, has s^a,
rv^u)^ ^v(pa)^ has ^v-^ct),
Tp£(p6}^ $p£(pat', has ^ps-^a.
rpexo), 6psX^, has &psla.
Verbs in acj, fo, and oo, lengthen the short
vowel before era) of the future.
a and e into ri. tcuoiOj tifir^ao ; ^tXfcOj ^ikriaQ.
into Q. Syj2.ou^ (S^/Ujcro.
Exception 1. ocj retains o in primitives, which are few ;
as, upo^y ccpcTco,
2. otco retains ct after f, /, and A or p pure ; as,
Also, oLitpiLc/AAi^-Ao-ouctt \ and verbs from which other verbs in avv-jm or
dt!r«.a9 are formed ; as, Trslxoi^f S'pxa).
3. Words of two syllables in aa, which do not pass into
-}^f^) retain «.
xA06^, xAflfcc^j;, because it is never KA5?^-^
c73-ec£&, cr-STccTa, never csrrtfJLl,
Likewise, ^^^v^;, ^^<565-a;,' though u.ofxAt.^ etxottoo^ etvutec^ afcto}^
iXuct^^ KVdice^ tcps/uao), fj-y/CAW^ /lAOipsiOjueit^ TTsXetce^ Truvuao^ Trupitco^ Tripcteo,
2. A few in «a liave i(ru> ; as, rsAgft), TtKio-ee , and some, ^^^aor i^u ; as,
ttiViO}^ aJ\'i)TCO or ettVi7U:.
3. Some dissyllables in i<'> form their futures in ft^^-a ; as, wAsa, ^Ast/o-a;
also^A/ft) makes iiAva.
The penult of this tense is usually long. Hence, in li-
quid verbs, the short penult of the first future is lengthened;
ec into J2, i into ft ; as, 'v//66AAa?, -^xXa, e-^tjXoe, ;* cleXa^ etrleiXa,
vsf^a, astf4,(z.
1. The following aorists do not retain the characteristic of
the future : e/arac, vsveyicot, z^ux-ol, sBrjKx, r^jcoc. The two first
take it from the present : the remainder from the perfect,
and are rarely found out of the indicative.
2. Some verbs drop the c- ; as,
y^scff, K£icif, eK£i<7x, iyceiu* \ Z''^^ ex.^vj'u, i e^svoc and
Perfect.
The perfect is formed from the first future, by
prefixing the reduplication, and changing '\/^a) into
^a ; ^cj into ya ; cj and a.j into xa ; and /tao into
^lYixa ; as, Tfa/^cj, rervcpa : ts^cj^ reie^r^xa.
1. Words of two syllables in Xoo, v<»>, po)- change t into «, be-
fore x^ of the perfect ; as, o-JexS, £a-]o(,x-y.x, t£v», rslx-y^Uy ^tts-
2. Words of two syllables in stvof, tv6j, vm, drop v before
x.ec ; as, retvo}, Tfytw, r£]oe.Kx. ; y-ptvio, y.pt\£, xey-piKoi ; 6vV6j, 6vy£, hQvksh*
Lxcept «?f /V(y, »/gv6/, SicluyKU, ; TrAt^viy, 9rAt^vttiy.oc, y^cKf^ijKei, I (leQccX'Ky-oe.y (ie^Mf^cc.
4. In many verbs of two syllables, the Attics change e into
• ; as, (r]p£!p6f, £tJoo(Poc,
* The Attics retain at ; as, i^ax^.
72 Verbs, — Formation oj tin J L,i^t^i, tike Active Voice,
5. The clH\racteri8lic of the perfect is properly x.cc annex-
ed to the present ; as, Xvot^ M?^vKot,. Bui for ease in pronun-
ciation, /3x, TTHy are changed into the eorrespondin*^ rou ^'^^ Afy*', XiMy-KX, X^Mx^ i ^rAfxiw,
TFtzrXex'itet^ TreTur^^eXu.
» before k becomes y ;* i»7«y»* for eKJecvKx,
6. The perfect in m-^kx is derived from a verb in io, form-
<'d ironi the future in jic* ; as, r^^^i^, rf/tcta;, rfltf^nKccy
Pluperfect
The pliipcrfoct is formed from the perfect by
chan<5*mg a into eiv^ and i)refjxing the augment,
if the |)erfect begins with a consonant ; as^rtJi'^,
ilelvcpinr.
When the j^erfect begins with a vowel, no
augment is [)refixed ; as, eoj^a/lxa, e\j/a/lxt6i'.
Second Aorist.
The second aorist is formed from the present
by changing o into ov and prefixing the aug-
ment ; as, /Uycj, eT^c-yov.
The penult df this tense is in many cases shortened.
1. In conaonants^ by droping; t, and the latter of two liquids j
'.'. In voiveh^ by chan*j;in^ »?, }j8a;,
^ij^.ov ;t and dropping the first vowel of tt, and cv, as, mittco,
\iiFov ; ^ft;v«'' cv^tT*"* ^^'**^ before a liquid, ei is changed into
, in dissyllables ; as, CTrupa^ ea-TrxPov ; into s in polysyllables ;
. s, uys^pcj syipov.
lndiss;yll.ibles, c before or after a liquid, is changed into
u ; as, 7cXi>tu>i f7rA;//!/-
v«v from o-fAvxu, and -^vy^u. Verbs in ^a/, whose future is in
rruy have their second aorist in Jdv ; as, tjj\)v is made ic«^ov, j»yov, uyetydv.
2. In /3A<«7r7A>, Ku^vsrlat, and KpvTrlai the characteristic n- is
changed into its cognate /3 ; as, tQxcc^ov, &ic.
TT is changed into the cognate ^ in the following words :
«v ; usrlcif^ f^,* v. This form was
found the most convenient ; hence it was adopted in the common lan-
guage of Greece.
The Attic contraction was sometimes «/, which distinguished the ia-
dicative from the yuhjunctive mood.
Some verhs retain the original form ; thus, <^!i.yofA.cit makes ^Ayio-dit,
Thus also is formed the passive of verbs in f^t : la-loL/ustti /V/a-^ot/ ; t/9s-
The same observation applies to the other tenses : thus, in the im-
perfectj 5Tt/'t!r7« Kotpnctt^ Kucpivrsu. But when a consonant
comes before Tat, trie insertion of v would produce a most inharmonious
sound. Henceap*jriphrasis is formed by the addition of the verhs/^^ to
the perfect participle : thus, tilufA.fxmi ua-t^ for ^ih^^Ui. So pluperfect,
Verbs. — Passive Voice. lo
Pluperfect, / had been struck.
S. si^elvf/uriV^ etelv^loj etelircslo.
D. erelvufxsdoVf erelv^dov^ erelv^pdyjv.
P. £relv[i^ie6a, etelv^de, ^relvfiuevoL yjaav.
Paulo-post Future, / mn on the point of beim/
struck.
D. relv^iiedov, r€lv^l^ea^ov^ relv^Eodov*
P. relvyl^of-ieday relv^/eode, relv^ovlai.
First Aorist, I was struck.
S. etvtpdriv, erv^drig^ etv^Oyi.
D. stv^dyjlov^ erv^dyjlyiv.
P. £tv(p6Yj(/.ev, 6rv(pd'/jley etvcpdyjaav.
First Future, I shall be struck.
S. tvcpdyiaofjtai^ tv(^dyjaY}^ rv^Oyiai^lai.
D. rv^dyjaoueOov, rv^driaeadov^ rixpOyjaeaOov.
P. tv^dyiaoi.i€day rv^drcyeadsy rvcl)d7^aovlai.
Second Aorist, / 7vas struck.
S. ervay/Vj etvzsyig^ stvtSyj.
D. ervxSYilov^ ervxiSrPyjr^
P. etvzsyjiievj etvvirfle^ srvziyjaav.
Second Future, / shall be struck.
D. rvt^yjaofiEdov^ rvzjuyjasadovj i:vxSYia8oQov.
P, tv^y>ao[X£da^ rvtSriOeGde^ in)v^y; rigf ri.
D. relviifisvo yflovj ypov.
P. relviiizevoL cduev, yfley (ocT^
First Aorist, / should have been struck,
S. nv^doy "tv^Qrig^ rv(p6Yi.
X). rv^dnroVf rv^Oiitov.
P. rvpdo^Vf rv^drts, tv^Qoai.
Second Aorist, I shotdd have been struck.
S. tVTlQy tXrJti^gj tVTlYi.
D. tunnrov^ rynntov.
P, tvTtQiievj rv7tf{r€} rvTtMc^
* The regular form of this persen was rruTrlitCAt^ which was made bj?
the Ionics, TVTrlmt^ and by the Attics, tv^7«, now in common use. See
Note, page 74.
+ Verbs cofttract. and other* in « pure, of the third conjugation, with
a vowel before f^ttt in the perfect indicative, have the following form.
See formation of the perfect passive.
rilt/tx-cc/xoLt, -«,t -}iJeti,
-fiD/Ag^flt, -of^Ss, -ml At.
t Verbs contract in e» hare aoftener than » in this tense ; e, %.
.«!r0g. 3ee Contract Verbs.
Verbs — Passive Voice. 79
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect, rvnleadaty to be struck.
Perfect and Pluperfect, relixpdaty to have been
struck.
Paulo-post Future, reJm^ecrOai, to be on the point
of beiny struck.
First Aorist, rv(pdr,vat, to have been struck.
First Future, rv^dyiaeadai^ to be going to be struck.
Second Aorist, rxmnvoLt^ to have been struck.
Second Future, rvnyiaeadatf to be going to be struck.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, Being struck.
N. rv7tlo[ievog^ rimlofievy^, rvnloiievov.
G. rvnlofievoVf rv7tIoi.i£vyig, rvnlofievov, &c.
Perfect and Pluperfect, Having been struck.
N. relv^fiEvogj relvfzuevyjy relv^y,evov.
G. relvfiuevovy relvuftevyigj relvixfjievov.
Paulo-post Future, Being on the point of being
struck.
N. Helv^^vog^ telv^^vYiy relv^ofievov.
G, telv^/Ofievov, telvylofievyjg, relv^oi^vov.
First Aorist, Having been struck.
N. irv^dsigy tv i » Telu-uuivog \ rilv-juuivcg
rlu. I {Iflvy.fxav ^ ^ unv \ cc
Pau.' rdu-^-ojucti r{lv4''Ci/A»y \
IstA.' s%^Si)V rv^Xi-
y^Lott,
4. Verbs which have «• in the first future active, retain the
r before fA.a.t ; as, rr>^r,^ci)^ ttA^jCa;, 7rfxA>;-xa, 7re'7r>^-f^f4x6i ; but in
verbs in a pure, if the penult of the future be long, a- is omit-
ted ; as, TToitM, TTCir.Crco, TeTToiyi-f^LAt.'^
The following however, with a long penult, retain the o-,
0tK60Ct)y yVodJ, 6 puV&> , Kt>^iVOi, TTSV&f, 'XXKkl, TTTCCIAf , f CCl A) , CBW, %04>.
5. From verbs in vcj, the Attics frequently form the per-
lect in o-f>utt ; as, fnxnof, f^/K^txCfAoti.
6. Dissyllables that have rpe in the penult of the perfect
active, change e into ^iX€X-,VQ)i XeXv'Kcc^ >isXvM.su^ XeXv-fTcn XtXV'Tut, (putva^ 7ri(pa,y'
y,isf>^ 7r£f^i^
Te'lvf^'f>C£6o9 rijvfjL'iJLdeA.
The second and third persons dual are formed from the
third person singular, by changing roci into ^ov, and the pre-
ceding smooth mute into its cognate rough one ;t as, r{}v7r-
Tcti^ rilvcp'Oov ; XiXsK-reci, x^sMZ'^o^* If "^^i is preceded by a
Towel, er is inserted before Bov ; as, XeXvroa^ XeXv-a-dov,
The second person plural is formed from the second per-
son dual, by changing 6«v into Be ; as, r/Jvp&cv, re]v(p$e. XeXex'
The third person plural is formed by inserting y before
rut^ of the third person singular; BSy Xsxvruty x^Xv-yrea.
But if a consonant precede the rat/, the participle with the
rerb eia-t is used ; as, relv-ssr-reci, rilofjLitrm tttri.
The perfect of the imperative is formed from that of the
indicative, by changing ott into « ; as, reh'^^at, rijv^o ; and
TAi into Bco, with the preceding smooth mute into its cognate
rough one ;t as, relvus-'Tctt, rilv, . .. n c assume , ^''^ ' ' 4 chanffe tj into f .
jFir^/ Future.
The first future is formed from the third person
singular of the tirst aorist, by adding (7o/^at and
casting off the augment ; as, elvoi(ydoVj rvotf^v for sopJi(rcif4.yjVj cjvx^r^v for avK^cct^v,
Second Aorist.
The second aorist is formed from the second
aorist active, by changing ov into ottyjv ; as, GrvTtoPj
* Also those verbs from which o- has been dropped by the Attics ; as,
Declined thus : ipcy-cfAsti^ -STct/, ejut,
9*
90 Verbs ^-^Formation of the Tenses in the Middle Voice*
Perfect.
The perfect is, generally, the same with the
perfect active, except in the characteristic, which
it borrows from the second aorist ; as, telv(pa, re-
IvTta, 7tt^cLyxoL\a makes hi>g^y•)cu.
Change in the vowel preceding the characteristic :
1. f, in the penult of the perfect active, is changed into ;
and ii into oi ; as ,
2. Dissyllables in A<5y, v^, and f>u^ change ot of the perfect
active into ; as,
c-7fAAft), i^loiX^sc, i^loXcA,
3. Oil in the present, is changed into ?? ; as,
4. Verbs in eta and ea cast off jj» and ty. from the perfect
active, to form the perfect middle ; as,
Other verbs in eo pure, and some in a impure, drop » only;
as, Af6;, XsXvKot, XtXvoc,
opa^ a pica. ^ copcc.
The following are irregular, ^^aao*, rf^jjAcd ; GaTrroo^ re$rj7rcc ;
'A^tfi)^ KS>c}\.rjyet ; e^of^ siaOa, j fA^if^va^ f^csf^ovx ; /SctAAA', /Se/SoAct ; p^o-c-Uy
sipaycc ; O'TTsv^a, sT'^H^ct j ccy.iico, tjkocc.
These changes nremade, even if they affect the augment ;
as, fA^r^;, oAcT^, not ^jAtt^.
Many verbs in a pure want this tense, especially those
which have otv, sv, or ou, Tf>recetling a ; also pollysyllables in oa^ m
^eo, or (ra-a}i with many others : but opv^^rw makes apvyoL and opM' '
pvyei.
Pluperfect.
The phiperfect is formed from the perfect by
changing a into uv^ and prefixing the augment,
when the word begins with a consonant; as, r^-
7iuta, etelvTtetv.
Verbs — Deponent and Contract.
91
DEPONENT VERBS.
Deponent verbs have the middle form, except
in the perfect, phiperfect, and paulo-post future,
which are taken from the passive, and sometimes
the first and second aorists.
SYNOPSIS.
Indie.
Imper.
Opt.
Subj.
Infin.
Part.
Pre?ent
Imperfect
S-ix-fi'j
'St/UHV
-U\UAt
-'tvBcit
'Q/uivce
Perfect
Pluperfect
^iS'cyfXSLL )
SiSi->o
-y/uivos
^yfxin;^
'X^^»
-y^ivos
Paulo p. F.
J'-M^-i^xt
-Ol/UHV
'iirQoLt
'Ofxivag
1st A or. iM.
iSi^St/UMV
Si^.At
-ttlfJltlV
.UfXAt
-AO-Qul
-ClfAiVOC
1st Fut. M.
Ji'^-0/A3Lt
•oijuhv
'ia-Sxi
-o^uivig
1st Aor. P.
tS^iX^av
i^iXB-itli
.mv
-w
-hxt
•UQ
1st Fut. P.
(^i^Qixr-c/UAi
.Oi,UHV
-i^Sxt
-G/uivc;
A few of these verbs have a 2d Aorist Middle ; as, 7rvv6ctvofAo(ij
irvQcjUiiv. i
CONTRACT VERBS.
Verbs in oo, aj, and oo, are contracted in the
present and imperfect tenses.*
Verbs in ao contract guj, ao, aov^ into d ; as,
ttfxaid^ ttfiG) ; rcfiaoi-iePj rtf^Qfisv ; rt^aovac, n^at ;
— otherwise into a ; as, ^t^ae^ raid : — t is sub-
scribed ; as, nuaeLg tif.ia(; ; rifiaoLUir tljiquc.
Verbs in eo contract ee into d^ and eo into 5 ;
as, (pi?,pe^ ^L?^i ; (pcTiEOfievj :5 for (^«5 ; ^/^/.^iv for ^t-^cA-i.
First Declension.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Tty.cca}.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
%
Present Tense.
s.
rifJL'OCCe} J
a ; 'ueii, -xq ;
-««,
-« :
D.
-cfc£r6V, 'urov ;
-flJfTdV,
'clrov
F.
'Uoy.iy,
-Juev ; -acre, -^rf ;
Imperfect Tense.
-flftijC-i,
'UTl.
S.
ertf^'uov,
-uv \ -ecsq, -uq ;
-«£,
'» .*
D.
'CicTov^ -arov ;
-««sr}jj>
'UTjjV
P,
'CiOI^SVj
, -^ftfv ; -«eTf J -tffTf ;
-cc«y,
-WV'
D.
P.
Verbs — Contract,
IxMPERATIVE MOOD. /•* ^ T V ^ ^
Present and Imperfect Tenslk^ ^ o^ .-
~ V^ /^ 4.JK i««* -. '^. ^
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
S. rifJL'dctfJit, -$/«.< ; 'cMi<; -^$ ; -act, -y :
P. -ecotf^sv, '^f^sv ; -ecoiTs, -qtre ; -^ifto/fcv, -^ev.
SBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
S. rty.'X6}, '^ ; -UYfii -xi ; -«>i, •« :
D. ' -ecKTov, -oiroy ; -a>7T(jy, -«tov :
P. 'OLUfJLei^ -off^sv ; -ACJjrf, -are ; -ccuo-iy 'UTt,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
PARTICIPLE.
Present and Imperfect.
Masc. Fern.
^ing. N. Ttf^-etav, -CUV ; -xoVTcc, -u'^ot, \
Neut.
-<5C<3v, -«;» :
PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
S. rif^-uaf4,xi, -afjLOLi \ -ceri, -x ; -oi£rxt, -uTeti :
D. -ocof^hv, -cofjLt&o)) ; -dtgc*^'»v, -ccT&oV 5 -icfc-^oy, -uG-dcvl
P. -xofJLiQx, 'CuiU^oc ; -sftfc^f, -c60"^e ; -flcovrcd/, -ft^vTac/.
Imperfect Tense.
S, irtf>L'Xof^?iv, -af^m ; -i«flt/ -a/ ; -aero, -aro :
D, 'otoftsdoVy 'con-c^ov • -a£is$s'j 'Cis)fAt$6V, -utisCav ; -cc^jc-^ov, -u'^^oV', -cct}5.
Second Declension.
ACTIVE VOICE.
S. ^/A-ew, -ft
D.
p. -fa^£v, -s^fv ;
^/^eia;.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
-f£.'$ -5/$ ;
-ff/,
'£] :
-ssTov, -£irov ;
-fCTfiV,
'fira^
; -ffTf , -fTrf ;
-£yr/,
-«r/.
Verbs — Contract. 95
Imperfect Tense.
S. ((ptX-ecv, -av ; -ff?, sU ; -«, -« :
P. -fo/ttfv, -»|ttfv ; -f£7e, -fct, 'olfii J -eoi^j 'oii ^ -sot, -c7 :
p, -eotjitsv, 'Oif^ev ; -eo/Xf ; -oiTg, -eoiev, -ohv,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
S. ^$, -ijg ; -£»?, -^ :
P. "EUfUV, -UfJLi)l i -eJjn , -^T£ J -SMTt, 'U(ri,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
Masc- Fern. Neut.
Sing. N. ^iX'£ct)V^ -Jv ; -foyCdj, -oZ<^o(, -, -sov, -ouv :
PASSIVE AMD MIDDLE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
S. 0vX-£6f^cct, 'if^tcit ; -f>5, -J ; -serai y -sliTut:
D. (piX'Soi^Lsdov, -Sf^sSov ; -seo-6ov, -elc-^ov ; -esJcJov; -fjjcr^ov, -^«r^ov:
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense*
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Sing. N* (PiX-£ef^£Vo<;y 'Hvlbvo^ ; -fd^M-fyjj, -s^ttfy;? ; -sof^evovy -S//.£V6V :
G. sof^eva, '^f^£vii ; -fOittfv;;;, -»,«tev3y$; -eof^fva, -8^£y«, &C,
Verbs — Contract.
Third Declension.
ACTIVE VOICE.
97
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
.1 • -AflC.
s.
^r,>i'cafj
-a ; -df<5, -«<$ ;
-o«,
-«< :
D.
-OSTdV, -aTrfl$j -oi^c*«j5, -icrj^; -oO!»To$, -svTd?, &;c.
10
^8 P^erbs — Contract.
PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
S. &7iX-oofA.ott^ •^f^eii J -6|7, 'ot ; 'oeTxi, -drut :
D. 'ooftcS-ov, -^f^sB-ov ; 'oecrB-ov ,-HO-S-ov ; -oec^ov, -ho-S-ov :
P. -oofisBuf '^f^eS-ct ; -OfC^-f, -^i-oof^7}v, -«/6C3j)» ; -OS, -« ; -fltrej -»to :
D. 'OOf^eBov, -tif^eS-ov ; -ofcSav, -»cr^ov; -ofO-^v, -»cr5?;v :
P. 'OOf^eS-oCy'^f^Bx 5 -oeo-Bs) -^cBe ; -oovro, -ayro.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
S. ^ijA-oa^ -» ; -oecr0ct), -«o-^iy:
D. '0SC-&6V, -^(r$ov ; -«fO-^^y, -«^^6;v:
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect Tense.
S. d'nX'Ooif^YiV, -o7,tc9}V ; -doio^ -cTo ; -oo/to, -o/Td:
D. 'OoifjLi^oV', -6ty.e6ov J -oe/o-^ov, -a
C ^{ «t* o
« « «
O
iO)
-SCO,
eTTlf^^sX-OfAMl
-eo/4,ut.
yrj9-6t
-ea
KVXlV^'Ctt
'ica
ypA(p-a
-£A)
xv-at
-tea.
^I^OCCK-Of
-estJ
^vp'Oftect
-soptcci.
^oK-a
-iU
piTTJ-M
-eta*
ei^-co
-gu
rpvx-6>
-g(a.
uX'U
'ia*
VERBS IN \ll.
Verbs in ^i are formed from verbs in ao, ^0,00,
and iJ6) :
I. By changing 6) into yn ; and lengthening the
penult in the singular.*
II. By prefixing the reduplication.
The reduplication is proper or improper.
* In (he secood Aorist, the penult of the dual and plural is lengthen-
ed, in all verbs, but TiQ^f^i^ 'nt^t, ^iSatf/.t,
Verbs in f<.t, 101
Proper, when the first consonant of the present
tense is repeated with l ; as, Soo, 8t§wf^t. If the
first consonant is a rough mute, it is changed in-
to its cognate smooth one ;* as, 6eo, h^Syi^l.
Improper, when a rough i only is prefixed,
which happens to verbs beginning with (t7, 7t7, or
a vowel ; as, alao. lolyjfii.
Thus, from clacj is formed lalyi^t.
from 0ao, rtOyjut.
from S0Q9 ^tSidfii.
from SeixvvQf Setxvvfzc.
Verbs in ^c have but three tenses of that form,
the present, imperfect, and second aorist. They
take the other tenses from verbs in o, from which
they are derived.
Many want the reduplication, particularly all
verbs in v^t ; which want, likewise, the second
aoristt and the optative and subjunctive moods.
1. The Poets and Colics change many contract verbs in-
to verbs in f*.i, but without the reduplication ; as,
ytK0C6f, yly,y^f/.t.
cpxctf, opyif^t.
Sometimes they repeat the initial letters ; as, aXoccd^
In the Ionic and Bceotic dialects, the reduplication is made
by e ; as, eT%(jLt^ TeBvfAt,
2. To the common reduplication, «, is sometimes added;
as, TT^^-za, TFif^TsrXKy^i,
The reduplication is sometimes in the middle ; as, onu^
* By rule ii. page 5.
t Dissyllables in vf^t have a second aorist, but it is the same with the
Imperfect.
10*
102 Verbs in f/.i,
3. Barytons sometimes become verbs in i^t< ; as, ^pi6mi j
from ^H^oj, But in such instances, the verb in fjn seems to be ^
formed from a contract verb derived from the Baryton :
thus, l^ptBrjf^t is from ^ptSeco, derived from (ipida.
FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE.
Imperfect.
The imperfect is formed from the present, by
changing ^ii into v ; prefixing the augment, ex-
cept when the verb begins with 6 ; as, tcdyjiih eti-
6yjv ; lalyjut IgIyiv,
Second A ovist.
The second aorist is formed from the imper-
fect, by casting off the reduplication, and taking
the augment ; as, ettdyjv^ eOyjv ; urlyjVt ealyjv.
First Future.
The first future has sometimes a reduplication ;
as, rtOj^cTo).
FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE.
Present.
The present is formed from the present active,
by changing 1^6 into /^a^^and shortening the penult:
as, lalrj.v^ lalauat ; rLdyji.ay Ttde^ac.
The following do not shorten the penult, ectji^oct, ukocx^i-
last, however, sometimes shortens the penult.
Imperfect.
The imperfect is formed from the present, by
changing pux' into uriv^ and prefixing the aug-
ment, except when the verb begins with l\ as, r^-
Verbs in f^i — First Conjugation, 103
Perfect,
The long penult of the perfect active is short-
ened in the passive ; as, &6cjxa, hho^L\ ec^iac and
redeLiiac are exceptions.
FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE MIDI>LE VOICE.
Present and Imperfect.
The present and imperfect are the same with
those of the passive.
Second Aorist.
The second aorist is formed from the imper-
fect by casting off the reduplication : as, eridefiyiVj
FIRST COKJUGATIOK.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
'lal-yjiiiy yjgj yiOl \ arov, atov j afiev^ ate^ dac*
Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
lal-riV, yjg, >7 [ atov^ ar/jv \ auev. ar^, aaouv.
Attic Imperfect, after the Contract forms,
more in use.*
Sing. Dual. Plural.
♦ Throughout the singular number, and ia the 3d person plural.
104 Verbs in fjn — First Conjugation,
Perf. ealyixay PIup. etalyjzsiv, 1st A. ealyjaa.
or ialaxa* or kdlaxeiv.
Second Aorist*
Sing. Dual Plural.
1st F. alyjao.
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more
in use.
Sing
•
Dual.
Plural.
ujl-ae.
aero,
1 a^tov^
aetQVj \
1 oiste, asrcycfav
(X,
drcj.
1 droPy
drovj
1 dtBy drc^aav.
I%rf, and Pluperf. ialyixe. 1st Aor. alnaov.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
olyi'diy tTg), 1 tovy tQVf I re, tQGav.
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
lalai'Yiv^ yjg^ yj j Tilov, yfl'/iv \ yj^ev, yfls, yjaav & ev.
Perf. and Pliip. ialrixoifiL. 1st Aor, Glyiaaif.a.
* The third person plural is often*syncopated ; as, fcCstv for sC«'tri/, &c. in the second person
Verbs in fjLt — First Conjugation,
105^
>k
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
alai'YiVj Yi^i 71 I ypjovj yflyjp, \ yjfi^v^ ypSf yjcav & sv-
1st Fut. GlyjaoifiL.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
lal'Q, d$,* a, I arov, drov^ \ dfiev^ drsj oat.
Perf. and Pliip. eGlrjxo). 1st Aor. (77>7(T(j.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. ^ Plural.
ol'dy Tig, ^ I ntoVf rlroVf \ uusv, nre^ ijai.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. and Imp. lalavat- Perf. and Plup. ialyixs-
[im.. First Aor. alyicrac Second Aor. olnvau
•First Fut. clTiaeLv.
PARTICIPLES.
„ Present and Imperf. lal-ag^ dcra, «r. Perfect anij
piup. ialyixog. 1st A. alyjaag. 2d A. a7-ag, acra,
\ir, 1st Fut. gT/jGov.
bYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE
VOICE.
1 Indie
Imp.
Optat.
Subj.
Infin.
Part.
Present 'i^h/ut
Imper. j Wlnv
\
'ta-lctSl
{(rletlHV
Is-lZ
i»v
(j-lhdt
(rJoLtnv
' ^ S'"^' I — V'^^ —
lOS Verbs in fjn — First Conjugation,
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
"** Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
lala-fiaif aai^lai \ [ledovj adoVf adov | fieday aOe, vlat*
Ik
Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
lola-[iY}Vy (To,t 7o I i-tedovy adov, odyjv | /.leOa, aQe, vJo.
Perf. ialaf/ai. PI up. ialafiyjv. 1st A. Ealadyji'*
1st Fut, aladyjaoiiai. Paulo-post F. ealaaofiat.
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect
Sing. * Dual. Plural.
hla-aojX o'06) I cOov, adov \ crfe, aOcdaav.
Perf. and Plup. IcrJoco. IstAor. alaOyfJi,
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
hylai'fiyjVj o, To, | iieOov, aOov, adr^v \ ^i^Oa, (T0£, vlo,
Perf. and Piup. ialatf^iYiv. 1st Aor. alaOeiyjv.
1st Fut. oladrjooifiyjv. Paulo-p. F. i(ylouyoi[x,yjp.
♦ The Ionics take away the o- in the second person, and the Attics
contract the syllables ; as, ^
T> A ^ Ion. 'iTlsteti, riQioLl.
Present, ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^g^^
T r. . Hon. W7ato, «t;6?o, t^iS'cc,
Imperfect, J ^^^^ -^^^^^^ ^^^g^^ ^^^-^^
t See preceding Note.
if The Ionics take away the o- ; and the Attics contract the syllable? :
a;«, 'io-luOj %olk); riQiOy Ti9« ; itSoo, StSa,
Verbs in f^ — First Conjugation*
107
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Perfect and Pluperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
^d'Qiiaif fi9 nlat \ ufieOov, r,a6ov, rjadov \ DfieOaj rssQe,
or as some think, [ovlai^
sal-ofiaLy a, dJat, &c.
1st Aor. alaSu.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. and Imperf, lalaadai. Terf. and Pluperf.
ialdadau 1st A. aladripaL. 1st F. GladyjoeadaL.
Paulo-post F. iolaxjEodaL.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres and Imperf. lolauerog. Perf. and Plu-
perf. bcrJa^vog. 1st A. aladeig, 1st F. olaQYiao^B-
vos> Paulo-post F. ialaao^cevog.
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE
VOICE.
Indie.
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Paulo-p. F.
1st Aorist
hrlst/unv
l&late-ojuett
1st Future (rletSna-Ofxstl
Imper. Opt.
\crlct
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
1st Aor. olriaaif alyjaaodu, &c.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ala-60f 060 I adoVf adov \ ade^ cdcdaoLV.
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
1st Aor. Glyjaat^iyjVf Glyjaaio, &c.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. « Plural.
alac-iiYiVj 0, ro | iiedcn^, odov, aOyjv \ iieda, oOe, vlo.
SUBjriS'CTIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
1st A. ay/jGG)[iat, GlyjGyjy &c.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
aJ-o^at, a, drat | ofiedov, dGdov^ aGdov \ OfieOa, dade^
Verbs in ut — Second Conjugation,
109
INFINITIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
1st A or, alyjaaadai. 2d Aor. alaadai.
1st Fut. alriaeadai.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
1st Aor. alrjGaiievog. 2d Aor. alaiievog.
1st Fut. Glyjaofievog.
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE MIDDLE
VOICE.
Indie. Imp. Optat. | Subj. Infin. | Part.
Present
Iroper.
2d Aori?t
1st Fut.
IstAonst
'nrlot/usLt
ffli;0-o/U(.ett
ta-lne-oL/unv
7g, yiai \ srov^ stov \ e^Vj bUb, elct.
Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural,
♦ iirt^iTuf is sometimes syncopated ; as^^T/Q^v.
11
no Verhs in fjLt — Second Conjugation,
Attic Imperfect, after the Contract forms, more
ill use.*
Sing. Ducil. Plural.
fT'tO-eor, Si^, £€$5 Htc, B£, el I I end'Sov^Sv*
Perf. redyjxa. Plup. eredyjxELV. , 1st A. £dy]xa.
Second Aorist.t
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ed-yiPj ed'yjgy ed-yj | elov, elyjv j £[i£Vf elsy eaav.
1st Fut. Qr,aQ.
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. < Plural.
Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more in
use.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
tS-BBy I BSto,^e£roVy
elf I Bito^Welrov,
££roV,\\£Bt£y
£lr(dv,\\£ir£9
£eriiaa/v.
£LtiJGaV,
Perf. and Plup. t£dy]X£.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
* See 'Note, page 103.
t See first Note, page 104.
:j: For TiSsQ/, by reason of the preceding S. See Rule ii. page 5.
^ All verbs in /"/, from primifives in «w, are irregular in this tense, re-
taining the short vowel, and substituting c for the syllable 6t ; as, s?,
Verbs in fJn-^Second Conjugation, 111
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
^iSet'YiVj y^gj yj \ yjlov^ yflyjv \ y;[ievj rile, yjoav^ and ev.
Perf. and PIiip. rEdrjxoiixi.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual Plural.
Q€L'yjv^ yjgj yj \ yjloVj yflYjv \ ri^iev^ yfle^ yjaavy and ev.
Is Fut. dyjaoiiit.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
nd'Of Yig, Yi 1 ntov, nrov \ ufxev^ nte, oau
Perf. and Plup. redyjxco.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. and Imperf. ridevat.
Perf. and Pluperf. reOyjxevat,
2d Aor. delvai.^ 1st Fut. Brfleiv.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperf. Tr^O-f t$, elaa, ev.
Perf. and Pluperf. teOyjxcdg.
Second Aorist, d-eig, etcra, ev^
First Future, driGcdv.
* V^erbs from primitives in mo change the short vowel into a diph-
thong in this tense.
112
Verbs in fAi — Second Conjugation.
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE
VOICE.
Pres.
Imper.
Perf.
Plup.
1st Ao.leOijKet
2d Ao. f^jjy
1st F. \6>}(rAf
Indie. I Imp. Opt
^55
Subj.
Infin. I Part.
redijfcsvoii
rt&£ig
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
nde-ixaif crat,*7at | fiedov, adov, odov \ fieday afe, viae.
Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
etSe'iiYiv, GO* "to I (J-sdov^ adov, adriv \ [isda, (T^g, vh.
Perf. reOsiiiai. Plup. etedeijiriv.
1st Aor. eteSyjv 1st Fut. redyjaoiiaL.
Paulo-post Fut. redeKyoiiau
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect
Sing. Dual. Plural.
tiQe-aoif oBcd \ odov, adcyv \ ade^ adoaav.
Perf. and Plup. teOem. 1st Aor. redrflc
* See firet Note, page 106.
t See last Note, page 106.
Ferbs in fju — Second Conjugation, 1 13
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Du.il. Plural.
tLdei-u'/iv, o, tOy I i^eOoVy aOov, adyjv \ f-isOaf oQe, vto.
Perfect and Pluperfect.
red-eif^yjv, do, slro \ eL[isdoVf eiadov^ ecadirv \ euieOa
[e'Lodsy elvro.
1st Aor. redfir.v. IsiFut. reOyjaoi^tyiv*
Paulo-post Fut. teQuiaoiur^v.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Perfect and Pluperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
reO-uuat, vj, nrat \ cdiieOovy rladov, r^aOov \ o^eda, naQsy
First Aorist, tedo^ 're%, &:c.
INFINITIVE.
Present and Imperfect, mOFoBai.
Perfect and Pluperfect tsOdaOai.
1st Aor. teOraui. 1st Fut. red/iaeaOac.
Paulo-post Fut. reQecCEadau
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, rSenev-oq^ yjy ov.
Perfect and Pluperfect, redetuevog.
1st Aor. redstg. 1st Fut. redyiaoiievog.
Paulo-post Fut. redeicouevog.
11*
114
Verbs in fit — Tliird Conjugation,
SYNOPSIS OF THE xMOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE
VOICE.
Indie. I Imp. f Opt. Subj. , Infin. j Part
Pres
Imp erf.
Perfect
Piup.
Paulo.
1st Ao.
1st Put
T£$ei(ro
r£&9)Tt
rt6£tf^rjV
T£Q£ir,V
r£$ai!^uifr£$£'i(r$a.t
r£&cS r£&rvc&t
rt6£fA,£Vog
red£i^syog
Te&eto-oy.£vog
r£&£i);^a, Pliip. eSeScdxetv.
Plural.
1st Aor. sScdxa.
Second Aorist.t
Sing. Dual. Plural.
eS'OVf £§-6)$, eS'Cd I otov^ ot/jv \ oi.isv, ote, oaav.
First Fut. Smq.
IMPERATIVE.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Pres. and Imperf. | 8180-61, to \ rovy^tov \ ^e, tocav.
Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more
in use.
StS'OS
6,
Sing.
oet(o,\
Plural.
iftQ.
oste.
ostQrsav,
Dual.
\0£r0V, 1 OStQV,
j irovf I Sruv,
Perfect and Pluperfect, SsScdxs.
Sing, Dual. Plural.
Second Aor. | So-g,t tto, | tov^ tcdv \ te, t(^aav.
♦ See Note, page 103.
t See first Note, page 104.
iftTo? is irregular for cToQ/. This verb is itself irregular throughout, in
this tenge, using o for a.
Verbs in fit, — Third Conjugation, 117
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Perf. and Plup. Sehuxoi^t. ^ e frtl fit i ^
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural,
f^.Oi'yjVy yjg^ yj \ yjrov, yjtyiv \ y;fieVf "/ite^ yjcyav & er.
1st Fut. Suaoifjii.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural
Perfect and Pluperf. SeSoxu.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
S'COf oigj 9 I orovy orov | ofisv^ ortef Mu
t
INFINITIVE.
Present and Imperfect, hthovau
Perfect and Pluperf hhoxp.vai.
2d Aor. Sfivau* 1st Fut. hc^eiv.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, hi^-nc^ Sera, ov.
Perfect and Pluperfect, &5G}%)g.
Second Aorist, 5-»g, 9cra, ov.
First Future, hoa^jv.
* h^ufAt only has a diphthong in this tense.
118
Verbs in fxi — Third Conjugation,
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVI
VOICE.
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
1st Aorist
2d Aorist
1st Future
Indie, jimper.
MdKA
(Tec
Opt.
Subj,
SiJ'aiKai)
Infin.
iovveit
Part.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
SiSo-fiaiy aatf^ T'at | (ledoVf odovy aSov \ ^eda^ crfc, vlat
Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ehiho'^Ylv^ ooy^ ro \ fiedov^ oOovy adyjv \ fieOa, oOcf vlo
Perf. ^sSouac. Plnperf. eSeSofiriV.
1st Aor. eSoOyjv. 1st Fiit. Sodyjaoiiai.
Paulo-post Fut. SsSoaoiiai.
IMPEATIVE.
Present and Imperfect*
Sing. Dual. Plural.
StSo-crojt 060 I adoVf adov | cde^ aOoaav.
Perf. and Plup. 8eSoao. 1st Aor. Sodriri.
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
StSoc'^yjv, 0, to I litedovy aOoVy oQyiv \ fieday cde, vlo.
♦ See first Note page 106.
t See last Note, page 106.
J^erbs m y.i. — Third Conjugation.
iiy
Perfect and Pluperfect,
Sing. Dnal. Plural.
SsS'OLfiviVj oloj otro I oifiedovj oiaOoVf oladyjv \ oifieOa.
[oujOej oivlo.
First Aor. Sodstnv. First Fut. hodnaoL^Yiv.
Paulo-post Fut. hehoaoL^Yiv.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect.
Sing Dual. Plural.
M'O^uaif o, QTat I uuedovj oaOov, oadov \ of^eOa, oaOsy
Perfect and Pluperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural,
[covlat*
First Aorist, So^cj.
INFINITIVE.
Present and Imperfect, SlSog^c.
Perfect and Pluperfect, SeSoa^i.
1st Aor. So^^vai. 1st Fut. So.^yjaea^L,
Paulo-post Fut. SeSoaea^i.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, StSoiiev-ogy yj, ov.
Perfect and Pluperfect, 8eSou£Pog.
1st Aor. So^eig. 1st Fut. So^aouEvog.
Paulo-post Fut. S^Soao^evog*
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE
VOICE.
Indie. I Imp. 1 Opt. [ Subj. Infin. Part.
Pres.
Imp.
Perf.
Pinp.
PdU.
l3t Ao. ?/oS«y J^a(«T/
Ist Fa-MNrojU^ti ^
(fiS'sfAivoe
Iff
i:zKj y eras in fill — j.mra conjugation*
MIDDLE VOICE.
Present and )
Imperfect, j^^^
INDICATIVE MOOD.
in the Passive.
First Aorist, sSoxafiyjVj sSqxOj &c.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
eSo'fiyjVf ao,* to \ [ledov^ adov^ odyjv | fteOa, crfc, vlo.
First Flit. Soaoixat.
IMPERATIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
OPTATIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
hoi-iiYiv, o, to I [isOov, adovy adriv j ^da^ ade, vlo.
First Fut. h(jy(50iiiYiv.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
2-5]uat, 6, orat j Q[i6doVf uadov, oadov \ Q^Sa, oxjOf^
• h.n. iS'oo, Att. iS^a.
t Ion tToo. Att. «r».
Ve7^bs m fjn — Fourth Conjugation, If I
INFINITIVE.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
2d Aor. hoadai. 1st Fut. hi^eaQau
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Imperfect, like the Passive.
2d Aor. Souevog. 1st Fut. SuOouevog.
SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE MIDDLE
VOICE.
J
Indie.
Imp. Opt. Subj.
Pies.
Imp.
2d Ao. £^of<*]v
1st F. ! ^(nfO'dfA.Otl
1 St Ao. I e^aKotf^v
Infin.
Part.
FOURTH COKJUGATIOK.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plur.
^evyv'VfiLj vg^ vat \ vrov^ vtov | v^ev^ vre, xxTu
Imperfect.
Sin7/w(, to say ; xeiixai^ \o lie
down.
CLASS I.
1. eiiii, to be,
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ei[ii9 fc$, or St, edit \ ealov, ealov | eai^evy eals, etai.
Imperfect
Sing. Dual. Plural.
37^5 >7$>57r>?^? Att.j j yjrovyr^tyjv \ yj^isv.yjre^r.aav.
Pluperfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
yjuriV, yjao, yjro | yjfiedov, riodov, yjadyjv \ r.^ie^a, yjaOe,
[yjvIo.
3 24 Irregular Verbs in f^t.
Future.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ea'Of.iah'(i, elaLj(B^ai) \ ofieOov^ eodov, saOov | ofisda^
[eodey ovlat,
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
ladi, eadiy or ecroj ecrJcj | ealov^ sgIqv | eals^ealoaav.
OPTATIVE.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
G^yjVf ft>y$, etyj j eiyjloVy siyjlyjv \ eiyifievy eiyjlef etyiCav^
Future.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
raoL'^yiVy eaoi'O^ egol-Io | ^edovy adov^ adyjv | iisda^ aOsy
[v7o.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Sing. Dual. f Plural,
Present, o), rig^ ri \ yjtov, yjrov fotieVf or^ , Ml.
Future.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
[ovlat.
INFINITIVE.
Present, sivau Future eaeadau
PARTICIPLES.
Present, qv^ acra, ov. Future, eaoiievog,
2. Eci^Ly to go.
Irregular Verbs in fA,u 125
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
^iliif eig or ei, etCi \ trov, trov \ mv, cre^ etaty or kJc.
Imperfect.
£tVf e6g, €t I iTov, Ltriv \ ixLev utSy taav.
Pluperfect.
aX'SLVj etg, el \ eutov^ etryiv \ eiuev^ eutSj eix^av*
Second Aorist.
ioVf tegy t£ I isrov. leryjv \ uofieVf tetSf lov,
IMPERATIVE.
Present,
i^t,, or ei tro | trov, vt(Siv \ tue^ I'toaav.
Second Aorist.
OPTATIVE.
Second Aorist.
toiiu, torg, tot, | LoutoVy Lotryiv \ tot^eVf voute^ lolsv.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Second Aorist.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. gti^at or cvac. 2(1 Aor. iiiVf t«cra, ioi\
Middle Voice, — indicative mood.
Perfect.
Sing. Dual. Plural,
fia, Etac, et8 \ eiarov^ eiwvov \ eiauevy ecats^ eiMu
12*
^2o Irregular Verbs in (^i,
Phiperfect.*^
I * or Yiuevy rfte^ riaav,
1st A or. euyaiiyjv. 1st Fut. aaafiar.
3. lyjui^ to go.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plur.
iyj[iij tyjgy tyjat \ isrov^ isrov | loi^evy terte^ mat.
Imperfect.
I • I — — leaav.
OITATIVE.
Present.
I^IYI I I
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present, iBvai. Present, tetg, uevi^og.
Middle Voice. — indicative mood.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
le-fiat, aaiy tat \ [leOoVf adovy odov \ /ueOa, afc, viae.
Imperfect.
le-firtV, aoy to I fiedoVf adov, odyjv \ fieOay ads, vro.
IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present, tJeao, ceadQ. Present, i^^ev^-og^ 97, or.
CLASS II.
1. "lyyut, to send, has scarcely any irregularities,
but it is declined like rtdrjut. It will be sufficient
to give the first person of each tense.
♦ Imperfect, among the Attics.
Irregular Verbs in (m. 12?
Active Voice — indicative mood.
Present, Irniu Imperfect, hnv.
Perfect, kxa. Pluperfect, kx^v.
1st Aor. iQ;ca. 2d Aor. liV. 1st Fut. ^cro,
IMPERATIVE.
Pres. and Imp. hOt. Perf. and Pliip. uxc,
1st Aor. rixov. 2d Aor. eg,
OPTATIVE.
Pres. and Imp. leiYiv. Perf and PI up. iixoLut.
2d Aor. iir^v. 1st Fut. i]crotf^^ '
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. and Imp. h, Perf. and PI up. hkq.
2d Aor. V.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. and Imp. Uvai. Perf. and Plup. kxevai,
2d Aor. iivat. 1st Fut. ^^aai^.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imp. leig. Perf. and Plup. iixog.
2d Aor. kg. 1st Fut. ?;(TLjr.
Passive Voice, — indicatiae mood.
Present, huac. Imperfect, ^a>?v.
Perfect, kltat. Pluperfect, kurjp.
1st Aor. iOrv^ (kdviv) 1st Fut. eOriao^iau
Paulo-post Fut. kaoiiau
imperative.
Pres and Imp. Uco^ (h.) Perf. and Plu. k7i/. 1st Fut. ^aoi^nv.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
2cl Aor. Vf^at.
INFINITIVE.
2d Aor. taQai. 1st Fut. {\asadai.
i
Irregular Verbs in jbLi, 129
PARTICIPLES.
2d Aor. ifievog. 1st Fut. icofisvog,
2. 'H//OU, to sit.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
Yiiiaty riOaLy J^rat | /jf^e^r, io^op, Ip^v \ (i^3a, ?]cr3e,
Imperfect.
Yiiir^v, {jcTo, JjTo I Yil^dovy ^y;adoVj ^cQyiv \ 'yjfiEQa^ 'r,aQe,
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE.
Pres. ^rja^L. Pres. 'yjixev-og, >7, or.
S. iiiiai, to put on.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present and Perfect.
ii(iai9 i^yoLtj hratj I — kvT'ai.
& icalat I
Pluperfect.
BLflYlV^ €t(TOj & iCGO
eiloj icalOf halo & iolo
I biVtO
First Aorist.
SL(Ta[j.yjVy iaaafiyjVj
130 Irregular Verbs in fit.
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Perfect, itfisvog.
First Aorist, iaoaueveg.
CLASS III.
1. K£L[iai9 to lie down.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
xei-iiouy aaif lai \ fxe^ov^ a'^v^ a'^ov \ /ue^a, cr^f, vlau
Imperfect.
£)C£L'fiyjVj aoy TO I [xe^ov, a^Vf a^yjv | fie3a, cr^^, vlo.
First Future.
x£Ky'0[iaiy % etat | |
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
9ceL(yoj xeuy^ \ xeiO^v^ xsta^cdv \ k eca^s, xeta^aav,
OPTATIVE
Present
X60i-[iyjVy Oj'to \ I — —
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Present.
First Aorist.
xsKJCdi^ai^ — I I
INPINITIVE. PARTICIPLE*
Pres. x6lo^l.. Pres. xciiiev-oc,, rj^ ov.
Irregular Verbs itifu. 131
2. hrjfit, to know.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Du.il. Plural
or rov^ i:ov
or (j,ei^
Imperfect.
bd-r^Vj Yig^ yj \ arjVf aTr^v | a^ev^ ate, aaav & av.
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
4(T-a0t &L Ol, alio I alov & lop, alcov ale & 7^, alucfav,
&; 7u I &?tji'. 7c*xTai & 7ui^.
NFINITIVE PARTICIPLE.
Pres. Loavau Prcs. tca-g^Ga-v*
Middle Voice^ — iNf)iCATivE mood.
Present.
Sing Dual. Plural.
tcra-^at, cat, rat | /u^S^r, a3or, a^v I /i/f^, a^f , ^'7at.
Imperfect.
iCa-fiyjVj aoy ro | fie^Vf a^v^ o^v \ ff^Sa, a^e, vlo.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. LGo/j^t. Pres. taane-vog, yjy ov.
3. ^yjui^ to say.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing. Dual. Plural,
^//f, (^rig, (pyjCi \ ^atov^ (parov \ ^[tev^ cpare^ ^acri.*
* B ;:■' present and imperfect tenses the P is frequently dropped by
Homer, and Attic writers ; thus, tj/xi t^c^ ti7a(ji^, 1st Aor, ^yjooLg.
Irregular Verbs* 13*^
Passive Voice,
INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE.
Perfect, Tte^arat. Tiecpao^u.
INriNITlVE. PARTICIPLE.
Perfect, TtecpM^i. 7te^cr^ev-og, >;, ov.
Middle Voice— INDICATIVE mood.
Second Aorist.
Sing. Dual. Pinral.
€(pa-UYiv^aojlo \ a[iedoVyaadov,(xxj6yjv \ aii£OajaaOe,vlo,
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
INFINITIVE.
Present, jvufMV & i)Xexfir,y by SynCOpe.
tfcAg»7ioMy ocAa/C-o;, ciXujTouMi, '^c6i v^^iOfKoc, ri>.afjLcti»
ufA^upTeeo juu.it prytTCD, u/i<.xpT9}, upstrcoi upecouxt, yipe^u^ Vjpscraf^Tiv , rjpsG-Oi^v,
'^vatyx,
UpSTKOi}^
* ct>», to irert.V, conjugated with the Djgamma, F^t^a, forms sFat|«,
feF«t;v^at, sFat^/Cv. But as the Digamma is seldom expressed in writing,
1!h words will be «£«§*, «*;)(;.*, 5£t)^ov.
t This seems to be put for €F«tJk. That wcTa had the Digamma ap"
pears trom iCxJ^ij Odyss, XVI. 28.
Irregular Verbs.
135
I (iiQiiCLsct, Qe^ocu, 2d F. ^uf^cci.
I ^iQxco, Part Pres. ^i^av.
. i3;^jj/u./, 2d A. f^rv,Part. Pres. P;«rt^.
|3A;;jtu, f/3A3j»7 2d A. Opt. M. /3A£io.
^XcCTJiOfy toAaC'7»5f7"6/, iZ?\ctcrlnK. l2t>fT£jy (ieQii;KcCy
/ZovXeM, (iovX9]TofM.i, fie^ovXvf^uct, e^ov>^,6r,v.
C spotty /3/>6xrhna.
yu(A,iMy
ytyoLfJUiifJLet' y cyxftiiBijv,
ysyccfuijKU,
\ ynpc^»>>
yvpUG-Afy eyrpuG-Xy yeyt}pXK'(,
\ ynpr^f^.
h\t\ Pr. yrpxvxiy Part, yrptt^*
yin&! ,
ytviio-i/xui, eyevzo-xu-Kv, yeyer^fud:
£yBvou.y,v, ytyovx.
(y^V/iC'/^v.
yetvi-Jf
(yetfxy^r.v.
yxu.
yeyxx.
yvou.
yvMTof, yvuFcfAxi, eyvuxu. cyvA>c'/^xt^
yvAfs-&r,G-ofA.Xi*
fyvtyr^jrv,
yvftifti,
eyjiov.
axiio^ ^xy^fra^ cxviCof^xi^ ^io'x^y.x, e^xr^v^ dit\u.
. * The ancient Greeks and old Attics wrote ytyvcf-isit ar.J ytyvoca-Kui :
itheraore modern writers softened those words into yivoy.nt and yivu{A.y,v y Syn. £^oetf^'A^.
avvrjTofA.ttty f^vv9io'eein.'>tv, ^f^Wjjiittfei, £$'vyii$n9.
^vToj^ ^u^ofA.cci'i h^vy^^ h^vcTf^Ut.
£^VV.
h^:^ccxc^, )
h^pci^a, I ,
Po.Ax,r.., (. ""'"'
d£do>ci}Ka, J '
*'* f £hu^ e^jjxflt, f^£r^3jv, £^7;^ct,
siTMy f ffJfo;, £t^r,crui £l^Woty f/^»jxa, Plup. TihiV.
et^ov, t^ov, ^ £i^93f>L^, Pr. Opt. £ihtt}v. Inf. £iS'svut.
£tpa^ { £p£6f, £pv^rofA.9Cly etpijKOt^ £lp7jfA.Ul') £lpi]6i}V, pYthfTOfAUt^
SpotJLOtly \ £tp£6)y £tp7}0-of^X(.
£fpa), £f>p£a^ eppy^^i^-, iippvjo-x.
£pudcicivej, ipv6£M, £pv$v}.
* The origin of this verb is saoj. Hence three forms are derived ; the
Boeotic, «AJt»; the ^olic, sActya; and the Doric, skavvw,
i In this tense i=uTfli^xt, vjXsvTot,^ 5jAi/^«y, Syn. ;jA^<5Vj Peri,
see last page.
f^x(, euO£&i]V, evpe&'/jfrof^^t^ eupov, eCpof^.v,
^yj^'^^'i o'X^'^^M^^y s^x^/y-x, i'^X/^f^cci-i etr^s^KVi
2d A. Imper. o-xei'
H.
Hc6C5"x«y, rj^acaj r^^rjCii;, Tjcr.Coc^ti^rtKOt.
^OpVVCe),
0.
h?^£a, e£X/iTa^ £$£X7)roC, T£9£>0JKCC.
O^OiUy t'.Qvr.KU.., TtC'VCtX^ TsSv-lKnC &- TihilX.
^V«, f^aevOV, 2d F. M. $0CV6fJLX,i,
rc9vi;K3J^ T£9vr.^6i, r£6y7i^oti,at,
r£$vr,;v«
13*
138
Irregular Verbs,
[ 'iXyif^i ,
x,spuv
xepocvvvf^i
xipviJM-i
f xepsca,
C iCpXOf,
>CXpKCCtp<'\
Kipoonvu^
xexep^xx.^,
XlXOiVOf,
iXetOi, Pr. M. Ixoif^ai.
K.
xepoiG-M^ £K£potTct, stii ficco'ociiiijv , x£OccT0r,a-ou,xt.
Xpoi(r6f,XSXpXKX, XEKpxpCXt, eXpOC&iiV XpX^ijiTC-
f^xt.
xsplijerui^ x£ poy.TOf^xi ^ ixsp^ij(.t,
y^psfA.ocnsoci)^
•rtpi^^yyvfjLt^
xrev6)^
ayJTuxu^
y.vXiv^co,
xXr^76f, Perf. M. xexXTjysc.
xXxteof^ xXxiy^Tco*
xXvf4,i, Imper. xXvdi & xexXvdi.
* xope(»), xopecr&f sxnoerx^ ex6pi(raiu,7}v, xexcp-^xu, xexo-
I pyjfJLXl' 6X0D£T&yiv.
' xpefA.xcO'j xpef^xr
xDeptt}/LLt , xpepcxf^xt .
r xTJjjM./, sxTy,v, 2d A. M. txTuitA.yjV, Inf. XTcLO-dxtf
f Part. xrxf^ivoS'
I xjuXi&f, xvXi^ca,
' xvXiVGea^ KvXi)i07)a-6).
Ax*//;5-a;, XtjG-of^coci , MXWfA.xt^
/tuAfO/,
IJuXXiOiy
M.
l^u.$i}croiLc»t , £f^ct6930'x[j(.i!y, f^s^t»6yjKU, £/:4,»B-oy.
|t4i5C;i:i>j<«<'ii, f^fd.'
vtjf^aty £fiLyvi »^f^,
O^f C-a; & 0^7)TCJ, u^sccc.
ot^octvM,
i
> of^fo;,
0lOViT6J. UOY^roL UO Y.&L.
> Ot£COy
otijToy^eci Ctjvjfjuct eur^T^v,
tt^oy^cit
olX-K-^ofAMt. a;;^J?«flC, ^X^^f^^y
%<\k oj^oyr.v
tt'^ay^ce, ,
* This verb is chieily used as an Ijjjpersonal.
140
Irregular Verbs,
oWVM .
> e>ilT9£6f, cjXltr6i)Tot aXtT^tjKci. c^XlTddt 6>?itG-67iV.
0f^9»y
cXscra, aXe<:-cc^ oiXiKX <>.i:T$yjv atXev^ i.0ov,
7rev06fy Perf. M. TTeTTov^et & 'xsTToTBet,
yreptccJ* Syn. yrpxaf^ Trpoto-af^ TreTrpXKu^ 7r£7rpu,U'^fy
:ir£Tpx(r6fA/ict) eTrpxB^it, 7rpx^y}(r6fA^i,
TTsTTTu^ TTc-^&i, e7r£'4^a, 7r£7r=.U.,tOCl, £K£(p6'y.
TZiTxra^ £'X£rxToL^ TreTTertftXflt & '7T£7e'ray.a.^
7r£7rrxTfA.xi\ £7r£7rrx7&^,
^y^l^y, fTTj^l^, £7rTn^u,f^yp) , TrsTsrr.Xx^ £7raz^rv,
£'7rxyYj\^ wxyYirou-ziy 7fr£7rriyx.
TTCOTCO 7r£7rUi('X^ TTcTrmtLXl & ttbtoumi,
£7ro&r^v
PreS. M. TTtOl^tOCt^ TriTof^Xl^ STTiOV, 2(3 F . M.
Imp. TrtBi.
£7r£a'x, £7re(rxu7]v, sTre^ov, 2d ]P, M. tts-
C^fA,Xt»
* Ilepitci', to pass Irrto another country ; -mpv-ia)^ &c. to pass for the
purpose of selling ; 'Troistucti^ in the Middle Voice, to buy a person, or
t^iJD^, brought from another country.
irregular verbs.
^Tccpvvftect, ^Tcilpci, iTTTacpov,
^vy6otioiJLui, Tsvio), 7revc-of4.xti ^e?rv(rfMi, e7rv0A^tiV, ^v6^fMt,
peof,
pofyvv^fy
pavvvf^tj
ipya.
1 hy^y
P.
Att. tp^a^, fpl^j, Perf. M. upyoc^
pvr,(ra>y pvr^rofiect^ iopvfix,ec epovi^v,
p>}lo^, epDV^oCi epc7!^uf4,i^v , tppnyecin epfayu^ tp-
pstyrjv, pocyvo-o/Axt*
pUTAfy eppOfO-X, eppUKU, ipptttptXi^ (pp6tdi}V,
CxPlflfd;, 1st A. iO-K7J?iX^ €CKXyiy.u.
TK^yj/Ut^ Pr. Inf. O-K^f^vett.
Sk S'ccv ' i o-Kt^xo), s 9poa,
Z^TpMVyVjKl, y '
TiTgy.TKXi )
S-opiG-ofy e^opea-eCy £?-op£0-ccf^r^v.
S'pevG-a)^ e^pofTcc, (9pMTccu>r^yy erpapcect.
See £X(^'
T.
rf^ryu), rf^yj^a' rsrfMjicx, T£rf/j)}/^xi ^ erpttjBry, erpcotyov,
* rit/.va) and tauvu a're both found ; the fornoer derived from rs^.a; the
latter, from rufxu^ Hence the 2d Aorist is either sTeuo? or sT-ti«9v.
rtrpxciy } rpocuij rpriTuiy erpr^rcc, rerpinfAM.iy erpt^6rjv.
rtrprif/.ty ^ rtrpcctvM, 1st A. ertrpTjvoc.
rirpoiCKMy rpouiy r^wcrw, rptnTof^uiy eTpuiCcc, rerpuijuLtU^ erpu-
BujVy rpui^TiTajLLxu
^P^^^i ) ^pSf^M, e^petfJLOy, 2d F. M. ^pXfMfJLXty h^p6f^0S.,
irpuyovy \ ^'^y*^* (pctr/e>y.u,ty 2d F. (pjcyouH-^t, tpctyov.
C rv^euy rvxrio-uiy trvy;riToL^ nrv^rKse,.
'Fvy^ttyi^^ / TBv^uiy Tsv^oftat^ TfTgt;%iy
fri,
(p6i-G-uiy (pStcOfuLecf y e^iiG-cAy e^p&tKUy t^Qipia^i.
£y/-