1TC SB 
 
 PRACTICAL 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SALE OF PATENTS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, LICENSE, CON- 
 TRACT, POWER OF ATTORNEY TO SELL 
 RIGHTS, &c. MANY OF THEM ORIGINAL, 
 
 AND 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE THERETO, 
 
 WITH 
 
 HINTS UPON INVENTION, 
 
 AND TIIK 
 
 UNITED STATES CENSUS. 
 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, SOLICITOR OF PATENTS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
 1871.
 
 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 Having made a really meritorious invention, and having 
 secured a patent thereupon, the battle of the inventor, who would 
 sell his patent, is but just begun. Heretofore he may have done 
 some good skirmishing, but now he must face the music of solid 
 battle. 
 
 All along till now, from the first crude conception of the 
 invention, on through its various stages of trial and experiment, till 
 the device stands forth completed, and yet on through the ordeal of 
 the Patent Office, till its parchment, ribbon and seal assure the 
 inventor of its protection, he is usually sustained by an enthusiasm 
 which suffuses his whole being with its rosy flush. In a sort of 
 vague way, it has, all along, seemed to him that when his patent 
 should issue, his labors w r ould be clone, and he would thenceforth 
 rest on his well earned laurels. Not that the situation has thus stood 
 forth in his mind, clearly and sharply defined, for it rarely occurs 
 to an inventor to seriously consider upon what will be the state of 
 affairs at this juncture, till the progress of events brings him to it, 
 but the cloud which hovered over this bit of promised land roughly 
 assumed this shape. 
 
 When the inventor has finally received his patent, and read 
 and re-read it some dozens of times, it begins to occur to him that 
 he will just thrust in his sickle and reap a little of the golden har- 
 vest, which imagination has, all along, been sowing for him. 
 Plainly, he looks around for a purchaser, and with a kind of aston- 
 ishment, waking up, as it were, from a dream, he finds that pur- 
 chasers do not stand around ready to exchange their filthy lucre for
 
 his invention. Generally unaccustomed to the ways of business ami 
 of business men, he finds himself, in a short time, as helpless in his 
 endeavors as can well be imagined. He does'not know what class 
 of men will be most likely to take an interest in his invention, nor 
 how to reach them, nor what to say to them. Not rarety, after a 
 year or so of this blind groping, disgust with the whole thing sets 
 in, and the inventor renounces this and all other inventions forever. 
 This has been the experience, over and over again, of thofi- 
 sands upon thousands of inventors, and in multitudes of cuscs 
 where a purchaser has been found, the invention has been sold to 
 him for a song, and the buyer, applying business principles to the 
 management of the invention, lias realized the lion's share of the 
 money from it. 
 
 The Patent Oflice Kepoitsare full of useful devices, which 
 have never been introduced into the markets of trade, and which, it 
 is easy to say, would have netted their inventors considerable sums 
 of money, if they had been properly brought out in their time. 
 
 It is partly with the purpose of indicating to this class of 
 inventors to whom they should present their patents for sale, and 
 how to present them, that this work has been projected. 
 
 It must not be supposed that all inventions are salable, or 
 that the directions hereinafter contained are infallible! Some 
 inventions are very far from being improvements, for though they 
 may be very ingenious, yet they are neither simpler, more efficient 
 or cheaper than the common devices in use for the same purpose, 
 and consequently there is no money in them. Suoii inventions may 
 sometimes be sold to men with more money than good judgment, 
 yet the cases where this can occur are so few, that it is not worth 
 while to place any dependence upon them. 
 
 It is, however, believed that a person will rarely fail to dis- 
 pose of an invention of any merit, if he takes the pains to under- 
 stand and intelligently act upon the suggestions hereinafter con- 
 tained.
 
 PATENT BROKERS. 
 
 Almost, if not quite, every issue of various scientific and 
 mechanical periodicals are adorned with the advertisements of par- 
 ties who hold themselves out as making a business of buying and 
 selling patents, almost always strictly " on commission." The fol- 
 lowing, omitting names and localities, is the actual advertisement 
 of such a party, as it appeared from week to week : 
 
 " PATENT RIGHTS SOLD ON COMMISSION, 
 
 And Valuable Inventions introduced by the most experienced Pat- 
 ent Salesmen in the Union. * * * N o CHARGE FOR OUR SERVI- 
 CES, UNLESS SUCCESSFUL," etc. 
 
 This is a fair sample of a whole class of advertisements. 
 A letter addressed to one of these advertisers elicited the fol- 
 lowing reply : 
 
 " Dear Sir : 
 
 Your favor of the 2d is received. We charge from $50 to 
 $250 for expenses of negotiating Patents, and 10 to 15 per cent for 
 commission. Yours, truly, 
 
 A letter sent to another elicited the following reply : 
 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 Your favor of the 1th is received. We have been so taken 
 up with other matters, have scarcely had time to reply. Our terms 
 require the patentee to furnish $100, with ichich to advertise his 
 patent, furnish one perfect model or drawing, and allow us forty- 
 five days within which to make the sale,'' etc., etc. 
 Yours, Respectfully, 
 
 Similar answers were received to letters written to others of 
 these brokers. They were invariably accompanied by circulars, 
 describing in glowing term? the advantages the senders were able to
 
 offer. There was a striking similarity among these circulars, and, 
 in one case, two were found, parts of which were identically the 
 same, word for word, although they issued from ofliees more th;m 
 a thousand miles apart. 
 
 It will be observed that these patent brokers always advertise 
 to sell on commission. Their letters and circulars disclose that there 
 is always an advance fee, varying from $25.00 to .*2.".0.00, which 
 can hardly be said to be in conformity with the terms of the adver- 
 tisements. Commission houses engaged in the sale of other articles 
 always pay their own expenses, and not un frequently advance 
 money upon goods consigned them, before they are sold. For a 
 patent broker to first advertise to sell patents on commission, and 
 then, afterwards, to charge an advance fee, ought, at least, to sub- 
 ject him to suspicion. 
 
 Another thing it is difficult to see what advantages a patent 
 broker can have over the patentee, if the latter is once made ac- 
 quainted with the way to reach probable customers. The broker 
 certainly cannot understand the nature of the invention better than 
 the inventor, and besides, as the buyer well knows that the broker 
 must have a large commission from the price realized, he has an 
 'incentive to buy from the inventor, and save this commission. 
 
 The broker will probably claim 
 
 FIRST, that by education and experience, be is better qual- 
 , ified than inventors in general, to set forth the advantages of the 
 invention, and the profits to be derived therefrom ; and, 
 
 SECOND, that he keeps an open office, at a settled place, 
 where a person seeking investments in patents may come, examine, 
 and select. 
 
 To the first argument it may be replied, that the ability to 
 well set forth the advantages of an invention is not necessarily inci- 
 dent to the occupation of a patent broker ; and to the second argu- 
 ment it may be replied that the legitimate market for inventions is 
 found among those who are engaged in manufacturing or selling
 
 articles akin to the invention on sale, and that this class of men 
 will, as a rule, display their usual shrewdness, and much prefer to 
 deal with the inventor, at first hand, and thus save the heavy com- 
 mission, which they well know the broker must receive. 
 
 The sum of money which these brokers require as an advance 
 fee, will, in most cases, pay all the expense of presenting an inven- 
 tion to all that class of persons who will be likely to buy it, which 
 is all that the brokers will promise to do, and the invention is, 
 meanwhile, entirely within the control of the inventor. 
 
 These remarks are based upon the supposition that the 
 advance fee paid to the broker is wholly and honestly appropri- 
 ated for advertising, etc., about which a person is justified in enter- 
 taining grave doubts. 
 
 At any rate, it is better for the inventor to wait till he has 
 exhausted all the unequivocal resources at command, before resort- 
 ing to this. 
 
 PREREQUISITES. 
 
 1. MODELS. 
 
 It is absolutely necessary, in offering a patented invention 
 for sale, to have one or more perfect working models. If the 
 invention is a machine, and not too large and costly, and it is 
 within the inventor's means, he should construct, or have con- 
 structed, at least one full sized machine that will work to perfec-
 
 10 
 
 tion. If, beyond question, the machine is too costly to allow of the 
 inventor's building one, then he should have in its place complete, 
 artistic drawings in elevation, plan and detail. 
 
 In making a model, it is not enough to construct a rude 
 device, which, in a halting and awkward way, will illustrate the 
 principle of the improvement. The machine should be most care- 
 fully and perfectly made. The mass of minds will much more 
 readily understand and appreciate the principle of the machine if 
 the mechanical execution is perfect. Whatever the after made 
 machines may be, the first one should be as near perfect as possible. 
 The inventor will usually find that, at his best, he will have enough 
 to apologize for, without being responsible for poor workmanship. 
 It is much easier to interest a crowd in a fine piece of mechanism, 
 even if the device be old, than in a new but roughly made inven- 
 tion. The tea, coffee and spice merchants understand this, and 
 take advantage of it, when they put in their windows handsome 
 specimens of small steam engines, which are supposed to be always 
 grinding fragrant Mocha or Old Java, the merchants well knowing 
 that halt the people who go by will take a look at the polished and 
 painted machinery, and will thereby be drawn to look at their mer- 
 chandise, 
 
 If the invention is a small article, as a shirt stud, a mouse 
 trap, a toy, or a clothes line holder, it is best for the inventor to 
 have quite a number made, that he may send samples to those who 
 may become interested in the invention, if it should be found 
 desirable. If the invention is a new compound, or a new proerss, 
 the inventor must provide materials, etc., for explaining and illus- 
 trating the process, 'or the effects of the new compound. 
 
 , 2. FIRST COST. 
 
 Another necessity, in offering a patent for fale, is to be able 
 to show just what the first cost of the article is. If the invention is 
 some complicated and costly machine, the inventor must show,
 
 11 
 
 either from his own knowledge, or the calculations of some compe- 
 tent person, what is its first cost. 
 
 A competent person would be a civil or mechanical engineer, 
 or a machinist, or other mechanic of experience in constructing 
 other machines of the same general nature. If a responsible party 
 an IK: found, who will agree to furnish the machine well made, for 
 some certain sum apiece, this is an important item to be had. 
 
 If the invention is some small device, and not costly, the 
 inventor should have some dozens, or, better still, a few hun- 
 dreds of them made, so as to get at the exact first cost. To find a 
 responsible party, who will undertake to make the articles for a 
 certain sum per hundred, per gross, or per thousand, is also impor- 
 tant here. The difference of two or three cents, in the first cost of 
 small articles of general use, often determines who shall command 
 the market ; in other words, who shall make money from the man- 
 ufacture, and who shall lose. 
 
 If the invention is a new process, the inventor must be 
 amply prepared to show the cost of his process, as compared with 
 that in common use for the same, or similar purpose. 
 
 3. THE PROFIT 
 
 The profit made on a single article is, of course, the differ- 
 ence between the first cost and the retail price at which it is finally 
 sold to the consumer. To determine the amount of this profit upon 
 a new invention is a necessary thing, before offering it for sale. 
 The whole profit is divided into three, and sometimes four parts, 
 viz. the manufacturer's profit, the wholesale dealer's profit, and the 
 retail dealer's profit. The manufacturer sells to the wholesale 
 dealer, the wholesale dealer to the retail dealer, and he to the con- 
 sumer. There is, sometimes, intermediate between the manufactu- 
 rer and wholesale dealer, the jobber, but the writer fails to see the 
 use of such an intermediate, and if he is made use of, his profit 
 should be a per centage on the profit of the manufacturer, so that
 
 in making the division of profits, it is not necessary to consider tlie 
 jobbber at all. The retail price of the article should be fixed as is 
 commensurate with the allowance of fair profits to each of these 
 parties. If the invention is an improvement upon an article in 
 common use, as for instance a flat iron, and the first cost of the 
 article is not greater than the first cost of the common article, then 
 it is probably best to adopt just the scale of profits which obtains in 
 the trade with regard to the common article. An inquiry put to a 
 friendly dealer in the articles upon which the invention is an 
 improvement, will elicit what these profits are. If the first cost is 
 somewhat greater, then the retail price should be correspondingly 
 advanced, the scale of profits being kept at about the same ratio of 
 correspondence. If the first cost is less than that of the common 
 article, it is probably advisable to keep the retail price up to that of 
 the common article, and thus give larger profits. 
 
 There is no general correspondence of profits to these three 
 parties, on different articles. The profits on different manufac- 
 tures differ widely, and with no reference whatever to a common 
 standard. The only rule that can be given, in this regard, is, 1o 
 ascertain the scale of prices and profits which prevail from the 
 manufacturer to the consumer, in the trade, upon articles which are 
 nearest like the invention under consideration, and then to assimi- 
 late, as far as possible, the profits upon the new article to this 
 scale, varying, however, as any good reason may dictate. If the 
 invention is a new process, the inventor must be prepared to show 
 the gain in using the new process, as compared with the old, and 
 the increased profit secured thereby. The same is true, if the inven- 
 tion is a new machine for producing an old article, as, for instance, 
 drain tile. 
 
 4. THE MARKET. 
 
 Having ascertained the first cost of producing the article 
 invented, and having fixed upon the profit to be derived from a
 
 13 
 
 single article, the next step is to enquire bow extensive a market is 
 offered to the invention. 
 
 If it is an invention useful to both sexes, to children and 
 adults alike, it will have for a market the whole population of the 
 United States, over thirty-eight millions of souls. If useful to 
 adult males only, the market will be about one-fourth of this num- 
 ber. This thirty-eight millions of population is composed, roughly, 
 of males and females in about equal proportions, and each of these 
 divisions is composed of about one-half adults and one-half chil- 
 dren, so that, if the invention appeals to persons irrespective of 
 their avocations, the market for it is readily computed. If the 
 invention is one which will be useful in every family, the market 
 will be about one-eighth the whole number of souls, as on an aver- 
 age there are about eight persons in a family. 
 
 The full census report for 1870 will probably contain such 
 full statistics of the different trades, professions and callings of the 
 people of the United States, that there can be readily gathered from 
 it how many there are of any class or classes of persons to whom 
 an invention may be of particular utility, and the whole of such 
 class or classes will constitute the market for the invention. 
 
 Instead of being directly useful to any class of persons, an 
 invention may be an improvement in the manufacture of some arti- 
 cle, as flour barrels, for instance, and then it is necessary to ascer- 
 tain the actual annual production of this article in the country ; or, 
 it may be an improved process, say of smelting iron, and then it is 
 necessary to find how many tons of iron are annually smelted. The 
 census of 1870 will be a great aid in ascertaining most, if not all of 
 this information, but when it is deficient, the librarian of almost 
 any public library can direct an inventor where to find the desired 
 statistics The wants which inventions are designed to fill are so 
 various, and the statistics which would answer all such enquiries 
 fill so many pages, that it is impracticable to more than direct, in 
 this book, as to what information is needed.
 
 14 
 
 6ne element which must be taken into account in determin- 
 ing the extent of the market for a new invention, if it is an article 
 and not a process, is its durability. If the article, when once sold 
 to the consumer, will last him for ten years, of course the market 
 for that article is not so large as it would be, if, in the natural 
 course of things, it would last but a short time, and then would 
 require to be renewed. Having ascertained the extent of the market 
 for a new invention, the gross profit to be derived from it can be 
 readily computed, by multiplying the profit upon a single article l>y 
 the whole number which may probably be sold. 
 
 8. CAPITAL REQUIRED. 
 
 If the amount of capital required to develop an invention, 
 and introduce it to the public, is small, this will be an additional 
 argument to use in selling. 
 
 6. PRICE TO BE ASKED. 
 
 This is a matter, for determining which no absolute and defi- 
 nite rule can be given. It is pretty safe to say that inventors arc 
 rather apt to overestimate than underestimate the value of their 
 inventions, Of course, the more profit there is to be made from an 
 invention, and the larger market there is for it, the more valuable it 
 is. If it appeals to but a small and widely dispersed class, its value 
 will be less. If it is a new and radical improvement in the manu- 
 facture of some staple article, as iron or steel, like the Bessemer 
 process, for instance, a half million dollars would be a moderate 
 price for it. If a meritorious improvement on some household 
 article in general use, or some article of dress, or a new and amus- 
 ing toy, a few thousands might be a fair price. Again, if a really 
 valuable improvement in some important agricultural implement, as 
 a reaper or mower, from twenty to fifty thousand dollars would 
 probably not be exorbitant. In no case can an inventor expect to 
 get but a fraction of the value of his invention, as shown by the
 
 15 
 
 gross profit to be derived from it, for he must be able to offer the 
 lion's share of this profit to the purchaser, as an inducement to buy ; 
 and, besides, the purchaser will have the trouble and risk of making 
 this profit piecemeal, as it were, from the actual use and sale of the 
 invention, The advice of friends who are in business, especially if 
 their business is such as to make them conversant with the market 
 for the device under consideration, will be of great value in fixing 
 the asking price for a patent. Having fixed upon this asking price, 
 it is then quite safe to lessen it Ity at least one-fourth of its amount, 
 and on this basis proceed. 
 
 7. THE VALUE OF PARTS OF A PATENT. 
 
 Having fixed upon the gross sum to be asked for the whole 
 of a patent, it is very easy to determine the value of territorial 
 rights under the same. If the whole value of a patent is ten thou- 
 sand dollars, a state right will be worth just such a part of the 
 whole, as its population bears ratio to the population of the whole 
 country. Take, for instance, the State of Connecticut. Its popu- 
 lation is about five hundred and forty thousand, while the whole 
 population of the United States is about thirty-eight millions. The 
 value of the right for this State will be arithmetically expressed 
 thus ^r^v^ of $10,000=$142.00 ; or, not to put too fine a 
 
 oo, UUU ,UOU 
 
 point upon it, $150.00. But the inventor cannot afford to sell one 
 state at the same rate that he would sell all the states in a lump. 
 The price for a single state should be double of the exact propor- 
 tion which the one State bears to all the States together, so that the 
 price of the State of Connecticut would be three hundred dollars. 
 This rule, however, should not be stringently applied to any of the 
 Gulf States, nor to any state west of Missouri, except California, 
 for the reason that these excepted states are not as much interested 
 in manufacturing as are their sister states, and for some other rea. 
 sons, clo not offer as good markets,
 
 16 
 
 An advance of fifty per cent over the value, as determined by 
 the population, is enough to put upon these except e<l states. Ko 
 advance whatever, over this value, should be asked for territories. 
 Having ascertained the value of a state in this manner, Hie value ol 
 a single county can be determined in precisely the same way, first 
 finding the value as determined by the ratio the population of the 
 eounty bears to the population of the whole slate, and then doub- 
 ling the sum. The value of a town may be determined in precisely 
 the same Avay from the value of a county. The census of the 
 United States, taken in Eighteen Hundred and Seventy, by states and 
 counties, will be found further along. Those who desire to sell 
 rights for towns, will have to procure the more extended eensu> 
 report for this purpose. 
 
 8. SHOP RIGHTS. 
 
 A "shop right," so called, is the right to use the patent or 
 manufacture under it. at some shop or manufactory ; it may be 
 restricted to a certain place, or left unrestricted. It cannot be con- 
 sidered advisable to make sales of this kind under a patent, unless 
 there are strong reasons why the territory should not be sold. As 
 such a right, when no royalty is reserved, is liable to abuse, it is 
 very difficult to fix upon the value of it, for although a factory may 
 have been doing but a small business, previous to the purchase of 
 the shop right, the factory may thereafter expand its business, so as 
 to practically interfere with sales under the patent in all parts of 
 the country. 
 
 A shop right should be limited to a certain annual production 
 and to a certain place. If this is not done, an effort should be made 
 to ascertain the annual production ot the factory to which the sale 
 is to be made, as compared with the like product of the whole 
 country, and then a proportionate price should be fixed upon the 
 shop right, doubling the value as shown by the computation, in t In- 
 same manner as was directed for fixing the value of state rights.
 
 17 
 
 There are some kinds of patents under which it may be advisable 
 to sell shop rights ; as, for instance, an improvement in the manu- 
 facture of steel. The greater part of all the establishments for 
 making steel will be found congregated in three or four manufac- 
 turing centers, and the proper and sensible way of making such a 
 patent available to them, is to sell them each a shop right. It is not 
 difficult, in such cases, to ascertain the amount of the annual pro- 
 duction of each establishment, and tfiis amount, as compared with 
 the whole annual production of the whole country, will furnish the 
 basis for computing the value of the shop right, provided, of course, 
 that the gross price for the whole patent has already been fixed 
 upon. 
 
 9. ROYALTIES. 
 
 A royalty is a duty paid by one who uses the patent of 
 another, at a certain rate for each article or quantity manufactured, 
 or a per centage upon the sales. This method of realizing from a 
 patent is, perhaps, the commonest of any, and if the patent is a 
 valuable one, and the party who manufactures the article acts in 
 good faith, it is generally the most profitable for the patentee in the 
 long run. On the other hand, if the patent is of doubtful merit, the 
 patentee better sell it outright, and it will be best in any case, if a 
 fair price can be realized, for both parties to the negotiation will 
 then be freed from any danger of injury happening to them from 
 the bad faith of the other party. 
 
 The royalty to be asked, where a patent is let out in this way, 
 differs very much with the article which is the subject of the 
 patent. If the patent is an improvement upon an article of staple 
 manufacture, it is best to keep the retail price as low as possible, 
 and to effect this, the royalty must be low, varying from three to 
 five per cent of the amount of the sales. On large and heavy ma- 
 chinery, from five to eight per cent of the selling price is perhaps 
 a fair charge. On agricultural machinery, from six to nine would
 
 18 
 
 not be unreasonable. On small articles of jewelry, fancy articles, 
 toys, dress, etc., etc., a royalty amounting to ten percent of the 
 gross sales is not too much. In any case, it is not best to leave the 
 manufacturer free to make as many or as few as he chooses of the 
 article, for he may choose to make none, and then the patentee will 
 get nothing, and the manufacturer will still retain his license. All 
 agreements upon royalty should contain a clause that if a manufac- 
 turer shall not pay royalty vrpon a certain minimum number, the 
 patentee shall have the option of declaring the license null and void. 
 
 Forms of this kind will be found further on. All such agree- 
 ments should also contain a condition, that at stated times the man- 
 ufacturer shall render to the patentee a true and exact account 
 of all the patented articles made and sold by him, since the last, 
 account and payment, to which account the patentee shall have the 
 right to require the oath of the manufacturer, and that if then the 
 patentee is not satisfied, he shall have the right to view the manu- 
 facturer's books. 
 
 If one manufacturer will undertake to supply the whole 
 market, and will fix the minimum royalty which he must pay 
 sufficiently high, then it is best to let him have the sole right to 
 manufacture ; but if it becomes necessary to let the patent out to 
 more than one, then the minimum amount of royalty should be 
 fixed upon the same general principle as followed in determining 
 the value of a shop right.
 
 ig 
 
 TO WHOM TO OFFER THE PATENT 
 AND HOW TO OFFER IT. 
 
 Having settled all these preliminary matters, and having 
 become acquainted with the nature of the various kinds of rights 
 which it is usual to dispose of under patents, the next question to 
 be answered, is, " What class of persons will be the most likely to 
 buy the patent, or rights under it." To this the answer is plain. 
 If it is an article in distinction from a process, it is likely to be 
 most readily sold to some one of that class of manufacturers who 
 are making articles of the same class as this. " HOW T to get the 
 names and addresses of all of such a class ?" Answer there are 
 men in New York and other large cities, who make it their business 
 to furnish, for a reasonable consideration, full and complete lists of 
 all parties engaged in any particular trade, occupation, profession, 
 or manufacture throughout the country. The inventor has. let us 
 suppose, devised a new and useful article of jewelry for gentlemen, 
 say a shirt stud or sleeve button. He, of course, will naturally ex- 
 pect to sell his patent to some manufacturing jeweller, and accord- 
 ingly he will procure, from one of these agents referred to, a list of 
 all such parties, either in some particular part of the country, or in 
 the whole country. 
 
 It is not generally, advisable to procure more than a partial 
 list, at first, because a sale may be made to one of these, and if not, 
 then the list can be readily enlarged, from time to time, as may 
 become desirable. 
 
 Having procured such a list of parties, the next thing is to 
 properly present the thing to them, one by one and for this purpose 
 it is advisable to prepare a circular, bearing a good "cut" of the 
 invention, if it be susceptible of such illustration, and containing a 
 concise, but very careful description of the invention and its opera- 
 tion, setting forth its advantages over the common article, or pro-
 
 20 
 
 cess, oil which it is an improvement. It should contain a careful 
 statement of the actual first cost of the article or process, supported 
 by facts and figures, and offers of responsible parties, if any have 
 bc-en made, to manufacture at such prices. It should also show 
 what a reasonable retail price would be, as governed by the margins 
 which obtain in the trade for similar articles, and from this deduce 
 the profit to be made on a single specimen. It should further 
 show, by actual statistics, taken from reliable sources, how exten- 
 sive a market is offered to the invention, taking into account the 
 average life of the article and the whole duration of the patent, and 
 from this should be computed the whole sum to be realized, if the 
 whole market is supplied. This figure will always be a large one, 
 and after making this computation, it is advisable to say, in sub- 
 stance, as follows; "even if but one-half or one-fourth of the 
 whole market is actually supplied, the gross profit will be," etc., etc. 
 which, being a reasonable supposition, can hardly fail to carry 
 weight. If the claim in the patent is a strong one. it is best to 
 insert it in the circular, and call attention to its strength. 
 
 It is, probabty, not best to put into the circular the terms 
 upon which the patent, or rights under it, will be sold. That can 
 be better set forth in a letter to accompany the circular. The fol- 
 lowing circular, founded upon an imaginary "Improved Collar 
 Stud," will illustrate the general method to be followed in preparing 
 such a circular. 
 
 LETTKKS PATENT NO. 100,010. DATED JUNE 0, 1871. 
 
 This is an indispensable article of a gentleman's toilet. It is 
 not only a perfect collar stud, but an equally perfect tie holder. 
 All who have ever worn a ' snap" or butterfly tie and this com- 
 prises all American ?mn/kind are well aware of the vexatious 
 incident to fastening the loop of these ties over the common shirt
 
 21 
 
 button, or collar stud. Many a hasty, if not profane, ejaculation 
 lias been the result of attempting this task. It has often been a 
 matter of equal disgust for a gentleman a wearer of one of these 
 ties on reaching home, to find that he has been In'avely marching 
 through the streets, minus a neck-tie, which has, in an unlucky 
 moment, escaped the faithless grasp of the common button, or stud. 
 
 This little device completely cures these troubles. Toe loop 
 of a tie is as readily slipped into one of the little hooks, upon the 
 front of the stud, as a hat is hung on a nail, and it cannot escape 
 therefrom by accident. 
 
 The owner of the patent, which has a broad and strong 
 claim, is not in circumstances which will allow him to undertake 
 the introduction and sale of the studs. He will, therefore, dispose 
 of the patent, or rights under it, and asks attention to the following 
 remarks, which show its great value. 
 
 FIRST COST. It is made of gold plated sheet metal, com- 
 monly known among manufacturing jewelers as " stock plate," and 
 all the parts are struck up by dies, so that it can be made very 
 cheaply, at a cost not exceeding five cents apiece. Messrs. Brazos 
 iV Copperman, of Waterbury, Conn., and also Mr. Chas. Ringman, 
 of Nonh Attleboro, Mass., have offered to make them, in quanti- 
 ties, at that price. Of course, if these parties can furnish the studs 
 at that price, the real cost is less, for manufacturers do not generalhy 
 carry on their business for fun or philanthropy. 
 
 THE RETAIL PRICE. Plated collar studs, of the common 
 kinds, sell at retail prices varying all the way from twenty-five 
 cents to one dollar, according to plate and workmanship. No stud, 
 which is as well plated as this, sells for less than fifty cents, and as 
 these last are merely the common kind, with no improvements, fifty 
 cents would be a reasonable retail price for this improved stud, 
 giving, as the profit on a single article, forty-five cents. This 
 allows the manufacturer to sell to the jobber for ten cents apiece, a 
 profit of one hundred per cent ; the jobber to the wholesale dealer 
 for fifteen cents, a profit of fifty per cent ; the wholesale dealer to 
 the retailer at twenty-five cents, a profit of sixty-six and two-thirds 
 per cent ; and the retail dealer to the consumer at fifty cents, a 
 profit of one hundred per cent ; so that while the retail price is not 
 higher than for the common article, the profits of all concerned are 
 enormous, and will make it a favorite with the trade. 
 
 THE MARKET. Of the 38,000,000 of people in the United 
 States, about one-fourth, 9,500,000, are men, and about one-half of 
 these, 4,750,000, are male youth, the whole mass of whom wear
 
 22 
 
 lies, three-fourth's of them, 3,562.500, "snap" tics. One of these 1 
 studs can be sold to at least one-fourth of this last number, which 
 makes 890,025, on which the owner's profit, at five cents apiece, 
 amounts to $44,531.25, and as the average life of a stud is about two 
 years, this sum must be multiplied by eight to give whole profit for 
 the seventeen years duration of the patent, which gives the com- 
 fortable product of $:-{5<;,25o. 
 
 THE CAPITAL KKgnuKi) is very small, and can be rapidly 
 turned over. 
 
 Foil TERMS, ETC., address 
 
 GILES GENIUS. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 This circular should be printed in good taste. If the 
 inventor can afford to put it on heavy, tinted paper, in some fash- 
 ionable type, as is the so called " old style" at present, with a red 
 line around the edge for a border, so much the better. The matter 
 of the circular should be written in as clear, crisp and sparkling 
 style as the nature of the subject will admit, and the composition 
 and press work be as perfect as possible. 
 
 If the inventor, himself, is not capable of doing justice to the 
 subject, let him find some literary friend, or some other properly 
 educated person, to do it for him. Let the statements be just as 
 strong as the facts will bear. It will be observed that the terms are 
 not given in this circular. This, with some oilier matters, can bet- 
 ter be reserved for a written letter, to accompany the circular. It 
 is advisable to accompany this circular with a written letter, for the 
 reason that the receiver thereof will be obliged, in common cour- 
 tesy, to give the matter attention enough to understand it, which 
 attention he might not give to a mere circular. Besides, the letter 
 makes the matter more of a personal thing to the receiver, and does 
 not make the terms public, all of which tends to give weight to the 
 matter. The general style may be understood from the following 
 form for such a
 
 23 
 
 (LETTER.) 
 
 [Confidential.] 
 
 HARTFORD, Conn.. Jan. 1, 1871. 
 Mr. HIRAM HAUTBOY : 
 
 Dear Sir : May I ask your careful attention to the enclosed 
 circular ? I believe that the facts set forth therein will show you 
 that I offer for sale a really valuable invention. The figures, making 
 every possible allowance, and then dividing this by a large fraction, 
 show that there is a fortune in this little thing. But I am in no 
 condition to undertake the introduction of the article. 
 
 In the first place, I have no means. 
 
 In the next place, I am a mechanic, and ignorant of business 
 ways and business men. 
 
 You are in a business which Avill enable you to manufacture 
 and introduce this stud readily. 
 
 I offer you the whole patent for $5,000. I shall be satisfied 
 to take part cash, and part approved notes. If you do not care to 
 purchase the whole patent, 1 may be willing to sell you a territorial 
 or shop right, or allow you to manufacture on a royalty. 
 
 This offer is made to yon alone. 
 
 The thing will not be offered to any one else, unless you 
 refuse to buy, when I shall offer it to others in your business. Be 
 kind enough to answer at once. If an answer is not received by 
 me within seven (7) days from this date, this offer is from that date 
 withdrawn. Very Respectfully, 
 
 GILES GENIUS. 
 
 This circular and letter should be sent to the different parties 
 mentioned in the list, sending to but one party at a time, and wait- 
 ing till the expiration of the seven days or other set time, for an 
 answer, before sending to another. 
 
 When an answer is received looking toward negotiation, if 
 any definite terms are offered, the inventor should most carefully 
 consider upon it, before rejecting* even if greatly under the price 
 asked, remembering always that all that is made over and above the 
 actual expenses incurred, is clear profit. If a shop right, territorial 
 right, or royalty right is wanted, the suggestions in the foregoing 
 pages, on fixing the value of such rights, will be found of assist- 
 ance.
 
 24 
 
 If it is thought that better terms can be obtained, it is best to 
 inform the correspondent that the inventor is <; greatly obliged for 
 the kind offer made, and will take it into serious consideration,'' 
 etc., etc. A rule which should be imperative in all business mat- 
 ters, comes into play here. Never be rude or peremptory in 
 declining an offer, but always express yourself in the kindest and 
 plrasantest terms of which you are master. 
 
 It is hardly possible that an inventor of any merit can run the 
 gauntlet, in this manner, of all the manufacturers in the country, 
 whose business is of a kind to naturally interest them in the inven- 
 tion, without finding a purchaser. 
 
 NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING. 
 
 Another method of getting an invention before the public, is 
 through the medium of newspaper advertising. This is more 
 expensive than the method just described, and is not, perhaps, 
 advisable till that fails, though it may be often happily used in con- 
 junction with it. If the inventor can afford it, it is well to have 
 the invention illustrated and described in one or more of the scien- 
 tific and mechanical publications of the day. of which the Scientific 
 American, and American Artisan, of New York, and the Scientific 
 Press, of San Francisco, are notable examples. Such illustration 
 and description may sometimes, of itself, prove sufficient. If not, 
 it may be followed up by ordinary advertising ; or. this illustration 
 and description may be dispensed with, and the advertising con- 
 fined to the regular advertising columns. In doing this, the 
 advertisement should be inserted in the paper or papers which
 
 25 
 
 are designed to meet the eye of the class or classes of persons to 
 whom the invention is of special interest. Any reliable advertising 
 agent will be pleased, on request, to furnish, free of charge, a list 
 of any required size, extending over the whole country, or any part 
 thereof, which circulate among any special class of people, and the 
 advertisement of the invention should be inserted in one or more 
 such papers, as the judgment and means of the inventor may dic- 
 tate. It is very much better to insert a small advertisement in a 
 large number of papers, than to occupy a large space in a smaller 
 number. The experience of old advertisers confirms this propor- 
 tion. If the inventor is not skilled in writing advertisements, it 
 will be best for him, if possible, to get some friend, or other prop- 
 erly skilled person, to write the advertisement for him, for it is no 
 common accomplishment to be able to put into a small space, in an 
 attractive and striking, and yet not vulgar manner, a notice of any 
 tiling, which shall say just enough to induce the reader to push fur- 
 ther inquiries. Suppose the invention to be an improvement in the 
 manufacture of coach varnish : an advertisement something like 
 the following, would not be inappropriate : 
 
 Altf PW Pn A flJ \T A D\rTQ)U A most valuable patented improvement iu 
 IlIlYV uUnUfl VnlUUOll. Coach Varnish Is oflered for sale thor- 
 oughly tried aud tested. Address T. W. COPAL, Huyshope, Conn. 
 
 This will occupy but few lines of space, and yet tells 
 enough to interest varnish and coach men therein. It is not advisa- 
 ble to make much parade of the patent, as a patent, for there is 
 something of a prejudice among business men generally, against 
 patents, on account of the great number of humbugs which have 
 been pushed into notice under their guise, but this prejudice van- 
 ishes, when they discover that the patent covers a real improve- 
 ment. 
 
 The proper papers in which to insert an advertisement like 
 the above, would be those which are intended for circulation among 
 varnish users, varnish manufacturers and carriage builders, a k'st of
 
 26 
 
 which, with the charge for insertion, the advertising agents can 
 readily furnish. When answers to advertisements are received, 
 they can be replied to by such a circular as that hereinbefore 
 described, accompanied by a letter substantially like that set forth, 
 changed to meet the requirements of the case. 
 
 The inventor must not be afraid, if his means permit, to con- 
 tinue his advertising for some little time, for experience has shown 
 that unless a person is more than ordinarily interested in the matter 
 advertised, he has to see an advertisement a number of times before 
 he will take any active step in reference to it. 
 
 PERSONAL SOLICITATION. 
 
 Patents are frequently sold by personal solicitation, and it 
 the inventor cares to make the sale of rights under his patent his 
 main business, and can get safely through the period of rawness 
 which always attends the commencement stage of all such attempts 
 without giving up the business in disgust, this method of sale may 
 prove, in the end, the most remunerative. The inventor must, 
 however, give his whole time to llie business, must have means 
 sufficient to allow him to travel, and must persevere till lie learns 
 not to be discouraged at any and all disheartening obstacles he may 
 encounter. 
 
 In short, he must make of himself a successful salesman, and 
 a salesman of rather a rare order, a task which is evidently so di Hi- 
 cult, that unless an inventor is satisfied he lias peculiar qualifi- 
 cations for it, he better not undertake it. If he does, however,
 
 see fit to undertake it, a few suggestions may be of assistance. 
 Upon arriving at a town where he proposes to make a sale, he 
 should be provided with a good model or models, and plenty of cir- 
 culars containing substantially the matter set forth in Ihe circular 
 hereinbefore described, making the closing part to read "Rights 
 for sale on the most liberal terms at" (wherever the inventor has his 
 head-quarters). If the place boasts a newspaper, the matter should 
 be dul} r advertised, and good " local" notice will be found a great 
 help. 
 
 Suppose the invention to be a new domestic article, as a knife 
 sharpener, the advertisement might be in substance as follows : 
 
 "A GREAT WA1VT FILLED A simple, cheap and effective article for 
 use in every household. Great Profits made. Rights under the patent for sale 
 low. Call at HARVEY HANDY, Patentee. 
 
 Of course, having interested a man enough to call, the 
 inventor must press upon him by aid of model, facts and figures, 
 etc., the money there is in it for the purchaser. If any resident of 
 the right stamp can be made to assist, by giving him a commission 
 on sales, it will prove a valuable help. 
 
 A thing sometimes done by traveling salesmen of patents is, 
 to find some resident who is " up to snuff," as the saying is, and 
 arrange with him that he shall hold himself out as ready to buy a 
 half interest in the territory which it is proposed to sell, and they 
 two, the salesman and the decoy duck, go in search of some third 
 party who will really buy the other half. The price of the territory 
 is put at double that which the seller really means tD realize, and 
 when the third party is found to really buy the other half of the 
 right, the territory is assigned to the decoy duck and such party 
 jointly, but no money is paid, except by the third party, and out of 
 this the seller usually pays a commission to the decoy duck. 
 
 The fact that a neighbor is ready to purchase a half interest 
 in the right, is a great inducement, usually, to the third party to 
 buy the other half.
 
 Of the morality of such transactions the reader will judge. 
 
 If the inventor chooses to take his model in his hand, and 
 attack parties most likely to become interested, at their places of 
 business, he may make sales, but in this case he will find that pre- 
 vious advertising will pave the way for the personal effort. 
 
 ITINERANT AGENTS. 
 
 In almost every county in the United States may be found 
 persons who, off and on, as the phrase is, make it their business to 
 sell patent rights, traveling about the while for that purpose. It 
 must, in truth, be said that some of these, by their fraudulent prac- 
 tices, have done much toward bringing the business of a traveling 
 salesman of patents into disrepute. These fraudulent practices 
 have consisted in making grossly false representations, as to the first 
 cost of their articles, in taking notes for the whole or part of the 
 consideration of the sales, under the promise to retain them till due. 
 so that the purchaser should have a chance to see that their repre- 
 sentations were true, before making final payment, and then selling 
 the notes instanter, and the like. 
 
 Many of these men, the honest ones, are really good agents 
 to employ, as they are usually willing to bear their own expenses. 
 and take a share of the proceeds of the sales for their pay. If an 
 inventor has a choice among different ones, he should, other things 
 being equal, select the one who has means that make him pecunia- 
 rily responsible. 
 
 Unless a person has such means, or unless the inventor is 
 satisfied that he is a man of the firmest integrity, it cinnot be con- 
 sidered safe to give him an unlimited power of attorney to make
 
 Sales, nor even then is it desirable, because it is always best to make 
 sure that the agenl cannot keep from the inventor any of the funds 
 lie may receive, nor put the patent into the hands of a confederate, 
 by means of a bogus sale. 
 
 Control over the funds received can be kept, by providing, in 
 the power of attorney, that all cash received shall be deposited to the 
 joint order of the agent and the inventor, and that all notes taken 
 shall be to their joint order. 
 
 Control over unadvisable or fraudulent sales can be kept by 
 providing, in the power, that the sales made are conclusive, unless 
 the inventor shall, within say ten days, signify his non-accept- 
 ance thereof. Forms for powers of attorney, with these or equiva- 
 lent provisions, will be found further on. 
 
 STOCK COMPANIES. 
 
 A great many patents upon inventions which are either con- 
 sidered very valuable, or which require a large capital, to make 
 them available, are realized from by making them the property of 
 stock companies, which are either specially chartered by the state 
 or national legislature, or are organized under the joint stock laws 
 which prevail in most, if not all the states. This a perfectly legiti- 
 mate, and often a very easy way of realizing money from an 
 invention. 
 
 The inventor takes his pay either wholly in cash, or from 
 stock in the company, or partly in cash and partly in stock, 
 
 The modus operandi is as follows : the inventor, let us say, 
 wishes to realize $10,000 in cash, and $10. 000 in stock, and it is 
 necessary to have $15,000 actual cash capital to work the patent.
 
 In such a case the nominal capital of the company may, gen- 
 erally, well be put at $100,000. 
 
 We will, first of all, reserve l.V)00 of this nominal capital 
 to be used In securing the aid and countenance of influential men, 
 to be given away by the inventor for this purpose, though of course 
 this part of the operation is usually confidential between the 
 inventor and those whose aid he seeks. The inventor must there- 
 fore reserve for himself, in all -f LT>,OOO of the nominal stock. 
 
 This leaves * 7.-., 000 in stock to lie sold, whereby to reali/.e 
 $_>:,, 000 in cash, Sio.ooo for the inventor and $1.">.000 for actual 
 cash capital. 
 
 Now, to raise $25,000 cash upon $75,000 nominal capital, 
 each share sold needs to pay but one third of its nominal value, so 
 that there is a great inducement in this for parties to invest in the 
 stock. 
 
 Of course to make this operation successful, the inventor 
 must be able to show, by facts and figures, a good prospect of pay- 
 ing from six to ten per cent dividends upon the nominal capital, 
 and if he is able to do this, and acts with a fair amount of shrewd- 
 ness in securing the help of two or three influential men, by the 
 aid of the $15,000 in stock which he has set aside for this purpose, 
 his task is very easy. 
 
 The inducements he may hold out to investors are not only 
 the hope of gun from dividends, but the prospect of becoming ofli- 
 cers of the company, as president, secretary, treasurer, director. 
 etc. When such companies are organized, it is very common for 
 the company to retain the services of the inventor in some capacity, 
 so that the inventor is well icwarded by present cash, by stock, and 
 by future employment. 
 
 If the inventor is content to take his pay entirely in stock, 
 then his task is just so much the easier, and if he is able to organi/e 
 his company without giving away stock, this again lightens his 
 burden.
 
 31 
 
 If the inventor is willing to put in his invention against, say, 
 f 10,000 actual cash capital, then he may be able to find two or three 
 men, or possibly one man, who will put the cash against the inven- 
 tion ; and, in short, there are numberless ways in which this pro- 
 gramme may be varied to meet the circumstances of each particular 
 case. 
 
 The details of the organization of such companies must, of 
 course, be performed under the direction of some competent law- 
 yer, who w T ill see that the local laws governing such matters are 
 duly complied with, but farther on, in the part of this book devoted 
 to forms, and instructions relative thereto, will be found a form for 
 articles of association of this kind, such as is in use under the laws 
 of the State of Connecticut, which laws are substantially the same 
 as those of other states upon the same subject. 
 
 HOW TO WORK A SPECIALTY. 
 
 The following article, taken from the " Chemist and Drug- 
 gist," published in London, although specially applicable to the sale 
 of patent medicines, will be found very suggestive to all those who 
 have patented articles to introduce : 
 
 ' ; Without having the pretension to disclose any new systems, 
 the writer will rapidly note a few of the- various methods of estab- 
 lishing and developing the sale of proprietary articles, which have 
 come under his personal observation, during a somewhat extended 
 experience in England, France and America. Patent medicines, 
 perfumeries, toilet preparations, dietetic productions, and other 
 specialties are now so numerous, and in many instances are pushed 
 so vigorously and with so much skill, that when it is proposed to
 
 32 
 
 launch any new ilcm, or develop the sale of one already partially 
 established, the magnitude of the task appears startling. To attract 
 attention to any preparation, however good and well adapted to the 
 wants of the public, is a task of such an expensive and laborious 
 character, that a brief study of the systems followed by the success- 
 ful men of the day, in this field, may be regarded as a topic of gen- 
 eral interest. Whatever may be the scientific opinion in regard to 
 the leading proprietary remedies in vogue, and however much their 
 authors and compounders may lack professional status and a legit- 
 imate endorsement of their preparations, it is quite evident that 
 hundreds of these men have succeeded in attracting public notice to 
 themselves personally, as well as acquiring a great celebrity for 
 their articles, by the unusual enterprise, skill, and general business 
 talent displayed in the management of their specialties. It is not 
 difficult to regard such men as likely to achieve success in almost 
 any matter they may undertake, endowed, as they generally are. 
 with the personal characteristics which emphatically command 
 success. Therefore, it is quite correct to suppose that the great 
 fortunes we hear of being accumulated by noted proprietors of 
 specialties, are not exactly happy accidents, but the result of patient 
 and intelligent labors, united to a judicious audacity and liberality. 
 " The personal acquaintance of the writer with a number of 
 such men of the three nationalities already named, will enable him 
 to indicate a few of the salient points in their methods of manage- 
 ment. While it is quite true that many articles of questionable 
 merit have, by mere force of publicity, been established on a remu- 
 nerative sale, it is without any doubt essential to the success of 
 preparations in general, that they should possess positive merit, and 
 be well adapted to meet some general public want, otherwise the 
 efforts made to introduce them will be full of difficulty. The 
 notion sometimes heard that advertising will make anything sell- 
 is simple nonsense, as every large advertiser knows. Advertising 
 will undoubtedly create a temporary demand for almost any article
 
 33 
 
 but unless the article itself responds to an evident public need, and 
 is one which is intrinsically good, and likely to make its way on its 
 own merits, as soon as the public attention to it has been gained, it 
 will prove anything but a profitable enterprise, to make a serious 
 campaign on such a basis. 
 
 "At this point, let a word be said on the utter inutility of 
 investments in publicity, to develop sales of worthless and trivial 
 articles ; and als let it be noted that all successful patent medi- 
 cines, notwithstanding that they are oftentimes popularly denomi- 
 nated nostrums, quack remedies, &c., must, and often do possess 
 intrinsic value, otherwise they could never attain any sale of mag- 
 nitude or permanency. It is quite true that the enormous aggregate 
 sales of patent medicines throughout the globe, a sale which has been 
 extending with tremendous rapidity for the last decade, evidences a 
 great popular want of cheap remedies which may be obtained in the 
 shops, and which in many instances renders the expensive services 
 of a medical man quite superfluous. 
 
 "The profession in France has legitimised patent remedies, 
 and the popular verdict in other countries has been in their favor. 
 In America, where, in consequence of the vastuess of the territory, 
 medical aid sometimes cannot be obtained for miles, these popular 
 compounds are oftentimes of great service in maladies lacking 
 gravity. 
 
 "In proceeding to notice more particularly the business as- 
 pects of the topic, it may be remarked that the introduction of a com- 
 pound of undoubted excellence may be accomplished at a limited 
 outgo, by adherence to certain very common' sense methods too 
 often lost sight of by enthusiastic projectors. The style of get-up 
 of an article has oftentimes a considerable influence upon its 
 success. The best illustrations are undoubtedly furnished by the 
 French, who have, in the forms of their bottles, style of typography 
 and wrapper, generally excelled the English and American pro- 
 ductions.
 
 34 
 
 " The retail prices should be in even shillings, francs, or dol- 
 lars, although a contrary custom prevails in England and France ; 
 and where various si/es of bottles are introduced, the prices should 
 be the multiple each of the other, and the larger sizes contain rela- 
 tively more than the smaller ones. The retail prices should always 
 be printed upon the outside wrapper. The sending out of bottles 
 of patent remedies without an outer wrapper is objectionable. 
 The directions for use should always, no matter how voluminous 
 they are, be wrapped around the bottle or box, inside of the wrap- 
 per ; it is decidedly objectionable to have them furnished sepa- 
 rately, to be delivered by the retailers. 
 
 " The American plan of printing the title and other matter 
 on the different sides of the bottle, in the four languages most in 
 vogue, as well as full directions in all these languages, in the pros- 
 pectus which is wrapped inside, is an excellent one. In the case 
 of small toilet and remedial articles, the plan pursued in England of 
 getting them up in counter cases is very effective for the purposes 
 of introduction and advertisement, but too expensive to admit of 
 after supplies being furnished in that way. The 'Americans have 
 given a great deal of attention to putting dozens and half dozens 
 in pasteboard boxes, with very bold outside labels. These, regu- 
 larly arranged upon the shelves of a country druggist's shop, form 
 a very cheap and effective advertisement, and also keep in good 
 condition any bottles that may not be exposed for sale in the large 
 plate glass counter show-cases so much in vogue there. For ship- 
 ment, these paper boxes are packed generally in wooden cases of 
 one dozen each, and these gross boxes are supplied without charge, 
 the four sides being, when sent out by the proprietor, boldly 
 branded with the title of the article. It is a common thing to 
 notice in American druggists shops, piles of these wooden cases 
 many, no doubt, innocent of contents but all forming very cheap 
 and effective advertisements. The array of paper box "dummies" 
 is also something wonderful, on the shelves and in the front win-
 
 (lows, Xo box of this kind is ever destroyed, as long as there is 
 any 'vacant space in the shop, its value in catching the eye of the 
 customer being too great. These paper boxes and wooden cases 
 are also well supplied with show bills, and small cards to hang up 
 at odd corners of the shop, and a few dozen circulars for the coun- 
 ter, In some instances the gross cases contain beautifully gotten 
 up illuminated show-cards, handsomely framed. 
 
 " From these details it will be perceived that the Americans 
 are fully alive to the benefit to be derived from furnishing the retail 
 dealer with a splendid supply of weapons for publicity in his shop. 
 As the druggists there are much more willing to exhibit show bills 
 and cards than the chemists in Europe, the rage for handsome ones 
 has been carried to a most lavish point. Elaborately hand-painted 
 gilt glass cards, three or four feet square, are quite common in the 
 best shops, being furnished gratis by the leading patent medicine 
 and perfumery makers, at a cost to themselves oftentimes of two or 
 three guineas each. 
 
 " In deciding upon the retail price of an article about to be 
 introduced, too much attention cannot be given to the discounts 
 which will have to be made to the different classes of buyers in the 
 trad (3. There should always be a first abatement from the retail 
 trade of one-third, for any quantity to one who buys to sell again, 
 and to the same party a further discount of, say, ten per cent, when 
 a whole gross is purchased this last to be supplemented by an 
 additional discount of ten or fifteen per cent, to the wholesale 
 houses on five or ten gross lots. As the class of goods in question 
 is essentially a monopoly, the proprietor has pow r er to fix his prices 
 as arbitrarily as he chooses, but he will consult his interest by 
 making liberal discounts, selling for net cash only, and in no case, 
 Confidentially or otherwise, giving any advantage to one buyer over 
 another. A printed tariff to wholesale houses should he issued, 
 and rigidly adhered to as to quantities, cash, and days allowed 
 for payment. All changes in this tariff should be notified some
 
 considerable! lime in advance of the period -when the change will 
 lake place, so as to give wholesale dealers time to arrange advanta- 
 geously, in case of their being either over-stocked or in short sup- 
 ply. These notices should be given simultaneously, that no one 
 man may have any advantage from early information of contempla- 
 ted, changes. Having experienced the desirability of this uniform- 
 ity of dealing with the trade in specialties, the writer is disposed to 
 lay great stress upon it. The proprietor of an article must obvi- 
 ously, in arranging his wholesale and retail prices, allow himself a 
 handsome margin, the expense for publicity and otherwise, aside 
 from the cost of manufacture, being likely to be so onerous. If, as 
 is often the case, an article is got up by a chemist, in the midst of 
 the ordinary routine of his shop, without adding anything for 
 expense of labor, he should not, on that account, omit to include in 
 his estimate the probable cost of bottling, packing, etc., as in all 
 articles of extended sale, a separate organization and force becomes 
 e-M-utial. The probable fluctuations in the ingredients of which 
 the preparation is composed, should also be carefully taken into 
 account, as the variation of a price once fixed upon a proprietary 
 article is likely to be damaging. The heavy war tax upon spirits 
 in the United States, a few r years ago, (now reduced,) nearly ruined 
 the smaller grade of patent medicine men there, and they were 
 obliged to adopt prices in many cases fifty and one hundred per 
 cent, higher, which resulted in placing their preparations quite out 
 of the reach of men of moderate means. Coming to the actual 
 work of introducing an article, it is better for persons of moderate 
 means to canvas in the outset large country towns, than to attack 
 the great cities. Should abundant means be at command, the 
 metropolis had better be taken in hand first, as the country natu- 
 rally sympathises in the demand for a preparation which has a 
 metropolitan vogue, even where no local expenditure is made for 
 publicity. 
 
 ' ' Whatever field is taken up in the outset, it should be thor-
 
 37 
 
 oughly worked, and the article well made known there, before 
 wasting time and scattering efforts in other quarters. No more 
 common mistake is made by sanguine projectors of specialties than 
 in endeavoring to grasp the whole body of the people at once. 
 Any advertisement contracts made should be for cash, or nearly so. 
 It is so easy to get out of one's depth in making contracts payable 
 out of prospective profits. When an article is already launched, 
 and has been favorably received, the extension of its advertisements 
 with a certain amount of boldness is no longer so pure a risk. 
 
 " The question of newspaper advertising is so broad a one, 
 that the limits of this article will hardly suffice for its treatment. 
 Briefly, it must be quite clear that all feeble, cheap advertising, in 
 the obscure columns of the papers, has but little effect. The 
 shrewdest advertisers of the day adopt the most expensive methods, 
 choosing the most costly localities in the principal journals. A 
 few lines at several shillings a line, in a prominent part of a news- 
 paper is a better investment than a lengthy advertisement in an ob- 
 scure column at half the expense. Continuous advertising in every 
 issue of a daily or weekly newspaper, is a great waste of money. 
 If six advertisements on six successive days lead to an expenditure 
 of ten pounds, it would be much more effective to insert one adver- 
 tisement once a week at an expense of half the money. Small 
 announcements persisted in, if appearing continuously, will 
 undoubtedly, in time, produce a favorable result ; but, for imme- 
 diate sales, resort must be had to bold, and sometimes to lengthy 
 announcements. A dignified phraseology should always be adhered 
 to, but any novelty that can be secured in point of typographical 
 display, is eminently desirable, 
 
 " It is very questionable if the paragraph notices of a facetious 
 character, now somewhat in favor with advertisers in the leading 
 dailies, are really effective. The locality chosen is the advantage, 
 if there is one ; but, obviously, the notion that the public are sup- 
 posing they are absorbing the regular reading matter of the news-
 
 paper, is presuming loo much on llioir credulity. Of all forms of 
 advertising, none; approaches the well established daily newspaper. 
 Where there tire several published in one town, it is belter, in 
 default of ability to grasp them all, to choose the best one for the 
 article in hand, and go in liberally. $nt<ill itdcertixiiiy doe* not 
 pay. 
 
 " When an article is being introduced, there should always be 
 affixed to all advertisements the name of one or two shops in the 
 town where it is kept on sale. This saves much disappointment on 
 the part of intending buyers, who often apply at a dozen places 
 without success, and ultimately give up their idea of obtaining it. 
 " For sale by all chemists," is a very bad line to add to an adver- 
 tisement of a new article. Nine out of every ten dealers will say, 
 " We never heard of it before." and the tenth one will offer to pro- 
 cure it; while all (if in America) will suggest that " It's anew 
 thing," " Don't know much about it yet," " We have something 
 of our own of the same kind quite as good." All of these influ- 
 ences have to be fought against by the projector of something new. 
 and even at iherisk of making some shops jealous, it is much better 
 to name one or two where the article can surely be obtained. 
 
 " Nothing is so successful as success. Once an article is well 
 established, the chorus is unanimous in its favor from all the shop- 
 keepers ; during its struggling infancy, something seems to whis- 
 per to them to give it a kick. 
 
 " Previous to quitting the party " who never heard of it 
 before," it may be well to direct his attention to the eminently 
 modern plan of advertising to the trude, now so much in favor 
 with the most intelligent body of advertisers. The lust f'.;\v years 
 have witnessed the. establishment of a most excellent series of class 
 and trade journals in several countries more especially in England 
 addressing themselves to readers of various professions and kinds 
 of business. To all projectors of new specialties, this class of 
 journals is invaluable, as well as to the proprietors of such estab-
 
 39 
 
 lishecl ones as it is desirable to keep alive in the minds of the trade. 
 A great step in advance is made, if the trade can at once be thor- 
 oughly informed respecting a new article. In default of ability to 
 inaugurate an extensive range of advertising to the .public, a most 
 important impression can be made by bold announcements in 
 suitable class journals ; and in conjunction with an elaborate pro- 
 gramme of publicity, the columns of this branch of the press offer 
 palpable advantages. These journals, although as yet in a success- 
 ful infancy, are destined to occupy a greatly enlarged position and 
 influence. The day is rapidly approaching, in fact has arrived, 
 when the intelligent chemist must regularly peruse a periodical spe- 
 cially edited and published for himself and his confreres, in order 
 to keep up with the advances made in the scientific branches of his 
 profession, as well as to be thoroughly posted in its special trade 
 intelligence. Obviously, these are among the earliest channels in 
 which originators of specialties should communicate with the trade, 
 beginning by at once making their articles known, by name at 
 least, to the whole body."
 
 FOMMB AIJD O8TEUOTIONI 
 
 FOB 
 
 CONTltACTS, ETC.
 
 ASSIGNMENTS AND GRANTS. 
 
 AN ASSIGNMENT of a patent right is an instrument in writing, 
 conveying either the whole interest in the patent, or an undivided 
 part thereof. 
 
 A GRANT is an instrument in writing, conveying an exclusive 
 territorial right under a patent. 
 
 The following is the text of the law with reference thereto* 
 Approved July 8, J870. 
 
 " SECTION 8(5. And be it further cnacted,That every patent, 
 or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law, by an instrument 
 in writing, and the patentee, or his assign, or legal representative, 
 may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right, under 
 his patent, to the whole or any specified part of the United States, 
 and said assignment and grant, or conveyance, shall be void, as 
 against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable con- 
 sideration, without notice, unless it be recorded in the Patent Office 
 within three months from the date thereof." 
 
 The following quoted paragraphs are from the Patent Office 
 "Rules;" 
 
 "A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest. 
 or any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing.- No 
 particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assign- 
 ment, nor need the instrument be sealed, witnessed, or acknowl- 
 edged. " 
 
 "A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee 
 or assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to the 
 inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only of 
 the entire interest has been conveyed." 
 
 "In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an 
 assignee, the assignment must be recorded at the Patent Office at,
 
 44 
 
 least five clays before the issue of the Patent, ami the specification 
 must be sworn to by the inventor." 
 
 "The patentee may grant and convey an exclusive right 
 under his patent, to the whole or any specified portion of the United 
 States, by an instrument in writing." 
 
 "Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right 
 must be recorded in the Patent Office, within throe months from the 
 execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- 
 quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration without 
 notice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect the assignee 
 or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, whose assign- 
 ment or grant is not then on record." 
 
 "The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to 
 make, or to use, or to sell his invention, or he may convey territo- 
 rial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such conveyances are 
 mere licenses, and need not be recorded." 
 
 " The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
 by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within a few 
 days after their reception, and then transmitted to the persons enti- 
 tled to them. A five cent revenue stamp is required for each sheet 
 or piece of paper on which an assignment, grant, or license may be 
 written." 
 
 The fees for recording assignments, grants, contracts, or any 
 other paper which shouid be forwarded, with the papers for record, 
 to the " Com'r of Patents, Washington, D. C." arc as follows : 
 
 For recording an instrument of 100 words or under $1.00 
 
 ' " " over 300 and under 1000 words. 2. oo 
 " " " over 1000 words ::.oo 
 
 In sending papers to the Patent Office for record, the papers 
 and the money should be acompanied by a letter, stating that the 
 enclosed papers are for record, and that the enclosed money is the 
 fee for the same, and stating the address to which the papers are to 
 be returned.
 
 FORMS. 
 
 NO. 1. ASSIGNMENT OF THE ENTIRE INTEREST, BEFORE TIIK ISSUE OF 
 THE PATENT, (BY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by John J. Smith, 
 of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to said John J. 
 Smith, all my right, title and interest in and to a certain invention 
 in ploics, as fully set forth and described in the specification which 
 I have prepared, (if the application has been made, say "and 
 filed,") preparatory to obtaining letters patent of the United States 
 therefor, and I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner 
 of Patents to issue the said letters patent to my said assignee, for 
 Ihe sole use and behoof of said assignee, and his legal representa- 
 tives. 
 
 Witness my hand this \nt day of June, 1871. 
 
 CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 The words and figures in italics denote those which are 
 to be changed to suit different cases, and the same is true of all 
 the following forms in the book, except that where changes are to 
 be made from the singular to the plural, or vice versa, italics will 
 not be used. 
 
 NO. 2. ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST, BEFORE ISSUE OF 
 PATENT, (BY JOINT INVENTORS.) 
 
 In consideration of one dollar, to us paid by John J. Smith, 
 of Hartford, Conn., we do hereby sell and assign to him one undivi- 
 ded half interest in and to a certain invention in plows, as fully set 
 forth and described in the specification which we have prepared, (if 
 application has been made say, "and filed,'') preparatory to obtain- 
 ing letters patent of the United States therefor. And we do hereby 
 authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue said 
 letters patent to said assignee and ourselves jointly, for the sole use
 
 and behoof of said assignee and ourselves, and his and our legal 
 representatives. 
 
 Witness our bunds this 1<l day of June, ls;i. 
 
 CHARLES CHANDLER, 
 DARIUS DOMBEY. 
 
 NO. .",. ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE (oK UNDIVIDED PARTIAL) INTEREST, 
 AFTER ISSUE OF PATENT, (BY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by ,/'>//// 
 ./. Smith, of Jin rtford Conn., I do hereby assign and sell to said 
 John J. Sin llli, all my right, title and interest, (or one undivided 
 hlf interest) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
 4 I, so<!, for an improvement in plow*, granted to me July :iu, I si; J, the 
 same to be held and enjoyed by my said assignee to the full end of 
 the term for which said patent is granted, as fully and entirely as 
 the same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assign- 
 ment had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand this \(Hk day of June, 1S7I. 
 
 CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 NO. 4. ASSIGNMENT OF AN ENTIRE (OR UNDIVIDED) INTEREST IN 
 PATENT AND EXTENSION THEREOF, (BY SOLE INVENTOR.) 
 
 In consideration of one thoumnd dollars to me paid by John 
 J. Smith, of Hartfonl, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to the 
 said John J. Smith, all my right title and interest (or an undivided 
 //^///interest) in and to the letters patent of the United States, No. 
 1 0,4s."., for an improvement in plows, granted to me M<n/ 1C, ISC.",, 
 the same to be held and enjoyed by the said John J. Smll/i. to the 
 full end of the term for which said letters patent are granted, and 
 for the term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the
 
 47 
 
 same would have been held and enjoyed by me, if this assignment 
 had not been made. 
 
 AVituess my hand this Mh day of January, 1871. 
 
 CHARLES CHANDLER. 
 
 The clause with reference to extension can have no force, 
 except with those patents granted prior to March 1', 1861, unless 
 the law shall be changed hereafter, which is very unlikely, or 
 unless extended by special act of Congress. 
 
 UNDIVIDED INTERESTS. 
 
 It is very important that all persons interested in patents 
 should understand that the owner of an undivided interest in a 
 patent, no matter how small, may, if he choose, carry on the manu- 
 facture and sale of the patented article to any extent, without any 
 liability to account therefor to the owner or owners of the remain- 
 der of the patent ; he may; also, grant all the licenses he pleases, 
 and put all the money he gets therefor into his pocket, and keep it 
 there, so that, unless the assignor desire just this state of things, a 
 proper limiting clause, in the nature of a condition, putting it 
 beyond the power of the assignee, or assignor, so to do, should be 
 put into the assignment. Although the writer has not, in conside- 
 rable practice as patent attorney, come upon an assignment drawn 
 by any one else, which contained such a condition, he has never 
 found an assignor who did not insist on having it, Avhen the matter 
 was explained to him. The next form, which is otherwise the 
 same in substance as its immediate predecessor, No. 4, contains 
 such a condition, printed in small capitals, which can readily be 
 inserted in the same place in all the other forms.
 
 48 
 
 NO. 5. SAME AS NO 4, WITH CONDITION. 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid \ty John 
 J. H-uuth, of Hartford, Conn., I do hereby sell and assign to the 
 said John J. Smith, one undivided /^/(/'interest in and to the letters 
 patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an .improvement in 
 plows, granted to me May 10, ISO"), the same to be held and enjoyed 
 by the said John J. Smith to the full end of the term for which said 
 letters patent are granted and for (he term of any extension 
 thereof. 
 
 TlUS ASSIGNMENT IS MADE UPON THE FOLLOWING EXPKESS CON- 
 DITION, WHICH FORMS AN INTEGRAL PAHT OF THE SAME, TO WHICH 
 SAID CONDITION THE ASSIGNOR ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF SIGNING THIS 
 INSTRUMENT, AND TO WHICH THE ASSIGNEE ASSENTS BY THE ACT OF 
 ACCEPTING THE SAME, OK DOING ANY ACT UNDEK AND BY VIRTUE OF 
 ITS AUTHORITY, TO WIT : NEITHER THE ASSIGNOR NOR THE ASSIGNEE 
 MENTIONED 'HEREIN HAVE ANY RIGHT. POWER OR LIBERTY TO MARK, 
 OR VEND TO OTHERS TO BE USED, THE ARTICLE (OR " PROCESS," " MA- 
 CHINE," " COMPOUND," WHATEVER IT MAY BE) WHICH FORMS THE 
 SUBJECT MATTER OF SAID PATENT, WITHOUT THAT HE SHALL ACCOUNT 
 AND PAY OVER TO THE OTHER PARTY HERETO ONE HALF OF ALL THE 
 PROFIT DERIVED FROM SUCH MAKING, USING, OR VENDING TO OTHERS 
 TO BE USED, NOR SHALL EITHER OF SAID PARTIES HERETO HAVE ANY 
 POWER TO MAKE ANY ASSIGNMENT, GRANT, LICENSE OR OTHER CON- 
 VEYANCE WHATEVER HEREUNDER, EXCEPT THAT BOTH OF SAID PAR- 
 TIES SHALL JOIN IN THE SAME IN WRITING. 
 
 Witness my hand this 10th day of June, 1871 . 
 
 CHAliLES CIIANDLEK. 
 
 NO. C. GRANT OF EXCLUSIVE TERRITORIAL RIGHT, (BY ASSIGNEES.) 
 
 In, consideration of one thousand dollars to us paid by Wm. 
 II. Dinsmore and James S. Sanborn, of Concord, New JInt ]>*///' re, 
 we do hereby assign, grant and convey to the said Wm, 11. Dins,
 
 49 
 
 more and James S. Sanborn, the exclusive right to make, use and 
 vend within the State of Wisconsin, and in no other place or places, 
 the improvement in plows, for which letters patent of the United 
 States, dated August 25, 1867, were granted to Lemuel II. Harvey, 
 and by said Harvey duly assigned to us, and recorded in the Patent 
 Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said William H. 
 Dinsmore and James S, Sanborn, as full and entirely as the same 
 would have been held and enjoyed by us, if this grant had not been 
 made. 
 
 Witness our hands this I'Jtk day of June, 1871. 
 | 
 
 i STAMP, (f 
 
 ' 5c ' KEV - C& CHARLES CHANDLER, 
 
 HENRY H. HARRIS. 
 
 It is believed that a careful reading of the above forms will 
 enable any fairly intelligent person to draw an assignment or grant 
 to meet any particular case, taking the phraseology wholly from 
 one form, or partly from one and partly from another, as the 
 circumstancs in hand dictate. 
 
 LICENSES. 
 
 A license under a patent is an oral or written permit to make, 
 sell, or use a patented invention, conveying no interest in the patent 
 itself, and it need not be recorded. 
 
 A license may be made by the owner' of the entire, or an 
 undivided interest in a patent, or by the owner of an exclusive ter- 
 ritorial right. An owner of a license, which, by its terms, is 
 assignable, can assign it to other parties at his pleasure. Licenses 
 require a five cent revenue stamp upon each sheet or piece of paper 
 upon which they are written. The following'are forms of license : 
 
 NO. 1. LICENSE SHOP KIGIIT, (gT PATENTEE.) 
 
 In consideration of fifty dollars paid me by Hart, Holbrook, 
 & Company, of Albany, JHew York, I do hereby license and em-
 
 power said firm to manufacture at a single, foundry and machine 
 xln>p in said Alhmty, and in no other place or places, the improve- 
 ment in Juirroirx, for which letters patent of the United States No. 
 71. SK; were granted to me November 13, 18(58, and to sell the 
 machines so manufactured throughout the United States, to the full 
 end of the term for which said letters patent are granted. 
 Witness my hand this '22d day of June, 1871. 
 
 NOEL HOLCOMB. 
 
 LICENSE SHOP KIGIIT ASSIGNABLE AND LIMITED, (BY 
 PATENTEES.) 
 
 In consideration of fifty dollars, we do hereby license Jlinnn. 
 A. Evarts, of Kingston, New York, or his assigns, to manufacture 
 at a single foundry and machine shop, the improved seed sower, for 
 which letters patent of the United States No. 74,5(10 were granted 
 to as December 15, 1870, to the number of one hundred of such 
 need sowers in each calendar year, and no more, and to sell such seed 
 sowers so made in the United States, to the full end of the term for 
 which said letters patent are granted. 
 &-*~>f^J% Witness our hands this '24th day of June, 1H71. 
 
 HARLOW HUGGINS, 
 JAMES E. JILLSON. 
 
 NO. 3. LICENSE NOT EXCI.fSIVE WITH CONTRACT FOlt HOYALTY. 
 (Taken from Patent Office Forms. 1 
 
 This agreement, made the Vlth day of ^<ptfnil>cr, isr.s, 
 between Morrixon White, party of the first part, and the i'nion- 
 t'tirn, Agricultural Works, party of the second part, -witnessed! 
 that whereas letters patent of the United States for an improvement 
 in Itorse rakes were granted to the party of the first part, dated 
 October 4, 1867 ; and whereas the party of the second part is desi- 
 rous of manufacturing Jiorse rakes containing said patented 
 improvement ; now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows :
 
 61 
 
 I. The party of the first part hereby licenses aiicl empowers 
 the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the condi- 
 tions hereinafter named, at their factory in Uniontown, Maryland, 
 and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which 
 said letters patent were granted, horse rakes containing the patented 
 improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. 
 
 II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true 
 returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days 
 of July and January in each year, of all horse rakes containing the 
 patented improvements manufactured by them. 
 
 III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party 
 of the first part fice dollars, as a license fee upon every horse rake 
 manufactured by said party of the second part, containing the 
 patented improvements ; provided that, if the said fee be paid upon 
 the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within ten 
 days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made from said 
 fee for prompt payment. 
 
 IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
 returns, or to make payment of license fees, as herein provided, for 
 thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part 
 may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the 
 party of the second part ; but the party of the second part shall not 
 thereby be discharged from any liability to the party of the first 
 part, for any license fees due at the time of the service of said 
 notice. 
 
 In witness whereof, the parties above named (the said Union- 
 tincn Agricultural Works, by its president) have hereunto set their 
 hands this day and year first above written, 
 ^*=^BrfBB " MORRISON WHITE, 
 
 foe. BEY.* UNIONTOWN AGRICULTURAL WORKS, 
 
 Bv JABEZ REYNOLDS, President.
 
 NO. 4. LICENSE EXCLUSIVE WITH CONTRACT oR KOYALTY. 
 
 This agreement, made this Wth day of June, 1871, between 
 I.. Jl/irrison, of Jlnrtford, Connecticut, party of the first 
 part, and the Excelsior Iron Works, a corporate, body under the 
 fmrx ofxin'il xfntr. lt><-<itei! mill iloiinj basin exx "f Scir Ji/'itu! n. -in 
 xii Id si < tie. party of the second part, witnesseth 
 
 That whereas letters patent of the United States were, on the 
 29/7* day of .fanu/try, 1871, granted to said party of the first part, 
 for an improvement in store ln>ol,-x, which said patented article said 
 party of the second part is desirous to make and sell ; now, there- 
 fore, the parties have agreed as follows : 
 
 I. The party of the first part hereby gives to the party of the 
 second part, the exclusive right to manufacture and sell said 
 patented improvements, to the end of the term of said patent, sub- 
 ject to the conditions hereinafter named. 
 
 II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and true 
 returns, on the first days of January, April, July and October in 
 each year, of all of said patented stove Jiooks made by them in the 
 three calendar months then last past, and if said party of the first 
 part shall not be satisfied, in any respect, with any such return, 
 then he shall have the right, either by himself or his attorney, to 
 examine any and all of the books of account of said party of the 
 second part, containing any items, charges, memoranda or informa- 
 tion relating to the manufacture or sale of said patented stove hooks, 
 and upon request made, said party of the second part shall produce 
 all such books for said examination. 
 
 III. The party of the second part agree to pay the party of 
 the first part two cents as a license fee upon every one of said pat- 
 ented stove Jiooks made by them, the whole of said license fee for 
 each quarterly term of three months, as hereinbefore specified to 
 be due and payable within fifteen days after the regular return clay 
 for that quarter. And said party of the second part agrees to pay 
 to the party of the first part at least fifty dollars, as said license fee.
 
 upott each of said quarterly terms, even though they should not 
 make enough of said patented stove hooks to amount to that sum at 
 the regular royalty of two cents apiece. 
 
 IV. Upon failure of the party of the second part to make 
 returns, or to make payment of license fees as herein provided, for 
 thirty days after such returns or such payments are due respect- 
 ively, then the party of the first part may terminate this license by 
 serving a written notice to that effect upon the party of the second 
 part ; but said party of the second part shall not thereby be dis- 
 charged from any liability to the party of the first part for any 
 license fees due at the time of the service of said notice. 
 
 In witness whereof the above named parties (the said Excel- 
 sior Iron Works, by its President) have hereto set their hands this 
 day and year first above written. 
 
 fr^fr.-^ HENRY L. HARRISON, 
 
 f>6a.Bxv.< Excelsior Iron Works, 
 
 B! < JOHN HARTSHORN, President. 
 
 It will be observed that under form No. 3, the licensee is not 
 bound to make a single one of the patented articles, and if he does 
 not, the patentee derives no profit from the license. It is not an 
 uncommon thing for unscrupulous manufacturers, with whose 
 business a new invention would interfere, to get a license in sub- 
 stance like form No. 3, except to make it exclusive, and perhaps 
 leave out the vacating clause at the end, and then to either never 
 make a single one of the patented articles, or to make so few as 
 to make it really amount to the same thing. The license in form 
 No. 4 is the one that is recommended, for under it the licensee is 
 bound to pay a certain sum, as royalty, whether he make a single 
 one of the articles or not.
 
 u 
 
 \0. ."). TRANSFER OF TRADE MARK. 
 
 (From Patent Office Forms.) 
 
 We., Jolham Mills and Abner Clark, of Keokuk, lotca, part- 
 ners under the firm name of Mills & Clark, in consideration of 
 fice hundred dollars, to us paid by Jarcis Cane, of the. mime pin-,'. 
 do hereb} r sell, assign, and transfer to the said Jarcis Case and his 
 assigns the exclusive right to use, in the manufacture of stoves, a 
 certain trade mark for sloven, deposited by us in the United States 
 Patent Office, and recorded therein July 1~>, 1870 ; the same to be 
 held, enjoyed and used by the said Jarcis Cane as fully and 
 entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by us, if 
 tliis grant had not been made. 
 
 Witness our hands this '_W/< day of July, 1870. 
 
 JOTHAM MILLS, 
 ABNER CLARK. 
 
 FORM TOR ARTICLES OP ASSOCIATION 
 
 (OF THE 
 
 WrLLFAW PATENT STEAM GOVERXOlt 
 
 MANl'FArniKIXO COMPANY.) 
 
 The subscribers hereby associate themselves as a body corpo- 
 rate and politic, under and in pursuance of the provisions of the 
 statute laws of the State of Connecticut, authorizing and regulating 
 the formation of joint stock corporations, and they adopt the fol- 
 lowing general articles of association and agreement : 
 
 I. The name of the corporation shall be the William* J'lifenl 
 Fleam Governor Manufacturing Company, and its capital stock 
 shall be one hundred thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of 
 twenty-five dollars each. 
 
 II. The purpose for which this said corporation is to be 
 organized is to manufacture and sell the steam governor covered, by 
 letters patent of the United States, dated February lilt, 1871, and 
 numbered 102,232, issued to Chauncey William*, to sett rlyht*
 
 55 
 
 under said letters patent, and to buy and sell, and deal generally in 
 such real and personal estate as may be necessary and convenient 
 in the successful prosecution of said business. 
 
 III. The principal place of business of said corporation shall 
 be at Hartford, in said state. 
 
 IV. Each subscriber hereto agrees to take the number of 
 shares in the capital stock of said corporation set against his name, 
 to be paid for by installments, as called for by the directors hereaf- 
 ter to be appointed. 
 
 V. It is mutually understood and agreed by and between the 
 subscribers hereto, that said Chauncey Williams, or his legal rep- 
 resentatives, may subscribe hereto for that number of shares, 
 whose par value amounts to twenty-five thousand dollars, and that 
 when said letters patent are fully assigned to said corporation, said 
 Williams, and his legal representatives, shall be freed from any 
 further liability on account thereof, which said allowance, together 
 with ten thousand dollars in cash, which it is agreed, and understood 
 shall be paid to said Williams before said corporation shall com- 
 mence to prosecute said business, shall be in full payment for said 
 letters patent, and the invention covered thereby, which shall then 
 become the full and exclusive property of said corporation. 
 
 Dated Hartford, Conn., July 4th, 1871. 
 
 NAMES. NO. OF SHARKS. 1'AK VALUE. 
 
 Upon such a basis as this, the inventor can proceed, till he 
 st'cures the requisite subscribers, after which it is advisable to 
 follow the advice of some local attorney, as to giving notice of the 
 first meeting of the company, etc.
 
 IE 1 O IR, UVU S 
 
 FUI: 
 
 POWEES O'f AT'TOllWIY 
 
 SELL RiaHTS, ETC. 
 
 WITH 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS, ETC.
 
 FORMS FOR POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 NO. 1. POWEK OF ATTORNEY. 
 (By the Patentee.) 
 
 I, John Haighl, of. Hartford, Connecticut, patentee and 
 owner of letters patent of the United States, No, 100,001, for an 
 improvement in Mouse Traps, dated May 10, 1870, do hereby 
 appoint Hiram Handsome, of said Hartford, my attorney, with 
 full power to make assignments, grants, or licenses ot any kind, 
 under said patent, with full power to sign my name to all such 
 instruments, and to receive and receipt for all considerations 
 received in exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to 
 bind me in any manner further than to make binding and legal all 
 such assignments, grants and licenses. 
 
 This power is in force till a revocation in writing shall be 
 duly recorded upon the records of the United States Patent Office, 
 where this power of attorney will be found duly recorded. 
 
 Witness my hand this HtJt day of Jane, A. D. 1871. 
 
 JOHN HAIOHT. 
 
 Witnesses, p^ t^jtur-. t^ja*^ (^at^ 
 
 Charles H Hawser, J KEVENUE'STAMP. S 
 
 Henry C. Cable. 
 
 It will be observed that the foregoing power gives to the 
 attorney, while the power is unrevoked, as full power over the 
 patent as the owner has, and makes no provision for ensuring that 
 the owner shall know of the terms of each sale, or for the safety of 
 the funds received. Although it is a common form, it cannot be 
 recommended. The following is the form that is recommended :
 
 60 
 
 NO. 2. POWER OF ATTORNEY, (WITIT nKSTRICTIOXS.) 
 
 (By the Assignees of entire right.) 
 
 AVe, William M. Nolle, and //////// A'. Jiiinxoni, of Jhirtfortl, 
 assignees and owners of the entire right in and to let- 
 ters patent of the United Slates No. 100,002, for an improvement 
 in Garden Hoes, dated May 10, 1870, do hereby appoint llm-rii/ 
 I In a <f//, of said Hartford, our attorney, with full power to make 
 assignments, grants or licenses of any kind, under said patent, 
 with full power to sign our names to all such instruments, and to 
 receive and receipt for, in our name, all considerations received in 
 exchange for any of said rights, but with no power to bind us, or 
 either of us, further than to make binding and legal all such assign- 
 ments, grants, and licenses, he to exercise all power herein con- 
 ferred under the following conditions, without which no act of his 
 under this authority shall be valid. 
 
 I. He shall sell at not less than the following prices : 
 For the whole patent, $20,000. 
 
 For any state, such part of $20,000 as the population of the 
 state in question bears ratio to the whole population of the United 
 States, this result to be doubled to find the price for said state. 
 
 For any county, such part of the price for the stale, as deter- 
 mined by the foregoing directions, as the population of the said 
 county bears ratio to the population of the state, this result to be 
 doubled to find the value of said county. 
 
 For any town, such part of the price of the county in which 
 it is situated, determined as hereinbefore directed, as the population 
 of the town bears ratio to the population of the county, this result 
 to be doubled to find the value of said town. 
 
 All sales of licenses, and all territorial sales at less than the 
 prices given above, to be subject to our approval by letter or tele- 
 gram. 
 
 II. All payments for rights thus sold shall be made either in 
 cash wholly, or in not less than one half cash, and one half in good
 
 promissory notes, to mature within six months from clay of sale; 
 and either signed or endorsed by a person or persons of ample 
 pecuniary responsibility. All such cash shall be deposited by the 1 
 payer thereof with the nearest bank, or responsible private banker,- 
 payable to the joint order of our said attorney and ourselves, and 
 all such promissory notes shall be made in three notes of equal 
 amount, payable to the joint order of ourselves and our said attor- 
 ney, and delivered to him. Any payment aforesaid in anywise 
 deviating from these provisions, to be subject to our approval by 
 letter or telegram. 
 
 This power shall remain in force till a written revocation 
 thereof shall be recorded on the records of the Patent Office of the 
 United States, where this power will be found recorded. 
 
 Witness our hands this \0tk day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 
 Witnesses, WILLIAM M. NOBLE, 
 
 ftimuel 8. Simmons, HUGH R. RANSOM. 
 
 Thomas T. Tompkins. 
 
 50 CENT 
 REVENUE STAMP. < 
 
 The reader is, probably, not artless enough to need the sug- 
 gestion that it is well to put the stated price in the power high 
 enough to allow the agent to fall sensibly therefrom, and yet get a 
 fair price. There is nothing that will incite a person to buy an 
 article so much as to think he is getting it much below its real 
 value. 
 
 NO, 3. PRIVATE AGREEMENT TO ACCOMPANY POWER OF ATTORNEY, 
 
 This agreement made this \QlJi day of June, 1871, between 
 William M. Noble and Iluyh R. Ransom, party of the first part, 
 and Harvey Handy, party of the second part, all of Hartford, Ct., 
 Witnesseth, '
 
 I. That the party of the second part agrees to use his best 
 endeavors to sell rights under letters patent No. 100,002, dated J/<n/ 
 10, 1871, for the party of the first part, under the terms and condi- 
 tions of a power of attorney of even date herewith, from the party 
 of the first part to the party of the second part, such endeavors to 
 continue until said power of attorney is revoked, or until the party 
 of the second part notifies the party of the first part, in writing, 
 that he no longer wishes to be bound by this agreement. 
 
 II. The party of the first part agrees to pay to the party of 
 the second part one third part of all the proceeds from said sales, 
 as remuneration for his services in this behalf, and this remunera- 
 tion shall be due and payable from cash received, as soon as depos- 
 ited as provided in said power of attorney, and from promissory 
 notes received, as soon as the same are delivered to the party of the 
 second part, the party of the second part to retain as his property 
 one of the three said equal promissory notes, and to immediately 
 forward the other two to party of the first part. This allowance 
 to be in full of all charges whatsoever, in this behalf, against party 
 of the first part, and said party of the second part is to bear his 
 own expenses, of whatever nature. 
 
 In witness whereof the said parties have hereto set their 
 hands this 10<7t day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 
 Witnesses, &*r^ ^n*$ WILLIAM M. NOJlU:, 
 
 Kimud 8. Simmons, J ;, J HUGH R. RANSOM, 
 Thos. T. Tompkins. &-* J^g HARVEY HANDY. 
 
 Both parties should have one of these agreements, which 
 should be made in duplicate for that purpose ; of course, this 
 agreement is for nothing but private use, and is not to be shown 
 generally.
 
 63 
 
 NO. 4. REVOCATION OF POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 Having, on the IQlh day of June, 1871, appointed Harvey 
 , of Hartford, Conn., our attorney to sell rights under letters 
 patent No. 100,002, dated May 10, 1871, for us, we do hereby, for 
 full and sufficient reasons, revoke; said power of attorney to him, 
 and declare his authority to act for us in any manner to be at an 
 end. 
 
 Witness our hands this \lh day of July, A. D. 1871, at Hart- 
 ford, Colin. 
 
 Witnesses, WM. M. NOBLE, 
 
 x, ' m . >'. Mm mom, HUGH R. RANSOM. 
 
 Titos. T. Tvmpkiit*. 
 
 NO. .". I'OWEll OF ATTORNEY TO SELL RIGHTS, C, O. I>. 
 
 I, Cltarlix Caution*, of Hertford, Conn., owner of letters 
 patent of the United States No. 102,204, dated February IMh, 1871, 
 hereby authorize Hiram Handu, of said Hartford, to sell assign- 
 ments. grants and licenses under said patent, such sales to be 
 approved by me before becoming valid, upon which approval in 
 each case, 1 will send the necessary assignment, grant or license, 
 duly executed by me, by express to said Handy, accompanied with 
 instructions to the carrier to allow said Handy, and the buyer or 
 buyers of any such right, to examine such conveyance, and upon 
 delivery of the same, to collect for return to me such money, notes, 
 or articles as I am to receive in consideration of such sale. 
 
 Signed and sealed by me, this 3lst day of June, A. D. 1871. 
 .- v*-^ v^g^E^g- CHARLES CAUTIOl'*, 
 
 J) 50 CENT (\f 
 
 q) REVENUE STAMP. (Jj 
 
 All powers of attorney to sell rights, and all revocations 
 thereof, should be recorded at the Patent Office, so that buyers may
 
 fit 
 
 have full notice of a revocation, and be protected thereagainst 
 Notwithstanding the provision in the power of attorney that "ir 
 attorney shall only sell for cash and notes, it is well to agree ver- 
 bally that he may sell for real estate, subject, of course, to approval 
 by letter or telegram, and when this is done, the deed for the same 
 can be made to the joint names of the owner, or owners, of the 
 patent and the attorney, and the land can afterward be divided, if 
 not satisfactorily sold for cash, allowing the attorney one-third, as 
 in other cases. If articles of personal property, as produce, horses, 
 diamonds, etc., are offered in exchange for rights, it is best to take 
 them, and then sell them for cash. 
 
 MORTGAGE OF PATENTS. 
 
 Although the patent law does not expressly provide lor 
 inoi tgage of patents, it plainly indicates that such mortgages can be 
 made, for the last part of section ;](>, Act of July 8, 1870, reads, 
 
 " and said assignment, grant, or conveyance shall be void, as 
 against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee, for a valuable con- 
 sideration," etc., etc. 
 
 This may sometimes avail as a sccuri ty whereon to borrow 
 money, and the following is a form : 
 
 NO. I . FOHM FOR MORTGAGE OF PATENT. 
 
 In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by 
 C'/Munccy C. Colton, of (Janton, Connecticut, I do hereby assign 
 and mortgage to said Chaunccy C. Coltm, all my right, title and 
 interest in and to a certain invention in rakes, as fully set forth and 
 described in letters patent of the United Stales No. 100.003, dated
 
 65 
 
 January 29, 1871, of which invention and letters patent I am sole 
 owner. 
 
 The condition of this assignment is such that whereas, I am 
 justly indebted to said Cotton in the sum of five hundred dollars, as 
 evidenced by my promissory note of even date herewith, payable to 
 said Cotton, or order, one year from date, with interest ; now, if 
 said note shall be well and truly paid according to its tenor, then 
 this assignment and mortgage shall be null and void ; otherwise to 
 be of full force and effect. 
 
 In witness whereof I hereto set my hand and seal this IQth 
 day of June, 1871. 
 
 AVitnesses, ABRAM ANDERSON, 
 
 Barton B. Brown, 
 Charles C. Colter. 
 
 State of Connecticut,) Hurffftrd Ti/nflOth 1871 
 County of Hartford, $ ss ' Ha1t J> J < 
 
 Then personally appeared before me, the subscribing author- 
 ity, Abram Anderson, signer and sealer of the foregoing instru- 
 ment, and acknowledged the same to be his free act and deed. 
 
 DARIUS D. DERBY, 
 Clerk of the Saperior Court 
 for said County. 
 
 Since that an assignment of a patent needs not to be sealed, 
 witnessed nor acknowledged, perhaps the same formalities can be 
 dispensed with in a mortgage, but as such a mortgage can probably 
 be foreclosed in a state court, if not put within the jurisdiction of a
 
 66 
 
 federal court, by matters extrinsic from the patent law, it is safest 
 to make such a mortgage conform to the mortgage laws of the stale 
 within which the mortgage is executed, and the laws of most, if not 
 all the states require that a mortgage, shall be scaled, witnessed and 
 acknowledged. The form of witnessing and acknowledgement 
 given above, is the proper one for the state of Connecticut. In 
 executing a mortgage in another state, the mortgage should con- 
 form, in these particulars, to the local law, which docs not, how- 
 ever, vary much in the different states. 
 
 An acknowledgement before a Justice of the Peace, or a 
 Notary Public, or other officer authorized to take acknowledgments, 
 will be valid, but it is better to acknowledge before the Clerk of a 
 court of record, for then his signature and seal will not generally 
 need any further authentication for any purpose, while that of a 
 justice, notary, or other officer, may. These mortgages require rev- 
 enue stamps to the extent of fifty cents for every five hundred 
 dollars of consideration, or fractional part thereof ; thus, a mort- 
 gage for $2,GOO dollars would require $3.00 in stamps, five fifty 
 cent stamps for the first $ 2,500, and fifty cents for $100 in excess 
 thereof.
 
 HINTS UPON 
 
 J< INDRED MATTERS.
 
 HOW TO INVENT. 
 
 It is beyond the scope of this work literally to teach how to 
 invent ; it is beyond the scope, or power, of any work to do this. 
 No mere words can endow a brain with the subtle power of evolv- 
 ing from its inner self positive intellectual creations. 
 
 If this power could be imparted and conveyed by words, 
 invention would soon cease to attract unusual attention, or to have 
 any extraordinary money value ; for, then, the science of invention 
 would be taught in the schools, would be formulated in the books, 
 and when an invention should be found needful, the person needing 
 it would simply consult such books, or counsel with the professor 
 of the science, and, presto, the required article would vault, full 
 grown, upon the scene. 
 
 Invention, like poetry, sculpture and painting, is a gift, an 
 endowment of nature, often rising to the height of genius. Like all 
 other gifts, it can be cultivated and strengthened by exercise, till 
 the acquired power as little resembles the original crude gift, as the 
 oak, which has breasted a thousand storms, does the acorn from 
 which it originally sprung. 
 
 This gift is, probably, the possession, in a greater or less 
 degree, of all human beings of sound mind, nor does it seem to 
 require inventive capacity of the highest order to produce impor- 
 tant inventions. More than one invention, which has made its 
 originator rich, famous, and all but immortal, has been the product 
 of minds that lay no claim to kinship with genius. That quality of 
 mind and character, which led Charles Goodyear to pursue for 
 years, the ignis fntuus of hard rubber, till in a happy moment he 
 stumbled upon the coveted secret, can hardly be called genius. 
 Peter Cooper is well known as a successful inventor ; he is not,
 
 however, it is believed, ranked as a genius. That inventors are 
 sometimes geniuses, it is not necessary to say. The names of such 
 as Whitney, Ericsson and Blanchard are too familiar, ytill, it is 
 true that most men and women can become inventors of that which 
 will net them wealth, if not fame, by the aid of ATTENTION and 
 PERSEVERANCE. 
 
 ATTENTION, constant, careful and thoughtful attention to 
 what is going on in the world about one, will soon enable him to 
 discover many little gaps which it is needful to fill with an inven- 
 tion, some small practical improvement, it may be, which, if it can 
 be cheaply made, and effective in operation, will fill a general want, 
 and thus command an extensive sale. 
 
 Having thus, by the aid of attention, discovered where an 
 invention is needed, steady PERSEVERANCE in holding the matter in 
 mind, all the while intently striving to devise a contrivance to fill 
 the need, will, sooner or later, result in making the desired inven- 
 tion. The inventor, gifted by nature with a genius for his ait, has, 
 prominent among all his other powers, that of projecting before his 
 mind's eye, upon an invisible background of imagination, a picture 
 bold and sharp, of the offspring of his brain. But for all this, no 
 one need be discouraged, if he spoils scores of fair sheets of paper 
 with his sketches, and dozens of shapely blocks of wood with his 
 knife and gimlet, before he demonstrates to his own satisfaction, 
 that his invention will work. 
 
 PRINCIPAL REQUISITES OF AN INDENTION. 
 
 IT MUST WORK. Upon this point of the practical working 
 of a new device, an inventor can hardly be too severe or critical 
 with himself he must not give over his efforts till he is sure, 
 beyond a doubt, that his invention will practically supply the want 
 for which he has designed it, irrespective of any of those little 
 allowances that inventors are apt to make for these children of
 
 71 
 
 their brain. There maybe cases where an invention will be pecun- 
 iari'.y successful, when, though it may not work perfectly, it is yet 
 the best thing so far found for the purpose for which it is designed. 
 This is, obviously, a poor dependence, for it will probably be com- 
 paratively easy for some future inventor to perfect the incomplete 
 invention, and thus destroy the first inventor's prospects. 
 
 IT MUST BE AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE. There are many people, 
 among them some inventors, who seem to think that a complicated 
 arrangement of wheels and levers is the thing to be desired in a new 
 invention. A greater mistake was never made ; to attain the 
 utmost simplicity is the test of genius in invention, and a prime 
 desideratum. Simplicity in an article cheapens the cost of its pro- 
 duction, and makes it a formidable competitor for its rivals. The 
 difference of a cent or two in the first cost of an article often deter- 
 mines its success in the market. 
 
 Simplicity also tends to make an article grow in favor with 
 those who use it ; it is the more easily understood, and less liable to 
 breakage. 
 
 SMALL INVENTIONS. 
 
 He who aspires to be ranked as a great inventor may, per- 
 haps, best apply himself to the production of some complicate me- 
 chanism, which shall take rank beside the steam engine, the solar 
 engine, Blanchard's lathe for irregular forms, and the like, but 
 those who will be satisfied with money returns may safely confine 
 themselves to small inventions, which remedy some defect in some 
 contrivance already in use, or supply some domestic, business or 
 agricultural want. 
 
 Good toys, well pushed, are sure to prove remunerative ; the 
 return ball is a favorite instance. Househould articles have the 
 most extensive market of anything ; immense fortunes are, obvi- 
 ously, being made from the fruit jars now so common. Small
 
 72 
 
 articles require but little capital for their manufacture and introduc- 
 tion, while complicate and costly machines can only be successfully 
 handled by parties of large means. 
 
 INVENTION AS A TRADE. 
 
 No one should make invention the main business of his 
 life, his reliance for a livelihood, till he is possessed of so much of 
 this world's goods, that he will not suffer, if he never reali/.rs 
 a dollar from his inventions. Otherwise he will be very likely to 
 speedily have his face hard down upon the grindstone, which has 
 for ages ground the faces of the poor, but, as yet, gives no sign of 
 diminution in the speed of its revolution, or of wearing away by 
 attrition. Let him devote every evening in the year, if he will, to 
 invention, and ponder upon it at every spare moment in the day, 
 but let him not relax his industry in his regular occupation, till he 
 is in such circumstances that it matters but little whether he ever 
 toils. The writer has in mind, in saying this, two men whom 
 he has known, both of them gifted with considerable power of 
 invention, men of many admirable qualities of character, good 
 mechanics, whose services are always in demand, and who are 
 capable of earning, with but ordinary industry, more than enough 
 to support themselves and their families, in ease and comfort, but 
 who are continually at their wits' end to pay their rent, and to pro- 
 cure but the commonest necessaries of life ; all because they will 
 constantly neglect their regular work, to give form and substance 
 to the creations of their brains. Not only docs the course they 
 pursue make them exceedingly uncomfortable in the mere matter of 
 living, but it effectually deprives them of the chance of ever accu-
 
 73 
 
 mulating the small amount of funds necessary to perfect the small- 
 est invention, and introduce it to the public notice. 
 
 CHEAP AND EFFICIENT PROTEC- 
 TION. 
 
 In Mrs. Glass' Cook Book, under the head of " How to cook 
 a Hare," the primary direction is, "First catch your hare." The 
 inventor having caught his hare, in that he has made his invention, 
 will next naturally proceed to cook it, that is, to realize some good 
 from it. The first step in this direction is to secure protection, and 
 a most advisable preliminary move is to assemble three or four 
 intelligent and reliable friends, explain to them the model or draw- 
 ing of the newly invented device, and then have them all sign a 
 paper substantially like the following : 
 
 "Hartford, Conn., January 2d, 1871. 
 
 " John Smith has this day explained to us, so that we fully 
 understand the same, the model (or drawing) of a Washing Ma- 
 chine that he claims to have invented. 
 
 JAMES JONES, 
 CHARLES BROWN, 
 HENRY ROBINSON." 
 
 This paper should be carefully kept, for in the future it may 
 prove of great value in establishing the inventor's priority, in point 
 of time, over some competitor. This proceeding will be found 
 especially valuable, if any considerable time is allowed to elapse 
 after the invention is made, before a patent is applied for.
 
 74 
 
 The patent law allows an invention to go into public use and 
 sale for two years before application for a patent, but it is probably 
 never advisable to take advantage of this privilege, unless forced to 
 it by necessity. It is better to keep the invention secret till the 
 funds for procuring a patent can be acquired in sonic other way. 
 
 ABOUT SOLICITORS. 
 
 A few words about professional solicitors of patents may not 
 be inappropriate, for it is advisable for almost all persons to avail 
 themselves of the services of a faithful solicitor, in such securing 
 patents. 
 
 In America, the practice of soliciting letters patent for inven- 
 tions, has been, and is being largely carried on by unprofessional 
 persons. Men who have neither paid earnest and persevering 
 attention to the mechanic arts, nor have mastered the details of the 
 legal profession, have deemed themselves fully, competent to under- 
 take this delicate and difficult work, which, beyond question, 
 demands a thorough knowledge of all mechanical and chemical 
 terms and processes in general use, a fair knowledge of the law in 
 general, and an accurate knowledge of the patent law in particular. 
 
 This evil had become so aggravated, as to cause the Commis- 
 sioner of Patents, Hon. S. S. Fisher, in his annual report for isr.'.i. 
 to take notice of it, as will be seen by the following 
 
 EXTRACT : 
 
 " Where establishments are organized for the purpose of pro- 
 curing patents, they are apt to become more solicitous about the 
 number than the quality of those which they obtain. . This tendency
 
 is aggravated by those who solicit patents upon contingent fees, or 
 who, without special training or qualifications, adopt this business 
 us an incident to a claim agency, and press for patents as they press 
 tor back pay and pensions. Such men are often more desirous of 
 obtaining a patent of any kind, and by any means, than they are of 
 obtaining one which shall be of any value to their clients. Invent- 
 ors are often poor, uneducated, and lacking in legal knowledge. 
 They desire a cheap solicitor, and do not know how to choose a 
 good one. They are pleased with the parchment and the seal, and 
 are not themselves able to judge of the scope or value of the grant. 
 Honest and skillful solicitors, with a thorough knowledge of the 
 practice of the office, and of patent law, and who are able and 
 willing to advise their clients as to the exact value of the patents 
 which they can obtain for them, may be of much service to invent- 
 ors. There are many such, but those who care for nothing but to 
 give them something called a patent, that they may secure their 
 own fee, have in too many instances proved a curse. To get rid of 
 their client and of trouble, they have sometimes been content to 
 take less than he was entitled to, while in many cases they have, 
 with much self laudation, presented him with the shadow, when the 
 substance was beyond his reach," 
 
 The following is from the Patent Office " Rules and Regula- 
 tions" on this subject : 
 
 " Any person of intelligence and good moral character may 
 appear as the attorney in fact, or agent of an applicant, upon filing 
 a proper power of attorney. As the value of patents depends 
 largely upon the careful preparation of the specification and claims, 
 the assistance of competent counsel will, in most cases, be of 
 advantage to the applicant, but the value of their services will be 
 proportioned to their skill and honesty. So many persons have 
 entered this profession of late years without experience, that too 
 much care cannot be exercised in the selection of a competent man. 
 The office cannot assume responsibility for the acts of attorneys,
 
 nor can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how- 
 ever. In 1 a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the possession of 
 special and peculiar facilities in the office, for procuring patents iu 
 :i shorter time, or with more extended claims than others.'' 
 From which it is very easy to draw the following 
 MORAL. In selecting a solicitor, find one who has had some 
 special training for his business, and whose integrity is to be relied 
 upon.
 
 C IE 1ST S TJ S 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 Stutess Mini O 
 
 1870.
 
 CENSUS 
 
 United States, toy Comities, for 18' 
 
 ALABAMA Area, 50,722 square miles. 
 
 Autauga 11,623 Dallas 40,705 Marshall 9,871 
 
 Baker. 6,104 De Kalb 7,12f! 
 
 Baldwin 6,004 Elmore 14,477 
 
 Barbour 23,309 Escambia 
 
 Bibb 7,469 Etowah 
 
 Blouut 9,945 Fayette 
 
 Bullock 24,474 Franklin 
 
 Butler 14,981 Geneva 
 
 C'alhouu 13,9HO Greene 
 
 Chambers 17,5(52 i Hale 
 
 Cherokee 11,132 Henry 
 
 4,041 
 10,109 
 7,136 
 8,006 
 2,959 
 18,399 
 21,792 
 14,191 
 
 Mobile 49,311 
 
 Montgomery 43,704 
 
 Morgan 12,187 
 
 Monroe... 14,214 
 
 Perry 24,975 
 
 Pickens 17,690 
 
 Pike 17,423 
 
 Randolph 12,006 
 
 Russell 21,636 
 
 Sandford 8,893 
 
 Choctaw 12,676 j Jackson 19,410 Shelby 12,218 
 
 Clark 14,663 i Jefferson 12,345 St. Clair 9,360 
 
 Clay 9,560 ILauderdale 15,091 Sumter 24,109 
 
 Cleburne 8,017 ! Lawrence 16,658 Talladega 18,064 
 
 Coffee 6,171 !Lee 21,750 Tallapoosa 16,963 
 
 Colbert 12,537 [Limestone 15,017 j Tuscaloosa 20,081 
 
 Conecub 9,574 Lowndes 25,719 Walker 6,543 
 
 Coosa ll,945iMacon 17, 727 1 Washington 3,912 
 
 Covingtoii 4,868 JMadison 31,267 Wilcox 28,377 
 
 Crenshaw 11,156 jMarengo 26,151 Winston 4,155 
 
 Dale 11,325 (Marion 6,059 Total 996,992 
 
 ARKANSAS Area, 52,198 square miles. 
 
 Arkansas 8,268 Franklin 9,627 : Montgomery 2,984 
 
 Ashley 8,042jFulton 4,843iNewton 4,374 
 
 Benton 13,831;Grant 3,943 . Oauchita 12,975 
 
 Boone 7,032 ;Green 7,573[Perry 2,685 
 
 
 . . . 3,853 
 
 
 5,877 Pike 
 
 3,788 
 
 
 5,780 
 
 
 14 566 1 Poinsett 
 
 1,720 
 
 
 7,214 
 
 
 6,806 '' Polk ."> 
 
 3,376 
 
 Clark 
 
 11 953 
 
 
 7 268 Pope 
 
 8,386 
 
 
 11,397 
 
 
 15,733 Prairie 
 
 5,604 
 
 
 8 112 
 
 
 9 152 Pulaski 
 
 32,066 
 
 
 8,957 
 
 
 9,139 Randolph 
 
 7,466 
 
 
 3,831 
 
 
 5 981 St Francis 
 
 6,7U 
 
 
 4,577 
 
 
 3,236 Saline 
 
 .... 3,911 
 
 Cross 
 
 3,915 
 
 Madison 
 
 . . 8,231 Scott 
 
 . . . . 7,483 
 
 Dallas 
 
 5,707 
 
 
 3,979 Searcy 
 
 .... 5,614 
 
 
 6,125 
 
 
 3 633 Sebastian 
 
 12,940 
 
 Drew . , . 
 
 . 9,960 
 
 Monroe . . . 
 
 . 8.336 ! Sevier ... 
 
 . 4,492
 
 82 
 
 Sharpe 5,400 Washington 17,2f.6 Woodruff 6,891 
 
 Uni< n 10,571 White 10,347 Yell 8,048 
 
 VanBuren 5,107 1 Total 484,471 
 
 CALIFORNIA Area, 188 
 
 Alameda 24,237 Marin 
 
 Alpine 685 Mariposa 
 
 Ainador 9,582 Memlocino 
 
 Butte 11,403 Merced 
 
 Calaveras 8,805 Mono 
 
 Colusa 6,lfi5 'Monterey 
 
 Contra Costa 8,461 Napa 
 
 Del Norte 2,022 Nevada 
 
 El Dorado 10,309 ;Placer 
 
 Fresno 6,336 'Plumas 
 
 Humboldt 6,140 1 Sacramento 
 
 Inyo 1,95B San Bernardino. . . 
 
 Kern 2,925 ;San Diego 
 
 Klamath 1,686 1 San Francisco 
 
 I^ake 2,969 ;San Joaquin 
 
 Lassen 1,327 San L. Obispo 
 
 LOB Angelos 15,309 1 San Mateo 
 
 ,981 square miles. 
 
 . r>,!>03 Santa Barbara 
 . 4,572 Santa Clara 
 . 7,545 Santa Cruz 
 . 2,807 Shasta 
 
 430 Siera 
 . 9.876 Si.sUiyou 
 . 7,103 Solano 
 
 . 19,134 Sonoma 
 
 . 11,357 Stanislaus 
 . 4,4881 Butter 
 
 . 26. 83< i Tehama 
 . 3,988 Trinity 
 . 4,951 Tulare 
 . 149,473 Tuolumne 
 
 . 21,0501 Yolo 
 . 4,772 Yuba 
 . 6,685| Total 
 
 7,784 
 
 26.246 
 8,743 
 4,173 
 5,(il9 
 (1,848 
 
 16,871 
 
 19,819 
 6,499 
 5,0.10 
 3,587 
 3,213 
 4,533 
 8,150 
 '.i,h99 
 
 10.8:, I 
 560,247 
 
 CONNECTICUT Area, 4,674 square miles. 
 
 Fairfleld 95,276, Middlesex 36,099 Tolland 22,000 
 
 Hartford 109,007iNew Haven 121,257 Windham 38,518 
 
 Litchfield 48,727|New London 66,570| Total 537.454 
 
 DELAWARE Area, 2,120 square miles. 
 
 Kent 29,804 New Castle 63,515 Sussex 31,696 
 
 Total 125,015 
 
 FLORIDA Area, 59,268 square miles. 
 
 Alachua 17,328 Hernando 2,938 Nassau 4,247 
 
 Baker 1,325 Hillsboro 3,216 [Orange 2,195 
 
 Bradford 3,671 'Holmes 1,572 Polk 3,169 
 
 Brevard l,216 : Jackson 9,528iPutnam 3.821 
 
 Calhoun 998 i Jefferson 13,398 ;Santa Rosa 3,312 
 
 Clay 2,098iLa Fayette 1,783 St. John's 2.618 
 
 Columbia 7,335! Leon 15,236 Sumter 2,952 
 
 Dade 85: Levy 2,018 Suwannee 3,556 
 
 Duval 11.921 JLiberty 1,050 Taylor 1,453 
 
 Escambia 7,817 \ Madison 11,121 Volusia 1.72:1 
 
 Franklin 1,256 Manatee 1,931 Wakulla 2,5<i6 
 
 Gadsden 9,802 Marion 10,804 Walton 3,041 
 
 Hamilton 5,749jMonroe 5,657 1 Washington 2.31)2 
 
 Total 187,748 
 
 GEORGIA Area, 58,000 square miles. 
 
 Appling 5,086,Bibb 21,255 Calhouu :,,:>03 
 
 Baker 6,843 Brooks 8,342 Camdeii 4,615 
 
 Baldwin 10,618 Bryan 5,252 Campbell 9.176 
 
 Banks 4,973 Bullock 5,610 Carroll ll,72 
 
 Bartow 16,566 Burke 17,679 Catoosa 4,409 
 
 Berrien 4,518 Butts 6,941 Charlton 1,897
 
 83 
 
 
 41,279 lHall 
 
 9,607 Pik . 
 
 10 905 
 
 Chattaboooli 
 Chattooga . . 
 
 ee . . . . < 6,059 Hancock 
 
 11,317 
 
 Polk 
 
 7 822 
 
 (),9U'J Haralsou 
 
 4,004 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 11,940 
 
 10,399 'Harris 
 
 13,284 
 
 Putnam . 
 
 10 461 
 
 Clarke 
 
 . . 12,941 Hart 
 
 6,783 
 
 
 4 150 
 
 Clay 
 
 5,493 Heard 
 
 7,866 
 
 Habun 
 
 3 256 
 
 
 5,477 Henry . . . 
 
 10,102 
 
 
 10 561 
 
 Clinch 
 Cobb 
 
 3. 945 1 Houston 
 . 13,H14 Irwin 
 
 . . . . 20,406 
 1,837 
 
 Richmond 
 Schley 
 
 ... 25,724 
 5 129 
 
 
 3 192 Jackson 
 
 11,181 
 
 
 9 175 
 
 Colquitt 
 
 1,654 Jasper . . . 
 
 . . . 10,439 
 
 
 10 205 
 
 Columbia . . 
 
 13,529 Jefferson 
 
 . . . . 12,160 
 
 Stewart 
 
 . . . 14,204 
 
 Coweta . . . 
 
 15,875 Johnson 
 
 2,964 
 
 Suniter 
 
 16,059 
 
 
 
 9,436 
 
 Tall ot 
 
 11 913 
 
 Dade 
 
 3.033 Laur sus .. 
 
 . . 7,834 
 
 
 4 796 
 
 
 4,369 Lee 
 
 9,567 
 
 Tatuall 
 
 4 860 
 
 
 .. 15,183 Liberty 
 
 7,688 
 
 
 7 143 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 10,014: Lincoln 
 
 5,413 
 
 Telfair 
 
 3 245 
 
 
 9,79u Lowndes ... . 
 
 . . 8,321 
 
 Terrell 
 
 9 053 
 
 
 11,517 iLumpkin 
 
 .... 5,161 
 
 Thomas 
 
 14 523 
 
 Early 
 
 6,'J98 Macon 
 
 11,458 
 
 Towns 
 
 . . . 2,780 
 
 Echols 
 
 1 978 'Madison 
 
 5,227 
 
 
 17 632 
 
 Effintflmm . 
 Elbert 
 
 4,214 1 Marion 
 9,249 Mclntosh 
 
 8,OOJ 
 4,491 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 . . . 8,545 
 
 Union . ... 
 
 5 267 
 
 
 6,1 31 Meri wether 
 
 . . . 13,756 
 
 
 9 430 
 
 
 5 429. Miller 
 
 3,091 
 
 Walker 
 
 9 925 
 
 Fayette 
 
 8,221 Milton 
 
 . . . 4,284 
 
 Walton 
 
 11 038 
 
 Floyd 
 
 17,21(0 Mitchell 
 
 6,633 
 
 Ware 
 
 2 286 
 
 Forsvth 
 
 7,983 Monroe 
 
 17.213 
 
 
 10 545 
 
 Franklin . . . 
 Fultou 
 
 7,893 Montgomery . 
 33,440 Morgan 
 
 3,586 
 . . . 10,696 
 
 Washington .... 
 
 ... 15,842 
 2 177 
 
 GilllHT 
 
 . . 6,644 Murray 
 
 6,500 
 
 Webster 
 
 4,677 
 
 
 2,736 Muscogee . . . 
 
 . . . 16,663 
 
 White 
 
 4 606 
 
 
 5 376 Newton 
 
 14 615 
 
 Whitneld 
 
 10 117 
 
 Gordon .... 
 
 9,26S Otflethorpe 
 
 11,782 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 . . . 2,439 
 
 
 12,454 Paulding 
 
 7,639 
 
 Wilkes 
 
 . . 11,796 
 
 Gwinnett . . 
 Habersham 
 
 ; 12,431 Piokens 
 . . . 6,322 [Pierce 
 
 5,317 
 2 778 
 
 Wilkinson 
 
 . . . 9,383 
 
 Worth .. 
 
 . . . 3,778 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1 184 109 
 
 ILLINOIS Area, 55 
 
 56,362 Cowles . . 
 
 ,405 square miles. 
 
 .... 25,23.) Fulton 
 
 38 91 
 
 
 . 10,564 , Cook 
 
 349,966 jGallatin 
 
 . .. 11,134 
 
 Bond 
 
 13,152 Crawford 
 
 13,889,Greene 
 
 20 277 
 
 
 
 . . 12,223 Gruudy 
 
 14 938 
 
 
 12,205 De Kalb 
 
 23,26o Hamilton 
 
 13 014 
 
 
 .. 32,415 De Witt 
 
 .... 14,768 Hancock ...... 
 13,484 Hardin 
 
 ... 35,935 
 5 113 
 
 
 6.562 i Douglas 
 
 
 . . . 16,705 Du Page 
 
 16,685 Henderson 
 
 . . . 12,582 
 
 
 11,580 Edgar 
 
 21 ,430 Henry 
 
 35 506 
 
 Champaign 
 
 32 737 Edwards 
 
 
 25 78 
 
 20,3(>;i Effiiigham .... 
 
 .... 15,653 Jackson 
 
 19 634 
 
 Clark 
 
 18,719, Fayette 
 
 19,638 Jasper 
 
 . . . 11,234 
 
 Clay 
 
 15,875! Ford 
 
 9,103 Jefferson 
 
 17 864 
 
 Clinton . . 
 
 .. 16.285i Franklin... 
 
 . . 12.652 Jersey . . 
 
 .. 15.054
 
 Jo Daviess 
 
 84 
 
 . . . 27,820 McHenry 
 
 23,762 Sangamoil 
 53,988 Schuylcr 
 
 ... 46,352 
 17 419 
 
 
 11,248 McLean 
 
 
 . . . 39,091 Meuard 
 
 11,735, Scott 
 
 10 530 
 
 
 . 24,352 Mercer 
 
 . . 18,769 Shelby 
 
 25 476 
 
 Kendall 
 
 . . 12,399 Monroe 
 
 12,982 Stark ... 
 
 10 751 
 
 Kuox 
 
 . . . 39,522 Montgomery . . 
 
 . ... 25,314 St. Clair 
 28,463 Stephensou 
 
 .. . 51,1168 
 30 608 
 
 
 . . . 21,014 Morgan 
 
 La Salle 
 
 .. 60,792 Moultrie 
 
 10,385 Tazewell 
 
 27 903 
 
 
 ... 12 533 Ogle 
 
 27,492 Union ... . 
 
 16 518 
 
 Lee 
 
 . 27,171 Peoria 
 
 . . . 47,540 Vennillion 
 
 30 388 
 
 
 ... 31,471 Perry 
 
 13,723'Wabash 
 
 8 841 
 
 Logan 
 
 ... 23.053 Piatt 
 
 10,953 Warren 
 
 23,174 
 
 
 26,481 Pike 
 
 30,768 Washington. . . 
 
 17 599 
 
 
 . 32,726 Pope 
 
 . ... 11,437 Wayne 
 
 19 758 
 
 
 . . . 44,131 Pulaski 
 
 8,752 White 
 
 16 846 
 
 
 . . . 20,622 Putnam 
 
 6,280 Whitesides 
 
 27 503 
 
 
 . . . 1G,95G Randolph 
 
 20,a ! 59 Will 
 
 43 013 
 
 
 . . 16,184 Richlaiid 
 
 12,803 Williamson 
 
 17 3''9 
 
 
 . .. 9,581 Rock Island 
 
 29,783 : Winuebago 
 
 29 301 
 
 
 . . 26,509 Saline 
 
 12,714 (Woodford 
 
 18 95i'i 
 
 
 Total... 
 
 
 2,539 K<1 
 
 INDIANA Area, 33, 
 
 Adams 11.382 Hendrir.ks 
 
 809 Square miles. 
 
 20,277 |Pike 
 
 ... 13 779 
 
 Allen 
 
 43 494 Henry 
 
 22 986 'Porter 
 
 13 942 
 
 Bartholomew . . . 
 
 ... 21,133 Howard 
 
 15,847 Posey 
 19 036 Pulaski 
 
 ... 19,18.-, 
 7 801 
 
 Blackford 
 
 . . 6,272 Jackson 
 
 . . . 18,974 Putnam . 
 
 21 514 
 
 
 . . . 22,593 Jasper 
 
 6,354 Randolph 
 
 . 22 862 
 
 
 ... 8,681 Jay 
 
 15,000 Ripley 
 29,741 Iliush 
 
 ... 20,977 
 . . . 17,626 
 
 Carroll . . . 
 
 . . . 16,152 Jefferson 
 
 Case 
 
 . . . 24,193 Jennings 
 
 .. . 16,218 Scott 
 
 . . . 7,873 
 
 Clarke 
 
 . . . 24,770 Johnson 
 
 . . . 18,366 Ishelby 
 
 21,892 
 
 Clay 
 
 . . . 19,084 Knox 
 
 . . . 21,562 Spencer 
 
 . . . 17,9J8 
 
 Clinton 
 
 . . . 17,330 Kosciusko 
 
 2:i,5;!l Starke ... . 
 
 3,888 
 
 
 . . . 9,851 iLa Grange 
 
 14,148 1 Steuben 
 
 . . . 12,854 
 
 
 . 16,747 Lake 
 
 . 12,339 St. Joseph . . . 
 
 25,322 
 
 
 . . . 24,116 La Porte 
 
 . . .. 27,062 Sullivan 
 
 . . . 18,453 
 
 
 . . . 19,053 Lawrence 
 
 . . . 14,628 Switzerland 
 
 ... 12,134 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 . .. 17,167 Madison 
 
 . . . . 22,770 Tippecanoe 
 . .. 71,939 Tiptou 
 
 ... 33,515 
 ... 11,953 
 
 Delaware 
 
 . . . 19,030 Marion 
 
 Dubois 
 
 . . . 12,597 Marshall 
 
 20,211 Union 
 
 . . . 6,341 
 
 Elkhart 
 
 . 26 026 Martin 
 
 11,103 Vanderburg 
 
 33,145 
 
 Fayette 
 
 . 10,476 Miami . . . . 
 
 . . 21,052 YermilUon 
 
 . ... 10,840 
 
 Floyd 
 
 . . . 23,300 Monroe 
 
 . . . 14,168 Vigo 
 
 . . . 33,594 
 
 Fountain 
 
 . .. 16,389 Montgomery 
 20 223 Morgan 
 
 2:i,7<;s Wabash 
 
 ... 21,305 
 
 17 528 Warren . 
 
 10,204 
 
 Fulton 
 Gibson 
 
 .. 12,726 Newton 
 .. 17,371 Noble 
 
 . . . 6,829, Warrick 
 . . . 20,389' Washington 
 
 . .. 17,653 
 ... 18,495 
 
 Grant 
 
 . . 18,487 Ohio 
 . . 19,514 Orange 
 
 . 5,837 Wayne 
 
 ... 34,048 
 
 . . . 13,497 Wells 
 . 16,137 White 
 
 ... 13,585 
 . . 10,554 
 
 
 20 882 Owen 
 
 
 . .. 15,123 Parke 
 
 ... 18,166 Whitley 
 
 .. 14,399 
 
 Harrison 
 
 .. 19,913 Perry 
 
 . . . 14,801 1 Total 
 
 1,680,687
 
 Adair . . . 
 
 IOWA Area, 50,914 
 
 3,982 Floyd 
 
 square miles. 
 
 10,768 Monona 
 
 . . . 3,654 
 
 
 4,614 Franklin 
 
 4,738 Monroe 
 
 . 12,724 
 
 
 . 17,868 Fremont 
 
 11,174 Montgomery . . . 
 
 5,934 
 
 Appauoose . . 
 
 16,456 Greene 
 
 4,627 Muscatine 
 
 ... 21,688 
 
 
 1,212 Grundy 
 
 . 6,399 O'Brien 
 
 715 
 
 Beiiton .... 
 
 22,454 Guthrie 
 
 7,061 Page 
 
 . . . 9,975 
 
 Black Hawk 
 
 21,706 Hamilton 
 
 6,055 1 Palo Alto 
 
 ... 1 336 
 
 Boone 
 
 14,584 Hancock 
 
 999 Plymouth 
 
 ... 2,199 
 
 
 12,528 Hardin 
 
 13,684 Pocahontas 
 
 1,446 
 
 
 17,034 Harrison 
 
 8.931 Polk 
 
 27,857 
 
 
 1,585 Henry 
 
 21,463 Pottawattamie. . 
 
 16,893 
 
 Butler 
 
 9,951 Howard 
 
 6,282 Poweshiek 
 
 15,581 
 
 
 1,602 Humboldt 
 
 2,596 Ringgold 
 
 5,691 
 
 Carroll . . 
 
 2,451 Ida 
 
 226 Sac 
 
 1,411 
 
 Cass 
 
 
 16,644 Scott 
 
 38,599 
 
 
 19,731 Jackson . . .- 
 
 22,619 Shelby 
 
 2,540 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 
 
 . 22,116 Sioux 
 
 576 
 
 . . . 1,967 Jefferson 
 
 17,839 Story 
 
 11,651 
 
 
 10,180 Johnson 
 
 24,898 Tama 
 
 16,131 
 
 Clarke 
 
 8,735 Jones 
 
 . 19,731 Taylor 
 
 6,989 
 
 Clay 
 
 1,523'Keokuk 
 
 . 19,434 Union 
 
 5,986 
 
 
 27,771 'Kossuth .. .. 
 
 3,351 Van Bureu 
 
 17,672 
 
 
 35 357 Lee 
 
 37,210 WapeUo 
 
 22,346 
 
 
 2,530 Linn 
 
 28,852 Warren 
 
 17,980 
 
 Dallas 
 
 12 019 Louisa 
 
 . 12,877 W T ashington 
 
 . . . 18,952 
 
 Davis 
 
 . 15,565 Lucas ... . 
 
 . 10,388 Wayne 
 
 11,287 
 
 Decatur 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 12,018 Lyon 
 17,432 Madison 
 
 27 256 Mahaska 
 
 221 Webster . . 
 
 10,484 
 
 . 13,884 Winuebago 
 22,508 Winneshiek . . . 
 
 . . . . 1,562 
 23,570 
 
 
 1,389 Marion . 
 
 24,436 Woodbury 
 
 6,172 
 
 
 38 969 Marshall 
 
 17,576 Worth 
 
 2,892 
 
 
 1,392 Mills . . . 
 
 8,718 Wright 
 
 2,392 
 
 Fayette 
 
 . 16,973 Mitchell 
 
 . 9.582 Total... 
 
 ..1,191,792 
 
 Allen 
 
 KANSAS Area, 78,418 square miles. 
 
 7 022 Doniphan - 13.969 L.von 
 
 8,014 
 
 Anderson . . . 
 
 ....... 5,220 Douglass 
 . 15 507 Ellis 
 
 . 20,592 Marion 
 . 1,336 Marshall 
 
 768 
 6,901 
 
 Barton 
 
 2 Ellsworth 
 
 . 1,185 McPherson 
 427|Miami 
 
 738 
 11,725 
 
 
 15,076!Ford 
 
 
 6,823, Franklin 
 
 10,385 [Mitchell 
 
 485 
 
 Butler 
 
 3,035 Greenwood 
 
 . 3,484 Montgomery ... 
 
 .... 7,564 
 
 
 1,975 Howard 
 
 2,704|Morris 
 
 . . . 2,225 
 
 
 . . . . 11,038 Jackson 
 
 6,053 ;Nemeha 
 12,526 iNeosho 
 207;Ness 
 
 . . . 7,339 
 .... 10,206 
 .... 2 
 
 Clay . ... 
 
 2,942 Jefferson 
 
 Cloud 
 
 2 323 Jewell 
 
 Coffey 
 
 6,201 Johnson 
 
 13,684 Osage 
 
 ... 7,648 
 
 
 1,175 Labette 
 
 . 9,973 Osborne 
 
 33 
 
 Crawford . . . 
 
 8,160 Leavenworth 
 . 5,526 Lincoln 
 
 32,444!Ottawa 
 
 . . . 2,127 
 
 516 Pawnee 
 
 179 
 
 
 . 3,043 Linn 
 
 13,174 Pottawattamie. . 
 
 . . . . 7,848 
 

 
 Republic 
 Rice 
 
 . . 1,281 Shawnee . . . 
 
 5 Smith 
 
 13,131 Wallace 
 
 538 
 
 66 Washington 
 
 . . 4,081 
 
 
 6,105 Sumner . . 
 
 22 Wilson 
 
 6 694 
 
 Russell 
 
 156 Treco 
 
 
 3 K27 
 
 Saline 
 
 4,246 
 
 Wabaunsee 
 
 3,362 Wyaildotte 
 
 . 10,015 
 
 Sedgwick 
 
 . 1.095 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 364,899 
 
 KENTUCKY Area, 
 
 Adair 11,065 Graves 
 Allen 10.296 Gravsou . 
 
 37,680 square miles. 
 
 19,398 Meiiifee 
 11 580 'Mercer 
 
 . . 1,986 
 13,144 
 
 Anderson 
 
 ... 5,449 Green 
 
 9,379 Metcalfe 
 
 . . 7,934 
 
 Ballard 
 
 . . 12,576 Grefmim . 
 
 . 11 463 Monroe 
 
 9,381 
 
 Barren 
 Bath 
 Boone 
 Bourbon 
 
 .. 17,780 
 .. 10,145 
 . . 10,696 
 ... 14,863 
 
 Hanoock . . . 
 Hardin 
 Harlan 
 Harrison . . . 
 
 6,591 Montgomery.... 
 15,705 Morgan 
 4,415 Muhlenburg .... 
 ] 2.993 Nelson 
 
 . . 7,557 
 .. 5,975 
 .. 12,638 
 . . 14,804 
 
 Boyd 
 
 8,573 
 
 Hart 
 
 13 687 Nicholas 
 
 9 129 
 
 Boyle 
 
 ... 9,515 
 
 Henderson 
 
 18 457 Ohio 
 
 .. 15,561 
 
 
 11,409 
 
 
 11 066 Oldhani 
 
 9 027 
 
 Breathit 
 
 . . . 5,672 
 
 
 8 453 Owen 
 
 . 14,309 
 
 
 13,440 
 
 
 13 827 Owslev 
 
 3,889 
 
 Bullitt 
 
 . . . 7,781 
 
 
 4 547 Pendleion 
 
 . . 14,030 
 
 Butler 
 
 . 9,404 
 
 
 118 953 Perry 
 
 4,274 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 . . . 10,826 
 
 
 8 638 Pike 
 
 . 9,563 
 
 
 9,410 
 
 John Bell 
 
 3 731 Powell 
 
 2 599 
 
 Campbell 
 
 . . . 27,406 
 
 
 7 494 Pulaski 
 
 .. 17,670 
 
 
 6,189 
 
 
 36 096 Robertson 
 
 5 ii'.i'.i 
 
 Carter 
 
 . . . 7,509 
 
 Kiiox* 
 
 8,294 Kock Castle 
 
 .. 7,145 
 
 
 . 8,884 
 
 
 8 235 1 Kowan 
 
 2.991 
 
 Christian 
 
 . . . 23,227 
 
 Laurel 
 
 6 016 Kussell 
 
 B,8D9 
 
 Clark 
 
 10,882 
 
 
 8 497 Scott 
 
 11,607 
 
 Clay 
 
 . . . 8,297 
 
 Lee 
 
 :! 058 Shelbv 
 
 . . 15,733 
 
 
 6,497 
 
 
 
 9,573 
 
 Critteuden 
 
 . . . 9,381 
 
 Lewis 
 
 9,115 Spencer 
 10 947 Taylor 
 
 . . 5,956 
 8,996 
 
 
 7,690 
 
 
 ... 20,714 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 8,200, Todd 
 20 429'Trigg 
 
 .. 12,612 
 
 . 13,686 
 
 
 . 4,459 
 
 Elliott 
 
 . . . 4,433 
 
 
 6,233 Trimble 
 
 . . 5,577 
 
 Estill 
 
 9,198 
 
 
 19 543 Union 
 
 13,640 
 
 Faye^te 
 
 ... 26,656 
 
 
 4,684 Warren 
 
 . .. 21,742 
 
 Fleming 
 Floyd 
 Franklin 
 
 ... 13.398 
 . . . 7,877 
 . . . 15,300 
 
 Marie in 
 Marshall . . . 
 Mason 
 
 12,838 Washington 
 9,455 Wayne .^ 
 18,126 Wewrter 
 
 .. 12,464 
 ... 10,602 
 
 10,9:17 
 
 Fultan 
 Gallatin 
 
 . . . 6,161 
 
 5,074 
 
 McCrackeu 
 
 13,988 Whitlev 
 7 614 Wolfe 
 
 . . 8,279 
 . . 3,603 
 
 Garrard 
 Grant . . . 
 
 ... 10,376 
 . 9.529 
 
 Meade 
 
 9,485 Woodford 
 Total... 
 
 . . 8,240 
 .1,321,011 
 
 LOUISIANA Area, 41,255 square miles. 
 
 Ascension 11,577 Bossier 12,675 Cameron 1,591 
 
 Assumption 13,224'Caddo 21,714 Carroll 10,110 
 
 Avoyelles 12.926 lOalaasieu 6,733 Catahoula 8,475 
 
 Bienville 10,636 1 Caldwell 4,820 Claiborne 20,240
 
 Concordia 9,977 
 
 De Soto 14,962 
 
 87 
 
 Morehouse 9,387 ! St. Landry 25,553 
 
 Natchitoches 18,265 St. Martin 9,370 
 
 East Baton Rouge . . 17,816 Orleans 191,41 8 St. Mary 13,860 
 
 East Feliciana 13,499 Ouachita 11,582 St. Tammany 5,586 
 
 Franklin 5,078 'Plaquemines 10,552 Tangipahoa 7,928' 
 
 Grant 4,517 Point Coupee 12,981 i Tensas 12,419 
 
 Iberia 9,042 Rapides 18,015 'Terrebonne 12.441 
 
 Iberville 12,347, Richlaud 5,110 Union 11,685 
 
 Jackson 7,646 Sabine 6,456 Vermillion 4.528 
 
 Jefferson 17,767lSt. Bernard 3,553 Washington 3,330 
 
 Lafayette 10,388 St. Charles 4,857 West Baton Rouge. . 5,114 
 
 Lafourche 14,719 St. Helena 5,423 West Feliciona 10,499 
 
 Livingston 4,026 St. James 10,152 Winn 5,954 
 
 Madison 8,600 St. John the Baptist 6,762 1 Total 726,915 
 
 MAINE Area, 31,766 square miles. 
 
 Androscoggin 35,866 Kuox 30,823 Sagadahoc 18,803 
 
 Aroostook 29,fi09 Lincoln 25,597 Somerse < 34,611 
 
 Cumberland 82,021 Oxford 33,488iWaldo 34,522 
 
 Franklin 18,811 Penobscot 75, 150 Washington 43,343 
 
 Haueock 36,495 Piscataquis 14,403 York 69,174 
 
 Keunebec 53,203 Total 626,915 
 
 MARYLAND Area, 11,124 square miles. 
 
 Allegauy 38,536 Dorchester 19,458 Queen 16,171 
 
 Anne Arundel 24,457 Frederick 47,572 Saint Mary's 14,944 
 
 Baltimore 330,741 1 Harford 22,605 Somerset 18.190 
 
 Calvert 9,865 Howard 14,150 Talbot 16,137 
 
 Caroline 12,101 Kent 17,102 Washington 34,712 
 
 Carroll 28,619 Montgomery 20,563 Wicomico 15,802 
 
 ( 'ecil 25,874 Prince George's 21,138 Worcester 16,419 
 
 Charles 15,738; Total 780,894 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS Area, 7,800 square miles. 
 
 Barnstable 32,774 Franklin 32,i : "" Norfolk 89.443 
 
 Berkshire 64,H'J7 H;mipden 78,4(!) Plymouth 65.365 
 
 Bristol 102.886 Hampshire 44,388 Suffolk 270,802 
 
 Dukes 3,787 Middlesex 274,353 Worcester 192,716 
 
 Essex 200,843 Nantucket 4,123 , Total 1,457,351 
 
 MICHIGAN Area, 56,243 square miles. 
 
 Alcona 696'Chippewa 1,689 Ionia 27,681 
 
 Allegan 32,105 Clare 366 losoo 3,163 
 
 Alpena 2,756|Clinton 22,845 Isabella 4,113 
 
 Antrim 1,985 {Delta 2,542 Jackson 36,047 
 
 Barry 22,199 jEatou 25,171 Kalamazoo 32,054 
 
 Bay 15,900 Emmet 1,211 Kalkaska 424 
 
 Benzie 2,184 
 
 Berrieif 35,104 
 
 Branch! 26.226 
 
 Calhoun 36,569 
 
 Cass 21,094 
 
 Charlevoix 1,724 
 
 Cheboygan 2,196 
 
 Genesee 33,900 Kent 50,403 
 
 Grand Traverse 4,443 Keweenaw 4,205 
 
 Gratiot 11,810 Lake 548 
 
 Hillsdale 31,684 Lapeer 21,345 
 
 Houghton 13,879 Leelanaw 4,576 
 
 Huron 9,049JLenawee 45,595 
 
 Ingham. , 25,268: Livingston 19,338
 
 Mackinac 1,718 Montcahn 13,629 iSaginaw 39,097 
 
 Macomb 27,816 Muskegon .. .. 14,894 Sanilac 14,562 
 
 Manistee 6,074 Newaygo 7,294 Shiawassee 20,858 
 
 Manitou 891 (Oakland 40,867 St. Clair 36,661 
 
 Marquette 15,033jOceana 7,222 St. Joseph 26,275 
 
 Mason 3,263jOgemaw 12 Tuscola 13,714 
 
 Mecosta 5,642 On tonagon 2,845 , Van Bureii 28,829 
 
 Menominee 1,791 'Osceola 2,093 i Washtenaw 41,434 
 
 Midland 3,285 [Oscoda 70JWayne 119,038 
 
 Missaukee 130!Ottawa 26,651 IWexford 650 
 
 Monroe 27,483;Presque Isle] 3551 Total 1,184,059 
 
 MINNESOTA Area, 95,274 square miles. 
 
 178 jHennepin 21,566 
 
 Houston 14,936 Ka 
 
 Isanti 2,035 
 
 Aitkin 
 
 Anoka 3,940 
 
 Becker 308 
 
 Beltrami SOjItasca 96 
 
 Benton 1,558 1 Jackson 1,825 
 
 Big Stone 24 Kanabec 
 
 Blue Earth 17,302 JKandiyohi 1,760 
 
 Brown 6,396jLac qui Parle 146 
 
 Carlton 286 Lake 135 
 
 Carver 11,586 ILe Sueur 11,607 
 
 Cass 380,Martin 3,867 
 
 Chippewa 1,467 McLeod 5,643 
 
 Chisago 4,358 Meeker 6,090 
 
 Clay 92 Mille Lac 1,109 
 
 Cottonwood 534 Monongalia . . . 
 
 Crow Wing 200 Morrison 
 
 Dakota 16,312 Mower 
 
 Dodge 8,598lMurray 
 
 Douglass 4,239'Nicollet 
 
 Faribault 9,940 Nobles . 
 
 93 Rock 
 
 Pope 2,691 
 
 ,msey 23,085 
 
 Redwood 1,828 
 
 Renville 3,219 
 
 Rice 16,083 
 
 138 
 
 Scott 11,042 
 
 Sherburne 2,050 
 
 Sibley 6,725 
 
 Stearns 14,206 
 
 Steele 8,271 
 
 Stevens 174 
 
 St. Louis 4,561 
 
 Todd . . . 2,036 
 
 Fillmore 24,887 iQlmsted 19,793 Wilkin. 
 
 3,1601 Traverse 13 
 
 1,681 : Wabashaw 15,859 
 
 10,447 Wadena 6 
 
 209 Waseca 7,854 
 
 8,362 1 Washington 11 ,809 
 
 117 Watonwan 2,426 
 
 295 
 
 Freeborn 10,578 Otter Tail l/JfiS'Winona 22,319 
 
 Goodhue 22,618 Pembina 64 Wright 9,457 
 
 Grant 340 Pine 648| Total 439,706 
 
 MISSISSIPPI Area, 47,156 square miles. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Alcorn 10,431 
 
 19,084 Coahoma 
 
 Amite 
 
 10,973 
 
 Attala 14,776 
 
 Bolivar 9,732 
 
 Calhoun 10,561 
 
 Carroll 21,047 
 
 7,144 ;Itawamba. 
 
 7,812 
 
 Copiah 20,608 ;JaekHon 4,362 
 
 Covington 4,753 Jasper 10,884 
 
 De Soto 32,021 Jefferson 13,848 
 
 Franklin 7,498 Jones 3,313 
 
 Greene 2,038 Kemper . 
 
 Grenada 10,571 Lafayette 
 
 13,990 
 18,809 
 
 Chickasaw 19^899 Hancock 4,239 Lauderdale 13,462 
 
 Choctaw 16,988 Harrison ... . 5,795 Lawrence 6,620 
 
 Claiborne 
 Clark . . , 
 
 13,586 Hinds 
 
 7,505 Holmes 
 
 llssaquena 
 
 30,488 Leake 8,4% 
 
 19,370 Lee 15,955 
 
 6,887lLincoln 10,184
 
 89 
 
 Lowndes 30,502| Perry 2,694 Tippah 
 
 Madison J. 20,948 Pike 11,303 Tishemingo 
 
 Marion 4,211 iPoutotoc 12,5251 Tunica 
 
 Marshall 29,416 :Prentiss 9,348 Warren 
 
 Monroe 22,63l[Rankin 12,977 Washington 
 
 Neshoba 7,439 Scott 7,847 IWayne 
 
 Newton 10,067 1 Simpson 5,718; Wilkinson 
 
 Noxubee 20,905 Smith 7,126, Winston 
 
 Oktibbeha 14,891 Sunflower 5,015 Yalabusha 
 
 Pauola 20,754i Tallahatchie 7,852 Yazoo 
 
 Total... 
 
 .. 20,727 
 . . 7,350 
 . . 5,358 
 . . 26,769 
 . . 14,569 
 . . 4,206 
 . . 12,705 
 . 8,984 
 . . 13,254 
 .. 17,279 
 ..827,922 
 
 MISSOURI Area, 67,380 square miles. 
 
 Adair 11,448 Greene 21,549 Ozark 
 
 Andrew 15,137 Grundy 10,567 Pemiscot 
 
 Atchison 8,440 Harrison 14,635 Perry. .'. 
 
 Audrain 12,307 Henry 17,401 Pettis 
 
 Barry 10,373 Hickory 6,452 Phelps 
 
 Barton 5,087 Holt 11,652 Pike 
 
 Bates 15,960 Howard 17,233 Platte 
 
 Benton 11,322 Howell 4,218 Polk 
 
 Bellinger 8,162 Iron 6,278 Pulaski 
 
 Boone 20,765 Jackson 55,041 Putnam 
 
 Buchanan 35,109 Jasper 14,928!Ralls 
 
 Butler 4,298 Jefferson 15,380 j Randolph 
 
 Caldwell 11,390 Johnson 24,648|Ray 
 
 Callaway 19,202 Knox 10,974 Reynolds 
 
 Camdem 6,108 Laclede 9,380 Ripley 
 
 Cape Girardeau 17,558 Lafayette 22,623 Saline 
 
 Carroll 17,446 Lawrence 13,067 Schuyler 
 
 Carter l,455JLewis 15,114 Scotland 
 
 Cass 19,296i Lincoln 15,960 Scott 
 
 Cedar 9,474 
 
 Chariton 19,136 
 
 Christian 6,707 Macon 23,230|St. Charles 
 
 Clarke 13,667 
 
 Clay 15,564 Marie; 
 
 Clinton 14,063 
 
 Cole 10,292 
 
 Cooper 20,692 
 
 Crawford 7,982 
 
 Franklin 30.098 
 
 Linn 15,900 Shannon 
 
 Livingston 16,730 Shelby 
 
 Madison 5,849 
 
 5,916 
 Marion 23,780 
 
 St. Clare. 
 
 Ste. Genevieve. . 
 
 St. Francois 
 
 McDonald 5,226 u . ^ u *,> 
 
 Mercer 11,557 1 Stoddard 
 
 Miller 6,616lStone 
 
 Dade 8,683 Mississippi 4,982i Sullivan 
 
 Dallas 8,383 Moniteau ll,375|Taney 
 
 Daviess 14,410 Monroe 17,149|Texas 
 
 De Kalb 9,858 Montgomery 10,405 Vernon , 
 
 Dent 6,357 Morgan 8,434|Warren 
 
 Douglass 3,915 " 
 
 Dunklin 5,982 
 
 New Madrid 6,357 1 Washington . 
 
 Newton 12,821 1 Wayne 1 , 
 
 Nodaway 14,751 Webster 
 
 Gasconade 10,093 Oregon 3,287 [Worth . 
 
 Gentry 11.607 Osage 10,793iWright 
 
 Total 
 
 Adams . 
 
 NEBRASKA Area, 75,995 square miles. 
 19 Blackbird 31 Buffalo 
 
 . . 3,363 
 . . 2,059 
 . . 9,877 
 .. 18,706 
 .. 10,506 
 ,.. 23,076 
 .. 17,352 
 . . 12,445 
 . . 4,714 
 .. 11,217 
 .. 10,510 
 . .. 15,908 
 .. 18,700 
 . . 3,756 
 . . 3,175 
 .. 21,672 
 . . 8,820 
 ... 10,670 
 . . 7,317 
 . . 2,339 
 ... 10,119 
 .. 21,304 
 . . 6,742 
 . . 8,384 
 ... 9,742 
 ..351,189 
 . . 8,535 
 ... 3,253 
 .. 11,907 
 . . 4,407 
 . . 9,618 
 . .. 11,247 
 . . 9,673 
 .. 11,719 
 . . . 6,068 
 .. 10,434 
 .. 5,004 
 . . 5,684 
 .1,721,295
 
 90 
 
 Burt 2,847|Jack8on 9 Sarpy 2,913 
 
 Butler 1,290 Jefferson 2,440 1 Sounders 4,547 
 
 - 
 
 Johnson 3,429 j Seward 
 
 Kearney 58 Stanton. 
 
 Cass 8,151 
 
 Cedar 1,032 
 
 Cheyenne 190JLancaster 7,074 Taylor 97 
 
 Clay 54 1 L'Eau qui Court . . . 'Jill Washington 4,452 
 
 Colfax 1,424 1 Lincoln 17 Wayne '1H2 
 
 Cuming 2,964 Lyon 78 Webster HI 
 
 Dakota 2,040 
 
 Dawsou... 103 
 
 Dixon 1,345 
 
 Dodge 4,212 
 
 Merrick... 557 
 
 Madison l,133jYork 604 
 
 Unorganized North- 
 west Teerritory . . 52 
 Unorganized Terri- 
 
 Mouroe 235 
 
 Nemaha 
 
 Douglass 19,982 Nuckolls 8 1 tory west < >f Mad- 
 
 Fillmore 238 Otoe 12.345 ' isoii County 183 
 
 Franklin 26|Pawnee 4,171 Wiunebago Indian 
 
 Gage 3,359|Pierce 152 Reservation 31 
 
 Grant 484'Platte l,S9'.i 1'awiire Indian res- 
 Hall l,057iPolk 13(5 ervation 44 
 
 Hamilton 130 Richardson 9,780 
 
 Harrison 631 Saline 3,106 Total 122,993 
 
 NEVADA Area, 112,090 square miles. 
 
 Churchill 196 Lander 2,*15 Ji.x.p i:;:i 
 
 Douglas 1.215 Lincoln 2,985 Storey 11.H.VJ 
 
 Elko 3,447|Lyon 1,837, Washoe 3.091 
 
 Esmeralda 1,553 Nye 1,087 White Pine 7,189 
 
 Humboldt 1,916: Ormsby 3,dds Total 4'J,4'jl 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE Area, 9,280 square miles. 
 
 Belknap 17,681 Grafton 39,103 Rockingham 47.297 
 
 Carroll 17,332 Hillsborough 64,238 Stratford :>.-_M3 
 
 Cheshire 27,265 Merrimack 42,151 Sullivan is.o.vs 
 
 Coos 14,932 1 Total 318,300 
 
 NEW; JERSEY Area, 3,320 square miles. 
 
 Atlantic 14,0931 Gloucester 21,562 ; Ocean lii.ius 
 
 Bergen 30,122 Hudson 129,067 Passaic 4C..4H! 
 
 Burlington 53,639 >Hunterdon 36,963 Salem 23/.I40 
 
 Camden 46,193 Mercer , . 46,386 Somerset 23.510 
 
 Cape May 8,349 Middlesex 45,029 Sussex 23. ids 
 
 Cumberland 34,dd5 Monmouth 46,195 1 Union 41 .s.v.i 
 
 Essex 143,839, Morris , 43,137 Warren :!4,:t:;d 
 
 Total in H-,,O:K; 
 
 NEW YORK Area, 47,000 square miles. 
 
 Albany 133,052 > Clinton 47,947 Fulton 27.OC.4 
 
 AUegany 40,814 Columbia 47,044 Genesee :il/.od 
 
 Broome 44,103 Cortland 25,173 Greene 31 ,.s:f2 
 
 Cattaratlgus 43,909 ' Delaware 42,972 Hamilton 2.'.idli 
 
 Cayuga 59,550 jDutcheas 74,041 Herkimer 39,'.i2! 
 
 Chautauqua 59,327 Erie 178,(!99 Jefferson (,:,.4 15 
 
 Chemung 35,281 Essex 29,042 Kings 419.H21 
 
 Chenango 40,564, Franklin 30,271 Lewis
 
 91 
 
 Livingston 38,309 ; Otsego 48,967 St. Lawrence 84,826 
 
 Madison 43,522 Putnam 15,420 Sutt'olk 46,924 
 
 Monroe 117,868 Queens 73,803 Sullivan 34,550 
 
 Montgomery 34,457 Reusselaer 99,549 Tioga 30,572 
 
 New York 942,292 Richmond 33,029 Tompkius 33,178 
 
 Niagara 50,437 Rockland 25,213 Ulster 84,075 
 
 Oneida 110,008 Saratoga 51,529 Warren 22,592 
 
 Ouondaga 104,183 
 
 Ontario 45,108 
 
 Orange 80,902 
 
 Sclieuectady 21,347 Washington 49,568 
 
 Schoharie 33,340 Wayne 47,710 
 
 Schuyler 18,989 Westchester 131,348 
 
 Orleans 27,689 1 Seneca 27,823 Wyoming 39,164 
 
 Oswego 77,941 1 Steubeu 67,717 , Yates 19,595 
 
 Total 4,382,759 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA Area, 50,704 square miles. 
 
 Alamauce 11,874 
 
 Alexander 0,n68 
 
 Alleghany 
 
 Aslie. 
 
 Edgecombe 22,970 ( Northampton 14,749 
 
 Forsyth , 13,050 Ouslow 7,569 
 
 Franklin 
 
 14,134 Orange 17,507 
 
 Alison 12,428 Gaston 12,602 Pasquotank 8,131 
 
 9,573 Gates ... . 7,724 Perquinii 
 
 7,945 
 
 Beaufort 13,011 Granville 24,831 Person 11,170 
 
 Bertie 12,1)50 Greene 8,687 Pitt 17,276 
 
 Bladcn 12,831 JGuilford 21,736 Polk 4,319 
 
 Brunswick 7,754 Halifax 20,408 Randolph 17,551 
 
 Buncombe 15,412 Harnuett 8,895 Richmond 12,882 
 
 Burke 9,777 Haywood 7,921 Robeson 16,262 
 
 Oabarru* ll,954!Heudersou 7,706 Rockingham 15,708 
 
 Caldwell 8,476 j Hertford 9,273 Rowan 16,810 
 
 Camden 5,361 Hj de 6,445 Kutherford 13,121 
 
 Carteret 9,010 Iredell 16,931 Sampson 16,436 
 
 Caswell 16,081 Jackson 6,683 Stanley 8,315 
 
 Catawba 10,984 jjohnstou 16,897 Stokes 11,208 
 
 Chatham 19,723 jJones 5,002 Surry 11,252 
 
 Cherokee 8,080 ] Lenoir 10,434 Transylvania 3,536 
 
 6,450 Lincoln 9,573 Tyrrell . . , . 4,173 
 
 Cli 
 
 Clay 2,46l|Macon 6,615 Union 
 
 ( Vim-hind 12,696 Madison 8,192 Wake . 
 
 12,217 
 
 35,617 
 
 Columbus 8,474iMartin 9,647 Warren 17,768 
 
 Craven 20,516 McDowell 7,592 Washington 6,516 
 
 Cumberland 17,035 'Mecklenburg 24,299 Watauga 5,287 
 
 Currituck 5,131 (Mitchell 4,705 Wayne 18,144 
 
 Dare 2,778, Montgomery 7,487 Wilkes 15,539 
 
 Davidson 17,414lMoore 12,040 Wilson 12,258 
 
 Davie 9,620 : Nash 11,077 Yadkin 10,697 
 
 Duplin 15,542 New Hanover 27,978iYancy 5,909 
 
 Total 1,071,361 
 
 OHIO Area, 39,964 square miles 
 
 Adams 20,750 Brown 30,802 Columbiana 38,299 
 
 Allen 23,623 Butler 39,912 Coshocton 23,600 
 
 Ashland 21,933 Carroll 14,491 i Crawford 25,556 
 
 Ashtabula 32,517 Champaign 24,188 Cuyahoga 132,010 
 
 Athens 23,768 Clark 32,070:Darke 32,278 
 
 Auglaize 20,041 Clermont 34,268 Defiance 15,719 
 
 Belmont 39,714, Clinton 21,914 [Delaware 25,175
 
 92 
 
 Erie 28,188 ! Licking 35,756 Portage. .. .. 24,584 
 
 Fairneld 31,138 Logan 23,028 Preble 21,809 
 
 Fayette 17,170 :Lorain 30,308 Putnam 17,081 
 
 Franklin 63,019 ! Lucas 46,722 Kicblaud 32,51<; 
 
 Fulton 17,789; Madison 15,633 ROBS. 
 
 Gallia 25,545 'Mahouing 31,001 
 
 Oeanga 14,190 i Marion 16,184 . 
 
 Greene 28,038 1 Medina 20,092 Seneca 30,827 
 
 Guernsey 23,838 Meigs 31,465 Shelby 20,748 
 
 Hamilton 260,370 Mercer 17,254 Stark 52,508 
 
 Hancock 23,847 .Miami 32,740 Summit 34,674 
 
 Hardin 18,714 Monroe 25,779 Trumbull. .. .. 38,659 
 
 Harrison 18,682 M 
 
 Henry 1 4 >9 2 . 8 
 
 Highland 
 
 Hocking 17,925 
 
 Holmes 18,177 
 
 Huron 28,532 
 
 Jackson 21,759 
 
 Jefferson 29,188 
 
 Kuox 26,333 
 
 Lake 15,935 
 
 Lawrence 31,380 
 
 Perry 18,453 Williams 
 
 Pickaway 24,875 
 
 Pike 15,447 
 
 37,097 
 
 Saiidusky 25,503 
 
 Scioto 29,302 
 
 :ontgomery 64,006 Tuscarawas 53,840 
 
 Morgan 20,363 Union 18,730 
 
 Van Wert 15,823 
 
 Muskingum 44,886 Vinton 15,027 
 
 Noble 19,949 Warren 26,689 
 
 Ottawa 13,364 Washington 40,609 
 
 Paulding 8,544 ~ 
 
 Wayne 35,116 
 
 20,991 
 
 Wood 24,596 
 
 Wyandot 18,553 
 
 Total 2,665,260 
 
 OREGON Area, 102,606 square miles. 
 
 Baker 2,804 Grant 2,251 Polk 4,701 
 
 Benton 4,584 Jackson 4,778 Tillamook 408 
 
 Clackamas 5,993 Josephine 1,204 Umatilla 2,91(1 
 
 Clatsop 1,255 
 
 Lane 6,426 Union 
 
 2,552 
 
 
 .... 1,644 
 
 Marion 
 
 . . . 9,965 Washington . 
 
 4,261 
 
 
 504 
 
 Multnomah ... . 
 
 11,510 
 
 Yam Hill 
 
 5 012 
 
 
 6.066 
 
 T 
 
 TIA Area, 
 
 Cumberland . . '. 
 
 otal 
 
 90 923 
 
 PENNSYLVA] 
 
 Adams 30.315 
 
 46,000 square 
 
 . .. 43,912 McKean 
 
 miles. 
 8,825 
 
 
 262,204 Dauphin 
 
 . . . 60,740 Mercer 
 
 49 977 
 
 Armstrong. . .. 
 
 43,382 Delaware 
 
 . . . 39,403 
 
 Miffln 
 
 17,508 
 
 
 36,148 
 
 Elk 
 
 . . . 8,488 
 
 Monroe 
 
 . 18.M6-2 
 
 Bedford 
 
 29,635 
 
 Erie 
 Fayette 
 Forest 
 
 . . . 65,973 
 ... 43,284 
 . . . 4,010 
 
 Montgomery 81,612 
 Montour 15,344 
 
 Berks 
 Blair 
 
 106,701 
 38,051 
 
 Northampton 61,432 
 Northumberland. . . 41,444 
 Perry 25.447 
 
 Bradford 
 
 .... 53,204 
 64,336 
 
 Franklin 
 Fulton 
 
 . . . 45,365 
 . . . 9,360 
 
 Butler 
 
 .... 36,510 
 .. 36,569 
 
 Greene 
 
 ... 25,887 
 . . 31 251 
 
 Philadelphia 
 Pike . 
 
 674,022 
 
 . 8 436 
 
 
 4,273 
 
 Indiana 
 
 36 138 
 
 Potter 
 
 11,265 
 
 Carbon 
 
 28,144 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 . . . 21,656 Schuvkiil . . . 
 
 116,428 
 
 Centre 
 Chester 
 
 .... 34,418 
 77,805 
 
 Juniata 
 Lancaster 
 
 ... 17,390 
 . . .121,340 
 
 Snyder 
 
 15,606 
 
 Somerset . . . 
 
 28,226 
 
 Clarion 
 Clearfleld 
 
 .... 26,537 
 . .. 25,741 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 ... 27,298 
 34,096 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 6,191 
 
 Susquehanna 
 Tioga 
 
 37,523 
 
 . . 35.097 
 
 Clinton 
 Columbia 
 
 .... 23,211 
 28,766 
 63,832 
 
 Lehigh 
 Luzerne 
 Lycoming 
 
 ... 56,796 
 ...160,755 
 ... 47,626 
 
 Union 15J565 
 Venango 47,925 
 

 
 93 
 
 Warren 23,897|Wayne 33,188 Wyoming 14,585 
 
 Washington 48,483 1 Westmoreland 58,719 York 76,134 
 
 Total 3,521,791 
 
 RHODE ISLAND Area, 1,306 square miles. 
 
 Bristol 9,421 Newport 20,0501 Washington 20,097 
 
 Kent 18,595 Providence 149,19o| Total 217,353 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA Area, 29,385 square miles. 
 
 Abbeville 31,129 iFairneld 19,888 Newberry 20,775 
 
 Anderson 24,049 Georgetown 16,161 Oconee 10,530 
 
 Barnwell 35,724 Greenville 22,262 Orangeburg 16,865 
 
 Beaufort 34,359!Horry 10,721 Pickens 10,269 
 
 Charleston 88,863 Kershaw 11,754 Richland 23,025 
 
 Chester 18,805 Lancaster 12,087 Spartanburg 25,784 
 
 Chesterfield 10,584 Laurens 22,536 Sumter 25,268 
 
 Clarendon 14,038 Lexington 12,988 Union 19,248 
 
 Colleton 25,410 [Marion 22,160 Williamsburg 15,489 
 
 Darlington 26,243 IMarlborough 11,814, York 24,286 
 
 Edgefield 42,486| Total 705,606 
 
 TENNESSEE Area, 
 
 Anderson 8.704 Hancock .... 
 
 45,600 square miles. 
 
 7,148 Morcran , 
 
 2,969 
 15,584 
 11,297 
 6,925 
 7,369 
 8,698 
 5,538 
 15.622 
 16,166 
 33,289 
 . 4,054 
 2,335 
 . 11,028 
 
 Bedford 
 
 . . . 24,333 
 
 Hardeman . . 
 
 18,074 
 
 Obion 
 
 
 . . . 8,234 
 
 Hardjn 
 
 11,768 
 
 Overton 
 
 
 4,870 
 
 
 . . . 15,837 
 
 Perry . 
 
 
 14,237 
 
 Hay wood . . . 
 Henderson . . 
 
 25,094 
 14,217 
 
 Polk 
 Putnam 
 
 Bradley 
 
 ... 11,652 
 
 Campbell 
 
 . . . 7,445 
 
 10,502 
 
 Henry 
 
 20,380 
 . . . 9,856 
 
 Ehea 
 
 
 Carroll 
 Carter 
 
 . . . 19,447 
 . . . 7,909 
 
 Humphreys. 
 Jackson 
 
 9,326 
 12,583 
 
 Robertson 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 Cheatham 
 
 . . . 6,678 
 
 Jefferson ... 
 Johnson .... 
 
 19,476 
 5,852 
 
 Scott 
 Sequatchie 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 . . . 9,321 
 
 Cocke 
 
 ... 12,458 
 
 Knox 
 
 28,990 
 
 Sevier 
 
 Coffee 
 
 10,237 
 
 
 2 428 
 
 Shelby 
 
 . 76,378 
 
 
 3,461 
 
 
 10,838 
 
 Smith 
 Stewart 
 
 15,994 
 12,019 
 . 13,136 
 . 23,711 
 
 Davidson 
 
 ... 62,897 
 
 Lawrence . . . 
 
 7,601 
 
 Decatur 
 
 . . . 7,772 
 
 Lewis 
 Lincoln 
 
 1,986 
 28,050 
 
 Sullivan 
 Sumner 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 ... 11,425 
 
 
 . 9,340 
 
 
 6,633 
 
 Tipton 
 
 . 14,884 
 . 7,605 
 
 Dyer 
 
 . . . 13,706 
 
 Madison .... 
 
 23,480 
 
 Union 
 
 Fayette 
 
 ... 26,145 
 
 Marion 
 Marshall .... 
 
 6,841 
 16,207 
 36,289 
 
 Van Buren 
 Warren 
 
 . 2,725 
 . 12,714 
 
 Fentress 
 Franklin 
 
 . . . 4,717 
 14 970 
 
 Washington 
 
 . 16,317 
 
 Gibson 
 Giles 
 
 ... 25,666 McMinn 
 32,413 McNairy 
 
 13,969 
 12,726 
 
 
 . 10,209 
 
 Weakley 
 
 . 20,755 
 
 Grainger .... 
 
 . .. 12,421 Meigs 
 
 4,511 
 
 White 
 
 . 9,375 
 
 
 21,668 Monroe . . 
 
 12,589 
 
 Williamson 
 
 . 25,328 
 
 Grundv . . . 
 
 . 3.250 Montgomery 
 
 .. 24.747 
 
 Wilson. .. 
 
 . 25,881 
 
 Hamilton 17,241 
 
 TEXAS Area, 237,504 square miles. 
 
 Anderson 9,229|Atascosa 2,915|Bandera 649 
 
 Angelina 3,985|Austin 15,087 [Bastrop 12,290
 
 Bee 
 
 . . 1,082 Grayson . . . 
 
 It 
 14,387 Milam 
 
 . 8984 
 
 Bell . . . * 
 
 9,771 Grimes . 
 
 13 218 
 
 
 890 
 
 Bexar .. 
 
 . . 10,043 
 
 Buadalupe 
 Hamilton . . 
 
 7,282 
 
 
 6 483 
 
 Bexar District... 
 Blanco 
 
 .. 1,0771 
 . . 1,187' 
 
 733 
 
 Nacogdocb.es 
 
 . 9,614 
 
 lardiu . . . 
 
 1,4(>0 
 
 
 8.H79 
 
 Bosque 
 
 . . 4,081 
 
 larris 
 
 17,375 
 
 Newton 
 
 2,187 
 
 Bowie 
 
 . . 4,fi84 
 
 Harrison .. 
 
 13 241 
 
 
 3,975 
 
 Brazoria 
 
 . . 7,527 
 
 Hays 
 
 4,088 
 
 Orange 
 
 . 1,255 
 
 Brazos 
 Brown 
 Burlesou . 
 
 . . 9,205 
 544 
 . . 8,072 
 
 tenderson 
 
 6,786 
 2,387 
 7 453 
 
 
 10,119 
 
 lidalgo. . . 
 Hill 
 
 Parker 
 
 4,186 
 
 Polk 
 
 8,707 
 
 
 3 688 
 
 
 2 585 
 
 
 1 t;:;ii 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 . . <i,r>72 
 
 lopkiiiH .. 
 
 12,651 
 
 lied Uiver 
 Kefugio 
 
 . 10,653 
 . 2,324 
 9,990 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 . . 8,441! 
 
 Houston . . 
 
 8,147 
 10 291 
 
 Cameron 
 
 . 10 999 
 
 Hunt 
 
 Chambers 
 
 .. 1,503 
 
 Jack 
 
 694 
 
 Husk 
 
 . 10,1)16 
 
 Cherekeo 
 
 11 079 
 
 
 2 278 
 
 
 3,266 
 
 Coleman 
 
 347 
 
 Tasper 
 
 . . 4,218 
 
 San Aui/nsliiie . 
 
 4,196 
 
 Collin 
 
 .. 14,013 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 1,906 San J'atricio 
 
 60'2 
 
 Colorado 
 
 . . 8,326 
 
 
 4,923 San Saba 
 
 1 425 
 
 Comal 
 Comanche 
 
 . . 5,283 
 . . 1,001 
 
 Karnes . . . 
 Kaufman . 
 Kendall .. 
 
 1,705 Sharkleford 
 6,895 Shelby 
 1,536 Smith 
 
 455 
 . 5,732 
 . . 16,532 
 
 Cook 
 
 . . 5,315 
 
 Coryell . 
 
 4 124 
 
 Kerr 
 
 1,042 Starr .. 
 
 4 154 
 
 Dallas 
 
 . . 13 314 
 
 Kimble . . . 
 
 72 Stephens 
 
 330 
 
 Davis 
 Demmit 
 
 . . 8,875 
 109 
 
 Kiniioy . . . 
 
 1,204 Tar rant 
 15,790 Titus 
 
 . . 5,788 
 . 11, 339 
 
 Denton 
 
 . . 7,251 
 
 Lampasas . 
 
 1,344 Travis 
 
 . . 13,153 
 
 De Witt 
 Duval 
 
 . . 6,443 
 . . 1,083 
 
 La Salle.. . 
 
 69 Trinity 
 9,168iTvler 
 
 .. 4,141 
 
 . . 5,010 
 
 Eastland 
 
 88 
 
 
 6 523 TTiiHlinr 
 
 12 039 
 
 Ellis . . 
 
 7 514 
 
 Liberty 
 
 4 414 
 
 Uvalde 
 
 851 
 
 El Paso 
 Eusinal 
 
 . . 3,671 
 
 427 
 
 Limestone 
 Live Oak . 
 
 8,591 
 852 
 
 Van Zaudt 
 
 6,494 
 
 Victoria. . . 
 
 . . 4,8liO 
 
 trath 
 
 . 1 801 
 
 
 1,379 Walker 
 
 9,77<J 
 
 Falls 
 
 . . 9,&51 
 
 
 4,061 1 Washington 
 
 .. 23,104 
 
 Fannin 
 
 13 ''07 
 
 
 8,56'2 
 
 Webb 
 
 . _>,615 
 
 Fayette 
 Fort Bend 
 
 16 863 
 
 Mason 
 Matagorda 
 Maverick . 
 McCulloch 
 
 678 
 3,377 
 
 Whartoii 
 
 3 426 
 
 . .. 7,114 
 
 Williamson 
 
 . . 6,366 
 
 Freestone 
 Frio 
 Galveston 
 
 .. 8,139 
 301 
 . . . 15,290 
 
 1,951 
 173 
 13,500 
 
 Wilson 
 Wise 
 Wood 
 
 . . 2,556 
 .. 1.4.-.0 
 .- 6,894 
 
 Gillespie 
 Goliad 
 Gouzales 
 
 VEI 
 
 Addison 
 
 . . 3,56t 
 . . 3.1)28 
 . . 8,951 
 Tot 
 
 tMONl 
 
 23,484 
 
 McMullen 
 Medina . . . 
 Menard. . . 
 aJ 
 
 230 
 2,078 
 667 
 
 Young 
 Xapata 
 
 135 
 . 1,488 
 
 Zavala 
 
 189 
 
 
 ..818,579 
 
 1 Area, 
 
 10,212 square miles- 
 
 30,291 Rutland 
 
 .. 40,651 
 
 Bennington 
 
 . .. 21,325 
 . 22,247 
 
 Grand Isle 
 
 4,082 Washington 
 12,448 Windham 
 
 . . '2(1,508 
 .. 26,036 
 
 Chittenden 
 Essex 
 
 ... 36,480 
 . 6,811 
 
 Orange ... 
 
 23,090 
 21 035 
 
 Windsor 
 Total . . 
 
 . . 36,063 
 . . 330,551 
 
 
 

 
 95 
 VIRGINIA Aera, 38, 
 
 Accomack 20,409 Frederick 
 
 352 square miles. 
 
 . . 16,596 Nottoway 
 . . . 5,875 Oranp. 
 
 . . 9,291 
 10 396 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 .... 16,755 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 . .. 10,211 
 
 Page 
 
 .. 8,462 
 
 
 3,674 
 
 
 . . . 10,313 
 
 
 10 161 
 
 
 9,878 
 
 Grayson 
 
 . . . 9,587 
 
 Pittsylvania . 
 
 . 31,343 
 
 
 . . . 14,900 
 
 Greene 
 
 . . . 4,634 
 
 
 7 667 
 
 
 8,950 
 
 Greenville 
 Halif ax 
 
 . . . 6,362 
 
 . .. 27,828 
 
 Prince Edward . . 
 
 .. 12,004 
 7 820 
 
 
 . . . 28,763 
 
 Bath 
 
 3,795 
 
 Hanover 
 
 ... 16,455 
 
 Princess Anne . . 
 
 8,273 
 
 Bedford 
 
 . . . 25,327 
 
 
 . . . 60.179 
 
 
 7 504 
 
 Bland 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 12 303 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 6 538 
 
 Botetourt . . . 
 
 .. . 11,329 
 
 
 . . . 4,151 
 
 Rappahannock . . 
 
 . . 8,261 
 6 503 
 
 
 13,427 
 
 Isle of Wight 
 
 8,320 
 
 
 3,777 
 
 
 4,425 Roanoke 
 
 9 350 
 
 Buckingham . . 
 
 13,371 
 
 King and Queen . 
 
 . . . 9,709 
 5,742 
 
 Rockbridge 
 
 16,058 
 
 
 28,384 
 
 
 23 668 
 
 Caroline 
 Carroll 
 
 .... 15,128 'King William . . . 
 
 . . . 7,515 
 . . 5,355 
 
 Russell 
 
 . 11,103 
 
 Scott ... 
 
 13 036 
 
 Charles City 
 
 4 975 Lee 
 
 13 268 
 
 
 14 936 
 
 Charlotte . . . 
 
 14,513 London 
 
 . 20,929 
 
 Smyth . 
 
 8 898 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 18,470 Louisa 
 
 16 332 
 
 
 12 285 
 
 Clarke 
 
 
 10,403 
 
 
 11 728 
 
 Craig 
 
 2,942 Madison 
 
 . . . 8,670 
 
 Stafford 
 
 . . 6,420 
 
 
 12,227 Matthews 
 
 6,200 
 
 
 5 585 
 
 Cumberland . . 
 
 .... 8,142 Mecklenburg 
 
 ... 21,318 
 
 Sussex 
 
 . . 7,885 
 
 
 30,702 Middlesex 
 
 4,981 
 
 
 . 10 791 
 
 Elizabeth City. 
 
 . . . 8,303 Montgomery 
 
 ... 12,556 
 
 Warren 
 
 .. 5,716 
 
 Essex 
 
 
 11,576 
 
 
 . 1 672 
 
 Fairfax 
 
 .... 12,952 
 19,690 
 
 Nelson 
 
 . . 13,898 
 
 Washington 
 
 .. 16,816 
 
 
 4 381 
 
 Westmoreland . . 
 Wise . . . 
 
 . . 7,682 
 .. 4,785 
 
 Floyd 
 
 .... 9,824 Norfolk 
 
 46 702 
 
 
 9 875 
 
 Northampton . . . 
 Northumberland 
 
 . . . 8,046 Wythe 
 ... 6,863 York 
 
 .. 11,611 
 . . 7,198 
 
 Franklin 
 
 . . . 18,264 
 
 WEST 
 
 Barbour 
 
 Total 
 
 VIRGINIA Area, 
 
 .... 10,312 Jefferson 
 
 23,000 square miles. 
 
 . 13,219 Pooahontas 4.067 
 
 
 . 14,900 
 
 
 22 349 
 
 
 . 14 555 
 
 Boone 
 
 
 Lewis 
 
 10,175 
 
 Putnam 
 
 . . 7,794 
 
 Braxtou ... . 
 
 6,480 
 
 
 5 053 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 . 3 T 673 
 
 Brooke 
 
 5,464 
 
 Logan 
 
 . . 5,124 
 
 Randolph 
 
 . . 5,563 
 
 Cabell 
 
 6,429 
 
 
 12,107 
 
 
 . . 9 055 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 2,939 
 
 Marshall 
 
 .. 14,941 
 
 Roane 
 
 . . 7,232 
 
 Clay . . 
 
 . . 2,196 
 
 
 15,978 
 
 Taylor 
 
 9 367 
 
 
 7,076 
 
 McDowell 
 
 1 952 
 
 
 1 907 
 
 
 . . . 6,64^ 
 
 
 7,064 
 
 Tyler 
 
 . . 7,832 
 
 Gilmer 
 
 4,338 
 
 Mineral 
 
 . . 6,332 
 
 Upshur 
 
 . . 8,023 
 
 Grant 
 
 . . 4,467 
 
 Monongalia 
 
 ... 13,547 
 11 124 
 
 Wayne 
 Webster 
 
 .. 7,852 
 1 730 
 
 
 11 417 
 
 
 7,643 Morgan 
 
 4,315 
 
 Wetzel 
 
 . . 8,595 
 
 
 
 4458 
 
 Wirt 
 
 . 4 804 
 
 
 5,518 Ohio' 
 
 28,831 
 
 Wood 
 
 .. 19,000 
 
 Harrison 
 Jackson 
 
 16,714 Pendleton 
 10,300 Pleasants 
 
 . . 6,455 
 . . 3,012 
 
 Wyoming 
 Total... 
 
 . . 3,171 
 ..442,014 
 
 

 
 96 
 
 WISCONSIN Area, 
 
 Adams 6.6()1 Green 
 
 53,924 square miles. 
 
 23,611 iPierce 
 
 9958 
 
 Ashlaud 
 
 221 
 
 Green Lake. 
 
 13,195 
 24 544 
 
 Polk 
 
 . . 3,422 
 10 634 
 
 Barroii 
 
 538 
 
 Bavfteld 
 
 344 Jackson .... 
 
 7,liH7 
 
 
 26 740 
 
 Brown 
 
 ... 25,168 Jefferson ... 
 
 34,040 
 
 Kichland 
 
 15 731 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 . . . 11,123 Juiien.il 
 
 12,372 
 
 Rock .. . 
 
 3!l IlliO 
 
 Burnett 
 
 70(i 
 
 Kencmha . . 
 
 13,147 
 
 Sank 
 
 23 860 
 
 Calumet 
 Chippewa 
 
 ... 12,335 Kuwaimee .. 
 ... 8,311 La Crosse .. 
 
 10,128 
 20,297 
 
 Shawanaw 
 Sheboygan 
 
 .. 3,166 
 31 749 
 
 Clark 
 
 . . . 3,450 La Fayette . 
 
 _>!' (I.V.I 
 
 
 11 035 
 
 Columbia 
 Crawford 
 
 ... 28,802 Manitowoc .. 
 . . . 1:1,075 Marathon . 
 
 33,364 
 
 . . . . ."1,885 
 
 Trempealeau 
 Vernon . . 
 
 .. 10,732 
 
 18 645 
 
 Dane 
 Dodge 
 Door 
 
 ... 53,096 
 ... 47,035 
 4,919 
 
 Marquettc . . 
 Milwaukee . . 
 
 8,056 
 89.930 
 
 it; .v>o 
 
 Walworth 
 Washington . 
 
 .. 25,1172 
 23 ill!) 
 
 
 28 274 
 
 Douglas 
 
 ... 1,122 
 
 
 8,:i'2l 
 
 Waupacca . 
 
 15 539 
 
 Dunn 
 
 9,488 
 
 
 18 430 
 
 
 11 279 
 
 Eau Claire 
 
 ... 10,769 
 
 
 15,564 
 
 Winnebago. . . 
 
 37 279 
 
 Fond du Lac 
 
 46,273 
 
 
 4 659 
 
 Woof] . 
 
 3 912 
 
 Grant . . . 
 
 .. 37.979 
 
 
 Total.. 
 
 1.054.670 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Area, 60 square miles. 
 
 Georgetown City... 11,384 Washington City. ..109,199 Remainder of Dist. 1,117 
 Total 131,700 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 ARIZONA Area, 113,916 square miles. 
 
 Mohave 179|Yavapai 2,142 Yuma 
 
 Pima 5,716| Total 
 
 .. 1,621 
 . . . 9,658 
 
 COLORADO Area, 104,500 square miles. 
 
 Arapahoe 6,829 El Paso 987 Larimer 838 
 
 Bent 592 Fremont 1,064 Las Auimas 4,276 
 
 Boulder 1,939 Gilpin 5,490 Park 447 
 
 Clear Creek 1, 596 1 Green wood 510 Pueblo 2,265 
 
 ( ( im-jos 2,504 iHuerfano 2,250 Saguache 304 
 
 Costilla 1,779- Jefferson 2,392 Summit 258 
 
 Douglas 1,388 'Lake 522 Weld 1,636 
 
 Total 39,864 
 
 DAKOTA Area, 50,932 square miles. 
 
 Bon Homme 608 Hutchinson 37|Todd 
 
 Brookings 163 Jayne 5 Union 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Charles Mix 
 
 Clay 
 
 Deuel 
 
 
 712 
 
 Yankton 2 097 
 
 152|Minnehaha. .. 
 2 621 Pembina . . . 
 
 355 
 1,213 
 
 Unorganized por- 
 tion of Territory . . . 2,091 
 ...14.181 
 
 37 1 
 
 Total...
 
 97 
 IDAHO Area, 86,294 square miles. 
 
 Ada 2,675 Idaho 84!) Oneida 1,022 
 
 Alturas <W9 Lenihi 98S Owyhee 1.713 
 
 Boise 3,834 Nez Perces 1,007 Shoshoue '725 
 
 Total 14,91)9 
 
 MONTANA Area, 143,776 square miles. 
 
 Beaver Head 722 Deer Lodge 4,367 , Madison 2,684 
 
 Big Horn 38 Gallatiii 1,578 Meagher 1,387 
 
 ( Mioteau 517 Jefferson 1,531 Missoula 2,554 
 
 Dawsou 177 Lewis ami Clarke... 5,040 Total 20.595 
 
 NEW MEXICO Area, 121,201 square miles. 
 
 Bernalillo 7,591 1 Mora 8,056 Santa Fe 
 
 < '( >liax 1 ,992 Rio Arriba 9,204 Socorro 6,603 
 
 Dona-Ana 5,864 j San Miguel 10,058 Taos 12,079 
 
 Grant 1,143 Sauta Alia 1,599 Valencia 9,093 
 
 Lincoln 1,803 1 Total 91,874 
 
 UTAH Area, 84,476 square miles. 
 
 Beaver .' 2,007 Millard 2,753 Sevier 19 
 
 Box Elder 4,855 Morgan 1,972 Summit 2,512 
 
 Cache 8,229 ;Piute 82 Tooele 2,177 
 
 Davis 4,459 [Bleb 1,955 Utah 12,203 
 
 Iron 2,277 1 Rio Virgin 450 Wasatch 1,214 
 
 Juab 2,034 Salt Lake 18,337 Washington 3,0(54 
 
 Kane 1,513 1 San Pete 6,786'Weber . . .: 7,858 
 
 Total 86,786 
 
 WASHINGTON Area, 69,994 square miles. 
 
 Chehalis 401'Klikitat 329 Stevens 734 
 
 Clallam 408, Lewis...-. 888 Thurston 2,246 
 
 Clarke 3,081 Mason 289 Wahkiakum 270 
 
 Cowlitz 730 Pacific 738. Walla: Walla 5,300 
 
 Island 626 Pierce 1,409 >*hatcom 534 
 
 Jefferson 1,268 Skamania 133 Yakima 432 
 
 King 2,120 Snohomish 599 1 The Disputed Islands 554 
 
 Kitsap 8661 Total 23,955 
 
 WYOMING Area, 97,883 square miles. 
 
 Albany 2,021 Laramie 2,957|Uiutah 856 
 
 Carbon 1,368 Sweetwater l,91fi| Total 9,118 
 
 The total for the States is 38,113,253 
 
 " " Territories is 442,730 
 
 Whole total 38,555,983
 
 01 
 
 New York, N. Y... 
 Philadelphia. Pa. 
 BrooklMi, N. Y... 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Chicago. Ill 
 
 Hull iiuoiv, Md. . . . 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 98 
 
 ?E HUNDRED PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
 
 CENSUS OF I87O. 
 
 .94'2,'2y> Seranton, Pa :l5,0'.r2 Bridgeport, Ct 
 r.74,02 Heading, Pa 'M.'.f.M Krie I'a 
 
 ..l!i,9UO 
 19,646 
 
 .896,099 Columbus, <) 
 .:ilo,8<i4 Patersou, N. J 
 . 298,977 Dayton, O 
 
 .'2i'i7.:ir>4 Kansas City, Mo... 
 .2.'iO,.V2li Mobile. Ala 
 >lti ':;.l Portland Me 
 
 33,509 Wheeling. W. Va.. 
 Norfolk, Va 
 :i.47:t Tauntun, Mass.... 
 :t2,2C>(l Chelsea, Mass 
 :i'2,0:4 DubiKiue, la 
 :il,414 Leavenworth, Kan 
 
 30,841 1 Fort Wayne, Tiid.. 
 
 2H.'.U1 SprinKiield, 111. .. 
 
 . P.V2S-2 
 .19,329 
 
 . . IS.IVJ'.I 
 
 . . 18.547 
 . . 18,4:!4 
 ..17,873 
 ..17.718 
 ..17,364 
 
 New Orleans, La . . . I!H .4 1 H Wilmington. Pel... 
 San I'Yaucisco, Cal. Mil, 47:> Lawrence, Mass 
 Hutlalo, N. Y 117.714 Toledo. () 
 
 :M,."ih4 \uburn N V 
 
 17 -1'2't 
 
 Washington, D. G. 
 Newark, N. J 
 Louisville, Ky 
 Cleveland, O 
 Pittsburjr, Pa 
 
 . Mi'.i.l'.i'.i charleslown, Mass. 
 .1115, O.V.I Lynn, Mass 
 . IH0.7.V! Fall Uiver, Mass... 
 ..'.r-i.M'2'.l SpriiiKtield. Mass. 
 . .sr,,o7<; Nashville, Teim 
 
 2s,:i2:i Newbiirt,'. N. \ .... 
 2,2H:j St. .loseph, MO.... 
 2(i,7iiC> petersbui-f,'. \'a . 
 
 ..17.014 
 .P.,.-)C,.-i 
 18,960 
 
 2C..7o:{ Atlanta, lia 
 2">,HC..'> Norwich, Ct 
 
 ..31,789 
 16,653 
 
 .Jersey City, N. J. . 
 Detroit, Mich. . 
 
 ..82,54(> Covington, Ky 
 
 7'..."i77 Salem, Mass 
 
 J4."i(iri Sacramento, Cal... 
 24,117 Omaha Net) 
 
 ..16,383 
 
 ir> IIH:< 
 
 Milwaukio, \Vis. . . 
 Alliauv N. Y .. 
 
 ..71,440 Quiucy, 111 
 (59,422 M^anchester, N. H . 
 
 24.1 .>:> Elmira, N. V 
 
 ..16,863 
 15,389 
 
 Providence, R. I. . 
 
 <;x,'.HM llarrislmrfr, Pa 
 
 2:i.I04 Cohoes N V 
 
 15 :i:n 
 
 K'li'hester, N. Y. . . 
 
 . .r,-_>,:tsii Trenton, N. J 
 
 2-2,874 New Albany, Ind . 
 
 l.-i ll'.IC, 
 
 Allegheny, Pa 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 ...1:1,1 so Peoria, 111 
 ..."il.iKts Kvansville, Ind 
 
 .-J-2,H4'.i New Brunswick, N. 
 21,s:l Terre Haute, [ml.. 
 21,:f2(l Haii"or Me 
 
 ..16,103 
 
 18 ,S'.I 
 
 New Haven, Ct 
 
 :>n sio New Bedford, Mass 
 
 Charleston, 8. 0.. 
 Troy, N Y . 
 
 ..IS.'.I.M; OSWCRO, N. Y 
 1C, 4r,r> Elizabeth, N. J 
 
 20,910 Newport, Kv I'..o,s7 
 20.:t2 Grand Rapids, Mich.ir...lo7 
 20,033 Augusta, Ga ir>.:ts!> 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 
 Worcester, Mass.. 
 
 . .-Ci.o.'il Lancaster, Pa 
 ..ll.lo'i Savannah, Ga 
 ln.'.us Hoboken, N. J 
 
 28,'2:t.'i Burlington, Vt 
 20,2!I7 Alexandria, Va 
 -'O.KSO Sanduskv, O 
 2(1,04.-. Lewiston", Me 
 30,036 
 20,031 
 
 ..14,387 
 
 . .l:!,.->7o 
 . .i:i,(Mi 
 ..13,(iOO 
 
 Memphis, Teim. .. 
 Cambridge. Mass. 
 Hartford Ct 
 
 . .40.TJI; PoilK)ikee]isie,N. Y.. 
 ..:t!,(;:t4 Camden, N. J 
 :I7 IMO Davenport, la 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 :;(!,.)(!,) St. 1'aul, Minn , 

 
 LUCK AT LAST. 
 
 You think I'm nervous, stranger ? Well, I am. 
 If 'twa'n't for making silly people talk, 
 I'd get right off this pokish train and walk 
 
 From here to where I'm going Amsterdam. 
 
 That's where I live, you see. As for Lacrosse 
 (Excuse me, neighbor, I must talk or bust) 
 Since I've been there it's three years certain, just : 
 
 And now to laugh or cry is just a toss. 
 
 " Married?" Why, yes, that's where it is, you see ; 
 
 I've telegraphed her I was strong and well, 
 
 And coming to her ; but I didn't tell 
 That I was rich. I thought I'd let that be. 
 
 It's too good luck, this is. to last, you know, 
 And, stranger, if I wasn't kind of rash, 
 I'd bet my bottom dollar that we smash 
 
 Before but, pshaw, excuse me, 111 go slow. 
 
 You see, when we were married, Sue and I, 
 
 I was a good mechanic, and not poor 
 
 Until I struck it, as I reckoned, sure, 
 In an invention I was working sly. 
 
 All I could make went into that concern ; 
 And people called me crazy for it too, 
 And said I'd better stick to what I knew ; 
 
 But folks will talk, and have lived to learn. 
 
 In all this world I had but one friend then, 
 But she stood by me nobly, through and through, 
 And said 'twould come out right at last, she knew 
 
 One woman staunch is worth a dozen men. 
 
 'Twas tough, sometimes, though, when a loaf of bread 
 Stood on the table all the meal we had
 
 100 
 
 1 should have gone iilono, quite, to Die bad 
 But, through it all, my Susan kept her head 
 
 "I'was her advice that sent me oil' at last - 
 She said she'd work her tinkers to the- bom , 
 And live for twenty mortal years alone, 
 
 Kather tliiiu give it up thank God, that's past. 
 
 A hundred thousand and a royalty 
 
 Is what I've got for going far away ; 
 
 She cheered me by her letters every day ; 
 A million could not pay such loyalty ! 
 
 She knows I'm coming; but she doesn't know 
 That I am rich ; and she will be there, too, 
 Dressed in her best^-her best, my poor, dear Sue ; 
 
 I'll bet a hundred 'twill be calico ! 
 
 " /'// dress her now ?" You l>ct it ! but go slow, 
 This luck's a heap too good to last, I fear ; 
 I shan't believe it till I'm fairly there ; 
 
 The train may smash up, easy, yet, you know. 
 
 The only reason, if it don't, will be 
 That I'm so strongly thinking that it will. 
 I'm nervous, say you ? Just a little, still 
 
 The luck is none too good for Sue, you see. 
 
 Hello ! we're here ! there's Sue, by all that's grand. 
 
 Stranger, excuse me, sir, but would you mind 
 
 To go ahead and tell her I'm behind ? 
 I'm choking: see my eyes you understand. 
 
 JiiiK'ni-illi' (If'/x.) (lazettf.
 
 PEIITE1S' WABI 
 
 75 FULTON ST., NEW YORK. 
 
 The attention of advertisers is called to 
 our lists of first class newspapers in all parts 
 of the country, in which we will insert 
 
 At much less than publishers' rates. 
 
 As we are usually able to pay publishers' 
 bills in TYPE and MATERIALS of our own 
 manufacture, we can make better terms than 
 any other parties in the business. 
 
 Send for our rate book. 
 
 Estimates given, upon application, for any 
 class of papers, and advertisements inserted in 
 any paper in the United States, at publishers' 
 lowest rates. 
 
 DAUCHY & CO., 
 
 75 Fulton St., New York.
 
 WM. EDGAR SIMONDS, 
 
 A T 1 T o ii >: K v A ^P i,. A w , 
 
 345 MAIN STMJEJET, HARTFOMD, CONN. 
 
 SOLICITOR OF 
 
 AMEEICAN AID IWE1OT PATENTS. 
 
 The writer of this work, originally prompted 
 to this profession by natural tastes, and harin.g 
 enjoyed thorough scientific and legal training 
 tlierefor, has been engaged, for the past ,s7.r 
 years, in soliciting letters patent for inventions, 
 in all the patent granting countries of the worlil , 
 and in the conduct of patent cases in the- Vni- 
 ted States Courts, with a measure of success at 
 once surprising and gratifying. 
 
 It has been his aim, in each case he I ins 
 talcen before the Patent Office, to secure for ihe 
 inventor all he was entitled to, sparing no JHI'UIX 
 to attain this end. He believes that lie a in 
 safely refer, upon this point, to each one of I lie 
 hundreds of inventors for whom he has acted. 
 
 While the records of the Patent Office si ton- 
 that fully one third of all the applications
 
 103 
 
 made for patents are finally rejected, the pro- 
 portion of final rejections upon applications 
 jnade through this office, will hardly amount to 
 one tenth. All specifications, and other papers 
 for foreign patents, have been fully completed, 
 ready for filing in the office for ivhich they 
 were designed, lender his own hand barring , 
 sometimes, a translation and in his own office, 
 the significance of which statement can only be 
 fully appreciated by a solicitor. 
 
 As in the past, so in t^^e future, it will be 
 his aim to render a perfect service to inventors, 
 as regards skill, promptness, and fidelity, striv- 
 ing to maJce each case, as it comes under his 
 hand, more perfect, if possible, than the last. 
 
 All businecs connected ivith preliminary ex- 
 aminations, caveats, applications for patents, 
 reissues, interferences, extensions, disclaimers, 
 appeals, assignments, contracts, searches, opin- 
 ions, infringements, or other patent matters what- 
 soever, he contracts to do in the same manner. 
 As most inventors find, sooner or later, good 
 work in patent matters is worth everything, poor 
 work worse than worthless. 
 
 The writer does not offer himself as a com- 
 petitor, in the matter of prices, with those solic- 
 itors who take work on any terms they can get, 
 yet lie knows that his charges are much less
 
 104 
 
 than those of other solicitors who are competent 
 to perform, and do perform the same quality of 
 work. 
 
 He will be pleased, upon request made, to 
 forward a pamphlet circular, which is explicit 
 in tlie -matter of terms, etc., both for home ami 
 foreign patents- 
 
 If you have a difficult or rejected case, you 
 are invited to submit it for his opinion as to 
 the chances of success, which opinion will be 
 given, usually, without charge, and a fee named 
 upon which the case will be undertaken. 
 
 With reference to suits at law upon pat- 
 ents, attention is drawn to the following pro- 
 fessional card : 
 
 m 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, 
 
 hi il;c \L % (j carts. 
 
 CP *T 
 
 PATENT CASES A SPECIALTY.
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 On page 12, line 2, the words " as low " should follow the 
 word "fixed." * 
 
 On page 25, line 10, ''proportion" should read "proposi- 
 tion." 
 
 On page 47, under head of " Undivided Interests," the 
 words " that it is probably lawful," should be inserted immedi- 
 ately after the word " understand," in line 2. 
 
 On page 48, line 15, the word " USE," should follow the 
 
 word " MAKE." 
 
 On page 74, line 9, omit the word " such."
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PACE. 
 
 Assignments and Grants 4JJ 
 
 " Forms for 45 49 
 
 Advertising, Newspaper 24 
 
 Agents, Itinerant 28 
 
 Articles of Association, Form for f>4 
 
 About Solicitors 74 
 
 Brokers, Patent 7 
 
 Cost, First, of making Patented Article 10 
 
 Capital Kequired^jn Working Patent 14 
 
 Circular, Form for, Describing Patent '20 
 
 Companies, Stock 29 
 
 Census of the United States 81 98 
 
 " States in alphabetical order 81 96 
 
 " Territories in " " 97 
 
 " One hundred principal cities 98 
 
 Errata 105 
 
 Forms 
 
 For Assignments 45 48 
 
 For Articles of Association .-. 54 
 
 For Advertisements 25, 27 
 
 For Descriptive Circular 20 
 
 For Grants 48 
 
 For Licenses 49 53 
 
 For Letter, offering to sell Patent 23 
 
 For Mortgage ._., 64 
 
 For Power of Attorney to sell Rights 59 63 
 
 " Revocation of 63 
 
 " " Agreement to Accompany 61 
 
 For Protective Memorandum 73 
 
 For Transfer of Trade Mark 64 
 
 Grants, Assignments and 43 
 
 " Form for 48 
 
 How to Work a Specialty 31 
 
 Itinerant Agents 28 
 
 Interests, Undivided 47 
 
 Invent, How to 69 
 
 Invention, Principal Requisites of an 70 
 
 Invention as a Trade 72 
 
 Inventions, Small 71 
 
 Joint Stock Companies 29 
 
 " ' " Form for Articles of Association of 54 
 
 Letter, offering Patent for Sale 93
 
 107 
 
 Licenses -49 
 
 " Forms of, etc 4953 
 
 Luck at Last 99 
 
 Models 9 
 
 Market, The, for an Invention 12 
 
 Mortgage of Patents 64 
 
 " Form for 64 
 
 Newspaper Advertising 24 
 
 Offering the Patent, to Whom, How 19 
 
 Preliminary remarks 5 
 
 Patent Brokers 7 
 
 Prerequisites to undertaking Sale 9 
 
 Profit, The, on an Invention 11 
 
 Price to be asked for the Patent 14 
 
 Parts of a Patent, Value of the 15 
 
 Personal Solicitation 26 
 
 Power of Attorney, Forms for, etc 59 64 
 
 Principal Requisites of an Invention 70 
 
 Protection, Cheap and Efficient 73 
 
 Royalties 17 
 
 " Forms for License, with 50 53 
 
 Shop Rights 1C 
 
 " " Forms for 49, 50 
 
 Solicitation, Personal 26 
 
 Stock Companies 29 
 
 Specialty, How to Work a 31 
 
 Small Inventions 71 
 
 Solicitors, About 74. 
 
 To Whom to Offer the Patent, and How to Offer It 19 
 
 Transfer of Trade Mark, Form for 54 
 
 Undivided Interests 47 
 
 Value of Parts of a Patent 15
 
 UCSB
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which It was borrowed.