BOOKSELLER.... NORTHAMPTON", Keeps constantly for sale^ Classical, Medical, Historical and Miscellaneous OOKS, and Stationary in great variety. REESE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Received- sZ^^I^XU/ iSS^e^ S^^^^kjOjl^ v> Accessions No.'^^.'^f//... Shelf No. ---.,. mi '^^ d^ 1 "^"-^ ■JJlAS!^^-- 1/ '^ JJJJ_-iJ-^xTXJ_:-4X 1 JL K^ or ll^mi ».^^4II^ f'AKEN CHIEFLY FROM THE GRAMMAR OF CASPAR FREDERICK IIACHENBERG. iRTFORD : PUBLISHED BY SAMUEL G. GOODRICH, ROBERTS k BURR, PRINTERS. 1820. DISTRICT OF COJVjYECTICUT : Jr~~^ JOE it remembered, that on the twenty-eighth day of J] L. o. ,| September, in the thirty-ninth year of the Independence IL==iiiJ of the United States of America, Chauncey Allen Good- rich^ of the said District., hath deposited in this Office the Title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author, m the words following, to wit : *• Elements of Greek Grammar, taken chiefly from the Grammar of Caspar Frederick Hachenberg — Adopted for use in Yale College, New- Haven ,'' in conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled. An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of ?uch Copies, durine: the times therein mentioned. HENRY W. EDWARDS, Clerk of the District o/* Connecticut. ADVERTISEMENT. THE materials of this work, as stated in the Title page, were derived chiefly from the Grammar of Hachen- herg. Numerous additions, however, have been made from other sources ; and the plan new modelled in conformity with the existing mode of instruction in this country. The list of Anomalous Verhs is from Valpy : the ob- servations on Dialects, from the Glocester Greek Gram- mar. In issuing a second Edition, the Author has chiefly to regret, that a severe and long protracted illness has lim- ited his attention to the retrenchment of redundances and the correction of errors, in a work originally com- piled in great haste. The materials, particularly, which were designed to enrich the Syntax, he is compelled to reserve for a future edition. A few errors of the press have unavoidably occurred, from the publication of the work at a distance from the Author, and beyond the reach of his inspection. December 10, 1819. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Letters. 1 Syllables. 5 Article. ----- 9 Noun. 9 First Declension of Nouns. - 10 Second Declension of Nouns. 12 Third Declension of Nouns. - 14 General Rules of Contraction. 18 First Forna of Contracts. - 19 . Second Form of Contracts. - 20 Third Forno of Contracts. - 21 Fourth and Fifth Fornas of Con- tracts 22 Irregular Nouns. - - 25 Patronynaics. - - - 27 Diminutives — Verbals. - 28 Adjectives of three termi- nations. - 30 of two termina- nations. - 35 of one termination. 38 Comparison of Adjectives. - 39 Numerals. - - - 42 Pronouns. - - - - 45 Verbs. 50 Active Voice. - - - 58 R^eduplication and Augment. 63 Formation of Tenses in the Ac- tive Voice. - - - 68 Passive Voice. - - - 74 Formation of Tenses in the Pas- sive Voice. - - - 80 Middle Voice. - - - 84 Formation of Tenses in the Mid- dle Voice. - - - 89 Deponent Verbs — Contract Verbs. - - - - 91 PAGE. 1st Declension of ContractVerbs. 92 2d Declension of ContractVerbs. 94 3d Declension of ContractVerbs. 97' Verbs m^i. - - - lOO Irregular and Defective Verbs in ///.---- 123 Anomalous Verbs. - - 133 Impersonal Verbs. - - 143 Adverbs. - - - - 1144 Prepositions. - - 149 Conjunctions. - - 152 Syntax — Agreement.. - 153 Article. - - - - 159 Government. - - i62 Government of Substantives. 162 Government of Adjectives. - 164 Government of Verbs-Genitive. 169 Dative. 174 Accusative. 177 TwoAccus. 177 GovernmentoflmpersonalVerbs. 1 79 Construction of the Infinitive. 180 Participles. - - - 102 Construction of Circumstances. 184 Case Absolute. - - 188 Government of Adverbs. - 189 Conjunctions. - - - 193 Prepositions. - - - 195 Prosody. - - - <208 Dialects. - - - 2i§ Appendix, No. I. Digamma. 250 No. II. Subscript Iota. - - 255 No. III. Middle- ton's Theory of the Article. - 256 Figure. A a Tyr AS Ee H»7 It K« a;i Nv P p/O 2CC<7S Tt7 X;c Ho ^^ifoii^ \hi^ ORTHOGltAPHr: ^^00^^ — THE ALPHABET. E GREEK LETTERS ARE TWENTY-FOUR. Name. Power. a?^ alpha a (3yjta beta b fyafii^a gamma g hard SeTita delta d e^^iXov epsllon e short ^rira zeta z yjra eta e lona 6r,ra theta th LLYta iota i xanna kappa k ^/xfjiSSa lambda 1 (IV mu m vv nu n l^ xi X ofiLxpcnf omicron o short TtL pi P po rho r aty^ia sigma s rav tau t in^/Xo^ upsTlon u <^6 phi ph 'V/ cm ch aspirated '4^1 psi ps Qfieya omega o lony 2 - Letters, SIXTEEN letters, viz. ot.s^i, o. v, /3, y, ^, x, A, /ct, y, ?r, ^, (t, r, were introduced from Phenicia into Greece, by Cadmus, fifteen hundred years before Christ. Their form was ori- ginally that of the Phenician characters, and was gradually changed to the present.* Eight were afterwards added, viz. 5?5 6;, "^j i^ ^^^ fi^^h or the sixth century before Christ. These, being merely substitutes for existing letters, came slowly into use. They were first employed by the Ionics ; and afterwards by the Attics, though not in public records till 403 A. C. Hence the new alphabet of twenty- four letters was called l^v/>ta ypot/u^ittctToc ; and the old alphabet of sixteen letters, Arrtx-u ypuf^fA^ru^ which continued in use am.ong the iEolics. Greek w^as originally written in capitals, without spaces between the words ; as, ENAPXHHNOAoroSKAIOAOroSHN nPOSTONGEON. Ev cc^XV ^^ ^ Aoyo$, xctt o Aoyo}y. Letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. The vowels are seven : two long, jy, o ; two short, f, o ; three doubtful, a, t, v. 1. Before the invention of ?? and 6>, t and o were used for the long as well as short sounds of E and o ; and o was sometimes put for a. 2. The doubtful vowels are short in some words ; as, cc in TxTTi^ ; long in others ; as, in Xcco^ ; and in some others either long or short, at the will of the writer ; as, in A^jjs. The diphthongs are twelve ; six proper, viz. at, av eij ev^ oty ov ; six improper, viz. qc, yIj 6), yjVy 1. Diphthongs always end with i or y ; hence these vow els are axWcd postpositive, and the other vowels prepositive, 2. The point under the u. n *;, is called the subscrif.t [ota,* and w:is originally written on the right of the letters ; as, HOAOI (06^61,:) tiiis is still done after capitals ; as A/0I12S 3. The diphthong vt never occurs except before a vowel , as uioi. Consonants are divided into Mntes, Liquids and Double Consonants. There are nine Mutes. bn fco t>: o o c O U C Smooth, 7t, x^ r. Middle, /?, y, S, Rough, ^, X, a See Appeodix. No. 2. 4 Lttiers. The rough mutes are formed by adding the rough breath- ing to the smooth mutes ; xTA> into oy^eoq. Letters thus interchanged are called Cognate, 5r, /3, ^, are cognate, and formed by the lips. », y, Xi by the palate. Tj }j e, by the tongue. There are four Liquids, X, f^, v, p. Liquids do not precede a mute in the same syllable. They are sometimes called immutables, because they rare- ly change. To the Liquids, er has sometimes been added. There are three Double Consonants. ^, ^j 4^' ^ represents* xg, yg, ;^g. 4/ Ttg^ ^g, ^g. Hence, when these letters are thus joined, the double let- ter is substituted. 1. This maybe particularly remarked in declension and conjugation. A^cc\)/t for A^aiict^ from Afoij3$ ; Af|^ for Myo-o), from A5y^s>.£k$£ ; l^^ot^og, from tTrrcc. Exception 1. A rough mute cannot be doubled ; but the iirst is changed into its cognate smooth one. ^aTr^^t for 'Zot:3i. rJivt for tM: To this rule there are some exceptions ; s\ich as $BT6fii:. .AX^£t^ oi%f, from apTTx^ej, The same is generally true of i» before c 3 as, r-j-p^f/s for rf^^fv^, Gen. rvfpdevTo^ 3 J/^i^^ for <5'i^6V^, Gen. Moyro^ i 'Opr9}(noc, from the Latin Hortensius ; Ik^^ct/ for. 'ocovreci, from ixorrei ; ^TTucra for g-ttevOj-o;^ from 6*;r«v^a;. Thc}^ aic, ho^vp.rer* somf- •mes joined j a? in ry^/y?. fAf-^/yj. V is commonly retained in ev in composition ; ai9, gyc'xj;??^^ ; but I is frequently inserted, as in e^ncKexxu. V. N. is changed—- 1. Into y, before k, y, %, | ; as in eyx^^P^^ 7r£is>^£yi^ui for Except rtA//», etv^o;, VII. A letter is sometimes inserted between two other let- ters, to prevent an unpleasant concurrence of sounds ; par- ticularly when fA. precedes A, or ^, the letter /3 is often insert- ed ; as fjLfcvifjL^^iet^ from /tc£ff"fl$ and rjfjut^ec ; f^ef/^fi^^ijKet fov fJctfJieX^Ku. When y precedes^, the letter J" is frequently inserted ; as, oi^^^oc, for «v£foc. From the same attention to harmony, we find ctfA,^^oroq for ufi^oro^, &c* From a regard to sound, r in the preposition kgctu is fre- jjuently changed into ^r and », before

are not affected by apostrophe. The apostrophe is not always U!'ed where it niight be, especially in prose. 2. Long vowels and diphthongs are oflen removed by apostrophe amontc the Poets ; 'as, cy'aS^x /'or «>« ci/x ; ^nKcfx* iyu (or /2>ih'./uoit iyoo. 3. Tiie first vowel of the succeedinij word is sonaetimes omitted ; as, V}^5t6< for w etyttBi. 4. Sometimes the two words are drawn together ; as, iyuS'^ for ryoo oiSa ^ Tcif/.A for Tat iy.it j Kd:m for aam-yri ^ Tuv^svcfe for to evSevJ^g ; katol for KottHToi, j iCU for KXt it; KU.K ior X'AJ iK ; pfJ^^Cog for Xat< OTCOJ , yUCr^iV for fXH iyriv 9. Tmesis separates the parts of compound words, by an intervening word ; as, xccra yxtuv SKot^^v-^e, for yutccv KuTeicuAw^s. 10. Dieresis (••) separates two vowels which might form a diphthong ; as, zra^ for -ssrcciq. 11. Syncresis unites two vowels into a diphthong; as, r5/;^ei for reixs'i' 12. Crasis is a contraction with a change of one or more ■?f the vowels : as, Ksea^ for Kspxog ; ^xT(;^,i:z for /Siftz/Psff-j, a Etymology. 13. Dyastole is a comma used to separate words, which might be mistaken for parts of a single word ; 'o, r^, and he : W, when. There are four Points or Stops. The comma ^ (,) The note of interrogation (;) The colon or point at top (•) The period or full stop (.) frOOO^C ETYMOLOGY. THE Parts of Speech in Greek are niiiej viz. Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Parti- ciple, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction. Interjections are included among Adverbs. There are three Numbers ; the Singular, ^vhich denotes one; the Plural, which denotes more than one : and the Dual, which denotes two or a pair. The dual is not found in the New Testament, nor in the •Eolic dialect. It was used chiefly by the Attic and Ionic writers, and not even by them in the earlier periods. The Genders are three ; Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. The Cases are five ; Nominative, Genitive. Dative, Accusative and Vocative, Jrticle — Kouit ARTICLE. The Article is a word prefixed t^^^Mtfpltoflt^" purpose of designation or distinctionTOTf^ ai^po- Ttog^ (he man. It corresponds, (though not exact- ly J to the English definite article ; and is thus declined.'* Sing. N. 0, 'jy, TO D. Tcf), Tjj, ru, A. T0¥> TJJV To. Dual. N. A. T7, feminine ; ag, >?$, masculine. The terminations ccg, j}$ , are thought to have been deri- ved from X and ;?, by adding $. Nouns in yj^ and a, are thus declined : Sing. Dual. Plural. N. V ri^'Tj, N. u( rtu-cct, G. rm rtjuc-nii N. A. V. TU riJbL-X, G. T*»V TifJL-m- D. rvi Ttl^ Ti^ D. r^<$ rtf/^'Uti, A. T3JV rifJL-yiv^ G. D. TOCIV Ttf^-CtlV, A. reci rif4.-uii V. a TtM'H' 1 V. 6> rtfjL-xt. Sin^. Dual. Plural. N. rj Atyc*-«, N. ^i f^T'Obi, G. ri,i fi.HT-7)i , N. A. V. rcC fJLHT'Xy G. rm f/^ar-avy D. T>J fttfT-JJ, D. Tccig ^5<.r-«<5, A. rjjy ^sr-«y, G. D. ratv f^cHT'Xiv, A. rug itty5*-ccf , V. a fJLHT-a, V. eo fJL>iy, D. T>j after the Doric form ; as, Trotyrcii, G. TruTru ; BufjLxq., G. Q>afiM, Some have both « and « ; as, Af;^t;r«§, Af;^^t^T«. and A^x^^* Nouns ending in Yiq are thus declined : Sing. N. nXeav yi^, G. T^TfAo/V-y, D. roj T£Xa)V-7)r A. Tov rtXm jjv, V. 0) reXav-i}. Dual. N.,A. V. rare>^m-etf G. D. To/y riXm'CCiv, Plural. N. ei itXaV'Oti, G. Tav T£Aft,y-a;y, D. roi^ TiXav-ut^y A. mi rsXav-ctq, V. 6f TiXm-ui, Nouns in c-tjj^ make the vocative in jj or «. All nouns in tj:5, poetical nouns in 9n;$, national denominations in r^7rot. Also some proper names; as, Some proper names in 97$ have the genitive in v : aSjlTo^aj^, G. ricJj?* A^»;$; G. A^>}. CONTRACTIONS. Nouns of this declension, which have two vowels in their termination, are contracted, if the former one is a short vow- el, or u used as a short vowel. These end in £ot$, cjj^, ect, £??j li Second Declension, RULE. Drop the former of the two vowels ; as, f^^eccc^ /w,v^ ; e/;eo6j spa ; cccrAojj, cc7r?i^ ; y«Af;;, yoc>^rj ; A^eAAfj^s, AwfAA^s. But e;t, if not preceded by ^ or a vowel, is changed into ^ ; as, yscc, yri ; ^Epf4.£e£s, 'Epf^ri. After the nominative has been thus contracted, it is regu- larly declined, according to the examples already given. SECOND DECLENSION. The second declension has two terminations og and ov ; which are lengthened by the Attics into wg and ov. By contraction, d«s, oov ; and 505, jov, become «$,and«v. Sing. Dual. 1 Plural. N. A«7-«5, i N. oj A«7-oi, G. T»Aoy-s, N. A. V. r&;Ady-ft/, ; G. ta;v Xoy^i D. ta; Aoy-oj, i D. ro^5 Aoy-oi$, A. Toy Aay-tfv, G. D. Td/v Aoy-e/v. | A. 7ii$ Aoy-»?, V. M A(jy-f. 1 V. $ are masculine, except names of cities and islands, which are feminine ; together with these three, ieaq, aurora ; y^^A&'s, a brother's wife ; ««Aiy$, a threshins; floor : xpa?. a debt, is neuter. Second Declension — ^ttic Form* 18 ATTIC FORM. This is made by lengthening the last vowel or diphthong in- to ^^ ; and «vye-iy, V, a; ctfVft;ye-&'. 1 . The vocative is like the nominative ; and hence nouns in og, of the common form, often have the vocative like th^» nominative, after the Attic form ; as 3: 14 Third Declension, Sing.^ N. oTJ-eov ^v, G. orJ-eH, », D. ocrl'icp-^ y, A. oa-]'eov, «j>, V. oc-J-eovy «v, Sing.^ N. vcoi «$, G. r8v-d« «j D. TO) y-do; 9, A. Toy y-ooy^ ay, V. at y-df J ». Dual. N. A. V. dO-7-e«, &;, G. D. oTJ'eoiv, otv. Dual. N. A. V. r^ v-ofi), J, G. D. Totv y-oo^v, o/v. Plural. N. oTJ-eec, «, G. 3-7-f6»yi 6)^Vj D. oTJ-eoiiy o/$j A, o(r]-eeCy uj V. 9T]-lcCi U. Plural. N. o'i y-eo/, o7j G. Ta>v y-ocifv o/Vj D. ro/$ y-03/5, 015, A. r«$ y-o»$, «5, V. A) y-oo/, o7. So its Compounds evHo^, ecvoc^, &c. Also, poog, ;i^voo5, ^rAooSj ;^foo$, with their compounds.* Some contracts in »$ take the form of the third declension ; as, ysg, G. yoo$, D. yoi*. itjois and diminutives in w$ are thus declined. Sing. Sing. ^ N. Ifja-'Si, N. A/oy-iJs, G. i^o-J, G. A/«y-y, D. Ijjo-», D. Aiov-u, A. Ijjc-ay, A. A«>v-wy, V. I«o-«. V. A/oy-v. THIRD DECLENSION. The terminations of this Declension are nine, viz. a, 65 u, o, 1^5 p5 c, ^5 -x^. Sing. .N. r/7cfcy, G. rii Ttluvo^i D. TAi rtlecvt, A, Toy rtlcaety V. 6) T/7«y. Dual. N, A. Y i ra ri1v ttlotim^ D. TOt^TtlcCG-ti A. Tii5 Tt]ciCVXif V. a> T<7«yf$. * The Cofppounds of voo? and p»c? are not contracted in the nomina- tive and accusative, and but seldom in the genitive plural ; as, st/vose, xatx/^'^o*, not 8wvci, Ksthtpjia. G. ifvMiv, seldom syvXv. Sing. N. To (rafMt,^ A. TO C*^|«,«, Third Declension. Dual. N. A.V. ra TAfi^ctle, G. D. TOIV TafMtjoiv, 15 Plural. N. Tflc o-af^oclecj G, rejv Q-MfA^m. D. TO/ 5 trafjLxo'i. A. Tflt frufjLai]x^ V. «l T6)fA.u]ot, Gender. I. Nouns ending in £«$, <«v, i;v, t;$-fo5, $, «$, -v^, tfC5-«vTo$, m-uu^, II. Nouns ending in c»5-«^o$, -ns-rnToi, ctts, a', and /$ verbal, are always feminine ; as, 17 ?iscf4.Tocs, &c. The following are Feminine, with few exceptions. Those ending in «/§, ets, /v, /5» M, "«) ,^?} t-^, (G. vo$, vJo5, f^^O dyy-ovo^. Some are common ; as, 0,57 y^iTA^y, &c. III. Nouns ending in u, t, v, o^-eoi, up-upa^ op'9poiy ui-urcii and etdg, are neuter ; as, to i^x. crft>|tto6T-tf$ ; Ae*jM,^«$, A«|u,^<««5^-05 ; opng, opvj-oi . If the last sylla- ble of the Nominative contains a long vowel, it is usually changed into a short one in the genitive, and i and v into e ; as, xo/fcjjv, 5ro/^5v-o$ ; <«TTy, etCTi-oi, It is probable that all nouns of this declension ended ori- ginally in $ ; and that the genitive was formed by the inser- tion of before 5, as is still the case with a large class of them ; as, o(^/^, oitpLvi^v for A/ftVfvs-fvof ; cc^afv for cc^ovg-cvoi ; ecTTyjp for uTTepg-Bpog. 3. Sometimes both letters were dropped ; as, o-A>^i» for ^fltT5-cftros ; fCfA< for /tis^irg-trog ; y^cAsft for y<55Aofc|, from y<»A^ecug, A«>$. Accus. A^«v, xZv, The poets often violate this rule ; as, (iorpvu for ^orpw ; vvcc for vavv, 2. Many nounsIT in ^g and vg, whose genitive is not in og pure, have both cc and v ; as, Kopvg^ teapv^og, KopvSu or xe^yv ; KXsig, icXti^og, KXei^x or xAe/v. ;)^/fl6pi$ has ^tcfiiToc, and ;^flft/i/v. To these add compounds of Trovg ; as, a^Kv^r^vg, atcvro^cc or * These changes are given as probable^ rather than certain^ i- By rule iv. page 5. J Vide rule iv. page 5. ll Except A/c, A/c?, Ace. A/st, Jupiter. IF Those whose last syllable has no accent ; when it is accented, the Hcctisative is a only ; as, TrarpUj-rxi-ptJ^A, Third Declension, 17 Vocative. The vocative is, for the most part, like the nominative ; as, rtrccv, V. T/Tfl6v. But the short vowel of the genitive, from the long vowel of the nominative, remains in the vocative ; as, Norn. Gen. ' Voc. yrump, TTotrepoi, Trocrep. '^EKTap, ^EKTopo^, 'Ektop, So likewise Ruleiv. p. 5. 3* 1 8 Third Declensions-Contractions, Nouns ending in c, preceded by a diphthong, annex i to the nominative ; as, /3if$, /2acr/ ; ^oc '»"f/;tf«« j rei^cHi. 2. By dropping a consonant, two vowels are brought to- gether, which are afterwards contracted ; as, xepecru, Kgpoict^ 3. A vowel is sometimes dropped entirely ; as, TrscrTip, Some nouns are contracted in all the cases, and some in a part only. In the oblique cases, there is no contraction, unless the former vowel is short, or a doubtful vowel used as short. It should be remembered by the learner, that The short vowels are, f, o. Which have their corresponding long ones, j;, &'. And their corresponding diphthongs, f<, ov. The following are the rules of contraction for this declen- -^ion, and likewise for all contracted Verbs. 1 . When a short vowel is doubled, it is changed into its corresponding diphthong ; but ee of the dual commonly be- .*omes ',;; as, ^cccn?,sei, ^cc^iXiK; ; Aiirooq, Ar^r^^, In verbs, t £^i?^£, i(pixu ; ^rjMofAsv, ^if?Mf^ev. In the dual, AiitioG-dsne, AnfJLoa-Qevri, The dual sometimes follows the rule. c-»f Aff, (ry.eXii. 2. When both the short vowels meet, they are contracted iito 8\ as, r£/;^ffo5, TiiXHtMof^v, ^tX8f44v ; ^tjXoere, ^;jAm. 3. A short vowel before ec is changed into its correst ponding long one,| and a is dropped ; as, f«/», ^p ; Aj^Toet, Ajjt^ ; * F.xcept yanrrhPf ya.^t, t An example in verbs is given, for the use of the student when ht aches Contract Verbs. : Or as in oac case, into its corrcspending diphthong ;^as, «A»eRt? a^mth Third Declension — First Form of Contracts* 19 But SC6 pure becomes « ; as ;k^^?e«, X9^^' 4. A short vowel before t forms a diphthong with it ; as, 5. i before a long vowel or diphthong is dropped ; as, In verbs, ^u^ s6eo>i ^jjAJ ; JSjAo>?Tf, d'yjXare. before a diphthong unites with the second vowel of the diphthong ; as, ^ijXo97, JjjAoI ; ^jyAoe/, ^;jA^itv, J'jyA^y. 7. When At precedes o, « or a; the contraction is intot»ev In diphthongs,/ is subscribed; as, riftctet, fif^^ ] ftl^f^^^ 8. Neuters in (j^ pure and ^a$, reject t in the oblique cases, to produce a concurrence of vowels ; as, KSpuTcc, lupotot^ Kepct* KepUTOfv, Kspuav, Kepav. 9. If the former vowel be long, or i or y, strike out the other ; as, (iorpvei, QorpZf. rtf^jjsv, rif^m. First Form of Contracts. Two terminations ; o$ neuter ; vig feminine^ ex» c^pt names of men . Sing. Dual. Plural. N. ^^^<9?p-W, N.A V. N. ut rpii}p-esq, et^f G. rj75 rpttjp'io^^ 85, Tec rpiijp-ee, ^, G. rm rfiiy)p-eav^ aVf D. TTi rpiijp'gi^ et. D. recti rpmp-eTi, A. rm TptTjo-eeCi tj, G. D. ^/ Tots TPl>!p'£CCq, £<5 , V. arptiip-eq^ rxivrptyjp'£6lv,oiv. V. 6) rpiinp-eeg. £/f. *Thr3 rule applies only to vferbs. "20 Third Declension — Second Form of Contracts. Sing. Dual. Plural. N. TO retx,-os. N.A.V. N, TCCTglX'tOti V, G. r^iTf /%-f05j «, T6} Tsix-eh n-t G. rm retx-i^v, ui D. TO) Tit^-ei, et, D. Toti retx^eo-iy A. TO retX'og, G. D. A. Tet reix'est, t}, V. 6) retx-oi, TO/V Tf<;k^-fO/v,e/v. V. o» rgiX'^<*'-> V' Compounds of x^o<; have two contractions ; as. 1st Contraction. 2d Contraction N. 'HpcCiC?i'£7)S, >?«• G, 'HpflftxA-f£o$ fa$, £0i, «5. D. 'HpocKX-£si eet. si, «'• A . *H fioLKX-etoc , itt , see, 1?. V. -Hpax^-eig, ^5, f«. 1. In some nouns ending in eos , the £ is entirely dropped; as, (TSTfa^jG. czs-eeo? czr^s . Sometimes they are otherwise con- tracted ; as assTiii^ o-zs-^i, 2. The Attics often change 5* of the accusative singular jnto flc ; as, tv(peci,tv o^«$, etg. Sing. Dual. Plural. G. o-/yjj;r-jx/, G. D. G-ivi}T-toiV, Cfjv, A. a-6-fo$, (fas)' D. TO) TTeXiK-it^ el, A. Tov TreXsK'VV^ V, 6) TTsXsX-U, XT ^'°^- In. To «r7-t;, G. m ccTj-ecg, (f^ ) D. rai ctTJ-e'i, ilj A. TO CCt]-Vj V. ^ Oi^l'V, Dual. N. A. V. T6; ^etTiX'iiy rj^ G. D. To^y j3«(riA-5o^vj^ V. «, ;tJ«J$ or ;^ou5 . Ace. p^oe*, x^^' Some nouns in t/$ make the genitive in voi dative t;/, nom- inative and accusative plural u^ ; as, t^^vg e/o$, vi, N. and A. PL Fourth Form of Contracts. Two terminations, (og, o, feminine. Dual. Sing. G. rJJ5 0si^-oog^ otf$, D. rj) v (p£i^-av, I D. ra/5 pei^-otg, I A. ri«5 0ei^'ovgy ! V. « tf/j(«/, KipZ. A. TO Kspxg. V, ^y >cf^flt$. Dual. N. A. V. r^ Kepxle, >t£0^£, KipX, G. D. TOiv Kspxhiy, Plural. Kip^^r. Is. Tei KepecJXf ;cf^ise<«, nepoi. G. r£««, XipZ. V. ft> Kspciloe., »f,p«eoe, KSpS^ Third Declension—' Contractions, 23 Some nouns are contracted by the omission of a vowel ; 1. In every case ; as, xepeovy xevov. EXAMPLES, €QlV. Sing. N. xtv-eav, a>v. fap. N. eeepy rjp, G. expcg',rpoi, &LC. aag. Sing. G. A««»0$, A^0$, &C. dig. G. k^ocih^i ^ccocqy &C. 2. In part of the cases ; as, Ovyarrjp, ArnjtYiryjp^ avrjpf'^ 7taryjp9 f^>7ry/p, yoLarripJ EXAMPLES. Sing. Dual. Plural. N. 6vyccl'Vpi jN. 6vyctispe^. pei, G. Bvyul-epo^, p6^y N.A.V. 6pyu}-(p£^p£^ G. $vyxl-epav, pay^ D. Bvyccl-ept^ pi, \ D. evyul'pccTi, A, 6vyet'}'ipot, pcci G. D. ^vyul-epoivypoiv. 1 A. Svyccj-epy,^, Petti: V. $vyui'Sp. 1 V. $vyechepes, peS' Sing. Dual. Plural. N. etv-vp. N. «y-c^f5, (J'/Jf?, G. *v-f^d$, J)e<»«5 N.A.V. «v-£^£, J>f, G. «v-f^jp inserts tT, because v never immediately precedes p. t TTATup^ fA,>irnp^ ycta-T)fp^ have no contraction in the accusative sinsjular, and the genitive and accusative plural, to distinguish them from ^otT/ioi, unrpoL^ yei7T^(t^ of the first declension. M Third Declension — Contracts. N, G. D- A. V. Sing. vrccl'Spi, ft, wafj-epa, vrttl'tp. Duai. Plural. N. A. V. ^ctl-epSj pe, G. TTetl-i^m^ G. D. TTOcl-SpOtVy pOlV. D. vx]-petTif A. TTul-epcc^i V, TTxl-SpS^f ps^. Taclrip differs from Ttalyjp and [lyjlyjpy bj making the dative plural yaalyjpau Some nouns are contracted only in the nomin- ative, accusative and vocative plural. Sing. N. e^ig, G, e^t^oi. G. K?[et^oi, G. opn6ciy ig. Plural. N. e^-thi, ^ A. e^'t^xi, > V. sp'ihi, ) eti. €Lg, A. KX-et^ug, N V. jtA-f ^«5. t)$. N. /3<.7f f«, N.^,7 G./3«7fW5. A. ;3.7( V. ^,7 ^^, ng. N. p-«$, A. (i-oiCt, ' i^5'. N. >t«Aar/5, j N.xaA«r-/JV$ , G.ic«Aw<^o$. A xflsA«r-/^«$, ) f/5. I V. KCCXTV-t^i^^ Ef/^f5, KXtihq, o^vtee<;, &c. seem to have been contracted to avoid the unpleasant concurrence of the letters ^5, ^$,* which were not sufficiently separated by the intervening short vow- el. This could not be done with the genitives xAe/<5d$, 6pt0oi, e^t^os^ because it would destroy their characteristic. * Vide rule iv. page 5. Irregular Nouns, 25 IRREGULAR NOUNS. Irregular Nouns are either defective or redundant. Defective. Some are altogether indeclinable. 1. Names of letters ; as, to otX(poc ; ra dXpci, 2. Cardinal numbers from Ttrg^li to '£x,et]cv, 3. Poetic nouns, which have lost the last syllable by apo- cope J as. To ^of for a'c^i^cc. 4. Proper names derived from other languages ; as, o Feminines are sometimes declined ; and those which have taken Greek terminations ; as, o Isckco^c^. Some have only one case ; as, N. ^&'$, a house. V. &> rcev, friend. Dual, ec-ce, eyes. Plu. G. 'g^^^y, of good things. V. £0 UoTTot, O Gods. Some have two cases ; as, N. a<$, a lion. A. A/v, or A/vct, N. (p$ote^ or (p6otq, cakes ; A. (p^oixi. Some neuters have the same word in three cases ; as, N. A. V. ovofc^, ;vo$, Z;js//, Z;jVft:, 2. Of different declensions ; as, rj (io}\>}, e /3oA«5, a thrOW. ^ ecTs-gpcty sc-3s-£pciy evening, 4 yi»j7, ro y/xo$ -fo$ , victory, c yot/5-v«y, voZ^'Voog^ mind. II. Redundant in the oblique cases, while the nominative is the same. N. Gen. Gen. ^ Ayti, Ay/tf$, Ay/^cs, A^is. c A^K9, Afy, A^})lc^, A^fflS, Mars. M'ijy^r.S, -xii, -XJj7e?, a mushroom. fe^5, f^fi;, ffA>/o€, love, ike. From these redundant nouns must be distinguished those which, with different terminations, have different meanings ; as, j, a Comm. r TryAof, Ionic. NOUNS DERIVED FROM OTHERS FOR. DISTINCTION OF SEX. Nouns are often derived from other nouns, for distinction X)f sex. 1. In the first declension, the feminine is formed by changing ?;$ into ii-i$ei,B.nd ry^ into T/$-r<^6$, r^ni-rfn'^cq or r^icc, Masc. Fern. o Sxt/^y-s. a Scythian. 37 Sxi^^/5-<<^5 a Scythian woman, • ;r^o(^«75i$, a prophet. r^ w/>o^37/./5-7/Jo5, a prophetess. o uv^rri, a piper. ^ ctvXTJlpi^'Ipiocg, a female piper. -'l^uxki, a singer. tj -^f/etxlpisc, a female singer. ♦ A/? has become obsolete. Patronymics-, -'/ A lew are formed from «? ; as, rj nxvlg, from o vcocvici-,, h young man. 2. In the second declesion, 05 is changed into a ov r : nad somethnes into 15-/^05 and ecivu, Masc. Fern. ^ovXoi , a man servant. 57 ^ot/A»j, a maid servant. 0fc$, a God. 17 Osot, a Goddess. Jj ff«.vc5. 17 «iM^v'$ '^0$, a lamb. XvKog^ yj >^VKecivct, a woll. In the third declension, av is changed into ec(vu ; »;5, |, -v^ into Td-oi ; fai«, into f/£«, a, or /c-^c ; t/»-, into v-yrx, ; jj^. and ar-, into 5/fcfc ; &>$, into a/ii, ai^n or ^5* Ac-^v, a lion. 57 Mdivx, a lioness. K^j;.', a Cretan. r, Ks^jc-r^, a Cretan woman. kIa/|, a Cilician. n lOA/c-c-.-*, a Ciliclan woman. c f^aTiMv^y a king. Yj SxtiXhu^ a queen. c (ra]'/-^^, -sy (rulti^a^ a Savicur. 1. Sonie masculines have many fominines; as, 6?cr. V 9fst, i»ef^im. 6 ^di/f^ a concubine. PATRONYMICS. Masculine patronymics are formed from the primitive, b^ changing the termination of its genitive into cch^, iu.h,q and /<^\$. 1. Nouns of the first declension, and io<;. Bodsm^, Bops-y., Bops-uh^^ the ?on of Boreas. *Ha;o5, 'Ha^-», 'HAf-^cJVs. 2. Other nouns change the termination of the genitive into S^y;^ : as, Koovoq-li. KpcV'/Oy^i. A/«|, G. AtotK'Ci, AiXK-tiyj?. N^cJa'^, N£5-7&^-d5, N6r7ef-<^;.5* 3. But in «// nouns which have the penult of the genifive long, the change is into n/J'rs ; as, Acceplv^^-iii A^^ipl'm^*'/^, Al^u^- csvlc^y Al>i(zvl'toih:i. ^ 8 Diminutives — Ve rhals » The Ionics form their Patronymics in ta>v ; as. K^ovim for H^cvths^ from The Eolics, in ctJ'io?, '•Yfp&Jto? for 'TfpsLt^f. Feminine patronymics end in /$, a^, r;Uy ivv} or mn. 1. Those in /$ and u^, are formed from their masculines, by casting off JV? ; as, Ne^-lcpi^, daughter of Nestor, from J^les-J^pi^ &>.g, son of Nestor. 'H'Atag from 'H\icch<;. 2. Those in m are formed by changing the nominative of the primitive into m, XpuT-y,^^ XpuT-^iq, Ka^/icog, Koc^/^m- 3. Those in /v^ are formed from nominatives of the se- »jond declension in 05 impure, and of the third form of con- tracts, in the third declension ; as, A<^^i«>-7o5j A^^utJivt^. Hy^- 4. Those in ajvjj, from nominatives in tog of the second, and .'^yy of the third declensions ; as, Ua^iog, ly^a^ianj. Hf7/y^ ^/?^/av t^u/sy, «/.v;oy, «^/oy, ceT-zov, in the Second Person of the Perfect Passiye, as ooxtf^^rtx from ^g^oKif^Lxrai. in the Third Person of the Perfect Passive., Masc. ''T;?^, as x^^^^l^^ from lax^onclcci. r^5, — TTotiflr.g Tezs-oiifleet, Fern. /*r/c, as TTto-liq from Tnzs-giTlei.i, into 5^^*' -'i^^" \ K-TVo, — C^X^(7i^7;oj; ?.£?.oyx, few are formed from other Tenses ; a*-, Ae»»jw$, from the Present ^sv^q-co ; '^ fi'om the Perfect nTcif 5r;j^is ; ^x;?, from the First Aorist th-Ax, ; ^-oq, '/?, «y, , N. iCeiX-oi^ oLty a, G. y.y^X'OV^ jj$, oy, N. A. V. x«A-^, c«, fi;, G. KotX-m^ mj Mv, D. KxX-ca^ 7i, OJ, D. ;tfi6A-o/$jfl6/5, 0/5, A. >ti6A-(3V, 3JV, OV, G. D. JC6fcA-0iV, OJ/Vj 0i-S, y}y OV. V. KU>i-of, cii, a. Adjectives in og pure, and pog, have the femi- nine in a ; as, a^cog-a-ov. fxax^og^ -xpa, -xpov. Except compounds of tt^^o^ and adjectives in 50$, denoting matter and color ',^ as, x9^^^^h *?? ^^ 5 (poivixeo^, jj, ov ; also the numeral oyJda^. Sing. G. f/,ccy'p-ov) «5} oy? D. fJLU,Kp-COy U) OJy A. fjucy-p'ov, cftv, ©y, V, f/,»Kp'S, £36, OV. Dual. N. A. V. f^y^y.p-U, Uy U G.D. fA,CiKp'OlV, CClVy OlV^ Plural. N. y^CCKp-Oty Ctty CCy G. f^HTCp-OfV, D. f^XKp'Olg^ uig, Oi^y A. f^ti^iCp'OV^y U9i flt, V. f^xxp-oty ccf, et. 1. Some adjectives of this form are contracted as ; ;^^pc-f 6$ -«$j ;;iPvo*f»j-^, ;^^pycr£6y «v, &C. ctcTA«o$-s$, 6ft5rAoJj-y', 6t55"Ao©v-»y,.&:c. 2. The defective adjective c-oj^?, or c-J$, contracted from crxoi or (7605, is thus declined : Sing. N. 0, 4 c^5» (i? «^i4) '?'e 5-ifv. A. roy, T^y, Td, r^yv. Piur. N. o<, fit/, c-aTo/, (o-.^, precedes «5? ; as, etpyvpio;^ -a-ov ; also, y-tpAfAiCi and FCC. Adjectives 4 31 3. These four, , 57 x(xAo$, to KotMv, Sing. N. o|-v$, Hoc, V, G. ol-EOi, 5/56$, fO$. D. 6^-eiy eiy itoi-i iij el, A. o|-t/y, ficev, t;. V. o|-t/, f/flC, V. vg. Dual. N. A. V. ' G. D. o^-sctvj eoctV) eoiV) Plural. N. o|-ff$, f;$, 5/^/5 ecc, G. o^-tm>■'. A. V. |N. ;;^id/>/-£vn5,50->-^/,£vr«. s^'^c. D. xctpi'ei(rt^ evr^i^^ £i!r(. A. %<»/)/-fvri«$,?cc<«$ fvr^t. G. D. yj^' Sin N, G. D. A. V. N. G. N. 0. D. A. V S '^ruL-m^ and > ^ < ; > rr-ciy rv. lllg. 7lU.~rjV7t, TJTTTl, rVTi* '^ruL'h^ and , Dual. A. V. nu^-hrsr, fj-rroi, rvT£» D. T/tt-:^vroiV, y75*i-5t/v, r-yroiv, Plurai. ' ^T-aroCy 8», isg. Sing.^ G. 7r}ise.x,-hroi , tia-^rt]^ , avra^-. D. 7r>ifi:x-avr/, ^crc-)^, ^vr/, A. '?rA«as>::-?vrc«, «(5*i(ZK"^vTe, HT(rXy Svre, G. D. ^Aipfejt-^vra/v, ^i"C"L$yX}rO{Vi UtVj oiV. Sing. N.|ttfy-flC5, aAjj, cc* G. ^fyaA-aujj;?, ot;. D. ^_5y«A-to, >], a;. A. ^«y-«v, «A»;v, isyccX-ot^ uiy ot' G. iU.«yfliA-»v, AJV, a;v. D. jM,5y<«A-o(5, «<$, 0/5. A. jMxyaA-6t;$, <*5, «. V. .«.fy<*A-o/, a/} flc. HoAy; is thus declined in the singular number only : M. F. N. N. ;rcAy$, To>iV, A. :roAfVj tto At/. V. ^TflAi;, ;roAf . The feminine, and all the other cases in the masculine and neuter, are borrowed from the obsolete ttoAA-cj, ;;, oy. Dual. N. A. V. 7roAA-A>, ec, w, G. D. Sing. N. TTOX'V^, A/J, V. . G. ^flA-Aov, A;jCj Aof. D. ^oA-Ao;, A^, Ao;. A. TToA-t/v, A;;Vj i;. V. TToX-v, At;) :/. Plural. Is , TToAA-fl^, (£/) cc, G. 9roAA-ft'») ft/y, a>v. D. 7roAA-fl r^ e OJ c o '^ 0^ u< Q a Ci ' rt :y75. G. D. ruTT-cvy'^oiv, ti^xiv, ^vjoiv. Plural. G. Tt;:T-efv7<2yv, ^y&fVf iivlav, D. ry:T-o^J-/, bJ-rH<;^ a^-/. A.-Tt;;T-'Sy>7(«?? ^^v-^:*?, ^»'7jr-o^f§, •^i«. ^tyuMT-ope. G. ^eyjtAJjr — ofl^yy. D. fteycjAjjT oCTi, G. D. A. u^ya^.r'T'opcc'; opu. fjLsyctXy,r'opetv. rV, f^eyct^iisr-opeq, OfCt >G Adjectives. ag Sing. Dual. Plural. M.andF. N. M.andF. N. N. ueiv-et^, ecv. N. A. V. N. ccetv-avre? ^ fitVTtfC. G. ccetv — revTd?. usiv'ccvrs. D. u£tv — uvrt. D. uetv — uci. A. tciiv-uvrcc, av. G. D. A. usiV'Xvraq, (styTi^. V. OtStV flCV. ciStvetVTetv, ig. V. ustv-scvrsi. «VTfl6. Sing. Dual. Plural. M.andF. N. M.and F. N. N . ivxctp'iq. /. N. A. V. N. evX'^P'i'^Bi , ira. J. £V)CCtf^ — ircq. svx^P'ire. G. ivx^P — irav. D. £vxc^f> — in. D. BVXup 10-1, A. ev^otp-trct&L iv, /. G. D. A. evxoiP'irceg, tret. V, svxctp — /. tVXCtp-lTolV. vg. V. evxccp-treg. tru. Sing. Dual. Plural. M.andF. N, M.andF. N. :^. CC^CCKO'Vgy V. N. A. V. N. u^cticp'vei , vq, vcc. G. u^oCKp — voq. u^utcp-ye. G. u^ccKp — var. D. U^XKp Vt, D. u^ufcp—vct. A. etocc)cp-vV, :;. G. D. A. u^oCKp-vei^y vq Vci, V, UOCCKp-V. U^CiKp'VotV. ovg.^ V . OC^^UKp'VS? , 1/5 , t'^. Sin^. Dual. Plural. M.and F. N. M.andF. N.. N. ^TT-OVq, ovv. N. A. V. N. ^TT-oSes , c^«. G. hTT O^Oq, ^ITT-oh. G. ^/;r — o^^6'U, r. ei.\ £$.! G. D. ct?\9}6-iotv, civ. Plural. M.andF. N. N. evye — oj. G. ft/yf Mv, D. evye 6«j?, A. ftiyg-^g, fi;. V. fl/yf Cfj, Plural. M.andF. N. N. x^$-e£<;, f75, ftft, ^. G. uM^ — S6)v^ m. D. ctXyjQ — eTi. A. atA>?^-f«$, £<5, £flf, ^. Sing. M.andF. N. y£/T-a>v, G. y€tr — ovo$. D. y£^r — ov/. A. ye^r-ovaj, V. yetr — o». N. Dual. Plural. M. F. andN. I M. andF. N. yf/T-oVfs, N. A. V. yeiT'on. '.' G. D. yf. D. yeir — aTi, A. yf/r-ov(3i5, V. ysir-Q]f£q^ N. *The Compounds of ?^»?, y?x«c, sometimes those of x«;a?, after the 3d Declension. tTt'fl-gp-ft'f, ^v j G. -a7o? j D. -a?/ i A. -av*, C£l^-OVt, A. futl!^-oVci f^si^'Otc futt^-aty V. ftf/^-ov. Dual. N. A. V. jM-f/^-ovf. G. D, f^it^'ovoty. N. l^iltov. f^ei^'ov. Plural. N. G. D. A. V. f4f/^-(»V« fA,H(^'0C6 f^nt^'^s f^eil^'Cveg (A.ii^-otv», A^oAAo'a, A7r«AAflf, Adjectives of two terminations are sometimes declined with three by the Poets ; as, spijf^-og, -v, -av. There are a few which commonly take a distinct termination in the feminine ; e>S, Tf^-jjy, -iivcCy -«v. oKeavi-oq, -oc, -ov. Compounds in 33$, and especially those \n ry,^, have only one ending ; as, vs^eXijyepsTug, kc. In the JEolic and Doric dialects, they end in ret ; as, n^ptMye^eroi, Adjectives of one termination. These are usually masculine and feminine ; very rarely neuter. They end in, ;», ^, e-, |, ■;/', ecpc,^ Sing. Dual. Plural. M. aail F. N. M. F. N. 1 M. and F. N N. 'TToXvX^'i* N. cT«jAt;^p-ve;, var Ct, 9roAi/i«j5 — vo$. N. A. V. 7roXvu(>-i£. G. froXvstp — vofv. 1), TTOX'UCf.ri V;. D . TTO XvUp O-i . A. 'TTCAVciP — yx, 5. G. D. 'XQXvoCp'VOlV. A. 7roAftf6/)-v^5, VJ«. . -r.^Xvxor.. V. 9r*At;ei*-v<:5, Vi^. Comparison of Adjectives. 39 Comparison of Adjectives. Comparison is made in rfjx)g, ra7og, or lov^ calo;. I. The comparative and superlative are form- ed by adding Ttpog and ra7ogto the positive ; as, (.caxapj ^axap-lepogj f.taxo^'lalog. anTiSg^ auTiSa-lspog^ a7t?M(y'la^og. -o; drops $ ; as, uMxta^, f^uKpo-ypoq, t^x^po'lajoi ; and if the penult is short, changes « into a ;* as, e-otpo^, G-o^a-lspo^^ v, KxX>ii(rlti. sX^po^y (from f;>^^05 -f«5 .) ex^'^^9 f;^^/^-/©^. otycjpoq^ (from oiKJog-ov.^ oi^litjV) eixlt^l^^' uto-^po^y (from aifrxo^-soSi) uic^icov, eciLctx.fiog, (from /M'Jjj&os-fa^,) ^CijKim, fJLviKt^loq. So, fJLUpo^, (from the verb fjnoo, ob.) ftfio^v, f^sKrleg. X€pr,s (ob,) X^'P^^^ Xi^Pi^'^^i- Some adjectives in a have a double comparison ; as, ?. Some adjectives in t;^ are compared in both ways ; as, ^^''^^'' }^pAim, ^pccMo^, The termination /«;», with the preceding consonant, is '■iften changed into (rcrm, and by the Attics into rrm ; as, ^ C Bpec^iav, ^^"^^'^ l/px^^^, I rAX^w,\ (^^xrrav, A. £>.ocxvi) fAac-c-a;v,J «Aflc;iiio*7«5. \ ^ ^ ft'pcclicrlo;. I KpetT^wVi A. J »f«Ty$, ♦ For . » '^ y 'i ^ \ f r, } lor pciidiu'i^ pc6idt(rlG5. pctm pcc^lo^^ ^ '^ ^ ^/A(j$, ^t>Jepo<, , 0/>i7fit7«$) for 0t^lipoi, (ptMlxlo^, TccXxioiy 7rcc?y, Aaj^a^v, TrpoTspoi , jCfltAA/fliTfPoj. A^tT£^fl$. fjuioTspot;, TrpoTipcciTepoi . ocoTepoVj 'r.iTepov, Ion. ^^eip^'Tepov. From the Super la live. X^ipJf^lo?, X^ipi^l^'^^'^if J »vMog, KV^Q-lxToq ; gAie;::/o-7a$, fA/y,vt0xu.^t!g, Kpxf^clspcg, tcpxf^Qolocloi. 7rAi})cJt:g, 7rXijKltv, Aa^o-'V, Aiyr^o^. ^fflft', (psprcprq^ " Others fjrm these comr^arisons from ^*Mf, r wearoru 4-2 Nuimrals From a Participle., spp6oiA.tu^y ippMf^gnTJepoi^ ipp^/jLtsveOTeiroi, From Adverbs, KC&TCify '^ocpo^ xvarspa^, y-ciTarspog, upc^prepoq, ev^oTepo^, ET&fTspog, B^UTipoq, , TTecporep^g, Cyreprspog, u? Cdipo^, Co TTporepO^, TT ccvaTciloi. TrpoTco^ y^rcoTo&loti. ec^ocprotles. ' es-aralos. Troppu, TrctpoTocjoi, ez-v^/, From Prepositii rBprecro^^ by Syncope oerotroi, Syn. TTpoctToq, TTpoTMrepoi { eyyvnpc^, 07r{c']ep6g, 7ropfaT£po<;, Trpafiutrspe^y , Trpoe-aretlog tyyvTctlof)* ByyKnoq, TTOpp^fTocloi-, Trpaixiroiloi Cttccto^. by Contract NUME RALS. The Greeks used the letters of the alphabet to denote numbers, taking « for one, / for ten, and p for a hundred. But their letters being only twenty-four, they introduced three other characters ; Vau, ^ 6 ; Cophe, ^J^ 90 ; San- pi, ^> 900. Thousands were denoted by the same letters Afith a -stroke under them ; as, a., 1000. a, 1. I, 10. p, 100. a,, 1000. ta, 11. 3, 2. X, 20. 13. ^,4 fi,^0. V, 4«0. 8,, 4^00. i6, 14. v, 50. ^, 500. f, 5000. le, 15. ?-, 6. P, 60. Z, 600. 5-^, 6000. '5-. 16. <, 7. 0, 70. ^l^, 700. t^, 7000. ^r. 17. r, 8. 7t,80. u, 800. ;?, 8000. t)7, 18. e, 9. 4,90. ^, 900. e, 9000. id. 19. 1. When letters are used to denote numbers, an oblique stroke is drawn over them ; as, <&', 1; /3', 2. 2. The first letter in the name of a number, was some- times put for that number ; as, I for /«, from f^tu, one ; IT, from TTsyTij five j D. from h^cuj ten j H, from HEKATON-. Kumcrals* %^ •ne hundred ; X, fromXiAia^, a thousand ; M, from Mvpiot^ ten thousand. Letters thus used, except n, may be placed together to the amount of four, to express numbers ; as, IIII, 4 ; AAII, 22 ; HH, 200 ; AAAA, 40 ; MMMM, 40,000. These letters, when inclosed within a n, were multiplied by live, ^rsvre • as, IaI 50. 3, Each letter may denote a number, according to its place in the alphabet; as, ^, 1; /3, 2 ; y, 3 ; and so on to &',24. Cardinal Numbers, 8/C, one. /yo. two. T/5«f, three. T«a-Tat/!H, four. 7rn% five. N*' six. iTrlAi seven. okJo), eight. svvist. nine. S'iKit, ten. hj^iKA, eleven. SvOoSiKAt twelve. J^iKoilpili , thirteen. •S'iKuliira-ApiS^ fourteen. ^MitTTivli^ fifteen. ^iiCAi'^t sixteen. ^iJCU'eTrldy seventeen. (^iKsLOKlcD, eighteen. (^iKASVViX, nineteen. UKoa-i, twenty. UK07t iU, &C. twenty-one, &c. rptxy-ovlsti thirty. TSS-TxfiAK'ivlit, forty. -TrtvliKovlu,, fifty. i^MKCvlit, sixty. fiJ'o/unKovla,, seventy. oy^onKOvldi^ eighty. iVViVHKOvloL, ninety. hsijov, a hundred. S'tomoTi-ci, .eti, -tt , two hundred. ;^A/-o/, -A/, -at a thousand. fxupi-a^ -5t/, -at ten thousand. hi'jC]o/Ju}cto-/uvpi.Qi^ > a million. Ordinal Numbers. nluplo?^ Tpia-KxiS^iKctlo?^ first. second. third. fourth. fifth. sixth. seventh. eighth. ninth. tenth. eleventh. twelfth. thirteenth. -3-5-ae/3f3-jt:t;crjx,a7o?, fou r teenth 7rivl?}tcU(f?Kxlog, fifteenth. t^K:it<^iiC3t.h;, sixteenth. ecr7aMt3t/cr?;c3t7cf, seventeenth. OKlux.u.tS'iKiihc, eighteenth. ivvixKoLiS-cKxlcct nineteenth. UKCTlcg, twentieth. UKo/Ioc, Tpufiloc^Scc. twenty-first, Sec. rpictx.oa-lQc, thirtieth, Tgy3-5t/S3tX5cr7of, «J«X05-75?, iVVtViDCOTlii , «Cjt72<7-7c?, ;)^eAtoTlagy fortieth. fiftieth. sixtieth. seventieth. eightieth. nintieth. a hundredth. two hundredth. a thousandth. ten thousandth. > a laillionlh. 44 JSumtrats* All the CKruiaal numbers, from rsc-rxfisf, four, to 'skscjcv, a hundred, are undeclined : all above a hundred are declined ; as, ^tocyiac-i'oi, -xij -u, two hundred. All ordinal numbers are adjectives of three endings, and regularly declined, like x^A-a?, -;f , -av, or i«|i-a5) -*&» -«v. Examples of the Declension of etg, one ; hvo, two ; rpag, three ; tsaaapecy four. G. D. A. Sing. M. F. N. h'og^ uuxg^ivogj ivLy iita^ ivL. Dual ' M. R N. fiyjSeigj UYj^suta^ ^yjSev^ &c. Plur. ^; 1^.0 and 5i^,t g;^^^^^ |-v* y bvoiv and Svslv, D. Svat^ ' A. Plur. M. k F. N. N. rpetg, rpa, G. tptovj D. rpcat^ A. Tpftg, rpia. Plur. M. F. and N. N. recaapegj rsaaapa. G. reaaapcjVj 1). Tscrcrapa't. A. reaaofOLg^ reaaapa. 1 . Ovc'eis and ft»^«5 are sometimes resolved into their coriip©- nent parts, for the sake of greater strength ; as, a^' '"i^^' Vy«; *f>ihn;^^Sivxg; jumS'tvic^ ju-nSivu.;^ f/.>iSiTi^ 7, ov^ his ; z'. i'rfp-og, a, ov^ our, of ys two ; o^oirsp'Og^ a, ovj your, 0/ i/cu two ; V/Ucvfp-og, a, ov^ our ; ■t».:^f7fcp-o^j a, Qv^ your ; G^-og,ri,ov^ Ithei a(p8l6p'0gj a, ov^ } eir. * In prose this pronoun is commonly used by the Attic writers in a reciprocal sense. 4G -^roJiGum. 3. Relative. 0^5 yij, 6, who ; avl-oq^ri^ o? he, she, it. 4. Demonstrative. £)tHV'Oq^ Yl^ Oj that ; ovlog^ 'avlyij ^oirto^ this. 5. Reciprocal. FuavloVy of myself ; asavlov^ of thyself; eavlov^ of himself ; a?.Xyi?udv^ of one another. 6. Indefmite. ^^6$, rf, any ; Setva^ some one. Sing. iN. eyoy G. s/jjov or fiov^ D. f^t or itioc, A. e^ or iis. Sing. N. av^ G. aovy D. (yo(, A. (Te, G. 01'. D. 6ij A.i. Sing.^ N. 6g, V, ^, . oy, 97$. 01^5 Dual. N. A. V6)t, VQ, A. 6v, »?»', 0. G. D. VMV, vov. Dual. N. A. cr^t, 04*^^, G. D. a^Mv, o^v. Dual. N. A. a?/. D. otc, "^atc, otg, A. ovg, 'ag, ^oc> ♦ Tf« is sometimes an ioterrogative. Pronouns. 47 avloc, and sxeTvog are declined like 6$, r^ 6» ovlog^ 'avlyj, tovt'o, is compounded of the article 6 and avlog. It is declined, and prefixes r, like the article ; thus : Shig. N. ovlog, 'ar7>;, rovro, G. rovloVf rai;7>7$, rovlavy D. roi'76), raD7p, rovlcoy A. rovrov^ Dual. rODTO. N. A. Tov7(j, Tar7a, rovlof G. D. rovloLv^ ravlaivy Plural. rovloiv^ N. 6ij7o£, 'avlaiy ravla^ G. rovloVf ravluvy roi'jcjr, D. TotTotg, ravlaigj rovlotg, A. rovlovgf ravlag. ravla. 1. In the same manner are declined rojarog, T»?A7/l-»g, -ag, -a. In like manner are declined ef^^ecvrn and a-ectura, in the szn- gular Number only. Sing. N. rtg, rt, G. rn^og, D. TiVLy A. r^z^a, rt. Dual. N. A. nve, G. D. tiVQiv. Plur. G. riVQVf D. TtCTt, A. tLvag, Hiva^^ 1. The Attics use m for t/v,>5, rw for nvi^ and tav for rtvu. 2. r/$, as an interrogative, has the responsive o7f5, i know not who. 3. Anciently, there was another interrogative pronoun, viz. 9rd55 ^J?, ^«j inhere ? or m what place ? and its responsive, o7ro5, 95r;j, otto, there, or zn that place. They are now used as adverbs, in the genitive and dative singular only. From them are formed, in the comparative, Trorcp-ec;, -u, -ov, which one (of two'?) and its responsive oTroUrtQc, From them also are derived many adjectives and adverbs now in use.j * o>- and T/; are often joined, and signify whoever; thus, oa-lt^j'^ri;, t Among the pronouns are ranked the gentile adjectives, derived from ^x'r?<^ov. the soilj and a substantive pronoun ; viz. V-^&Tat^-c? -», -ci/^ Pronouns. 4*^ Sing. N. 6, Ti^ 'to, Setva,'* or Secg* G. Ttf, T>7g, w, htivcLjOQj or &£i^oc. D. TO, 'Tyj, TO, fetrart, or 5ttr(. A. rov, rYiv^i:o^ heiva. ^f/y« is sometimes undeclined. Aris. Thes. 62:^. of our country or people ; vfA.i^cL'Tr.aq^ .>», -sv, of your counlnj or people ; ^rctTjt^-ofj ->>, -cv, of what country or people- From the neuter of the article, relative o?, interrogative ;rfl?, and its responsive orog^ are derived otlier adjectives much in use ; as, Article. Relative. ra, the, .0, 'which. Tology of the kind, _ olcg, of rn'hich kind, Too-o^^ of the number. oc-o^, of which number, r>)?itKO(i^ of the size. r?^i>co^, of which size. Interrogative. Responsive. ^ro, what, oxo, that, '^ou^y of what kind, oTroios^of that kind. vro(rcg, of what number, ottocg^, of that number, ^v^iy^o^, of what size. o7njXtice(;y of that size. From these and ovrcs are derived to/mto?, Totxurn^ to;«tc, of this hind; TCO-8T0?, of this number; T-ffKinaTag^ of this size, * As to ^uvA^ which grammarians have considered as an indc/jnite pro- noun, it is not to be found without the article before it ; as, o Sitc^ which is a contraction of o J* ug^ this or that one ; cu $<- £fc, make ««^fi/?, no ont. G. D. A. And thus, Tov oe evogy TO) ^c £P/, Tov 0£ evcc. contr. m hlvoi ; rat ^etvi ; Tdv ^eivcc. Indeed, o Suvit, is in use, for ^ <^6 sv* j but then the accusative ha'is gov- erned by >/i>w understood. Moor. 50 Verbid. VERBS. Verbs are Active, Neuter, Deponent. Active Verbs may be divided into Transitive and Intran- sitive. An Active-transitive verb denotes an action which passes from the agent on to some object ; as, rvTrra rov luctv- yjjy, I beat John. An Active-intransitive verb denotes an ac- tion which has no eft'ect on any thing beyond the agent him- self ; as, "iTTTTofi rpsxsi. the horse runs. What are commonly called Neuter verbs are really intransitive s, because the ef- fect is confined within the object. Those only, which de- note a mere state of existence without action, as, to be, &c. are properly Neuter ; though the name is more commonly applied to all intransitive verbs. Active transitive verbs have three voices : The Active, which denotes an action that passes from an agent on to an object ; as, rvsrlc^ rov eiv$papr^v, I beat the man. The Middle, which denotes reflected action, or what an agent does to himself, or in his own concerns ; as, rvzrlofuti, 1 beat myself ; uov(roiT6ott v^op, to draw water for oneself The Passive, which denotes the receiving of an action from some agent ; as, rvzyjofjuti, I am beaten, (sc. c;^« tivq^,, by aome one.) Neuter verbs have generally the form of the Active, though tenses are often taken from the middle, or passive, with one uniform intransitive signification ; as, &nfryji), 6vy,^of^oct, to die. Deponent verbs have the form of the middle, with some- tenses taken from the passive, and a neuter or active meanings as, hxi^dsei,io receive ; yivofMi, to be^ Deponent verbs are, probably, in most instances, the midr die voice of obsolete active verbs. As the action which they denote terminates within the agent, they are intransitive ; and are commonly rendered into Latin and English by Neu- ter verbs. Verbs. 51 On the Middle Voice. There are many words in every language, which denote peculiarly what we do to ourselves, or for ourselves Such in English are the words, to receive, accept, hire ; to sit, which is, to seat oneself ; to lie, which is, to lay oneself do'wn ; to rise, which is, to raise oneself \ip. Such words have, in Eng- lish, no peculiar form, and do not, therefore, demand a sepa- rate discussion. But in Greek, they diflfer inform, as well as in meaning. These are called Middle verbs, or are said to he in the middle voice, Mi'T&otv, in the active, signilies to let ; f^iT^oofJutt, in the mid- dle, signifies, to procure that another let to oneself ; i. e. to hire ; and in this instance the English verb to hire, has no less the middle signification than the Greek f4.i(r6oof^:ci. Kvxiv^ttv Tjjv cipccfouv is, to roll the ball ; in the middle, rj c^x- tpec>cv>LiKrdui ^ to make oneself like, 63 ; 'TrupotG-Kevcct^eo-Qcii, to prepare oneself, ^Q ; vpoKetTccK>^tvsx^l,r6cct , to feast themselves, 55. Kot/^icG-eat, to cause themselves to sleep, to sleep ; from xo/^ica;, to cause to sleep, 16, 107. ^fcftTAfxottfv&v, bindinj^ themselves about, ♦For the sake of the younger student, examples are taken from the Collectanea G rosea Minora, second American edition ; a book in the hands of every one. ^^ Vefbs, 17. e7raiLQfxf^7}V^ I bound myself by an oath, 35. Mu^u[A.ttcc^ let us have a reckoning between ourselves, 43. Verbs of contending, disputing, fighting, &c. have gener- ally a reference to both parties, and are therefore put in the middle ; as, fnu^e'^^'^ui, pugnare inter se. When the active of these verbs is used, the reference is to one of the parties ; as, TToAf^f/v, to make an attack. Instances where the action terminates rvithin oneself. o}, was showed, i. e. by himself. aAAetyer/rj, you were changed, i. e. by yourself, or, you changed yourself. exa/ft;;^;j5-«v, were made to sleep by themselves, i e. they went to sleep, or slept. The passive has likewise sometimes the significjition of the active, and the active that of the passive ; especially in the perfect and aorists, among the Attics ; as, ecc^aKei, had bjen taken ; yipctrh^^ you loved ; ^Tfss-o'jytt^va^, he who made. It may be aslied, whether the peculiar meaning of every middle verb can be pointed out, on th ? principles here stated ? It is frankly answered. No. Nor ought this to be expected. I. The original signification of many worda has been en- tirely lost in the flux of language. In middle verbs derived from such words, we cannot expect to trace their meaning. Every one, who has engaged, to any extent, in the inquiry, must have remarked, that as he approached nearer to the original meaning of the verb, the reciprocal sense of the middle voice became more apparent. ♦ Nothins; v/as niorerommoa with the Greeks, than to unite, in tlw way, tenses from different verbs, or different parts of the same verb, t« icako L*n a verbj in ufc. ■6* 54 yerbs. 2. It would be surprising, if, in the constant fluctuations of language, no middle verb had lost its peculiar sense. ^ A change of this kind takes place in every language. How DQany are the verbs, both in English and Latin, which are either active or neuter ? Yet this is no reason for denying the distinction between active and neuter verbs. Nor should the anonialies of the middle voice be a reason for rejecting its peculiar meaning. They are not, perhaps, more nume- rous than can be found in the Latin or English verb ; and would be still fewer, could we ascertain the original signifi- cation of the words. 3Iooch. The moods are five ; bidiccUive^ imperative, op- tative, subjunctive, and infinitive. The indicative declares, or asks questions , as, ivzrrcjj I strike, rn szromTs-^ who did it ? The imperative commands, exhorts, and entreats ; as, ypx'Ps, write ; ^o? yu>i, grant me. The optative is sa^d to express a wish or desire. It seems tD be nearly superiluous, for a wish maybe conveyed by other moods besides the optative ; and the optative is often used to convey the meaning of the subjunctive, or potential. The subjunctive represents a thing under a condition, sup- position, &c. and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb ; as, ov yctp U7S-£(rlsi>iS &so(; tqV y/ov avlns:? rov KOtrjUGV, hoc KpivTi rov KOTfMV.^ For Ood sent not his Son into the world, to condemn the world. The infinitive simply expresses the signitication of the rerb without limitation to person or number ; as, ypsiPsiv, to write. Tenses. There are nine tenses ; the present, imperfect, ilie first and second aorists, and first and second ♦The later Greek writers, such as Plutarch, Elian, Herodianus, Heli- odorus, fcc. sometimes depart from the ancient use of the middle verb, ^n established by the oldest and best writers, Kiukr, futures, the perfect, pluperfect, and the paulo- post future, which belongs only to the passive. The indicative, optative, and infinitive moods, have all the tejises. The subjunctive and imperative want the futures ; though the subjunctive seems to have, sometimes, a first fu- ture ; as, KepS'TjdijTCJvlccty 1 Pet. iii. 1. tcccv&yiTcafA^i ^ 1 Cor. xiii. 3. It has been thought by some, that what is called the first aorist subjunctive, is really the first future. What seems to favour this opinion is, that this tense is formed from the first future indicative, and not the first aorist, wnen those tenses differ in characteristic. Thus, 0?>7u in the subjunctive is formed, not from ehy-cc, but from 6-i)Ta, first future ; ^o)Tcj, sub- junctive, from ^eora^ first future, and not e^aKo.^ first aorist. The second aorist subjunctive is thouglit likewise to be more properly called the second future. On the Sigf lift cat ion of the Tenses, Time is naturally divided into past, present, and future.* An action performed in either of these periods, may be repre- sented as taking place definitely or indefinitely. Definitely, as, ypci(^a, I am writing ; indefinitely, yfct(pa, I write ; tfiioi. Tpiyji^ animals run. Definitely, as, ytypcc^u.^ I have been writing ; indefinitely, £ypu.'>j^cc^ I wrote. Definitely, as, TBTv^of^xi, I shall be immediately beaten ; rr^-t^^y, I shall beat. An action may likewise be represented as complete or in- complete, Foxpej, I write, or am writing, denotes that the ac- tion is performing, and therefore not completed. But the moment the writing is finished, I ma^^ say ysypocpa, I have been writing ; which denotes, 1st, t'lat the action is completed and for this reason the tense is called the perfect ; 2cl, that the action is past, and hence the tense is called the preter-perfeci- and 3d, that the action is just nozv, or very lately compliited. In this last circumstance lies the difference between this tense and the aorists. typ^i-^^y., I wrote, expresses an action completed in past time, indifrJie, ysypupoc, I have beeu writing expresses an action completed in past time, definite, oy past time intimately connected with the present. The nJa^ perfect, eysyf^a/psiv^ I had written, expresses an action com- pleted in past time, prior to another past time. An action performed in past time may likewise be repre- sented as incomplete, or imperfect. eypu used to express an action in past time, as continued, but not completed ; as, eypcc(poy, I was writing. The Greeks gave it the name of TrapailxltKo^, extended, and describ- iid it as " the extended and incomplete part of the past." t^-uk; azrlcc, a boy was roasting : tcvofv Kpatq $ Tov i77-Z!rov ilpiQi KUt fx?£V/^t Traa-ccg r^inspac^, The grOOm kept rubbing the horse every day. Tlie perfect is used to denote an action as completed in past time, definite ; as, yiyt>oi/pA, I have been writing. It has a close connection with the present, and it is iiiis which'makes it 'definitev Verbs. 57 The perfect is sometimes used to express past and present .line united; as, xAi;^< /M.£f, Apyvpolo'^' o<; Xpvcrrjv ufA/piQsQn^ai,, (fear me, God of the silver how, who hast been arid art ■he guardian of Chryses. ovy. oi^sc, I know not, a7id have not ■ nown. Clarke calls the tense thus used, the perfect present. The pluperfect is used to express an action as completed in past time, prior to another past time ; as, eyey-pxipsiv, I had uritten. The pluperfect is supposed to convey, sometimes, the idea of time passing swiftly ; as, x-iro^e^r.xei, he was gone speedily. When the peifect is used to denote ^rese?^^ time, the plu- perfect has the s<^nse of the imperfect ; as, h^oty.cc^ I am afraid ; e^e^otHstv, I was afraid. The aorists are used to express an action as completed in past iimeyindejiriite ; as, sypa-^cc, I wrote. They are, how- ever, sometimes used to denote, indeterminately, what is commonly or airways true ; as, ru^ t^wv v a-vvrjSetoc^ «Xtyoi Xpo^'^i ^^fAt/ff-f, A short time commonly dissolves ihe connections of the wicked. 2v ei o yic^ /«.« o ccytc^'/^joi, ev 'a> evhyczo-sc, Thou artmyhcloved Son, in whom I am alzi:ays woli pleased, or, in whom I was, am, and alwa^ys shall be well pleased. The aorists are commonly the tenses of narration. The futures are used to express that vvhich shall he ; as, ypui^a;, I shall write. No difference in sense can he discovered hetween the first and second aorists ; and indeed few verbs have both tenses in use. The same is true of the two futures. The signification of the tenses, in thflkindicative mood, has been given. The observations apply, generally, to the re- maining moods, and to the participles. In many instances, however, in Greek, as in English, the tenses in the other moods swerve fronji their proper signification, and the time is to be determined by the nature and drift of , the sentence. The present of the imperative, as, ypxi^e, denotes write, be writing ; or refers to the commencement of the action, begin writing, Tb.e anrist, ypcc\ov, dencies indcfmitel^s '^nVe at any lime. The perfect enjoins a thing to be done prior to a specified time ; as, ysypu^e, have ihls written, before my re- ture. 58 Verbs, — Active Voice, Characteristics. The Characteristic is the letter which imme- diately precedes o, or o^iac of the present tense. In 7t7, %7, uv, the former letter is the characteristic. The letter before cd in the future, and a in the perfect, is also the characteristic of each of those tenses respectively. The characteristic of any tense is the letter next preceding the termination ; or it is the last letter which suffers no varia- tion in a tense. CONJUGATION- ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, I strike. S. rvnlidf rvnletg, tvnleu D. * rvnltlov, tvTtlslov.'f P. rv7i]Gi.tBV9 rvnlele^ rv7tIovai.X Imperfect, / rvas sirilmiy. S. srvnlov, ervTtlsgj etimle. D. erimhlov, srvnlelyjv. P. erimmieVf etvnlelc, srvnlov. ♦Tenses whose first person plural end «» in juiv^ have no first pt^rsou duf'.l. These are, ail tenses ol' the active, the aorists of the passive, and the perfect and pluperfect of the middle voices. t In all the voicef:, the third person dual is like the second^ in those tenses of the indicative, v/hichhave not the augncient ; and in the suh- junctive. In those which have the augment, and in the optative, it ends in «v. X In the active voic^, the third person plural ends in o-t^ in those tenses i>f the indicative, which have not the augment ; and iii the subjunctive. In those which have the augment, and in the intperatiye, it ends ia av. In the optjitiye, in ^v. Verbs* — Active Voice. 59 First Future, / shall strike. S. rin//(j, ru^'fig, TV^^H.^ D. nv^sloVi tv^elov. P. rv^o^Vy rv4^e]ef rvylovau First Aorist, I struck. S. srv^a, ervyloig, fti;-^? . D. erv^^alov, etv^PalriVy Perfect, J have struck. S. relvE, D. relv(paloVj relv(palov. P. relv^uevy "tslvcpaley relu^paGc Pluperfect, I had struck. S. etelv^Eiv, erslvrpcLg^ e^telv^ei. D. erelvipeilQVy Erelv^etjrjv. P. erelvipccusv, erslvcpetle, erelv^Ecaar. Second Aorist, I struck. S. erimovy ervnegy ervTte. D. etimelov, erimelyiv. V. ervTtojxeVy ervTZcl^y ervrtov. Second Future, I shall strike. S. rvrtQy rvTteigy rvnei. D. ^vTtcirovy rvTtelrov. P. rvTiSuEV, rvTCEitey rvniau IMPCRATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect, Strike. S. rvrtlSf rvnltlo. D. rvnlsloVf tvnlElcdv, p. TVTtJElEyTVTtlEloaav. * This teniae, in liquid verijs and in tho Attic aad Doric Dialects^ is the eamewitli the second future. GO Verbs, — Active Voice. First Aorist J Strike. P. "tv^oLle, rD\^a7tocrar. Perfect and Pluperfect, Have struck. s. D. P. Second Aorist, Strike, S. rv7t£. rvTtalu, D. rvTttlGv, rvTteldv. P. tvTtslef rvTteloaav. OPTATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect, / mai/ be strikiny, S. rvTtloiiit, tvTcloigf rvTtloL, D. rvTiloilov, tvnloiJyjv. P. tv7t]oiiiSP9 tvTtloiJe, rvnlotev- First Future, / may strike. D. rtv^OiloVf rvyl^Oijyiv. First Aorist, I may have struck. S. rv^Latui, "tv-^acg, rv^ai, D. rvxl^ailovy "rvi^tlriv. P. rv^atuev, 7ri;\i/at7f, rv^atev, ^olic First Aorist,* / may have struck. S. rv^l^eta, "tv^l'stag, rvibBte. D. rvi^staloVf tvi^sialy^v. P. rv^^uaixev, rv^l^£ialSf ii'v^etav. * The. if.olic forni of this tense is freguenUy used, particularly by thr '. lies,. Verbs. — Active Voice. 01 Perfect arid Pluperfect, I may have been striking. S. telv(pOL[iL9 relvfpotgy relvcpot. D. relv(poLlov, relvf^oilyiv, P. telv^oi^Vy rtlv^otley relv^oiev. Second Aorist, / may have struck. S. rVTtOlULf tVTtOtgy TVTtOt. D. rvTtoilov, tvnoClriv. P. rvTtoLiiev, rvnoile, rvnotev. Second Future, / may strike. S. rvnoifiij rvTtotgy rvnol. D. rvTtoiroVy rvmlry^v. P. rvTtoltieVy rvTtoite, rvTXoiev. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect, 1 should strike. S. rvnlid, rvnlYig, rimlip. D. rvnlyiloVf rvnlyjlov. P. rimlcd^tev, rvnlyjle, rvnluat. First Aorist, / should have struck. S. tvy^df tvylnpg^ rv^. D. rv^loVf tV}lo{Jov. P. nn^Ld^ev^ Tv^ls, tv^l^ac. Perfect and Pluperfect, I should have been strikiny. S. relv^Oy relv^Yig, relv^, D. relv^yjloVy tclv^lov. P. relv^o^ev, relv^ley relv^oai. Second Aorist, / should have struck. S. rvTUdy Tvnrig^ T-v7tYi* D. rvTtrilov^ rvTtypov. P. rVTtCd^lSV, rVTtYjlSf Ti;7t6XT6.* * In the English eypression of the tenses, much precision is not to be expected. Their use and signification depend on the conjunctions and particles, to which they are joined. 7 62 Verbs* — Active Voice. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect, rvntecVf to strike.^ First Future, rv^l^6LV, to be going to strike. First Aorist, rtv^ai^ to have struck. Perfect and Pluperfect, tslv^svah to have been striking;. Second Aorist, rvjteiv, to have struck. Second Future, rvrcelv, to be going to strike, PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, Striking. N. inmluv, rvTilovaa, tvrtlov. G. rvnloplogy rvTtlovayjc, timlovlog, &c. First Future, Going to strike. G. rv^l^vlogf rv^'ovayjg, tv-ii^ovlog. First Aorist, Having struck. G. tv^avlog^ tv^aOYig^ ^v^avlog. Perfect and Pluperfect, TI7?o has been striking. N. "telv^agy relvipvlay ti:lv^og. G. rslvtpolog^ relv^vtagy relv(polog. Second Aorist, Having struck, N. rvTdJv, rvTWvaa, rvnov. G. tvTtoi'log, rvnova^/jgy tVTtovlog. Second Future, Going to strike. S. rVTtQVy '^VTtHCfa^ rvTtbv. G. rvnisi^logf rvnSayjg, rvnSvlog. * The termination 2/y was originally fiiMsvit^ ; ^s, rwrJ-M, Tajr/J-i^ivotf, which was retained by the Ionics. The Dorics shortened it into «^.8v ; a«, rv^li'fy.iy ; h,y droppiflj ^, it became rv^h-n^ which was contracted info t:'jp-7:-/v. Verbs. — Reduplication and Augments. G3 SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. Indie. Imp. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Present TVTrl-CO ) TVTrl-^ TVTrl-OtfAl rvTvl-oo TW^7-S/V tut/J-w, Imperfect let Future rvi-co Tv\>-Gl(J.t Tf^-g/V TV-^-m 1st Aorist irv-^-n iTV-^-OV ^u^-ctif/.t Ty^-w Tt/^-at/ rv-t-^^ Perfect P'u}>erfect rilv, ^iQovXzvyccc^ or e^ovXi'Jx.oc. (i?itzx£va}, ^sQXocicsVitot^ Or iQ^oLy^BVyca, yXv^6f1i^tit^ y£y>iCjltx,oc, or eyXuliicoL, Kpv-sr]6f, >c£Kpv(poi, or SKpVipU. Rule II. If the verb begins with 'a vowel or diphthong, a and e are changed into>7, and o into cjj according to the rules for the temporal aug- ment; as, a&j, j^pra; oveiSi^o, QveiSixa; "atpeco, ^Yipy^xa. Augments. There are two augments ; the syllahicX when the verb begins with a consonant ; the temporal^ when it begins with the vowels a, e, o, or the diphthongs au, at, oi. * For the reason of this change, gee Rule ii. page 5. t The first letter of the verb is dropped, in these instances, to avoid an unpleasant sound ; such as, -^s-latAK^t, yiy\c»}fMct, X The syllabic is so called because it adds a syllable to the word ; the temporal, because it increases the tirm or quantity of the syllable. \^^^^y THE ";^^ Verbs.— AugmeiS^ JyJ J Y ^H S^^ " Four tenseSj the imperfect, p^^^^fec^'iMt^V aorists, receive the augment, Avhic!^*lH)lon^%al^'^^ to the indicative mood * The syllabic augment is e prefixed to the aug- mented tenses ; as, rvusluy e-tvo^lov, e-rv^a, s-rvutov, p in the beginning of a word is doubled ; as, The Poets, however, do not always double /> ; as, spiz^ov. The temporal augment lengthens a and e into >7, and into o ; as, a, a5cj, yj^ov, au, ai'^ax'a), y;v^avov. €9 e?.6vdo, yi?^vOov. 0, opvaaco, cjpvaaov. at, aipcd, ^por.f 0L9 OLXi^idj qxl^ov^X The remaining vowels and diphthongs admit no augment ; as, t}ccc(!^a^ iKct^Oi, Exception 1. Compounds of o/vej, oima^^ ota^, omit the augment ; as, otfil^^, <5;y;^ov ; oivo^sco, otvo^Eov ;§ oivo-sroXsc^, oiwurc- Four beginning with a ; a^, otia^ eir,6i(rTa\ cf.r,^i^QiMcti, Also, The augment seems to be omitted, in these instances, to avoid an unpleasant succession of long vowels. 2. Many verbs beginning with e are augmented by length- ening £ into £1 ] as, £&i^w, e/^/^ov. * A few instances nvay be found, in which the augment i? continued through all the moods ; as, etviu^'/Buvett^ for nvot^Quvat, t Here <* U lengthened into *>, and t subscribed, if Here ois lengthened into *, and t subscribed. 5 mc;^iov is used. 11 These six sometimes admit the augments 7* * '^ Verbs, — Augm eiits. £CC&}, fA«a>, spzsrco. K^i iXa^ SpVCtl, Bet^^, ezrcf^LOti, etrli^zaj £&M, e^o),'^ WllOiCO. eXia-c&f, epyci^of4.sit, ^X'^y fAxf^y, spea, 1^, Om^c^, £p-2!r(^(i}, ea, t to go. tXy^vu, ep-srvt^a. 3. Verbs in eo augment the second vowel, o, into a ; as, icplx^a^ eajploil^cv. Sometimes however ; is inserted, etopra^oy, Hulejor the Pluperfect. When the perfect begins with a vowel, the pluperfect receives no additional augment ; as, pecdf sppepxay sppevKStv^ not yjppevxsiv. But b}^ exception 3, eo^i^x makes £c<,><7reiv; sopya, ec^fpysivy Exceptions by the Attic Dialect, 1. The syllabic f is changed into «; ; as, ^^^y^xa^ '^m.£XMv, 2. The diphthongs et and eu are augmented ; as, suetl^co, r.KCi(^cv; st^i^KSiv, Sync, sihtv, Att. rthiv. 3. The temporal is resolved in ea ; as, uXo&j, suMjKa, for 4. In some verbs, the syllabic augment is prefixed to the temporal ; as, uv^uvm^ yjvaccvov^ sJ^v^avov, eiKco^ oiy^ccy eoiKa* This prelix is made to tenses beginning with j;, o, ^, si, ot. ■ \nd a, "6. In verbs beginning with a. short, e, or o, the two first letters of the present are prefixed to the perfect ;J as, cckUm, 5JK0X, my-'-i^iCQct,. When the perfect, thus augmented, has more than three ^syllables, the third is shortened ; as, <»-?if;^o;, 7iXsi retains the augment in all the moeds. t In ihe perfect middle is uu^ pluperfect am, Atfic yuv, t A " sometimes to the second Aori^t ; as. ciyv^ ^^-yov ; Att. c^ynycv : l)y:vI;:i.^thesis, «>it>cv. Verbs* — Augments* Ql But ccyetp&^, spalocu^ and epsi^^, retain the long syllable ; as, e^ytiyepy-'X, eP?:pMi7jK6t. The pluperfect of the Attic form admits of a temporal aug- ment J as, ccX'V?^y-ec, JjA-?jAs»f/v. Except e^7]?^v$etv, 6. The reduplications Ag and f^e are changed into ei ; as, Ajj^a;, M>T,(pa,^ A. fiA^^as ; f/.eipof4.xi, £tf*>ccpf^^( , Exceptions by the Ionic Dialect. 1. The second aorist and other tenses have a reduplication, like the perfect, which continues through all the moods ; as, sKotfJuav ; lonic, Kexoc.tiov^ Kexccf^te^ &C. 2. The augment and reduplication are entirely omitted ^ as, exux^c-oc, Kot>^7oc ; thhySlo^ htcjo. In the pluperfect, one is sometimes omitied, and the other retained ; as, hS^UKeicxv, for 3. After the augment is removed from the aorists, the two first letters of the present are sometimes prefixed ; as, cciom ; 2d Aor. Tipov ; I. apov, up-xpav. COMPOUND VERBS. I. Verbs compounded with a preposition, take the reduplication and augment between the pre- position and the verb ; as, 7tpoaS£()?iyjxay TtpoaeSa?.- ^w, from 7tpo(76a/l/l6). 1 . gj6 in composition becomes f| before a vowel ; as, tKcuX- Xco^e^B^oi>X>.cy. 2. f» and c-ov, which lose v before a consonant, resume it before a vowel ; as, f^.ttsv^y, tnfJLivcv. Exception 1, Compound verbs of the same signification with their simples, and tliose whose simples are not in use, take the reduplication and augment in the beginning ; as, etf^tsvvvf^t, Tsf^iEWVf/^r.v; y.uGe^ofA.cit^ iKet6i(!^cfA.'o\ af^ir^rpisa}^ r,f^(Pia-Qn^ ls6v, from cti^iEa, -^HiQoXsoy, or (tvliQoXeov, so iyyvuco, cc0ti]/^(. 3. Some in the beginning and middle ; as, evox^ea, i]y6}X>-has it in the beginning, middle, or both. RULE. Prepositions in composition lose their final vowel, if the simple verb begins with a vowel ; as, e-cScx^, for exsiej(p ; except ts'^pt and tspo, and sometimes au(pL, 1. If the simple begins with an aspirate, the preceding -mooth mute of the preposition is changed into its cognate rough one ; as, oc. II. Verbs compounded with other parts of speech, take the augment and reduplication in the beginning ; as, ?, x'^' t Liquid Verbs are those which have the liquids a, (jl. y, p. in their terminatioD. 70 Verbs. — Formation of the Tenses in the Active Voice, This belong's properly lo the Attics ; who likewise remove o- from fu- tures in cto-o)^ «!?•* and os-o, contracting the termination; as, »5tA«a, ;tAA.5craj A« xstAw : o/uocro) ; o/mZ. 3. Four verbs, which had lost the rough breathing in the present,"^ resume it in the future. f;^, has s^a, rv^u)^ ^v(pa)^ has ^v-^ct), Tp£(p6}^ $p£(pat', has ^ps-^a. rpexo), 6psX^, has &psla. Verbs in acj, fo, and oo, lengthen the short vowel before era) of the future. a and e into ri. tcuoiOj tifir^ao ; ^tXfcOj ^ikriaQ. into Q. Syj2.ou^ (S^/Ujcro. Exception 1. ocj retains o in primitives, which are few ; as, upo^y ccpcTco, 2. otco retains ct after f, /, and A or p pure ; as, Also, oLitpiLc/AAi^-Ao-ouctt \ and verbs from which other verbs in avv-jm or dt!r«.a9 are formed ; as, Trslxoi^f S'pxa). 3. Words of two syllables in aa, which do not pass into -}^f^) retain «. xA06^, xAflfcc^j;, because it is never KA5?^-^ c73-ec£&, cr-STccTa, never csrrtfJLl, Likewise, ^^^v^;, ^^<565-a;,' though u.ofxAt.^ etxottoo^ etvutec^ afcto}^ iXuct^^ KVdice^ tcps/uao), fj-y/CAW^ /lAOipsiOjueit^ TTsXetce^ Truvuao^ Trupitco^ Tripcteo, 2. A few in «a liave i(ru> ; as, rsAgft), TtKio-ee , and some, ^^^aor i^u ; as, ttiViO}^ aJ\'i)TCO or ettVi7U:. 3. Some dissyllables in i<'> form their futures in ft^^-a ; as, wAsa, ^Ast/o-a; also^A/ft) makes iiAva. The penult of this tense is usually long. Hence, in li- quid verbs, the short penult of the first future is lengthened; ec into J2, i into ft ; as, 'v//66AAa?, -^xXa, e-^tjXoe, ;* cleXa^ etrleiXa, vsf^a, astf4,(z. 1. The following aorists do not retain the characteristic of the future : e/arac, vsveyicot, z^ux-ol, sBrjKx, r^jcoc. The two first take it from the present : the remainder from the perfect, and are rarely found out of the indicative. 2. Some verbs drop the c- ; as, y^scff, K£icif, eK£i<7x, iyceiu* \ Z''^^ ex.^vj'u, i e^svoc and Perfect. The perfect is formed from the first future, by prefixing the reduplication, and changing '\/^a) into ^a ; ^cj into ya ; cj and a.j into xa ; and /tao into ^lYixa ; as, Tfa/^cj, rervcpa : ts^cj^ reie^r^xa. 1. Words of two syllables in Xoo, v<»>, po)- change t into «, be- fore x^ of the perfect ; as, o-JexS, £a-]o(,x-y.x, t£v», rslx-y^Uy ^tts- 2. Words of two syllables in stvof, tv6j, vm, drop v before x.ec ; as, retvo}, Tfytw, r£]oe.Kx. ; y-ptvio, y.pt\£, xey-piKoi ; 6vV6j, 6vy£, hQvksh* Lxcept «?f /V(y, »/gv6/, SicluyKU, ; TrAt^viy, 9rAt^vttiy.oc, y^cKf^ijKei, I (leQccX'Ky-oe.y (ie^Mf^cc. 4. In many verbs of two syllables, the Attics change e into • ; as, (r]p£!p6f, £tJoo(Poc, * The Attics retain at ; as, i^ax^. 72 Verbs, — Formation oj tin J L,i^t^i, tike Active Voice, 5. The clH\racteri8lic of the perfect is properly x.cc annex- ed to the present ; as, Xvot^ M?^vKot,. Bui for ease in pronun- ciation, /3x, TTHy are changed into the eorrespondin*^ rou ^'^^ Afy*', XiMy-KX, X^Mx^ i ^rAfxiw, TFtzrXex'itet^ TreTur^^eXu. » before k becomes y ;* i»7«y»* for eKJecvKx, 6. The perfect in m-^kx is derived from a verb in io, form- <'d ironi the future in jic* ; as, r^^^i^, rf/tcta;, rfltf^nKccy Pluperfect The pliipcrfoct is formed from the perfect by chan<5*mg a into eiv^ and i)refjxing the augment, if the |)erfect begins with a consonant ; as^rtJi'^, ilelvcpinr. When the j^erfect begins with a vowel, no augment is [)refixed ; as, eoj^a/lxa, e\j/a/lxt6i'. Second Aorist. The second aorist is formed from the present by changing o into ov and prefixing the aug- ment ; as, /Uycj, eT^c-yov. The penult df this tense is in many cases shortened. 1. In conaonants^ by droping; t, and the latter of two liquids j '.'. In voiveh^ by chan*j;in^ »?, }j8a;, ^ij^.ov ;t and dropping the first vowel of tt, and cv, as, mittco, \iiFov ; ^ft;v«'' cv^tT*"* ^^'**^ before a liquid, ei is changed into , in dissyllables ; as, CTrupa^ ea-TrxPov ; into s in polysyllables ; . s, uys^pcj syipov. lndiss;yll.ibles, c before or after a liquid, is changed into u ; as, 7cXi>tu>i f7rA;//!/- v«v from o-fAvxu, and -^vy^u. Verbs in ^a/, whose future is in rruy have their second aorist in Jdv ; as, tjj\)v is made ic«^ov, j»yov, uyetydv. 2. In /3A<«7r7A>, Ku^vsrlat, and KpvTrlai the characteristic n- is changed into its cognate /3 ; as, tQxcc^ov, &ic. TT is changed into the cognate ^ in the following words : «v ; usrlcif^ f^,* v. This form was found the most convenient ; hence it was adopted in the common lan- guage of Greece. The Attic contraction was sometimes «/, which distinguished the ia- dicative from the yuhjunctive mood. Some verhs retain the original form ; thus, <^!i.yofA.cit makes ^Ayio-dit, Thus also is formed the passive of verbs in f^t : la-loL/ustti /V/a-^ot/ ; t/9s- The same observation applies to the other tenses : thus, in the im- perfectj 5Tt/'t!r7« Kotpnctt^ Kucpivrsu. But when a consonant comes before Tat, trie insertion of v would produce a most inharmonious sound. Henceap*jriphrasis is formed by the addition of the verhs/^^ to the perfect participle : thus, tilufA.fxmi ua-t^ for ^ih^^Ui. So pluperfect, Verbs. — Passive Voice. lo Pluperfect, / had been struck. S. si^elvf/uriV^ etelv^loj etelircslo. D. erelvufxsdoVf erelv^dov^ erelv^pdyjv. P. £relv[i^ie6a, etelv^de, ^relvfiuevoL yjaav. Paulo-post Future, / mn on the point of beim/ struck. D. relv^iiedov, r€lv^l^ea^ov^ relv^Eodov* P. relvyl^of-ieday relv^/eode, relv^ovlai. First Aorist, I was struck. S. etvtpdriv, erv^drig^ etv^Oyi. D. stv^dyjlov^ erv^dyjlyiv. P. £tv(p6Yj(/.ev, 6rv(pd'/jley etvcpdyjaav. First Future, I shall be struck. S. tvcpdyiaofjtai^ tv(^dyjaY}^ rv^Oyiai^lai. D. rv^dyjaoueOov, rv^driaeadov^ rixpOyjaeaOov. P. tv^dyiaoi.i€day rv^drcyeadsy rvcl)d7^aovlai. Second Aorist, / 7vas struck. S. ervay/Vj etvzsyig^ stvtSyj. D. ervxSYilov^ ervxiSrPyjr^ P. etvzsyjiievj etvvirfle^ srvziyjaav. Second Future, / shall be struck. D. rvt^yjaofiEdov^ rvzjuyjasadovj i:vxSYia8oQov. P, tv^y>ao[X£da^ rvtSriOeGde^ in)v^y; rigf ri. D. relviifisvo yflovj ypov. P. relviiizevoL cduev, yfley (ocT^ First Aorist, / should have been struck, S. nv^doy "tv^Qrig^ rv(p6Yi. X). rv^dnroVf rv^Oiitov. P. rvpdo^Vf rv^drts, tv^Qoai. Second Aorist, I shotdd have been struck. S. tVTlQy tXrJti^gj tVTlYi. D. tunnrov^ rynntov. P, tvTtQiievj rv7tf{r€} rvTtMc^ * The regular form of this persen was rruTrlitCAt^ which was made bj? the Ionics, TVTrlmt^ and by the Attics, tv^7«, now in common use. See Note, page 74. + Verbs cofttract. and other* in « pure, of the third conjugation, with a vowel before f^ttt in the perfect indicative, have the following form. See formation of the perfect passive. rilt/tx-cc/xoLt, -«,t -}iJeti, -fiD/Ag^flt, -of^Ss, -ml At. t Verbs contract in e» hare aoftener than » in this tense ; e, %. .«!r0g. 3ee Contract Verbs. Verbs — Passive Voice. 79 INFINITIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect, rvnleadaty to be struck. Perfect and Pluperfect, relixpdaty to have been struck. Paulo-post Future, reJm^ecrOai, to be on the point of beiny struck. First Aorist, rv(pdr,vat, to have been struck. First Future, rv^dyiaeadai^ to be going to be struck. Second Aorist, rxmnvoLt^ to have been struck. Second Future, rvnyiaeadatf to be going to be struck. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, Being struck. N. rv7tlo[ievog^ rimlofievy^, rvnloiievov. G. rvnlofievoVf rv7tIoi.i£vyig, rvnlofievov, &c. Perfect and Pluperfect, Having been struck. N. relv^fiEvogj relvfzuevyjy relv^y,evov. G. relvfiuevovy relvuftevyigj relvixfjievov. Paulo-post Future, Being on the point of being struck. N. Helv^^vog^ telv^^vYiy relv^ofievov. G, telv^/Ofievov, telvylofievyjg, relv^oi^vov. First Aorist, Having been struck. N. irv^dsigy tv i » Telu-uuivog \ rilv-juuivcg rlu. I {Iflvy.fxav ^ ^ unv \ cc Pau.' rdu-^-ojucti r{lv4''Ci/A»y \ IstA.' s%^Si)V rv^Xi- y^Lott, 4. Verbs which have «• in the first future active, retain the r before fA.a.t ; as, rr>^r,^ci)^ ttA^jCa;, 7rfxA>;-xa, 7re'7r>^-f^f4x6i ; but in verbs in a pure, if the penult of the future be long, a- is omit- ted ; as, TToitM, TTCir.Crco, TeTToiyi-f^LAt.'^ The following however, with a long penult, retain the o-, 0tK60Ct)y yVodJ, 6 puV&> , Kt>^iVOi, TTSV&f, 'XXKkl, TTTCCIAf , f CCl A) , CBW, %04>. 5. From verbs in vcj, the Attics frequently form the per- lect in o-f>utt ; as, fnxnof, f^/K^txCfAoti. 6. Dissyllables that have rpe in the penult of the perfect active, change e into ^iX€X-,VQ)i XeXv'Kcc^ >isXvM.su^ XeXv-fTcn XtXV'Tut, (putva^ 7ri(pa,y' y,isf>^ 7r£f^i^ Te'lvf^'f>C£6o9 rijvfjL'iJLdeA. The second and third persons dual are formed from the third person singular, by changing roci into ^ov, and the pre- ceding smooth mute into its cognate rough one ;t as, r{}v7r- Tcti^ rilvcp'Oov ; XiXsK-reci, x^sMZ'^o^* If "^^i is preceded by a Towel, er is inserted before Bov ; as, XeXvroa^ XeXv-a-dov, The second person plural is formed from the second per- son dual, by changing 6«v into Be ; as, r/Jvp&cv, re]v(p$e. XeXex' The third person plural is formed by inserting y before rut^ of the third person singular; BSy Xsxvruty x^Xv-yrea. But if a consonant precede the rat/, the participle with the rerb eia-t is used ; as, relv-ssr-reci, rilofjLitrm tttri. The perfect of the imperative is formed from that of the indicative, by changing ott into « ; as, reh'^^at, rijv^o ; and TAi into Bco, with the preceding smooth mute into its cognate rough one ;t as, relvus-'Tctt, rilv, . .. n c assume , ^''^ ' ' 4 chanffe tj into f . jFir^/ Future. The first future is formed from the third person singular of the tirst aorist, by adding (7o/^at and casting off the augment ; as, elvoi(ydoVj rvotf^v for sopJi(rcif4.yjVj cjvx^r^v for avK^cct^v, Second Aorist. The second aorist is formed from the second aorist active, by changing ov into ottyjv ; as, GrvTtoPj * Also those verbs from which o- has been dropped by the Attics ; as, Declined thus : ipcy-cfAsti^ -STct/, ejut, 9* 90 Verbs ^-^Formation of the Tenses in the Middle Voice* Perfect. The perfect is, generally, the same with the perfect active, except in the characteristic, which it borrows from the second aorist ; as, telv(pa, re- IvTta, 7tt^cLyxoL\a makes hi>g^y•)cu. Change in the vowel preceding the characteristic : 1. f, in the penult of the perfect active, is changed into ; and ii into oi ; as , 2. Dissyllables in A<5y, v^, and f>u^ change ot of the perfect active into ; as, c-7fAAft), i^loiX^sc, i^loXcA, 3. Oil in the present, is changed into ?? ; as, 4. Verbs in eta and ea cast off jj» and ty. from the perfect active, to form the perfect middle ; as, Other verbs in eo pure, and some in a impure, drop » only; as, Af6;, XsXvKot, XtXvoc, opa^ a pica. ^ copcc. The following are irregular, ^^aao*, rf^jjAcd ; GaTrroo^ re$rj7rcc ; 'A^tfi)^ KS>c}\.rjyet ; e^of^ siaOa, j fA^if^va^ f^csf^ovx ; /SctAAA', /Se/SoAct ; p^o-c-Uy sipaycc ; O'TTsv^a, sT'^H^ct j ccy.iico, tjkocc. These changes nremade, even if they affect the augment ; as, fA^r^;, oAcT^, not ^jAtt^. Many verbs in a pure want this tense, especially those which have otv, sv, or ou, Tf>recetling a ; also pollysyllables in oa^ m ^eo, or (ra-a}i with many others : but opv^^rw makes apvyoL and opM' ' pvyei. Pluperfect. The phiperfect is formed from the perfect by changing a into uv^ and prefixing the augment, when the word begins with a consonant; as, r^- 7iuta, etelvTtetv. Verbs — Deponent and Contract. 91 DEPONENT VERBS. Deponent verbs have the middle form, except in the perfect, phiperfect, and paulo-post future, which are taken from the passive, and sometimes the first and second aorists. SYNOPSIS. Indie. Imper. Opt. Subj. Infin. Part. Pre?ent Imperfect S-ix-fi'j 'St/UHV -U\UAt -'tvBcit 'Q/uivce Perfect Pluperfect ^iS'cyfXSLL ) SiSi->o -y/uivos ^yfxin;^ 'X^^» -y^ivos Paulo p. F. J'-M^-i^xt -Ol/UHV 'iirQoLt 'Ofxivag 1st A or. iM. iSi^St/UMV Si^.At -ttlfJltlV .UfXAt -AO-Qul -ClfAiVOC 1st Fut. M. Ji'^-0/A3Lt •oijuhv 'ia-Sxi -o^uivig 1st Aor. P. tS^iX^av i^iXB-itli .mv -w -hxt •UQ 1st Fut. P. (^i^Qixr-c/UAi .Oi,UHV -i^Sxt -G/uivc; A few of these verbs have a 2d Aorist Middle ; as, 7rvv6ctvofAo(ij irvQcjUiiv. i CONTRACT VERBS. Verbs in oo, aj, and oo, are contracted in the present and imperfect tenses.* Verbs in ao contract guj, ao, aov^ into d ; as, ttfxaid^ ttfiG) ; rcfiaoi-iePj rtf^Qfisv ; rt^aovac, n^at ; — otherwise into a ; as, ^t^ae^ raid : — t is sub- scribed ; as, nuaeLg tif.ia(; ; rifiaoLUir tljiquc. Verbs in eo contract ee into d^ and eo into 5 ; as, (pi?,pe^ ^L?^i ; (pcTiEOfievj :5 for (^«5 ; ^/^/.^iv for ^t-^cA-i. First Declension. ACTIVE VOICE. Tty.cca}. INDICATIVE MOOD. % Present Tense. s. rifJL'OCCe} J a ; 'ueii, -xq ; -««, -« : D. -cfc£r6V, 'urov ; -flJfTdV, 'clrov F. 'Uoy.iy, -Juev ; -acre, -^rf ; Imperfect Tense. -flftijC-i, 'UTl. S. ertf^'uov, -uv \ -ecsq, -uq ; -«£, '» .* D. 'CicTov^ -arov ; -««sr}jj> 'UTjjV P, 'CiOI^SVj , -^ftfv ; -«eTf J -tffTf ; -cc«y, -WV' D. P. Verbs — Contract, IxMPERATIVE MOOD. /•* ^ T V ^ ^ Present and Imperfect Tenslk^ ^ o^ .- ~ V^ /^ 4.JK i««* -. '^. ^ OPTATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. S. rifJL'dctfJit, -$/«.< ; 'cMi<; -^$ ; -act, -y : P. -ecotf^sv, '^f^sv ; -ecoiTs, -qtre ; -^ifto/fcv, -^ev. SBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. S. rty.'X6}, '^ ; -UYfii -xi ; -«>i, •« : D. ' -ecKTov, -oiroy ; -a>7T(jy, -«tov : P. 'OLUfJLei^ -off^sv ; -ACJjrf, -are ; -ccuo-iy 'UTt, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. PARTICIPLE. Present and Imperfect. Masc. Fern. ^ing. N. Ttf^-etav, -CUV ; -xoVTcc, -u'^ot, \ Neut. -<5C<3v, -«;» : PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. S. rif^-uaf4,xi, -afjLOLi \ -ceri, -x ; -oi£rxt, -uTeti : D. -ocof^hv, -cofjLt&o)) ; -dtgc*^'»v, -ccT&oV 5 -icfc-^oy, -uG-dcvl P. -xofJLiQx, 'CuiU^oc ; -sftfc^f, -c60"^e ; -flcovrcd/, -ft^vTac/. Imperfect Tense. S, irtf>L'Xof^?iv, -af^m ; -i«flt/ -a/ ; -aero, -aro : D, 'otoftsdoVy 'con-c^ov • -a£is$s'j 'Cis)fAt$6V, -utisCav ; -cc^jc-^ov, -u'^^oV', -cct}5. Second Declension. ACTIVE VOICE. S. ^/A-ew, -ft D. p. -fa^£v, -s^fv ; ^/^eia;. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. -f£.'$ -5/$ ; -ff/, '£] : -ssTov, -£irov ; -fCTfiV, 'fira^ ; -ffTf , -fTrf ; -£yr/, -«r/. Verbs — Contract. 95 Imperfect Tense. S. ((ptX-ecv, -av ; -ff?, sU ; -«, -« : P. -fo/ttfv, -»|ttfv ; -f£7e, -fct, 'olfii J -eoi^j 'oii ^ -sot, -c7 : p, -eotjitsv, 'Oif^ev ; -eo/Xf ; -oiTg, -eoiev, -ohv, SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. S.

^$, -ijg ; -£»?, -^ : P. "EUfUV, -UfJLi)l i -eJjn , -^T£ J -SMTt, 'U(ri, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect Tense. Masc- Fern. Neut. Sing. N. ^iX'£ct)V^ -Jv ; -foyCdj, -oZ<^o(, -, -sov, -ouv : PASSIVE AMD MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. S. 0vX-£6f^cct, 'if^tcit ; -f>5, -J ; -serai y -sliTut: D. (piX'Soi^Lsdov, -Sf^sSov ; -seo-6ov, -elc-^ov ; -esJcJov; -fjjcr^ov, -^«r^ov: INFINITIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense* PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect. Masc. Fern. Neut. Sing. N* (PiX-£ef^£Vo<;y 'Hvlbvo^ ; -fd^M-fyjj, -s^ttfy;? ; -sof^evovy -S//.£V6V : G. sof^eva, '^f^£vii ; -fOittfv;;;, -»,«tev3y$; -eof^fva, -8^£y«, &C, Verbs — Contract. Third Declension. ACTIVE VOICE. 97 INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. .1 • -AflC. s. ^r,>i'cafj -a ; -df<5, -«<$ ; -o«, -«< : D. -OSTdV, -aTrfl$j -oi^c*«j5, -icrj^; -oO!»To$, -svTd?, &;c. 10 ^8 P^erbs — Contract. PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. S. &7iX-oofA.ott^ •^f^eii J -6|7, 'ot ; 'oeTxi, -drut : D. 'ooftcS-ov, -^f^sB-ov ; 'oecrB-ov ,-HO-S-ov ; -oec^ov, -ho-S-ov : P. -oofisBuf '^f^eS-ct ; -OfC^-f, -^i-oof^7}v, -«/6C3j)» ; -OS, -« ; -fltrej -»to : D. 'OOf^eBov, -tif^eS-ov ; -ofcSav, -»cr^ov; -ofO-^v, -»cr5?;v : P. 'OOf^eS-oCy'^f^Bx 5 -oeo-Bs) -^cBe ; -oovro, -ayro. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. S. ^ijA-oa^ -» ; -oecr0ct), -«o-^iy: D. '0SC-&6V, -^(r$ov ; -«fO-^^y, -«^^6;v: OPTATIVE MOOD. Present and Imperfect Tense. S. d'nX'Ooif^YiV, -o7,tc9}V ; -doio^ -cTo ; -oo/to, -o/Td: D. 'OoifjLi^oV', -6ty.e6ov J -oe/o-^ov, -a C ^{ «t* o « « « O iO) -SCO, eTTlf^^sX-OfAMl -eo/4,ut. yrj9-6t -ea KVXlV^'Ctt 'ica ypA(p-a -£A) xv-at -tea. ^I^OCCK-Of -estJ ^vp'Oftect -soptcci. ^oK-a -iU piTTJ-M -eta* ei^-co -gu rpvx-6> -g(a. uX'U 'ia* VERBS IN \ll. Verbs in ^i are formed from verbs in ao, ^0,00, and iJ6) : I. By changing 6) into yn ; and lengthening the penult in the singular.* II. By prefixing the reduplication. The reduplication is proper or improper. * In (he secood Aorist, the penult of the dual and plural is lengthen- ed, in all verbs, but TiQ^f^i^ 'nt^t, ^iSatf/.t, Verbs in f<.t, 101 Proper, when the first consonant of the present tense is repeated with l ; as, Soo, 8t§wf^t. If the first consonant is a rough mute, it is changed in- to its cognate smooth one ;* as, 6eo, h^Syi^l. Improper, when a rough i only is prefixed, which happens to verbs beginning with (t7, 7t7, or a vowel ; as, alao. lolyjfii. Thus, from clacj is formed lalyi^t. from 0ao, rtOyjut. from S0Q9 ^tSidfii. from SeixvvQf Setxvvfzc. Verbs in ^c have but three tenses of that form, the present, imperfect, and second aorist. They take the other tenses from verbs in o, from which they are derived. Many want the reduplication, particularly all verbs in v^t ; which want, likewise, the second aoristt and the optative and subjunctive moods. 1. The Poets and Colics change many contract verbs in- to verbs in f*.i, but without the reduplication ; as, ytK0C6f, yly,y^f/.t. cpxctf, opyif^t. Sometimes they repeat the initial letters ; as, aXoccd^ In the Ionic and Bceotic dialects, the reduplication is made by e ; as, eT%(jLt^ TeBvfAt, 2. To the common reduplication, «, is sometimes added; as, TT^^-za, TFif^TsrXKy^i, The reduplication is sometimes in the middle ; as, onu^ * By rule ii. page 5. t Dissyllables in vf^t have a second aorist, but it is the same with the Imperfect. 10* 102 Verbs in f/.i, 3. Barytons sometimes become verbs in i^t< ; as, ^pi6mi j from ^H^oj, But in such instances, the verb in fjn seems to be ^ formed from a contract verb derived from the Baryton : thus, l^ptBrjf^t is from ^ptSeco, derived from (ipida. FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. Imperfect. The imperfect is formed from the present, by changing ^ii into v ; prefixing the augment, ex- cept when the verb begins with 6 ; as, tcdyjiih eti- 6yjv ; lalyjut IgIyiv, Second A ovist. The second aorist is formed from the imper- fect, by casting off the reduplication, and taking the augment ; as, ettdyjv^ eOyjv ; urlyjVt ealyjv. First Future. The first future has sometimes a reduplication ; as, rtOj^cTo). FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. Present. The present is formed from the present active, by changing 1^6 into /^a^^and shortening the penult: as, lalrj.v^ lalauat ; rLdyji.ay Ttde^ac. The following do not shorten the penult, ectji^oct, ukocx^i- last, however, sometimes shortens the penult. Imperfect. The imperfect is formed from the present, by changing pux' into uriv^ and prefixing the aug- ment, except when the verb begins with l\ as, r^- Verbs in f^i — First Conjugation, 103 Perfect, The long penult of the perfect active is short- ened in the passive ; as, &6cjxa, hho^L\ ec^iac and redeLiiac are exceptions. FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE MIDI>LE VOICE. Present and Imperfect. The present and imperfect are the same with those of the passive. Second Aorist. The second aorist is formed from the imper- fect by casting off the reduplication : as, eridefiyiVj FIRST COKJUGATIOK. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. 'lal-yjiiiy yjgj yiOl \ arov, atov j afiev^ ate^ dac* Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. lal-riV, yjg, >7 [ atov^ ar/jv \ auev. ar^, aaouv. Attic Imperfect, after the Contract forms, more in use.* Sing. Dual. Plural. ♦ Throughout the singular number, and ia the 3d person plural. 104 Verbs in fjn — First Conjugation, Perf. ealyixay PIup. etalyjzsiv, 1st A. ealyjaa. or ialaxa* or kdlaxeiv. Second Aorist* Sing. Dual Plural. 1st F. alyjao. IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more in use. Sing • Dual. Plural. ujl-ae. aero, 1 a^tov^ aetQVj \ 1 oiste, asrcycfav (X, drcj. 1 droPy drovj 1 dtBy drc^aav. I%rf, and Pluperf. ialyixe. 1st Aor. alnaov. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. olyi'diy tTg), 1 tovy tQVf I re, tQGav. OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. lalai'Yiv^ yjg^ yj j Tilov, yfl'/iv \ yj^ev, yfls, yjaav & ev. Perf. and Pliip. ialrixoifiL. 1st Aor, Glyiaaif.a. * The third person plural is often*syncopated ; as, fcCstv for sC«'tri/, &c. in the second person Verbs in fjLt — First Conjugation, 105^ >k Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. alai'YiVj Yi^i 71 I ypjovj yflyjp, \ yjfi^v^ ypSf yjcav & sv- 1st Fut. GlyjaoifiL. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. lal'Q, d$,* a, I arov, drov^ \ dfiev^ drsj oat. Perf. and Pliip. eGlrjxo). 1st Aor. (77>7(T(j. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. ^ Plural. ol'dy Tig, ^ I ntoVf rlroVf \ uusv, nre^ ijai. INFINITIVE. Pres. and Imp. lalavat- Perf. and Plup. ialyixs- [im.. First Aor. alyicrac Second Aor. olnvau •First Fut. clTiaeLv. PARTICIPLES. „ Present and Imperf. lal-ag^ dcra, «r. Perfect anij piup. ialyixog. 1st A. alyjaag. 2d A. a7-ag, acra, \ir, 1st Fut. gT/jGov. bYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. 1 Indie Imp. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. Present 'i^h/ut Imper. j Wlnv \ 'ta-lctSl {(rletlHV Is-lZ i»v (j-lhdt (rJoLtnv ' ^ S'"^' I — V'^^ — lOS Verbs in fjn — First Conjugation, PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. "** Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. lala-fiaif aai^lai \ [ledovj adoVf adov | fieday aOe, vlat* Ik Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. lola-[iY}Vy (To,t 7o I i-tedovy adov, odyjv | /.leOa, aQe, vJo. Perf. ialaf/ai. PI up. ialafiyjv. 1st A. Ealadyji'* 1st Fut, aladyjaoiiai. Paulo-post F. ealaaofiat. IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect Sing. * Dual. Plural. hla-aojX o'06) I cOov, adov \ crfe, aOcdaav. Perf. and Plup. IcrJoco. IstAor. alaOyfJi, OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. hylai'fiyjVj o, To, | iieOov, aOov, adr^v \ ^i^Oa, (T0£, vlo, Perf. and Piup. ialatf^iYiv. 1st Aor. alaOeiyjv. 1st Fut. oladrjooifiyjv. Paulo-p. F. i(ylouyoi[x,yjp. ♦ The Ionics take away the o- in the second person, and the Attics contract the syllables ; as, ^ T> A ^ Ion. 'iTlsteti, riQioLl. Present, ^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^g^^ T r. . Hon. W7ato, «t;6?o, t^iS'cc, Imperfect, J ^^^^ -^^^^^^ ^^^g^^ ^^^-^^ t See preceding Note. if The Ionics take away the o- ; and the Attics contract the syllable? : a;«, 'io-luOj %olk); riQiOy Ti9« ; itSoo, StSa, Verbs in f^ — First Conjugation* 107 SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Perfect and Pluperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. ^d'Qiiaif fi9 nlat \ ufieOov, r,a6ov, rjadov \ DfieOaj rssQe, or as some think, [ovlai^ sal-ofiaLy a, dJat, &c. 1st Aor. alaSu. INFINITIVE. Pres. and Imperf, lalaadai. Terf. and Pluperf. ialdadau 1st A. aladripaL. 1st F. GladyjoeadaL. Paulo-post F. iolaxjEodaL. PARTICIPLES. Pres and Imperf. lolauerog. Perf. and Plu- perf. bcrJa^vog. 1st A. aladeig, 1st F. olaQYiao^B- vos> Paulo-post F. ialaao^cevog. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. Indie. Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Paulo-p. F. 1st Aorist hrlst/unv l&late-ojuett 1st Future (rletSna-Ofxstl Imper. Opt. \crlct IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 1st Aor. olriaaif alyjaaodu, &c. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. ala-60f 060 I adoVf adov \ ade^ cdcdaoLV. OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 1st Aor. Glyjaat^iyjVf Glyjaaio, &c. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. « Plural. alac-iiYiVj 0, ro | iiedcn^, odov, aOyjv \ iieda, oOe, vlo. SUBjriS'CTIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 1st A. ay/jGG)[iat, GlyjGyjy &c. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. aJ-o^at, a, drat | ofiedov, dGdov^ aGdov \ OfieOa, dade^ Verbs in ut — Second Conjugation, 109 INFINITIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 1st A or, alyjaaadai. 2d Aor. alaadai. 1st Fut. alriaeadai. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 1st Aor. alrjGaiievog. 2d Aor. alaiievog. 1st Fut. Glyjaofievog. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE. Indie. Imp. Optat. | Subj. Infin. | Part. Present Iroper. 2d Aori?t 1st Fut. IstAonst 'nrlot/usLt ffli;0-o/U(.ett ta-lne-oL/unv 7g, yiai \ srov^ stov \ e^Vj bUb, elct. Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural, ♦ iirt^iTuf is sometimes syncopated ; as^^T/Q^v. 11 no Verhs in fjLt — Second Conjugation, Attic Imperfect, after the Contract forms, more ill use.* Sing. Ducil. Plural. fT'tO-eor, Si^, £€$5 Htc, B£, el I I end'Sov^Sv* Perf. redyjxa. Plup. eredyjxELV. , 1st A. £dy]xa. Second Aorist.t Sing. Dual. Plural. ed-yiPj ed'yjgy ed-yj | elov, elyjv j £[i£Vf elsy eaav. 1st Fut. Qr,aQ. IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. < Plural. Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more in use. Sing. Dual. Plural. tS-BBy I BSto,^e£roVy elf I Bito^Welrov, ££roV,\\£Bt£y £lr(dv,\\£ir£9 £eriiaa/v. £LtiJGaV, Perf. and Plup. t£dy]X£. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. * See 'Note, page 103. t See first Note, page 104. :j: For TiSsQ/, by reason of the preceding S. See Rule ii. page 5. ^ All verbs in /"/, from primifives in «w, are irregular in this tense, re- taining the short vowel, and substituting c for the syllable 6t ; as, s?, Verbs in fJn-^Second Conjugation, 111 OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. ^iSet'YiVj y^gj yj \ yjlov^ yflyjv \ y;[ievj rile, yjoav^ and ev. Perf. and PIiip. rEdrjxoiixi. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual Plural. Q€L'yjv^ yjgj yj \ yjloVj yflYjv \ ri^iev^ yfle^ yjaavy and ev. Is Fut. dyjaoiiit. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. nd'Of Yig, Yi 1 ntov, nrov \ ufxev^ nte, oau Perf. and Plup. redyjxco. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. INFINITIVE. Pres. and Imperf. ridevat. Perf. and Pluperf. reOyjxevat, 2d Aor. delvai.^ 1st Fut. Brfleiv. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperf. Tr^O-f t$, elaa, ev. Perf. and Pluperf. teOyjxcdg. Second Aorist, d-eig, etcra, ev^ First Future, driGcdv. * V^erbs from primitives in mo change the short vowel into a diph- thong in this tense. 112 Verbs in fAi — Second Conjugation. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE. Pres. Imper. Perf. Plup. 1st Ao.leOijKet 2d Ao. f^jjy 1st F. \6>}(rAf Indie. I Imp. Opt ^55 Subj. Infin. I Part. redijfcsvoii rt&£ig PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. nde-ixaif crat,*7at | fiedov, adov, odov \ fieday afe, viae. Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. etSe'iiYiv, GO* "to I (J-sdov^ adov, adriv \ [isda, (T^g, vh. Perf. reOsiiiai. Plup. etedeijiriv. 1st Aor. eteSyjv 1st Fut. redyjaoiiaL. Paulo-post Fut. redeKyoiiau IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect Sing. Dual. Plural. tiQe-aoif oBcd \ odov, adcyv \ ade^ adoaav. Perf. and Plup. teOem. 1st Aor. redrflc * See firet Note, page 106. t See last Note, page 106. Ferbs in fju — Second Conjugation, 1 13 OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Du.il. Plural. tLdei-u'/iv, o, tOy I i^eOoVy aOov, adyjv \ f-isOaf oQe, vto. Perfect and Pluperfect. red-eif^yjv, do, slro \ eL[isdoVf eiadov^ ecadirv \ euieOa [e'Lodsy elvro. 1st Aor. redfir.v. IsiFut. reOyjaoi^tyiv* Paulo-post Fut. teQuiaoiur^v. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. Perfect and Pluperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. reO-uuat, vj, nrat \ cdiieOovy rladov, r^aOov \ o^eda, naQsy First Aorist, tedo^ 're%, &:c. INFINITIVE. Present and Imperfect, mOFoBai. Perfect and Pluperfect tsOdaOai. 1st Aor. teOraui. 1st Fut. red/iaeaOac. Paulo-post Fut. reQecCEadau PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, rSenev-oq^ yjy ov. Perfect and Pluperfect, redetuevog. 1st Aor. redstg. 1st Fut. redyiaoiievog. Paulo-post Fut. redeicouevog. 11* 114 Verbs in fit — Tliird Conjugation, SYNOPSIS OF THE xMOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. Indie. I Imp. f Opt. Subj. , Infin. j Part Pres Imp erf. Perfect Piup. Paulo. 1st Ao. 1st Put T£$ei(ro r£&9)Tt rt6£tf^rjV T£Q£ir,V r£$ai!^uifr£$£'i(r$a.t r£&cS r£&rvc&t rt6£fA,£Vog red£i^syog Te&eto-oy.£vog r£&£i);^a, Pliip. eSeScdxetv. Plural. 1st Aor. sScdxa. Second Aorist.t Sing. Dual. Plural. eS'OVf £§-6)$, eS'Cd I otov^ ot/jv \ oi.isv, ote, oaav. First Fut. Smq. IMPERATIVE. Sing. Dual. Plural. Pres. and Imperf. | 8180-61, to \ rovy^tov \ ^e, tocav. Attic Present, after the Contract forms, more in use. StS'OS 6, Sing. oet(o,\ Plural. iftQ. oste. ostQrsav, Dual. \0£r0V, 1 OStQV, j irovf I Sruv, Perfect and Pluperfect, SsScdxs. Sing, Dual. Plural. Second Aor. | So-g,t tto, | tov^ tcdv \ te, t(^aav. ♦ See Note, page 103. t See first Note, page 104. iftTo? is irregular for cToQ/. This verb is itself irregular throughout, in this tenge, using o for a. Verbs in fit, — Third Conjugation, 117 OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. Perf. and Plup. Sehuxoi^t. ^ e frtl fit i ^ Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural, f^.Oi'yjVy yjg^ yj \ yjrov, yjtyiv \ y;fieVf "/ite^ yjcyav & er. 1st Fut. Suaoifjii. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural Perfect and Pluperf. SeSoxu. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. S'COf oigj 9 I orovy orov | ofisv^ ortef Mu t INFINITIVE. Present and Imperfect, hthovau Perfect and Pluperf hhoxp.vai. 2d Aor. Sfivau* 1st Fut. hc^eiv. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, hi^-nc^ Sera, ov. Perfect and Pluperfect, &5G}%)g. Second Aorist, 5-»g, 9cra, ov. First Future, hoa^jv. * h^ufAt only has a diphthong in this tense. 118 Verbs in fxi — Third Conjugation, SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE ACTIVI VOICE. Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect 1st Aorist 2d Aorist 1st Future Indie, jimper. MdKA (Tec Opt. Subj, SiJ'aiKai) Infin. iovveit Part. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. SiSo-fiaiy aatf^ T'at | (ledoVf odovy aSov \ ^eda^ crfc, vlat Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. ehiho'^Ylv^ ooy^ ro \ fiedov^ oOovy adyjv \ fieOa, oOcf vlo Perf. ^sSouac. Plnperf. eSeSofiriV. 1st Aor. eSoOyjv. 1st Fiit. Sodyjaoiiai. Paulo-post Fut. SsSoaoiiai. IMPEATIVE. Present and Imperfect* Sing. Dual. Plural. StSo-crojt 060 I adoVf adov | cde^ aOoaav. Perf. and Plup. 8eSoao. 1st Aor. Sodriri. OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. StSoc'^yjv, 0, to I litedovy aOoVy oQyiv \ fieday cde, vlo. ♦ See first Note page 106. t See last Note, page 106. J^erbs m y.i. — Third Conjugation. iiy Perfect and Pluperfect, Sing. Dnal. Plural. SsS'OLfiviVj oloj otro I oifiedovj oiaOoVf oladyjv \ oifieOa. [oujOej oivlo. First Aor. Sodstnv. First Fut. hodnaoL^Yiv. Paulo-post Fut. hehoaoL^Yiv. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect. Sing Dual. Plural. M'O^uaif o, QTat I uuedovj oaOov, oadov \ of^eOa, oaOsy Perfect and Pluperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural, [covlat* First Aorist, So^cj. INFINITIVE. Present and Imperfect, SlSog^c. Perfect and Pluperfect, SeSoa^i. 1st Aor. So^^vai. 1st Fut. So.^yjaea^L, Paulo-post Fut. SeSoaea^i. PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, StSoiiev-ogy yj, ov. Perfect and Pluperfect, 8eSou£Pog. 1st Aor. So^eig. 1st Fut. So^aouEvog. Paulo-post Fut. S^Soao^evog* SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. Indie. I Imp. 1 Opt. [ Subj. Infin. Part. Pres. Imp. Perf. Pinp. PdU. l3t Ao. ?/oS«y J^a(«T/ Ist Fa-MNrojU^ti ^ (fiS'sfAivoe Iff i:zKj y eras in fill — j.mra conjugation* MIDDLE VOICE. Present and ) Imperfect, j^^^ INDICATIVE MOOD. in the Passive. First Aorist, sSoxafiyjVj sSqxOj &c. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. eSo'fiyjVf ao,* to \ [ledov^ adov^ odyjv | fteOa, crfc, vlo. First Flit. Soaoixat. IMPERATIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. OPTATIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. hoi-iiYiv, o, to I [isOov, adovy adriv j ^da^ ade, vlo. First Fut. h(jy(50iiiYiv. SUBJUNCTIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Plural. 2-5]uat, 6, orat j Q[i6doVf uadov, oadov \ Q^Sa, oxjOf^ • h.n. iS'oo, Att. iS^a. t Ion tToo. Att. «r». Ve7^bs m fjn — Fourth Conjugation, If I INFINITIVE. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 2d Aor. hoadai. 1st Fut. hi^eaQau PARTICIPLES. Present and Imperfect, like the Passive. 2d Aor. Souevog. 1st Fut. SuOouevog. SYNOPSIS OF THE MOODS AND TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE. J Indie. Imp. Opt. Subj. Pies. Imp. 2d Ao. £^of<*]v 1st F. ! ^(nfO'dfA.Otl 1 St Ao. I e^aKotf^v Infin. Part. FOURTH COKJUGATIOK. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. ^evyv'VfiLj vg^ vat \ vrov^ vtov | v^ev^ vre, xxTu Imperfect. Sin7/w(, to say ; xeiixai^ \o lie down. CLASS I. 1. eiiii, to be, INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Sing. Dual. Plural. ei[ii9 fc$, or St, edit \ ealov, ealov | eai^evy eals, etai. Imperfect Sing. Dual. Plural. 37^5 >7$>57r>?^? Att.j j yjrovyr^tyjv \ yj^isv.yjre^r.aav. Pluperfect. Sing. Dual. Plural. yjuriV, yjao, yjro | yjfiedov, riodov, yjadyjv \ r.^ie^a, yjaOe, [yjvIo. 3 24 Irregular Verbs in f^t. Future. Sing. Dual. Plural. ea'Of.iah'(i, elaLj(B^ai) \ ofieOov^ eodov, saOov | ofisda^ [eodey ovlat, IMPERATIVE. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. ladi, eadiy or ecroj ecrJcj | ealov^ sgIqv | eals^ealoaav. OPTATIVE. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. G^yjVf ft>y$, etyj j eiyjloVy siyjlyjv \ eiyifievy eiyjlef etyiCav^ Future. Sing. Dual. Plural. raoL'^yiVy eaoi'O^ egol-Io | ^edovy adov^ adyjv | iisda^ aOsy [v7o. SUBJUNCTIVE. Sing. Dual. f Plural, Present, o), rig^ ri \ yjtov, yjrov fotieVf or^ , Ml. Future. Sing. Dual. Plural. [ovlat. INFINITIVE. Present, sivau Future eaeadau PARTICIPLES. Present, qv^ acra, ov. Future, eaoiievog, 2. Eci^Ly to go. Irregular Verbs in fA,u 125 INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. ^iliif eig or ei, etCi \ trov, trov \ mv, cre^ etaty or kJc. Imperfect. £tVf e6g, €t I iTov, Ltriv \ ixLev utSy taav. Pluperfect. aX'SLVj etg, el \ eutov^ etryiv \ eiuev^ eutSj eix^av* Second Aorist. ioVf tegy t£ I isrov. leryjv \ uofieVf tetSf lov, IMPERATIVE. Present, i^t,, or ei tro | trov, vt(Siv \ tue^ I'toaav. Second Aorist. OPTATIVE. Second Aorist. toiiu, torg, tot, | LoutoVy Lotryiv \ tot^eVf voute^ lolsv. SUBJUNCTIVE. Second Aorist. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. gti^at or cvac. 2(1 Aor. iiiVf t«cra, ioi\ Middle Voice, — indicative mood. Perfect. Sing. Dual. Plural, fia, Etac, et8 \ eiarov^ eiwvov \ eiauevy ecats^ eiMu 12* ^2o Irregular Verbs in (^i, Phiperfect.*^ I * or Yiuevy rfte^ riaav, 1st A or. euyaiiyjv. 1st Fut. aaafiar. 3. lyjui^ to go. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plur. iyj[iij tyjgy tyjat \ isrov^ isrov | loi^evy terte^ mat. Imperfect. I • I — — leaav. OITATIVE. Present. I^IYI I I INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Present, iBvai. Present, tetg, uevi^og. Middle Voice. — indicative mood. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. le-fiat, aaiy tat \ [leOoVf adovy odov \ /ueOa, afc, viae. Imperfect. le-firtV, aoy to I fiedoVf adov, odyjv \ fieOay ads, vro. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE. Present, tJeao, ceadQ. Present, i^^ev^-og^ 97, or. CLASS II. 1. "lyyut, to send, has scarcely any irregularities, but it is declined like rtdrjut. It will be sufficient to give the first person of each tense. ♦ Imperfect, among the Attics. Irregular Verbs in (m. 12? Active Voice — indicative mood. Present, Irniu Imperfect, hnv. Perfect, kxa. Pluperfect, kx^v. 1st Aor. iQ;ca. 2d Aor. liV. 1st Fut. ^cro, IMPERATIVE. Pres. and Imp. hOt. Perf. and Pliip. uxc, 1st Aor. rixov. 2d Aor. eg, OPTATIVE. Pres. and Imp. leiYiv. Perf and PI up. iixoLut. 2d Aor. iir^v. 1st Fut. i]crotf^^ ' SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. and Imp. h, Perf. and PI up. hkq. 2d Aor. V. INFINITIVE. Pres. and Imp. Uvai. Perf. and Plup. kxevai, 2d Aor. iivat. 1st Fut. ^^aai^. PARTICIPLES. Pres. and Imp. leig. Perf. and Plup. iixog. 2d Aor. kg. 1st Fut. ?;(TLjr. Passive Voice, — indicatiae mood. Present, huac. Imperfect, ^a>?v. Perfect, kltat. Pluperfect, kurjp. 1st Aor. iOrv^ (kdviv) 1st Fut. eOriao^iau Paulo-post Fut. kaoiiau imperative. Pres and Imp. Uco^ (h.) Perf. and Plu. k7i/. 1st Fut. ^aoi^nv. SUBJUNCTIVE. 2cl Aor. Vf^at. INFINITIVE. 2d Aor. taQai. 1st Fut. {\asadai. i Irregular Verbs in jbLi, 129 PARTICIPLES. 2d Aor. ifievog. 1st Fut. icofisvog, 2. 'H//OU, to sit. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. Yiiiaty riOaLy J^rat | /jf^e^r, io^op, Ip^v \ (i^3a, ?]cr3e, Imperfect. Yiiir^v, {jcTo, JjTo I Yil^dovy ^y;adoVj ^cQyiv \ 'yjfiEQa^ 'r,aQe, IMPERATIVE. Present. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE. Pres. ^rja^L. Pres. 'yjixev-og, >7, or. S. iiiiai, to put on. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present and Perfect. ii(iai9 i^yoLtj hratj I — kvT'ai. & icalat I Pluperfect. BLflYlV^ €t(TOj & iCGO eiloj icalOf halo & iolo I biVtO First Aorist. SL(Ta[j.yjVy iaaafiyjVj 130 Irregular Verbs in fit. PARTICIPLES. Present and Perfect, itfisvog. First Aorist, iaoaueveg. CLASS III. 1. K£L[iai9 to lie down. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. xei-iiouy aaif lai \ fxe^ov^ a'^v^ a'^ov \ /ue^a, cr^f, vlau Imperfect. £)C£L'fiyjVj aoy TO I [xe^ov, a^Vf a^yjv | fie3a, cr^^, vlo. First Future. x£Ky'0[iaiy % etat | | IMPERATIVE. Present. 9ceL(yoj xeuy^ \ xeiO^v^ xsta^cdv \ k eca^s, xeta^aav, OPTATIVE Present X60i-[iyjVy Oj'to \ I — — SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. First Aorist. xsKJCdi^ai^ — I I INPINITIVE. PARTICIPLE* Pres. x6lo^l.. Pres. xciiiev-oc,, rj^ ov. Irregular Verbs itifu. 131 2. hrjfit, to know. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Du.il. Plural or rov^ i:ov or (j,ei^ Imperfect. bd-r^Vj Yig^ yj \ arjVf aTr^v | a^ev^ ate, aaav & av. IMPERATIVE. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural. 4(T-a0t &L Ol, alio I alov & lop, alcov ale & 7^, alucfav, &; 7u I &?tji'. 7c*xTai & 7ui^. NFINITIVE PARTICIPLE. Pres. Loavau Prcs. tca-g^Ga-v* Middle Voice^ — iNf)iCATivE mood. Present. Sing Dual. Plural. tcra-^at, cat, rat | /u^S^r, a3or, a^v I /i/f^, a^f , ^'7at. Imperfect. iCa-fiyjVj aoy ro | fie^Vf a^v^ o^v \ ff^Sa, a^e, vlo. INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Pres. LGo/j^t. Pres. taane-vog, yjy ov. 3. ^yjui^ to say. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. Sing. Dual. Plural, ^//f, (^rig, (pyjCi \ ^atov^ (parov \ ^[tev^ cpare^ ^acri.* * B ;:■' present and imperfect tenses the P is frequently dropped by Homer, and Attic writers ; thus, tj/xi t^c^ ti7a(ji^, 1st Aor, ^yjooLg. Irregular Verbs* 13*^ Passive Voice, INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. Perfect, Tte^arat. Tiecpao^u. INriNITlVE. PARTICIPLE. Perfect, TtecpM^i. 7te^cr^ev-og, >;, ov. Middle Voice— INDICATIVE mood. Second Aorist. Sing. Dual. Pinral. €(pa-UYiv^aojlo \ a[iedoVyaadov,(xxj6yjv \ aii£OajaaOe,vlo, IMPERATIVE. Present. INFINITIVE. Present, jvufMV & i)Xexfir,y by SynCOpe. tfcAg»7ioMy ocAa/C-o;, ciXujTouMi, '^c6i v^^iOfKoc, ri>.afjLcti» ufA^upTeeo juu.it prytTCD, u/i<.xpT9}, upstrcoi upecouxt, yipe^u^ Vjpscraf^Tiv , rjpsG-Oi^v, '^vatyx, UpSTKOi}^ * ct>», to irert.V, conjugated with the Djgamma, F^t^a, forms sFat|«, feF«t;v^at, sFat^/Cv. But as the Digamma is seldom expressed in writing, 1!h words will be «£«§*, «*;)(;.*, 5£t)^ov. t This seems to be put for €F«tJk. That wcTa had the Digamma ap" pears trom iCxJ^ij Odyss, XVI. 28. Irregular Verbs. 135 I (iiQiiCLsct, Qe^ocu, 2d F. ^uf^cci. I ^iQxco, Part Pres. ^i^av. . i3;^jj/u./, 2d A. f^rv,Part. Pres. P;«rt^. |3A;;jtu, f/3A3j»7 2d A. Opt. M. /3A£io. ^XcCTJiOfy toAaC'7»5f7"6/, iZ?\ctcrlnK. l2t>fT£jy (ieQii;KcCy /ZovXeM, (iovX9]TofM.i, fie^ovXvf^uct, e^ov>^,6r,v. C spotty /3/>6xrhna. yu(A,iMy ytyoLfJUiifJLet' y cyxftiiBijv, ysyccfuijKU, \ ynpc^»>> yvpUG-Afy eyrpuG-Xy yeyt}pXK'(, \ ynpr^f^. h\t\ Pr. yrpxvxiy Part, yrptt^* yin&! , ytviio-i/xui, eyevzo-xu-Kv, yeyer^fud: £yBvou.y,v, ytyovx. (y^V/iC'/^v. yetvi-Jf (yetfxy^r.v. yxu. yeyxx. yvou. yvMTof, yvuFcfAxi, eyvuxu. cyvA>c'/^xt^ yvAfs-&r,G-ofA.Xi* fyvtyr^jrv, yvftifti, eyjiov. axiio^ ^xy^fra^ cxviCof^xi^ ^io'x^y.x, e^xr^v^ dit\u. . * The ancient Greeks and old Attics wrote ytyvcf-isit ar.J ytyvoca-Kui : itheraore modern writers softened those words into yivoy.nt and yivu{A.y,v y Syn. £^oetf^'A^. avvrjTofA.ttty f^vv9io'eein.'>tv, ^f^Wjjiittfei, £$'vyii$n9. ^vToj^ ^u^ofA.cci'i h^vy^^ h^vcTf^Ut. £^VV. h^:^ccxc^, ) h^pci^a, I , Po.Ax,r.., (. ""'"' d£do>ci}Ka, J ' *'* f £hu^ e^jjxflt, f^£r^3jv, £^7;^ct, siTMy f ffJfo;, £t^r,crui £l^Woty f/^»jxa, Plup. TihiV. et^ov, t^ov, ^ £i^93f>L^, Pr. Opt. £ihtt}v. Inf. £iS'svut. £tpa^ { £p£6f, £pv^rofA.9Cly etpijKOt^ £lp7jfA.Ul') £lpi]6i}V, pYthfTOfAUt^ SpotJLOtly \ £tp£6)y £tp7}0-of^X(. £fpa), £f>p£a^ eppy^^i^-, iippvjo-x. £pudcicivej, ipv6£M, £pv$v}. * The origin of this verb is saoj. Hence three forms are derived ; the Boeotic, «AJt»; the ^olic, sActya; and the Doric, skavvw, i In this tense i=uTfli^xt, vjXsvTot,^ 5jAi/^«y, Syn. ;jA^<5Vj Peri, see last page. f^x(, euO£&i]V, evpe&'/jfrof^^t^ eupov, eCpof^.v, ^yj^'^^'i o'X^'^^M^^y s^x^/y-x, i'^X/^f^cci-i etr^s^KVi 2d A. Imper. o-xei' H. Hc6C5"x«y, rj^acaj r^^rjCii;, Tjcr.Coc^ti^rtKOt. ^OpVVCe), 0. h?^£a, e£X/iTa^ £$£X7)roC, T£9£>0JKCC. O^OiUy t'.Qvr.KU.., TtC'VCtX^ TsSv-lKnC &- TihilX. ^V«, f^aevOV, 2d F. M. $0CV6fJLX,i, rc9vi;K3J^ T£9vr.^6i, r£6y7i^oti,at, r£$vr,;v« 13* 138 Irregular Verbs, [ 'iXyif^i , x,spuv xepocvvvf^i xipviJM-i f xepsca, C iCpXOf, >CXpKCCtp<'\ Kipoonvu^ xexep^xx.^, XlXOiVOf, iXetOi, Pr. M. Ixoif^ai. K. xepoiG-M^ £K£potTct, stii ficco'ociiiijv , x£OccT0r,a-ou,xt. Xpoi(r6f,XSXpXKX, XEKpxpCXt, eXpOC&iiV XpX^ijiTC- f^xt. xsplijerui^ x£ poy.TOf^xi ^ ixsp^ij(.t, y^psfA.ocnsoci)^ •rtpi^^yyvfjLt^ xrev6)^ ayJTuxu^ y.vXiv^co, xXr^76f, Perf. M. xexXTjysc. xXxteof^ xXxiy^Tco* xXvf4,i, Imper. xXvdi & xexXvdi. * xope(»), xopecr&f sxnoerx^ ex6pi(raiu,7}v, xexcp-^xu, xexo- I pyjfJLXl' 6X0D£T&yiv. ' xpefA.xcO'j xpef^xr xDeptt}/LLt , xpepcxf^xt . r xTJjjM./, sxTy,v, 2d A. M. txTuitA.yjV, Inf. XTcLO-dxtf f Part. xrxf^ivoS' I xjuXi&f, xvXi^ca, ' xvXiVGea^ KvXi)i07)a-6). Ax*//;5-a;, XtjG-of^coci , MXWfA.xt^ /tuAfO/, IJuXXiOiy M. l^u.$i}croiLc»t , £f^ct6930'x[j(.i!y, f^s^t»6yjKU, £/:4,»B-oy. |t4i5C;i:i>j<«<'ii, f^fd.' vtjf^aty £fiLyvi »^f^, O^f C-a; & 0^7)TCJ, u^sccc. ot^octvM, i > of^fo;, 0lOViT6J. UOY^roL UO Y.&L. > Ot£COy otijToy^eci Ctjvjfjuct eur^T^v, tt^oy^cit olX-K-^ofAMt. a;;^J?«flC, ^X^^f^^y %<\k oj^oyr.v tt'^ay^ce, , * This verb is chieily used as an Ijjjpersonal. 140 Irregular Verbs, oWVM . > e>ilT9£6f, cjXltr6i)Tot aXtT^tjKci. c^XlTddt 6>?itG-67iV. 0f^9»y cXscra, aXe<:-cc^ oiXiKX <>.i:T$yjv atXev^ i.0ov, 7rev06fy Perf. M. TTeTTov^et & 'xsTToTBet, yreptccJ* Syn. yrpxaf^ Trpoto-af^ TreTrpXKu^ 7r£7rpu,U'^fy :ir£Tpx(r6fA/ict) eTrpxB^it, 7rpx^y}(r6fA^i, TTsTTTu^ TTc-^&i, e7r£'4^a, 7r£7r=.U.,tOCl, £K£(p6'y. TZiTxra^ £'X£rxToL^ TreTTertftXflt & '7T£7e'ray.a.^ 7r£7rrxTfA.xi\ £7r£7rrx7&^, ^y^l^y, fTTj^l^, £7rTn^u,f^yp) , TrsTsrr.Xx^ £7raz^rv, £'7rxyYj\^ wxyYirou-ziy 7fr£7rriyx. TTCOTCO 7r£7rUi('X^ TTcTrmtLXl & ttbtoumi, £7ro&r^v PreS. M. TTtOl^tOCt^ TriTof^Xl^ STTiOV, 2(3 F . M. Imp. TrtBi. £7r£a'x, £7re(rxu7]v, sTre^ov, 2d ]P, M. tts- C^fA,Xt» * Ilepitci', to pass Irrto another country ; -mpv-ia)^ &c. to pass for the purpose of selling ; 'Troistucti^ in the Middle Voice, to buy a person, or t^iJD^, brought from another country. irregular verbs. ^Tccpvvftect, ^Tcilpci, iTTTacpov, ^vy6otioiJLui, Tsvio), 7revc-of4.xti ^e?rv(rfMi, e7rv0A^tiV, ^v6^fMt, peof, pofyvv^fy pavvvf^tj ipya. 1 hy^y P. Att. tp^a^, fpl^j, Perf. M. upyoc^ pvr,(ra>y pvr^rofiect^ iopvfix,ec epovi^v, p>}lo^, epDV^oCi epc7!^uf4,i^v , tppnyecin epfayu^ tp- pstyrjv, pocyvo-o/Axt* pUTAfy eppOfO-X, eppUKU, ipptttptXi^ (pp6tdi}V, CxPlflfd;, 1st A. iO-K7J?iX^ €CKXyiy.u. TK^yj/Ut^ Pr. Inf. O-K^f^vett. Sk S'ccv ' i o-Kt^xo), s 9poa, Z^TpMVyVjKl, y ' TiTgy.TKXi ) S-opiG-ofy e^opea-eCy £?-op£0-ccf^r^v. S'pevG-a)^ e^pofTcc, (9pMTccu>r^yy erpapcect. See £X(^' T. rf^ryu), rf^yj^a' rsrfMjicx, T£rf/j)}/^xi ^ erpttjBry, erpcotyov, * rit/.va) and tauvu a're both found ; the fornoer derived from rs^.a; the latter, from rufxu^ Hence the 2d Aorist is either sTeuo? or sT-ti«9v. rtrpxciy } rpocuij rpriTuiy erpr^rcc, rerpinfAM.iy erpt^6rjv. rtrprif/.ty ^ rtrpcctvM, 1st A. ertrpTjvoc. rirpoiCKMy rpouiy r^wcrw, rptnTof^uiy eTpuiCcc, rerpuijuLtU^ erpu- BujVy rpui^TiTajLLxu ^P^^^i ) ^pSf^M, e^petfJLOy, 2d F. M. ^pXfMfJLXty h^p6f^0S., irpuyovy \ ^'^y*^* (pctr/e>y.u,ty 2d F. (pjcyouH-^t, tpctyov. C rv^euy rvxrio-uiy trvy;riToL^ nrv^rKse,. 'Fvy^ttyi^^ / TBv^uiy Tsv^oftat^ TfTgt;%iy fri, (p6i-G-uiy (pStcOfuLecf y e^iiG-cAy e^p&tKUy t^Qipia^i. £y/- \ A , IMPERSONAL VERBS. The following are the Impersonal Verbs most in use. 1 . 0{ the Active form : AftjKSt, x-xdr^Ket^ TTpocrr.y.et, it beCOmes. , Imperf. ccvijite, K^f^^Ki, 7rpoTr,y.£. Partic. ccvyiko))^ r.ct6r,Koi^ TpoG'ijKov, Aorr/^h it is useful. A/>jj/>?, it is deti?! mined. A fl>;c-)t£<, it pleases. Imperf. 7}p£crx.i, Fiit. tcperet. A/3JC5/, it sufficeth. Imperf. zpKei, Fut. upKscet, As/, it is necessary. Imperf. £<}"£<. Fut. ^etio-et. 1st Aor. ef^e^j^-f. Optat. ^eot. Subj. ^rp, Infin. i'etv. Partic. ^eo*, it bein^- necessary. ^ici^e. Fut. fieXr^cei, Perf. ft€- y.^?iYlKe or f44f^t}?i£. Imperat. fA^iXera. Pass. f^^Xsrcct. Perf. fJL.£f4.SX7iT0tl, MeTccf^sXei, it repenteth. Fut. f^eruf^eXTiTet. Cxpet^t, it ought. Imperf. or 2d Aor. AJ^fAf. npeTTst, it becomes. Imperf. eTrpe're. Particip. TrsiTrov, Xvf^^^^-tvet, it happens. Perf. o-vf^Qe^y^Ke, Fut. trvu.^ro'u^ and trvfjL^r.Q-tTcci* 2d Aor. crvve^7}y Partic. crvf^^utvov, ct;^^g^jj«(!>5, :Lvfjup€pth it conduces. Imperf. crvv£(pepe. Fut. o-umo-n. Par- tic. (TVfAjpepcv. *T5r<»^;^e/, it happens, it is necessary, Imperf, yTrjjp;^^^. 1st Aor. vTTiipj^e, Fut. iJTTocp^it. Partic. tJTrupx^v. C)/>e/,itis wont. Imperf. £^ it is sufficient. Imperf. ccTrsxpt], kc, II. Of the Passive and Middle form : 'Af^cteruverctt, there is sin committed. Af^sXeiTui, it is not regarded. 'RtQiutToti^ life is ended. Aehicrcci, it is decided. Eyvtoc-7ct/ it is known. Etfucprui, it is decreed. EpvriTon, it is said. EvJ'f;^if7«<, it happens. Eo/xf, it becomes. ETTepxsrui, it occurs. Hx^c/fic/, itis heard. AfygT<«/, it is said. A£/;riT«<, it remains. NojM-<^«Ta5/, it is established. n^^r^A^r^i, it is decreed. ON ADVERBS. Adverbs may be considered in respect lo their meaning derivation and comparison. As to their meaning, they may b( ©onveniently distributed into the following classes. I. Those of Place, which sigmf3% 1. Rest in a place, and answer the question th where Adverbs. H6 The greater part of these end in ^/, n, «, «;, 0/ ; as, uypcGiy in the field ; uyx^*^ tyyv&i, near ; ojA^io^/, elsewhere ; uvroh^ there ; A^'iiyr.a-t, at Athens ; fJL-r^otfLH, cvouf^a, no where 5 o9r«, oTDj, where ; Ts-avrax^i -sruvretx^, ts-uvtxxoi, every where ; fv- ^e/, evTCi, eco) within ; t|;, by another way ; tv 6etu , by a straight way ; o-^yi^epxv, r.>.y^Kt^^ often ; «y^'$, again ; «^^|, once ; /3<$, twice ; rp;$, thrice, &c. III. Adverbs of Quantity, which comprise, * V of the accusative is dropped br^fore «", hy rule iv. ppic^e 5. etypio-i for nypoycTi. When ^i beinq; a.-mcxe*.^- foiV \vs 5-, the o-^h changed into f, from the similarity of sound , a?, ASwvit^* for a^avsta-h ; Gvpct^i for Gt/- 14 HS Mverbs. 1. Those of quantity ; as, c«va;$, enough ; (iu^isif'^f deep ; evpea^, broad ; f^Koag by far ; ttoAv, much, greatly, &c. 2. Intensitives. uyuv, xncv, (a^xol^ (r(po^px, zrccw^ very much. c»*r«vA»5, iT^vfiM^ greatly. Diminutives, o-^e^ov, uo-et, f4.cyav, ii,f4,iKpov, /M.}, being properly datives of the first declension. ^toc, by force ; Tsrocppijo-iu^ freely ; /J/a, sepa- rately ; xotv'v^, commonly ; ^ip^ri, doubly ; '>i, which way, whence, in what manner, where- fore ; whose ordinary correlatives are ruvrp, (referring to eJcu,) this way, that way, thus,&c. without iota subscript J f/>i»j, rarely. aofflt, for uapta, out of season ; wtuifJLuri^ without blood. ct^siii atheistically. oM^6vfjL(thv^ with one accord. xpv^^r^v, secretly. uvktTTi^ unexpectedly. And sometimes in | ; A«|, with kicks ; u^Pt^, tenaciously, V. Adverbs denoting the manner of action ; as, 1. To exhort, as.Hure, confirm ; to show, to desire; tS'Hy to behold, ^j, ajr©/, yf, (J»j, indeed, assuredly, undoubtedly, e* , £i6e would God, that — . 2. To swear, fc*, v^, y««/, verily, certainly. 3. To deny, j^, a^i, no, no really ; from which come ar/, ah, neither, and H^uf^ag, by no means. 4. To forbid, ftj?, no, not 5 whence come f^^h and /*»;- ^xf^aq, not at all. 5. To grant, f/ev, na J'jj, well, be it so ; supposing it is so. 6. To interrogate, either in respect to place ^ Tto^i, 5ro/, Tra, '«, where ? 7ro6ev, idiv, whence ? wocrs, whither ? ^r^?, which way ? — time, ttots or '^tpuKoc, when ? — quantity^ ttotov^ how much ? Troo-xKoii , how often ? — quality, :r^$, how ? Trcrtpai^ io what manner ? 7. To doubt. TVfjLQctv, rux,», rvxov., rvy^ivoi^, perhaps. VI. Adverbs which denote Relations. 1 . Comparison. /w^AAav, more, -j^rre^, less. 2. Resemblance. :5, £;», except. To these may be added, those of correcting ; «;iA«^3j, ^jlccK- Aov (^jj, ^fvyy, 7fi«^y, but rather, &c. — those expressing the cause ; hiKoL^ because. Many adverbs belong to more than one of the classes above mentioned. Some adverbs have such an affinity, that, beginning with a -vowel, they are Indefinites ; with w, Interhogatives ; with r, Redditives. hidefinite. | Interrogative. Redditive. i which way ( means, i how far, V> WO** "^hai rea \ son, oTCy OTTOTgy ^ o^fv, oTTo^sv, whence, 0^1, where, oo-dv, how much, •lov, after what manner, ^o-uKfg, how often. when. which way . by what means ? L how far i «/, If or what ( son ? or Tat,vrY^ Tat, V ^ this way. \ by that ir>), ) means, so far, for that reo^ son. when ? TTOTS^ TToSev, whence ? ^oOt, where ? TTOTof, how much ? TTotoVy after what manner ? TToTacJct^y how often ? \Toci? , so often. then. \rore, ry}vix.cc , To^fv, thence, ro6i, there, rocrov, SO much, TotoVy after that manner. INTERJECTIONS. The Greeks include Interjections among Adverbs. 1. Of Joy. ttu, m, /^. 2. Grief. 01, of^t, af^i, Oil, ctt, as. 3. Threatening, nut, 4. Anger and Disgust. ^£», unde. oih, hue, hie. where, from whence, here, hither. ^ , qui. cl, quo, ubi. Sometimes the adverbs form these derivations from them- selves : X^^f^'^iy ;^ciMf», x^f^^y on the ground, from the ground, to the ground. Comparison of Adverbs, 1. Adverbs derived from adjectives compared, by rf^asand ToiToi, are compared by changing the o$ into ; as, fyyf$ , eyyvrspof, eyyvrcclof ; uyx*^ uyx^i «ty;^oTfPA», cc'/x^'^^^^' When the superlative of an adjective is used adverbially, the article is usually prefixed, to 7r^ei^Yi(iy extremely handsome. cvv. crv)i£Kr£\a>, to finish entirely. uTFip. uxipiA.jihoy.xt, to be stark mad. 2. These five, >ccctx, mtto, Mvrt, hci, Tretpu, either augment or 'hange the signification. cifTi, c6vr«|/of, preferable. avT/ve^/tft, breach of law. uTfa, uTToretva, to stretch. uTTojititv^itvaj to unlearn. hoi, <5^{6fcyfAa', to laugh at. hccTTiCra, to disbelieve. y^iiiTM, Kxre^Gtoj, to devour. Kxrot^povscj, to despise. T^xpa, TToLpoi^ccivu, to go bej^ond. 'procpxvof^og, a law breaker. 3. Upci sometimes augments, and sometimes diminishes. ■Trpocrn-iicTx^^i to sufler greatly ; Trpoc-uTrTtv to touch slightly. 4,'Meroer changes and diminishes. /ttfT«c^«Afjci, spi, j2pi, ^a, ^cc^ ^f$, a^, xi, vf, y^j, and ^^6 used for ha, 1 . The following prepositions augment. ecpi ; as, apiTTtJcpo^ , very bitter ; ctpi^rM^^ most illustrious. It is commonly derived from upM^ to lit, to be convenient ; or from Apy^, Mars, the god of war. spi, ept^popcoq, to roar excessively ; from epcco), to love 3 or from Ti-epiy towards. /3». (^aP^if^isca, to be very hungry ; from j3«5, an ox, because of its bigness. And for the same reason we make use also of iTrTrai j as, i7r;royv6>^6;v, one of an elevated genius ; taken from iTTTroi, a horse. ^cc, ^^:petvoi, all bloody ; from ^etcrv, densus, thick. l^cc. (^cidsoi, most divine, admirable ; from ^c6>, to be hot. ?iot. >^c6^ec\7], pelvis, a great bason ; from Xu, valde, great- ly, and ;t5c?vf^o5 for vs ccHfJLQ^, unshaken by the wind, tranquil, vm/^tcc, calmness, serenity. vii//.£prr,i , eo$,true, sincere, blameless, for V5 ftiisprr^Sy from otf^upram, to err, to sin. 152 Conjunctions, vij, vijTFtdif infaas, aa much as to say nan fans, an infant^ one that cannot speak, vj^tto/vos, impunis, unpunished. 4. N»i also augments ; as, vi};)^vro?, flowing of all sides. 5. A, signifying privation, comes from ocnv, or ccrep, sine, without ; as, aopxrcg, invisible. And sometimes it takes av after it, to avoid the concourse of vowels ; as, ccv^t^/tcfltxro^, incruentus, unbloody ; ;«y<*v^/sfl5, ef- feminate. Signifying increase of force, it comes from uyuv, valde, Bimis, vastly, excessively j as, ccrevTjq, intentus, very much bent ; <»|t;Ao5, lignosus, very woody. Implying union and collection, it comes from umm, togeth- er ; as u^expsq, brother, from JV A?ra^, either, or ; u^ts, ocvre, whether, whether. 3. Conditional, a, «v, ?;v, easy, if; sacv ft^, unless. 4. Adversative. ctAAse, but ; <5V, but ; o^*'?, yet. 3. Concessive, ei xxt^ tcxtrot, jcximv, kxv^ although ; ^», yt, indeed. 6. Casual, yap, for ; ert, because ; an, if indeed ; tTst^ sTTii^iji eTTsi^'n'Trep, since. 7. Final, or Perfective, hoc, iui. acr]s, on-oq, o^pot^ that. 8. Conclusive, «v, rotvw, upx, <^»?, therefore, then. 9. Dubitative. ei, c&p:t, f^yi, whether. 10. Potential, ctv, and, by the Poets, ksv, ks : in render- ing which, the words can, will, may, must, are used. On the Order of Collocation, 1. The following are postpositive ; yap, (w-fv, i't, f£, rotwv, On 2, Prepositive and postpositive : av, upot, hoti and, among the Poets, ^u. 3, The remainder are prepositive. Syntax. 163 To Conjunctions are commoply added what are called Ex- pletives. These are, J*?, ^>}rct, uv, y£, ft^y, av, ttso, t^s, tth}, rot^ yv, v^v, poL, ecp^ ks, xfv, ^yjv. Hoogevcn has showH that thei^e particles have always their proper force. SYNTxYX. Syntax includes Agreement and Government. General Principles of Syntax. 1. Every nominative agrees with some verb expressed or understood. 2. Every adjective has a substantive expressed or under- stood. 3. A noun denoting the source, origin^ cause, or the class, to which any thing belongs, is put in the genitive, with or without a preposition. 4. A noun denoting that to which an action tends, or from a regard to which it is commenced, or the means by which it is effected, is put in the dative. 5. A noun expressing the object on which any action ter- minates, is put in the accusative. 6. The vocative stands by itself, or has an interjection joined with it. 7. The infinitive is governed by some verb or adjective. AGREEMENT. Rule L Two or more Substantives, signifying the same thing, agree in case ; as, IlavXog aTtoa- 7p?^g, Paul an apostle. Qeq xpttr^^ to God the Judge. 1. One of the substantives is sometimes understood ; as, Kvx^s&piji/o Tn Arivttya (sup. oj«3$,) Cyaxares, the son of Asty- ages. 154 Syntax, 2. An infinitive, or part of a sentence, may supply the place of one of trte substantives. 3. Sometimes the latter substantive is put in the genitive. 5rpA/5 A^jjva^v, for TfoXt^ A6}jy»t, the cilv Athens. Rule II. An article, adjective, or participle? agrees with its substantive in number, gender and case ; as, to ''ayiov IIv£V[.ta^ the holy Spirit! ev exsLvatg rate, rifiy^paig^ in those days. 1. Substantives are often used adjectively 3* as, 'EM«5 PmTf^ the Greek language. 2. Several adjectives may agree with the same substan- tive ; as, ;roA/v oiKHf^svTjv^ ev^oitf^evct, Kctt /M-eyctA^y, a citj, popu- lous, flourishing, and large. 3. The substantive is sometimes omitted ; and the adjec- tive then takes the gender, number and case of the substan- tive understood ; as, 'o ^e ^iKctioi ck ^r/c/cag ^r^cejat, (supp. «»>?^,) the just shall live by faith. Rom. i. 17. The adjective thus taken is said to be used substantively ; and has all the relations of agreement and government, which the substantive would have in its place. 4. The adjective is often put in the neuter, xp*}i^» being un- derstood ; as, 57 'Tct'lpig (ptxlulov ^poloi^, to men, their country is most dear. 5. An infinitive, or part of a sentence, often supplies the place of the substantive, and then the adjective is put in the neuter gender ; as, ^itfAesroy to f^r a.y&'M Kctt TTio-lyj ^^t;;>;^, oi^eTcci ct^xroXi-^srav rjf^oii, Alas ! brave and faithful soul, he has left us, and departed. Xen. Cyro. 7. Participles and adjectives are often put in the same case with the noun or pronoun to which they refer ; as, otof^eva/v etyeit iro(paPcclm uft'&P^'^^*: for oiof^svm uvut o-o^Mlecloiran uv^p^^afv, thinking themselves to be the wisest of men* ♦ This is very common in English; as, gold-watch, sea-water. The only difference is, tke words are connected by a hyphen in English, but not in Greek. Syntax, 155 8. An adjective, in the nominative or accusative plural, sometimes has its proper substantive in the genitive ; as, ci ^(cvxot Tobi uvOpwTrm^ for ^ocv^ot etvGoMTrai, wicked men. 9. The personal pronouns in the genitive are, commonly, used instead of poj>sessives ; as, o ^xrr}p un, my father, for tfMi. ec^eX(poi (rH, thy brother, for ro^, rj ei^e^H eJftA'v, youF sister, for u^cshpt}, 10. Mfcra$, like medins, in Latin, usually signifies the mid' die of ; as, Trot^rov tv AtyociM f^ev-u fA.e\m, Make it remain in the middle of the iEgaean. Lucian. 11. A word in the dual may agree with another in the plural, signifying two ; as, (ptXets yntu x^ip' fiu?u»f^^v, let us af- fectionately embrace. 12. Adverbs are frequently used as adjectives ; as, ev roi^ role oty$pa7ro'i, among the men at that time ; Pelceph. 13. Instead of an adjective, a noun with a preposition is often used ; as, rjoon) i^elot ^o^y^, i. e. fv<^«|o$, exalted pleasure. fur' ft;xAf/flt4 ^ocvxjo^^ i. e. evK?^ir^, a glorious death. 14. When females are the subject of discourse, but the at- tention is not directed to the se^r, a masculine adjective is sometimes joined to the name of a female ; as, Tu>i is the Attic vocative, SLn^n^/eperec the ^olic nomina- tive Rule III. A verb agrees with its nominative in number and person ; as, eyo ypa^, I write ; 'vfxst^ T^yere^ ye say, 1. The nominatives of the first and second persons are »arely expressed, except for the sake of emphasis. 2. The intinitive, or part of a sentence, frequently sup- plies the place of the nominative ; as, ry ^/Aoo-6^f/» to ^Tjletv, (supp. io-lh) to inquire is the province of philosophy. T« %-oc9-tf xpeo-K€if ^vity>itn^ they say, eta^oth, they are accustomed, &c. avepavci is understood. In /:.ievg. Hail, Kinp* ! John xix. 4. Thou Suii, v»boseestand hearest all things. — Iliad, r. 4. The nominative is sometimes used without a verb ; a«, 'O yap M.cucry,q cvjrj^ — i-iic oti'a.fx.ev^ri yevovev uvjajy But this Moses — We know not what is become of him. Acts vii. 40. He thai; overcometh— I will make him a pillar. Rev. iii. 12. And the shore — all were full of bodies newly slain. Heliod. Excepiwu 1. Nominatives plural of the neuter gentler have commonly a singular verb ; as, ^cja Tpe%/^6, animals run. 2. Sometimes, though rarely, masculines and feminines plural take a verb singular; as, ayj^OoLi ou(pai ^isXecdv^ the noise of songs resounds. Pindar. 3. A nominative dual sometimes takes a verb plural ; as, au(pcd s^eyov, both said. A plural noun denoting hro^ may take a verb in the dual ; as, yjiuab'^oi Ttoraw^t cvSa?.?.yjrov 'vr^op, two wintery torrents unite their streams. Iliad. A. 453. 4. Nouns of multitude in the singular take a verb in the plural, when the affirmation contain- ed in the verb applies to the individuals which compose the noun ; as, YipcdT/iadv avtov ^aTtav ro TrPc/j^Oo:, all the multitude asked him. But if the affirmation relates to the noun considered as one nJiole^ the verb is in the singular ; as, arcb^ e^eto hxjoc, with haste the people sat down. Iliad, B. 99. Rule IV. Two or more substantives singular, coupled by the conjunctions ;^a(,&c. have averb, adjective, participle, or relative plural ; as, CTtf p/L^oc Tcai xapnog Sta^Epovacy the fruit and seed differ. 1. If the substantives arc of different persons, the verb, he. agrees with the lirst person in preference to the second^ and with the second in preference to the third ; as, £yjTof4,efy I and thou will do right. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, the adjec- tive or relative plural takes the termination of the leading gender, i. e. the masculine ; as, Uotyrec {Trotuyiec) KurtKetro fjcytle $iloui, TToQavJx. All the flocks lay down, neither feeding nQr bleating, but longing for Daphnis and Chloe, who had disap- peared. Though in the human kind the masculine is the leading gewder, yet in other kinds, such as the camel, the ox, and the dog, the female, being considered more valuable than the male, the feminine takes the lead ; as, Ov yecp TTat^ole if/.ui /3li« ^Xx^m doe f^ev Izrvai, They never drove away at any time my cattle or my hors- es. Iliad, A. 154. 3. When the substantives signify things without life, the adjective and relative are put in the neuter, xP^'f^*^^^ being understood ; as. Power and riches are desirable for the sake of honor. 4. The adjective or verb sometimes agrees with the near- est substantive, and is understood of the rest ; as, Atit yup rot epeii cuo-l7i ^PuKtoi 7rpccrrcTocyJ]eiCt ^tr.yv^cjt^.cti , (supp. TTpccyf^toijct^) 1 will nfiention those things which are appointed for each age. Xenop. Cyro. 3. When the antecedent is not expressed in the prece- ding member, it is commonly repeated, to prevent ambiguity, in the same clause with the relative ; and is understood in the succeeding clause ; as, oco'tKn Xtkfy.puji}^, 'ag i^tv ^ ttoXi^ ufjut^et €>fot;f, 6v vof^tl^av, verbatim, Socrates acts unlawfully, whom the State acknowledges ae Gods, not regan^ng ; i. e. not re- garding those whom the State acknowledges tis Gods. — Xen. Because in this instance no noun is previously expressed, to which cv^ can refer, it was necessary to annex Beovi in the same member, and understand it after vof^i^ofv. The antecedent may sometimes be omitted without obscu- rity;, as, ovg Jf ccv yvw^t rii]eav ri cchK6Vvitx,q, rifAopavTcAiy whom they discover transgressing any of these things, they punish. — Xen. Here uvSp^Tm^ is so readily understood, as to render its insertion unnecessary. Exception I. The relative is often put in the same case with the antecedent; especially among the Attics ; as, (^cSXaigj otg e;j^o, for ovg e^'^'^i ^^e books which I have* Ttpog r^toigy otg /ieyecy for ovg Syntax, 159 Xe/ysi^ to the things which he says. This is some- times done vvben the antecedent is not express- ed ; as a'^ta 6v '■npa^^oLiicV, i. e. ^xHvc^Vy a ; worthy of the things which we have done. Luke xxiii. 41. 2. The antecedent is sometimes used in the same case, and in the same clause w^ith the rela- tive : as bvroc, eali^ 6v V.eyeig avOpcdTtov^ for ovrogealt arf)pu:tog, ov ?^8y8ig, this is the man that you say. 3. The relative sometimes agrees in gender with the noun following ; as, etg hp8g a^iKmvrat roTtovg^ at xa/isvraL awaycyyai^ they arrive at the holy places, which are called synagogues. Philo. Rule VI. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to the same thing; B.s,£yu eifiikSaGxaTiogjl^m a teacher. 1. The verbs, which have most commonly the same case after them as before them, are substantive and neuter verbs, with verbs passive of ?iaining^ gesfure^ &.C. 2. The nominative after a verb substantive is sometimes f^hanged into the genitive plural ; as, Kpoiyog erji rm rrxanw^, for Tfxnym* ARTICLE. L The article is sometimes used as a demon^ stroiive pronoun, especially by the early Poets ; as, rriv Sseyoax Xi^crco, but I will not release her. II. A. 29. To this head may be referred the use of the Article with u!v and JV, to express contra-distinction o m-sv, the one ; b c*£, the other. II. The article is sometimes used as a rela- ffve pronoun ; as, n & (pevyei^ rexvov ; \^i. rca^ 16© l^yntaoo. A'x^i^'kea^ tov iMv atax^vo/iai ; what, do you flee from my child ? Iph. Achilles, whom I am asham- ed to see. Eurip. Iph. A. 1351. When the Article is thus used as a relative, the verb to which it belongs is frequently changed into a participle ; as, (ic-iv 61 y^iyovTiq, for Qi ?\£yovcii(^i* 01 vcuat ct^x^<^^^ty he was educated according to the Persian laws — and those laws seem to begin, &c. Xen- Cyrop. aoXetc-ocnoi Tfvoi tfrxvpa^ ux^XaSov, VipsTo rt ;^;fl6A5?areft/»a/ T<3t; ^e^«^ovr/ , and SOme one beating his a^^enc?ant severely, he enquired the reason of abusing the servant, 3. By implication in the context ; as, ''ovra srpd^^i rot^ wc- y.il^ioii Nvf4,^ocioif ^vyug eyeuro, rr,y xpio-iv HZ* v^of/,£iYUi, he having treacherously surrendered Nymphceum to the enemy, became a fugitive, not waiting the trial ; i. e. the trial implied as the natural consequence of his treachery. 4. By ?i description in the context which limits the noun to a single object ; as, ^ h(x,6niLiiir,c^ Xpia-ra^ the covenaBt of Je- sus Christ. syntax, 161 5. B} ^eing monadic in its nature ; i. c. representing per- sons or things which exist singly ; or of which only one can possibly be the subject of discourse ; as, sxx«4'«$ rot<; ^opai n- o-^x&iv sit; Tfiv yvvxiKOfvijiv. having knocked at the gate, he entered the women's apartment. 6. Aitar an object has been mentioned, it is sometimes made definite by a subsequent description^ to which the article is preiixed ; as,l^«yy>j$ o zrpo0y^;r,(;y John th;i prophet ; jj Jet/vo7'/?$j a £v roiq ^yoti, vehemence of language. This is likewise the case after verbs of calling ; as, rov f^o- vov ot^(>)(>o^oKnloi o)iof><.x^ov]£i, calHug him the only incorruptible man. When the second noun is merely in apposition, without de- fining the former, it is frequently without the article. V. The article is prefixed to nouns, when they denote a class of objects taken as a fvhole ; as, 6 ardpcMog eotl Qvyirog^ man is mortal ; X€yousvov rovg $83g fpp^pciVj uanep 6l xvvcq^ rag aruGpoTtag, say- ing that the Gods guard men as dogs do. VI. The article is prefixed to abstract Nouns, 1. When used in their most abstract sense ; as, ri (xSixtaxat ri axoT^acia ueyiarov rcw oituvxaxov cariy injustice,* and intemperance are the greatest of evils. 2. When the attribute is personified ; as, yj xa- KirjLy 'vnohx^Hda^ ecTZtv and, malice, interrupting, said. 3. The article, prefixed to a neuter adjective, is used for an abstract noun ; as, to xaKTiog beauty ; ro OCT [oz/, justice. In these cases the abstract noun represents a class of ob* jects. VII. Infinitives, adjectives, participles, adverbs, and members of sentences are frequently used as nouns, and in such cases the article is generally prefixed to them ; as, ra ^i^oaopsLV ro ^yjrecv. in- 15^ qiiiry is the business of philosophy; 6l dvv^roi^ mor- tals ; ra 6^(j, external things ; o^v^ etg ro nmd^ opav, quick at discovering all things ; 6c a/i^t 7t?.aruva^ the followers of Flato; and sometimes Plato himself. In such instances the noun to which the article belongs expresses a class of objects. VIIL The noun to which the article be- longs is frequently understood ; as, ra fi/irpog fsil. ^Yi^ana) the things of hismother; to avOpjTtoc, (sil. ^Yiiia) this word avdfXdTZog. IX. In a proposition, the subject has generally the article, and tlie predicate has not ; as, nvev^ia^ 6 Qeog^ God is -a spirit. X. Proper names are not always subject to these rules. Xf . When the noun in the genitive has the arti- cle, by any of the preceding rules, the noun which governs it has commonly the article likewise.* GOVERNMENT. Government of Substantives. I. One substantive governs another, signifying a different thing, in the genitive; as, to Qe8 [laxpo- dvi^ta^ the long suffering of God ; (Byjfia Tads, a seat of stone. 1. The latter substantive generally expresses the class or kind to which the former belongs ; or some relation of origin, cause, possession or property. 2. This rule extends to pronouns and to tlie article used as a pronoun ; as, jcpiOm tjjv rif tTrTm, the barley of his horse. ♦ It has been designed only to give the general principles respecting^ the article without descending to minnte particulars, which weak! only perplex the younger student. For Middleton's Theory of the artiek;, «ee Appendix. Syntax. 16^ 3. When the noun in the genitive signifies a person, it maj be taken in an active or passive sense ; aa, ij yv^o-ij m SiH may denote, our knowledge of God, or his knowledge of us. 4. The governing noun is often understood ; as, OAr;^7r/«5 4 AAfJ«vj))y (supp. utiTtip,) Olympia the mother of Alexander. ui «d^i<, (supp. hiJLov,) to Hades ; ev oc^a (supp. ^of^^) Hades. 5. A substantive in the genitive is oflen put for an adjective, to express quality more strongly ; as, ^u^oiyKg^ depth of earth, for fioihtac yv ; '/? Trspicra-sioc tr,^ '/^ccptroq^ abundant grace ; iy tco-Toiriu ra 7r?iiirii, inconstant riches. 6. The Attics use a noun in the genitive, preceded by a neuter article, for the noun itself ; as, ro ttj^ '^^x^^t for 97 rv^^^ fortune ; ro Tut ypu^f^Lxrut^ for t« y^fA.u.ocTu^ letters ; rot ruf ^eep'^u^^v ecTTiTja s^jt^ for ot fixp^etpot, barbarians are faithless, Demosth. 7. Instead of the genitive, a noun with a preposition is often found j as, ctrv^icc ly Trspi m fiiHy the evils of life, for 8. The dative is often used for the genitive ; as, •yx Arpsi^fj Ayctt^f^vcyi tjv^acie ^y.u^, U did not please the mind of Agamem- non, the son of Atreus. Horn. 9. The noun tliat should be in the genitive is often, espe- cially by the Poets, put in the accusative, governed by a pre- position implied ; as, n trg (pptvoe^ njctra vev&oi, for crii(pptiui^ what grief has invaded your mind ? 10. The dative is frequently used for the genitive 5 as, Tectpt Ttftufov ^evHy the avengcF of your father's blood. 11. An adjective or article in the neuter gen- der, without a substantive, governs the genitive ; as, ro xpyictf>Levo( ^re^toio, horses acquainted from (with) the plain — the plain being a subject of their acquaintance. Aoocr^f/joie^ l^dx^^^ ignorant from (in) war — war being the source of their ignorance — a subject whence they derived no knowledge. K5«)6A>» ocyevTlo^^ untasted from (of) evils — evils being the source whence he derived no taste. 'hMov &eocf^ocroq u&eoiTQ<;^ unperceptive from (of) the most pleasant sight — the most pleasant sight being a source whence he derived no perception. T5W .M-f AAavro^ cc-srpaoo'Aroq. vioi foreseeing what is future — what is future is not to him a source of foresight. Ovhv £&)iog oc-^^vTJoi r,v ttj^ ABmcticov ^vr^vxia-i . no nation has not heard of the misfortune of the Athenians — the misfortune of the Athenians was the cause of fame to every nation. TA>y ^>cAf3r6>v ocTxreio.q^ unexperienced from (in) hardships- hardships not beins; a source of experience. Merhv omv^ full from (of) wine — from wine being poured into it — wine being the matter which occasioned its fulness. A'^v£/<35 (BioToto, affluent from (in) wealth — wealth being the source of his affluence. 'TTj-nrvjiy is the same with 'rpoam mat. Sfntffx. 165 HMVG-idi icuxeoh nch from (in) evils — evils being the source •f his richness. ^Vf4,f4,ctx"'* ^^^^^ ^*'?^'> ^ spear empty of assistants — assistants, ■ot present, being the cause of its emptiness. E/>»j^$ «vJ>6;», deprived of men — men removed being the cause of its deprivation. Arc.vTr}pi6t, prayers releasing from terrors. 'Ev^cnfM'n^6^rij 'EA^sseJ"/, the most powerful in Greece ; zs-pathg ev toi^ Ts-ar^ruig, first among Poets. 3. Instead of the genitive, the case of the partitive is some- times used ; as, ts^^^/A."^, th^ f^evu-zs-eiclsive^riig^! Ts-^vnl^i e7s-ctr,T£, for rav ^;A^», some of his friends he killed, soou he impov- erished. 4. The partitives 7/« and g/$ are sometimes omitted as, (pepa eroi t]9>jjv r^7. (sc, Tl£Ov ryg yspovloig^ the young should imitate the old, i. e. there should be an imitation of the old to the young. Simon, roig ^v ''vnapx'^vaL vofwig ;^p>7(T7for, xawuc, be slky} (lyj Osleov^ we should use the present laws, and not rashly enact new ones. Demosth. 1 . Verbals in redv express necessity, and answer to gerunds in the nominative case. The Verb e^lt is generally under- stood after them, but is sometimes introduced ; as, ypc^^ltov c,9}^ I must write a letter. 3. Theverbal sometimes governs an accusative of the doer, especially when its verb governs the dative ; as,ot; ^'uMltcf . rovi }fovv £%ov?c4^ roti tcoctupi (ppovova-i^ the prudent ought not to obey the unwise. Isoc. tuta-Kt-zs-leo^ th f^ev ccvIov, r<« /ttfv yvvuixcc, for uv]u,, yvyxKt, some things are to be looked to by him, some by his wife. 4. Substantives and verbals often govern the dative by the force of the words from which they are derived ; as, rctt; wuBiTii uKexovhliKoi o veoi , youth follows pleasure. 5. Substantives compounded with cryy and of^g govern the dative ; ?LS,G-v(rjpocriulr,g avlon;^ a fellow soldier. 6 There are many adjectives which govern either the genitive or dative ; as, r'/xo/o?, like ; oi^mvf^o^^ of the same name ; cfM-^etlpioc^ of the same father; 01^1^,93] ptcs, of the same mother 5 Grvvipo^iy a slave ; tXtvhpa^ free ; as, 'O/Mtcg m rcclpo^, or rw urotlpt^ like his father. oi^wfAoi th zretlpog, or tm Tratjpt, of the same aanue with his father. Syntax. im Government of Verbs. Genitive. I. EifiL and ytvouaij signifying possession, proper- ty or duly govern the genitive ; as, rov xvpLOv eaiisv, we belong to the master, ruv apx^^'^^^ ^^^' rox}g apxouEvovg noidv evSacuovag^ it is the duty of rulers to make their subjects happy. 1. The genitive is governed by some noun understood ; as, xP*^H^i "^pxyfcct^ he. 2. To eif^t, signifying office or convenience, the prepo- sition TTpoi with the genitive is joined ; as, 8 cr^o* ixjpa ^• to perceive ; ukuco, eAKPoc&o,M.xt, utc^ ycXva^ to hear ; cO-^pstivQttcct, to smell ; yevofuct^ to taste ; (c-srlo^.oci^ e-mrt^ocvai^iycif^ hyyocva^ to touch ; fsriXGc^Qatvof^oct. to take hold of, he, AurSuvelut ryig yjjs, he perceives the ground — the ground beins: the cause of his perception. ijicii(rcc m uvdpa^a, f heard the man — the man being the cause of hearing. KXv6t ^w-fv, hear from me — I being the cause of the hearing, o^f/ f^pa, he smells of myrrh — myrrh being the cause of his smell. f«? f^ta oczrja, touch me not — derive not from me the feeling of touch. 1. These verbs govern the accusative, among the Attics. 'iptjXccpu&f, to handle, has always an accusative. 2. Mciv6xva^ opeyoi^xi, yXi^o^cut, e^iXu.iof^i^ to desire, Poet.) ; /M,ae<, it is the care of ; (pp^vlt^u^ iTTifjLiXQfjux.i i Kvcouoctf sv] psTTof^oit^ to take Care of J oXiyso- tfcft>, to undervalue ; aXeycj, to neglect ; icxrcc^ppoveea, C'^-ep^pxa^ tJTTepippovsa, to despise ; /icy;je/.<.Vu-fA), f^£f4.vt)pte>it, to remember ; [7ri?iUy9oi]ioux(, eK>icev$ccvof^Qit, ccyLyr^f^cveVfu^ tO forget, &C. K-Khro Aocvccm, she felt concern for the Greeks — the Greeks being the source of her concern, upxa-^n r^q euvla ywcciKoq^ he !ored his wife — he derived from his wife the affection of love. Syntax. 171 o9mm (ppcvlit^eiv, to take care of strangers— strangers being the cans * of the care. uf^eMig rav (ptXc^jv, you feel no concern from (for) your friends, eavf^^ca c-a, I admire you — you being the cause of my admiration. ftJ? oxr/upu ^uihiu^, despise not chastening — let not chastening be the cause of contenipt e(p0ov7jT£ ry.iyulnec^iOf'i, he envied him on account of the neigh- borhood — the neighborhood being the cause of his envy, rot h iXu-re xv]ii ^ofoi^svov ev^e^'voto yv^aiKoq, she left him there, griev. ed on account of the well-girt woman. Hom. 1. 7!ro9£6f and trnzroBtM govern the accusative ; and some- times ilS't&VfA.BOQ^ y^'X'^l^^'^ ftvrjiC0V£V(V, ZZT'XoCvQcc'fOfA.U.i. 2. Verbs signifying to love, (except spot^a^) admire, regard, neglect, often govern an accusative. VII. Verbs signifying to partake, to obtain, to enjoy, to aim at, to communicate, to aid, govern the genitive. Tyy^awfij, iiz-irvyx^^(^i f^ipofjLott^ Aseyp^sdVA;, XotfJoooioi^ s'Ss'tXotfd.koiva^ xf P ]fAXi, to enjoy, &c. Tii^i Kxi KXKCs ^yv £>^oc^e, though wicked, he gained honor — honor being (hat /ro/^i which he partook, exv ^x^um-sv (r^oX^.i ^ if we may take of leisure — if we may get leisure. x,xkixs fuov ftf/^Ace^f/v, 3j M,pi]7}(i u£]xh^oyxi. it is easier to partake from (of) pleasure, than to impart (from) virtue, xsro^^xvcatuv rm •vim xyxSav, we sliall receive enjoyment from present good. £yaf Mpt^xvoixxt, H-el^X^i y'>o>sp&)iQfjt.£ei . Xocyx^t^'^i rvyxocyuy some- times govern the accusative ; Kxp-^oofjuti always. 2. Verbs of communicating .^ aiding ^ partakings often gov- ern the dative of the person, xctvma tm ce^fA^aj rr^ Ts-xihxg., I have a share in common with my brother, from (of) the instruction. VIII. Verbs of plenty or w^ant, filling or depriv- ing, govern the genitive. zrA)j^<», zryii}pcA>, yff^it^co^ f^iTloa^ zrif^iFXiiyj, yefJLa^ to iill ; ft;;s-«- .pta, Trspura-sva, to abound ; irxiilsa, to be rich ; x<^P^cA^^i to sa- tiate ; uT]£p£afs Mtpt^eny to be inferior, to want ; Q-zTx^iL^a^hw^ XP>}^^9 X^pe^<^9 »-a-opsaiy to want 5 eXxrloof^^t, to be iiJerior ; ^lepeeifj yvpevoa^ etP«ctpeofuti,io deprive, &C. 17!2 Syntax. Mmo? (ppem sTz/^.-srAsftv^o, his soul was full of rage — rage being the cause of its fulness. ysfLtei Kuxav, is full from (of ) evil. svsOopiiv'lo TijsrjiovT^i, they Satiated themselves from (with) pleas- ure, xp^^^ yt)i}^aiy he has stripped (from) the State. ci,7F0 7(puXiii tt nvcc rtjv upx'K^, to deprive any one of his government : here- Kctrx is understood. Sometimes the noun denoting the person, is put in the dative ; as, tA;^jjy. IX. Verbs which signify to rule, to excel, to be- gin, and end, govern the genitive. upx^ ^eo-TTo^&f, ^vvxTTcvci), e^ovcTtct^of, uvSevrea, y,otToty.vpisva, to rule ; rtpuvnya, ^a,(rtXiva), avotcrarof , to reign ; Tjyeof^c^i, r^yij^vsvii), to lead ; B7n(r'lu]£Ut to preside ; Trepnifjn, TreptyDiof^.oct, to be over ; <^fl;^ow-«< , to begin ; 'x-xvofJLut, Xr^ya, to cease, &c. K?iictpx^^ /ttfvra ^e^ia Kspat; riyeio-Ooit, MfVavat h rov ©£t7<«A«v m 6vavvf4.ii, Clearchus should lead (be the leader of) the right wing, and Menon the Thessalian, the left. 'TFoXXm (6vm fucc vc>ui icpulei, one city rules many nations. ycoCjupx^^^o^t t« A«y«, to begin (from) the discourse. A??ye Tro^m, cease from labour. uTTeTretvretvlo rH (ita, they departed from life. TtreTrccv^tevot opy>}^, who have ceased from anger. 1. Kpscjea, rvpdmva, and eTrilPoTTtua, sometimes govem the accusative ; apx^, ^otrtXsa) and uiccoTa, the dative, nuvu some- times governs an accusative. ?., The genitiv^o, after most verbs ofr^lin^, is governed by syntax, 173 a fiouu implied in the verb. ^unXevcOf i. e. jlctciXev^ etf^t* avocv-jra^ i. e. uvcc^eiM-i. e^Hc-tec^M, i. e. t'^Sriuv e^^, &-€. X. Verbs of accusing, speaking falsely of, acquitting, and o enerally those which pertain to judicial proceedings, govern the genitive of the person or t/tin(/y and sometimes both of the person and thing. x.£6li)yopeCify ociliuofictt, iyv,u>^o)^ ^icoKO)^ '/poc(po,ttui, "rpoTKU^^^Letty to accuse ; u7ro?^va, uipiriin^ u'^o'^vi^Ptl^of^octy to acquit ; a-vyyiva- O-KCJ^ to pardon ; KUlW/t^COtrKOu^lCOplUOtXCC^a, KulcifCplVOf, JCCtlw^il^l^O' fi^ io speak falsely of. Atay.a a-e (povn, ypsc^y:f^uloi^ 1 free vou from the charge. syxscxS g-h TTpo^bc-iuy, I accuse you of treachery Kxhyopaa't a-a (rjua-iv^ they accuse you of seditioji. KulaytvAfc-KCj ct^ ^ccvxla^ or pi^<^i to separate ; npyco^ to prohibit ; x7.-iXoiuun^ to abstain ; ATtoLXXcffioi^ £>^sv$sfc6o, ^'jotLtci. to frce ^ ?.va/, to loosc ; xn^t^ci) to relieve ; (pn^oci'^n, to spare ; CTroTr/^xvaeucct, ct'Pi'ervyX'^youet:, otf^capluva, to err ; -^f-iV^oi^cui, 7r/as/^ rev vog-cv^ he wa^ healed from disease, -srxt^ov ^uh^6ut -srsclptKoq vof^^, it is the law of the country to spare children, r.ysipev ecv'Jev 7cy uTs-yov, he awoke him from sleep. o/axA) Tt rr^^ p/x;«$, I drive you from the house. Some verbs of differing govern the dative ; as, hu^spa^ cro;, I differ from you. ^ ,,^ lb* 174 Syntax, XII. Verbs of buying, selling, estimating, &c, govern the genitive of the price. atnovLcct^ etyopu^a^ yrptotf^sti tO buy ; 7rt7rpoco-x6j^ ttuXsu^ to sell 5 o^f^et^a, to exchange ; <«|/o&>, to estimate, &c. rm TTovm TTaXst 9jiica)v 7rav]ec roc aycxJ^oc Qsoi, the Deity sells US all things for toils. ano-xf^Tiv rcvro Tnvre ^pocxy^o^v^ I bought this for five drach mag. uhovlon hTtrXvi^ r/^jj5, is esteemed worth double. Jo$T<9VTd ^pc^xy^r^, give this for a drachma. The price is sometimes put in the dative, with the prepo- sition £7n expressed or understood ; as, eTft fjuc-do) fA.tyu>^ai u7rx^?^etrlci) a-i rui ^itvaVy for a great reward I release you from evil. Sometimes in the accusative, after rrpoq ; as, TriTrpufrKt o XMK6§ TFdilcc 7rpo§ ocpyvpov, the wicked sells all things for gold. XIII. Incentivfs^ govern genitives, when the included verb governs the genitive. yevay to cause to taste ; wAcc^^;, to make to wander ; ^jy^nT- K6f, ecvufttfA.vtj'TKM, uTFofAiiMTio-jcuy to causc oue to remember, &c. Ey£t;c-^5 f^e ev^ccitAcviccg^ you have made me taste happiness. XIV. Most of the active verbs already men- tioned, may take an accusative of the object^ with the genitive, especially those of accusing, con- demning, acquitting, warning, fillinsf, emptying, delivering, separating, disappointing, repeUing, forbidding, restraining, changing, valuing, buy- ing, selling, esteeming. Dative. XV. Etot, taken for ex^^j to have, governs the dative ; as, soIl (iol ;^p>7/ua7a, I have possessions. XVI. Verbs compounded with ev^ ent^ Ttopa, Tt^og^ crvv, ^vno^ avlc^ ofiov, govern the dative ; as, efi^ivoL rotg xadsalcdatf to adhere to institutions ; efiSaTi^^LV or entdetvai ttvi rag X^^^^j to lay hands on any one ; 7tpoa eali, for ei /Sou/l^t, if you will, ^lian. SL cot y^^ofievo ealh if you please. I^lato. otQ \)fiLdv (irj ax^avoiievid eiyj^ to whom of you wouhl it not be grievous ? Xen. «& navv tovlo Tt^oahxaiie- vQig avloig riv, this they little expected. Arrian. vSsavlo axovlir^v^ nor was he unwilUng. Idem, ro h^ a/yfievQ yivelac arSpag ayaOovg Siaac^at^ he wil- lingly saved good men. Idem, rarov [lev xat neTibLpaizsroig av rt yevoilo ^vucv, this you may expe- rience. Thucyd. XXI. Any active verb may govern the accusa- tive and dative, when^ together with the object of the action, it expresses the person or thing in re- lation to which it is exerted ; as^ '"vmaxveoiiai aoi hexa ra?javray I promise you ten talents. Syntax, 177 •The noun in the dative is sometimes put in the accusative ; as, ■ssrot.piKux^ca, (re tolvtol for ralct^i I exhorted you to these fhings. Accusative. XXII. Verbs signifying actively, govern an ac- cusative of the object ; as, yvaOi GsavroVf know thyself. 1. Neuter verbs govern the accusative of a noun, whose signification is similar to their own ; as, sroXefioi ■ss-oXsfA.it^tiv^ to make war. The Poets often use neuter verbs in an active sense ; as, o-vpi^m ^ovov, hissing slaughter. 2. The Attics delight in the accusative, and often use it after verbs which govern the genitive or dative ; especially after verbs of sense ; as, xkHoj rxv^Xy I hear these things. 3. A clause or a sentence often expresses the object of a transitive verb ; as, (7n0uf4.ovbi€^ xkh^cci n 'role e(r]i o h-v6os, we wish to know what the fable is. Here n ^srojt e^t, friends are influenced by each other. Soph. 2. The noun is sometimes put in the dative instead of the genitive ; as, 'Wo o-ocj pxTrcct^ hoiKet'r^cit , to be governed by vice- roys. Herodian. ^f:rd/;j7a/ /«,<»/, it has been done by me. XXVIII. When a verb in the active voice governs two causes, in the passive it retains the latter case ; as, xalyjyopsoiiat x^J^Ttrjg, I am accused of theft. Svva'jQs ro paTtlta^a, 6 syo (Sanli^ouaCf ^anliqQyivaiy^ Can ye be baptized with the bap- ♦ &dL7rlt^oi>^ is an incentive governing two accusatives, because the in eluded verb f^ATrloa governs one. Se« Rule XXIV. Syntax* 179 tism with which I am baptized ? Matth. xx. 22. '06 TtOA^o^evot royaXaj who are fed with milk. Kacv Ttotpa ra 5ta^o/ly rov 7, Tipenet and Sa, it hehovethy govern the accusative, with the infinitive ; as, ;^p>7 ralo TtoieiVf this must be done. III. &t, sTCkeiTteij Sta^epsij (leteali, fjte?yeLj evSex^^oLt and TtpoarjxsL, with their compounds, frequently govern the dative of the person, and the genitive of the thing ; as, Sei noX^v cot, you have need of much, fxerealt fiot r«7«, I have a share of this. tuv rexvcdv ro Ttalpi ^6/Ut, children are the care of parents. 180 Syntax, The nominative is often used instead of the genitive of the thing ; as, ^tes^tpst n o-qi rajo or T«7a, how does this concern you? Af/ sometimes takes an accusative of the person with a genitive of the thins;. THE INFINITIVE. I. The infinitive, with or without an article, is used as a noun in any case ; and the subject or agent of the verb is in the accusative ; as, Nom. ;tflc>i£5rov r© f^jj (pt?it]Tcci, (supp. fW/,) it is difficult not to love. Anac. Gen. TToAAflCx/s doicsi re \,ot^oti r* ccyu&oe. "^ov KJviO-cc!rdoct y^ct-Xf 77a!]£pov etvuii to preserve good, seems often more difficult than to gain it. Flut. (piXo Trps ra 0/A<7r7rn^ett, before Philip called you. x^og ro ccyecBo? (pctmG'&cii, to appear good. Here OMt^^rov (pmyifrai^ and uyoc&o75 fo^, &c. being understood ; as, Xaipsiviiela xoi^povlov, xT^lhv [iBla K?jaLOvluv, rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with those that weep, gv ^e at^eiv rag Mecayivatngj acdi^etv 8e xat OFavlov, save the Messenians and yourself. VII. The infinitive, with an accusative, is often 17 182 Syntax. put for other moods, with og, uale^ trts, sq> octij Ttptr, Ttapog^ eTtei^y/, (isxpi^ orusxp^g^ ^^d oiog preced- ing it ; as, cjg iSetv avdpcdnov^ for c5g tSev avd^xMog^ when the man saw ; npo aTusxlo^ ^cdvyjaaL^ before the cock crow ; 6l Qsot etCt olol [lyj [lelaSaXXeiVf the Gods are such as cannot change. VIII. The infinitive is sometimes used instead of ^the impersonal participle ; as, efiOL hoTcsvv for spioi hoKHv^ as it appeared to me ; heiv for heov, when it ought. IX. The future of the infinitive is often ex- pressed by the aorist or present of the same mood with the particle av ;* as, ni Ttotriaai av^ or Ttoteiv av Tov Ttalepa [13 otec ; what do you think my fath- er will do ? X. The infinitive supplies the place of 8:erunds and supines, which are only verbal nouns ; as, xaxcdg emalafisvog InTtevsiv^ minus peritus equitandi. HxyjTJdop ^a%dv ei^rjvr^v, non veni missum pacem. PARTICIPLES. I. Participles govern the case of their own verbs ; as, tovg VccSlspovg rotavla yjdn TtaiSevovleg, instructing the younger men in such manners. II. Participles are often used as nouns ; as, 6t ypa'i'OixEvot Xoxparriv^ the accusers of Socrates ; 6 epyj)iisvog^ he who cometh. There is this difference between the participle and the corresponding noun. The former expresses the person des- cribed, in action ; the latter does not. a ^ovM^ is a man in the rank or condition of a slave : o hvXivco't is one, at the time referred to, fulfilling the office of a slave. ♦ See under Conjunctions, the particle av. >yyniax. loo III. Participles are used for the infinitive, after verbs, of persevering^ desisting, knowimjj remem- hering^ esteeming^ showing, discovering, and such as signify Gfw affection of the mind ; as, ov navao- uai ypa^cdv, 1 will not cease to write, fie^ivruat Ttotyioag, I remember to have done it. ^atverat rovro Ttenoiyjxcdg^ he appears to have done it. ovx otSoi eycyye xa/Oiuj TtatSa ifor, I know not that I have seen a more beautiful girK Ssi^o TtsnoLyixog, I will show myself to have done it. ue^v/jao avdpQTtog uvj remember that you are a man. r^aOovto Se oi noX?\joi 7tejAo5 et G-vicu^civlm, you are plainly a sycophant. so-Jt Jf nx, ec^yjXoi ffl^v, he is clearly about to say. 3. A participle, with the verbs sif^i^ C'^ap-yc^y yivof^ut, ez^, 3jx4>, is often put for its own verb ; as. TrpoQsQr/Koles jjr«v, for '7rpo£oe^r,)cei(rccv, otTriKJocKUi trji rov uv&pi^fTroy, he has killed the man, for ocyrcKjetKB, 6^(7$ rapu^x^, for e'lccpoc^uq, ycu have disturbed. 4. When the participle is joined with AavfJ^^va;, (pBocvof, rvy- X^^^, ^tciloc>,sa), in any tense, it is rendered by that tense, and the verb by an adverb ; as, eXxOs fioTy^m, he secretly fed. s>^6ov ^ivsiTccvls^ ri^5 «jyyfA«$, entertained angels unawares, ^ik if6t £?i&iuv x,xi Tijv , having loved him, I so have him — having loved him, I still hold him dear. 'PFpocyoq uTKOTvm £%ii Ts-spotvQi, he has an unaccountable deed, hav- ing done it— i. e. he is involved in the consequence of a deed, Tvhicb, in an unaccountable manner, he has perpetrated. 6. Participles are often used for the sake of emphasis ; as, t^'av /J«v, seeing I have seen. Sometimes the participle of a preceding verb is prefixed to the clause which follows ; as, «*AAcft tv Tpoo-eMe, icut TrpoT- f?i6av unXii, ttoci unXofuvo<; $cg, but do you go to it, and having gone to it, take it up, and having taken it up, give it. eya Pi xfv uuioi tXeo^oii, fi Tcoy jy Afccvlo^, tav yepetS-, ^ O^vrxm^ etl^a eA»y, I myself coming, will take away thy reward, or (that) of Ajax or Ulysses, having taken, will lead it away. 7. Participles have sometimes the adverb f^rot^u before them, in whatever case the construction requires, and thus used have the sense of the Latin gerund in dum. Construction of Circumstances. I. The causcj source^ origin^ and part affected^ are put in the genitive ; as, ^axaptog ryjg rv- Xyig, happy from his fortune ; or fortunate. — c»rcc, ^lu, &;c. being understood. II. The manner, instrument, means, and end, are put in the dative ; as, xparsc fzyjx,civatgj he con- quers by stratagems ; apyvptaic; Jj^yxaai [io.yfi^ xat navra %par>?attc, fight with silver weapons, and you will conquer all things. Ttapauvdyjrixov 6 ^L?^g xat "tYi oi^ci ;fat rca Xoyc3, a friend gives consolation by his looks and words. Arist. Syntax. 185 The manner, instrument, means and end, are often put in the accusative by synecdoche ; as, Trurtjp c-ot ttjv vXtKtuv^ fju^x- A/>r h rr.i ewotuv, a father to you in respect of years, more so in respect of kindness. Heliod. ^iccv J^accr? /t<,»7^c»', you should do nothing with violence. III. The genitive is often used for the dative, or the dative for the genitive, as th^ writer is de- sirous of fixing the attention of his reader upon the source^ or upon the instrument or end of the specified action. . Thus, when Homer says of Hector, II. viii. 235, he would burn the ships rcith flaming fire, N^jcc^ e/icTrpyjTet wvpi Ki:?iia>, he fixes the mind upon tire, as the instrument by which this is done : but when in another place, 11. ix. 242, he writes, Av](n n epcsrpijG-etf {JLotXipov zrvpoi;, that he would burn themy?'o?n fire, he directs the attention backward to fire, as the cause from which their being burnt proceeded. The same observation applies to the following examples. E^£t rupzT7iTc&v e^uh.i , After they enjoyed themselves from food, \uipi }vu. IV. Nouns which denote that with regard to which any thing is done, are commonly put in the genitive ; as, ev ex^cv ^'5 1 bought it for five drachmae ; ^ptcrjo ifyjv vLXYiv QiT^aarOf he bought the victory with Lold. 17* 186 Syntax. In purchasing or exchanging goods, the thing received is the cause of giving away the thing exchanged, and must therefore be put in the genitive ; as, ocit^siQe xpvTiu, xa>^tm^ he exchanged golden for brazen arms — his receiving brazen arms being the cause of giving away the golden. When the dative is used, it expresses the means or instrument of pro- curing the exchange ; as, xp^^froj rtjv viktiv huvtitccU, he bought the victory with gold. The dative seems to be used when a re- ference is made to the person who wishes to procure the exchange ; the genitive, when the reference is to the person from whom it is procured. VI. The question, whither? is commonly an- swered hjetq orTtpog with the accusative : where P by ev with the dative ; as, ev 'Pof^>7, at Rome. eig ry}v Avnoxsiav^ at Antioch. Vil. The question, whence ? is ansveered by ex or ano with the genitive ; by or throuyh what place ? by hia with the genitive ; as ex or aitx) tyjg TtoXsug, from the city. Sea yyjg^ by land. The prepositions are sometimes omitted, especially by the Poets. VIII. The terminations dc and en, added to a noun, denote at a place ; Se, ^c, or ae to a place ; Qbv and 0c, from a place : as, KopivdoQc oixia vaudv^ inhabiting houses at Corinth. etfiL ^dcyivSej I go to Phthia. x?^taiYi6ev aveiT^to ;^aJl;ceoi/ eyx^^* ^^ took the brazen spear from the tent. IX. The measure of maynilude is put in the genitive or nominative ; as, avh^iag SvuSexa nex^- QVf a statue of twelve cubits. Ev^parrjg eon to Evpog rerlapovaraSiov^ the Euphrates is fonr stadia wide. TO MaiavSpti ro evpog Svo TtXf 0pa, the Mae- ander is two plethera wide. X. The distance from one place to another is put in the accusative ; as, E(|)f(7og anex^h '^p'"^ Syntax. 187 riu^fx^ oSov^ Ephesus is distant three days' jour- ney. SsxaTtevre Ttex^f^^ sTtarcd opov 'xr^udyj ro ^vScdp, the water rose twenty-five cubits above the mountains. Sometimes, though rarely, in the dative ; as, Tlevra7to?.Eug TpcTtoTug ^tsj^et oSo etxoatv ev^cyvo a^5pt, Tripoli is distant from Pentapolis twenty days' journey, for an active man. X. The time rvhen is commonly put in the gen- itive, sometimes Jn the dative ; time how Icmgj in the accusative ; as, Yifiepag ocai wxrtog^ by day and night, ri/ufpa /u/a, on one day. opyyi ipL?Mvrcw oT^iyov Laj(vei xpovov^ the anger of those who love prevails but a short time. The time when is sometimes put in the accusative ; as, jjy ^i^eccxofi tafv, (sc. av/^'v,) they choosing by lot. 3. The intinitive, or pai:t of a sentence, seems sometimes to supply the place of the noun ; as, TTvp TTveiv rag Tuvpiitc«/ rctv]ec rec yevoi^eac cv-roe- TTcog, eTJi-jcxv 01 'Upeti Kut Aevi]ut, and these things being proper- ly performed, the Priests and Levites stood. ctvei^uvleg m G-ufjut.rc e^o/xsvco, (supp. n-elx.) 5. Certain participles are often used instead of the case absolute ; as, J'wv, it being necessary ; hccpepov, there being a difference, &.c. Case of the Comparative. XIII. The comparative degree governs the genitive, when the conjunction >;, than, is omit- ted ; as, ufXtTog j/Xi;xi6)?', sweeter than honey ; Tiarpo^ afULVQv, better than his father ; xpscraofp OLxryjpfHiv ^dovog^ hatred is better than pity. 1. The noun in the genitive denotes the cause or origin of the augmentation or diminution ; as, >uto-io¥ ^u ockhu^ th Myuvy one should hear twice as much as he speaks. ADVERBS. I. Adverbs are often used as substantives or adjectives ; as,arto rore^ from that time ; an apti from this time ; aog aprt, till now ; to Ttepav ryjg 6a?.aaoyjg, the farther part of the sea ; 6 e^o av- dpcjTtog, the outward man. II. Derivative adverbs govern the case of their primitives ; as, a^iGyg m 7.ayb^ agreeable to reason* To aidf.ia ouoicdg rotg eaptvoig avOeOi ^lapatveraij tlie body, like vernal flowers, decays. a^i-axorDg [mi^ pleasing to me ; because (xpsaxcj governs the da- tive. ara$pL(rcx ro rexvo 7t?.yj(yiov^ standing near the child ; because TtXyjfrmg governs the dative, Ttepc^ to 'teixogj around the wall ; because TUft governs the accusHtive. 7ta()cx vyjaj without the sljip ; be- cause Ttapa governs the accusative, eyyvg to rsLx^i^ near the wall. Eyyv^f T^iiTicfi ^spi'^ and yretpeK^ govern the genitive like- wise. III. Adverbs of place, time, cause, order, quan- tity, concealment, separation, number, exception, exclamation, and some others, with adverbial nouns, have a genitive after them, governed by a preposition understood. ttvev, etrep, ^t^^^ X^p'^3 without. eivrticpv, uvriKpvg, uTTctvrixpv^ against, opposite. ecxpt^^ H-^XPh^ to, even to. IvsKcc, cvfxfy, on account of. iyyvg, TTXiiO'iov, ccy^t, eto-rov^ near. SKTog. e^a, eKTco-dev, without. fvr<9§, ea-a, eico)- ivroa-0£v^ within. ttAjuv, TTcipcKros, except, but. /kera|t;. among. oTnca, cTnc-^ev, behind, ;rpao-^£v, before, srspuv, £73-£iceivoc^ beyond, &Lt. A^pt rrq (r]r,f4.£po^ ^f^pets, to this day, Me^pt S^ya»y, as far as Susa. 'Evey^cc ra ^(Xrio-r^, for the best. In these examples, £23-/ is understood. Ex^it^svat ralav, after those things. AotOpee. -srurpog^ without his father's knowledge. Av£v ic»iicecrii, without labor. Toturaiv cc^tjv, abundance of such. «t7iro is understood. A^et| TKi r^pL^pu^^ once a day. X;$ rv^y^i, for 6; rjj5 rvy^t)^, what an incident 1 ^lu is understood. T:^'^» f^^XM^i before a vov/eL StijnUx, 191 The adverbs enumerated above, and many others, have very much the nature of prepositions Adverbs of the final cause are sometimes omitted 5 as, sypet- -^XjTH f*.7j ruaq ^fiko-ut zs-ohy (supp. gyfXflt,) I have written for this reason, lest any should happen to enquire. Thucyd. IV. Adverbs of accompanying are followed by the dative, a preposition being understood ; as, ""a^a r'^ riiJ^^poL^ at day-break. 6^8 roig a^Xo^g, together with the rest. In these instances aw is understood. V. Adverbs of swearing are followed by the accusative, a preposition being understood ; as, vyj A^a, by Jupiter ; vyj UXtrtuva^ by Pluto ; fia roSe axyjTVtpov, by this sceptre. Here Ttpog is un- derstood. VI Adverbs of showing govern the nomina- t ve ; as, lSh 6 'vcog era, behold thy son ! t& o avOpu- Ttog, behold the man ! Vll. Two or more negatives strengthen the negation, if they belong to the same verb ; as, sxen y firj tpayo e^ ai^ra, 1 will by no means eat of it any more. Luke xxn. 16. 6v ax yjv bSsTtu) aSeig xeifiEvogy in which no one had ever been placed. Luke xxiii. 63. 1. The several adverbs deny of different things. Thus, in the second instance, «>c denies of the fact ; »^f wa^, of time ; ^^etf, of person. 2. When the negatives belong to different verbs, each qualifies its own verb j and they generally affirm ; as, « ^wx- fAMt fMi fjuf^irtcr^on ctvla, I cannot avoid remembering him. Xenoph. 3. Ov and f^^ are often placed, not before the verb which they quaUfy, but before some other one in the sentence ; as, Hk e^Tj et.7rex6eWi he said he would not depart. i92 :^ntax. Various Cases after Adverbs of Place. Genitive or Dative, ei^L^tyet, etftf4.iy^7}y ^ eyyv^y eyyvdev, ^u^eyyvg^ rvnyyv^, f|j:5., Often er a Genitive, Oftener a Dative. Genitive or Accusative. siTCif, nceT^ec, TTupsx. or w«tf5|, "^tptj^. Dative or Accusative. hvpo. Genitive, Dative, or Accusative. *Ai,^^ «;fc/'^5» f*'ix9^'> M-fxP'^' Various Cases after Adverbs of Exclamation. N. G. D. A. V. w^etyf or evyi G. — A. — or > — ^' — — — TFC&tf S N. G. ~ — V. tOf^ 6ty N. g: - - V. also \ g;-^ g; N. — D. A. — also D. and N. G. — A. — , N. G, D. A. V. also < G. and A N. and < jy' A. and G. / N. J 5 G.. ( D. 2 Syntax. 193 Moods. 1. Adverbs of likeness, manner and interrogation, have commonly an indicative ; of doubting, an indicative or op- tative ; of exhorting or encouraging, an imperative, and sometimes a subjunctive or indicative. Other adverbs hav^ various moods. 2. Ai,tct$i,sif et§e, »$, joined to the imperfect bXpuXcv or d^fiAdV, or the second aorist 4>^fA«v or o^t>^cv, are placed before an infinitive, in the sense of the optative ; as, tt$^ o?$, I would thou Tfert cold. ^ 4. E<^f precedes an optative in the present and future tenses ; an indicative, in the perfect, and sometimes an in- finitive ; as, u6{ ypu/pcif-u^ I wish I wrote, nh ytyptLtpu, I wish I had written, n^en f^tj 6v9)roto-t yevecBut 'rr.fA.ok 7ro$et¥av, I wish thou wert not a desirable evil to mankind. CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions couple together the same cases^ moods and tenses ; as, yif>^aro 6 Irjasg xyjpwoeLV xac /i€'yetVj Jesus began to preach and to say. Moods, The following conjunctions govern an Indicative and Optative. f/, if. cTe, that. . ' > when. Indicative and Subjunctive. r^ I when. ivei^uf, after. Indicative aad Infinitive.* (■srei^ } after. ffWf/Jjy, s since. ', ) aft ^Vj i sir rtr«-7f, that. Indicative,. Optative, and Subjunctive. fe^v^ ^ ' tPpoc, > that. Kuyy although. osra>$, oTflcy, when. Indicat. Opt. Sub. and Infin. ««, that. iotf, until. ♦ Whenever a conjanction or adverb goes before an infinitive, there is an ellipsis of some verb, such as «-wv«C», Sec. 18 104 Syntax. On the Particle Av^ (Poet, xs k xev.) 1. Ay indefinite. Av joined to verbs, adverbs and pronoun^, makes them indefinite : connected with pronouns, its force is that ofcunque in Latin. The subjunctive, and sometimes the indicative, follows it ; and if a past action is narrated, the optative ; as, f^slotf^^s^st av uv ev -srcniTac-t^ they repent of what- soever they have well done. ^Otstco-oi ctv fi' ctv hy>u(r:ti , you ought not to judge before you hear both sides. Aristoph. 6. Av future, which is generally uncertain, nnd dependent on a condition. In this sense it is followed by all the moods but the imperative ; as, ei Gio^ zrurj^o Cf^av y,v, uyuzrure uv /iu, if God were your father, you woidd love me. Sometimes, though rarely, a definite future is intended ; a$, el /K.JJ ^aofrtff eya k;v IXafJ^cci, if they will not give, I will seize it. Horn. Syntax, 19: Av has sometimes two or more of the senses above men- tioned at the same time ; as, otf^oti h, ^oc^lui av ifM^^oyr.c-xi^ i think that all ca?i, ought, and will assent to this. Isoc. Corresponding E-is-etcuv, when ; KcA'^asrsp, as ; Mfv, indeed ; Mev, both ; 'Of4.oiai, like ; '035-fly, where ; 'O-sr&v, where ; OyTftjg, so ; n;4^5dX5'A>?, SO. Xfit/, SO. ^rccvrcD^, thus,"^ PREPOSITIONS. I. ATtt), ai^t, ex (e^) and Ttpo, govern the geni- tive only. Ev and avv^ the dative. Erg {eg) the accusative. Ata, the genitive and accusative. A^cpiy araj em^ xara, f^era, Ttfp^, Ttapa, f^fog, ( Att. (og,) "i/Ttfp, '"i^Tto, govern the genitive, dative, or ac- cusative. ♦ One of the corresponding particles is frequently omitted ; Tw /?/; T3t;^/!r7:t yn^x7ii.U ^g ';> X*?''' SOC fates. as 5u/sy *-; 196. Syntax. 11. Prepositions in composition often govern the same case, as when they stand by them- selves ; as, e^'i^Xde ryjg otxiagj he went out from the house. The principal relations of things to each other are ex- pressed in Greek by three cases ; origin and possession, by the genitive ; acquisition and communication^ by the dative ; and action^ by the accusative. But these cases being alto- gether insufficient to express all the varieties of these rela- tions, prepositions are used to denote many relations of place, time, cause, and eff'ect ; motion and rest ; connexion and oppo^ sition. Every preposition has one primary meaning, to which all the other significations, arising from figurative or analogical relations, may be referred. The meaning of the preposition is generally adapted to the use of the case. The primary signification ofuzs-e, is under. The genitive, when joined with it, expresses influence or origin ; as, uw« xetvuctroi, under the influence of heat : the dative expresses the instru- ment or manner ; as, x^^pTnt 6.fj(,iit ecvTH c^6otXfJiov, an eye for an eye. Before. <«vt/ x^vj^wt tXB(rdct,i rtjv i'o^otv ^019, we ought to choose glory before (instead of) wealth. Against, avrt ecvh^q ijui go against the man. By a slight change of signification, u^n some- times denotes in addition to, or upon. Upon, ojv/fifc? av7< «cytuTo «2x<» lldp^eui, he marched from Sardis. About, azs-o TpHiji apcci, about (i. e. from) the third hour. After, x-aro ^'etza-you, from (the time of ) supper, i.e. after supper. Against, eczr^yvai^i, aside from (i. e. against) his opinion. For. ctTs-iTlgv9iluM ecvla>¥ efxo rm x<*pi*ii ^ they disbelieved from (for) joy. Of. e&zs-o Ta>v o-af ccXi(nte>f, I Spend from (of) thine. Of. ot ocvro Tfii /26t;A«, persons of the council, counsel- lors. Of. oi ctzTo r)>§ (piXta-opioi4 , persons of (belonging to) phi- losophy, i. e. philosophers. With. 4 mif6 r»v \«poZ^ f^ocx^y the battle (commencing) from swords, i. e. a battle, with sword in hand. Without. rj oLTc' uv^poq atrxy she without (separated from) a husband. EK, or EE, « Denotes out of. It is used to express a change from one state, place^ or time, to another, and the cause or mVithin. ev Izslee rji^spccti cc7xro$vr,p:iv uv, et jlu) ryr' eypst With. o-w Be» TrapctG-a, with God (wrfitheaid of Gold) I will attempt it. f ^ During, o-w rcf) Tneif, at the same time with, dyring the drink- To. TTopeuTo/^oct jxf ii, to offend against (the offence being directed at) the temple. Among. sn rm ripcjoc^ KccreMyf;, he was reckoned (at the place of) among the heroes. Because ) c^^roiivtircci et^ TO Kot^?^cq, he is praised because of his of. y beauty — the praise being directed to his beauty. For. tti iXotxf^lov fo-//y, it is reckoned (at) for a very small thing. In. f/$ iKKXrjricti Kud£^o/n.xty I sit (at the place of) in the assembly. Of. i/$ XptT^ov Myco^ I speak of Christ. To. 05 ^.iiTUf^evi) £19 x.vX((rfA^ Qso^opn, the SOW that was washed to her wallowing in the mire. Toward. «/$ £/ue ivvotcc^ good will toward me. Until. f/5 f^e^iov Kocrcc^vjec ^xivwloct, they feast (till they ar- rive at) until sun-set. IV. One preposition governs the genitive or accusative. AIA, Through, Denotes the medium^ instrument, or agent ; the materials f>£ which any thing is made ; the distance measured by any thing in motion, and governs the genitive. 200 Syntax, /'etrpi'sre icoti ha ts-ccvraff^ he excelled (throughout) 1 among them all. Among. < evr* ccy Trparx (pvytjq oXoxi h^, (supp, x^P^i) villages at a great dis- tance. After, ^ix ^'Jttv rftepatv^ after two days — two days being the distance. Atx has that, on which it terminates, i. e. the end ot final cause ^ in the accusative. For. TO 9rx^€xlov hoL Tflv ctidpcjuTov eyevijo, the sabbath was made for man. Sometimes, though rarely, the means. Through. tviict}erxv xvrav hu to ecifJLH, r^ ufvm, they conquered him through the blood of the Lamb. V. Ten prepositions govern three cases. AM^£V wii'pu xxjec x^ovoi, etju/pt ^ u^ uvju f^f?*? he threw the man upon the ground, and sat down up- on him. Concerning, fuix^^^* -a-t^xjui ttf^jp^ txtytisy they fight about a small fountain. Of. ttfx/pt cto-JpMv ype^ij, a description of the stars ; liter- ally, a writing about the stars. ANA Denotes to move up or hack, and refers to the line of direc- tion traced backwards. Hence it denotes back along, against, "up, upon, up and down, or among. Against, ccfet ^oluf^^v ^utcof^io-cci, they bore them back along the river, i. e. against the stream. About. «y<» ^' 'Opv^etoiot hov, ttm Kpolcc^oto Tvxn^tci, he took the noble Orythaon about the temple. . Cctvx r6v uv'Jov Myov, according to the same word, ccor- 1 ^ J tracing the same course of speech back ^ * ( again. Over. uvdt rec opt^, up or over the mountains. Through. tKe^pei.x,% ex^p^t, he marched through (upon) Thrace. Of. esri TTtcth^ My^y, speaking upon (of) the child. 202 Syntax, At. sTTt TaoTTH Td^evtiv, to shoot at the mark. Within, far/ vvG-Ttii e?-otv etcx^oi, they each stood (close upon) within the goal. Beside, e^uvspao-ev eccvlov izri r?}$ ^uXeiO-trr,^ rrjs Ti^eptu^o^^ show- ed himself just upon (i. e. at, beside) the sea of Tiberias. After. rifg v'ruo-7r;^(x,g otec^cctvstv etcsXivcre^ y.ui e^n ralm ru^ rcc^elg TAJv Ma»£(^flv^y, he ordered the shield-men to de- scent!, and after (close upon) them the Macedo- nian ranks. During. eTrt Kpovov, during the life of Saturn, With the dative, tar/ generally denotes junc- tion of one thing upon another. C izs-i T0/5 ^ y.sp^et, in pursuit of, fooc the sake of gain. Above. nKpot rptcuKoa-tot i-srt ;ti/A/o/$, three hundred upon (above) a thousand dead. With the accusative, it denotes an action directed upon. Upon. >u&os mTrlii s-zs-i rtiif ym, a stone falls upon, or towards, the ground. At. Kot6i)i^voi eTFt TO riXmiov, sitting upon the business of (at) the receipt of custom. To. xv, in adream. Syntas:. 203 To. t}iC6vlc Kulec Tpetlof, they came to the army. Toward, aujcc fiopsuv l^f^Kot^ , standing toward the north* Against, kujcc Xpitrla, against Christ. Over. uo-i KuT^ >ipeo^uii^ cot Xtyn, he speaks to thee before thy face. Kear. Kopiv$ioi ycocrx rag A&rvxdig »aw$ ^^;^«v, the Corinthians had their ships near the Athenians. META Denotes connexion or concomitancy ^ and is rendered by inntli^ among ^ between^ after. With. ivpov TO TTxi^tov (jLtrx Tfji fufrpoi xvTev, they found the young child with his mother. Among. M-iJoc ray vfxf dwv, in the same place with (or among) the dead. With. oBbo<; e7roii}T£ fAsT^vlofv^God wrought with them. By. ^xi]xtj eofaovlo fjuilx Trvotrs, their manes were blown with (by I the wind. With* ficslx rev ccpvtov '7ro>is/Ar,(r.iV(riy they shall fight with the Lamb. 204 Syntax. On. votfiTa? TO eXeai uer* uvr^v, he that showed mercy on him, i. e. with him as the object of it. In. /M,f7« ;kifc/)o-/v tx^^i having between (in) his bands. Among. fJLi'Ju. ^pAflci<^i vntlo< he was busy among the foremost. To. f/^elu, ^{JLUYtTtv eetviVt he spoke among (to) the female attendants. Within. f4>ela T^to-i ^t)uoc rtSevlf^y placing their destruction among (within) them. After. .u/ju riivexf^tv rm if^sp^f rcvltav^ after the tribulation of these days. By. vvx^lcap re xui fcf^' rjf^epxv, by night and by day. Into. /3i^A«y fierce x^^P^ «A>»^6?5, having taken the book be- tween (into) his hands. Among. t6i vvj> fA.srtt ^asov, go now among the people. nAPA Signifies at^ beside, or near. With the genitive, /rom at^ or from beside, from,* From. TTupuKvpiov^ (io9}6etx ft«t/, (from beside) from the Lord is my help. With. ijjTovi Ktti ol TTxp' uvrav, Jesus, and those who were from beside (with) him. Of. eTrvvOuviTo Trup^ ecvrav, he inquired from (of) them. Above, tx^t fiv^ oytcov Apyci *EaAjjva>v Wflc^cc, Argos has some- thing to boast from among (above) the Grecians. After. 5rj» oc-^w, a girdle about his loins. ^ept jicecTijiu.tptx)', about noon Concerning, cyoyyv^ov oila^xtot ^rept uv]ovy the Jews murniui.- ed concerning him. Trept Trace?! TvtXu h^itvxi, to be in fear concerning (for) the whole city. h^}v ^rpoi rov 0f«v, the Word was with (before the presence of God. TTpsqrcf} nXi'i Ts (iiHf about the end of life. 7!rp6g la-ss-epect ((r]t, it is about evening. rex.f*.y,ptov rtj^ -sroGqrjfJLuq^fXiocq, a proof of the friend- ship that is between us. srpoi m At.'ii iKiTtva uf^cai^, 1 beseech you (in pres- ence of) by Jupiter. Tsrpoq fisv «Ai$ K3tflf5, the Carians near the sea. Xpyi^l^ ^fo$ fltvc^as iit^J'ev utfovosi kcdcov, suspect no evil of a good man. (puTuv Tsroaq piyccg uifjuty blowing out the blood thro' the nostrils. It often denotes tendency towards or against. rovT6 yx^ zrpo^ ufterepoci; (rarviptct^ u^ccp^et, for this is tending to (for) your health. u73-t)X66v sTfio^ eoiVjjig, they went away towards their own homes. wpoi ctv^po^ iXfpov s-ss-Kpepav tov '^>}, to kick against the pricks. Txrpog roti upfifx^ioiq^ in addition to the things that have been said. With the Accusative only, according to ; i. e. so fir in the presence, or under the inspec- tion of; as, fjLTjh 'TTOiviO-ccq -sTPoi TO 0£^f^u, ueithcr did according to his will. On account of, pointed towards, as a cause. On ac- ( 7i:po(; TTjV a-KP^tjOoKOtp^av vf^av typct^ev^ On account of i count of. ( your hardness of heart, he wrote. For the ^ ^oU t>;» eXevf^ocwuv Koth^tm, sitting for the sake of sake of. ( alms. i}znrlt>X7} efcetyyj, et xat 'rrooq ^Oetv^ iXvsrvifrev uuoct , that? epistle made you sad, though but for a season. etzs-ocr.?)xu(rMei "srpog Kutpov apug, separated during ant hour. Against. In addi- tion. During. Syntax. ^0^ YHEP Siccnifies over, in defence of. Over, in respect of place or position. Above. J" usrs^ K£0cc?i7!q, he stood over (above) his head. Over. ozTf^ ccpyvpCi d;^^v/«/, they make their progress over the silver ocean. Upon. yepuio-^refi Ke0otXr,(i. old agc upon the head. With the Genitive, it denotes beyond; what is over another, is beyond it. Beyond. f| Ai6to:sria.q ry$ vTz-e^ AiyvTflov, out of Ethiopia, which is beyond Esiypt. In defence of ; what w^ would defend, we stand over ; on the part, or behalf, or for the sake of ftt 0f(9$ vTTe^ rif^aiv^ riq ku6^ r^u.^, if God be foF US, p 1 (on our part,) who cari be against us ? J f^v y.uym^ was mocked by (or of) the wise men. For. h(p' r^cviji ^oKpvstv, to weep for joy. PROSODY. SYLLABLES, in respect to their quantitj, are either long* or short. A long syllable requires, in pronouncing, dou- ble the time of a short one ; as, rvnrere. Some syllables are common^ i. e. long or short at the will of the writer ; as, the first syllable in the word Apyjg. H and g) are long vow els ; g and o, short ; a, i, Vy doubtful. LoTiff Syllables. L All circumflexed and contracted syllables ; the letters >7 and co, and all diphthongs, are long bv nature. Exceptmi, A long vowel or diphthong, be- Prosody^ 209 fore another vowel or diphthong, is sometimes shortened ; as, ^ .. ZrjvogelTtt fieyalpoLaiv o\2.vfi7tni\a6pooi\yj(yav. OvSe yapl^Se Apvlavrog 'vilog xpare\pog Avxolepyog. 1. This happens most frequently at the end of a word, when the next word begins with a vowel ; in the beginning of a word rarely ; and still more rarely in the middle. 2. The particles h, n, koci, xf, are not considered as sep- arating the long vowel from the following vowel or diph- thongs ; as, Asvrepctj \ ^' ecv /3«y | 6r])cs f^s | yacv, x.ott \ zriact | Srf^, 3. A long vowel or diphthong is sometimes, though rare- ly, shortened before a consonant^ especially a liquid ; as, II. A short or doubtful vowel before two sin- gle consonants, or a double consonant, is general- ly long by ^ost/ion ; as, p^a^, larovy nokTjcL^ xa- The vowel often continues long, though one of the conso- nants has been dropped 3 as, y^vo^csti which is for yiyvofcoct ; ylva^TKay which is for yiyturKoo \ ru^^cc^, for Tv^^y^ • fjucpru^^ for IzetpTvpq ; A/«;5, for Atccvr^. So where the Digamma^ has been omitted ; as, f^Xccio? oivn^ for fA.iXa,to^ Ffl/ja. Exception 1. A short vowel before a mute and a liquid, or tit, xr^ fiVj is common ; as, MetpaSelTevxe Oe\oL? ; as, y.av for |[^>7l; ; 'aSi) for /i^i;. 2. a .Eolic in the genitive singular and plural ; as, Airpt&o ; fiaaacdv. 3. a in the second and third persons sins^ular present indicative of verbs in oio, and third per- son plural Ionic of verbs in ul ; as. rtfiag^ SiSoaaL. 4. In the present and imperfect of, verbs in ouo whpnthe Digamma is supposed to be inserted. 5. Most nouns in ouovy whether they increase long or short ;^ as, onduv. 6. Most feminine proper names in dig. 7. In dissyllables inog pure ; as, /laog, vaog. 8. In verbs in ao, preceded by p or a vowel ; as, opdo, fcto). L Long in 1. udv^ the termination of nouns increasing short ; as, (i^y^a^v-ovog, 2. udv^ the termination of comparatives, but in the Attic dialect only ; as, I3e?i/Ti.)v. 3. First future middle Attic of verbs in io) ; as, xoiuS[xat. * ?ajt>j >'*Cc«:a>?, and a few more fol'ow the general rule. 2 IS Prosody. a and t Common. a and i. In the first syllable of words exceeding thre^ syllables, with the second and third short ; ag 1. In nouns in ux and lyj ; as, ^iTaa. 2. In verbs in to ; except eaduj. 3. In the improper redupUcation of verbs in ^t ; as, ^LyifiL, III. The doubtful vowels before a single con- sonant are short. Exceptions, — a, t, u, Long. a in 1. a/[ia, the termination of verbals. 2. avog^ amg, atYjg^ arig^ terminations of proper names, gentiles, and precious stones.* 3. avyjp in its oblique cases and compounds. t 4. Oblique cases of pa^, Oupa^^ tpa^, xvQSa^, xopSa^^ oia^y 4^ta$, ^sva^, Xa^pa^, xepcug^ '^lap. 5. axiov^ the termination of diminutives whose primitives increase long. 6. axooiog, the termination of numerals ; as, rpiaxo(yiog ; also avpaKoacog. 7. Perfect middle of many verbs ; as, TteTtpdya, 8. Subjunctive active of the first conjugation of verbs in fit ; as, larag, terra. 9. ag, in nouns of the first declension ; as, ragtag, ^t^tdg :J and in those of the third, which increase in avrog ; as, Atog, Atavtog, ♦ AvrtTTctrni. AatfcTaty/?, and a few others, are short, t In the nominative singular it is common. :J: By the Ionic and Doric dialects, «? ie shortened in th« participle*, and in the accusative plural of the first declension. Prosody. 213 10. ag, masculine of participles ; as, ru4<^$. otcra, feminine of participles. aOiy third person plural of verbs. acTco, first future|^f ^^^^^ j^^ ^^^ (Kyuj first aorist V , ^ axa, perfect ) ^ aaig, derivatives from the same verb. t Long in 1. Oblique cases of monosyllables in tg,* and trisyllables having the two former short ; and of words of double endings in ig or iv ; also of words in in tg-tdog. 2. Oblique cases of nouns in t^-tyog, or ixog^ and L^'LTtog ; also, a few in t$-tSo$, viz. 'a\^6$, /^a^- 6tg^ xapigj xrikig^ /l>7t$, xvyj[iig^ x^nig^ veS^ig, vyjatgy ctppa/ytg. 3. Perfect middle of any verb ; as, zexfiya, (Sedpidaf 4 t^a, termination of verbals. 6. ivogj LVOV, fi'»75 terminations of nouns.f 6. (Co, laa, first future and aorist of verbs in uo. 7. tryjgy LTLg^X terminations of nouns. 8. iScjy cyu, idcdj t^xj, terminations of verbs. 9. L^LOVy termination of diminutives making two iotas coalesce : as, from Ifmtt-ov^ limtL-Ldiov, lliarlSiov. V Long in 1. i^fza, vi.iogy vvog^ vpog, inrop, vtog^ i^'^'y^g, vtcg^ terminations of nouns.§ ♦ Tk, Az?, f^pt^.frt^^ are short in the oblique cases. i Kat/ixlvo?, xoTi'va?, ^vpTtvog^ KCKptvog^ and possessive adjectives in /vc?— iv», respecting time, matter, &c. also uKctTrm^ are short. X Verbals in tn; are short. * Verbals iq «t3?, wt«?, ut/?, are short ; as is ^o-t^m^., and some others in WTJ^'. 214 Prosody^ 2. Oblique cases of nouns of double endings in vg or vv ; as, fpopxvg or cpopKvv. S. Oblique cases of SouSv^^ Soibv^, ^yipv^y ^n- v^y xoxxv^^ Sayvg^ xouvg^ ypv4^, yv4^. 4. VVU9 vpcj^ v^o^ terminations of verbs. 5. ixtg), vaa^ future and aorist from uj. 6. Perfect middle of many verbs ; B.s^^fwxa. 7. Before a in the penult of nouns ; as, ;^pvTo^, ^vaog'j except those derived from the second |)er. son of the perfect passive : as, (pvatg^ Xvatg. 8. Before a in the antepenult ; as, ^rcroco. It would only embarrass the learner, to extend the rules for the first and middle syllables any farther Those which do not fall under any of the foregoing rules are said to be long or short by authority ; that is, we have the authority of the Poets (the best of all evidence) for the quantity of the word. IV. THE LAST SYLLABLES. I. Terminations in a, t, i^, are short. Exceptions, a Long. 1. Nouns in a pure,* 5a, 0a, and also pa,t un- less a diphthong precede ;f as, dsa. 2. In the vocative of nouns of the first and third declension ; as, Acvaia^ from Aivaiag-a ; UoXvSaua^ from Uo^vhafio/g-avrog. 3. In the accusative singular of nouns in evg ; as, UyjXed, from Ilyj2£vg. 4. Feminines from adjectives in o$ ; as, Sax, so {ltd, ♦ Dissyllables in ettet^ Verbals in T/xat, Feminines in s^* frono mascu- lines in «y? and &>?, Derivatives from adjectives in «f, Cities named from illustrious men, and xWiiat, vclttua^ Ksthctvptetf follow the general rnie. t The first aorist and perfect middle of verbs in pa, also etywjfa^ >2; or y ; as, re^^ova for tsTujvs ; apfra for aperrj. I Long. 1. Adverbs or pronouns augmented by para- goge ; as ovrom for ovrog. 2. The Attic ij as in bevpt, tautu 3. Kfi^ and the names of letters. i; Long. 1. Third person singular imperfect of the fourth conjugation in ui ; as, f^v. 2. Certain adverbs in d, and the names of let- ters. 11. Terminations in ar, op, lv^ t$, Wy rg, are short. Exceptions Long. L Nominative and vocative of masculines in av ; as, Ttrav ; and the neuter Txav^ whose com- pounds are short. 2. Accusatives of the first and second declen- sion, whose nominatives are long in the ultima ; as, Aivafav, ao^iav. 3. Adverbs in av ; except orav, which is short. 4. Monosyllables in ap ; as, xap ; but yap is common. 6. Nouns in LV-tvog. 6. Nouns of two endings in iv and ^, whick make both long 7. Monosyllables in ig ; except rtg, which is short. 8. Dissyllables in tg-ihg and lOog. 9. Trisyllables in t$, having the two former short. I UOK/X*tJ» 10. Nouns in Di'-Pvog. 11. Accusatives in w, when the nominative is long. 12. i>v^ the first person of verbs in ^t, and the adverb vvv. 13. Words of a double termination in vv and vgy which make both long. 14. Words declfned in vg pure ; as, tx^i/g. 16 Monosyllables in vg ; as, (ivg. 16. Participles of the fourth conjugation in fit ; as, ^tvyvvg. HI. Terminations in a$ and vp are long. Exceptions Short. 1. Nouns which increase in the genitive, ex- cept those in avrog. 2. Accusatives plural of the third declension. 3. Adverbs in ag, 4. The second person singular of the first aorist active, and of the perfect active and mid- dle. SCANNING. The feet and verse in Greek are the same as in Latin. Feet of Two Syllables. Spondee consists of two long ; as, dii^o. Pynhic two short ; as, rote. Iambus a short and a long ; as, 0eXo. Trochee a long and a short ; as, ;teipa. Feet of Three Syllables. Dactyle, a long and two short ; as, aoiiarog. Anapest, a short and two long : as, Adyjvau Amphimacer, a long, short, and a long ; as, eyx^^- Prosody. 217 Tribrachys, three short ; as, aOeog* DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE. Hexameter. The hexameter, or heroic verse, consists of six feet. Of these, the fifth is a dactyle, and the sixth a spondee : all the rest may be either dac- tyies or spondees ; as, A.vao^e\voi; re 6v\yarpa ^e^ov r a7t£\p8i(ri^ a|7to£ra. A spondee is frequently found in the fifth place ; whence the verse is called spondaic ; as, The spondaic is used when any thing grave, slow, large, or sad, is expressed. It has com- monly, though not always, a dactyle in the fourth place, and a word of four syllables at the end. What deserves particular attention in scanning, is the Ccesura. When, after a foot is completed, there remains a syllable in the word to begin the next foot, that syllable is called the Ccesura ; as, Tov 8' a7ia\(i6t(3oi.i£\vog npog e\^ xpetliw Aya\fi£^vov. Here there is a caesura in every foot. When the Ca3sura falls on a syllable naturally short, it is frequently made long ; as, Avrap elTtetr avlrotat (SelTtog ex^lTtev^eg sl^mg. Here og, in the word /3fAog, is made long by ccBsura. Pentameter. This verse consists of five feet divided into two halves ; the former consisting of two feet, either spondees or dactyles, and a caesura ; the latter, I* The more uncommon feet are not here enumerated, 90 218 Dialects. always of two dactjles and another ca-sura ; as, Anacreont'C. , The Anacreontic, or Iambic dimeter with a CBBSura, consists of three Iambuses and a caesura ; aSj Qe^j\?^yeiv\Arp8i\^ag. The first foot may be a spondee instead of an Iambus; as, Qcdpy^xloTtoglAxt^y^i^vg. Of this measure are the 1st, 2d, 6th, 7th, 8th, lOth, 12th, 15th odes of Anacreon, in the Collec- tanea Grseca Minora. There is another measure, which is often used by Anacreon, consisting of a pyrrhic, two tro- chees, and a spondee ; as, M£Go\wxrL\oLg TtoO^opatg. Of this measure are the 3d, 4th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 14th odes of Anacreon. Two vowels are often contracted in scanning into one ;* as, MsvLV aletSs d8\a nrjlTiyjialSeid Axt\h^og.'t DIALECTS. Ancient Greece, with its dependencies, comprehended, besides the different districts in Europe, part of Asia and sev- eral islands in the Mediterranean. In these several coun- tries, the inhabitants, besides the common language, had dif- ferent Dialects, of which four were principal, y'iz. the Attic, Ionic, Doric, and Molic ; the last comprehending the Bcectic. The Poetic style admitted all the Dialects, and had certain peculiarities of its own. * This is called Synecphontsii, 1 For a fuller account of Metre, see Wjlsoo or Harmann. Dialects, Attic. 219 ATTIC. The Attic Dialect was the most refined, and peculiar to Athens and its neighborhood. It is admitted by the Poets and writers in the Ionic and Doric Dialects. I. Contraction Properties. 1. Of syllables in the same word ; as, CM, ete sut ecu uo a £0 V into «. See Obs. 19. page 224 a. a. 10. 9. 11. 19. 4, 6. 6, 20. 6, 20. 11. — 5. To this Dialect properly belong all contract nouns and verbs. 2. Of Syllables in different words by Synaloepha, of which there are six species ; viz. '^Apocope, as >> Xi Aphaeresis, as To upyvpoiv Ta rfjLsnpH Toe, Bpycc To If^OtTtoV as Bf^l C'^O^VVSt ^Attic<{ Synaeresis, as Crasis, as Apocope k ) Synaeresis, J Apocope &, > i ct efJLOt ^Crasis, ^ ^th uxyeos T xpyvpioy. t' ecvi^poq. OKfceTepa. Bjit^ijpec. r' etpyct. *r' avTpo), OVVBKX. ^Otf^^CCTiOV, raXuxi^loy- ef^HTro^vvii, J: ovi^t, Tet^iyecg. Contractions of the Article, the Pronoun tyu^ the Conjunc- tiouKut, and the Preposition TFpo. u ^,f»« ilr, ^^ apve^, OVfJLOl, euytorpfip. tyu otf*>xt Eyof, Attic iya}ax . Before 01 > into HOC itU Keti, KCCt UV KOCt etTU KUi iy<» Kctt ev KUt evov xui oivov KOtt tJf^V ► Attic \ KOCV, Kcci ri KXt r uy^a^ot Before an aspirate, leis chansjcd into;^^ jj as, xcei ) ^ ;^6>. Attic < )CV' ♦ before i makes sometimes ^l']- ZT^%^21%. i See Article in the Ionic Dialect. I See Rule 111. page 6. Dialects. Attic, c UPo, Before Uy H, 7rpoa)(Pet?^egy 'rpiiiei* XV, cov, zrpoxv^uVy TTpuV^XV, II. Change of Letter or Syllable ; as, V into ^. as y^^vX^v, ^Xnxa))t. W, — ftoA'j, ^yii» A . ^. -— K^^tQxvog^ KptQxvei. O" — 7ret^xi, TTveVf^OfV, 7re(px'rfi^.xi ^Aft/iM^V. V ^9 f' — a-Viy 6vi, \^ — 7!ri'X£f*/pX^ TFtZrcfAJ^X. 15. u, — tv^vriy tv — l6A«» — itAf^M, KXrjS'ui, 6. 01 I «^> S xAo'«5, ^patv*]. 2. an \ it Af, — A«», Syllable. >^a* 2. , — Tv^xra>'rx^y TV^J/XVTtDV, 22 TC^Tcqv 24! 27. fiLt IjTct f 1 yvot(y» III. Insertion of, », o, *«, in Perfect Tenses. Observation 16, IG, 17. * Rijsby, after Job. Gramraaticus, reverses this instance, making 9fit/)Tf/v for BoLPpuv i but greater authorities are against them. + See Article. 4 In common with the Boeotic. 20* i^''^'^ IJtatects, Mtic. IV. Syncope, ^ c- in first future active and middle. 12 Obs. Antepenultima of the Istaorist. 14. « in the perfect, sometimes with the vowel or diphthong following. 19 Obs. I in the third plural pluperfect. 20. 9? in the aorists optative, and verbs in i^t, 27. Toi III (r$a>Txv, imperative passive and middle. 23. V. Paragoge, y£ in pronouns primitive ; as, eyaye, o-vye. «y in pronouns and adverbs ; as, orinv, hkHv. yasvyv. t and vin pronouns demonstrative ;* as, 'uroTt, uvTi)t, nfleiy ralm, Tstvhri^ r8]m, ralovt, roivloit, rotvjov^ for to uv]o^ n/Jov for ra^. There is sometimes an elision of o and a ; as, mlt^ TXVTt, /in adverbs* conjunctions, and prepositions j as, alajTi, vjy/, ovp^i, .M»fv/, evi. Bot in the second person singular of verbs ; as, xpV^^^' ii in the conjunction er/j;. VI. Apocope, 6t in the imperative active of verbs in /it/ ; as, ItJcc and /V7»?, lor itJu&i, ij-]))$i. OBSERVATIONS. 1. It makes the vocative like the nominative in all declen- sions. Declensions. 2. In the 2d, the vowel or diphthong in every termination is changed into a ; and the penuUima of nouns in ««$, iflongy is changed into « ; as, Xc&oi , AeA>5, N, plur, \\^j,u,, Me^, not other- wise ; as, t«<5$, 7ete>f<;, See Clarke's Horn. ct,. 265. 3. Some words of the 3d in >j5, -»;ro5, it declines after the 1st ; and ^yg, -oroq , m -0^05, after the 2d. Contracts. 4. In the 1st form of contracts, the accusative smgular of adjectives in 3}$ pure is contracted into ot ; as, ahto^iahci. PaLt ; as, tTlus-cct, Tidto-xt^ x,uh^ot.iy io-7>i, T/^^ Koi^vi, And sometimes in that of the perfect passive of Barytons ; ^s, f^einvr.a-xi^ iLC£f4.yy\, Page 74. 11. It contracts the Ionic xa> into a ; fo, jj«, ©<,, into «, in the second person singular of the imperfect indicative ; and of the present and second aorist imperative passive and mid- dle of verbs in ft/ ; as, ttrla)^ en&a^iKot&tfi ehhi, 12. In the first future of polysyllables in t^a, it drops t ; as, e?^-aria ; middle, iXsn^fJLxi. It does the same by those in cto-uy giT-o), e, 7s-e^ov6x, inserting v. But they are better derived as in the table of Anomals. 17. In the perfects active and passive uvsttcx, uvetf4,xt ' ci$x. According to some, this is not a change, hut an in- sertion ofcf ; an opinion which ef6, it inserts • ; as, uymfcet. 19. It syncopates » in the perfect and pluperfect active, and contracts the vowels ; as, ea-lctKctfri, lo-^mKevon, ea-;ecx,&>i ; iirluTi, IWav<«<, eT]coi ; and in some persons the following vowel is also syncopated ; as, i li^lcCfcecJoTf, etrjctxetle, iTJctjcsiTotv. ( 'itrlu — /ov, e(r]ec — 7f, Ifriu — cruv. 20. The Ionic iu, «$,* « for e/v, g/?, t/, 1st, 2d, and 3d Sing, of the pluperfect active and middle, it contracts into a?, «;$,?? ; as, tf/Ajj^-;?, -rfi. -fj. It syncopates t in the 3d plural of the same tense ; as, ijo'etroty for vhiJ-xv. 21. From the 2d person imperative active of verbs in |tt/, it rejects the last syllable, i'TUfrxVy v7 ^s, h^otTjv, h^/>.• ^ CVHIi\y%^bift Writers. Thucydides, Lysias, Plato, Xenophon, Isceus, Jsocrates, De- mosthenes^ JEschmes^ Lucian. — JEschylus, Sophocles, Euripi- des, Aristophanes, This Dialect was divided into ancient and more recent. Thucydides, Plato, and Aristophanes \x%e^i the former. IONIC. The Ionic Dialect was peculiar to the colonies of the Athenians and Achaians in Asia Minor, and the adjacent islands, the principal of which were Smyrna, Ephesus Mile- tus, Teos, nndSamos . It is admitted hy writers of the Attic Dialect, often by those of the Doric, but most frequently by the Poets. Pivperties. It delights in a confluence of vowels ; hence it is distin- guished from the common Dialect by I. The i?c5oZwtton of Diphthongs and Contractions. srervipee Xpfil^^,63. rvzrjfjott, rob. Matt. P. 103. B. uyecCospytct. Xoyoio, Toio* o. Ai^eeo-i Tea, 4, 5> TTulpaiog. II. Syncope of ^ and T in oblique cases. Dialects, Ionic, 227 5 in many words ; particularly those in nu ; as, <9«f , upxt- I in many words ; as, nAfay, zs-Xem, jus^av, tm for f/iVi. ai before a. and ?? ; as, e-eMvutu, A^j^vjc/^, xvotyxMtt}. IV. Prosthesis of e before many words ; as, «£/$, £coeiv» ^ Ionic { H^Kolt, r* arepoq. See onward. 228 Dialects, Ionic. The smooth and aspirate mute reciprocally ; as, t CCKCCv6tOV e toe. Ionic 1 ' uxotvhov, i^CC$pCtX.O^m xvfipij. u tcv St tcv €19 > Ionic VIII. Oil (ioepx&pey tulpoi e'srepo]eoy]o5 Oivpo rpotvfJLU itp'vsoi L Apta-Jecyopuv ( £lilv(Pity Contraction in a few instances into S . 'iltpoq 'ovlspo^,'^ uvoyjCricc ctvcjTtx, oy^uxov]x. V u n ' ^ipe&fiov, lijipoi. XPsia. e'^TlpoJioyjoq, oivpu, ^09). rpain^ot, ijptveo^, ApiTJctyoptec. mio s . elepog > — — a / uvoy,^c-< or -tft<~/. A. N. G. D. A. G. D; sx^. 2. Sing. /3/ ?;, ->j5» -Ji, iiv. PI- -f*'s -?J« oi* ■?i'^' or ■«^^^- 5. In the 2d, it changes s of the genitive sing, into do, (and in the article, which is of this declension, into sa, whose dative also is in eco,) and ot of the dual into oi'i ; G. G. D. G. D. G. D. Sing, ^^ay-oio. Du. -o/iv. PI. -iov, -oiTi. Sing. roii(i and reM^reeo. 6. In the 3d, by syncopating ^ and r it makes -<$, - -xdv,! 'Hei, 'Ke. xdv. 530 Dialects, Ionic, €e^P6fKst, ukuo-s, iAf^cc* Herodot, Sometimes the reduplica- tion only ; as, acrr.fjictt ; sometimes both ; as, Tsxvearut for rerexmrut, and from the pluperf. both augments ; as, >,vra for eXeXvTo. On the contrary, it reduplicates the pres. imperf. and both the futures and aorists -, >ctK^, enviTrs, TrsTner.a-a, xey^uiAa,, KeKpocr^picrcCju^))., fjLSfJiu.pzso^.'] Page 67. 13. It forms the 1st, 2d, and 3d Sing, and the 3d Plur. of the imperfect, and both aorists active, by annexing %«v, xe$, xr, to their 2d persons singular respectively, dropping the sub- junctive vowel in contracts, and shortening the long vowel in Terbs in fja. Common. Ionic. Imperf. ervirre^, srvTirr-str']^ eXPvTsiy exp^i'O^ 1st. Aor. srvyf/ui, ew^'CCT 2d. Aor. ervTTSiy erv-^r-ec s(rjt)i, eo-1'Ctcr Hence in the passive and middle ro-srrgTMfjmv, -so, -ero, 'OVTo, 14. In the first future indicative active of liquid verbs, and the 2d future of all verbs, it inserts e before the three terminations Sing, and 3d Plur ; also in the infinitive and participle, resolving et into ee and a into eo in the dual and Plur. except in the 3d Plur. and the participle feminine ; '^uX'ta, -ff/5, -££/ ; -f£7dV, -eilcv ; -fojttfv, -eele, -e^o-i. Inf. -^ctXtfiv, Part. -(^^A-fffl^y, -faraft, -fov. In the middle voice, it onhj re- solves a and u ; the latter in the 2d Sing indicative into eAty subjunctive into v^on ;*as, rvTr-eof^^t, -son, -eerott ; -eof^edov, -eso-^ov, -££0-6ov ; -feftf^*, '£eO'h, -eovrui ; rvTr-ay^^'^ -»j«e<, -Tjrect, 15. In the perfect active, it syncopates x, and shortens the penultima ; la-lrjKCCre, etrjeoiTe ; Te&v»y.ag, re^yra>i , 16. In the pluperfect active and middle, it changes, e», g/5, fi, into f«, £f$, § ££, * On the supposition that « is an insertion, and not a change of/. The aua:ment()f this verb is /. t a.vc^? and a in the 2d persons of passive and middle tenses into e«e/, eo ; in the subjunctive, r,cci. Page 74. 18. To the 3d Sing, of all tenses active, of the perfect middle, and the aorists passive, of the subjunctive mood, it annexes c, ; as, Active. Pres. rvsrrviTt. Perf. TeTvc>7i't. 1st A or. TV^r^ari, 2d Aor. rvTrnrjci, Passive. 1st Aor. 7v -«r«/, £xrxt Sf^vX'^^ / -»re, -exro, uvxTTevl J xv£7r£7rr ) 21. In common with the Doric, it contracts verbs in <«« into -»; ; as, o/s'^?, o/jJ, etfjv. ♦ Also Ty?9j«(7-/, ^vTrnJo-i, See Observation 21. 232 Dialects. Doric. 22. In the contract tenses of verbs in «^ vuf, it inserts «, syncopating the subjunctive vow- el of diphthongs ; as, Tt^etci^ riSeuTi ; J<, oeu. into a \ as, ^ovio-a, ^atroo j Instead of the regular tenses o{ xstf^^cn and uvsif^xi, it uses those of their primitives xia, and avf^; 3 as, xeovjeti, uvecvlui, 'ri'Savlcct, &C. It makes A^/ito^vfi; borrow its tenses as if from Ace^gie?i6C9eKe, Xctf^-^^f^ai, >^»f^g, 6,eigy^ ^et^y also JEolii\ TC — ^ e/tcoo^V, ccin.^^etKtx, 9 rl ftiKKoi for f^txpog. TTB^pOt^f^CCt. c- It 23. 17. (i cnt^i^ay "TrXet^u^ tpn%. 11. — 5 '^ TToKUy TCKCC,^ r ^oppfg. ie Kpsjcg, also Io7nc^ u i^ 'Tirop^oLXii, uysL^t^^ cDpKrJeg, eap^opitn. rpsc^Afi rpatxco. £ i: 16. V) 1 £ 2, 13, 19. 1 CO \ Cll ' 1 ^^ rv-^evfjug** ) TV^iif4.£g * ^ 16, 17. Trpoirog, 0vpZi^ eTva^a, Vf A^v. o 22, ft> ! viyec^evvy yeXsvfrx, alt ysct, netv» /-« K?^oc^otgj >tA<«|aj,*" yetf4.uv. 24. U' KXti^et^ 9CXUt0']p0Vy i]6cClOV. it "1- xPo^f^cc, Gen. 14. Aoye^' ACCUS. Aoy&>5. Acc. upoMog, piyav. 3, 24. TVis-loitri^rvzs-lotTci^ u- made toe by the ^'J/Zte and /iog^ fjLaet^ Tract, 1 TV7rIer,v,'^ \y , Epenthesis of ^ yocvulett, t Tv'^e'i'Tov, -Tf ; rv^et-rect ;J rv^otii. IG. T rvz/jofcea-ex, 20. V. Aphceresis of tff in A», A%, A^. OBSERVATIONS. M. F. 1. It makes the nominative plural of the article t«/, mt. Declensions. 2. In the Ist, it changes a of the Gen. singular a of the Gen. plural, and j? of every termination, into ec. Sometimes also the Gen. plural of the 2d and 3d ; as, N. G. D. A. V. G. AftW-flc$ -ec, } > -^, -ctv, u,- -Plur. tcper 3. Proper names in ccog have o syncopated, and are de- N. clined after the 1st j as, fjr M««A-flCfl5, -a, &c. MfV5A- f^ipfloq^ AprsiLLile^, Contracts. 5. It changes t} and iv of the Nom. and Voc. of the 1st N. V. N. V. and 3d form reciprocally ; as, Apsv^y -ev ; ^cta-ix-r.^ , -?;. to or « of all genitives in cos into ew ; as, ;<$ejy, -0,^ and also for the plural avr-ii^, -^$, -ec. For the plural dative G-(p{(rt, it uses the dual (r(piv, which by Aphasresis becomes 0iv. For the plural accusative «^^«5, it uses the dual G-, ys^^ot^ai, 12. It changes « in the penultimaof the 1st future and 1st aorist of verbs in 6> pure, into ei ; as, ety^tc-cj, axoi /u^v,| -£/7f, -ii \ v]i. Mid. rv^J/'a/itetty -rj, -etjut. 'iif4.£$ov, -n5-^«v, -£i^^a\^, kc, 17. It changes v into o- in the 1st person plural of all tenses indicative and subjunctive active, and of the 2d aorists sub- junctive passive : also c-into vrin the 3d plural, dropping the subjunctive vowel of the preceding diphthong, except in the ^ 2d future ; as, Tt;sr7»/M.f$, ervTrJof^gi, iv^ofA^a^ irv^ufj^^ &:c. \rv7r1oilt,^ rv^o)i]i^^ ri'jv^otvlt,^ Tvzs-iivli,^ ti6sv]i,^ ^iMh^ tvzsltay 7«, rv-^mlt^ Pass, rv^p^avli, rvTrmlt, 18. It changes 01 into a in the penultima of Barytons and contracts of the optative active, whose termination /w,;, the Attic had before changed into jjv ; as, Attic, rv7r]otr,v, yroiomy Xpv^^tuv ; Doric, rvzrjuyrtv, 7rotai'0, ;kj^t/o-^>jv, * From ri^i^oc, ^ e >ieyof^£$£9i (pe'pof^e^ev, v added. f^€fcop&cci, eMtvcc^ Tcc?Mt))a. c U, O'STlC&Ot. ^ (^u Arpiit^, i a ^biycilij^, Myapoiv, «^5, Acc. ov, u. . Oil (^oui^, ys^ioci, St < 5:§ 'J^OV. ( ot fMts-x, Kpsaxrui Me^oio-cc, opdotg,'^ III. Prosthesis of /3 before ^, instead of the aspirate ; as, ^pvl^^. * Words that undergo a complicated change. t See third Note, preceding: pae;e. :j: >yv« and i»!^iV'Xiog are of ^olic extraction, from ^sv^ and o^Mcvssi h In the augment, according to Priscian, Dialects. JEolic. ' 241 y tor the same purpose ; as, ysvlo. Also in other words ; as, yvoe/Vj yyo^oiti ; participles in «5 ; also of the i sub- script. V after « ; as, uvulecv, uvu^, ctv^s^, ctvlu^, d'ecvM^, iuvKSv^ V after o ; as, Ovhro-iot, A consonant to compensate the loss of the aspirate ; as, A consonant when the vowel or diphthong preceding is shortened j as, KJeWAf, ^Ssppa, tf^^uc^ 'l^l^i, Trsv^rry^gy rthi^fA,ty etXtzs-zs-ct,. a- in futures in Tuw, pa, j8 in ec?itS^vetv, cAdeCov. V. Syncope of y in oAi«5, 7v|, a>icp^, A, -av. It makes of genitive cases a new nominative of another declension, from which it forms its cases ; as, ofyepovlog^ the genitive, it makes a nominative, from which yepovloiq is the dative plural. So fAi\x\^ from fA^^Xxu^^ and T/e$, G. r/«, D. Tio)^ &.C. from the genitive t/vo$, which has sometimes the y [j^'ncopated. It changes of the 1st declension, the Nom. Sing, of the 2d, the Nom. and Gen. Sing, of the 3d, the Gen. and Ace Sing, of the 1st, the Gen. of the 2d form of contracts, and the Ace. Plur. of all five 3 as, 2d, G. ccperuP, A. ukox^, 3d, N. T'.f^eso^, fryt^Xvr foTYio^ G. xpufA.ot.To^ ; Plur. A, wh^oc^. 1st of contracts, G. ^S>.SO^y A. kMo^. 2d, G. TToMo^. Verbs. 5. It changes the si of the 2d and 3d Sing of the present indicative active, and of the infinitive, into 73 ; as, rt^W>i5, -?5, ->5V. 6. It annexes ^^ to the 2d persons in y^? ; as, j^s-^ct, rv^]- 7. It inserts cin futures of the 4th conjugation in Aa;, p&) ; as, reXcrca^ opcta 8. It changes cop6oci, eim ; and participles present, vo£/$, -roisi^^ &cc. 1 1 . It changes ??, in the present of verbs in f^.i from «iy, into cci ; from sa into £, doubling ;«. ; as, ysXatf^t, yeXxtg^ ys^^xi, &c. 12. It often changes the short into the long vowel in these rerbs ; as, rt^-ijlov^ 'r,usv, riSrPj^ crjy.Ot^ h^a^i, erLOr^:A.y^^. 13. In (py.fJLi it makes the 3d singular (potli^ and the 3d plu- ral (f'attrt, Writers. JilccevSy Sappho. j; Dialects. Bbeotic. 243 BCEOTIC. Under the JEolic is comprehended the Ba:otic Dialect, which has the following distinct peculiarities t It changes /3 into ^ ohxoii. y j3 ^oci*^ for y^v'/?. y^ I i;«v, ii|'>6^/ ,t Perf. Active. € A£vo/t<.c^H \ -V, ■ . (Txv, 2. It sometimes makes the 3d plural of the 1st aorist in U,Tl ; as, STV^CCTt, 3. It sometimes makes the 3d plural of the perfect in «y ; as* relv^ccv^ 7!r£(pptKocv. 4. It makes the 2d aorist imperative active in op like the 1st ; as, TVSS--OV, 'ulo. ♦ The » which the Doric chans^es into st, the Bmolic does not charge into ii'-i and, on the contrary, what the ^Bteoiic ctianges into «i, the Dor- ic does not change into a \ as, '^tTy, Doric aS^u^ never ««^y, Boeotic ; 'y:fcoiCy Bcp.ofic iif>a:i?, but not apang^ Doric. So Hort. Adonidis, Aldus. 1496. P. 209. But a/iaiA occurs in Pindar, Ode 3, Strophe 1. ■f i^cme ^ranamarians make this the perfect by changing » into f ; others, the 1st aorist, by changing av inio 3t^/, »•« roettc Dialect. 5. In the optative active, it changes e of the 3d plural int« Common. Boeotic. TV e. In the 3d plural of both the aorists passive, and of the imperfect and 2d aorist active df verbs in |t^/, it syncopates cTflf, shortening the preceding long vowel ; as, Boeotic. -fV. -ev. -ov. 7. It changes t) in the penultima of verbs in ft/, from ta into n ; and uses the Ionic reduplication ; as, n&eif^i, '2irs(pt^ei- No writers extant ; nor would this Dialect have been known, nor the Cretan, Spartan, Macedonian, Tarentine, PamphyHan, and others, had not writers occasionally intro- duced them ; as, in Aristophanes, we fmd a Boeotian woman speaking in her own Dialect. POETIC DIALECT. 1. The Poets often double a vowel or diphthong; as, (iovthoi ; and f for / ; as, e^sm for «|!j$ ; ^juJ'f/ for t^JV/ ; r/jj for T/. 2. I is often inserted to form a diphthong ; as, utehg for y.clog ; ««t for ass ; 9rot/jfit< for Trccpec ; f/itf/o for f^tteo, Ionic, for 3. A short vowel is often put for its corresponding long vowel or diphthong ; as, ^epo^ for ^tjpoi \lLponoui for Kpavtuve^ ; arpizros for Arpi'sra^, 4. A consonant is sometimes doubled ; as, yroXetcKvi for | 7s-o>iSKVi 5 i^it^o-oi; for fcfer«5 ; and on the contrary, when a con-j sonant is doubled, one of them is often removed : as, oh^ev^ for oi'vcTevg ; A^^P^w^ for AA^/Mft^s, Dialects of the Pronouns, 245 5. The last syllable of some words is removed by Apo- cope, Nouns in the neuter ; as, (^a; for ^a^f^ot ; aXipi for ucA- fo?, spi(r0i. To the Attic genitive in a; they add ; as. Gen. Evyeaa for Evyseo, 7. They form the dative plural from the singular, by changing t into eo-t or eo-a-t ; as, t;pai, rpaeci, or r^pa/eo-o-t^ and change oiv into oiiv in the dative dual. 8. The termination of the 2d declension is often given to nouns in the 3d ; and that of the 3d to nouns of the 1st and 2d, especially in the dative ; as, yepovron for ye pHO't ; '^xp. Bfif^ocToi^ for '7rt»p$7}f/.ocTt j aAx/ for x^tcv] j Ocf^tyt for uT/ntivi 3 "ZTxpBevi foT 7rup$£vaj ; KXetho-i for K^u^cig. 9. They change Barytons into verbs in ft/ ; as, s^zf^t, fipi- &7)fA.i, from €x<»^ ^ptdof, 10. From regular verbs in at are formed, by the Poets, verbs defective in u6ea, e6u, na^ virTu^ v^a>^ <><«*', aa*^ I*/, ryu^ T&cOy «•»«, c-23-«y, c-A», v6a, vTCAf^ 6f(raf, uttm^ uQu^ cooo. These are often formed from the future ; as,

6 to the pronouns «^a>, c-y, ^c, &c. 248 Dialects of the Verb Substantive eif^i. From oTog comes regularly the genitive ©ry, I. orecj, D. oTev, orleo, F,cr}ev • Dat. orat, I. orsojy P. or]ecf} -, Piur. Gen. tf'r^yy, I. orgav ; Dat. orotic I. orsotiy oTsotTi. k^trcb and k^la, are used by the Attics for kmu,, DIALECTS OF THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE «.u/. Indicative Mood. Present Tense* D. P. A. I. D. P. A. I. D. 1 tfJLfJLt n 1 2 -\ 3 sun, 249 Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense, I 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 '■?/ s ^ D. ^H'i bcav, OtM^iy K £iXv^af4.t, *^v«v. Uf^, £>^7riiy ecvu^i i^Eifid^ etpya, fA^tfj, ecv^o&va, e^ef, eiPa, eA\^ii has been put for ^'^t Appendix — No I. — Bigammeb, 253 spa'a}f iipeo, spr/jpr^.y (ppcjy ipva, to t7'7rspc<3 , The which i e^y, to put on. i^^/5, H. fx,e?^rj^^ ^«£e, adv. /ov^ci?, draw, yjp, tq, iJX,^, lO-KUy I. i^^p'> oivoq, cvpov. a yA|. Latin Dialect naturally adopted the iEolic Digamma, it expressed generally by V, as will be seen in the fol- lowing list : ccyof^oct^ vagor ; utMv, eevum ; i , levis ; ^va, lavo ; >it/A», solvo ; f^uAj, moveo ; ^«A3j, malva ; fAuoooi Mavors ; vctiog, naevias ; yavi, na\is ;* viog, novus ; y/x«, vinco ; olKog, vie US ; ohog, vinum ; e/$, OVl? ; eA, rivus ; cKcttog^ saevus ; rci6fg, pavo ; eJAjj, sjlva ; v&f^ uvesco ; a)oy, ovum, &C. Sometimes by other letters, among which are B ; as, ^vu, dubium ; f^oo^^ morbus ; paij, robur ; Ccj^ uber. C ; as, erepcc^ cetera. F; as, uyopx, forum; of^tP^o^, famulus; «t/Ao5, felis j /vfs, funes 5 pi'y€g. frigus ; Ca, fluo. R ; as, /3o>5, Boreas ; >tAe/ without distinction of Voices where < occurred before contraction ; as, ^a-6tf;g-^i, /3o-(JM'5-y<. VI. The 2d Singular of Tenses of the Indicative Mood in oA<^<, and of the Subjunctive in (^fJLUt^ Passive and Middle Voices ; as, rvzsP-ofjLott-yi^ rvTsr'l'UfA.tt >j : retainer! after Contrac- tion by Verbs in oia and iu ; as, T'l^-ccri-u,^ ^/A-i^ ^. VII. The 2d Sing, of Tenses in the Subjunctive Passive and Aliddle of Verbs in jm./ ; as, Present. 2d Aorist. Ua> -cc fS -« ^(^a -9 ^6) -(^ The Subjunctive in the three Voices corresponding with that of the contracted form of Verbs in uu, ««, and eat, under the exceptions already noticed. ♦ All ihe tenses of the subjunctive mood active derive their terhiin- ations from tho5e of the present indicative, chanj^ino: the phort into their respective long vowels, dropping v and subscribing t v.hcn they •ccur i e. g. Indie. tuTrl-ct, nc u ; jtsv, «tov ; c//..n', sts, «o-/. Subj. TVTrl-oot >?c ») ; «T6y, «tov ; cu^iv, «t2, ce7t, t Except that verbs in oefxt make Ihe 2d and 3d persons sins^uiar in »?, w ; which is indeed a more natural contrsLCtion of owe, cw, than ok, c7, nsed by verbs in aco ; and that the 2d aorist varies from the present, ^nd eons^equently from the contracted foroQ in verbs derived from «t*j by assuming w instead of ct. JPPEJVDJX-No. III. ARTICLE. The article was originally a relative pronoun, and as swcli was used by Humer and others in the sense ofuvloq or eKeivoq. O yot'P ^ocTi^^yji ^oXcoQiiq vUG-ov ccvQC c-jpurov apfTe TfLot,yj-/t^ . ^ he being enraged with the king, raised a destructive pestilence among the people. Iliad, A. 9. 'o yup 7}X9e, for he came. 11. THN d^£ iyca sk Xvxea^ but I will not release her. 29. When the antecedent is so situated, that the relation of the pronoun to it is obscure, the antecedent is repeated after the pronoun, to remove the obscurity : in this case the pronoun takes the name of the article. Thus, Iliad, A. 33, ai eidcrc^eti the good Socrates philosophizes ; o uyotSo? is equivalent to 'o &>v ccyoiO^g, he being good, viz. Socra- tes, philosophizes. Here it is tirst assumed that Socrates is good, and then an assertion is made concerning him. But XaxpxTfii eo-it ccyoc^oq asserts that Socrates, is a good man ; the thing assumed Avhen the article was used. The article then, taken with the word which follows it, always contains an assumptive proposition. To determine, therefore, when the article may be used, it is necessary only to determine when we are authorized to make this assumptive proposition. May we always assume that the thing which we are speaking of, is known to the hearer ? Certainly not ; for then the article might be used without necessity or meaning. But when may this assumption be made ? When- ever that, which we are about to mention, has been before presented to the mind ; for we are authorized to assume the existence of that to be known, which has already been before the mitid. If in discourse I have mentioned a horse, and there is occasion to mention him again, 1 may assume that his existence is known, and shall therefore say 'o Itttto^^ which is equivalent to '^o d»v iTr-Toi , a horse before mentioned, and therefore assumed to be known It is equally plain that I could not say 'o l-zs-zro^ on the first mention of the horse, for this would be to assume that which is not known, and there- fore not conceded. It remains only to point out in what cases the assumption may be made. I. Rcnezvcd Mention, 1. When a person or thing recently mentioned, is spoken of again, the article is inserted, whether the saine word is used, or a synonymous one, Xen. Cyrop. iTrott^iv^y} yef^^jv £v U£pa-a;v vof^ti — ov7oi ^e ^okHti 'oI NOMOI ccP^i^ecdoct-, he was edu- cated according to the Persian laws — and those laws seem to begin, &c. Xen. Mem. III. 13. xoAao-<«vTo$ nm ta-xopojg AKO AOJQO'H. r.psro ri x^?.£7rctivoi T<2t SipccTrovn^ and some one beating his attendant severely, he enquired the reason of abusing the servant. 2. The article is inserted before a word specifying the known state or qualities of some thing just mentioned 3 as, 1>ci)Kpo6rr,s 'o Ahvotio^^ Socrates the Athenian ; fyjv jcpta-i^ is the trial, implied as the necessary consequence of the treache- ry- . ^ Ibid. § 34. oTecy rt ■^'EYAQNTAI, otoPi^lu. y-at olo-u(Pyi TrstpuvTcci Pisystv 0o^ii,u.syoi TO fAey;^^^^, when thej lie, they seek indefinite and obscure expressions to avoid the reproach. TO e>i£7;^ov refers here to the reproach implied as the necessary conse- quence of their falsehood. The clearness of Die iriiplication will be very different in different cases. In many instances it exists only in the mind of the speaker : and is au- thorized, only because it will appear just, when the sentence is conclud- ed. II. KAT' EHOXHN. For Distinction, There is a multitude of ideas dormant in the mind, which are perfectly familiar to it, though not constantly the subjects of its contemplation. A reference may be made to these, with the same certainty that the relation will be perceived, as if it were to something recently mentioned, or actually present to the mind. 1. The article is used, kut* e^ox^iv^for distinction, when it refers to some object, of which there are many, but none is so well known as the one referred to. Thucyd. II. 69. 'H vor«< i-zs-eiceiro otf^a. y,m *0 TroAf^es, i. e. the celebi^ated plagve, and the Peloponnesianwar. "O TVat^rrA, f f omer ; *b (icitriXevf, the king ; gj ^0^/5, the state. 2. The article is used tcur* ^l^^^jv, /or distinction, before the names of the Deity j and of the great objects of nature, as the Sun, Moon, Sea, Earth* Heaven, &c. Demos, de f .Isis Leg. are TON ^A/ov y.o-^wovrd ot TocvTx TroiavTf^i UTi THN y^jv. They who do these things, regard neither the sun nor the earth. 3 To this head may be referred the case of Monadic XovMs^ i. e. those which represent persons or things wbicll' Appendix — No. Ill — Article. 26d exist singly ; or of which, if there be several, only one, from the nature of the case, can be the subject of discourse. Lys. Orat. Gr. vol. v. 139. Ekko-^u^ TAS evfiu^ EiTy^xOcy et? THN yuvoctKmtrivy having knocked at the gate, he entered the women's apartment. Demos, de Cor § 53.- "o* f^zvUpvrstvstqTVlN ^ii?i>:v etcccP^av f/$ TO liaXsvTr^piov. rifjciiq ^* eis THN £)cK}i/,^7\A ycxt r>j 'rccrpth, that he is born, not for his fath- er or his mother only, but for his country. uP^ysa rxv Kc(px?^xv, my head aches. 5. The article is frequently prefixed to adjectives of the neuter gender, when they are used to indicate some attribute or quaUty in its general abstract idea. Plato, vol. 1, p. 11. Af7f (Jjj rt (pr^q £ivxt TO cV/dv kui TO uvcTtov, Tell me, what do you say to be justice and injus- tice. No ideas are more familiar to the mi.nd than these. In cases where the article is used ^*t' sj'>;t«v, its reference is some- times more obscure than in instances of renewed mention ; yet its inser- tion is explicable on the same principles. III. Correlatives. Correlatives are words between which there exists a mu* tual relation. 1. When words are in regimen, if the governing noun has the article, the one governed has it likewise Plat. Thrast. p. 71. ^7 THN o-af^cc-rm llt^, the state of bo- dies. To this rule there are sgme exceptions, but these are chiefly cases where the article is omitted, according to the rules for omission to be givpn aftrrwards. 2. When partitives govera a gefiitivej the article is pre- ixed to that genitive. 26© .%?enJ/x— No. lU'-^Article, Ts-oXXoi TQN c-o^; ^liM to show that they too may be accounted for on the principles laid down. It has been shown, that in all cases the parti* eiple of existence, m^ ova-ot,^ ov, is understood between the arti- cle and its predicate : whence it will follow, that the exis- t€7ice of the person or thing, to which the article is prefixed^ is alwa}?s supposed. 1. In propositions which merely affirm or deny existence^ the name of the person or thing of which existence is affirm- ed or denied is without the article. iTioci fA,£v EIPHNH, there shall be peace. Psalm liii. 1. ax, eel t e£02, there is no God.* In such instances, to insert the article would be to assume the exis- tence before ii is asserted^ and thus render the proposition useless. 2. The article is omitted before nouns preceded by parti- ciples and verbs substantive, and those of naming. Demosth. de Cor. § 23. AITIOS EIMI tov ^oXsm^ov, I am guilty of the war. iEsch. cont. Ctes. § 62. nPOAOTAS ra;v 'E>^^y,ym n^i (iota- rotpxoti ey-'CcXsire, he called the leaders of the Boeotians the be- trayers of Greece. Ibid. 43. rc^.ft»)v ev rcct^ tTritrJcXut^ ypot0iiy cri AESHOTHS E2T1N TA»v c&v&oco^uv, who dared to write in his letters that he is king of men. In these inptnnces> the words in capitals would have the article kut* «^o;:^«v, were it not forbidden by the verb, whicli is used to indicate, as hitherto unknown, the very truth, which tlie presence of the! article would imply as known or supposed already. Hence, in the passaa^e from ^schines, had the Persian monarch written oTt 'O J^ia-Trcrnc fn, 4. Nouns in apposition^ not explanatory of the essence of the preceding noun, but of the end to which the person or thing intended is affirmed to be subservient, are without the article. Demos, de Cor. § 15. rcf) is-po^orri STMBOTAa^ ;^f>j-a:{, he uses the traitor as a counsellor. In such ca^^.s. iivctt or av may be supplied. 5. in exclusive propositions^ where it is intended to ex-j elude universally every individual, the artirle is omitted Demosth. de Cor. § 28. a NATS, a TEIaH tjjs -srcXia^ xfj^-j t>;jm.£V775, the city possessing no ships, no walls. If Ihi' article had been inserted, it would hnve implied that the exiai fence of ships and walls was either recogniz>^d or c''>n iiiio;rdlly admit- ted ; both oi vvhich are inconsistent with the nature of ( he proposi'ion. 6. When nouns are in regimen, if the second cannot take the article, the first loses it. Herod, lib. iv. p. 153, AEPMA oiv&PaTrn Kott -z^-a^v koh Xu,uooVt the skin of man is fat and shining. Here cTf/i/u* would have the article, but it is omitted because ctvBpuiTrit •annot taice it consistently v/ith (he serjse intended to be conveyftfl. 7. The same principle of correlation will explain wly, when the noun governing is indefinite^ the noun governed without the article. "* Plato, vol. V. p. 164. ^i^ocG-KccXov MOYSIKHS, a teacher music. Plut. page 99. -^^TXHS yccp ooyoivov ro o*<5yju,a, for the body is an instrument of the mind. In these instances, /ucus-iKyt; and 'r^X,*^? would have the article, were it not for the indefinite word preceding. Insertions and Omissions combined. Having considered the principal insertions and the princi- I * Many examples will occur, which seem repugnant to tliis canoq The principle, however, requires that the iiovernin^ noun should he ua merely without i\\e article, but also indefinite in sense : for it mai though definite, have lost the article in conformity vvith some rule, v.hic1 yet may not require that the o^overned noun sliou'd lone it also. Sff Thucyd. lib. i.$ 2. cT/;* y^tr upirnv TH2, where tt^fT>?v loses its article fi accouat of the preceding preposition. Appendix—'No. III.— .^Wick. 263 pal omissions, it will be proper to notice one or two cases of insertion and omission combined, 1. The subject of a proposition is generally found W^/i the article, and the predicate without it. Arist. Anal. Pas. II 3. ayxpeo-li TO t^i^e^ov SXHMA, ah TO o-^iif^ec ElliriEAON. Surlace is not figure, nor tigure surface. Plut. de Aud. Poet, p 11. ZnrrAOIAN i^evsivui (p&eyyof^t- v«v THN TFoiYio-iv, nolHSlN h (rr/ao-ccv THn t^caypctcpiu^, that Poet- ry IS painting which speaks ; and painting, Poetry which is silent. John i. 1. Kui Sgo^ f}v 'o Aoyog, and the word was God. The chief extepiion to this ruie i« in Ihf case oC reciprocating or con- vertible propositions, i. e. those in nhich either word may be the subject. In such propoeitioDS, both the nouns will have the article, or else neith- er. Plut. de Plac. Philo?, 1, 3. «<77/ S'i 'O eiog 'O vey?, God is the mind, or, the mind is God. Pldto, vol. xi. p. 38. TO ax^eA/ysv iciKiv 'a/utv uveu TO kxXov^ it inter- ests us, that utility should be the great ^ood, or, that the great good should be utility. Arist. de hiter. c. 6 KATA*A212€(77/ AUC^Al^l tivg!: ka^a ttvo^. 2.* When two or more attributives,! joined by a copula- tive, are assumed of the same person or thing, before the first attributive the article is inserted ; before the others it is omitted, Plut. Vit Cic. p. 68 'Veoo-Kioi 'O vtos KAI xAjj/jflvo^i^g r» n^yjjv^rcs xyocvocxTBt^ Koscius, the son and heir of the deceased, was grieved. Demosth. de Coro. § 27. n^ 'O t^ xoAf< ^eyam, KAI yoct' (pm KAI zirou.rroo'i KAI toivrcH ^nq, he who says, and writes, and acts, atid gives himself to the State. Ibid. § 61. *0 crvfjL^ii\o7rcg^ which is always understood. 1 hey are thus adjectives of invariable aitplication^ being constantly? used of av- Bpa/TTos J whereas common adjectives, as /usxat?, etyA^og, &c. are applica- ble to substances of various kinds. It was, then, to be expected of attributive substantives, that any number of them coupled together might be predicated of an individual represented by a pronoun. But suppose that, instead of these attributive nouns, we introduce others, which express mere substances ; the consequence will follow, (if we attempt to apply the rule.) that substances in tlieir nature distinct and incompatible will be predicated of the same individual, e. g. a/6oc and ^uo-os will both be assumed of 'O^ which is plainly absurd. We must be cautious, however, in deternuning that any noun is ex- pressive merely of substance. The word Av«/), man, commonly denotes merely a being ; yet in the passage, Avepei efrle, 0tXot, (A.V7](rcc(r&e JV 6iiP(^oq u^y-rj^y Be men. my friends, and recal y ur martial spirit, II. Z, 112, avs/Jss is evidently used not as significant merely of substance^ but of characteVy and is therefore in this case an attributive. The reason why proper names are excepted, is evident at once ; for it is impossible that John and Thomas^ the names of two distinct persons, should be predicated of an indivicbial. It is obvious, therefore, that in the phrase tov AxfJ^vcfgov xa/ » evT6/ir KocKovBGrrt, Injustice and intemperance are the great- est of evils. Ibid. 70. locrpiKi} ytynrai Tsronptecs ^H hrcri^ Justice is the remedy of wickedness. There is a close analogy between this use of the article, and the hy- pothetical use already mentioned ; as, 'O/ etS'itLoi will signify, all the un- iust ; so 'H !L6iKi!L will mean, every act of which injustice can be assum- ed. 2. When the attribute is personified. Aristoph. Av. 1536. ko&i THN (ioto-iXuav ^(r^ct. 'OAON iTTi VI ^tet$rj)Cii. 'OYTOS. A noun, when joined with the pronoun ovTdgf always has Appendix^^o. WL—Artich, 26^ the article prefixed, ton Tron^ mrof, this labor 5 uvrt) *H f^etx,*], this battle ; Teivr» TA enpicc, these beasts. Tkis rule is not observed by Horoer. Proper names usually take the article, but not always. 'OAE. What has been said of 'oTTOS, will, for the most part, ap- ply to oh, T9i:p, but to «vj?tf joined with ^Kocto^. 2. Whenever the article belongs to the adjective and sub- stantive taken together^ so that the assumption is of both, the article precedes the adjective. Xenoph. e^ii>,£VTccvTo vept TQN ENESTHKOTflN ^pttyftccroffj They consulted concerning present affairs. Isoc. Ts-ept THS KoiNHS craiT»oiy,i oMvonvreq, thinking alike concerning the public safety, 'o fft^j ^octtjp r6$)»iKe, my father is dead. 3. When the article belongs to the noun only, and not to the noun and adjective together, it precedes the noun. Isoc. Koivfji THS 7a-xrpih and they require some verb to make a proposition. But i/ao; 'O Tretntp contains a proposition, «3"t/ being un- derstood. 4. When the substantive and adjective have both the arti- cle, the substantive with its article is invariably placed first. Lys. p. 139 eMatv €7ct rj;y oiKtuv rjjv ef^tjv^ going to my house. Xen. ro/$ K),Atfl $ roig otp^xiois xp^^'^'^^i to use the ancient laws. Sometimes the substantive drops its article. The most simple and natural use of the adjective, is vrithout the re- petition of the article ; and this is by; far the most common in all Greek writers. When the article is repeated before the adjective, one of these two things may generally be observed ; viz. either that the substantive might of itself be reasonably presumed to signify the particular thing intended, though, by the addition of the adjective, the substantire is absolutely restricted to the object meant; in which case the addition is a kind of after thought : or else, that the adjective has been purposely reserved by the speaker to mark an emphasis or op- pusifion. Of fhe first kind, an instance may be found in Eph. i. 13, iv a KAi 7ns-:tyt(rhhrt TCU 7rviu/tA.ATt ms tTetyyihtctc Tfli ayiu>. In whom believing, ye have been sealed with the Spirit of promise— Me Holy One. Here t» TrviufA^Ti could not be easily misunderstood ; yet the addition of t» ayttA absolutely limits the sense. Of the second kind, an mstance may be taken from Demosth. (de Cor. * 27,) who, exulting in having saved the Chersonef^us and Byzantium, exclaims emphatically, *' These successes '« ^/»o«t^/>2» "A^^ • 'Troifxm 'O KAA02, 1 am the good Shepherd ; as opposed to •/M/