently away for a whole Wagon full of new Philo- sophy. I'll tell you, Sir, says one of these small whiflers, per- haps to a grave, sober, and judicious Divine, the Vniversity is strangely altered since you were there, we are groiun strangely inquisitive and ingenious. I pray, Sir, how went the business of onotion in your days ? we hold it all noiu to be violent,' and so on. The whippersnapper's criticism on the sermon is exquisitely sketched. Then follows a slash at the younger members of Gresham College (where the Royal Society twice found shelter), who ask ' to what purpose is it to preach to people, and go about to save them, without a Telescope, and a glass for Fleas ? ' Pp. 142—7. Uffenbach visited the chemical laboratory at Oxford in 1710. The room had been fitted up for the original Royal Society in its early Oxonian days. He found the stoves in fair condition, but everything else in dirt and disorder. Dr Ri. Frewin {Ch. Ch., where his portrait is hung), afterwards Cam- den Professor of Ancient History, did not seem to care about it, and White the demonstrator was a good-for-nothing man. John Addcnbrooke was B.A., S. Catharine's, in 1701, M.D. 1712. He is thought to have practised in Cambridge, which he endowed with £4000 to build the hospital, which was further assisted by the bequest of £7000 from J. Bowtell the bookseller. PIIYSICK. 177 Samuel and Joliu Jcbb of Peteilionse we have occasion to men- tion elsewhere. They took their first degree respectively in 1712 and 1757. The same society produced, beside Sir W. Browne (B.A. 1710), another fellow of the college of phy- sicians, J. Gierke, B.A. 1738. W. Battle, the Craven scholar, B.A. Ring's, 1726, was Lumleian lecturer, physician of S. Luke's hospital, and a mad- doctor of some repute. He published a Treatise on Madness, 175S, and Aphorismi de Cor/noscendis et Curandis Morhis, 17G2. The William Hebordens, father and son, were B.A.s of S. John's in 1728 and 1788. The former lectured for ten years on the Materia Medica', having Sir G. Baker, Dr Gisborne, and Dr Glynn among his pupils. He presented his collection of specimens for illustration to the college ; and he relinquished his fellowship in favour of a poorer man. His essay on Mitliri- datium and Theriaca (1745) is a specimen of his university lectures. His Commentarii de Morhorum Bistoria et Curatione appeared posthumously in 1802''. George Shaw' of Magd. Hall, Oxon., M.A. 1772; M.B., F.R.S., having been his father's curate for some time, chose to abandon the performance of clerical duties for the study of medicine, in which his heart lay. After attending lectures at the University of Edinburgh he returned to Oxford, where he graduated M.D. (1787) in order to qualify for the privileges of the College of Physicians. If he had not been ordained he would have been elected botanical professor. He was one of the vice-presidents of the newly established Linnaean Society, and lectured on Zoology at the Leverian Museum. He was also keeper of the Natural History department in the British Mu- seum. (Born 1751, died 1813'.) I have already had occasion to refer to the 'Epistle to the Reverend Dr Hales'V by Ri. Davies, M.D., late fellow of Queens', 1 A programme of the elder Dr He- rari/ Memorials pp. 224, 225, gives ex- berdeu's Courso of Lectures is priuted aiiiples of his trick of quaint phrase- at the end of this chapter. ohigy. Shaw wrote the Rcieutific de- 2 Dr Muak's lloll of li.C.P. u.li2. scriptions of the Naturalist's Miscel- 3 Brother of Putide SItavius. See lany. p. 9-1 71. 6 Stephen Hales. M.D., F.R.S., and ■* H. Best in his rcn^onal and Lite- D.D. Oxon. by diploma. w. 12 178 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. on * the General State of Education in the Universities, with a l);irticular view to the Philosophic and Medical Education, being Introdvictory to Essays on the Blood' — 1759. Dr Davics proposed to abolish 'close' fellowships and scho- larships {p. 23), and the restrictions of tests and holy orders to Masterships and Fellowships (pp. 10, .30), to raise the number of professorships and public lectureships to at least fifty in each university, without limitation of tenure or requisition of celibacy, their stipends depending in part on the attendance of their pupils (pj;. 33, 34), to sequestrate some existing fellow- ships for this purpose (p. 32), to make them generally termin- able ten years after the first degree (p. 31), to encourage V Colleges to devote themselves to some particular science or line of study (p. 35). (This was already in some measure the case with Caius and Trin. Hall.) He goes on to urge the need of instruments as well as books for carrying on experimental knowledge in mechanics, optics, practical Astronomy, &c., for hooks will not supersede Nature, since they are conservative rather than acquisitive : being useful rather to record past inventions than to forward fresh discoveries (p. 39). 'The Arts subservient to Medicine have no appointments to encour- age Teachers in them. Anatomy, Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, have been but occasionally taught [175:)]; when some person of superior Talents has sprung up and has hon- oured the University by his first display of them there, before his passage into the world' (j). 40). The author thought however that no place was so well fitted for the early training of Physicians (to be supplemented ' by due attendance at some public Hospital, which ought to be the finishing school of the clinical Physician') as the English Universities, on account of their discipline : — if only ^^ the Professors' lectures had not become a farce ' ; those posi- 1 The statutes were evidently in- it was found impossible to keep them tended for the education of medical waitinp; for the whole statutable period students entering the University at a required for M.D. (eleven jjears), so it very early age. When in the 18th was given up as impracticable. When cent, men came up later from school T. Young, M.D., F.E.S., Egyptologer or perhaps from some elementary and discoverer of the principles of practice in the profession or its trade, interferences in the Undulatorj- Theory PHYSICK. 179 tions being looked upon as Dignities rather than Offices (p. 8). Love of Truth had given place to love of Disputation (j5. 12), and the result of this neglect might be seen in the Patent Quackeries and Universal Remedies displayed in every news- paper (j). 4). Among Dr Webb's (Clare) Collections, now in the Univ. Library, are two editions of a scheme of Dr Hebcrden's lectures, about 1741. One edition compresses them into 26 lectures. ' The Order of A Course of Lectures on the Materia Medica. L (in two parts). Introductory, giving a general account of the Rise and Progress of the Materia Medica. Of Fossils. 2. Of Waters. 3. Of Mineral Waters. 4. Of Earths, Sulphurs, Fossil Oyls, Bitumens and Ambar. 5. Of Sea-Salt, Alum, Nitre, Borax and Vitriol; of the Ores of Metals. 6. Of Quicksilver, and of Semimetals. 7. Of the perfect Metals. 8. Of Stones. Of Vegetables. 9. Of the Aromatic Herbs, Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Barks and Woods. 10. Of the Aromatic Roots : of the Acrid Herbs, Fruits, Seeds and Roots. 11. Of the Astringent Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Barks, Woods, and Roots. 12. Of the Peruvian Bark. {Memoir by Peacock ch. v.) was at no mcflical lectures at Cambridge ex- Emmanuel in 1799, after studying at cept Prof. Harwood's, and they were Edinburgh and Gottingen, there were addi-essed to a miscellaneous audience. 12—2 180 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 13. Of the Emollient Fruits, Seeds and Roots. 14. A general account of the use of Purging Medicines: [Of the Purging Inspissate Juices]. 15. Of the Purging Herbs, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Barks, Woods and Roots. 16. A general account of the use of Emetics: of the Eme- tic Herbs, Seeds, Barks and Roots : of Diuretics. 17. Of Narcotics and Opium. 18. Of Yulneraries, &c. 19. Of Gums ; [And a general account of Resins.] 20. Of Balsams, Turpentines and Resins. Of Animals. 21. Of Insects, Fishes and Birds. 22. Of the Serpent-kind, Quadrupeds and Man. Of Chemicals. 23. Explication of some Terms used in Chemistry. 24. Of the simple and compound Waters, Essential and Fixed Salts, Soaps, Caustic Stones, Expressed and Essential Oyls ; of the Preparations of Turpentine. 25. Of Spii'it of Wine, Spirituous Waters ; of Vegetables, Vinegar, Tartar and its Prepai'ations, Tinctures and Chemical Resins. 26. Of Ammoniac Salt, Spirit of Ammoniac Salt and Hart's Horn, Spii'itiis Volatilis Oleosus, Animal Oyl and Phosphorus. 27. Of Spirits of Sea-Salt, Nitre and Vitriol ; of the Prepa- rations of [Ambar], Sulphur, Steel, Lead, Tin, Silver and Copper. 28. Of the Mercurial and Antimonial Preparations. 29. General Rules for Prescribing. 80. , Of the Antidotes [proper] to all the kno^^Ti Poisons, oi. [In this Course a Specimen of each Particular will be shewn, and every Thing is intended to be mentioned that is useful or curious regarding its Natural History, Introduction into the Materia Medica, Adulterations, Preparations, Virtues, Dose and the Cautions necessary to be observed in its use. niYSiCK. 181 These Lectures will begin on Monday, April the ith, at 2 o'clock in the Afternoon, in the Anatomy Schools ; and will be read every Day, By W. Heberdex, M.D.] The First Course is Two Guineas ; the Second, One Guinea ; ever after, Gratis. [TJtose Gentlemen, ivho intend to go, are desird to send in their Names].' In 1770 T. Okes published (8vo. Camh.) extracts from Hip- pocrates, with a new latin translation, notes, and emendations, incorporated in two latin dissertations delivered in the Schools. Of the Sedleian professors of Natural Philosophy at Oxford, Thomas Hornsby (1782-1810) was the most eminent. He was fellow of Corpus, D.D. and Savilian Professor, 17G3-1810, pub- lishing several astronomical tracts in 1703 and the ensuino- decade. He was a good lecturer, and his natural philosophy classes were well attended although they entailed fees. Even his occasional fits of dizziness would not disturb the sequence of his remarks or explanations, though they might interrupt it. After his servant had placed him in his chair, and administered restoratives, he would resume his prism or air-j)ump as though nothing had happened \ J. Channing {Ch. Ch.) published Albucasis de Chirurrjia (arable and latin) at the Clarendon Press in 1778. ^ H. Best's Personal and Literary Memorials, 219 — 221. CHAPTER XV. ANATOMY. " Quantlo enim, obsecro, a condita, Acaclemia in tot canum, piscium', volu- crumqiie neces ac lanienas sanguiuolenta curiositas sae\-iit, quo vobis partium constitutio et usua in animalibus inuotesceret ? innocentissimam cmdelitatem et feritatem facile excusaudam ! " I. Barrow, In Comitiis. [1654.] Dissection appears to have been no modern innovation at Cambridge, for queen Elizabeth granted two bodies for anatomical purposes to the medical students of Gonville and Caiusl By a grace of Nov. 27, 1646, the three dissections required by the University Statutes (capp. 15, 17) as a quali- fication for M.D., and the two required from students aspiring to M.B., were revived, this exercise having fallen into disuse. Five years later ' vividissections of dogs and such-like creatures' were popular''. James Keill (younger brother of John Keill the Newtonian, see in the index), 1673 — 1719, having studied medicine at Edinburgh and Leyden, read anatomical lectures at Oxford, and also at Cambridge, where he also took the degree of M.D. in 1705. In 1723 Parliament considered and rejected a clause facili- tating the acquisition of the corpses of felons of Cambs. and Hunts, for dissection by the Cambridge faculty. 1 The first systematic iclitliyologist works, vas Francis Willughby of Trin. Coll. ^ Historical MSS. Coinmissio7i Ee- Cant., who studied for some time at port, ii. p. 118. the Bodleian and afterwards travelled ^ Dr C. Ashton's MS. Collectanea on all over the continent with Bay who the Statutes (Brit. Mus.) refen-ing to edited and then translated his Ornitho- the V. Chancellor's Book p. 91. Statut. lofjiu 1G76-8, and edited his Ichtliyo- cap. 32. Cp. Dyer Frivil. i. 243. gntphia 1680, and other posthumous Mayor's Matt. liobiiison, p. 31. ANATOMY. 183 III the spring of 1732, when Jobu Morgan' of Trinity (B.A. I72I) was professor of Anatomy, a body was dug up in a village near Cambridge, and carried to Emmanuel College. A riot arose, and a warrant was issued to search the College, but in vain. The offence became common at this time, and in the same year (May 9, 1732) it was forbidden by grace of the Senate, Dr Mathias Mawson of Corpus being Yice-Chancellor'^. The preparations for a private dissection in college-rooms at Cambridge are described in the satirical romance of Pompey the Little (11. xi.) in 1750, by F. Coventry, then an under- graduate of Magdalene, About fifteen years later (Bishop) Watson, when professor of Chemistry, procured a corpse from London and dissected it in his laboratory, with the help of E. Waring (Magd.), and W. Preston (Trin.), afterwards an Irish bishop. The remains wore not properly buried, and their discovery would have led to the stoning of the operators had they been known'. The professorship of anatomy was founded by the Univer- sity in 1707. The fifth professor (l7o3 — 85) C. Collignon^ Trin. M.B. 1740, printed a Compendium Anatomico-Mediciim, 175(5, of the lectures which he used to deliver yearly in March. At the close of the century his successor, Busick Harwood of Christ Coll. and Emmanuel (M.B. 1785, M.D. 1790, Anat. Prof. 1785 — 1814, Med. Prof. Downing, 1801) used to give his lectures^ opposite Queens' college at 1 p.m. at the latter end 1 Cooper's Anuals, iv. 181. Jobu turcs iu 1776. CoUiguon's father came Byrorn attended some of Morgan's from Hesse Cassell and ministered earliest lectures (wliicb met with good to the dutch congregation iu Austin encouragement) when he was making Friars. The professor was educated a stay in Cambridge in Jan. 1728, and under Kinsman at Bury, and was ad- again in 1730 he met the elder (Henry) mitted pensioner of Trin. 1743. He Coventry of Magdalen on his way to was appointed deputy regius professor sec the professor conduct a dissection of Physic for Phimtro in 1779, and on a human subject. Downing professor of Medicine or 2 Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C. p. 19G. rather professor iu Downing College, 3 Watson's Anccd. i. 237. 1783—5, as well as professor of Ana- •* In 1764 and 1771, '95, '96, CoUig- tomy. I have seen a printed notice non published ' An Enquiry into the stating that CoUignou would corn- Structure of the Human Body.' Camb. mence an anatomical course 16 Feb. Bvo. And in 1769 ' Medical and Moral 1779 at 3 p.m. Tracts.' John Jebb attended his lee- '' I have seen notices of B. Uar- 184 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. of tl)G Lent Term. (In the early years of lils professorsliip he used to dine at 2, and take liis friends to bis lecture afterwards at 4 ji.m.) His course included ' Comparative Anatomy and .Plnjsiology ; in which the structure and oeconomy of Quad- rupeds, Birds, Fishes' [which, according to Gunning, occasionally re-appeared at his hospitable dinner table] 'and ^7n;5/«&{a' are investigated*; the several organs which constitute the Animals of the different classes compared with each other, and with those of the Human Body ; the most striking analogies pointed out, and remarkable varieties accounted for, from the Natural History of the Animals belonging to each class. Pathological remarks on the diseases to which man and other Animals are liable are introduced, with observations on the nature and effects of the Medicines usually employed for their removal. The Anatomia Medico-Forensis, together with the effects of various poisons, and also of suspended animation, and the recovery of drowned persons, occupy a share of these Lectures. At the commencement of the course, the Blood of various Animals is compared with that of the Human Species : the doctrine of Transfusion is investigated^ : its probable advantages and defects enquired into, and the practice illustrated by an actual experiment'.' So few medical students were there at Cam- bridge, that these lectures w^ere designedly popular and un- professional. He was assisted by a Demonstrator named Orange. Harwood wTote descriptions and histories of about twenty specimens which are enumerated in the Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum in the University of Cambridge, ar- ranged according to the system of Bichat, 1820. (pp. i. — viii. i — 71.) The university purchased also for the use of the anatomy school the anatomical models which had been executed in wax for Sir Busick Harwood at Florence and Bologna. wood's lectures for 1792, '94, '96: the sis of a Course of Lectures on the time there stated is 4.15 p.m., in the Plnlosopluj of Natural History. Ato. Anatomy School opposite Queens'. Camb. 1812. The Scots Magazine, 1 In 1775, Thomas Martyu the Vol. liii. p, 27, contains a curious Botanical professor pubUshed at Cam- description of a visibly effectual trans- bridge ^ Elements of Natural History' fusion of blood from a sheep into a Vol. I. Part 1. 8vo. pp. 80, containing dog at one of lus lectures. (1791.) Mammalia, 289 species. " Camb. Univ. Calendar 1802, pp. '' Busick Harwood printed a Syno})- 20, 27. ANATOMY. 185 111 1710 Uffenbach went to sec tlie anatomy school at Oxford, and agreed with Borrichius that it was not to be compared with the anatomical theatre at Leyden. It was in charcfe of the celebrated Tom Hearne, who did not know the cast of a foot from the natural limb. UfTenbach also attended a lecture given by Dr Lavater, who being only lately appointed had no corpse provided for dissection, but gave a lecture (in English) on osteology. Before 1738 Dr NichoUs had deserted the anatomy school at Oxford, and about that year Nathan Alcock, M.D. of Leyden, began lectures on his own account. He taught physic also, as the old W. Woodford {Kew Coll) the regius professor (1730 — 59) made a sinecure of his office.* The university was shamed into appointing a chemistry reader, T. Hughes, M.D., Trin., and summoning Dr Laurence from London to lecture in anatomy. Alcock was allowed a room by his own college (Jesus). This was crowded, while the authorized readers ad- dressed the walls of the empty museum, which at last they resigned to their rival. Alcock received his degree of M.A. after some opposition, and proceeded M.B. in 1744. In the Student, or Oxford and Cambridge Montldy Mis- cellany (1750 — 1) are printed several papers relating to anatomical studies— viz.; Twelve Experiments on dogs and pigeons, by Mr F. G. Zinn (ii. 12 — 19) forming part of a thesis read before professor Haller of Gottingen, in Oct. 1749. Alb. von Haller was F.R.S., and had declined the Oxford professor- ship of botany in 1747, as well as the invitation of Holland, Russia, and Prussia. A paper of his, de nova tunica, oculi fetus claudente pupillam ohservatio, was also printed in the Student (I. 2G1 — 4), and called forth a communication ' On the Meni- hrana Pupillaris^' (p. 340) by 'R. B. Plnlomed.' About this time (Dr M.) Lee's Ch. Ch. Readerships in Anatomy were founded, and rather later (177G) the anatomical theatre was commenced at Oxford. The Tomlin's lectureship held by the professor of medicine was founded in 1G23, the 1 Francis Sandys (M.D. 1739) is tanglit anatomy at Cambritlge and mentioned in Simmons' life of Dr W. made collections of anatomical pre- Huntcr pp. 14, 15 n. as discoverer parations which passed at one time of the Mcmhmiia jnipiUaris. lie into Pr Hunter's possession. 18G UNIVKIISITY STUJMES. Aldricliian profcssorsliip dates only from ]2. study after the degree of B.A. As- * Jc'bl)"s ]l'nrJ;f ii. 301. 216 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. nation-week for all who were candidates for a bachelor's degree the ensuing year, and another week or i'our days in Act (Trinity) Term for candidates for their second degree. The examinations to be held in presence of Congregation in the Theatre or the Nat. Philos. Schools, to be conducted generally by the Examiners, any member of Congregation having a right to take some part in examining (as under the then existing regime at both Universities). It would have been a formidable ordeal if conducted in latin in the Theatre, each examinee appearing in one rostrum and answering the two examiners who were to sit in the other rostrum. Private examination would the more grow into disrepute if it were reserved for those who had been 'plucked' in the public scrutiny. The author approved on the whole the matter prescribed by the statutes for examination. He wished however to make mathematics a more important subject than it was then made at Oxford. He proposed there- fore six books of Euclid, the nature and use of Numbers, par- ticularly vulgar and decimal Fractions, and the Elements of Algebra, reserving (as we shall see) higher subjects for the second degree. In addition to the other recognized subjects (grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, greek classics, and speaking latin) he proposed to examine in the historical part of the New Testament, and in the xxxix Articles. And to arrange the names of the successful candidates in three classes — the 1st and 2nd only being published : — thus virtually making the modem distinction between 'pass and class! So much for the author's proposal (in 1773) for a new examination for B.A. at Oxford. Let us pass to the state of things which then was, and which continued to be till the beginning of the present century. The Oxford statutes re- quired from candidates for the degree of B.A. — I. disputationes in parviso ['generals' and 'juraments']\ a 1 "Wood records that this exercise, once prior opponent. At that time the having been in early times the pride proctors appointed certain M.A.s as of Oxford, fell into desuetude but was Supervisors. (Wood ii. 271, 291, 726 revived in 1601, and in 1G06 each — 8.) About 16i5 acts and exercises candidate for B.A. was required to were discontinued, and all tmder- Bwcar that he had ' answered' in Prtr- gi-aduates under sixty years of age viiiis or generals, or at least had been were on military duty. {ibid. ii. 475.) OXFORD EXERCISES FOR B.A. 217 disputation on three questions in grammar or logic from 1 to 3 p.m. Each Student was to hear others perform in his 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years. This was systematically neglecte(h In his 3rd year lie was to be created a senior soph after performing these disputations twice himself (this was called generals); after which he was to keep one such disputation (juraments) every term. The questions -svere trite and uninteresting, and when a student was once Senior Soph he merely went into the schools every term and proposed one syllogism juramenti gratia, and was said to be 'doing juraments.' One great defect in the working of this statute was the frequent absence of proctors and regent ' masters of the schools,' so that as a general rule there was no one to watch the proceedings. II. answering under bachelor. The student disputed upon three questions in grammar, rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more often) in logic, a B.A. taking the office of moderator. This was performed twice in the Lent of his third or fourth year for an hour and a half The proctors and masters visited the schools in Lent more often than in parviso, but still they did not always watch the entire time. {p. 56.) III. Examination in grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, geometry, greek classics, fluency in the latin tongue. The proper examiners were three regent masters, but as the cu.stom of the regents taking this duty b}^ rotation had long since become obsolete, the candidate usually chose his oiun three examiners, and then got their liceat from the proctor. This examination was quite private. This was the main point which the author of tiie 'Considerations' wished to reform. He proposed to add to the statutable exercises, one latin and one english declama- tion to be delivered publicly in the Theatre in Act Term, The writer of another Oxford pamphlet of that period* remarked that at Cambridge 'they are generally supposed to expect more than we [Oxonians] do from a Candidate for the First Degree, in proportion as they expect less from a Candidate for the Second.' Doubtless the statutable exercises (viz. three respondcncies to an M.A., two respondencies to a B.A., and one declamation) for a Cambridge M.A. were trifling', and generally ^ Considerations on the Residence Oxford 1772—;). 10. n^uallij required fur Degrees, &c.— ^ Stat. Aeud. Cautab. 1570, cap. 7. 218 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. shiltificd by 'huddling' or by the forfeiture of caution-money, and indeed of no account except so far as some of the Colleges kept their bachelors employed by 'acts' and 'declamations.' We may gather from these Considerations on the Exercises (177-}) that if the statutable requirements for an Oxford M.A, were not inconsiderable, they were in the last century by no means so creditably observed as were the Cambridge exercises for the fii'st degree. Our university indeed seems never to have pressed the revival of the exercises of those who, being bachelors, were proceeding to their oiext degree in Arts. For a long while — even almost till 1840 — ' the incepting masters of arts crowded (huddled) to the schools, sometimes on a day preceding, some- times within a few minutes of the presentation of their suppli- cats, to keep, juramenti gratia, the statutable exercises\' It was allowed that the repetition of two lines of Virgil's first Eclogue or the same quantity of Aen. i. would do for a declamation; and as for the three disputations or 'acts' which the statute (cap. 7) required, they might be summarily despatched in one compen- dious form^ — the 'respondent' asserting ' Recte statuit Newtonus — Recte statuit Woodius — Recte statuit Paleius.' The 'opponent' was allowed to attack these all-embracing positions with a scarcely less positive 'Si non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius, cadunt quaestiones. Sed non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius. Ergo cadunt quaestiones.' Between such combatants it would have been sheer pre- sumption for a moderator to interpose. It remained only for the opponent to become respondent (and vice versa), and to go through the same nonsense — and there were six acts and two declamations finished, and two sapplicats earned, in less than two minutes ! It needed only that the first and second dispu- tants should have said the same couplet of Virgil for their 1 Te&cock onthe Statutes, 16il,i^. 86. while it emulated these modem Can- * Poison's juvenile theme — tahs in brevity, had the advantage of ' Nee bene fecit Brutus occiso them in wit. (See Facetiae Cantab. Caesare, nee male fecit, sed inter- p. 199.) fecit ' — HUDDLING FOK M.A. 210 declamations to reduce the formula to its lowest and simplest terms, and to absolute barrenness. It seems strange that the 'bold interpretation' of the Heads in 1608 (25 May), which virtually excejited the clause 'I'listum trium annorum spatium' (cap. 7) from the apparently plain prohibition 'nee plures pro- ponant terminos in quibus studuerint in academia' &c. (cap. 21), sliould not have been imitated by abrogating the remainder of caj). 7 of the University Statute, ratlier than that the farce of 'huddling' should continue in the 18th and part of the 19th centuries to rival the promenade 'ad opposituni whereby the commencers of the IGth century almost to our own time have mounted to the degree of doctor (or M.A.). Yet we might be inclined to regret that the university had the heart to improve away that quaint old step worn b}' so many worthy feet, now that the doctorate is dignified by an ascent of more becoming altitude. The Oxford requirements for M.A. were I. determination. A solemn exercise opening with prayers and contio in St Mary's on Ash Wednesday. Then the dean of each college walks in procession to the Schools, at the head of his determining bachelors, and there holds a disputation for the tedious period of four hours. He reads a copy of verses, pro- poses arguments upon three questions to every determiner of his house: which questions are to be defended against him by a determined or senior bachelor, who responds for the determiner and is therefore called his Aristotle. [' Arlstoteles pro me respon- debit.'] In the course of Lent the determiner is required to hold two disputations, each on three questions in grammar, rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more often) logic; in which he is always to maintain the doctrine of Aristotle and the Peripa- tetics. Though the questions themselves and the arguments were not good for much, the exercises of Ash Wednesday itself were respectable, the V. C. being usually present as well as the deans and a fairly large audience of determiners, &c. ; but the other days in rjuadragesima were comparatively neglected and made to do double duty as 'answering under bachelor' for the degree of B.A., and as 'determinations' for M.A. This exer- cise was often held in the afternoon, — an inconvenient time. 220 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. II. disputationes apud Augustiiienses^ — to be performed from 1 to 3 p.m. for the degree of M.A. by a determined Baclie- lor. He might be called upon to repeat the exercise in the subsequent years of his triennium. No one was present except the candidate and the moderating master of the Schools. It was an exercise which might well be discontinued. III. disputationes quodlihetlcae — responding to a certain regent master on three questions, and to any other disputant on any question whatsoever. This had become the merest farce, and might (it was urged) be dropped with advantage. IV. sex solennes lectiones — three original dissertations in Natural, and three in Moral philosophy, to be delivered in the Schools between 1 and 2 p.m. These were intended to stimu- late original invention and research, but had so degenerated that they were held pro forma in an empty school, and had long since obtained the title of Wall Lectures'^, being then 'scarce known by any other name. An attempt has lately been made in one of our Colleges to restore it to its ancient dignity and utility, by obliging every Bachelor to read his solemn lectures publicly in the College Hall: a regulation which does honour to the Society ^' The author proposed to have these lectures read publicly in the Theatre, and to give honours of some sort for excellency therein. V. hinae declamationes — to be delivered (at 2 p.m.) without book before the proctor on a thesis assigned or approved by him. This was intended as an exercise in polite learning and elegant composition. In old times one candidate affirmed the thesis, a second denied, and a third arbitrated ' in the way of ambigitur.' It was suggested that this system should be re- 1 When clean FeU was V.C. in 1646, Urnv. Life pp. 315, 317.) 1647, lie revived for a time the strict * See above, p. 10. discipline and the interest of this ex- ^ This was a provision of the Eules ercise, vulgarly known as doing Aus- and Statutes 0/ Hertford College {Hart tins. It took its name from the Hall) as early as 1747. See my Univ. custom of scholars at Oxford dis- Life p. 576. At Christ Church to- piiting with the Augustinian monks, wards the end of the century a man who had a reputation for exercises of (apparently an undergraduate) was tills kind. The proctor appointed a chosen to read an essay each week in B.A. as his ' collector in Austins ' who hall. WhUe H. F. Gary was in resi- had authority to match the disputniits dence (Memoir i. 66) Canning was together at his discretion. (See my frequently thus distinguished. OXFORD EXERCISES FOli M.A. 221 vived, the declamations held publicly in the Theatre in Act Terra, and one of the two made in the enolish language. VI. examination — as for B.A., only the subjects are geo- metry, natural philosophy, astronomy, metaphysics, and history (including geogi'aphy and chronology), greek classics, and he- brew, and latin conversation yet more perfect. The writer of the pamphlet proposed to regulate the examination, as has been stated on p. 21G, and to add to the fixed subjects Euclid xi, xii, some system of Conic Sections, Trigonometry, Logarithms, and Algebra applied to Geometiy. Also the Epistles in the New Testament, the xxxix Ai'ticles, and the book of Genesis in hebrew. This scheme seems to have produced no immediate effect at Oxford in 1773. Accordingly we find Mr G. V. Cox, the Oxford esquire bedel, recollecting the sad decay at Oxford*, when Cambridge examinations for B.A. were in a comparatively healthy condition. At Oxford ' it seems (1868) the trial is strict when one takes a Master's or Bachelor's, but slack when you come to the Doctor's Degrees, and vice versa at Cambridge.' But at Oxford in 1797 there were traditional schemes, skele- tons, or ' strings ' of questions, examples of syllogisms, used by the Examiners or Masters of the Schools, as well as by the examinees*, — sometimes wound up by a latin epigram. ' It is well known to be the custom for the candidates either to present their examiners with a j;iece of gold, or to give them a hand- some entertainment.' Cox quotes a contemporary english epigram {pp. 3G, 37), supposed to be spoken by a well satisfied examiner. In 1799 (he continues) the examination for the B. A., degree, under the old system, * had dwindled into a formal repetition of threadbare " Questions and Answers" (in Divinity, Logic, Grammar, " ct in omni scibili"), which had been transmitted in manuscript from man to man, and were unblushingly admitted, if not adopted, » Cox's Collections and Recollections were to be bad ready made and were 0/ Oxford, j)p. 34, 35. called 'striugs.' 'Schemes' are dc- 2 lu the Gent. Mag. vol. l. pp. 277, fined as ' collections of all questions 278, an example is given of an ' argu- whicli will be probably asked iu tlio ment ' in Generals at Oxford. These sciences." 222 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. even by the " Masters of the Schools.'" These were Regent- Masters of the year, whose duty it was by virtue of their Regency to go through this ceremony, for a mere ceremony it had be- come. The more scrupulous, joining in the increasing cry for a new Examination-Statute, hung back from the farce ; but each year was sure to produce a few Masters who did not object even to dine with the examined after the fatigues of the morning ! Well might such a state of things expire with the expiring century ! ' The " New Examination-Statute " was already on the anvil, and was being worked into shape ; Dean Cyril Jackson [Ch. Ch., 1783—1809], Dr [John] Eveleigh [provost of Oriel, 1781—1814], and Dr [John] Parsons [Mr of Ball., 1708—1810], were labouring hard for the revival of scholarship and the credit 'of our Alma Mater' [Oxon.]\ The new Public Examinations Statute came into action rather feebly indeed at first in 1802 ; but the claimants for honour degrees were, in the years from 1802 to 1806, only two, four, three, one, three respectively. Professor F. W. Newman bears witness to the efforts of Eveleioh and Jackson in the interest of Oxford examinations. He bestows also deserved praise upon Dr Eveleigh's successor, the provost of Oriel, Dr Coplestone (bishop of Llandaff J^ He says, translating Huber's English Universities, ' In proof of the degeneracy of the University Studies in the last cen- tury', I need only refer to Kuettner's Beitrdge zur Kenntniss von England. Kuettner's account refers more immediately to the second half of the 18th century; but if any alteration bad by then taken place, it was for the better : so that the earlier ^ Gent. 2Iag. xlix. pp. 35, 37, 45. University College?" I stated (though, ^ Huher and F. IF. Neinnan, English by the way, the point is sometimes Universities, 1843, vol. ii. part ii. pp. doubted) "that King Alfred founded 513, 5U; 501. it." "Very well, Sir," said the Ex- 3 'Mr John Scott [Lord Eldon] aminer, "you are competent for your took his Bachelor's Degi-ee in Hilary Degree."' Horace Twiss' life of Ld. Term, on the 20th February, 1770. Eldon, i. 57, quoted in the Oxford " An Examination for a Degree at Univ. Commission Report, p. 59. Mr Oxford," he used to say, " was a farce G. V. Cox {Recollections, p. 34?!.) in my time. I was examined in He- loyally regards the anecdote told brew and in History." " What is the against his university as a mere ' post Hebrew for the place of a skull?" prandium io]ie.' I replied " Golgotha." "Who founded THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. S'^o period a fortiori deserves the severest censure justly applicable to the later.' After quoting Amhurst's example of an Oxford disputatio quodlibetica, 'a short string of syllogisms, upon a common C[ue>ii\S'. Joint's, Mus. B. Oxen. J. Stephens, organist of Salisbury, Mus. D. Cambridge 1763. J. Weldon, pupil of Purcell, orgauist of Nciv College about 1705. King's College Anthems were published in 8vo. Camb. 1706. The following lines, of which a ms. copy is preserved among Dr Webb's Collections in the University Library, may be thonglit worthy of notice for the reference which they have to Joah Bates, ' Jemmy Twitcher/ Beverly, &c.^ ' Mr Jennar's Song. Sung at Lord Sandwich's ^. Ye Friends of sound Harmony, Mirth and good Chear ; Who would sing out the old and sing in the New Year. Tou that Fiddle for pleasure, for Fame, or for Bread; Come and list at Lord Sandioich's Kettle Drum Head. derry down down derry down. 1 The music professors Hayes, father (1818. ix. 391, 392) of the 2ud ed. of and son, had been preceded in that iH-o- Meadley's Life of Paley, has some fessorship (1682, 1718.) at Oxford by interest in this connexion. two Richards Goodson likewise father ' "When the hall of Christ's College, and son, organists of Christ Church. which had been promised through the 2 The Persons mentioned are as interest of Dr Shepherd, was fitting follows, — up for a benefit concert for Ximenes, Felice Giardini, violinist, born at a Spanish musician, warmly patronised Turin 1716, died at Moscow, 1796. by Lord Sandwich, Mr Paley and Mr Joah Bates, fellow of King's, B.A. Law peremptorily insisted that the 1764. Secretary to Ld. Sandwich. promise should be recalled unless C. Jenner, Pemb., B.A. 1757. satisfactory assurance was given that Ld, Sandwich, Trin. LL.D. 1769. a lady then living with his lordship, ? T. Champness, Trin. B.A. 1762. aud who had been openly distributing Wade Gascoigne, Trin. LL.D. 1757. tickets, should not be peimitted to ? C. Non-is, fellow of Trin. B.A. 1766. attend. At first the senior tutor, who J.Beverly, Chr., 1767. was in habits of intimacy with Lord Busy. Sandwich," (a very reputable con- Desborough. nesion for a divine and an instructor Ant. Shepherd, B. A. Joh. 1743. of youth) " objected to the idea of M.A. Chr. 1747. (Plumiau Prof. 1700.) excluding any lady from a public con- Rokeby. cert: but afterwards when they lu-ged ? J. Ward (Dudley), LL.D. 1769. that standing in a public situation as 2 The following anecdote (about instructors of youth it was their duty 1770), quoted in the Quarterl>/ Review to discountenance every sort of immo- LORD sandwich's CONCERT. 231) For uow from the Cares of the Helme he descends ; And blowing his Whistle, he summons his Friends ; And nothing he leaves them to wish or desire, Except for Giardini a little less Fire. Now the Masters all mount in a terrible Row, And tun'd is each Fiddle, and Eosin'd each Bow, And Giardini when got in his fTantriims audf Fits Frights the j^oor Dilettanti quite out of his wits. At the Harpsichord now Joah Bates takes his jjlace ; Tho he casts a Sheep's Eye on his dear Double Bass, To the Heart Strings it grieves him to quit it so soon. For tho he mayn't play it, he'll put it in tune. But when he begins to sprawl over a Chorus And lays the whole matter so clearly before us : No Hearer so stupid but soon understands, He's full Son to Briareus, and Heii* to his Hands. Charles Jenner sits trembling close to his right side, And soon as a hard Solo passage he spied, He swore that alone he could do it all right, Tho' he makes the same Blunder but every night. Sam Champness comes lagging, but well propt with Ale He ^vill roar you as sweet as a young Nightingale ; While Gascoignc who plays on the Hoarse Tenor Fiddle And for ever is coming in wrong in the middle ; With more Wit than Musick is cracking his Jests, ■ "WTiicli he thinks better Fun than dry counting of Rests. John Beverly^ long had been Fidling tho Bass, But his Fingers so long seldom hit the right place ; So the great double Bass to take up he did beg. Where he measures the Stops by the length of his Leg. Giardini for Absentees now looks about. If Desborough's call'd to a worse crying out; Or if any loose Straglers, the practise would balk, If Eokeby or Ward take a Ride or a Walk. rality, and threatened to appeal to pions of morality and decorum, the the Society in case of his refusal, the older [W. Paloy] was then no more assurance was given and the arrange- than twenty-eight.' ment suffered to proceed." Be it re- ^ Tho notorious Esquire Bedell membered, that of these two cham- (1770), to wb.om Gunning devotes part 240 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. Lord Saiulwicli mean time ever active and steady Eyes the Drums with impatience, and cries an't you ready? Knows who are alert, and who always ask pardon ; And who are the Men must be fctch'd from the Garden. Wlien the Band is all marshall'd from front to the rear, And Miss Rayi, and Norris, and Busy appear; When impatience to start shines in ev'ry man's Face, Steals in Dr Shepherd a tuning his Bass. But now hush'd is each noise, and on each raptm-'J ear Break such sounds as the angels stand list'uing to hear ; Handel rouses, and hearing his own Thunder roar, Looks downward from Heaven, and calls out encore. Dr Webb's collection in the University Library contains, beside the foregoing song (vol. i.), a ^ j^'^'^ogramma' (W. Ptichard- son, Coll. Pet., V.C.) forbidding persons in statu pnpillari from attending a public concert, 30 June, 1770 : — Also the programme of a Concert held in the hall of Trinity College on Friday, 26 June, 1772, at 6 p.m.: — Another (three pages 4to) of a concert in the same place 30 June, 1775. of the 5th chapter of the first vol. of 1790. She was shot (1779) when his Reminiscences. Beverly got an coming from Coveut-Garden theatre honorary degree from the proctors by an unhappy admirer. She was in 1767, and a good deal of money doubtless the person whom Paley from the heads of colleges, &c. in and J. Law obliged Dr Shepherd to various years. exclude from the concert in their col- 1 Missi^neyjOrWray, mother of Basil lege hall. Montagu, Q.C. (Chr.) 6th wrangler, CHAPTER XXI. ASTRONOMY. Sir Roderick {examining Immerito, a candidate for preferment). Sirrah, boy, write him down a good astronomer. Page {aside, writes) ' As colit astra.' The Return from Parnassus (1602), i. 3. Though of old time the subjects of Arithmetic and Geo- metry were reserved for Bachelors in Arts to study, we have already said all that we have to say thereanent on the topic of the Mathematical Tripos. Concerning Astronomy we have still a few remarks to make. The Cambridge professors seem as a rule to have done tlieir duty by this science. First and foremost we have Newton, who by exact scientific reasoning proved the guess of Descartes^ in his general hypothesis of matter and motion to be true, but in a different sense for the material universe. Isaac Newton of Trinity was Lucasian Professor 1669 — 1702, and had his private observatory in the college ^ 1 In illustration of the question in gcther depends.* Some Observations dispute between Whewell and Playfair upon the Answer to an Enquiry into on the hold which Cartesianism had the Grounds arid Occasion of the Con^ at Cambridge I omitted (p. 125) Each- tempt of the Clergy 1G71, p. 14-4. Cp. ard's (Master of Cath. Hall) humorous above p. 176. description of the 'yoimg pert Soph' ^ Humphrey Wanley was staying in criticizing tlie country parson's Easter Cambridge in Sept. 1699. Ho wrote Sermon. 'What a good Text was thus to Dr Charlett of Univ. Coll. here spoyled to divide it into this and Oxon. ' Here was a great preparation that, and I know not what, when it for observing the Eclipse, a room would have gone so easily into corpus darkened, telescopes fixed and cvery- and iHaHc; or into the three Car<<'.sin/i thing put in order on purpose, and elements. Besides, Uke an old dull happy that man that could bo ad- Phllosopher, he quite forgat to sup- mitted ; but after some hours waiting pose the motion of the vortexes upon for black Wednesday parturiunt mon- which the grand business of the tes, the gentlemen ha\ing dined with Hypotlicsis of the Resurrection alto- Duke Humfrcy came out very gravely w. 16 242 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. His deputy and successor W. Whiston, of Clare, took in- terest in this pursuit. He records ' how Sara. Clarke and his father Alderman Clarke, of Norwich, about 1707 or 1708, ' happened to be viewing Saturn's Ring at Norwich, with a Telescope of 15 or 16ft. long; when without any prior Thought or Expectation of such a thing, as Mr Clarice assured me, they both distinctly saw a fixed star between the Ring and the Body of that Planet : which is sure evidence that the Ring is properly distinct from the Planet, and at some distance from it: which, tho' believ'd, could hardly be demonstrated before.' When Whiston was deprived of his professorship and cate- chetical lectureship Oct. 30, 1710, he retired to London, and gave astronomical lectures, which were attended by Addison and Sir R. Steele. But just before this he published his Praelectiones Physico-Mathematicae, and three years earlier (1707) he had been especially energetic, editing Newton's nine years' professional lectures on Algebra under the title of AHth- metica Universalis, as well as Praelectiones Astronomicae" of his o^vn. In the month of May of that year he and Roger Cotes the young Plumian professor began a course of experiments, from which each of them composed a dozen lectures in hydro- statics and pneumatics. Roger Cotes, of Trinity 1706 — 16, just mentioned, is num- bered among our professors of Experimental Philosophy^ He into the warm sim cursing their Newtoni Mathematica exjylicatius tra- tables, &c., and were as well laughed dltur ; et facillus demonstratur. Come- at as the Sous of Ai't in London, who tographia etiam Halleiana Commfji- liired the monument for the same tariolo illustratur. In Ustim Juventu- purpose.' Letters from the Bodleian, tis Academicae. Typis Academicis I. 97. 8vo. Pretiitm 4s. Qd. An eughsh ed. 1 Whiston's Memoir of S. Clarke Lond. 1716. (1730), p. 1-4. Whiston lectured also on the Ancient " Praelectiones Astronomicae, Ca.nta- Eclipses of the Sun and Moon for brigiae in Scholis publicis habitae, about a year before he was banished Quibus accedunt Tabulae pbtrimae 1709 — 10. Memoirs of the Life of Astronomicae Flamstedianae corrcc- W. Whiston (1749), i. pp. 135, 173, tae, Hallianae, Cassianae, et Stree- 181. His Ne^c Theory of the Earth tianae. In Usum Juventutis Aca- (1695) continued to be read at Cam- demicae. Pretiimi 5s. 6d. 1707. bridge. Praelectiones Physico-Mathematicae, ^ Cotes was elected unanimously the Cantabrigiae in Scholis publicis liabi- year after he had taken his first de- tie. Quibus Philosoj^hia IHu^trissimi gree ! Bentlcy calls liira ' Post mag- PROFESSORS OF ASTRONOMY. 24.'^ is very widely celebrated for liis 'property of the circle,' and on the continent Gauss has done honour to his interpolation method for the value of integrals. Mr J. W. L. Glaisher informs me that a method which is even now just beginning to find its. way into Cambridge teaching, the treatment of optics by the methods of modern geometry, of which Gauss is the modern founder, is really due, so far as its principles are concerned, to Cotes. Cotes by his College observatory and experiments ' involved himself in a debt^ which his modesty permitted to prey upon his health ; and which put an end to that valuable life at the age of thirty-four. A Person renowned for his great skill in classic literature [Bentley] then presided in the College ; a spectator of Cotes' s distress : Into which he had been plunged upon expectations or promises that the expenses should be born {sic) by that opulent College. But the only regard paid him was by the Epitaph composed in classic elegance ; which is inscribed on his monument in Trinity College Chapel. After death every Virtue is sure to meet its reward ^' Monk's life of Bentley (i. 202, 401) hy no means hears out this imputation. In 1714< the Plumian and Lucasian Professors were con- num ilium Newtonum Societatis hujus Philosophica was not printed till sixty spcs altera ct decus gemellum ; cui years later, (^\^lewell Hist. Induct. ad summam doctrinae laudem Omnes Sciences, Vol. ii. Bk. vi. Cb. vi. § 10; morum virtutumciue dotes In cumu- Bk. viii. cli. ii ) lum accesserunt ; Eo magis specta- ^ There was a college observatory in biles amabilesque. Quod in formoso the 2nd court of S. John's (17Co), of corporeGratioresvenirent.' (Epitaph.) wliich Isaac Pennington (then a Soph) Vincent Bourne also wrote epitaphic had charge in 170G with a stipend of lines in his memory. Three years be- £15 per annum. He was required to fore Cotes' death Brook Taylor (LL.B. deliver obser\-ations to the master and St John's) had discovered (simultane- seniors. In 1764 a pair of 16 in. ously with John Bernoulli and James diam. globes were ordered, price not Hermann of Basle) the centre of exceeding 10 guineas ; but it was two oscillation of bodies in motion rigidly years before they were procured, connected by a lever. Taylor piiblishod Bahcr-Mayor, 1071— 1U73. in his Method of Increwrjit-^, 1715, a - Ei. Davies' General State of Edu- problem in vibrating strings. He was cation in the Universities with a par- the discoverer of the theorem which ticular View to the Pliilosophic and bears his name. He contributed to the Medical Education : to Dr Hales. Philos, Transactions, 1712—23. He Bath. 1750. Sold by M. Cooper, London, died in 1731, but his Contemplatio [Bodl. Gontjh Canih. W,), -p. i3. IG— 2 24"4! UNIVEIISITV STUDIES. stituted ex officio of the Commission for discovering the longi- tude at sea. (Cooper's Annals, iv. 120). Antony Shepherd (M.A. Chr., B.A. Joh.) printed in 1776 ' A description of the experiments intended to illustrate a course of lectures on the principles of natural philosophy, read in the observatory at Trin. coll. Cambridge,' as Plumian pro- fessor \ At the close of the century another of the successors of Cotes as Plumian Professor, Sam. Vince of Caius (179G — 1822), used to lecture inter alia upon Astronomy ; giving experiments and explanations of instrumentsl He printed a ' Plan ' of his course, Camb. 1797. It may have been on account of Vince's suffi- ciency that the special Professor of Astronomy of the later (Lowndesian) foundation, W. Lax of Trinity (179-5 — 1836), gave 'no lectures^' at the end of the last century. It certainly was on account of Vince's lectures that Wollaston the Jacksonian professor lectured in chemistry only instead of alternating with experimental Philosophy, and in his turn Parish took to Me- chanics. The first who had held the office of Lowndes' professor of Astronomy, was Dr Roger Long of Pembroke (1750 — 71), the friend of Gray. His famous ' Zodiack,' constructed with the help of Jonathan Munns, the tin-plate worker, has been noticed in Univ. Life, p. 662. It has only recently been discarded by the society to which he bequeathed it. Until Vince was appointed Plumian Professor, F. J. H. Wollaston of Trin. Hall, professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy (1792 — 18), gave alternate courses on Astronomy with Chemistry, but in 1795 he abandoned the former. An account of the work of their successors at the commencement of the present century maybe found in [Wright's] Alma Mater, ii. 34 (relating to 1818), and Facetiae Cantab. 1836, ja. 159. In 1792 Mr Ingram complained^ that our University had need of a good Observatory, and a convenient room for the pro- 1 The coveuant of Trin. Coll. with ' Camh. Univ. Calendar, 1802, pp. the Plumian Trustees, Feb. 9, 1705, is 23, 24. given in Cooper's Annals, iv. 69 n. The ^ Ibid. p. 30. Observatory over the King's Gate is ^ The Necessity of Introducing Di- mentioned. vinity, &c. p. 108 h. ASTRONOMY. 245 fessors in Divinity and the professors of Civil Law and Common Law to read their lectures in. In 17G8 there had been a project for building a Music Room and Amphitheatre for professional lectures, started by Walter Titley's donation, but it fell through. There were small Observatories in our principal Colleges — over the 'great ' or ' King's ' gate of Trinity, and in St John's *. The former was erected by subscription of Bentley and his friends (Jan. 170|) and stored with the best astronomical instru- ments which science could at that period produce, — partly at the expense of the library fund. Beneath this Cotes, and after him his cousin E,o. Smith, Bentley's successor, resided as Plumian Professor. Sir I. Newton, and after him Vice-master Walker, occupied the rooms to the north of the gate, and W. Whiston those to the south ^ The following list may interest Oxonian Astronomers and Geometricians : — A Catalogue of Instruments Made and Sold by John Prnjean near Now- College in Oxford. With Notes of the Use of them^. Holland's Universal Quadrant, His Arithmetick Quadrant, serving to take Heights by inspection. Oughtred's Quadrant, His Double Horizontal Dial. Gunter's Quadrant, His Aualemraa, His Nocturnal. CoUins's Quadrant. Mr Ilalton's Universal Quadrant for all Latitudes with Mr Haley's notes. Orontia^s Sinical Universal quadrant. Napier s Rods. Mr CasweVs Nocturnal. ]\Ii' Haley's Nocturnal. Mr Tomson's Pantametron. Mr Pound's Cylinder-Dial. Mr Edward's Astrolobe. [sic] Mr Hooper's Dialing Scales. Scales for Fortification. Scales for Sm-veyiug, Dialing, ttc. And most other Mathematical Instruments. John Keill (1671 — 1721), born at Edinburgh, studied under David Gregory at the university there, and following him tn Oxford, entered at Balliol, and exhibited experiments illus- trative of the Newtonian philosophy by means of an a]>paratus of his own invention : he also examined Burnet and Winston's Theories of the Earth. In 1700 he lectured on natural phi- 1 Baker-Mayor 10-41, 107.5. •'' Advt. at the end of Globe Note* 2 Monk's Bentley, i. 202, Bentley's by R. Holland, Oxford, Printed for Corresp. pp. 448, 449, 786. Walker Henry Clements, llOl.—Bodl. Godwin preserved Newton's rooms as far as Pamph. 12.33. Another list will be possible in statu ^ho, adding Bentley's found among W. Gooch's remains in famed hat to his relics. the .\ppendix to this volnmo. 246 UxVlVERSlTY STUDIKS, losopliy as Jcputy fur the Scdloian Professor, Sir T. Millliigton. Ill the following year he published Introductio ad verain P/'y- sicam. Having been elected F. R. S., he took the part of Newton against Leibnitz in the Fluxional Controversy (1708). After paying a visit to America (1700) as treasurer to the ex- iled Palatines, he returned to Oxford, and was made Savilian Professor* of Astronomy the same year. He again took up the cudgels for Newton against the Cartesians, in a Paper before the Royal Soc, On the Rarity of Matter, &c. In 1711 he be- came Decyjjherer to thfe Queen ; and in 1713 took the degree of M.D. Two years later he edited Euclid ; and in 1718 he read an ' Introduction to the true Astronomy, or Astronomical Lectures in the Astronomical School of the Univ. of Oxford,' which was published in 1721, the year of his death. He is said to have been the first who introduced the love of the Newtonian Philosophy at Oxford by his lectures in 1704, laying down very simple propositions which he proved by experiments and from those he deduced others more complex, which he still confirmed by experiments ; till he had instructed his auditors in the laws of motion, the principles of hydrostatics and optics, and some of the chief propositions of Sir I. Newton concerning light and colours. This account of John Keill's positive method is given by his successor Desagidiers in the Preface to his Course of Ex- perimental Philosojjhy. John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683 — 1749) was born at Rochelle, brought to England after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and sent to Christ Church. BA. Ordained Deacon 1710. The same year, having removed to Hart Hall, he read lectures on Experimental Philosophy, as successor in that readership to John Keill, who was visiting New England. Having married and taken his M.A. degree in 1712, he com- menced lectures in London in 1713; was made F. R. S. under Newton's presidency in 1714. Published Fires improved, and quarrelled with Edmund Curll for advertising it too much. 1 Keill's master, David Gregory of CarsweU) \Yho succeeded Gregoiy left Balliol, liad held this professorship a very favom-able impression on (1691—1709). The chau- had been Uffeubach, vrho conversed with him filled in earlier times by Seth Ward on telescopes in 1710. lieUen, iii. and Chr. Wren. Jo. Caswell (or 180. ASTHONOMY. 247 Lectured before K. Geo. I. in 1717. B.C.L. and D.C.L, 1718. With Dr Stephen Hales he invented and exhibited an engine for sea-soundings in. 1728. His electrical experiments and papers in the Philos. Transactions, &c. are enumerated in Kippis' Biog. Brit. James Bradley of Balliol, who succeeded Keill as Savilian Professor of Astronomy in 1741, made constant obervations, and discovered and settled the aberration of the fixed stars (1727) from the progressive motion of light combined with the earth's annual motion, and the nutation of its axis (1737). He succeeded Halley as astronomer royal. Two of the Savilian professors of Geometry also held that post — Edm. Halley of Qu. himself, and his successor in the professorship (1742), Nat. Bliss of Pembroke. Halley, while at Oxford, had published ob- servations on a spot in the sun, by which its motion on its axis was established, in 167G — two years before he was admitted M.A., and just before his important visit to St Helena. On the evening of June 3rd, 1709, the tower of New Col- lege was used by Mr Lucas a fellow, and Mr Clare of St John's, to observe the transit of Venus ; the Savilian Professor Hornsby was in the Schools' Tower ; and Mr Nitikin (a Russian) and Mr Williamson of St Alban Hall, in the Infirmary\ Cyril Jackson, then A.B. and Student of Ch. Ch., and several others, were stationed in other places, not particularly fitted for the j)urposel This shows how much a proper observatory was then needed at Oxford. The foundations for such an one (the Radcliffe) were laid soon afterwards, in June 1772. In Sept., 1750, a Cambridge man wrote to the Student or Oxford Monthly Miscellany (l. 339) commending the stuily of astronomy to future country gentlemen, and to all university men. Ho says, ' 1 fancy they will find it no inelegant transition from a chapter in Sniigletius to a lecture in Keil.'' He con- cludes by proiDOsing to commence astronomical communications to the Student, and i-efers to an account of the early history of the science by G. Costard ^ fellow of Wadham, in bis Two Letter's to Martin Folkes, Esq., 1740. 1 Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, W. of ^ ihid. p. 29. Wykeham and Ids Colleges, pp. 335, ^ Vicar of Twickcuham ; author o[ 336, [Green's] Oxford during the Last Observations illmtrating the Bk. of Job, Century (Sluttcr antl Eopo), p. 22. 1717. Ilii't. of Astnmomy, 17fi7, .Ic. 248 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. A list of Books in use at Cambridge about the year 1730 for Optics and Astronomy. Acta Eruilitornm Lipsiao. anno 1G83. Bentley, Ri. (Trin.) Boyle Lectures, Serm. viii. Lond. 1693. Boyle, Ro. [Oxojt.) Works, abridged by Shaw. 1725. Biillialdus, Ismael (Boulliau) De Lineis Spiralibus, Paris, 1657. Burgundiae Pliilosophia. (Cf. p. 79 supra.) Burnet, T. (Clare and Chr.) Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1681—9. Cartesius, Renat. (La Fleche) Dioptricks. Meteor. Princii)ia. Amst. 1644. Chambers, Ephr. Diet, (sub vocibus Halo, Light, Moon, Parhelion, Bainhow.) 1728. Clarke, S. (Caius) Demonstration of Sir I. Newton's Philos. Clerieus, J. (Geneva) Physica. Cantab. 1700, 1705. De Chales, C. F. M. {Soc. Jesu, Turin) Cursus Mathem. Lyons, 1690. Derham, "W. (Trin.) Astro-Theol. Lond. 1714, 1726. Domekins, G. Peter. Phil. Newton. Lond. 1730. Tabri, Honorat. (Rome) ii. de Homine. Paris, 1666. Flamsteed, J. (Jes.) 1672—1713. Gassendi, P. (Aix and Paris) Astron. 1702. 's Gravesande, W. J. (Leyden) Physico-Math. Lug. Bat. 1720. Gregory, Dav. (Edinb., Oxon) Astron. foho Oxon. 1702. engl. Lond. 1715. Catoptricae et Dioptricae Sphericae Elementa. Oxon. 1695. (Lond. 1705, 1715, 1735.) Harris, J. (S. John's) Astron. Dial. (ed. 3. 1795.) Hooke, R. (Ch. Ch.) Posthumous Works, 1705. Huyghens, Chi-istian. Discui-sus de Causis Gravitat. Lug. Bat. 1724 — 8. ■ Opusc. Posthuma. Lug. Bat. 1703. ■ Planetary Worlds, or Cosmotheoros. Hagae. 1698. Lond. 1699. Johnson, T. (King's, Magd.) Quaestiones (Opticae pp. 27, 28). (Astronomicae pp. 32, 33) Camb. 1732 ; ed. 3. 1741. Keill, John (Balliol) Examination of Theorists on the Earth. Oxon. 1698. Introd. ad Astron. Oxon. 1715. Lowthoi-p, J. (Joh.) Abridgment of Philos. Transactions, 3 vols. 4to. Lond. 1716. Malebranche, Nic. (Sorbonne) Search after Truth. (1674), Transl. T. Taylor. Lond. 1720. Miscellanea Curiosa (Halley, Molyneux, &c.) Molyneux, W. (F. R. S.) Dioptricks. 4to. Lond. 1692. in Misc. Curiosa, ii. 263. Musschenbroeck, P. van. (Leyden) Elem. Physico-Math. Newton, Is. (Trin.) Lectiones Opticae. Opticks, 4to. Lond. 1704. Optica, lat. ed. S. Clai'ke. Lond. 1706, 1728. Principia Math. Lond. 1687. Camb. 1713. Ode, Ja. Phil. Nat. Principia. Traject. ad Rheu. 1727. ASTRONOMY, &C. 249 Pemberton, H. (Leyden, Gresham Coll., F.R.S.) View of Ne'wton. Lond. 1728. Philosoiihical Conversations. • Transactions. Eiccioli, Giov. Bapt. (Parma) Almagestum Novum. Bologna 1651 — 69. Rizzett, Giov. de Luminis affectionibus, or the present State of the Republick of Letters. (Eizzett, Giov.) a Confutation of. Eobault, Jac. Pbysica. ed. 4. (by S. CTarke) 1718. Eowuing, J. (Magd.) Opticks. Smith, R. (Trin.) Opticks, Camb. 1728, 1738. Tacquet, Andr. {Soc. Jesu, Antwerp) Catoptricks (1669). Wallis, J. (Emm. Qu. Savil.) Opera Matbemat. Oxon. 1687—99. Wbiston, W. (Clare) Praelectiones Astronom., Camb. 1707. Pbysico-Mathem., Camb. 1710. New Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1690, 1725. Worster, Beu. Priucip. Philos. Lond. 1730. It may be well to supplement this index, and that on jip. 78 — 81, with a chronological list of Some Mathematical Books printed since 1730. 1731. Euclid Oxon. L. Trevigar, Conic Sections (in usum juvcnt. Acad.) Camb. 1734. Is. Barrow's (Trin.) Mathematical Lectures (Bowyer). Inquiry into the Ideas of Space. Treatises by J. Clarke, E. Law, &c. 1737. W. Whistou (Clare) New Theory of the Earth. Camb. 1738. Eo. Smith (Trin.) Complete System of Opticks (ed. 1. 1728). Camb. Roger Cotes (Trin.) Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures (Bowyer). 1739. R. Dunthorne (Dr Long's servant, Pemb.) Astronomy of the Moon. Camb. Tables of the Moon's Motion. Camb. 1740. Nic. Sanderson (Chr.) Elements of Algebra. 1741. • 2 vols. 4to. with Memoir. 1742. Roger Long (Pemb.) Astronomy, 4to. vol. i. Camb. Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Abcrd. ) Complete System of Fluxions. Lond. 1744. E. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics. Camb. P. Parsons (Sid.) Astronomic Doubts. Camb. 1747. J. Keill (Ball.) Euclidis Elcmcnta. ed. 4. Oxoti. Ealph Heathcote (Jes.) Historia Astronomiaj. Camb. 1748. Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Aberd.) Account of Newton's Discoveries. Lond. Algebra, in 3 parts. Lond. Geometra Descriptio Curvarum (ed. 2. with Life.) Lond. H. Owen {Jesus) Harmonia Trigonomctrica. T. Eutherforth (S. Job.) System of Nat. Philosophy. Camb. 1749. R. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics, Camb. Edm. Hallcy {Quent's) Tabulae Astronomicae. 4to. Lond. 1752. Astronomical Tables, 4to. Loud. 250 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 175G. James Ferguson, Astronomy on Newton's [jriuciplcs. Lond. (also 1757, 17(5-1, 177-2, 1778.) 1758. Meuelai Spbaerica. E. Halley, J. Costard. Oxon. 175'J. 11. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics ed. 2. Camb. Isr. Lyons junior. Treatise on Fluxions. 1760. \V. S. Powell (S. Job.) Observations on Wariug's Ivliscellanea Analytica. James Ferguson, Lectui-es on Mechanics, Hydi-ostatics, Pneumatics and Optics. Loud. 1762. E. Waring (Magd.) Miscellanea Analytica de ^quationibus algebraicis et ciirvarum Proprietatibus. 4to. Camb. W. Jones, Essay on Nat. Philosophy. Oxon. 1765. Excerpta quaedam e Newt. Priucipiis, J. Jebb et K. Thorpe (Pet.) G. WoUaston (Sid.) 4to. Camb. 1767, Syntagma Dissertationum. (partly scientific). Hyde. Oxon, 1768, James Ferguson, Easy Introduction to Astronomy. 1769, Astronomical Observations at Camb, 1767, 68. W. Ludlam (S. Job.) Lond. 1770. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Algebraicae. 4to. Camb, James Ferguson, Introduction to Electricity. Lond, 1771. W. Ludlam (S. Job.) Hadley's Quadrant, with Supplement, Lond, 1772. E, Waring (Magd.) Proprietates Algebraicarum Ciu'varum. 4to. Camb, W. Ludlam (S. Job.) On the Power of the Wedge. Lond, 1774. The Academick Dream (a poem against the excessive study of Mathe- matics) 4to. Camb. 1776. E. Waring. Meditationes Analyticae. 4to. Camb. 1778, T, Kipling (S. Job.) Elementary part of Smith's Optics. 1780. W, Ludlam (S. Joh.) on Newton's Second Law of Motion, Lond. J. Bonnycastle, Scholar's Guide to Arithmetick, 12mo, Lond. 1781. S, Vince, Conic Sections, Camb, 1782. E, Waring, Meditationes Algebraicae (ed. 3.) 1783. J, Bonnycastle, Introduction to Algebra. 12mo, Lond, 1784. G. Atwood (Trm.) Eectilinear Motion. Camb, Analysis of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy, Eoger Long's (Pemb.) Astronomy, 2 vols, Camb, (see 1742 — 64.) 1765. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Analyticae, ed, 2. 4to. Camb, T, Parkinson (Chr.) System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics, 2 vols, 4to, Camb, W, Lirdlam (S. Joh. ) Eudiments of Mathematics, Lond. 1786. J, Bonnycastle. Introduction to Astronomy in a Series of Letters, Loud, 1787. W, Ludlam (S. Joh.) Eudiments of Mathematics, Camb, 1789. F, Wollastou (Sid.) General Astronomical Catalogue, Lond. J. Bonnycastle, Elements of Geometiy. Lond, 1790. S, Vince (Cai., Sid.) on Practical Astronomy, Camb. and Loud, 1792, Archimedes cum Eutocii Ascalon. commentariis, J. Torelli. Oxon. 1793. S. Viuce (Cai., Sid.) Plan of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy. Lond. F. WoUaston (Sid.) Universal Meridian Dial. 4to, 1797. T. Newton (Jcs.) Short Treatise on Conic Sections, Camb, E, Waring (Magd.) On the Principles of Human Knowledge (Sup- pressed). MATHExMATICAL BOOKS (1731 — 1800). 251 179-1 — 1852, S. John's Coll. Algebraical Equation and Problem Papers. W. Rotherbam (Camb. 1852.) 1795. James Wood (S. Job.) Algebra, vol. i. Camb. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Fluxions. Camb. ( = vol. ii. of Wood's series). 1796. T. Manning (Cai.) Arithmetic and Algebra, i. Lend. James Wood (S. Job.) Mechanics. Camb. ( = iii. i.) S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.) Hydrostatics (= Wood's Series iii. ii.) 1797. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Astronomy vol. i. 4to. Camb. 1798. T. Manning (Cai.) Algebra, vol. ii. Lond. Astronomical Observations (Greenwich 1750 — G2) J. Bradley (Ball.) and N. Bliss, Oxon. James Wood (S. Job.) Elements of Optics. Camb. ( = iv. i.) 1799. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Princi^jles of Astronomy (complete = Wood's Series, IV. ii.) 1800. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Plane Spherical Trigonometry. Logarithms. Camb. Principles of Hydrostatics. Camb. of Fluxions. Camb. J, Stephens (? S. Joh.) Method of Ascertaining the Latitude of the northern hemisi:)here. 4to. Camb. F. WoUaston (Sid.) Fasciculus Astronomicus. 4to. Loud. CHAPTER XXI r, CONCLUSION. Eeliquum est Xirdprav l\ax«s, Tavrav KoayiU. M. T. C. ad Atticum, iv. 6. While we thoroughly accept the position that, if Cambridge is our mother, Oxford is our aunt^; and while we admit the vigour of the latter in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, we shall hardly be considered unfairly prejudiced if we declare our opinion that there were more certain signs of vitality and usefulness in our north-easterly university in the eighteenth century, at least in the latter half of it. Matters at Cambridge are apt to be at a level (not always of necessity a dead level), shewing something of the natural characteristics of the country and the town in which her lot is cast. Their beauty is retiring, and the point from which they may be seen is sometimes far to seek. The elegancies and the virtues of Oxford are more prominent, more obvious, even to those who do not look for them. We may draw a parallel similarly for the intellectual cha- racter as it is trained by the traditional method of each uni- versity. Oxford shews her sons how they may make the most of each point of excellence and turn the smallest details to advantage. Cambridge may be colder and duller, but her pur- pose is to aim immediately at nothing higher than preparing the ground with care and laying the foundation conscientiously. The one aims at producing all, and is in danger of losing the whole : the other is content with one thing at a time; — that at least is gained, though often nothing is built upon it. Again, let us carry the contrast of the sister universities ^ Lakes' Ballad in answer to EL universities iu 1614, 1615. Cp. Ful- Corbet on K. James I's visits to the ler's Hist. o/Camb., preface, 1655. CON'CLUSIOy. 2o3 into comparison with the genius of the two centuries preceding our own ; Oxford beauty and Cambridge plainness, the Athenian and the Spartan, may be thought to correspond with similar characteristics, — the one of the seventeenth, the latter of the eighteenth century. To take for example one particular where the comparison favours Oxford; a particular where Oxford had a right to pre- eminence, on the ancient and noble theory that to aim at all science is to aim at Theology : we may observe that theological controversy, the study of the sacred languages by raw students, and even reverent care for ceremonial details, was a gi'owth of the seventeenth rather than of the eighteenth century, and seemed more at home at Oxford than at Cambridge. A similar backwardness (we should hardly call it a deficiency) was, I believe, noticeable in our university with regard to physical science. In mathematics (if not in metaphysics) Cambridge could turn the tables on her sister, at least in the latter half of the seventeenth century. But these were the foundations on which all subsequent study, in Theology and the other sciences, was to be built. To these subjects she clung, the like foundation she con- tinued to lay, under the guidance of more skilled master- builders, and with greater energy, during the eighteenth century. In that period a new species of Theology, of a character exclusively protestant and alarmingly negative, the product of the Revolution, was taking the place of the anglican Divinity of Laud or of Craumer. It was not a great stop from Hoadly to Clarke, and so to Theophilus Lindsey to Gilbert Wakefield and William Frend. Those were men of Cambridge education, though no doubt their university was not well satisfied with the superstructure which they raised upon her grounding. How far she produced any better theologians we may perhaps consider hereafter: suffice it to say that when she next produced a decided 'school' of notability, it was not a school of able and learned theolo- gians, but a band of earnest men whose strength lay not in science but in subjective religion. As fur Oxford, if the theo- logical bent of eighteenth century character was not agreeable to her traditions, she was content to slumber; at least she raised 254 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. no powerful opposition to the floods wliicli for a season were overwhelming the field of Divinity with a dull and level surface of dead water. But now let us look to the work of prelvnnnary training which rightly or wrongly Cambridge did pretend to do exclu- sively. We may take for example the year 1793 (when Kipling, Is. Milner and others called Frend to account for his pamphlet, and refused the use of the Cambridge University press to a fasciculus of Wakefield's Silva Critica), a time which was allowed to be in the dark ages of the Universities. At Cambridge were circulated the following notices, of which I have printed copies before me; and I know not how many similar evidences of vitality may have perished in the dust-heap. Of the three instructors thus advertising their courses of lectures, one, namely Yince, was not a professor in 1793. He was promoted three years later and continued to lecture and publish as Plumian professor. ' Cambridge, Oct. 10. 1793. On Monday, Nov. 18, at four o'Clock in the Afternoon, The Kev. S. Vince, A.M., F.RS., Proposes to begin his Philosophical Course of Public Lec- tures in the Principles of the Four Branches of Natural Philosophy, With the Application to a great Yariety of Pro- hlenis, and on the Principia of Sr. I. Newton, with the most useful deductions. To be continued every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. That Part of the Course which contains the Lectures on the Principia, will for the Conveniency of those who shall then have commenced Sophs, be given at the End of the present and Beginning of the next Term. And on Tuesday, Nov. 19, at the same Hour, he proposes to beo-in his Mathematical Course of Public Lectures on the Prin- ciples oi Arithmetic, Algebra, Fluxions, Trigonometry, plain and spherical. Logarithms, Patios, &c., &c. To be continued every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Each Course to be attended a second Time grati.?. CAMBRIDGE TEACHING IN 179o. 255 Terms of attendance are 5 Guineas for each Course. They who purpose to attend are requested to send in their Names*.' The next notice tells that the Jacksonian Professor (F. J. H. Wollaston) will begin to lecture on the same subjects to candidates for the degree of B.A., and in the ensuing January "will instruct questionists. Another (preserved accidentally like the others) signifies that the Professor of Anatomy (Busick Harwood) will lecture on Human Anatomy and Physiology. This shows that some attempt at least was made to supply professional education. Such is a specimen of the jMhulum which was provided in the University. If in the next place we peep into the private diary'' of a scholar of Trinity written that same month of November, 1793, we find him reading 'Ratios and Variable Quantities,' transcribing a Sjdlabus of Mechanics, attending certain lectures and declamations, beside other literary reading and conver- sation. The diary breaks off in the middle of the month and is resumed in the following spring, when the writer appears to be studying Euripides Hippolytus, Sophocles Oed. Coloneus, Lowth de Sacra Poesi, Grecian History, Locke, Astronomy, and attending Mr Tavel's college lectures on Euclid Bk. xi, and Spherical Trigonometry, and professor Wollaston's public lec- tures aforementioned. But, not to confine our investigations to one college, we find that at S. John's there were the annual examinations Avhich had been established nearly a quarter of a century before : 1 A similar notice dated ^Trinhy Part: or 8 Guineas the whole course.' Hall, Nov. 2, 1793,' informs students This was I suppose a private venture that the Rev. F. Wrangham, with the ofWranghamaudMontaj^. The former Assistance of Basil Montagu, M.A. lost his election three days after this Chr. will deliver (at 4 p.m.) a Course date. Shortly after this the friends of Lectures upon — formed an elaborate plan of taking ^Mathemntica and Naluml rhilo.to- pupils at Cohham ((running's 7?<'m/Hi.-T. phj. The Mathematical Part will in- ii. 1). On seeing their latter pros- elude Algfbra, Flu.rinns, &c. Tlie pectus Sir James Mackintosh re- Philosophical Part the Four Braiichr:^, niiiikcd 'A boy thus educated will be Newton'fs Prhicipia, &c., Illustrated by a walking encyclopncdia.' a Variety of Problems. - Printed in my I'ruv. I.ifr, 589 — Terms of Attendance ^^ Guineas each i">01. 25G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. These were conducted viva voce except in tlie mathematical subjects, in which we have evidence that printed papers were set as early as 1793. The following S. John's examination paper for 1704 (or a year or two earlier*) has been preserved by Mr W. Rotherham. 'S. John's College. Cambridge. (cir. 1794.) , „„ 7x« „ 352 -12a; 2. 4.-^^^ = ^ ] „- 2.r + 5v/( 15x-Sy = 35 g-^j xY-7xy^-9iB^763) ^' xy -y =12 J 4. A shepherd had two flocks of sheep, the smaller of which consisted entirely of ewes, each of which hrought him 2 lambs. Upon counting them he found that the number of lambs was equal to the difference between the two flocks, and that if all his sheep had been ewes and had brought him 3 lambs apiece, his stock would have been 432. Required the number in each flock. 5. A countryman, being employed by a poulterer to drive a flock of geese and turkeys to London, in order to distingi;ish his own from any he might meet on the road, pulled 3 feathers out of the tails of the tvirkeys and 1 out of those of the geese, and upon counting them found that the number of tiukey feathers exceeded twice those of the geese by 15. Having bought 10 geese and sold 15 turkeys by the way, he was surprised to find as he drove them into the poulterer's yard, that the number of geese ex- ceeded the number of turkeys in the proportion of 7 : 3. Required the num- ber of each. 6. Two persons, A and B, comparing their daily wages, found that the square of A's wages exceeded the square of ^'s by 5; and that if to the square of the sum of the fourth powers of their wages, there was added 4 times the rectangle contained by the square of the product of their wages and the square of the difference of the squares of their wages, augmented by 12 times the 4"^ power of the product of their wages, the aggregate amount would be 1428£ Is. Required the wages of each.' If our scholars in the eighteenth century did not pretend to the studiousness of some in earlier days, — such as Henry Hammond who spent thirteen hours in study when he was in ^ ^Algebraical Equation and Problem year 1794 to 1852.' pp. 1, 2. Seethe Papers proposed in the exayninations of preface, p. ii St John's College Cambridge, from the HARD READING. 2n i residence in Magdalen College Oxon', or even of Robert San- derson (eighteen years his senior), who was content with eleven hours while at Lincoln College'^ (M.A. IGOS) ; — we find that a wrangler of the year 179G read (at least while a questionist) on an average nearly ten hours pe?' diem; once or twice, as much as twelve hours and a half. About ten years earlier, Gunning having remarked that some people supposed Vickers of Queens' would run Brinkley (of Caius) hard for the senior wranglership as he read twelve or fourteen hours daily, Parkinson, the tutor of Christ's observed, "If he means to beat him, he had better devote six hours to reading, and six hours to reflecting on what he has read\" Probably the books then required in the tripos were more exhausting than those studied in the seventeenth century. However, we find that in the early part of the eighteenth century Waterland expected students to study in the vacations as hard as they did in term-time, while Sir W. Hamilton complains that in the latter part (called somewhat strangely 'the Augustan Age of Cambridge*,') the mathemati- cal examination entailed too severe a strain upon the brains of the examined^: and this was before the French analytical studies had become popular®, and even before Waring's works were published. Paley indeed, as quoted above, p. 66, did in his later years make some such statement as to the severity of the preparation, but he did so not altogether as blaming the system or its requirements, and I should venture to think that he over- stated the havoc made among weak brains. He himself was quoted^ as an instance of exceptional immunity from the dele- trious effects of being senior wrangler, which may remind us of the Cambridge 'Don's' tale of the no less disastrous effects attributed to a contest of later times, when one old university man represented himself as the only survivor of a certain crew who had rowed a hard race acrainst Oxford not vcrv manv years I FclVii Ifoiiimnnd.eA. 2. (W\2), p. ». " Plnyfair bad stipmntized the neff- = [Bliss] Oxoniana, iv. 84. lf>ct of annlypis in England in his ro- ' Gunning's Reminisc. i. ch. i. view of Ln Place. Editih. Ufc. vol. xi. ♦ QnnrterJiiI\i'vif\r,Oc.i.\^\l. xvrii. .Tftn. 1808. 23.-,. "I Qiinrterhj Rivirir, Jtily 181.S. ix, 5 F.diiihnrnh Ri'Vieir. 300. W, 17 258 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. before. His hearer was inclined to think that there must be some truth in this charge of dcstructiveness against boating, for he had been told in confidence a similar tale by five of his friend's seven colleagues. Of one thing there could be no doubt, that the coxswain was no more. AVe may be inclined to think in the other case that the brains reported to have been cracked would have given way without the tripos coming in contact with them. In addition to the evidence which we have just now brought forward, our Appendices on the Trinity fellowship and scholar- ship elections, and the S.John's 'May' examinations, will supply some information (supplementary to what has been already printed at the beginning of this compilation) about the measure of study pursued at Cambridge in the last century, especially in individual colleges. Even now we have no regular admission examination pre- vious to matriculation except at Trinity and Trinity-hall ; we learn ^ that there were such examinations at Cambridge about 1787, but they were not universal nor efficient: such a system is indeed established generally in Oxford, but the Quarterly Reviewer hailed it as a comparatively recent innovation at some colleges {e. g. Oriel and Balliol) in 1827 (p. 259.) The same writer speaks also of terminal examinations, the Oxford 'collec- tions V in the colleges of both universities. ' Considerations on the Oaths re- and so the whole work was done. We quired by the U7iiv. of Cambridge, &(i., go to Lecturs every other day in d'C. by a Member of the Senate, 1788. Logics, and what we hear one day we p. 9. Abraham de la Pryme thus de- give an account of the next. Besides, scribes his admission a century earUer we go to his [our tutor's] chambers in May, 1690. every night and hears the Sophs and ' I was admitted member of St John's Junior Sophs dispute, and then some College tlie day following. First I was one is called out to conster a chapt in examined by my Tutor, then by the the New Testament which after it is Senior Dean, then by the Junior Dean, ended then we go to prayers, and then and then by the Master [Dr Gower]; to our respective chambers.' Surtees who aU made me but construe a verse Soc. (1870) liv. p. 19. or two apiece in the Greek Testament, * Collections. An examination at except tlie Master, who asked me both the end of term on the subjects of in that and in Plautus and Horace college lectures, &c. Gp. the Wyke- too. Then I went to the Registcrer hamieal term ' gatherings. ' to be registered member of the College, THE TUTORIAL SYSTEM. 259 The system of tuition underwent some modifications, I suppose it was witliin fifty years of the establishment of our Elizabethan academical constitution (1570 — 1G20) that the college tutors' supplanted the university teachers and professors, and undertook their work'^: so much so that enrolment under a tutor as sponsor was required. However, it was not until 1630 that each student was obliged to be under a tutor of his own college (the Laudian system). As 'pupil-mongers' the college- tutors took classes more or less formal; — in fact something between our modern college-lectures and private tuition. When the age of admission became later, and students and tutors no longer 'chummed' together in the same rooms, the parental relationship in which the tutor stood to his pupil was lost (it had died out probably before the accession of George II.), and only one or two tutors (such as Paley and J, Law at Christ's) made any attempt to revive it^ In days when non-residence* of fellows was unusual, and the senior tutor's lectures became obsolete, and when the importation of fresh mathematical lore made the contest of the tripos dependent on less obvious ^ The earliest tutor's accounts which I know are those of several pupils of Whitgift (1570—76) when he was Master of Trinity. See British Mag. xxxii. 361, 508, 650. from MSS. in Lambeth library. ^ That is, the formal lectures which are universal in our larger colleges. In colleges where there are but two or three men engaged upon one subject, or a few men so slow or so backward as not to be able to profit by the inter- collegiate or other lectures, the tutors find it desu-able to adopt something very like the older system in addition to the now more ordinary formal lec- tures for those who can use them. 3 The tutorship at Christ's was hold about the middle of the century by Dr Ant. Shepherd (B.A. 1743, Plumian Prof. 1760-%. Cp. p. 238). After the eminent IF'. Paley (senior wrangler, 1763) and J. Law {2"'^ wrangler and senior medalist, 1766 ; Bp. of Elphin) had undertaken respectively the mo- ral philosophy and divinity, and the mathematical and natural philosophy lectures for some time, they demanded to be taken into partnership. Paley continued his work till 1776, but Law went oiit of residence in 1774, and was succeeded by T. Parkinson (senior wrangler, 1769 ; archdeacon of Leices- ter) the writer of a treatise on me- chanics (4to. Camb. 1785) who was H. Gunning's tutor. The lectures in classics, logic and moral philosophy, Grotius, &c., were taken by <7. 11. Searle, the writer on metres, who wna 2'"* medallist and 7''' wrangler in 1774. * Leave of non-residence wiis granted in the 17'*' century only under very exceptional circumstances. See par- ticulars concerning Ro. Mason of S. John's (1624-7). Jlayor's Baker, 4!tl /. 11, 494 /. 30. It would be interesting to know when the present relaxation of the rule of residence began. 17—2 260 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. methods of preparation, the private tutor rose into corref^pond- ing importance, lu 1782 and 1795 \vc find newly-admitted baclielors of arts taking one or two pupils even before they were elected fellows, from which body alone the regular college- tutors were taken. Watson himself^ took pupils when he was only a junior soph in 1756. Professor G. Pryme says'* that in 1800 he and many others found the regular college-lectures in term-time sufficient in- struction without private 'coaching.' He was sixth wrangler in 1803. Bp. Watson, who prided himself on his liberality, puts forth a general charge of unfairness in examining against 'the Johnians,^ instancing the result of his own tripos (1759) as a case in point. W. Abbot the moderator had, he affirms, placed Millington Massey^ of his own college, and one of his private pupils, as senior wrangler, 'in direct opposition to the general sense of the examiners in the Senate-Hovise,' who declared in Watson's favour. I doubt whether the professor was correct in styling Abbot 'the leading moderator*.' However, he says that the case was notorious, and that old Dr Smith, the Master of Trinity, sent for him, and told him 'not to be discouraged, for that when the Johnians had the disposal of the honours, the second wrangler was always looked upon as the first.' I am afraid we must admit that a Trinity moderator (Lax in 1791) was similarly charged by a Gains man. Our Gambridge examination system, with its accurate and absolute arrangement of honour-men in the class-list, a system devised or adopted by the sagacious masters of continental ^ Anecdotes, p. 16. — J. Evelvn had J. Willey, M.A. Chr. i^ / Proctors at Balliol in 16B7 a private tutor who T. Metcalf, M.A. Joh. J had not then been elected fellow. Adam Wall, Si. A. Ch. ) , , ( Mod" ■^ Eeininisc. p. 48. W. Abbot, M.A. Joh. ) 3 Millington Massey was of Man- D'. W. Stevenson, Joh. '\ V.C. and Chester School. He was afterwards S. Berdmore, Jos. I proctors' chaplain to \asct. Weymouth, rect. of Kic. Browne, Chr. I Honorary Corsley Wilts (Cfl?Hft. Chron. 21 May, J.Hawes,Je.<. (medallist) j 'optimes.' 1768) and died 26 Dec. 1807 (Hoare's M. Massey, Joh. (senior wrangler). Modern Wilts, m. (1) 18.) Ei. Watson, Trin. * Tlie tripos for the year 1759. P. Forster, Jes. Lyuford Caryl, D.D. Je.<. V.C. &c.. &c. PRIVATE TUTORS. 201 education*, is of nccesssity liable to suspicion of unfairness, but it is gratifying to know that such a charge has been very rarely brought against its decisions. Watson Avas of opinion that a plan which he introduced in 1763, whereby the preliminary 'classes' (pp. 45 — 53) under examination were composed no longer of all the men of one college, but of groups of men whose proficiency had been ascertained to be appi'oximately equal, tended to do away with an element of inequality". Such instances of partiality as that to which he referred were particularly attacked by a grace of 21 June, 1777, which prohibited any examiner from having as private pupil any one who was within a year of his tripos. However there seems to have been occasion soon afterwards (when the Smith's prizeman T. Catten, or Catton, afterwards tutor of S. John's, who wa.s expected to be senior wrangler, was put below two others) for a more stringent law (25 Jan. 1781), incapacitating from his degree any student^ who should read with any private tutor as a senior soph or questionist, indeed within two years of his degree-time; but no security was demanded*. By graces of 9 April 1807, 3 July 1815, and 10 May 1824, the prescribe. Sir W, ^ co&chcfi'— Queries addressed to Every Hamilton's Discussions, Appendix, iii. Impartial Member of the Senate, 21 B). Tiwrc they strictly prescribed Jan. 1781 (4to pp. 3). Also The Tri- even the quota to be fmnishcd by umjyh of Duluess, a Poem : occasioned each college to the first and second by a late grace. ..1781. (-Ito, pp. 15.) class. It is curious to observe that * Whewell, University Education Jebb's curious statement that the (1837), p. 75. Of a Liberal Education Cambridge f-cnior optimes were limited ^li-*!')), §§ 209 — 275. 202 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The office of college-tutor* being often monopolized by a senior fellow (for few juniors can have had the spirit which enabled Paley to insist on being taken into partnership), and residence being the rule, there was some temptation for newly-elected fellows to indulge in idleness after the severe tax which the tripos is said to have laid upon them, and then to take one or two private pupils, instead of pursuing their own studies, as the constitution of the university required. I have said that the establishment of tutors on the part of the colleges tended to make the professorshii:>s on the part of the universitij superfluous so far as lecturing went. At the end of the last century, I believe not more than one in three of the Oxford Professors gave lectures; several of them are not reported to have written or studied in their chairs. Some particulars on these points I have given in another place**. At the same period nearly one half of the Cambridge pro- fessors gave lectures; of the rest, Porson, Watson, Hailstone, Lax, and (perhaps) Milner', were doing useful work. One inter- esting particular has been pointed out, i. e. that out of the thirty- three professorships now enumerated in our Cambridge Calen- dars no less than twelve^ (or fourteen) owe their origin to the 1 The TUTORIAL FEES pet quarter appear to have varied thus in the years 1570-76 1721-67 1767-1802 1802 1877. s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Nobleman 13.4 6.0.0 8.0.0 7.10.0 10. 0.0 ,, . \? major 10. 3.0.0 4.0.0 3.15.0 7.10.0 I'ensioner ■ ■* (? minor 6.8 1.10.0 2.0.0 1.17.6 4.10,0 Sizar ? ? 15.0 j . 15 . 18.9 1.10.0 I aft. IZ. The statistics for the period 1697-1721, I have not been yet able to discover, ' University Social Life in the x\iii^^ 1749. Norrisian, Divinity, 1777. Jack- Cent. 83 — 87. Bonian, Natural and Experimental 3 Frend and Reginald Bligh severally Philosophy, 1783. Downing, Laws, charged Milner in print with iueffici- (1788) 1800. Downing, Medicine, 1800. ency; hut either of them had a per- To these may he added Sadlerian, Bonal grudge against him. Mathematics, 1710, and Hulsean Di- * Chemistry, 1702. PlumianAstron. viuity (Clu-istiau Advocate^ 1789, both and Exper. Philos., 1704. Anatomy, re-modelled in 1860. Whitehall Preach- 1707. Eoyal, Modern History, 1724. er, 1724.— The Battle Scholarships Ld. Almoner's Arabic, 1724. Botany, were founded in 1746, Seatoniau 1724. Woodwardian, Geology, 1727. Pi-ize, 1749. Chancellors' Medals, 1751. Lowndean, Astronomy and Geometry, Members' Prizes, 1752. Worts' Tra- PROFESSORSHIPS. 2C3 eighteenth century, while Oxford was endowed with only seven* in that period, as compared with eight founded in the seven- teenth century when Cambridge gained only four. Perhaps the donations to the Bodleian in the last century made up this inequality to Oxford, though we must not forget the royal present of books to the whiggish university. However, Cam- bridge did not owe her professorships to her politics: at least she received no more from the Crown than did her tory sister. Indeed lord Macclesfield proposed by his scheme in 1718 (see Univ. Life, pp. 5G8, oG9) to bribe students from disaffection in both universities by government favours. How far this scheme of the lord chancellor's was carried into effect I cannot say. Perhaps his representations may have suggested the establish- ment of the Modern History and Languages professorships in 1724^ To what extent the Universities were affected by the pri- vileges or the disabilities which characterized the age, it is no easy task to estimate. Of the territorial assignment of endowments in the way of county fellowships, &c., we shall have occasion to speak else- where ^ The paucity of lay-fellowships, so far as it was a disadvantage to the university and the church, produced such results indirectly rather than immediately. This matter will fall more naturally under the head of religious life. However, veiling Baclielorsliips, 1766, Smith's lor's Prizes, 1768. Bampton Lecturer, Prizes, 1768. Sii- W.Browne's Medals, 1780. and Scholarship, and Hulsean Prize, ^ jj jg interesting to find that two 177'1. Non-isian Prize, 1780. Mr Potts of his suggestions (1718) auticii)atcd enumerates about seventy benefactors theprinciplesof modern changes (1860) to the colleges, some of whom founded in the most ancient foundation of more than one exhibition, prize, &c. , Peterhouse : — the limited tenures of in the last century. fellowships (10 years for laymen, and ^ At Oxford: — Birkhead, Poetry, 20 for clerical fellows, compulsory ac- 1708. Royal, Modem History, 172-1. cording to his scheme, which, however, Rawlinson, Anglo-Saxon and Ijce's provided strict rules against non-resi- Anatomy, cir. 1750. Vinerian I^aws, dence) and the life-long tenure for tlio 1755. Litchfield, Clinical, 1772. Lord tutors after 15 years' service. The Almoner's Arabic, 1775. Wo might rotation of college olVices, wliich is now add, the modifications in the Oxford practically a rule, was also cue of his Botany Professorship in 1728 and \1\)'.\. dcvii-es. Eadcliffo's Travelling Fellows, 1715. ^ Appendix V. Whitehall Preacher, 1721. Chancel- 2G4 UNIVERSITY STL^DIES. it must be confessed that Cambridge and Trinity college came near to lose Person, ostensibly at least through scarcity of lay- endowment'. The condition of celibacy, which is even now with a few exceptions required in fellows, found some assailants in 1765 — G, 3783, and 1793 — 8^; but it is not unlikely that its abolition at such a period would have had disastrous effects: at least, to judge from Gunning's picture of society in Cambridge, many of the dons would, in all probability, have fallen an easy prey to undesirable matrimonial connexions to an extent hardly to be anticipated in the present day. The abiding part of the society in each college being clergymen, it was to be expected that the education there should be either theological, or at least not such as should train students and their teachers for any pro- fession rather than for Theology. To this perhaps we may attribute the smallness of the effect produced by the Universi- ties upon the professions of Law and Physic, and upon the studies of those professions. (See above, Chapters xi. and xiv.) It was observed (p. 173) there were 'phy sick-fellows' in one of the colleges. We may add that at S. John's college, Cam- bridge, there were two law and two medical fellowships, not indeed yet quite extinct. In 1627, K. Charles issued a mandate to the college to exempt from the necessity of proceeding to holy orders John Thompson, M.A., who had applied himself to the study of civil law^, and was employed in the King's service, being M.P. for Cambridge; and in 1635 two fellowships were assigned to law by royal letters ^ K. Charles II. likewise continued his fellowship for an M.D., Henry Paman, while he travelled in 1662^ 1 H. F. Gary of Ch. Ch., the trans- learued Fellow of College ; and lator of Dante, tried nnsnccessfnlly found near the Senate House. March for a lay-fellowship at Oriel in 1791. 21, 1798.' pp. 8. In it ' Toleration of Memoir by his son, i. 53, 61. Marriage,' the pamphlet by C. Farish ^ University Life, 353 — 7. To the (Qw-), brother of the professor, is bibliography of this subject there given ridiculed. we may add the title of the following ^ The act of Hen. YIH. allowed pamphlet, of which there is a copy in Ecclesiastical jurisdiction to D.C.L.s Peterhouse library [e. 10. 23 (8)], ' A in spite of man-iage. Fragment on Matrimony: Suppot^ed to * Major's Baker, 293 n.\ 493, 1. 30. have fallen out of the pocket of a 5 ihid. 542, 1. 10. LAW AND PIIYSICK (ADDITIONAL). 265 We read occasionally in earlier time of Cambridge doctors of Civil Law\ but our university still keeps up a nominal recog- nition of Canon Law by dubbing all and every one of her legal graduates bachelor, or doctor, of Laius (LL.B., LL.D.). Oxford, however, has not kept up even this semblance, for she knows only the degree in Civil Law (D. C. L.) ; nevertheless when one of her doctors of Civil Law becomes an Ecclesiastical Judge he adopts almost always (as Dr W. G. F. Phillimore informs me) in legal documents the Cambridge style of doctors of Latus. Chichele's foundation for canonists at All Souls has, under the University Commissioners, been applied to fellowships for proficiency in Law and Modern History. But we are warned not to wander in either direction beyond the limits of the eighteenth century. Suffice it therefore to say that we hope if Mr Mullinger continues his early history of the University, he will give us some account of the influence which the clergy and the universities have exercised upon the practice and the study of laws. Sir Robert Phillimore has already given a brief historical outline (which might be perused with much profit at the present time when the question of the history of ecclesiastical and lay courts is so important) in the Preface to the 1st volume of his Commentaries upon International Law (1854) pp. xix. — xxxvi'. 1 e.g. the primary representatives in Sir Ja. Eyre, Commoner of Wintou parliament of the university, at the and Merton (M.A. 1759). beginning of the reign of James I. Jer. Bentham, Queen's (B.A. 17fi4, aged Cooper's Annals, ii. 3. 16), attended Sir W. Blackstone'a ^ The list of authorities there given lectures, and the pages referred to in the Sir Soulden Lawrence, Joh., 'legista,' text suggest several of the following or Law fellow, B.A. 1771, son of the names of some judges, advocates, eminent Oxford anatomical reader, writers on international or ecclesiasti- H. Addiugton, Vis'. Sidmouth, (Com- cal law, &c., who though educated at moner of Winton and li.X.C, uuiv. one or other of our universities, have prize essay. 1779). not been commemorated either in Sir Joh. Littledale, Joh. (B.A. 1787). chapter xi, or on p. 134 among the Sir Alex. Croke, Oriel (B.C.L. 17H7). canonists, &c. Sir N. C. Tiudal, Trin. (B..\. 1799). Sir G. Hay. Joh. (B.C.L. 1737). Sir Lane. Shadwell, Joli. (B.A. 1800). D' J. Bettesworth, Ch. Ch. (B.C.L. Some among these (like others men- 1744). tioned in ch. xi.) took high places in D' G. Harris Oriel (B.C.L. 174-5) trans- the Cambridge tripos and were fellow.^), where James Duport was born in 1606. The 'J///.sa? Subsecivae s^M Pocfica Stromata auctore J. D.' were printed in 1676. Many of them have a comitial character. The entire composition may be compared with the speech of Darby of Jesus (thirty years later), Vhich has been jirinted from the Hunter ms. (44.9) by the Surtoes Society, Huitrm Corrrnpoiirrt/;/sj"o ?'?? /r.iry M.S. G27 ( - 250, rod.) PRAEVARICATIO M'^^ DUPORT TAn. Coll. Socij. Anno Doni. 1G31. Quaestio sic se habet. Aurum potest prodnci per artein Chymicam. Salve Dignissiine Doctissimcque — Qiiem si vel nominare andoam suspensus sim : Salvete et vos Procuratores ambo. Tu impriiuis Senior Procurator qui me ci'easti anteqiiam esses Patei'. Tu etiam qui €^ Iripov sedes, siniixl et Magistri Regeutes et non-Regentes et vos (jui propter gravitatem videmini Patres, et vos qui propter levita- tem estis : necnon et vos Viri Oxonienses, qui Bicipitis Parnassi culmen habitatis alteruin, alterumque hoc jam praegnans s])ecta- tum venistis, et Jovis instar gravidum Miuervfi caput. Partuiit hodie mous noster, parturiet modo vester. Parturiunt montes en ])rodit ridiculus mus. Ergo quid mihi vobiscum % Ego non sum vester Praevaricatoi-, quia non sum gigas (re) Terrae-rilius\ Heu habuistis virum Terrae- Filium Gigantem scilicet virum statura emi- nent! at secundus Praevaricator inter iios (si id nescitLs) est sui Anni ffilins natu minimus. Corpulentus ille plura secum adduxit coi'pora, ego unum tantummodo, idque perexiguum". Jamque ad vos descendo Fluctu^ns et inconstans Academicorum vulgus, quorum tantum vertices mihi apparent. Quidni ego vos dicam capita Aca- demiae? Video equidem vestrum omnia ora atque oculos in me esse conversos. Liceat mihi celsitudinem etiam vestram salutare, qui nos omnes despicitis qui tarn attenti hue mihi adestis et A-eluti oculis ac auribus suspensi inter fumos ab ore mco pendentes. Liceat milii vobis valedicere antequam scala nostrae orationis convertatur. Ego humil- limus vester Praevaricator vobis aliquot gradibus superior jubeo vos male audire. Foeminas utcunque heri in ])rimo loco positas ego tamen posthabeo quippe cum nihil fere audiunt nee intelliguut tantum vident id manticae quod a tergo est. et certe opus est vestra patientia quae tam diu sedetis et nihil iutelligitis. Aures vestrae non sunt vobis usui, quaeso eas mihi accommodate : ego aurum ex illis extraham. Ab eis enim subjectum nostrae quaes- tionis viz. : Aurum dependet ; ex iis igitur aurum potest produci. Quid plura? Corona undique Spectatissima, Spectatissimaeque, valere plurimum jubet Hodiernus Praevaricator qui quantus est totus totns est vester; sed non vacat diutius salutationil)us immorari. Causi- dicus sum non Aulicus, nam pro Auro causam ago. Hesternus 1 One of the jests of Tom Bromi, following extract from Pepvs' 7)/<7r?/ the irregular Ch. Ch. wit (cir. 1680), was (8 Feb. lfi()2— 8) uotices this' personal Hn argument in favour of the greater peculiarity to which Dnport himself so antiquity of Oxford as compared with goodhnraonredly alludes. ' I walked Cambridge on the ground that Adam to White Hall to chappell where there was terrae jilius before he became a preached httle Pr Diiport of Cambridge praevaricator. ...the most flat dead sermon both for 8 Barrow frequently alludes to the matter and manner of delivery that short stature of Duport his preceptor ever I heard, and very long beyond his and predecessor in the greek professor's hour, which made it worse ' chair. O'yr Ax (Napier), ix. 37, 141. The DVPORTI PRAEVARICATIO. 1G31. 27-5 Pracvaricator ad compotationem vcis invitavit, ncc niiruni cum fuit Vinitoi' at cibiim vobis non apposuit, quare non mirum si adhuc ii)se esnriat, uti dixit, cum in Corpore Acadcmico nondum sit completiis Venter (i.) completiis Magister Artis'. Vinum vobis non dedit, fortasse quia non venistis cum parata pecuniii. Conviviura vobis paiavit, sed Academici vix solvendo esse sclent. Ut igitur fidem cum illo servetis, aiirura apporto quod pro sj'mbolis detis, nam si desit vobis pecunia Aurum potest produci per Artem Chymicam. Bonum meliercule omen in ipso limine Qnaestionis aurum rejierio. Cum igitur aurum ultro se tractandum offeiat, quis nisi mentis inops oblatum respuif? Sic itaquo aggredior. Pulclierrima Domina, amor et deliciae luimani genei-is, splendor tui vultus perstringit oculornm meoriim aciem. At quid est obsecro quod tarn subitb palles 1 La- boras eo morbo qui dictur ^^oli me tamjere, et recte mones, nam excellens sensibile corrumpit sensum^ Ego vero Auditores (fatebor enim) jamdiu Auri amore captus carmen hoc encomiasticum de eo scripsi, quod, si j^lacet, recitabo. Si quid est quod nos amamus, Illud Aurum appellamus : A urea aetas aureum velliis Et in vere Aurea Tellus. Intonsus fflavus est Apollo Quoniam aureum habet Polio. Nam ut Criuis est tonsura Sic et Ami est ere sura. Sed baec magis criminalis, Licet utraque Capitalis "''. Est et Pcgi Aureus stultus •Et nonnullis aureus vultus. Si agit aniens Unit sermo Ut Caiisidici in Termo. En et Patri Aureus pileus'' Et ad dexti'am aureus filins. Aureus Annulus est Doctori ' Xpvaovv (TTOfxa Professori. Habet Pa-pa aureas Bnllas Quae nunc lialient vires nullas. Legendani aurcam Papistae Qui obtrndunt sunt sopliistae. 1 AlluilinR to the iutrodnction to •• 'In Va^pcrih Comiliorum... Tho Porsius' Satires. V. C, not bcinp; a FntluT is in his - Mr H. Jackson refers ns to Aris- Scarlet tiown, his Cap bcinp r/rtr;ns/«rf totle, — Tuif alaO-qTwv al vvfp'fio\al (fteei- )rit}i qold Lnrr; hut if he he a Father, povffi TO. alffOtjTTjpia. Do Aiiiiiia ii. 12. then he goclh in liis Cope; and fo do wai'Tos fj.h sal alad-qrov vireplioXr] avaipd the other Fntliers u-ith llu-ir Cupx (jur- t6 aladriT-npioi>. Ibid. ni. Vi. vishcd.' Bedel Buck's Bnah, (l(3t>5). 3 Cp. 'Jt is no English Treason to * The JUn(i among the iuKiniiia doc- cut P'rench Crownes, and to morrow tnralin is exjilained hv Bentley in tho the King himselfe will he a Clipper.' speech printed hcfore his Terence, as The Life i>f llenrij the Fifth, Aft iii. tlie (nihlem of libirty. IS -2 270 IJNIVEUSITY STUDIESv Nam verlxi haec sunt divideiula Aiuoa est, sed nou Legenda. Quidam Asiiuis est Aureus (<2»alem pinxit Apulcjus. Et si habeat nietalhua Aureum dixero Caballum, Demasthcni, si causa fugit, Aureus bos in lingua' niugit. Aiireus i)itor est iu stellis, Aurei baculi sunt B^dellis. Si qua divite fluit vena Ilia Aurea est Camoena. Auiea njala ex Hispania ^[issa capimus; o Insania. Ei^Opwv a'Swpa 8«3pa KoXd, Aurea suut, sed tamen inala. Et si qua videtur Bella, Ilia Aui-ea est Puella. Si quid est quod nos anr.amus lUud Aureum appellamus. At quid ego infelix procus versibus liisce amatorijs aurum emollire mihi conciliare satago 1 Nunquam nunquani recte illi peibuadere })otero ut niecum una sit et permaneat. Ciim igitur Acadeniici aurum tam durum sit, lit neqiieat flecti, ad vos accedo. Aequissimi Judices modo causae meae fiiveatis, hem vobis auinim. Si quid est apud me atiri Judices, quod sentio qu:\m sit exiguuni,quaeso obtest orque vos, ut id potius Crumenae meae quam magnitudiiii vestrorum bene- ficiorum tribuendum piitetis. Aurum j^otest prodnci, &c. Primus terminus quaestionis est satis conspicuus. Aurum tamen sumitur multis modis. Et primo aiu-um sumitur vel directe vel indirecte. 2" sumitur vel large vel stricte; Aurum stricte vel praecise sumitur a Fratre oppidano; Aurum large sumitur a larga conscientia. Nam Tit forma exteuditur ad extensionem materiae, ita aurum extenditur ad extensionem conscientiae ; Sed qui sic extendit aurum ad ex- tensionem Conscieutiae, diguus est qui extendat collum ad exten- sionem Carnificis. 3" Aurum sumitur \e\ inclusive vel exclu- sive, exempli gratia respectu Crumenae Senioris Fratris a\u-um sumitur inclusive, respectu meae, exclusive. 4° Aurum sumitur vel spontanee, vel invite, spontanee ab omnibus, invite, a nemine. 5^ Aurum sumitur vel pro voce ut ab Academicis, vel pro re ut ab ©[•indanis. Cum sumitur pro voce est vox ad placitum vel potius pro placito. 6° Aurum sumitur vel absolute et sine respectu vel respf c- tivfe et conditionaliter. Aurum conditionaliter sumitur vel a priori vel a Posteriori. 7" Aurum sumitur vel aeqiialiter vel inaequalitcr, Aurum aequaliter sumitur inter Procuratores. Aurum inacqualiter 1 Cf. jSoi/s iirl y\uicr(Trj. Aesch. Agam. a reference to the tale of Plutarch and 36. Duport maj' have noticed on the CfelHus concerning Demosthenes' iu- sanie page {Achifiia 520 h. 1617) in disposition from dpyvpd-^xv- which Erasmus treats of Bo.^ in liinjiia APPENDIX I. fi77 suniitur inter Fratres, et (quod niirum est) inter oti-am socios. 8' Aiinim sumitur vel in Croeso, vel in Cnisso, vel in (Jrosso. Aiiruiu in Croeso est aurum Foeneratoris, in Cimsso Aviruni roi)ensitatem ad recipiendum Aurum, illud tamen actu non recipit ob aliquod impedimentum, puta o[)pidanus quis[)iam qui profecto habet naturalem incliuationem ad aurum meum recipiendum, cul>icu- lum meum advenit, fores clausas invcnit, (ft sic discedit, ille jam j>ro]»ter iudispositionem medij, aunuu a mc actu non recipit habet tamen illud in Potentia. 1 'Bona wtjra' — one of the mystori- Clidlihiiciiin Tnliiiiiilirntn et notest produci per, sed per quid ? Non cuivis contingit adire Coiinthum, nee cuivis est Aui'um facere. Immb hoc Artis opus, non Virtutis. Aurwni potest produci jyer Artem. Et ]>rimum hoc supi)Ouimus pi'o fundamento Aurum necessario esse habendum. Ergo aut per Artem, aut per Naturam, s«;d Aurum non est a Natiira, quia quod est a Natura, non est in nostra potestate sed Aurum est in nostra potestate. Quod sumitur in electione est in nostra potestate, sed Aurum fre(iuenter sumitur in Electione. go'. Deinde nulius ]:lal)itus est a Natura, sed Aurum est habitus cpiia ac([uiritur loiigo studio et industria et est diflii-ulter et aegre mobile a sulij(!cto. Aurum saltcin acquiritur. Aurum est haliitus in procu- ratore, quia augetur, et intenditur per additioiiem gradus ail gradiim. Sed hie Cautione opus est, nam si actus inteuditur a Magistro, isle Habitus Procuratoris dirainuitur. 1 i.e. Ergo the svllofism is proved. 282 UNIVEllSITY STL-DIKS. Quid si dicamus Anrum noii esse ipsnm liabitum sed dis})osi- tiouera, hoc est graduiu ad liabituin, vel dispositiuueni ad gradum sine qua nemo aut liabitum aut gradum suinat. Nam ut ageus j)er uaturam, nou iuchuub ad formaiu iu mateiiam, nisi dispositam, ita iigens per Artem, Bedellns .soil., non iniponit liabitum alicuj, nisi jjcr aurum prius recte disposito et pi-aeparato. 2". Geaeralit^r sic arguo, quod producitur per appreliensionem simplicem, per compositionem et Divi>iionem, per [)roj)ositionem, aut per discui'sum, producitur per operationem Intellectus, et ex Conse- quenti per Artem sed Aurum ita producitur go' e.g. Aurum Phar- uiacopolae producitur per appreliensionem simplicium. Aurum quo- rundam Officiariorum Acadeiniae producitur per Compositionem. Aurum Socinrum producitur per Divisiouem. Vt voluntas sequitur dictamen intellectus, ita Seniores CoUegij (ufc par est) sequuntur dictamen Magistri. Intellectus propouit voluntati hnr.c vel ilium eligendura, et per banc propositionem Aurum saepe jjroducitur : Denique Aurum Dunkerkorum" producitur per discursum, di.scux-rendo ab uno cubiculo ad aliud. 3". Aurum i)roducitur vel per Artem, vel per Scientinm. Non per Scientiam, nam facile producitur sine Scientia vt Medicus, si liabet Praxin, potest producere Aurum sine Scientia. ^Vgb relin- quitur quod Aurum producitur per Ai'tem. Proptere^ vt Artes tractantur methodo Analytica, sic Aurum, et quandocunque ego num- mum produce ex Crumena mea — si forte quis Aureus^ exit, quando haec rara avis est — si quis tamen Aureus exit, statim vtor methodo Analytica, resolvo Aurum in solidos, et solidos in denarios. Sed hoc est contra regulam Chymicorum, qui dicunt Aurum fieri ex argento vivo, non contra argentum ex Auro. Kesp. Argumentum meiim non est vivum, imo fere mortuum est, nam diu fuit cmisump- tione. Jam Artes per quas Aurum producitur sunt vel manuales vel mentales. Artes manuales sunt mechanicae, nam Aurum acquiritur Travrt Tpoirw koL fjie^ax'-r] (sic) pi'aecipu^ vero sunt duae furandi et ludendi in quibus Aurum producitur dexteritate quadam ex materia viscos.l, et vnctuosa, contemperata cum Argento vivo, seu Mercuric, et hoc proprie est Aurum facere, Artes mentales sunt multae, ut adulandi, mentiendi, falleudi, pejerandi, simulandi, dissimu- laiidi, aequivocandi, &c. In his Artibus Aurum producitur virtute lapidis Phylosophici, per reservationem specierum in lutellectu, seu per verbum mentis, seu (ut loquitur Faber in libro Trept ;ij;pvo-o7roii7rtKov) per mentalem reservationem, seu per commutationem quandam Geo- metricae proportion.] s, qua verba damns pro Auro. Fidicines, et uotarii Aurum producunt per Artes instrument iles ; Aurum nou producitur per Artes liberales, quia clientes hodie non accipiuut Aurum, sed dant, et Patroni non daut Aurum sed accipiunt. Quales demum sunt ipsi Patroni, hi tamen sunt quos hodie pascunt homines. Cuiudeo si quid tibi feci aut f\icio quod placeat, et id gratum fuisse 1 Frgo, the syllogism is proved. - Dunkirk privateers. See Nares. ^ A parody on Persius i. 15, 4.G. APPENDIX I. 283 fidversum te liabeo gratiam, vt Socius iu Collegio, dlcerem vt Socia' in Coraoedia Simoiij. Auniiu itaque per miiltas Artcs jn-oducitur, scd doti.ssiiiuini per xirtem Clijiuicam. Martialjs- iu laudeiu liujus Artis iiullibi sic ceciuit. Barbarus aurifluas sileat Pactolus arenas Ostentet flavuni Gens nee Ibera Tagnm. Nee Florae tenii)lo molles laudentur lionores, Dissimulet quaestiim vrbs cornibus ipsa frequens. Aere nee vacuo totidem pendeutia signa Laudibus immodiejs avis^ ad astra ferat. Nee nimiiun jactet currus Hobsonus avitos Vnde tot extraxit fulva talenta senex'. Nempe omnis Cliymicae cedat labor Aurificinae ; Vuuui pro cunctis fania locpiatur opus. Lapis Phylosopliicus est luijus Artis materia priiuii, et certe eas tantum in potentia ; liunc tanien vt iuveniaut Alchyniistae indium non moveut lapidem. Scd non ex quovis ligno fit Mcrcu- rius, nee ex quovis lapide fit Pliylosophus, ut loquuntur Cliymici. Vbi igitur reperitur 1 Kesp : clluditur ex Aureis montibus in Eutopia ; sed quia ejus ligura nee longa, lata, nee profunda, nee quadrata nee rotunda, sed quadrangulo-circulax-is, aut quadratura circulo aequalis. Ex hoc lapide phylosopliico Aurtim jiroducitur vel per Conversionera vel per Extractionein : per Conversioneui sic sutor producit aurum per conversioneui vestimentorum. Bedelli per Conversionera capuciorum. Per extractioneni sic (ni fallor) Al- chymista aliquis ex Patiis pilco Aurum exti'axit, heri cnim fuit Aureus. Sic duo litigantes sunt duo la{)ides Pliylosopiiici, ex quorum mutuo aliiictvi et collisione Causidicus Aurum extrahit ])ev Artem Ciiyniicam. Videntur autem hi lapides non esse phvloso- phyci quia non quiescuut in j)roi)riis locis, sed sursum fenintur ad Loudinum contra naturam. Sed respondeo, asceudunt ne dantur vacuum in aula AVestmonasteriensi. Johannes de lapide scripsit, sed nihil de Lapide philosophico. Et Cliymici cum tot ubhpio videant lapides non possunt invenire philosophicum. Ego tot invenio Philosophos ut vix possiin videre lapides prae lapidibus. Nam onines sumus lapides et cum Paedagogis hnjuor ex poeta. Genus durum sumus et documenta damns. Magistratus sen Priores viri sunt INIagnetes. Sed inagnetes nostri aurum attraliuiit non ferium. Quaedam ex ITaMniuis sunt adamantes. Fidus Amicus ^ Sosia. The quotation is from * Hobsou bad diofl on tbo 1st of Terence Antlria, i. 1. 14, 15 (=41,42). Jimuary bist past (KiSO— .31), anil lmliia (viz :) ne quis locus sit vacuus. Videmur inquam ego et vos lajjides esse philosophici, sed non sumus, nam a vobis ue quid gry' quideui Auri extrahi potest, imo nee per Artem Chymicam. Vos graviora capita lajjides vere philosophici cavete vubis, aderit mox Alchymista, qui si vos videat, probe contuses et contritos dabit, vt quintessentiam a vobis extrahat. Sed durum est haec dicere. Nam quid hoc est nisi lapides loqui ? Satis ergo de lapide Philosophico. Videamus jam quaenam genera hominum optime hanc artem callent. Papa qui ex peccatis venia- libus, seu potius veualibus aurum extrahit, optimus est Chymicus. Promus Collegialis, qui ex panum exustulis" aurum potest extrahere, et ex doliorum faecibus suura aurum expromere, novus homo est, sed vetus Chymicus. Ignis ille fatuus Causidicus bene lectus est in Arte Chymica, qui Aurum de crumena extrahit, et tamen causa non patet. Qui Aurum adulterinum cudit est malus Chymicus, quoniam est .suae fortunae faber. Nam qui sic Aureas lingit cruces^, ligneam habebit pro mercede, et qui oblique lineara secat crumenae prope nodum altcrutrum in via ecliptica vt Aurum extrahat virtute Chymica, pendebit in linea recta cum node sub capite virtute carni- ficis. Qui coram mendico nianum in crumena imponit, et niliil extrahit est malus Chymicus. Oppidani per miram quaudam Artem Chymicam Aurum ex suis cornibus producunt. Nam bos Oppidanus non pacatur, nisi Aurum in ejus cornua fuudatur. Vespasianus* et Virgilius * # * fuerunt optimi Chymici. Liceat mihi par ex Chyiidcorum epigrammate proponere. 1 oi'5^ ypO. Aristopb. Plutus 17. Ju-^t. Not a peny, not a peuy: you * exuatulis (sic) i)robal)ly au error are too impatient to bears crosses. tor frustulls or crustaUs. Cp. Earle's The srcond Part of King Henry character of 'An old CoUedge Butler.' the Fourth. Act r. Sc. iii. Microcosmographie (1628). Clo, For my part, I bad rather beare ^ ' Grosses' were coins marked some- ^^•ith you, then beare you : yet I sbould thing like the reverse of our florin (cp. beare no crosse if I did beare you, for krciizer). So Shakespere I think you have no money in your Fal. Will your Lordship lend mee purse. Js you likr it. Act ii. Sc. iv. a thousand pound, to furnish me forth? ^ Suetou. rt'.s^j. 23. APPKXDrX T. 2iS.') Xpvtrov avijp erpojv tAiTrf /?po';^oi', avrdp o xpvcTov ov AiTrev 01.1^ evpojv ij^^i') ov £vp€, [ip6\ov. QuoJ sic transfero, Heperieus i\ur>im,t rolmquit laqneum ille aperto* Aurum qui amisit se peiimit laqneo. Circa lianc Ch^-micam multi sunt scrupuli, 1° quando ille laqur-um su\ira in aurum mutauit. Re.^pon : fuit convorsio per Accidons. 2° Quando alter Aurum suum in laqiieum mutavit. Besp. fuit conversio simplex, 3° Quaeritur an js qui Aunim amisit, potuit se suspendere propter negligentiam, hie est nodus difficultatis. Jie.yh Tamen si laqueum striate sumas, potuit ; aliter non. Deinde in- ventio fuit in tensione, sed applicatio laqnei fuit in executione. Vsus Aitis Chymici probatur lijs exj>erimentis. Prinio. Sumat a]i(iuis grana nieritorum, 10 uncias Ahsolu- tionum, et sex pondera Indulgeutiaruin, vna cum fasciculo reliquia- rum, vnguento, sale, et saliva bene contemperatis, haec onini;i ponantur in pileum Cardinalis, et simul concoquantur in Aqua lustrali super ignem purgatorij, qui exuffletur ab incendiarijs Jcsuitis spiiitu seditionis, et sic ebulliant donee ad nihilum redigantur, et extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Secundo. Sumat Causidicus septem scrupulos Controversiae 12 grana ignorantiae, et sex uncias fraudis, et Mercurij, cum pari quantitate plunibei cerebri, et perfrictae frontis et perfractjie con- scientiae, vna cum aliquot siib})aenis, Demurris, et Returnis ; hae omnia in pera vulgo dicta Buckramia, bene vncta simul conco- quantur super Ignem contentionis, ex S[)inis Quaestionum legalium compactum, et sic ebulliant a mense Michaelis ad Octavas llylarij et extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Teitio. Sumat Calendariographup, sen trivialis Astrologus 10 pondera niendaciorum cum totidem scrupulis dubiorum, et duobus iragmentis eclipsium, et aliquot sectionibus et minutis motus diurni, tum frustum zodiaci amputetur falce saturnica, particula Aurei circuli et aequatoris, liaec omnia colligat zona, virginis, simul con- coquantur in sinistro cornu Aiietis, super fascem Lunaris homiuis ascensnm et sic ebulliant a solstitio hyemali ad aequinoctium vernum et extrahatur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Aurum iiiqnam conflabitur ex ventis ; idque cito, quia ex tempore, et opportune, quia tcnipestate. Quarto. Sumat Foenerator 20 libras Avaritiae cum totidem minis extortionis, Aequali pondere ojipressiouis quae Argento vivo, sulpliure, et Phitune (mercurio dicerem) jn-oportionaliter temperate coinmolantur ad pulverem, vna cum alicpia ji'.rtionc novi haoredis, haec omnia simul concoquantur in vetere ^Marsupio in lachryinis viduae, sine igne, ut pareatur sumptui, et sic decoquantur a centum 1 for oi)x ••'7^"' *<"• I^^t "^ hope epigram is in Aiilhol. Pal. ix. 44. Cf. that the copyist and not the future Auson. Kpigr. 22. Greek professor was responsihle for * liu(iint...rcpfrto. the cacography and accentuation. Tlie 286 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ad decern, donoc ffoeneratori aliquid iiidc idtra Prlncij)ale ebulliiit, liaeres vero totum decoxerit. Vnum praeterea est observandum. In^ominet ffoeneiator hoc verbiim he))raicum a Judaeis olim hujus Aitis Magistris usurpatura 3n 2n (i) Da, Da, et tunc extraherettir Auium optimum ])er Artem Cliymicam. Quintn, iSumat Pliilosoj)lius lapidem suum, et quadraturain circuli, cum duobus uncijs Ideae Platonicae, item aliquot >scruj)ulos Quidditatum, cum nullo pondere Argumentorum, item duos asses /i,€Tejai/'iix'i)fT€oj? Pytliagoricae, et 9 atouios Dcmocriti S[ihaerarum harmoiiia bene temj)eratos, Evellat jn'aeterea 12 crines in sua bai'ba, eosque inter caetera ingredientia (velut coquus quidam) artiticiose peimisccat, liaec omnia simul ponantur in vacuum et contundantur in infinitum, donee resolvantur in uiateriam primam, tunc Anaxa- gorae inpendat aquam, ex nigra nive genitam et in ea concoquantur super Tgnem fatuum qui exutlletur folle Curiositatis et sic ebulliant vsque ad Annum Platonicum et extrahetiu* Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Ergo Pliilosoplius facit aurum ; sed num Aurum facit philoso- plium ; dubito, dico tamen. Aurum in poteutia. aliquando facit Philosophiim in actu. Dico 2" : Aurum in liabitu non facit Philosophum, quod sic probo. Aurum est Senior Prater inter metalla, vt jam dictum est, et vlterius etiam probari potest, quia aetas aurea fuit prima. Aurum inquam in habitu est senior frater, et Senior Prater nimquam facit philosoplmm, et ratio est quia liaeres potsideat Terram tenura Libera, Pliilosoplius vero tenet in capite. Nil obstat tamen quin Senior frater aliquando sit Alcliymista, nam (ut inquit ille) in satp-a quidam Prodigus haeres est optiraus Chymicus, Terram qui vertit in Aurum. Quod si Veritas Qnae- stionis adliuc in dubio est, statim probabitur experientia. Si quidem Pliilosoplius Aurum solidum et grave producit per Artem siiam (meum quantumvis leve ne respuatis) et fruatur ille per me licet auro suo, si modo aliquid per artem suam liodie possit producei-e, non equidem invidebo, miror niagis '. Certe Praevaricator vester est imperitus Chymicus, et credibile est emendari tempera, cum per hanc praevaricandi artem Aurum non producitur, sat (mihi fuerit) si aurum in fronte vestra (id est) serenitatem produxero. Aurum meum Intentionale est non reale. Et hoc aurum aequaliter inter vos divido. Junior socius, si modo sit bonus socius, et si capax sit, ex'it aequalis seniori, aliter authoritate mihi commist^a suspendo ilium ab omni Auro tam suscepto quam siiscipiendo. Et hue usque Chymicus vester arti suae iusudarit, et pro ea, qua est facultate nulla, aurum nihil, imb nee solidnm produxit, Vestrum solummodo calculum in lucro ponit ; Vobis (vix) placuisse illi erit instar Auri, et Albus Favoris vestri lapillus pro lapide Philosophico. Dixi. The other documents in the volume (ms. 627, Gouv. «t Cai.) which contains (i.) ' Fruevoricatio ^Iri Dwport.' n.re 1 Yergil. Ed. i. 11. AN OXFORD MUSICK-SrEECn. (IGl.").) 287 (ii.) Orntio ad Augiistissimum Potcutissimum Sercui.ssin-mm In\T.ctissimum Monarcham Curolum ab Oratore Pub- lico Dre Critton', edita (pp. 1 — 3). (iii.) Onitio habita 5" Nov. Anno 1G17 in Collegio Triii. Au- tliore Edm. Stubbs, A.B. (pp. 1 — 7). The following rough notes of a ' Musiclc Speech' at Oxford about 1G15, and of the laboured jests of a ' Terrae-Filius' are likewise preserved among the mss. of GJonville and Caius College. Though the text is a mere memoi'andum, such documents are now so uncommon, and these relate to a circumstance of such literary interest, that I have determined to print them, leaving emendation to the reader. Caius Coll. ms. 73 (74). fol. 341. MUSICA PPvAELECTIO. Shepiieard. Coll. Lincoln : Oxon. Textus Ex libro Boetij de Music : V Commendatio Authoris Boetii. r 1. IModulatio 2" In Verbis Spectatur Musiccs-^ ( Doricua I 2. IModus i T • ( lonicus. 3" Modus Doi"icus (Jacoho Begi gratissimus) est sedatum genus musices at grave. Caiitio. 4" Modus lonicus (qui moderiiis usitatior) musices genus malae, foemininum lasciviolum. Eius exemplum quid aliud, quam Cantus ille famosissi inns de adventu Regis ad Oxon. factus a Cantebrigien- sibus, cuius quidem modum potius Ironicum quam lonicum dixero. Nomeu illius. Neque cantus est neque cantio, neque cantilena, neque harmonia, scd anglice a Ballad. Cantebrigienses sunt balatrnnes. Auscultemini vero paulisper, et modulamen hujus Ballad audibitis ; audivistis tidicinem agit (fides gemit) modulatio praemittitur, inde mox ci'escit Ballad. Vnum vobis praemoneo. Hunc ipsum Canta- brigiae /j'«//f/(Z (postquam Oxoniam venit) latiiie loqui didicisse. Nam Cantabrigienses nee IMusices ])rofessoreni liabent qui possit ilium tidi- bus canere" nee ilium ipsi possunt latinam linguam docere : Sed sic est. Oxoniam advenit Eex cum nobilium choro Plenus huic occurrit grex in op])idi foro Eusticani Oppidaui qui vocantur AMennaiii Convenerunt uti ferunt e'i: Jacobo oljtulerunt. [TTaec nobilissinia ilia cantio in qiia Caiitebrigiens(>s s(u])idi lin- munciones Academiam nostram florentissimam derident ludiiut iV:...'j 1 Ri. Crcyglitou, Trin., Ptililio Ora- fore must bo usod lonsoly ns rcjniv- tor, 1()27 — S'J, siiccet'ilin.'^' Hfrboit. ali'iit to doclorrm, as it is ediiiinoiily - It is tine that tlie C'amlniilRp in the title 'S.T.P.' in tlio tliooh^pical music profc'ssorsliip was not founded fnculty. At Caniln-idfjp tlicrc \va>; tlio till 1(584; but that at O.rftird even was provisional grace (pioted at)ovo ji. 2;iG not in existence in 1*115, nor indeed note 1. till 1G2G. The term /;/vj/V'.-.>-o)Tni there- ■' eiasfd 2dC< Junun. 288 UNTVKUSI'I'V STl'DIKS. S(mI si minus aconratus forsau factiis fuisset sub sonlidis Cautaliri;!^. Ejus verbuni] tiijellis, lib ingeiiiis paludinosis\ fecerat uostro Guiliclnio ut opiuor qui in consilium vocato. etc. in opprobrium Cantabrifjicn- sium nulla habita persouarum difFpivntia distiiictioneve, & totius Uni- versitatia Cantebrigiac^ Haec Viii egregii Oxonienses vohii silentio sei'vasse. Sed postquain Sicelides musae paulo asperiora canebaut esse moi duco et virorum omnium haec ita agitare &c. Nuper euim egregiuni quidem virura nostrum Caecilius nou private seimone sed publicis C'omitiis inter suos Cantebrigienses vellicaret. Sed quid tu homo Caecili''1 Oh, Novimus & qui te^ Apud Oxoniam studuisti ali- quid literai'um parasti, nunc instar prolis asininae in matrem recalci- tras &c. nulla Caecilii eruditio. Homo stnpidus stolidus ti-iobularis 'Wakus'\...disertus Universalis. Sed vos forsan studitani egregii virum ignoratis ; Describara ergo ilium vobis. Incipit. Sed male [Ciceronis] verbis ilium describere. Ex 2"^^ & 3^ Cioeronis actione in Yerrem loca tria desumpsit et tria folia plus minus iinpressionis Orationum, libello protenso in Cae- eilium, prji'0? TrocetSeoji'os. axp^... [IS'" Jan. ]70i.] ' 2.] L ii. 206. To the Reverend W John Stripp, at his house in Lowleyton. London 24"* September 1705. Sir, The Inclosed I Receaved some days agoe from M' Gregg seeiaig you were soe kinde as to pi'omise to goe with mee to see willy sedle In the Yniversity pray lett me know what day will be fitt for you suppose twas munday next, wee may bee there a Tueusday about noone, and soe tarry all wensday or tell [i. e. till] Thursday night or a fi-yday att noone you may be Sett at your house, by this meanes youl have noe occation to trouble any body to preach for you. I Intend to take a coach wholy for our self, soe wee can goe & come as wee please my service to your lady and the two young ladies I Rest, YoTir humb. Servant P. Reneu. [P. S.] Sir Pray Returns mee the letter. If the above tyme is fitt for you assoone as I have your answer I shall hyre the coach &: a munday 1 There are some earlier letters, in to write ^^. In any case his greek, latiu, from W. E. (1702 — 3) in ms. faulty as it was, woiild have couveyed Adds. III. i. (Nos. 42, 4.S). the boy's meaning to Strype if not to " It is possible that Billy intended ' Mm Str^-pe and \^ Misses.' APPENDIX II. THE REXEUS TO J. STRYPE. 201 (God willing) bee with you about 10 or 12 of the clock and see goo only to Bishopps Stafford [Htortford], we shall have 4 jiorses to the Coach. 3.] MS. Add'- III. i. 88. (Endorsed by Stiype ' W° Eenew's first Letter to me from Jesus Coll. Cam*. 1 Nov. (.sic) 9. 1705.') These For y Rever** M"" Strype Living att Lowleightou Li Essex. Cambridge 8"" 9 1705. Honoured S"^ This is to let you know y* your freind M"" Salter is dead, he died on Sunday about 4 of y'^ Clock in y^ Afternoon, when he is to be buried I can't tell, but they say he can't keep long, for his legs were mortifyed 2 or three days before lae dyed. I like the Colledge very well and I find my Commons with y' addition of an half penny worth of Cheese or butter full enough fur y'^ most part. The Lads are veiy civil and kind to me, and now and then they ask me to come to their Chambers and I do the same to y"* again : But among themselves they are up to the ears in division abou high Church and Low Church Whig and Tory. But for my part I strive to leave y"" when I find they are going to y^ sport. IVP Trencher my Chamber fellow is a very good natured young gentleman and very civil to me, & I dont doubt but he and I shall agree very well together. For y^ present I read nothing but a Chapter of y® Epistle to y* Romans every morning in greek to M'' Grig : But I shall do something else in a little while. I hope you got home safe on Saturday. I understand I am to make some petty speeches and disputations in y* Hall next term, I wish they were well over, but I believe I am more afraid than I shall be hurt when I come to it. Pi'ay my humble service to Mm Strype and y° Misses, I hope M" Stryp has got rid of her intermitting Feavour. I am Hon"? S' Your most obliged fniml and humble Servant W. Rknku If I can do you any Service here at y® University I shall be very glad to do it. I did not write you in Latin because I was afraid y^ po.st would 1)0 gone before I could finish y' and some other Letters I had to write. ID— 2 2.')2 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 4.] MS. A(l(r II. i. 89. Endorsed l)y Strype ' EiHy Renew in Latin from Cainbi'idge Nov. 18...Kecepi Nov. 21.' G : Rencu viro Rcvcreudissimo sapientlssimo [do*] ornatissimo D"." Johanni Stryp S. P. D, Vir Colendissime Multuui me pudet, lit niilii literas anglicas tibi danti tu dares Latinas sed ex beniguitate tiui sj^ero te negligentiam meam exiisa- turum esse ; Et lianc et omnes dum tecum maiiserira, culpas com- missas optime enim scio te et jam meum bonum optare et semper optasse consuluisseq ; Sed ut tu maxime sic ego meijpsius bonum et felicitatem non curavi nee consului, deerat, deerat, inquani, ex mea, nunquam ex tua parte, ad maximum meum dolorem nunc temporis Luctumq. Ago tibi gratias etiam qiuim maximas quam plurimasque pro bonis tuis sapientibusq consilijs sperans me ea observaturum esse et .secundiim ilia actiones meas Regulare. Tutor meus (vir benignus doctusq) Lecturas milii ex Burgodiscio de institutione Logices et ex graeco Testameuto indies ad Horam octavam praelegit. Commendat autem milii ut Legam Terentium et quosdam alios autlaores Classicos. Et die Lunae, die Mercurij, et die Veneris ad tertiam horam Lecturas mihi et Contubernali meo Legit matliematicas. Praece2)tori meo colcndissimo doctissimoq die Mercurij pi-oximo Literas dabo Latinas (Deo volente) si ante id tempus ilium \'iderLs, saluta ilium fratremq Dauielem meo nomine precor. D°"^ Cri'igg ^^ Trencliard se tibi commendant officiosissime. Vale. [A*] E. CoUegio Jesu Cantab : 14 Cal : Mensis Dec. 1705'. ' Stiype's owu letters to his mother phee shoukl deliver it into v'" hands, y' when he was a freshman at Jesus are so j° may better & more fully heare of so curious that it may he worth while me, and know how it fareth w"' me. to reprint them here from the origi- She is my Laundresse make her wel- nals instead of the common inaccurate come, and tell her how j° would have copies. my hnnin washed, as y° were sajing Endorsed ' 1662. One of my first in y'" letter. I am very glad to hear Letters to my Mother from Jesus Coll. y' y" & my Brother Johnso do agree so Cambr.' well, y' I believe y" account an un- Good Mother, usuall coiu-tesie y' he should have you Yours of the 2-4"^ instant I gladly out to the cake-house, however pray received expecting indeed one a Week Mo, be careful! of y''selfe and do not before, but I understand both by over walk yi'selfe for y* is wont to bring Waterson and yrselfe of y"" indisposed- y" upo a sick bedd. I heare also my nesse then to write. The reason y" Bro Sayer is often y"" visitor : truly receive this no sooner is, because I I am glad of it, I hope y cliilchen may had a mind (hearing of this honest be comforts to y" now y^ are gi'owuig woman's setting out so suddenly for old. Remember me back again most Loudon from hence and her business' kindly to my Bro Sayer. Concerning laying so ueer to Petticoate lane,) tliat y* taking up of my things, tis true APPENDIX II. W. IIENEU TO THE STKYPES. 293 [For ^l" Strype, on the same slieet] Hon'? Ml' I am glad tliat you are got pretty well agaiu of your fever which you had when I was with you last. And 1 am much obliged to you I gave one shilling to much in y<= 100, but why I gave so much, I thought in- deed I bad given y an account in y' same letter : but it seems I have not. The only reason is, because they were a schollcrs goods : it is coiuon to make y"" pay one shill more than the Townes people. Dr Pearson liimselfe payed so, and severall other ladds in this Coll. and my Tutor told me they would ex- act so much of one being a schollar and I found it so. Do not wonder so much at our coiiions : they are more y" many colledges have. Trinity it selfe (where Herring and Davies are), vycii is yc famousest Coll. in y" Uni- versity, have but 3 halfpence. We have roast meat, dinner and supper throughout y" whole weeke ; and such meate as y° know I do not use to care for ; and y' is Veal : but now I have learnt to eat it. Sometimes nevery"-'- lesse, we have boyled meat, w'^ pot- tage; and beef and mutton, w"^"* I am glad of: except Frydays and Saturdays, and sometimes Wednesdays ; w*^** days we have Fish at dinner, and tansy or puddings for supper. Our jiarts y" are slender enough. But there is y" reme- die ; wee may retire into y butteries, and there take a halfpenn_y loafe and butter or cheese ; or else to the Kit- chin and take there what wee will y' y" Cook hath. But for my part I am sure I never visited the Kitehiu y', since I have been here, and y*" but- teries but seldom after meals ; unlesse for a Cize [or 8L~e, or Sire] y' is for a Farthingworth of small-beer: so that Icsso than a Penny in Beer doth serve mo a whole Day. Neverthelesse some- times we have oxceedings : then we have 2 or 3 Dishes (but y* is very rare) : otherwise never but one : so y' a cake and a cheese would (as they have been) be very welcome to me : and a neat's tongue, or some such thing; if it would not require too much mouy. If y" do entend to send me any thing, do not send it yet, until y" may hear farther of me: for I have many things to send for w''' may all I hope be put into y" box y" have at homo : but w' they are, I shall give y" an account hereafter, w" I wcniM have y'" sent : And y' is w" I have got mo a chamber; for as yet I am in a chamber y' doth not at all please mo. I have thoughts of one, w^^'' is a very handsome one, and one pair of stairs high, and y' lookcth into the Master's garden. The price is but 20 shill. per annum, 10 whereof a knight's son, and lately admitted into y Coll. doth pay : though he doth not come till about Midsum- mer, so y' I shall have but 10 shill to pay a yeare besides my income whicli may be about -IOj;. or there abouts. Mother I kindly thank y" for y'" Orange pills y" sent me. If y" are not to straiglit of mony send me some such thing by the Woma, and a pound or two of almonds and raisons. But first ask her if she will cany y'", or if they will not be too much trouble to her. I do much approve of y"" agreeing with y" carrier quarterly ; he was indeed telling me of it, y' y" had agreed w"' him for it : and I think he means both y" and mine. Make your bargaiucs sure w"' him. I understand by y Let- ter y' y" are very inquisitive to know how things stand w"' me hero. I be- lieve y" may be well enough satisfied hy y° woman. My breakings out are now all gone, indeed I was aflfraid at my first coming it would have proved y Itch : but I am fairly rid of it. But I fear I shall get it, let me do what I can : for there are many here y' have it cruelly. Some of y"' take strong purges y' would kill a horse, weeks together for it, to get it away, & yet are hardly ridd of it. At my first coming I laid alone: but since, my Tutni far as Harwich. His tutor llr Grifig CanibridKO attended tlie .luliilee of went farther and fared worse, for lie Frankfort-on-Odcr University. See liiid a fall which detained him at above p. ',)S. 296 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. tantum dc rebus optiinis & utilissiiuis &. da ijs, quae suiiima milii commoda aflerant. Scribis niirari adinodum in E7rtypa(/)7j RVSTATI nullaiii adferri Rationem corpus ibi huiuandi. Uatio quidein liaec ost, Kustatus monumentum iu Domo sua per octo aunos habuit et ipse scriptionem fecit jussitq ne Veibum quidem ad earn Inscriptionem addi vel mutari post mortem (!JU3 — Scribis etiam Lineam ultima luscriptionis Bolde- rianae intellectu difficilem esse, puto autem illam nill aliud velle nisi lioc; Quod superest, i.e. Reliqua pars mei, nempe anima, de qua nihil hie fertur Deest, i.e. non iix hoc tumido jacet sed resurgam, i.e. sed etsi sepanmtur' nee simul esse possMnt' in hoc tumulo anima et corpus Resurgam totus anima et corpore conjunctis. Amici;s tuus dominus Salterus £100 huic collegio Legavit. Multum dolet Uxoris tuae Dominae Stryp aegritudo, praesertim cum jam Longo tempore male se habuit. Tutor mens D""'* Grigg Contubernalisq Trenchard Francofurtum versus juxta Viadrum fiuvium in Germania ituri sunt Ab Academia ad Jubile die vicesimo tertio mensis Apr: servandum, me Comite usque ad Harwich. Saluta totam familiam optimam tuam nomine meo, Tutoris and Contubernalis. Vale. Mensis Martij die 21 1705-G 6.] MS. Add' III. ii. 279. Endorsed 'From W" Reneu July 9 1706 Rec''. July 11.' For y*" Reverend Mr John Strype | Minister | at Low Leighton In Essex. Cambridge Julv 7"' 1706 Hou-^, S' I received yours of y*" 2'' of this month and am obliged to you for accepting so small a present in good part. I humby thank you for your kind admonition viz: to write my Father a Letter of thanks for being at y° expence of my Journey etc But I have done it already. I have also kept a Journall of my travails part of Avhich I copied and sent my Father beleiving it would please him. You make an Apology for continuing my Monitor still ; I am not such a one as Horace gives a description off Who is Monitoribus Asper but instead of that I humbly thank you & own myself infinitely obliged to yo\i for your care and kindness to me and you may be 1 separcntwr and ]}ossint are fnimly in the original .snggests that Eeneu !tiifjf)estc(l sccunda manu. The iiregu- stopped pretty frequently to consult lar way in wliich this letter is written his Littleton. APPENDIX II. KENEU TO STRYPE. 297 sure there is notliing that greives me more than to think I can make uo Keturn for such repeated favours. I am very ghid to hear your Lady is in a way of Recovery from a very dangerous fit of sickness by drinking Asses milk, pray God it may perfect lier care. I am gh\d to hear Daniel improves in Behaviour and Leai'ning, Pray my Love to him & service to M' and M" Moreland when you see them. I have not heard whether I shall go to London or not as yet, for my part I shall be very glad to see my old frcinds but very content also to stay if my Father had ratlujr I should. Pray my huml)le service to your Lady and two Daughters and please to accept y*^ same from Your very much obliged and July O"* M''Grigg goes humble servant to London this week or W"' Reneu next and I dont know but I may come along w"' him. 7.] MS. Add'- III. ii. 285. From \V. Reneu to J. Stryjie written from Putney Sept'7 9"' 170G. [Received Stry})e's last letter when making a stay of three weeks in London. Sends transcripts of the monumental inscriptions iu Putney Church ] 'I believe, M"" Sfcrype, you will be at a Loss iov y" Coats of Arms belonging to these monum'f, which you know I cant Blazen, there- fore I believe this must be your Remedy; to come hither, and because the succussation of your Horse is so great, only to come to london upon him, and come hither by water one day, and go away y'' next, tho we should be much ghuUlcr of your longer stay with us. Pray present my humble service to M" Strype & your two Daughters A: please to accept y" same from S'') your most obliged humble servant W"; Rexeu My Tutor is at the Bath and wi-itcs he shall not return till about a fortnight hence, at which time, 1 shall accompany lain to Cambridge. 8.] Ibid. III. iii. 293. For y° Rever'.' iNI'' John Stry[) Minister att his house In Lowleyton Essex. Jes: Coll: January 2. 170G [i.e. 17(M;-7.] J Lou'' s;- The great and noble work you are about, and yv lyltlc news 1 298 UNIVKUSITV hTL'DlKS. liiive liiul to send you of Cainbridgc liatli been y° Cause of my not writinj,' to you thus long. I'm sure, good H', you cant admitt y' thoughts of my having forgotten a pei-son, wliom I have y" greatest reason to, & I dare say, always sball rememV>er with all y" Reverence it Respect imaginable. But I 'rn thorouglily per.suaded you '11 beleive me tlierfore will not detain yoii any longer on that Subject. Cambridge at present is pretty quiet but about a quarter of a y(!ar ago, tliere was a little stir about one Tudway Mr of Musick \vlio having been accused by one Plumtrce Dr of Physick of some scandalous and Toriacall Pteflections on y" Queen, was degraded & expelled y" University by y^ Vice Chancellor & y® Heads. Most of y^ Tory or rather lacobite party blame their proceedings very much as too rigorous upon him but y" Whigs say just y" conti'ary, but in fine y" thing is done & irrevocable. I believe since I wrote to you last I have taken other Books to read, being now at length climbed up to y" degree of Junior Sophista. At which time we begin to study Physicks & naturall Philosophy. I go to lectures to Mr Grigg (whom I love entirely & and who strives in all things to pmote my welfare &. Learning T'me sure) every morn- ing In Clark's physicks, to Mr Townsend in y° afternoon in Rohault's Physicks; and I am not a little taken with y® study of naturall Phi- losophy. The Books I read by my self are Tull : Tusculan Questions & Homer, besides english Books. "VVe have no Books coming out at present as I hear off. Be pleased to present my veij humble service to M™ Stryp & j^ young Ladies. If you have any service to command me here at Cambridge I am and always shall be Reverend S"") your most ready, faithful 1 and obedient humble servant jfc freinde! I wish you all an happy new vear. 9.] MS. Add'- IlL i. UO. Endorsed 'W" Renew Fro Jesus Coll.' These For y' Rev'' M' John Strype Minister of Low ley ton In Essex per London ... .ay y* Q-^ 1707. Hon-: S^ I received a letter from you about G weeks agoe, and have deferred y^ answering of it till now, least by my too frequent letters I should interrupt you in perfecting y' noble & Learned work you are about to present y" publick with. This reason I am persuaded will keep you from imputing my long silence from disesteem or for- getfulness of you. APPENDIX JI. RENEU TO STRYPE. 209 I liumbly thank you fur telling me y^ riglit \;se I slionkl make of Philosophy which was to admire the great Creator of all things whose Power goodness and wisdom so eminently shone in them; I shall make this use of it, and shall also take care not to let it swallow iip all my time; for I am sensible I shall receive abundance more acl- vantage from y^ study of y° Languages than from y® study of that; but I should not so wholly neglect it, as when I come up in y" Hall or Schools not to be able to say one word. I have bought Patrick's Grotius which I think very well answei's your Caracter of it. M"' Newcome and I hold very good acquaintance, we give one another a visit every now and then; he is a very studious aiid sober Lad : Another of my School-fellows is admitted of Emanuell fellow-Com- moner, he was 3 forms below me at school (but fellow-commoners are seldom exti-aordiuary scholars). There is another y' was form-fellow w"' me, admitted pensioner of Katharine Hall, he is an extraoi-dinary ingenious Lad, and M"" Moreland expects hee'll be a great Honour to his School. —My year is so very large y' though I have been half a year Junior Soph I have not gotten a Scholarship, nor can't expect one these G months. Its Largeness has brought another inconvenience upon me, viz. that I neither have nor shall keep much exercise in Colledge which would have helpt to wear ofFy' faulty Bashfulness which I have. I don't know whether I may expect a fellowship, for there are sevei'al to be served before me, if they stay. My Tutor went to London about a month agoe, and from thence to y^ Bath. I received a letter from him on Sunday night last, dated yo 28"» Ap'. wherein he wrote, he intended to leave Bath in about 3 Aveeks. I'me very sony for my Uncle's misfortune, which I may be sure is no small affliction to my poor mother and all our Family, J pray God support them under it; nothing I doe here shall be an additionall greif to them if I can help it. Here is a sad accident has happened to 2 Lads', one of Sidney colledge and another of ours, who going to y" Tavern got most sadly drunk, and about 11 of y° Clock at night meeting a man (the poor man was going to the Chandlers for a little Tobacco, and coming out again) one of y'" stuck him into ye breast, and not being able to make his Knife enter there far enough because of a bore that hindered; h-e run behind him and stuck him into y* Back between one of j° small Ribs, upon w"** he run away to colledge, but j° other lad, being so drunk y' he could not run, was taken and carried to y" Tolcbooth ; y° poor wounded man bled (its thought) one -^ part of y" Blood in his body and was given over by y" surgeon, but y" Blood stooping he's thought to recover, w*^^"" I pray God he may; for if he does not, y" Lads will go nigh to be hanged; if he does recover, it will cost y™ £30 a piece, if not more, to make him amends to pay y" surgeon. jMy humble service to jNIr.s Strype and the young Ladies, and accei)t this Long Letter from S' Your much obliged humble servant W. Reneu. ' llomiugton (Siiluey). Li.ster (.Jesus). 300 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Tlio lad y' did it, is said to Ik; of Sidney colledi^'e not of ours. TTe of otii- Oollodi^t! is not und(!i- M"" Townscnd. J lu'lievo tliey will both [l)n] cither expelled oi" RustieatcMl, though one; did not stah him. All this ha])p(;ned on friday night last. Since I wrote this letter I hear tliat they were both expelled })rivately yesterday in y° Afternoon by y" Caput. 10.] MS. Add'- III. iii. 300. 'Billy Reneu in Greek & I^atin ' These For M-" John Stryp Living At Low=Leightou near y" Stocks Essex [28 Dec. 1707.] w care roi»/\ieA/xo? o VevevLOv tov SiSaaKaXov aiootoTarov acTTra^ct Tus GOV eTTtfTToAas TT^s r//xepa? iiKocTTrjs kol 8evTeprj<; to{) fJii~jv6ridgc.' For y"' Rev'! M' John Strype Minister of Low = Leyton In Essex [25 Jan. 1708-Q.] by London Honoured S"!) Last fryday I got over all y* Troublesome busi- ness attending my Degree and was capjied by y® Vice Chancellour ; news I fancy that won't be very ungrateful to you; who have alwaies shown such a kind concern for my wellfare & happiness. Pi-epai-ation for my Degree has kept me hitherto from reading your learned His- tory &G a book, all y*^ most ingenious men confess y™ selves mightily obliged to you for ; & willingly own it to be a work no one could un- dertake & perfect, but y'" self, as you have certainly done to all their satisfactions ; I intend within a little while to set about it and read it over, I don't doubt, w"" a great deal of Pleasure. But I believe I shall first see you at your own house ; for I intend to be at London (if y" Weather alters and mends y" Roads) within ten dayes. In y" mean time I fancy, my Father would be glad you'd dine w* him one day, and you'd particularly oblige me, if you'd tell him he mvist expect pretty large Bills, this Degree-time'. I have this day sent him up a very large one, w^hich I don't know how hee'll like. But intend he shall have no more such ; for now I me^ Bachelour, I know I can find severall ways to retreave my Expences, and live for threescore p''^ p"" Ann : very handsomely, and that he's willing to allow me. Please to present my humble service to M" Strype and y"' Young Ladies, & excuse y" freedom taken w**" you (in pretending to employ you) from Your afF:"'^ humble Serv* W. Reneu Jes: coll: Jan: 25: 1708-9. 1 Not only because of fees, but for sometimes spelt "I'le," but with the treats to the ' fathers ' disputants auJ apostrophe; ex. (jr. in Nevile's Pour friends in college. ScJioler (1G62), ii. 4. ^ I me = I'm. Similnrlv " I'll " was APPENDIX jr. RENEU TO STRYPE. 803 13.] Il.id. III. ii. loi). Emlorsed ' M' W" Ileneu Oct i. 1709 M' Wort's 300()£ how (lisi)O.sed in Charity to y® University. • Reneu fair for a Southern Fellowsliip at Jesus C portunity of writing to you, when I had any thing that woud afibrd you pleasure in y* Peinisal. I own that I have committed a fault in not AVTiting to you sooner, & that you have Just reason to give me the name of a very bad Correspondent, but Sf if you will give yourself leave to consider how tx'oublesome it is to a man to sit down to write a Letter when he has nothing of Novelty to entertain his Friend with ; nothing that can aftbi'd y^ least pleasure; I hope you will think me in some measure excusable, & put a better construction upon this Misdemeanour. — you may assure yourself if I cou'd have scrap'd together any tolerable Stock of Cambridge Occurrences to have furnish'd a Letter out withal I should not have been so long y" De- linquent. — but to proceed to Business. — 1 Carewdied 5 April, 1742. He was 174-4, fellow, buried in the college chapel. John Boiirne, S. John's. B.A. 1745. - Sc. Jure discijjulorum in fundat. John "Wood, S. John's, LL.B. 1747. Coll. Trin. Ralph Heathcote, Jesus, B.A. 1744, 3 Laurence Bourne, Queens", B.A. P.D. 1760. APPENDIX 11. J. HINCKESMAN TO S. JEBB. 817 My Brother is now settled in College, «fe Likes College very well : lie keeps in y* first Court up one pair of Stairs in y* Turret wliicli is but one Stair Case from where you kept. — I fancy my Brother told you that he had had success, & about his proceedings in it. So that I need not dwell upon this. We have had .3 very fine Consorts here, one of which was perform'd in your Hall ; which my Brother and I had the Curiosity to go and see, The vocal Musick perform'd by y® Italians was i-eally exquisitely fine, & sung with a great deal of Humour & Judgement ; y® Instrumental Likewise was prodigiously entei'taining : in short it was a continued Scene of Mirth & Gaiety. — they found such Great Encouragement that they wou'd very gladly have perform'd a fourth time if they cou'd have got Leave from y® 'Vice=Chancellor. — they stay'd here so long after their performance & was so much caressed by y® Gownsmen, that y" Proctor's intended to have visited them, if they had not Just gone of in nick of Time. I am very sorry to hear that you are likely to be depriv'd of your Bosom Favourite B. B. you know whom I mean, but hope that you are a man of so much resolution, that you can bear up against these strong byasses, & not suffer yourself to be ovei'turn'd by y" wheel of Fortune. — I hear that 'twill certainly be a match betMdxt her & M"" Watts, and likewise 'tis Just upon y" Point. — I have wrote to my mother by this Post to desire your Father to £ draw a 14 Bill, which I shoii'd be glad if you woud hasten him in ; Be pleas'd to pay my Compliments to him &. all y^ Family. — I saw M^ Goodwin of your Coll : the other Day he has been in Coll : about a Fortnight. I am your very Humble Servant in haste) J. Hinckesman. M' Wilson desires his Service to you. 30.] John Hinckesman To M' Samuel Jebb at Chesterfield By London in Derbyshire. Westcammel Nov' 5'!* 1745. Dear Friend Jebb I humbly beg your pardon for not writing to you before this time, but I hope, you will think me somewhat excusable when you know the true reason of it. I have been pretty much taken up since I came here in making preparation for Priest Orders, which I took at Michaelmas, and the more so, because not only the Bishop but the Dean and Chapter examine the Candidates at Wells. This made me take some pains in Qualifying myself for siu-h an examination. 318 I'NIVKIJSITV STUDIES. Perliaps it may not be disagi-eeable to give you a liint of the method thoy have here. The Bisliop upon one of the days examines all the young Gentle- men privately himself; and then y" next day following the Dean lace book of the Questions discussed in your authors with references, pro and con. ' Set a Mark in the Margin of your Book when you do not understand any Thing and consult other books which may help to explain it : Or, if you cannot thus master the Difficulty, apply to some Fi'iend that can, or to your Tutor.' lY. General Directions for the Study of Classicks. 'Let your Afternoons^ as much of them as can be spared from Afternoon Lectures, if you have any, be spent in reading Classick Authors, Greek and Latin.' In the order mentioned ; one at a time if possible straight through not too fast. Consult Dictionaries, Lexicons, Notes, Friends or Tutor. 1 So the writer of ninU to Fresh- e\-idently a rigid supporter of Mathe- men at the University of Cambridge mutical studies says (p-l-) ' It is a (' Curvo dinoscere rectum, &c.) -ItU ed. good custom to set a-^ido a part of tho London printed for J. Mawmau Lud- ajtcrmon for litcrae humaniorcs,' gate-street ; aud J. Deigbton. 1822 ' 332 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Read Terence, Tally and Virgil over and over again as models. Be provided with some books of Greek (PuUer'n) and Roman Anti- quities (Kenuefs) which you may once read over and afterwards consult upon occasion. You may add to them EcharcVs Roman History. ' Have a Quarto Paper Book for a Common place [in Mr Locke's method] to refer any Thing curious to ;' rather to keep up your attention and for present profit than for future use. In COMPOSITION i-ather imitate and vary, than copy out. ' When you are to make an Oration (after you have considered well the Matter) I'ead one of Tullys on a similar Subject. Consider the Argumentative Pai't by itself, which Freigius's Analytical Notes Avill assist you in... However the bare reading of [Cicero's] Com- positions will make your thoughts more free and more just than otherwise.' ' You may he taught in an Hour or two's time, by your Tutor how to use the Jfaps or Tables ' which you should have before you when reading History or even Oratory and Poetry. V. General Directions for Divinity. The study of Divinity should be commenced in the early years of residence. It is well for a young man to keep the main object of his education in view; and many are ordained soon after taking their degree. The ordinary studies are so useful grounding for a Divine that Waterland recommends the study of divinity for the fii-st part of a student's residence to be confined to his ' spare hours on Sundays and Holydays ;'' and on each of them he advises him to read and make Abridgments of a couple of sermons (which will take about 3 hours apiece) in a quarto paper book, marking general and par- ticular heads according to an example given. Later in their course they should devote their mornings only to philosophy, afternoons to classics, and evenings as well as Sundays and Holydays to Divinity, ' or however to the reading the best English writers such as Temple, V Estrange, Collier [Spectator and other writings of Addison'] and other masters of Thoxight and Style.'' In the 4th year ' endeavour to get a general view of the sevei'al controversies on foot from Bennefs Books; and some Knowledge of Church History from Mr Echard and Du Pins Compendious History of the Church in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and then if you have Time undertake Pearsan on the Creed, and Burnet on the Articles' VI. A course of Studies Philosophical, Classical and Divine, for the first four years. The following scheme of course is not intended to be rigidly adhered to in all cases. Waterland begins ' the Year with January, though few come so eariy to College : If you happen to come later, vet begin with the Books first set down.' APPENDIX III. A student's GUIDE, 333 Philosophical. Classical. Eeligiocs. Jan. Feb. Wells' lAi-ithm, Terence. Sharp's Sermons. Calamy's Sermons. March April EucM's Elem. Xenophontis Cjri Institutio. Spratt's Sermons. Blackhall's Sermons. May I Euclid's Elem. June I Biu-gersdicius'^Logick. Tully's -Epistles. Phaedrus' Fables. Hoadly's Sermons. South's Sermons. Jidy Aug. Euclid's Elements, Buigersdicius. Lucian's Select Dia- logues. Theophrastus. South's Sermons. Sept. Oct. Wells's Geography 3. Justin. Cornelius Nepos. Young's Sermons. Nov. Dec. Wells's* Trigonometry Newton's Trigon. Dionysius's Geography, Scot's Sermons & Dis- courses, 3 vols. Jan. Feb. Wells's 5 Astron. Locke, ^^ Causin deEloquentia, Vossius' Ehetorick. Tillotsou's Sermons, Vol. i. folio. March April Locke's Hum. Und. "De la Hire Con. Sect. Tully's Orat. May June ^Whiston's Astron. Isocrates. Demosthenes. Tillotson's Sermons, Tol. ii. fol. July Aug. Keil's Introduction. Caesar's Comment. Sallust. Sept. Oct. Cheyne's Philosop. Principles. Hesiod. Theocritus. Tillotson's Sermons, Vol. iii. fol. Nov. Dec, SEohaulti Physica, Ovid's Fasti. Yu-gil's Eclog. Jan. Feb. Burnet's Theory with Kcill's Eemarks. Homeri lUads, edit. Clarke. Norris' Practical Dis- courses, 1" & 2'"' Parts. March AprU Whiston's Theory with KeUl's Eemarks. Virgil's Georgicks. Aeneids. Norris' Practical Dis- courses, 3""'' & 4"' parts. May June Wells' Chronology. Beveridge's Chron. Sophocles. Claggett's Sermons 2 vols. July Aug. 9 Whitby's Ethicks. Puffendorf's Law of Nat. Horace. Atterbury's (Lewis) Sermons, 2 vols. Sept. Oct. Puffeudorf. Grotius de Jure Belli. 1' Eurii)ides, Piers' edit. Atterbury's (Francis) Sermons. Nov. Dec. Puffcndorf. Grotius. Juvenal-Persius. StUlingfleet's Sermons. lu a later edition are substituted ^ Wingate's Arith. 2 Wallis' Logick, * Salmon's Geograph.y. * Keill's Trigonometiice. •'■' Harris' Astron. Dialogues. Keill's Astron. ^ Simpson's Con. 7 Milnes' Soctt. Conicac. 8 Bartholin's (as well as Eohault's) Physics. " The Compendium of Ethics, with Hutcheson and Fordyce. ^0 Cambray on Elociuence. " King's Euripides instead of Piers', or the select pbiys in 8vo. 334. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Philosophical. Classical. Religious. Jan. Feb. Baronius' Meta- pliysicks. Thucydidcs. Jenkins's Eeasonable- ness of Christianity. Marcli April Newton's Opticks. Thucydides. Clarke's Lectures. Grotius de Vcrit. R.C. May June Wliiston's Praelect. Phys. Math. Livy. Bannet of Pop.* Abridg.L.C.Conf.ofQu. July Aug. Gregorj''s Astronomy. Livy. Pearson on the Creed with King's Crit. Hist. Sept. Oct. Diogenes Laertius. West on the Kesurrec- tion. Nov. Dec. Cicero's Philosoph. works. Burnet's Articles. "Waterland adds to the Table for each year remarks on the use, merits and defects of the books recommended. I have I'oom only for a few of them. The hardest Philosophical and Classical Books are reserved for the 4th year. The Sermons are not arranged in any particular order. Water- land gives this character of them. Sharp's, Calami/ s and BlackhaWs are the best models for an easy, natural and familiar way of writing. Sprat is fine, florid and elabo- rate in his style, artful in his method aud not so open as the former, but harder to be imitated. HoacUy is very exact and judicious, and Vjoth his style and sense jvist, close and clear. Tlie other three (South, Young, and Scot) are very sound, clear writers, only Scot is too swelling and pompous, and South is something too full of wit and satire, and does not always observe a decorum in his style. Tillotson may be corrected by Luptori's Oxford Sermon, Whitby's Appendix to ii. Thess. and " The Religion of a Church of England Woman " p. 339, (fcc. ^' Norris is a fine writer for style and thought, and commonly just, except in what relates to his World of Ideas, whei-e he some- times trifles." If there is more time the following Sermons may be added — [those in hrachets are not mentioned in the two first editions.] Lucas', Barrow's. Brady's. Hickman's 2 Vols. Beveridge's. Tilly's. Fiddes' 3 vols, [Fothergill's.] [Seed's 4 vols.] [Butler's.] [Waterland's. ] [Blair's 4 vols.] [Abemethy's.] [Bishop Sherlock's.] [Balguy's 2 vols.] [Dodwell's 2 vols.] ^ i.e. T. Bennet's (Joh.) Confutation of Popery, Abridgement of the London Cases, and Confutation of Quakerism. APPENDIX III. A student's GUIDE. 335 Appendix. For the 4tli year's Divinity see cli. v. at end '. If you have learnt Hebrew at school keep it up all the time you are at Cambridge. Otherwise devote some months wholly to it after your degree. After going through the four years' course if you intend to take Holy Orders soon (after learning Hebrew if necessary) read through Grotius, Patrick, or some good Commentator. You may read Josej^hus^ History and Du Pin's Canon of the Old Testament pari passu. Then proceed to the New Testament with Whilhy, looking occasionally into Grotius or llammond. Then, if you have time, read the Church writers up to the 4th century at least, first seeing a character of their works in Dupin, or Cave, or Bull, referring to Bingham'' s Ecclesiastical Antiquities when necessary. To qualify yourself for a Preacher, in addition to the above- mentioned Sermons ', study the following : BulVs Latin works, Grabe's folio (1703). Nelson's Life of Bull with Ms English works, 4 vols. 8vo. Nelson's Feasts mjd Fasts. Stanhope's Epistles and Gospels, 4 vols. Kettlewell's Measures of Obedience. „ On the Sacrament. ,, Practical Believer. Scofs Christian Life. Lucas' Enquinj after Happiness, 2 vols. Hammond's Practical Catechism. Fleetwood's Relative Duties. Stillingfieet's Origines Sacrae. Burnet's History of the Reformation. F. Paul's Histonj of the Council of Trent. Clarendon's History. Bennet's Common-Prayer. ,, Rights of Clergy. Cosin''s Canon of Scripture. Stillingfieet's Cases. Norris' Humility and Prudence, 2 vols. „ Reason d: Faith. Ditton's Moral Evidence. Wilkin's Natural Religion. 1 See p. 3.32. Prebendary W. GVpin in his Dia- ' Tom Hearne in a list which he logues published posthumously 1807, began to make for a young divine in recommends for ordinary candidates 1711 agrees with Waterland in recom- for orders : mending, ChiUingworth, Dodwell, Pearson, Butler, Barrow, Sander.^on, Hammond, Sanderson, Tillotson, Burnet on the Articles, as Pearson, The Loudon Cases well as Lardner, Mcde, Newton on with M'' Bennet's the Prophecies, Law's Serious Call, Abridgment. G. Herbert's ' Parson to the Church,' He adds : Smiglecius (' a heavy dry logical Laud against Fisher, Jewell, work') and Saurin's and Bourdelon'a Hooker's Eccl. P. Reynolds Sermons (which were translated by and the Cambridge Concordance. K. Eobinson the Cambridge Baptist, {Reliquiae Htarn.mi^f^, cd. 2. i.p. 232>. 1770—1784). 33() UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Dean Sherloch'x Works. I'otter's Clmrch Government. History of Montarmm. Ostervald's Cases of Corruption. „ Nature of Uncleanness. [Sherlock, Bp. of London on Prophecy.] [ „ Trial of the Witnesses,] [Observations on the Conversion of St Paul.] [Wollaston's Religion of Nature.] [Conyheare's Defence of Revealed Relicjion.] [Butler's Analogy.] [Watts' Scripture History.] [Archdeacon St George's Examination for Holy Orders.] [Stackhouse's History of the Bible.] Nichofs Dcfensio Eccl. Anglicanae. Wake's Catechism. ClaggeVs Operation of the Spirit. Chillingicorth. Cave's Primitive Christianity. Wmgate's Arithmetic is an introduction to IMathematics. Undid preferred to other geometrical books (see WhLston's Preface to Tacquet). Fardie may he read afterwards and will prove entertaining. Wallis' logic is read in lectures and is useful for definitions. Mathematics more useful than Logic towards " the conduct of the understanding." The Tutor's help is pre-supposed on the pupil's beginning KeUVs Tdgonometry. Hammond^s, Maclaurin^s and Simjison's Algebras recommended. Simpson's Conic Sections may be read by one who iinderstands Euclid and is necessary for those who would understand Astronomy. KeiU is more difficult, Cheyne easy to one who understands the two former. Add Bentleys Sermons and Ilui/gens' Planetary Woiids. In RohauUs Physics I'ead the Opticks — the foot-notes are the valuable part in the rest of the work. With this read Wells's [^ Desagulier's and Howning's' (later ed.)'\ Mechanics, Statics, and Optics adding Le Clerc's [Bartholin'' s] Physicks, for heads. In addition to Wells and Beveridge use Strauchius' Chronology. With Grotius and Puffendorf (the abridgment by the latter him- self) may be used as well Sanderson's Prselectiones (for Casuistry) and Placette of Conscience. Malbranche and Xorris Ideal World may be added to the meta- physical works. The B. A. "if he design not presently for Orders'" may add to his stock of Philosophy 1 Bob. Masters in his History of in College so that they should have C. C. C. C. p. 207, ed. 1, 1758, speaks better preparation for the Christian of the need of eucom-agement to ministry. Bachelors of Arts to stay and study APPENDIX III. A STUDENTS GUIDE. ^^: VareniuH^ [Salmon's — (later cd.)] Geo- graphy. Ncictoni Frincipia. Ozanam's Cursiis Mathcm. Sturiuiiis's Works. Iluf/ens' Works. Newtoni Ahjehra. Milne^s Conic Sect. [Snimdcrson's Alf^cbra. ] [Smith's Oi)ticks.] [Musgcheiibroek's Philosopbia.] MoUneux's Dioj)trick.s. [Baker on tlio Microscope.] [Clianihcrs'' Dictionary.] [Hale's Statistics.] As to the Classical books recommended', a Greek and a T.atiii Book should be read alternately. Ilapin's 2 vols, may be read with Camhrcuj, Vossius, or other rhetoric. Read Bossu Of Epic Poetry lieforc Homer and Virgil. The B. A. may continue his Classical Studies, if he has time, by reading any of the following : Aristot. Elietorica. Ei^ictetus. M. Antoninus. Herodotus. Plutarch. Homeri Odyss. Aristojihanes. Plato de Kebus Div. Callimachus. Hcrodiau. Longinus. Veteres Orator. Gr. PUnii Epist. et Panegyr. Seneca. Lucretius. Plautus. Q. Curtius. Suetonius. Tacitus. Aulus Gellius. Lucauus. Floras. Martialis. Catullus. Manilius. Ovidii Epist. ct Metani. Eutrojiius. 1 John Weslci/''s Scheme of Study when 13. A. at Lincoln Coll. in 172G was, S. Divinity. Classics. Tu. W. Th. Logic and Ethics. Hebrew aud Arabic. F. Metaphysics and Natural Pliilosophy. Sat. Oratory, Poetry and especially composition. He seems moreover not to have neg- lected Mathematics. Life by Southey Coleridge aud Southey, i. p. 37. W. oo APPENDIX IV. ErKTKAOnMAEIA, OR A SCHEME OF STUDY. EO. GREEN. 1707. Robert Green (or Greene) fellow of Clare — B.A. 1699, M.A. 1703, D.D. (Com. Reg.) 1728 — Author of Principles of the Philosojihu of Expansive and Contractive Forces, Camb. 1727 (see above 69, 127). 'EyKVKXoTraiSeta, or A Method of Instructing Pupils, 1707 (pp. 8) 4to. [in Gough Cambr. 67 Bodl. Lib. endorsed ^ Dr Green of Clare IlalVs Course of Lectures.^ There is a copy at Cambridge in the Library of Queens' coll. P. 5. (10)]. * The first half year's Exercise from the Commencement to Christm/x8. Every Week make A Theme Lni. A Copy of Verses Lat. A Translation out of a Greeh Orator into Latin, or out of a Roman into English. The first half Year's Study to Christmas. a Every Day read The Lesson in the Greek Testament Morning and Evening with the Critici Sacri or Synopsis, 2. A Sermon in Dr Tillotson or some other Piece of the best and most genuine Encjlish, Sprat, Sir William Temple, Clarendon, Burnet's Theory, kc. 3. Some Lines of Homer, Virgil or Horace, Terence, kc. 1. Let the rest of the Day be divided betwixt the Roman and Greek Orators or Historians. APPENDIX IV. green's SCHEME, 1707. 839 Continue tlie same metliod of Reading as much as possible all tlie following ^fcarH, to wliicli utld FIRST YEAR. From Chiistmas to the Commencement half a Year. 1"' Lecture from 1 to 2 or 3 — Greek Classick (Homer, IMndar, Learning (Hesiod, Theocntus. 2"'' Lecture from 8 to 9 or 10 — Latin Classicks s t ^^^^ 'i -d ^ •' (Juvenal, fersius. From the Commencement to Christmas half a Year. iCluver and Maps, Varenius, (iordov, Petavius, Ilelvicus, ritrauchius, Beveregc. o,„i T i- TT- J. ri 1 17-^- {Thudidvhs, Herodotus, 2'" Lecture — History, hreek and Latin { ,-. a u \ n . i •' \_L,^vy, bcdtust, ratercuLus. Exercise. Ti-anslate out of the Greek or Latin Orators into English every Week which are therefore to be explained every Monday Moniing from 10 to 11. The best Eaijllsh writers as before, are likewise for that reason to be studied in order to form from thence a good Stile upon the Model of the Ancients, as also Pleadings and Speeches made in Parliament, together with the choicest sermons and English Tracts on other subjects ; besides accidental Exercises are to be per- form'd suitable to the studies peculiar to this year, in Classick.s, History, Chronology, &c. Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year, P' Lecture — Upon the Scriptures P', To shew the Validity and Necessity of them. 2'""^, Ex].lain half of the Gospels of S' Matthew, S' Mark, S' Luke, S' John, the Acts, Grot., Ilamm., Whitby, Cri- tici Sacri, Synopsis. 2'"' Lecture "Upon the Herc-1 sies. Schisms, Plasphemous Tenets of the Ancient and . Modern Times. Their History, Their Confutation, j ■n, fScrii)ture, "^ Jb rom ■ 11 ^ ( Keason. f Vincentius Liin- I nensis, Caves Histor. Liter ar., liogcr's Articles, Epiphanius, I'hilastrins. 0-7 o 340 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. SECOND YEAR. From Christmas to the Cuuimcuccment. ^Logick — Buryersdiclus, Lock. V\ \ iPuffendorf de Officio Horn. (Ethicks and Law of Nature < iJe Jure Belli et Pacis. (Cumberland, Tidlys Offices. onrt TT.! ^ c n i. (Unclid Sturmius, 2 . Elements of Geometry -^ „ t t •^ [I ardies, Jones. From the Commencement to Christmas. i{Le Clerk, Lock, Metaphysicks Marriot, Kc'd, Ilrujens, Stunnhis, Boyl, New- ton, Dillon, Wallis de motu, Jjorelhis, I [alley 8 - Miscell. Curiosa, _„,„,. T r' -1^ • ) Wallis, Aeivton, Raphson, Hays, 2""'. Fluxions, Infinite series, f -...,, '7- ,,'. ■' ,. '.r • ,.,, ',., PT/--. r Dltton,fc/o?^es,iv^eM^ye/^^t^ts, Marquis Aritlimetick of Infinites. ^ ^^^ vu^^.^ntaU. From the Commencement to Christmas. f Spherical "j Gassendus, Mercator, Bullialdus, Hypothetical I Horoccius, Flamslead, Newlon, Practical [ Gregory, Whiston's Fraelections Pliysical J and Kepler. iSturmius, Briggs, Vlacq, Gelli- brand, I/arris, Mercator, Jones, Newton, Caswell. Exercise. Declaim in Latin every Monday from 10 to 11, besides other Exercises adapted to the Studies of the Year, as resolving of Pro- blems by Fluxions, &c. Eveiy Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. P'. Explain the other half of the Epistles and Revelations, those to the Tliessalonians, Titus, rkilemon, Hebrews, those of S' James, S' Peter, S' John, S' Jiule, and the Revelations. 2»'» Cxive in Ecclesiastical Historvl ^" ^"'' ^^"'^«"*«' <^«^'^'^ ^'^^^^ L . uive an Ji,cciesiasucai -tiistoiy of fhp F t>- • j ri * ' t ^r 77, „, ,. • .1 rd 1 JJisciola, Lenturiat. Mcuidebur- Transactions in the Church. ^ J (jenses. Conclude the Night Lecture with an OflBce out of Dr fficlss Reform'd Devotions, and the Prayer for Christ's Holy Catholick Church. Instead of the Lessons in Dr Hicks, let every one in his turn read a Lesson out of the Greek Testament in the same place where they are prescrib'd. Add to this Method on Thursdays P'. Lecture on tlie Greek) -v t^ } 2°^ Lecture on the Latin j ^'^ ' ! 2. Theocritus, Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, etc. Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Per- sius, ttc. So that the first half year may be either emi)loy'd in Classicks, as is before prescrib'd, or devoted to other Studies.' APPENDIX V. EXAMINATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIPS AND SCHOLAR- SHIPS, &c. AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. ZOUCH'S HINTS. THE ANNUAL 'MAY' EXAMINATION FOR FRESH- MEN AND JUNIOR SOPHS. OLD EXASIINATION TAPERS, &c., &c. Until the present century ' Trinity was the only colh-gc in Cam- bridge where the fellowships were open without territorial appropria- tion. All the other colleges' (with the exception of King's) filled up each vacancy by electing if possible some one whose name had been matriculated as belonging to the same county'^ as the outgoing fellow. The counties were thus distributed for Peterhouse in 1630 (l)y a statute sujjerseding Warkworth cap. xii.) into north (Boreales) and south (Au.strales) by a line drawn from Yarmouth to Machynlleth. NoRTiiEiiN. Bedfoi'd, Clieshire, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, York, Hunts, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Norfolk, Northamjtton, Northumberland, Notts, Kutland, Salop, Stafford, Warwick, West- moreland, W^orcester, — Anglesea, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merio- neth, JMoutgomery. SouTiiEux. Berks, Bucks, Camhruh/e, Kent, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloster, Herts, Hereford, Middlesex, Monmouth, Oxon, Southamj)ton, Surrey, Sussex, Suffolk, Somerset, Wilts, — Brecon, Caermartheu, Cardigan, Glamorgan, Penibi-oke, Radnor. ^ However the system of ' close ' frl- tion was .cjrantecl, iu lO^O, to S. Jolin's, lowsliips aud schufursliips liail bei'a aiul iu 1770 tliut society ri'siilvi'y I'oyal dispensation. If it hai)])eiie(l that there was no candidate of the right county ready, the election would I sii])pose lie between the men of any northern (or southern) counties which had no representatives in the existing body of fellows. In 1785» Henry Gunning did not enter at S. John's because Cambridgeshire was filled by the bishop of Ely's fellow, and a pro- fessor's son, already admitted, was jjrepared to step into his shoes. He went therefore as a sizar to Christ's, where the Cambridgeshire fellow was likely soon to vacate liis berth. This state of things con- tinued at S. John's till the end of the century, when Dr Wood was scandalized at their finding themselves precluded from electing Inman the senior wrangler of 1800. In the middle of the seventeenth century 'a fellowship examina- tion included versification, vivd voce questions and other exercises,' but the election was liable to be influenced by the party spirit which then ran very high, as well as by personal interestj'. When Bentley was made Master of Trinity in 1700, he found the custom of examining the candidates for fellow.^hips (and scholaiships) in the chapel vivd voce before the master and seniors. In order to give an opportunity for the performance of written exercises and time to weigh and deliberate upon the merits of the men, Bentley soon after his appointment ordered that they should be examined by each of the electors at his own apartments^. We have in the memoirs of his grandson Ei. Cumberland a full account of the working of the scheme under his successor Dr Smith in 1752. Although 071 rare occasions^ even a junior bachelor had been in- vited to stand for election and had been successful, it was until that year contrary to rule that middle bachelors even should be eligible. 'It would hardly be excusable in me' [says Cumberland] 'to detail a process that takes place every year, but that in this instance the novelty of our case made it a matter of very great attention. When ^ Mayor's Blatt. Rohinsoji, 28 n,B6n. juniority, S'' Joues the northern was At S. John's there is some e\d(.lence of elected. laxity in fellowship elections aboiit When Dr Gooch (bp. of Bristol) 1622, but in 1634 and 166| we find claimed the right of examining Mr reference to examination. Mayor's Gibbs or any other candidate for a Baker 488 1. 15; 504 1. 26; 543 1. 12. fellowship as master of Cains in 1737, In Dr Worthington's Diarij we find a the fellows rejected his declaration at brief account of a fellowsliip examina- a Chapel-Meeting, 5 Sept. Caius MSS. tion at Enimanuel in puritan times. 602 (10). Noi\ 18, 1657, afternoon, Sir Joues ^ Monk's Bentley, i. 159, 160. (co. Lancaster), Sir Gibson (co. Suf- ^ isaaG Newton 1667, Ki. Bentley folk). Sir Pulling (co. Hertford), sat in jun. 1723. Rogerson Cotter (M.P. for the parlour for a fellowship. They Charlesville) 1771, T. Eobinson (of ■were examined by Mr Shelton the Leicester) 1772, Ri. Porson 1782. In dean and Mr Jewell the lecturer, and the present century there were only a they answered in an equality. Next few instances, until 1830 when there day, after iliscussion among the master were ten vacancies and the rule was and fellows, who gave their votes by aboUshed. APPENDIX V. TRINITY FELLOWSHIPS. S-io the day of examination came we went oui' rounds to the electing seniors; in some instances by one at a time, in others by parties of three or four; it was no trifling scrutiny we had to undergo, and here and thei-e pi-etty severely exacted, particularly, as I well remem- ber l)y I-)octor Charles Mason', a man of curious knowledge in the philosophy of mechanics and a deep mathematician He gave lis a good dose of dry mathematics, and then put an Aristophanes before us, which he opened at a venture and bade us give the sense of it. A very worthy candidate of my year declined having anything to do with it, yet Mason gave his vote for that gentleman, and against one, who took his leavings. Doctor Samuel Hooper gave us a liberal and well-chosen examination in the nioi'e familiar classics.... ' The last, to whom in order of our visits we resorted to, was the master*; he called us to him one by one according to our standings, and of course it fell to me as junior candidate to wait till each had been examined in turn. When in obedience to his summons I attended upon him, he was sitting, not in the room where my grand- father [Bentley] had his library, but in a chamber u]) stairs, encom- passed with large folding screens, and over a great fire, though the weather was then uncommonly warm : he began by requiring of me an account of the whole course and progi-ess of my studies in the several branches of philosophy, so called in the general, and as I proceeded in my detail of what I had read, he sifted me with questions of such a sort as convinced me he was determined to take nothing upon trust ; when he had held me a considerable time under this examination, I expected he would have dismissed me, but on the contrary he })roceeded in the like general terms to demand of me an account of what I had been reading before I had applied myself to academical studies, and when I had acquitted myself of this question as briefly as I could, and I hope as modestly as became me in presence of a man so learned, he bade me give him a summary account of the several great emjnres of the ancient world, the })eriods when they flourished, their extent when at the summit of theix' power, the causes of their declension and dates of their extinction. When summoned to give answer to so wide a question, I can only say it was well for me I had worked so hard upon my scheme of General History This process being over, he gave me a sheet of paper written thi'ough in Greek with his own hand, which he ordered me to turn either into Latin or English, and I was shewn into a I'oom containing nothing but a table fui'uished with materials for writing, and one chair, and I was recpiired to use dispatch. The passage was maliciously enough select(,'d in point of construction and also of character, for he had scrawled it out in a puzzling kind of hand with abbreviations of his own devising : it related to the arrangement of an army for battle, and I believe might be taken 1 C. Mason, 13. A. 1722, D.D. 1710, latho, ami in be ll-iinKin^. Woodwaiiliaii I'rol'cssor 17;^i. ' A tnio - Kohcrt Suiilh, H.A. 1711, LL.D. modern Diii^'i'iio^! ' who oxcroisod liini- 172.'?, D.D. IT.V.), I'hnnian I'lofcsBor self at his Macksmith's forgo and 171G, Maater of Trinity 1712. 34G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. fiom Polybius, an fiufclior I liad tlicn never read. Wlicn I had given ill my ti-anslation in Latin, I was remanded to tlie empty chamber witli a Hubj(!ct for Jjatin prose and anotlier for Latin vc^rse, and a^'aiii re(ovros. ^IvrjaicfuXov. ^vyKXrjTov eKKXrjcxia?. ilpvTavcL'i. ^v/J-ixopLaL. Ot TpiaKoaiOL. 11. Describe the constitution of the Athenian democracy, as settled by Solon ; and state the proportion which those who enjoyed the benefits of it bore to the whole population of Attica. 12. Give an account of the origin, constitution, and political use of the Amphictyonic council. 13. Demosthenes says — Oure yap y]v rupeajSeia ■u:po<; ouScva aTre- crraXfjievr] tot€ twv 'EXXijvwv. Aeschines, speaking of the same time, says— ITpecr/Sctas, as rjre eKTreTroyac^ores Kar €K€lvov rov Kaipov ets r-qv 'EAAaSa. How is this to be accounted for? 14. What is the strongest reason for thinking that in the decree of the Byzantines, we ought to read Ev ra dXia, instead of Ei/rcaXtu ; and KTacTiv yas Kat otKtar, crpoeSptav ej/ tois aywcrj, -zuodooov zcotl rav (3(i}Xav Kai Tov Sa/xoF, ■uTparots /xera ra t€pa, instead of ktoctiv yds, Kai otKctav crpoeSptav cv rots aywcri -oTOTt rav 8oXor, croTt rav /JwXcov Kut tov Bafxov, ■arapa rots ^cpi ra icpa 1 15. Of what materials was the crown composed? APPENDIX VL ANNUAL COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS AT S. JOHN'S, CAMBRIDGE, 1765-75. D' William Samuel Powell, B.A. 1738, was elected master of S. Jolm's College Cambridge in 17C5. ' In the very first year of bis mastership he applied himself to the establishment of those college examinations which before his time were unknown in our university, and which form so excellent a test of proficiency in the various subjects of lectures. The examination lists still preserved in S. John's, which were all drawn wp with gi-eat care and consideration by D' Powell himself, as long as he presided over the college [till 1775], bear strong testimony to the acute discrimination, the strict impartiality and the resolute industry with which he condvicted and perfected this his favourite scheme.' By prizes and punishments he overcame the opposition which the young men at first presented. ' He allowed the students of no year to pass without examination in one of the Gospels, or the Acts of the Apostles; no talents or acquirements being permitted to compensate for the neglect of this.' The entry in the S. John's coll. conclusion-book is as follows. d"* July, 1765. 'Agreed that the examiners annually chosen shall by themselves or their sufficient deputies examine the under- gi'aduates, both fellow-commoners and others publickly in the hall twice a year, the time and subjects to be determined by the master.' In 1772, John Jebb of Peterhouse, being concerned to think that so many young men spent the early part of their course (and fellow- commoners the whole of it) idly or viciously in default of any intel- lectual interest, drew up a scheme to the following effect : — That there should be an annual examination to engage every student every year (no exemption being made in favour of Kingsmen, noblemen or fellow-commoners') to be conducted by six or seven ^ At Cambridge iu 1675 exercises For the iiuiversity, Ei. Watson were required of fellow-commoners in (Trin.) when he was moderator had some of the colleges, but not iu others. advocated the exaruiuatiou of uoblc- (Dyer Privil. Camb. i. 368. ) men and f ellow-commouers, and the APPENDIX Vr. POWELL AND JEBR. 3.")3 examiners (chosen according to the proctorial cycle) before the di- vision of the May term. It should comprise the law of nature and of nations, chronology, set periods of history, select classics, meta- physics, limited portions of mathematics and natiu'al philosophy, moral philosophy, and metaphysics. In their last examination before the tripos all should shew a knowledge of the four Gospels in Greek, and of Grotius de Veriiafe. Candidates for holy Orders to have special lectures after their first degi-ee in ai-ts. About one third of the men might have honours, and prize-books should be given stamped with the university ai*ms. The examination to occupy three days; from 9 a.m. to 12, and from 3 to 6 p.m. Any candidate when not actually under scrutiny of the examiners might be sum- moned to the library or to some part of the senate-house by any regent or non-regent for private examination. Jebb's scheme met with much opposition from Farmer and other Emmanuel men, Whisson the librarian and prof. Hallifex, but espe- cially from D' Powell and other Johnians, who were jealous for their own college examination', which did much to recommend their society to the public. Accordingly in 1774, Jebb modified it in certain technicalities, changing also the time from May to November, re- ducing the subjects to latin and gi-eek classics, elements of geometry and algebra, and (if I rightly comprehend it) proposing not to ex- amine the students of all years, but only to give one previous exami- nation before the degree, except for noblemen and fellow-commoners who should have a second one in Locke, natural philosophy, and modern history". D' Powell died in 1775, but Jebb by renoimciug his Orders in that year had not improved the prospects of his scheme. In 1773 he had seen a syndicate appointed without opposition, but in 1774 his propositions having passed the caput were thrown out by one institution of a general annual examl- clcsidoratnm at CainLridge. Tliis, nation, in 17(56 and earlier years. wliich was Dr W. S. Powell's paiuiccn, Autohiog. Anccd. i. 47. was made the argmuent. against Jebb's Thomas Jones (see p. 12.3), who had project for a yearly compulsory luii- been an undergraduate of S. John's but versity examination. See Mayor's took his degree (1779, senior wi-angler, Ilixt. of St John's, pp. lOGG — 10G8. being private tutor to the 2ud) from ' One Master in Cambridge ' (con- Trinity, where he became senior tutor, tinues the MS., referring to Dr Powell, having a larger ' side' than any of his Master of S.John's 170;5 — 1775,)'iutro- predecessors, was moderator in 1786, 7, ducod such Examinations in his own and introduced a grace by whicli fel- College some years ago, soon after his low-commoners were subjected to the Election to the Mastership there : the same academical exercises as other Master assigns the books and subject undergraduates. Memoir Inj Herbert for the Examination a suflicient time Marsh, Aikin's Athenaeum, 1808, xiii. beforehand, ajipoints proper Exanii- 261, of. ibid. 539. ners in the several branches.... Tlio 1 A writer in the P. S. to a Letter Master has allways [sic] made it a in the Gentleman's Magazine, April 11, llule to bo Present himself at these 1774 (copied in Bodl. Gough Cambr. College Examinations.' 67) speaks of 'Open Examinations in - J. Jebb's Works, i. {^Memoir) private Colleges at which all the 45—51, 59—82, 88—91, 110—118. ii. Scholars must and all the Fellows 255 — 390. in. 268—282. Cooper's may be present' as supplying the /l«na/s, iv. 367, 369, 371, 382. w. 23 S54 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. vote in the non-rcgcnt house. But all liis ofTorts, and hi.s clever wife's, were of no avail ; his own vote was declared forfeited by- statute in Fel). 177G, and be retired from Cambridge. In 1821 D' Wordsworth's scheme for an examination in Classics and Theology was rejected in the non-regent house, but in May 1822 he and others procured' the establishment of the Classical trijws, and Homer and Virgil for the 'Poll,' and two months earlier the Grace for the Previous Examination was passed ^ Account of Annual Examinations in fc>. John's at the time of Jebb's movement 1773—5. From a vis. 'paper in the, Bodleian^. 'Dec. 1773. 'The subjects for the Examination in June 1774 will bo For /Plain and Physical Astronomy the •] Butler's Analogy Sophs. (3'^ 10^'' and 13"^ Satyres of Juvenal. T . /Meclianics Junior 3|st^ol. of Locke bophs (Qipg^.o>g 2^" Philippic. {Algebra Logic Demosthenes Trepi (TT€<^avov. ' For all years the last 14 Chapters of St Matthew.' [Then commences on the same page an official report of the result of the examination, written in a fair clerkly hand ; but dated ' Jiine 1774 ' by the writer of the list of subjects.] ' Of the third year* Sheepshanks, Hall, Mr Burrell and Wright 2 Jes. ; Joh, and Jes, T. Robinson-, Joh. I t*A. Owen 3, Chr. ) *Matt. WUson, Trin. 'aegi-ot. in 1- classe |J ^"L'flTif ^VT S" ITT lii n /. ii rn ■ . ■ n.i» 1 li seuantiir a Alouera- Walthall Gretton, Trin. aegi'ot. in '2"'» classe \ ) toribus ' Hugh Owen, ) j^j^^ \ Ja Salt, ) * , (. Jes. ; Queens' and Magd. Johnson Towers, Qmens \ *J. Haggitt, Clare ) T. Ewbank, Ca^/j, ) Clare; Cath. ami Pet.; Sid. *Jos. Twigger, Cath. \ and Trin. T. Han-ison, Trin. aegrot. in 1"* classe. S. HejTick [Hill] I'rin. aegrot. in 3'" classe. Baptist J. Proby, I'rin. Barry Robertson, Joh. G. Wollaston, Clare Roger [Freston] Hownian, Pembr.) Ja. Losh, Trin. aegrot. in 2'''' classe. Ro. Bradstreet-*, Joh, Chr. Wilson, Sid. T. Whitaker. Emm. Ja. Reeve, Joh. J. Longe, Trin. T. Wallace, Corpus J. Vachell, Pembr. *Wilfrid Clark', Pet. J. As/ipinshaw^, Emm. Lane. Pepys Stephens, Pembr. J. Hughes, Qu. J. Milnes, Jes. *.]. Blunt, Joh. T. Carter, Trin. P. [W.] JoUiffe, Joh. C. Hayward, Cuius. J. Craifford, Joh. J. Bennetf, Clare *W. Pugh, Trin. aegrot. in 1""^ classe". J. Rideout, Jes. Nath. Stackhouse, Alex. J. Scott 7, Ro. Bransby Francis, Corjnis *T. Butler, Trin., aegrot. in 1"" classe, Magd. ; King's and Sid, ; Queem' and Sid, Pembr. ; Trin. and Emm. ; Trin, and Magd. Sid. ; Trin. Chr. and Joh.; and Joh. Emm.; Pembr. and Clare; Joh, and Trin. Hall. aegrot. in 2''" classe. Joh. Pet.; Caiu.'i and Corpus ; Trin, and Trin. Hall. Jes. ; King's and Qu. Trin. and Qn. 1 F. W. Blomherg was D.D. ^ T. Robinson, author of Sketches in Verse 1796, rehgious treatises, &c. 3 \A. Owen was fellow of Em- manuel, ■* I\0. Bradstreet, author of The Sabine Farm, a Poem, 1810. 5 J. Ashpinshaiv was LL.D. 6 'I heard him keep his Act, in which he displayed extraordinary learning, but no gi-eat knowledge of the subjects under discussion ; honco he considered that Hailstone had con- ferred on him a very approiiriiito honcHyr when, after conii'limentiiig him on the composition of liis The- sis he added, " Erudite disputasti." Pugh's name did not appear on the Tripos, probably on account of ill health; but he was elected Fellow..., and it was understood he had pass- ed a remarkably good examination. ^\^len he took his B.D. degree [? 1799] he read a very learned and eccentric Thesis, which was entirely wn-ittcn on the covers of letters.' Pevti)ti.tc. ii. ch. ii. by H. Gunning, who gives other anecdotes of Pugli. "■ .4. J. Scott was P.D. per reg. lilt. IHdfi. 362 UNIVERSITY STUDIKS. 1791. *W. Gray, Pet. ) llo. Ilimkiiison, Triii. > acgrot. in 1"'* classc. T. WiuRficld, Joh. ) T. Ciiuston, Jo]i. \ W. Heath Marsh 1, Cornu& I r ? t ■. ^., i r- rn T> • 1 r ' ^ •* y Jolt.: Trui. ana Jcs. i. liewicko, Jes. i *Jos. Gill, Joh. ) 1792. W. Townley, Trin. \ H. J. Wollaston^, Sid. ( Trin.; Pet. and Joh.; Ja. Drake, Joh. t Sid. and Joli. Warre Squire Bradley, Joh. i J. Taylor, Trin. aegrotat. 1793. *J. Hepworth, Caius, aegrot. in 1""* classe. "''■ £iSml Caius Coll, \- C. C. C. Clare Hall. X'. Coll. Queens'. Magd. Coll. Jesus Coll. Peter Honse. Pcm: Hall. Eman : Coll. M : MercdiUi Proc"". Jun'' The above was preserved in tlie I^niversity Registry l>y Mi Romillv, who savs in a note ' I have no iiha i>f the meaning of this." SG4 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. I thiuk his attention must liiive been tlistnictccl by some of tlie freqiu'ut interrn2)tions to wliicli his oflice is subject, or he would speedily have conjectured that ' R ' stands for respondents, ' O ' for opponents. I suppose it was a memorandum taken from the reports sujujlied by college-tutors (see above p. 34) for the guidance of the moderators in pitting opponents against respondents for the acts. All the names above the lower line in the left-hand column, twenty-six in number {cf. p. 48), after some shuffling in order, were dignified with a place on the fii'st trijjos, in com. prior. ; all these respondents and four of the opponents being distinguished as the wranglers of the year. ' Chaffin...Eman. Coll.' is W. Chafin whose act has been described (pp. 29, 30), and whose name appeared among the (/7'atuitous honorali of his year (1753) though not with the first trio of them, Rebow, Robinson and Amos. The names beginning with Moxon (inclusive of those in the I'ight-hand column) afterwards appeared in the poll. t4.t Those to which an inverted obelisk is prefixed are erased in the origimd ms. Their owners mounted up to be jimior optimes (in Gomitiis posterioribus), which IMr Romilly did not observe. The following, withovit appearing on this Junior Proctor's Paper, were added to the list of the 'poll.' Were they bye-tenn men? J, Longe Magd. J. CasLorne Emnan. J. Cradock ) ^ ,, J. Hallam } ,, , , E.Tyrwhitt \^'''''' .I.Foster ( ^^''''' R. Sherman Clare. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CALENDAR. Although a complete series of these Calendars is not very com- monly to be found, there are such collections in the University library and at Peterhouse and Pembroke. Dr Edleston of Gainford also possesses a set. The first issue (like a few of the subsequent ones) was the venture of a private member of the Univei'sity. This was in 1796. Edited by G. Mackenzie, B. A., Trin., pp. 190. It commences with two pages on the Origin of the University. 1797. By J. Beverley (esquii-e bedell), pp. 248. Mr Romilly asciibes this also to Mackenzie. 1798. No j)ublication. 1799. By B. C. Raworth, Trin. Hall, assisted by Ri. Sill and W. Webb of Clare, pp. 161 (purposelv abridged). 1800. By a member of Trinity Hall [B. C. Raworth], pp. 120. 1801. B. C. Raworth, pp, 168. Dedicated to Archd. Gretton, Master of IMau'dalenc, V. C. APPENDIX VII. THE CAMBRIDGE CALENDARS. 3Go 1802 (Feb. 15). B, C. Raworth, price 55., dedication to D. of Gloster, pp. i — Iviii, 1 — 205, index, list of college servants (Butlers, Cooks, Porters, Chapel Clerks, Barbers, Jips, or Bed- Makers, favouring the dei'ivatiou from yvij/^ Master of the Union Coffee House), List of London Coaches. This Calendar is by far the most entertaining, by reason of the circumstantial Introduction founded upon Jebb's account 1773^. Such authorities have furnished much information for this present compilation. In the 'Advertisement' prefixed to the Calendar for 1801 Raworth had made this queer refei'ence to Is. Milner. Complaining that he * should be obliged in some instances, to withhold ani/ expression of gratitude ' — he continues, ' A remark of this sort seemed necessary to account for the laconicism which chai'acterises the statement at * Queen's college in I>articular. To obviate any charge of inattention the Editor feels himself bound thus publicly to declare, that application (he believes) was made not as hitherto, to the co/mmmicative Vice-President [F. Knipe, B.D.], but to the highest authority, the President; from whom (considering his usual activity in University A fairs), informa- tion was confidently expected. A reservedness on this occasion, might possibly proceed from Indisposition.' '* A Librarian's place of 10£ per annum and several Scholarships... are con- sidered as amongst the number of Omissions. For the truth of these assertions the Editor has however no authority to state, and less inclination to make any comments. Such is the report ! ' The Calendar for 1802 in its Advertisement says: '...Through the polite permission of the Rev. and Right Worshipful the Vice- Chancellor, the several names in the Triposes have been again com- pared with the Subscription Book in his possession ; yet, notwith- standing this precaution, the capricious manner in which some living Characters have therein subscribed, with regard to the spelling of their names, renders in some few instances, accui'acy an impossi- bility... ' Fotir well-known Publications have been freely consulted... ' Our Sister University having done us the honor to adopt our Examinations as her model, and to publish a List (though incom- plete, the Bachelors being omitted) of her Graduates ; it is hoped she will soon exhibit as fair, candid and impartial a statement of her Colleges, E7noluments and Honors as is this year presented of the Univex'sity of Cambridge. ' Triaitij Hall, February 15^ 1802.' The book was published in stiff paper boards, bluish grey, bordered by a ninning pattern of arrow-heads, with a salmon-coloured back, in the form shewn on our next page, only with a height (G^' inches) which our procrustean sheet has warped. 1 Some of the earliest Calendars ^ Works ii. 285—299. It appeared contain a note on the words tripos and also in Cnmt. Mmi. i>\}Q above, pj). 33, harrisoph. 45. a -^ o tn K H H o P3 w Sg a c Is g IH 0) i> ^ t> ^ H 1^ Oj y, r5 3 •S^ « ;3 *5 ^ ^ S J3 O -a c» O 55 .i w ^ f-H ■T-! ^ a 03 ;2 t/2 !;^ CO O o tc o a ■r; M o Ph '% n ■i-, m o o n .Cl A ^ o oi r-. OQ «4H o ^ n •^ a" a o o ^q "^ o r-t o a o U( .3 !^ ^ o CiH .« ^^ P^ a P^ O -rr O cc Ol CD a Po o cc ft ^ §i o s ^ a a e3 00 .S O S •^ 1 h m H 1 eJs e CS o to a o a: c3 a i-t a K 6 a CO s o H H "3 O S a: a c3 o a o o a o o o o 03 to e- has kindly furnished the following qucnt of the Major Preuiis. W. ^-^ 370 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. I'roho ((liter : — Si positu quod corpus Jescribit seuiicix'culuin ad centrum viriu)ii ■xi/ -■ ■ . / , cadit quaestio. 2 ' Si igitur fluxio temporis t = — — ^ , vakt conseqiientia. 2fJ(i — X Si distincta hac fluxione in duas partes fiat X J a' — x^ a* X valet co7isequentia. Si diviscl etiam area VCI tempus repraesentantc in duas partes, quorum altera est sector circularis, altera trianguluni, fluxio sectoris sit aequalis parti ultimae hujus expositae fluxion is, fluxio autem triajiguli non sit aequalis parti primae, valent consequentia et argu- ment um. Proho aliter : — Si aequatio ad Apsides sit hiijusce formulae o;"''^ - ax' + 6 = 0, cadit quaestio. Si posito ?i + 3 numero imparl negativo, et P maxinui distantia plusquam infinita, fiat liaec aequatio liujusce formulae x" - ca;™"^ + d = 0, valet consequentia. Si liaec aequatio duas liabeat possibiles radices affirmativas, valent consequentia et argumentam\ [Probo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem]. Si crescente x uniformiter crescat x^ accelerato motu, cadit qnaestio. Si totum incrementum x^ aequetxir iucremento genito velucitiite 1 The Caius collection contains an- tcrtio Propositionis quadragesimae pri- uther paper of four argiiments against inae in spirali ElHpticn, angiihun de- Newkm i. 8., viz, the 1st and 2iid of scriptum a Corpore in Trajectoria pro- the above repeated and two others as ijortionalem esse sen in data Ratione follows: — ad Sectorem FAUpticiim sen ad aixju- ' Si Equatio Apsidmn cum corpus lum corresjioudentem CirciUi, posito projiciatur cum Vclocitate per plus- qu5d Secans hujusce posterioris aHr/i/Zj quam Injinitam Distantiam cadendo distautiae semper sit aequalis, cadit acquisitum (!) sit hujusce formulae quaestio. a;n+3 + ax^-b = 0, cadit quaestio Si posita hac Eatione 2 : 1 distantia ra.«-H3 ■ ,,n+ia.a _ „n+i , ^n+ i o2-01 corporis a centro fiat mfinita quando IX +p X p +a ,3 -uj. j^ Trajectoria perfecerit duos rectos, Si pos ito n= - 3 haec Equatio fiat ralet cousequentia. m2 .Si ad huuc aiKiulum distantia fiat a:^ - 1 ^- ;^ • 2 =0. vcdct consequentia. Cm-vae aspuptotos, igiturque Velocitas „. , T-i x- -i A finita ad infiuitam Distantiam sit ad Si ex hac Equations semper Bit A].- j^,,,^,^.;,„,,,„ g^jtam ad finitam Distan- sis, valent consequentia et anjumentum . ^.,^^^^ .^^ j^^^j^^^^ -^g^^i^, ^^„^.^ ^,^,^^^^ Proho Aliter: eonsequoitia et arinmicntum.' Si sumat Ncwtonus in Corolla riu APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1782. 871 prima unifbrmi + mcremeutum ' genitum acceleratione sola, valet coa- sequenlia. Si liaec incrementa sint fluxiones, prima et secunda, ideoque per methodum fluxipuum totum incremeutum x- = 2.xx + ^jf vaUnt con- sequentia et argumentum. Proho aliter : — Si fluxio areae hyperbolicae inter 1 et 1 + a; contentae, vol fiuxio logarithmi 1 + x, sit aequalis ■ '" , cculit quaestio. Si Mc in serie infinita extenso et siimptu fluenti, fiat fluens x^ x^ .'K — ^ + — — et cetera, valet consequentia. Si eodem modo iuventa fluens :; fiat -x + 't - — + .... valH l-x 2 3 ' co)isequentia. Si igitur siimpto x ex utraqne parte 1, areae hyperbolicae inter ordinatas ad tria ista piincta ductas contentae, sint aequales : vel quod idem est Ratio 1 - x : 1 sit aequalis Rationi 1:1+ a', vaknt consequentia et argumentum. [Probo] Contra Tertlam [Quaestionem]. Si in pictura lineae inter se parallelae repraesententur lineis ad punctuiu quodvis convergentibus, cadit quaestio. Si uota sit talium linearum proprieta, quods iitpote ex diversa parte eas spectes, nunc pror.sum nunc retrorsiini videntur convergere, valet consequentia. Si igitur hae lineae, mutato loco dissimiles figuras ad ociilos, similem vero semper figuram ad tactum repraesentent, valent con- sequentia et argumentum. WoUaston, Sid. Coll. Opponat primus. Wilson, Trin. Coll. Respondeat. Oct^ 30, 1782. Gambier, Sid. Coll. 0pp. 2. 7. 3£ilner, Mod'. JIasseg, Coll. D. Job. 0pp. 3.' The above are the arguments which F. J. H. WoUaston, who came out senior wrangler in 1783 (and was Jacksonian professor 1792-1813) brought against Matthew Wilson of Trinity (aegrotat in the first class) when he kept his act under Milner of Queens' the senior moderator. It will be observed that as first o|)ponent he brought only five ' arguments ' against the ^first ' question ' ; but two against the second, and one against the third to make up the usual eight. (See above pp. 37, 38). Our next selection introduces Joseph Watson (al.so of Sidnov) who was destined to be third wrangler in 1785 and fellow of hi.s college, posing Sewcll of Christ's who seems to have taken no degree. He was to be followed on the same side Ijy Lax of Trinity (the senior wrangler, subsequently moderator) who when keeping one of his own 1 The symbol + scorns already to the genders and terminations in the have become prepositional. However MS. are hardly cla-sicul. 21—2 372 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. acts on another occasion, at an interval of a few weeks perliaps, met in Watson Iiis own 0]i})onent. ' Quaestiones Sunt. (1) Solis Pavallaxis ope Veneris intra Solcm conspiciendae a Metliotlo Halleii recte determinari potest, (!') Rccte statnit Newtonus in tertia sua Sectlone libri priiui. {?)) Diversis sensibus non ingrediuntur Ideae communes. [Probo] Contra primam [Quaestionem]. Si asserat Halleius Venerem cum Soli sit proxima Londini visam, a centro Solis quatuor niinutis primis distare, caiUt fpinesfio. Si in Scliemate posuit semitam Veneris ad os Gangeticum quatuor etiam minutis primis distare, valet co^isequentia. Si spectatoribus positis in diversis paralldis Latitudinis non eadcm appareat distantia atque non licet eandem visil)ilem sumei'e di.stantiam in liisce duobus locis, valent consequentia et argumeatuiu. Aliter : Si in Figiira Halleiana centrum Solis correspondeat cum loco Spectatoris in Tellure, cadit quaestio. Si locus centri Solis a vero centro amoti ob motum Spectatoris fit curva linea, valet conseqiientia. Si composito motu Veneris uniformi in recta linea cum motu Solari in curva linea fit Semita Veneris in disco Solis curva linen, valet conseq^ientia. Si Longitudo hujusce lineae non rect^ determinari potest, valent consequentia et arguvientum. Aliter : Si Spectatori ad os Gangeticum posito ob terrae motum motui Veneris contrarium coutrahatur transitus tenipus integrum, cadit quaestio. Si assumat Halleius cont)"actionem banc duodecira minutis primis temporis oequalem, et deiude liuic Hypotliesi insistendo eidem tempori aequalem probat, valent consequentia et arguvientum. Aliter : Si posuit Halleius eandem visibilem semitam Veneris per Discum Solarem ad os Gangeticum et portum Nelsoni, et banc semitam dividat in aequalia boraria S])atia, cadit quaestio. Si motus horai'ius Veneris acceleratur vel retardatur per motum totum Spectatoris in medio transitu, qui) magis autem distat, minus acceleratur vel retardatur, valet consequentia. Si igitur ob motum Veneris acceleratum ad os Gangeticum et i"etardatum ad portum Nelsoni hi motus non debent representari per idem spatium, valent conseqiientia et arguvientum. Aliter : Si seciindum constructionem Halleianam spectatori ad portum Nelsoni, posito tem))ore extensionis ninjore, major etiam tit ti'ansitus duratio, cadit qaaestiv. APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1784 &C. 373 Si secundum eaudem constructionem posito quod Spectatori iid oa Giiugeticura tenij)us contnictiuuis niajus .sit duodecim luiuutis priiuis, evadat tein])us duratioiiis iiiajus etiam, valet consequent in. !Si hae duae conclusionea inter se puguent, valeat couseqiieutia ct aryunientum. [Pi'obo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem]. Si vis in Parabola ad Infiaitam Distantiam sit infinitesimal is secundi ordinis, cadit qiKtestio. Si Vis sit F'" [or K"; ? variabilis, or vertical's] igitnnpic nd infiuitam distantiam sit intiuitesinialis (juarti Ordinis, valent con- seq/tentia et aryuiaentam. Aliter : Si Velocitates ad Exti'emitates axium minorum diversarum Elli' - siura quarum Latei'a recta aequantur sint inter se inverse ut Axes minores, cadit quaestio. Si Locus Extremitatum omnium Axium minorum sit Paral)ula, valet consequentia. Si Velocitas corporis rovolventis in ista Parabola sit ad Velocitateni ad mediam distantiam correspondentis Ellipseos ut ^2 : 1, valet consequentia. Si Velocitas in Parabola sit inverse ut Ordinata, valent cojisequudia et arc/ten lentum. [Probo] Contra Tertiam [Quaestionem] : Aut Cadit tua Quaestio aut non possibile est hominem ab ineunte aetate caecum et jam adidtum visum recipientem A'isu dignoscere posse id quod tangendo priiis solummodo dignosccbat. Sed poss. &c. Si eadem Ratio quae prius eum docebat dignoscere tangendo inter Cubum et Globum eum etiam docebit intuendo recte dignoscere, valent minor et argimientum. Feb. 20. 1784 Sewell A''» Eespond. Watson V Opp^ Lax Trin. 2^ Opj). Kiley S*: John's 3'.' 0pp.' "We will add in conclusion a specimen from the days when the ' moi-al ' (piestion (cp. p]). 37, 40) was the most insisted on. After o?ie argument against Maclaui'in cap. ill. sectt. 1 — 8, 11 — 22 ; on ])ulleys, there follow those against the second question ' Kecte statuit Paleius de Criminibus et Poenis ' — there is no third question on the paper unless the sections from Maclaurin counted as two. ^ Probo aliter^ contra secundam. Si, qui Facinus in ne admittit, Poenas isti Facinori adjudicatas pendere debet', cadit qiiaestio. ^ aUter: I suppose that the owner of ^ dhrt. as a matter of abstract justice this paper was not \Aic first oppoueut. visitin;,' inherent guilt. Valetfn view 374 UNIVEllSITY STUDIES. Si, Criminis parti cps aequl' culptibiliss est ac qui Ci-inien pcr- petrat, valcA co7iseqa('7itta. Si, vero secundum Palcium, qui primus Aedes alifuas Furti Causa intrat majores hoc ipso Facto meruit Poenas, valent conae- quentia et argumentum. Proho ((liter: Si, cominuni Bono potius quam Commodis privatis consulcndum sit, cadlt quaestio. Si, vita alteiius' est omnibus (al. Civitati) commune Bonum, valet consequentia. Si, exiiide sequitur quod non debent malefacientes mortem unquam subire, valent coaseqiieidia et aryiuiientuni. Proho aliter : Si qui in Insidiis incidiint non debent aeque multari ac si quid Mali ulti'O fecissent, cadit quaestio. Si, quo m:tjore facilitate malefaciunt, eo gravioribus Suppliciis plectuntur Homines, ^xdet consequentia. Si, secundum Paleium, qui ea quae Furti sunt obnoxia surripiunt, Moi-ti Jure daranantur, qui vero saepe ptjorag faciuut levius puni- untur, valent consequentia et argumerduni. gPerjurum nimirum numella.^ includunt quod Ignominium so- lum afFert. Mortis vero supplicium non solum infert Igno- minium (sic) sed efciam Vitae Privatiouem.' II. NAMES OF THE DISPUTANTS. * The asterisks denote fellows of colleges. Respondent Opponents , l'^^!- , 0. Bucklaud, Ski. ! (''^'""\ (Nov. 27) \ noinina) i-rnrt T^ TT • /-> ( *Mout. F. Ainsley, Trin., 3'''' wran :ler. 17S0. E. Moises, On. Um /-, xj. t i A,h i + * ,„ o,i\ 14. 1 ' T. Cattou, Joh., 4"' wrauffk-r, tutor. (Nov. 2'J) last wrangler. I*k -itr t \, l nth I ^ ' ^ (*A. VYOod, Magd., 6'" sen. opt. !*F. J. H. WoUa-ton, Sid., senior wrangler, Jacksouiau Prof. J. E. Gauibier, Sid. Roger Masaey, Joh. , last wrangler. - „ , ( *Jo. Watson, Sid., 3""'* wrangler. /T- 1 ..m W. Sewell, Chr. \*\N. Lax, Trin., senior •, LowuJ. Trof. (^^■^- -^) I *m. Kiley, Joh., b^^ was that punislimcnts are merely con- Greek quotations spelt in western ventioual securities for social or poli- characters, for the convenience of any tical convenience, who should asjnre to the B.D. degree 1 There are, or there were until with ' small latiu and less gi-eek.' lately, preserved in a college at Oxford ^ Xnmella, the pillory, was the sta- certain traditional theses for common tuteable punishment for perjury, a use in the Divinity Schools, through- more serious offence (it is urged) than out which compositions the qitantilics some which were in those days visited of all ivords were viarkcd and the with capital punishment. APPENDIX VIII. NAMES OF DISPUTANTS. 375 *W. Lax, Tr!n. ( ? ? ) Bcuior wrangler, &c, 1791. *T. AUsopp, Emm. (Nov. 15) ll'"* wraugler. ,, Ja. Stanley, Pet. (Nov. 18) ' woodeu-spoou*. „ F. C. Wilson, Trin. (Nov. 28) 3'"'' wrangler. |*.Jo. Watson, Sid., 3"^ wrangler. j*Eilm. Stanger, Joh., 6"' . ( * J. Bourdieu, Clare, T^ . (?Jos. Hargi-ave, Magd. \ W. Meyrick, Joh. i E. Cutbbert, Jes., 10"' senior opt. R. G. BUck, Pet. J. Pepper, Jcx. .Jonath. Alderson, Pemb. *E. Maltbv, Pe/nbr., 8"' wrangler, Bp. Durham. 'T. Jack,Vo/(., 4"^ *G. F. Tavel, Trin. (Dec. 1) 2'"' wraugler, tutor. „ Ja. Legrew, Joh. (Dec. 13) last wraugler. W. Turner, Chr. (Dec. 1-1) 12"' senior opt. (Dec'.' 15) ■ ^- ^^^"' J""-' ^^*'•• 1792. *Godf. Sykes, Sid. (Feb. 6.) lO"" wrangler. ,, *W. Manning, Cains, (Mar. 8) 9."' wrangler. This was ajipareutly a provisional memorandum, from which the moderator selected Deacon, Heming, and Belcher as opponents. ,, T. Fancourt, Qn. (Mar. 19) S"* senior optim, „ 'J. JMaul, Chr. (Mar. 20) 16"' wraugler, tutor. T. Fox, Cath. (Mar. 21) last wrangler. ( *C. Heberden, Joh. . 13"' wrangler, ' Beuior medallist. *T. AUsopp, Emm., 11"> . T. Chcvallier, Pemb., 14''' senior opt. *Jo. Allen, Trin., T^ wrangler, Bp. Ely. *E. Maltby, Pembr., 8"' , Bp. Durham. (*J. Cubitt, Caius, 8"" senior opt. ^ T. Woodcock, Sid. (& Cath.), 15"" wrangler. (*T. Comings, Trin., 5"* wrangler, ( J. H. S. Cary, Chr. , 14"* wrangler. <. Adams, ( Is. Nicholson, Qu., 6"' senior opt. !J. Dickson ( = Dixon), Qu, C. Mules, Cath. Ja. Allison, Joh. iPaul Belcher, Joh., 12"* senior opt. J. Peers, Magd., 5"' wrangler. J, Hepworth, Caius, aegi'utat in class 1. ?. Deacon, ?. *T. Dickes, Jes., 11"» wrangler. *S. B. Hemming, Joh. & Cai. *C. Isherwood, Magd., 5"' wrangler H. Scott, Pemb., y^ senior opt. Paul Belcher, Joh. , 12"' sen. ojjt. B'"''! '*H. Atkinson, Caius, 6"" senior opt. *J. G. Perigall, Pet., 4"' junior opt. Mountain, Corpus. (? = S. J. M. Caius.) (*T. Dickes, Jes., 11"* wrangler. *H. Hasted, Chr., G"' . ! W. W. Cmrcy, Qu. [ Paul Belcher, Joh., 12"' senior opt. *C. Isherwood, Magd., 15"' wrangler. *G. Grigby, Ca/iw, 2"'^ senior opt. T. T. Fenwicke, .Joh., 4"' wrangler. ' J. Maule, Chr., 16"' , tutor. C. H. Wollastou, Sid., 14"' . The following is a list of the theses m* questions mooted, in the Caius collection, so far as they can be easily ascertaineil. It will give a fair specimen of the siihjects argued in the Camhridge art.s or philosophy 'schools' in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. From Xeioton^s Principia, Book i, Section.? i ; ii and iii (1791) ; iii alone (1784, 1792); vii 1791 etc.; viii 1782, 1791 itc. ; xii Prop-. 1_5 1 780 ; Prop'. .39, 40 ; 6G and six foil, coroll"; OG and seven- teen coroll." 1780. Bonk ii. Prop. 34 (n. d). 370 UXIVEIISITY STUDIES. From Cotes Prop. 1 &c. ; Centripetal force; five trajectories 1701. Parabola of projection 1791. Jlalkyn determination of the Solar Pai-allax 1784. Correction of tlie aV)erration of ray.s by Conic Sections. Tlio method of Fluxions. Smith de focalibus distantibus. Maclanrin Q?i\). lii. Sectt. 1 — 8, 11 — 22. Morgan on Mechanical forces ; on the Inclined Plane. Hamilton on Vaponr. Berkeley on Sight and Touch 1782, Montesquieu Laws i. 1. 1791. From Locke Faith and Reason 1771 ; Can matter think ] 1780; Signification of Words vol. ii. chh. 1, 2. WoUaston sec. 2. On Happiness. From Foley On Penalties; On Happiness 1791; On Promises 1792. Fi-ee Press 1771. Imprisonment for Debt. Duelling. Slave Trade. Common Ideas do not enter by different Senses, 1784. Composite Ideas have no absolute existence. Immortality of the Soul may be inferred by the light of nature (two years). But no more than that of other animals (once). The Soul is Immatei'ial. Omnia nostra de causa facimus. APPENDIX IX. BRIEF ANNALS OF THE CAMBEIDGE UNIVEESITY PRESS. A CHEONOLOGICAL LIST OF CLASSICAL AND OTHER WORKS PKODUCED CHIEFLY AT THE UNR^ESITIES OE BY MEN OF UNI\T2RSITY EDUCATION IN THE 18th CENTURY. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Before coming to our chronological list (such as it is) of classical and other books printed at the Universities and elsewhere, I will j)ut together a few notes relating to the Uxiversity Press which have occurred in the course of my investigations, as any adequate account of this institution is still a desideratum, and materials for such a sketch are scattered, if not scanty. Edmund Carter in his Hist, of Camb. p. 467 (1753), having thrown out a hint that Caxton (whom he calls a native of Cani])ridg<;- shire) might have erected a i)ress here, states that ' tlie tirst Book we find an Account of, that was Prijitetl here, is a Piece of L'/ieton'c, by one G'nU. de ISaona, a Minorite; Printed at Cambridge 147)^ ; given by Archbp. Parker to Bemiet College Library. It is in Folio, the Pages not Numbered, and without Ketch \Yord, or Signatures.' This statement has been shewn to be fiUacious. Not only was Caxton on his own testimony a man of Kent, but this Klietoiica Nova though * Com]ulatum ... in alma Universitate Cantabrigie, Anno Domini 1478",' was ' Impressum ... apud Villam Sancti Albani, Anno Domini 14H0 '.' While therefore we acknowledge that a printed book was pro- duced at Mentz in 1457, at Westminster in 1477, at Paris in 1470, 1 In 1480 (G. Nov.) it was forbidlon In 1510 Wynkj-n deWordo printed in by statute for the kcfper of i\w. Cnnili. London liohnti Allijiiiilon 0.\«nicnsi.>, I^niv. Chest to accejit books printrd i>r Soi)liixmiitii rum conxniuritliis: in Ubuni vritten on paper as a cautiti)i or pledj.;"'. sdiolae Cautabriyieuhis, (('ooper's AiuKth, i. 221.) 378 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. and at Oxford in 1478', Caiubridgo must fall back upon Carter's next ])aragra|)h. ' There was one John Sihert, a Printer at Lyons, in the year 1498 ; who Probably was the John Sibcrcli that Settled here, and stiled himself the First iu England'^ that printed both (Jreek and Lntin.'' It does not ap])ear that he printed any Vjook here entirely in Greek character, lie was a friend of Erasmus, who mentions him and his brother Nicholas in a letter written to Aldrich (afterwards Bp. of Carlisle) from Bale 25 Dec. 1525. Croke who lectured in greek is said to have brought him over. Siberch printed at Cam- bridge in 1521 (with the royal arms) Oilen dc TcmperamrntiK, translated by Linaere, A'op. Baldicin de Sacramento altaris. (Triu. Coll. Lib. G. 8. 15.) Oratin ad Card. Wolscium per H. Bullock^, cum annotntionihns mnrfjinnlibus. Cautabrigiae, per Joanuem Siberch. (4to. S. .John's Coll. Lib. S. 3. (1).) Erasmus de conscribendis epistolis. Cantabr. Meuse Octobri. Watt recoi'ds three other books under Sibert's name in this same year, and one (Papyrii Gemini Eleatis Hermathena) in the next. Mr Cooper {Annals i. 304) says that he pi'inted two books in 1522. No books of Siberch appear after 1522. Seven or eight year.s later the proctors' accounts mention proceedings against one Sygar Nicholson of Gonville hall, stationer of Cambridge, for harbouring lutheran books ; and faggots for burning them cost the university a groat *. About the same time, in the year 1529, the univei'sity j^etitioned Wolsey in the interest of sound doctrine, to procure the royal licence for thi'ee booksellers, men of reputation, gravity, and foreigners (under the pi-ovision 29 Ric. III. c. 9), who might value books properly and import foreign publications. In 1530 (4 May) the king summoned to London twelve commissioners from each university to consider the propriety of licensing certain theological works ^ In 1534 (20 July) the King by letters patent licensed the uni- vei'sity to elect from time to time three stationers and printers who were to reside and to print and sell books licensed by the Chancellor and his vicegerent or three doctors. Accordingly Nicholas Speryng, Garrot Godfrey and Segar Nycholson were appointed*'. Nevertheless we find no record of any book priirted after the days of Siberch 1522 till the year 1584^. At Oxford there was a still longer cessation (1519 to 1585). And at Cambridge it is said that the Stationers' Company on some complaint of privilege seized the university printing-press. ^ Bowyer aud Dyer pleaded for the ^ AnnaU, i. 342 — 3. correctness of the date mcccclxviii. ou '"> Ibid. i. 368 — 9. Fuller {Hist. Jerome's Exposicio in Simbohim, but Cavib. % 4) on the authority of Coke S. W. Singer's tract has confirmed the asserts that ' This University of Cam- opiuiou of Couyers Middletou. bridge hath power to print within the - ' Jo. Siberch primus utriusque lin- same " omues" and " omuimodos h- guae in Anglia impressor.' hros" ; which the University of Oxford 3 The Bovillus of Erasmus, fellow of hath not.' Queens' about 1506. 7 pycr, Suppl. Hist. Camb.=Privil. •* Cooper's Annals, i. 329. Alhenae ii. fascic. iii. j;. 17. I. 51. APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1521—88. 370 When Ro. Wakefield migi'atecl from Cambridge to Oxford and delivered liebrew lectures, his oration de utUitate linynae arahlote et hebraicae was printed, in 1524, not at either university but in London by Wynkyn de Vforde, and even there a third was omitted for lack of hebrew type : what he had was cut on wood. In 1577 (18 July) lord Burleigh wrote' to discourage our authorities who were ])roposing to employ Kingston (a Loudon printer) under academical privileges to print psalters, prayerbooks, and other english books in spite of the royal patents of W. Seres, E,i. Jugge, J. Day, &c. He thought, however, that they might employ a man on schools' notices, &c. 3 May 1582 Thomas Thomas (Thomasius, called ' that Puritan Cambridge printer ' by Penry, Martin Marprelate Ep. i.) was licensed sole printer at Cambridge. He was fellow of King's. While he was engaged on a book of Whitaker's and had other works announced, the press, «fec. was seized by the Stationers' Company of London ^ After some overtures for conference aud arbitration in the summer of 1583, lord Burleigh inspected the charter and gave his protection to the univensity printer in March (i 1583-4:). About the same period the nnivei-sity authoi-ities made regulations respecting booksellers, bookbinders and stationers at Cambridge. The following books printed at Cambridge by Thomas are in Trinity College library. Yves Eouspeau and John De I'Espine. Two Treatises of the Lord his holio Supper. Translated from the French, small 8vo. 1584. [H. 2. 26.] An Exposition upon certain chapters of Nehemiah. ByBp. Ja. Pilkingtou. 4to. 1585. [5. 16 a. 7.] Harmony of the Confessions of Faith of Christian and Reformed Churches. Svo. 1580. [D. 1 a. 14.] There is a full notice of Thomas in Cooper's Athenae Cantab, ii. 29, 543. As Wolsey had anticipated that the introduction of printing would strike a blow at the |)eace of the church, so the foai"s which {ynutatis mutawJls) A\>\). Whitgift entertained were veritied in the printing of a book in the ])resbyterian interest by Walter Travers. It was seized while in progress at Legatt's jiress in 1584^ 11 Feb. 1585 — 6, the senate followed the example of Oxford in prohibiting the purchase of such books iis were printed in London, kc, when an edition had already been brought out, or should be in contemplation at the univer.sity presses*. In 158G Abp. Whitgift wrote to j)ro- hibit the publication at Cambridge of the llarnioay of Confessions which had been stopped in London. Mr Cooper suggests* that he afterwards revised and passed it. At all events there is the copy ali-t>ady mentioned in Trinity Library. On May-day 1588 the V. C. and heads wrote to lord Burleigh to comjilain that the London Stationers had pirated the latin dictionaiy of which Thoinius the 1 Cooper's J ;M;n?s, II. 357. (p. 424) the Star-chamber had most - Vnd. II. ;]03, iv/. ■* /'./(/. II. 400. narrowly r<'strictfd the nuiiilicr of •* Und. II. -115. presses and ap]ironticcs at cacli I 'iiivor- •'• Ihxd. 11. -425. Six weeks earlier sity to ' one at one tyme at tlie mot.' 380 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. r'iimbridgc prinfei' liiinself was compiler, and other books, whereby he was 'almost utterly disabled'.' Thomas died soon afterwards, having injured his health l)y the assiduity with which he compiled his dictionary^. He was buried in Great S. Mary's Church, 9th Aug. 1588. He was succeeded at the university press by John Legatt or Legate, a London Stationer, who married Agatha, daughter of Chr. Barker, the royal printei". Copies of Legatt's small Terence were seized in London by the Stationers' Company, who threatened again to reprint Thomas' dictionary in 1589 — 90. The university invoked the aid of lord Burleigh and of J. Aylmer, Bp. of London^ In 1591 Legate in his turn was accused by the Stationers of having violated Barker's pri- vilege to print the Bible and N. T., and Day's by publishing the Psalms in metre ^. Sir Eo. Cecil vindicated the university and her printer. At the close of the year (6 Dec. 1591), the Stationers passed a self-denying ordinance, granting to Cambridge the privilege of choosing foreign books from the Frankfort mart for reprinting'. In 1596 (22 Nov ) the Ecclesiastical Commissioners charged the university printer with having infringed the right of the Queen's patentees by printing the Grammar and Accidence, but after diligent search no copies could be reported ''. Among books printed at Cambridge before the close of the six- teenth century by the elder John Legatt (who was the first to u.^e the device of the Alma Mater Cantabrigia and Hinc Lucem et Pocula Sacra round it) were the following. (Watt supplies a list four times as long; Bibl. Brit. ii. 595 3/ — 590^.) Terentii Comoecliae (nonpareil roman). 24to. 1589. Ciceronis de Oratore (copies described as 18mo. Trin. Coll. 24to, Queens' Coll. , 32° Cracherode ap. Dibdin.) 1589. W. Perkins' Golden Chaiue, transl. R. Hill. 12mo. 1592. G. Sohn's A Briefe and Learned Treatise of the Antichrist. Transl. from the Lat. by N. G. 12nio. 1592. Dr Cowell's Antisanderus. II. dialo^os contmens Venetiis habitos. 4to. 1593. The Death of Usury; or the Disgrace of Usiu'ers. 4to. 1594. W. Whitaker's Pro Auctoritate S. Scripturae adv. T. Stapleton. 1594. W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. 1595. I. R. De Hypocritis vitandis. 4to. 1595. R. Abraham! praecepta in monte Sinai data Judaeis negativa et affirmativa ; Lat. Phil. Ferdinand. 4to. 1597. W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. New edition. 8vo. 1597. A Reformed Catholike, Bvo. 1598. De Praedestinationis Modo et Ordiue, ttc. 18mo. 1598, Job and Ecclesiastes paraplirased, &c. Theod. Beza. 12mo. 1600. Althoiigh John Legate did not die until 162G Cantrell Legge (called Legate by Dyer) succeeded him in 1607 or 1608. John ' Ihid. II. 456, 7. English Latin dictionary. - Thomas' dictionary went through ^ Cooper's Annah, n. 477, 478. livo impressions in eight years (1580 — * Ihid. 11. 491, 492. SS). To the 10"' was added, beside » Ihid. 11. 510. 511. Jjegato's iniprovomont, a supplomciit •> Ihid. 11. 559. by I'hilemon Holland with a nrw APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1588— 1G37. 381 Legatt the younger liaving obtained a licence to print Thomas' dictionary went and settled in Lond(jn. Iq 1620 — 21 (29 Jan.) the university by G. Herbert confided their apprehensions from the Stationers, who were grasj)ing at a monopoly for foreign books, to Abji. Abbott and Ld. Ch"'. Verulam '. In 1G21 and the following year the university obtained redress by the king's grant for selling tlieir cheap and correct edition of Lilly's grammar, but J. Bill, Bonliam Norton, W. Barrett, Clement Knight and other London printers combined to refuse the book '^ ; whereupon the university ordered all graduates to use no other edition than their own, and university aixthors to offer their copy in the first instance to the university press : cojiy-riglit, &c., to be enjoyed by the printer only while he remained in office and not to descend to his family. A royal proclamation, 1 Ai)ril 1625, in answer to the represen- tation of the universities, forbad the importation of cheap and inferior reprints of latin books. This was repeated 1 May, 1636"'. About 1627 Thomas Buck of Catharine-hall and Roger Daniel entered into partnei-ship as university printers. In 1628 — 9 they (with John Buck) were accused by the Stationers of having broken a decree of the Star Chamber, but the lord Chief Justices, after consultation with six other judges, advised the Privy Council (18 March) that no patent for sole printing restrained the privileges of the university press under the licence of the Chancellor or V. C. and doctors\ However in 1629 (16 April) the Privy Council limited the privilege of the university to a yearly impression of 3,000 Lilli/s Grammars ; and Common Prayers with sinc/ing-psalms in 4to. and medium folio, without restraint of number, only on condition that tlie IJibie was bound with them *. In 1632 Buck used beautiful hebrew type for the quotations in Mede's Clavis Apocalyptica. In the same year he printijd an 8vo. Greek Testament*^. In 1635 Dr Beale, V. C, Avas blamed for licensing Five Discourses by Ro. Shelford of Peterhouse, ou account of their anti-puritanical tendency^. In 1637 the Star Chamber defined the jurisdiction of university licences", and exempted from their cognizance ' Bookes of the 1 Ibid. in. 138, 139, that were not required in Cainbriilge " Ibid. HI. 142—4. i'.self. (Gutch, Collectanea, i. 2^1, 3 /bid. in. 175, 176; 275. quoted in Cooper's Aniialx, in. 2t!().^ 4 See the cliarter of 6 Feb. 1627— 8, About 103(3-7 the Stationers bired ibid. in. 199. these monopolies for a term of three •'■' Ibid. III. 213. years. — Cooper's Annals, in. 285. " In 1()34 when ' tlie practice field in ^ Cooper's Annah, iii. 208. Cambridge for printinfj almanacks, &c.' ^ Ayliffe in his Antient and Present was drawn up for the information of State of Oxford, Part 3, Vol. it. p. 242, Oxford, the following particulars were informs us that the I'niversity of Cam- added — All olh«!r .school hooks so many briilgo was more prudent and (ibservant as they can print with one press: and tlian his own in having Ibe di'fect in almanacks (such copies as are brought the charter of 14 Hen. YIII. rectilied so tliem) without restraint of number. as to secure gi'eat privileges for tlio There was then liowever a three years' Press. King Charles I. in 1035, at covenant to print only 500 reams the suggestion of Abp. Laud, enlarged vearlv. the Londoners to purchase nil the privileges of the Oxford printers. 382 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Common Law, or matters of 8t:ite '.' Iloger Daniel was summoned before tlie Commons and reprimanded in 1G42 (Aug. and Hejjt.) fin- printing 'the Book set forth in the Defence of the Commission of Array ".' A few months Liter he was arrested for printing Resolves in Cases of Conscience by Dr H. Fern, afterwards Bp. of Chester. The blame was shifted to the V. C. Dr Holds worth, and Captain Cromwell was instructed to send the doctor up in safe custody at his own charges. In 1649 a parliamentary ordinance (29 ? 2(J Sept.) recognized the universities (with London, York and Finsbury) as privileged printing places '\ and this was more clearly asserted 7 Jan. 1652— 3 ^ It was in 1642 that Buck and Daniel printed a fine edition of Beza's Greek and latin Testament*. Ten years later Buck sent forth exquisite and correct editions of Gataker's Antoninus and the Poetae Gh-aeci Minor es : also Stephens' Statins a little earlier. In 1650 Buck had become sole printer, but he resigned in 1653 (though he survived till 1688) and was succeeded by John Field. Field took a lease of the ground near Queens' College and built the house and prijiting-ofiice, which was in use until the present centuiy. In 1662 — 3 there were unsatisfactory overtures between our printers and the London Stationers relative to the Order in Council of April 1629, in which lord chancellor Clarendon and Dr Bancroft (Emm.) &c. corresponded®. Field printed a good variorum edition of Andronicus Rhodius in 1679, but his attention was mainly devoted to small Bibles and Prayer Books (of which he executed a gi-eek edition). Twelve errata in the Cambridge -Ito Bible (1663) are noted on a page in vol. xviii. Letters and MSS. of the D. of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. RL Atkyns' work on the Origin of Printing came out in 1664. About 1669 'it appears that there was a treaty pending between the London Printers and the University, which was broken ofi" on the 7th of July, when the Heads agreed that John Hayes should have the printing for £100 a year'. Carter mentions Edward Hall as a printer about 1688 : he says also that while Hayes was still printing in the house which Field had built, Cornelius Crownfield, a dutch soldier, was at work in 1696 in another building (which was known afterwards as 'the Anatomy School and Elahoratory'') until Hayes' death in 1707, when he removed to what then became the only university printing-house. Jonathan Pindar seems to have had. some status as a Cambridge printer; he lived a few months after the death of Crownfield, who was an excellent typographer. Crownfield had printed Joshua Barnes' Euripides (1694) which was considered a very fine edition. Two years later Bentley worthily 1 Cooper's Annals, in. 287, 288. •* Ihid. in. 429, 453. This was more clearly exijressecl after ^ As to the Saxou tyi^e about this the Eestoration by a temporary act in period see above p. 159. lf)G2. ihid. 501. « Cooper's Annals, lu. 506, 507. - Ihiil. III. 332. 7 iiici^ III. 5a7. ^ Ibid. III. 33(5, 337. APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1G42 — 1700. 883 directed his energy to renovating the uuivei"sity press'. Improve- ments were made in the buildings, presses and type ohtixined by a public subscription, aided by a loan of £1,000, secured by the Senate ; and Syndics of the Press were appointed by a Grace of 21 Jan, 1G97 — 8", which is given below. Crownfield appears to have been 'Inspector of the Press' both before and after the death of Hayes ; his sti[)end in that capacity wjis fixed 9 Nov. 1G98 at lOs. a week to be paid monthly or quarterly. Bentley, to whom a complimentary grace had given absolute discretion in this particular, procured from Holland ' those beautiful types ^ which appear in Talbot's Horace, Kuster's Suidas, Taylor's Demosthenes, &c.' (Monk i. 74.) It appeal's* that Matthew Prior of S. John's (the poet) was engaged A. D. 1700 in a negotiation for procuring gi-eek type for us from the Paris Press. ' " With the History of the Cambridge press," adds [T. rhilii)ps] the Histoi'ian of Shrewsbury, " I am not acquainted. In the year 1700, that learned Body ai)plied to the French Ministry for the use of the Gi'eek Matrices, cut by order of Francis I. This application, owing to national vanity, proved unsuccessful. See extracts of French King's MSS. Vol. i. p. 101. But the Univei-sity appear to have procured others of greater beauty, from that country. The type of Dr Taylor's Demosthenes is precisely the same which John Jullieron, printer of Lyons, employed in 1623 in Nicholas Ase- manni's Edition of the Anecdota of Procopius for Andrew Brugiotti, Bookseller at Rome.'" Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iv. GG3, 4. The following extract, which is taken from the preface to the Medea and Phoenissae of Eurii)ides edited by W. Piers^, Cantabr. Ti/pis Academicis, 1703, and dated 'e Coll. Emman. Cantabr. 3 Xoveiiibr. 1702,' testifies to the advance which was made at this time. 'Si Typorum elegantiam mireris, gi-atias merits ingcntcs habeto Illustrissimo Principi Carolo Dvci Somersetensium nmnificentiss'uno nostras Acadeviiae Cancellario, cui Cordi est nostrum imo suum d(M\uo revixisse Ti/jJograjjhCum ".' 1 Monk's Bentley, i. 73, 74, 153 — 6. Anucslcy, Representative for the Uiii- Cooper's yl;(na/s, IV. 34. versity; and Vir'i?>/. /)'ri7. attrilmtes the 17/-;/'' {Kappa, p. 123). See also the year ' Henr. Lonthono'. Tliese dassies (in- 1737. chilling an edition of Tallwt's Horace) ^ 'Already (1701) some handsome came out in 4 vols. 4'" 1701. editions of Latin Classics had been * MdiiuKcrit.i de la Ilibliotheqne du printed with those types and dedicated Roi, Paris, 1787, i. xciii. seij. to the use of the young Duke of Glou- ^ The editor wrote his name Peirs cester. Terence 1701 had been edited (A.B.) KWl, and Peirse (A.M., S.T.I?.) by Leng of Catharine ILill, afterwards 1088, KlDo. He was fillow of Emmun. Bishop of Norwich ; Horace [KJOD 4'" ; and rector of N. Cadbuiy. and 1701 4'» and 12""'] by Tall)ot, the « There was printed twice at least at Hebrew Professor; Catullus Tihullus Oxford a 'Specimen of the Sevcnil and rroperlius by the IIuu. Arthur Sorts of Letter given to the Univcrhity ' 384 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Here tlie earliest extant minute-books of tlie Curators of tlie Canil)i'i(lge Press supply some interesting information about this revival of typography which was promoted, as we have just seen, under the noble ])atronage of the Chancellor Ijy the agency of Dr Bentley, who as yet had his residence in his 'librarian's lodgings' at St James', when he was employed to order types on behalf of the Senate. Bentley was preaching the Commencement Sermon the Sunday after the Duke of Somerset wrote the following letter; — which, with the other extracts, Mr Clay has with the permission of the Syndics of the Press kindly copied from their Order Book '. Pettwoeth June the 29"" 1696. Gentlemen, As I have y® honour to be a servant to you all, soe am I ever thinking of w' may be most for y"" interest, and for y'' support of that reputation, and great character w'** ye University have soe worthily deserved in y^ opinion of all good, and of all learned men: «fc in my poore thoughtes, noe way more efFectuall, than the recovering y^ fame of y"" own printing those great, and excellent writinges, y' ai'e soe frequently published from y*" Members of y' own body ; w'^'' tho' very learned, sometimes have been much prejudiced by y^ unskillfull handes of uncorrect printers. Therefore it is, y' I doe at this time pi-esume to lay before you all, a short, and imperfect Scheame (here enclosed) of some thoughtes of mine, by way of a foundation, for you to finishe, and to make more perfect ; w'^'' tho' never soe defective at present, yett they have mett with aprobation among some publick spirited men (much deserving the name of friends to us) who have freely contributed eight hundred pounds towards y" Carying on this good, and most beneticiall worke. Now, Gentlemen, their is nothing wanting of my part, to en- deavour the procuring the like suine againe from others, but y' apro- bation, and consent, to have a Presse once more erected at Cambridge: and when that shall bee resolved on, then to give a finishing hand (like great Masters as you are) to my unfinished thoughtes, that I may bee proude in having done some thing, y' you think will bee for your service; w'^'' I doe hope will bee a meanes to procure mee a general pardonn from you all, for laying this Matter before you, having noe other ambition, than to bee thought your most obedient and most faithfull humble servant, Somerset. of Oxford, by Bp. Fell, 4'° 1695, S'^" Saxon tjiie of this time see above 1706. p. 160 ?!. The Clarendon Printing-House was ' For the knowledge of the exist- commeuced 22 Feb. 171^. (Ayhffe's ciice of these interesting records I am Antient and Present Sta'e of Oxford, indebted to tho observation of Mr Part n. Vol. i. pp. 176, 7.) On the C. J. Chiy, M.A. University Priuttr. APPENDIX IX. THE CVMBRIDGE PEESS, 1C9G— 8. 385 Grace for appointment of Syndics Placeat vobis, ut D°"* Procancellarius, Singiili Collegiorum Praefecti, D"' Professores, M' Laugliton Coll. Trin. Academic Archi- ty[)ogi-aphus, D"' Perkins Regin. M'' Talbot and M' Lightfoot Trin. M' Nurse Job. M' Beaumont Petr. M' Moss CCC. M' Banks Aul. Pemb. M' Leng Aul. Cath. M' Pierce Eman. M' Wollaston Sidu. M' Gael Regal, aut eoinrni quinque ad minus, quorum semper unus sit D°"' Procancellarius, sint Curatores Pra^li vestri TypograpLici. lect. & concess. 21 Jan. 169|- [The names of T. Bennett, T. Sberwill, and Laugliton of Clare were added by a Grace of Oct. 10]. Aug. 23"' 1G98 1 Agreed then at a meeting of y® Curators of y" University- Press, y' M' Jacob Tonson have leave to print an edition of Virgil, Horace, Terence, Catullus, TibuUus and Propertius in A*° with y" double Pica Letter: he paying to such pei'sons as shall be appointed by y® said Curators 12* p. Sheet for y*^ impression of 500 copies: 14* for 750; and so in proportion for a gi-eater Number': and y* D' Mountague, D"" Covell, INP Leng, M"" Laughton and M' Talbot shall sign y® Articles of y^ agreement above mentioned, on y" part of y' University. 2 Agreed at y" same time, y* M' Edmund Jeffries have leave to print an Edition of Tully's works in 12™° with the Brevier Letter: he paying 1'. 10*. y^ sheet for 1000 Copies. 3 That Cornelius Crownfield have leave to send to Roterdani for 300' weight of y® double Pica letter in order to y" Printing of Virgil, Horace, &c in y® manner above mentioned. Placeat vobis, ut Auditores Cista? communis audiant etiara quot- annis computum officinfe typographicfe lect. & concess. 10 Octob. 161)8. Octob. 17. 98, Present D' James Viccchancellour, D"" Covell, D"" Blithe, IV Roderick, D' Smoult, D"" P.rkiiis, M' Barnet, M' Laughton, M' Leng, M' Beaumont, M' Pearse, M' Wollaston, M"" Talbot, M' Bennett. 1 Agreed y' all resolves made at any meeting of y" Curatours for the press be enteied in y' Register for y" Picss. 2 That y'' Major part of y'' Curatours present at any ^Meeting shall determine who shall write y" resolves then made into ye said Register. ^ A few weeks later (9 Nov.) it was at y" press' !.«. Cul. a week, onlerecl that the compositor should An earUer and fnlli'V statement on receive 4s. Gd. and the corrector Od. the cost of printing, drawn U]) liv the per sheet. The press man 2s. Hd. per Canihrid^e University printer in 1C>'2'2, Tilieam' for printing both sides of forms pait of Mr Tlionipson Cooper's each sheet. connnnnif-atiou to tlie hookseller, 24 The next week they found they must Feb. 1860. allow ' a boy for attending y" workmen w. 26 88G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 3 That all graces granted by y" Senate relating to y' Press he entered into y" said Register. 4 That there shall be a general meeting of y" Curatours upon y" first Wednesday in every Month. 5 That y® general monthly meeting shall determine, w* persons shall be delegates for y® said Month. 6 That the s'' delegates appointed by them shall meet weekly on Wednesdays at 2 of y^ clock in y^ afternoon. 7 That every Editour shall appoint his own inferiour Correctour to attend y" press. 8 That no Editour shall have power to appoint any inferiour Correctour to attend y" Press, but such as shall be approved by the delegates, e allowed to y^ workmen at y** Press S: half a crown p Quarter for cleaning y" Press. March 4 1698 1 Orderd, that a particular account of each Body of Letter, & of all Tooles A Moveables belonging to y® New Printing House be taken in writing in y*' presence of the Delegates for y* weekly meetings of this JNIonth, and y' it be entered into y® Journal liook by y^ person appointed to keep that Book : and y' y* said account be sign'd by y'^ Delegates, & Mr Crownfield y" Printer 3 Order'd, That all Combinations, Verses, and other exercises upon Public Occasions be printed only at y® University's New Printing House. May 3'-'' 1G99 Ordered — that 400 lbs. weight of Paragon Greek Letter 'be sent for to the Widow Voskins in Holland. At a general meeting of the Curators June 7''* 1G99 Order'd that D"^ Green & D'' Oxenden or either of them do ex- amine D'^ Bentley's account in relation to our Press, and upon his delivery of the Vouchers relating to it, and all other things in his hands belonging to the University Press; give him a full discharg; and likewise take a discharg of him for the Summ of four hundred and thirty three pounds received by him of the University. 1 * At a General Meeting of the Curat" SepteV f G'^ 1 699 'twas then agreed y' Mr Crownfield be order'd to buy twelve Gallons of Linseed Oyle and a rowl of Parchment. 2 Order'd y* y" Sashes be renew'd 3 Order'd y' twenty shillings per annu be allow'd to Printers for their weigh-goes'.' 'Feby 12*'' 170;;- Agreed then also y' foreign booksellers bo treated with for an exchange of an hundred Suidas's, for a number of bookes w'='' shall be esteem'd of eipial value, it y' Catalogues of proper bookes w*^'' their respective prises, be procur'd froni them to be approv'd of by y" University.' (At p. 31 of the Syndics' Minute Book is given a list of books to be sent over by Mr Wetstein in exchange for 100 copies of Suidas.) 'June IS*'' 1708 Agreement with Profr. Barnes to print the Odyssee «k Iliad of Homer. ^ Thf) printers' n-ay-gooxc, or jonr- raemorated in Hone's F.vcriidnn Book neyineu'sentertaiumeiit, allowed oriKi- i. 113:5. Halliwell has ' n. 39. In 1783 the University Statutes were printed in 4to. Dr Webb's Collection (Univ. Lib.) contains a copy of the gi'ace of 1782 concerning the £500. Also a V. C.'s notice to the Syndics of the Press iu the autumn of that year. A gi-ace-paper proposing to appoint more competent syndics 23 Dec. 1784, on the ground that the house purchased (in 1762) in Silver St. was damp, and injury had been done to the contents. In the same collection among docu- ments belonging to the year 1785 there are a few which relate to the management of the press, viz. ; (a) A grace to regulate the Press Syndicate, appointing for three years only. (&) Remarks by the proposers (4to. pp. 3). Of the existing Syndicate 3 were appointed in 1761. 3 „ „ „ 1765. 3 „ „ „ 1776. 7 „ „ _ „ 1782. (A duplicate is filed s. a. 1790 probably by mistake). (c) Dr R. Plumptre who had been V.C. in 1762, made answer (7 Feb. 1785) in four 4to pages, that only £20 damage had been reported in 1778, and no further mischief had occurred. He would gladly be dismissed, but not with disgrace. {d) In rejoinder the complainants assert that substantial repairs tad never been made in the Silver Street buildings. (4to. pp. 3.) The last page (56) of Considerations on the Oaths (1787) displays the following '■ Extract from the Account of the Syndics, laid on one of the tables in the Senate House, June 27, 1787. £ s. d. To Mr Relhan towards the expences of printing his Flora Cant 50 To Sig. Isola towards pinnting a new edit, of Tasso's Gierusalemme Liberata . To Profess. Waring new edit. Med. . Prof. Cook's ed. Arist. Poet. 50 52 10 25 8 11 APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1782 — 1800. 3D1 £ s. d. Mr Ludlam's Introd. to Algeb. and an Introd. to the first six books of Euclid . 24 5 11 Mr Ormerod's Rem. 14 Sect, of Dr Priestley's Disquisition . . . . . 4 19 This is an account of the expenditure of the Government annuity commuted as we have seen from the almanack-duty and augmented in 1782. To a grant made by the Syndics from this fund the publication of the present Comi)ilation is due. Some objections were made against the title of the University to enjoy this grant by the writer of Considerations on the Oaths, Lond., 1787, p. 39. He objected also to the way in which it had been spent ; viz. upon the ^facsimile of the Beza manuscript,' and ' Italian sonnets.' Dr T. Kipling's performance as editor of the former of these productions was at the time severely criticised from various quarters, and Mr Scrivener on a closer examination {in emendandis) has seen cause to confirm that censure which in the first instance was probably provoked as much by the man and his preface as by the exercise of any powers of discernment in Kipling's contempo- raries such as Porson then, and our modern critic more recently has brought to bear iipon his work. But this is a topic for the study of Divinity, the Freud controversy, &c. However, so far as the press is concerned, the * facsimile ' in 2 vols, folio in 1793, is a very fine piece of work in uncials. Sig. Agostino Isola's Tasso (for which £.50 was gi-anted) was grudged also by the writer of Strictures on the Discipline of the Uiiiv. of Cambridge, 1792, p. 47. Dyer also complained in 1824, Frivil. Canih. Vol. ii.fascic. iii. 2>- 36, that the fund (which he saj'S was called the Poor's fund) was devoted to })rinting .5 vols, of Simeon's Skeletons of Sermons, 1796, and Joseph Milner's ///.s-tor?/ and Sermons, while it had been refused to Gilbert Wakefield for the 4th and 5th numbers of his Silva Critica. But Dyer would have been shocked to hear from the later editor of Lucretius that Wakefield was a poor Scholar in more senses than one. In the latter part of the eighteenth century W. Ludlam (.Joli.) complained that the press was extremely defective in mathematical types', so that he was actually obligoil to make many a brass rule himself. This (says Dyer) had been fully remedied before 1824 when he wrote. For some time (e.g. in 1794) J. Burges' name was coupled with J. Archdeacon's, and when the former retiied Burges succeeded to his post^ 1 Nichols' 7.(7. /I HCCff. VIII. 411. Dyer, Tiiidimrtit.'^ of Muthcmaticn for thf twe Priril. Camh. Vol. ii. fuse. iii. p. 25. of Stidleiits in thr I'liircmiticx. 17H5. Luilhuii published at Cambridge, il/fjf/it'- " Mr Archdcacdii retired to Heiiiiug- 7Ha?((.'((/ i'>'.s-.sf((/s (I Uliuiate Ratios, Power ford, Hiuits., where he was buried au of the Wedge, Ac. &c.) 1770, 1787. Joshua Barues hud been. 392 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. In 1800 the university nndcrtook tlie publication of Hooge- veen's JJict'touarium Aiudofjicum in 4to'. The celebrated emjfish Person (jreek, or * Great Person Greek ' type was designed by its eponymous hero, (who like the lute Mr Shilleto was as fine a calligrapher as he was a scholar,) and cut under his direction by Austin of London, with the assistance of Mr Watts, then University Printer^, However it was not used until after Person's death. Monk's Ilippoli/tus (1811), and the second edition of C. J. Blonifield's Prometheus (1812), were the earliest works on which it was employed. In 1804 the secret of the method of manufacturing stereotype plates was bought from Mr Wilson, of Duke St., Lincoln's Inn Fields, and he was employed to teach the process, and two presses, Earl Stanhope's invention, were purchased. ' At the same time too ' (says Dyer) ' it was agreed upon by the Syndics, that cei'tain premises which hitherto had served the purpose of a warehouse should be converted into a printing-office, the old printing-office being then in a ruinous condition ; which appointment therefore gives at the same time the date of the first designing of a new printing-house by the University, and of their commencing the stereotype printing ; — for they agreed upon both at the same time^ ' — In the same year (4 Mar. 1804) the privilege of the Universities solely to publish Bibles, New Testaments, and Common Prayer Books was upheld in the House of Lords against the Richardsons and Tegg, who had sold in London such books printed by the King's printer in Scotland*. In 1805 Basil Montagu (Chr.) published a pamphlet (pp. 1 — 21, 1 — 20) of Enquiries and Observations respecting the univ. library, and its right to a copy of every book published ". It was resolved at a meeting at the Thatched-House Tavern at which the Marquess Camden presided (18 June, 1824), to apply part of the surplus fund contributed for the Statue of Pitt erected in London, to the building a new University Press in Cambridge. On 1st July the Senate appointed a Syndicate to purchase the houses in Trumpington Street, between Silver Street and Mill Lane. The first stone of the Pitt Press (designed by E. Blore) was laid IS Oct. 1831, and it was opened (also by the Marq. Camden) 28 April, 1833, and the key was formally delivered to Dr ^^'ebb the vice-chan- cellor". ^ Oxford had done as much for Wyt- * Cooper's Annals, rr. 480. tenbach's Plutarch, 1795, &c. and ^ Acopy in PeterhoiiseUbrary E. 10. afterwards published Caravella's Index 23 (12). B. Montagu shews that legis- ArisUyphanis, Creutzer's Plotinus, and lation (1662 — 1775, and the case of Beverai editions by Bekker and Din- Beckford v. Hood 1798,) had not di- dorf. miuished the pri\Tleges of the three " Dyer {Privil. ii. iii. 33) speaks of libraries, but that not six per cent, of a 'brevier Porson greek' used iu Lou- the books published in Loudon about don for Yalpy's Stephaui Thesaurus, 1803 (he gives a list) were iu the aud a fount of ' great Porson gi'eek ' Cambridge University Library, cast for the Clarendon Press at O.r/ord. ^ Cooper's Annals, iv. 572, 573. 3 Dyer, Privil. Camb. u. in. 30, 31. APPENDIX IX. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS, 393 The following list of — CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS may perhaps provoke those who are able to conect and complete it. [John Siberch 1521 and 1522] Nic. Speryiig J Garratt Godfrey [ 1534 Scgar Nicholson, Gonv. ) Nic. Pilgrim ] -.,„ Kicliard Nuke S ^^'^^ Peter Shors 1546 Johu Kiijgstou 1577 Thomas Thomas, Klnr/s 1582—8 ('1583' B.; '1584' Carter) Jolm Legate loSS — l(jU7 [Julm Purter 1593] Cantrel Legge 1607— 27 ('1606' i5. ; '1608' Z>/A'r) Thomas Brooke, Clare, esquire bedelP, cir. 1614 Leonard Green 1622 Jolm Buck, Catli. esquire bedell, 1625 Thomas Buck, Calk, esquire bedell, 1627— 53 ('1625' i?.) linger Daniel 1G27 — 50 ('1632' i?.; cf. Cooper's ^l««rt^s III. 213). Francis Buck 1630 John Legate 1650 (/?.) Carter calls T. Buck ' sole printer' at this time. Jolm Field 1653 ('1655' B.; '1654' Carter and JJucr) John Hayes 1669—1707 Matthew VVhinn, Juh. registrary, 1669 Julm Peck, Joh. esquire bedell, 1680 Hugh Martin, Peinb. esquire bedell, 1682 Dr James Jackson 1683 Juuatlian Pindar 1686, died in 1743 [Edward Hall, cir. 1688] Henry Jenkcs 16!)3 CorneUus Crownfield 1696—1742, 'Inspector of the Press' 1698— 1740 ('1706' B. ; 'sole printer 1707 ' Carter) Joseph Beutham, Inspector of the Press 1740 — 78 ('1739' Carter) John Baskerville 1758 Juhn Archdeacon 1766 — 1793 John Burgess 1793 — 1802 ('Burges' Unic. Calend.) Bichard Watts 1802—1809 Joliu Smith 1809—1836 Jnhn WilHam Parker 1836— 1854 Charles Johu Clay-, Trin. 1854. Eor several of the earlier names in the above list I am indebted to a paper on the Cambridge Univei'sity Press in the JiooLfuller of 24th Feb. 1860, contiibuted as I understand by Mr Thompson Coo})er. Where a date differed from what I had put down indepen- dently, I have added it with the letter li. I have omitted 'Johu Deighton 1802' as belonging more propei'ly to the list of Agents. ' For the convenience of university nersliip with Mr Clay nnil Mr O. business, when the working manager Seelej', under a Grace passed 3 July was not a matriculated person, it 1854, Mr Seeley acting as tlie London seems to have been a common practice Agent. On Mr Seeley's retiring in 1856 in the 17th century, before a Press a new partnersliii) lietweeii tbe T'ui- Syndicate was in existence, to nonii- versity and ^Ir Clay was i ffected liy a nate a university olhcer as Inspector Grace of 12 Mar. I85(i, wliich has lueu of the Press. continued by subsequent deeds of jmrt- '^ The University entered into part- uor&hip. Cf. Gimuiug's Cerem. 248. A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ENGLISH XVIII™ CEN- TURY EDITIONS OF ANCIENT CLASSICS, &c. &c. The following list lias been compiled in the main from the annals of Bowyer's press, Nichols' Lit. Anecd. vols, i — iii., Saxii Onomasticon JAlerarinm, Dibdin's Introduction to a Knowledge of Rare Classics, ifec, edd. 1802, 1827. The Classical Collector's Vade-Mecum, 1822, Watt's Bihliotheca Britannica 1824, Dr P. Bliss' Sale Catalogue 1858, and some MS. collections kindly lent by Professor J. E. B. Mayor. A few patristic, literary and scientific books are included, as well as the titles of other educational books mentioned already in the body of this volume. Names belonging to Oxonian (or cordlnental) editions are printed in italics, since it is supi)osed that the list will give a tolerably fair impression of the pro[)ortion of classical works produced each year or series of years in the several English universities, or by men of nniA^ersity training or connexions. It will be observed that if Oxford was behind-hand in developing her educational system as a university, she was none the less most productive of individual literary enter|)rise. When no size is registered the book is inferred to be in octavo ; the compiler however does not feel perfect confidence in his authori- ties on this score, as accuracy is not very common in this particulai', 8vos being often described as 4tos, and 4tos as folios. One is tempted to think that the collectors sometimes classed their books according to the sizes of the shelves which their extra large paper copies occupied unread and undisturbed. 1701 Catullus Tibullus et Propertius. 4to, Camb. Horace. Ja. Talbot (Triu.). 2 edds., 18mo. Camb. Orationes ex Poetis Latinis. Oxon. Phaedriis. T. Johusou (King's and Magd.). Etou. Puffeudorf de Off. Homiuis et Ciuis. Ed. 6. Camb. Eomau History. W. Wotton (Job.). Sallust. W. Ayerst {Univ.). Oxon. De Suida Diatribe. L. Kuster (Camb.). 4to. Camb. Terence. J. Leng (Catb.). 4to and 8vo. Camb. Vii-gil. J. Laughton (Triu). 4to. Camb. Virgil (Tonson). Camb. Cosmologia Sacra, Nebem. Grew (Pemb.). Lend. De Veteribus Cyclis. H. Dodwell (T. C. D. and 0.xon.). 4to. Oxon. Geograpby. E. Wells (C/i. C7(.). O.von. lutrodiictio ad vcram Pbysicam. J. Keill (Ball.). Vocabularium Giil. Sumuer, ciu-a T. Benson (Qii.). 1702 Catullus Tibullus et Propertius. A. Auuesley, earl of Anglesea (Magd.). 4to. Camb. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 395 Epictetns, Cebes, &c. Gr. Lat. ISmo. Oxon. Euclid, Tacciuet. W. Wbistou (Clare). Cuinb. Irenaeus. J. E. Grabe (Uxoii.). Fol. O.ron. Lycophion, ed. 2. J. Potter (Line). Fol. Oxon. Amiules Tbucyd. et Xeuopliou. H. Dodwell (T. C. D. and Oxon.). Oxon. Virgil. 4to aud 8vo. Camb. Cartesius De Methodo. Camb. Clarendon's History (1702 — i). O.roH. Couic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. Astrouomia, D. Gregory (Edinb. and Oxon.). Fol. Oxon. 1703 Novum Test. Graeciun. J. Gregory (Miujd. II.). Fol. Oxon. Cyril Hierosol. T. MiUes (,S indices T. Hearne). Fol. Oxun. A^jpiau. Translated by J. Dryden (Trin.). Ascbami et Stui-mii Epistolae. Oxon. Euclidis Opera. D. Gregory (Edinb. and Ball.). Fol. Oxon. ■ Tacquet. W. WListim (Clare). Camb. Euripidis Medea et Plioenissae. W. Piers (Emm.). Camb. Eutropius aud Messala Corvinus. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. Geograpbi Minores. J. Hudson (Qu. Univ. and ,S'. Mary H.). Ed. 2. lustitutiones Jui'is ex Grotii De J. Belli ac Pacis oxcerptae. 12mo. Camb. Justiuus. T. Hearne (Edm. 11.). Oxon. Justin Martyr Apol. H. Hutchinson. Oxon. Maximus Tyrius. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Plini Caec. Secundi Epist. et Panegyr. T. Hearne (Edm. H). Oxon. Xenopbontis et Ciceronis Oecon. E. Wells (Cli. Ch.). Oxon. Xenophontis Opera. 5 vols. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Auti Scepticism (on Locke's Essay). H. Lee (Emm.). Genders of Latin Nouns. Ei. .Johnson (Job.). A Journey to Jerusalem. H. Mauudrell (Exon.). Oxon. Liuguarum Septentrional. Thesaurus. G. Hickes (Joh., Marjd. C, Magd. H., and Line). Oxon. 1704 M. A. Antoninus. Oxon. (After the Camb. Gataker of 1652.) lutroductio Chronologica. W. Holder (Pemb. and Oxon.). Ed. 2. Oxon. Ductor Historicus. Vol. 2. T. Hearne (Edm. IL). Oxon. Dionys. Halicarn. J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Manj II.). 2 vols. Dionysius Periogetes. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Oxon, Geoponica. P. Needbam (Job.). Camb. Herodian. Ed. 3. Oxon. Homeri Ilias. Oxon. Luciau. E. Leedes (Pet.). Camb. Peculiar Use, &c., of certain Latin Words (for Exercises). W. Willymot (King's). Camb. Foedera. T. Kymer (Sid.) [1704, &c., vols. 10, 17, after his death in 1714, by Eo. Sanderson (Line.)]. Euclid, CI. Fr. M. De Challes (Turing. O.von. Ed. 2. Optice. Is. Newton (Trin.). Loud. Praelectiones Chymicae. J. Freind (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. 1705 De Bibliorum Textibus. ii.'H.oAy (Wadh.). FoL O.roH. Ductor Historicus. Vol. 1. ed. 2. T. Hearne (Edm. U.). Loud. Auacreou. Joshua Barnes (Emm.). Camb. Anacrcou Christianus (psalms, &c.). Joshua Barnes (Emm.). 12mo. Camb. Homeri Odyssea. Oxon. Justiuus. T. Hearne (Edm. II.). Oxon. Liuguarum Septentrion. Thesaurus. G. Hickes (Line. itc). Oxon. Litania et Ordo Caeuae Dom. Oxon. H. Lukin de lleligione. S. Priest (Queens'). O.Ton. Ovid Tristia (Deliihini). Camb. Eellexions on Aut. and Mod. Learning. W. Wutton ^Joh). Ed. 3, with a Defence. 396 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Sophoclis (4 playB). T. Jolinson (King's and Magd.). 2 vols. Oxon. Suidas. L. Ku.ster (Camb.). 'A v(j1h. f(jl. Carab. Catui)tricks, &c. D. Gregory (Edin. and Oxon.) engl. W. Browne (Pet.). Lond. Pliysica. J. Le Clerc (Geneva), Camb. Ed. 2. Posthumous Works of Ro. Hooke (C7^. Ch.). Lond. 1706 Lexicon in N. Test. Gr. lat. Dawson. Camb. Acadcmiae Francofort. ad Viadr. Encaenia. Oxon. Antiquities of Greece. J. Potter (Line). 2 vols. Apollonius Pergaeus de Sectione Ratiouis. E. Halley {Q>i.). Oxon. Athcnagoras de Resurrect., &c. E. Decliair (Line). Oxon. Caesar. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Cicerouis Orationes (DelpLini). Camb. Cioerouis De Oratore. T. Cockman ( Univ.). Oxon. Graecae Linguae Dialecti. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). Lond. Terence, Andria, Adelphi and Hecyra. W. Willymott (King's). Grotius Baptizat. Puer. Instit. et Eucharistia. Oxon. 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Scripture Clironolof^. A. Bedford (Brn-i.). Articuh XXXIX. E. Welchman (Mert.). Ed. .5. Oxon. A System of Ecclesiastical Law. Hi. Grey (Line). A New Institute of Imperial or Civil Law. T. Wood {New C). Ed. •!. Bowyer. Lond. 1731 Cicero's Dialogues (s. a. 1727) tr. S. Parker (/?ras.). 4to. Oxon. Demosthenes Select Oratt. var. E. Mouuteuey, Cambr. Oxon. Horatii Carmina. G. Wade (Chr.). Bowyer. Lond. Tbucydides. Jos. Wasse (Qu.) and Duker. 2 vols. fol. Ainst. Observationes Miscellaneae (Dutch Philol. Journ.) trausl. J. Jortin (Jcs.), &c. (Camb.) Conic Sections. L. Trevigar. Camb. Eternal and Immutable Morality. Ka. Cudworth (Emm., Clare and Clu-.). TertuUian adv. Praxean. Camb. Euclid. Oxon. On Moral Obligation. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.). Camb. Origin of EvD. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law (Job., Chr. and Pet.). 4to. 1732 Apparatus ad Ling. Graec. G. Thompson, assisted by Prof. Pilgrim (Trin.). Bowyer. Lond. Cicero De Oratore. Z. Pearce (Trin.). 2 ed. Camb. De Nat. Deor. J. Daties (Qu.). Camb. Offices, trs. T. Cockman (Univ.). Ed. 8. Bowyer. Lond. Homeri Ilias. Vol. 2. S. Clarke (Caius). Gemmae Antiquae. G. Ogle (? Sid.). Paris (see 1741). Livy. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). G vols. Longinus. Z. Pearce (Trin.). Marmora Oxoniensia. Ed. 2. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). Fol. Bowyer. Ilarmouia Mensurarum. Eog. Cotes (Trin.). 4to. Camb. Hortus Elthamensis. J. J. Sherard Dillenius (Joh.). Oratio Woodwardiana. Conyers Middleton (Trin.). Bowyer. Lond. Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law (Job., Chr. and Pet.). Ed. 2. 2 vols. Lond. Observationes in Comment. Gr. Demosth. Ulpiano v. adscriptae. J. Chap- man (King's). Oxonia Depicta. W. Williams. Fol. Quaestiones Philosophicae in Usum Juvent. Acad. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.). Camb. Tbucydides (Duker). 1733 Indices III. ad Cyrillum. T. Hcarne (Edm.). Oxon. Appendix ad Marmora Oxoniensia. Bowyer. Lond. Bacon Opus Majus. S. Jebb (Pet.). Fol. Bowyer. Lond. Bellus Homo et Academicus, etc. Bo\vyer. Lond. Cicero Nat. Deor. Ed. 3. J. and Ei. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Epist. Critica. Jer. Markland and Fr. Hare (Horace emended). Camb. 1734 Some Thoughts concerning... studying Divinity. W. Wotton (Job.). Anacreon. Josh. Barnes (Emm.). Loud. Pandect and Parergon. J. Ayliffe (Xciv C). 2 vols. Fol. Poematia. V. Bom-ne (Trin.). Westmon. Historia Plantarum Succulent. Ei. Bradley (prof.). Eepi-iut. Mathematical Lectures. Is. Barrow (Trin.). Bo\\-yer. Lond. Oratio Woodwardiana. C. Mason (Trin.). 4to. Camb. Inquiry into the Ideas of Space. J. Clarke, E. Law, &c. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 403 1735 Bibliotlieca Biblica. S. Parker. 5 vols. 4to. Oxon. Tho. k Kenipis' Christian Pattern. J. Wesley (Ch. Ch., Line). Ko. Stephani Thesaurus Liuf,'. Lat. Augmented and emended by Edm. Law (.Joh., Chr., Pet.), J. Tayloi (.Joh.), T. Johnson (King's, Magd.), and Sandys Hutchinson (bibl. Trin.). The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Camb. Ant. Blackwall De Praestantia Classic. Auct. trs. G. H. Ayi-er. Lipsiae. Usefulness of Mathematical Learning. Is. Barrow. Tr. J. Kirkby (.Toll.). Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer. Ant. Blackwall (Emm.). Josephus, trausl. W. "Winston [Clare]. Bowyer. Loud. Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. Camb. Puffendorf De Off. Hominis et Ci\as. Johnson. Camb. Quaestiones Philosophicae. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.) Camb. Ed. 2. Xenophon Anabasis. T. Hutchinson {Line). 4to. Agesilaus. 8vo. Oxon. Catoptricks, &c. D. Gregory {Ch. Ch.). Reflecting Telescopes, ttc. J. T. Desaguliers {Ch. Ch., Hart. H.). Lond. Critical Eemarks on Capt. GuUiver's Travels. E. Bentley (Trin.). Camb. 1736 S. Scriptm-ae Versio Metrica. J. Biu'ton {Corpus). Oxon. Dissertationes et Conjectt. in Librum Jobi. S. Wesley {Exon.). Bowyer. Solomon de Mundi Vanitate. Mat. Prior (Joh.), W. Dobson (? New C). 4to. Oxon. Psalmi Hebr. Lat. Fr. Hare (King's). Lond. Cicero Academica. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Lysias. Jer. Markland (Pet.). Lond. Newton's Fluxions. J. Colson (Sid. and Emm.) Praelectiones Poeticae. Jos. Trapp {Wadli.). 2 vols. Lond. Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. Oxon. 1737 Graecae Linguae Dialecti. Mich. Maittaire (C7). C7(.). Ed. 2. Lond. Hesiod. T. Kobiuscn {Line, Mert.). 4to. Oxon. Xenophon Cjt. T. Hutchinson {Line). 4to. Oxon. La Secchia of Tasso. 2 pts. 1 vol. Oxon. On the Sacrament. D. Waterlaud (Magd.). Poems. W. Shenstone {Prmb.). Oxon. Concilia. D. Wilkins (Camb.). 4 vols. New Theory of the Earth. W. Wliiston (Clare). Camb. 1738 Catalogus Interpp. S. Script. Bodh Eo.Fysher (C/j. C/i.). 2vols.fol. Oxon. Census habitus nascente Christo. J. Reinoldius (? King's, and O.ron.). Oxon. Cicero Disp. Tusc. em. Bentl. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 4. Camb. Lingua Etrimae. J. Swinton {Ch. Ch.). Oxon. The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Ed. 2. Camb. Bodleian Catalogue. O.con. Travels in Barbary. T. Shaw {Qu. and Edm. Hall). Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures. Eog. Cotes (Trin.). Bowyer. Complete System of Opticks. Ro. Smith (Trin.). 2 vols, Bowj'er. Lond. 1739 Discourse on Anc. and Mod. Learning, from MS. of Jos. Addison {Marjd.). De antiq. et util. Ling. Arabicae. T. Hunt (Ch. Ch., Hart H.). Oxon. Epictetus. Ja. Upton {Exon.). Lond. Epictetus, Cebes and Tlieojihrastus. .Tos. Simpson {Qu.). Oxon. Lysias. J. Taylor (Joh.), Jer. Markland (Pet.). Bowj-er. Lond. Manilius. E. Bentley (Joh., Trin. and Wadli.). 4to. Lond. Pomponius Mela. J. Reynolds (lung's). 4to. ed. 3. Loud. Tryphiodorus Troja. J. IMcrrick. Oxon. Origin of EviL W. lung (T. C. D.). Engl. ed. 3. Edm. Law (.Toll., Chr. and Pet.) Camb. Astronomy of tho Moon and Tables of the Moon's Motions. R. Dun- thornc (Pemb. Lodge). Camb. 1740 Historiae Litterariae. Ed. 2. Vol. 1. W. Cave (Joh.) and II. Wharton (Caius). Oxon. Anacrcon. Mich. Maittaire (C/f. C/;.). Ed. 2. Lond. Epictetus, Cebes, Prodicns and Tlieophr. Jos. Simpson (Qu.). Oxon. Refl. on Logickin the Schools. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corjuts, Oriel). Oxon. 26—2 404 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Tiysias. J. Taylor (Job.). Canili. Maxiini Tyrii Dissoitt. J. Duvics (Qu.), Jor. Markland (ret.). Bowyer. On Anti(inf raiiiting. (i. TmiilMill (? Exoii.). Lond. HiKtoiia Muscunun. J. J. Sliciiud Dillciiius (.T(«.). 2 vols. Oxon. Italian Selections transl. by Camb. gentlemen. Ag. Isola. Camb. XXXVIII Botanical Plates. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Considerations on the Oaths and Discipline. By a Member of the Senate. Camb. Remarks on Enormous Expence in Cambridge. 1789 Ai-istotle's Poetics. T. Twining (Sid.). 4to. Oxnn. Analysis of Greek ]\Ietrcs. J. 13. Scale (Chr.). Camb. Ariosto. Orlando Furioso. Ag. Isola. (Camb.). Elementa Ai-chitecturae Civilis. H. Aldrich {Ch. Ch.). P. Smyth. O.ron. Sallust. H. Homer (Emm.). Silvae Criticae I. Gil. Wakefield (.Tes.). Camb. Elements of Jiiris]n-udence. Hi. Woodeson (Mugd.). General Astronomical Catalogue. F. Wollaston (Sid.). Lond. Bibliotheca Classica. J. Lempriere {Pcinh.). 1790 Pentateuchus Hebr. Samarit. charact. Hebr. B. Blajiiey. (Wore, and Hart.). Oxon. Ecclesiastes, from the Hebrew. Bern. Hodgson (Ch. Ch., Hert.). Oxon. Marmorum Oxon. Inscrr. Graecae. W. Eoberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. Sophocles Oedipus, eugl. G. S. Clarke (Trin.). Ocon. Emendationes in Suidam et Plesycli., &c. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and Pemb. Camb.). T. Tyrwhitt (Qu. and Mert.). R. Porson (Trin.) 4 vols. Oxon. Tacitus. H. Homer (Emm.). On Practical Astronomy. S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.). Camb. and Lond. Treatise on Gaming. C. Moore (Trin.) 1791 A List of Books for the Clergy dio. Cliester. W. Cleaver {Magd., Bras.). Oxon. Demosthenis Orr. selectae. Ri. Mounteney (King's). Eton. Marmorixm Oxon. Inscriptiones. W. Roberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. Plutarch de Educ. Liberorum. T. Edwards (Clare, ? Jes.). Camb. Shakespeare's Plays. Jos. Rann (Trin.). G vols. Oxon. Tryphiodorus. T. Northmore, F. S. A. Oxon. 1792 The Book of Daniel Translated. T. Wintle. 4to. Oxon. A List of Books, &c. Ed. 2 with Dodwell's. W. Cleaver (Mugd., Br.). Oxon. Enchiridion Theologicum (tracts). J. Randolph (Ch. Ch.). 5 vols. Oxon. Ai'chimedes. J. Torelli (Padua). Fol. Oxon. Aristotle's Poetics gr. lat. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu., Mert.). Oxon. Maured Allatufet...Annal('s Aogypt. J. D. Carlyle (Chr. and Qu.). Flora Rustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Vol. 1. Loud. Graviuae Opuscula. T. Burgess (Corpus). Horace. Combe. 2 vols. Lond. Musei Oxon. fasc. 1. T. Burgess (Corpus). Strictures on the Discipline, Cambridge. [W. Hebcrdon (Job.)]. Lond. Tour from Oxford to Newcastle on Tyne in the Long Vacation. J. Briggs (S. Mary II.). O.am. Herodotus, trs. with notes. Vol. 1, J. Lempriere (Pemh.). 1793 Articuli XXXIX. E. Wclchman. Oxon. Works of Ri. Hooker (Corpus). .S vols. Oxon. Flora Cantabrigiensis iii., R. Relhan (Trin.). Lond. Silva Critica iv. &c. quibus accedunt Hymui Orphici trcs. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. Systematic View of the Laws of England. Ri, Woodeson (Mugd.). .T vols. Plan of Lectures ou Natural I'hilosophy. S. Viucc (Caius and Sid.). Lond. 41 G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Sectiones Couicac. A. Robertson (? Ch. Ch.). 4to. Oxon. Universal Meridian Dial. F. Wollaston (Sid.). 4to. I'oaco and Union. W. Frond (Jo.s.). Alma Matur. T. Castlcy (Jes.). Camb. On Kiplinf^'s Preface. T. Edwards (Trin. H.) 1791 Holy Bible. Oxon. The Cli. of England Man's Companion, or a Rational Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer, by C. Wheatley [Job.) [ed. 1. 1710]. Oxon. An Attempt to render the daily reading,' of the I'salms more intelligible to the unlearned. F. Travell (? Exon.). Oxon. Aristotelis Poetiea, var. T. Tyrwhitt (Qii. and Mert.), T. Burgess {Corpus) and bp. J. Randolph {Cii. Ch.). 4to and 8vo. Oxon, Horace. Gil. Wakefield [.Jcs.]. Lend. Flora Oxoniensis. J. Sibthorp {Line, and Univ.). Flora Rustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 4 vols. Lond. Horti Botauici Catalogus. Carab. Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. J. Gutch {All Souls). Oxon. Parecbolae Statutorum. Oxon. Tragoediarum Graec. Delectus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. Short Treatise on Conic Sections. T. Newton (Jes.). Camb. Letter on Celibacy of Fellows. Camb. 1795 Notitia Librorum Hebr. Gr. Lat. saecl. xv., et Aldin. Oxon. Bion and Moschus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 8vo. and 12mo. Loud. Chaucer modernized by W. Lipscomb (Corpus). 3 vols. Oxon. Translations from Petrarch, Metastasio, &c. T. Le Mesui-ier {New C). Oxon. Plutarchi Moraha. Dan. Wytteubach. 5 or 7 vols. 4to. ; 13 or 15 8vo. Oxon. Virgil, Heyne. 2 vols. Oxon. Phin. Pett {Cli. Ch.). Oxon. Analysis of Paley's Moral and Polit. Philos. ed. C. V. De Grice (Trin.). Camb. Analysis of Roman Civil Law. S. Hallifax (Jes. and Trin. Hall). Elements of Algebra I. Ja. W^ood (Job.). Camb. Fluxions. S. Vince (Caius and Sid. ). Camb. 1796 Novum Testament. Vulgatae Edit. Oxon. Job trausl. C. Garden. Oxon. XXXIX Ai-ticles. Gil. Burnet (Aberd.). Oxon. Specimens of Arabic Poetry. J. D. Carlyle (Chr. and Qu.). Cambridge University Calendar. Camb. On the Cheltenham Waters. J. Smith. Oxon. Dissertation concerning the War of Troy. Jacob Bryant (King's). Euripidis Hippolytus. Hon. F. H. Egertou {Ch. Ch., All S.). -Ito. Oxon. Lucretius. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 3 vol. 4to. Lond. On the Prosodies of Greek and Latin. [S. Horsley (Trin. Hall)], Lond. Virgil. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 12mo. Lond. W. Blackstoue's Commentaries, ed. E. Christian (Job.). Loud. Syllabus of Locke's Essay. 12mo. Camb. Chrouological Tables from Solomon to Alexander the Great. J. Falconer. 4to. Oxon. Arithmetic and Algebra. T. Manning (Caius). Principles of Algebra. W. Frend [Jes.]. Hj'di'ostatics. S. Vince (Caius and Sid.). Principles of Mechanics. Ja. Wood (Job.). Camb. 1797 BibUa Graeca. Ro. Holmes {Xew C. and Ch. CIt.). fol. Vol. 1. O.von. Jeremiah, Lamentations, with Daniel. B. Blayney (IJ'orc. and Hert.). 4to. Oxon. Zechariah, transl. B. Blajnej {Wore, and Hert.). 4to. Oxon. Zechariah, ch. ii. T. Wiutle {Joh.). 0.von. On the Creed. J. Peai'son (King's and Trin. Camb.). ed. Oxon. Origines Sacrae. E. Stillingfleet (Joh. Camb.). 2 vols. O-von. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 417 Aeschylus typis quos vocaut homeric's. [K. Person (Triu.)]. Foulisi. Ulasg. Euripidis Hecuba. Hi. Pi.rson (Triii.K Lornl. In Eur. Hec. Diatriljo Extemixiralis. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Loud. Homeri Odyssea. 2 vols. Oxon. Musei Oxen. fasc. ii. T. Burj,'css {Corpus). Oxon. Voyage of Hanno. T. Falconer (Corpus). Oxon. Introd. Lecture on Chemistry. 11. Bourne (irorc). Oxon. Syllabus of Lectm-es on the Laws of England. E. Christian (Joh.). Lond. On Plants, &c. Analogy between Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. Ko. Hooper (? Pemh.). Oxon. Complete Analysis of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. Jer. Joyce. Carab. Cambridge University Calendar. Astronomy. Vol. 1. S. Vince (Cains and Sid. ). 4to. Camb. Astron. Observations at Greenwich 1750 — 62. Ja. Bradley (Ball.). 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1798 Vet. Testamentum Graec. vol. 1. Eo. Holmes (New C, Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Greek Testament, vol. i. (Gospels). J. White (Wadh.). Oxon. Method of Settling Canonical Authority of N. T. Jer. Jones (noncouf.). Oxon. T. Tyrwhitti Conjecturae in Aesch. Eurip. and Aristoph. ed. 1. T. Bur- gess (Corpus). Aristotelis II^TrXos sive Epitaphia. T. Burgess (Corpus). Euripidis Orestes. R. Porson (Trin.). Lond. Demosthenis Olynth. ii, iii ; I'hilijjp. ii. Jer. Wolf, etc. Oxon. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ed. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu., Mcrt.). ed. 2. 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. Saxon and English illustrative of each other. S. Henshall (Bra.t.). Interview with the Jeshoo Lama. Capt. S. Turner. 12mo. Oxon. Algebra, vol. ii. T. Manning (Cains). Lond. Elements of Optics. Ja. Wood (.Joh.). Camb. Greenwich Observations. J. Braaley (Ball.). N. Bliss, vol. 1, fol. Oxon. Eeflections on the Caelibacy of Fellows. Camb. 1799 Act. Apost. and Epistt. versio Syr. Philoxen. J. White (Wadh.). vul. 1. 4to. O.con. Appendix ad N. T. e cod. Alexandr. C. G. Woide (Haffn., Oxon.). ed. H. Ford (Ch. Ch., ^fa!|d. II.). fol. Oxon. Diatessaron. J. White (ir«.), 5. bedel), esquire, 117, 270, 280, 282. Bedford, A. (Bras.), 168 n. Bedwell, W. (Trin.), 2Q7 n. Beevor, Aug. (Benet), 322. liecvor, J. (Chr.), 360. Belcher, P. (Job.), 375. ]'.ell, J. (Trin.), 85 re. Bell, Ei. (Clare), 359. Bell, W. (Magd.), 361. Belward, Ei. (Caius), 326, 329. 'bene disputa.sti,' 38. Benet. See Corpus Christi College Cambridge (322). Beureetr, Ja. (Jes.), 363. Benuet, T. (Job.), 268 n. Benuet, W. (Emm.), 58. Bennett, Ja. (Jes.), 303. Bennett, J. (Clare), 360. Bennett, T. (Job.), 268 re., 385. Benson, T. (Qu.), 159, 100. Beutham, E. (Ch. Ch., Corpus and Oriel), and Ja., 388 re. Bentham, Jer. (Qu.), 365 w. Bentbam, Jos. 388, 389, 393. Bentley, Ei. (Job., Trin. ; Wadh. ), 2, 22 re., 25, 57, 67 re., 79, 92, 95, 97, 102 re., 112, 129, 148, 207,209,210, 248, 344, 347, 383, 384, 387, 388. Bentley, T. (Trin.), 110, 111. Berdmorc, S. (Jes.), 359. Berkeley, G. (T. C. D.), 121, 129, 321, 369, 376. Berkley, C. (King's), 363. Bernard, E. (Exon.), 92. Berney, Sir J., 320. Bernouilli, Ja. (Bale, Heidclb.). 79. Betteswortb, J. (Ch. Ch.), 265 ». Beverley, J. (Chr.), 239, 359, 364. Bewicke, T. (Jes.), 362. Bezae, codex, 6, 391. bibliotheca critica, 93, 96. bibliothcca literaria, 96, 97. Bilsborrow, Dewh. (Trin.), 862, binomial theorem, 51, 76. ' lUon,' 57. Bircham, S., 201. IHackburn, Ja. (Trin.), 53 re. Blackstone, Ja., (New I. II.), 144. Biackstonc. W. (Pemh. All S., Qu., New I. II.), 143, 144. Bland, ? (Corpu.f), 149 re. Blavney.B. (Wore, and Hart II.), 168, 170. Blick, B. G. (Pet.), 375. Bligb, Reg. (Qu.), 36h., 55h. Bliss, N:it. (Pcmb.), 247, 251. Blithe, 385. Blomberg, F. W. (Job.), 360. Blomefield, F. (Caius), 15H. Blomheld, C. J. (Triu.), 97 re. Blomlield, E. V. (Cai. and Emm.), 97n. blood, circulation of, 172 n., 174. 420 INDEX. blood, transfusion, 181. blood-letting, 305. blne-stockiugs, 207. Blunders (Tiverton), 102. Blunt, J. (Job.), 300. ' boards,' 313. Bobart, llo. (Oxon.), 204, 206. Bobart, llo. (Oxou.), 203, 204, 20G. BotUfiitn Library, 3 — 7. Boerbaavc, Herm. (Leyd.). 79. Boetbius de Musica, 287. ' bona nova,' 277. Bonuycastlo, J. {' Ai-itb.' 1780.), 4C, 77, 250. Bonwicke, Aipbr. (.Job.), 14. book-lists 1—10, 76—81, 129—132, 160, 161, 206, 208, 248—251, 325, 326 ?»., 328—336, 394—413. Borlase, G. (Pet.), 132. Btscawen, W. (Exon.), 144 «. Bcssut, 77. botany, 154, 154 n., 178, 202—212. Bourcliier, E. (Chr.), 359. Bourdieu, J. (Clare), 375. Bourne, J. (Job.), 316. Bourne, Laur. (Qu.), 316. Bourne, Vincent (Trin.), 27, 102—104, 106. Bouquet, P. (Trin.), 268 7i. Bowles, W. Lisle {Trin.}, 102. Bowles, W. (Pet.), 363. Bowstead, Joe. (Pemb.), 34 h. Bowtell, J., llik ♦box' (in tbe Schools), 37, 39, 231. ' bos-flom-isb't ' type, 386» Boyce, W. (Camb.), 237. Boyle, Ro. (Oxo)i.), 248. Boys, Ri. (Job.), 363. brackets, 53 — 55. Bradford, S. (Benet), 309, 310. Bradley, Ja. (Ball.), 247, 251. Bradley, Ri. (Camb.), 79, 173, 209, 210. Bradley, W. S. (Job.), 362. Bradstreet, Ro. (Job.), 360. Brasenosc College, Oxon., 86. Brasse, J. (Trin.), 63. breakfasts (acts'), 36 (father's), 50. brevier type, 385, 392 n. Bridge, Bewick (Pet.), 76. Brinkley, T. (Cains), 257, 320^ 323. Brockett, L. (Trin.), 150. Broderick, ? (Job.), 355, 356. Brome, W. (Job.), 157. Brooke, P. (Job.), 7 u. Brooke, T. (Clare), 393. ' brothers,' 276, 279, 281, 286. Brown, Nio. (Trin.), 363. Brown, Nic. (Chr.), 35'J. Brown, T. (Ch. Ch.), 26ji., 156. 'Brown,' Tom (Rnghv), 36 n. Browne, C. (Ball.), 138. Browne, Is. Hawkins (Trin.), 157. Browne, J. (Trin.), 154 w. Browne, Pet. (T. C. D.), 79, 129. Browne, T. (Jes.), 306. Browne, Sir W. (PcL), 37, 58, 68, 71 n., 155, 173. Browning, ¥. (King's), Win. Broxholnie, N. (Ch. Ch.), 155 n. Brutton, J. V. (Sid.), 359. Bryant, Jacob (King's) 93, 106, 158. Brydges, Sir Egerton (Qu.), 158. Buck, Ja. (Caius), 326. Buck, J. & T. (Cath.), printers, 381, 382, 3'.i3. Fr. 393. Bncklaud, C. (Sid.), 374. Buddous, J. F. (Halle and.Jena), 129. Biiddle, Adkam (Cath.), 207. Bulkeley, S. (Clare), 363. bull-dog, 34, 37. Bullock, J. (Job.), 363. Burgersdicius, F. (Leyden), 85. Burges, G. (Trin.), 9. Burges., J. (printer), 391, 393. Burgess, T. (Corjms), 94, 95, 98, 101. Burkley, C. (King's), 363. Burlamaqui, J. J. (Geneva), 122. Burleigh, lord, 379. Burmau, P. (Leyden), 92, 97. Burman, P. (Franeker) 93. Burn, Ri. (Qu.), 138 n. Burnaby, J. (Oriel), 149 w. Burnet, Gil. (Aberd. and Glasg.), 129, 149. ? Burnet, T. (Neiu C), 99. (or Mert.). Burnet. T. (Clare and Chr.), 35 /»., 79, 129 (emend.), 248. Burrell, Pet. (Job.), 354. Burton, Dan. (Ch. Ch.), 149 n. Biu-ton, J. (Corpus), 12, 101, 325. Burton, H. (Job.), 355. Bury School, 27, 101, 162, 183 h., 189 n. (alsoE. Leedes). de Bussiferes, Jean (S. J.), 148. Butler, Jos. (Oriel), 37, 52, 53, 121, 122, 129, 354, 356. Butler, Jos. [MHner] (Benet), 363. Butler, T. (Trin.), 360. butteries, 105 »., 284, 294 n. bye-term men, 58, 60»., 364. Byne, H. (Job.), 359. Byrom, J. (Trin.), 21 n., 25, 152 «., 347. Byron, G. Gordon, Id., (Trin.), 88. cadit quaestio, 39, 40, 369, &c. Caedmou, 160, 161. Caius College, Gonville and, 3, 30, 47, 48, 172 H., 182, 188, 273, 286— 288 u., 319—344 n., 356. Caldwell, G. (Jes.), 154 n. calendar, Cambridge Universitv, 33, 48, 59, 323 n., 364-367. INDEX. 421 Camm, J. (Joli.), 3G3. canonists, 134, 135, 142 »., 265. cap, 24, 303. caricatimsts, 158. Carlyle, Jos. Dacre (Cbr., Qu,), 164, 106. Carlyon, Clem., (Pemb.), 154 re. Carnan, T. (bookseller), 389. Carr, J. (Job.), 123. Carr, Nic. (Pemb. and Trin.), 108. Carswell, or Caswell, J. {Wadh. and Hart H.), 71, 246 «. Carter, T. (Trin.), 361, Cartes. See Descartes. 'cartbarge paper,' 329. Carver, C. (Gai.), 323. Gary, H. ¥.{Ch. Ch.), 153, 170, 264 «. Gary, J. H. S. (Cbi-.), 375. Cas'aiibon, Meric (Ch. Ch.), 159. Casborne, J. (Emm.), 364. cassock, 311. Castell, Edm. (Emm. and Job.), 163, 208, 267 n. Castell, J. (Caius), 359. Castellus, Bened. (Moutp.), 79. . 'Castor and Pollux,' 57. casuistry, 132 — 134. Caswell, J. {Wadh.), 79. Catbarine-Hall, Saint, 173. Cato (Addison's), 102. Catten, or Catton, T. (Job.), 261. Caulet, J. (Job.), 354. Causton, T. (Job.), 362. cautions, 23, 218. Cavendisb, H. (Pet.), 187, 192. Caxton, W., 377. Caxton post-bag, 312, sqq. Cecil, Sir Re, 380. Cecill, (Job.), 288 «. celibacy, 178, 264. Cbaffin, or Cbafin, W. (Emm.), 29, 30, 358, 362, 363. cballenging, 55, 102. cbamber-fellow, 291. Cbaniberlayne, J. (Trin.), 160. Cbambers, Epbr., 129. Chambers, Sir Eo. {Line, and Univ.), 144. Cbandler, Ei. {Magd.), 12, 156. Cbanning, J. (Ch. Ch.), 170 n., 181. Cbapman, Bened. (Caius), 325. Chapman, C. J. (Bcnet), 322. Chappelow, Leon. (Job.), 164, 268 n. Charles II., K. 172 »., 264. Charles III., K. of Spain, 9. Charlett, A. {Univ.), 127, 158. •Chatham' sloop, 327. 'Cheese College,' 3. Cheko, Sir J. (Job., Kinq'.s:^Ch. Ch., King's Camb.), lOfi ]'()[). chemistry, 174, 176, 178 — 195. chest, the King's Coll., 174. chest, the University, 280, 304. Chestney, J. (Pet.), 361. Cbevallier, Temple (Magd.), 363. Cbevallier, T. (Pemb.), 375. Cheyne, G. (Edinb.), 79, 129. Cbiara, 315. Chisbull, Edm. {Corpus), 155. chocolate, 308, 310. chopsticks, 165. choristers, 3 n. Christ Church, 13, 86, 102, 104, 114 n., 146, 237, 267. Christ College, 13, 68, 123, 125, 238 n., 259 n. Christian, E, (Job.), 142, 145. chronology, 25, 117. Chubb, T., 129. Churchill, Fleetwood (Clare), 268 n., 358. Cicero, 13, 27, 85 re,, 87, 326 «., 354. civilians, 135, 136, 139—142, 145, 264, 265. Clare Hall, 52 n., 67—69, 71 re., 139 n., 212 n., 338. Clarendon Press, 94, 96, 384 n. Clarendon's History, 2. Clarke, E. D. (Jes.), 77, 156, 192 n., 198—202. Clarke, Greg. (Cath.), 168 n. Clarke, J. [\Ybitefield] (T. C. D., Job. and Trin.), 237. Clarke, S. (Caius), 13, 37, 52, 53, 67, 68, 79, 121 n., 124, 129, 242, 298, Clarke, Wilfrid (Pet.), 361. Clarkson, T. (Job.), 128. 'classes,' 45—48, 50, 53, 260, 261, 363. Classical Journal, 97 re, classics, 9, 13, 90, 225, 331—334, 337, 354, Clay, C. J. (Trin.), printer, 393, Cleaver, W, {Bras.), 95, Gierke, J, (Pet), 177. Clinton, H. Fynes {CJu Ch.), 102 «. Globery. See Glynn, close fellowships, Ac., 343. Glubbe, W. (Gains), 157. Cockshutt, T, (Ghr.), 363, de Goetlogon, G, E, (Pemb.), 360. Colbatch, J. (Trin.), 132. Colchester, W. (Job.), 359, Cole, W. (Clare and King'.s), 158, Cole's Dictionarv, 32() «. Coleridge, S. T. (Jes.), 84, 121, 123, 157, Golladon, Theod. (Geneva), 189. collectiom, 119, 258 n. collectorn, 220 re., 232 n. 'college mss.', 75—77. CoUiber, S. 129. Collier, Arthur, 130. Collier, Jer. (Caius), 158, 422 INDEX. Collier, W. (Trin.), 106. CoUignon, C. (Trin.), IH.3. Collins, Aut. (King's), 129. Collins, Brian Bury (Job. ), 355. Collins, W. (Qu. and Magd.), 157. Colman, G. (Ch. Ch.), 15(5, 157. Colson, J. (Sid. & Emm.), 70. Colwell, J. {Trill.), 155 n. Comber, T. (Trin.), 163 «. combination-room, 30, 52. combinations, 387. Comings, T. (Trin.), 875. comitialia, carmiua, 19, 103. comitia maiora et minora, 18, 38. commencement, 18, 38. ' commodious schools,' 232 n. common law, 142 — 145. conimon-place-books, 331, 332. commons, 291, 293 n., 319. compendiums, 227. composition (see 'classics'), 225, 332. compounders, 52. Compton, W. (Cains), 363. concerts, 238—240, 245, 315, 317. confession, 133 n. conic sections, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 326?!., 336, 376. Conington, J. {Corpus), 233, 234. cousequens and consequentia, 39, 369 n. • Constant Quantities,' 57. * consulate,' 57. cook, a college, 321, 324. Cook, capt. Ja. 325, 329. Cooke ? (Job.), 355. Cookson, H. W. (Pet.), 91, 198. Copley, J. Singleton (Trin.), 154 n. Cornwall, Ff. H. (Job.), 363. Cornwall, C. W., 327. Corpus Cbristi or Benet College, 175, 188, 212 n. Cosin, J. (Cai., Pet.), 235. Costard, G. {Jrndh.), 247. Cotes, Koger (Trin.), 10, 49, 70, 74, 242, 243, 245, 326 «., 376. Cotter, Kogerson (Trin.), 344 n. counties, 343, 344. CoveU, J. (Cbr.), 162 71., 385. Coventry, Fr. (Magd.), 183. Coventry, H. (Magd.), 183 «. Cowell's Institutio Jm-is, 143 n. Cowper, J. (Benet), 268 n. Crab, 3, 5. Crabb, H. B. (Trin.), 360. Cradock, J. (Catli.), 364. Crasbaw, Ei. (Pemb., and Pet.), 163 n. Craster, T. (Job.), 359. Craven, W. (.Job.), 29, 164, 166, 363. Crawford, J. (.Job.), 361. crcaticni, 281. Creed 1, T. (Ifarf/i.), 157. Cresswell, spberics, 76. Creygbtuu, lii. (Trin.), 287. cribbage, 324, 327. Crick, T. (Cains), 300, Croft, G. {Univ.) 87 n., 144. Croft, W. {Ch. Ch.), 237. Croke, Alex. {Oriel), 265 n. Croke, Ei. (King's), 106. crosses (coins), 279, 284 n. Crotcb, W. {S. Mary H.), 237. Crowutield, Corn, (printer), 282—288, 382—388, .393. Cubit, J. (Caius), 375. Cudwortli, Ea. (Emm., Clare, Cbr.), 121 w., 125, 130. Cullum, Ja. (Cbr.), 360. Cumberland, Ei. (Magd.), 1.30. Cumberland, Ei. (Trin.), 27-29, 33, 37 n., 102, 344—346. Cumming, Ja. (Trin.), 194. curate, 309. Cm-rey, W. W. (Qu.), 375. Curteis, C. (Job.), 360. Cutbbert, E. (Jes.), 375. Cutbbert, G. (Cbr.), 360. ' Dfedalus,' H. M. S., 327, 329. ' Damon and Pytbias,' 57. Daniel, Eoger (printer), 381, 393. Da\-ies, Ei. (Qu.), 177, 1/8. Davey, J. (Caius), 30. Dawes, Ei. (Emm.), 35 n., 95, 114. Dawes, Sir W. {Joh. and-Catb.), 130. days in tbe tripos, 53. dean, 88 n., 89, 166 n. Dealtry, W. (Trin.), 77. Debreczin Univ., 99. decimals, 52, 56. declamations, 26, 88, 89, 213, 220. 'decus et tutamen,' 105. Degge, Sir Simon, 139. degrees, 172. Deigbton's, 45; J. Deigbton (booksel- ler), 393. Delaval, E. (Pemb.), 15, 358. Demostbenes, 326, 354, 356, 383. Denne, J. (Benet), 363. Derbam, W. {Trin.), 130. Desaguliers, J. Tbeo., (Ch. Ch.), 246. Descartes, Eene (La Flecbe), 65—69, 79, 121, 125 n., 129, 176, 241 n. 'descendas,' 38, 39, 145 n. D'Ewes, Symonds (Job.), 87, 90. Dibdiu, T. Frognall {Joh.), 3 «. Dickes, T. (Jes.), 375. Dickins, F. (Trin. H.), 140. Dicldnsou, W. (Trin.), 360. dictionaries, 100, 328. digamma, 112 n. Dillcnius, .T. J. (Darmst., Gies., Oxon.) 204. 206. 211 n. IXDEX. 423 dinner-hour, 38 n. Diopbantus, 92. disjunctive syllogism, SO. Disney, W. (Triu.), 29, 106, 2r)8H.,3C3. disputations, 145, 220—223, 291. disputationum formulae, R. F., 35 n. Dixon, J. (Qu.), 375. Dobree, V. P. 92 n. Dodson's Repository, 77. Dodsworth, F. (Cbr.), 359. ' dogging,'' 232 n. Donn, Ja., 208. dormiat, 36. Douglass, J. {Ball), 149??. Dowdaswell, G. {Ch. Ch.), loon. Downes, (Job.), 363. Downing Professor of Laws, 145. D'Oyly, Matt. (Benot), 359. Drake, Ja. (Job.), 3G2. Ducarel, Andr. C. (Job.), 158. duelUng, 123, 128, 376. Duncan's logic, 13, 85, 87 n., 127. 'dunce's day,' 56, 58. Duncombe, J. (Corpus), 157. duplicity, Mr Woodd's, 63. Duport, Ja. (Trin. and Magd.), 273— 286. Duport, J. (Jes.), 273. dutch, 97, 100, 386. Dyer, G. (Emm.), 157. Dymoke, Nedham (Job. ), 154 n. Eachard, J. (Cath.), 176, 2iln. Eaton, Ja. (Pet.), 268??. Eaton, Ei. (Job.), 360. Edinbm-gb, 211. Edmund Hall, S., 2, 92, 126??., 127, 225. Edwards, Ei. S. (Job.), 363. Edwards, T. (Clare), 94, 95. Edwards, Jonath. {Ch. Ch. and Jes.), 99 n. 'elabatorv,' 187??. election, 280, 281, 306—310, 313, 315, 345, 347. electricity, 190. ' elegant extracts,' 57. Elliot, Lam-. (Magd.), 29. Ellis, T. (Caius), 154 ?i. Elmsall, H. (Job.), 358, 359??. Elstob, Miss E. 159, 160, 161. Elstob, W. (Cath. and Univ.), 158— 161. Ely, bp. of, 306—311, 344. Emerson, W. (math.), 50. Emmanuel College, 18, 29, 58, 65, 344 ?i. Encyclopaedia, Green's Scheme, 338 — 342. Encyelnpaodia Brit., 326??. England, W. (Joli.), 306. enthusiasm, 54. epigrams, 103 — 105. Episcopius. 35 ??., 130. Erasmus, Desid. (Eoterd., Qu.), 87??. Erncsti, J. A. (Loii)S.), 92. ethics, 14, 62 n., 65, 333, 336. 'etists,' 107. Eton, 104 n., 105??. Euclid, 23, 46, 66, 73—75, 355. Euripides, 356. Evans, T. (Jes.), 268 ??,. Evans, W. (Cbr.), 375. Eveleigh, J. {Oriel), 222. Ewbank, T. (Cath.), 361. Ewin, W. H. (Job.), 363. examinations, 14, 16, 33, 46, 49—56, 114 ?(., 116, 215, 217, 221—222, 256, 258, 262, 322, 323, 343—357. ' executive directory,' 57. Eyre, Ja. {Mert), 265 ?t. R. F. 35 ??. Faber, T. (Job.), 363. Fancourt, T. (Qu.), 375. Fanccurt, S., 130. Farish, C. (Qu.), 41??., 264??. Farish, W. (Magd.), 40—42, 77, 190— 192, 201. Farmer, Ei. (Emm.), 58. 'father,' 24, 44, 47, 50, 52, 275, 281. Fawcett, ? Ja. (Job.), 122??. Fawkes, Fr. (Jes.), 157. fees (college), 213, 262 ??. fellow-commoners, 15, 33, 88, 200, 299, 352, fellowships, 178, 262—265, 280, 281, 299, 306—311, 343—346, 348. Felton, H. {Edm. JI.), 130. Fenn, Sir J. (Caius), 11 ??., 30, 31, 47. Fenton, Elijah (Jes. and Trin. II.), 157. Fenwicke, T. T. (Job.), 375. Ferguson, Ja., 49. Feme, H. (.S\ Mary II., and Trin. C. Camb.), 134. Ferraud, T. (Trin.), 39 ??. Ferrari, Ant., 6. Fiddes, Ei. {Univ.), 35??., 130. Field, J. (printer), 382, 393. 'fights,' 102. Filmer, Sir- Eo. (Trin.), 130. Finch's Discourse, 143. fireworks, 322. Fisher, Edm. (Benet), 363. Fitz-Herbert, AUeync, (Job.), 154 ?i. Flaxman, J., 201. Fletcher, Carter (Job.), 363. Flitcroft, H. (Benet), 208 ??. ' florence,' 303. Floras, 325??. fluxions, 29, 10??., 46, 49—51. 65, 73 7?., 77, 369—371. Folkcs, Martin (Clare). 60, 176. 424, LNDEX. Footc, C. (Job. ? Kmm.), 359. forciKiiorH, 98—100, 172, 'iO-l, 247, 322. ' formn,' xtare pro, 213, 220. 'form- follow,' 299. rorostor, J. (Tiin.), 360. Fortcscuo, Sir J. 143 n., 144. Foster, J. (Qn.), 364, Foster, J. (KiuK'H) HI, H"^. Fox, Hopkins (Trin.), 359. Fox, T. (Oath.), 375. Francis, Ko. Bransby (Benet), 301. Fraucks, Wa. {Mert'), 149 n. Franclin, T. (Triu.), 116. P'rancoenr, 77. Frankfort on Oder, 98, 99, 295. Fraiikland, T. 327. Freind, J. {Ch. Ch.), 175. Freeman, J. (Clare), 359. french language, 25, 158, 225, 324, 326. french matbcmatics, 74, 75, 79, 80, 257 n. Frend, W. (Jes.), 72 7(., 253, 254. Frere, J. (Cains), 47, 48. Frere, Sbeppard (Trin.), 189. Frewin, Ei. (Ch. Ch.], 176. Friend, 187 «., 189. ' furies,' 57. Gael, Eldred (King's), 385. Gagnier, Jean, 267. Gainford (co. Durbam), 27. Gaisford, T. (Ch. Ch.), 96. (iallv, H. (Benet), 111, 112. Gambler, J. E. (Sid.), 371, 374. gardens, 202—206. Gardiner, Stephen (Trbi. II.), 107. Garnier, aJgebr., 76, 77. Gascoigne, Wade (Trin.), 239. Gaskin, T. (Jes.), 34 n. Gastrell, Fr. (Ch. Ch.), 130. Garth, S. Fct., 157, 173. Gee, W. (Pet.), 363. Geldart, Ja. W. (Tr. H,, Cath.), 145. \qencrals,' 217, 229. Gentilis, Alb. (Perig., New Inn II.), 243. geography, 147. geology, 196—198. geometry, 25, 30. George I., 7. Gergonne, 77. Giardini, Felice, 239. Gibbon, Edm. (Maud.), 5 ??., 12, 15. Gibson, Edm. (Qn.), 138 h., 159. Gifford, W. (E.ron.), 157. Giles, Saint, Camb., 40, 41/;., 108. Gill, Joseph (Job.), 362. GinkoU, or Gingell, 324. Gisborne. T. (Job.), 15, 54, 122, 177, Glissoi'. F. (Caiu.-^). 172. Glynn (Clobcry), Ro. (King's), 173, 174, 177. Godfrey, Garrot (printer), 378, .393. Godolilbin, J. ((Hon. 11.), 139, 143. Goldwyer, (t. (Job,), 363. Goocb, sir T. (Caius), In., 27, 153. Gooch, \V. (Cains), 55 7i., 319—329. Goodson, Ri. (Ch. Ch.), 238. Goodwin, T. (Trin.), 312, 317. gooseljerries, preserved, 327. Gordon, Jeminy, 36 n. Gorbam, G. Corn. (Qn.), 198. Gongh, Ri. (Benet), 158. Grabe, J. E. (Oxon.), 99. Graces, Three, 57. ' (J radons days,' 232 n. grammar, 83, 84. ' gratuitous bonorati,' 362. Graves Ri. (Pcwh.), 157. 'rt Gravesande, W. J. (Levd.), 130. Grav, T. (Pet. and Pemb.), 26, 32, 150, 152, 153, 157, 173, 237, 327. Gray, W. (Pet.), 321, 362. Greame, J. (Trin), 360. greek, 84, 106—118, 290, 300. Greek's coffee-house, 10. Greek Testament, 350—355. Grce7i, Chr. (Caius), 172. Green, J. (Job. and Benet), 73, 150. Green, Leon, (iiriuter), 393. Green, Maur. (Cambr.), 237. Green, Eo. (Clare), 69, 127, 130, 338. Green, T. (Pet,), 363. Green, T. (Triu.), 198. Greene, J. (Benet), 363. Gregory, Dav. (Ch. Ch.), 71, 99 n., 149, 173, 246 7J. Gresham College, 176. Gretton, Phil. (Trin.), 130. Gretton, Walthall (Trin.), 361. (xrew. Neb. (F.R.S.), 25, 130. Grey, Ri. (Line), 138?;. Grigby, G. (Caius), 375. GriggI W. (Jas.), 98, 290, 291, 295/;. Grigson, W. (Caius), 360. Cirimwood, Nic. L. (Job.), 360. 'groats,' to save, 169 7;. Grotius, Hugo (Leyd.), 14, 121, 130, 143/7., 146, 299, 353. 'gulpbing it,' 45. Gunning, H. (Chr.), 11;/., 34, 53, 54, 58, 257. Gwynne, Jonath. (Magd.), 363. gyp, 365. Hadlcy, J. (Qu.), 188, 189, 363. llaggitt, J. (Clare). 361. Hailstone, J. (Trin.), 198. Hale, sir M. (Mar/d. H), 130, 143, Hales, Stephen (Benet and 0.ion.), 174, 175. INDEX. 425 Halforil, Pet. (Cbr.), 303. Hall, E. (printer), 882, 3'J3. Hall, .los. (Emm.), 133. Hall (.Toll.), 3.54. Hall, W. (.Toll.), 47. Hallara, J. (Qu.), 364. von IJaller, Alb. (Clott.), 185. Hallev, Edm. ((^i.), d'Jii., 210, 217, 372, 37fi. Hallifax, S. (.Jes.), 77, 141, 142, ICl, 2(;.s?(. Hamilton, Hugh (? T. C. T>.), 49, 370. Hammond, H. [Mnr/d.), 2r,C,, 2r,7. Hammcnd, Hor. (13enet), 3(51). Handel, 236, 237, 240. Hankinson, Eo. (Chr.), 268 h. Hankinson, Eo. (Tiiu ), 321, 322, 324, 302. Hardcastle, T. {Mert.), 101. Hardwicke, Id., (Benet), 9. Hardy, T. (Sid.), 154 w. Hargrave, Jos. (Magd.), 375. Harland, E.,327. Harlcstou school, 320. Harper (Job.), 303. harpsichord, 230, 237 n., 322. Harris, G. {Oriel), 205 n. Harris, J. (Job.), 100. Harris, S. (Pet.), 149. Harrison, T. (Trin.), 301. Harrow school, 101, 109. harry soph, 33, 140, 3(55 h. Hart, E. C. (Joh.), 354. Hartley, David (Jes.), 37, 122, 123, 127. Hartley, David {Mcrt.), 123 71., 155 n. Harvey, W. (Caius, Padua, Mert.), 123 »., 155 n. Harwood, Busick (Chr.), 170 n., 183, 184, 255, 324. Hasted, H. (Chi-.), 375. Hawaii, 320. Hawcs, J. (Jes.), 359, 302. Hawkins, J. {Femh.), 157. Hawkins, W. (Pemh.), 158. Haworth, J. (Bran.), 155 n. Hay, C^. (Jo7(.),205». Hayes, J. (printi'r), 382, 393. Hayes, S. (Trin.), 128. Hayes, P. (Marjd.), 238. Hayes, W. {Ch. Ch. and Maod.), 238. Haynes, Hoptou (Clare), 303. Hayward, C. (Caius), 301. Hoarne, T. (Kdm. 11.), 3—5, 71, 127, 158, 160, 185. Heathcote, Ea. (Jes.), 310. Heaton, E. (Caius), 359. Hcberden, C. (Joh.), 375. Heberden, W. (Job.), 00, 177, 179 - 181. Heberden. \V. (Job ), 177. hcbrew, 162—170, 215 n. , 222 «., 224— 220, 207, 208, 335, 379. Hedges, C. (Pet.), 3.58. Hellins, J. (Trin.), 320 h. Hclsham, Ei. (T. C. D.), 49. Heming, (Job.), 324. Hemsterhuvs, Tilj. (Amst., Franeker, Leyd.), 92, 95. Henley, J. (Job.), 100. Henshall, S. (/.V-as ), 101. Henslow, J. S. (Job.), 209. TIepwortli, J. (Caius), 302, 375. Hepworth, J. (Benet), 359. Herbert, G. (Trin.), 87. ' Hercules and Atlas,' 57. Herman, J. Godf. Ja. (Leips.), 112. Hertford College, 89. Hewitt, B. (Jes.), 359. Hey, Ei. (Magd. and Sid.), 12S. Heywood, J. [Pemh.), 157. H:ckcs, G. (.Joh., Miuid. C, Mo. Jenner, C. (Pemb.), 238, Jesuits, 77, 261 n. Jesus College Cambridge, 13, 83, 80, 201 n., 290—311. Jesus College, Oxon., 126. Jewel, J. [Mert. and Corpus), 87. ' jips,' 365. S. John Evangelist College, Cambridge, 6, 13—15, 23, 36, 83, 8.5, 87, 123, 243 n., 255, 256, 260, 264, 321, 322, 314, 352—356. Johnson, J. (Magd. and Benet), 134, 160, 161. Johnson, S. (Pcmh.), 156, 157, 160. Johnson, T. (King's and Magd.), 20, 34, 131. Johnson, W. (Caius), 359. Jolland, G. (Joh.), 363. Jolliffe, P. W. (Joh.), 361 Jones, Owen (Jes.), 361. Jones, T. (Joh. and Trin.), 123, 128, 353 n. Jones, W. (Univ.), of Nayland, 71 n. Jones, Sir W, {Univ.), 11 n., 127, 169. Jortiu, J. (Jes.), 97. Joiu'nal Polytechnique, 77. journals, classical, 97, 98 7in, Jowett, Jos, (Trin. H.), 141. Joyce, Jer., 152 n. juraments, 216, 217. Jurin, Ja. (Trin.), 99 n., 147 n., 148. Justinian, 143. Juvenal, 354. Karakakooa-bay, 329. ' Kase Collegium,' 3. Keckerman's logic, 85. Keill, Ja. (Edinb., Leyd., Ojcoh., Camb.), 182, 187. Keill, J. {Ball.), 49, 24.5, 246. Kempton, T. (Qu.), 363. Kennett, White {Edm. H.), 158. Kennicott, B. {Wadli., E.ron. and Ch. Ch.), 94, 169. Kent, Ja. (Trin.), 238. Kepple, ? 327. Kerrich, T. (Magd.), 154. kettle-drum, 238. Kidbv, J. {Ball.), 155. Kidd" T. (Trin.), 97, Kidgell, J. {Hert.), 157. Kidman, C. (Benet), 127. Kilbye, Ei. {Line), 167. King, C. {Mert.), 238. King, Joshua (Qu.), 63. INDEX. 42; King, W. {Ch. Ch.), 176, 194. King, W. (T. C. D.), 3.5 n., 121, 1.31. Kingdom, Koger (Juh.), 154 n. King's College, Canibiidge, 20, 34, 83, 162, 173, 174, 238, 313, 343, 352. Kingston, J. (printer), 393. Kinnersley, ? (Joli.), 355. Kinsman or Kynnesman, Arth. (Triu.), 27, 183. Kipling, T. (.Toh.), 86, 250, 251, 391. Knapp, H. (King's), 363. Knight, S. (Triu.), 158. Knipe, F. (Qu.), 305. knocking-out, 00. Knox, Vicesimus (Joh.), 5n., 15, 214 ;j., 228—233. Kuster, Ludolph (Camb.), 97 n., 98, 387, 388. laboratories, 175, 176, 183, 187—189. Labutte, Rene, 153. Lacroix, 76, 77. 'lads,' 291, 294??. Lag ange, Jo. L. (Turin), 77. Lambe, W. (Job.), 85 ??. Lambert, Ja. (Triu.), 207. Lane, Obad. (Emm.), 359. Langley, S. (Femb.), 157. Langtou, W. (Clare), 303. languages, 25, 150, 152, 153, 163 ??. Laplace, P. S. (Paris), 77. latin, 27, 28, 32, 37, 40—43, 59, 66, 87 n., 90—92, 94. Laud, W, (Joh.), 159, 167, 381 ??. Laughton, J. (Triu.), 6, 385. Laugbton, Ei. (Clare), 11, 25, 34??., 37??., 58, 68, 125, 385. laureat, 87. Lavater, J. C. , 185. law, 33, 134—146, 214, 264, 265, 285, 331. Law, E. lord Ellenborough (Pet.), 142. Law, Edm. (Pet.), 31, 128, 132, ? 164. Law, G. (Qu.), 36 n. Law, J. (Cbr.), 238 ??., 259 n. Law, W. (Emm.), 18 ?i., 2 In., 103, • ? 122, 131. Lawrence, Souldeu (.lob.), 265??. Lax, W. (Triu.), 38, 244, 260, 321, 323, 373, 375. Layard, C. P. (.Job.), 128. lay-fellows, 263, 204, 346. lectures, 10—14, 86—89, 122??.— 121, 179—181, 244, 259, 281, 292, 312, 348. (See ' in-ograrama'). Lee, H. (Emm.), 69??., 127, 131. Lee, or Leigh, Tim. (Triu.), 313. Legat, J. and J. (pruiters), 379, 380, 393. Lcggc, Cantrell (printer), 380, 393. Legrice, C. Val. (Trin.), 89??., 151 ?(. Logrew, Ja. (Job.), 375. Leibnitz, Godf. W. (Leips. and Jena), 131. Lei^b, Eg. (Sid.), 360. Le Hunt, J. (Job.), 363. Le Neve, J. (Trin.), 158. Lcug, J. (Cath.), 383 ??., .385. lent. See 'quadragesima.' letters from Cambridge, 289—829. Lewis, G. (archd".), 9, 165. Lewis, Ko. (Jes.), 359. Leybourue's Mathematical Reposiloiv. 76, 77. Leycester, G. (Trin.), 859, Leyden, 99. Lhuyd, E. (Jes.), 196. libraries, 2 — 10, 55. liccat. 217, 229. light, 60, CO ;?. Liglitfoot, Ro. (Trin.), 385. van Limborch, P. (Utrecht), 131. Liuacre, T. (All S.}, 84. Liudewood's Constitution, 139. 'hue' ( = faculty), 173. Lingard, J. (Cath.), 359. Linuaeus, C. von Linue, 2, 203, 2i)7, 210, 211 ??. liuseed-oil, 387. Littledalc, J. (Job.), 205 n. Livy, 355. Lloyd, C. (Caius), 157. Lloyd, H. (Trin.), 100??., 208, 269 ?i. Locke, J. (67(. Ch.), 2, 6, 13, 14, 25, 37, 52—54, 62??., 76, 86, 87, 121, 122??., 124, 126—128, 131, 187/1., 326??., 353—356. Locke, .Jos. (Qu.), 359. Locke, Ro. (.Job.), 303. Lochugtou, Jos. (Si((' C), 157, 109, 255. Lucas, Ri. (./.■.s.). 131. Lucas, Ri. (Caius), 323. Lucian, 325 ??. Lucretius, 35(i. Ludiam, W. (Job.), 70. 3;»1. ' hiuibcr-hole,' l.ss. 428 INDEX. Lupton, W. (Qh., Line), 35 n., 131. Lye, E. {Hart II.), KJO. Lynch, Ko. [Corjjus), 155 n, Lyudhnrst. See Copley. Lyons, Isr. 5(», IGO, 107. Lyons, Isr., 206, 208. Lyttelton, G. (Ch. Vh.), 157. Macclesfield, T. Parker, carl (Trin.), 110, 158, 15'Jh., 100 71., 203, Mackenzie, G. (Trin.), 304. Maclaurin, Colin (Ulasg. , Aberd., Edin.), 49, 50, 72 n., 373, 376. Madan, Spencer (Trin.), 236. magazines, 96 — 98. S. Mary Magdalen College Cambridge, 183, 190, 212 ;t., 330. (S'. Mary Magdalene College, Oxon., 12, 13, 89. Majendie, H. W. (Chr.), 58, 360. Malebranclie, Nic. (Sorboune), 131. Maltby, E. (Pemb.), 375. Malyn, Ko. (Jes.), 363. Manning, 0. (Qu.), 160. Manning, W. (Caii;s), 375. Mausell, .L (Emm.), 303. Mansfield, lord, (Ch. Ch.), 266 ii. ' Maps,' 386 n. Marisball, Edm. (Joh.), 363. Markbam, W. {Ch. Ch.), 86. Markland, Jer. (Pet.), 96. IMarlborough, J. Cliu. duke of, 9. Marriott, (Sir Ja. (Trin. H.), 138/1. ,.827. Marsh, Herbert 154, 353. Marsh, Ja. (Qu.), 303. Marsh, W. H. (13enet), 362. Marshall, Edm. (.Joh.), 363. Marshall, J. (Chr.), 155. Marshall, T. H. (Clare), 360. Martin, Era. (Trin.) 41, 42. Martin, Hugh (Pemb.), printer, 393. Martyu, J. (Emm.), 208, 210. Martyn, T. (Emm. and Sid.), 184 h., 198, 208, 211, 212. Maryland mission, 2. Masclef s hebrew gi'ammar, 167. Maseres, Era. (Clare), 72 h, 141. Maskelyue, N. (Cath., Trin.), 326 n., 327. Mason, C. (Trin.), 189, 190 n., 197, 345. Mason, W. (.Joh.), 368. Mason, W. (Joh. and Pemb.), 157. Massev, MiUington (Joh.), 200. Massey, Boger (Joh.), 371, 374. Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C, 288. masters of arts, 213—215, 218—227, 232—234, 275. masters of the .< November, 317, 318. Novell, T. {Oriel), 149. Nourse, Pet. (Joh.), 385. Nycholson, Segar {Gunv. II.), 378, 393. oars,' 'next, 307. oath of allegiance, 316. observatories, 241, 243 h.— 245, 247. Ockley, Simon (Qu.), 163, 260. Ode, Ja. (Utrecht), 131. Ogden, S. (Joh.), 197. Ogle, G. (Sid.), 157. Okes, T. (King's), 181. Oldershaw, J. (Emm.), 158. opponents, 25, 27, 35, 37 — 41, 321, 322. optics, 35«., 46, 64, 243, 218, 33G, 355. optime, 305, 321. optimes, senior and junior, 20, 29, 33, 49, 56, 57, 261 n. orange pills, 293 n. Orde, T. 327. Orde, T. (King's), 158. orders, holy, 311, 312, 317, 331, :i;?5, 336. ordinaries (lectures), 10, 83. Oriel College, Oxon., 222, 223. oriental studies, 162 — 170. Osterwald, J. F. (Neufchatel), 131. Otlev, ? (Joh.), 356. Otter, W. (Jes.), 85 n. ' ould bachilour,' 17. Outlaw, Ro. (Qu.), 359. Owen, A. (Chr.), 361. Owen, Hugh (Job.), 361. Owlivhee, 329. Oxford (* our aunt"), 252, 378, .^92 >i., 394. Oxford race.^, 10. ' Oxford Sau»(ige,' 157. 430 INDEX. TiiKet, Mif-H (Lynn), 321. puintinp, 15S. Paluv, W. (Cln-.), .'53, 35, 39, 47, 53, 54, Of), 75, 70, 105, 121, 122;/., 123, 127, 12H, 133 jt., 151, 238h.,257«., 374, 37fj. Palmer, J. (Joh.), 5G, ? IGG, 2C6. palmer and roclde. paiurs, IC), 25G, 345, 348-351, 356. paraf^ou type, 387. parcliment, 387. Paris, J. (Triu.), 26. Parker, S. [Magd.), 131. Parker, T. See Macclesfield. Parker, J. W. (printer), 393. Parkburst, J. (Clare), 71 n., 165. Parldnson, T. (Clai\), 74, 76, 257, 259 »i., 326 7(. parliamentary debate, 124. ]iarlour, 36. Parr, S. (Joh.), 13, 100. Parslow, T. (Beuet), 363. Parsons, J. (Ch. Ch.), 186. Parsons, J. [Ball.), 222. partiality suspected, 260. party spirit, 291, 298. parvis, 135 71., 216, 217. pattens, 173. pauperistae, 139. ' paving,' 101. Peacock, D. M. (Trin.), 321—324. Pears, J. (Magd.), 375. Pearson, Ben. (Qu.), 149. Pearson, (King's and Trin.), 131. Peck, F. (Trin.), 158. Peck, J. (Joh. ), printer, 393. Pegge, S. (Job.), 116, 158. Pegge, S. (Joh.), 161. Pelham, H. (Benet), 358. Pemberton, Andi-. (Pet.), 141, 363. Pemberton, Jer. (Pemb.), 142. Pembroke College, Oxon., 15, 156. Pembroke Hall, Camb., 3, 15, 73, 89 n., 128. Penneck, J. (Trin. and Pet.), 360. Pennington, Sir Is. (Job.), 172, 173, 190, 243 n. Penny, Nic. (Qu.), 386. Penrice, H. (Trin. H.), 98. PtniT, J. (Pet. ; Alb. H.), 370. TTivToKoyla. (Burton and Burgess), 94, 101, 116. Pepper, J. (Jes.), 375. lieppermint-drops, 327. Perigall, J. G. (Pet.), 375. Perkins, W. (Chr.), 133??.. Perkins, ? W. (Job.), 385. Pern, Andr. (Pet.), 319. Peterbouse Cambridge, 3??., 4??., 13, 37, 53 ??., 58. 62 ?(., 70, 71, ^<9, 132, 133, 149, 151, 157, ICG, 173, 177, 198, 199, 207, 319 «., 321, 343, 352, 381. Peters, C. {Ch. Ch.) 155??. Petberam, J. 159. I'ettiward, J. (Trin.), 3C0. Petty, W. (Job.), 175. Pbilaletbes, 5n., 123. Pbiloleutberus Lipsiensis, 388. Philips, Ambr. (Job.), 157. Phillips, Erasm. (Pemb.), 15. Phillips, J. (Job.), 354. Phillips, S. M. (Sid.), 15. philosopher's stone, 187, 188, 279— 284. philosophical society, Oxon. 175. philoso2)bus resjjoudens, 288. philosophy, 65, 254, 299, 322, 331 ??, philosophy (experimental), 193. phreuologj', 200. physicians' college, 172, 177. physick, 171— iHl, 331. physick-fellows, 155, 173, 264. phy sick-gar den, 205, 209, 210. physics, 23, 65, 226, 229, 333. pica, double, 385. Piers, W. (Emm.), 383 n., 385. Pigott, ? (Job.), 356. Pilgrun, J. (Job.), 363. Pilgrim, Nic. (printer), 393. Pindar, Jonath. (printer), 382, 393. Pitt, Chr. (Xeic C), 156, 157. Pitt, W. (Pemb.), 152, 367. [Place's] Complete Incumbent, 139 ??. do la Placette, J., 131. Plato, 12, 115, 121, 131,235??. Playfaii-, J. (St. And,, Ed.), 67, 68 n., 125. Plott, Eo. {Magd. H.), 187 n., 196. plough monday, 44. plucking, 25, 55, 227. Plumptre, H. (Qu.), 98. Plumptre, Eo. (Qu.), 36??., 106, 133, 390. Plumptre, Eussell (Qu.), 106?;., 172, 183 ??. 'plus,' 371 n. Pococke, E. {Corpus), 168. poets, 156—158. points, bebrew, 167. Poiret, P. (Heidelb. and Ball.), 131. Poisson, S. D., 77. poUtical economy, 151, 152, 367. poll, oi iroWoi, 38, 46, 56, 58, 116, 128, 323, 354, 364. Polwhele, E. (67?. Ch.), 157. 'Polymetis' (Spence's), 158. ' Pompey the Little,' 183. Popbam, E. (Oriel), Person, Ei. (Trin.), 92, 95, 96, 100, 112—114, 156, 190 ??., 344 ??. Person type, 392. INDEX. 431 Portal, W. (Job.), 35G. Porter, J. (printer), sm. Porter, J. (Trin.), IGO. '2>0!>ti>i(j and dogijiii;/,' 232 ?J. Postou, A. (Joh.), 355. Postlethwaite, T. (Triu.), 11, 31G, 350, 363. Potter, J. [Univ.), 100. Potter, Ix. (Emm.), 157. Powell, W. B. (Joh.), 11, 70, 71, 215, 352. Powis, lord (Joh.), 355, 356. prae-elcction, 307. praevaricator, 18, 273—287. press, Cambridge University, 99, 377 — 393. Preston, W. (Trin.), 183, 363. Pretender, 319. Pretyman, J. (Pemb.), 36, 152, 360. pre\ious examination, 116. Prideaux, Humf. (Ch. Ch.), 267. Primatt, Humf. (Clare), 359. Primatt, W. (Sid.), 112. printing, 159, 376, 377—393. Prior, Mat. (Job.), 383. priorums of Aristotle, 60. Pritcbett, C. P. (Job.) 359. private tutors, 259— 2ol, 322, 321. prizes, 66, 321. 'probes aliter,' 37, 40. problems, 49—52, 74. •proctors, i^rofessors in moral pbiloso- pby, 123, 363, 364. proctor's man, 34, 37. proctors' optimcs, 30 n., 57, 58, 358 — 362. professional education, 171, 191, 255, 264, professorsbips, 262, 263. programma, 162, 163, 174, 179, 214, 254, 255. pronunciation, 106 — 112, 149. ' propria quae maribus,' 100. prosody, 105, 106, 110—113. Puffendorf, S. (Leips. , Jena), 121, 116. 'pulpiteers,' 101 /t. Putney, 297. Q. E. ( = quaestio est), 35. Q. S. ( = quaestioues sunt), 35. quackeries, 179. quadragesima, 16, 19, 22, 32, 61, 62, 219. (jnadraficsimaUa, Carmlna, 104 h. quadratic equations, 74, 75. quadriemiium, 82. quadrivials, quadi-i-\aum, 82, 83, 213, 235. quantity, 105, 106 ; cp. 235. Qurenx CoUcije, Oxon., 117, 124, 150, 160. Queens' College, Cambridge, 36 h., 55, 71, 90, 173, 188, 197, 198, 203 h., 212 n., 313—316, 36.5. questionists, 26, 14, 59 — 63. questions, 11, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 34— 37, 39, 42, 103 n., 214 n., 274, 301. 'quid est Nomen?— Hex? — aes?', 62, 63. Quiutilian, 87, 326 n. quiz, 323. quodiibets, 220, 232. Eadcliffe, J. (Univ., Line), 155, 209. Kamus, Pet. (Navarre), 85. Kaudall, J. (King's), 237. Kaudolpb, J. (C7i. C7(.), 157. Itansome, ^Y. (Caiusj, 363. liaper, J. (Job.), 360. liapbson, Jos., 131. ratios, 73 n., 75. Eawliusou, Cbr. (Qu.), 159. KawUnson, Ki. (Joh.), 149, 158, 161. Eawliusou, Wa. (Trin.), 359. Eawortb, B. C. (Trin. H.), 152, 304, 365. Eay, J. (Cath. and Trin.), 2, 25, 133, 182 71., 203, 211 «. reading men, 34, 257. ' Eear-Guard,' 57. llebow. Is. M. (Trin.), 358, 803. 'recte statuit,' 35, 42, 61. Eede lecture, 19. Eedesdale, lord (New C), 266 h. Eeeve, J. (Job.), 361. Eeeve, S. (Caius), 359. regent-walk, 313. Eelban, Ei. (Trin.), 208, 212 h., 360, 390. Eeneu, P., 289, 290, 309, 310. Eeneu, W. (Jes.), 289—312. respondeat, 34, 364, 371, 373. respondent, 34, 288, 363, 364. responsal stall, 22. Eeynolds, ? H. (Xfw C), 149 n. rbetoric, 23, 27, 62 n., 82, 87—89, 337. Eiciiardson, Alex. (Benet), 151 h. llicbardson, Alex. (Pet.), 363. Eicbardsou, W. (Emm.), 158. Eicbmond, Legb, (Trin.), 362. Eider, Edm. (Emm.), 363. Eideout, J. (Jes.), 361. Eiley, Ei. (Job.), 373, 374. ring, 275 n. Eobertson, Barry (Job.), 361. Eobertsou, Ja. (<^".), 155 n. Eobinson, Betbel (Cbr.). 3f>0. llobinson, G. (Trin.), 358, 363. Eobinson, M. (Joii.), 57 h. Eobinson, T. (Trin.), 30 h., 73 n., 344 ;i., 346. Eobinson, T. (Job.), 301. 4:}2 INDKX. Koilciick, C. (Kint^''-), :!<>• lloducy, G. ]jryil>;c's, H'i?. lioliiinlt's rbybics, IH, G7, 1:^2, 298, h:^:j, 380. rolliiiR-iiress, 38fi. llomilly, Jos. (Triu.), 63. Boss, G., 327. Eoss, J. (.loll.), 95. rostiiuu, 102. See 'box.' Bonsi', J. (King's), 359. Eouth, Mart. Jos. {Maqd.), 12. lioval Society, 175, 17(;, 194, 195. Rulmken, Dav. (Lcyd.), 93— 9(5, 100. llussel, Bort. (Triii.), 359. Rust, G. of Gamb., 132. Kustat, Tobias (Jes.), 291, 29G. Riitberfonl, T. (Job.) G7, 77. Hymer, T. (SiJ.), 35»., 132. Sadler, or Sadlcir, lady, 72. Sanderson, Ant. (Clare), 363. Sanderson, or Saiuiderson, Nic. (Cbr.), 11, 25, 50, 66—70, 133. Sanderson, J. (Douay), 84 n. Sanderson, J. (Clare), 363. Sanderson, Eo. {Line), Sin. 85»)., 121, 132, 133, 134, 257. Sandwieb, lord (Triu.), 238, 204. Sandys, Edwin (Wadli.), 204. Sandys, Fr. (Cauab.), 185)/. vau Santen, L. (Amst. and Lcyd. ), 93. sashes, 387. ' satis et optimfe,' 38. Saunders, W. (IVadh.), 149 h. Saunderson. See Sanderson. Savile, sir H. {Mert.), 72. saxou, 158 — 161. Scarlett, Ja. lord Abiuger (Trin.). 15. schemes, 11, 221 n., 230. scholarships, 343, 344, 346. Schomberg, Is. (Trin.), 172. schools, 22—43, 60, 140, 228—233, 306, 321, 322, 335. schools, public, 76, 100—105. Schuldham, Fr. (Caius), 324. Scliulteu, H. A. (Leyd. and 0.vo)i.) 93, 164 II., 170. ' Scipios,' 57. Scott, Alex. J. (Job.), 361. Scott, J., lord Eldou (Univ.), 222 n. Scott, Sir W., lord Stowell, (Corpus and Univ.), 12, 148. scribbling-paper, 323. Sc-urtield, G. (Job.), 359. Sedgwick, A. (Trin.), 121?(., 192;;., 198. Seelev, G. (bookseller), 393 n. Stlden, J. (Hart H.), 132. senate-house, 6, 7, 25, 26. 44—55, Co, 323 ; gallery, 54, 69. Senhousc, Hunif. (Cbr. and I'eni), 363. ' Sei)teravirate,' 57. Seton's logic, 85. ' Seven Wise Men,' ' Seven Wonders,' 57. Sewell, W. (Cbr.). 373, 374. Sbadwell, Lane. (Job.), 265 n. Shaftesbury, A. A. C, 121. Sharp, J. (Cbr.), 132. ' Shavius,' 94, 168. Shaw, G. (Maiid.), 111. Shaw, T. (Magd.), 94. Shaw, T. (Qu. and Kdm. 11.), 155, 168. Sbeeles, Ja. (Trin.), 268 ;/. Sheepshanks, T. (Job.), 354. Sheustoue, W. (Pemb.), 157. Shepbeard, ? (Line), 287. Shepherd, Ant. (Job. and Clir.), 238 »., 240, 244, 327. Sherard or Sherwood, W. (Joli.), 206. 209. Sherman, E. (Clare), 364. Shers, Pet. (printer), 393. Sherwill, ? T. (Chr.), 385. Shrewesburv, 101 h. Shilleto, Ei". (Trin. and Pet.), 41, 42, 392. Shnckford, S. (Caius), 363. Sibert, or Siberch, J. (printer), 378, 393. Sibthorp, Humf. (Magd.), 204. Sibthorp, J. (Line, Unic), 204, 207, 155 H. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 15. Sigean inscription, 155. Sike, H. (Trin.), 165. Simons, Nic. (Chr. & Clare), 360. Simson, Eo., 50, 72 h. singing, 235 — 240. slave-trade, 128, 376. Sleep, Ant. (Triu.), 288;;. Sloaue, sir- Hans (Oxon.), 17 o, 195, 207. smallpox, 316. Smiglecius, 86. Smith, Adam (Ball), 152. Smith, Edm. (Magd. and 0.von.), 359. Smith, J. (Qu.), 132. Smith, J. (Job.), 363. Smith, J. (Caius), 327. Smith, J. (? Job.), 160. Smith, J. (printer), 393. Smith, sen. (Job.), 355, 356. Smith, sir J. E., 212. Smith, Eo. (Trin.), 27, 49, 67, 236. 260, 345. Smith, Svdnov (Xeiv C), 13 n. Smith, T. (Qii.), 106—138. Smithsou, T. (Emm.), 321, 324. cinoah- (i.e. smock-) race, 10. INDEX. 433 smoking, 299, 305. Smoult, T. (Joh. ), 385. ' smugglers,' 101 n. Smyth, W. (Pet.), 148 «., 151, 19'J. ' solidus antjuhm,' 224. S. merset, C. duke of, 383, 384. Somerville, W. {New C), 157. sons, 60. See 'father.' ' sooty-fellows,' 55. soph, junior, (sophista), 298, 299. Sophocles, 325 Ji., 355. sophs, 26, 62, 354. sophs schools, 60. South, E. {Ch. Ch.), 175, 194. Southern, T. (Pemh.), 157. Southey, Eo. (Ball.), 157. S. P. C. K. and S. P. G., 2. Spanheim, Ez. (Genev.), 99. Spanish, 326, 327. Spearman, Jac. (Pet.), 3?;. Spelman, Sir H. (Triu.), 159. Spelman, lloger, 159. Spence, Jos. {New C), 72, 149, 157, 158. Speryug, Nic. (printer), 378, 393. spinuet, 237 «. Spmoza, Beuet (Amst.), 121, 132. Squire, S. (Joh.), 160, 161. Stackhouse, Nat. (Joh.), 361. ' standing-up,' 101. Stanger, Edm. (Joh.), 375. Stanhope presses, 392. Stanley, Ja. (Pet.), 375. statutes, 30. Steele, sir Ei. (Mert.), 87. Stephens, Ja. {Corpus), 155 ??. Stephens, J. (Camb.), 238. Stephens, L. P. (Pemb.), 361. Stephens, P., 327. Stephens, Ei. (All S.), 99 h. Stephens' Thesaurus, 388. Stephenson, Josh. (Joh.), 154 ii. Stevenson, W. (Joh.), 359. Stewart, Dugald (Edinb., Glasg.), 76. Stillingfleet, Ben. (Triu.), 207. Stillingfleet, Ed. (Job.), 132. 'stool.' See 'bachelor' and 'tripos,' Stowell, see Scott. 'strings,' 36 H., 221, 223, 228 h. Strong, W. (Triu.), 359. Slrutt, S. (Mert.), 132. Strymesius (Erankft. on Odor), 98, 99 71. Strype, Hester, 292—294 n. Strype, J. (Jes. and Cath.), 158, 289— 312. Stubbs, H. (Trin.), 347. Student or U.r ford [and Camb.] Monthly Miscellany," 97, 167, 1H5, 247. Student's Guides, 330—337, 338—342, 347, 348. W. Sturm, J. Chr. (Altd.), 99 u. subscrii)tion, 24, 54, 59. ' suicidium,' 42. ' Suitors of the Muses,' 57. sui)plicat, 59, 61. surgery, 171, 172. Sutton, C. Manners (Emm.), 154 ;/. suspension, 356 ii. Swinburne, H. ' On Testaments,' 143. Swinden, Tob. (Jes.), 132. Sykes, A. Ashley, (Benet), 165. Sykes, Godf. (Sid.), 375. syllabus, 75. syllogism, 35, 39. Symouds, J. (Joh. and Pet.), 148 »., 150, 151. Symonds, J. (Joh.), 363. syuaphea, 112. Tacquet's Euclid, 13. ' take off an argimient,' 37, 42. Talbot, Ja. (Trin.), 383 n., 385. Tamehameha, 329. ' tam moribus quam doctrina,' 60 h. Tanner, T. (Qu. and All S.), 158. tar-water, 175. Tasker, W. (E.ron.), 157. Tatham, E. (Qu., Line), 8o7i. Tavel, G. F. (Triu.), 375. Taylor, Brook (Job.), 243 >i. Tavlor, Jer. (Cains), 121, 132, 133. Taylor, J. (Joh.), 383. tea-parties (act's), 36; cf. 52, 275, 321. tee-totum, 54. Templer, J. (Trin.), 132. Tennaut, Smithson (Emm.), 151, 193, 199. Terence, 12, 13, 78, 83, 383. term, 322. term-trotters, 233. terrae-filiiis, 274, 278, 288. testamur, 227. testimonium, 230, 231. thea, 310. Theatre Coffee-House, 314. themes, 347, 348. Theology, 162, 171, 331—336. theses, 35, 37, 88, 306. 'thin, perhaps Turkish,' 164 h. Thirlby, Styan, (Jes.), Thistlethwaite, Eo. (Job.), 363. Thomas Thomasius (printer), 379, 393. Thornhill, J. (Job.), 354. Thornton, Bounel (Ch. Ch.), 156. Thorp, Eo. (Pet.), 71. Thwaites, E. (Qu.), 159, 160. Tickell, T. (Qu.), 157. ' tigcUis paludinosis,* 288. Tighe, T. (.Toll., Pet.), 354. Tillotson, J. (Clare), 35 »., 132. Tilyaid, Eo. (Caius), 359. 28 4:34 INDEX. Tyndiil, N. C. (Triii.), 205 n. Titley, Wa. (Triii.), Tivortou school, 102. TotlLimter, Jos. (Qii.), 159, 'togatae,' 31-1. Tomliiic, J. [Prctyman] (Pomb.), 30?;., 152, 3(50. Touson, Jacob, 385. toriacall, 298. Torriauo, C. (Tiin.), IGG. Totty, J. (Wore), 149 n. Toiip, Jouath. (Eocon. ; Pemb. H. ), 93 II., 94:. Towers, Johnson (Qu.), 3G1. town and gown, 313. Townsend, S. (Jes.), 161, 298. Towusheud, J. (Joh.), 355. translators, 157. Trapp, Jos. (U'adh.), 157. travelling-fellowshijjs, 154, 155, 2G4. treats, 36 n. , 302. Tremenheere, W. (Pemb.), 157. Treuchard, ? (Jes,), 291, 292, 296. trieuuium, 82, 219. Trinity College, Cambridge, 2, 3, 13 — • 15, 21, 25, 62 n., 67, 240—245, 313, 316, 343—351. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 13, 34 n., 138 H., 139 »., 255 ?(. tripos, 16—21, 44, 103, 261, 323. tripos, mathematical, 17. ' Triumph of Duhiess,' 261 n. trivials, trivium, 82, 83. ' Tschies CoUedge,' 3. Tudway, T. (Khig's), 298. Tm-key, 155. Tm-ner, Jos. (Pemb.), 73. Turner, Shallot (Pet.), 150. Tiu-uer, Sharon, 161. Turner, W. (Chr.), 375. . turret-staircase, 317. Turton, .J. (Qa.), 155 «. tutor, 11, 12, 258 n., 259—262, 290- 293 H., 295, 313, 315, 330, 331, 353 n. Tweddell, J. (Trin.), 20?;., 101 h. Twells, J. (Emm.), 359. ' Twelve Judges,' 57. Twigger, Jos. (Oath.), 361. Twyford school, 102 n. Tyrwhitt, E. (Cath.), 364. Tyi-whitt, Eo. (Jes.), 93, 94. Tyson, Mich. (Benet), 158. von Uffenbach, Zach. C, 2—5, 9—11, 71. Uiiirersity College, Oxou., 127, 155, 222 n. universitv church, 304. Uri, J., 170. Urry, J. (Ch. Ch.), 153. vacation, 306, .322. Vachell, J. (Pemb.), 361. Vancouver, Capt"., 327. varier. See ' praevaricator.' ' varying,' 105. Vaughan,C. K. {Mert.&ndAllS.), 155n. VeUy, T. (Qu.), 149 n. vepers, uesperiae. See ' comitia.' Verelst, A. C. (Clare), 152. Vernon, W. (Pet.), 154, 207. verse comijosition, 103 — 106, 113 — 115, 344. 'verte canem ex,' 41. Vigani, J. F., 173, 188. Villiers, J. C. (Job.), 356. Vince, S. (Caius), 74, 75, 77, 193, 244, 250, 251, 254, 320, 326. Viuerian i:)rofessor, 143, 144. Virgil, 325 n., 383 n. uiua uoce examination, 117, 224, 256, 344—346. Vivian, J. (Ball), 149. 'vortices,' cartesian, (J8n., 125 /(., 241. Voskins, widow, 387. ' vulgus,' 104. Wace, H. (Job.), 91 n. WacUtam Colleqe, Oxen. 175. Wagstaff, T. (Chr.), 359. Wake, Is. {Mert), 288 n. Wake, J. (Jes.), 268 n. Wake, T. (Caius), 288. Wakefield school, 101 n. Wakefield, G. (Trin.), 313. Wakefield, Gil. (Jes.), 57, 58, 74, 100, 113, 157, 167, 391. Wakefield, Ko. (Camb. and O.roH.), 379. AValdegi-ave, T. {:\lagd.), 12. Walker, Chr. (Qu.), 363. Walker, Ei. (Trin.), 132, 208, 210 »., 211, 245. Walkiugham (arith.), 76. Wall, Adam (Chr.), 358. Wallace, T. (Benet), 361. 2raU-lecture.% 10, 185, 220, 232. Waller, J. (Benet), 188. Wallis, J. (Qu. and E.ron.), 65, 172 »., 175. Walter, P. (Clare), 368. Walton, Brian (Magd. and Pet. and O.ron.), 163. Wauley, Humf. (Univ.), 7, 158, 159, 160. Ward, Eo. Plumcr {Ch. Ch.), 266 n. Ward, Seth (Sid. and Trin.), 132, 175. Warmg, E. (Magd.), 31, 46, 70, 74, 77, 183, 323, 327, 390. Warton Jos. {Oriel), 101, 156. Warton, T. {Mogd.), 157. Warton, T. {Trin.), 87, 148, 156, 157. Wasse, Jos. (Qu.), 96, 97. INDEX. 435 Watei-land, Dan. (Magd ), 10, 11, 330. (Advice to a Youug Studeut), xii. //., 40G. Watson, G. (Trin.), 360. Watson, Jos. (Sid.), 371, 373, 374, 375. Watsou, Ki. (Trin.), 31, 35, 77 «., 106, 183, 18'J, 190, 260, 352 n. Watts, Is., 132. Watts, J. Stauhawe (Gains), 300. Watts, E. (printer), 386 n., 392, 393. Wangh, J. (Cbr.), 363. Webb, W., (Clare), 174, 892. Webster, W. (Caius), 132. weigh-goes, 387. Weldon, J. (Neiv C), 238. Wells oriliuation examination, 317, 318. Wentwortb's ' Executor,' 143. Wesley, C. (Chr.), 35«., 37, 39, 87. Wesley, J. (Line), 175, 223 «., 337. Wesley, S. {Ch. Ch.) 102, 156. West, Gil. {Ch. Ch.), 149 «., 157. West, ? T. (Ex., Mert.), 172. Westminster school, 27, 101—105, 102, 347. Wetstein, J. Ja. (Amst.), 387. Wbateley, Ki. {Oriel and Alh. II.), 86. Wbear, Deg. {E.von.), 25. Wheeler, Ben. {Magd.), 157. Wheelocke, Abr. (Trin. and Clare), 159, 163. Wlieler, C. (Clare), 363. Wheler, G. {Luic), 156. Whewell, W. (Trm.), 41 n., 43, 67. Whinn, Mat. (Job.), printer, 393. Wbisson, Steph. (Trin.) 346, 347, 353. Whistler, J. {Maqd. II.), 149 h. Whiston, W. (Clare), 11 n., 25, 67, 242, 245, 308, 320 n. Whitaker, T. (Emm.), 301. Whitby, Dan. (Trin.), 35 n., 132. Whitcher, G. (Pemb.), 300. White, H. Kirke (Job.), 88. White, Jos. (midh.), 170. Whitehead, W. (Clare), 157. Whiter, Wa. (Clare), 90, 300. Whittield, J. {Ch. Ch.), 158. Whitgift, abp. J. (Pemb., Pet., Trin.), 379. Wilkins, Dav. (D.D.), 138 n., 100, 103, 104, nOn., 175. Wilkins, J. {Xcw Iini, Magd. II., Wadh. and Trin.), 132. Wilkinson, (Joh.), 354. Williams, H. (Trin.), 300. Willis, Browne {Ch' Ch.), 158. Willis, T. (Job.), 354. Willugbby, Fr. (Trin.), 182 n. Wilson, Chr. (Sid.), 301. Wilson, Dan. {Edm. II.), 223—227. Wilson, F. C. (Trin.), 375. Wilson, J. (Pet.), 31, 70, 100, 142. Wilson, J. (Trin.), 268 n., ?313;j. Wilson, Mat. (Trin.), 361, 371, 374. Wilson, T. (Trin.), 106. Winchester school, 12, 101,104, 236,238. wines, 36, Wingtield, T. (Job.), 321, 362. Winstanley, T. {Hertf.), 94. Wise, Fr. (Trin.), 160. Wish, Ei. (Trin.), 360. wits, 156, 157. Wittenberg, 99. Woaboo, 329. Wollaston, C. H. (Sid.), 275. Wollaston, F. (Sid.), 250, 251. Wollaston, G. (Clare), 361. Wollaston, G. (Sid., Qu.), 71. WoUaston, F. J. H. (Trin. H. and Sid.), 190, 193, 194, 244, 255, 371, 374. WoUaston, H. J. (Sid. and King's), 362. Wollaston, W. (Sid.), 132, 370. Wollaston, W. H. (Caius), 193. Wolsey, T. cardinal, 379. Wood, A. (Magd.), 374. Wood, Ja. (Job.), 30, 74, 75, 70, 323. Wood, T. {Xew C), 138, 142. Woodcock, T. (Sid. and Cath.), 375. Woodds, 03. wooden-spoon, 50. Woodeson, Ei. {Magd.), 144. Woodford, W. {Neiu C), 185. Woodhouse, Eo. (Cai.), 76. WoodhuU, Mich. {Litic), 157. Woodward, J., 196, 197. Wordsworth, Chr. (Trin.), 75, 255, 354. Wordsworth, J. (Trin.), 97«., 165. Wordsworth, W. (Job.), 75, 153, 157. Worsley, sir E. benefactor, 9. Worthington, benefactor, 9. Worts, W. (Caius), 7 n., 154, 303, 344 ; (travelling bachelors, 154 h., 304). Wotton, W. (Job.), 97, 160. Wrangbam, Fr. (Magd., Trin. H., Trin. C), 20 n., 142 «., 255 h. wi-anglers, 33, 48, 49, 55, 73, 321—323, 362. Wright, ? W. (Job.), 354. Wright, J. (Chr.), 359. Wyatt, {Ch. Ch. and S. Marij II.), 99. Wycherley, J. (Qu. and Sid.), 359. Wyudbam, G. (Wadh.), 149 «. Wynne, J. (./<'.s.), 126. Wyntlc, Eo. (Mert.), 155;;. Wyttenbach, Dan. (Leydeu), 93—90. Wyvill, J. (Trin.), 98. Yalden, T. (Magd. C), 157. Yardley, J. (Trin.), 188 h. Young, P. (Trin.), 27. Young, T. (Emm. and Gott.) 00, 178 ». Zouch, T. (Trin.), 31, 57, 317. PRfNTED BY C. J. CLAY, MA. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY ir or CA RIVERSIDE LIBRART !1 !|i|n IVERS 3 1210 0H85 7005