EXCHANGE 
 
 BIOLOGY LIBRARY 
 
FLORA 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 FOREWORD, PREFACE, AUTHORS NOTE, NOTES ON 
 
 PART XI, GENERAL DESCRIPTION, ABBREVIATIONS, 
 
 GLOSSARY AND KEY TO FAMILIES. 
 FLORA : RANUNCULACEAE TO CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 LONDON 
 
 ADLAED & SON, LIMITED 
 21, HAET STREET, W.C. 
 
flIOLOGr 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ESTOEANGE 
 
 Made and printed in Great Britain. 
 
FLORA 
 
 lESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE 
 
 RANUNCULACEAE 
 
 UBLISHED UNDEi; THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SCRETAUY OF STATE FOK INDIA [N OOUNC1L 
 
 LONDON 
 
 WEST, NEWMAN & GO. 
 AND AD LARD & SON, 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE 
 
CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE WORK 
 
 PAGE 
 
 FOREWORD ......... iii 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 AUTHOR'S NOTE vii 
 
 NOTES ON PART XI ....... ix 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FLORA xi 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, INCLUDING BIBLIOGRAPHY . xvi 
 
 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED xx 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES ..... xxxvi 
 
 FLORA 1 
 
 ADDENDA 1865 
 
 CORRIGENDA ......... 1895 
 
 INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES ...... 1899 
 
 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES 1989 
 
 M134005 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 WITH this last part of the ' Flora of the Presidency of Madras,' 
 I should like to take the opportunity of thanking Mr. Fischer for 
 the conscientious and thorough way in which he has completed 
 my late husband's work, which was undertaken at the request of 
 the Government of India in 1912. 
 
 Mr. Gamble told me that Mr. Fischer was the only man he knew 
 who could carry on the work if he did not live to complete it himself. 
 I am much gratified that my husband's wish has been so ably 
 fulfilled. 
 
 I should also like to thank Sir Arthur Hill for his kind and valuable 
 help in furthering the work. 
 
 GERTRUDE GAMBLE. 
 
 18, CUMBERLAND ROAD, 
 KEW, 
 
 SURREY ; 
 
 August, 1935. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 IN 1912 the late Mr. J. S. Gamble, C.I.E., F.R.S., was requested 
 to undertake the preparation of a * Flora of the Presidency of Madras,' 
 a task for which he was remarkably well qualified owing to the 
 exceptional knowledge of the Flora he had acquired during his long 
 service in the Presidency as Conservator of Forests. During the 
 course of his extensive and careful tours he made very complete 
 collections of plants of the Presidency, and formed and maintained 
 a very complete private Herbarium, which he subsequently pre- 
 sented to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Mr. Gamble retired 
 from the Indian Forest Service in 1899, and at the time was fully 
 occupied with the publication of his ' Materials for a Flora of the 
 Malayan Peninsula'. The first part of the * Flora of the Presidency 
 of Madras ' (Ranunculaceae to Opiliaceae), consisting of 200 pages, 
 was published in November, 1915, and the draft of the botanical 
 portion of about the first 132 pages was prepared by Mr. S. T. Dunn, 
 as explained by Mr. Gamble in his introduction to this part, since 
 Mr. Gamble had not at the time completed his Malayan work. 
 The remainder of this part and the editing of the whole and the 
 preparation of Parts II- VII inclusive was undertaken entirely by 
 Mr. Gamble. Part II was published in 1918 and was followed by 
 Part III in 1919, Parts IV, V, VI and VII in 1921, 1923, 1924 and 
 1925 respectively ; Part VII being published very shortly after Mr. 
 Gamble's death on October 16th, 1925. The publication of this part 
 carried the work to the end of the Euphorbiaceae. With the consent 
 of the Government of India and of Mrs. Gamble, the completion of 
 the ' Flora ' was entrusted to Mr. C. E. C. Fischer, late of the Indian 
 Forest Service, now Assistant for India, Royal Botanic Gardens, 
 Kew, who had had many years of experience in the Madras Presi- 
 dency, and thanks to his knowledge of the flora the work has now 
 
vi FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 been completed by the publication of Parts VIII-X in 1928, 1931 
 and 1934 respectively. 
 
 The choice of Mr. Fischer to complete the task has been a 
 fortunate one, since not only has he had all the resources of the 
 Kew Herbarium at his disposal, but he has received the same ready 
 help from the botanists in India which was so freely given to Mr. 
 Gamble. 
 
 The work has been completed on the lines laid down by Mr. 
 Gamble, and though it is much to be regretted that he did not live 
 to complete the ' Flora,' the change in authors has most fortunately 
 very little affected the character of the work, and is a worthy 
 memorial to the assiduous labours of a distinguished Indian botanist. 
 
 A. W. HILL. 
 KEW; 
 
 July, 1935. 
 
AUTHOR'S NOTE 
 
 IT has been a very real source of personal gratification to be 
 allowed to complete the work left unfinished at the lamented death 
 of Mr. J. S. Gamble, and this not so much as a botanist, but rather 
 as a tribute to the memory of one for whom I have a sincere 
 admiration and affection. 
 
 I have endeavoured to adhere as precisely to Mr. Gamble's 
 scheme as lay in my power. 
 
 I have to acknowledge with thanks the assistance of several of 
 my colleagues at the Kew Herbarium, but I alone must be charged 
 with all the shortcomings. I must also gratefully acknowledge 
 advice and help from my friends Mr. J. H. Burkill and the late 
 Professor W. G. Craib. I am indebted to Mrs. Gamble, who proved 
 unfailingly encouraging and patient, and to Sir Arthur Hill, K.C.M.G. , 
 F.R.S., for his kind support. Finally, I thank my wife for help in 
 preparing the Indexes. 
 
 A very large number of botanical specimens have been examined 
 and compared in connection with the flora ; not only those in the 
 Kew Herbarium, to which, during the progress of the work, Mr. 
 Gamble's own herbarium and that from South India collected and 
 presented by Sir A. G. and Lady Bourne were added, but also those 
 among the large sets obtained on loan from the Superintendent 
 of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, the Principal of the 
 Government Agricultural College at Coimbatore, and the Conservator 
 of Forests, Travancore. Further, the Professors of Botany at 
 Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh kindly placed the Indian 
 specimens in their charge at the disposal of Mr. Gamble and myself. 
 Through Mr. A. Meebold, the collection of Indian grasses he made 
 from 1908 to 1912 were lent to me by the Direcor of the Breslau 
 Museum. A number of the type-specimens of species described by 
 Retzius from plants collected in S. India by F. G. Koenig were 
 kindly sent on loan from the Lund Herbarium. Smaller, but 
 
viii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 valuable, recent collections were received from Professor E. Barnes 
 and the Botanical Assistant at the Government Museum, Madras, 
 Mr. P. V. Mayuranathan. To all these thanks are due and here 
 expressed. 
 
 It was Mr. Gamble's practice to publish explanatory notes in the 
 4 Kew Bulletin ' soon after the appearance of each part a practice 
 which the Editor has kindly permitted me to continue. These notes 
 appeared as follows : 
 
 For Part I in ' Kew Bulletin,' 1916, p. 57. 
 II 1918, p. 222. 
 
 III 1920, p. 49. 
 
 IV 1921, p. 312. 
 
 Parts V and VI in ' Kew Bulletin,' 1924, p. 235. 
 Part VIII in ' Kew Bulletin,' 1928, p. 281. 
 IX 1931, p. 257. 
 
 X 1935, p. 143. 
 
 Mr. Gamble appears to have made no observations for Part VII. 
 
 For Part XI the notes will be found on p. ix below. 
 
 It was intended that the map accompanying the final part should 
 include every locality mentioned in the work, but a very few have 
 been omitted -as they could not be traced, and three or four to avoid 
 further congestion on the map. Absolute accuracy is not claimed 
 for every item indicated because many of the places cited are not 
 recorded on any published map ; their positions are sufficiently 
 proximate, however, to make it easy to locate them in situ. 
 
 CECIL E. C. FISCHER. 
 
 ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, 
 KEW; 
 
 9th September, 1935. 
 
NOTES ON PART XI 
 
 LYTHRACEAE. 
 
 ROTALA FYSONI, Blatt. & Hallb. in J. B. N.H.S. xxv, 709, is, I consider, 
 B. illecebroides, Koehne. 
 
 ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 In <Kew Bull.,' 1924, 236, Mr. Gamble drew attention to a paper by 
 Mr. N. Ridley in * Journ. Bot.,' 1921, 257, in which it was shown that 
 Jussieua suffruticosa,~Linn., as described in *F. B. I. 'ii. 587, comprises 
 more than one species. Mr. Ridley further identifies the true J. 
 suffruticosa, Linn., with J. fissendocarpa, Haines, of which one sheet 
 from Malabar is in the Kew Herbarium. This latter sheet, which 
 appears not to differ from Haines's specimens from Purneah, however, 
 has been identified by Dr. Lewin, of Berlin, as J. linifolia, Vahl. After 
 comparing the Malabar sheet with American specimens of the last- 
 named species, I agree with Dr. Lewin's determination. It is not 
 the J. suffruticosa, Linn., based on the description of " Karambu " in 
 * Hort. Malab.' ii., 55, t. 49. For the rest I agree with Mr. Ridley, and 
 in the Addenda three species of Jussieua have been added. 
 
 GRAMINEAE. 
 
 Too late for quoting in any part of the * Flora,' I have seen a 
 copy of ' Bombay Grasses ' by Rev. E. Blatter and C. McCann, with 
 illustrations by R. K. Bhide. The illustrations will greatly facilitate 
 identification, and as many of the grasses are common to the two 
 areas this work is mentioned here. 
 
 THELEPOGON ELEGANS, Roth. When dealing with the Gramineae 
 in Part X, I had seen no specimen from the area included in the * Flora,' 
 but since then one collected in the northern part of the Hyderabad 
 State has come to hand. 
 
 ANDROPOGON MICRANTHUS, Kunth. No specimen of this species 
 was forthcoming until after the publication of Part X. One sheet 
 from Horsleykonda has turned up, and the species has been included 
 in the Addenda as CAPILLIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM, Stapf. 
 
x FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 EHRHARTA ABYSSINICA, Hochst. The genus EHEHABTA is mainly 
 African ; it has not been reported hitherto from India, and so does 
 not find place in the ' F. B. I.' Since the publication of Part X of 
 the present work, Mr. C. E. Hubbard had drawn my attention to a 
 sheet of the species mentioned above collected not later than 1835 in 
 the Nilgiri Hills by B. Schmid and now in the Kew Herbarium. On 
 the label is a note, not in the collector's hand, suggesting that it is 
 an introduction, but as the species occurs in the mountains of 
 Abyssinia and also in E. Africa, it is not at all a likely plant to be 
 introduced either intentionally or accidentally. Moreover, certain 
 plants are known to be common to India and E. Africa. In spite, 
 therefore, of the fact that no further specimens have been collected 
 since B. Schmid's time, it seems to be the safest course to include this 
 species in the Addenda. Unfortunately there is no mention of the 
 precise locality where Schmid found it. 
 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE 
 FLORA 
 
 THE Presidency of Madras presents, probably, a more varied 
 flora than any other tract of equal area in India, possibly in the 
 world. 
 
 This phenomenon is due to the combined effects of its geographical 
 situation and its topography. 
 
 A double coast line with the Indian Ocean on the West and the 
 Bay of Bengal on the East, yet the two sufficiently distant from 
 each other to allow of continental conditions in the interspace ; 
 two main hill ranges of the Eastern and Western Ghats within the 
 direct influence of these expanses of water and numerous other 
 lesser connected and isolated hill masses ; considerable tracts of 
 open plain or plateau land within the said heights ; elevations 
 ranging from sea-level to almost 9,000 ft ; the proximity of the 
 southernmost part to the Equator ; all these, with the climatic 
 features they connote, are the factors which contribute to this 
 variation. 
 
 The most interesting feature, and one that distinguishes it from 
 that of the rest of the Indian Peninsula, is found in the dense, 
 evergreen forests of the West and South with their wealth of sub- 
 tropical species. 
 
 The flora falls into the 4th (Malabar) and 5th (Deccan) Provinces 
 described by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1904 in his ' Sketch of the Flora 
 of British India'. As there stated, the flora comprised upwards 
 of 4,000 species of flowering plants. Since then a number of new 
 species have been described, so that the total in the present work 
 amounts to 4,516. This figure must not be accepted as final ; 
 further botanical exploration is bound to yield more species new 
 to botanical science, as indeed is indicated by the results of Professor 
 E. Barnes's collections made during the past three years, as well as 
 discoveries by others. This is particularly marked in the genus 
 
xii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Impatiens, to which Sir Joseph attributed about 50 species, whereas 
 the present work includes 81. 
 
 It is interesting to compare the ten dominant families with 
 similar lists drawn up by Sir Joseph Hooker, as follows : 
 
 Position in list for 
 
 Madras Presidency. 
 
 All British 
 India. 
 
 Western 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Burma. 
 
 1. Leguminosae 432 species 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2. Gramineae 388 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3. Rubiaceae 226 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4. Acanthaceae 202 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 5 and | Euphorbiaceae 199 
 6 lOrchidaceae 199 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 7. Compositae 189 ,, 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8. Cyperaceae 172 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9. Labiatae 128 
 10. Asclepiadaceae 93 ,, 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 14. Urticaceae 76 
 
 10 
 
 
 8 
 
 25. Scitamineae 40 ,, 
 
 . 
 
 
 10 
 
 Geraniaceae with 92 species (including Balsaminaceae) comes 
 close to Asclepiadaceae, and is likely to outstrip it in the future. 
 
 The number of Dicotyledons is slightly more than three times 
 that of Monocotyledons, and there are only 5 indigenous Gymno- 
 sperms. 
 
 In spite of, perhaps because of, its numerous components it is 
 difficult to split up the area into very well-defined regions, and still 
 more to fix clear limits to them, although the typical characteristics 
 of each are susceptible of differentiation. There is so much over- 
 lapping, intrusion and shading off from one to the next that only 
 a minutely detailed description of each can give a clear idea ; an 
 ecological study would involve the compilation of several volumes. 
 Much the same would apply to the variations within each region 
 due to the influence of elevation, atmospheric, topographic and 
 phreatic moisture and to changes in soil. On the hills the flora 
 peculiar to the higher slopes and plateaux may intrude into a lower 
 and dryer region along the streams, and the more xerophytic species 
 often climb upwards along exposed and eroded spurs. Unfor- 
 tunately, detailed ecological investigation is lacking. The examina- 
 tion, in more or less detail, of one range of hills has shown that 
 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FLORA xiii 
 
 within a few miles certainly within fifteen miles one may meet with 
 a series of very distinct types, ranging from a semi-desertic through 
 dry and moist deciduous hill forest, dense evergreen forest varying 
 with elevation to the open grass lands and alpine flora of the higher 
 peaks. 
 
 Subject to the limitations indicated, the Madras Presidency may 
 be divided roughly into five main floristic regions as follows : 
 
 I. The Sal Region in the North ; comprising the district of Ganjam, 
 and the hill tracts of the Agency of that district and of Vizagapatam 
 and Godavary. As its title implies, the region is characterized by 
 the more or less abundant presence of Shorea robusta, Gaertn., which 
 species does not occur south of the Godavari River. 
 
 Apart from the presence of this and some other species of more 
 northern tracts that appear on a few of the higher hills (Mahendragiri, 
 Madgole, etc.), the region presents no very obvious line of cleavage 
 from the next and the vast majority of their species are identical. 
 
 II. The Dekkan Region, comprising the Lower Godavari, Kistna, 
 Guntur, Kurnool, Bellary, Anantapur, Cuddapah, Chittoor, Nellore, 
 Chingleput and North and South Arcot districts and also parts of 
 the Salem and Coimbatore districts. 
 
 The forest growth is mainly deciduous, and includes Tectona 
 grandis, Linn., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., Terminalia coriacea, 
 W. & A., Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., and numerous other trees of 
 the more or less dry forest tracts. In some of the valleys evergreen 
 trees of comparatively small size are found, e. g. Memecylon edule, 
 Roxb., Maba nigrescens, Dalz., and Gelonium lanceolatum, Willd. 
 
 There are four endemic trees of interest that appear in one part 
 of this region. These are Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn, f., Terminalia 
 pallida, Brand., Syzygium altemifolium, Walp., and Shorea Tum- 
 baggaia, Roxb., which inhabit the Veligonda, Lankamallais, Pal- 
 konda, Seshachalam and Kambakkam Hills of the Cuddapah, 
 Nellore, Chittoor and Chingleput districts. The first three also 
 occur in the southern outliers of the Nallamalais hills in the 
 Kurnool and Cuddapa districts. 
 
 III. The Semi Desert Region, comprising the lower parts of the 
 districts of Coimbatore, Salem, Trichinopoly, Madura and Tinne- 
 velly. 
 
 The rainfall is low, in most places under 18 in. per annum. The 
 
xiv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 flora is characterized by thorny small trees and shrubs with small 
 leaves, such as Dalbergia spinosa, Roxb., Dalbergia coromandelina, 
 Prain, and Acacia planifrons, W. & A. 
 
 IV. The Wet Region ; comprising the coastal tracts and the 
 Western Ghats in the districts of South Kanara, Malabar, Nilgiri, 
 Coimbatore and Tinnevelly, and the Native States of Cochin and 
 Travancore, up to an elevation of about 6,000 feet. 
 
 The flora of this region is particularly diversified and rich, so 
 that a number of sub-regions depending on elevation, aspect and 
 latitude and on the resulting rainfall and temperature define 
 themselves. 
 
 The characteristic species are Hopea parviflora, Bedd., Valeria 
 indica, Linn., and Xylia xylocarpa, Taub. near the coast ; the enor- 
 mous growth of Tectona grandis, Linn., Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb., 
 Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Terminalia crenulata, Roth., Lager - 
 stroemia lanceolata, Wall., etc., in the moist deciduous forests further 
 away from the coastline, and a host of evergreen species of Guttiferae, 
 Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae and 
 Scitamineae among others in the wet forests higher up the mountains. 
 In the latter are found large tracts covered with a dense growth 
 of the reed-like bamboo, Ochlandra travancorica, Benth., generally 
 along streams, and also a great wealth of mosses and ferns, including 
 several tree-ferns. 
 
 It is in this sub-region that occurs the only indigenous conifer, 
 Podocarpus latifolia, Wall., and the two tree composites, Vernonia 
 monosis, C. B. Clarke, and V. travancorica, Hook. f. 
 
 V. The Alpine Region ; occupying the higher hills of the Nilgiri, 
 Pulney and Anamalais ranges and the higher ranges of Travancore 
 and Tinnevelly above 6,000 ft. 
 
 This tract comprises open grass lands with small alpine plants 
 and bushes. Among them may be cited Parochetus communis, Ham., 
 Hypericum mysorense, DC., numerous species of Impatiens, Olden- 
 landia, Anaphalis, Exacum, Sonerila grandiflora, Wall., and many 
 terrestrial orchids, Arisaemas and Eriocaulons. 
 
 The ravines usually shelter patches of evergreen trees (sholas), 
 among which may be mentioned Rhododendron nilagaricum, Zenk., 
 Syzygium Arnottianum, Walp., and other Myrtaceae, Microtropis 
 spp., Rapanea Wightiana, Mez., Elaeocarpusferrugineus, Wight, and 
 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FLORA. xv 
 
 Daphniphyllum glaucescens, Bl. On the borders of these fragments 
 of evergreen are found belts of Strobilanihes Kunihianus, T. And., 
 Gaultheria fragrantissima, Wall., and Rubus spp. 
 
 As already indicated, within all the regions are a number of 
 lesser distinctive features and some of these must be further 
 mentioned. 
 
 Along both coasts in the deltas estuarine belts of mangroves 
 occur, such as Avicennia officinalis, Linn., Lumnitzera racemosa, 
 Willd., Bruguiera spp., Rhizophora spp. and of halophytic 
 Chenopodiaceae . 
 
 On the dry foreshore sands the exotic Casuarina equisetifolia, 
 Forst., has been planted extensively, but the natural flora consists 
 of herbs and creeping shrubs such as Hydrophylax maritima, Linn, 
 f., Ipomea biloba, Forst., Sesamum prostratum, Retz., and Spinifex 
 squarrosus Linn. 
 
 A feature of the coastal tract in Region II is the shrubby and 
 small tree growth of evergreen species that clothe the .low-lying 
 parts and the small hillocks within 20 miles or so of the sea. There 
 may be a stratum of 3 to 6 ft. of wind-blown sand overlying better 
 soil, or they may grow directly on the soil washed down from the 
 higher hills. Characteristic species of these evergreens are : Eugenia 
 bracteata, Roxb., Memecylon umbellatum, Burm. f., Capparis 
 brevispina, DC., Carallia integerrima, DC., Linociera malabarica, 
 Wall., and Mimusops hexandra, Roxb. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 
 
 WORKS CITED AND ABBREVIATIONS USED. 
 
 Ada, Hort. Petrop. : Acta horti Petropolitani. 
 
 Andr. Repos. : H. Andrew's Botanist's Repository. 
 
 Ann. Bet. : Annals of Botany. 
 
 Ann. Calc. : Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 
 
 Am. Pug. : Pugillus plantarum Indiae orientalis, by G. Walker- Arnott. 
 
 7 * 7 J- Flora sylvatica, by R. H. Beddome. 
 Joedd. Jc I. bylv. \ 
 
 Bedd. For. Man. : Forester's Manual of Botany, by R. H. Beddome. 
 
 T> jj ' T ' r>7 T j r\ I Icones plantarum Indicae orientalis, by R. H. 
 
 Bedd. Ic. PL Ind. Or. \ _ , _ r 
 D jj T r>7 r\ Beddome. 
 
 Bedd. Ic. PL Or. 
 
 Benth. Fl. Aust. : Floraaustraliensis, by G. Bentham. 
 
 Bidie : Report on Neilgherry loranthaceous parasitical plants, by 
 
 G. Bidie. 
 
 Bot. Cent.-Blatt. : Botanisches Centralblatt. 
 Bot. Mag. : Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 
 Bourd. For. Trees Trav. : The Forest Trees of Travancore, by T. F. 
 
 Bourdillon. 
 Brand. For. Fl. : Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and 
 
 Central India, by D. Brandis. 
 
 Brandis Ind. Trees : Indian Trees, by D. Brandis. 
 Brand. Monog. : Das Pflanzenreich iv. 242 Symplocaceae. 
 Bull. Herb. Boiss. : Bulletin de Fherbier Boissier. 
 Bull. Jard. Bot. Suit. : Bulletin du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg. 
 Bull. Madr. Gov. Mus. : Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. 
 Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. : Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des 
 
 Naturalistes de Moscou. 
 
 Burm.f. FL Ind. : Flora indica, by N. L. Burmann. 
 Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. : Calcutta Journal of Natural History. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. xvii 
 
 Clarke Comp. Ind. : Compositae Indicae, by C. B. Clarke. 
 
 Cogn. Monog. : de Candolle'sMonographiaephanerogamarum Melas- 
 
 tomaceae. 
 Comm. Beng. : Commelynaceae et Cyrtandraceae bengalensis, by C. B. 
 
 Clarke. 
 Contr. Gray Herb. : Contributions to the Gray Herbarium. 
 
 Cooke Bomb. FL\ , r ^ T> -j X-DI, i, m ^ 
 
 > ilora of the Presidency of Bombay, by T. Cooke. 
 Cooke Fl. Bomb.) 
 
 Cor. PL : Coromandel Plants, by W. Roxburgh. 
 DC. Fl. Fr. : Flore francaise, by A. P. de Candolle. 
 DC. Monog. : de Candolle's Monographiae phanerogamarum. 
 DC. Prodr. : A. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni 
 vegetabilis. 
 
 D. Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. ~) _ 
 
 > Prodromus florae -Nepalensis. by D. Don. 
 Don Prodr. ) 
 
 Denkschr. Akad. Wien. Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Natur- 
 wissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen- 
 schaften, Wien. 
 
 Desc. et Ic. : Descriptionum et iconum novas plantas, by C. I. 
 Rottboell. 
 
 Engl. & Prantl. Naturl. Pflzm. : Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 
 
 Engl. & Prantl. Naturl. Pfl. Nacht. : Nachtrag. 
 
 Engl. Jahrb. : Engler's Botanische Jahrbucher. 
 
 Engl. Pflanzenr. ) 
 
 > Das Pflanzenreich. 
 Engl. Pflzreich. ) 
 
 Enum. PI. Zeyl. : Enumeratio plantarum zeylanicae, by G. H. K. 
 
 Thwaites. 
 Enum. Subst. Braz. : Enumerasao das substancias brazileiras, etc., by 
 
 Silva Manso. 
 
 Exot. Bot. : J. E. Smith's Exotic Botany. 
 F. B. I. : The Flora of British India. 
 Fl. Cap. : Flora capensis. 
 
 Fl. Gang. PL : Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, by J. F. Duthie. 
 FL Madr. : Flora of the Presidency of Madras. 
 Fl. Nilg. & Puln. : Flora of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hill-tops, by P. F. 
 
 Fyson. 
 
 FL N. Z. : Handbook of the New Zealand Flora, by J. D. Hooker. 
 FL Trop. Afr. : Flora of Tropical Africa. 
 
 Forsk. FL Aeg.-Ar. : Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, by P. Forsskaal. 
 F. E. : Fedde's Repertorum specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. 
 Gaertn. Fruct. : De fructibus et seminibus plantarum, by J. Gaertner. 
 Gard. Chron. : The Gardener's Chronicle. 
 
xviii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 G. Don. Gen. Syst. : A General System of Gardening and Botany, by 
 
 George Don. 
 
 Hook. Bot. Misc. : W. J. Hooker's Botanical Miscellany. 
 Hook. Ic. PI. : J. D. Hooker's Icones plantamm. 
 Hort. Mai. 
 
 TT * nf 7 i, f H. van Rheede's Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 
 Hort. Malab.) 
 
 Ic. PL : J. D. Hooker's Icones plantarum. 
 Ind. For. : The Indian Forester. 
 Ind. For. Rec. : Indian Forest Records. 
 
 Interp. Rumph. Herb. Amb.: An Interpretation of Rumphius's Her- 
 barium Amboinense, by E. D. Merrill. 
 
 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. : Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 
 Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. : Journal of the Bombay Natural 
 
 History Society. 
 
 Journ. Bot. : The Journal of Botany. 
 
 Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc. : Journal of the Indian Botanical Society. 
 Journ. Linn. Soc. : The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. 
 Kew Bull. : Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Botanic 
 
 Garden, Kew. 
 Lamk. Encycl. : Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois 
 
 regnes de la nature, by de la Mark. 
 Linn. Mant. : Mantissa plantarum, by C. von Linne. 
 Madr. Journ. : The Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 
 Mez Monog. Myrs. : Das Pflanzenreich IV Myrsinaceae. 
 Monog. Myrist. : Monographic der Myristicaceen, by 0. Warburg. 
 Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. : Museum botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, by 
 
 C. L. Blume. 
 Nilg. Hill. Fl. : Flora of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hill-tops, by P. F. 
 
 Fyson. 
 Not. Bot. Gard. Edin. : Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Nov. Sp. PL : Novae plantarum species, by A. G. Roth. 
 0. Kze. Rev. Gen. : Revisio generum plantarum, by 0. Kuntze. 
 Pflanzenr. ; Das Pflanzenreich. 
 
 Philipp. J. Sc. |~, TH.-V T 
 
 J-The Philippine Journal of Science. 
 Phil. Journ. Sc. ) 
 
 Phyt. : Phytographia, by C. L. Willdenow. 
 
 Planch. Monog. Vitaceae : de Candolle's Monographiae phaneroga- 
 
 marum Ampelideae . 
 
 PL As. Ear. : Plantae asiaticae rariores, by N. Wallich. 
 PL Hohenack. : F. A. W. Miguel's MS. identifications on Hohenacker's 
 
 specimens. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. xix 
 
 PL Ind. Coimb. : Plantae indicae qua in montibus coimbatoricis 
 
 coeruleis collegit B. Schmid, by J. C. Zenker. 
 Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. : Records of the Botanical Survey of India. 
 Rees Cycl. : Cyclopaedia, by A. Rees. 
 Royle III. : Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains, 
 
 by J. F. Royle. 
 S. I. G. : Handbook of Some South Indian Grasses, by K. Ranga 
 
 Achariyar and C. Tadulinga Mudaliyar. 
 
 S. I. H. S. : Flora of the South Indian Hill-stations, by P. F. Fyson. 
 Sim's Bot. Mag. : Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vols. xv-liii. 
 Syst. Laur. : Systema laurinarum, by C. G. Nees. 
 Talb. Bomb. List \ The Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers 
 
 Talb. Trees and Shrubs, Bomb. j- of the Bombay Presidency, by W. A. 
 
 j Talbot. 
 
 Trans. Linn. Soc. : Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 
 Trav. Trees : The Forest Trees of Travancore, by T. F. Bourdillon. 
 Trimen Fl. Ceyl. : Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon, by H. Trimen. 
 Wall. Cat. : Catalogue of the Wallich Herbarium. 
 W. & A. : Prodromus florae Peninsulae Indae orientalis, by R. Wight 
 
 and G. Walker- Arnott. 
 
 Wt. Gontrib. : Contributions to the Botany of India, by R. Wight. 
 W t. Ic. : Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis, by R. Wight. 
 Wt. III. : Illustrations of Indian Botany, by R. Wight. 
 Wt. Spic. Neilgh. : Spicilegium neilgherrense, by R. Wight. 
 
 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 diam., diameter. n. sp., new species. 
 
 fig., figure. n. var., new variety. 
 
 ft., foot or feet. pi., plate. 
 
 Hind., Hindi. subsp., subspecies. 
 
 in., inch or inches. t., table. 
 
 Kan., Kanarese. Tarn., Tamil. 
 
 Mai., Malay alam. Tel., Telugu. 
 
 Mar., Marathi. Ur., Uriya. 
 
 n. comb., new combination. Far., variety. 
 
 Nilg., Nilgiri. Vern., vernacular. 
 
 SIGNS. 
 cJ male ; <j> female ; <* bisexual. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL 
 TERMS USED 
 
 ACCRESCENT : increasing in size with age. 
 
 ACCUMBENT : lying against. 
 
 ACHENE : a small, hard, dry, indehiscent, 1 -seeded fruit; in a strict 
 
 sense of a single free carpel, but also used when more. 
 ACTINOMORPHIC : symmetrical in several planes. 
 ACUMINATE : tapering to an acute end. 
 -ADELPHOTJS : of stamens united into one or more bundles. 
 ADNATE : attached by the whole length. 
 
 ADVENTITIOUS : arising irregularly and not in the normal order. 
 AESTIVATION : the manner in which the parts of a flower are arranged 
 
 and folded before expansion. 
 ALBUMEN : the nutritive material stored within the seed outside the 
 
 embryo. 
 
 ALGIFORM : resembling an alga. 
 ALVEOLA : a surface cavity. 
 AMPHITROPOUS : said of an ovule curved to bring its two ends near 
 
 together. 
 
 AMPLEXICAUL : stem-clasping, as the bases of some leaves or petioles. 
 ANASTOMOSING : when veins meet and join to form a net. 
 ANATROPOUS : said of an ovule inverted on its funicle so that the 
 
 opening is close to the hilum and the chalaza at the other end. 
 ANDROEICUM : the entire male parts of a flower. 
 ANDROGYNOUS : male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. 
 ANISOMEROUS : when the different series of a flower are unequal in 
 
 number. 
 
 ANNULAR : in the form of a ring. 
 
 ANTHER : that part of the stamen which contains the pollen. 
 ANTHOCARP : a false-fruit formed by the fusion of the whole or a part 
 
 of the flower with the fruit itself. 
 ANTICOUS : the forepart, that most remote or turned away from the 
 
 axis. 
 
 APICULA : a short, sharp, but not rigid point. 
 APOCARPUS : when the carpels are free and separate. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxi 
 
 AREOLE : a space marked out in any way ; a small cell or cavity. 
 ARIL or ARILLUS : an appendage arising from the hilum and more or 
 
 less enveloping the seed, as the mace of the nutmeg. 
 ARISTA : a bristle-like appendage, common in grasses. 
 ARMED : provided with spines or thorns. 
 ARTICULATE : jointed. 
 ATTENUATE : narrowed, tapered. 
 AURICLE : a small lobe ; an ear-shaped appendage. 
 AWN : a bristle-like appendage longer than an arista. 
 AXIL : the upper angle formed between the axis and any organ 
 
 arising from it, as that between a stem and a leaf on it. 
 AXILE : belonging to the axis. 
 AXILLARY : situated in an axil. 
 AXIS : an imaginary line around which organs are developed ; any 
 
 member which bears lateral subsidiary members. 
 
 BACCATE : berry-like. 
 
 BARBELLATE : provided with short, stiff hairs, especially if retrorse. 
 
 BEAK : a narrowed, usually solid prolonged tip ; not used for leaves. 
 
 BERRY : a pulpy fruit with immersed seeds. 
 
 BICONVEX : convex on both sides. 
 
 BRACT : a modified, reduced leaf, usually on an inflorescence, often 
 
 bearing a flower in its axil. 
 BRACTEOLE : a small bract, often on the petiole or immediately 
 
 below or on the calyx. 
 BULB : a modified bud, usually underground and with fleshy scales 
 
 or coats. 
 
 BULBIL : a small, usually axillary bulb. 
 BULLATE : puckered ; a surface with portions thrown out which are 
 
 convex on one side and concave on the other. 
 
 CADUCOUS : falling off early. 
 
 CAESPITOSE : tufted, as many grasses. 
 
 CALLUS : an abnormally thickened part ; in grasses an extension of 
 
 the flowering bract below its point of insertion adhering to the 
 
 axis of the spikelet. 
 
 CALYCINE : herbaceous ; resembling a calyx in texture. 
 CALYCULUS : a whorl of bracts outside the true calyx. 
 CALYPTRA : a cap-like covering of a flower. 
 CALYX : the outermost series of the parts of a flower ; also the 
 
 enveloping parts of a flower with only one perianth-aeries. 
 CAMPANULATE : bell-shaped. 
 
xxii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 CAMPYLOTROPOUS : said of an ovule curved by unilateral growth so 
 
 that the true apex is brought near the hilum. 
 CANCELLATE : latticed. 
 CANESCENT : becoming grey or hoary. 
 CAPILLARY : so slender as to be hair-like. 
 CAPSULE : a dry dehiscent fruit. 
 CARPEL : a single modified leaf forming an ovary or part of it and 
 
 bearing the ovules. 
 CARPOPHORE : the axis of an ovary from which the ripe carpels 
 
 eventually separate. 
 CARPOPHYLL : = carpel, but often used specially where the carpel is 
 
 open and the ovules exposed. 
 
 CARTILAGINOUS : hard and tough, like the rind of an apple-pip. 
 CARUNCLE : protuberance or peculiar growth near the attachment 
 
 of a seed. 
 
 CATAPHYLL : the early leaf-forms of a plant, usually without blades. 
 CATKIN : a spike consisting usually of unisexual flowers without 
 
 petals, solitary or twin in the axils of bracts. 
 CAUDATE : with a tail-like tip. 
 
 CAUDEX : the axis of a plant consisting of stem and roots. 
 CAUDICLE : a small tail-like organ ; in orchids the stalk of the 
 
 pollinium. 
 
 CAULESCENT : having an obvious, though not large stem. 
 CAULINE : belonging to or arising from the stem. 
 CENTRIFUGAL : developing from the centre outwards. 
 CENTRIPETAL : developing from the outside towards the centre. 
 CHALAZA : that part of the ovule or seed where the nucleus is nearest 
 
 the integuments. 
 CHARTACEOUS : papery. 
 
 CHLOROPHYLL : the green colouring matter of plants. 
 -CIDAL : a suffix denoting dehiscence ; e. g. loculicidal, splitting down 
 
 the middle of the carpel, and septicidal, splitting along the septum. 
 CILIA : a marginal hair. 
 CINERACEOUS : somewhat ashy in tint. 
 CINEREOUS : the grey of wood-ashes. 
 
 CINNAMOMEUS : the light yellowish- brown tint of cinnamon. 
 CIRCINNATE or ciRCiNATE : coiled. 
 CIRCUMSCISS : splitting as if cut around transversely. 
 CIRRHUS or CIRRUS : a tendril. 
 
 CLADODE : a branch or single internode simulating a leaf. 
 CLADOPHYLL : a branch assuming the form and function of a leaf. 
 CLAVATE : club-shaped. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxiii 
 
 CLAW : the narrowed base of an organ, especially of a petal. 
 CLEISTOGAMOTJS : flowers that are fertilized within the unopened 
 
 perianth. 
 coccus : one part of a lobed fruit becoming more or less detached 
 
 from the rest and usually derived from a single carpel. 
 COLLATERAL : placed side by side at the same level. 
 COLUMELLA : a persistent axis around which the carpels of some fruits 
 
 are arranged. 
 COLUMN : the fusion of stamens or of stamens and styles into a solid 
 
 body. 
 COMA : the tuft of hairs at the end of some seeds ; the tuft of empty 
 
 bracts at the summit of some inflorescences. 
 COMMISSURE : the face of adherence of 2 carpels. 
 COMPLICATE : folded lengthwise upon itself. 
 COMPOUND : formed of similar parts grouped in a whole ; of leaves 
 
 when composed of more than one separate leaflet. 
 CONCOLOROUS : uniform in colour. 
 CONDUPLICATE : folded together lengthwise. 
 CONFERRUMINATE : adhering by adjacent faces. 
 CONFLUENT : blended or merged into one. 
 CONNATE : united to one another. 
 CONNECTIVE : the portion of a stamen distinct from the filament which 
 
 connects the lobes or cells of an anther. 
 CONNIVENT : in contact or weakly cohering. 
 CONTORT UPLICATE : twisted back upon itself. 
 CONVOLUTE : rolled up from one or both margins. 
 CORDATE : heart-shaped, i. e. more or less deeply notched at the base 
 
 and in form like a conventional heart. 
 CORIACEOUS : leathery. 
 
 CORM : a bulb-like fleshy stem or base of a stem. 
 CORNICULATE : bearing one or more little horns. 
 COROLLA : the interior series of the perianth. 
 COROLLINE : resembling petals in texture. 
 CORONA : an inner appendage to the corolla shaped like a coronet, or a 
 
 more or less interrupted outer appendage to the stamens. 
 CORYMB : a form of centripetal inflorescence where the branches or 
 
 pedicels arise at different levels but attain to nearly the same 
 
 height to form a flat-topped or slightly domed cluster. 
 COSTATE : ribbed. 
 COTYLEDON : the leaf or pair of leaves present on the embryonic plant 
 
 while still in the seed. 
 CRENATE : scalloped or toothed with rounded teeth. 
 
xxiv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 CRISTATE : crested. 
 CUCULLATE : hood-shaped. 
 
 CULM : the stem, usually hollow, of grasses and bamboos. 
 CUNEATE : wedge-shaped. 
 CUPULE : a small cup. 
 
 CUSP : a sharp, usually rigid terminal point or beak. 
 CYMBIFORM : boat-shaped. 
 
 CYME : a centrifugal inflorescence in which the secondary or lateral 
 branches continue to grow and may extend beyond the main axis. 
 CYSTOLITH : a mineral concretion in a cell of a leaf. 
 
 DECIDUOUS : falling off, not persistent. 
 
 DECLTNATE : bent or curved downward or forward. 
 
 DECOMPOUND : repeatedly divided or branched or compound. 
 
 DECURRENT : prolonged downwards from the base. 
 
 DECUSSATE : in pairs alternately at right angles. 
 
 DEFINITE : not numerous, of stamens not exceeding 15. 
 
 DEHISCENT : splitting into definite parts. 
 
 DELTOID : shaped like an equilateral triangle. 
 
 DENTATE : sharply toothed, especially with teeth not pointing 
 
 forward. 
 DICHASIUM : a centrifugal inflorescence in which all the axes end in 
 
 flowers from below which lateral opposite branchlets arise. 
 DICHOTOMOUS : forked. 
 
 DICLINOUS : unisexual, the stamens and pistil in separate flowers. 
 DIDYMOUS : in equal pairs or connected halves. 
 DIDYNAMOUS : in two unequal pairs. 
 DIGITATE : spreading like the fingers of a hand ; in a compound leaf, 
 
 when the leaflets are all borne at the apex of the petiole. 
 DIMIDIATE : one half wanting or rudimentary or apparently so. 
 DIMORPHOUS : occurring in two different forms. 
 DIOECIOUS : the two sexes segregated on different plants. 
 DISK or DISC : a development of the torus within the calyx and under 
 
 or outside the pistil. 
 
 DISSEPIMENT : a partition in an ovary or pericarp. 
 DISTICHOUS : arranged in two vertical rows. 
 DIVARICATE : extremely divergent. 
 DORSAL : relating to the back ; the surface turned away from the 
 
 axis. 
 
 DREPANIFORM : sickle-shaped. 
 DRUPE : a fruit with a more or less succulent flesh enclosing a single, 
 
 1-many-celled stone. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxv 
 
 ECHINATE : beset with prickles or spines. 
 
 EFFUSE : loosely and widely spreading. 
 
 ELLIPSOID : an elliptical solid body. 
 
 EMARGINATE : rather deeply notched at the apex. 
 
 EMBRYO : the incipient new plant within the seed. 
 
 ENDOCARP : the inner layer of the wall of a fertilized ovary or a fruit. 
 
 ENSIFORM : sword-shaped. 
 
 EPICALYX : a whorl of bracts on or just below the calyx and more or 
 
 less resembling it. 
 
 EPICARP : the external layer of the wall of a fertilized ovary or a 
 
 fruit. 
 EPICHILE : the terminal part of the lip of an orchid flower when it is 
 
 distinct from the hypochile. 
 
 EPIGYNOUS : borne on the ovary or apparently so. 
 EPIPHYTE : a plant growing on another. 
 EQUABLE : even ; uniform. 
 EQUITANT : folded over as if astride ; said of leaves when in vertical 
 
 rows with the bases of the outer sheathing those of the inner. 
 EROSE : eroded ; appearing torn or frayed at the edge. 
 EXCURRENT : running out beyond the tip or margin. 
 EXOCARP : the outer layer of a pericarp. 
 EXOGENOUS : arising from the superficial tissues. 
 EXTRORSE : directed outwards ; often referring to the opening of 
 
 anthers. 
 
 FALCATE : sickle-shaped. 
 
 -FARious: a suffix indicating parts, e. g. bifarious, in 2 parts; quadri- 
 
 farious, in 4 parts. 
 FASCICLE : a close cluster or bundle. 
 FASTIGIATE : with branches all clustered and erect. 
 FENESTRATE : pierced with holes. 
 
 -FERGUS : a suffic meaning bearing, e. g. floriferous, bearing flowers. 
 FERTILE : capable of producing fruit ; also used of stamens provided 
 
 with pollen. 
 
 -FID : cleft ; e. g. bifid, 2-cleft. 
 
 FILAMENT : the stalk of an anther ; any thread-like body. 
 FILIFORM : thread-shaped. 
 FIMBRIATE : fringed. 
 
 FISTULAR : hollow throughout the length. 
 FLABELLATE : fan-shaped. 
 FLACCID : limp, flabby. 
 FLAGELLUM : a whip-like appendage. 
 
xxvi FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 FLOCCOSE or FLOCCULENT : bearing or clothed with locks of soft hair 
 
 or wool. 
 
 FOLIACEOUS : of the texture and shape of a leaf ; also leafy. 
 FOLLICLE : a fruit of one carpel opening by a ventral suture to which 
 
 the seeds are attached. 
 FOVEA or FOVEOLA : a pit or depression. 
 -FRAGAL : a suffix indicating breaking or splitting. 
 FUCOID : resembling seaweed. 
 FUGACIOUS : soon perishing ; rapidly falling off. 
 FULVOUS : tawny. 
 
 FUNICLE : the stalk present in many ovules or seeds. 
 FURCATE : forked. 
 
 FURFURACEOUS : scurfy, covered with bran-like scales or powder. 
 FUSCOUS : dusky, greyish -brown. 
 FUSIFORM : spindle-shaped. 
 
 GALEATE : helmet-shaped. 
 
 GAMO- : a prefix indicating union, e. g. gamopetalous, petals united by 
 
 their edges into one piece. 
 GEMINATE : in pairs. 
 GENICULATE : bent abruptly like a knee. 
 GIBBOUS : swollen on one side ; humped. 
 GLABROUS : without any kind of hairs. 
 
 GLABRESCENT : with deciduous hairs and becoming glabrous. 
 GLAUCOUS : sea-green or blue-green. 
 GLOCHIDIATE : bearing barbed bristles. 
 
 GLUMACEOUS : resembling the outer empty floral bracts of grasses. 
 GONOPHORE : an elongation of the axis of a flower bearing the stamens 
 
 and carpels. 
 
 -GONOUS : a suffix indicating an angled body, e. g. trigonous, 3-angled. 
 GYNAECIUM : the entire female part of a flower. 
 GYNANDROUS : the stamens adnate to or borne on the pistil. 
 GYNOBASIC : applied to a style arising from the base of the carpels. 
 GYNOPHORE : an elongation of the axis forming a stalk to the ovary. 
 
 HASTATE : halberd-shaped ; with 2 acute basal lobes turned outwards. 
 HELICOID : coiled like a snake-shell ; applied to an inflorescence which 
 
 is more or less coiled with all the flowers on one side. 
 HERMAPHRODITE : with the flowers bisexual. 
 HETEROGAMOUS : bearing 2 kinds of flowers sexually dissimilar. 
 HETEROGENEOUS : not uniform in kind. 
 HETEROMORPHOUS : not uniform in structure. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxvii 
 
 HILUM : the scar left on a seed at the former point of attachment. 
 
 HIRSUTE : bearing long tolerably distinct hairs. 
 
 HISPID : with rough or bristly hairs. 
 
 HOMOGAMOUS : bearing only one kind of flower. 
 
 HOMOGENEOUS : all of the same kind. 
 
 HYALINE : thin and transparent. 
 
 HYGROSCOPIC : apt to swell and expand on the application of water, 
 
 and shrink on its removal. 
 
 HYPOCARP : an enlargement of the pedicel below the fruit. 
 HYPOCHILE : the basal portion of the lip in an orchid flower. 
 HYPOCRATERIFORM : salver-shaped. 
 HYPOGYNOUS : free from but inserted below the pistil. 
 
 IMBRICATE : overlapping like the tiles on a roof. 
 
 IMPARIPINNATE : pinnate with an odd terminal member. 
 
 IMPERFECT : where certain parts usually present are not developed, 
 
 e. g. when one sex is absent in a flower. 
 INCUMBENT : resting or leaning upon. 
 INDEFINITE : too many for easy enumeration, of stamens when 
 
 exceeding 15. 
 
 INDUMENTUM : a covering, such as of hairs. 
 INDUPLICATE : with the edges folded inwards. 
 INDURATED : hardened. 
 INFLORESCENCE : the disposition of the flowers on the floral axis ; 
 
 the flower clusters as a whole. 
 INFUNDIBULAR : funnel-shaped. 
 INNOVATION : a new-formed shoot. 
 INTEGUMENT : the covering of an organ or body. 
 
 INTERCALATED I interposed. 
 
 INTERNODE : the portion of an axis between two adjacent nodes. 
 INTERPETIOLAR : between two opposite petioles. 
 INTRAPETIOLAR : within the petiole, or between it and the stem. 
 INTRORSE : directed inwards, usually referring to the opening of 
 
 anthers. 
 
 INVOLUCEL : an inner wrapping. 
 INVOLUCRE : a ring of free or more or less united bracts surrounding 
 
 several, rarely 1, flowers or their supports. 
 INVOLUTE : rolled in from both margins so that the upper side is 
 
 within. 
 
 IRREGULAR : symmetric only on either side of a median plane. 
 ISOMEROUS : having the members of successive series in equal numbers. 
 
 KEEL : a ridge like the keel of a boat. 
 
xxviii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 LABIATE : lipped, i. e. divided at the apex to shape like lips, usually 2. 
 
 LACINIATE : irregularly cut into narrow lobes. 
 
 LACUNOSE : a surface covered with depressions, or perforated with 
 
 holes. 
 
 LAMELLA : a thin plate. 
 LAMINA : the blade of a leaf. 
 
 LANATE : clothed with woolly and intergrown hairs. 
 LANCEOLATE : shaped like a lance-head. 
 LEGUME : a 1 -celled, 2-valved, dehiscent fruit. 
 LENTICEL : lenticular corky spots on young bark. 
 LENTICULAR : shaped like a biconvex lens. 
 LEPIDOTE : beset with small scurfy scales. 
 LIGNIFIED : converted into wood. 
 LIGULE : a strap-shaped organ ; in grasses and some sedges a narrow 
 
 transverse appendage at the base of the leaf within. 
 LINEAR : several times longer than wide. 
 LINEOLATE : marked with fine or obscure lines. 
 LIP : one of the sections of a lipped organ ; in orchids the third petal, 
 
 which is usually enlarged and dissimilar to the others ; also used 
 
 in other flowers for a petal distinct in form from the others. 
 LOBE : any division of an organ, or specially a rounded division or 
 
 projection. 
 LOCULE : a cell. 
 LOMENTUM : a legume contracted between the seeds and falling apart 
 
 when mature at the constriction between the seeds. 
 LORATE : strap-shaped. 
 LUNATE : crescent- or halfmoon-shaped. 
 LYRATE : pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large and rounded and the 
 
 lower lobes small. 
 
 MACROPODAL : long-footed or long-stalked. 
 
 MARCESCENT : remaining attached after withering. 
 
 MERICARP : a portion of a fruit which splits away and simulates a 
 
 perfect fruit. 
 -MEROUS : a suffix used in combination to indicate the number of 
 
 the parts, e. g. trimerous in threes. 
 MESOCARP : the middle layer of a pericarp. 
 MITRIFORM : mitre -shaped. 
 MONILIFORM : resembling a string of beads. 
 MONOECIOUS : with the male and female parts in different flowers but 
 
 on the same individual plant. 
 MUCOUS : slimy. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxix 
 
 MUCRO : a short sharp terminal excrescence, rather longer than an 
 
 apicula but shorter than a cusp. 
 
 MURICATE : rough with short, hard, tubercular excrescences. 
 MUTICOUS : blunt ; without any apical excrescence. 
 
 -NATE : a suffix used in combination to indicate the number of parts, 
 
 e. g. binate, in pairs ; ternate, in threes. 
 NECTARY : an organ in which nectar is excreted ; sometimes applied 
 
 to any anomalous part of a flower, such as a spurred petal. 
 NODE : the part of an axis whence a secondary member or whorl of 
 
 members arises. 
 NODOSE : knotty or knobby. 
 NUT : a hard, dry, indehiscent 1 -seeded fruit ; often also applied to a 
 
 similar single part of a several-celled fruit. 
 
 OB- : used as a prefix inverts the term affixed. 
 
 OBLATE : spherical but flattened at the poles. 
 
 OCHREA or OCREA : a tubular stipule or pair of combined stipules. 
 
 -OID : a suffix indicating similarity to the term prefixed, e. g. petaloid, 
 
 resembling petals. 
 OLIVACEOUS : olive-coloured. 
 
 OPERCULUM : a lip or cover which separates by transverse dehiscence. 
 ORBICULAR : circular in outline. 
 ORTHOTROPOUS : an ovule with a straight axis, the chalaza close to 
 
 the hilum and the orifice at the opposite end. 
 OVARY : that part of the pistil which contains the ovules. 
 OVATE : egg-shaped. 
 OVULE : the incipient seed before fertilization. 
 
 PALATE : the prominent lower lip of certain corollas ; the throat of 
 
 some 2-lipped corollas. 
 PALEA : chaffy or hyaline scale present in the inflorescence of some 
 
 plants. 
 
 PALMATE : diverging like the widely spreading fingers of a hand. 
 PANDURIFORM : fiddle -shaped. 
 PANICLE : a repeatedly branched inflorescence. 
 PAPILLA : a soft superficial protuberance or gland. 
 PAPPUS : various tufts of hairs on some achenes or fruits, specially 
 
 the scaly, bristly, hairy or feathery modified calyx in the 
 
 Compositae. 
 PARIETAL : borne on the wall. 
 
xxviii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 LABIATE : lipped, i. e. divided at the apex to shape like lips, usually 2. 
 
 LACINIATE : irregularly cut into narrow lobes. 
 
 LACUNOSE : a surface covered with depressions, or perforated with 
 
 holes. 
 
 LAMELLA : a thin plate. 
 LAMINA : the blade of a leaf. 
 
 LAN ATE : clothed with woolly and intergrown hairs. 
 LANCEOLATE : shaped like a lance-head. 
 LEGUME : a 1 -celled, 2-valved, dehiscent fruit. 
 LENTICEL : lenticular corky spots on young bark. 
 LENTICULAR : shaped like a biconvex lens. 
 LEPIDOTE : beset with small scurfy scales. 
 LIGNIFIED : converted into wood. 
 LIGULE : a strap-shaped organ ; in grasses and some sedges a narrow 
 
 transverse appendage at the base of the leaf within. 
 LINEAR : several times longer than wide. 
 LINEOLATE : marked with fine or obscure lines. 
 LIP : one of the sections of a lipped organ ; in orchids the third petal, 
 
 which is usually enlarged and dissimilar to the others ; also used 
 
 in other flowers for a petal distinct in form from the others. 
 LOBE : any division of an organ, or specially a rounded division or 
 
 projection. 
 LOCULE : a cell. 
 LOMENTUM : a legume contracted between the seeds and falling apart 
 
 when mature at the constriction between the seeds. 
 LORATE : strap-shaped. 
 LUNATE : crescent- or halfmoon-shaped. 
 LYRATE : pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large and rounded and the 
 
 lower lobes small. 
 
 MACROPODAL : long-footed or long-stalked. 
 
 MARCESCENT : remaining attached after withering. 
 
 MERICARP : a portion of a fruit which splits away and simulates a 
 
 perfect fruit. 
 -MEROUS : a suffix used in combination to indicate the number of 
 
 the parts, e. g. trimerous in threes. 
 MESOCARP : the middle layer of a pericarp. 
 MITRIFORM : mitre -shaped. 
 MONILIFORM : resembling a string of beads. 
 MONOECIOUS : with the male and female parts in different flowers but 
 
 on the same individual plant. 
 MUCOUS : slimy. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxix 
 
 MUCRO : a short sharp terminal excrescence, rather longer than an 
 
 apicula but shorter than a cusp. 
 
 MURICATE : rough with short, hard, tubercular excrescences. 
 MUTICOUS : blunt ; without any apical excrescence. 
 
 -NATE : a suffix used in combination to indicate the number of parts, 
 
 e. g. binate, in pairs ; ternate, in threes. 
 NECTARY : an organ in which nectar is excreted ; sometimes applied 
 
 to any anomalous part of a flower, such as a spurred petal. 
 NODE : the part of an axis whence a secondary member or whorl of 
 
 members arises. 
 NODOSE : knotty or knobby. 
 NUT : a hard, dry, indehiscent 1 -seeded fruit ; often also applied to a 
 
 similar single part of a several-celled fruit. 
 
 OB- : used as a prefix inverts the term affixed. 
 
 OBLATE : spherical but flattened at the poles. 
 
 OCHREA or OCREA : a tubular stipule or pair of combined stipules. 
 
 -OID : a suffix indicating similarity to the term prefixed, e. g. petaloid, 
 
 resembling petals. 
 OLIVACEOUS : olive-coloured. 
 
 OPERCULUM : a lip or cover which separates by transverse dehiscence. 
 ORBICULAR : circular in outline. 
 ORTHOTROPOUS : an ovule with a straight axis, the chalaza close to 
 
 the hilum and the orifice at the opposite end. 
 OVARY : that part of the pistil which contains the ovules. 
 OVATE : egg-shaped. 
 OVULE : the incipient seed before fertilization. 
 
 PALATE : the prominent lower lip of certain corollas ; the throat of 
 
 some 2-lipped corollas. 
 PALEA : chaffy or hyaline scale present in the inflorescence of some 
 
 plants. 
 
 PALMATE : diverging like the widely spreading fingers of a hand. 
 PANDURIFORM : fiddle-shaped. 
 PANICLE : a repeatedly branched inflorescence. 
 PAPILLA : a soft superficial protuberance or gland. 
 PAPPUS : various tufts of hairs on some achenes or fruits, specially 
 
 the scaly, bristly, hairy or feathery modified calyx in the 
 
 Compositae. 
 PARIETAL : borne on the wall. 
 
xxx FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 PARIPINNATE : pinnate with an equal number of members on each 
 
 side of the axis and no odd terminal one. 
 
 -PARTITE : a suffix denoting division deeper than to the middle. 
 PATENT : spreading. 
 PECTINATE : pinnately cut in narrow segments set close like the teeth 
 
 of a comb. 
 
 PEDATE : palmately divided with the lateral divisions 2-cleft. 
 PEDICEL : the stalk of a single flower. 
 PEDUNCLE : the common stalk of 2-many flowers or of a complete 
 
 inflorescence. 
 PELTATE : shield-shaped ; said of leaves of which the petiole is 
 
 attached to the lower surface of the blade and not at the margin. 
 PENICILLATE : shaped like an artist's brush, with a terminal tuft of 
 
 hairs. 
 PENNATE : with members or incisions more or less regularly placed on 
 
 either side of the median line, resembling the arrangement in a 
 
 feather. 
 PERFECT : an organ or a flower in which all the normal parts are 
 
 present. 
 
 PERGAMENTACEOUS : parchment-like. 
 PERIANTH : the flower envelopes of 1 or 2 series, i. e. calyx and corolla ; 
 
 more commonly used when the two series are not differentiated or 
 
 when only one of them is present. 
 PERICARP : the wall of a fertilized ovary ; sometimes improperly used 
 
 for the protective husks of a fruit. 
 PERIGYNOUS : said of the floral parts other than the pistil when they 
 
 are inserted above the level of the base of the ovary, but not above 
 
 the ovary. 
 PERISPERM : the nutritive tissue outside the embryo sac which remains 
 
 in the seed until absorbed ; sometimes the pericarp or even the 
 
 integuments of a seed. 
 PERSISTENT : remaining attached until the part bearing it is wholly 
 
 matured. 
 
 PERULATE : furnished with protective scales. 
 PETAL : a single member of the corolla. 
 PETIOLE : the stalk of a leaf. 
 
 PHYLLODE : a petiole assuming the form and function of a leaf. 
 PILOSE : hairy with rather long, soft, distinct hairs. 
 PINNATE : organs or leaflets arranged on each side of a common axis 
 
 as in a feather. 
 PISIFORM : pea-shaped. 
 PISTIL : the complete female part of a flower. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxxi 
 
 PISTILLODE : a rudimentary pistil. 
 
 PLACENTA : the part of the ovary that bears the ovules. 
 
 PLANO-CONVEX : flat on one side and convex on the other. 
 
 PLICATE : folded into plaits, usually lengthwise. 
 
 PLUMOSE : feathery or feathered. 
 
 PLUMULE : the primary leaf-bud of an embryo. 
 
 POLLEN : the fertilizing powdery, granular or waxy bodies produced 
 
 in the anthers. 
 
 POLLINIA : a pollen mass, specially in orchids. 
 POLLINIFEROUS : bearing or containing pollen. 
 
 POLY- : a prefix indicating the presence of many of the affixed objects. 
 POLYGAMOUS : with both bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same 
 
 or on different individual plants. 
 POSTICOUS : on the back-part ; next to the axis. 
 PREMORSE : as though bitten off, i. e. the end truncated and more or 
 
 less irregular. 
 
 PROCUMBENT : lying along the ground. 
 PROLIFEROUS : bearing progeny as offshoots. 
 PRUINOSE : with a waxy-powdery secretion ; bloom. 
 PUBERULOUS : slightly hairy with very short hairs. 
 PUBESCENT : clothed with soft, rather short hairs or down. 
 PULVINUS : an enlargement close to the insertion of a leaf or the 
 
 swollen base of the petiole. 
 
 PUNCTATE : marked with dots, depressions or glands. 
 PUNGENT : ending in a rigid and sharp point ; a sharp taste or smell. 
 PUSTULATE : pimply ; as though blistered. 
 
 PUTAMEN : the shell of a nut ; the hardened endocarp of a stone-fruit. 
 PYRENE : a nutlet ; one of the small stones of a drupe or similar fruit. 
 PYRIFORM : pear-shaped. 
 
 QUADRATE : squared. 
 
 RACEME : a centripetal inflorescence with lengthened axis and equally 
 
 pedicellate flowers. 
 RADIANT : when the flowers on the outer rim of an umbel are larger 
 
 than the inner. 
 
 RADICAL : arising from the root or its crown. 
 RADICLE : the rudimentary root of the embryo. 
 RAMULUS : branchlet. 
 RAPHE : the ridge formed by the adherent funicle along the side of 
 
 some ovules. 
 RAPHIDES or RHAPHIDES : needle-shaped crystals in the cells. 
 
xxxii FLORA OF HABEAS. 
 
 RECEPTACLE : that part of the axis that bears one or more organs or 
 
 flowers. 
 
 REGULAR : symmetrical in several planes. 
 RENIFORM : kidney-shaped. 
 
 REPAND : with wavy margin, but less so than if sinuate. 
 REPLICATE : folded down so that the upper part comes against the 
 
 lower. 
 
 RESUPINATE : upside down or appearing so. 
 RETICULATE : resembling network. 
 
 RETINACULUM : the horny curved funicle of many Acanthaceae. 
 RETRORSE : directed backwards or downwards. 
 RETUSE : a shallow notch in a rounded apex. 
 REVOLUTE : rolled back from the margins or apex so that the upper 
 
 face is outside. 
 RH ACHE OLA or RH ACHILLA : a secondary axis in the inflorescence of 
 
 grasses. 
 
 RHACHIS or RACHIS : the axis of an inflorescence or of a compound leaf. 
 RHIZOME : an underground stem, usually horizontal and elongated. 
 ROSTELLUM : a small beak ; a narrow extension of the upper edge of 
 
 the stigma in some orchids. 
 ROSTRATE : beaked with slender tip. 
 
 ROSULATE : with clustered leaves collected into a rosette. 
 ROTATE : wheel-shaped ; said of a gamopetalous corolla with a short 
 
 tube and spreading limb. 
 RUFOUS : reddish. 
 RUGOSE : thrown into wrinkles. 
 RUMINATE : said of a seed with the testa projected as points and 
 
 plates into the albumen. 
 RUNCINATE : incised with the teeth or lobes directed backwards. 
 
 SACCATE : bag-shaped. 
 
 SAGITTATE : arrow-head-shaped with the base enlarged into two 
 
 straight, acute lobes. 
 SAMARA : an indehiscent winged fruit, or winged parts of a dehiscing 
 
 fruit. 
 
 SAPROPHYTIC : 'feeding on decayed organic matter, such as humus. 
 SARMENTOSE : producing long and lithe runners. 
 SCABRID : covered with small hard hairs or points and feeling rough. 
 SCABROUS : very scabrid. 
 SCANDENT : climbing. 
 SCAPE : a leafless, or at most 1 -leaved, floral axis or peduncle arising 
 
 directly from the root. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxxiii 
 
 3CAPIGEROUS : scape-bearing. 
 
 JCARIOUS : thin, dry and membranous, not green. 
 
 JCORPIOID : said of an inflorescence with flowers in 2 ranks and the 
 
 axis coiled like the tail of a scorpion. 
 JCROBICULATE : pitted. 
 SECT : suffix used to denote division of an organ to its base or nearly 
 
 so into the number of parts stated by the prefix. 
 JECUND : with the parts or members all directed to one side. 
 SEPAL : a single member of the calyx. 
 >EPTUM : any kind of interior wall or partition. 
 IERRATE : with forward-pointing, sharp marginal teeth. 
 SESSILE : without stalk. 
 
 >ETA : a bristle or long, stiff, needle-like hair. 
 IIGMOID : doubly curved in opposite directions, like the letter S' 
 IILIQUA : a fruit with two valves falling away from a frame on which 
 
 the seeds are attached and across which a false partition is formed. 
 IINUATE : with a deeply wavy margin. 
 UNUS : a recess or re-entering angle. 
 JPADIX : a flower spike with a fleshy axis. 
 IPATHE : a more or less modified bract enclosing or subtending a 
 
 flower-cluster or complete inflorescence. 
 
 IPATHEOLE : a small secondary spathe on a partial inflorescence. 
 IPATHULATE : narrowly oblong with the end expanded and broader, 
 
 more or less like a chemist's spatula. 
 iPHACELLATE : dark and withered, as though dead. 
 IPICIFORM : spike-tike. 
 
 IPICULE : a diminutive or secondary spike. 
 
 > PIKE : an inflorescence with sessile flowers on a usually elongate axis. 
 JPIKELET : a cluster of 1 or more flowers each in the axil of one or a 
 
 pair of bracts and subtended by 2, rarely 1, empty bracts. 
 IPINULOSE : bearing small spines. 
 5PUR : a hollow, or sometimes solid, extension of some part of a 
 
 flower. 
 
 IQTJARROSE : with numerous spreading and outstanding processes. 
 JTAMEN : the floral organ bearing the anther and pollen. 
 JTAMINODE : a sterile or abortive stamen without pollen. 
 STELLATE : with its parts radiating like the points of a conventional 
 
 star. 
 
 TERILE : barren ; devoid of one or other of the sexual parts. 
 JTIGMA : that part of the pistil which receives the pollen. 
 JTIPE : the stalk or support of an ovary or carpel. 
 iTiPELLA : the stipule of a leaflet. 
 
xxxiv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 STIPITATE : stalked. 
 
 STIPULE : one of a pair of appendages borne on each side of the base 
 
 of the leaves or petioles of many plants. 
 
 STOLON : a sucker ; any basal branch that is disposed to form roots. 
 STOMA : an aperture in the epidermis of young branches. 
 STRAMINEOUS : straw-coloured. 
 
 STRIATE : marked with longitudinal, parallel fine lines. 
 STRIGOSE : beset with sharp-pointed, appressed, straight, stiff hairs. 
 STROBILATE : resembling the cone of conifers ; an inflorescence largely 
 
 made up of imbricating scales. 
 
 STROPHIOLE : an appendage to the hilum of some seeds. 
 STYLE : that part of the pistil between the carpel and the stigma. 
 STYLOPOD : an enlargement at the base of some styles. 
 SUB- : a prefix implying an approach to the condition indicated by 
 
 the suffix without quite attaining to it ; also giving the sense of 
 
 subordinate to. 
 
 SUBULATE : awl-shaped ; slender, terete and tapering to a sharp tip. 
 SUCCULENT : soft and juicy. 
 SULCATE : grooved or furrowed. 
 
 SUTURE : a junction or seam of union ; line of opening. 
 SYNANDRIUM : where the stamens are united throughout. 
 SYNCARPIUM : a multiple or fleshy aggregate fruit. 
 SYNCARPOUS : composed of 2 or more united carpels. 
 
 TABESCENT : wasting or shrivelling. 
 
 TEGMEN : the inner coat of a seed. 
 
 TEPAL : a division of a perianth, usually employed when there is no 
 
 distinction between the 2 series ; one of the 2 unchanged petals 
 
 of orchids. 
 
 TERETE : cylindrical and circular in cross-section. 
 TESSELLATE : chequered. 
 TESTA : the outer coat of a seed. 
 THALLUS : a vegetative body without differentiation into stem and 
 
 leaf ; the organ of attachment of some Podostemonaceae. 
 THECOUS : celled. 
 
 THYRSE : a close panicle, more or less spindle-shaped or ovate. 
 TIGELLUS : a miniature or initial stem. 
 TOMENTOSE : densely matted with woolly hairs. 
 TORULOSE : more or less cylindric but with alternate swellings and 
 
 constrictions. 
 TORUS : that portion of the axis of a flower on which its parts are 
 
 inserted. 
 
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED. xxxv 
 
 TBABECULATE : cross- barred. 
 TRANSLUCENT : allowing light to pass through. 
 TBICHOTOMOUS : an axis successively 3-forked. 
 TBIGONOUS : 3-angled. 
 
 TBIQUETBOUS : 3-edged with salient angles. 
 TBUNCATE : as though cut off at the end. 
 
 TUBEB : a short, thickened subterranean branch beset with buds ; 
 the swollen end of a root attached to the upper end of a rootstock. 
 TUMID : inflated, swollen. 
 TUBBINATE : top-shaped. 
 TUBGID : swollen, but not with air. 
 
 UMBEL : an inflorescence in which a cluster of pedicels springs from the 
 
 same point. 
 
 UMBILICUS : a vascular strand by which some seeds are attached. 
 UMBONATE : embossed in the centre. 
 UNCINATE : hooked. 
 
 UNGUICULATE : contracted at the base into a claw. 
 UBCEOLATE : urn- or pitcher-shaped. 
 UTBICLE : a membranous sac, or a bladder-like appendage. 
 
 VAGINATE : sheathed or sheathing. 
 
 VALVATE : opening by valves ; or the several parts of an organ which 
 
 meet exactly without overlap. 
 VASCULAB : relating to or furnished with vessels. 
 VENOSE : having veins. 
 
 VENTBAL : the front side, the side towards the axis. 
 VENTBICOSE : bellied ; swollen or inflated on one side. 
 VEBMICULIFOBM : shaped like a small worm. 
 VEBMIFOBM : worm-shaped. 
 VERBUCOSE : warty. 
 VERSATILE : turning freely on its support ; said of anthers attached 
 
 above the base and swinging freely on the acute tip of the filament. 
 VEBTICILLATE or VEBTICELLATE : arranged in a ring around an axis. 
 VEXILLABY : pertaining to the vexillum, the more or less modified 
 
 anterior or posterior petal of some flowers. 
 VILLOUS : shaggy with long, weak hairs. 
 
 VISCID or viscous : sticky or clammy owing to an exudation. 
 VIVIPABOUS : germinating or sprouting from seed or bud while still 
 
 attached to the parent plant. 
 
 ZYGOMOBPHIC : symmetrical on either side of a median plane only. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE 
 FAMILIES 
 
 N.B. This Key has been adapted mainly from that in Sir D. Prains 
 ' Bengal Plants,' with the author's kind permission. The necessary 
 modifications make it applicable only to the present flora. Dr. J. 
 Hutchinson's ' Families of Flowering Plants ' has also been of help. 
 
 Ovules naked, not enclosed but borne on an open carpel, devoid of 
 
 stigma. Wood usually with no true vessels (except in Gnetaceae) ; 
 
 cotyledons 2-many ; flowers always 1 -sexual (Gymnospermae) : 
 
 Large climbers ; leaves simple ; flowers monoecious, whorled in 
 
 the axils of bracts on solitary or panicled spikes ; perianth present 
 
 CXLIII. GNETACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; flowers in cones or quasi cones ; perianth : 
 Leaves simple, scale-like, needle-like or flat and lanceolate, up to 
 
 8 in. long CXLIV. CONIFERAE. 
 
 Leaves pinnate, resembling palm leaves, 3-9 ft. long ; petioles 
 
 more or less spiny CXLV. CYCADACEAE. 
 
 Ovules enclosed in the carpels, crowned by a style and stigma. Wood, 
 when present, consisting of true vessels ; cotyledons 1-2 (ANGio- 
 SPEBMAE) : 
 
 Stem with a central pith surrounded by one or more concentric 
 rings of woody vascular tissue enclosed in a separable bark ; leaves 
 usually articulated on the stem and usually with branched or 
 reticulated veins ; cotyledons usually 2, opposite, the young stem 
 arising between them (Dicotyledones) : 
 
 Calyx and corolla usually both present ; flowers mostly bisexual 
 (Dichlamydeae) : 
 
 Petals usually free ; stamens often numerous (Polypetalae) : 
 Stamens hypogynous, arising apart from the calyx direct 
 from the receptacle or from a disk crowning the pedicel ; 
 segments of calyx usually free (Thalami florae] : 
 
 Sepals usually imbricate in bud ; if valvate, then sepals 
 free, leaves opposite, stamens many and fruitlets separate ; 
 or with paripinnate leaves and arillate seeds : 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xxxvii 
 
 Sepals usually free ; if united below, then the petals 
 dissimilar (Resedaceae) ; or leaves opposite and simple 
 or imparipinnate ; or leaves alternate and paripin- 
 nate : 
 
 Stamens more than 12 ; if fewer, then sepals 4 and 
 petals 4 with a 2-valved capsule or a berried fruit on 
 a long gynophore ; or sepals 2 with a central placenta ; 
 or the stamens attached to the base of the petals : 
 Sepals 2-3, deciduous : 
 
 Petals more or less like the sepals, in 2-many 
 
 more or less distinct 3-nate whorls ; carpels 
 
 many in several whorls ; trees, shrubs or climbers 
 
 III. MAGNOLIACEAE. 
 
 Petals coloured, unlike the green sepals ; herbs : 
 Sepals 2 and petals 4, or sepals 3 and petals 6 ; 
 placentas parietal. Leaves alternate, more or 
 less lobed or cut ; sap milky or yellow 
 
 VIII. PAPAVERACEAE. 
 
 Sepals 2, petals 4-5 ; placentas free-central. 
 Leaves opposite or alternate, entire, sometimes 
 terete ; sap watery 
 
 XVIII. PORTULACACEAE. 
 
 Sepals 4 or more ; if 2-3, then trees with opposite 
 or 3-nate, leathery leaves and resinous juice : 
 Petals many in several whorls or in a continuous 
 spiral with the sepals ; aquatic plants with 
 submerged rootstock ....VII. NYMPHAEACEAE. 
 Petals usually 4-5, rarely 6-12, in 1, rarely 2 
 whorls ; or if petals many then terrestrial climbers 
 with the petals like staminodes and with opposite 
 cirrhiferous leaves : 
 
 Petals all similar and entire : 
 Sepals deciduous : 
 
 Carpels quite free when ripe ; ovule 1, 
 ascending or pendulous 
 
 I. RANTJNCULACEAE. 
 
 Carpels cohering in a 1-locular ovary with 
 parietal or intruded placentas ; ovules 
 2-many : 
 
 Herbs ; or if shrubs or trees, then with 
 ovary and fruit borne on a long gyno- 
 phore ; sepals 4 ... XI .CAPPARIDACEAE. 
 
FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with sessile ovary and 
 fruit ; sepals usually 5, sometimes 3-8 
 
 XIV. BlXACEAE. 
 
 Sepals persistent : 
 Leaves alternate : 
 
 Stamens quite free from the petals : 
 Carpels 1-many, distinct or cohering 
 in the axis of the flower ; disk ; 
 styles quite free . ..II. DILLENIACEAE. 
 Carpels united into a superior deeply 
 3-10-lobed and -celled ovary embedded 
 in a lobed disk ; styles connate 
 
 XXXVI. OCHNACEAE. 
 
 Stamens attached to the bases of and 
 deciduous with the petals 
 
 XXIII. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. 
 Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled : 
 Herbs or shrubs without resinous juice ; 
 leaves herbaceous, gland-dotted ; flowers 
 bisexual, 5-merous 
 
 XXI. HYPERICACEAE. 
 Trees with resinous juice ; leaves 
 coriaceous, not gland-dotted ; flowers 
 usually 1 -sexual or polygamous, usually 
 
 4-merous XXII. GUTTIFEBAE. 
 
 Anterior petals palmately lobed, posterior 
 narrow entire ; ovary 1 -celled, 2-6-lobed at 
 the apex ; small herbs . . . .XII. RESEDACEAE. 
 Stamens 10 or fewer : 
 
 Flowers usually 3-merous ; if 2-merous, then 
 1 -sexual ; carpels solitary or free ; stamens 6, free, 
 equal, opposite the petals ; leaves alternate : 
 Dioecious, scandent herbs or shrubs ; flowers 
 very small ; anthers dehiscing by slits ; carpels 
 3 ; seeds usually reniform or horseshoe-shaped 
 
 V. MENISPERMACEAE. 
 
 Bisexual, erect shrubs ; flowers patent, carpel 1 ; 
 anthers sensitive, dehiscing by valves 
 
 VI. BERBERIDACEAE. 
 Flowers 4-5-merous (sepals 2 in Fumariaceae) : 
 
 Petals 4 ; stamens 6 : 
 
 Sepals 2 ; petals 4 in 2 dissimilar pairs ; stamens 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xxxix 
 
 in 2 bundles of 3 united ; fruit without par- 
 tition IX. FUMARIACEAE. 
 
 Sepals 4 ; petals 4, uniform ; stamens in 2 rows, 
 free, filaments of inner 4 long, of outer 2 
 shorter ; fruit with an internal partition 
 
 X. CRUCIFERAE. 
 
 Petals usually 5, sometimes 4, rarely 2-3 ; perfect 
 stamens as many as or twice as many as the 
 sepals and petals, rarely fewer, never 6 : 
 Ovary 1 -celled ; sepals usually persistent : 
 Leaves developed, flat, never scale-like : 
 Stamens as many as the sepals ; placentas 
 parietal : 
 
 Leaves stipulate ; ovary 1-celled ; sap 
 not pungent ; herbs with irregular 
 corolla or trees with regular corolla 
 
 XIII. VlOLACEAE. 
 
 Leaves exstipulate ; ovary incompletely 
 2-3-celled ; sap pungent ; trees 
 
 XV. PlTTOSPORACEAE. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the sepals ; 
 placenta,, free-central ; herbs 
 
 XVII. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 
 Leaves minute, scale-like ; shrubs 
 
 XIX. TAMARICACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 2- or more-celled ; or if 1-celled, then 
 distinctly stipitate : 
 
 Filaments of anthers free ; or if united at 
 the base (some Geraniaceae), then with 
 compound or deeply palmately lobed 
 leaves : 
 
 Leaves stipulate : 
 
 Seeds many, attached to the inner angles 
 of the cells ; flowers regular ; carpels 
 as many as the sepals ; small herbs with 
 simple, opposite leaves 
 
 XX. ELATINACEAE. 
 
 Seed 1 in each cell, less often 2 ; if more 
 than 2 and attached to the inner angles 
 of the cells, then flowers irregular or 
 leaves compound : 
 Seeds pendulous : 
 
FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Leaves compound, opposite ; 
 stamens always 10, quite free 
 
 XXXII. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 
 Leaves simple ; or if compound, 
 then alternate ; stamens usually 
 5, filaments often united at the 
 base ; anthers sometimes cohering ; 
 flowers often irregular 
 
 XXXIII. GERANIACEAE. 
 Seeds erect : 
 
 Leaves imparipinnate ; fruit a 
 berry . . XL VIII. STAPHYLEACEAE. 
 Leaves simple ; fruit of 2 winged 
 
 carpels XLIX. ACERACEAE. 
 
 Leaves exstipulate ; flowers often zygo- 
 morphic ; stamens usually 8, inserted 
 inside the disk or between it and the 
 ovary, rarely outside ..L. SAPINDACEAE. 
 Filaments of anthers more or less united ; 
 leaves simple, alternate ; seeds pendulous : 
 Flowers irregular ; sepals 5, unequal ; 
 petals usually 3, or if 4-5, then keeled ; 
 stamens usually 8 ; if fewer, then anthers 
 opening by pores, all or all but 2 united 
 into a sheath attached to the base of the 
 petals ; ovary 1-3-celled ; style single 
 
 XVI. POLYGALACEAE. 
 
 Flowers regular ; sepals 4-5, equal ; petals 
 4-5 ; stamens 5 or 10, filaments united 
 below, free from the petals ; anthers 
 opening by slits ; ovary 3-5-celled ; styles 
 3-5, free or more or less connate 
 
 XXX. LlNACEAE. 
 
 Sepals more or less united at the base : 
 
 Stamens 5 to very many ; sepals 5, 2 or more of them 
 enlarged in fruit ; petals 5, contorted ; leaves simple 
 alternate, not gland-dotted ; trees with resinous sap ; 
 stamens 10-100 ; ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; 
 
 style single XXIV. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 3-12 ; if more numerous, then leaves 
 gland-dotted : 
 
 Leaves pellucid gland-dotted, simple or compound ; 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xli 
 
 sepals and petals 5 ; stamens sometimes numerous, 
 inserted outside a prominent disk ; trees or shrubs, 
 sometimes climbing, sometimes thorny 
 
 XXXIV. RUTACEAE. 
 
 Leaves not gland-dotted : 
 
 Leaves opposite, simple ; calyx-lobes and petals 
 5 ; stamens 10 ; disk obscure ; ovary 3-celled, 
 
 cells 1-ovuled XXXI. MALPIGHIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves alternate ; or if opposite, then disk large 
 or stamens 5 : 
 
 Carpels syncarpous and septate or apocarpous ; 
 ovules few : 
 
 Stamens alternate with the petals : 
 
 Ovules and seeds pendulous ; or if hori- 
 zontal (some Meliaceae), then the filaments 
 united into a tube : 
 
 Leaves compound ; or if simple, then 
 the filaments united into a tube : 
 Filaments free ; fruit drupaceous, 
 indehiscent ; leaflets opposite 
 
 XXXV. SlMARUBACEAE. 
 
 Filaments united into a tube ; or if free, 
 then the fruit capsular or the leaflets 
 alternate. . . . XXXVIII. MELIACEAE. 
 Leaves simple : 
 
 Petals 2-lobed, imbricate ; raphe of 
 seed ventral 
 
 XXXIX. DlCHAPETALACEAE. 
 
 Petals entire ; raphe of seed dorsal : 
 Petals valvate ; fruit 1 -celled, 
 
 1-seeded XLII. ICACINACEAE. 
 
 Petals imbricate ; fruit of 3-5 
 1-seeded, free or connate stones 
 
 XLIII. AQUIFOLIACEAE. 
 Ovules and seeds erect or ascending : 
 Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves simple : 
 Sepals and petals 4-5 ; stamens 4-5 ; 
 seeds arillate, usually albuminous 
 
 XLIV. CELASTRACEAE. 
 Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens 3 ; seeds 
 not arillate, not albuminous, sometimes 
 winged .... XLV. HIPPOCRATEACEAE. 
 
xlii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled ; or if 2-5-celled, then 
 leaves compound 
 
 LII. ANACARDIACEAE. 
 Stamens opposite the petals : 
 Petals valvate : 
 
 Leaves exstipulate ; ovules and seeds 
 pendulous ; fruit 1 -celled, 1 -seeded : 
 Flowers in open racemes or cymes ; 
 bracts, if present, very small ; ovary 
 3-5-celled ; or if 1 -celled, then trees 
 or climbers with tendrils 
 
 XL. OLACACEAE. 
 
 Flowers in cone-like racemes or spikes 
 (at least in bud) ; bracts patent ; 
 ovary 1 -celled; climbers without 
 
 tendrils XLI. OPILIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves stipulate ; ovules and seeds 
 erect or ascending ; fruit usually 2 -celled, 
 2-6-seeded, rarely 1 -celled, 1 -seeded 
 
 XLVII. VlTACEAE. 
 
 Petals imbricate ; styles 2-3, free or 
 connate ; leaves exstipulate 
 
 LI. SABIACEAE. 
 Carpels syncarpous, 1 -celled : 
 
 Climbing shrubs with hooked branchlets ; 
 leaves simple ; stamens 5-10 ; stami- 
 nodes ; ovary sessile ; styles 3 ; ovule 
 1, erect or lateral 
 
 XXV. ANCISTBOCLADACEAE. 
 Erect trees ; leaves 2-3-pinnate ; disk large, 
 lining the calyx-tube ; stamens 5 ; stami- 
 nodes 5-7 ; ovary stipitate ; style single ; 
 ovules numerous on 3 parietal placentas 
 
 LIU. MOBINGACEAE. 
 
 Sepals valvate in bud ; or if imbricate or subimbricate, 
 then with valvate petals or 3-merous, 2-sexual flowers, or 
 anthers dehiscing by pores or valves, or trees with 
 balsaminous sap : 
 
 Flowers 3-merous ; sepals free, rarely united ; stamens 
 free, usually numerous ; ripe carpels free, often stalked, 
 rarely (Anona) conjoined ; leaves simple ; pith trabe- 
 culate IV. ANONACEAE. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xliii 
 
 Flowers 4-6-merous ; if 3-merous, then leaves compound 
 or petals 5 ; sepals usually united into a lobed or 
 toothed cup : 
 
 Filaments of the anthers united into a column or 
 cup : 
 
 Stamens numerous, rarely few, in a column around 
 the style with only short free filaments, or dividing 
 into groups opposite the petals ; anthers 1 -celled ; 
 or if 2-celled, then the leaves compound-digitate ; 
 staminal column adnate at the base to the con- 
 torted corolla-lobes ; an epicalyx often present ; 
 
 leaves usually simple XXVI. MALVACEAE. 
 
 Stamens usually 15, sometimes fewer, in a column 
 or cup around the style, mouth of the column or 
 cup usually with 5 sterile prolongations opposite 
 the petals ; or if stamens more numerous, then 
 petals ; anthers 2-celled ; leaves simple ; or if 
 compound-digitate, then petals 
 
 XXVII. STERCULIACEAE. 
 
 Filaments of anthers free, rarely slightly connate at 
 the base in a ring or in 3-5 groups ; anthers 2-celled : 
 Leaves imparipinnate ; stamens twice as many as 
 the petals ; trees with balsaminous sap 
 
 XXXVII. BURSERACEAE. 
 
 Leaves simple, entire or lobed : 
 
 Stamens usually numerous, at least twice as 
 many as and free from the petals : 
 
 Anthers opening by slits ; petals not ciliate 
 or laciniate ; stamens borne on a torus ; fruit 
 capsular or separating into cocci 
 
 XXVIII. TlLIACEAE. 
 
 Anthers opening by pores or valves ; petals 
 ciliate or laciniate ; stamens inserted on the 
 disk between glands ; fruit a drupe with a 
 
 single stone XXIX. ELAEOCARPACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 4-5, opposite to, usually more or less 
 
 embraced by and adnate to the base of the petals 
 
 XLVI. RHAMNACEAE. 
 
 Stamens epigynous or perigynous, arising from the calyx or 
 from a disk lining the calyx-tube ; or if arising from the 
 corolla, then the ovary superior and carpels more than 3 ; 
 segments of calyx always united (Calyciflorae] : 
 
xliv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Stems herbaceous or woody ; or if fleshy, then not 
 flattened or articulated ; leaves patent : 
 
 Ovary of 1 or more free carpels ; or if carpels united, then 
 
 more than 1 -celled, or if 1 -celled, then small herbs with 
 
 pendulous ovules, or leaves radical and not glandular : 
 
 Ovules attached to the inner angles or the bases of 
 
 the carpels or cells ; or if to the apex, then ovules 
 
 very many : 
 
 Carpels solitary excentric ; style terminal ; flowers 
 irregular with 10 or fewer stamens or regular and 
 usually with numerous stamens; ovules 1-many 
 on the inner angle of the carpel ; leaves almost 
 
 always stipulate LV. LEGUMINOSAE. 
 
 Carpels several ; or if solitary, then the style not 
 terminal or ovules at the base of the carpel and 
 leaves exstipulate : 
 
 Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous and then 
 petals : 
 
 Carpels free ; or if ultimately united at least 
 the styles distinct : 
 
 Stamens many ; or if only 4-5, then styles 
 
 basal ; leaves stipulate ; carpels 1-several, 
 
 free or ultimately united ; styles not terminal 
 
 LVI. ROSACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 5-10 ; stipules ; styles terminal : 
 Carpels quite free ; sepals and petals 4-5 ; 
 fruit f ollicular : 
 
 Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from 
 the base ; leaves alternate, 1 -foliate or 
 imparipinnate ; trees or climbing shrubs 
 
 LIV. CONNARACEAE. 
 
 Ovules many on the inner angles of the 
 cells ; leaves opposite, rarely the upper 
 alternate, simple ; fleshy herbs 
 
 LVIII. CRASSULACEAE. 
 Carpels united ; or if free, then petals ; 
 styles free ; fruit capsular : 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules pendulous 
 
 LVII. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 
 Ovary 2-5-celled ; or if 1 -celled, then 
 petals ; ovules axile or basal 
 
 LXXVII. AIZOACEAE. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xlv 
 
 Carpels and styles united throughout ; leaves 
 simple ; or if pinnate, then the whole plant 
 submerged ; stipules 0, or minute and deci- 
 duous : 
 
 Calyx-lobes imbricate ; or if valvate, then 
 trees with flowers in long pendulous racemes 
 and fruit a fibrous berry : 
 
 Stamens many ; anthers opening by slits ; 
 petals imbricate in bud : 
 
 Leaves opposite (in Eucalyptus of 
 2 kinds and often the later to appear 
 alternate), usually gland-dotted 
 
 LXITI. MYRTACEAE. 
 Leaves alternate, not gland-dotted 
 
 LXIV. LECYTHIDACEAE. 
 Stamens 3-12 ; anthers usually opening 
 by pores ; petals contorted in bud ; leaves 
 usually 3-5-ribbed 
 
 LXV. MELASTOMACEAE. 
 Calyx-lobes valvate ; stamens 2-12 ; or if 
 numerous, then leaves not gland-dotted and 
 fruit a capsule : 
 
 Ovary free from the calyx-tube ; or if 
 slightly adnate at the base, then sea-coast 
 trees : 
 
 Flowers axillary or in terminal panicles ; 
 petals usually crinkled ; ovary quite 
 free ; ovary and fruit 1-6-celled 
 
 LXVI. LYTHRACEAE. 
 Flowers solitary, terminal ; petals not 
 crinkled ; ovary slightly adnate at the 
 base to the calyx-tube ; ovary and fruit 
 10-15-celled ; coastal trees 
 
 LXVII. SONNERATIACEAE. 
 
 Ovary completely or half adnate to the 
 calyx-tube ; stamens as many or twice 
 as many as the petals and inserted with 
 them ; herbs and undershrubs, often in 
 marshes, sometimes floating 
 
 LXVIII. ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 Flowers 1 -sexual ; ovary always inferior : 
 Flowers symmetrical ; stamens few, usually 3, 
 
xlvi FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 with sinuous or conduplicate anthers ; styles 
 united or free only at the apex ; fruit not 
 winged ; climbers or prostrate plants, usually 
 bearing tendrils . . .LXXIII. CUCURBITACEAE. 
 Flowers not symmetrical, stamens many, free 
 or united into bundles ; anthers ovoid ; styles 
 free or united only at the base ; fruit often 
 2-3-winged ; erect herbs or shrubs, usually 
 more or less succulent 
 
 LXXV. BEGONIACEAE. 
 
 Ovules pendulous from the apex of the carpels or 
 cells ; ovary almost always inferior, usually more 
 than 1 -celled ; ovules always few : 
 
 Ovules 2 or more in each cell ; or if only 1, then 
 aquatic herbs with 1 -sexual flowers : 
 
 Herbs, often aquatic ; styles 4, free ; flowers 
 often 1 -sexual with solitary ovule 
 
 LX. HALORRHAGIDACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; flowers rarely 1 -sexual ; ovules 
 
 always more than 1 in each cell ; style single : 
 
 Ovary 2-6-celled ; or if 1 -celled, then maritime 
 
 trees ; ovary often inferior ; or if superior, 
 
 then petals fimbriate ; leaves opposite 
 
 LXI. RHIZOPHORACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled; leaves opposite or alternate; 
 fruit often 2-5-winged 
 
 LXII. COMBRETACEAE. 
 
 Ovule 1 in each cell ; flowers bisexual : 
 
 Flowers in simple or compound umbels ; leaves 
 almost always alternate, usually compound : 
 Herbs ; fruit dry, separating into two dehis- 
 cent carpels with glandular tubules containing 
 an essential oil 
 
 LXXVIII. UMBELLIFERAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent ; fruit 
 
 usually fleshy ; carpels generally more than 2, 
 
 never separating spontaneously ; devoid of 
 
 glandular tubules . . . .LXXIX. ARALIACEAE. 
 
 Flowers in axillary or terminal fascicles, cymes 
 
 or panicles, not in umbels ; fruit drupaceous, 
 
 containing 1-4 stones ; leaves always simple, 
 
 entire ; trees or shrubs : 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xlvii 
 
 Calyx 4-10-toothed ; petals 4-10, linear ; style 
 elongate ; stigma large, capitate 
 
 LXXX. ALANGIACEAE. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-lobed or truncate ; petals 4-5, Ovate; 
 style short, small, not capitate 
 
 LXXXI. CORNACEAE. 
 
 Ovary syncarpous, usually free from the calyx, occa- 
 sionally inferior or half inferior, 1 -celled, placentas 3-5, 
 parietal ; flowers regular, 3-9-merous ; ovules many ; 
 styles usually distinct : 
 
 Flowers bisexual; or if 1 -sexual, then trees with 
 milky sap, palmately lobed leaves and superior 
 ovary : 
 
 Small herbs ; leaves beset with glandular hairs ; 
 
 styles quite distinct LIX. DROSERACEAE. 
 
 Erect or climbing woody herbs, shrubs or trees 
 without glandular hairs : 
 
 Plants climbing by means of tendrils ; flowers 
 often with a distinct corona between petals and 
 
 stamens LXXI. PASSIFLORACEAE. 
 
 Erect undershrubs, shrubs or trees without 
 tendrils ; flowers without corona : 
 
 Flowers bisexual ; leaves entire or rarely 
 pinnately lobed ; sap watery : 
 Trees or large shrubs ; leaves entire, often 
 bearing pellucid glands ; sepals and petals 
 
 similar, petals LXIX. SAMYDACEAE. 
 
 Undershrubs ; leaves entire or pinnately 
 lobed, not pellucid, but usually bearing 
 2 glands at the base ; sepals and petals very 
 
 dissimilar LXX. TURNERACEAE. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; leaves palmately lobed, 
 subpeltate ; sap milky 
 
 LXXII. CARICACEAE. 
 
 Flowers 1 -sexual or polygamous ; ovary inferior ; 
 calyx-teeth minute ; petals ; large trees 
 
 LXXIV. DATISCACEAE. 
 
 Stem fleshy, flat, articulated, usually bearing large thorns 
 and smaller spines ; leaves minute ; lobes of calyx, petals 
 
 and stamens numerous LXXVI. CACTACEAE. 
 
 Petals almost always and sepals very often united, corolla 
 rarely absent ; stamens almost always fewer than 12, usually 
 
xlviii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 inserted on the corolla, seldom hypogynous, rarely epigynous ; 
 ovary inferior ; or if superior, then carpels more than 3 (Corolli- 
 florce) : 
 
 Ovary inferior ; stamens as many as, rarely fewer than and 
 always alternate with the corolla-lobes ; flowers regular or 
 sometimes more or less irregular ; fruit never of 2 elongated 
 follicles : 
 
 Stamens inserted on the corolla : 
 
 Anthers free ; ovary 2-many- celled ; calyx limb 0, 
 annular, toothed, lobed or partite : 
 Leaves opposite, usually herbaceous or membranous : 
 Stipules 0, or represented by a mere rim, or very 
 inconspicuous and lateral : 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing ; fruit a 
 1-celled drupe or a 2-3-celled berry 
 
 LXXXII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
 Herbs ; fruit dry, 1 -seeded : 
 
 Flowers in terminal panicled cymes ; calyx- 
 limb obscure in flower, pappus-like in fruit ; 
 stamens 3 ; ovary 3-celled, one 1-ovuled, two 
 empty ; fruit without involucel 
 
 LXXXIV. VALERIANACEAE. 
 Flowers in long-peduncled, terminal heads 
 surrounded by bracts ; bracteoles rigid ; calyx- 
 limb cup-shaped, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; ovary 
 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; fruit enveloped in an 
 
 involucel LXXXV. DIPSACEAE. 
 
 Stipules usually conspicuous, inserted within or 
 between the petioles or leaf -like and whorled with 
 the leaves ; ovary 2-10-celled ; ovules 1-many in 
 
 each cell LXXXIII. RUBIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves alternate, fleshy ; flowers in axillary cymes ; 
 corolla split to the base at the back ; ovary 2- 
 celled ; ovules 2, erect ; style with a cup-shaped 
 sheath including the stigma 
 
 LXXXVII. GOODENIACEAE. 
 
 Anthers cohering in a tube around the style, filaments 
 free ; flowers usually in heads, rarely solitary, sur- 
 rounded by an involucre of bracts ; calyx-limb or 
 reduced to pappus ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; fruit 
 dry ; leaves usually alternate 
 
 LXXXVI. COMPOSITAE. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xlix 
 
 Stamens free from the corolla ; ovary 2-15-celled ; ovules 
 and seeds numerous ; corolla sometimes somewhat 
 irregular ; herbs, sometimes tall 
 
 LXXXVIII. CAMPANULACEAE. 
 
 Ovary superior ; or if inferior, then stamens more numerous 
 than the corolla-lobes and anthers produced into two tubes 
 opening by pores ; or if half inferior, then stamens opposite 
 the corolla-lobes : 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled ; placentation free-central; stamens 
 inserted on the corolla ; or if nearly free, then calyx 
 covered with stalked glands : 
 
 Stamens as many as and opposite to the lobes of a 
 regular corolla : 
 
 Ovule solitary, pendulous from an ascending funicle ; 
 style 5-fid ; calyx beset with stalked glands 
 
 XCI. PLUMBAGINACEAE. 
 
 Ovules 2-many ; style undivided ; calyx not bearing 
 stalked glands : 
 
 Herbs ; fruit capsular ; leaves often in radical 
 rosettes, not gland-dotted 
 
 XCII. PRIMULACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent ; fruit a 
 berry ; leaves often gland-dotted 
 
 XCIII. MYRSINACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 2, alternate with the 3 anterior lobes of a 
 2-lipped corolla ; small, often aquatic herbs 
 
 CIX. LENTIBULARIACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 2-many-celled ; or if 2-celled, then placentas axile 
 or parietal ; or if the ovule basal and erect, then the style 
 undivided : 
 
 Stamens free from the corolla and usually more numerous 
 than its lobes : 
 
 Flowers bisexual ; stamens usually twice as many as 
 the corolla-lobes ; style simple ; ovules many in 
 each cell : 
 
 Ovary inferior, 5-celled, or apparently but falsely 
 10-celled ; fruit a berry 
 
 LXXXIX. VACCINIACEAE. 
 Ovary superior, 5-20-celled ; fruit capsular 
 
 XC. ERICACAEAE. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; stamens as many as and opposite 
 the corolla-lobes or twice as many or more ; ovary 
 
FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 superior, 3-10-celled ; styles 2-8 ; ovules always 
 twice as many as the styles, 1-2 in each cell 
 
 XCV. EBENACEAE. 
 Stamens inserted on the corolla : 
 
 Ovary 3- or more-carpelled ; or if 2-carpelled, then 
 stamens either as many as and opposite the corolla- 
 lobes or more numerous : 
 
 Ovary superior ; 2-8-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, 
 axile ; trees with milky sap or thorny 
 
 XCIV. SAPOTACEAE. 
 
 Ovary inferior, 2-4-, usually 3-celled ; ovules 2-4 
 in each cell, pendulous from the inner angles ; trees 
 or shrubs ; sap watery ; not thorny 
 
 XCVI. SYMPLOCACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 2-carpelled ; or if 3-5-carpelled, then stamens 
 either as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes 
 or fewer : 
 
 Corolla regular, rarely slightly oblique ; stamens as 
 many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes ; or 
 if corolla oblique or irregular and stamens fewer 
 than the lobes, then corolla-limb plicate or sub- 
 contorted, or stamens 2 and alternate with the 
 carpels : 
 
 Leaves opposite ; or if alternate, then either 
 floating aquatic plants with 1 -celled ovary, or 
 with free carpels and united styles ; or if carpels 
 united, then with a ring of hairy scales in the 
 corolla-throat hiding the stamens ; if leaves 0, 
 then sap milky and stamens united : 
 
 Stamens 2, alternate with the carpels ; corolla- 
 lobes 4-9, imbricate or valvate ; ovary 2-celled, 
 cells 2- or rarely 1-4- or 8-ovuled ; stipules 
 XCVII. OLEACEAE. 
 
 Stamens 4 or more, alternate with the corolla- 
 lobes : 
 
 Corolla-lobes or free petals and stamens 4 ; 
 lobes of corolla imbricate in bud ; ovary 
 1-2-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled : 
 
 Trees with united petals or thorny shrubs 
 with free petals ; leaves opposite ; flowers 
 panicled, all alike 
 
 XCVIII. SALVADORACEAE. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. li 
 
 Scapigerous herbs with united petals ; leaves 
 
 radical ; flowers in simple, elongate spikes, 
 
 often dimorphic CXVI. PLANTAGINACEAE. 
 
 Corolla-lobes 5, rarely 6-7 ; or if 4, then the 
 
 1-2 cells of the ovary many-ovuled : 
 
 Carpels free ; styles united ; or if carpels 
 also united, then corolla-lobes contorted 
 and twisted clockwise ; corolla-lobes and 
 stamens always 5 ; anthers usually 
 connate ; herbs, shrubs, often climbing, 
 and trees usually with milky sap : 
 
 Pollen granular; stigma annular or 
 interrupted below the smooth, non-stig- 
 matic, entire or 2-fid tip of the style ; fruit 
 berry-like, drupaceous or of 2 free, rarely 
 cohering follicles XCIX. APOCYNACEAE. 
 Pollen waxy or granular, aggregated in 
 solitary or paired masses in each cell of 
 the free or connate anthers ; filaments 
 usually connate ; apex of the style 
 flattened into a plane or beaked disk 
 with stigmatic border, bearing 5 glands 
 to which the pollinia are attached in 
 pairs or fours ; fruit of 2, rarely 1, free 
 
 follicles C. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 
 
 Carpels and styles always united ; stigma 
 terminal ; corolla-lobes imbricate or val- 
 vate ; or if contorted, then twisted anti- 
 clockwise ; corolla-lobes and stamens 4-5. 
 or occasionally many : 
 
 Stipules present or represented by a 
 raised line joining the bases or petioles 
 of opposite leaves ; corolla-lobes valvate 
 or imbricate ; or if contorted, then 
 corolla long-tubular and placentas 2-fid ; 
 
 ovary 2-celled CI. LOGANIACEAE. 
 
 Stipules 0, not represented by a raised 
 line ; corolla-lobes contorted ; or if 
 valvate, then leaves alternate ; ovary 
 1 -celled; or if 2-celled, then corolla 
 short, rotate and placentas undivided 
 
 CIL GENTIANACEAE. 
 
lii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Leaves alternate ; if opposite or subopposite, 
 then ovary 4-celled ; if leaves 0, then parasitic 
 herbs with watery sap and free stamens ; carpels 
 never free ; if aquatic herbs, then ovary 
 2-celled: 
 
 Ovary-cells many-ovuled : 
 
 Corolla-lobes imbricate ; styles 2 ; small 
 
 herbs GUI. HYDROLEACEAE. 
 
 Corolla-lobes plicate ; style single ; herbs 
 
 or shrubs, rarely trees 
 
 CVI. SOLANACEAE. 
 
 Ovary-cells 2-, seldom 1-, rarely 4-ovuled : 
 Corolla-lobes imbricate or contorted ; ovary 
 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled or spuriously 4-celled 
 and cells 1-ovuled; fruit of two 1-2-seeded 
 pyrenes or of four 1 -seeded nutlets ; embryo 
 with superior radicle ; herbs, shrubs or trees 
 
 CIV. BORAGINACEAE. 
 
 Corolla-lobes plicate ; if imbricate, then 
 fruit a valvular capsule or leafless parasitic 
 plants ; ovary 2-, rarely 3-5-celled ; fruit 
 usually dehiscent, or if indehiscent, then 
 embryo with inferior radicle ; usually 
 
 climbing plants CV. CONVOLVULACEAE. 
 
 Corolla irregular or at least distinctly oblique, lobes 
 overlapping ; uppermost stamen smaller than the 
 rest or reduced to a staminode or absent ; or if 
 corolla regular and cells of ovary 1-2-ovuled, then 
 embryo with inferior radicle : 
 
 Carpels 2- or more, usually many-ovuled ; or if 
 only 2-ovuled, then ovules superposed, or if 
 collateral, then fruit a 2-valved capsule opening 
 elastically from the apex : 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled with parietal placentas ; or if 
 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentas only 
 imperfectly so ; ovules many : 
 
 Leafless herbs parasitic on roots ; seeds very 
 small ; embryo very minute 
 
 CVIII. OROBANCHACEAE. 
 Leafy green herbs or undershrubs, sometimes 
 epiphytic ; ovary often inferior ; leaves 
 usually opposite CX. GESNEBIACEAE. 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. liii 
 
 Ovary 2-celled : 
 
 Fruit not opening elastically, rarely inde- 
 hiscent : 
 
 Seeds small or minute, not winged ; leaves 
 simple, sometimes very deeply lobed ; 
 herbs or shrubs : 
 
 Ovules many on placentas attached to 
 the middle of the septum ; seeds almost 
 always albuminous 
 
 CVII. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 
 
 Ovules attached singly or 1-seriately 
 under the leaves of a projecting parietal 
 2-bladed placenta ; or with 2 ovules in 
 each cell ; or the 2 cells spuriously 
 4-celled by the intrusion of a false sep- 
 tum with many ovules attached singly 
 or 2-seriately to the inner angles ; seed 
 not albuminous . . . .CXII. PEDALIACEAE 
 Seeds rather large, transverse, with broad, 
 membranous or hyaline wings ; or if not 
 winged, then trees with imparipinnate 
 leaves; embryo horizontal; fruit caps ular; 
 leaves compound. . .CXI. BIGNONIACEAE. 
 Fruit opening elastically from the apex of 
 2 loculicidal valves ; seeds usually supported 
 on upcurved processes from the placentas ; 
 leaves simple, opposite 
 
 CXIII. ACANTHACEAE. 
 
 Carpels 1-ovuled ; or if 2-ovuled, then ovules 
 collateral, not superposed and fruit indehiscent, 
 1 -seeded ; leaves opposite or whorled : 
 
 Fruit not 4-lobed ; or if 4-lobed, then drupa- 
 ceous ; or if separating into nutlets, then ovary 
 
 entire CXIV. VERBENACEAE. 
 
 Fruit separating into 4 distinct nutlets or, less 
 often, drupes, rarely 4-lobed and not separating, 
 and then not drupaceous ; ovary always 
 
 4-lobed CXV. LABIATEAE. 
 
 Corolla rarely present and calyx often absent, sometimes perianth 
 altogether lacking ; flowers more often 1- than 2-sexual ( Mono- 
 chlamydeae) : 
 
liv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Flowers very often 2-sexual ; or if 1 -sexual, then the embryo 
 peripheric-annular, or the ovule not clearly distinguishable 
 from the carpellary tissue and the seeds without testa, or 
 perianth-lobes 2 -seriate and anthers opening by valves ; 
 perianth almost always present, usually single ; or if double, 
 then the outer whorl very small, seeds without testa and 
 stamens opposite the inner perianth-lobes ; or if perianth 0, 
 then embryo peripheric-annular : 
 
 Ovary inferior ; seeds with copious albumen : 
 
 Ovary 4-6-celled ; ovules very many, 1-2-seriate ; seeds 
 with a distinct testa ; perianth 3-lobed, usually irregular ; 
 stamens 6-12 ; scandent herbs or shrubs or erect shrubs 
 
 CXXII. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled ; ovules 1-4 ; seeds without proper testa ; 
 stamens as many as and opposite the inner or only perianth- 
 lobes : 
 
 Ovules solitary, basal, erect ; perianth corolline, single 
 or occasionally double, the inner coloured, large, the 
 outer minute ; epiphytic, parasitic herbs, undershrubs 
 
 or shrubs CXXXI. LORANTHACEAE. 
 
 Ovules 2-4, pendulous from a free-central column ; 
 perianth always single, calycine or corolline ; terrestrial 
 herbs, shrubs or trees, frequently root-parasites 
 
 CXXXII. SANTALACEAE. 
 
 Ovary superior, quite free or its base adnate to the persistent 
 perianth-base ; 1-, less often 2-3-celled ; ovule 1- or 2-many 
 on a free-central placenta, or many axile or parietal : 
 Seeds usually with copious albumen ; or if albumen 
 scanty or 0, then embryo curved and excentric or peri- 
 pheric ; usually herbs, rarely shrubs or trees : 
 Stipules ; ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled : 
 
 Perianth tubular, its base adhering to the ovary, tube 
 long or short, limb truncate or 3-5-toothed or -lobed, 
 segments plicately or simply valvate 
 
 CXVII. NYCTAGINACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-lobes united only at the base, always 
 imbricate ; stamens 1-5, often connate at the base : 
 Perianth scarious and dry ; flowers always with 
 scarious or hyaline bracts and 2 bracteoles ; anthers 
 1-2-celled ; leaves membranous, opposite or 
 alternate, never terete . . CXVIII. AMARANTACEAE. 
 Perianth membranous, herbaceous, coriaceous or 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Iv 
 
 fleshy or 0, never scarious ; flowers sometimes sunk 
 in the nodes of a jointed rhachis, rarely bracteate, 
 very rarely both bracteate and 2 bracteolate ; 
 anthers 2-celled ; leaves alternate or 0, often fleshy, 
 
 sometimes terete CXIX. CHENOPODIACEAE. 
 
 Leaves stipulate ; stipules usually connate in a tube 
 around the nodes, persistent or rarely deciduous and 
 leaving a circular scar ; perianth membranous, often 
 coloured, segments 3-6, connate or free ; herbs or shrubs, 
 
 sometimes climbing CXX. POLYGONACEAE. 
 
 Seeds without albumen ; or if albuminous, then embryo 
 straight : 
 
 Aquatic, usually annual herbs, closely attached to 
 submerged rocks ; flowers bisexual, regular, 3-merous 
 with a perianth, or irregular, 2-merous and devoid of 
 
 perianth CXXI. PODOSTEMONACEAE. 
 
 Terrestrial trees, shrubs or climbers ; perianth always 
 present : 
 
 Perianth-tube narrowed above the ovary, subcorolline, 
 base persistent, upper part deciduous, lobes 4, short, 
 valvate ; stamens 4, alternate with the lobes ; ovary 
 1 -celled ; ovule 1, erect ; trees or shrubs with silvery 
 
 or stellate scales CXXX. ELAEAGNACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-tube not narrowed above the ovary, lobes 
 rather long ; stamens as many as and opposite the 
 perianth-lobes, or twice, rarely thrice as many ; ovary 
 1 -celled ; or if 2-celled, then with a ring of connate 
 scales above the stamens : 
 
 Perianth-lobes 4, valvate, revolute in open flower ; 
 stamens 4 in 1 series ; anthers opening by slits ; 
 ovules 2, basal or lateral, ascending 
 
 CXXVIII. PROTEACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-lobes 4 or 6, imbricate ; stamens often in 
 2, less often in 3 or 4 series ; ovules pendulous : 
 Perianth-tube very short, lobes 4 or 6, 2-seriate ; 
 stamens in 2-4-series, usually accompanied by 
 glands ; anthers 2- or 4-celled, opening by as 
 many upcurved, valvular lids ; shrubs or trees, 
 rarely parasitic, twining herbs 
 
 CXXVI. LAURACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-tube rather long ; lobes 4-5, 1 -seriate ; 
 stamens not accompanied by glands ; anthers 
 
Ivi FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 opening by slits ; if ovary 2-celled, then with a 
 ring of connate scales above the stamens ; shrubs 
 
 or trees CXXIX. THYMELIACEAE. 
 
 Flowers 1 -sexual ; or if 2-sexual, then perianth ; perianth, 
 when present, single ; or if double, then the outer whorl 
 conspicuous with the stamens either all central or the outer 
 whorl of stamens alternate with the inner perianth-lobes ; or if 
 the stamens of the outer whorl opposite the inner perianth- 
 lobes, then the seed with a testa and the plant not parasitic ; 
 ovary superior ; or if inferior, then stamens opposite to and 
 more numerous than the perianth-lobes ; anthers never 
 opening by valves : 
 
 Leafy herbs, shrubs or trees ; leaves sometimes much 
 reduced and then sap milky : 
 Terrestrial plants : 
 
 Ovary 1-carpelled, 1 -celled ; or if syncarpous, then 
 2- or more-celled ; ovules 1-2, collateral in each cell ; 
 or if ovary imperfectly 3-4- celled with 6-8 ovules in 
 each, then flowers 2-sexual : 
 Stipules ; trees : 
 
 Flowers bracteolate ; perianth 3, sometimes 4-lobed ; 
 stamens 6-30, connate in a column ; staminodes ; 
 ovary superior, free, 1- celled ; ovule 1, erect ; 
 fruit fleshy, at length 2-4-valved ; seed enclosed in 
 
 a thin or fleshy aril CXXV. MYRISTICACEAE. 
 
 Flowers without bracteoles or bracts ; perianth 
 
 4-7-partite in <$, 2-lobed in $ ; stamens 4-7, free, 
 
 alternating with clavate staminodes ; ovary 
 
 adhering to the perianth, 1 -celled ; ovule 1, 
 
 pendulous ; fruit a drupe-like nut crowned with 
 
 the elongate, spathulate, wing-like perianth-lobes ; 
 
 seed without aril ... .CXXVII. HEBNANDIACEAE. 
 
 Stipules present though sometimes minute and often 
 
 early deciduous ; or if absent, then flowers bisexual 
 
 and perianth : 
 
 Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled ; flowers usually very 
 small : 
 
 Seeds with copious albumen and a minute 
 embryo ; perianth almost always ; herbs or 
 shrubs : 
 
 Flowers usually 1 -sexual, sometimes bisexual ; 
 leaves usually alternate, sometimes opposite or 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Ivii 
 
 whorled, often unequal-sided ; stamens 2-4, 
 filaments short, free ; anthers 2-celled ; ovule 
 erect ; herbs or shrubs, often aromatic, some- 
 times scandent CXXIII. PIPERACEAE. 
 
 Flowers spuriously bisexual, the $ and $ 
 connate on a bract ; leaves opposite, equal- 
 sided ; stamens 1, or 3 confluent and then the 
 central anther 2-celled, the two lateral 1 -celled ; 
 ovule pendulous ; erect shrubs 
 
 CXXIV. CHLORANTHACEAE. 
 
 Seeds with little or no albumen and a large 
 embryo filling the seed-coats ; or if albumen 
 copious, then the embryo nearly or quite as long 
 as the albumen ; flowers generally 1 -sexual, often 
 dioecious, rarely bisexual or polygamous ; perianth 
 dioecious, rarely bisexual or polygamous ; 
 perianth usually present : 
 
 Filaments not inflexed in bud nor with reversed 
 anthers ; sap watery ; ovule pendulous : 
 Trees with simple, alternate leaves ; fruit 
 dry and winged or drupaceous 
 
 CXXXVI. ULMACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with palmate, compound, 
 opposite leaves, or only the uppermost 
 sometimes 1 -foliate and alternate; fruit 
 a small achene 
 
 CXXXVII. CANNABINACEAE. 
 Filaments inflexed in bud with reversed 
 anthers : 
 
 Styles or style-branches 2 ; or if style single 
 and undivided, then large trees with a milky 
 sap or flowers with a single stamen ; ovules 
 pendulous ; leaves alternate, rarely opposite 
 and then the flowers aggregated on the inner 
 walls of a closed receptacle ; herbs, shrubs 
 and trees, usually with milky sap 
 
 CXXXVIII. MORACEAE. 
 Style single, undivided ; stamens 3-5 ; ovule 
 basal, erect ; leaves alternate or opposite ; 
 herbs, shrubs or trees with watery sap, 
 sometimes beset with stinging hairs 
 
 CXXXIX. URTICACEAE. 
 
Iviii FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Ovary 2-more-celled, rarely 1 -celled, with 2 ovules 
 in each cell; or if ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, then 
 stamens many more than the perianth-lobes and 
 those of the outer or only series opposite the lobes ; 
 seeds usually with copious albumen ; or if albumen 
 scanty or 0, then fruit a capsule or drupe or berry- 
 like with fleshy or leathery pericarp : 
 
 Stipules ; perianth single, lobes free, imbricate ; 
 stamens as many as and opposite the perianth 
 lobes ; evergreen shrubs with watery sap 
 
 CXXXIV. BUXACEAE. 
 
 Stipules almost always present, though often 
 minute or falling early ; perianth usually single, 
 sometimes double or lacking in either or both 
 sexes, outer series valvate or imbricate, inner, 
 when present, free ; stamens various, often very 
 many, filaments frequently connate ; herbs, 
 shrubs and trees, very often with milky sap 
 
 CXXXV. EtJPHORBIACEAE. 
 
 Ovary syncarpous, 1-celled, placentas 2-4, not intruded; 
 ovules 4 or more, 2-seriately superposed on each placenta ; 
 flowers in catkins, 1 -sexual ; seeds small with a pencil 
 of long silky hairs ; leaves simple, stipulate ; trees 
 
 CXLI. SALICACEAE. 
 
 Submerged, dichotomously branched herbs ; leaves 
 whorled, dichotomously cleft into filiform segments ; 
 
 flowers monoecious CXLII. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Leafless herbs or trees : 
 
 Fleshy root-parasitic herbs devoid of chlorophyll ; flowers 
 dioecious, in crowded heads 
 
 CXXXIII. BALANOPHORACEAE. 
 
 Trees with slender, jointed, green branchlets with whorls 
 of small scales at the nodes ; flowers minute, monoecious 
 or dioecious, in spikes or globose heads ; perianth in $, 
 
 of 1-2 scarious scales in $ CXL. CASUARINACEAE. 
 
 Stem without central pith, the woody substance in isolated bundles 
 embedded in cellular tissue encased in a firmly adhering outer rind ; 
 leaves usually sheathing at the base and not articulated on the stem ; 
 their veins usually parallel and unbranched, running from base to 
 apex and connected by straight cross-veinlets ; embryo with only 
 1 cotyledon, the young stem arising from a lateral cavity (Mono- 
 cotyledones] : 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. lix 
 
 Perianth 2-seriate, the segments of both corolline, rarely sub- 
 herbaceous, and if so then with inferior, 1 -celled ovary ; or if 
 only the inner series corolline, then its segments much larger 
 than those of the outer series ; ovary syncarpous ; or if 
 perianth 1 -seriate, then ovary 1 -celled and either scapigerous 
 herbs with corolline perianth or submerged marine plants with 
 calycine perianth : 
 
 Seeds very small, often very minute ; albumen 0, or scanty : 
 Outer perianth-segments calycine, inner corolline or ; 
 stamens 3, 6, 9 or 15, rarely 1-2 by suppression, some often 
 converted into staminodes ; aquatic, usually submerged 
 herbs with regular, often 1 -sexual flowers 
 
 CXLVI. HYDROCHARITACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-segments of both series corolline ; flowers 
 2-sexual : 
 
 Flowers regular ; anthers 6 or 3, sessile or subsessile on 
 the perianth, not united to the gynoecium ; ovary 
 3-celled ; albumen of seeds scanty ; small annual herbs 
 
 CXLVII. BtJRMANNIACEAE. 
 
 Flowers irregular, usually markedly so by the modifi- 
 cation of one segment of the inner series to form a lip ; 
 androecium and gynoecium confluent as a column 
 bearing 1, rarely 2, sessile or nearly sessile anthers, ovary 
 
 1-celled CXLVIII. ORCHIDACEAE. 
 
 Seeds conspicuous, with copious albumen : 
 
 Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; or if 1-celled, then either flowers 
 very irregular or leaves pinnatifid : 
 
 Flowers very irregular ; outer perianth-segments 
 calycine ; perfect stamen 1 with 5 staminodes or rarely 
 5 or 6 perfect with 1-0 staminode ; seeds often arillate : 
 Both series of perianth united, tubular or spathaceous ; 
 anthers 2 -celled : 
 
 Inner perianth-series funnel-shaped below, 3-lobed 
 above ; style embraced below the stigma by the 
 single anther ; ovary sometimes 1-celled ; fruit 
 
 usually capsular CXLIX. ZINGIBERACEAE. 
 
 Both perianth-series spathaceous, entire or toothed ; 
 stamens free, 5 perfect with 1-0 staminode, rarely 6 
 perfect ; fruit berry-like, elongate-oblong 
 
 CLII. MUSACEAE. 
 
 Outer perianth-series of 3 free, equal or subequal 
 segments, inner 3 united into a tube below ; single 
 
Ix FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 anther 1 -celled, laterally adnate to a broad petaloid 
 filament : 
 
 Ovule 1 in each cell ; embryo curved ; style 
 excentric, incurved or involute . .CL. MARANTACEAE. 
 Ovules many in each cell ; embryo straight ; style 
 
 terminal, flattened CLI. CANNACEAE. 
 
 Flowers regular or nearly so : 
 
 Outer perianth-series calycine ; stamens 6 
 
 CLIII. BROMELIACEAE. 
 
 Both perianth-series corolline ; or if, rarely, both 
 subherbaceous, then leaves pinnatifid ; stamens 
 usually 6, rarely 3 with 3 staminodes : 
 
 Leaves radical, pinnatifid ; filaments dilated at 
 apex into a hood containing the anthers ; ovary 
 
 1-celled ; fruit a berry CLVI. TACCACEAE. 
 
 Leaves entire ; or if simply lobed or digitately 
 compound, then climbing herbs with 1 -sexual 
 flowers and winged capsules : 
 
 Ovules many, 2-seriate on the inner angle of each 
 cell ; leaves radical or clustered at the apex of a 
 short stem ; herbs or large shrubs, the root a bulb 
 
 corni or tuber CLV. AMARYLLIDACEAE. 
 
 Ovules 2-several in each cell, not 2-seriate : 
 Leaves radical, ovules 2-several, basal, erect ; 
 erect herbs ; fruit not winged 
 
 CLIV. HAEMODORACEAE. 
 
 Leaves cauline or terminal ; ovules 2, super- 
 posed ; climbing, rarely erect herbs or shrubs 
 with 3-winged capsules CLVII. DIOSCOREACEAE. 
 Ovary superior ; flowers regular or nearly so : 
 
 Inflorescence not a bracteate head ; both perianth-series 
 present and of the same number of subequal segments : 
 Both perianth-series corolline : 
 
 Perianth-segments 2-merous ; stamens 4 ; ovary 
 
 1-celled; twining plants CLVIII. ROXBURGHIACEAE. 
 
 Perianth segments 3-merous ; stamens 6 or 3 : 
 
 Dry-ground herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing ; 
 
 inflorescence never terminating a 1 -leafed scape ; 
 
 embryo small, shorter than and completely 
 
 enclosed in the albumen CLIX. LILIACEAE. 
 
 Aquatic, erect or floating herbs ; inflorescence 
 terminating a 1 -leafed scape ; embryo cylindric, 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Ixi 
 
 as long as and lying in a central canal in the 
 
 albumen CLX. PONTEDERIACEAE. 
 
 Outer perianth-series calycine, inner corolline ; embryo 
 marginal or only partly enclosed in the albumen 
 
 CLXII. COMMELINACEAE. 
 
 Inflorescence in a dense head supported by rigid, dark- 
 brown, imbricating bracts ; perianth 3-merous, outer 
 segments bract-like, scarious, one conspicuously larger 
 than the other 2, inner segments corolline 
 
 CLXI. XYRIDACEAE. 
 
 Perianth-series both calycine ; or if the inner series corolline, 
 then its segments not larger than those of the outer ones ; or if 
 the perianth 1 -seriate, then calycine and either terrestrial plants 
 or aquatic herbs with 1-carpelled or apocarpous ovary ; or 
 perianth reduced to scales or bristles or altogether wanting ; or 
 if perianth-segments of inner series corolline and larger than those of 
 the outer series, then aquatic herbs with apocarpous ovary ; ovary 
 always superior : 
 
 Perianth regularly 2-seriate, 3-merous ; ovary syncarpous ; 
 seeds albuminous ; or if ovary apocarpous and seeds without 
 albumen, then in erect, scapigerous herbs with conspicuous, 
 whorled, paniculate or umbellate flowers : 
 
 Both perianth-series calycine, rigid or herbaceous ; ovary 
 syncarpous ; albumen copious : 
 
 Grass-like herbs with slender, linear or terete leaves, or 
 leaves reduced to sheaths ; flowers in bracteate cymes ; 
 fruit a 3-valved capsule ; embryo enclosed in the albumen 
 
 CLXIII. JUNCACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by hooked thorns, 
 with flabellate-plicate or pinnatisect leaves ; flowers in 1 
 or more sheathing spathes ; fruit indehiscent ; embryo in 
 a small pit near the circumference of the albumen 
 
 CLXIV. PALMACEAE. 
 
 Perianth of a single series of calycine, valvate segments, or of 
 2 series with the outer herbaceous and the inner corolline ; 
 ovary apocarpous ; albumen : 
 
 Leafless, saprophytic herbs without chlorophyll ; perianth 
 1 -seriate, 3-8-partite or -lobed ; flowers insignificant, 
 monoecious or dioecious, in terminal corymbs or racemes 
 
 CLXIX. TRIURIDACEAE. 
 
 Leafy, green, marsh- or water-plants, often with milky 
 juice ; perianth 2-seriate, outer 3 herbaceous, inner 3 
 
Ixii FLORA OF HABEAS. 
 
 corolline ; flowers 2-sexual or monoecious, conspicuous in 
 
 umbellate or panicled whorls CLXX. ALISMACEAE. 
 
 Perianth 0, or reduced to scales or bristles ; or if perianth 
 herbaceous or hyaline, then the segments either not regularly 
 3-merous, or if, rarely, 6 in 2 rows, then erect, aquatic weeds 
 with small flowers in simple racemes or spikes and fleshy, not 
 horseshoe-shaped embryo : 
 
 Inflorescence of many- or few-flowered spadices or spikes or 
 racemes ; or if flowers solitary, then not in the axils of 
 modified, glumaceous bracts : 
 
 Flowers on a spadix subtended and usually covered by a 
 more or less modified spathe ; terrestrial trees or shrubs, 
 sometimes scandent, sometimes marsh plants, very rarely 
 free floating : 
 
 Shrubs or trees with long, ensiform, spinulose leaves 
 arranged in 3-farious spirals ; often with aerial roots ; 
 flowers dioecious, crowded and catkin-like ; spadix 
 often branched ; spathe little modified, sometimes 
 
 coloured ; perianth CLXV. PANDANACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing by aerial roots ; 
 seldom marsh plants, very rarely free floating ; flowers 
 2-sexual or monoecious, rarely dioecious and then 
 tuberous-rooted with much modified spathes ; spadix 
 simple ; leaves not in spirals rarely spinous ; perianth 
 
 or of scales CLXVII. ARACEAE. 
 
 Flowers not on a spadix ; or if on a spadix, then not 
 covered by a spathe or spathaceous bracts ; aquatic or 
 marsh plants, sometimes free-floating : 
 
 Free-floating minute, lenticular or granular plants 
 with 1 or more roots that do not enter the soil ; flowers 
 very minute from the margins or the upper side of a 
 
 frond ; perianth CLXVIII. LEMNACEAE. 
 
 Fixed herbs with erect, scapigerous or elongate 
 floating or submerged leafy stems, arising from a 
 usually creeping stock rooted in the soil ; perianth 
 present or : 
 
 Perianth of filiform bristles or membranous scales ; 
 rootstock creeping, emitting annual stems ; leaves 
 elongate, linear; flowers on cylindric or globose 
 1 -sexual, superposed spadices; ovary 1 -celled, borne 
 
 on a hairy gynophore CLXVI. TYPHACEAE. 
 
 Perianth 0, or of 1-4 herbaceous or hyaline segments, 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Ixiii 
 
 or tubular ; inflorescence rarely spadix-like and then 
 in herbs with leafy submerged floating stems ; ovary 
 sessile, of 1-several free carpels ; fruit of follicles 
 or an achene ; or if drupaceous, then of 2 or 
 more free carpels ; marine or fresh-water erect or 
 floating herbs : 
 
 Flowers in racemes or spikes ; or if axillary, then 
 the ovule solitary and pendulous ; ovary of 2-9 free 
 carpels ; fruit of follicles or drupelets : 
 
 Ovules 2-8 ; basal or 2-seriate on the ventral 
 suture, ascending ; perianth of 1-3 white or 
 coloured segments ; stamens 6 in 2 whorls ; fruit 
 of 3 inflated, beaked follicles 
 
 CLXXI. APONOGETONACEAE. 
 Ovule 1, apical or parietal, pendulous ; perianth 
 0, or of 3-4 green segments, rarely cupular ; 
 anthers 1-4, sessile ; fruit of 2-9 drupelets 
 
 CLXXII. POTAMOGETONACEAE. 
 
 Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered ; ovary of 
 1 carpel ; ovule 1, basal, erect ; perianth tubular, 
 herbaceous or hyaline, or in $ ; anther 1, adnate 
 to the perianth ; fruit an achene 
 
 CLXXIII. NAJADACEAE. 
 
 Inflorescence of heads or spikelets composed of solitary 
 flowers in the axils of glumaceous bracts ; perianth 
 segments small, bristle- or scale-like or ; seeds albu- 
 minous : 
 
 Flowers in depressed or subglobose, usually androgynous 
 heads, always 1-sexual ; ovary 3- or 2-celled ; ovule 1 in 
 each cell, pendulous ; perianth segments 6 or fewer, 
 usually in 2 series, membranous, scarious or hyaline, free 
 or connate ; usually aquatic or marsh, scapigerous herbs 
 
 CLXXIV. ERIOCAULACEAE. 
 
 Flowers in spikelets with imbricating glumes, 1- or 2-sexual, 
 rarely dioecious ; ovary 1 -celled ; ovule 1, erect or 
 ascending ; perianth or of bristles or scales ; grassy 
 herbs, shrubs or trees : 
 
 Stems solid ; leaves 3-ranked, rarely ; sheaths rarely 
 with a ligule, closed in front ; perianth or of bristles 
 or scales ; fruit a compressed or 3-angled nut with the 
 seed free within ; embryo inside the albumen ; sedges 
 
 CLXXV. CYPEBACEAE. 
 
Ixiv FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Stems usually hollow except at the nodes ; leaves 
 2-ranked, very rarely subspirally arranged ; sheaths 
 almost always with a ligule and split in front ; perianth 
 represented by 2, rarely 3 or more hyaline scales, rarely 
 ; fruit a grain with the seed-coat adhering to the 
 pericarp, rarely free within it ; embryo at the base of 
 the albumen : grasses and bamboos 
 
 CLXXVI. GRAMINEAE. 
 
FLORA uo2 'I 
 
 j 
 
 OV THE 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE, C.I.E., M.A., F.B.S., F.L.S. 
 
 LATE OF THE INDIAN FOREST DEPARTMENT 
 
 PART I. 
 RANUNCULACEAE TO OPILIAGEAE 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDEE THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 (Calcutta 
 
 1915 
 
nc* 
 
 INTKODUCTION TO PAET I. 
 
 IT has been arranged that the * Flora of Madras ' should 
 issue in Parts of 192 pages each, and this is the first of the 
 Parts. Others will issue by degrees until the whole is 
 complete, when the Introduction to the whole with the Key 
 to the Families will be prepared, to be placed, for binding 
 purposes, at the beginning of the work. 
 
 It is right to explain here that the draft of the botanical 
 portion of about the first 132 pages was prepared by Mr. 
 S. T. Dunn, B.A., F.L.S., F.B.G.S., late Superintendent of 
 the Botanical and Forestry Department at Hong Kong. He 
 was then, most unfortunately, obliged to relinquish his share 
 in the work, so that the responsibility for its continuation and 
 for the work of editing the whole rests entirely with the 
 
 undersigned. 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE. 
 
 Liss : Nov. 1915. 
 
FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 L THALAMIFLORAE. 
 
 Sepals herbaceous, rarely ptetaloid, distinct, imbricate or valvate 
 or connate in a tube with lobes imbricate valvate or open, free or, 
 rarely, with the base of the tube adnate to ihe base of the ovary. 
 Torus small, or raised or stalk-like, or thickened or fleshy or 
 crowned by a disk, annular or cupular or flattened, entire or 
 lobed or broken into glands, free or adnate to calyx and ovary 
 or to ovary alone, rarely to calyx alone. Petals 1-2-seriate, 
 unlike the sepals, or 2-many-seriate passing gradually from 
 the sepals or as many as the sepals or fewer by abortion, 
 inserted on the torus or adnate to the base of the calyx external 
 to the disk, or sometimes when the disk is absent adnate at the 
 base to the stamens, or 0. Stamens numerous or few, inserted on 
 the torus or rarely on the base of the calyx, free or adnate to the 
 base of the petals, or few and inserted around upon or within the 
 disk. Carpels free or connate, or rarely more or less embedded 
 in the fleshy torus, or immersed in the thickened disk. 
 
 Family I. RANUNCULACEAE. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or 
 alternate or rarely opposite. Stipules 0, or adnate to the petiole 
 or, rarely, free. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular or 
 irregular. Bracts rare. Disk very rare. Sepals 5 or more, rarely 
 fewer, very rarely persistent, often petaloid, imbricate or rarely 
 valvate. Petals 5 or more or 0, rarely 4 or 3, hypogynous, 
 imbricate, often minute or deformed. Stamens hypogynous, 
 usually numerous in many rows. Anthers adnate, opening 
 laterally or outwards. Carpels numerous, rarely 1, free or rarely 
 coherent ; stigma simple, usually sessile ; ovules anatropous, 
 sometimes solitary, ascending with a ventral raphe or pendu- 
 lous with a dorsal raphe, sometimes numerous and horizontal 
 on the ventral suture. Fruit of one-seeded beaked or plumose 
 achenes or many-seeded follicles or rarely a capsule or berry. 
 Seeds small, with copious albumen and a minute embryo. 
 
 1 B 
 
 M134G05 
 
: 2.: *: *, - FLORA OF MADRAS. [clematis. 
 
 ** 
 
 Leaves opposite ; sepals valvate ; climbing shrubs : 
 
 Petals ; tendrils ; ripe carpels ovate 1. Clematis. 
 
 Petals many, linear; terminal leaflet generally transformed into a 
 tendril; ripe carpels linear 2. Naravelia. 
 
 Leaves radical or alternate ; sepals imbricate ; herbs : 
 
 Petals 0, but sepals often petaloid : 
 
 Flowers moderately large, supported by an involucre of bracts 
 
 3. Anemone. 
 
 Flowers small, not involucrate 4. Thalictrum. 
 
 Petals and sepals present 5. Ranunculus. 
 
 1. Clematis, Linn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or compound, ex- 
 stipulate, petioles often twining. Inflorescence axillary or ter- 
 minal. Sepals usually 4, petaloid, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens 
 many. Carpels numerous, distinct, with 1 pendulous ovule in 
 each. Fruit a head of sessile or stalked achenes with long 
 usually feathery styles. 
 
 Stamens with glabrous filaments : 
 
 Flowers over 1 in. in diam. , few in a panicle ; sepals velvety brown 
 outside ; leaflets usually 7-ribbed, sometimes serrate ; achene tails 
 2-3 in. long : 
 
 Sepals at maturity glabrous within ; connective much produced 
 beyond the anther ; leaves 1-3-foliolate : 
 
 Flowers erect ; filaments uniform in thickness 1. smilacifolia. 
 
 Flowers nodding ; filaments constricted below the anthers 
 
 2. Munroana. 
 
 Sepals tomentose within when mature ; connective produced very 
 
 little if at all beyond the anther ; leaves 3-foliolate...3. theobromina. 
 
 Flowers under 1 in. in diam., many in a panicle ; sepals puberulous ; 
 
 leaflets 3-5-ribbed, sometimes coarsely toothed ; achene tails 2 in. 
 
 long : 
 
 Flowers more than ? in. in diam. ; connective produced consider 
 
 ably beyond the anther 4. Bourdillonii. 
 
 Flowers under '5 in. in diam. ; connective not produced 
 
 5. gouriana. 
 
 Stamens with pubescent filaments ; leaves pubescent or tomentose ; 
 leaflets usually 3-5-lobed, more or less coarsely dentate ; flowers over 
 2 in. in diam. , pale yellow : 
 
Naravelia.] RANVNCULACEAE. 3 
 
 Sepals ovate, spreading from the base ; veins of leaflets thick, promi- 
 nent 6. Wightiana. 
 
 Sepals oblong-lanceolate, erect at the base, recurved at the tip ; veins 
 of leaflets slender, little raised 7. nutans* 
 
 1. CLEMATIS SMILACIFOLIA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 3 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1. 
 
 Hills of Ganjam ; W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, 
 up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 2. CLEMATIS MUNROANA, Wt. 111. i. 5, t. 1. 
 
 Hill ranges from Coorg through the Nilgiris, Anamalais 
 and Pulneys. 
 
 3. CLEMATIS THEOBROMINA, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 181. 
 
 Nilgiris, at Coonoor and Naduvatarn at 6,000 to 8,000 ft. alt. 
 
 4. CLEMATIS BOURDILLONII, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 181. 
 
 Travancore, Merchiston Estate, at 2,500 ft. alt. 
 
 5. CLEMATIS GOURIANA, Koxb. ; F. B. Li. 4 ; W. & A. 2 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 933-4. 
 
 A very common species, found in hilly regions in almost all 
 Districts. 
 
 6. CLEMATIS WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 5 ; W. & A. 2; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 935. 
 
 Hills of Ganjam and south to the Kistna ; common in the 
 W. Ghats, especially in Nilgiris, up to 7,500 ft. 
 
 7. CLEMATIS NUTANS, Eoyle ; F. B. I. i. 5. 
 
 Hills of the N. Circars, in Ganjam and Vizagapatam, up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. Naravelia, DC. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate, terminal leaflet usually 
 transformed into a tendril. Flowers axillary or in terminal 
 panicles, normally 5 . Seimls 4-5. Petals 6-12, narrow, usually 
 elongating after the fall of the calyx. Stamens many. Achenes 
 long, narrow, stalked, prolonged into a feathery style, which per- 
 sists in fruit as a twisted pilose tail. 
 
 NARAVELIA ZEYLANICA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 7 ; W. & A. 2 ; Roxb. 
 Cor. PL ii. t. 188. 
 
 A climbing shrub with ovate -lanceolate downy sepals and 
 elongated linear-clavate yellow petals. Fruit a head of linear 
 achenes ending in twisted feathery tails. 
 Common in hedges and thickets in nearly all Districts. 
 
4 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Anemone. 
 
 3. Anemone, Linn. 
 
 Perennial herbs. Leaves radical, more or less cut or lobed. 
 Flowers single or several together on simple or branched scapes ; 
 involucre 3-partite ; bracts free or connate. Sepals 4-20, petaloid, 
 imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens numerous, outer sometimes 
 petaloid. Carpels many, 1-ovuled ; ovules pendulous. Fruit a 
 head of sessile achenes, with short or long, hooked or straight, 
 naked or bearded, styles. 
 
 ANEMONE RIVULAEIS, Ham. ; F. B. I. i. 9. A. dubia, Wall. ; 
 W. & A. 3. A. Wiglitiana, Wall. ; W. & A. 3 ; Wt. Ic. t. 936. 
 
 A strong perennial herb with rootstock sheathed in fibres. 
 
 Leaves radical, long-petioled, 3-partite. Flowers about 1 in. 
 
 in diam., sepals white within, blue outside or sometimes pink 
 
 or yellow. Achenes glabrous with hooked styles. 
 
 Hills of the W. Ghats, especially in the Nilgiris, Anarnalais 
 
 and Pulneys, usually above 6,000 ft. 
 
 4. Thalictrum, Linn. 
 
 Erect, stiff, perennial herbs. Leaves compound ; petioles sheath- 
 ing, often auricled or stipuled. Floivers in panicles or racemes, 
 often polygamous, not involucrate. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, imbri- 
 cate in bud. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels few or numerous ; 
 ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a head of small sessile or stalked 
 achenes ; style persistent or deciduous. 
 
 Leaves more than three times ternately divided, leaflets mostly cuneate,. 
 obtuse at base ; flowers white; achenes *2 in. long (with style) forming a 
 loose head : 
 
 Beak of achene ^ of seed-bearing part 1. javanicum. 
 
 Beak of achene equal to seed-bearing part 2. saniculaeforme. 
 
 Leaves once or twice ternately divided ; leaflets mostly orbicular, cor- 
 date; flowers white ; achenes - 1 in. (with style) forming a small compact 
 globe 3. Dalzellii. 
 
 1. THALICTRUM JAVANICUM, Bl. ; F. B. I. i. 13. T. glyphocarpum, 
 W. & A. 2 ; Wt. Ic. t. 48. 
 
 Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam ; W. Ghat Eange, usually 
 at over 6,000 ft. 
 
 2. THALICTRUM SANICULAEFORME, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 13. 
 
 Hills of W. Ghats n Mysore and Nilgiris, scarce. 
 
Ranunculus.] DILLENIACEAE, 5 
 
 3. THALICTRUM DALZELLII, Hook. ; F. B. I. i. 18. 
 
 Mysore, in the Bababudan Hills. 
 
 5. Ranunculus, Linn. 
 
 Annual or perennial, land or water herbs. Leaves entire, lobed 
 or dissected ; stipules membranous or 0. Flowers white or yellow, 
 single or panicled. Sepals 3-5, deciduous or caducous, imbricate. 
 Petals 5 or rarely more, very rarely 0, often bearing a nectary near 
 the base. Stamens many, l^rnit a head or spike of beaked or 
 apiculate achenes. 
 
 Achenes not compressed, oblong-globose ; leaves long-stalked, oval or 
 orbicular, coarsely crenate only, usually cordate ; flowers yellow 
 
 1. reniformi*. 
 Achenes compressed ; leaves deeply divided : 
 
 Achenes finely and evenly pitted ; sepals spreading ; petals yellow 
 
 2. subpinnatus . 
 Achenes tubercled or muricate ; sepals reflexed : 
 
 Achenes 5 times longer than their beak, with a few blunt tubercles ; 
 
 petals yellow 3. irallichianus . 
 
 Achenes only slightly longer than beak, with prominent, usually 
 numerous and spiny tubercles; petals yellow ..4. muricutus. 
 
 1. RANUNCULUS RENIFORMIS, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 16 ; W. & A. 3 ; 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 2, Ic. t. 75. 
 
 Higher hills of the W. Ghats, usually at over 6,000 ft. 
 
 2. KANUNCULUS SUBPINNATUS, W. & A. 4 ; Wt. Ic. t. 49. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, at over 6,000 ft. 
 
 3. RANUNCULUS WALLICHIANUS, W. & A. 4 ; F. B. I. i. 20 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 937. 
 
 W. Ghats, common, usually at over 6,000 feet. 
 
 4. RANUNCULUS MURICATUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 20. 
 
 Nilgiris, banks of Ootacamund Lake at 7,000 ft. 
 
 Family II. DILLENIACEAE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, entire, toothed or rarely pinnatipartite ; petioles with 
 sheaths and without stipules or without sheaths and with lateral 
 deciduous stipules. Flowers yellow or white, sometimes very 
 jarge. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals (3-)5, deciduous. 
 
6 FLORA OF MADRAS, [Acrotrema. 
 
 Stamens in many hypogynous series ; anthers innate with lateral 
 or apical dehiscence. Carpels 1 or more, free or joined at the 
 axis ; styles quite distinct ; ovules amphitropous, solitary or few, 
 and ascending or many, and attached to the ventral suture. 
 Fruit follicular or indehiscent and sub-baccate. Seeds 1-many, 
 with an aril, testa crustaceous, raphe short, albumen fleshy ; 
 embryo next the hilum, minute. 
 
 Herbs, usually stemless, with large radical leaves 1. Acrotrema. 
 
 Trees or climbing shrubs : 
 
 Stamens with filaments thickened upwards and oblique anther cells ; 
 
 fruit of several shining follicles 2. Tetracera. 
 
 Stamens with cylindric filaments and parallel anther cells ; fruit 
 
 globose, enclosed in the enlarged fleshy calyx 3. Dillenia. 
 
 1. Acrotrema, Jack. 
 
 Herbs, usually stemless with woody rhizomes. Leaves large, 
 parallel-nerved, entire, toothed or pinnatipartite, with deciduous 
 sheathing stipules. Scape short, axillary, many-bracteolate. 
 Flowers large, yellow. Sepals and petals 5 each. Stamens 
 numerous, in 3 bundles, which alternate with the carpels ; fila- 
 ments thread-like ; anthers erect, dehiscing from the middle to the 
 top. Carpels 3, slightly cohering at the axis ; styles subulate, 
 recurved; ovules 2 or more. Follicles 3, bursting irregularly. 
 Seed solitary; aril membranous; testa crustaceous, pitted. 
 
 ACROTEEMA ARNOTTIANUM, Wight J F. B. I. i. 32. 
 
 Stem short, rarely none or elongated ; leaves obovate- oblong, 
 blunt, sharply toothed, 6-12 in. long; scape many-flowered, 
 axis long or abbreviated. 
 
 Forests of W. Ghats in Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 1,000- 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. Tetracera, Linn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs or trees, scabrid or pubescent. Leaves with 
 parallel main nerves. Floivers in terminal or lateral panicles, 
 hermaphrodite or sometimes unisexual. Sepals 46, spreading. 
 Petals 4-6. Stamens many, with filaments dilated upwards and 
 distant anther-cells. Carpels 3-5 ; ovules many, in 2 rows. 
 Follicles coriaceous, shining. Seeds 1-5, with a fimbriate or 
 toothed aril, 
 
Dillenia.l DILLENIACEAE. 1 
 
 TETRACERA LAEVIS, Vahl ; F. B. T. i. 31. T. Rheedii, DC.; 
 W. & A. 5 ; Wt. Ic. t. 70. 
 
 A glabrous climbing shrub with smooth leaves ; sepals glabrous 
 
 outside, silky within, broadly oval ; petals white ; follicles 
 
 1-2-seeded. 
 
 Forests of Malabar and Travancore. 
 
 3. Dillenia, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves large, with conspicuous parallel main nerves. 
 Flowers large, solitary or fascicled, yellow or white. Segals 5, 
 spreading. Petals 5, broad. Stamens cohering slightly at the 
 base ; anthers linear, dehiscing by pores or small slits ; inner erect 
 or recurved, introrse, outer recurved, extrorse. Carpels 5-20, 
 cohering at the axis ; ovules numerous. Fruit globose, com- 
 prising the matured indehiscent carpels and the enveloping 
 thickened fleshy calyx ; seeds not arillate. 
 
 Flowers 2-3 in. across, in few-flowered racemes; sepals silky; leaves 
 
 ovate-oblong, crenate : 
 
 Leaves blunt at top, cuneate at base, serrate, glabrous ; petals narrow, 
 
 spathulate; twigs and peduncles nearly glabrous 1. retusa. 
 
 Leaves blunt at base, crenate, pubescent, at least on the nerves ; petals 
 broadly obovate ; twigs and peduncles very silky 2. bracteata. 
 
 Flowers 1 or 6 in. across, solitary or fascicled on the old wood ; sepals 
 
 glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate : 
 
 Flowers white, solitary, 6 in. across, terminal, appearing with the 
 
 leaves; leaves under 1 ft. long 3. indica. 
 
 Flowers yellow, clustered on nodes of the old wood, 1 in. across, 
 appearing before the leaves; leaves often 2 ft. long 4. pentafjyna,. 
 
 1. DILLENIA RETUSA, Thunb. ; F. B. I. i. 87; W. & A. 6. 
 Wormia bracteata, Bedd. Fl. t. 115 (not of Wight). 
 
 Forests of the Bolampatti and Anamalai Hills in Coimbatore 
 
 District. 
 
 A large and ornamental tree, scarce in the Peninsula. 
 
 2. DILLENIA BRACTEATA, Wt. Ic. t. 358 ; F. B. I. i. 37. 
 
 Dry forests of the Nilgiris, Mysore, North Arcot and 
 Chingleput, not common. 
 
 3. DILLENIA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 36. D. speciosa, Thunb. ; 
 W. & A. 5 ; Wt. Ic. t. 823 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 103. 
 
 Damp valleys of the hills of the N. Circars ; also in 
 
8 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dillenia. 
 
 the Malabar Ghats; often cultivated in gardens and near 
 temples. 
 
 A beautiful evergreen tree. Vern. Hind. Chalta ; Ur. Rai ; 
 TeL Pedda Kalinga ; Tarn. Uva ; Mai. Syalita ; Mar. Mota 
 Karmal. 
 
 4. DILLENIA PENTAGYNA, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 20 ; F. B. I. i. 38 ; 
 W. & A. 5; Bedd. Fl. t. 104. 
 
 Dry forests and grass lands in most Districts, common 
 and conspicuous both in leaf and in flower. 
 A deciduous tree. Vern. Ur. Eai ; Tel. Chinna Kalinga ; 
 Tarn. Nai-tekku ; Mai. Koddapanna. 
 
 Family III. MAGNOLIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often aromatic. Leaves 
 alternate, entire or rarely toothed; stipules convolute or 0. 
 Flowers axillary and terminal, sometimes unisexual, white 
 yellow or red, often showy and fragrant. Sepals and petals 
 similar, very deciduous, arranged in whorls of 3. Stamens very 
 numerous or rarely as few as 5, hypogynous, filaments free or 
 monadelphous ; anthers adnate, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. 
 Carpels indefinite, free or cohering to an elongated axis or in one 
 whorl ; styles usually short, stigmatose on the inner surface ; 
 ovules anatropous or amphitropous, 2 or more on the ventral 
 suture. Fruit baccate, follicular or of woody dehiscent carpels 
 which are sometimes arranged in a cone. Seeds 1 or few, some- 
 times pendulous from a long funicle ; testa single and crustaceous 
 or double with the outer part fleshy ; albumen granular or fleshy 
 and oily ; embryo minute ; cotyledons spreading ; radicle short, 
 blunt, next the hilum. 
 
 Trees with perfect flowers and oblong spikes of leathery dehiscent 
 
 carpels ......1. Michelia. 
 
 Climbers with unisexual flowers and globular fleshy fruits... 2. Kadsura. 
 
 1. Miehelia, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, enveloped in bud in 
 their connate, convolute stipules. Flowers solitary, axillary or 
 terminal. Sepals and petals similar, 9-15 or more, in 3 or more 
 rows. Stamens numerous, manyTseriate, with flat filaments ; 
 
K,idur>i. tofAQtfOLtACJEAE. 9 
 
 anthers adnate, introrse. Carpels in a loose stalked spike ; 
 stigma decurrent ; ovules 2 or more. Fruit a lax or dense spike 
 of coriaceous dorsally dehiscing carpels. Seed* pendulous; Iron* 
 the carpels by a long thread ; outer wall of testa fleshy; albumen 
 oily. 
 
 Leaves more than 4 in. long, gradually narrowed upwards from below 
 
 the middle ; flowers yellow 1. Cliampaca. 
 
 Leaves 2-4 in. long, shortly acuminate; flowers white, sometimes with 
 a tinge of yellow 2. inlmjirii'u. 
 
 1. MICHELIA CHAMPACA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 42 ; W. & A. 6 ; King 
 Ann. Calc. iii. 216, t. 64; Brand. For. Fl. t. 1. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Ghats, in Mysore, Coorg, the 
 Anamalais and Pulneys and Travancore ; perhaps also 
 occasionally in the hills of the N. Circars ; elsewhere much 
 cultivated, especially about temples for the sake of its 
 flowers. 
 
 A tall evergreen tree with a valuable yellowish wood. 
 Vern. Hind. Champa ; Tel. Champakam ; Tarn. Shem- 
 buga, Chambugam. 
 
 2. MICHELIA NILAKIIIICA, /cnk. ; F. B. 1. i. 44; Wt. Ic. t. 988 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 62 ; King Ann. Calc. iii. 216, t. 65. 
 
 Shola forests of the Nilgiris, Anamalais and Pulneys above 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome tree with a yellowish wood, valuable for 
 carpentry work. Vern. Tarn. Shembuga. 
 
 2. Kadsura, Kaempfer. 
 
 Climbing glabrous shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers uni- 
 sexual, white, yellow or reddish, axillary or in the axis of scales 
 near the base of short lateral leafy branches or from the old wood. 
 Sepals and petals 9 to 12 in all, imbricate in about 3 rows. Male 
 flowers with 5-15 or more stamens in a spiral series ; filaments 
 very short, free or subconnate, often fleshy ; anthers free or partly 
 immersed in a fleshy head of confluent filaments; cells small 
 distant. Female flowers with many densely imbricated ovaries ; 
 stigmas sessile ; ovules 2-4. Fruit a globose head of indehiscent 
 fleshy 1-seeded carpels. Seeds 1-2, suspended; albumen fleshy; 
 testa crustaceous ; embryo minute. 
 
10 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Kadnira. 
 
 KADSURA BOXBURGHIANA, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 45 ; King Ann. Calc. 
 iii. 222, t. 73A. K. WigUiana, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 45. 
 
 Petals roundish, concave, outer larger ; berries cuneate 
 
 globose, scarlet. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, in Malabar. 
 
 Family IY. ANONACEAB. 
 
 Trees or shrubs often climbing and frequently aromatic. Leaves 
 alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, more or less distichous ; 
 stipules 0. Flowers 2- or rarely 1-sexual, greenish purple, red, 
 brown or yellow. Sepals 3 or rarely 2, free or connate. Petals 6, 
 usually thick and fleshy, generally biseriate, hypogynous, valvate 
 or slightly imbricate, the inner sometimes absent, very rarely 
 coherent. Stamens many, closely packed on the torus or rarely 
 few in one whorl ; filaments short or ; anthers adnate, bilocular 
 with dorsal or lateral, contiguous or distant cells, with longitudinal 
 dehiscence ; connective produced into an oblong or truncate head. 
 Carpels numerous or rarely few or solitary, distinct or rarely 
 coherent with distinct stigmas, sessile on the top of the torus ; 
 styles short or ; ovules one or more, anatropous. Fruit of 1 or 
 more distinct sessile or stalked 1- or many-seeded, usually in- 
 dehiscent, carpels or rarely of several carpels cohering together in 
 a 1- or many-locular, dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit. 
 Seeds with abundant ruminate albumen and a minute basal 
 embryo with divaricate cotyledons. 
 
 Petals imbricate in bud (Tribe i. UVARIEAE) : 
 
 Stamens with connectives produced and not concealing the anthers ; 
 
 trees 1. Sageraea. 
 
 Stamens with anthers concealed by the overlapping connectives; 
 
 climbing shrubs 2. Uvaria. 
 
 Petals valvate or open in bud : 
 
 Anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connectives : 
 Outer petals spreading, flat or only concave at the base : 
 
 Inner petals spreading like the outer or none (Tribe ii. UNONEAE) : 
 Petals bent in at the base over the stamens and ovaries, then 
 spreading : 
 
 Peduncles not hooked, carpel 1, many-ovuled 
 
 3. Cyathocalyx. 
 Peduncles hooked, carpels many, l-2-ovuled...4. Artabotrys. 
 
Sageraea. ] A NONA CEA F. 11 
 
 Petals flat, spreading from the base : 
 
 Ovules 2-6, in one row on the ventral suture ; carpels 2- or 
 
 more-seeded 5. Unona. 
 
 Ovules 1 or 2, basal ; carpels baccate, l-seeded...6. Polyalthia. 
 Inner petals dissimilar to the outer, arching over the stamens 
 and ovaries and meeting at their tips (Tribe iii. MITREPHOREAE) : 
 Inner petals without claws : 
 
 Inner petals as large as the outer but not larger, tomentose 
 
 outside 7. Popowia. 
 
 Inner petals much larger than outer, glabrous 
 
 8. Phaeanthus. 
 
 Inner petals clawed and connivent in a vaulted cone : 
 Ovules 1 or 2 ; largest leaves 6-11 inches, smooth 
 
 9. Goniothalamus. 
 Ovules 4 or more ; largest leaves 4-5 inches, reticulate 
 
 10. Mitrephora. 
 
 Outer petals thick, rigid, connivent ; inner similar but smaller 
 or (Tribe iv. XYLOPIEAE) : 
 
 Fruit of confluent carpels, fleshy, globose 11. Anona. 
 
 Fruit of distinct spreading carpels 12. Xylopia. 
 
 Anther-cells not concealed by the overlapping connectives (Tribe v. 
 MILIUSEAE) : 
 
 Outer petals shorter than inner : 
 
 Inner petals flat, or if a little pouched then glabrous; ovules 
 definite (1-2) ; leaves glabrous or, if tomentose, inner petals 
 
 glabrous within 13. Miliusa. 
 
 Inner petals pouched at base, pubescent on both surfaces ; ovules 
 
 6 or more ; leaves tomentose 14. Saccopetalum. 
 
 Outer petals equal to inner ; ovules 4-8 15. Alphonsea. 
 
 Outer petals longer than inner ; ovules 2-4 16. Orophea. 
 
 1. Sageraea, Dalz. 
 
 Trees. Leaves shining and branches glabrous. Flowers small, 
 terminal, axillary or fascicled on woody tubercles, 1-2-sexual. 
 Sepals orbicular or ovate, imbricate. Petals 6, imbricate in 2 
 rows, nearly equal, usually orbicular, concave. Stamens 6-21, 
 imbricate in 2 or more series, broadly oblong, thick, fleshy ; anther 
 cells dorsal, oblong; connectives produced, not concealing the 
 anthers. Ovaries 3-6 ; style short, stigma obtuse or capitate ; 
 ovules 1-8 on the ventral suture, Fruit of stalked globose 
 carpels, 
 
12 FLORA OF MADRAS. [ 
 
 Larger petals -25 in. long; stamens about 25 ; leaves 5-7 in. long 
 
 1. Dalzcllil, 
 Larger petals '5 in. long ; stamens about 12 ; leaves 9-12 in. long 
 
 2. grandiflara.. 
 
 1. SAGERAEA DALZELLII, Bedd. Ic. t. 42. Bocagea Dalzellii, 
 Hook. f. & Th. ; F. B. I. i. 92 in part. 
 
 Moist forests of W. Ghats in Malabar, the Anamalais, 
 Travancore and Tinnevelly, up to 2,000 ft. 
 An evergreen tree with black bark. Vern. Mai, Mauja 
 nara, Kana Kaitha. 
 
 2. SAGERAEA GRANDIFLORA, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 182. 
 
 Forests of Travancore. 
 
 2. Uvaria, Linn. 
 
 Scan dent or straggling shrubs, usually stellately pubescent ~ 
 Inflorescence terminal or leaf opposed or rarely axillary. Flowers. 
 solitary, cymose, umbellate or fascicled, yellow, purple or brown.. 
 Sepals 3, valvate, often connate below. Petals 6, orbicular,, oval: 
 or oblong, imbricate in 2 rows, sometimes connate at the base. 
 Stamens indefinite ; top of connective ovoid-oblong, truncate or 
 subfoliaceous, concealing the anthers. Torus depressed, pubes- 
 cent or tomentose. Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong;: style short,, 
 thick; ovules many, 2- seriate, rarely few- or 1-seriate. Fruit oi 
 many dry or baccate, few- or many-seeded carpels. 
 
 Leaves, twigs, calyx and petals stellate- tomentose : 
 
 Calyx smooth and soft 1. Hamilfonii.. 
 
 Calyx granular : 
 
 Calyx globose splitting irregularly 2. eucincta.. 
 
 Calyx of 3 acuminate sepals 3. macropoda.. 
 
 Leaves glabrous : 
 
 Leaves 2'2-3 in. long ; flowers '6-'S in. across ; carpels subsessile,, 
 
 blunt at both ends 4. zeylamca. 
 
 Leaves 3-9 in. long; flowers 1-1-5 in. across, yellow; carpels on 
 slender pedicels, red 5. Narum. 
 
 1. UVARIA HAMILTONII, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 48; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 17, t. 6. 
 
 Hill forests of Ganjam, up to 2,000 ft. 
 
Artdbotrys.] .IXoXACEAE. 13 
 
 2. UVARIA EUCINCTA, Bedd. ex Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 182. 
 
 Hill forests of Gamjam, about 2,000 ft. 
 
 3. UVARIA MACROPODA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; Bedd. Ic. t. 79 ; 
 F. B. I. L 50; King Ann. Calc, iv. 27, t. 20. 
 
 Hill forests of Ganjam, about 2,000 ft. ; hills of S. Arcot. 
 
 4. UVARIA ZEYLANICA, Linn,; F, B. I. i. 51; Bedd. Ic. t. 78; 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 26, t. 19. U, Heyneana, W. & A. 8. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, in the Anamalais, Pulneys and 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 .5. UVARIA NARUM, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 50 ; W. & A. 9 ; Wight 111. 
 i. t. 6 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 27, t. 21. U. Hookeri, King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 28, t. 22. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore ; 
 
 hills of Salem, up to 4,000 ft. ; common. 
 
 3. Cyathocalyx, Champ. 
 
 Trees. Leaves glabrous. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed 
 fascicles. Sepals combined into a 3-lobed cup or nearly free. 
 Petals in 2 whorls of 3 each, valvate, arching at the base over the 
 stamens and pistils but above them flat and spreading. Stamens 
 numerous, cuneate, truncate ; anther-cells linear, dorsal. Ovaries 
 usually solitary on a concave torus ; stigma large peltate ; ovules 
 many. Ripe carpels large globose berries. 
 
 CYATHOCALYX ZEYLANICUS, Champ. ; Bedd. Ic. t. 47 ; F. B. I. 
 i. 53 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 36, t. 42. 
 
 Moist forests on the slopes of the W. Ghats in S. Canara, 
 Malabar, Anamalais and Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A moderate-sized evergreen tree. 
 
 4. Artabotrys, B. Br. 
 
 Climbing or straggling shrubs. Leaves shining. Flowers soli- 
 tary or fascicled, usually on woody hooked recurved branches 
 (peduncles). Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in 2 whorls, bases 
 concave, connivent, spreading above, limb flat, subterete or 
 clavate. Stamens oblong or cuneate ; connective truncate or 
 produced, concealing the dorsal anther-cells. Torus flat or con- 
 vex. Ovaries few or many ; style oblong or columnar ; ovules 2, 
 erect, collateral. Fruit a circle of usually yellow, sometimes 
 odorous, berries. 
 
14 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Artabotrys. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; mature petals yellow, thinly adpressed- silky ; 
 
 fruit orange 1. odoratissimus. 
 
 Leaves oval-oblong ; mature petals tomentose 2. zeylanicus. 
 
 1. ARTABOTRYS ODORATISSIMUS, K. Br. ; F. B. I. i. 54 ; W. & A. 10 ; 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 44, t. 55. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens, especially on the W. Coast, the 
 flowers very fragrant. King considers it truly wild in 
 S. India. 
 
 2. ARTABOTRYS ZEYLANICUS, Hook. f. & Thorns.; F. B. I. i. 54; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 48 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 43, t. 53. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Coast and W. Ghats, S. Canara 
 to Travancore. 
 
 5. Unona, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Flowers often solitary, 
 axillary, terminal or leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, 
 valvate or open in aestivation, 2- seriate ; 3 inner sometimes 
 absent. Torus flat or slightly concave. Stamens cuneate ; 
 anther-cells linear, extrorse ; top of connective subglobose or 
 truncate, concealing the anthers. Ovaries numerous ; style ovoid 
 or oblong, recurved, grooved ; ovules 2-8, 1-seriate (rarely sub- 
 2- seriate). Fruit a ring of many carpels, elongate or constricted 
 between the seeds or baccate. Seeds few or many. 
 
 A small tree. Flowers subsessile ; petals oblong-lanceolate, densely 
 tomentose, glabrescent ; carpels sessile or subsessile ; leaves lanceolate, 
 dark green, nerves sunk above, raised beneath : 
 
 Carpels soft, velvety, globose 1. pannosa. 
 
 Carpels solid, glabrescent, slightly torulose 2. Ramarowii. 
 
 Flowers on slender peduncles ; petals linear or narrowly lanceolate, 
 slightly silky ; carpels glabrous, stalked : 
 
 A large climber. Young shoots rufons; petals narrow-lanceolate; 
 
 sepals over *75 in. long; peduncle with a cordate bract... 3. viridiftora. 
 
 A large shrub. Young shoots glabrous ; petals narrow-linear ; sepals 
 
 less than *5 in. long 4. Laivii. 
 
 1. UNONA PANNOSA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 58; Bedd. Ic. t. 52; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 55, t. 72. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in Malabar, Anamalais, Travan- 
 core and Tinnevelly, at 2,000 to 4,500 ft. 
 A small tree reaching 30 ft. in height, common in 
 Travancore. 
 
Polyalthia.] 
 
 2. UNONA RAMAROWII, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 183. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats from S. Canara to Travancore, up 
 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 3. UNONA VIEIDIFLORA, Bedd. Ic. t. 158 ; F. B. I. i. 60 ; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 56, t. 75. 
 
 Anamalai Hills, banks of Sholayar river, at 3,000 ft., scarce. 
 
 4. UNONA LAWII, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 59 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 73 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 57, t. 77A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in Mysore, Wynaad, Travancore 
 and Tinnevelly, at 2,000 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 6. Polyalthia, Blume. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs. Flowers solitary or fascicled, 
 axillary, terminal, leaf-opposed or below the leaves on the young 
 or old wood. Sepals free, valvate or subimbricate. Petals 6, 
 2-seriate, ovate or elongated, flat or the inner vaulted. Torus 
 convex. Stamens cuneate ; anther-cells extrorse, remote, con- 
 cealed below the overlapping connectives. Ovaries indefinite ; 
 style usually oblong ; ovules 1-2, basal and erect or sub-basal and 
 ascending. Fruit a ring of one-seeded berries. 
 
 Flowers in fascicles, umbels or cymes : 
 
 Flowers green, in fascicles or umbels; petals *7-l in. long; leaves 
 
 narrow-lanceolate, 7-9 in. long, margins undulate 1. longifolia. 
 
 Flowers yellow, in cymes ; petals T5 in. long ; leaves elliptic ; nerves 
 
 close, numerous, ascending; carpels ash-coloured 2. fragrans. 
 
 Flowers solitary, occasionally many, on tubercles of the trunk, but then 
 not closely fascicled : 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nerves puberulous beneath : 
 Leaves attenuate or acuminate at top : 
 
 Leaves 2-5-3-5 in. long, boldly reticulate 3. Korinti. 
 
 Leaves up to 8-5 in. long, slightly reticulate ; nerves ascending, 
 12-16 pairs : - 
 
 Leaves gradually attenuate ; twigs glabrous ; petals greenish - 
 
 yellow, over 1 in. long 4. coffeoides. 
 
 Leaves acuminate ; twigs rufous-pubescent ; petals - 5 in. long 
 
 5. rufescem. 
 Leaves rounded at top or very obtuse ; nerves spreading ; bark corky ; 
 
 flowers pale green or yellow ; berries purple 6. suberosa. 
 
 Leaves pubescent below, acute or acuminate, nerves ascending ; flowers 
 green ; berries red 7. cerasoides. 
 
16 FLORA OF MADRAS. [ 
 
 1. POLYALTHIA LONGIFOLIA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 62 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 38. Guatteria longifolia, Wall. ; W. & A. 10 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 72, t. 99. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens and avenues and near temples, nativ< 
 of Ceylon. 
 
 A handsome evergreen tree, easily recognized. Verii 
 Hind. Asok, Devidari ; Tarn. Assothi ; Mai. Choruna. 
 
 2. POLYALTHIA FRAGRANS, Bedd. Ic. t. 54, and Fl. t. 74 ; F. B. I 
 i. 63 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 72, t. 100A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in S. Canara, Malabar, Aftamalaii 
 
 .and Travancore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A tall, straight, handsome tree, the wood used on th< 
 
 W. Coast for the masts of native craft. Yern. Tarn., Mai 
 
 Nedunar. 
 
 3. POLYALTHIA KORINTI, Hook. f. & Thorns.; F. B. I. i. 64 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 79, t. 110A. Guatteria Korinti, Dunal 
 W. & A. 10 ; Wt. Ic. t. 398. 
 
 Forests of the E. Ghats and hills from Vizagapatam south- 
 wards to Tinnevelly and Travancore. 
 A spreading shrub, scarce. 
 
 4. POLYALTHIA COFFEOIDES, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 62 : 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 67, t. 91. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in S. Canara, Coorg, Malabar 
 Nilgiris and Travancore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 A handsome evergreen tree with straight trunk, con- 
 spicuously studded with the flower-tubercles, the leaves 
 coming out red at first. Vern. Tarn. Nedunarai; Mai. Villa, 
 
 5. POLYALTHIA RUFESCENS, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 66 ; 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 83, t. 116 (tris). 
 
 W. Coast forests in Cochin and Travancore. 
 A tree with tomentose branches, scarce. 
 
 6. POLYALTHIA SUBEROSA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 65 ; 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 64, t. 77B. Uvaria suberosa, Eoxb. 
 Cor. PI. i. t. 34. Guatteria suberosa, DC. ; W. & A. 10. 
 
 Dry forests of the N. Circars and E. Ghats from Ganjam 
 southwards, also in the Deccan forests of Kurnool, Mysore 
 and Coimbatore, and occasionally on the W. Coast. 
 A small evergreen corky-barked tree or large shrub, very 
 common, except on the west side. Vern. Ur. Karadia ; 
 Tel. Chilka duduga. 
 
PlmenuthHs. AXOXACF.A K. 17 
 
 7. POLYALTHIA CERASOiDES, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 63 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 1 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 65, t. 86e. Uvaria 
 cerasoides, Boxb. Cor. PL i. t. 33. (riuitteria cerasoides, 
 W. & A. 10. 
 
 Forests of almost all Districts, especially in the N. Circars 
 
 and Deccan, up to 3,000 ft., less common in the W. Ghats. 
 
 An evergreen tree. Vern. Mar. Hoom; Tel. Gutti ; Tarn. 
 
 Nakulsi. 
 
 7. Popowia, Endl. 
 
 Trees. Flowers small, subglobular, opening but slightly, 
 usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous, extra-axillary or 
 leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in two 
 whorls (the inner series very rarely imbricate), more or less 
 orbicular ; outer, like the sepals, spreading ; inner thick, concave, 
 connivent, acute, the tip sometimes inflexed. Stamens indefinite 
 or subdefinite, short, cuneate ; anther-cells hidden beneath the 
 overlapping connectives, dorsal, remote. Carpels about 6, ovoid ; 
 style large, oblong or subclavate, straight or recurved ; ovules 1-2 
 on the ventral suture, rarely 1 basal erect. Fruit a ring of 
 stalked, globose or ovoid berries. 
 
 POPOWIA BKDDOMEANA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 68 ; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 119, t. 160B. P. ramosissima, Bedd. Ic. t. 75. 
 A small tree ; leaves 2-3 in. long, glabrous, granulate beneath ; 
 flowers small, solitary; petals tomentose without. 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Ghats in S. Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly, at 3,000 to 5,000 ft. A small tree, scarce. 
 
 8. Phaeanthus, Hook, f . & Thorns. 
 
 Trees or climbers. Flowers solitary, terminal or in extra- 
 axillary fascicles. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 
 2 whorls ; outer small, like the sepals ; inner large, flat, coriaceous. 
 Stamens numerous, oblong or quadrate, truncate ; anther-cells 
 dorsal, distant. Carpels numerous; styles cylindric or clavate, 
 sometimes grooved ventrally. Ovules 1-2, sub-basal, ascending. 
 Fruit of stalked, 1-2-seeded carpels 
 
 PHAEANTHUS MALABARICUS, Bedd. Ic. t. 76 ; F. B. I. i. 72 ; King 
 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 154, t. 20lB. 
 
 A small tree ; leaves glabrous except the midrib below, 
 
18 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pliaeanthu*. 
 
 oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed; flowers '5-'7 in, across, 
 
 red. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, in Wynaad at about 2,000 ft., 
 
 abundant about Tambachari Ghat (Bedd.). 
 
 9. Goniothalamus, Blume. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves with small nerves, forming intra- 
 marginal loops. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary or extra- 
 axillary ; peduncles with basal scaly distichous bracts. Sepals 3, 
 valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in two whorls ; outer thick, flat or 
 nearly so ; inner smaller, shortly clawed, cohering in a vaulted 
 cap over the stamens and ovary. Stamens many, linear-oblong ; 
 anther-cells remote, dorsal, hidden by the connective, which is 
 produced into an oblong or truncate process. Ovaries many; 
 style simple or 2-fid; ovules solitary or 2 (or rarely 4), super- 
 posed, sub-basal. Fruit of many 1- seeded carpels. 
 
 Outer petals softly brownish pubescent on both sides ; stigma 2-fid : 
 Outer petals clawed, hooded ; leaves oblong, 6-9 in. long ; small tree 
 
 1. cardiopetalus. 
 Outer petals ovate, flat ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-8 in. long; small 
 
 tree 2. Wightii. 
 
 Outer petals subglabrous ; stigma entire or 2-lobed : 
 
 Style subulate ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 -5-6 in. long ; veins 
 obscure ; small trees : 
 
 Petals less than twice as long as the sepals ; anthers beaked 
 
 3. rhynchantheru*. 
 Petals five times as long as the sepals ; anthers truncate 
 
 4. Thwaitesii. 
 
 Style 2-lobed ; leaves 8-11 in. long ; veins prominent beneath ; shrub 
 or tree 5. wynaadensis. 
 
 1. GONIOTHALAMUS CABDIOPE TALUS, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 75 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 62 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 93, t. 129. 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara, Coorg, Wynaad, Anamalais ; 
 Shevaroy Hills, at 2,500 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 2. GONIOTHALAMUS WIGHTII, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 76 ; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 63 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 92, t. 122B. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Anamalais, Travancore and Tinnevelly at 
 3,000 to 5,000 ft., in evergreen forests. 
 
Anoua.] ANONACEAE. 19 
 
 3. GONIOTHALAMUS RHYNCHANTHERUS, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 
 182. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Tinnevelly and Travancore, in dense forest. 
 
 4. GONIOTHALAMUS THWAITESII, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 72 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 58 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 88, t. 121. 
 
 W. Ghats of S. Travancore and Tinnevelly at 2,000 to 
 4,000 ft., in moist forests. 
 
 5. GONIOTHALAMUS WYNAADENSIS, Bedd. Ic. t. 61 ; F. B. I. i. 74 ; 
 King Ann. Calc. iv. 92, t. 128. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad about Devala and Cherainbadi, at 
 2,500 to 3,500 ft. 
 
 10. Mitrephora, Blume. 
 
 Trees. Leaves coriaceous, strongly nerved, plaited in vernation. 
 Flowers usually terminal or leaf-opposed, sometimes 1-sexual. 
 Sepals 3, orbicular or ovate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, valvate ; outer 
 ovate, thin veined ; inner clawed, vaulted and cohering. Stamens 
 oblong-cuneate ; anther-cells dorsal, remote, the connectives 
 broadly truncate at the apex, hiding the anther-cells. Ovaries 
 oblong ; style oblong or clavate, ventrally furrowed ; ovules 4 or 
 more, 2-seriate. Fruit of globose or ovoid, stalked or subsessile, 
 carpels. 
 
 A large tree. Leaves with woolly tufts in the forks of the nerves 
 beneath, 4-5 in. long ; stigma club-shaped ; flowers 2-3 in. across, outer 
 
 petals white, inner spotted with crimson 1. grandiflora. 
 
 A small tree. Leaves glabrous, 2-4 in. long ; stigma globular, sessile ; 
 flowers 1'5 in. across, yellow 2. Heyneana. 
 
 1. MITREPHORA GRANDIFLORA, Bedd. Ic. t. 101, and Fl. t. 75 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 78 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 112, t. 155, 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in S. Canara, at about 2,000 ft., 
 Mysore and Wynaad. 
 
 2. MITREPHORA HEYNEANA, Thwaites ; F. B. I. i. 77 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 77 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 113, t. 152s. Uvaria lutea, (3 
 W. & A. 8. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in the Nilgiris, Pulneys, Travan- 
 core and Tinnevelly, near the base of the hills, and up to 
 
 2,000 ft. 
 
 11. Anona, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Flowers solitary or fascicled, terminal or leaf- 
 opposed. Se2)als 3, small, valvate. Petals 3-6, valvate, in 2 
 
20 FI.OJiA <>!< MAI)]} AS. 
 
 whorls, or the inner whorl wanting ; outer triquetrous, base con- 
 cave. Stamens numerous ; anther-cells narrow, dorsal, contiguous, 
 hidden by the overlapping ovoid tops of connectives. Ovaries 
 many, subconnate ; style oblong ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit many- 
 celled, ovoid or globose, many-seeded. 
 
 Leaves obtuse, 2-3 in. long, glaucous beneath ; nerves ascending ; flower 
 greenish ; fruit green, ovoid, with projecting ovoid areoles.,.1. squamosa. 
 Leaves acuminate, 5-8 in. long, green beneath ; nerves divergent ; flowers 
 pale green ; fruit orange, subglobose, with flat, 5-cornered areoles 
 
 2. reticulata. 
 
 1. ANONA SQUAMOSA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 78 ; W. & A. 7. 
 
 The West Indian " Sweet Sop," the "Custard Apple " of 
 
 India. 
 
 Cultivated for its fruit, and now very widely spread in the 
 
 vicinity of villages, temples and old forts. Vern. Hind. 
 
 Sharipha, Sitaphal ; Tarn. Sita ; Tel. Sita pandu. 
 
 2. ANONA RETICULATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 78 ; W. & A. 7. 
 
 The " Bullock's Heart " of India, the " Custard Apple " of 
 the West Indies, also sometimes occurs in a naturalized 
 state. 
 
 12. Xylopia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary, supra- 
 axillary, or on nodes below the leaves, solitary, cymose or fascicled ; 
 buds triquetrous, conic, often slender. Sepals 3, valvate, connate 
 or free. Petals 6, elongate, valvate, in two whorls ; outer flat or 
 concave ; inner nearly as long, 3-gonous, concave at the base only. 
 Torus flat, or hollow and enclosing the carpels. Stamens oblong, 
 truncate or connective produced ; anther-cells hidden under over- 
 lapping connectives, remote or continuous, usually septate with a 
 large pollen grain in each cellule. Ovaries 1 or more ; style long, 
 clavate ; ovules 2-6 or more, 1-2-seriate. Fruit a ring of long or 
 short, continuous or moniliform, usually several-seeded carpels. 
 
 XYLOPIA PARVIFOLIA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 84 ; Bedd. 
 
 Ic. t. 43, and Fl. t. 172 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 145, t. 190A. 
 
 A lofty but slender buttressed tree with narrow subsessile 
 
 pubescent brown flowers ; bracts longer than the sepals ; leaves 
 
 2-3'5 in. long, reticulate. 
 
 Moist forests of Travancore up to 2,000 ft. 
 
Miliuxti.] AN0NACEAR 21 
 
 13. Miliusa, Lesch. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Flowers 1-2-sexual, green or red, axillary or 
 extra-axillary, solitary fascicled or cymose. Sepals 8, small, 
 valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 series ; outer smaller, like the 
 sepals; inner cohering when young by the margins, at length free. 
 Torus elongated, cylindric. Stamens definite or indefinite ; anthers 
 subdidymous, cells contiguous, ovoid, extrorse, connective hardly 
 apiculate. Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong ; style oblong or very 
 short ; ovules 1-2 (-3-4). Fruit a ring of globose or oblong 
 1-many-seeded carpels. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree, the whole plant tomentose ; flower stalks 2-4 in. 
 long; inner petals yellowish, glabrous within, flat (not saccate) at base ; 
 
 fruit purple 1. velutiu <i . 
 
 Leaves glabrous or pubescent only on the nerves beneath : 
 
 A small tree; peduncles 1-1-5 in. long; carpels glabrous, on stalks 
 3-'5 in. long ; twigs early glabrous ; stamens very numerous 
 
 '2. W in 1 1 tin mi. 
 Shrubs; peduncles '3-'8 in. long : 
 
 Stamens very numerous ; twigs pubescent or strigose ; carpels short- 
 stalked or sessile : 
 
 Carpels grey-tomentose ; twigs strigose 3. eriocarjxt. 
 
 Carpels glabrous ; twigs pubescent 4. moiitium. 
 
 Stamens 8-12 ; twigs glabrous ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, nerves 
 obscure 5. nilayirica. 
 
 1. MILIUSA VELUTINA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 87 ; Bedd. 
 Ic. t. 87, and Fl. t. 37 : King Ann. Calc. iv. 158, t. 206. 
 
 Forests of the N. Circars from Ganjam to Godavari ; 
 Cuddapah District. 
 
 A common deciduous tree of the deciduous forests of N. 
 and C. India, especially with Sal. It gives a useful wood. 
 Vcrn. Hind. Domsal. 
 
 2. MILIUSA WIGHTIANA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 87 ; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 86 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 156, t. 202s. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in the Nilgiris, Coimbatore, 
 Travaiicore and Tinnevelly, up to 5,000 ft., evergreen. 
 
 3. MILIUSA EKIOCARPA, Dunn. M. indica, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 86 (var. tomentosa), (not of Lesch.) ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 85. 
 
 Forests of the "W. Gluits in Mysore, Travancuru mid Tinne- 
 velly ; Hills of Salem. 
 
22 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Miiiusd. 
 
 4. MILIUSA MONTANA, Gardn. ; Bedd. Ic. t. 84. M. indica, var. 
 montana, Hook, f . & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 86. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in Malabar, Nilgiris, Anamalais 
 and Tinnevelly, up to 4,500 ft. ; Cuddapah. 
 
 5. MILIUSA NILAGIRICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 88 ; F. B. I. i. 87 ; King Ann. 
 Calc. iv. 156, t. 203A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in the Wynaad, Nilgiris and 
 Anamalais, at about 5,000 ft. 
 
 14. Saccopetalum, Benn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary or fas- 
 cicled. Sepals 8, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 whorls ; 
 outer small, like the sepals ; inner much larger, erect or con- 
 niving, base saccate. Stamens indefinite ; anther-cells dorsal, 
 contiguous, not concealed by the connective, which is produced 
 into a conspicuous appendage. Ovaries indefinite ; ovules 6 or 
 more. Fruit a ring of subglobose carpels. 
 
 SACCOPETALUM TOMENTOSUM, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 88 ; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 49, and Fl. t. 39 ; Eoxb. Cor. PL i. t. 35 ; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 159, t. 207. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with twigs and under side of leaves 
 tomentose ; flowers in small leaf-opposed or terminal cymes, 
 on pedicels 23 in. long; carpels large, globose, stalked, 
 velvety brown. 
 
 Forests of the N. Circars, especially with Sal (Brandis) ; 
 Hyderabad ; W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly. Vern. 
 Ur. Gondapalasu ; Kan. Hessare. 
 
 15. Alphonsea, Hook. f. & Thorns. 
 
 Lofty or rarely small trees or occasionally erect or climbing 
 shrubs. Leaves thick, coriaceous, glabrous and shining. Flowers 
 small or middle-sized, in leaf -opposed rarely extra-axillary 
 peduncled fascicles. Calyx with 3 small valvate sepals or cupular 
 with 3 valvate teeth. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 whorls, larger than 
 the sepals, equal, or the inner rather smaller. Torus cylindric or 
 hemispheric. Stamens indefinite, loosely packed ; anthers dorsal, 
 contiguous, not concealed by the apiculate connective. Ovaries 
 1 or more ; style oblong or depressed or stigma sessile ; ovules 4-8 
 
Orophea.] ANONACEAE. 23 
 
 in two series on the ventral suture. Fruit a ring of subsessile or 
 stalked carpels. 
 
 Leaves glabrous : 
 
 Petals *25 in. long ; leaves obtuse : 
 
 Leaves ovate ; carpels smooth 1. madraspatana. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate ; carpels muricate 2 . sclerocarpa . 
 
 Petals '5 in. long ; leaves caudate-acuminate 3. zeylanica. 
 
 Leaves tomentose below ; flowers -5 in. long, reddish green ; carpels 
 tomentose, yellow 4. lutea. 
 
 1. ALPHONSEA MADKASPATANA, Bedd. Ic. t. 92, and Fl. t. 76; 
 F. B. I. i. 89 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 165, t. 214A. 
 
 Forests of the E. Ghats, in ravines and by streams in 
 Vizagapatam, Cuddapah and N. Arcot, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. ALPHONSEA SCLEROCARPA, Thw. ; F. B. I. i. 89 ; King Ann. 
 Calc. iv. 166, t. 215A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghiits, in Nilgiris, Malabar, Anamalais, 
 Pulneys and Tinnevelly, up to 2,000 ft. 
 
 3. ALPHONSEA ZEYLANICA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 89 ; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 90 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 166, t. 214u. 
 
 Evergreen forests of Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 2,000 
 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 4. ALPHONSEA LUTEA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 89 ; Bedd. 
 
 Ic. t. 91; King Ann. Calc. iv. 162, t. 209. Uvaria lutea, 
 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 36. 
 
 Eastern slopes of Nilgiris below Coonoor, at 2,000 ft. 
 
 16. Orophea, Blume. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Flowers usually small, axillary, solitary, 
 fascicled or cymose. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 
 2 whorls ; outer ovate ; inner clawed, usually cohering by their 
 margins into a mitriform cap, sometimes oblong and slightly 
 approximate below the middle, the apices divergent, not vaulted, 
 rarely without claws and very rarely slightly imbricate. Stamens 
 definite, 6-12, ovoid, fleshy ; anther-cells dorsal, large, contiguous, 
 not concealed by the connective, which is sometimes prolonged 
 into a conical apical point, not truncate. Staminodes or 3-6. 
 Ovaries 3-15 ; style short or 0; ovules 4. Fruit a ring of 1- or 
 more- seeded, globular or oblong (rarely very long) carpels. 
 
24 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Orophen. 
 
 Outer petals, pedicels and young parts shaggy ; carpels oblong, red. 
 
 v 1. erytlirocarpa. 
 
 Outer petals and young parts pubescent or glabrous ; carpels globose : 
 
 Pedicels under ! in. long, in nearly sessile clusters 2. Thomsoni. 
 
 Pedicels more than *2 in. long : 
 
 Buds and young shoots shortly tomentose ; stamens 6. ..3. zeylanica. 
 Buds and young shoots glabrous ; leaves 1-5-2-5 in. long, ovate ; 
 stamens 12 4. uniflora. 
 
 1. OROPHEA ERYTHROCARPA, Bedd. Ic. t. 68 ; F. B. I. i. 91 ; King 
 Ann. Calc. iv. 103, t. 145A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in the Anamalais and Travancore, 
 up to 2,000 ft. 
 
 2. OROPHEA THOMSONI, Bedd. Ic. t. 67 ; F. B. I. i. 91 ; King Ann. 
 Calc. iv. 103, t. 144s. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in the Anamalais and down to 
 Tinnevelly, up to 2,500 ft. 
 
 3. OROPHEA ZEYLANICA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 90 ; Bedd. 
 Ic. t. 70 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 104, t. 146B. 
 
 Coorg and Mysore. 
 
 4. OROPHEA UNIFLORA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 90 ; Bedd. 
 Ic. t. 69 ; King Ann. Calc. iv. 102, t. 144A. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats from Coorg through Wynaad to 
 Travancore and Tinnevelly, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 Family Y. MENISPERMACEAE. 
 
 Climbing or twining shrubs or occasionally herbs, or very rarely 
 erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple or very 
 rarely compound, entire or lobed, usually palminerved, often 
 peltate ; stipules 0. Flowers dioecious, small, solitary, fascicled 
 capitate or cymose or more frequently raceined or panicled, some- 
 times bracteate, occasionally 3-bracteolate. Sepals 6, in 2 whorls, 
 or 9-12 in 3-4 whorls, rarely fewer than 6 and very rarely 5. outer 
 often minute, occasionally all connate into a toothed or lobed cup. 
 Petals never more than 6, rarely fewer, free or connate or 0. 
 J Stamens usually of the same number as, and opposite to, the 
 petals ; filaments free, with extrorse or vertically dehiscing anthers, 
 or connate with anthers capitate or on the rim of a terminal disk ; 
 rudimentary carpels very small or 0. ? Staminodes 6 or ; 
 ovaries 3 or sometimes 1, rarely 6-12 ; styles simple or divided, 
 
. '25 
 
 terminal but often becoming basilar by the curvature of the ovary ; 
 ovules solitary or very rarely 2, ventral, usually amphitropous. 
 liipe carpels drupaceous, with the style-scar sub-basal or some- 
 times terminal, sessile or stalked. Seed solitary, usually reniform 
 or horseshoe-shaped ; albumen copious or 0, even or ruminate ; 
 cotyledons linear or broad, appresscd or spreading. 
 
 Key to Male Specimens. 
 
 Flowers sessile, in 'globose solitary or rucemed heads ; stamens, 3 free, 
 
 3 connate 3. Goscinium. 
 
 Flowers stalked, or, if sessile, in panicled or umbelled heads ; stamens 
 all free or all connate : 
 
 Stamens connate, anthers in a terminal head or ring : 
 
 Flowers in stalked solitary or umbellate heads ; anthers on the rim 
 
 of a stalked disk 7. Stephania. 
 
 Flowers in panicles : 
 
 Anthers in a globular head ; petals 2. Anamirta. 
 
 Anthers in a ring ; petals connate : 
 
 Calyx campanulate 1) . Cyclea. 
 
 Calyx of 4 spreading sepals 8. Cissampelos. 
 
 Stamens free: 
 
 Laaves deeply cordate 1. Tinospora. 
 
 Leaves acute, obtuse, or subuordate at base : 
 
 Flowers - 1 in. long; anthers oblong, opening down the sides 
 
 4. Tiliacora. 
 Flowers '05 in. long ; anthers globose, opening across the top : 
 
 Panicles up to 1 ft. long, drooping 5. Diploclisia. 
 
 Flowers in racemes, or short, erect panicles or axillary 
 fascicles : 
 
 Flowers in small fascicles or cymes 6. Cocculus. 
 
 Flowers in slender racemes 10. Pachygone. 
 
 Key to Female Specimens. 
 
 Style-scar terminal 1. Tinospora. 
 
 Style-scar basal: 
 
 Flowers sessile, in globose solitary or racemed heads ...3. Coscinium. 
 Flowers in a raceme of small cymes subtended by foliaceous cordate 
 
 bracts; drupes hirsute 8. Cissampelos. 
 
 Flowers in compound umbels or panicles : 
 Ovary solitary : 
 Flowers in panicles J). Cyclea. 
 
26 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tinospora. 
 
 Flowers in umbellate heads or in solitary condensed cymes 
 
 7. Stephania. 
 Ovaries 3-many : 
 
 Drupes pedicelled on the receptacle : 
 Leaf -blade rotund-cordate, acuminate, less than twice the 
 
 petiole; petals 2. Anamirta. 
 
 Leaf-blade oblong-ovate, acute, seldom cordate, more than 4 
 
 times the petiole; petals 6, minute 4. Tiliacora. 
 
 Drupes sessile on the receptacle : 
 Drupes elongate, 1 in. long, panicles long, drooping 
 
 5. Diploclisia. 
 Drupes pisiform, under -3 in. : 
 
 Flowers in short erect panicles or subsolitary ; albumen 
 
 fleshy 6. Cocculus. 
 
 Flowers racemose ; albumen 10. Pachygone. 
 
 1. Tinospora, Miers. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Kacernes or rarely panicles of usually pre- 
 cocious flowers, axillary terminal or from the old wood. Sepals 6, 
 2-seriate, inner larger. Petals 6, smaller, <3 Stamens 6, free ; 
 anther-cells connivent at the thickened top of the filament, burst- 
 ing longitudinally. ? Staminodes 6, clavate ; ovaries 8 ; stigmas 
 forked. Drupes ventrally flat, dorsally convex, round or oval ; 
 style- scar subterminal ; endocarp rugose or tubercled, dorsally 
 keeled, ventrally concave. Seed grooved ventrally or curved 
 round a 2-lobed intrusion of the endocarp ; albumen ventrally 
 ruminate ; cotyledons foliaceous, ovate, spreading. 
 
 TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 97. Cocculus cordi- 
 fotius, DC. ; W. & A. 12 ; Wt. Ic. t. 485-6. 
 
 A climbing shrub with succulent stems, the bark papery at 
 first then corky ; leaves glabrous ; flowers yellow, on nodes 
 on the old wood ; drupes red, sessile ; endocarp with few 
 isolated tubercles or smooth. 
 
 In forests and among trees in almost all Districts. Vern. 
 Hind. Goluncha ; Tel. Tippa tiga ; Tarn. Chintil. 
 
 2. Anamirta, Colebr. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Flowers bibracteolate, panicled. Sepals 6. 
 Petals 0. c? Anthers capitate in many whorls on the top of the 
 staminal column, 2-celled, bursting transversely. ? Staminodes 
 
Tiliacora.} MENISPERMAGEA&. 27 
 
 9, clavate, in 1 whorl ; ovaries 3, on a short gynophore ; stigmas 
 subcapitate, refiexed. Drives on a 3-fid gynophore, transversely 
 or obliquely ovoid, somewhat compressed, dorsally gibbous ; style- 
 scar sub-basal ; endocarp woody. Seed globose, embracing a sub- 
 globose hollow intrusion of the endocarp ; albumen dense, of 
 horny granules ; embryo curved ; cotyledons narrow-oblong, thin, 
 spreading. 
 
 ANAMIRTA COCCULUS, W. & A. 446 ; F. B. I. i. 98. Cocculus 
 suberosus, W. & A. 11. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with long panicles of greenish flowers 
 
 drooping from nodes of the old wood ; leaves broadly ovate, 
 
 cordate, firm, glabrous except for small tufts in the principal 
 
 nerve axils. 
 
 Deccan, in Cuddapah and Mysore ; W. Ghats in the Pulneys, 
 
 Cochin and Travancore. 
 
 The source of the bitter drug " Cocculus indicus." 
 
 3. Coscinium, Colebr. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Flowers bracteate, in dense globular soli- 
 tary or racemose heads. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 3, large, 
 spreading, elliptic. <j Stamens 6; outer 3 free, with 2-celled 
 anthers ; inner 3 connate, with 1-celled anthers ; anthers bursting 
 vertically. ? Staminodes 6 ; ovaries 3-6, subglobose ; styles 
 subulate, reflexed. Drupes globose ; endocarp bony. Seed 
 globose, embracing a globose intrusion of the endocarp ; albumen 
 fleshy, ruminate ventrally ; embryo straight ; cotyledons orbicular, 
 spreading, thin, sinuate lacim'ate or fenestrate. 
 COSCINIUM FBNESTRATUM, Colebr. ; F. B. I. i. 99. 
 
 Young shoots and under side of leaves hoary ; leaves oblong- 
 deltoid ; flowers green, in heads '5-*8in. across, borne on 1 stalks 
 1 in. long ; drupes 1-3, '5 in. in diam., subglobose, villous. 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Travancore. 
 
 4. Tiliacora, Colebr. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Flowers dioecious or~polygamous, in axillary 
 panicles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, the outer much smaller. J Petals 6, 
 minute, cuneate. cf Stamens 6 ; anthers adnate, bursting verti- 
 cally ; rudimentary carpels 3. ? Ovaries 3-12; styles short, 
 subulate. Drupes obovoid, pedicelled, subcompressed ; style- 
 
28 'FLORA OF MALM A K. [Tiliacora. 
 
 scar sub-basal ; endocarp thin, obscurely ribbed, grooved on both 
 sides. Seed horseshoe-shaped ; albumen oily, ruminate ; cotyle- 
 dons linear, fleshy, plano-convex, appressed. 
 
 TILIACORA ACUMINATA, Miers. T. racemosa> Colebr, ; F. B* I. 
 i. 99. Cocculus acuminatiis, W. & A. 12. 
 
 A large evergreen climbing shrub ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 
 obtuse or cordate at base, glabrous ; flowers yellow, in racemes 
 or narrow panicles ; drupes oblong, red. 
 
 In all Districts, common in hedges and among bushes, but 
 sometimes in forests, when it climbs to the tree-tops. 
 
 5. Diploclisia, Miers. 
 
 Characters of Cocculus but flowers in long drooping panicles 
 from the old wood and centre of endocarp reduced to a thin flat 
 septum. 
 
 DIPLOCLISIA GLAUCESCENS, Diels in Engl. Pflanzenr. Menisperm. 
 225, t. 77. Cocculus macrocarpus, W. & A. 13 ; F. B. I. i. 101 ; 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 7. 
 
 A large climber ; leaves round or broader than long, 5-iierved, 
 
 glaucous beneath, 2-4 in. across, shorter than their petioles ; 
 
 flowers yellow ; drupes reddish, obovoid, 1 in. long. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in Malabar, Nilgiris, Pulneys and 
 
 Travancqre up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 6. Cocculus, DC. 
 
 Climbing or straggling or erect shrubs, or even trees. Flowers 
 panicled or rarely fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Sepals 6, 
 2-seriate, outer smaller. Petals 6, smaller than the sepals, 
 usually auricled at the base. J Stamens embraced by the petals ; 
 anthers subglobose, cells bursting transversely. 9 Staminode* 
 6 or 0; ovaries 3-6; styles usually cylindric. Drupes com- 
 pressed ; endocarp horseshoe - shaped, dorsally keeled and 
 tubercled, sides concave, but not reduced to a thin flat septum. 
 Seed curved ; albumen fleshy ; embryo annular ; cotyledons linear, 
 flat, appressed. 
 
 Erect shrub or small tree ; leaves strongly 3-ribbed, caudate-acuminate ; 
 tio wers pale yellow ; peduncles glabrous 1. laurifolius. 
 
Stepliania.] MEN1SPERMACEAE. 29 
 
 Climbing or straggling shrubs ; leaves obtuse ; peduncles densely 
 
 pubescent : 
 
 A woody climber ; leaves narrowly elliptic, acute at base, sub- 
 glabrous ; cf flowers in axillary fascicles, ? subsolitary ; sepals 
 
 glabrous 2. pend ul MX . 
 
 A bushy and scarcely woody climber ; leaves ovate, obtuse at 
 base, softly pubescent ; flowers pale yellow, <? in short axillary 
 panicles, ? 1-3, axillary ; sepals pubescent ; drupes purplish black 
 
 3. hirsuttt*. 
 
 1. COCCULUS LAURIFOLIUS, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 101. 
 
 Coimbatore, at Geddesala (A. W. Lushington) ; W. Ghats 
 in the Anamalais and Travancore Hills at 5,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 2. COCCULUS PENDULUS, Diels in Engl. Pflanzenr. Menisperm. 
 237. C. Leaeba, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 102. C. glabra, W. & A. 13. 
 
 N. Circars in Ganjam ; Deccan and Carnatic in Coimba- 
 tore, Madura and Tinnevelly, in dry regions. 
 
 3. COCCULUS HIRSUTUS, Diels I.e. 236. C. villosus, DC. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 101 ; W. & A. 13. 
 
 In almost all Districts, straggling over bushes and small 
 trees, chiefly in rather dry localities and often near villages. 
 
 7. Stephania, Lour. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves often peltate. Heads of flowers in 
 axillary stalked umbels or, rarely, solitary or cymose. <? Sepals 
 6-10, free, ovate or obovate ; petals 3-5, obovate, fleshy ; anthers 
 6, on the rim of the flattened top of the staminal column, bursting 
 transversely. ? Sepals 3-5 ; petals as in c? ; staminodes ; 
 ovary 1 ; style 3-6-partite. Drupe glabrous ; endocarp com- 
 pressed, horseshoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides concave, 
 perforated. Seeds almost annular ; cotyledons Jong, slender, 
 semi-terete, appressed. 
 
 Heads of flowers in stalked umbels 1. japonica. 
 
 Male flowers in solitary axillary stalked heads ; female flowers in 
 condensed stalked cymes 2. Wightii. 
 
 1. STEPHANIA JAPONICA, Miers. 8. hernandifolia, Walp. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 103. Clypea hernandifolia, W. & A. 14; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 939. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, common from Coorg to Tinne- 
 velly, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
30 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Stephania. 
 
 2. STEPHANIA WIGHTII, Dunn. 8. rotunda, Hook, f . & Thorns. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 103 not of Lour. Clypea Wiglitii, Arn. in 
 Wt. 111. i. 22. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats, in Malabar, Nilgiris and 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 8. Cissampelos, Linn. 
 
 Suberect or climbing shrubs. Leaves often peltate. Flowers : 
 cT cymose; sepals 4 (-5-6), erose ; petals 4, connate, forming a 
 4-lobed cup ; anthers 4, connate round the flattened top of the 
 staminal column, bursting horizontally : ? racemed, crowded in 
 the axils of leafy bracts; sepals 2 (or sepal and petal 1 each), 
 2-nerved, adnate to the bracts ; stamiiiodes ; ovary 1, style 
 short, 3-fid or 3-toothed. Drupe ovoid, style-scar sub-basal ; 
 endocarp horseshoe-shaped, compressed, dorsally tubercled, sides 
 excavated. Seed curved; embryo slender; cotyledons narrow, 
 semi-terete, appressed. 
 
 CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 103. C. convolvulacea, 
 Willd. ; W. & A. 14. 
 
 A more or less tomentose climber with rotund usually cordate 
 leaves, about equal in length to their petioles. Flowers 
 greenish. Bracts of female racemes often densely imbricate. 
 Cymes of male flowers 1-2 in. long, decompound. Drupes 
 scarlet, hirsute. 
 In almost all Districts, very common. 
 
 9. Cyclea, Arn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in axillary 
 panicles : c? Sepals 4-8, connate into a 4-5-lobed calyx ; petals 
 4-8, more or less connate into a 4-5-lobed corolla ; anthers 4-6, 
 connate round the rim of the disk-like top of the staminal column, 
 bursting horizontally : ? Calyx globose or campanulate, lobed ; 
 corolla globular ; ovary 1, style short, 3-5 -lobed, lobes radiating. 
 Drupe ovoid ; style-scar sub-basal ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, 
 2-locellate, dorsally tubercled, sides convex. Seed curved; coty- 
 ledons slender, semi-terete, appressed. 
 
 Calyx globose or broadly campanulate, lobes J of tube; anther 6-8- 
 
 celled 1. peltata. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, lobes J of tube ; anthers 4-celled 2. Arnottii. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base 3. fissicalycc. 
 
Pachygone.] BERBERIDACEAE. 31 
 
 1. CYCLEA PELTATA, Diels (not of Hook. f. & Thorns.). C. Bur- 
 manni, Hook. f. & Thorns.; F. B. I. i. 104; Cooke Fl. 
 Bomb. i. 23. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, up to 3,000 ft. ; 
 Hills of Mysore and N. Arcot, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. CYCLEA ARNOTTII, Miers. C. peltata, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 104 (not Menispermum peltatuin. Lam.). 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara, Coorg, Wynaad, Nilgiris, Anamalais 
 and Tinnevelly Hills, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 3. CYCLEA FISSICALYX, Dunn. C. peltata, Cooke Fl. Bomb. i. 24 
 (not of Hook f. & Thorns, nor of Diels). 
 
 Forests of Wynaad in Malabar. 
 
 10. Pachygone, Miers. 
 
 A climbing shrub. Flowers in axillary racemes. Sepals 6, in 
 2 whorls, outer smaller. Petals 6, much smaller, bases auricled 
 and embracing the filaments. S Stamens 6, filament incurved, 
 anthers subglobose, didymous, bursting transversely; rudimentary 
 carpels 3, minute. ? Staminodes 6 ; ovaries 3 ; styles stout, 
 horizontal. Drupes reniform ; style -scar sub-basal ; endocarp 
 reniform, rugulose. Seed horseshoe-shaped ; albumen ; cotyle- 
 dons semi-terete, very thick, hard ; radicle very short. 
 
 PACHYGONE OVATA, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 105. Cocculus Plukenetii, 
 DC. ; W. & A. i. 14 ; Wt. Ic. t. 824, 825. 
 
 A large evergreen spreading shrub with long drooping or 
 
 climbing branches and ovate blunt leaves. Flowers minute, 
 
 white, honey-scented. Drupe '3 in. long. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores on the Coromandel Coast from Nellore to 
 
 Tanjore and Tinnevelly ; Deccan in Bellary, Cuddapah and 
 
 Mysore. 
 
 Family YI. BERBERIDACEAE. 
 
 Glabrous herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves 1-many- 
 foliolate. Stipules petiolar or usually 0. Flowers hermaphro- 
 dite or rarely diclinous, regular, axillary, solitary or in simple or 
 compound racemes, usually yellow or white, all members inserted 
 on the receptacle. Sepals often petaloid, 3-9, in 1-3 whorls, 
 imbricate or the outer rarely valvate. Petals equal in number to 
 the sepals or twice as many, and, like them, caducous, nectar- 
 iferous at the base or reduced to nectaries. Stamens (4-) 6 (-8) 
 
3'2 FLOE A OF MADKAS [Berberi*. 
 
 opposite to the petals ; filaments free or connate, sometimes 
 irritable. Anthers bursting by two apical valves attached by their 
 upper end or longitudinally. Carpels 1-3 (-9) distinct ; stigma 
 usually peltate ; ovules many on a ventral suture, or few near the 
 base, or covering the whole wall, usually anatropous. Ripe carpels 
 berries or capsules, dehiscent or not. 
 
 Leaves simple 1. Berberis. 
 
 Leaves pinnate 2. Mahonia. 
 
 1. Berberis, Linn. 
 
 Erect shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves simple, fascicled in the 
 axils of 3-5-partite or rarely simple spines. Flowers yellow, 
 solitary fascicled racemose corymbose or panicled, with 2-3 
 small appressed bracteoles. Sepals 6, imbricate in 2 whorls. 
 Petals 6, imbricate in 2 whorls, usually with 2 glands inside at 
 the base. Stamens 6, free ; anther-cells opening by recurved 
 valves. Ovary simple ; stigmas peltate, sessile or nearly so ; 
 ovules few, basal, erect. Berries few-seeded. 
 BERBERIS TINCTORIA, Lesch. ; W. & A. 16. 
 
 An erect evergreen bush with pale brown shining twigs, 
 prickly leaves, yellow flowers in panicles or corymbs, and 
 glaucous spindle-shaped red berries with short stout styles. 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills of the W. Ghats, above 6,000 ft. ; 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 
 2. Mahonia, Nutt. 
 
 Characters of BERBERIS but leaves pinnate with opposite leaflets, 
 and stamens usually 2-toothed below the anther. 
 
 MAHONIA LESCHENAULTII, Takeda. Berberis nepalensis, var. 
 
 Leschenaultii, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 109 B. Leschen- 
 
 aultii, Wall. ; Wt. Ic. t. 940. 
 
 A shrub with stiff, erect, corky-barked stems ; leaflets ovate- 
 lanceolate, prickly ; flowers yellow, in long erect racemes, 
 fascicled among the upper leaves ; berries globose, glaucous 
 purple. 
 
 Hills of the W. Ghats from the Nilgiris southwards, above 
 5,000 ft., in Shola forest. 
 
NYMPH A FA ( 'EAE. 33 
 
 Family YII. NYMPHAEACEAE. 
 
 Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves rising above, submerged in or 
 usually floating on the water, often peltate, margins involute in 
 bud. Flowers floating or rarely emergent, solitary on axillary 
 peduncles. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5 or many. Stamens 6 or 
 indefinite ; all free and inserted on a fleshy torus surrounding 
 or rarely enveloping the gynoecium. Carpels 3 or more, free 
 or united or sunk in the pits of the torus ; stigmas of the distinct 
 carpels terminal and peltate, of rnany-carpelled ovaries as many 
 as the carpels, adnate to the upper surface ; ovules anatropous or 
 orthotropous ; few and pendent from the summit of the cell or 
 many, covering the walls of the cells. Fruit of distinct indehiscent 
 carpels or many-carpelled, fleshy or spongy. Seeds arilled or not ; 
 albumen floury, fleshy or rarely ; embryo enclosed in the enlarged 
 persistent embryo-sac. 
 
 Leaves floating ; carpels connate into a many-celled ovary 
 
 1. Nymphaea. 
 
 Leaves raised above the water; carpels sunk in the torus 
 
 2. Nelumbium. 
 
 1. Nymphaea, Linn. 
 
 Large perennial herbs. Leaves floating, usually peltate. Flowers 
 large, floating, on long axillary peduncles. Sepals 4. Petals 
 numerous, gradually passing into stamens. Stamens with petaloid 
 filaments and small introrse anthers. Carpels sunk in the fleshy 
 fcorus and with it forming a many-celled ovary crowned by the 
 radiating stigmas ; ovules very numerous, anatropous. Fruit a 
 spongy many-seeded berry, ripening below the surface. Seeds 
 minute, embedded in the pulp, enclosed in a sac-like aril. 
 
 Leaves entire or sinuate, glabrous on both sides ; flowers blue, white, 
 
 rose or purple 1. N. stellata. 
 
 Leaves sharply sinuate-toothed, densely pubescent beneath ; flowers 
 white or red 2. A T . pubescens. 
 
 1. NYMPHAEA STELLATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 114; W. & A. 17 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 178. 
 
 Tanks and ponds on the E. Coast from Madras to Tanjore, 
 also in backwaters along the W. Coast, 
 
 D 
 
34 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Nympliaea. 
 
 2. NYMPHAEA PUBESCENS, Willd. ; W. & A. 17. N. Lotus, Hook, 
 f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 114 (not o/Linn.). 
 
 Ditches and tanks in most Districts both along the Coasts 
 and on the Mysore plateau up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. Nelumbium, Juss. 
 
 A large erect herb, growing in shallow water from a stout 
 creeping rootstock. Leaves when mature raised high above the 
 water, peltate. Flowers rose white or yellow. Sepals 4-5. 
 Petals and stamens numerous, all hypogynous and caducous ; 
 connective prolonged above the anther. Ovaries many, 1-celled, 
 sunk in pits on the flat top of the broadly turbinate torus ; style 
 very short, exserted ; stigma terminal, peltate ; ovules 1-2, pen- 
 dulous. Carpels ovoid, loose in the cavities ; pericarp bony, 
 smooth. Seed filling the carpel ; testa spongy ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons fleshy, thick, enclosing the folded plumule. 
 NELUMBIUM SPECIOSUM, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 116 ; W. & A. 16. 
 
 Peduncles and petioles 3-6 ft. high ; leaves 2-3 ft. across, 
 
 glaucous, concave ; fruiting torus 3-4 in. across ; ripe carpels 
 
 rather larger than peas. 
 
 In tanks and ponds in most Districts, especially in the hotter 
 
 localities. 
 
 The sacred Lotus. Vern. Hind. Kanwal ; Tarn. Tamaray. 
 
 Family YIII. PAPAYERACEAE. 
 
 Herbs with milky or coloured juice, rarely watery. Leaves 
 radical or alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary cymose or pani- 
 culate. Sepals 2-3, hypogynous, free or cohering in a cap, 
 caducous. Petals 4, in 2 whorls, large, crumpled, rarely more or 
 0. Stamens very numerous, in many series, very rarely few ; 
 filaments thread-like ; anthers basifixed, bursting by lateral slits. 
 Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 to many parietal placentas or these being 
 sometimes prolonged, divided into many nearly complete cells ; 
 style short or ; stigmas radiating, as many as the placentas, free 
 or adnate to and crowning the flat top of the ovary; ovules 
 anatropous, parietal. Fruit a 1-celled or by the intrusion of the 
 parietal placentas a many-celled capsule, opening longitudinally 
 by 2 or 4 valves or by pores at the top of and between the 
 placentas. Seeds usually numerous, with oily or fleshy albumen ; 
 embryo basal, minute. 
 
ne. ] FUMAEIACEAE. 35 
 
 Leaves and capsules quite glabrous ; petals white pink or purple ; 
 
 stigmas adnate to the top of the capsule 1. Papaver. 
 
 Leaves and capsules spiny ; petals yellow ; stigmas radiating from the 
 top of a short style 2. Argemone. 
 
 1. Papaver, Linn. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs with milky juice. Leaves variously 
 lobed or cut. Flowers on long peduncles. Ovary 1-celled ; 
 stigmas adnate, radiating. Capsule short, opening by pores round 
 the upper rim. Seeds small, pitted. 
 
 PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 117 ; W. & A. 17. 
 
 An erect unbranched annual, with glabrous glaucous semi- 
 
 amplexicaul leaves, ovate or linear-oblong and variously 
 
 toothed ; flowers white, red or purple ; capsule globose, 
 
 smooth, up to 1 in. thick. 
 
 Occasionally cultivated and found run wild. The Opium 
 
 Poppy. 
 
 2. Argemone, Linn. 
 
 An erect, prickly annual with yellow juice. Flowers bright 
 yellow. Sepals 2-3. Petals 4-6. Stamens very many. Ovary 
 1-celled ; style very short ; stigma 5-7-lobed ; ovules many, on 
 4-7 parietal placentas. Capsule short, opening at the top by 
 valves. Seeds many. 
 
 ARGEMONE MEXICANA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 117 ; W. & A. 18. 
 
 A strong branched prickly annual, with sessile semi-amplexi- 
 
 caul sinuate-pinnatifid leaves variegated with white ; flowers 
 
 1-3 in. across, yellow. 
 
 An introduced weed, found on roadsides, in waste places and 
 
 fallow fields in all Districts. 
 
 Family IX. FUMARIACEAE. 
 
 Annual or perennial often glaucous herbs with watery juice. 
 Leaves usually decompound. Flowers irregular, bisexual, 
 racemed. Sepals 2, small, petaloid or scarious, deciduous. 
 Petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs ; 2 outer, both or only one gibbous 
 at the base or spurred ; inner smaller, often coherent at the tip. 
 Stamens 6, usually in two bundles opposite the outer petals ; 
 central anther in each bundle 2-celled, others 1-celled. Ovary 
 1-celled; stigma on a distinct style, obtuse or lobed; ovules 
 
36 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Fumaria, 
 
 parietal, 2 or more, amphitropous. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded 
 nut, or a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds albuminous, with 
 a minute embryo. 
 
 Fumaria, Linn. 
 
 Annual branched sarmentose herbs. Leaves finely divided. 
 Flowers small, white or pink, with purple tips to the petals, in 
 terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Outer anterior petal flat, 
 posterior gibbous at the base. Stamens diadelphous, the posterior 
 bundle with a spur inside the base of the posterior petal. Ovary 
 1-celled ; style filiform ; ovules 2 on 2 placentas. Fruit indehis- 
 cent, globose, 1-seeded. 
 
 FUMARIA PARVIFLORA, Lam. ; W. & A. 18. 
 
 A diffuse pale green herb; leaf-segments very narrow; flowers 
 
 15-'3 in. long ; fruit slightly pointed even when ripe. 
 
 A weed of cultivation, chiefly at somewhat high elevations, as 
 
 on the Mysore plateau and in the E. Nilgiris. 
 
 Family X. CRUCIFERAE. 
 
 Herbs, rarely a little woody at the base, with watery some- 
 times pungent juice. Leaves alternate or radical, exstipulate. 
 Flowers usually racemed rarely solitary, terminal or axillary. 
 Sepals 4, 2 often larger and saccate at the base, imbricate. Petals 
 4, hypogynous, imbricate. Stamens 6, rarely fewer or many, 
 4 inner longer, in opposite pairs. Disk with 4 glands opposite the 
 sepals. Ovary 2- celled, the division formed by a membrane con- 
 necting the placentas, or 1-celled, or with many superposed cells ; 
 style short or ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Ovules many, 2-seriate 
 on the 2 parietal placentas, or rarely 1 or 2 erect. Fruit either 
 2-celled, the 2 valves deciduous and leaving the seeds on the per- 
 sistent dissepiment or indehiscent or transversely jointed. Seeds 
 small ; albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex or longitudinally bent 
 or folded ; radicle turned over the back of the cotyledon (incum- 
 bent) or along its side (accumbent). 
 
 Pods linear and dehiscent : 
 
 Pods dehiscing and bearing seeds throughout their whole length ; 
 sepals not pouched ; cotyledons accumbent : 
 
 Pods cylindric seeds globose, 2-seriate or irregularly 1-seriate 
 
 1. Nasturtium. 
 
Cardamine.] CRUCIFERAE. 37 
 
 Pods flattened ; seeds compressed, 1-seriate ; flowers white 
 
 2. Cardamine. 
 
 Pods 4-sided ; seeds ovoid, 1-seriate ; flowers yellow Barbarea. 
 
 Pods with a seedless indehiscent beak ; sepals pouched at the base ; 
 cotyledons incumbent : 
 
 Beak of pod cylindric or conical ; seeds 1-seriate ; flowers yellow 
 
 Brassica. 
 Beak flattened ; seeds 2-seriate ; flowers lilac, or yellow with lilac 
 
 veins Eruca. 
 
 Pods flat, short and broad, dehiscent : 
 
 Pods with a rounded top ; style in a narrow cleft ; seeds 2...Lepidium. 
 Pods triangular ; style at the centre of the nearly flat top ; seeds many 
 
 in each cell 3. Capsella. 
 
 Pods of two globular indehiscent 1-seeded valves Senebiera. 
 
 1. Nasturtium, Br. 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic branched glabrous or pubescent herbs. 
 Leaves entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers small, racemose, 
 sometimes bracteate. Sepals spreading, not pouched at the base. 
 Petals cuneate, hardly clawed, yellow or rarely white or 0. Stamens 
 2, 4 or 6. Pod long or short, nearly cylindric ; valves faintly 
 1-nerved ; septum thin, transparent. Seeds small, turgid, 2- or 
 irregularly 1-seriate ; cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 Flowers white ; leaves all pinnate ; plant glabrous, aquatic... 1. cfficinale. 
 Flowers yellow ; upper and middle leaves obovate, coarsely bluntly 
 
 toothed 2. indicum. 
 
 Flowers yellow ; all leaves bipinnatifid, teeth sharp... '6. madagascariense. 
 
 1. NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE, Br. ; F. B. I. i. 133. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, probably introduced. The Watercress. 
 
 2. NASTURTIUM INDICUM, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 134. N. madagas- 
 cariense, W. & A. 19 ; Wt. 111. t. 13 (not of DC.). 
 
 Wet places in hilly Districts, Mysore, Coorg, Nilgiris, 
 Travancore. 
 
 3. NASTURTIUM MADAGASCARIENSE, DC. Syst. ii. 192. 
 
 Hills of the N. Circars in Ganjam and Godavari, at low 
 elevations. 
 
 2. Cardamine, Linn. 
 
 Herbs with entire lobed or pinnate leaves. Flowers white, pale 
 purple or violet or very rarely yellow. Sepals not pouched. Petals 
 
38 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cardamine. 
 
 clawed. Pods narrow-linear, compressed, tapering at both ends ; 
 valves elastic, with a distinct midrib ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. 
 Seeds flattened, 1-seriate ; cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 Lower leaves trif oliolate ; pods 1-5 in. long 1. africana. 
 
 Lower leaves 5- or more- f oliolate ; pods '5-1 in. long : 
 
 Petals ; leaflets sinuate 2. trichocarpa. 
 
 Petals 4; leaflets entire 3. hirsuta. 
 
 1. CARDAMINE AFRICANA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 137 ; W. & A. 20 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 941. 
 
 W. Ghats from the Nilgiris to the Travancore Hills at 
 4,000 to 7,500 ft. ; Sivagiri Hills in Tinnevelly ; in woods. 
 
 2. CARDAMINE TRICHOCARPA, Hochst. C. subumbellata, Hook. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 138. C. borbonica, Pers. ; W. & A. 20. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, above 6,000 ft. ; 
 hills of Mysore ; in woods. 
 
 3. CARDAMINE HIRSUTA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 138 ; W. & A. 20. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, a weed, probably 
 introduced. 
 
 3. Capsella, Moench. 
 
 Small branched herbs. Radical leaves in a rosette, entire or 
 pinnatifid. Sepals spreading, not pouched at the base. Pods 
 obcordate ovate-oblong or cuneate, laterally compressed ; valves 
 boat-shaped ; septum very narrow ; style short. Seeds many, in 
 2 rows, narrowly margined ; cotyledons incumbent. 
 CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench ; F. B. I. i. 159. 
 A small herb with pinnatifid root leaves and auricled stem 
 ones ; pods obcordate. 
 
 A weed of cultivation, especially at higher elevations. The 
 Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 The following species occur as escapes from cultivation, as 
 casual weeds, or in cultivation only : 
 
 BARBAREA PRAECOX, E. Br. " Winter Cress." Nilgiris. 
 
 BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS, Linn. Cultivated in various forms as 
 the "Turnip," "Rape," " Kohl-Rabi," etc. 
 
 BRASSICA JUNCEA, Hook. f. & Thorns. Cultivated and found run 
 wild, occasionally, as by Gough in the Kunbahs of the Nilgiris, in 
 a locality to which it would hardly be considered introduced. The 
 " Indian Mustard." Vern. Hind. Rai. 
 
CAPPARI&ACJBAE. 39 
 
 ERUCA SATIVA, Lam. " Rocket." Vern. Hind. Taranuri, Asan. 
 Found only run wild in Madras, cultivated in N. India. 
 
 LEPIDIUM SATIVUM, Linn. " Garden Cress." Cultivated. 
 
 RAPHANUS SATIVUS, Linn. " Radish." Vern. Hind. Muli. 
 Cultivated. 
 
 SENEBIERA DIDYMA, Pers. " Lesser Wart-cress." Nilgiris. 
 
 Family XI. CAPPARIDACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing, rarely trees. Leaves alter- 
 nate or very rarely opposite, simple or palmately 3-9-foliolate ; 
 leaflets usually entire ; stipules spinescent or minute or 0. 
 Flowers solitary, racerned, corymbose or umbelled, regular or 
 rarely a little irregular, bisexual or rarely dioecious. Sepals 
 generally 4, free or connate, usually imbricate. Petals 4, rarely 
 0, or very rarely 2, imbricate, hypogynous or sometimes inserted 
 on the disk. Stamens usually 6, sometimes 4 or numerous, 
 hypogynous or perigynous or inserted at the base of or on a 
 long or short gynophore. Disk or annular or lining the tube 
 of the calyx. Ovary usually stalked, 1-celled ; stigma usually 
 capitate, sessile ; ovules many, amphi- or campylo-tropous, on 
 2-4 parietal placentas. Fruit a pod-like capsule or a berry 
 or rarely a drupe. Seeds angular or reniform, often imbedded 
 in pulp ; albumen 0, or thin ; embryo variously folded and 
 curved. 
 
 Herbs with usually digitate leaves and capsular fruit : 
 
 Ovary long-stalked, with 6 stamens inserted on the gynophore; leaves 
 
 5-foliolate 1. Gynandropsis. 
 
 Ovary sessile, with 12 or more stamens inserted on the disk or, if the 
 ovary is shortly stalked or stamens 6, then leaves 1-3-foliolate 
 
 2. Cleome. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with usually simple leaves and fruit usually a berry : 
 Calyx tubular below : 
 
 Petals ; berry ovoid ; leaves 3-5-foliolate ; small trees 
 
 3. Niebuhria. 
 
 Petals 4 ; berry moniliform ; leaves simple; climbers ...4. Maerua. 
 Calyx divided to the base into 4 sepals : 
 
 Stamens inserted on the middle of the gynophore ... 5. Cadaba. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the base of the gynophore : 
 Leaves simple ; thorny or unarmed small trees or erect or climbing 
 
 shrubs 6. Capparis. 
 
 Leaves trifoliolate ; large unarmed trees 7. Crataeva. 
 
40 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Gynandropsis . 
 
 1. Gynandropsis, DC. 
 
 Annual leafy herbs. Leaves long-petioled, digitately 3-7-folio- 
 late. Floivers white or purple, in bracteate racemes. Petals 4, 
 spreading, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens about 6, inserted 
 upon the long gynophore, spreading. Ovary stalked, 1-celled, 
 with 2 many-ovuled parietal placentas. Capsule and seeds as in 
 CLEOME. 
 
 GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 171 ; W. & A. 21. 
 
 A tall pubescent plant with pale purplish flowers *3-'6 in. 
 
 across in glutinous corymbs which elongate into dense 
 
 bracteate racemes. Capsules 2-4 in. long, nearly glabrous, 
 
 striate. 
 
 An annual weed, common in waste places in all Districts in 
 
 the plains and at low elevations. 
 
 2. Cleome, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves simple or digitately 3-9-foliolate. Flowers 
 racemose or solitary and axillary, yellow rose or purple. Sepals 4, 
 spreading. Petals 4, ascending, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 
 620, inserted on the disk. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked ; style 
 short or ; ovules many on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule oblong 
 or linear, valves 2, deciduous and leaving the seeds attached to the 
 placentas. Seeds reniform. 
 
 Whole plant viscous with stalked glands ; ovary densely glandular, 
 sessile ; capsule thinly glandular ; leaves 3-5-foliolate ; flowers yellow 
 
 1. viscosa. 
 
 Plants glabrous, pubescent or asperous but not viscous ; ovary and 
 capsule glabrous: 
 
 Leaves simple, linear oblong ; stamens 6 ; flowers dull purple or pink 
 
 2. monophylla, 
 Leaves 3-9-foliolate : 
 
 Leaflets filiform ; capsule sessile ; stamens 6 ; flowers yellow ; plant 
 
 glabrous 3. tenella. 
 
 Leaflets linear-oblong to obovate : 
 Leaves 3-foliolate : 
 
 Stem and leaves glabrous, not asperous ; stamens 6 ; flowers 
 
 purple 4. Burm&nni. 
 
 Stem and leaves asperous ; capsule glabrous : 
 
 Stem and leaves entirely clothed with stiff appressed scale- 
 like hairs ; capsule 8 times as long as broad ; stamens about 
 30; flowers pink 5 . fellnn. 
 
tfiebuhria.] CAPPAEIDACEAE. 41 
 
 Stem and leaves asperous with minute scattered prickles ; 
 
 stamens 6; flowers pink 6. aspcni. 
 
 Leaves 5-9-foliolate ; capsule 40 times as long as broad ; stamens 
 numerous; flowers rose 7. Chelidonii. 
 
 1. CLEOME VISCOSA, Linn. ; F. B. I i. 170. Polanisia icosandra, 
 W. & A. 22 ; Wt. Ic. t. 2. 
 
 A common weed, in fields and waste places, in all Districts. 
 
 2. CLEOME MONOPHYLLA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 168 ; W. & A. 21. 
 
 A weed of fields and waste places, in all Districts. 
 
 3. CLEOME TENELLA, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. i. 169 ; W. & A. 21. 
 
 Dry, usually sand}% places in the Carnatic Districts from 
 Nellore to Tinnevelly and S. Travancore. 
 
 4. CLEOME BURMANNI, W. & A. 22 ; F. B. I. i. 170. 
 
 Fields and dry places in the Carnatic Districts. 
 
 5. CLEOME FELINA, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. i. 170 ; W. & A. 22. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic Districts, in dry places, often on 
 black cotton soil. 
 
 6. CLEOME ASPERA, Koenig ; F. B. I. i. 169 ; W. & A. 22 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 287. 
 
 Sandy fields and waste places in the N. Circars, Deccan 
 and Carnatic, up to 2,000 ft. in the hills. 
 
 7. CLEOME CHELIDONII, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. i. 170. Polanisia 
 Chelidonii, DC. ; W. & A. 22 ; Wt. Ic. t. 319. 
 
 Moist places as on the borders of rice-fields, in the N. 
 Circars and Deccan Districts. 
 
 3. Niebuhria, DC. 
 
 Small trees, unarmed. Leaves 3-5-foliolate ; stipules setaceous. 
 Racemes few-flowered, terminal or axillary. Calyx-tube ovoid ; 
 limb 4-cleft, lobes valvate. Petals 0. Stamens numerous, spread- 
 ing from the gynophore at about the level of the top of the 
 calyx-tube. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled ; ovules many on 2 parietal 
 placentas; stigma subsessile. Berry ovoid, 1-seeded, on a long 
 gynophore. Seed large with fleshy involute cotyledons. 
 
 NIEBUHRIA APETALA, Dunn. N. linearis, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 171 ; 
 W. & A. 23 ; Wt. Ic. t. 174. Capparis apetala, Both. 
 
 A small unarmed tree with axillary and terminal racemes of 
 small dark greenish-purple flowers. Gynophore more than 
 1 in. long. 
 
42 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Niebuhria. 
 
 Dry forest tracts in Kistna, Kurnool and Cuddapah, also in 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 The wood is divided by bark tissue into concentric sometimes 
 
 anastomozing layers. Vern. Tarn. Iruvalli. 
 
 4. Maerua, Forsk. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers corymbose. Calyx- 
 tube lined by the disk, with 4 valvate lobes. Petals 4, inserted on 
 the edge of the disk, ovate, smaller than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 
 many, inserted high up on the gynophore. Ovary long-stalked, 
 1-celled or becoming 2-celled by the cohesion of the placentas ; 
 ovules many, on 2-4 parietal placentas. Berry fleshy, elongate, 
 moniliforrn, 1- or more-seeded. Cotyledons fleshy, involute. 
 
 MAERUA ARENARIA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 171. Niebuhria 
 oblongifolia, DC. ; W. & A. 23. 
 
 A large woody climber with terminal corymbs of greenish- 
 yellow flowers. Leaves simple and entire, varying from 
 broadly ovate to oblong and from acute to retuse. 
 Deccan and Carnatic Districts from Godavari southwards. 
 The wood is in concentric layers as in Niebuhria. 
 
 5. Cadaba, Forsk. 
 
 Rigid wiry unarmed shrubs. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate. 
 Floivers solitary, corymbose or racemed. Sepals 4, unequal, in 
 2 whorls, outer 2 valvate. Petals 4 or 2, clawed, hypogynous. 
 Disk large, coloured, encircling the gynophore with its tubular 
 stalk and expanded trumpet-wise at the top or spathulate. 
 Stamens 4-6, inserted unilaterally on the slender gynophore. 
 Ovary 1-celled ; stigma sessile ; ovules many, on 2-4 parietal 
 placentas. Fruit a fleshy slender cylindric berry or sometimes 
 dehiscing ultimately by two valves which fall away from the 
 placentas. Seeds globose ; testa horny ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
 Leaves trifoliolate ; petals 2, pure white with yellowish veins ; disk limb 
 
 bright yellow ; stamens 6; fruit 2-4 in. long, dehiscent 1. trifoliata. 
 
 Leaves simple ; petals 4, greenish white ; stamens 4 ; fruit 1-1*5 in. 
 long, eventually dehiscing 2. indica. 
 
 1. CADABA TRIFOLIATA, W. & A. 24 ; F. B. I. i. 172. 
 
 E. Ghat forests of Nellore, Cuddapah and Kurnool ; also in 
 Coimbatore, S. Arcot and Tinnevelly. 
 
Ct CAPPAEIDACKAE. 43 
 
 n.ge shrub, the wood in concentric layers as in Nie- 
 buhria. 
 2. CADABA INDICA, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 172 ; W. & A. 24. 
 
 Dry Districts of the N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic from 
 
 Vizagapatam southwards ; often on old walls, on trees, in 
 
 waste places, and about villages. 
 
 A straggling or half-climbing shrub ; wood not in concentric 
 
 layers. 
 
 6. Capparis, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, erect straggling or climbing, unarmed or with 
 stipular thorns. Leaves simple or 0. Flowers white or coloured, 
 often showy. Sepals 4, free, in 2 whorls, all imbricate or the 
 outer valvate. Petals 4, sessile, imbricate, 2 rarely united into a 
 short spur at the base. Stamens long, numerous, inserted on the 
 torus at the base of the gynophore. Ovary stalked, 1-4-celled ; 
 ovules many, on 2-6 parietal placentas. Fruit fleshy, rarely 
 dehiscing by valves. Seeds numerous, imbedded in pulp ; testa 
 crustaceous or coriaceous ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
 Mature branches leafless ; thorns straight ; flowers under 1 in. across, 
 
 red; fruit globose, red 1. aphylla. 
 
 Mature branches leafy: 
 
 Flowers solitary or nearly so : 
 
 Ovary glabrous, grooved ; flowers 25-3 in. across: 
 
 Thorns hooked ; leaves pubescent beneath ; flowers white ; fruit 
 
 slightly granular, oblong 2. grandiflora. 
 
 Thorns straight ; leaves glabrous ; flowers red ; fruit rugose, 
 
 globular 3. stylosa. 
 
 Ovary tomentose ; flowers white tinged with yellow : 
 Flowers 1-5-2 in. across : 
 
 Pedicel not less than the gynophore : 
 
 Berry ovoid; leaves l'5-2-5 in. long 4. brevispina. 
 
 Berry fusiform, narrowed into the gynophore ; leaves 3-5 in. 
 
 long 5. fusifera. 
 
 Pedicel 5 times shorter than the gynophore ; berry -7 in. across, 
 
 black 6. olacifolia. 
 
 Flowers 4-5 in. across ; thorns minute or 7. Heyneana. 
 
 Flowers in racemes, umbels, corymbs or panicles : 
 Umbels or corymbs solitary : 
 
 Pedicels stout, umbelled, 1-3-flowered, sessile at the ends of leafy 
 twigs; fruit oblong 8. diversifolia. 
 
44 FLORA OF MADRAS. aris. 
 
 Pedicels approximate but not umbelled, often at the ends 01 ^afiess 
 twigs, forming stout corymbs, or, if forming slender umbels, then 
 thorns small or 0, and buds and pedicels finely tomentose : 
 Leaves glabrous, oblong : 
 
 Flowers 4-5 in. across ; thorns short, stout, hooked ; young 
 
 branches glabrous 9. Moonii. 
 
 Flowers 1*5 in. across; thorns few or ; young branches 
 hoary : 
 
 Flower-buds glabrous ; leaf nerves ascending 
 
 10. Roxburghii. 
 
 Flower-buds tomentose ; leaf nerves divaricate 
 
 11. Cleghornii. 
 
 Leaves usually velvety on both sides, never quite glabrous, 
 lanceolate to oblate ; flowers 1 in. across; fruit globose, dotted, 
 
 1*5 in, across 12. grandis. 
 
 Pedicels slender, usually numerous, in terminal or axillary sessile 
 or shortly-stalked umbels : 
 
 Spines 0, or very few and small; buds and pedicels glabrous : 
 Twigs densely shortly pubescent ; fully grown buds '2 in. long 
 
 13. toiiientella. 
 Twigs glabrous ; fully grown buds '1 in. long ; fruit pisiform 
 
 14. parvijiora. 
 Spines numerous, recurved : 
 
 Leaves round; gynophore in flower 1 in. long; umbel few- 
 flowered 15. pedunculosa . 
 
 Leaves ovate lanceolate; gynophore in flower -2 in. long; 
 umbel many-flowered ; flower small, white ; fruit -5 in. across 
 
 16. sepiaria. 
 
 Umbels panicled ; flowers small, white ; prickles recurved or ; 
 
 fruit ? in. across, green 17. floribunda. 
 
 Flowers in supra-axillary rows : 
 
 Stout climbing shrub ; young parts tomentose ; fully grown buds 
 
 3 in. in diam. ; fruit 1'5 in. in diam. , reddish brown; flowers 
 
 white, turning rose 18. zeylanica. 
 
 Slender shrub ; young parts glabrous ; fully grown buds -15--2 in. 
 
 in diam. ; flowers white ; fruit pisiform 19. tenera. 
 
 1. CAPPARIS APHYLLA, Roth ; F. B. I. i. 174 ; W. & A. 27 ; Brand. 
 For. Fl. t. 3. 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A twiggy shrub or small tree ; wood light yellow, hard and 
 close-grained. 
 
Cnppn ns.] ('A I' PA U I DA CEA K. 45 
 
 '2. CAPPARIS GRANDIFLORA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 174; C. pyrifolia, 
 W. & A. 25 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1047 (not of Lain.). 
 E. slopes of Nilgiris, up to 4,000 ft., also adjacent parts of 
 Mysore and Coimbatore. 
 
 A form with straight thorns and glabrose twigs was col- 
 lected at Madras by Bulkley in 1703, also by Heyne in 
 Mysore in 1800, but the specimens are imperfect. 
 
 3. CAPPARIS STYLOSA, DC. ; W. & A. 25. C. divaricata, Hook, 
 f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 174 ; Wt. Ic. t. 889 (not of 
 Lam.). 
 
 Dry forests of the Deccan and Carnatic from Kurnool to 
 
 Tanjore, up to 1,500 ft., on stony land and on black cotton 
 
 soil. 
 
 A small tree with rough bark and white hard wood. Vern. 
 
 Tel. Badreni ; Tarn. Toaratti ; Mar. Pachunda. 
 
 4. CAPPARIS BREVISPINA, DC. ; W. & A. 24. C. zeylanica, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 74 (not o/Linn.). 
 
 Dry forest tracts of N. Circars, Nellore, Salem and Tinne- 
 
 velly, usually near the coast. 
 
 A handsome shrub with conspicuous flowers. 
 
 5. CAPPARIS FUSIFERA, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 377. 
 
 Tinnevelly District, at Udumanparai (Barber). 
 
 6. CAPPARIS OLACIFOLIA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 178. 
 
 Slopes of Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 4,500 ft. 
 A thorny shrub. 
 
 7. CAPPARIS HEYNEANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 74 ; W. & A. 25. 
 
 W. Ghats in Tinnevelly District. 
 A nearly unarmed shrub. 
 
 8. CAPPARIS DIVERSIFOLIA, W. & A. 27 ; F. B. I. i. 175. 
 
 E. slopes of W. Ghats in Coimbatore and Tinnevelly. 
 A shrub with zigzag branches and recurved thorns. 
 
 9. CAPPARIS MOONII, Wt. 111. 35 ; F. B. I. i. 175. 
 
 W. Ghats from Coimbatore to Travancore and Tinnevelly, 
 up to 2,000 ft. 
 A large woody climber. 
 
 10. CAPPARIS ROXBURGHII, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 175 ; W. & A. 26 ; 
 Wt. Ic, t. 1048. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in Coimbatore ; Chinglepufc in 
 
 Carnatic. 
 
 A large woody climber. 
 
46 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Capparis. 
 
 11. CAPPARIS CLEGHORNII. Dunn. C. Boxburghii, Cooke Fl. 
 Bomb. i. 46 (not DC.). 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in S. Canara and Mysore. 
 A large woody climber. 
 
 12. CAPPARIS GRANDIS, Linn, f. ; F. B. I. i. 176; W. & A. 27. 
 C. bisperma, Koxb. ; W. & A. 26. 
 
 Hill forests of the Deccan, Carnatic and E. slopes of the 
 
 W. Ghats from the Godavari through Kurnool and Bellary 
 
 southwards. 
 
 A small tree with white durable wood. Vern. Tel. Guli, 
 
 Eagota, Nallupi ; Tain. Mudkondai ; Kan. Torate. 
 
 13. CAPPARIS TOMENTELLA, Dunn. C. parviflora, Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 276 (not o/Hook. f. & Thorns.). 
 
 Forests of Travancore. 
 
 A large spreading much-branched shrub. 
 
 14. CAPPARIS PARVIFLORA, Hook. f. & Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 176. 
 
 Sivagiri Hills in Tinnevelly on E. slopes of W. Ghats. 
 A spreading much-branched shrub. 
 
 15. CAPPARIS ROTUNDIFOLIA, Eottl. C. pedunculosa, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 176 ; W. & A. 27 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 277. 
 
 Striharikota forest in Nellore ; Point Calimere in Tanjore, 
 
 a coast plant. 
 
 A spreading shrub with small round leaves. 
 
 16. CAPPARIS SEPIARIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 177 ; W. & A. 26. C. 
 incanescens, DC. ; W. & A. 26. 
 
 N. Circars, Hyderabad, Deccan and Carnatic in dry forests 
 
 and in hedges and scrub. 
 
 A large straggling shrub with wiry branches, very thorny. 
 
 17. CAPPARIS FLORIBUNDA, Wt. 111. t. 14 ; F. B. I. i. 177. 
 
 N. Circars; Malabar. 
 
 A large woody climbing shrub. 
 
 18. CAPPARIS ZEYLANICA, Linn. C. horrida, Linn, f . ; F. B. I. 
 i. 178 ; W. & A. 26 ; Wt. Ic. t. 173. 
 
 Dry forests in all Districts of the N. Circars, Deccan and 
 Carnatic, very common. 
 
 A large, climbing, very thorny shrub. Vern. Ur. Oserwa; 
 Tel. Atonda ; Mar. Wag, Gowindi ; Tarn. Atanday. 
 
 19. CAPPARIS TENERA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 179. 
 
 W. Ghats in Malabar. 
 
 A climbing shrub with hooked thorns. 
 
riOLACEAE, 47 
 
 7. Crataeva, Linn. 
 
 Small or medium- si /ed spreading trees. Leaves digitately 
 trifoliolate. Flowers large, polygamous. Se2)als 4, adnate to 
 the lobed disk. Petals 4, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens 
 very numerous, inserted at the base of the gynophore. Ovary on 
 a slender gynophore, l-(2-)celled ; stigma sessile ; ovules many, 
 on 2 parietal placentas. Berry fleshy with a hard rough rind ; 
 sometimes divided by a longitudinal septum. Seeds imbedded in 
 the pulp. 
 
 CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA, Forst. ; F. B. I. i. 172 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 116. 
 C. Roxburghii, Br. ; W. & A. 23. C. Nurvala, Ham. ; W. & A. 
 23. 
 
 A small or medium- sized tree with broad terminal corymbs of 
 white flowers, which turn yellow soon after opening ; filaments 
 purple. Berry 1-2 in. thick, globose or ovate. 
 Found here and there occasionally in almost all Districts, 
 often planted, frequent along river banks. 
 
 Wood yellowish white, even-grained but not durable. Vern. 
 Tarn. Marvilinga ; Tel. Uskiaman, Voolemara ; Kan. Nirvala ; 
 Mai. Nir mathalam. 
 
 Family XII. RESEDACEAE. 
 
 RESEDA LUTEOLA, L., has occurred as a casual weed about 
 Ootacamund in the Nilgiris. 
 
 Family XIII. YIOLACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or very rarely oppo- 
 site, entire crenate serrate or pinnatisect, stipulate. Flowers 
 regular or irregular. Sepals 5, equal or unequal, imbricate or 
 contorted in bud. Stamens 5, free or monadelphous ; anthers 
 erect, connective produced beyond the cells. Ovary sessile, 
 1-celled ; style simple ; stigma terminal or lateral, capitate, trun- 
 cate or cupular, entire or lobed ; ovules many, on 3 parietal 
 placentas, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, rarely a berry. 
 Seeds small ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile ; cotyledons flat. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base ; flowers irregular : 
 
 Petals about equal in height ; sepals produced below their insertion ; 
 peduncles more than 1 in. long 1. Viola, 
 
48 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Viola. 
 
 Petals unequal, lower larger, oval or orbicular, on a long claw ; sepals 
 
 not produced below ; peduncles less than -5 in. long 2. lonidium. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with regular flowers 3. Alsodeia. 
 
 i. Viola. 
 
 Herbs, rarely woody below. Flowers 1-2 on long axillary 
 peduncles, sometimes large-petalled but ripening few seeds, 
 sometimes small-petalled ripening many seeds, normal and 
 cleistogamous. Sepals produced at the base. Petals erect or 
 spreading, lower largest, spurred at the base. Anthers connate, 
 connectives of the lower 2 often produced into spurs within the 
 spur of the corolla. Style clavate or truncate, tip straight or 
 bent ; stigma obtuse, lobed or cup-shaped. Capsule 3-valved. 
 Seeds ovoid or globose. 
 
 Leaves triangular-lanceolate, not deeply cordate ; petiole winged ; plant 
 
 stemless 1. Patrinii. 
 
 Leaves ovate, deeply cordate ; petiole not winged ; flowers on leafy 
 
 stems : 
 
 Sepals linear, gradually attenuate from a lanceolate base ; stigma 
 
 usually lateral 2 . serpens . 
 
 Sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; stigma terminal 3. distant. 
 
 1. VIOLA PATRINII, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 183 ; W. & A. 32. V. Walkeri, 
 Wt. 111. i. 42, t. 18. 
 
 Hills of the N. Circars in G an jam at 4,000 ft. ; W. Ghats 
 in Mysore, the Nilgiris, Anamalais and Pulneys at over 
 4,000 ft.; Shevaroy Hills in Salem. 
 
 2. VIOLA SERPENS, Wall.; W. & A. 32; F. B. I. i. 184. T'. 
 Wiglitiana, Wt. Ic. t. 943. 
 
 Hills of Ganjam ; W. Ghats from the Nilgiris to Travancore 
 at over 6,000 ft. 
 
 3. VIOLA DISTANS, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 183. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Mysore the Nilgiris and Pulneys at over 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 2. lonidium, Vent. 
 
 Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. 
 Flowers solitary, axillary, red. Sepals 5, subequal, not produced 
 below their insertion. Petals 5, the lower one on a long claw, 
 saccate or spurred at the base. Anthers connate or free, 2 or 4 of 
 
lonidinnt . BIX A CEA E . 49 
 
 them gibbous or spurred at the back. Ovary ovoid ; style clavate, 
 incurved ; stigma oblique. Capsule 3-valved, subglobose, few- 
 seeded. Seeds globose ; testa crustaceous. 
 
 Seeds conspicuously finely striate ; valves of capsule about '2 in. long ; 
 
 undershrub, with red flowers 1 . sujf'ruticosum . 
 
 Seeds obscurely striate ; capsule valves about *4 in. long; large shrub, 
 with pink flowers 2. travancoricum. 
 
 1. IONIDIUM SUFFRUTICOSUM, Ging. ; F. B. I. i. 185 ; W. & A. 32; 
 Wt. 111. t. 19; Wt. Ic. t. 308. I. enneaspermum, DC.; 
 W. & A. 33. I. leptorhizum, DC. ; W. & A. 33. 
 
 Grassy places, in fields, roadsides, and open forest lands in 
 almost all Districts. 
 
 2. IONIDIUM TRAVANCORICUM, Bedd. Ic. t. 230. 
 
 Hills of Tinnevelly and Travancore at 2,000 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 3. Alsodeia. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite ; transverse 
 nervules numerous, distinct and parallel ; stipules rigid. Flowers 
 small, axillary or terminal, solitary fascicled cymose or racemose, 
 regular ; peduncles with many bracts. Sepals 5, rigid. Petals 5, 
 sessile. Stamens 5, on or within the annular disk ; connective 
 produced into a membranous appendage. Ovary ovoid ; style 
 straight ; stigma terminal ; ovules few or many. Capsule 3-valved, 
 few-seeded. Seeds glabrous. 
 
 ALSODEIA ZEYLANICA, Thwaites ; F. B. I. i. 187. 
 
 A large shrub or small tree with ovate-lanceolate slightly 
 
 crenate or serrate leaves and fascicles of small white flowers 
 
 on short axillary spurs. 
 
 Forests of Malabar and Travancore up to 2,500 ft. 
 
 Family XIY. BIXACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate ; stipules small or 0. 
 Inflorescence various. Floivers regular, 1-2- sexual. Sepals 3-8, 
 usually imbricate and free or connate and bursting irregularly, 
 usually deciduous. Petals 4-5 or 0, imbricate or contorted in 
 bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, usually hypogynous ; anthers 
 dehiscing by slits or pores. Disk thickened, often glandular. 
 Ovary 1-. or, by the intrusion of walls, multi-cellular; style and 
 
50 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cochlospermum. 
 
 stigmas free or united. Ovules on 2 or many parietal placentas, 
 amphitropous or anatropous. Fruit dry or fleshy, indehiscent or 
 dehiscing with as many valves as placentas. Seeds arillate or 
 testa pulpy ; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile ; cotyledons foliaceous, 
 often cordate. 
 
 palmately lobed ; flowers 4-5 in. across ; fruit a capsule 
 
 1. Cochlospermum. 
 Leaves not lobed : 
 
 Leaves large, ovate-cordate ; petals white or pink, 1 in. long ; fruit a 
 bristly capsule ; seeds covered by a red testa ..................... 2. Bix a. 
 
 Leaves large, more or less oblong ; petals white or yellowish, '5 in. 
 
 long with scales attached within ; fruit large, woody, tomentose : 
 
 Stamens 5-8 ; peduncles 1-few-flowered, axillary ; leaves serrate or 
 
 with reticulate nervules ................................. 3. Hydnocarpus. 
 
 Stamens indefinite ; peduncles often fascicled on the old wood ; 
 leaves entire with parallel nervules .................. 4. Asteriastigma. 
 
 Leaves rather small; petals 0, or under ! in. long; fruit a small 
 glabrous berry ; usually thorny : 
 
 Style long, erect, entire or lobed ; all the flowers bisexual 
 
 5. Scolopia. 
 
 Style very short, entire or branched ; most flowers unisexual : 
 Stigma entire or slightly lobed at the end of the simple style ; 
 ovary 1-celled ; berry globose, passing abruptly into the style, 
 under -3 in. in diam ........................................... 6. Xylosma. 
 
 Stigmas separate at the top of the style or of its branches or, if 
 capitate, then berry ovate, acuminate, over '5 in. in diam. 
 
 7. Flacourtia. 
 
 1. Cochlospermum, Kunth. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with yellow or red juice. Leaves palmately 
 lobed. Floivers bisexual. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, large, 
 contorted in bud. Stamens many, inserted on an eglandular disk ; 
 anthers opening by a short slit at the top. Ovary nearly 3-5- 
 celled; ovules numerous, on 3-5 parietal placentas; style 1, 
 filiform. Capsule 3-5-valved. Seeds numerous, cochleate ; testa 
 with long woolly hairs ; albumen oily ; embryo curved. 
 
 COCHLOSPERMUM GOSSYPIUM, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 190 ; W. & A. 87 ; 
 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 171. 
 
 A deciduous tree with 5-lobed leaves tomentose beneath, 
 and large golden-yellow flowers with silky sepals. Fruit a 
 
Hydnocarpua.j BIX ACE AE. 51 
 
 large brown pear-shaped striate leathery capsule, containing 
 numerous seeds surrounded by pale brown cottony hairs. 
 Dry forests, especially on stony hills, in all Districts, but 
 less common on the W. Coast, conspicuous when in flower 
 in the hot season before the leaves appear. 
 Wood fibrous, quite valueless ; cotton of the seeds but 
 little used. Vern. Hind. Galgal ; Ur. Kontopalas ; Tel. 
 Kandugogu; Tarn.. Tanaku, Kongillam ; Mai. Appa kudakka ; 
 Kan. Baruga. 
 
 2. Bixa, Linn. 
 
 A shrub or small tree. Leaves simple ; stipules minute. 
 Flowers in terminal panicles, bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate, 
 deciduous. Petals 5, contorted in bud. Anthers opening by 2 
 terminal pores. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender, curved ; ovules 
 numerous, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. 
 Seeds many, testa red and pulpy ; albumen fleshy ; embryo large ; 
 cotyledons flat. 
 
 BIXA ORELLANA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 190 ; W. & A. 31 ; Wt. 111. i. 
 17 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 79. 
 
 A small evergreen tree with large cordate-acuminate leaves. 
 Flowers large, white or purplish, few together in terminal 
 panicles. Capsules reddish brown, softly bristly. 
 Cultivated and found run wild especially in Western 
 Districts. The Arnotto. Vern. Hind. Latkan; Tel. Jafra. 
 
 3. Hydnocarpus, Gaertn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or serrate ; transverse 
 nervules and reticulation conspicuous. Flowers solitary, fascicled, 
 racemose or cymose, dioecious. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, 
 provided at the base inside with a scale often as long as themselves, 
 cf Stamens 5-15 ; anthers reniform or ovate-cordate with a broad 
 connective. Ovary rudimentary or 0. ? Stamens similar but with- 
 out pollen, or rudimentary. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 3-6, sessile 
 or nearly so, spreading, dilated, lobed ; ovules many, on 3-6 
 parietal placentas. Berry globose, many-seeded ; rind hard. Seeds 
 1, 2 or few, imbedded in pulp ; testa bony ; albumen oily ; coty- 
 ledons broad, flat. 
 
 Leaves more or less serrate, nervules parallel ; petals glabrous, greenish 
 white; scale as long as petals, linear, ciliate 1. Wiyhtiana. 
 
52 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hydnocarpu*. 
 
 Leaves entire, nervules reticulate ; petals ciliate, greenish ; scale ^ as 
 long as petals, ovate, woolly 2. alpina. 
 
 1. HYDNOCARPUS WIGHTIANA, EL ; F. B. I. i. 196. H. inebrians, 
 Vahl; Wt. 111. i. t. 16. 
 
 Forests of the W. Coast and W. Ghats from S. Canara 
 southwards, up to 2,000 ft., often near water. 
 A large evergreen tree : wood greyish white, of no value. 
 Vern. Mar. Kastel; Tarn. Maravetti; Kan. Toratti ; Mai. 
 Kodi, Nirvetti. 
 
 2. HYDNOCARPUS ALPINA, Wt. Ic. t. 942; F. B. I. i. 197; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 77. 
 
 W. Ghats in hill forests from S. Canara to Travancore, at 
 up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A large evergreen tree; wood greyish brown, of no great 
 value. Vern. Tarn. Attuchankalai. 
 
 4. Asteriastigma, Bedd. 
 
 Large trees with alternate entire leaves. Flower* large, poly- 
 gamous, in axillary fascicles or on the old wood. Sepals 4, 
 imbricate. Petals 12-16, shorter than the sepals, ciliate, furnished 
 with 3-lobed scales at the base inside. Stamens very numerous, 
 many- seriate. Ovary with many ovules on 67 parietal placentas, 
 and as many large sessile 2-lobed stigmas. Fruit woody, globose, 
 with numerous angular seeds. 
 
 ASTERIASTIGMA MACROCARPA, Bedd. Fl. t. 266 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 242. 
 A handsome evergreen tree. Flowers 1 in. across, white, with 
 a sickly scent. Fruit dark brown, 5-6 in. in diam. 
 Forests of Travancore at 1,500 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 5. Scolopia, Schreber. 
 
 Spinous trees ; spines often branched. Leaves alternate, with 
 3 or 5 pairs of nerves spreading from the base ; stipules minute or 
 0. Flowers small, 2-sexual, in axillary racemes or narrow 
 panicles. Sepals and petals 4-6 each, imbricate in bud. Stamens 
 many ; anthers ovoid, opening by slits, connective produced above. 
 Ovary 1-celled ; style erect ; stigma entire or lobed ; ovules few, 
 on 3-4 parietal placentas. Berry 2-6-seeded. 
 
 SCOLOPIA CRENATA, Clos. ; F. B. I. i. 191; Bedd. Fl. t. 78. 
 
Flacourtia.] filXACEAE. 53 
 
 Phoberos crenaius, lanceolatus and Wightianns, W. & A. 
 
 29-30. 
 
 A medium-sized tree, very variable in armature and leaves. 
 Stamens spreading over a circle '3-'4 in. across, much exceed- 
 ing the small white petals, shorter than the long straight 
 style. Berry green, globose, *7 in. in diam. 
 Forests of the W. Ghats in all hill Districts above 2,000 ft. ; 
 higher hills of Cuddapah, Chingleput and Salem. 
 Wood reddish brown, said to be very hard. Vern. Tarn. 
 Charalu. 
 
 6. Xylosma, Forster. 
 
 Characters of FLACOURTIA, but with rarely more than 2 
 placentas in each 1- celled ovary, and with the style usually 
 entire, short, and ending in a few sessile stigmas. Berry globose, 
 3-8-seeded. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acuminate 1. longifolimn. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtuse or acute 2. latifolium. 
 
 1. XYLOSMA LONGIFOLIUM, Clos. ; F. B. I. i. 194 ; Brand. For. Fl. 
 t. 4. 
 
 Forests of the E. Ghats in Ganjam and Vizagapatam at 
 
 2,000 to 4,500 ft. 
 
 A small tree, unarmed or with few very long straight 
 
 spines. 
 
 2. XYLOSMA LATIFOLIUM, Hook f. and Thorns. ; F. B. I. i. 194. 
 
 Forests of the Bababuden Hills in Mysore. 
 A large thorny tree. 
 
 7. Flacourtia, Commers. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often thorny. Leaves toothed or crenate, 3-5- 
 nerved at the base. Flowers small, dioecious, rarely 2- sexual. 
 Sepals 4-5, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many ; anthers 
 versatile. Ovary on an annulate or lobed disk, or disk represented 
 by separate glands ; styles 2-10, separate, connate or ; stigmas 
 notched, 2-lobed or, in the absence of styles, capitate ; ovules 
 usually in pairs on each placenta. Fruit indehiscent ; endocarp 
 hard with as many cells as seeds, or separating into 1-seeded 
 stones ; cotyledons orbicular. 
 
54 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Flacourtia. 
 
 A shrub. Leaves 1-2 in. long, obovate ; flowers usually on the thorns ; 
 
 pedicels nearly or quite glabrous 1. sepiaria. 
 
 A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate, usually glabrous ; 
 flowers not on the thorns : 
 
 Kacemes glabrous ; fruits ovoid, -6- '7 in. long 2. Cataphracta. 
 
 Racemes pubescent or tomentose ; fruits purple, the size of peas 
 
 3. Ramontchi. 
 
 A thorny tree. Leaves 5-7 in. long, pubescent beneath; fruits resembling 
 cherries 4. montana. 
 
 1. FLACOURTIA SEPIARIA, Eoxb. Cor. PL i. 48, t. 68 ; F. B. I. i. 
 194 ; W. & A. 29. 
 
 Scrub forests in all Districts, especially on the Coromandel 
 coast and in the Deccan. 
 
 2. FLACOURTIA CATAPHRACTA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 193. 
 
 E. Ghats of Vizagapatam District (Lushington). 
 
 A small tree, only once reported, but it occurs in Orissa, so 
 
 may well be occasional in the N. Circars. 
 
 3. FLACOURTIA EAMONTCHI, L'Herit. ; F. B. I. i. 193 ; W. & A. 
 29; Wt. Ic. t. 85. 'F. sapida, Eoxb. Cor. PL i. t. 69; 
 W. & A. 29. 
 
 Forests of the N. Circars and Deccan, up to 3,000 ft. ; 
 occasional on the W. Coast. 
 
 A shrub with small leaves in the scrub forests and on 
 rocky hills, a small tree with rather large leaves in the 
 larger forests. Vern. Ur. Balibaincho ; Tel. Kanregu ; 
 Tarn. Katukali. 
 
 4. FLACOURTIA MONTANA, Grab. ; F. B. I. i. 192. 
 
 Forests of the W. Coast and W. Ghats, not common, up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 Family XY. PITTOSPORACEAE, 
 
 Trees, erect or climbing shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alter- 
 nate, fascicled, very rarely opposite or verticillate, quite entire or 
 very rarely toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite, in various terminal 
 and axillary inflorescences. Sepals 5, free or connate, imbricate. 
 Petals 5, hypogynous, free or connate, imbricate. Torus small. 
 Stamens 5, free ; anthers versatile. Ovary 1 -celled, or 2-5-celled 
 by the intrusion of as many parietal placentas ; style simple ; 
 stigma terminal, 2-5-lobed ; ovules many, parietal or axile, 
 anatropous. Fruit capsular or indehiscent. Seeds usually 
 
Pittosporum.'] POT, VGA LA CEAE . 55 
 
 numerous ; albumen copious ; embryo minute, radicle next the 
 hilum. 
 
 Pittosporum, Banks. 
 
 Trees or erect shrubs, usually green. Sepals free or connate 
 below. Petals erect, recurved at the top, claws conniveiit or 
 connate. Stamens 5, erect ; anthers 2-celled, bursting inwards by 
 slits. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, incompletely 2-3-celled ; 
 ovules 2 or more on each placenta. Capsule 1-celled, woody, 2- or 
 3-valved ; placentas in the middle of the valves. Seeds 2-9, 
 covered with oily resinous pulp. 
 
 Flowers in paniculate often contracted racemes ; fruit '2 in. in diam. ; 
 
 seeds 6 ; twigs glabrous 1. floribundum. 
 
 Flowers in slender simple racemes ; fruit -35-'4 in. in diam. ; seeds 5-9 ; 
 
 twigs glabrous 2. nilghirense. 
 
 Flowers in stout sessile or subsessile umbels ; fruit *4 in. in diam. ; seeds 
 
 3-4; twigs glabrous or pubescent 3. tetraspermum. 
 
 Flowers in umbellate racemes; fruit '4 in. in diam.; seeds 6; ovary 
 inflorescence and twigs densely tomentose 4. dasycaulon. 
 
 1. PITTOSPORUM FLORIBUNDUM, W. & A. 154 ; F. B. I. i. 199. 
 
 Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 4,500 ft. ; Hills of S. 
 Arcot and Salem ; W. Ghats from Mysore southwards, at 
 4,000 ft. and higher. 
 
 2. PITTOSPORUM NILGHIRENSE, W. & A. 154 ; F. B. I. i. 198 ; 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 70. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests above 3,000 ft., from Mysore to 
 Travancore. 
 
 3. PITTOSPORUM TETRASPERMUM, W. & A. 154 ; Wt. Ic. t. 971 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 198. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests above 5,000 ft. from Nilgiris to 
 Travancore ; Hills of Coimbatore. 
 
 4. PITTOSPORUM DASYCAULON, Miq. ; F. B. I. i. 199. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests above 3,000 ft., from Mysore to 
 Travancore . 
 
 Family XVI. POLYGALACEAE. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, erect or climbing shrubs, or large 
 trees. Leaves usually alternate, simple, entire or occasionally 
 
56 FLORA OF MADRAS. {Sal.ouwma. 
 
 reduced to scales or 0. Stipules 0. Flowers irregular, 2-sexual, 
 bracteate racemose capitate panicled or spicate. Sepals 5, un- 
 equal, the 2 inner (iving- sepals) larger, petaloid, deciduous or 
 persistent, imbricate in bud. Petals 3 or 5, unequal, free from 
 each other but usually adherent to the staminal sheath, the 
 lower one usually boat- shaped. Stamens usually 8, monadelphous 
 or rarely distinct ; anthers 1- or 2- celled opening by transverse 
 valves or terminal pores. Ovary free, 1-3-celled ; style simple, 
 generally curved, filiform or variously dilated above ; stigma 
 capitate; ovules 1 or more in each cell, anatropous. Fruit 
 generally a 2-celled 2-seeded loculicidal capsule, or indehiscent 
 and 1-seeded or of 3 indehiscent samaroid carpels. Seeds 
 pendulous, usually carunculate ; testa often hairy ; embryo 
 axile, with or without fleshy albumen. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs ; capsule loculicidal, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; flowers 
 
 irregular : 
 
 Annual herbs. Flowers minute, in long terminal spikes ; stamens 
 
 4-5; sepals nearly equal 1. Salomonia. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Flowers fairly large, stalked ; stamens 8 ; 2 sepals 
 larger (wing-sepals) 2. Polygala. 
 
 Large trees ; fruit indehiscent ; 1-seeded ; flowers nearly regular 
 
 3. Xanthophyllum. 
 
 1. Salomonia, Lour. 
 
 Small branched or simple annuals. Flowers minute, in dense 
 terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal. Petals 3, united at the 
 base with the staminal tube, the inferior one keel-shaped, hooded, 
 not crested. Stamens 4-5, filaments united into a sheath below ; 
 anthers opening by pores. Ovary 2-celled ; 1 pendulous ovule in 
 each cell. Capsule laterally compressed, 2-celled, loculicidal ; 
 margins toothed. Seeds albuminous ; strophiole small or 0. 
 SALOMONIA OBLONGIFOLIA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 207. 8. obovata, 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 22B. 
 
 A small, slender, simple or much-branched herb with angular 
 stems, small elliptic or ovate-lanceolate leaves and long thin 
 spikes of minute pink flowers, followed by didymous fruit 
 with setose-dentate margins. 
 
 W. Coast, from S. Canara southwards ; W. Ghats, in Mysore 
 at 2,000 to 3,000 ft., not common. 
 
PoJi/fifili] POT, YGALACE. I E. 57 
 
 2. Polygala, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Sepals usually 
 persistent, the 2 inner larger, sometimes petaloid. Petals 3, united 
 below with the staminal sheath, the lower boat- shaped and usually 
 crested at the tip. Stamens 8 ; filaments united below into a split 
 sheath ; anthers opening by pores. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 1 in 
 each cell, pendulous. Capsule 2-celled and -seeded, loculicidal. 
 Seeds with a waxy 3-fid or cup-shaped and 3-toothed caruncle, 
 often expanded above into 1-3 short or long narrow membranous 
 wings or into broad appendages covering the seed ; albumen rarely 
 absent. 
 
 Caruncle appendages nearly or quite covering the seed ; large or small 
 shrubs : 
 Flowers yellow, in drooping terminal racemes ; capsule fleshy, 
 
 glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 in. long 1. arillatu. 
 
 Flowers pink, in erect axillary racemes ; capsule pubescent ; leaves 
 
 obovate, under 1/5 in. long 2. jacana. 
 
 Caruncle appendages narrow or absent ; herbs, sometimes a little 
 woody at the base : 
 Caruncle cup-shaped, truncate or with 3 distant teeth : 
 
 Bracts caducous ; caruncle with 3 long linear appendages ; capsule 
 
 broadly winged ; flowers blue 3. sibirica. 
 
 Bracts persistent ; appendages of caruncle short or : 
 
 Linear leaves, short few-flowered racemes and small green flowers, 
 
 erect; often annual 4. rosmarinifolia. 
 
 Leaves and flowers spreading or drooping : 
 
 Stems, racemes, and capsules with stiff white spreading 
 bulbous-based hairs ; flowers greenish or pinkish ; outer sepals 
 
 narrow, caudate-acuminate 5. bolbothrix. 
 
 White bulbous-based hairs absent: 
 
 Racemes under 1 in. long, dense; flowers yellow 
 
 6. chinensis. 
 Racemes 2 or more in. long, peduncled ; flowers yellow ; 
 
 outer sepals ovate, rounded at the top 1. elonyata. 
 
 Caruncle 3-fid to the base, sinuses very narrow, curved : 
 Capsule winged ; wing-petals obovate, membranous : 
 
 Racemes long, tail-like, terminal ; bracts caducous ; wings 
 
 narrow, few-veined 8. leptalea. 
 
 Racemes mostly lateral; bracts persistent; flower rose-coloured; 
 wings large, broad, petaloid 9. persicariaefolia. 
 
58 FLOEA OF MADE AS. {Poly gala. 
 
 Capsule wingless ; wing-petals falcate, herbaceous : 
 Kacemes less than 1 in. long : 
 
 Capsule downy throughout; flowers yellow, -17--25 in. long; 
 wing-petals densely pubescent, triangular ; bracts persistent ; 
 
 leaves thin 10. erioptera. 
 
 Capsule glabrous; flowers -1 in. long, greenish; wing-petals 
 subglabrous, oblique ; bracts caducous ; leaves fleshy 
 
 11. telephioides. 
 Kacemes over 2 in. long 12. Wightiana. 
 
 1. POLYGALA ARILLATA, Ham. ; F. B. I. L 200 ; W. & A. 39. 
 
 W. Ghats, in forests throughout the Eange above 4,000 ft. 
 A large graceful shrub, reaching 12 ft. in height. 
 
 2. POLYGALA JAVANA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 201 ; W. & A. 38. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan. in Cuddapah, Coimbatore, S. Arcot and 
 Madura ; W. Ghats from Malabar to Tinnevelly ; up to 
 5,000 ft. 
 A branching undershrub. 
 
 3. POLYGALA SIBIRICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 205. P. Heyneana, 
 W. & A. 38 (not of Wall.). 
 
 W. Ghats from the Nilgiris to Tinnevelly, chiefly above 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 4. POLYGALA ROSMARINIFOLIA, W. & A. 37 ; F. B. I. i. 204. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Vizagapatam ; W. Ghats from Coimba- 
 tore to Tinnevelly ; Hills of Salem. 
 
 5. POLYGALA BOLBOTHRIX, Dunn. P. ciliata, W. & A. 38 (not of 
 Linn.). 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coimbatore to Tinnevelly. 
 
 6. POLYGALA CHINBNSIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 204. P. arvensis, 
 Willd. ; W. & A. 36. P. Bothiana, W. & A. 37. P. tran- 
 quebarica, Mart. ; W. & A. 37. 
 
 In ail dry Districts from the plains to 3,000 ft. ; scarce or 
 absent from the W. Coast. 
 
 7. POLYGALA ELONGATA, Klein ; P. B. I. i. 203 ; W. & A. 38. 
 
 Dry Districts of the Deccan and Carnatic from Bellary 
 southwards. 
 
 8. POLYGALA LEPTALEA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 202. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam ; Nilgiris and Hills of Coimbatore. 
 
 9. POLYGALA PERSICARIAEFOLIA, D J. ; P. B. 1.202. P. Wa-Uir/i- 
 iana, Wfc. 111. i. t. 22A. 
 
 Hills of Mysore and Coimbatore above 4,000 ft. ; 
 
Xantlwphyllum.\ CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 59 
 
 W. Ghats from Nilgiris to Travancore, about 4,000 to 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 10. POLYGALA ERIOPTERA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 203. P. Valiliana, 
 DC.; W. & A. 36. P. triflora, W. & A. 37 (Linn. ?). 
 
 Dry parts of the N. Circars in Vizagapatam and Godavari ; 
 dry Deccan and Carnatic Districts from the Kistna river 
 southwards. 
 
 11. POLYGALA TELEPHIOIDES, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 205 ; W. & A. 36. 
 
 Carnatic, in Nellore and Chingleput ; Travancore. 
 
 12. POLYGALA WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; W. & A. 38. 
 
 W. Carnatic, in Coimbatore and Madura. 
 
 3. Xanthophyllum, Eoxb. 
 
 Large trees. Leaves large coriaceous, often yellowish green. 
 Sepals subequal, 5. Petals 4-5, nearly equal, the lower one 
 keeled, not crested. Stamens 8, 2 hypogynous, the remainder 
 adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 1-celled, stipitate ; ovules 
 4-16, various in insertion and direction. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 
 1-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous, estrophiolate. 
 XANTHOPHYLLUM FLAVESCENS, Eoxb. Cor. PL iii. t. 248 ; F. B. I. 
 i. 209 ; W. & A. 39. 
 
 A large timber tree with stout oblong-lanceolate leaves and 
 
 finely tomentose terminal panicles of white or yellowish 
 
 flowers, followed by globular thick-walled rugose green fruits 
 
 '5 '8 in. in diam. 
 
 W. Ghats from the Nilgiris southwards, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 Wood yellowish, hard and close-grained. Vern. Tarn. Mattei ; 
 
 Mai. Madakka. 
 
 Family XYII. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base. Leaves opposite, 
 usually quite entire; stipules scarious, setaceous or 0. Flowers 
 bisexual or rarely unisexual. Sepals 4-5, free and imbricate in 
 bud or united into a toothed calyx. Petals 4-5, entire toothed or 
 bifid, sessile or clawed or sometimes 0. Stamens 8-10, rarely 
 fewer, inserted with the petals and sometimes slightly adherent to 
 them ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, dehiscing lengthwise. Disk 
 annular or glandular or elongated into a gynophore. Ovary free, 
 1-celled or imperfectly 3-5-celled ; styles 2-5, free or connate, 
 stigmatose on the inner side ; ovules 2 or many on a tree central 
 
60 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Saponaria. 
 
 or a basal placenta. Fruit a dry capsule, dehiscing by teeth or 
 valves equal to or double in number to the styles or rarely 
 indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, rarely 
 solitary ; albumen mealy or rarely fleshy ; embryo usually curved 
 round the albumen ; cotyledons frequently incumbent. 
 
 Calyx gamosepalous, 4 5-lobed ; petals long-clawed ; styles distinct ; 
 leaves ovate : 
 
 Styles 2 ; leaves clasping the stem ; pedicels long and slender 
 
 1. Saponaria. 
 
 Styles 3; leaves narrowed below; pedicels very short 2. Silene. 
 
 Sepals free ; petals subsessile or : 
 
 Stipules ; styles free ; capsule 3-10-toothed ; leaves ovate or oblong 
 (except Sagina) : 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong: 
 
 Capsule long, often curved, with 6-10 short teeth ; petals shortly 
 
 notched or 0; pubescence scattered 3. Cerastium. 
 
 Capsule short, straight, splitting to below the middle into 3-5 
 blunt lobes ; petals split to the base or entire or ; pubescence 
 in a line on the stems : 
 
 Petals split to the base or ... 4. Stellaria. 
 
 Petals entire 5. Arenaria. 
 
 Leaves linear ; petals entire, minute or ; capsule 4-5-valved to 
 
 the base 6. Sagina. 
 
 Stipules setaceous or scarious ; styles 3, united below (except 
 Spergula) ; capsule 3-valved ; leaves linear-subulate to obovate : 
 Stipules small, scarious ; petals entire ; styles distinct ; leaves 
 
 linear-subulate 7. Spergula. 
 
 Stipules setaceous or linear, forming an interpetiolar fringe ; 
 
 petals 2-6-fid ; styles 3-fid ; leaves ovate 8. Drymaria. 
 
 Stipules and bracts conspicuous, shining, scarious ; petals entire 
 or toothed ; styles united ; leaves linear-lanceolate or spathulate : 
 
 Sepals keeled; style 3-fid 9. Polycarpon. 
 
 Sepals terete; style 3-toothed 10. Polycarpaea. 
 
 1. Saponaria, Linn. 
 
 Annuals. Leaves flat. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Calyx 
 tubular or inflated, 5-toothed ; obscurely nerved. Petals 5, clawed; 
 limb obovoid. Stamens 10. Disk produced into a very short 
 gynophore. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-3-celled ; styles 2-3 ; 
 ovules many. Capsule broadly ovoid, 4-toothed. Seeds globose, 
 hilum marginal ; embryo annular. 
 
Cerastium. ] CAR YOPHYLLA CEAE. 61 
 
 SAPONARIA VACCARIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 217. Gypsophila 
 Vaccaria, Sin. ; W. & A. 42. 
 
 An erect glabrous annual with rose-coloured erose petals and 
 
 stem-clasping leaves. 
 
 A weed of cultivation, occasional only. 
 
 2. Silene, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Flo wens solitary or cymose, frequently secund. Calyx 
 tubular campanulate or inflated, 10- rarely many-nerved. Petals 
 5, with narrow claws ; limb entire bifid or laciniate, usually with 
 
 2 basal scales. Stamens 10. Disk usually produced into a long 
 gynophore. Ovary incompletely 3-celled or rarely 1-celled ; styles 
 
 3 or rarely 5 ; ovules many. Capsule 3-6-toothed or -valved. 
 Seeds reniform, usually tubercled ; embryo annular. 
 
 SILKNE GALLICA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 218. 
 
 A simple or branched, erect, hairy annual; flowers in long 
 secund racemes, the lower ones shortly pedicelled ; petals 
 small, white. 
 An introduced weed, Coimbatore, Madura and Nilgiris. 
 
 3. Cerastium, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, usually pubescent. Leaves usually small. Flowers 
 white, in terminal dichotonious cymes. Sepals 5 or rarely 4. 
 Petals as many, notched or 2-fid, rarely entire, sometimes 0. 
 Stamens 10, rarely fewer. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3-5 ; ovules 
 many. Capsule cylindric, often curved near the top, dehiscing 
 by short teeth, double in number to the styles. Seeds com- 
 pressed, with an annular embryo. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute, over 1 in. long ; flowers shorter than the 
 pedicels, which are uniformly pubescent; tips of the capsule-teeth 
 
 re volute 1 . indicium. 
 
 Leaves small, ovate, obtuse ; flowers longer than their pedicels ; capsule- 
 teeth straight with revolute margins 2. glomeralurn. 
 
 CERASTIUM INDICUM, Wight & Arn. 43 ; F. B. I. i. 227 ; Wt. 
 111. i. t. 26. 
 
 Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, above 6,000 ft. 
 CERASTIUM GLOMERATUM, Thuill. C. vulgatum, W. & A. 43; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 948. C. vulgatum, Linn, (partly) ; F. B. I. i. 228. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore southwards, above 
 
 6,000 ft. 
 
62 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Stellaria. 
 
 4. Stellaria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Floivers in dichotomous cymes or rarely solitary and 
 terminal, white. Petals 5 or rarely 4, 2-fid or 2-parfcite or 0. 
 Stamens 10, rarely 8. Disk annular or glandular. Ovary 1- 
 rarely 3-celled ; styles 3, rarely 2-5 ; ovules usually numerous. 
 Capsule short, splitting to below the middle into entire or bifid 
 valves equalling in number the styles. Seeds compressed, 
 tubercled, granular or smooth ; embryo annular. 
 
 Plants with simple hairs : 
 
 Leaves 1-2 in. long, petiole -l-'2 in. long ; flowers in long-stalked 
 
 paniculate cymes; seed solitary, wrinkled 1. paniculata. 
 
 Leaves under 1 in. long, lower petioles as long as the leaves ; 
 
 flowers mostly solitary, axillary; seeds numerous, tubercled 
 
 2. media. 
 Plants with stellate tomentum 3. saxatilis. 
 
 1. STELLAKIA PANICULATA, Edgew. ; F. B. I. i. 229. 8. m,edia, 
 W. & A. 42 (not of Linn.) 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris at 8,000 ft. 
 
 2. STELLARIA MEDIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 230 ; Wt. Ic. t. 947. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anamalais arid Pulneys ; 
 Shevaroys in Salem District ; usually above 7,000 ft. 
 Chick weed. 
 
 3. STELLARIA SAXATILIS, Ham. ; F. B. I. i. 232. 
 
 About Ootacamund in Nilgiris, 7,000 to 8,000 ft. 
 
 5. Arenaria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Floivers white or pink, solitary or in dichotomous 
 cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire lacerate or retuse never 2-fid 
 or 2-partite, sometimes 0. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Disk lobed or 
 annular. Ovary 1-celled ; styles (2-)3-4 ; ovules usually many. 
 Capsule rarely longer than the sepals, 2-6-valved. Seeds smooth 
 or tubercled. 
 
 ARENARIA NEELGERRENSIS, Wight & Arn. 43 ; F. B. I. i. 239 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 949. 
 
 A small procumbent herb with long rather stiff branches 
 terminating in paniculate bracteate racemes of small flowers 
 with entire white petals ; leaves ovate, apiculate, '2-'5 in. 
 long. 
 
Drymaria.] CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 63 
 
 Nilgiris, above 6,000 ft. 
 
 Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn., was formerly found near 
 
 Madras. 
 
 6. Sagina, Linn. 
 
 Small herbs. Leaves linear-subulate, connate at the base, 
 exstipulate. Flowers small, globose, solitary, axillary and 
 terminal, pedicelled. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire or 0. 
 Stamens 4-10, perigynous. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 4-5 ; ovules 
 numerous. Capsule 4-5-valved to the base. Seeds reniform. 
 SAGINA PROCUMBBNS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 242. 
 
 A small annual with many branches from near the base, short 
 linear acute leaves and small globose flowers on long slender 
 cymose pedicels. 
 Nilgiri Hills, above 6,000 ft. 
 
 7. Spergula, Linn. 
 
 Herbs with forked or fascicled branches. Leaves often 
 apparently whorled ; stipules small scarious. Flowers in ped- 
 uncled paniculate cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 
 5 or 10, rarely fewer. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3-5, ovules many. 
 Capsule with 3-5 entire valves. Seeds margined or winged. 
 SPERGULA ARVENSIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 243. 
 
 A loosely-branched annual weed with whorl-like clusters of 
 narrow linear leaves and large irregular terminal cymes of 
 long-stalked flowers. Seeds brown or black, papillose. 
 A weed of cool climate cultivation, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills 
 above 6,000 ft. 
 
 8. Drymaria, Willd. 
 
 Diffuse glabrous herbs. Leaves roundish ; stipules of several 
 bristles. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes. Sepals 5. 
 Petals 5, 2-6-fid. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 1-celled; style 3-fid; 
 ovules 3 or more. Capsule 3-valved to the base. Seeds orbicular, 
 muricate. 
 
 DRYMARIA CORDATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 244 ; W. & A. 359. 
 
 A diffuse glabrous herb with nearly orbicular 3-5-nerved leaves 
 and slender inflorescence. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore southwards, up to 
 4,000 ffc., in shady places. 
 
64 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Polycarpon. 
 
 9. Polycarpon, Linn. 
 
 Diffuse or erect and dichotomously branched herbs. Leaves 
 opposite or from the presence of axillary fascicles appearing 
 whorled ; stipules scarious. Flowers crowded, with many scarious 
 bracts. Sepals 5, keeled. Petals 5, small, hyaline, entire or 
 notched. Stamens 35. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, 3-fid. 
 Seeds many, ovoid ; embryo nearly straight. 
 
 Perennial with all the flowers subsessile 1. Locjiingiae. 
 
 Annual with the older flowers shorter than their pedicels 
 
 2. tetraphyllum. 
 
 1. POLYCARPON LOEFLINGIAE, Benth. & Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 245. 
 HapalosiaLoeflingiae, Wall. ; W. & A. 358. 
 
 Fields and waste places in various Districts. 
 
 2. POLYCARPON TETRAPHYLLUM, Linn. ; Hook. f. Stud. Fl. B. 
 Isles 63. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, an introduced weed. 
 
 10. Polycarpaea, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, usually erect. Leaves subulate, linear or spathulate ; 
 stipules scarious. Flowers numerous, in lax or contracted cymes. 
 Sepals 5, often coloured, scarious throughout or, rarely, at the 
 margins only. Petals 5, entire toothed or erose. Stamens 5, free 
 or coherent with the petals. Ovary 1-celled; style slender, 3-fid 
 or 3-toothed ; ovules numerous. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds 
 obovoid or compressed. Embryo curved, rarely straight. 
 
 Leaves spathulate, in rosettes at the root and at the internodes ; flowers 
 
 spicate at the ends of subumbellate branches 1. spicata. 
 
 Leaves subulate, not forming rosettes ; flowers in irregular cymes : 
 Plant shortly tomentose ; cymes dense or lax : 
 
 Erect annual or subperennial herb of sandy places ; leaves flat 
 with leaf-fascicles in the axils; stipules much fimbriate, '15 in. 
 long; internodes with scattered hairs; sepals white, '1--2 in. long 
 
 2. corynibosa. 
 
 Much-branched shrub of rock crevices ; leaves with inrolled mar- 
 gins ; leaves in axils few or ; stipules hardly fimbriate, '05 in. 
 long ; internodes densely white-tomentose ; sepals coloured, -1 in. 
 
 long 3 . aurea . 
 
 Plant glabrous; cymes lax; stipules -03 in. long 4. diff-tisa. 
 
Portulaca.'] PORTULACACEAE. 65 
 
 1. POLYCARPAEA SPICATA, W. & A.; F. B. T. i. 246; Wt. Ic. t. 
 510. 
 
 Tuticorin in Tinnevelly. 
 
 2. POLYCARPAEA CORYMBOSA, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 245 ; Wt. Tc. t. 712 ; 
 W. & A. 358. P. spadicea, Lam. ; W. & A. 357. 
 
 Fields, waste places and sandy river banks in most dry 
 Districts, especially in the Deccan and Carnatic ; more 
 scarce on the W. Coast. 
 
 3. POLYCARPAEA AUREA, W. & A. P. corymbosa, var. aurea, 
 Wt. 111. ii. 44, t. 110 ; F. B. I. i. 245. 
 
 Rocky places in the Deccan Hills, Guntur, Kurnool, 
 Bellary, Cuddapah, N. Arcot, Chingleput, at 2,000 to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 4. POLYCARPAEA DIFFUSA, W. & A. ; F. B. I. i. 245; Wt. 111. ii. 
 44. 
 
 Near Tuticorin in Tinnevelly. 
 
 Family XYIII. PORTULACACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, usually succulent and glabrous. Leaves 
 entire ; stipules scarious or setose. Flowers regular, hermaphro- 
 dite. Sepals 2, imbricate. Petals 4-5, free or connate at the 
 base, imbricate, fugacious. Stamens 4 or indefinite ; filaments 
 slender; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, free or half-inferior; 
 style 2-8-fid ; ovules 2 or many, from the base of the ovary or 
 from a central column. Capsule dehiscing in 2-8 valves or 
 circumsciss, rarely indehiscent. Seeds 1 or more, usually with 
 a curved embryo surrounding a mealy albumen. 
 
 Diffuse herbs, with small terminal solitary or clustered yellow flowers 
 surrounded by a whorl of leaves; ovary half-adnate ...1. Portulaca. 
 Erect shrubby plants, with terminal panicles of moderate-sized purple 
 flowers; ovary free 2. Talinum. 
 
 1. Portulaca, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, usually succulent. Leaves with scaly or hairy stipules. 
 Flowers terminal, surrounded by a whorl of leaves. Sepals joined 
 below, free part deciduous. Petals 4-6. Ovary half-inferior ; 
 style 3-8-fid ; ovules numerous. Capsule circumsciss, crustaceous. 
 Seeds many, reniform. 
 
66 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Portulaca. 
 
 Nodes without scales or hairs; leaves cuneate-oblong to linear, -3-1-5 in. 
 
 long; flowers clustered 1. oleracea. 
 
 Nodes surrounded by lanceolate scales ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 
 
 solitary 2. Wightiana. 
 
 Nodes clothed with few or abundant hairs : 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to ovate ; flowers solitary, half sunk in the enlarged 
 end of the pedicel and surrounded by 4 involucral leaves 
 
 3. quadrifida. 
 
 Leaves terete or linear ; flowers clustered ; abundant brown hairs 
 round the flowers and, usually, at the nodes : 
 
 Stems many, diffuse from the top of a fusiform fleshy root ; leaves 
 
 linear, margined; hairs plentiful and conspicuous 4. tuberosa. 
 
 Stem erect from a stout branched annual root ; leaves terete ; 
 hairs short and inconspicuous 5. suffruticosa. 
 
 1. PORTULACA OLERACEA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 246 ; W. & A. 356. 
 
 In all dry Districts, a prostrate succulent herb. 
 
 2. PORTULACA WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; F. B, I. i. 247 ; W. & A. 356. 
 
 Dry Districts of the Deccan and Carnatic from the Goda- 
 vari southwards, usually on rocks and up to 2,500 ft. 
 
 3. PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 247 ; Wt. 111. ii. 
 t. 109. 
 
 Koadsides and waste places in most Districts. 
 
 4. PORTULACA TUBEROSA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 247. 
 
 Dry Districts of the S. Carnatic from S. Arcot to 
 Travancore. 
 
 5. PORTULACA SUFFRUTICOSA, Wight ; F. B. I. i. 247 ; W. & A. 
 356. 
 
 Carnatic Districts from Coimbatore and S. Arcot to 
 Travancore, up to 3,500 ft. 
 
 2. Talinum, Adans. 
 
 Succulent shrubs. Leaves flat, exstipulate. Floiuers panicled. 
 Petals 4-5, hypogynous. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior ; 
 style 3-fid ; ovules many. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seeds 
 radiate-striate, strophiolate. 
 
 TALINUM CUNEIFOLIUM, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 247. T. indicum, 
 W. & A. 356. 
 
 A small shrubby plant with obovate- cuneiform leaves, purple 
 flowers and pea-like fruit. 
 
 Carnatic at " Chimmanackmoor " (Chinnanayakanur ?) (W, 
 & A.). 
 
Tamarix.] TAMARISCACEAE. 67 
 
 Family XIX. TAMARISCACEAE. 
 
 Mostly bushes or small trees. Leaves minute, scale-like, rarely 
 sheathing, sometimes fleshy, stipules 0. Flowers usually spicate 
 or in crowded racemes, small, regular. Sepals and petals 5 each 
 or rarely 4, sometimes a little connate below. Stamens 510 or 
 many, free or connate below. Disk 10-glandular. Ovary free, 
 1-celled or imperfectly 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, free or connate ; 
 ovules 2-many on each of the 2-5 basal placentas. Capsule 3- 
 valved. Seeds erect, plumed with a crest of long hairs or winged ; 
 albumen floury or ; embryo straight. 
 
 Tamarix, Linn. 
 
 Learrx amplexicaul or sheathing. Flowers in lateral or terminal 
 spikes or close racemes, white or pink. Stamens 4-10 ; anthers 
 apiculate. Ovary narrowed upwards; styles 3-4, short, dilated 
 into stigmas above. Seeds with a sessile plume, exalbuminous ; 
 embryo ovoid. 
 
 Young twigs covered by the minute imbricating leaf-blades, which ulti- 
 mately spread showing their amplexicaul bat not sheathing bases ; flowers 
 08 in. long, in long narrow panicled racemes ; capsule valves '12 in. long ; 
 
 stamens 5 1. gallic a. 
 
 Young twigs covered by the short cylindric leaf-sheaths : 
 
 Flowers -08 in. long, in narrow terminal spikes ; capsule valves -15 in. 
 
 long; stamens 5 2. dioica. 
 
 Flowers -2 in. long in a long terminal raceme ; valves of capsule '4 in. 
 
 long ; stamens 10 3. ericoides. 
 
 1. TAMARIX GALLICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 248; W. & A. 40 : Brand. 
 For. Fl. t. 5. 
 
 Sandy river-beds in the Deccan and on the E. Coast, 
 Godavari, Anantapur. 
 
 A gregarious shrub or small tree. Bark rough ; wood 
 reddish with broad medullary rays, a good fuel. Vern. 
 Hind. Jhau ; Tel. Palivi ; Tarn. Kiri. 
 
 2. TAMARIX DIOICA, Koxb. ; F. B. I. i. 249 ; W. & A. 40 ; Brand. 
 For. Fl. t. 6. T. gallica, Wt. 111. i. t. 24A (not of Linn.). 
 
 Sandy river-beds and on the sea-coast, apparently very 
 
 scarce. 
 
 A gregarious shrub or small tree, used for fuel, 
 
68 FLOP A OF MADRAS. [Tamarix. 
 
 3. TAMARIX ERICOIDES, Rottl. ; F. B. I. i. 249. Trichaurus 
 ericoides, W. & A. 40 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 24B ; Wt. Ic. t. 22. 
 
 Beds of rivers in the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, usually 
 inland and often in forest regions. 
 
 A beautiful shrub, not gregarious, often associated with other 
 river-bed shrubs like Rhabdia and Homonoya riparia. 
 
 Family XX. ELATINACEAE. 
 
 Small aquatic or terrestrial herbs or small shrubs. Leaves 
 opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers small, axillary, regular, 
 hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals 2-5, free, imbricate. Stamens 
 as many as the petals or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled; 
 styles 2-5. Ovules numerous, axile. Capsule septicidal ; valves 
 separating from the axis and septa. Seeds straight or curved, 
 often rugose ; albumen or scanty ; embryo cylindric ; cotyledons 
 small. 
 
 Leaves entire ; sepals 3 ; small aquatic herbs with solitary axillary 
 flowers 1. Elatine. 
 
 Leaves serrate or crenate ; sepals 5 ; stout erect terrestrial plants, with 
 solitary or more or less densely clustered flowers 2. Bergia. 
 
 1. Elatine, Linn. 
 
 Small aquatic creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
 Flowers minute, usually one at each node. Sepals 2-4, mem- 
 branous, obtuse. Petals 2-4. Ovary globose. Capsule mem- 
 branous ; valves separating from the septa. Seeds curved, ridged 
 and pitted. 
 
 Flowers subsessile ; stamens exceeding the sepals 1. americana. 
 
 Flowers shorter than their pedicels ; stamens shorter than the sepals 
 
 2. ambigua. 
 
 1. ELATINE AMERICANA, Am. ; F. B. I. i. 250. 
 
 Prostrate in patches on mud, Nilgiris. 
 
 2. ELATINE AMBIGUA, Wight ; W. & A. 41 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 25B ; 
 F. B. I. i. 251. 
 
 Prostrate in patches on mud, Madras. 
 
 2. Bergia, Linn. 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic herbs, annuals or undershrubs. Leaves 
 opposite, usually serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, 
 
Hypericum.} HYPERtCACEAE. 69 
 
 minute. Sepals acute, with membranous margins. Capsule 3-5- 
 celled. 
 
 Succulent aquatics; leaves 1-1-5 in. long, crenate ; flowers crowded, 
 
 pink ; stamens 10 1 . capensis. 
 
 Stiff erect terrestrial plants; leaves -3-'8(-l'5) in. long, serrate : 
 
 Flowers 1-4 together, pink; stamens 10 2. aextiro^t. 
 
 Flowers red, in dense clusters ; stamens 3-5 3. ammannioides. 
 
 1. BERGIA CAPENSIS, Linn. B. verticillata, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 
 252. B. aquatica, Iloxb. Cor. PI. ii. 22, t. 142. Elatine 
 verticillata, W. & A. 41. 
 
 Carnatic, from Chingieput to Trichinopoly. 
 A glabrous succulent herb of rice-fields and the margins of 
 tanks. 
 
 '2. BERGIA AESTIVOSA, W. & A. 41; F. B. I. i. 251. Elatine 
 aestivosa, Wt. Ic. t. 222. 
 
 Carnatic, about Madras. 
 
 8. BERGIA AMMANNIOIDES, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 251 ; Wt. 111. i. 25A. 
 FAatinc anniuinnioides, W. & A. 41. 
 Marshy places in most Districts. 
 
 Family XXI. HYPERICACEAE. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite or, rarely, 
 alternate, often marked with transparent or black dots, exstipu- 
 late. Flowers solitary or cymose, terminal or, rarely, axillary, 
 yellow red or white. Sepals and petals (4) 5 each ; petals 
 contorted in bud. Stamens indefinite, free or variously combined 
 into 3 or 5 bunches or rarely all connate. Ovary 3-5-carpelled, 1- 
 or 3-5-celled ; styles free or connate ; ovules few or many on axile 
 or parietal placentas, or rarely solitary basal. Fruit a septicidal 
 or rarely loculicidal capsule or an indehiscent berry. Seeds 
 exarillate, exalbuminous. 
 
 Shrubs with yellow flowers 2-3 in. across, or herbs ; capsule septicidal ; 
 
 seeds wingless 1. Hypericum. 
 
 Shrubs with pink flowers, -5 in. across ; capsule loculicidal ; seeds 
 winged 2 . Cratoxylon. 
 
 1. Hypericum, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves usually sessile. Flowers 
 cymose, yellow, usually terminal. Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually 
 
70 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hypericum. 
 
 somewhat oblique at the top. Ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal 
 placentas or 3-5-celled with axile placentas ; styles free or 
 connate ; ovules usually many. Capsule septicidal or, when 
 1-celled, splitting through the placentas. 
 
 Shrubs 4-8 ft. high, with flowers 2-3 in. across : 
 
 Styles exceeding the ovary in length ; young branches 4-angled 
 
 1. inysorense. 
 Styles much shorter than the ovary ; young branches terete 
 
 2. Hookerianum, 
 Herbs with flowers under 1 in. across : 
 
 Sepals with gland-tipped teeth 3. Wightianum. 
 
 Sepals entire : 
 Leaves sessile, auricled, 3-nerved ; stamens monadelphous ; ovary 
 
 1-celled 4. japonicum . 
 
 Leaves shortly stalked, penninerved ; stamens 3-adelphous ; ovary 
 3-celled 5. humifusum . 
 
 1. HYPERICUM MYSORENSE, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 253 ; W. & A. 99. 
 Norisca mysorensis, Wt. Ic. t. 56. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiris Anamalais Pulneys and Travan- 
 
 core Hills, above 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large shrub, conspicuous on the open grassy " downs." 
 
 2. HYPERICUM HOOKERIANUM, W. & A, 99 ; F. B. I. i. 254 ; Wt. 
 Ic. 949. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiris above 7,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome shrub, rather scarce, in Shola forests. 
 
 3. HYPERICUM WIGHTIANUM, Wall. ; W. & A. 99. H. napaulense, 
 Dyer in F. B. I. i. 256 (excepting characters of pistil) not of 
 Choisy. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, about 7,000 ft. 
 
 4. HYPERICUM JAPONICUM, Thunb. ; F. B. I. i. 256 ; W. & A. 99. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam ; W. Ghats from Nilgiris to 
 Travancore, above 5,000 ft. 
 
 5. HYPERICUM HUMIFUSUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 255. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris. 
 
 2. Cratoxylon, Blume. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, thin. Flowers in terminal or 
 
 axillary cymes. Sepals and petals each 5. Stamens 3- or 5- 
 
 adelphous, the bundles separated by fleshy glands. Ovary 3- 
 
dan-inia.'] GUTTIFEEAE. 71 
 
 celled ; styles distinct ; ovules 4-8 in each cell. Capsule 
 dehiscing by 3 loculicidal valves. Seeds winged. 
 CRATOXYLON POLYANTHUM, Korth. ; F. B. I. i. 257. 
 N. Circars, Anakapalle in Vizagapatam (Barber). 
 A glabrous shrub with fluted sterns. 
 
 Family XXII. GUTTIFERAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with yellow or greenish juice. Leaves opposite 
 or, rarely, verticillate, usually coriaceous and exstipulate. Flowers 
 solitary or in axillary or terminal fascicles racemes or panicles, 
 white yellow or red, regular, dioecious polygamous or herma- 
 phrodite. Sepals and petals 4-12, imbricate in 2-3 series. $ . 
 Stamens usually indefinite ; filaments 1-6-adelphous or quite free. 
 ? . Staminodes numerous, free or connate. Ovary 1-2- or many- 
 celled ; style 1 usually short or or rarely styles 2 ; stigmas free 
 or connate, often peltate, as many as the cells ; ovules 1 or 2 or 
 many, axile basal or rarely parietal. Fruit usually indehiscent 
 and baccate, occasionally capsular. Seeds large ; albumen ; 
 embryo with large radicle and small cotyledons or vice 
 versa. 
 
 Ovary of many 1-ovuled cells ; style short or ; cotyledons minute or ; 
 veins of leaves often close, but never all equal and parallel : 
 
 Calyx of 4-5 sepals 1. Garcinia. 
 
 Calyx bursting into 2 valves 2. Ochrocarpus. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled 1-ovuled or 2-celled 4-ovuled ; styles 1 or 2, slender ; 
 cotyledons large ; veins of leaves very close and parallel : 
 
 Style 1 ; stigma peltate : 
 
 Flowers racemose ; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled 3. Calophyllum. 
 
 Flowers solitary ; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled 4. Mesua. 
 
 Styles 2 ; stigmas acute ; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled... 5. Poeciloneuron. 
 
 1. Garcinia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often with yellow juice. Leaves coriaceous, 
 sometimes only thinly so ; stipules usually 0. Flowers solitary 
 fascicled umbelled or panicled, polygamous or dioecious. Sepals 
 4-5. Petals 4-5, imbricate, j . Stamens numerous, free or 
 combined into a ring or an entire or 4-5-lobed mass, often sur- 
 rounding a rudimentary ovary ; filaments short and thick or ; 2- 
 or 4-celled anthers straight horseshoe- shaped or annular, dehis- 
 
72 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Garcinia. 
 
 cence longitudinal or circumsciss. ? . Staminodes free or 
 connate in groups. Ovary 2-12-celled ; stigma subsessile, peltate 
 lobed or entire, smooth or tubercled ; ovules solitary on the 
 inner angle of each cell. Berry with tough rind enclosing several 
 large seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. 
 
 Flowers 4-merous : 
 
 Leaves lanceolate to ovate : 
 Stigma rayed : 
 
 Flowers over 1/5 in. across ; stamens in 4 masses... 1. Mangostana. 
 Flowers under 1 in. across ; stamens in 1 mass : 
 
 Leaves oval, obtuse, with very close and parallel nerves 
 
 2. echinocarpa. 
 
 Leaves mostly lanceolate, acuminate, nerves not very close : 
 Trees with <? flowers : 
 
 Anthers peltate, circumsciss 3 . Morella. 
 
 Anther-cells contiguous, dehiscing longitudinally : 
 
 Pedicels 1-1-5 in. long 4. intlica. 
 
 Pedicels -3-'7 in. long; leaves usually oblanceolate 
 
 obtuse 5. Cambogia. 
 
 Anther-cells distant, adnate to a thick square connective ; 
 
 pedicels '2--3 in. long 6. Cowa. 
 
 Trees with ? flowers : 
 Staminodes in 4 bundles : 
 
 Flowers shortly peduncled ; ovary terete 4. iudica. 
 
 Flowers sessile ; ovary grooved 6. Cowa. 
 
 Staminodes in an irregular ring : 
 
 Ovary terete ; stigmas sessile 3. Morella. 
 
 Ovary grooved; stigmas stalked 5. Cambogia. 
 
 Trees with fruit : 
 
 Fruit -7 in. across 3. Morella. 
 
 Fruit over 3 in. across : 
 
 Fruit grooved to about the middle 5. Cambogia. 
 
 Fruit grooved to the top 6. Cowa. 
 
 Fruit not grooved 4. iudica. 
 
 Stigma entire ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves oblanceolate, caudate- 
 acuminate, cuneate at the base ; veins close, ascending ...7. Iniberti. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong : 
 
 Leaves caudate ; veins distant, ascending ; stigma rayed 
 
 8. Witjhtii. 
 Leaves blunt ; veins close, transverse ; stigma entire 
 
 9. travancorica. 
 
Garcinia.] GUTTIFERAE. 73 
 
 Flowers 5-merous, from the axils of fallen leaves : 
 
 Leaves 9-18 in. long, linear-oblong ; pedicels 1-1 5 in. long ; fruit 
 
 pointed, 3-4 in. across 10. tinctoria. 
 
 Leaves under 8 in. long; oval; pedicels '2-'5 in. long; fruit broadly 
 oblong, 1-2 in. across : 
 
 Flowers -5-1 in. across, opening in the cold season. ..11. malabarica. 
 
 Flowers '2-'3 in. across, opening in the hot season 12. spicata. 
 
 1. GARCINIA MANGOSTANA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 260. 
 
 Cultivated on the W. Coast and some other localities as at 
 the Barliyar Garden on the E. Nilgiri slope. The Mango- 
 steen. 
 
 2. GARCINIA ECHINOCARPA, Thwaites ; F. B. I. i. 264. 
 
 Moist forests of S. Travancore and Tinnevelly at 3,000 to 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome evergreen tree with hard reddish-brown wood. 
 Vern. Mai. Para. 
 
 3. GARCINIA MORELLA, Desr. ; F. B. I. i. 264 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 86. 
 G. pictoria, Boxb. ; Wt. Ic. t. 102 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 87. 
 G. ellipiica, Wall. ; Wt. Ic. t. 120. G. Gutta, Wt. 111. i. 126. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore up to 
 3,000 ft. The Indian Gamboge tree. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree of the evergreen forests with greyish- 
 yellow very hard wood. The Gamboge is rarely, if 
 at all, collected in India. Vern. Tarn. Makki ; Mai. 
 Chigiri. 
 
 4. GARCINIA INDICA, Chois. ; F. B. I. i. 261. 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara, Coorg and Wynaad, but no speci- 
 mens seen. 
 
 A slender tree with drooping branches and edible fruit 
 commonly planted in the Bombay Presidency as an oil 
 producer (Cooke, Watt.). 
 
 5. GARCINIA CAMBOGIA, Desr. ; F. B. I. i. 262 ; Koxb. Cor. PI. iii. 
 t. 298 ; W. & A. 100 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 85. G. papilla, Wt. Ic. t. 
 960, 961. G. conicarpa, Wt. Ic. t. 121. 
 
 W. Ghats from Coorg to Travancore, up to 6,000 ft., in 
 evergreen and lower Shola forests. 
 
 A common small evergreen tree; wood pale grey, not 
 used. 
 Vern Tain. Kodakkapuli ; Mat. Kodapuli, Pinaru. 
 
74 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Garcinia. 
 
 6. GARCINIA COWA, Koxb. ; F. B. I. i. 262 ; W. & A. 101. 
 
 Nilgiris and elsewhere (Brandis) ; occurrence in the 
 Peninsula doubtful (W. & A.) 
 
 7. GARCINIA IMBERTI, Bourd. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
 xii. 349, Trees Trav. 24. 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Travancore above 3,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with grey very hard wood, not used. 
 
 Vern. Tarn. Manja kanji. 
 
 8. GARCINIA WIGHTII, T. Anders. ; F. B. I. i. 26,5. 
 
 W. Ghat forests, in Coimbatore and Travancore up to 
 2,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with white moderately hard wood, and a 
 gamboge gum said to be soluble and of good quality. 
 Vern. Mai. Pali maranga. 
 
 9. GARCINIA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 173; F. B. I. i. 268. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of S. Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly about 3,500 ft. 
 
 A medium- sized ornamental tree with yellowish- white 
 wood having a small brown streaked heartwood. Vern. 
 Mai. Malampongu. 
 
 10. GARCINIA TINCTORIA, Dunn. G. XanthocJiymus, Hook. f. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 269. Xanthoc'hymus pictorius, Eoxb. Cor. PL ii. 
 t. 196 (not Garcinia pictoria, Roxb.) ; Bedd. Ic. t. 88. 
 X. tinctorius, DC. ; W. & A. 102. 
 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam, 4,500 ft. ; W. 
 Ghats in Mysore, Coorg, Nilgiris and N. Travancore up to 
 3,500 ft. 
 
 A handsome evergreen tree with greyish-brown very hard 
 wood. Vern. Mar. Jharambi; Tel. Iwara ruamadi; Tarn. 
 Mukki ; Kan. Deva garige ; Mai. Anavaya. 
 
 11. GARCINIA MALABARICA, Talbot in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 
 Soc. xi. 234, t. 1. G. ovalifolia, Hook. f. var. macrantha, 
 Anders, in F. B. I. i. 269. 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara, Mysore and Coimbatore. 
 A small or moderate-sized tree. 
 
 12. GARCINIA SPICATA, Hook. f. G. ovalifolia, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 269. Xanthochymus ovalifoliiis, Eoxb. ; W. & A. 102. 
 X. spicatus, W. & A. 102. 
 
 E. Coast in various places as in Ganjam and Nellore ; 
 common in Striharikota forest, S. Arcot and Pudukota ; 
 
Calophyllum.] GUTTIFERAE. 75 
 
 W. Ghats and W. Coast from S. Canara to Travancore at 
 low elevations only. 
 
 An elegant moderate-sized evergreen tree with yellowish- 
 white hard wood. Vern. Mar. Haldi ; Tarn. Kokottai ; 
 Mai. Manja nangu. 
 
 2. Ochrocarpus, Thouars. 
 
 Trees with thick leaves and flowers solitary or fascicled on 
 nodes in the axils of fallen leaves. Calyx bursting into 2 or 3 
 valves which are reflexed during flowering. Petals 4. Stamens 
 many, free or nearly so ; anthers erect, oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; 
 style subulate; stigma 3-lobed ; cells 2-ovuled. Berry ovoid, 
 mucronate, 1-seeded, stipitate. Seed large ; embryo with large 
 radicle (tigellus) and cotyledons small or 0. 
 
 OCHROCARPUS LONGIFOLIDS, Benth. & Hook, f . ; F. B. I. i. 270 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 89. Calysaccion longifolmm, Wt. Ic. t. 1999. 
 A tree with large oblong leaves and clusters of white flowers 
 7 in. across ; berries 1 in. long. 
 
 W. Ghats in Malabar and Coimbatore ; cultivated in N. 
 Circars and elsewhere. 
 
 A large evergreen tree with hard red wood. Vern. Mar. 
 Suringi ; Kan. Wundi, Punay, Suringi. 
 
 3. Calophyllum, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, with very close numerous 
 parallel nerves at right angles with the midrib. Flowers poly- 
 gamous, solitary fascicled racemed or panicled, axillary or 
 terminal. Segals and petals usually 4 each, imbricate. Stamens 
 many, free or connate at base ; anthers erect, dehiscence longitudi- 
 nal. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender; stigma peltate; ovule 1, erect. 
 Drupe with a fleshy or crustaceous pericarp. Seed ovoid or globose. 
 
 Perianth segments 4 only ; petioles under -5 in. long ; fruit elliptic, 
 
 5 in. long 1 . decipiens . 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 each ; petioles "5-1 in. long ; fruit 1 in. long : 
 Leaves under 2 in. broad ; fruit ovoid, apiculate : 
 
 Young parts more or less tomentose ; inflorescence pubescent ; 
 
 leaves 3-5 in. long 2. elatum. 
 
 Whole tree glabrous ; leaves under 2 in. long 3. trapezifolium. 
 
 Leaves 2-3 in. broad; whole tree glabrous; fruit 1 in. in diam., 
 globular 4. inoplnjllum . 
 
76 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Calophyltum. 
 
 1. CALOPHYLLUM DBCIPIENS, Wight Ic. t. 106. C. Wightianum, 
 Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 274 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 90. C. spurium, W. & A. 
 103 (probably not o/Choisy). 
 
 Forests of W. Ghats from Mysore to Travancore at low 
 elevations up to 1,000 ft. ; banks of rivers and backwaters 
 on W. Coast. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with reddish-brown useful wood. 
 Vern. Mar. Bobbi ; Kan. Irai ; Mai. Cherupinna. 
 
 2. CALOPHYLLUM ELATUM, Bedd. Fl. t. 2. C. tomentosum, T. 
 Anders. F. B. I. i. 274 (partly, not of Wight). 
 
 W. Ghats from Nilgiris to Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 
 1,000 to 5,000 ft. ; W. Coast from S. Canara southwards. 
 The Poon Spar tree of India. A tall evergreen tree, 
 unbranched to a great height with deeply cracked yellow 
 bark and reddish-brown wood, used for masts of native 
 vessels, but not in very great demand. Vern. Tarn. Katta 
 pinnei ; Mai. Katta pinna ? pinnapai. 
 
 3. CALOPHYLLUM TRAPEZIFOLIUM, Thw. ; F. B. I. i. 275. 
 
 Evergreen forests of S. Travancore and Tinnevelly at about 
 4,000 ft. ; S. Canara. 
 
 4. CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 273 ; W. & A. 
 103 : Wt. 111. i. t. 77. 
 
 E. and W. Coasts, a littoral species, much cultivated and 
 often found run wild, perhaps not truly indigenous in 
 India. 
 
 The Alexandrian Laurel. A moderate-sized very orna- 
 mental tree with a reddish -brown useful wood. The fruits 
 are collected and sold for the extraction of oil. Vern. 
 Hind. Sultana champa ; Ur. Poonang ; Mar. Undi ; Tarn. 
 Pinnai ; Tel. Puna ; Mai. Pinna. 
 
 $. Mesua, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves opposite, thick, often with transparent dots ; 
 nerves very numerous and slender, at right angles to the midrib. 
 Flowers polygamous or hermaphrodite, large, solitary or in pairs, 
 axillary or terminal. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens numerous; 
 anthers large, elongated, erect. Ovary 2-celled ; style long ; 
 stigma peltate ; 2 erect ovules in each cell. Fruit usually woody, 
 subtended by the lignified sepals, 1-celled, tardily 2-4-valved. 
 Seeds 1-4, without an aril. 
 
Poeciloneuron.] G VTTIFEEA E. 77 
 
 MESUA FERREA, Linn. ; P. B. I. i. 277 ; W. & A. 102 ; Wt. Ic 
 t. 118. M. spccinsfii Chois. ; Wt. Ic. t. 961. M. pcdunculata, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 119. M. commaudeHna, Wt. Ic. t. 117; Bedel. Fl. 
 t. 64. 
 
 A medium-sized or large tree with lanceolate, oblong or linear 
 
 leaves, white fragrant flowers and ovoid greenish woody fruit. 
 
 The size of the leaves (2-6 in. long), their colour beneath 
 
 (white or green), the diameter of the flowers (1--4 in.) and of 
 
 the fruit (l-2'5 in.) are very variable. 
 
 Forests of the W. Ghats from S. Canara to Travancore, up to 
 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 A common, handsome, and conspicuous tree with a very hard 
 
 red wood, so hard that it is difficult to work, and therefore 
 
 little used. Vern. Tel. Naga kesara ; Mar. Nagchampa ; 
 
 Kan. Naga sampige ; Taut. Nangu ; Mai. Nanga. 
 
 5. Poeciloneuron, Bedd. 
 
 Trees. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, thick ; nerves close- 
 set and parallel with fine reticulation between them. Flowers 
 yellowish. Sepals 4-5, imbricate. Petals 5-6, contorted. 
 Stamens numerous ; filaments free or nearly so, short or ; 
 anthers elongated, erect. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, subulate, 
 stigmatic at the tips ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Capsule 
 ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy ; 
 radicle minute, inferior. 
 
 Flowers in a terminal panicle ; sepals 5 ; anthers lobulate on the 
 
 margins 1 . indicum . 
 
 Flowers solitary, axillary ; sepals 4 ; anthers plain on the margins 
 
 2. pauciflorum. 
 
 1. POECILONEUROX INDICUM, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 278; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 3. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore up to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 A large evergreen sometimes gregarious tree with a hard 
 reddish-brown wood, useful for large timber purposes. 
 Vern. Kan. Kirballi ; Tarn. Puthangkolli ; Mai. Vayila. 
 
 2. POECILONEURON PAUCIFLORUM, Bedd. Fl. t. 93 ; F. B. I. i. 
 278. 
 
78 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Poedloneuron. 
 
 W. Ghats of Travancore and Tinnevelly at 2,000 to 
 4,500 ft. 
 
 A large evergreen tree with a hard reddish wood. Vern. 
 Tarn. Puthangkolli ; Mai. Puli vayila. 
 
 Family XXIII. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves usually cori- 
 aceous and simple, alternate, penninerved, serrate or entire, rarel} T 
 stipulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, or in terminal 
 or axillary racemes or panicles or springing from the trunk, 
 regular, 2- rarely 1-sexual. Sepals usually 5, free or shortly con- 
 nate, imbricate or very rarely valvate. Petals usually 5, usually 
 connate and much imbricate. Stamens usually indefinite and 
 adnate to the base of the petals, sometimes monadelphous ; 
 2-locular, erect, basifixed. Disk 0. Ovary free or rarely ^-inferior, 
 3-5-many-celled ; styles as many as the cells, free or connate. 
 Ovules 1, 2 or many in each cell. Fruit a berry or capsule. 
 Seeds with or without albumen. 
 
 Leaves entire, obovate, obtuse ; flowers '8 in. across ; fruit a 
 berry 1. Ternstroemia. 
 
 Leaves crenate or serrate : 
 
 Flowers very small in axillary fascicles ; fruit a berry 2. Eurya. 
 
 Flowers 1/5 in. across, solitary ; fruit dehiscing by 5 valves spreading 
 from a central column 3. Gordonia. 
 
 1. Ternstroemia, Linn. 
 
 Glabrous evergreen trees or sometimes shrubs. Leaves cori- 
 aceous, usually entire. Flowers usually dioecious, solitary or 
 fascicled, axillary or lateral; peduncles often recurved and 
 2-bracteate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, connate at the base like the 
 sepals, broadly imbricate. Stamens in the c? and bisexual 
 flowers numerous. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely incompletely so ; 
 cells usually 2-ovulate ; ovules pendulous ; stigmas 2-3, subsessile, 
 often lobed. Berry with a thick rind. Seeds large, horseshoe- 
 shaped or oblong ; albumen rarely absent. 
 
 TEENSTROEMIA JAPONICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 280. Cleyera gymnan- 
 thera, W. & A. 87 ; Wt. Ic. t. 47 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 91. 
 
 Flowers pale yellow, '7 in. across, in the axils of the leaves or 
 of fallen leaves or lateral on the branchlets. Berries 2-seeded, 
 
Gordonia ] TERNSTROEMIACEAE. 79 
 
 reddish, apiculate, '5 in. in diam. Leaves obovate, 2-4 in. 
 long. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests of Nilgiris to Travancore, above 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized evergreen handsome tree with reddish- 
 brown smooth wood. Vern. Nilg. Kiamonu. 
 
 2. Eurya, Thunb. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent, 
 usually crenate- serrate. Flowers dioecious, in small axillary 
 clusters or, rarely, solitary ; pedicels short. Sepals and petals 5 
 each, imbricate, expanding but little. Stamens in <? flower 5-15, 
 usually about 12. Ovary 2-5-celled, with as many free or united 
 styles ; ovules many, from the axis in each cell. Fruit a small 
 globular or ovoid berry. Seeds usually very small, angled or 
 pitted ; albumen fleshy. 
 
 EURYA JAPONICA, Thunb. ; F. B. I. i. 284 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 92. 
 E. tristyla, W. & A. 86. E. Wight iana, Wt. 111. i. t. 38. 
 
 A shrub or tree with small white flowers, 2 together ; ends of 
 
 twigs sharply angular. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests from S. Canara to Travancore, 
 
 common above 3,000 ft. 
 
 Wood brown, close-grained, a good fuel. Vern. Nilg. Huluni. 
 
 3. Gordonia, Ellis. 
 
 Trees, sometimes large, with evergreen leaves. Flowers solitary, 
 axillary, usually towards the ends of the branches. Sepals usually 
 5, unequal and often passing gradually into the bracteoles. Petals 
 sometimes much larger than the sepals and thin in texture. 
 Stamens many, 1- or 5-adelphous, adnate to the base of the 
 petals. Ovary 3-6-celled ; style usually solitary, ribbed or angled 
 with a spreading stigma ; ovules 4-8 in each cell. Fruit an 
 oblong, woody, loculicidal capsule with 4-5 flat or grooved valves 
 separating from a persistent axis. Seeds winged; albumen 0; 
 embryo with ovate cotyledons. 
 
 GORDONIA OBTUSA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 291 ; W. & A. 87 ; Wt. 111. i. 
 
 t. 39. 
 
 A tall tree with grey bark and large white flowers. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts in the drier Shola forests, chiefly 
 
80 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Gordonia. 
 
 of the E. side, usually from 5,000 to 7,000 ft., lower in 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 Wood reddish, hard and close-grained, but little used. Vern. 
 
 Nilg. Nagetta. 
 
 Camellia Thea, Link., the Tea Plant, is much cultivated, 
 
 especially in the Nilgiri and Travancore Mountains. 
 
 Family XXIY. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 
 
 Resinous trees. Leaves alternate, entire or rarely crenate, 
 penninerved, usually with small stipules. Flowers regular, her- 
 maphrodite, usually sweet-scented, in racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 free and campanulate or short and adnate to the ovary. Petals 
 contorted. Stamens numerous, 15, 10 or 5, variously connate or 
 free ; filaments usually short and often dilated below ; connective 
 often produced into an appendage above. Ovary usually slightly 
 adherent to the calyx, 3 (-l)-celled ; style usually quite entire ; 
 ovules lateral or basal, 2 in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent nut 
 or a 3-valved capsule usually enclosed in the accrescent calyx and 
 often winged by the elongation of 2 or more of the sepals. Seeds 
 l(-2), exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy. 
 
 Stipules amplexicaul, scars encircling the twigs ; calyx tubular ; fruit 
 
 with 2 long wings 1. Dipterocarpus. 
 
 Stipules not amplexicaul ; sepals nearly free : 
 
 Bases of the inner sepals nearly hidden by the outer in flower and 
 fruit ; sepals erect in fruit and enclosing the nut ; anthers with long 
 awns (except in Shorea robusta and S. TwnbuggaiaJ : 
 Sepals developing in fruit into long erect wings : 
 
 Wings 2 2. Hopea. 
 
 Wings 3 3. Shorea. 
 
 Sepals accrescent but shorter than the fruit or developing into short 
 
 spreading wings 4 , Balanocarpus. 
 
 Bases of the sepals equally exposed in flower and fruit ; anther points 
 short or : 
 
 Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers in axillary racemes 
 
 5. Yatica. 
 Sepals linear, obtuse ; flowers in terminal panicles 6. Yateria. 
 
 1. Dipterocarpus, Gaertn. f. 
 
 Trees, often of great height, more or less clothed with tawny 
 stellate pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, margins entire or undu- 
 
Hopea.] DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 81 
 
 late, lateral nerves looped and connected by transverse reticula- 
 tion ; petiole often swollen just below the leaf -blade ; stipules 
 encircling the stem, falling early and leaving an annular scar. 
 Flowers large, white or reddish, racemed or panicled. Calyx 
 with a free tubular base. Petals valvate, pubescent. Stamens 
 numerous ; anthers elongated, acuminate. Ovary with 3 2-ovuled 
 cells and a filiform style. Fruit a 1 (-2) -seeded nut, enclosed in a 
 smooth, ribbed, or reticulate accrescent calyx-tube with 2(-5) 
 erect wings. Cotyledons large, thick, unequal. 
 
 Tube of fruiting calyx 5-winged ; leaf-nerves below and young shoots 
 
 clothed with spreading tomentum 1. Bourdilloni. 
 
 Tube of fruiting calyx smooth ; leaves subglabrous ; young shoots with 
 short adpressed tomentum 2. indicu*. 
 
 1. DIPTEROCARPUS BOURDILLONI, Brandis in Hook. Ic. PI. 
 t. 2403. 
 
 W. Ghats : Carcoor Ghat in Malabar ; N. and C. Travan- 
 core at low elevations. 
 
 A magnificent evergreen tree, reaching 150 ft. in height. 
 Wood reddish brown, moderately hard. Vern. Tarn. Ear 
 anjili ; Mai. Charatta anjili. 
 
 2. DIPTEROCARPUS INDICUS, Bedd. ; Bedd. Fl. t. 94. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, up 
 to 3,000 ft., in evergreen forests. 
 
 A lofty evergreen tree, reaching 120 ft. in height. Wood 
 reddish brown, hard, but not durable. Vern. Kan. Guga, 
 Challane ; Tarn. Ennei ; Mai. Kalpayin, Vellaini. 
 
 2. Hopea, Eoxb. 
 
 Large resinous trees. Leaves entire ; stipules small, deciduous. 
 Floivers sessile or shortly pedicelled, ebracteate, in lax unilateral 
 paniculate racemes. Sepals obtuse, imbricate, shortly united at 
 the base. Stamens 15 or rarely 10, slightly connate ; connective 
 produced into a subulate point ; anthers ovate. Ovary of 3 
 2-ovuled cells ; style short, subulate. Fruit 1-seeded, closely 
 surrounded by the bases of the accrescent sepals, the 2 external 
 of which are developed into linear or oblong wings. 
 
 Panicles tomentose ; leaves with 8-12 pairs of nerves : 
 
 Petals glabrous ; leaves ovate to oblong ; wings of fruit 2-5 in. long, 
 erect 1. parviftora. 
 
 G 
 
82 FLORA OF MADRAS. \Hopta. 
 
 Panicles glabrous ; petals pubescent : 
 
 Leaf-nerves 4-5 pairs ; bark black, peeling in strips from below 
 
 upwards; fruit-wings -6-'9 in. broad 2. racophloea. 
 
 Leaf nerves 6-12 pairs ; bark brownish ; fruit-wings -3--4 in. wide 
 
 3. Wightiana. 
 
 1. HOPEA PARVIFLOKA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 308 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 7. 
 
 Moist forests of the W. Coast and W. Ghats in all Ghat 
 Districts, up to 3,000 ft. ; often gregarious in hill forests, 
 sporadic on river banks in plains ones. 
 
 A large handsome tree, with brown close-grained hard 
 wood, valuable for building purposes and for railway 
 sleepers Vern. Kan. Bovumara, Kiralboghi; Tarn. 
 Kongu, Pongu ; Mai. Thambagam. 
 
 2. HOPEA RACOPHLOEA, Dyer in F. B. I. i. 310. H. malabarica, 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 185. 
 
 W. Ghats in the forests of S. Canara, Wynaad, and Travan- 
 core, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with hard brown wood and charac- 
 teristic bark. Vern. Tarn. Karung kongu ; Mai. Neduvali 
 kongu. 
 
 3. HOPEA WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 309 ; W. & A. 85. H. 
 glabra, W. & A. 85 ; F. B. I. i. 310 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 96. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Coast from S. Canara south- 
 wards, often gregarious, especially in S. Canara. 
 A large tree with brown hard wood of good quality for 
 timber. Vern. Mar. Kavsi ; Kan. Haiga ; Tarn. Ila pongu. 
 
 3. Shorea, Eoxb. 
 
 Resinous trees of great height or rarely of medium size or even 
 shrubs. Leaves with the ultimate reticulation often inconspicuous ; 
 stipules often large, coriaceous or persistent. Panicles axillary or 
 terminal. Sepals imbricate, united at the base into a very short 
 tube. Stamens often 15 in 3 rows, rarely fewer, sometimes more 
 numerous and occasionally as many as 100 ; anthers usually ovate 
 or oblong with a subulate extension of the connective. Ovary of 3 
 2-ovuled cells ; style subulate ; stigma entire or minutely lobed. 
 Fruit with a leathery, rarely woody, pericarp, 1-celled, 1-seeded, 
 closely surrounded by the bases of the persistent, usually accres- 
 cent, sepals, the 3 outer of which (or rarely 5 or 0) are developed 
 
Shorc.i . | DIPTEROCARPACEA E. 83 
 
 into 7-10- veined reticulate membranous linear-oblong wings. 
 Cotyledons fleshy, unequal. 
 
 Calyx glabrous in flower and fruit ; stamens usually about 15 ; leaves 
 
 elliptic with nerves close, under -25 in. apart 1. Talura. 
 
 Calyx pubescent in flower and fruit ; stamens usually 30-50 ; leaves 
 
 ovate, often cordate at base : 
 
 Peduncle and rachis of panicle densely tomentose ; petioles under 1 in. 
 long; wings of fruit 0-8 times as long as the capsule; leaf-nerves 
 
 usually over '5 in. apart; very gregarious 2. robusta. 
 
 Peduncle and rachis of panicle nearly glabrous ; petioles 1-2 in. long ; 
 wings of fruit 2-3 times as long as the capsule ; leaf-nerves usually 
 25- ! 35 in. apart ; sporadic or only partly gregarious... 3. Tumbugpaia. 
 
 1. SHOREA TALURA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 304. 8. laccifera, Heyne ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 6. Vatica laccifera, W. & A. 84 ; Wt. Ic. t. 164. 
 
 Forests of the E. Ghats and Deccan in Cuddapah, N. 
 Arcot, Anantapur, Mysore, and Salem, up to 3,000 ft. ; 
 W. Ghats in Malabar, Coimbatore, and Madura, sporadic 
 only and in hilly country. 
 
 A handsome tree with yellowish-brown valuable wood. 
 Vern. Tel. Jalari ; Tarn. Talura, Talari. 
 
 2. SHOREA ROBUSTA, Gaertn. ; F. B. I. i. 306; Koxb. Cor. PI. 
 iii. 312 ; Bedd. Fl. fc. 4 ; Brand. For. Fl. t. 9. 
 
 N. Circars, forming large forests in Gumsur Surada and the 
 E. Ghat Range, up to 3,000 ft. ; Palkonda Hills and Jeypore 
 forests in Vizagapatam, and south to the Godavari, but 
 scarce. The Sal tree. 
 
 A large gregarious forest tree with a brown but rough 
 and rather cross-grained wood, valuable for building 
 purposes and sleepers. Vern. Hind. Sal ; Ur. Salwa ; 
 Tel. Gugal. 
 
 3. SHOREA TUMBUGGAIA, Boxb. : F. B. I. i. 306 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 5. 
 Vatica Tumbuggaia, Wt. Ic. t. 27. 
 
 E. Ghats : forests of the Cuddapah, N. Arcot, and Chingle- 
 
 put Hills, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large forest tree, sporadic or only partly gregarious, with 
 
 a brown hard wood similar to Sal but much smoother 
 
 and better for carpentry. It is much in demand in 
 
 Cuddapah and N. Arcot. Vern. Tarn. Tambagam ; Tel. 
 
 Thamba. 
 
84 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Balanocarpus. 
 
 #. Balanocarpus, Bedd. 
 
 Large trees, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves entire 
 with minute deciduous stipules. Flowers in unilateral panicled 
 racemes. Calyx lobes imbricate on a flat torus. Stamens 
 (10-)15 ; filaments dilated afc the base ; anthers short, ovate, 
 exceeded by the apical awn. Nut oblong or globose, apiculate, 
 often marked by numerous raised lines, enclosed at the base by 
 the thickened and accrescent sepals which often attain 1 in. in 
 length and spread horizontally. 
 
 Leaves unequally cordate at the base ; petals bilobed ; fruit ovoid 
 
 1. erosa. 
 
 Leaves rounded at the base or acute ; petals entire, pubescent, crenulate ; 
 fruit globose 2. utilis. 
 
 1. BALANOCARPUS EROSA, Bedd. For. Man. 237 ; Fl. t. 329. 
 
 Tinnevelly Ghats, at 2,000 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 2. BALANOCARPUS UTILIS, Bedd. For. Man. 237 ; Fl. t. 330. 
 Hopea longifolia, Dyer, F. B. I. i. 309. 
 
 Tinnevelly Ghats, S. of Courtallum, at 1,000 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 5. Yatica, Linn. 
 
 Large or medium-sized resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, 
 
 entire or a little undulate, finely reticulate ; stipules small and 
 
 caducous. Flowers axillary and terminal, usually paniculate and 
 
 tornentose. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the base of the 
 
 ovary ; segments slightly imbricate. Stamens 15 ; anthers oblong, 
 
 apiculate. Ovary of 3 2-ovuled cells ; style short ; stigma entire 
 
 or shortly 3-toothed. Capsule leathery, 3-valved, 1-2-seeded, 
 
 attached to the spreading and often winged accrescent calyx. 
 
 VATICA CHINENSIS, Linn. V. Roxburghiana, Bl. ; F. B. I. i. 302; 
 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 95. Valeria Boxburghiana, Wt. Ic. t. 26. 
 
 A large evergreen tree with thin grey bark and ovate to oblong 
 
 obtuse leaves having 10-14 pairs of nerves ; petals 5 times as 
 
 long as the calyx ; stamens in 2 rows ; fruit globose, shortly 
 
 pointed, reticulate, surrounded at the base by the enlarged 
 
 sepals. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats at low elevations on the banks of 
 
 rivers from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore. 
 
 Wood reddish brown, hard and good, but little used. Vern. 
 
 Mai. Vellei payin, Adakka payin. 
 
Vater in.- ANCISTROCLADACEAE. 85 
 
 6. Yateria, Linn. 
 
 Resinous trees. Leaves usually coriaceous. Flowers in terminal 
 or lateral panicles or 1-3 on axillary peduncles. Calyx segments 
 very shortly united at the base. Stamens 15 or about 50 ; anthers 
 linear or oblong, connective usually muticous. Ovary of 3 2-ovuled 
 cells ; style subulate, entire or shortly lobed. Capsule 1-seeded, 
 ovoid or globose, coriaceous or fleshy, indehiscent or 3-valved; 
 calyx persistent, scarcely accrescent, reflexed around the pedi- 
 cel. Cotyledons large, fleshy, unequal, enclosing the superior 
 radicle. 
 
 VATERIA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 313 ; Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 288 ; 
 W. & A. 84 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 36. V. malabarica, Bl. ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 84. 
 
 A very large evergreen tree ; stem smooth, blotched with 
 green and white ; leaves ovate, with 14 pairs of nerves ; 
 flowers '8 in. across, white, fragrant, drooping in large 
 panicles ; fruit ovoid, rough, pale brown, 2 in. long. 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinne- 
 velly at low elevations, up to 2,500 ft. or sometimes 
 higher, often planted. The Piney Varnish or Indian Copal 
 tree. 
 
 Wood greyish brown, rough, not much used. The stems 
 afford a resin and the seeds an oil. Vern. Kan. Dhupa, 
 Gugli ; Tarn. Vallei kuntrikam ; Tel. Dupada ; Mai. Payin. 
 
 Family XXY. ANCISTROCLADACEAE. 
 
 Glabrous climbing shrubs with hooked branches. Leaves with 
 entire coriaceous blades and short petioles ; nerves pinnate and 
 reticulate ; stipules small and deciduous or 0. Floivers regular, 
 bisexual, in axillary or (apparently) terminal racemes or panicles, 
 mostly caducous ; pedicels jointed at the top. Calyx enlarged in 
 fruit; tube very short, adnate to the ovary; lobes 5, unequal, 
 imbricate. Petals 5, unequal, contorted, slightly connate at the 
 base. Stamens 5-10; filaments short, dilated at the base and 
 there connate ; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with one erect 
 or lateral .ovule ; styles 3 ; stigmas terminal. Ntft indehiscent, 
 1-seeded, mucronate, adnate to the calyx tube, and surmounted 
 by the enlarged calyx lobes. Seed globose ; albumen copious, 
 fleshy, ruminate, 
 
86 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ancistrocladm . 
 
 Ancistrocladus, Wall. 
 
 Flowers in branched panicles. Stamens 10. Other characters 
 as described under the Family. 
 
 ANCISTROCLADUS HEYNEANUS, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 299 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 1987-8. 
 
 W. Ghats, in most Districts, in evergreen forests. 
 
 Family XXYI. MALVACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees ; stellate hairs often present. 
 Leaves alternate, usually palmately nerved, simple lobed or 
 digitate ; stipules free, caducous or 0. Floiuers regular, bisexual 
 or very rarely dioecious or polygamous, axillary, terminal, solitary, 
 . clustered or paniculate ; bracteoles 2 or more, free or connate, often 
 forming an involucre, sometimes 0. Sepals (3-4-) 5, valvate, more or 
 less united into a lobed or truncate calyx. Petals 5, more or less 
 adnate to the base of the staminal tube, twisted-imbricate or 0. 
 Stamens many, rarely few, usually connate into a tube divided at 
 the apex into numerous single pentadelphous or polyadelphous 
 antheriferous filaments, or emitting from its outer surface sessile 
 or stipitate anthers ; anthers ultimately 1-celled. Ovary 2-many- 
 celled, entire or lobed, of 2-many carpels ; ovules 1 or more in each 
 cell on the axis ; styles distinct or connate ; stigmas linear 
 peltate or capitate. Fruit of dry indehiscent cocci separating 
 from the central axis, or capsular and loculicidal, or rarely 
 large woody and indehiscent. Seeds reniform or obovoid ; 
 albumen scanty or ; embryo curved ; cotyledons usually folded 
 or crumpled. 
 
 Plants destitute of peltate scales : 
 
 Leaves simple, entire, lobed, or palmatiM : 
 Carpels separating from the axis at maturity : 
 
 Styles as many as the carpels ; staminal tube antheriferous at or to 
 the top : 
 
 Bracteoles 3 : 
 
 Carpels rounded, indehiscent, awnless : 
 Leaves orbicular in outline, palmately veined and lobed; 
 
 stigmas linear ; flowers purple or whitish *.l. Malva. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, pinnately veined stigmas capitate ; 
 
 flowers yellow 2. Malvastrum. 
 
 Carpels truncate, dehiscent, 2-awned ..Modiola. 
 
MALVACEAE. 87 
 
 Bracteoles : 
 
 Fruiting carpels spreading star-wise with points outwards ; 
 
 fruiting calyx flat; flowers purple Anoda. 
 
 Fruiting carpels erect, with the fruiting calyx appressed to 
 them ; flowers yellow : 
 
 Carpels bursting irregularly, points not spreading ; flowers 
 
 opening in the morning 3. Sida. * 
 
 Carpels dehiscing by a regular central line, forming a 
 flat-topped fruit with radiating points ; flowers opening in 
 
 the evening 4. Abutilon. 
 
 Style-branches twice as many as the carpels ; staminal tube 
 antheriferous on the outside not at the top : 
 
 Flowers capitate, 4-6 together in each involucre Malachra. . 
 
 Flowers not in heads : 
 
 Leaves with a large gland at the base of the midrib beneath ; 
 bracteoles or lobes of the involucre triangular-lanceolate ; ripe 
 
 carpels often glochidiate 5. Urena. 
 
 Leaves eglandular ; bracteoles or lobes of the involucre ovate 
 or setaceous ; ripe carpels never glochidiate, but 1-3-aristate 
 
 or bare 6. Pavonia. 
 
 Carpels not separating ; fruit capsular : 
 Bracteoles persistent and forming spreading wings to the fruit ; 
 
 anthers in 5 clusters; flowers polygamous 7. Kydia. 
 
 Bracteoles not spreading nor fimbriate (0 at the time of flowering 
 in Hibiscus ficulnau) : 
 
 Capsule 10-valved 8. Decaschistia. 
 
 Capsule 5-valved 9. Hibiscus. 
 
 Bracteoles large, cordate, foliaceous, fimbriate or toothed 
 
 Gossypium. 
 Leaves digitate ; trees : 
 
 Trunk short, thick, unarmed ; peduncles pendulous, 6-8 in. long ; 
 
 calyx 5-fid; stamens monadelphous Adansonia. 
 
 Trunk tall, armed at least when young ; peduncles under 2 in. long ; 
 calyx truncate ; stamens 5-adelphous : 
 Flowers over 3 in. long ; capsule thick, woody ; bark soon grey 
 
 10. Bombax. 
 Flowers 1-1*5 long ; capsule thin, leathery ; bark remaining green 
 
 for a long time 11. Eriodendron. 
 
 All herbaceous parts covered with peltate scales ; trees : 
 Flowers large, solitary, axillary ; leaves cordate, ovate. ..12. Thespesia. 
 Flowers small (for the Family), densely clustered on the old wood; 
 leaves linear-lanceolate 13. Cullenia, 
 
88 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Malrn. 
 
 1. Malva, Linn. 
 
 Pubescent herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or 
 clustered, pedicelled. Bracteoles 3. Staminal tube divided at 
 the top into numerous antheriferous filaments. Ovary many- 
 celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ; styles as many as the cells, filiform. 
 Cocci forming a round depressed fruit, separating when ripe from 
 each other and from the axis, indehiscent, muticous. 
 
 Flowers 1-5 in. across, purple, on long peduncles; plant erect; petals 
 
 5 tinies as long as the sepals 1. *ylve*tris. 
 
 Flowers not more than *5 in. across, shortly stalked; petals scarcely 
 
 exceeding the sepals: 
 
 Erect plant with bluish flowers in dense axillary clusters ; carpels 
 
 rounded at the edge 2. verticillata. 
 
 Low spreading plant with whitish flowers, few together on short 
 peduncles in the leaf-axils ; carpels with interlocking teeth ; petal-claws 
 glabrous 3 . parviftora. 
 
 1. MALVA SYLVESTRIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 320. M. mauritiana, 
 DC.; W. &A. 45. 
 
 Mysore (Heyne 1800) ; Madras (Bulkley 1703), a weed of 
 cultivation. 
 
 2. MALVA VERTICILLATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 320. M. rotundifolia, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 950 (not of Linn.). M. neilglierrensis, Wt. Ic. t. 950 
 (in text). 
 
 Nilgiris, Kotagiri, 6,000 ft. (Wight), a weed of cultivation. 
 
 3. MALVA PARVIFLORA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 321. 
 
 Mysore, Madura (Wall. Cat. 1884 /). 
 
 2. Malvastrum, A. Gray. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers axillary or 
 in a leafy terminal spike ; bracteoles 3, narrow. Calyx cup-shaped, 
 5-parted. Petals longer than the sepals. Staminal tube bearing 
 anthers on the outside up to the top. Ovary 5- or more- celled ; 
 styles as many as the cells ; stigmas capitate. Cocci free at 
 maturity, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seeds ascending. 
 
 MALVASTRUM COROMANDELIANUM, Garcke. M. tricuspidatum, A. 
 Gray ; F. B. I. i. 321. Malva coromandeliana, Linn. Sp. PL 687. 
 A small erect branched shrub ; stem and branches covered 
 with stiff appressed hairs. 
 Madras, Kurnool, etc., a weed of roadsides and waste places. 
 
Sida.~\ MATtVACEAE. 89 
 
 3. Sida, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, pubescent with simple or stellate hairs. 
 Leaves toothed; stipules linear. Flower pedicels axillary, 
 solitary or clustered, disarticulating in fruit at a joint below the 
 calyx : bracteoles 0. Sepals 5, connate below. Corolla small, 
 yellow or white. Staminal tube divided into numerous filaments 
 at the top. Ovary 5-12-celled ; ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell ; 
 styles as many as the carpels ; stigmas terminal. Fruit depressed- 
 globose, enclosed in the calyx ; carpels separating from each other 
 and from the axis. Seeds smooth. Fibre-yielding plants. 
 
 Whole plant velvety ; awns of carpels exceeding the calyx, retrorse- 
 
 hairy; carpels 10 1. cordifolia. 
 
 Plant pubescent or tomentose, not velvety ; awns shorter than the calyx 
 segments : 
 
 Carpels 5 ; leaves cordate or truncate : 
 Leaves acute ; pedicels jointed in the middle : 
 
 Stem trailing ; leaves and slender branches sparingly hispid, not 
 
 glutinous 2. reronicaefolia . 
 
 Stem erect ; leaves and stoutish branches glutinous... 3. glutinosa. 
 
 Leaves obtuse ; pedicels jointed near the flower 4. spinosa. 
 
 Carpels 6-10 (rarely 5 in S. acuta) ; leaves cuneate: 
 
 Leaves small, cuneate-obcordate, entire 5. Schimperiana . 
 
 Leaves serrate : 
 
 Leaves nearly glabrous ; peduncle equal to the petiole ...6. acuta. 
 Leaves pubescent-hoary ; peduncle longer than the petiole : 
 Peduncle jointed in the middle half ; carpels awned 
 
 7. rhombifolia. 
 Peduncle jointed at the base ; carpels usually muticous 
 
 8. rhomboidea. 
 
 1. SIDA CORDIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 324; W. & A. 58. 
 
 A weed of roadsides and waste land, in all Districts. 
 
 2. SIDA VERONICAEFOLIA, Lam. S. humilis, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 
 822 ; W. & A. 59. 
 
 A weed of waste places in all plains Districts. 
 
 3. SIDA GLUTINOSA, Cav. 8. mysorensis, W. & A. 59 ; F. B. I. i. 
 322. S. urticaefolia, W. & A. 59. 
 
 A weed of waste places in all plains Districts. 
 
 4. SIDA SPINOSA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 323. 8. alba, Linn. ; W. & A. 
 58. 
 
 A weed of waste places in Deccan and Carnatic Districts, 
 
90 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Sida. 
 
 5. SIDA SCHIMPERIANA, Hochst. ; F. B. I. i. 322. Eiedleia 
 truncata, W. & A. 66 (not of DC.). 
 
 E. Coast Districts at Madras, S. Arcot ; Deccan, not 
 common. 
 
 6. SIDA ACUTA, Burrn. ; W. & A. 57 ; Wt. Ic. t. 95. S. carpini- 
 folia, Linn, f.; F. B. I. 323. 
 
 A weed of waste places, very common in all plains Districts, 
 often also in woods. 
 
 7. SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 323 (partly). 
 
 A weed of waste places, in all plains Districts. 
 
 8. SIDA RHOMBOIDEA, Eoxb. ; W. & A. 57. 8. rhombifolia, Linn, 
 var. rhomboidea, Masters in F. B. I. i. 324. 
 
 W. Coast Districts, S. Canara to Travancore ; Mysore. 
 
 4. Abutilon, Gaertn. 
 
 Tomentose shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually cordate and long- 
 petioled, dentate, rarely slightly lobed. Flowers solitary or rarely 
 racemose paniculate or umbellate, on axillary peduncles which are 
 jointed near the top, yellow or orange ; involucral bracteoles 0. 
 Calyx of 5 valvate sepals, united below into a short tube. Corolla' 
 of 5 imbricate petals, adnate below to the staminal tube. Stamens 
 numerous, free above. Carpels 5-many ; styles as many as the 
 carpels; stigmas small, capitate. Ripe carpels ultimately separat- 
 ing from the short central axis, dehiscent, 1-5-seeded, usually 
 acute or mucronate. Seeds reniform. Fibre -yielding plants. 
 
 Carpels 5, twice as long as the acuminate sepals ; staminal tube short, 
 hairy at the top ; flowers 1*5 in. across, in terminal panicles 
 
 1. polyandrum. 
 Carpels 8-10, hispid, *4 in. long; stem with close thin tomentum 
 
 2. ramoswn. 
 Carpels 10-20 : 
 Carpels pointed or mucronate : 
 
 Stem with smooth close tomentum ; carpels with thin tomentum 
 and scattered tufts of stiff hairs, both eventually deciduous ; seeds 
 
 minutely furrowed, glabrous 3. imlicum. 
 
 Stem with spreading hairs : 
 Ripe carpels with dense spreading persistent shaggy hairs 
 
 4. (isiaticum. 
 Ripe carpels shortly pubescent ; seeds with minute white hairs 
 
 5. hirtum, 
 
Urena. \ MA L VA CEAE. 91 
 
 Carpels obtuse, without a mucro : 
 
 Corolla 2 in. across ; staminal tube pubescent ; fruit densely silky 
 
 6. glaucum. 
 
 Corolla '5-1 in. across ; staminal tube glabrous : 
 Fruit four times longer than the sepals, drooping, membranous, 
 
 wrinkled 7. crispum. 
 
 Fruit less than twice as long as the sepals 8. neilgherrense. 
 
 1. ABUTILON POLYANDRUM, W. & A. 55 (not of G. Don) ; F. B. I. 
 i. 325. 
 
 E. Ghats, Ganjam to Godavari ; W. Ghats, from Mysore to 
 
 the Pulneys. 
 
 A common erect woody herb. 
 
 2. ABUTILON RAMOSUM, Guill. & Perr. ; F. B. I. i. 328; Cooke, 
 Fl. Bomb. i. 98. 
 
 W. Coast, in Cochin (Meebold), a tall shrubby perennial. 
 
 3. ABUTILON INDICUM, G. Don; F. B. I. i. 326; W. & A. 56; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 12. 
 
 Common in all Districts, especially in the hills. 
 An erect woody herb. 
 
 4. ABUTILON ASIATICUM, G. Don ; F. B. I. i. 326 ; W. & A. 56. 
 
 E. Coast, in Chingleput District. 
 
 An erect herbaceous plant or small shrub. 
 
 5. ABUTILON HIRTUM, G. Don ; W. & A. 56. A. graveolens, 
 W. & A. var. Ivirtum, Masters in F. B. I. i. 327. A. graveolens, 
 W. & A. 56. 
 
 Common in almost all Districts. 
 
 An erect woody herb of waste places. 
 
 6. ABUTILON GLAUCUM, Cav. A. muticum, G. Don ; F. B. I. i. 
 327. A. tomentosum, W. & A. 56. 
 
 Bellary in the Deccan ; Tinnevelly ; not common. 
 
 7. ABUTILON CRISPUM, G. Don ; F. B. I. i. 327 ; W. & A. 56 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 68. 
 
 Deccan, from Hyderabad southwards ; Coromandel Coast 
 
 Districts. 
 
 A weak diffuse annual. 
 
 8. ABUTILON NEILGHERRENSE, Munro ex Wt. 111. i. 66. 
 
 Bellary in the Deccan ; Nilgiri Hills (Munro). 
 
 5. Urena, Linn. 
 
 Herbaceous perennials, covered with harsh tomentum. Leaves 
 angled or lobed, with a large gland at the base of the midrib below. 
 
92 FLORA OF MADRAS. \Urena. 
 
 Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled ; involucral bracts 5, connate 
 at the base, adnate to the calyx-tube. Sepals 5, connate below 
 into a campanulate tube. Petals 5, united below to the staminal 
 tube. Stamens united into a narrow tube, bearing sessile or shortly 
 stalked anthers below the apex. Ovary of 5 1-ovuled cells ; style 
 branches 10 ; stigmas capitate. Ripe carpels 5, smooth or covered 
 with glochidiate spines, separating from the short axis, inde- 
 hiscent. 
 
 Eipe carpels glochidiate : 
 
 Leaves with slight obtuse lobes 1. lobata. 
 
 Leaves cut to the middle or beyond ; lobes narrower at their base 
 
 2. sinuata. 
 Ripe carpels smooth ; leaves roundish ; flowers racemose ...3. repanda. 
 
 1. URENA LOBATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 329 ; W. & A. 46. 
 
 In most Districts, a weed of roadsides, forest clearings and 
 
 waste places. 
 
 An under shrub, giving a fibre. 
 
 2. URENA SINUATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 329 ; W. & A. 46. 
 
 In most Districts, in woods and waste places, less common 
 
 than the preceding. 
 
 An undershrub, giving a fibre. 
 
 3. URENA REPANDA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 330 ; W. & A. 46 ; Wt. 111. 
 i. 65. 
 
 N, Circars, in Ganjam Sal forests. 
 
 6. Pavonia, Cav. 
 
 Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves subentire, dentate, angled, 
 lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers solitary, axillary or in terminal 
 racemes; bracteoles 5 or many, free or a little connate at the 
 base. Calyx 5-fid. Petals 5, connate at the base and adnate 
 there to the staminal tube. Stamens monadelphous, becoming 
 free in groups at various heights on the tube. Ovary of 5 1-ovuled 
 cells ; styles 10, with capitate stigmas. Ripe carpels separating 
 from the axis, indehiscent or 2-valved, never glochidiate. 
 
 Bracteoles 5, ovate ; carpels glabrous, muricate ; flowers yellow 
 
 1. procumbent. 
 Bracteoles 8-12, setaceous ; flowers pink or white : 
 
 Carpels 3-angled, keeled at the edges, flat at the back, glabrous ; 
 
Kydia.] MALVACEAE. 93 
 
 leaves more or less deeply lobed or pinnatifid 2. zeylanica. 
 
 Carpels rounded at the back, usually pubescent ; leaves seldom deeply 
 lobed 3 . odor a ta. 
 
 1. PAVONIA PROCUMBENS, Boiss. P. glcchomifplia, Garcke ; 
 F. B. I. i. 330. Lebrelonia procumbent, Wall. ; W. & A. 
 47 ; Wt. Ic. t. 4. 
 
 Most Districts of the Circars, Deccan and Carriatic, but not 
 
 common. 
 
 A prominent under shrub. 
 
 2. PAVONIA ZEYLANICA, Cav. ; F. B. I. i. 330 ; W. & A. 47. 
 
 Circars and Carnatic from Godavari southwards, not 
 
 common. 
 
 An erect branching undershrub. 
 
 3. PAVONIA ODORATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 331 ; W. & A. 47. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in waste places and open 
 
 woods, common. 
 
 A herbaceous branching weed. 
 
 7. Kydia, Eoxb. 
 
 Trees with stellate tomentum. Leaves palminerved and usually 
 lobed. Flowers panicled, polygamous ; the bracteoles, stamens 
 and styles varying in the different sexual forms ; bracteoles 4-6, 
 obovate or spathulate, shorter or longer than the calyx, accrescent 
 and spreading in fruit and forming dry spathulate wings. Sepals 
 5, divided to the middle into 5 ovate lobes, connivent and per- 
 sistent over the fruit. Petals normally 5, unequally bilobed at the 
 top. Anthers in clusters of 3-4 at the ends of 5 slender prolonga- 
 tions of the staininal tube or in ? flowers reduced in number 
 or 0. Ovary with (2-)3 2-ovuled cells ; style with 3 branches. 
 Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, depressed-globose, woolly. Seeds 
 reniform, brown. 
 
 KYDIA CALYCINA, Boxb. Cor. PL iii. t. 215 ; F. B. I. i. 348 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 879-80 ; W. & A. 70 : Bedd. Fl. t. 3. K. Boxburghiana, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 881. K. fraterna, Eoxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 216 ; W. & A. 70. 
 
 Most Districts of the N. Circars and Deccan, in deciduous 
 
 forests ; scarce on the W. Coast. 
 
 A small or moderate-sized quick-growing tree with white soft 
 
 wood of no value. Vern. Hind. Pula ; Ur. Kopasia ; Mar. 
 
 Warang ; Tel. Potri ; Kan. Bendi. 
 
94 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Decaschistia. 
 
 8. Decaschistia, W. & A. 
 
 Tomentose shrubs. Leaves entire, serrate or lobed. Flowers 
 shortly peduncled, axillary, solitary or clustered ; bracteoles 10. 
 Sepals 5, a little coherent at the base, lobes narrow, acute or 
 acuminate. Petals connate at the base and adherent to the base 
 of the staminal tube, broader above and twisted in imbrication. 
 Stamens becoming free from the staminal tube at various heights. 
 Ovary 10-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; style divided near the top into 10 
 branches, with capitate stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 10-valved, 
 depressed-globose. Seeds reniform. 
 
 Middle and lower leaves deeply trilobed ; bracteoles not much more than 
 
 half the length of the calyx 1. triloba. 
 
 Middle and lower leaves ovate or lanceolate : 
 
 Leaves ovate, rounded or rarely obtuse at the apex, nearly entire ; 
 
 stem with rough spreading reddish hairs ; seeds slightly pubescent 
 
 2. rufa. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or nearly entire, stem usually 
 
 with short white tomentum ; seeds quite glabrous 3. crotonifolia. 
 
 1. DECASCHISTIA TRILOBA, Wt. Ic. t. 88 ; F. B. I. i. 332. 
 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara and Mysore. 
 An erect shrub. 
 
 2. DECASCHISTIA RUFA, Craib in Kew Bull. 1912, 35. 
 
 Carnatic, Tiruvallur and Kambakam Hill in Chingleput 
 (Cleghorn), Peninsula (Wall. Cat. 1901 in part). 
 
 3. DECASCHISTIA CROTONIFOLIA, W. & A. 52; F. B. I. i. 332 
 (partly) ; Wt. Ic. t. 42. 
 
 Deccan, in open forests in Bellary, Mysore, Salem and 
 Cuddapah, up to 2,500 ft. ; E. side of W. Ghats in Nilgiris 
 and Pulneys. 
 An erect shrub with large flowers. 
 
 9. Hibiscus, Medik. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves stipulate, usually pal- 
 mately lobed or cut. Flowers axillary, or rarely in a terminal 
 raceme. Bracteoles 4-12 or rarely 0, usually free from each other 
 and from the calyx. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-fid, valvate or spathaceous 
 or circumsciss. Petals 5, connate at the base and adriate to the 
 
Hibiscus.] MALVACEAE. 95 
 
 staminal tube. Stamina! tube truncate or 5-toothed at the top, 
 giving off the free ends of the stamens at various heights. Ovary 
 5-celled ; ovules 3 or more in each cell ; styles 5, connate below ; 
 stigmas usually capitate. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, 5-celled 
 or rarely spuriously 10-celled. Seeds reniform globose or obovoid, 
 glabrous velvety cottony or scaly. 
 
 Calyx spathaceous, splitting down one side and falling off at flowering- 
 time ; seeds striated ; flowers yellow or white : 
 Bracteoles linear, more than 6 ; seeds glabrous : 
 
 Capsules lanceolate, narrowed to the base, 1-3 in. long ; peduncles 
 as long as the capsules ; seeds '15 in. long, nearly globular 
 
 1. Abdmoschus. 
 
 Capsule elongate, attenuate above, truncate at the base, 6-10 in. 
 long ; peduncle many times shorter than the capsule ; seeds ovoid, 
 
 with close opaque striations esculentus. 
 
 Bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 or (at the time of flowering) : 
 Lobes of leaves obtuse, narrowed at their base ; upper flowers in 
 terminal leafless racemes ; stem with minute thorns ; bracteoles 5-6, 
 
 fugacious 2. ficulne us. 
 
 Lobes of leaves acute (or in H. Manihot sometimes 0) ; bracteoles 4 : 
 Bracteoles persistent, distinct ; nerves of leaves with a few ar- 
 
 pressed setae on both sides 3. Manihot. 
 
 Bracteoles connate nearly to the top at the time of flowering 
 or split down one side, fugacious : 
 
 Nerves of leaves thickly beset with spreading setae 
 
 4. setinervis. 
 
 Nerves of leaves tomentose 5. angulosus. 
 
 Calyx with 5 distinct teeth and persistent in flower ; seeds glabrous or 
 hairy : 
 
 Stem and sepals with small thorns ; sepals eglandular ; bracteoles 
 mostly forked or foliaceous at the tip ; seeds glabrous : 
 
 Stipules foliaceous, semisagittate 6. surattensis. 
 
 Stipules linear or 7. furcatus. 
 
 Stem and sepals unarmed, or, if with a few small prickles, then calyx- 
 teeth and midrib of leaves with a large gland below : 
 Seeds with long cottony hairs ; flowers never yellow : 
 
 Leaves acute, serrate, usually over 2 in. long, with a large gland 
 on the midrib beneath ; flowers scarlet ; calyx-lobes 4 or 5 times 
 
 longer than their tube 8. hirtus. 
 
 Leaves blunt, dentate, usually under 1 in. long ; flowers white ; 
 calyx-lobes about twice as long as their tube 9. micranthus. 
 
FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hibiscus. 
 
 Seeds exceeded in length by their frill of stiff spreading hairs ; 
 flowers red white or blue, never yellow : 
 
 Flowers white, turning to red ; leaves orbicular in outline, palm- 
 
 ately lobed iiiutabills. 
 
 Flowers purplish blue ; leaves ovate from a cuneate base or 3-lobed 
 
 and broader syriacus. 
 
 Seeds with short scattered bulbous-based hairs ; flowers crimson ; 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate ; staminal tube much exserted 
 
 Rosa-sinenxis. 
 
 Seeds densely velvety, with short stiff adpressed or spreading hairs ; 
 flowers yellow : 
 
 Tree with linear striate bracteoles longer than the calyx ; leaves 
 
 subglabrous above 10. canescens . 
 
 Herb ; bracteoles shorter than the calyx ; leaves densely pubescent 
 
 above . . . . 11. panduraeforniis. 
 
 Seeds covered with setulose scales ; leaves with a large gland on the 
 midrib beneath ; bracteoles adnate to the base of the calyx, becoming 
 
 fleshy and purplish Sabdariffa. 
 
 Seeds glabrous, sometimes with scattered adnate scales : 
 Seeds uniformly tubercled : 
 
 Herb with wingless capsules 12. Solandra. 
 
 Shrub with winged capsules 13. vitifolius. 
 
 Seeds smooth or with a few small tubercles : 
 
 Calyx clothed with close white tomentum and bearing at the 
 base of each lobe a large gland; leaves with a gland on the 
 midrib below, palmatifid, or rarely without lobes ...cannabinus. 
 Calyx without white tomentum and eglandular : 
 
 Leaves entire or serrulate, orbicular, often cordate ; bracteoles 
 
 connate into a cup at the base ; tree ... 14. tiliaceus. 
 
 Leaves more or less lobed or cut : 
 Herbs or a little woody at the base I- 
 Leaves palmatifid, lobes pinnatifid ; calyx inflated, 
 
 membranous 15. Trionum. 
 
 Leaves with short pointed biserrulate lobes ; stem, 
 peduncles and acuminate capsules clothed with rigid 
 
 pungent hairs 16. lunar iifolius. 
 
 Shrubs or undershrubs ; leaves palmately lobed : 
 
 Capsule depressed-globose, hispid ; leaf -margins sinuate 
 
 17. platanifolius. 
 Capsule oblong, acuminate ; leaf-margins entire 
 
 18. Lampas. 
 
Hibitcu*. J MAL 1 M ( 'EA E. 97 
 
 1. HIBISCUS ABELMOSCHUS, Linn. H. riifjosus, Mast. ; F. B. I. L 
 342. Abelmoschus rugosus, Wall. ; W. & A. 53. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in hilly regions. 
 
 2. HIBISCUS FICULNEUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 340. Abelmoschus 
 ficulneus, W. & A. 53 ; Wt. Ic. t. 154. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, not common, sometimes on 
 
 black cotton soil. 
 
 A spreading annual with thick rootstock, giving a good fibre. 
 
 3. HIBISCUS MANIHOT, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 341. H. tetraphylliis, 
 Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 341. 
 
 W. Coast from S. Canara to Travancore. 
 A large erect annual up to 6 ft. high. 
 
 4. HIBISCUS SETINERVIS, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 324. Abel- 
 moschus angulosus, W. & A. 53 (partly). 
 
 W. Ghats in Mysore, Malabar and Nilgiris, at about 
 
 3,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 An erect perennial herb with handsome flowers. 
 
 5. HIBISCUS ANGULOSUS, Steud. ; F. B. I. i. 341 (partly) ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 951. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the higher ranges from S. Canara to Travan- 
 core, up to 8,000 ft., usually near streams. 
 An erect perennial herb with handsome flowers. 
 
 6. HIBISCUS SUEATTENSIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 334 ; Wt. Ic. t. 197 ; 
 W. & A. 48. 
 
 W. Coast from S. Canara to Tinnevelly. 
 
 A prickly trailing plant with many branches. 
 
 7. HIBISCUS FURCATUS, Boxb. ; F. B. I. i. 335 ; W. & A. 48. 
 
 Kumpa Hills in Godavari at 2,000 ft. ; W. Coast and 
 W. Ghats from Malabar and Nilgiris to Travancore, up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 A prickly trailing undershrub. 
 
 8. HIBISCUS HIRTUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 335 ; W. & A. 51 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 41. 
 
 N. Circars in Godavari District. 
 
 9. HIBISCUS MICRANTHUS, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. i. 335 ; W. & A. 
 51. 
 
 Almost all Districts, common. 
 A slender branching undershrub. 
 
 10. HIBISCUS CANESCENS, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 337 ; W. & A. 49. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, apparent!} 7 scarce. 
 
98 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_nibiscus. 
 
 11. HIBISCUS PANDURAEFORMIS, Burm. ; F. B. I. i. 338; W. & A. 
 50. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, not common. 
 A tall herbaceous undershrub. 
 
 12. HIBISCUS SOLANDRA, L'Herit. ; F. B. I. i. 336. Lagunaea 
 lolata, Willd. ; W. & A. 55. 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam and Godavari; W. Ghats and 
 Coast from S. Canara to Tinnevelly. 
 An erect annual herb. 
 
 13. HIBISCUS VITIFOLIUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 338 ; W. & A. 50. 
 
 All Districts, common, up to 3,000 ft. in the Deccan. 
 An annual or biennial herb with yellow flowers. 
 
 14. HIBISCUS TILIACEUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 343. Paritium tili- 
 aceum, W. & A. 52 ; Wt. Ic. t. 7. 
 
 W. Coast Districts along backwaters and tidal rivers from 
 S. Canara southwards ; perhaps also E. Coast in the 
 Deltas of the Godavari and other rivers though not re- 
 corded in Herbaria available. 
 
 A much-branched tree with handsome flowers and soft 
 wood. Yern. Tarn., Mai. Nir paratthi. 
 
 15. HIBISCUS TRIONUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 334. H. vesicarius, 
 Cav. ; W. & A. 48. 
 
 Deccan, in Anantapur, Mysore, Coimbatore and N. Nil- 
 giris, common on black cotton soil. 
 An annual spreading herb. 
 
 16. HIBISCUS LUNARIIFOLIUS, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 338 ; W. & A. 
 49 ; Wt. Ic. t. 6. H. sidoides, W. & A. 49. 
 
 E. Carnatic and W. Ghats from Mysore southwards, up 
 
 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A herbaceous erect perennial. 
 
 17. HIBISCUS PLATANIFOLIUS, Sweet. H. collinus, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 338. H. eriocarpus, DC. ; W. & A. 51. 
 
 N. Circars in Vizagapatam ; Cuddapah forests ; Salem, 
 
 Tinnevelly, sometimes cultivated in gardens. 
 
 A large shrub with handsome flowers. Vern. Tel. 
 
 Kandagang. 
 
 18. HIBISCUS LAMPAS, Cav. ; Wt. Ic. t. 5 ; W. & A. 48. Tlies- 
 pesia Lampas, Dalz. & Gibs. ; F. B. I. i. 345. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and W. Ghats, in forest glades, up to 
 3,000 ft 
 
MA L VA CEA E. 99 
 
 An undershrub up to 4 ft. high, with conspicuous yellow 
 
 flowers. Vern. Tel. Kondapatli. 
 
 H. esculentus, L., is the " okra " or " bendekai " plant, commonly 
 cultivated for its capsules, which are eaten as a vegetable. H. 
 Sabdariffa, L., is the Roselle plant, cultivated for its fleshy 
 enlarged red calyx, which is eaten in tarts or made into a jelly. 
 H. cannabinus, L.,is the Deccan hemp, cultivated for its valuable 
 fibre. H. mntabilis, L., H. Kyrincus, L., H. Rom-sinensis, L.,and 
 H. radiatus, L., are cultivated as garden plants. 
 
 10. Bombax, Linn. 
 
 Trees with buttressed trunks, clear of branches for a long 
 distance from the ground. Leaves digitate ; stipules small. 
 Flowers out before the leaves appear, clustered towards the ends 
 of the branchlets ; bracteoles 0. Calyx leathery, cup-shaped, 
 irregularly lobed. Petals 5, oblong obovate or linear. Stamens 
 polyadelphous, very numerous ; filaments often combined so that 
 the cells appear to be 2 instead of 1. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules 
 numerous in each cell ; style clavate, divided into 5 spreading 
 stigmatic branches at the top. Capsule dehiscing by 5 leathery 
 or woody deciduous valves. Seeds smooth, globose, imbedded in 
 long white wool ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons crumpled. 
 
 Flowers about 3 in. long ; stamens normally 80 in all, in 5 phalanges of 
 12 opposite the petals, with 10 thin ones behind and 5 large central 
 double ones alternate with the petals, filaments flat ; tree reaching 130 ft. 
 in height ; trunk with hard conical prickles ; leaflets lanceolate, long- 
 
 (about 1 in.) petioluled ; capsule velvety 1. malabaricum. 
 
 Flowers 5-7 in. long ; stamens about 600, in 5 phalanges opposite to the 
 petals, filaments threadlike ; trees reaching 40 ft. in height : 
 
 Leaflets obovate, cuspidate, petiolules under '3 in. long; trunk 
 iinarmed ; branchlets sometimes prickly ; capsule glabrous 
 
 2. insigne. 
 
 Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, sessile ; trunk with prickles in clusters 
 of 1-12 ; capsule velvety 3. scopulorion. 
 
 1. BOMBAX MALABARICUM, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 349 : W. & A. 61 ; Wt. 
 111. t. 29 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 82. B. heptaphyllum, Roxb. Cor. 
 PI. iii. t. 247. 
 
 In all forest Districts, occasionally in open country, often 
 
 cultivated. The Red Cotton tree. 
 
100 FLORA OF MADRAS. \Bombax. 
 
 A very conspicuous tree, of gigantic size in favourable 
 localities, flowering when bare of leaves in the hot season. 
 The wood is soft and perishable, but is more durable under 
 water, and is therefore in use for sea-going boats. It gives 
 a gum and an exudation used in medicine. The cotton 
 surrounding the seeds is used for stuffing pillows, but is not 
 so good as that of Eriodendron. Vern. Hind. Simal ; 
 Ur. Buroh; Tel. Buraga ; Tarn., Mai. Ilavu ; Mar. Sayar; 
 Kan. Burla, Sauri. 
 
 2. BOMBAX INSIGNE, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 349. 
 
 Anamalai Hills (Wight). 
 
 3. BOMBAX SCOPULORUM, Dunn. -B. insigne, Bourd. Trees Trav. 
 45 (no* o/ Wall.). 
 
 Travancore Hills, on rocks. 
 
 A small tree resembling B. malabaricum, but never attain- 
 ing its size. Wood soft and white. Vern. Tarn., Mai. 
 Kal ilavu, Parei ilavu. 
 
 11. Eriodendron, DC. 
 
 Trees ; trunk prickly when young ; branches whorled. Leaves 
 digitate, deciduous ; stipules small. Flowers tufted, in the axils 
 of leaves or appearing before them ; bracteoles 0. Calyx cam- 
 panulate, 5-toothed. Petals oblanceolate. Staminal tube short, 
 dividing into 5 filiform branches, each bearing at the top 2 or 3 
 sinuous anthers. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules many in each cell ; 
 style dilated into a shortly 5-lobed stigma. Fruit an oblong 
 coriaceous 5-valved capsule woolly within. Seeds black, globose, 
 enveloped in silky cotton : cotyledons crumpled. 
 
 ERIODENDRON PENTANDRUM, Kurz. Eriodendron anfractuosum, 
 DC. ; F. B. I. i. 350 ; W. & A. 61 ; Wt. Ic. t. 400. 
 
 A tall tree with smooth green stem and horizontal branches ; 
 
 leaflets 5-8, 3-4 in. long, petiolules very short ; flowers white 
 
 or yellowish, T5-2 in. across ; capsule cylindric, 4-5 in. long, 
 
 green. 
 
 Not indigenous but naturalized on the W. Coast and often 
 
 planted there and elsewhere. 
 
 The White Cotton tree, giving the " Kapok " cotton used for 
 
 pillows and cushions, and of better quality than that of 
 
 Bombax. Vern. Tarn. Panji; Mai. Panya. 
 
Cidlen w .] J/,l 7", I' -1 CK . l-y<;. 101 
 
 12. Thespesia, Soland. 
 
 Trees, clothed in the younger parts with peltate scales. Leaves 
 entire. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles 5, fugacious or 0. 
 Calyx truncate, entire. Petals 5, convolute. Staminal tube 
 toothed at the top, clothed except at the swollen base with the free 
 ends of the filaments. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules 2-3 in each cell ; 
 styles club-shaped, 5-furrowed. Fruit fleshy, very tardily dehiscent. 
 Seeds few, large, striate with lines of adpressed soft hairs. 
 
 THESPESIA POPULNEA, Cav. ; F. B. I. i. 345 ; W. & A. 54 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 8 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 63. 
 
 A fairly large evergreen tree with cordate entire long-petioled 
 
 leaves 3-5 in. each way and long-peduncled flowers 2-3 in. 
 
 across, the petals yellow fading to purplish pink. 
 
 W. Coast near the sea-shore, very common and perhaps wild 
 
 in S. Canara and Malabar, doubtfully so in Travancore, as also 
 
 in-E. Coast Districts. Often planted in avenues near the coast, 
 
 occasionally inland. The Indian Tulip or Portia tree. 
 
 Wood dark red, hard and durable. Vern. Tarn. Puvarasam ; 
 
 Tel. Gangareni ; Mar. Bhendi ; Kan. Huvarasi ; Mai. 
 
 Porasu. 
 
 13. Cullenia. 
 
 Lofty trees covered in the younger parts with peltate scales. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, penninerved, exstipulate. Flowers 
 fascicled on the old wood ; bracteoles 3-5, connate into a cylindric 
 tube. Calyx tubular, toothed. Petals 0. Anthers clustered at 
 intervals on the 5 branches of the staminal tube. Ovary 5-celled ; 
 ovules 2, superposed in each cell ; style elongate, woolly ; stigma 
 capitate. Fruit a large globose spiny ultimately 5-valved capsule, 
 containing a few large arillate exalbuminous seeds. 
 CULLENIA EXCELSA, Wt. Ic. t. 1761-2 ; F. B. I. i. 350. 
 
 A tall buttressed tree with a long smooth white fluted trunk 
 
 below the branches ; leaves simple, entire, 3-6 in. long ; 
 
 flowers brownish white, 1-5 in. long ; fruit about 5 in. across, 
 
 very spinous. 
 
 W. Ghats from Coorg southwards, up to 4,000 ft., in evergreen 
 
 forests. 
 
 Wood pale brown, soft, not durable. Vern. Tain. Vedupla ; 
 
 Mai. Kar aini. 
 
 Modiola caroliniana, G. Don, is naturalized near Ootacamund. 
 
102 FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Anoda Jiastata, Linn., is a blue-flowered herbaceous hispid in- 
 troduced weed which has been found about Madras. 
 
 MalacJira capitata, Linn., is a herbaceous weed occasionally 
 found along the Carnatic coast. It is not indigenous and is 
 recognized by the flowers in dense capitate heads. 
 
 Various races of Gossypium arbor eum, barbadense, herbaceum, 
 hirsutum, Nanking, obtusifolium, purpurascens constitute the 
 cultivated cottons of the Presidency. For their identification and 
 an account of them, reference should be made to Sir George 
 Watt's " Commercial Products of India." 
 
 Adansonia digitata, Linn., the Baobab tree of Africa is found 
 here and there in cultivation. 
 
 Family XXYII. STERCULIACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, the herbaceous parts usually clothed 
 with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple or digitate, entire 
 toothed or lobed, usually stipulate. Flowers usually in axillary 
 cymes, regular, 1- or 2-sexual. Sepals valvate, more or less 
 combined below. Petals 5, hypogynous, free or connate at the 
 base or 0. Stamens 5 -many ; filaments united into a tube or 
 rarely free ; anthers 1-5 together, on or between the teeth of or 
 irregularly arranged in one or more whorls on the outside of the 
 tube ; cells 2, parallel or diverging, very rarely confluent ; stami- 
 nodes 5 or 10, co-ordinate with the stamens or 0. Ovary free, 
 4-5- (rarely 10-12-) celled or reduced to a single carpel ; ovules 
 2-many (rarely 1) in each cell, attached to the inner angle ; styles 
 as many as the cells of the ovary, distinct or connate. Fruit 
 often a 5-valved loculicidal capsule, woody, chartaceous or mem- 
 branous, sometimes of 1-6 spreading or spirally twisted follicles, 
 rarely dividing into cocci or baccate. Seeds sometimes arillate, 
 occasionally winged ; albumen fleshy, thin or ; embryo straight 
 or curved ; cotyledons usually foliaceous. 
 
 Flowers unisexual ; petals wanting : 
 Leaves clothed beneath with peltate scales ; fruit indehiscent 
 
 1. Heritiera. 
 
 Leaves without peltate scales ; fruit follicular : 
 Follicles woody or coriaceous : 
 
 Seeds winged ; follicles globose, large, woody ; leaves cordate ovate, 
 7-nerved at the base 2. Pterygota, 
 
Heritiera.] STERCULIACEAE. 103 
 
 Seeds not winged ; follicles usually coriaceous and oblong, open- 
 ing when mature; leaves simple lobed or digitate 3. Sterculia. 
 
 Follicles membranous, opening long before maturity ; leaves pal- 
 
 mately lobed 4. Firmiana. 
 
 Flowers bisexual ; petals present, often deciduous : 
 
 Staminal tube adnate to the gynophore, forming a more or less elon- 
 gated stalk : 
 
 Fruit a membranous, inflated capsule ; trees with cordate 5-nerved 
 
 leaves Kleinhofia. 
 
 Fruit of straight or spirally twisted follicles ; seeds not winged ; 
 
 shrubs 5. Helicteres. 
 
 Fruit a woody loculicidal 5-valved capsule ; seeds winged ; trees or 
 
 shrubs, usually mealy 5. Pterospermum. 
 
 Staminal tube distinct from the carpels and enclosing them : 
 
 Staminal tube elongate, bearing the stamens on its outer surface in 
 
 a cone ; no staminodes 7. Eriolaena. 
 
 Staminal tube short, divided into 5 teeth bearing the anthers; 
 petals marcescent ; no staminodes : 
 
 Styles or stigmas, cells of ovary and valves of fruit 5 each 
 
 8. Melochia. 
 Style or stigma and cell of ovary 1 each, capsule 2-valved, 
 
 1-seeded 9. Waltheria. 
 
 Staminal tube short, bearing 5 or 10 staminodes with solitary or 
 clustered anthers between them : 
 Petals deciduous : 
 
 Trees with 10-15 fertile anthers : 
 
 Leaves scabrid or glabrous above, pubescent beneath ; anthers 
 
 15, in threes ; fruit muricate, many-seeded 10. Guazuma. 
 
 Leaves glabrous on both sides ; anthers 10, single ; fruit 
 
 rugose, seed 1 11. Leptonychia. 
 
 Climbing shrubs or herbs with 5 fertile anthers ; fruit bristly, 
 
 5-valved, valves 1-seeded 12. Buettneria. 
 
 Petals persistent : 
 
 Leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtuse ; bracteoles persistent ; 
 
 anthers 5 13. Melhania. 
 
 Leaves tapering from the truncate base to the caudate tip ; 
 bracteoles caducous ; anthers 15 Pen tapetes. 
 
 1. Heritiera, Ait. 
 
 Trees. Leaves simple, peltate-scaly beneath, penninerved or 
 3-nerved. Flowers small, 1- or 2-sexual, in axillary panicles. 
 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-fid. Petals 0. Staminal column slender, 
 
104 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Heritiera. 
 
 bearing in a ring beneath the apex 5-10 adnate anthers with 
 parallel cells. Carpels of ovary 5-6, subdistinct, alternating at 
 the base with pairs of staminodes ; ovules 1-2 in each carpel ; 
 styles short ; stigmas 5, thick. Ripe carpels woody, indehiscent, 
 beaked or samaroid. Seeds exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick, 
 radicle next the hilum. 
 
 Leaves oblong, exceeding 5 in. long by 2 in. broad, main nerves 10 or 
 more pairs ; ripe carpels woody, keeled, with a thin narrow beak ; coast 
 
 tree 1 . littoralis. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, less than 5 in. long by 2 in. broad, main nerves about 
 7 pairs ; ripe carpels samaroid, the wing long membranous ; tree of hill 
 forests 2. Papilio. 
 
 1. HERITIERA LITTORALIS, Dryand. ; F. B. I. i. 363 ; W. & A. 63. 
 
 W. Coast at Cochin and perhaps elsewhere, perhaps also on 
 
 E. Coast in Southern Districts. 
 
 Wood dark red, hard, heavy and tough. 
 
 2. HERITIERA PAPILIO, Bedd. Fl. t. 218 ; F. B. I. i. 363. 
 
 W. Ghats of Tinnevelly and Travancore extending north- 
 wards to Nilgiris, at 2,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 Wood red, very hard and tough, used in Tinnevelly for 
 building, cart poles, and agricultural implements. 
 
 2. Pterygota, Endl. 
 
 Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers in panicles from the axils 
 of fallen leaves, 1-sexual or polygamous. Calyx deeply 5-partite. 
 Petals 0. Staminal column cylindric bearing 4-5 phalanges of 
 about 5 anthers each in $ flowers, and staminodes round the base 
 of the ovary in ? flowers. Ovary of 5 sessile carpels ; ovules 
 numerous ; styles short, recurved ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit of 
 5 large, globose or obovoid, follicles, hard and woody, opening 
 when ripe only with 1 valve. Seeds about 40, furnished with an 
 oblong- obovate wing attached to the margin of the valve; albu- 
 men adhering to the cotyledons ; radicle small, superior. 
 
 PTERYGOTA ALATA, R. Br, Sterculia alata, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 
 287 ; F. B. I. i. 360. 8. Haynii, Bedd. Fl. t. 230. 
 
 A tall evergreen tree with ovate cordate large leaves, reddish- 
 brown flowers and a hard woody fruit 5 in. in diam. Wood 
 white, of good quality but little used. Vern. Mai. Kodathani, 
 Anathondi. 
 
StercuUa.] STERCULIACEAE. 105 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests from Malabar to Tinnevelly up 
 to 3,000 ft. ; often planted elsewhere. 
 
 3. Sterculia, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves undivided, lobed or digitate. Flowers in 
 usually axillary panicles or racemes, 1-sexual or polygamous. 
 Calyx 4-5-fid or -partite. Petals 0. Staminal column bearing 
 10-30 anthers at its apex. Ovary of 5 nearly distinct carpels ; 
 ovules 2-many in each carpel ; styles connate below ; stigmas 
 radiating. Ripe carpels distinct, follicular, sessile or stalked, 
 woody coriaceous or membranous. Seeds 1-many ; albumen 
 adhering to the cotyledons. 
 
 Leaves digitate with 7-0 leaflets ; calyx dull orange-coloured, deeply 
 5-partite, glabrous outside, thickly villous within ; follicles large, woody, 
 
 scarlet 1 . foetida . 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed, velvety beneath ; calyx-tube campanulate, about 
 equal to the lobes ; follicles coriaceous, villous : 
 
 Calyx yellow, pubescent within ; follicles red, covered with stinging 
 
 bristles ; leaves with 5 short caudate lobes 2. urens. 
 
 Calyx pink, glabrous within ; follicles bright red, rusty villous, covered 
 with stellate non-stinging hairs ; leaves with 5-7 long-acuminate 
 
 lobes 3. rillosa. 
 
 Leaves undivided : 
 
 Leaves palmately 7-ribbed, cordate, acuminate, glabrous ; calyx- 
 segments linear spathulate, free nearly to the base ; follicles stalked, 
 
 ventricose with a membranous wing 4. populnifolia. 
 
 Leaves penninerved : 
 
 Lower nerves rising acutely from the base of the leaf ; petioles and 
 reticulate nervules rusty-stellate-tomentose ; calyx densely tomen- 
 tose, segments erect, broadly ovate ; follicles obovoid, red with black 
 
 seeds 5. guttata. 
 
 Lower nerves divaricate ; petioles and blades glabrescent ; calyx 
 subglabrous, segments linear, connivent ; follicles oblong with 
 acuminate tip and rusty down, seeds black 6. Balanyhas. 
 
 1. STERCULIA FOETIDA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 354 ; W. & A. 63 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 181. 
 
 Forests of the W. Coast at low elevations, scarce ; elsewhere 
 
 planted. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with light wood of little or no value, 
 
106 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [StereuUa. 
 
 The flowers have a very offensive smell. Vern. Tarn. 
 Pinari. 
 
 2. STEECULIA URENS, Eoxb. Cor. PL i. t. 24 ; F. B. I. i. 355 ; 
 W. & A. 63. 
 
 Dry forests in most Districts, especially on dry rocky hills, 
 and associated with Boswellia. 
 
 A large deciduous tree, very conspicuous from its pale 
 smooth bark which peels off in flakes. Wood soft and 
 used only for toys. Vern. Hind. Gular ; Tel. Tabsu ; 
 Tarn. Kavalam ; Mai. Thondi. 
 
 3. STERCULIA VILLOSA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 355 ; W. & A. 63 ; 
 Brand. For. Fl. t. 10. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam forests ; Deccan in Coimbatore ; 
 W. Ghat Districts, S. Canara to Travancore. 
 A large deciduous tree with soft perishable wood. The bark 
 gives a strong coarse fibre used for elephant ropes. Vern. 
 Hind. Udal ; Tarn. Muratthan ; Mai. Vakka ; Kan. Savaya. 
 
 4. STERCULIA POPULNIFOLIA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 361 ; W. & A. 62. 
 
 Deccan Hills and E. Ghats, usually among rocks. 
 
 A small tree with scarlet flowers and inflated papery 
 
 follicle. Vern. Tel. Delibuda. 
 
 5. STERCULIA GUTTATA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 355 ; W. & A. 62 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 487 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 105. 
 
 Evergreen forests of W. Ghats up to 2,000 ft., very com- 
 mon ; Sandur Hills in Bellary. 
 
 A moderate-sized evergreen tree with soft useless wood. 
 Vern. Tain. Kavalam ; Mai. Kithondi. 
 
 6. STERCULIA BALANGHAS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 358; Wt. 111. t. 30; 
 W. & A. 62. 
 
 W. Ghats in Malabar, Travancore, and Tinnevelly, scarce. 
 A moderate-sized tree with soft wood. Vern. Mai. 
 Kavalam. 
 
 . Fir mi ana, Marsigli. 
 
 Trees. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal panicles, 
 brightly coloured. Calyx tubular, covered with stellate tomentum, 
 lobes short. Petals 0. Slaminal column slender, bearing about 
 30 sessile anthers. Ovary of 5 carpels ; ovules 2 in each carpel ; 
 styles short, recurved ; stigmas acute. Fruit of 5 stipitate mem- 
 branous follicles, opening before maturity. Seeds usually 2, one 
 
Pterospermum.] STERCULLICEAE. 107 
 
 adhering to each margin of the open follicle, ovoid, smooth ; 
 embryo transverse, radicle inferior. 
 
 FIRMIANA COLORATA, K. Br. Sterculio, colorata, Roxb. Cor. PI. 
 i. t. 25 ; F. B. I. i. 359 ; W. & A. 63. 
 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree with conspicuous scarlet 
 
 flowers, palmately lobed leaves and papery follicles. 
 
 N. Circars in Vizagapatam and Godavari ; Deccan forests, 
 
 here and there ; W. Ghats forests from S. Canara to Travan- 
 
 core, but not common. 
 
 Wood soft and useless. Vern. Hind. Bodula ; Tel. Karaka ; 
 
 Mar. Khowsey ; Hal. Malam paratthi. 
 
 5. Helicteres, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, more or less stellately pubescent. Leaves entire 
 or serrate. Flowers axillary solitary or fascicled. Calyx tubu- 
 lar, 5-toothed at the apex, teeth often unequal. Petals 5, equal or 
 unequal, with long sometimes divided claws, usually zygomorphic. 
 Staminal column elongated, adnate to the gynophore, 5-toothed 
 or -lobed ; anthers 5-40, in groups at the top of the column between 
 the teeth ; cells divergent superposed sometimes confluent. Ovary 
 5 -lobed, 5-celled, at the top of the column ; ovules many in each 
 cell ; styles 5, subulate, more or less united. Follicles spirally 
 twisted or straight. Seeds tubercled ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons 
 folded round the radicle. 
 
 HELICTERES ISORA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 365 ; W. & A. 60 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 180. 
 
 A large shrub with obovate obliquely cordate serrate leaves, 
 
 scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; flowers red, fading to 
 
 lead colour, T5 in. across, followed by spirally twisted 
 
 cylindric pubescent fruit. 
 
 Forests in all Districts, common in undergrowth. 
 
 A useful shrub, giving small fuel of value and a strong but 
 
 coarse fibre from its bark. 
 
 Vern. Hind. Marorphal ; Ur. Ovla ; Tarn. Kaiva. 
 
 6. Pterospermum, Schreb. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, scaly or stellately tomentose. Leaves cori- 
 aceous, often oblique, penninerved. Flowers often very long, on 
 short axillary 1- or few-flowered peduncles ; bracteoles 3, entire 
 
108 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pterospermiim . 
 
 laciniate pectinate fimbriate or 0. Calyx tubular, 5 -fid or 
 5-partite, deciduous. Petals 5, deciduous. Staminal column 
 adnate to the gynophore, bearing 5 groups of 3 stamens each 
 between the staminodes. Ovary within the apex of the column, 
 5-celled ; cells many-ovuled ; style entire. Capsule woody or 
 leathery, ovoid or oblong, terete or angled, loculicidally 5-valved. 
 Seeds ascending, winged above ; albumen thin or ; cotyledons 
 corrugated or folded. 
 
 Reticulation of leaves raised, conspicuous : 
 Calyx 1-1*5 in. long : 
 
 Bracteoles laciniate ; capsule obtusely angled, 3 in. long, acute ; 
 
 cells 4-seeded 1. reticulatum. 
 
 Bracteoles ovate or lanceolate, pectinate ; capsule tuberculate, 2 in. 
 
 long, f urfuraceous ; cells about 4-seedecl 2. obttMifolium. 
 
 Calyx 2-2-5 in. long ; bracteoles ovate, pectinate ; capsule obtusely 
 
 5-angled, 2 in. long ; cells 8-10-seedecl 3. Heyneaniun. 
 
 Calyx 4-5 in. long ; capsule acutely 5-angled 4. divcrsifoUant. 
 
 Reticulation of leaves obscure: 
 Leaves cordate at the base on one side, acute on the other ; capsule 
 
 subclavate acutely angled 5. riibitjinosnm. 
 
 Leaves subequally rounded or subcordate at the base ; capsule oblong, 
 terete 6 . suberifoli um . 
 
 1. PTEROSPERMUM RETICULATUM, W. & A. 69 ; F. B. I. i. 369. 
 
 Evergreen forests of Malabar and Travancore at low 
 elevations, frequently planted on roadsides. 
 A handsome tree with reddish-brown hard wood. Vern. 
 Tarn. Muli polavu ; Mai. Mala vuram. 
 
 2. PTEROSPERMUM OBTUSIFOLIUM, Wight ; F. B. I. i. 369. 
 
 Forests of Tinnevelly and Travancore, apparently scarce. 
 
 3. PTEROSPERMUM HEYNEANUM, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 369; W. & A. 
 69 ; Wt. Ic. t. 489. 
 
 Forests of N. Circars and Deccan from Ganjam to Cudda- 
 pah and Chingleput. 
 
 A beautiful tree, resembling P. acerifolium, Willd., of 
 N. India, but with smaller leaves. The young leaves 
 and those of shoots are often much lobed. Wood light 
 red, hard. Vern. Tarn. Polavu ; Tel. Tada. 
 
 4. PTEROSPERMUM DIVERSIFOLIUM, Bl. ; F. B. I. i. 369. P. glob- 
 rescens, W. & A ? 69 ; F, B. I. i. 369. 
 
Eriolaena.] STERCULIACEAE, 109 
 
 Forests of W. Ghats at low elevations, not common. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with horizontal branches. Wood 
 
 reddish, soft. Vern. Tarn. Vatta polavu ; Mai. Pambaram. 
 
 5. PTEROSPERMUM RUBIGINOSUM, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 368 ; W. & 
 A. 68 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 106. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the W. Ghats, up to 3,000 ft., common 
 in Wynaad, Anamalais and Tinnevelly, less so in Travancore. 
 A tall graceful tree, with a pink hard and close-grained 
 wood, good but little known. Vern. Tarn. Chittilei polavu ; 
 Mai. Malam thodali. 
 
 6. PTEROSPERMUM SUBERIFOLIUM, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 367 ; W. & 
 A. 68. 
 
 Forests of N. Circars in Ganjam ; Deccan in Mysore, 
 Coimbatore, Cuddapah and N. Arcot, up to 3,000 feet; 
 Striharikota forest on the Nellore Coast. 
 A moderate-sized pretty tree with light red wood, little 
 used. Vern. Ur. Bailo ; Tel. Lolagu ; Tarn. Tada. 
 
 7. Eriolaena, DC. 
 
 Trees. Leaves cordate, crenate or serrate, stellately pubescent 
 or tomentose beneath. Flowers 1-many on axillary peduncles, 
 rather large ; bracteoles 3-5, multisect laciniate, sometimes small 
 and caducous. Calyx 5 -fid or 5 -partite. Petals 5, deciduous, 
 with dilated tomentose claws ; blade flat, glabrous. Staminal 
 column bearing many 1-anthered filaments ; anthers erect, cells 
 parallel. Staminodes 0. Ovary sessile, 5-10-celled ; cells many- 
 ovuled. Style with 5-10 stigmatic lobes at the apex. Capsule 
 woody, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds ascending, winged above ; 
 albumen thin ; cotyledons folded or contortuplicate. 
 
 Leaves membranous, very white beneath, buds oblong, constricted at 
 the middle : bracteoles very small, distant, multifid, caducous 
 
 1. Lmliingtonii. 
 Leaves chartaceous or coriaceous ; buds ovoid : 
 
 Bracteoles small, entire or lobed, caducous ; stigma 5-lobed ; capsule- 
 valves not tubercled , 2. quinquelocularis. 
 
 Bracteoles large, much divided, persistent ; stigma 8-10-lobed ; cap- 
 sule-valves tubercled 3. Hookeriana. 
 
 1. ERIOLAENA LUSHINGTONII, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1915, 88. 
 Nallamalai Hills of Kurnool (A. W, Lushington). 
 
110 FLORA OF MAD11A8. [Eriolaena. 
 
 2. ERIOLAENA QUINQUELOCULARIS, Wight under Wt. Ic. t. 882; 
 F. B. I. i. 371 ; Microchlaena quinquelocularis, W. & A. 71. 
 
 Deccan, Sandiir Hills of Bellary, Hills of Coimbatore ; 
 
 W. Ghats from Mysore to Travancore at 2,000 to 4,000 ft., 
 
 common. 
 
 A small tree with grey foliage. 
 
 3. ERIOLAENA HOOKERIANA, W. & A. 70 ; F. B. I. i. 70. 
 
 E. Ghats from Ganjam to Godavari ; hill forests of the 
 Deccan and Carnatic, up to 5,000 ft. in Cuddapah ; W. 
 Ghats, in the Pulney Hills. 
 
 A small tree with a light red, tough and strong wood. 
 Vern. Tel. Nar botku. 
 
 8. Melochia, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, stellately pubescent. Leaves 
 usually serrate. Flowers clustered, panicled or corymbose. Calyx 
 5-toothed or 5-fid, campanulate or inflated. Petals 5, spathulate 
 or oblong, marcescent. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, connate at 
 the base or beyond the middle. Staminodes minute or 0. Ovary 
 sessile or shortly stalked with 5 2-ovuled cells ; styles 5, free or 
 united at the base. Capsule with 5 loculicidal valves. Seeds 
 ascending, albuminous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat. 
 
 Herb with flowers in densely crowded terminal clusters... 1. corchorifolia. 
 Small tree with flowers in umbellate corymbs 2. umbellata. 
 
 1. MELOCHIA CORCHORIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 374. Eiedleia 
 corchorifolia, W. & A. 66. 
 
 A weed of roadsides and waste places, found in most 
 Districts. 
 
 2. MELOCHIA UMBELLATA, Stapf in Kew Bull. 1913, 317. M. 
 velutina, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 374. Visenia nmbcllata, Wt. 
 Ic. t. 509. 
 
 Coorg, near Mercara (Hohenacker), elsewhere cultivated in 
 gardens and doubtfully indigenous. 
 
 9. Waltheria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs with stellate mixed with simple pubes- 
 cence. Leaves simple, serrate; stipules narrow. Flowers small, 
 in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Se2)a1s 5, connate below 
 in a tube. Petals 5. Stamens 5, connate below in a tube, 
 
Leptonydria.'] STERCULIACEAE. Ill 
 
 anther-cells parallel. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; ovules 2, ascend- 
 ing ; style excentric ; stigma club-shaped. Fruit a 2-valved, 
 1-seeded capsule. Seed ascending ; albumen copious ; embryo 
 straight; cotyledons flat. 
 
 WALTHERIA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 374 ; W. & A. 67. 
 
 An undershrub with much soft pubescence, ovate serrate 
 leaves and small yellow flowers in globose axillary clusters. 
 All Districts, common on roadsides, in waste places, and in 
 forest undergrowth. 
 
 10. Guazuma, Plum. 
 
 A tree. Leaves simple, tomentose. Flowers in axillary cymes. 
 Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, concave at the base, prolonged 
 above into 2 narrow strap-shaped processes. Stamens 10, connate 
 into a tube below, divided above into 5 3-anthered filaments 
 alternating with 5 lanceolate staminodes. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 
 5-celled ; styles more or less connate; ovules many in each cell. 
 Fruit globular, woody, tubercled, many-seeded. Seeds albu- 
 minous, cotyledons folded. 
 
 GUAZUMA TOMENTOSA, Kunth.; F. B. I. i. 375; Wt. 111. t. 31; 
 
 W. & A. 64 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 107. 
 
 A small tree with obliquely cordate leaves and yellow flowers 
 in large terminal and axillary panicles. Fruit 5-celled, 
 resembling a small ripe mulberry in shape, size, and colour. 
 An introduced tree, often found run wild, usually in the 
 vicinity of towns and villages, indigenous in tropical 
 America. 
 
 11. Leptonychia, Turcz. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers axillary, 
 cymose. Sepals 5, valvate, distinct nearly to the base. Petals 
 5, valvate, short, orbicular, concave. Staminal tube short, 
 bearing an outer series of 10-15 ligulate staminodes, a middle 
 one of 10 fertile stamens and an inner one of 5 short fleshy 
 staminodes. Ovary sessile, with 3-6 many-ovuled cells; style 
 single, lobed at the top. Capsule (1-) 2-3-celled, dehiscing septi- 
 cidally or loculicidally or both, or irregularly. Seeds black, with 
 an orange-coloured fleshy aril. 
 
112 FLORA OF MADE AS. [Leptonychia. 
 
 LEPTONYCHIA MOACURROIDES, Bedd. Fl. t. 114 ; F. B. I. i. 379. 
 A small tree with lanceolate-caudate glabrous leaves and 
 cymes shorter than the petioles ; capsule tubercled. 
 W. Ghats from the Carcoor Ghat in Wynaad, through Coim- 
 batore, Tinnevelly, and Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 12. Buettneria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, trees or shrubs, often climbing and frequently prickly. 
 Leaves often glabrous. Flowers minute, in much-branched axillary 
 or terminal cymes. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, claws 
 concave, limb with a long strap-shaped 2-fid appendage. Stamens 
 10, connate below, bearing 5 stamens alternating with 5 stami- 
 nodes. Ovary sessile, with 5 2-ovuled cells ; style entire or 5-fid. 
 Capsule globose, spiny, with 5 1-seeded cells and 5 septicidally 
 deciduous valves. Seeds axile, exalbuminous ; cotyledons folded 
 round the superior radicle. 
 
 BUETTNERIA HERBACEA, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 29 ; F. B. I. i. 376 ; 
 W. & A. 65 ; Wt. Ic. t. 488. 
 
 A large unarmed herb with glabrous ovate acuminate dentate 
 
 leaves and small flowers in short cymes followed by thinly 
 
 bristly fruit. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in forest undergrowth and 
 
 shady places. 
 
 13. Melhania, Forsk. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or undershrubs, with softly tomentose indumentum. 
 Leaves simple, linear-oblong ovate or cordate, crenate or serrate. 
 Flowers yellow, on 1-few-flowered axillary peduncles ; bracteoles 
 narrow or cordate, often longer than the calyx. Calyx 5 -partite. 
 Petals 5, withering round the growing capsule. Stamens 10, of 
 which 5 are sterile, connate below into a short cup ; staminodes 
 ligulate, alternating with the perfect stamens. Ovary sessile, 
 5-celled ; ovules 1-many in each cell ; style short, rarely long, 
 divided into 5 subulate spreading branches. Capsule loculicidally 
 dehiscent. Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons plicate. 
 
 Leaves velvety above ; bracteoles lanceolate or ovate ; shrubs : 
 Cymes equal to the petiole \ leaves oblong ; bracteoles lanceolate 
 
 1. cannabina. 
 
Melhania.] TILIACEAE. 113 
 
 Cymes twice as long as the petiole ; leaves roundish ovate ; bracteoles 
 
 ovate 2. Hauiiltoniana . 
 
 Leaves glabrous above ; bracteoles linear ; undershrubs 3. incana. 
 
 1. MELHANIA CANNABINA, Wight ; F. B. I. i. 372. 
 
 S. Carnatic, in Tinnevelly at Tuticorin (Wight). 
 
 2. MELHANIA HAMILTONIANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 372. M. abn- 
 tiloides, Arn. ; Wt. Ic. t. 23. 
 
 E. Coast, in Kistna and Guntur, on rocky hills. 
 
 3. MELHANIA INCANA, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 372 ; W. & A. 68. 
 
 Deccan, in Cuddapah and Coimbatore, on red-soil lands. 
 
 Kleinhofia Hospita, L. is a showy tree often cultivated in 
 gardens and avenues. 
 
 Pentapetes plwenicea, L., is as herbaceous annual with showy 
 scarlet flowers, cultivated and occasionally found run wild, but not 
 indigenous in S. India. 
 
 Theobroma Cacao, Linn., the Cacao tree, producing cocoa and 
 chocolate, is sometimes cultivated in suitable places, as on the 
 Malabar Coast and in Nilgiri valleys (e.g. Barliyar). 
 
 Family XXYIII. TILIACEAE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs, usually with mucilage sacs in the bark 
 and leaves. Leaves usually alternate, simple or lobed ; stipules 
 free, usually small and deciduous, rarely persistent or 0. Flowers 
 regular, hermaphrodite or rarely 1-sexual, usually in terminal or 
 axillary cymes. Sepals 3-5, free or united into a campanulate 
 calyx, usually valvate. Petals 3-5 or 0, inserted round the base 
 of the torus, contorted imbricate or valvate. Stamens usually 
 indefinite, inserted on an elongated or short torus ; filaments free 
 or rarely shortly connate at the base into a complete or 5-10- 
 adelphous ring ; anther-cells 2, parallel, dehiscing by lateral clefts. 
 Ovary free, sessile on the torus, 2-10-celled ; ovules 1-many, 
 inserted on the inner angle of the cells ; style entire, divided 
 or ; stigmas terminal on the style or branches or sessile 
 on the ovary. Fruit (1-) 2-10-celled, or by false septa many- 
 celled ; baccate, or dry and dehiscing or separating into cocci. 
 Seeds solitary and numerous in each cell ; testa usually coriaceous 
 or crustaceous ; albumen usually copious ; cotyledons ovate or 
 cordate. 
 
114 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Grewia. 
 
 Fruit a 6-winged 3-celled capsule ; tree with rather large ovate acumi- 
 nate leaves and flowers in large terminal panicles Berrya. 
 
 Fruit a 2-4-parted or -lobed or entire unarmed drupe containing 1 or 
 
 several pyrenes ; usually trees or erect shrubs 1. Grew! a. 
 
 Fruit a prickly or bristly capsule ; herbs or undershrubs 
 
 2. Triumfetta. 
 
 Fruit a siliquose or globose unarmed capsule ; annuals or prostrate 
 perennials 3. Corchorus. 
 
 1. Grewia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or erect straggling or climbing shrubs, usually stellately 
 pubescent. Leaves 3 7-ribbed. Flowers usually yellow, in axil- 
 lary, extra-axillary or terminal cymes, fascicles or panicles. 
 Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, usually with a gland at the base 
 within, generally shorter than the sepals, inserted round the base 
 of the torus, very rarely 0. Stamens numerous, inserted on a short 
 or elongated often glandular torus. Ovary of 2-4, 2-many-ovuled 
 cells ; style subulate ; stigma short, 2-5-lobed or laciniate. Fruit 
 1-4-pyrened, entire or 2-4-lobed ; pyrenes 1- or 2-many-seeded 
 and spuriously septate between the seeds. Seeds ascending or 
 horizontal ; albumen copious, fleshy or rarely scanty ; cotyledons 
 flat, foliaceous or fleshy. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate ; fruit unlobed, pyriform ; leaves ovate- or 
 obovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; trees (Subgenus i. Microcos) 
 
 1. Microcos. 
 
 Inflorescence not paniculate, axillary or extra-axillary (Subgenus 
 ii. Eugrewia) : 
 
 Peduncles 1-2-flowered, capillary, extra-axilliary ; leaves roundish, 
 glabrous or subglabrous ; fruit small, 2 -par ted, usually with 4 stones 
 
 (Series 1. POPULIFOLIAE) 2. betulaefolia. 
 
 Peduncles many-flowered : 
 
 Leaves 3-ribbed, ovate to lanceolate ; flowering peduncles much 
 longer than the petioles (except in G. obtusa, G. orientalis, and 
 G. Barberi) : 
 
 Leaves glabrous or with spreading pubescence or spreading 
 tomentum : 
 
 Fruit unlobed, depressed-globose, -6-1 in. across, velvety until 
 old ; leaves very finely regularly crenate, glabrous or sub- 
 glabrous or subscabrous (Series 2. ALYSICARPAE) : 
 Peduncles shorter than the petioles ; leaves lanceolate ; fruit 
 8-1 in. across 3. obtusa. 
 
Grewia.] TILIACEAE. 115 
 
 Peduncles longer than the petioles ; leaves oblong to ovate ; 
 fruit -6--7 in. across : 
 
 Leaves ovate ; peduncles arcuate ; tomentum of fruit 
 
 matted 4. rhamnifolia. 
 
 Leaves oblong ; peduncles straight ; tomentum of fruit 
 
 spreading 5. Wightiana. 
 
 Fruit slightly or deeply divided into 4 equal lobes ; gonophore 
 manifest ; peduncles stout, extra-axillary, solitary or in pairs, 
 never fascicled ; leaves often scabrous above, margins crenate or 
 crenate-dentate (Series 3. COLUMNARES). 
 
 Lobes of fruit large, '4 in. long or more, distinct : 
 Buds -25 in. across; pedicels few together; leaves densely 
 pubescent beneath : 
 
 Gonophore '25 in. long : 
 
 Twigs and leaves beneath softly tomentose...6. Gamblei. 
 Twigs and leaves beneath harshly tomentose 
 
 7. Lawsoniana. 
 Gonophore -4 in. long ; leaves softly pubescent beneath 
 
 8. heterotricha. 
 
 Buds -12 in. across; pedicels very numerous; leaves sub- 
 glabrous 9. umbellifera . 
 
 Lobes of fruit small, -3 in. long or less, more or less united; 
 leaves ovate, obtuse, scabrous above : 
 
 Peduncles equal to or not more than twice as long as the 
 petioles; leaves glabrous beneath; fruit slightly 4-lobed, 
 
 shortly bristly 10. orientalis. 
 
 Peduncles 3-6 times longer than the petioles ; leaves with 
 
 soft spreading tomentum beneath; fruit deeply 4-lobed, 
 
 covered at maturity with long soft hairs ...11. emarginata. 
 
 Fruit normally deeply divided into 2 oval or emarginate lobes ; 
 
 leaves usually glabrous, apex sharply acuminate, margin 
 
 sharply serrate (Section 4. SERRULATAE) : 
 
 Peduncles usually 3 times longer than the petioles ; twigs 
 
 usually glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate 12. disperma. 
 
 Peduncles about equal to the petioles ; twigs usually pubes- 
 cent ; leaves linear- to ovate-lanceolate : 
 
 Pedicels thickened upwards 13. Barberi. 
 
 Pedicels capillary 14. lanceaefolia. 
 
 Leaves finely densely appressed tomentose beneath (Section 5. 
 BICOLORES) : 
 
 Fruiting pedicels and peduncles long and slender ; fruit unlobed, 
 pisiform ; leaf conspicuously serrate up to the acuminate tip 
 
 15. Eothii. 
 
116 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Grewia. 
 
 Fruiting pedicels and peduncles short and stout ; fruit 2- 
 parted ; leaf very finely serrate up to the obtuse tip 
 
 16. Damine. 
 
 Leaves 5-ribbed, ovate or orbicular ; peduncles axillary much 
 longer than the petioles (or if, as in G. tiliaefolia, shorter, then 
 stipules strongly sagittate) ; fruit didymous, bilobed or unlobed 
 (Series 6. TILIAEFOLIAE) : 
 Peduncles shorter than the petioles ; leaves and fruit usually 
 
 glabrous at maturity; buds tomentose 17. tiliaefolia. 
 
 Peduncles longer than the petioles : 
 
 Leaves finely grey-tomentose beneath, minutely irregularly 
 
 serrate; fruit tomentose, slightly 2-lobed 18. rotundifolia. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath : 
 
 Leaves obtuse or shortly acuminate ; stipules auriculate ; 
 prostrate shrubs : 
 
 Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, somewhat 
 parallel-sided, finely regularly crenate ; fruit unlobed, 
 
 tomentose 19. suUnaequalis. 
 
 Leaves obtusely cuneate or rounded at the base, elliptic, 
 
 irregularly coarsely crenate 20. sapida. 
 
 Leaves caudate; stipules lanceolate; trees 21. pandaica. 
 
 Leaves 3- or 5-ribbed ; peduncles shorter or only slightly longer 
 than the petioles : 
 
 Leaves 5-ribbed, roundish : 
 
 Leaves rounded at top, cordate, with raised concentric reticula- 
 tion, velvety-pubescent below (Series 7. GLOMERATAE) 
 
 22. villosa. 
 
 Leaves usually irregularly lobed at the top, deeply bidentate, 
 scabrous; fruit slightly 4-lobed (Series 8. AspERAE)...23. aspera. 
 Leaves 3-5-ribbed, linear oblong : 
 
 Buds oval ; sepals - 2-'3 in. long ; ovules less than 8 (Series 9. 
 HIRSUTAE) : 
 
 Leaves 4-5-ribbed and a little oblique at the base; fruit slightly 
 lobed, epicarp hairy until old, breaking away from the stones 
 
 24. hirsuta. 
 Leaves 3-ribbed, equal at the base ; fruit distinctly lobed, at 
 
 length glabrous 25. polygama. 
 
 Buds cylindric ; sepals -5--6 in. long ; ovules 12-20 ; fruit slightly 
 1-4-lobed ; pericarp stellately scabrous, breaking away from the 
 fibrous interior (Series 10. CARPINIFOLIAE) 26. flavescens. 
 
 1. GREWIA MICROCOS, L. ; F. B. I. i. 392 ; W. & A. 81 ; Wt. 111. 
 i. t. 33. G. ulmifolia, Boxb. ; Wt. Ic. t. 84. 
 
Greida.-} TILIACEAE. 117 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 An erect shrub, at once distinguished by its paniculate 
 
 inflorescence and unlobed fruit ; flowers white. 
 
 2. GREWIA BETULAEFOLIA, Juss. G. populifolia, Vahl ; F. B. I. 
 i. 385 ; W. & A. 80. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, common in hot dry localities. 
 
 A small much-branched shrub with small round leaves and 
 
 yellowish edible fruit. 
 
 3. GREWIA OBTUSA, Wall. G. bracteata, W. & A. 76 ; F. B. I. i. 
 389 partly (not of Roth). 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, from Kurnool to Madura, up to 
 4,000 ft. ; E. slopes of Nilgiris, at 5,000 ft. 
 A shrub with lanceolate leaves, 3-4 in. long. 
 
 4. GREWIA RHAMNiFOLiA, J Heyne. G. orientalis, W. & A. 76; 
 F. B. I. i. 384 (not o/Linn.). 
 
 N. Circars and Carnatic Districts, extending to the E. 
 
 Deccan. 
 
 A straggling or somewhat scandent shrub. 
 
 5. GREWIA WIGHTIANA, J. R. Drumm. G. bracteata, Mast. 
 F. B. I. i. 389 (not of Roth). 
 
 Tinnevelly District, at Karyar (Barber). 
 
 6. GREWIA GAMBLEI, J. R. Drumm. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris and Wynaad, at 3,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 7. GREWIA LAWSONIANA, J. R. Drumm. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore through Malabar to Travancore. 
 
 8. GREW T IA HETEROTRICHA, Mast. F. B. I. i. 385. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara, Coorg, Coimbatore and Nilgiris 
 Districts, at 3,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 A climbing shrub. 
 
 9. GREWIA UMBELLIFERA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 393. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all the Districts. 
 
 10. GREWIA ORIENTALIS, Linn. ; G. columnaris Sm. ; F. B. I. i. 
 383 ; Wt. Ic. t. 44 ; W. & A. 76. 
 
 Carnatic, from Chingleput to Tinnevelly and lower 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 A straggling shrub. 
 
 11. GREWIA EMARGINATA, W. & A. 79 ; F. B. I. i. 384. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore southwards, on the eastern side. 
 A shrub with leaves woolly beneath. 
 
118 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Grewia. 
 
 12. GREWIA DISPERMA, Eottl. G. laevigata, Vahl ; W. & A. 77 ; 
 
 F. B. I. i. 389. 
 
 In all Districts, in scrub forests, hedgerows, etc. 
 
 A small or middle-sized tree with 1-2-lobed drupe, each 
 
 lobe with 2 nuts. 
 
 13. GREWIA BARBERI, J. R. Drumm. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore, Bellary and Coimbatore ; W. Ghats, 
 from S. Canara to N. and E. slopes of Nilgiris, up to 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 14. GREWIA LANCEAEFOLIA, Roxb. G. diplocarpa, Thw. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 390. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coimbatore to Tinnevelly and Travancore. 
 
 15. GREWIA ROTHII, DC. G. cxcelsa, Mast. ; F. B. I. i. 385 (partly, 
 
 no* o/ Vahl.). 
 
 N. Circars from Ganjam to Godavari ; Deccan, in Kistna, 
 Kurnool and Bellary. 
 
 16. GREWIA DAMINE, Gaertn. G. salvifolia, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 
 386 (partly). 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam ; Deccan, Kistna to Bellary. 
 A shrub or small tree with small leaves, very grey- 
 pubescent beneath. 
 
 17. GREWIA TILIAEFOLIA, Vahl ; F. B. I. i. 386 (partly) ; W. & A. 
 80 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 108. 
 
 In all forest Districts, up to about 4,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized tree, usually with large leaves ; wood 
 
 brown, strong and flexible, used for shafts of carts, oars, 
 
 and other implements. Vern. Hind. Phalsa, Dhamin ; 
 
 Ur. Dhamono; Tel. Charachi ; Tarn. Umi ; Mai. Cha- 
 
 dicha. 
 
 18. GREWIA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Juss. ; W. & A. 80 ; Wt. Ic. t. 45. 
 
 G. orbiculata, Rottl. ; F. B. I. i. 386. 
 
 N. Circars in Vizagapatam and Kistna ; Deccan in Kurnool 
 and Cuddapah ; Carnatic, in S. Arcot and Tinnevelly. 
 A small tree with leaves very grey-tomentose beneath. 
 
 19. GREWIA SUBINAEQUALIS, DC. G. asiatica, Mast. F. B. I. i. 
 386 (partly). 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam, summit of Karaka Konda, 
 2,000 ft. (Barber). 
 
 A small shrub of forest grass-lands, behaving in similar 
 fashion to G. sapida. 
 
Grcu-ia.} TTTJACEAE. 119 
 
 20. GRKWIA SAPIDA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 887, 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam. 
 
 A small shrub of forest grass-lands, usually burnt or dying 
 down yearly and then sending up fresh shoots from a 
 permanent root- stock. 
 
 21. GREWIA PANDAICA, J. B. Drumm. 
 
 Tinnevelly District, at Kanrii Katti (Barber). 
 
 A tree reaching 60 ft. in height and 14 in. in diam. of trunk. 
 
 22. GRKWIA VILLOSA, Willd ; F. B. I. i. 388; W. & A. 79. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, dry forest scrub from the Kistna 
 
 southwards. 
 
 A shrub with well-marked, f)-ribbed velvety leaves and 
 
 crustaceous fruit. 
 
 23. GREWIA ASPKRA, Pioxb. G. abtitilifolia, Mast, in F. B. I. i. 
 390. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in hilly regions, and up 
 
 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub with often large leaves. 
 
 24. GREWIA HIRSUTA, Vahl'; W. & A. 78 ; Wt. Ic. t. 76; F. B. I. 
 i. 391. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in all forest Districts. 
 A common forest undershrub with narrow leaves. 
 
 25. GREWIA POLYGAMA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 391. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam and Godavari. 
 A forest shrub or small tree. 
 
 26. GREWIA FLAVESCENS, Juss. G. carpinifolia, Mast, in F. B. I. 
 i. 387 (not of Juss.). G. pilosa, W. & A. 78. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in most forest Districts. 
 A small tree. 
 
 2. Triumfetta, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs with stellate pubescence. Leaves serrate 
 dentate or entire, sometimes 3-5-lobed. Flowers yellow, axillary 
 or leaf-opposed, few or densely cymose. Sepals 5, distinct, fre- 
 quently mucronate at the apex. Petals 5 (rarely 0), glandular, 
 thickened or foveolate at the base, inserted round the base of the 
 torus. Stamens indefinite or rarely 10, inserted on the glandular 
 torus, free. Ovary 5-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style filiform ; 
 stigma 2-5- toothed. Capsule globose or ovoid, echinate or setose, 
 
120 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Triumfetta. 
 
 indehiscent or separating into cocci. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, 
 pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat, 
 foliaceous. 
 
 Fruit including bristles 1 in. across, hirsute ; leaves ovate-acuminate 
 
 serrate, softly tomentose beneath ; perennial herb 1. pilota. 
 
 Fruit including bristles '5 in. across, glabrous ; leaves ovate-caudate, 
 
 serrate, glabrous ; annual herb 2. anmui. 
 
 Fruit including bristles -2--25 in. across ; pericarp tomentose : 
 
 Fruit ovoid ; bristles ciliate down one side ; stamens 5-13 ; leaves 
 subglabrous, irregularly bluntly dentate ; lower ones ovate 3-lobed ; 
 
 annual herb 3. pcnta ndra . 
 
 Fruit globose ; leaves tomentose beneath ; herbaceous undershrubs : 
 Lower leaves 3 5-lobed ; bristles of fruit glabrous ; stamens 8-15 
 
 4. rhomboidea. 
 
 Lower leaves orbicular; bristles of fruit puberulous ; stamens 15-25 
 
 5. rotundifolia. 
 
 1. TRIUMFETTA PILOSA, Both ; F. B. I. i. 394 ; W. & A. 74. 
 
 In almost all Districts, up to 6,500 ft. in Nilgiris. 
 
 2. TRIUMFETTA ANNUA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 396. 
 
 Deccan, in Godavari and Bellary ; "W. Ghats, in S. C-anara 
 and Coorg. 
 
 3. TRIUMFETTA PENTANDRA, A. Eich. T. neglecta, W. & A. ; 75 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 396. 
 
 E. Coast in Guntur ; Tinnevelly. 
 
 4. TRIUMFETTA RHOMBOIDEA, Jacq. ; F. B. I. i. 395. T. anfjulata, 
 Lam. ; W. & A. 74 ; Wt. Ic. t. 320. 
 
 In almost all Districts. 
 
 5. TRIUMFETTA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 395 ; W. & A. 
 
 75. 
 
 In all Districts of the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic. 
 
 3. Corchorus, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves serrate, lower pair of teeth 
 usually prolonged into hairs. Flowers small, yellow ; peduncles 
 very short, axillary or leaf-opposed, 1-few-flowered, bracteate. 
 Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, naked at the base. Stamens numerous 
 (or 8-10), inserted on a very short torus. Ovary 2-5-celled ; 
 ovules many in each cell ; style short, the apex stigmatose. 
 Capsule siliquiform and even, or subglobose and echinate or 
 
Corcliorux.] TILTACEAE. 121 
 
 muricate, loculicidally 2-5-valved, rarely transversely septate 
 between the seeds. Seeds numerous, pendulous or horizontal, 
 albuminous, embryo curved. 
 
 Woody prostrate undershrub ; leaves roundish ; capsule '5-1*2 in. long, 
 
 glabrous, cylindric, 4-valved ; beak entire 1. Antichorus. 
 
 Erect annuals or rarely becoming perennial and woody but then 
 always with pubescent capsules ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong- 
 lanceolate : 
 
 Capsule elongated ; valves thin : 
 
 Capsule ending in 3 radiating points, 3-4-valved, 1-1-5 in. long: 
 Capsule 6-angled, 3-winged ; leaves straight-sided, serrate 
 
 2. acutainjulus. 
 Capsule cylindric, not winged ; leaves ovate, crenate-serrate 
 
 3. tridens. 
 Capsule ending in a single beak, lobed at the summit : 
 
 Capsule -5 in. long, cylindric, pubescent, 3-valved ; leaves 
 
 straight-sided, serrate 4. fascicularis. 
 
 Capsule 1-3 in. long, ribbed or angled, glabrous or scabrid : 
 Capsule 10-ribbed, 5-valved, glabrous ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 finely crenate serrate 5. oU-tonus. 
 
 Capsule 3-4-angled, 3-4-valved, more or less pubescent: 
 Capsule 1-5-3 in. long; leaves straight-sided, crenate serrate 
 
 6. trtioculari*. 
 Capsule under 1 in. long; leaves ovate, serrate 
 
 7. urticaefolius. 
 
 Capsule depressed globose, ridged and muricate, 5-valved ; valves 
 woody; leaves straight-sided, serrate 8. cdpuwbrris. 
 
 1. CORCHORUS ANTICHORUS, Eaeusch. ; F. B. I. i. 398. C. 
 humilis, Munro ; Wt. Ic. t. 1073. 
 
 Deccan red soils, Cuddapah District. 
 
 2. CORCHORUS ACUTANGULUS, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 398 ; W. & A. 
 73 ; Wt. Ic. t. 739. 
 
 Pastures and cultivated land by the sides of ditches in 
 most Districts of the Deccan, Carnatic and W. Coast. 
 
 3. CORCHORUS TRIDENS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 398 ; W. & A. 73. 
 
 Dry Districts of the Deccan and Carnatic, 011 roadsides and 
 waste lands. 
 
 4. CORCHORUS FASCICULARIS, Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 398 ; W. & A. 72. 
 
 Most Districts of the Circars and Carnatic from Godavari to 
 Tanjore. 
 
122 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Corchoni*. 
 
 5. CORCHORUS OLITORIUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 397 ; W. & A. 73. 
 
 Found run wild in many Districts, but probably not in- 
 digenous in S. India. Jute. 
 
 6. CORCHORUS TRILOCULARIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 397 ; W. & A. 72. 
 
 Dry Districts of the Deccan and Carnatic, a weed of waste 
 places, roadsides, etc. 
 
 7. CORCHORUS URTICAEFOLIUS, W. & A. 73 ; F. B. I. i. 397. 
 
 Dry Districts of the Carnatic, Salem, Chingleput. 
 
 8. CORCHORUS CAPSULARIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 397 ; W. & A. 73 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 311. 
 
 Found run wild occasionally, but not indigenous, less 
 
 common than C. olitorius. Jute. 
 
 Berrya AmmoniUa, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 383 ; W. & A. 86 ; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 58 is the Trincomali wood tree of Ceylon, frequently culti- 
 vated in Madras and elsewhere, but not yet found wild in S. India. 
 
 Family XXIX. ELAEOCARPACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs without mucilage sacs. Leaves entire, alternate 
 or verticillate ; stipules present, persistent or caducous. Flowers 
 usually hermaphrodite, in axillary racemes, regular. Sepals 46, 
 valvate. Petals 4-6, free, valvate, laciniate or rarely entire, 
 inserted outside the disk. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the 
 cushion-like disk ; anthers linear, opening by terminal pores. 
 Ovary sessile, 2-5-celled, ovules 2 or more in each cell, usually 
 pendulous ; style columnar. Fruit a drupe with a bony usually 
 3-5- sometimes 1-celled stone. Seeds pendulous, 1 to each cell, 
 albumen fleshy, cotyledons flat. 
 
 Elaeocarpus, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves simple, usually crenate or serrate, sometimes 
 entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, in axillary or 
 lateral racemes. Sepals 4-5, valvate (rarely imbricate), distinct. 
 Petals 4-5, laciniate lobed or rarely entire, inserted round the base 
 of a thickened glandular disk. Stamens numerous, rarely 8-12, 
 inserted between the glands on the disk ; anthers linear, dehiscing 
 by a transverse valve at the top. Ovary 2-5-celled ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell; style subulate, entire. Drupe with a single bony tuber- 
 culate stone divided into 1-5 1 -seeded cells. Seeds pendulous ; 
 testa hard ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons broad. 
 
Elatocarpus.] ELASQCARPAC&AB. 123 
 
 Flowers small ; sepals under -3 in. long ; anthers not awned ; ovary 
 3-celled : 
 Anthers more or less ciliate on the longer valve : 
 
 Leaves elliptic or elliptic-obovate, chartaceous, glabrous above, 
 slightly pubescent beneath, crenate-serrate, 2-4 in. long, petiole 
 
 5-1 in. long 1. serratus. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, glabrous, glandular 
 beneath, much narrowed at base, serrulate, 3-6 in. long, petiole 
 
 5 in. long 2. lanceaefolius. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanoeolate, acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous, obtuse 
 at base, mucronulate-serrate, 4-6 in. long, petiole 1 in. long 
 
 2. lucidus. 
 
 Anthers not ciliate on the longer valve ; leaves broadly elliptic, 
 coriaceous, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, 4-6 in. long, petiole 
 
 about 1 in. long 4. oblon<iu$. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized ; sepals -3-'7 in. long ; anthers awned with a 
 long bristle ; ovary 2-3-celled : 
 
 Sepals ordinarily -4 in. long; leaves chartaceous, ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, bluntly long-acuminate at apex, rounded at base, glabrous, 
 2-4 in. long; petiole slender -75-1-25 in. long; drupe shining, -5 in. 
 
 long 5. M-unroii. 
 
 Sepals ordinarily -5 in. long ; leaves coriaceous, the 2 halves bent 
 back so as to be boat- shaped, acute at apex, densely softly ferru- 
 gineous-pubescent beneath, 3-5 in. long; petiole stout, about 1 in. 
 
 long; drupe shining, -7 in. long 6. ferrufjinem. 
 
 Sepals ordinarily -6 in. long ; leaves subcoriaceous, flat, obovate, obtuse 
 at apex, base rounded, ferrugineous-pubescent beneath, especially on 
 the midrib and nerves, 4-8 in. long ; petiole stout, 52 in. long ; drupe 
 
 smooth, 1-5-2 in. long 7. tuber culatus. 
 
 Flowers large ; sepals -7-1 in. long ; anthers mucronate ; ovary 2- 
 celled ; leaves coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, glandular beneath, 
 glabrous, 3-4-5 in. long ; petiole -5-'75 in. long ; drupe 2 in. long 
 
 8. vemuttus. 
 
 1. ELAEOCARPUS SERRATUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 401 ; W. & A. 82. 
 E. cuneatus, Wt. 111. i. 83 ; F. B. I. i. 402. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, in evergreen forests up to 5,000 ft. 
 A rather small tree with greyish -white wood and edible 
 fruit. Yern. Tain. Ulang Karei ; Mai. Nalla kara, Valiya 
 kara. 
 
 2. ELAEOCARPUS LANCEAEFOLIUS, Boxb. ; F. B. I. i. 402 ; Wt. le. 
 t. 65. 
 
124 FLOEA OF MADRAS. [Elaeocarpus. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, 3,000 ft. 
 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 A large tree with a soft light brown wood. 
 
 3. ELAEOCARPUS LUCLDUS, Koxb. ; F. B. I. i. 403. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, 3,000 ft. 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 4. ELAEOCARPUS OBLONGUS, Gaertn. ; W. & A. 82 ; F. B. I. i. 403 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 46. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, in evergreen forests up to 6,000 ft. ; 
 common in Nilgiri Sholas. 
 
 A large tree with whitish wood. The leaves turn red when 
 old. Vern. Tain. Bikki ; Mai. Katta kara. 
 
 5. ELAEOCARPUS MUNROII, Mast, in F. B. I. i. 407. Monocera 
 Munroii, Wt. 111. i. 84 ; Ic. t. 952. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts from 2,500 to 6,000 ft. ; common 
 in Nilgiri Sholas. 
 
 A large tree with \vhite or brown moderately hard wood. 
 A very pretty tree and easily recognized. In young plants 
 and coppice shoots the leaves are often linear-lanceolate. 
 Vern. Tarn. Narebikki ; Mai. Pungari. 
 
 6. ELAEOCARPUS FERRUGINEUS, Wight; F. B. I. i. 406; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 112. M onocera ferruginea, Wt. Ic. t. 205. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Pulneys, and the 
 higher hills of Travancore at 6,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 The characteristic of the curiously folded-back leaves 
 makes this interesting tree easily recognizable. 
 
 7. ELAEOCARPUS TUBERCULATUS, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 404 ; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 113. Monocera iuberculata, W. & A. 83 ; Wt. Ic. t. 62 ; 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 35. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts up to 5,000 ft., on river banks and 
 in evergreen forests. 
 
 A large tree with grey and white mottled bark and brown 
 wood streaked with darker colour. The rugose seeds are 
 used to make necklace beads. Vern. Tarn. Rutthracham ; 
 Mai. Pilahi, Naggara. 
 
 8. ELAEOCARPUS VENDSTUS, Bedd. Fl. t. 174. Elaeocarpns 
 Monocera, Mast, in F. B. I. i. 405 (not of Cav.). 
 
 W. Ghats, in South Travancore at 3,500 to 4,500 ft. 
 A large handsome tree, very ornamental with its white 
 flowers, but scarce and little known. The leaves have 
 large glands in the axils of the nerves beneath. 
 
Linum. \ LIXACEAE. 125 
 
 Family XXX. LINACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, simple, usually 
 entire ; stipules lateral, intrapetiolar or 0. Flowers regular, 
 bisexual, often 2- or more-morphic. Sepals 5 (or 4), free or 
 connate at the base, imbricate. Petals 5 (or 4), hypogynous (or 
 slightly perigynous), imbricate, often contorted, usually fugacious. 
 Stamens 1-2 (-3) -times as many as the petals, with occasionally 
 interposed staminodes, united at the base into a ring or short 
 tube ; filaments usualty filiform, inserted on or near the apex of 
 the tube ; anthers versatile. Disk or of 5 entire or didymous 
 glands, adnate to the staminal tube. Ovary free, entire, 3-5- 
 celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous ; styles 3-5, free or 
 connate ; stigmas usually terminal. Fruit a septicidal capsule, 
 splitting into as many valves as or by false dissepiments into 
 twice as many as the cells of the ovary, or a drupe. Seeds with 
 fleshy or no albumen. 
 
 Erect annuals 1. Linum. 
 
 Shrubs or trees : 
 
 Shrubs climbing by spiral hooks or straggling ; twigs tomentose ; 
 
 petals imbricate; drupe globose 2. Hugonia. 
 
 Erect shrubs or trees ; twigs glabrous ; petals contorted : 
 
 Stipules minute, subulate ; flowers over 1 in. across ; capsule 
 
 globose, many-seeded 3. Reinwardtia. 
 
 Stipules short, intrapetiolar, semi-amplexicaul ; flowers -3 in. 
 
 across; drupe oblong, 1-seeded ..- 4. Erythroxylon. 
 
 1. Linum, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow, 
 entire : stipules or glanduliform. Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, 
 contorted, fugacious. Stamens 5, connate at the base, often 
 alternating with minute staminodes ; glands 5, small, adnate to 
 the outside of the staminal tube. Ovary 5-celled, cells imperfectly 
 septate, 2-seeded, or by false dissepiments completely divided each 
 into 2 1-seeded cells. Seeds compressed ; albumen small. 
 LINUM MYSORENSE, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 411 ; W. & A. 134. 
 
 A slender erect annual with small yellow flowers and short 
 linear leaves. 
 
 Hilly regions in the Deccan and W. Ghats at high elevations. 
 Linum usitatissimum, L., the Flax Plant, is often cultivated for 
 
126 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Linum. 
 
 its oil-seeds. It has large blue flowers, and is occasionally found 
 run wild. 
 
 2. Hugonia, Linn. 
 
 Scandent or straggling herbs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers 
 yellow, the lowest 2 peduncles of each branch often turned into 
 spiral hooks. Sepals 5. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 
 10, connate into a short tube at the base, and there marked by 
 5 glandular swellings. Ovary 5-celled with 2 collateral ovules in 
 each cell ; styles 5, filiform. Drupe globose, fleshy. Seeds 
 compressed, albuminous ; cotyledons flat. 
 
 HUGONIA MYSTAX, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 418 ; W. & A. 72 ; Wt. 111. i. 
 79, t. 32. 
 
 A rambling or climbing shrub with tomentose twigs, elliptic- 
 
 obovate glabrous leaves, and large yellow flowers, usually 
 
 many together at the ends of the branches. 
 
 In almost all Districts in dry forests. 
 
 Bark yellowish, corky. Wood hard and close-grained. Vern. 
 
 Tarn. Motira kanni. 
 
 3. Reinwardtia, Dumort. 
 
 Undershrubs. Leaves membranous, usually serrate ; stipules 
 minute caducous. Flowers large, yellow or white, in short 
 axillary racemes or in terminal corymbs ; pedicels bracteate. 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 5, connate at 
 the base, alternating with setiform staminodes. Glands 2-3, 
 adnate to the staminal tube. Ovary of 3-5 2-locellate cells ; 
 ovule 1 in each locellus ; styles 3-4 (-7), filiform. Capsule 
 globose, 6 8-valved. Seeds reniform ; albumen thin. 
 
 REINWARDTIA TRIGYNA, Planch. ; F. B. I. i. 412. E. tetragyna, 
 Planch. ; F. B. I. i. 412. Linum trigynum, Roxb. ; W. & A. 134. 
 A small shrub with elliptic-lanceolate acute glabrous leaves 
 and handsome yellow flowers, with many sexual forms 
 combining styles and stamens of varying number and length. 
 W. Ghat forests of S. Canara and Mysore. 
 
 $, Erythroxylon, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire, 
 often nearly distichous; stipules intrapetiolar, on the arrested 
 shoots imbricating. Floioers axillary, small, whitish, solitary or 
 fascicled. Sepals 5-6. Petals 5-6, with an erect double ligule 
 
Erythrvxylon.] MALPIGHIACEAE. 127 
 
 on the inner side. Stamens 10-12, monadelphous. Ovary 
 3-4-celled ; styles 3-4, united into a style with capitate stigmas ; 
 ovules 1-2 in each cell. Drape 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed with 
 a thin testa, and little or no albumen. 
 
 Leaves obovate, obtuse, under 2 in. long 1. mouoyynum. 
 
 Leaves linear-elliptic, chartaceous 2. lanceolatuin. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, membranous 3. acumlnatum. 
 Leaves ovate, obtusely acuminate, coriaceous 4. obtusifolium. 
 
 1. ERYTHROXYLON MONOGYNUM, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 88; F. B. I. 
 i. 414. E. iiulicuin, Bedd. Fl. t. 81. Sethia indica, DC. ; 
 W. & A. 106 ; Wt. 111. t. 48. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry evergreen forests ; 
 W. Ghats, in dry hill forests of Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A small tree with a dark brown rough bark and very hard 
 reddish-brown wood, useful for turning and a good fuel. Vern. 
 Tarn. Devadara ; Tel. Adivi gerenta ; Kan. Devadaram. 
 
 2. ERYTHROXYLON LANCEOLATUM, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 415. 
 Sethia lanceolata, Wt. 111. i. 136. S. erythroxyloides, Wt. 
 111. i. 136. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Tinnevelly, at Courtallum (Wight). 
 
 3. ERYTHROXYLON ACUMINATUM, Walp. E. lucidum, Moon ; 
 F. B. I. i. 415. Sethia acuminata, Arn. ; Wt. 111. i. 135. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad (Beddome) and Pulney Hills (Bourne). 
 
 4. ERYTHROXYLON OBTUSIFOLIUM, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 415. 
 Sethia lanceolata, var. obtusifolia, Wt. 111. i. 136. 
 
 W. Ghats, S. Canara to Nilgiris, up to 4,000 ft., scarce. 
 
 Family XXXI. MALPIGHIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves usually opposite and 
 entire, often provided with glands on the petiole, on the base of 
 the blade and on the margin ; stipules small or 0. Flowers 
 bisexual, often irregular ; pedicels jointed, bracteate. Sepals 
 usually 5, imbricate, one or more usually furnished with large 
 glands. Petals 5, usually equal, fimbriate or dentate, often clawed. 
 Disk small. Stamens usually 10, 1 or more sometimes much 
 longer than the others ; filaments free or connate at the base. 
 Ovary of 3 1-ovuled cells ; styles 1-3. Fruit of 1 or more winged 
 samaras, rarely a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous, embryo straight or 
 curved, cotyledons often unequal, radicle superior. 
 
128 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hiptage. 
 
 Calycine gland single, large ; styles 1-2 ; samaras terminated by 1-3 
 
 lanceolate wings 1. Hiptage. 
 
 Calycine glands ; styles 3 ; samaras surrounded by an orbicular or 
 lanceolate wing 2. Aspidopterys. 
 
 1. Hiptage, Gaertn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs or rarely small trees. Leaves opposite, 
 coriaceous, entire, eglandular, exstipulate. Racemes terminal and 
 axillary ; peduncles bracteate articulated with the 2-bracteate 
 pedicels. Flowers with 4 white, one coloured petal, fragrant. 
 Calyx 5 -partite with one large gland partly on the pedicel. Petals 
 clawed, unequal, silky. Stamens 10, declinate, one much longer 
 than the others ; filaments connate at the base. Ovary 3-lobed ; 
 styles 1-2, at first circinate ; stigma capitate. Fruit of 1-3 
 2-3-winged samaras. Seeds globose, cotyledons unequal. 
 
 Leaves 4-9 in. long ; flowers '7-1 in. across ; wings of samaras about 
 
 1*5 in. long 1. Madablota. 
 
 Leaves about 3 in. long ; flowers *5 in. across ; wings of samaras about 
 1 in. long 2. parvifolia. 
 
 1. HIPTAGE MADABLOTA, Gaertn. ; F. B. I. i. 418 ; W. & A. 107. 
 Gaertnera racemosa, Boxb. Cor. PL i. t. 18. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, chiefly in ravines in hill 
 forests, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A large straggling climbing shrub with pretty flowers and 
 rough reddish wood. Vern. Ur. Boromali. 
 
 2. HIPTAGE PARVIFOLIA, W. & A. 107 ; F. B. I. i. 419. 
 
 W. Deccan, from Mysore, Tinnevelly and S. Travancore. 
 A climbing shrub, smaller than H. Madablota. 
 
 2. Aspidopterys, A. Juss. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves entire, eglandular, exstipulate. 
 Flowers panicled or fascicled ; peduncles bracteate ; pedicels 
 slender. Sepals 5, short, eglandular. Petals 5, clawed, entire, white 
 or yellow, inodorous. Stamens 10 ; filaments free or connate at 
 the base ; anthers ovate. Ovary 3-lobed ; styles 3. Fruit of 1-3 
 samaras surrounded by a shield-like membranous wing. Seeds 
 oblong ; cotyledons straight, equal. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, suddenly acuminate, deeply cordate, white tomentose 
 beneath; samara wings oval 1. cordata. 
 
Tribulus.] ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. . 129 
 
 Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute to subcordate at the base, subglabrous 
 beneath : 
 
 Flowers in large panicles; samara wings elliptic 2. Roxburghiana. 
 
 Flowers in axillary fascicles ; samara wings orbicular ...3. canarensis. 
 
 1. ASPIDOPTERYS CORDATA, A. Juss. ; F. B. I. i. 421. 
 
 Deccan, in Kurnool, Bellary and Mysore. 
 
 2. ASPIDOPTERYS ROXBURGHIANA, A. Juss. ; F. B. I. i. 420. 
 Triopteris indica, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. t. 160. 
 
 N. Circars, in hill country ; Deccan, Nallamalai Hills of 
 Kurnool, Sandur Hills of Bellary, etc. 
 8. ASPIDOPTERYS CANARENSIS, Dalz. ; F.B.I, i. 420. A.glomerata, 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1986. 
 Deccan, in Mysore ; W. Ghats, Malabar to Tinnevelly. 
 
 Family XXXII. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves opposite or (by the 
 suppression of one of the pair) alternate, stipulate, 2-3-foliolate or 
 pinnate ; leaflets entire ; stipules persistent, sometimes spiny. 
 Flowers 1 or 2 together in the axils of the stipules, bisexual, 
 regular or irregular. Sepals 5 (or 4), usually free and imbricate. 
 Petals 5 (or 4 or 0), hypogynous, free, imbricated or contorted or 
 rarely valvate. Disk usually convex or depressed, eglandular. 
 Stamens as many as the petals, or twice (or thrice) as many, 
 inserted at the base of the disk ; filaments usually bearing a 
 scale at or below the middle ; anthers versatile. Ovary usually 
 sessile, furrowed angled or winged, (2-) 4-5 (-12)-celled ; ovules 
 1-2 or more in each cell ; style simple, terminal. Fruit 
 dividing into 2-10 cocci or capsular and septicidally dehiscent. 
 Seeds usually 1 in each cell ; albumen scanty or 0. 
 
 Prostrate silky herbs with pinnate leaves, yellow flowers and prickly 
 
 fruit t 1. Tribulus 
 
 Erect prickly woody herbs with 1-3-foliolate leaves, pink flowers and 
 unarmed fruit 2. Fagonia. 
 
 . Tribulus, Linn. 
 
 Prostrate herbs. Leaves stipulate, opposite or sometimes 
 alternate, abruptly pinnate. Flowers solitary, pseudo- axillary, 
 white or yellow. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, spreading, imbri- 
 cate, fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10 (or 5) ; 
 
130 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tribulus. 
 
 filaments bare. Ovary sessile, hirsute, 5-12-lobed, 5-12-celled ; 
 ovules 1-5 in each cell ; stigmas 5-12. Fruit 5-angled, of 5-12 
 winged spinous or tuberculate cocci. Embryo exalbuminous. 
 TRIBULUS TBRRESTEIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 423 ; W. &. A. 145 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 98. 
 
 A procumbent herb ; leaflets 6-12, '2-'5 in. long, oblong, silky ; 
 flowers solitary, axillary, '5-1 in. across ; fruit of 5 woody cocci, 
 each provided with 2 long hard sharp divaricate spines. 
 Deccan, in hot dry localities chiefly. 
 
 2. Fagonia, Linn. 
 
 Erect or prostrate branching herbs, woody at the base. Leaves 
 opposite, 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets entire ; stipules often spiny. 
 Flowers solitary, pseudo- axillary. Sepals 5, deciduous, imbricate. 
 Petals 5, clawed, caducous, imbricate. Disk small. Stamens 10, 
 on the disk ; filaments bare. Ovary sessile, 5-angled, of 5 2-ovuled 
 cells, narrowed into a subulate style ; stigma simple. Fruit of 
 5 1-seeded dehiscent cocci. Seeds compressed ; albumen horny ; 
 cotyledons broad. 
 
 FAGONIA ARABICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 425. F. mysorensis, Roth ; 
 W. & A. 145 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 64. 
 
 A small branched woody plant, the small pink flowers and 
 
 globular capsules immersed in the copious thin straight 
 
 spines. 
 
 Deccan, in dry localities in Kurnool, Anantapur, etc., often on 
 
 black cotton soil. 
 
 Family XXXIII. GERANIACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, 
 usually 2- stipulate. Floivers bisexual, regular or irregular, solitary 
 fascicled umbelled cymose or racemose ; peduncles usually axillary. 
 Sepals usually 5 and imbricate, posticous sometimes spurred. 
 Petals 5 or fewer or 0. Torus raised in the centre. Disk of 
 5 glands or 0. Stamens 4-5 or 10 (or 15) ; anthers versatile. 
 Ovary (2-) 3-5 lobed, 3-5-celled, prolonged above into a beak 
 bearing capitate or linear stigmas or into sessile stigmas ; ovules 
 1-2-many in each cell. Fruit a 3-5-lobed capsule or a berry, 
 lobes 1-seeded and separating from the axis or many-seeded. 
 Seeds usually with little or no albumen. 
 
Geranium.] GERANIACEAE. 131 
 
 Flowers regular ; sepals herbaceous, not spurred, imbricate; stamens 10 ; 
 leaves simple and palminerved or compound : 
 
 Leaves simple, palminerved ; glands on the torus 5, alternating with 
 the petals ; capsules beaked, the valves when dehiscing rolled elas- 
 
 tically upwards 1 . Geranium. 
 
 Leaves compound ; glands on the torus (j ; capsules not beaked : 
 Herbs ; fruit capsular : 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; capsule valves cohering with the axis 
 
 2. Oxalis. 
 
 Leaves abruptly pinnate ; capsule valves detaching from the axis 
 
 3. Biophytum. 
 Trees ; leaves pinnate ; fruit indehiscent, fleshy : 5 stamens often 
 
 reduced to staminodes Averrhoa. 
 
 Flowers irregular ; leaves simple, penninerved ; sepals usually petaloid, 
 the upper spurred ; stamens 5 with subconnate anthers : 
 
 Lateral petals connate in pairs ; fruit capsular, elastically dehiscent 
 
 4. Impatiens. 
 Lateral petals free; fruit a drupe with a bony pyrene...5. Hydrocera. 
 
 1. Geranium, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. Peduncles axillary, 
 bracteate, 1-2-flowered or bearing umbels. Flowers regular. 
 Sepals and petals 5 each, imbricate. Disk represented by 5 
 interpetaline glands. Stamens 10 ; free or shortly united at the 
 base, anthers 10 (or rarely only 5). Ovary beaked, 5-lobed, 
 5-celled ; styles 5 ; ovules 2-3, superposed. Capsule 5-lobed, 
 5-celled; cells 1-seeded, usually separated from the axis by the 
 elastic curving of the lower portions of the beak. Seeds with 
 albumen usually ; cotyledons induplicate or contorted. 
 
 GERANIUM NEPALENSB, Sweet; F. B. I. i. 430. G. affine, W. &A. 
 
 133 (not o/Ledeb.); Wt. 111. i. t. 59. 
 
 A slender diffuse perennial with pentagonal deeply 3-5-lobed 
 leaves, the lobes cut into strap-shaped segments ; flowers 
 *3-'5 in. across; carpels hairy; seeds shining, smooth. 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, usually above 6,000 ft. 
 Various garden species of Pelargonium are found run wild about 
 the Nilgiri Hill stations ; one, Pelargonium grossularioides, DC., 
 of S. Africa, appears to be fully naturalized, as is Erodium cicu- 
 tarium, Leman, of Europe and N. India. 
 
132 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Oxalis. 
 
 2. Oxalis, Linn. 
 
 Acid herbs, rarely woody. Leaves radical or cauline and alter- 
 nate, usually digitate, 3-many-foliolate. Flowers on axillary or 
 radical 1-many-flowered peduncles, usually unbellate, regular. 
 Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted. Disk 
 without glands. Stamens 10, filaments free or united at base. 
 Ovary of 5 1-many-ovuled cells ; styles 5, distinct. Capsule locu- 
 licidal. Seeds with an outer fleshy coat bursting elastically ; 
 albumen fleshy. 
 
 OXALIS COKNICULATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 486 ; W. & A. 142 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 18. 
 
 A diffuse creeping weed with long-stalked trifoliolate leaves 
 
 with obcordate leaflets ; flowers yellow, umbellate, on slender 
 
 peduncles. 
 
 Common in most Districts and at all elevations, especially 
 
 troublesome in garden soil. 
 
 3. Biophytum, DC. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs, often with woody stems. Leaves 
 crowded at the ends of the stem and branches, abruptly pinnate ; 
 leaflets opposite, oblique. Floivers dimorphous, in small umbels ; 
 peduncles terminal. Sepals 5. Petals 5, yellow, connate with 
 a salver-shaped corolla. Stamens 10, 5 inner ones longer ; fila- 
 ments free. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5 ; stigmas notched or 2-fid. 
 Capsule dehiscing loculicidally into 5 spreading valves. Seeds 
 like those of Oxalis. 
 
 Stem simple : 
 
 Leaflet main nerves thick, rarely straight, irregular ; sepals usually 
 longer than the capsule : 
 
 Leaflet main nerves numerous, secondary many ; leaflets many 
 pairs (8-15) ; peduncles long; seeds ovoid, acute: 
 
 Leaflets nearly glabrous ; seeds prominently ridged, not tubercled ; 
 pedicels very short ("I in.) or ; stem generally short. ..1. sensitiuum. 
 Leaflets strigosely hirsute ; seeds ridged, the ridges with tubercled 
 margins; pedicels short (*l-*2 in.), slender; stem often long, 
 
 sometimes stout 2. Candollcanum. 
 
 Leaflet main nerves very few, secondary almost none ; leaflets few 
 (5-7) pairs ; peduncles very short or ; pedicels *2 in. long ; seeds 
 flattened, ovate, obtuse, with scattered tubercles and no ridges ; stems 
 slender 3. Apodiscias. 
 
.l GEKANIACF.M-:. 133 
 
 Leaflet main nerves slender, oblique, straight ; leaflets many (more 
 than 10) pairs ; sepals as long as or shorter than the capsule ; seeds 
 ovoid, tubercled in spiral lines; peduncles long; pedicels "2-'3 in. 
 
 long, slender; stems often long, usually slender 4. Heinwardtii. 
 
 Stem branched ; seeds tubercled, the tubercles in oblique lines ; leaves 
 more or less strigosely hirsute, sharply cuspidate at apex : 
 
 Leaves 3-5 in. long ; leaflets 15-25 pairs, oblong, '4-'5 in. long ; pedicels 
 
 15 in. long; sepals glandular villous 5. intermedium. 
 
 Leaves 2-3 in. long; leaflets 30-50 pairs, falcate, -1--2 in. long, 
 pedicels '1 in. long; sepals glabrous 6. polypln/llnni . 
 
 1. BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM, DC. ', F. B. I. i. 436 (in part). Oxalis 
 sensiliva, L. ; W. & A. 142 (injxtrt). 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, usually in open places, on 
 roadsides, banks and cultivated ground. 
 
 2. BIOPHYTUM CANDOLLEANUM, Wt. 111. i. 161, t. 62. B. sensi- 
 tininj, var. ('ariflollaina. Kdgw. & Hook. f. in F. B. I. i. 437. 
 
 W. Ghats, banks and roadsides in Nilgiris, up to 6,000 ft. 
 usually in shady places. 
 
 3. BIOPHYTUM APODISCIAS, Turcz. ; F. B. I. i. 437. 
 
 Mysore or Carnatic (G. Thomson). 
 
 4. BIOPHYTUM KKINWARPTII, Edgw. & Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 
 437. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Cochin and 
 the Anamalai Hills, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 5. BIOPHYTUM INTERMEDIUM, Wt. 111. i. 162 ; F. B. I. i. 438. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, up to 7,000 ft. 
 
 6. BIOPHYTUM POLYPHYLLUM, Munro in Wt. 111. i. 162 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 439. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sholas of the W. Nilgiris, at about 6,000 to 
 7,000 ft. 
 
 AverrTtoa contains two fruit trees whose native county is un- 
 known, but which are found in gardens in many places in S. India 
 and cultivated for their fruits which are acid and are made into 
 tarts and preserves or pickled. They are distinguished thus : 
 
 Leaflets 2-5 pairs, glabrous and glaucous beneath ; fruits with angular 
 
 lobes A. Carambola, L. 
 
 Leaflets 5-17 pairs, pubescent beneath ; fruits with rounded lobes 
 
 A. Bilimbi, L. 
 
134 FLOfiA OF MADRAS. [Impatient. 
 
 3. Impatiens, Linn. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or rarely a little shrubby at the base. 
 Leaves simple. Flowers irregular, axillary, solitary fascicled 
 racemed or umbelled or sometimes scapose. Sepals 3 (or 5), 
 coloured, imbricate, 2 lateral ones small flat usually green, 
 posterior (lip), the lower in the flower, large, petaloid, often 
 spurred. Petals 3 (or 5) the anterior (standard) erect, the side 
 ones (wings) entire or 2-8-lobed, sometimes with a short or long 
 and slender appendage at the base. Stamens 5 ; anthers cohering, 
 nearly sessile. Disk 0. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; ovules many, 
 1-seriate in each cell ; stigma sessile, 5-toothed. Capsule short 
 or long, loculicidally dehiscent ; valves 5, elastic. Seeds smooth 
 or tubercled ; albumen 0. 
 
 (Analysis after Sir J. D. Hooker in Hec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 37, 
 and subsequent descriptions.) 
 
 Scapigerous plants with tuberous rootstock ; leaves all radical ; flowers 
 racemose; seeds very minute, clothed with spiral hairs (Section 1. 
 SCAPIGERAE) : 
 Lip with a very long incurved spur : 
 
 Wings 2-lobed 1. acauli*. 
 
 Wings 3-lobed 2. scapiflora. 
 
 Lip with a short spur ; wings 3-lobed : 
 Dorsal auricle of wings obscure or : 
 
 Spur of lip incurved, tip inflated 3. Beddomd. 
 
 Spur of lip incurved, cylindric 4. Levingei. 
 
 Spur of lip straight, standard entire 5. modexta. 
 
 Spur of lip short, standard crenate 6. crenata. 
 
 Dorsal auricle of wings produced into the spur of the lip : 
 Dorsal auricle long slender : 
 
 Tall, spur of lip elongate 7. Denisonii. 
 
 Dwarf, spur of lip short 8. Barberi. 
 
 Dorsal auricle short spiniform 9. Lawsoni. 
 
 Lip spurless 10. orchioides. 
 
 Epiphytic perennial herbs, succulent, with very short simple or sparingly 
 branched, often annulate or articulate, stems ; leaves alternate, usually 
 fascicled at the ends of the branches ; flowers on simple or branching 
 few-flowered peduncles ; wings very short, thick, almost concealed in 
 the mouth of the lip and concave standard (Section 2. EPIPHYTICAE) : 
 Lip scarlet ; 
 
Impatient.] GERANIACEA K. 135 
 
 Sepals small, elliptic, green ; standard and wings yellow 
 
 11. Jerdoniae. 
 Sepals large, oblong, pendulous, scarlet; standard green, wings 
 
 purple 12. auriculata . 
 
 Sepals linear, green ; standard green, dorsally broadly winged 
 
 13. parasitica. 
 
 Lip green ; sepals linear-oblong ; flowers all green 14. viridiflora. 
 
 Annual herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers pedicelled, solitary binate or 
 fascicled in the axils of the leaves, without peduncle ; ebracteate 
 or minutely bracteate at base ; sepals elongate, linear, rarely ovate or 
 lanceolate ; seeds glabrous (except Gardneriana), usually globose, black 
 and polished (Section 3. ANNUAE) : 
 
 Sepals linear or linear-lanceolate ; seeds black and shining : 
 
 Spur of lip slender, usually longer than the wings, sometimes 
 shorter or : 
 
 Stem stiff, usually simple ; leaves broad or narrow, coriaceous : 
 Spur longer than or at least as long as wings ; flowers large ; 
 
 leaves more or less serrate 15. chinensis. 
 
 Spur quite short, incurved ; flowers small ; leaves nearly entire: 
 
 Flowers '6-'8 in. long, rose or rose-purple 16. rupicola. 
 
 Flowers -2- -4 in. long, violet-blue 17. rivulicola. 
 
 Stem flaccid, usually branched ; leaves broad or narrow, subentire 
 
 18. diversifolia. 
 Stem slender ; basal lobe of wings 0, dorsal auricle filiform 
 
 19. ligulata. 
 
 Stem slender, flaccid ; wings long stipitate ; basal lobe minute or 
 0, dorsal auricle : 
 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, l-2'5 in. long ; capsule *5 in. long 
 
 20. Kleinii, 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 in. long ; capsule *75 in. long 
 
 21. Rheedii. 
 
 Stem slender, flaccid ; leaves oblong, entire ; wings long stipitate ; 
 basal lobe lanceolate, dorsal auricle small, opposite to it 
 
 22. lenta. 
 Stem slender, flaccid ; wings shortly stipitate ; basal lobe small, 
 
 dorsal auricle decurved 23. tenella. 
 
 Stem much branched ; wings subsessile ; basal lobe minute, 
 
 dorsal auricle minute, near the base 24. debilis. 
 
 Spur of lip very short or : 
 
 Lip scaphiform or cymbiform, spur of lip very minute or : 
 Flowers white or rose, very small : 
 
 Leaves ovate or oblong 25. puailla. 
 
136 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Impatiens. 
 
 Leaves narrowly linear 26. herbicola. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized, yellow ; standard winged 27. Lawii. 
 
 Lip funnel-shaped ; flowers very small, white : standard-costa 
 
 mucronate 28. Nataliae. 
 
 Lip saccate, spur of lip very short : 
 
 Glabrous or scurfy ; flowers very small ; lip shortly saccate 
 
 29. oppositifolia. 
 Often pubescent ; flowers rose, very small ; lip cymbiform, 
 
 acute; basal lobe of wing almost 30. ' pallidiflora. 
 
 More or less pubescent, flowers medium-sized, lip deeply saccate 
 
 31. tomentosa. 
 
 Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; seeds various : 
 Leaves opposite, small, sharply serrate, glandular ; spur of lip very 
 
 short, incurved ; seeds glabrous, black, shining 32. concinna. 
 
 Leaves opposite and whorled, usually long-glandular-ciliate ; seeds 
 
 hairy 33. Gardneriana. 
 
 Shrub or herbs ; leaves opposite, alternate or rarely whorled ; flowers 
 pedicelled, the pedicels solitary binate or fascicled in the axils of the 
 leaves, without peduncle; sepals small or minute ; seeds smooth, rugose 
 or papillose (Section 4. MICROSEPALAE) : 
 
 Leaves opposite alternate and whorled on the same plant ; seeds 
 obovoid, rugose or papillose: 
 
 Shrubs, basal lobe of wings smaller than the distal ; spur of the lip 
 short incurved : 
 
 Leaves 1-2 in. long, petiole short; stems reddish 34. Leschenaultii 
 Leaves 2-4 in. long, petiole long ; stems often with sulphury 
 
 covering 35. latifolia. 
 
 Shrubs, basal lobe of wings equalling or larger than the 
 distal : 
 
 Stem and branches glaucous, costa of leaf hairy beneath ; spur of 
 
 lip stout , 36. cuspidata. 
 
 Stem and branches green ; leaves usually glabrous beneath ; spur 
 of lip slender : 
 
 Basal lobe of wings much smaller than the distal 37. floribunda. 
 Basal lobe of wings much larger than the distal 38. macrocarpa. 
 Basal lobe of wings equal to the distal, both obcordate 
 
 39. cochinica. 
 Herb, annual ; lobes of wings subequal ; spur of lip very slender 
 
 40. lucida. 
 Leaves all alternate : 
 
 Flowers minute ; flaccid annuals : 
 
 Leaves ovate ; spur of lip 41. pendula. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate ; spur of lip short 42. mysorensis. 
 
fHqxitiui*. dEn.lXTACKAP:. 137 
 
 Flowers large or medium-sized, smaller in I. dasysperma : 
 Capsule pilose or tomentose : 
 Lip spurred ; seeds globose, spur incurved : 
 
 Seeds smooth 43. Ralsamimi. 
 
 Seeds minutely hirtillous 44. triclioau'im. 
 
 Lip spurless ; seeds minute, granulate 45. tcahriuscula, 
 
 Capsule glabrous ; seeds glabrous or papillose ; spur of lip long: 
 Seeds small, minutely papillose : 
 
 Spur of lip 1-1-5 in. long 46. flaccida. 
 
 Spur of lip 0*6 in. long 47. dasyspennn. 
 
 Seeds large, rugose, glabrous ; flowers large ...48. pvlcherrima. 
 Shrubby ; leaves alternate, hairy on both surfaces ; flowers pedicelled, 
 the pedicels solitary in the axils of the leaves without peduncle, 
 ebracteate ; standard and lip tomentose (Section 5. TOMENTOSAE) : 
 
 Flowers small, white and red, wings short 49. Munronii. 
 
 Flowers very large, white, wings large 50. Hemlovwim. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alternate rarely whorled ; flowers 
 umbellate or in very contracted racemes terminating a long axillary 
 peduncle ; pedicels bracteate at the base (Section G. SUBUMBELLATAK) : 
 Shrubs or large branching herbs : 
 
 Leaves alternate; sepals orbicular, ovate or oblong, '25-'75 in. 
 long : 
 
 Spur longer than the limb of the lip : 
 
 Flowers very large ; sepals oblong, acute ; lip with spur tubiform 
 
 51. ffnnidia. 
 Flowers medium-sized ; sepals orbicular, cuspidate ; bracts 
 
 slender 52. fruticosa. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized ; sepals ovate-acuminate, bracts ovate 
 
 53. vine id a. 
 
 Spur shorter than limb of the lip or : 
 
 Sepals ovate, aristately acuminate ; spur of lip -1 in. long or 
 
 54. campanulata . 
 
 Sepals oblong, acute; spur of lip -25--5 in. long 55. disotis. 
 
 Leaves opposite and whorled ; sepals linear ; spur long, slender 
 
 56. -verticillata. 
 Annual herbs : 
 
 Leaves all opposite : 
 
 Dorsal auricle of wings filiform, enclosed in the spur of the 
 lip, except sometimes in I. omissa ; peduncle many-flowered : 
 Leaves ovate, petioled, 1-2 in. long : 
 
 Spur of lip shorter or longer than the wings, not inflated 
 
 57. Goughii. 
 Spur of lip longer than the wings, inflated 58. viscosa. 
 
138 FLOP A OF MADRAS. [Impatient. 
 
 Leaves oblong or elliptic, subsessile, -25-1 in. long.. .59. omissa. 
 Dorsal auricle of wings minute ; peduncle 1-flowered ; leaves *2- 
 
 5 in. long, subsessile 60. parvifolia. 
 
 Leaves all alternate : 
 
 Leaves scattered on the stem and branches : 
 
 Spur of lip long, slender 61. cordata. 
 
 Spur of lip short, stout, tip incurved 62. uncinata. 
 
 Spur of lip short, slender, straight 63. verecunda. 
 
 Spur of lip 64. elegans. 
 
 Leaves rosulate at the top of the simple stem : 
 
 Spur of lip long and slender 65. umbellata. 
 
 Spur of lip short, stout 66. trarancorica. 
 
 Shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers in elongate peduncled axillary 
 racemes ; pedicels bracteate at the base ; sepals orbicular or broadly 
 oblong; lip spurred; seeds various (Section 7. EACEMOSAE) : 
 Leaves long-petioled, ovate : 
 
 Distal lobe of wings stipitate with a minute basal lobe at the base of 
 
 the stipes 67. maculata . 
 
 Distal lobe of wings sessile : 
 
 Lip tubiform, incurved throughout its length 68. plwenicea. 
 
 Lip cymbiform or infundibular ; spur short, incurved 
 
 69. Wiglitiana. 
 Leaves subsessile, lanceolate 70. Tangacliee. 
 
 1. IMPATIENS ACAULIS, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 443. 
 
 W. Ghats, up to 7,000 ft. in Nilgiris. 
 Flowers rather large, pale pink. 
 
 2. IMPATIENS SCAPIFLORA, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 443. J. rivalis, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 751 ; F. B. I. i. 444. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara to Travancore, at 6,000 to 
 8,000 ft., usually on dripping rocks. 
 Flowers pink, darker at the base of the wing. 
 
 3. IMPATIENS BEDDOMEI, Hook. f. in F. B. I. i. 442. 
 
 W. Ghats, at 6,000 to 8,000 ft. in Nilgiris, on the downs. 
 Flowers white with yellow patches on the wings. 
 
 4. IMPATIENS LEVINGEI, Gamble ex Hook. f. in Bee. Bot. Surv. 
 
 Ind. iv. 45 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, at 6,000 ft., on rocks near 
 
 Coonoor and Hulikal (Gamble, Levinge). 
 
 Flowers carmine -red. 
 
 5. IMPATIENS MODESTA, Wt. Ic. t. 968 ; F. B. I. i. 442. 
 
impatient. '//:/,'. LY/. i r/<:.!/<;. 139 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anainalai and Sivagiri Hills, at 
 6,000 ft. 
 Flowers pink. 
 
 6. IMPATIENS CRENATA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 442. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills, at 5,000 to 8,000 ft. 
 Flowers blue inside. 
 
 7. TMPATIEKS DENISONII, Bedd. Ic. t. 151 ; F. B. I. i. 444. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the Sispara Ghat, Nilgiris, at 3,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 
 Flowers pink. 
 H. IMPATIENS BARBERI, Hook. f. in. Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 45. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Cadamany in Mysore (Barber). 
 9. IMPATIENS LAWSONI, Hook. f. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 45. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills. 
 
 10. IMPATIENS ORCHIOIDES, Bedd. Ic. t. 152 ; F. B. I. i. 443. 
 
 W. Ghats, on tree-trunks at Avalanche, Nilgiris, 8,000 ft. 
 Flowers reddish brown, a very small species. 
 
 11. IMPATIENS JERDONIAE, Wt. Ic. t. 1602; F. B. I. i. 460, 
 t'-i-cL I. parasitica, Bedd. 
 
 W. Ghats, on tree-branches and moist rocks at Sispara 
 Ghat, 3,000 to 5,000 ft., Anamalai Hills at 7,000 ft. 
 A succulent epiphyte with thick stems. 
 
 12. IMPATIENS AURICULATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 460. 
 
 W. Ghats, on tree-trunks, hills of Tinnevelly and Travan- 
 
 core, above 5,000 ft. 
 
 A succulent epiphyte with swollen stem-internodes. 
 
 13. IMPATIENS PARASITICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 140. I. Jerdoniae var. 
 parasitica, Hook. f. in F. B. I. i. 460. 
 
 W. Ghats, on tree-trunks on the Anamalai Hills at 5,000 
 
 to 7,000 ft. ; Hills of Cochin and Travancore. 
 
 A very succulent epiphyte, with swollen internodes. 
 
 14. IMPATIENS VIRIDIFLORA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 460 ; Bedd. Ic. 1. 141. 
 
 W. Ghats, epiphytic on tree-trunks in the Sivagiri Hills, 
 Tinnevelly, at 5,000 ft. (Wight). 
 A fleshy epiphyte. 
 
 15. IMPATIENS CHINENSIS, Linn.; F. B. I. i. 444. I. fasciculata, 
 Lamk. ; Wt. Ic. t. 748 ; W. & A. 128. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills, at 5,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, common in 
 all Districts in wet places and pastures at 5,000 to 8,000 ft. 
 Flowers rose-purple to white. 
 
140 FLORA OF J/MM'J.S'. [Impatiens. 
 
 16. IMPATIENS RUPICOLA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1910, 292. 
 
 Mysore at Shimoga, 2,000 to 3,000 ft. (Meebold). 
 
 17. IMPATIENS RIVULICOLA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 354. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Puriar Valley, Travancore, 4,000 ft. 
 (Meebold), borders of streams. 
 
 18. IMPATIENS DIVBRSIFOLIA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 446 ; W. & A. 139. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore : in Nilgiris, up to 
 6,000 ft. 
 Flowers rose. 
 
 19. IMPATIENS LIGULATA, Bedd. Ic. t. 149 ; F. B. I. i. 446. 
 
 W. Ghats, Anamalai Hills at 1,500 to 2,500 ft., Hills of 
 Malabar, Cochin and Travancore. 
 Flowers pink or white. 
 
 20. IMPATIENS KLBINII, W. & A. 140 ; F. B. I. i. 445 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 884 ; Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1910, 293. 
 
 W. Coast and Ghats, in most Districts, from sea-level up 
 
 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A slender plant, scarcely 1 ft. high, flowers violet-purple. 
 
 21. IMPATIENS RHEEDII, W. & A. 138. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar at low elevations (Barber, Bourne). 
 Flowers pink or mauve with darker streaks. 
 
 22. IMPATIENS LENTA, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. t. 2913. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills (Perrottet). 
 Flowers lilac (?). 
 
 23. IMPATIENS TENELLA, Heyne ; W. & A. 140 ; F. B. I. i. 447 
 excL syn. I. rosmarinifolia , Eetz. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, at 6,000 ft. 
 
 A slender plant scarcely 10 in. high, flowers pink (?). 
 
 24. IMPATIENS DEBILIS, Turcz. in the Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 
 xxxii. i. 272 ; Hook. Ic. t. 2911. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills (Perrottet). 
 Flowers small, pink. 
 
 25. IMPATIENS PUSILLA, Heyne ; Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1910, 
 293. I. inconspicna, Benth. ; F. B. I. i. 447 ; W. &. A. 139 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 970. 7. rofitHftrinifolin, Wt. Ic. t. 750 (not of 
 Eetz). 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts at 3,000 to 8,000 ft., very 
 common in Ootacamund Cinchona Plantations, under trees. 
 A small herb scarcely 1 ft. high, flowers white streaked 
 with lilac. 
 
Impatiens.] GEE A XI A CEA K. 141 
 
 26. IMPATIENS HERBICOLA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 354. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Travancore Hills, at 4,500 ft., in grass 
 (Meebold); Ibex Hill, Anamalais (Fischer). 
 
 27. IMPATIENS LAWII, Hook. f. and Th. ; F. B. I. i. 448. 
 
 W. Ghats, Bababuden Hills of Malabar (Law). 
 Flowers purple or rose. 
 
 28. IMPATIENS NATALIAE, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1910, 294. 
 
 N.-W. Mysore, at Kumsi in Shimoga, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 (Meebold). 
 
 Flowers white with a pink spur. 
 
 29. IMPATIENS OPPOSITIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 448 ; W. &. A. 
 139 ; Wt. Ic. t. 883. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, common at 3,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 Flowers pink. 
 
 30. IMPATIENS PALLIDIFLORA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 354. 
 
 W. Ghats, straggling among grass at Devicolam in Travan- 
 core, 7,000 ft. (Meebold). 
 Flowers pink. 
 
 31. IMPATIENS TOMENTOSA, Heyne ; W. & A. 139 ; F. B. I. i. 449 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 749. I. rufescem, Benth. ; W. & A. 138 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 
 969. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiris to Travancore, in boggy places, at 5,000 
 to 8,000 ft. 
 Flowers pink. 
 
 32. IMPATIENS CONCINNA, Hook. f. in F. B. I. i. 449. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar? (Wight). 
 
 33. IMPATIENS GARDNERIANA, Wt. Ic. t. 1050; F. B. I. i. 445. 
 /. setosa, Hook. f. & T. ; F. B. I. i. 445. 
 
 W. Ghats, below Sispara, in W. Nilgiris, in moist pasture, 
 1,500 to 5,000 ft. ; Wynaad in Malabar. 
 Flowers bright red or purple. 
 
 34. IMPATIENS LESCHENAULTII, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 450 ; W. & A. 
 136 ; Wt. Ic. t. 970 bis. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 
 3,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 An erect shrub of Shola forest, flowers pink or white, the 
 lip yellow. 
 
 35. IMPATIENS LATIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 450 excl. syn. 
 I. cuspidata, W. & A.; W. & A. 138 (in part). I. baba- 
 budanensis, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1910, 295 (probably). 
 
142 FLORA OF MADE AS. [Impatiens. 
 
 W, Ghats, S. Canara to the Pulney Hills, up to 
 
 8,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub, flower pale purple. 
 
 36. IMPATIENS CUSPIDATA, Wt. Ic. t. 741. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills at 5,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 A shrubby plant with conspicuous glaucous-white stem 
 
 and branches ; flowers pink. 
 
 37. IMPATIENS FLORIBUNDA, Wt. I.flaccida, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 
 457 (in part). 
 
 W. Ghats, from Nilgiri Hills, 6,000 to 7,000 ft., to Travan- 
 core. 
 
 38. IMPATIENS MACROCARPA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 355. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Travancore at about 6,000 ft. (Meebold). 
 A tall weak subshrubby species. 
 
 39. IMPATIENS COCHINICA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 355. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Cochin, at Kalvalay, near a stream, about 
 
 2,000 ft. (Meebold). 
 
 A small semishrubby species. 
 
 40. IMPATIENS LUCIDA, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 451, excl. syn. I. lati- 
 folia, W. & A. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 41. IMPATIENS PENDULA, Heyne; F. B. I. i. 455; W. & A. 
 137. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Bababudan Hills of Mysore (Rottler). 
 
 42. IMPATIENS MYSORENSIS, Both; F. B. I. i. 456; W. & A. 137. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Mysore (Bottler). 
 
 43. IMPATIENS BALSAMINA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 453 ; W. & A. 135. 
 I. arcuata, Wall. ; W. & A. 136. 
 
 In all Districts, in hilly regions but at low levels. 
 
 The wild form of the garden Balsam, very variable in size, 
 
 leaf and flower ; flowers usually pink. 
 
 44. IMPATIENS TRICHOCARPA, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. t. 2914. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills (Perrottet). 
 
 45. IMPATIENS SCABRIUSCULA, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 454 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 144. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Coorg to the Wynaad and 
 Nilgiris, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A small species, sometimes scarcely 6 in., occasionally up 
 to 18 in. high, flowers pink. 
 
Impatient.] GEE A MA CKA f'. . 143 
 
 46. IMPATIENS FLACCIDA, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 457 excl. Bot. Mag. t. 
 5625, etc. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly ; W. Coast, 
 in Cochin at Trichoor. Flowers rose-purple. 
 
 47. IMPATIENS DASYSPERMA, Wt. Ic. t. 742; F. B. I. i. 457. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Mysore, Courtallum in Tinnevelly, up 
 to 3,000 ft. 
 
 48. IMPATIENS PULCHERRIMA, Dalz., F. B. I. i. 458. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Mysore (fide Hook. f.). 
 Flowers rose or violet-purple. 
 
 49. IMPATIENS MUNRONII, Wt. 111. i. 160, Ic. t. 1049 ; F. B. I. 
 i. 456. 
 
 W. Ghats, in forest round Sispara, Nilgiris, at 5,000 to 
 
 6,500 ft. 
 
 An undershrub, up to 2 ft. high, flowers white and red. 
 
 50. IMPATIENS HENSLOVIANA, Arn. ; F. B. I. i. 458. I. albida, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 743. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills, in 
 ravines and clefts of rocks at 2,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 An undershrub with large white flowers and stems with 
 many prominent scars of fallen leaves. 
 
 51. IMPATIENS GRANDIS, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 463 ; W. & A. 137 ; 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 153. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of S. Travancore and Tinnevelly at 1,000 
 
 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 Tall and shrubby, flowers white flaked with crimson. 
 
 52. IMPATIENS FRUTICOSA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 459 ; W. & A. 137 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 966. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Travancore 
 
 Hills at 5,000 to 6,000 ft., in Shola forests. 
 
 An erect shrub, reaching 8 ft. in height, flowers pink. 
 
 53. IMPATIENS VISCIDA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 462 ; Wt. Ic. t. 746. 
 
 W. Ghats, Pulney Hills, in Madura District, at 5,000 to 
 7,000 ft., in wet swampy ground. 
 
 Stem reaching 2-3 ft. in height, flowers light purple or 
 deep pink. 
 
 54. IMPATIENS CAMPANULATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 463 ; Wt. Ic. t. 744. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills at 
 6,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
144 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Impatiens. 
 
 An erect herb reaching 5 ft. in height, flowers white and 
 yellow, speckled with purple. 
 
 55. IMPATIENS DISOTIS, Hook. f. in Kec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 48. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly at 
 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 An erect herb, flowers white. 
 
 56. IMPATIENS VERTICILLATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 452. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Aiiamalais, the Hills of Cochin, the 
 Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly, in gravelly beds of streams at 
 3,000 ft., and the Travancore Hills at 4,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 A herb, up to 18 in. high ; flowers bright red or scarlet. 
 
 57. IMPATIENS GOUGHII, Wt. 111. i. 160 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1603 ; F. B. I. i. 
 452. J. anamallayensis, Bedd. Ic. t. 150. I microtJieca, 
 Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. t. 2910. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai, Puliiey and Travan- 
 core Hills at 5,000 to 8,000 ft. 
 
 A slender annual, reaching about 12 in. in height at most ; 
 flowers pink, on long filiform peduncles. 
 
 58. IMPATIENS VISCOSA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 453. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills and the Hills of Malabar, 
 Cochin and Travancore at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 59. IMPATIENS OMISSA, Hook. f. in Kec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iv. 48. 
 
 W. Ghats, Anamalai and Pulney Hills at 6,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 A very small slender plant. 
 
 60. IMPATIENS PARVIFOLIA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 453 ; Bedd. Ic. 1. 142. 
 
 W. Ghats, on rocks 011 the top of Akka Mountain, 
 Anamalais, at 8,000 to 8,600 ft. (Beddome). 
 A very small species, scarcely 6 in. high, flowers pale pink 
 with crimson blotches. 
 
 61. IMPATIENS CORDATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 462. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad, the Anamalai Hills at 3,000 to 
 5,000 ft., Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly and Hills of 
 Travancore. 
 
 A small plant about 1 ft. high ; flowers lilac with a purple 
 centre. 
 
 62. IMPATIENS UNCINATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 465 ; Wt. Ic. t. 747. 
 
 W. Ghats, in dense moist forests about Courtallum in 
 Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 
 A small plant scarcely 10 in. high with the spur of the 
 lip hooked. 
 
Impatiens.] GEPANIA CEAE. 145 
 
 63. IMPATIENS VERECUNDA, Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1911, 356. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Periakanal and Devicolam, Travancore, at 
 4,000 to 5,000 ft. (Meebold), under trees. 
 A small herb about 6 in. high, flowers rose. 
 
 64. IMPATIENS ELEGANS, Bedd. Ic. t. 145 ; F. B. I. i. 465. 
 
 W. Ghats, common on the Anamalai Hills and Hills of 
 Travancore at 2,500 to 5,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A small plant up to 1 ft. high ; flowers pale rosy-white, 
 with a purple eye. 
 
 65. IMPATIENS UMBELLATA, Heyne ; F. B. I. i. 461 ; W. & A. 137 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 745. 
 
 W. Ghats, in moist forests near Courtallum in Tinnevelly. 
 A small plant, scarcely 8 in. high ; leaves broadly crenate 
 often purplish beneath. 
 
 66. IMPATIENS TRAVANCOEICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 143 ; F. B. I. i. 464. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Myhendra and Aghasteer, Travancore Hills, 
 4,000 to 5,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 A small plant, scarcely 8 in. high ; flowers white streaked 
 with red, leaves crenate, ciliate in the crenatures. 
 
 67. IMPATIENS MACULATA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 465. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly at 4,000 to 7,000 ft., 
 
 Hills of Travancore at 5,000 ft. 
 
 A tall slender herb reaching 6 ft. in height. 
 
 68. IMPATIENS PHOENICEA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 466 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 
 
 148. 
 
 W. Ghats, abundant in the higher Sholas of the Pulney 
 
 Hills at 5,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 An erect suffruticose herb ; flowers brilliant scarlet, yellow 
 
 in the centre. 
 
 69. IMPATIENS WIGHTIANA, Bedd.Ic. t. 146; F. B. I. i. 467. 
 
 W. Ghats, in moist forests on the Anamalais at 3,000 to 
 4,500 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 An erect branched suffruticose herb ; flowers white, the 
 standard and wings mottled with pink. 
 
 70. IMPATIENS TANGACHEE, Bedd. Ic. t. 147 ; F. B. I. i. 467. 
 
 W. Ghats, in river - beds on the higher ranges of the 
 Anarnalais, above 4,000 ft. ; Bolumpatti Hills of Coim- 
 batore. 
 
 A short, simple or forked herb up to 10 in. high with sub- 
 procumbent stem ; flowers bright rose. 
 
146 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hydrocera. 
 
 5. Hydrocera, Blume. 
 
 Erect aquatic herbs. Leaves narrow, alternate ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers irregular, on short axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles. Sepals 
 5, petaloid, imbricate, the 2 lateral outer flat, the posterior spurred. 
 Petals 5, anterior outermost in bud large, concave. Disk 0. 
 Stamens 5 ; filaments short, broad ; anthers connate. Ovary 
 5-celled ; stigmas 5, sessile ; ovules 2-3 in each cell. Fruit an 
 indehiscent drupe with a bony, truncate, 5-celled stone. Seed in 
 each cell solitary, curved, corrugated ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 thick ; radicle short, superior. 
 
 HYDROCERA TRIFLORA, W. & A. 140 ; F. B. I. i. 483. 
 
 An annual water- weed with fistular floating stems rooting at 
 
 the nodes, linear-lanceolate leaves and red globose succulent 
 
 fruit. 
 
 Ditches and tanks in the Carnatic. 
 
 Family XXXIY. RUTACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs, abounding 
 in pellucid glands filled with essential oil. Leaves opposite or 
 alternate, usually compound, exstipulate. Flowers usually her- 
 maphrodite and regular, in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, 
 never in spikes, rarely in racemes. Calyx of 4-5, rarely 3, small 
 lobes. Petals 4-5, rarely 3, hypogynous, valvate or imbricate. 
 Disk annular, crenate or lobed, sometimes elongate. Stamens 
 usually either as many as the petals or twice as many, sometimes 
 more ; filaments usually free, inserted around the disk ; anthers 
 2-celled, introrse. Ovary of 4-5, sometimes 3, sometimes more, 
 free or connate carpels ; styles as many as the carpels, free or 
 more or less connate ; stigmas terminal, entire or lobed ; ovules 
 usually 2 in each cell, sometimes numerous. Fruit a capsule 
 berry or drupe, or of 1-4 capsular cocci. Seeds usually solitary 
 in the cells, sometimes numerous ; testa various ; albumen fleshy 
 or ; embryo straight or curved ; radicle superior. 
 
 Seeds albuminous ; flowers usually polygamous or monoecious : 
 Fruit dehiscent, of 1-5 separate 1-seeded carpels : 
 Leaves opposite ; unarmed trees or shrubs : 
 
 Stamens 4-5 ; leaves 2-f oliolate 1 . E vodia. 
 
 Stamens 8; leaves 1-foliolate 2. Melicope. 
 
HVTACEAE. 147 
 
 Leaves alternate ; trees or shrubs, usually armed ; stamens 3-5 ; 
 
 leaves 3- or more-foliolate 3. Zanthoxylon. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent, syncarpous : 
 
 Stamens as many as the petals ; fruit 4-G-celled ; monoecious ; 
 
 prickly shrubs, usually climbing 4. Toddalia. 
 
 Stamens usually double as many as the petals ; fruit 2-4-celled ; 
 unarmed trees : 
 Dioecious ; petals usually 2 ; fruit 2-celled ; leaves 3-foliolate 
 
 5. Yepris. 
 Polygamous ; petals 4 ; fruit 4-celled ; leaves 1-foliolate 
 
 6. Acronychia. 
 
 Seeds exalbuminous ; flowers usually hermaphrodite : 
 Fruit dehiscent, capsular, 3-celled, each cell about 4-seeded ; trees 
 
 with pinnate leaves and small leaflets 7. Chloroxylon. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent, a berry : 
 Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell : 
 
 Style short, persistent ; ovule 1 in each cell ; leaves 1-foliolate to 
 
 pinnate 8. Glycosmis. 
 
 Style articulate at top of ovary, deciduous : 
 Unarmed plants ; leaves pinnate with alternate leaflets : 
 Petals usually valvate ; cotyledons much crumpled ; 
 
 stamens 10 9. Micromelum. 
 
 Petals imbricate ; cotyledons plano-convex : 
 
 Filaments dilated below ; stamens 8-10, anthers rather 
 
 large 10. Clausena. 
 
 Filaments subulate ; stamens 10, anthers small 
 
 11. Murraya. 
 
 Armed plants ; leaves 1 -3-foliolate or pinnate with opposite 
 leaflets : 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate or imparipinnate with opposite leaflets : 
 Calyx distinctly lobed : 
 Calyx 3-lobed ; stamens 6 ; leaves always 3-foliolate 
 
 12. Triphasia. 
 Calyx 4-5-lobed ; stamens 8 or 10 ; leaves imparipinnate 
 
 or 3-foliolate 13. Limonia. 
 
 Calyx cupular, entire or obscurely 4-6-lobed ; stamens 
 
 8-10 ; leaves always 3-foliolate 14. Luvunga. 
 
 Leaves 1-foliolate : 
 Anthers linear-oblong ; stamens 8-10 ; disk columnar 
 
 15. Paramignya. 
 
 Anthers ovate-cordate or rarely linear-oblong; stamens 
 0-8; disk annular or cupular 16. Atalantia. 
 
148 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Evodia. 
 
 Ovules more than 2 in each cell ; stamens 10 or more ; armed trees 
 with large fruits : 
 
 Stamens 10-12 ; ovary 5-6-celled, at length 1-celled ; leaves 
 pinnate ; rind of fruit woody ; flowers polygamous 
 
 17. Feronia. 
 
 Stamens 20-60 ; ovary usually many-celled ; flowers hermaphro- 
 dite : 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; stamens 30-60 ; ovary 8- or more-celled ; 
 
 rind of fruit woody 18. Aegle. 
 
 Leaves 1-foliolate ; stamens 20-60; ovary many-celled; rind 
 of fruit leathery 19. Citrus. 
 
 1. EYodia, Forst. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposite, simple or 1-3-folio- 
 late or imparipinnate ; leaflets entire, pellucid -punctate. Flowers 
 small, unisexual, in axillary paniculate cymes. Sepals 4-5, imbri- 
 cate. Petals 4-5, sessile, valvate or slightly imbricate. Disk 
 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of the disk, in ? 
 replaced by staminodes ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style 
 basilar ; stigma 4-lobed. Fruit of 4 coriaceous, 3-valved, 1-seeded 
 cocci ; endocarp horny, elastically separable, 2-lobed. Seeds oblong ; 
 testa bony or crustaceous, shining ; hilum linear ; albumen fleshy ; 
 embryo straight, cotyledons ovate. 
 
 EVODIA LUNUK-ANKENDA, Merr. E. Boxburgliiana, Benth. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 487. Zanthoxylum triphyllum, Juss. ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 204. 
 
 A small tree with smooth grey bark ; leaves 3-foliolate, 
 petioles up to 4 in. long ; leaflets glabrous, shining, obovate 
 or lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate, 2-5 in. long or longer 
 in young plants ; nerves 10-18 pairs ; cymes variable, some- 
 times large and spreading ; seeds black, shining. 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore to Tinnevelly, up to 7,000 ft., in ever- 
 green and secondary forests; E. Ghats, Rumpa Hills in 
 Godavari. 
 Wood white, close-grained. Vern. Mai. Kanalei. 
 
 2. Melicope, Forst. 
 
 Shrubs. Leaves usually opposite, 1-3-foliolate, pellucid-punc- 
 tate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Sepals 4. Petals 4, 
 sessile, valvate or imbricate. Disk large, entire or 8-lobed or 
 
Zanthoxylum.] RUT ACE AE. 149 
 
 obsolete. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the disk, those 
 opposite the petals shorter ; filaments subulate or flattened ; 
 anthers oblong or cordate. Ovary 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed ; style 
 basilar or styles 4 subterminal, more or less combined ; stigma 
 capitate, 4-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit of 4 cocci, dehiscing 
 on the inner face. Seeds oblong; testa black, shining; albumen 
 fleshy; cotyledons oblong; radicle short, superior. 
 MELICOPE INDICA, Wt. Ic. t. 1051 ; F. B. I. i. 492. 
 
 A shrub with opposite leaves and unifoliolate leaflets with 
 
 rather long petioles ; leaflets elliptic or obovate ; flowers 3-5 
 
 on long axillary peduncles. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Kundahs range of the Nilgiris, 6,000 to 
 
 8,000 ft. 
 
 3. Zanthoxylum, Linn. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, often armed with stout 
 prickles. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 opposite or alternate, entire or crenate, often oblique, pellucid- 
 punctate. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal, usually pani- 
 culate, cymes, often unisexual. Calyx 3-8-fid, rarely 0. Petals 
 3-5, sometimes 0. Disk small or obscure. Stamens 3-5, hypo- 
 gynous, reduced to scales in ? flowers. Ovary in 3 rudimentary, 
 in or ? flowers of 1-5 oblique 1-celled carpels ; styles sublateral, 
 free or connate above ; stigmas capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell. 
 Fruit of 1-5 globose, coriaceous or fleshy 1-seeded carpels 
 dehiscing ventrally ; endocarp horny. Seed oblong or globose, 
 often hanging out of the carpel ; testa shining, hard ; albumen 
 fleshy ; cotyledons flat ; radicle short. 
 
 Petals ; leaves pinnate, the petiole and rhachis winged ; a prickly 
 
 shrub 1. alatum. 
 
 Petals present ; petiole and rhachis of leaves not winged : 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; a glabrous shrub, unarmed or with short straight 
 
 prickles ; cymes in slender panicles 2. ovalifolium. 
 
 Leaves pinnate : 
 
 Climbing shrub with stems, -rhachis of leaf and even leaf-midribs 
 with many hooked prickles ; cymes axillary and terminal 
 
 3. tetraspermum. 
 
 Erect trees with many unequal-sided leaflets and conical prickles 
 on stem : 
 
 Leaflets entire, very unequal-sided, rounded on the upper, acute 
 on the lower ; large tree 4. Ehetsa. 
 
loO FLO PA OF MADE AS. [Lantftoxylum. 
 
 Leaflets crenate, glandular in the crenatures, slightly unequal- 
 sided ; small tree or treelet 5. Budrunga. 
 
 1. ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM, Koxb. ; F. B. I. i. 493. 
 
 Ei. Ghats, Hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam, at about 
 4,500 ft. 
 
 2. ZANTHOXYLUM OVALIFOLIUM, Wt. 111. i. 169 ; F. B. I. i. 492. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 3. ZANTHOXYLUM TETRASPERMUM, W. & A. 148 ; F. B. I. i. 494. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Coorg, Nilgiris and Anamalais at 4,000 to 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 4. ZANTHOXYLUM EHETSA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 495 ; W. & A. 148. 
 
 E. Ghats, from Ganjam to the Godavari, up to 3,000 ft ; 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara, Mysore, Malabar, Anamalais and 
 Travancore at low elevations. 
 
 A striking large deciduous tree having cream-coloured corky 
 bark with conical spines. Wood yellowish-grey, moderately 
 hard. The fruits are aromatic, tasting of pepper. Vern. 
 Tel. Ehesta mau ; Mai. Katta murrakku, Mulillam. 
 
 5. ZANTHOXYLUM BUDRUNGA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 495. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam at 3,500 ft. (A. W. 
 Lushington). 
 
 4. Toddalia, Juss. 
 
 Shrubs, erect or climbing, generally armed with recurved 
 prickles. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate, the leaflets obovate, sessile, 
 gland-dotted. Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary or terminal 
 cymes or panicles. Calyx short, 5-lobed. Petals 5-6, oblong, 
 valvate. Stamens in c? flowers as many as the petals and 
 slightly longer, filaments slender, anthers oblong, introrse, with a 
 small gland on the back ; in ? flowers reduced to staminodes 
 with minute rudimentary anthers. Ovary in <? flowers rudimen- 
 tary with columnar style : in ? flowers oblong or globose, 
 5-6-celled ; style ; stigma capitate ; ovules in each cell 2, super- 
 posed. Fruit subglobose, 4-6-celled, fleshy. Seeds one in each 
 cell, angled, reniform, testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo 
 curved, cotyledons oblong. 
 
 TODDALIA ASIATICA, Lamk. T. aculeata, Pers. ; F. B. I. i. 497 ; 
 
 W. & A. 149 ; Wt. 111. t, 66, 
 
Acronychia.-] RUT AC EAR. 151 
 
 A very variable plant with three varieties, and occasional interme- 
 diates : 
 
 A stout climbing shrub, very prickly ; leaflets abruptly obtusely 
 acuminate at apex, 2-4 in. long and 1-1-5 in. broad; flowers rather 
 
 large ; fruit large, fleshy, hardly lobed 1. floribunda, 
 
 A slender very prickly climbing shrub ; leaflets narrow, obtusely acute, 
 1-2 in. long, *5-' 75 in. broad ; flowers small, usually in elongate 
 
 panicles; fruit small, much lobed 2. firacilis. 
 
 An erect bush, unarmed or only slightly prickly ; leaflets obtuse at 
 apex, 1-1 '5 in. long, *5-'75 in. broad; flowers small, in short dense 
 panicles; fruit as in 2 3. obtusifolia. 
 
 Variety 1 is found in forests in almost all Districts, and is 
 conspicuous by the corky protuberances bearing spines on the 
 stems ; variety 2 occurs in dry Districts, chiefly in the Circars and 
 Carnatic ; variety 3 is only found in the Nilgiris at about 6,000 ft. 
 
 5. Yepris, Comm. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves alternate, 1-3-foliolate, the 
 leaflets usually petiolulate, gland-dotted. Flowers small, in 
 terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx small, saucer-shaped, 2- or 
 more-lobed. Petals 2-4, lanceolate or ovate, more or less imbri- 
 cate. Stamens in & flowers twice or three times as many as the 
 petals, inserted under the disk, filaments slender, anthers ovate ; 
 in ? flowers reduced to minute staminodes with small rudimentary 
 anthers. Ovary in 3 flowers small, ovoid, 2 -cleft at apex : in 
 ? flowers globose, 2-4-celled ; styles ; stigma capitate ; ovules 
 in each cell 2, collateral. Fruit globose or oblong, 2-4-celled, 
 fleshy. Seeds one in each cell, flattened, oblong, testa crustaceous ; 
 albumen fleshy ; embryo flat, cotyledons thick, ovate; radicle stout. 
 
 VEPRIS BILOCULARIS, Engl. Toddalia biloctilaris^V. & A. 149; 
 
 F. B. I. i. 497 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 167. 
 
 A large handsome evergreen tree with trifoliolate leaflets up to 
 9 in. long and about 3 in. broad, with many close parallel 
 nerves and an intramarginal nerve ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; 
 fruit oblong, *5 in. long, 2-celled. 
 
 Forests of Malabar, the Anamalais and Travancore, up to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 6. Acronychia, Forst. 
 
 Trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, 1- rarely 3-foliolate ; 
 leaflets entire, pellucid-punctate. Flowers polygamous, in axil- 
 
152 FLORA OF MADRAS. [AcronycMa. 
 
 lary or terminal cymes or corymbs. Calyx 4-lobed, lobes 
 imbricate. Petals 4, spreading, valvate. Disk thick, 8-angled, 
 tomentose. Stamens S, inserted under the disk, filaments sub- 
 .ulate, the alternate ones longer. Ovary 4-celled, inserted on the 
 hollowed top of the disk ; style terminal ; stigma 4-grooved ; 
 ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit a 4-celled drupe or 
 4-valved loculicidal capsule. Seeds 1-2 in each cell ; testa black ; 
 albumen copious ; embryo straight ; cotyledons oblong, flat. 
 
 Branchlets rather stout, grey ; leaflet 3-9 in. long, thick ; flowers in 
 rather stout long-pedunculate corymbs, 3-6 in. long ; petals '2 in. long, 
 
 the base inside with white retrorse hairs 1. laurifolia. 
 
 Branchlets slender, reddish ; leaflet 1-3 in. long, thin ; flowers in slender 
 panicles of cymes under 1 in. long; petals under *2 in. long, nearly 
 glabrous within 2. Barber i. 
 
 1. ACRONYCHIA LAURIFOLIA, Blume ; F. B. I. i. 498. Cyminoswa 
 pedunculata, DC. ; W. & A. 147 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 65. 
 
 N. Circars in the Hills of Vizagapatam ; S. Deccan slopes 
 in Salem ; W. Ghats, common in hill forests up to 6,000 ft. 
 A small evergreen tree, drupes subglobose, apiculate. 
 Wood greyish-white, smooth. Vern. Tarn. Mutta nari ; 
 Mai. Vidu Kanalei. 
 
 2. ACRONYCHIA BARBERI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1915, 345. A. 
 laurifolia var. 4 ; F. B. I. i. 498. 
 
 Anamalai Hills of Coimbatore (Barber) ; Pulneys (Wight). 
 
 7. Chloroxylon, DC. 
 
 A deciduous tree. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets numerous, very 
 oblique, entire, gland-dotted. Floivers small, in terminal and 
 axillary pubescent panicles. Calyx short, 5-lobed. Petals 5, 
 clawed, imbricate. Disk thick, 10-lobed, pubescent. Stamens 
 10, free, inserted between the lobes of the disk. Ovary pubescent, 
 sunk in the disk, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; style short, slender, glabrous ; 
 stigma capitate ; ovules 8 in each cell. Fruit an oblong, 3-celled, 
 loculicidal capsule. Seeds about 4 in each cell, imbricate, com- 
 pressed, winged especially above, their margins angular, attached 
 to the edges of the septa ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, flattened ; 
 radicle short. 
 
 CHLOROXYLON SWIETENIA, DC. ; F. B. I. i, 569 ; W. & A, 123 ; 
 
Micromelum.] EUTACEAE. 153 
 
 Wt. 111. i. t. 56 bis ; Bedd. Fl. t. 11. Swietenia Chloroxylon, 
 
 Boxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 64. 
 
 N. Circars (common and of large size) and Deccan in dry 
 
 deciduous forests, less common in the Carnatic, usually on 
 
 poor soil like laterite. Satin wood. 
 
 A conspicuous and pretty tree with rough yellowish corky 
 
 bark and yellow close-grained wood valuable for furniture and 
 
 turnery. Vern. Hind. Bhera ; Ur. Bheru ; Tel. Billu ; Tarn. 
 
 Purush. 
 
 8. Glycosmis, Correa. 
 
 Unarmed shrubs or small trees. Leaves 1-foliolate or impari- 
 pinnate ; leaflets alternate. Flowers small, in axillary rarely 
 terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed ; lobes broad, imbricate. 
 Petals 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, free, inserted round a disk ; 
 filaments flat ; anthers small, usually with an apical or dorsal 
 gland. Ovary seated on the disk, 2-5-celled ; style short, persis- 
 tent ; stigma capitate ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a 
 dry or pulpy berry, 1-3-seeded. Seeds globose, usually depressed ; 
 testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons thick fleshy, hemi- 
 spheric ; embryo very small, villous. 
 
 GLYCOSMIS COCHINCHINENSIS, Pierre. G. pentaphylla, Correa ; 
 
 F. B. I. i. 499 ; W. & A. 93. G. arborea, DC. ; W. & A. 92. 
 
 G. triplujlla, Wt. Ic. t. 167 ; W. & A. 93. Limonia, pentapliylla, 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 84. L. arbor ea, Eoxb. I.e. t. 85. 
 
 In all Districts, common, especially as undergrowth of forests, 
 of mango groves, and of hedgerows near villages. 
 Usually a shrub, occasionally a small tree, very variable in 
 leaves, flowers and fruit. Leaves usually with 3-5 leaflets, 
 but 1 only not rare, the leaflets often are large, up to 9 in. 
 long, sometimes again they are quite small. Many varieties 
 exist, but all are more or less connected by intermediates. 
 Vern. Hind. Ban nimbu ; Tel. Gonji ; Tarn. Kula pannai ; 
 Mai. Panal. 
 
 9. Micromelum, Blume. 
 
 Unarmed trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate, 
 oblique. Flowers in large terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx 
 cupshaped, 3-5-lobed. Petals 5, free, thick, valvate or sub- 
 imbricate. Disk short, stipitiform. Stamens 10, free, inserted at 
 the base of the disk ; filaments linear-subulate, alternately shorter 
 
154 FLOP A OF MADRAS. [Micromelnm. 
 
 and longer. Ovary seated on the disk, 5-, rarely 2-6-celled ; style 
 thick, articulate, deciduous ; stigma capitate or obtuse ; ovules 2 
 in each cell, superposed. Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry, septa spirally 
 twisted. Seeds oblong ; testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 leafy, much crumpled ; radicle long. 
 
 MICROMELUM PUBESCENS, Blume ; F. B. I. i. 501. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam (Beddome, 
 
 Barber). 
 
 A small tree with pinnate leaves up to 18 in. long and distant 
 
 pinnules very unequal at base. Wood yellowish-white, hard 
 
 and close-grained. 
 
 10. Clausena, Burm. 
 
 Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 alternate, glandular-dotted, usually crenate. Flowers small, in 
 terminal or axillary cymes panicles or compound racemes. 
 Calyx 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free, membranous, imbricate, 
 gland-dotted. Disk elongated. Stamens 8-10, inserted round 
 the disk ; filaments dilated below the tip, alternately longer and 
 shorter ; anthers rather large, usually glandular on the back. 
 Ovary 4-5- (rarely 2-3-) celled ; style thick, articulate, deciduous ; 
 stigma obtuse, entire or lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral 
 or superposed. Fruit an oblong or globose berry, 2-5-celled, 
 pericarp very glandular. Seeds oblong ; testa membranous ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons equal, plano-convex ; embryo minute. 
 
 Ovary glabrous : 
 
 Flowers usually 5-merous ; ovary with conspicuous glandular 
 papillae : 
 
 Inflorescence terminal, paniculate with corymbose branches up to 
 5 in. long ; leaflets membranous, rhomboid, oblique, nearly black 
 when dry, with raised glands, reticulation obscure ; ovules collateral 
 
 1. indica. 
 
 Inflorescence subterminal or axillary in thyrsoid panicles up to 8 in. 
 long ; leaflets chartaceous, lanceolate to obovate, yellowish when dry 
 with immersed glands, reticulation conspicuous ; margins often 
 
 crenate ; ovules superposed 2. heptaphylla. 
 
 Flowers 4-merous ; infloresence axillary, in slender compound racemes 
 up to 4 in. long ; leaflets membranous, ovate-lanceolate, oblique, 
 greenish when dry and profusely glandular-dotted ; ovary with obscure 
 glands ; ovules superposed 3. Willdenovii, 
 
/,' 1 ' T. I < 'EA E. 155 
 
 Ovary hirsute ; leaves and inflorescence pustular ; flowers 4-5-merous 
 
 Wampi. 
 
 1. CLAUSENA INDICA, Oliver ; F. B. I. i. 505. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests of the Anamalais and 
 Travancore at 3,000 to 5,000 ft., not common. 
 
 2. CLAUSENA HEPTAPHYLLA, W. & A. 95 (in note) ; F. B. I. i. 504. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam to 5,000 ft. ; 
 W. Ghats in Wynaad, Malabar, Anamalais, Pulneys and 
 Travancore at 3,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 A branching bush or small tree, strongly aromatic. 
 
 3. CLAUSENA WILLDENOVII, W. & A. 96; Wt. Ic. t. 14; F. B. I. 
 i. 506. C. pubescens, W. & A. 96. 
 
 Carnatic, in Chingleput, S. Arcot, Pudukota and Tanjore ; 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem ; W. Ghats from Mysore through 
 Nilgiris to Travancore at low levels. 
 
 A small tree with glabrous or pubescent leaves, black 
 bark and white close-grained wood. The fruit is good and 
 worth cultivation. Yern. Tarn. Potti. 
 
 C. Wamfli, Blanco, is a Chinese species cultivated for its orange - 
 llavoured small fruit. 
 
 11. Murraya, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets alter- 
 nate, petiolulate, oblique or cuneate at base. Flowers solitary, 
 axillary or in terminal corymbs or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-lobed. 
 Petals 5, free, imbricate. Disk stipitiform. Stamens 10, inserted 
 outside the disk ; filaments linear-subulate, alternately shorter 
 and longer ; anthers small. Quart/ seated on the disk, 2-5-celled ; 
 style elongate, articulate, deciduous ; stigma capitate ; ovules soli- 
 tary or 2 superposed in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-celled berry, oblong 
 or ovoid. Seeds with a woolly or glabrous testa ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons thick, plano-convex ; embryo small. 
 
 Flowers few, rather large, axillary ; petals %5 in. long ; leaflets 3-7 ; berry 
 red .............................................................................. 1. cxoti<'((. 
 
 Flowers many ; in terminal corymbs ; petals '2 in. long ; leaflets 10-20; 
 berry black .................................................................. 2. Konigii. 
 
 1. MURRAYA EXOTICA, Linn.; F. B. I. i. 502; W. & A. 94; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 96. 
 
156 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Murraya. 
 
 In almost all Districts, especially in the hills ; common 
 in underwood and especially in ravines ; often planted in 
 gardens. 
 
 A large shrub or small tree with scented flowers. Wood 
 very hard, resembling boxwood. Vern. Hind. Marchula ; 
 Tel. Naga golunga. 
 
 2. MURRAYA KONIGII, Spreng. ; F. B. I. i. 503. Berg era Konigii, 
 Linn. ; W. & A. 94 ; Wt. Ic. t. 13. 
 
 In most Districts, chiefly in the N. Circars and Deccan, 
 less frequent on the W. Coast, but nowhere very common. 
 A small tree with very aromatic leaves which are eaten in 
 curries. Wood greyish-white, softer than that of the last. 
 Vern. Hind. Katnim ; Tel. Karepaku ; Tarn. Karivempu, 
 Katta veppilei ; Kan. Kari bevu. 
 
 12. Triphasia, Lour. 
 
 A shrub, armed with strong straight spines. Leaves alternate, 
 sessile, 3-foliolate ; leaflets small, obtuse, crenate, the lateral ones 
 smaller than the terminal. Flowers solitary or in 2-3-flowered 
 cymes, axillary, sweet-scented. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals 3, free, im- 
 .bricate, oblong. Disk fleshy. Stamens 6, free, inserted round the 
 disk; filaments long, subulate, dilated below; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary seated on the disk, ovoid-oblong, narrowed into the articu- 
 late style ; stigma capitate, 3-lobed ; cells 3 ; ovules 1 in each cell. 
 Fruit an ovoid fleshy gland-dotted berry 1-3-celled and -seeded. 
 Seeds ovoid-oblong, immersed in mucilage ; testa coriaceous ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons flattened, plano-convex, often unequal or 
 lobed; embryo minute. 
 
 TRIPHASIA AURANTIOLA, Lour. T. trifoliata, DC. ; F. B. I. 
 
 i. 507 ; W. & A. 91. 
 
 Cultivated and found run wild as at Madras and Cochin ; 
 apparently introduced from China. 
 
 13. Limonia, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, often armed with spines. Leaves alter- 
 nate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate with usually opposite leaflets ; 
 petiole and rhachis winged. Flowers in fascicles racemes or 
 panicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -partite. Petals 4-5, imbricate. 
 Disk annular or stipitiform. Stamens 8-10, free, subequal, in- 
 serted round the disk ; filaments subulate ; anthers cordate or 
 
Luvnnrja.] RUTACEAE. 157 
 
 linear- oblong. Ovary oblong, 4-5-celled ; style short, thick, 
 articulate ; stigma obtuse or capitate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
 Fruit a globose 1-4-celled and -seeded berry. Seeds ovoid or 
 flattened, imbedded in mucilage ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, 
 plano-convex. 
 
 Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets obovato, entire, cuneate at base, up to 2'5 in. 
 long; flowers 4-5-merous, in terminal or axillary panicles; ovary cells 
 
 2-ovuled ; berry 1 in. in diain 1. alata. 
 
 Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets 2-4 pair, sessile, opposite, crenulate, up 
 to 2 in. long, rhachis broadly winged ; flowers 4-merous, in racemes 1 in. 
 long; ovary cells 1-ovuled ; berry under -5 in. in dinni. ...2. crenulata. 
 
 1. LIMONIA ALATA, W. & A. 92 ; Wt. 111. i. 41 ; F. B. I. i. 508. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic from the Kistna southwards, in ever- 
 green forests ; E. side of W. Ghats at the foot of the hills 
 from Coimbatore to Tinnevelly. 
 A shrub or small tree, scarce. Wood hard and close-grained. 
 
 2. LIMONIA CRENULATA, Boxb., Cor. PL i. t. 86. L. acidissiwa, 
 W. & A. 92 ; F. B. I. i. 507, not of Linn. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, common in dry forests. 
 A small thorny tree, in favourable places reaching a good 
 size. Wood yellowish -white, very hard, like boxwood. 
 Vern. Hind Beli ; Ur. Bhenta ; Tel. Tor-elaga. 
 
 14. Luvunga, Ham. 
 
 Climbing shrubs, armed with axillary spines. Leaves 3-foliolate ; 
 leaflets coriaceous, entire. Flowers in axillary fascicled racemes 
 or panicles. Calyx cupular, entire or obscurely 4-6-lobed. Petals 
 4-5, free, thick, imbricate. Disk elevated, annular or cupular. 
 Stamens 8-10, inserted round the disk ; filaments free, equal or 
 subequal, linear ; anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary 2-4-celled ; 
 style stout, articulate, deciduous ; stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell, superposed. Fruit a large ellipsoid berry, 1-3-seeded, 
 rind thick. Seeds large, ovoid ; testa membranous ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons oblong, fleshy. 
 
 LUVUNGA ELEUTHERANDRA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 509. 
 
 A climber with strong sharp usually deflexed spines, thick 
 leaflets, 4-merous flowers and large fruit pitted with glands. 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara and Mysore to Anamalais and 
 Travancore up to 3,000 ft., in evergreen forests. 
 
158 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Paramignya. 
 
 15. Paramignya, Wight. 
 
 Shrubs, erect or climbing, unarmed or with axillary spines. 
 Leaves 1-foliolate, entire, subcoriaceous. Flowers rather large, 
 axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx cupular or small and 4-5- 
 lobed. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate or rarely valvate. Disk thick, 
 columnar. Stamens 8-10, free ; filaments linear, equal or sub- 
 equal, inserted round the disk, usually hairy ; anthers linear- 
 oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style elongate, articulate, deciduous ; 
 stigma capitate ; ovules in each cell 1 or 2 obliquely superposed. 
 Fruit an ovoid or subglobose berry, often contracted at base ; 
 1 5-seeded ; rind thick. Seeds large, oblong, compressed ; testa 
 membranous ; cotyledons fleshy, equal. 
 
 Leaflets ovate-oblong or elliptic, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded at 
 base, 2-5 in. long, 1-2 in. broad ; calyx 5-lobed, pubescent ; pedicels 
 rather stout : 
 
 Calyx cupular with broad lobes; petals thick, very imbricate, '4--5 in. 
 
 long 1 . monophylla . 
 
 Calyx small with acute lobes ; petals thin, induplicate- valvate, *3 in. 
 
 long 2. Griffithii. 
 
 Leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, 
 2-3 in. long, 1-1*5 in. broad; calyx with 4 minute teeth, glabrous; 
 pedicels long slender 3. armata. 
 
 1. PARAMIGNYA MONOPHYLLA, Wt. 111. i. 109, t. 42; F. B. I. i. 
 510. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam, Kumpa Hills up to 3,000 ft. 
 or more ; W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly up to 
 6,000 ft., thorny climber. 
 
 2. PARAMIGNYA GRIFFITHII, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 510. 
 
 E. Ghats in Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam 4,000 ft. (A. W, 
 Lushington), thorny climber. 
 
 3. PARAMIGNYA ARMATA, Oliv. ; F. B. I. i. 511 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 275. 
 
 W. Ghats in Wynaad, Atapadi Hills of Malabar, Hills of 
 Tinnevelly, thorny climber. 
 
 16. Atalantia, Correa. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, armed or unarmed. Leaves alternate, 
 1-foliolate ; leaflet coriaceous, entire or crenulate ; stipule-like scales 
 often present, representing undeveloped leaf-buds. Flowers in 
 axillary, rarely terminal, fascicles racemes or panicles, rarely 
 
Atalantia.] RUTACEAE. 159 
 
 solitary. Calyjc 3-5-lobed or -partite, sometimes irregularly split. 
 Petals 3-5, free or adnate to the stamens and united with them in 
 a tube, imbricate. Disk annular or cupular. Stamens 6-8 (rarely 
 15-20) inserted outside the disk ; filaments free or connate in a 
 tube, subequal or the alternate shorter; anthers short, ovate- 
 oblong or cordate (linear-oblong in A. missionis). Ovary 2-4- 
 (rarely 3-5-) celled ; style stout, articulate, deciduous ; stigma capi- 
 tate ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, if 2 collateral. Fruit a large 
 subglobose berry with thick rind, 1-5-celled and -seeded. Seeds 
 ovoid or oblong ; testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 fleshy, plano-convex, sometimes unequal. 
 
 Stamens usually combined in a tube ; leaflet emarginate : 
 
 Calyx irregularly lobed ; flowers in umbels or corymbs ; leaflet ovate, 
 
 obtuse, 1-3 in. long 1. monoplujlla. 
 
 Calyx regularly lobed ; flowers in racemes ; leaflet elliptic, obtusely 
 acute, 2-4 in. long 2. rficenuwi. 
 
 Stamens free : 
 
 Leaves with conspicuous reticulation and prominent parallel main 
 nerves (12-14 pairs) olive-green when dry, emarginate; filaments flat, 
 
 anthers cordate ; flowers in short cymes 3. ceylanica. 
 
 Leaves with inconspicuous reticulation and main nerves (8-10 pairs), 
 dull greyish-brown when dry, not emarginate; filaments dilated 
 below only ; anthers linear-oblong ; flowers in racemes, 1-2 in. long. 
 
 4. 7/l/Xrf/O/i/X. 
 
 1. ATALANTIA MONOPHYLLA, Correa ; F. B. I. i. 511 ; W. & A. 91. 
 A.floribunda, Wt. Ic. t. 1611. Limonia monophylla, Linn. ; 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 82. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic in dry forests in almost 
 all Districts ; W. Coast and W. Ghats, scarce. 
 A small thorny tree with yellowish very hard close-grained 
 wood, of boxwood character. Tern. Ur. Kata narunga ; 
 Tel. Yerra munukudu ; Tarn. Katta naragam. 
 
 2. ATALANTIA RACEMOSA, W. & A. 91 ; F. B. I. i. 512. Sclerostylis 
 parvifolia, Wt. Ic. t. 71. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan, Nandidrug in Mysore, Horsley Konda 
 in Cuddapah, etc., up to 4,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, chiefly on 
 eastern side from Mysore to Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A small thorny tree, resembling No. 1, but with shorter 
 staminal tube and leaves often crenulate. Vern. Tarn. 
 Katta naragam. 
 
160 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Atalantia. 
 
 3. ATALANTIA CEYLANICA, Oliv. ; F. B. I. i. 512. 
 
 W. Ghats in Wynaad, Malabar, Nilgiris, Anamalais and 
 
 Travancore, up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A small thorny tree or branching shrub, not common. 
 
 4. ATALANTIA MISSIONIS, Oliv. ; F. B. I. i. 513. Limonia mis- 
 sionis, Wt. Ic. t. 175 ; W. & A. 92. 
 
 Deccan Hills in Chingleput, Cuddapah, etc. ; also E. slopes 
 of Nilgiris and Anamalais ; W. Coast, Quilon in Travancore. 
 A small very thorny Citrus-like tree with yellowish-white 
 hard wood. Vern. Tarn. Kuruntu. 
 
 17. Feronia, Gaertn. 
 
 A tree, armed with spines. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; 
 leaflets opposite, subsessile, entire ; petiole and rhachis winged or 
 not. Floivers polygamous, in terminal or lateral racemes or 
 panicles. Calyx small, flat, 5-toothed, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 
 4 or 6, imbricate, spreading. DisTf short. Stamens 10-12, a few 
 sometimes imperfect, inserted round the disk ; filaments dilated 
 below, villous on face and margins, slender above ; anthers linear- 
 oblong. Ovary oblong, 5-6-celled, at length 1-celled ; style ; 
 stigma oblong, fusiform, deciduous ; ovules numerous, many- 
 seriate, crowded on the at length parietal placentas. Fruit a large, 
 globose, 1-celled, many-seeded berry with rough woody rind. 
 Seeds oblong, compressed, imbedded in pulp ; albumen ; coty- 
 ledons thick, fleshy. 
 
 FERONIA ELEPHANTUM, Corr. ; F. B. I. i. 516 ; W. & A. 96 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 15 ; Roxb. Cor. PL ii. t. 141 ; Bedel. Fl. t. 121. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry open forests, often 
 
 cultivated both there and on W. Coast. The Wood-apple. 
 
 A small deciduous spiny tree with yellowish-white hard wood. 
 
 The pulp of the fruit is much eaten. Vern. Hind. Kat-bel ; 
 
 Ur. Koito; Tel. Velaga ; Tarn., Mai Vila, Vilatti ; Kan. 
 
 Bilwar. 
 
 18. Aegle, Corr. 
 
 Trees, armed with spines. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate ; leaflets 
 membranous, subcrenulate, glabrous or pubescent, Flowers her- 
 maphrodite, rather large, white, in axillary panicles. Calyx small, 
 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 4-5, oblong, imbricate, spreading. 
 Disk inconspicuous. Stamens numerous (30-60) inserted round the 
 disk ; filaments subulate ; anthers elongate, erect. Ovary ovoid, 
 
Citrus.] RUTACE.E. 161 
 
 8-20-celled, the cells peripheral round a thick axis ; style short ; 
 stigma oblong, fusiform, deciduous ; ovules numerous, 2-seriate 
 in each cell. Fruit a large, globose or ovoid, 8-15-celled, berry, 
 the cells many-seeded, the rind smooth, woody. Seeds numerous, 
 imbedded in aromatic pulp, oblong, compressed; albumen ; 
 cotyledons thick, fleshy. 
 
 AEGLE MARMELOS, Corr. ; F. B. I. i. 516 ; W. & A. 96 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 16; Koxb. Cor. PL ii. t. 143 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 161. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forests ; W. Coast, 
 run wild ; often cultivated, The Bael tree. 
 A small deciduous thorny tree, the leaves usually glabrous, 
 but grey-pubescent in the more arid localities. Wood 
 yellowish-white, hard. The fruit is valued for its aromatic 
 pulp and its medicinal use. Vern. Hind. Bel ; Ur. Baelo ; 
 Tel. Maredu ; Tarn. Vilva ; Mai. Kovalam. 
 
 19. Citrus, Linn. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, usually armed with spines. Leaves 
 alternate, 1-foliolate, coriaceous ; petiole often winged ; leaflets 
 entire or crenulate ; stipules 0. Flowers axillary, solitary 
 fascicled or in small cymes. Calyx cupular or urceolate, 3-5- 
 lobed. Petals 4-8, linear-oblong, thick, imbricate. Disk large, 
 cupular or annular. Stamens numerous (20-60), inserted round 
 the disk ; filaments irregularly polyadelphous, compressed at the 
 base ; anthers oblong. Ovary many-celled ; style stout, decidu- 
 ous ; stigma capitate ; ovules 4-8 in each cell, 2-seriate. Fruit 
 a large berry, oblong or globose, fleshy, many-celled ; septa mem- 
 branous ; cells few- seeded and filled with transverse fusiform cells 
 filled with juice, the rind leathery. Seeds horizontal or pendulous ; 
 testa coriaceous or membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons plano- 
 convex, often unequal ; radicle small, superior. 
 CITRUS MEDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 514. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam and Vizagapatam up to 3,000 ft., usually 
 in thickets along streams ; W. Ghats of Coorg, Malabar, Nil- 
 giris and N. Travancore up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with elliptic-oblong obtuse crenulate leaflets, 
 apparently quite wild. There are 4 cultivated varieties of this 
 species : (1) medica proper, ,the Citron ; (2) Limonum, the 
 Lemon ; (3) acida, the sour Lime ; and (4) Limetta, the 
 
 sweet Lime. 
 
 M 
 
162 FLOP A OF MADPAS. [Citrus. 
 
 Citrus Awrantium, Linn., the Orange, and C. decumana, Linn., 
 the Pumelo, or Shaddock, are also much cultivated, the former 
 frequently found run wild. 
 
 Family XXXY. SIMARUBACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually with bitter bark and sometimes wood. 
 Leaves alternate, pinnate, rarely simple ; stipules or deciduous. 
 Flowers regular, small, 1-sexual or polygamous rarely her- 
 maphrodite, in axillary cymes racemes or panicles. Calyx 3-5- 
 lobed. Petals 3-5, rarely 0, valvate or imbricate. Dish annular 
 or elongated, simple or lobed, rarely 0. Stamens as many as or 
 twice as many as the petals, rarely indefinite, inserted at the base 
 of the disk ; filaments free, often with a scale at the base ; anthers 
 oblong, usually introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, 
 1-6-celled, usually deeply lobed ; styles 2-5, free or united ; 
 stigmas capitate plumose or minute ; ovules usually 1 in each 
 cell. Fruit usually of 2-6 distinct carpels, sometimes samaroid 
 sometimes indehiscent drupaceous. Seeds usually solitary, erect 
 or pendulous ; albumen fleshy scanty or ; cotyledons plano- 
 convex or flat ; radicle superior. 
 
 Ovary deeply divided : 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; fruit samaroid ; large trees 1. Ailanthus. 
 
 Leaves simple; fruit drupaceous, winged, small trees. ..2. Samadera. 
 Ovary entire ; leaves 2-foliolate, small ; flowers small, green, fruit a 
 large one-seeded drupe; small thorny trees 3. Balanites. 
 
 1. Ailanthus, Desf. 
 
 Tall trees. Leaves very large, alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 alternate or subopposite, unequal-sided. Flowers small, poly- 
 gamous, in terminal or axillary branched panicles, bracteolate. 
 Calyx short, 5-lobed. Petals 5-6, valvate. Disk 10-lobed. 
 Stamens in <y flowers 10-12, in fewer, in ? wanting, inserted 
 at the base of the disk ; filaments short or filiform ; anthers ovate 
 or oblong, introrsely or laterally dehiscing. Ovary in <? rudi- 
 mentary, in others 2-5 -celled, the carpels compressed, more or 
 less distinct; styles from below the apex, connate above ; stigmas 
 plumose ; ovule 1 in each cell, semianatropous. Fruit of 1-5, 
 single-seeded, oblong samaras with large membranous wings. 
 Seed pendulous, compressed ; testa membranous ; albumen very 
 scanty or ; cotyledons flat, fleshy ; radicle small, superior. 
 
fSamadera.] SLMA MBA CEAE. 163 
 
 Leaflets coarsely toothed, very tomentose when young ; petals usually 
 reflexed ; filaments shorter than the oblong anthers ; samara narrow, 
 
 twisted 1 . excelsa. 
 
 Leaflets entire, glabrous ; petals erect ; filaments longer than the ovate 
 cordate anthers ; samara broad, not twisted 2. nialabarica. 
 
 1. AILANTHUS EXCELSA, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 24, t. 28 ; F. B. I. i. 
 518 ; W. & A. 150 ; Wt. Ill i. t. 67. 
 
 N. Circars, forests of Ganjam and Vizagapatam ; scarce in 
 Deccan and Carnatic ; often planted. 
 
 A beautiful tree with rough bark and soft white wood, 
 used for catamarans and sword-sheaths. Vern. Hind. 
 Maharukh ; Ur. Mahanim ; Tel. Peddaman ; Tarn. Peru. 
 
 2. AILANTHUS MALABARICA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 518 ; W. & A. 150 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1604 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 122. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore, up to 
 
 8,000 ft., often planted. 
 
 A lofty deciduous tree with grey rough bark and soft white 
 
 wood. Vern. Kan. Dhup ; Tain. Peru; Mai. Pongilyam, 
 
 Mattipal. 
 
 2. Samadera, Gaertn. 
 
 Small glabrous trees. Leaves alternate, simple, oblong, cori- 
 aceous, shining, with 2 glands at the base. Flowers herma- 
 phrodite, in axillary or terminal long-peduncled umbels, Calyx 
 small, 8 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 35, coriaceous, elongate, 
 imbricate. Disk large, obconic. Stamens 6-10, with short basal 
 scales ; filaments slender, twisted ; anthers oblong. Ovary of 
 4-5 distinct free carpels ; styles free at the base, more or less 
 united above ; stigmas acute ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous. 
 Fruit of 1-5 large dry compressed drupes with a narrow wing. 
 Seed solitary ; testa membranous ; cotyledons plano-convex, 
 fleshy ; radicle very short. 
 
 SAMADERA INDICA, Gaertn. ; F. B. I. i. 519 ; W. & A. 151 ; Wt. 
 111. t. 68. 
 
 W. Coast in evergreen forests and along backwaters in 
 
 Malabar and Travancore. 
 
 A small tree with elliptic -oblong shining leaves reaching 10 in. 
 
 by 3-4 in., large smooth red fruit and light yellow soft bitter- 
 
 tasting wood. Vern. Mai. Karingotta. 
 
164 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Balanites. 
 
 3. Balanites, Delile. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs armed with strong sharp spines, often 
 ending arrested branchlets. Leaves alternate, 2-foliolate ; leaflets 
 entire. Flowers small, green, fragrant, in axillary cymes. Sepals 
 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, imbricate. 
 Disk thick, conical, 10-grooved, hollowed at the apex. Stamens 
 10, inserted in the furrows at the base of the disk ; filaments 
 slender, subulate ; anthers inserted at the back. Ovary entire, 
 globose, 1-celled ; style short ; stigmas minute ; ovules 1 in each 
 cell, pendulous from below the apex. Fruit a large fleshy oily 
 1-seeded drupe ; putamen bony, 5-angled, 1-seeded. Seed 
 pendulous ; testa fibrous ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, oblong, 
 plano-convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 BALANITES BOXBURGHII, Planch. ; F. B. I. i. 522. B. aegyptiaca, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 274. 
 
 N. Circars in Vizagapatam ; Deccan, common in Hyderabad, 
 Ceded Districts and Mysore, in dry forests, characteristic 
 also of black-cotton soils. 
 
 A small tree with ashy-grey foliage, grey bark and yellowish- 
 white wood of peculiar structure. Vern. Hind. Hingu ; Tel. 
 Gari ; Tarn. Nanjunda. 
 
 Family XXXYI. OCHNACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, glabrous, simple or rarely 
 pinnate ; stipules 2. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, con- 
 spicuous, in racemes panicles or umbels rarely solitary, terminal 
 axillary or on short lateral branchlets. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate, 
 persistent. Petals 5, rarely 4-10, free, deciduous, imbricate. 
 Disk thick, enlarged in fruit, sometimes 0. Stamens 4, 5, 8, 10 or 
 indefinite, inserted at the base of the disk ; anthers dehiscing 
 longitudinally or by terminal pores. Ovary short and 2-celled or 
 elongate and 1-10-celled ; placentas axile or parietal ; styles 
 simple, subulate, straight or incurved ; stigmas terminal ; ovules 
 1-2 in each cell or indefinite, erect or rarely pendulous. Fruit 
 indehiscent, drupaceous or baccate, each drupe or pyrene 1-4- 
 seeded, or capsular and 1-5-celled with septicidal dehiscence. 
 Seeds solitary or few, rarely numerous ; albumen fleshy or ; 
 embryo usually straight. 
 
 Stamens indefinite anthers opening longitudinally 1 . Ochna. 
 
 Stamens 10, anthers opening by terminal pores 2. Ouratea. 
 
Oclina.'] tx'IlX.K'EAfi. lf>5 
 
 1. Ochna, Linn. 
 Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, usually 
 
 serrate or crenate, shining, many-nerved; stipules 2. P 
 conspicuous, yellow, bracteate, in racemes panicles or umbels, 
 from the ends of short woody branches. Sepals 5 imbricate, 
 persistent, coloured. Petals f>-10, imbricate, deciduous. Disk 
 thick, lobed. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals, inserted 
 at the base of the disk ; filaments persistent ; anthers linear, 
 dehiscing longitudinally, deciduous. Ovary deeply 3-10-lobed, 
 lobes 1-celled ; styles basal, connate or sometimes free at the 
 apex ; stigmas simple or capitate ; ovule 1 in each cell, axile. 
 Fruit of 3-10 distinct drupes seated on the enlarged disk. Seed 
 erect, oblong ; testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 thick, plano-convex ; radicle minute. 
 
 Flowers large : 
 
 Flowers in axillary or lateral racemes ; trees : 
 Leaves closely nerved, serrate or shortly crenate : 
 
 Leaves membranous or chartaceous, green, lanceolate or obovate, 
 acute at apex, shortly petioled, distant on the branchlets not 
 tufted; stigmas simple, minute ........................... 1. squarrosta. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, glaucous, obovate, obtflse at apex, cordate 
 at base, nearly or quite sessile ; tufted at the ends of the 
 branchlets; stigmas in a lobed head ..................... 2. Gamblei. 
 
 Leaves coarsely and irregularly nerved, broadly crenate, oblong or 
 obovate-oblong, obtuse at apex ; pedicels long, slender ; stigmas 
 minute ............................................................... 3. Beddomci. 
 
 Flowers in subterminal umbels ; dwarf shrubs with oblanceolate 
 coarsely-nerved leaves up to 6 in. long ; styles free at apex 4. pumila- 
 Flowers small, solitary or in racemes of 2-3 flowers, axillary or lateral ; 
 leaves subcoriaceous : 
 
 Leaves elliptic or ovate, obtuse, subcordate, with conspicuous close 
 nerves, under 1'5 in. long ; styles scarcely free at apex ; stigmas 
 minute .................................................................. 5 . Wiglitiana- 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, with inconspicuous 
 nerves, 2 3 in. long ; styles free at apex with peltate stigmas 
 
 6. Heyueana. 
 
 1. OCHNA SQUARROSA, Linn. ; F. IB. I. i. 523 ; Eoxb. Cor. PI. i. 
 t. 89 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 69. 
 
 N. Circars, common in Ganjarn and Yizagapatam ; Deccan 
 
166 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ochna. 
 
 and Carnatic, less common, but widespread from Hydera- 
 bad to Tinnevelly in fairly damp places. 
 A small tree with thin brown bark and reddish-brown 
 wood of pretty grain, conspicuous for its yellow flowers 
 with persistent sepals. Yern. Tel. Sunari ; Tarn. Chilanti ; 
 Kan. Narole. 
 
 2. OCHNA GAMBLEI, King; Brandis Ind. Trees 128. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry places and on rocky hills in 
 
 Hyderabad, the Ceded Districts and Hills of Chingleput ; 
 
 W. Coast at Quilon in Travancore (Wight small-leaved 
 
 var.). 
 
 A small tree with thick bark and reddish wood, conspicuous 
 
 for its tufted very glaucous leaves and large yellow flowers. 
 
 Vern. Tel. Kuka-moi. 
 
 3. OCHNA BEDDOMEI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, ined. 
 
 Forests of Kurnool Cuddapah and Mysore, apparently 
 scarce ; perhaps also in N. Circars. 
 A small tree (?), but little known. 
 
 4. OCHNA PUMILA, Ham. ; F. B. I. i. 524. 
 
 Madras Presidency (Beddome), perhaps S. Canara. 
 A dwarf undershrub with perennial rootstock, throwing 
 up annually, usually after jungle fires, shoots with large 
 bright yellow flowers. 
 
 5. OCHNA WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; Wt. Ic. t. 220 (as to description 
 
 only except stigma) ; W. & A. 152 ; F. B. I. i. 524, in part. 
 
 Travancore (Wight) ; Dimbham Ghat, Coimbatore (A. W. 
 
 Lushington). 
 
 A shrub or small tree with small coriaceous leaves and 
 
 small flowers in racemes of 1-3 together. 
 
 6. OCHNA HEYNEANA, W. & A. 152. 0. Wightiana, Wt. Ic. t. 
 223 (plate only}. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Tinnevelly and Travancore. 
 
 A small tree with oblong-lanceolate leaves and small 
 
 flowers. Yern. Tain. Silimbi. 
 
 2. Ouratea, Aubl. 
 
 Small trees, glabrous. Leaves alternate, simple, coriaceous, 
 shining, many-nerved, finely serrate ; stipules 2. Flowers yellow, 
 in axillary or terminal racemes or umbels. Sepals 5, usually 
 coloured, persistent. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk thick, lobed. 
 
Ouratea.] BURSERACEAE. 167 
 
 Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the disk ; filaments very short ; 
 anthers linear, dehiscing by terminal extrorse pores. Ovary 
 deeply 5-6-lobed, lobes 1 -celled ; styles basal, connate ; stigmas 
 simple ; ovule 1 in each cell, erect. Fruit of 5 or fewer distinct 
 drupes seated on the enlarged disk. Seed erect ; testa mem- 
 branous ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex ; radicle 
 very short. 
 
 OURATEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Gilg. Gompliia angustifolia, Vahl ; 
 F. B. I. i. 525 ; W. & A. 152. 
 
 W. Coast and lower slopes of W. Ghats from S. Canara to 
 Tinnevelly, up to 3,000 ft., in evergreen forests. 
 A small tree with shining leaves and an intramarginal nerve ; 
 drupes reniform, reticulate; wood reddish-brown, even- 
 grained, hard. Vern. Tain. Ramanchi ; Mai. Chavakampu. 
 
 Family XXXYII. BURSERACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with balsaminous juice. Leaves alternate, very 
 rarely opposite, imparipinnate, 3-foliolate or rarely 1-foliolate, 
 exstipulate or rarely stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite 
 or polygamous, usually small, in racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 3-6-lobed, imbricate or valvate. Petals 3-6, free or rarely connate, 
 imbricate or valvate. Disk annular or cupular, free or adnate to 
 the calyx-tube. Stamens as many as or twice as many as the 
 petals, inserted below or on the disk ; filaments free, rarely con- 
 nate ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, 2-5- 
 rarely 1- celled ; style simple ; stigma undivided or 2-5-lobed ; 
 ovules 2, rarely 1 in each cell, axile, usually pendulous. Fruit 
 drupaceous, indehiscent with 2-5 pyrenes or dehiscent and pseudo- 
 capsular. Seeds solitary, pendulous ; testa membranous ; 
 albumen ; embryo with membranous usually contortuplicate 
 cotyledons ; radicle superior. 
 
 Drupe dehiscent valvately, trigonous, the pyrenes separating ; seeds 
 
 compressed, winged 1. Boswellia. 
 
 Drupe indehiscent, globose or ovoid. 
 Disk cupshaped : 
 
 Disk adnate to the calyx ; pyrenes 1-5, bony, pitted, 1-seeded 
 
 2. Garuga. 
 Disk free ; pyrenes combined, one only seed-bearing 
 
 3. Gommiphora. 
 
168 FLORA OF II ADR AX. \Bowellia. 
 
 Disk annular, usually lobed : 
 
 Petals valvate ; pyrenes 1-3, free, covered with arilliform pulp 
 
 4. Protium. 
 Petals usually imbricate ; pyrenes 1-3, combined, without pulp 
 
 5. Ganarium. 
 1. Boswellia, Eoxb. 
 
 Trees with papery bark. Leaves deciduous, alternate, impari- 
 pinnate, crowded at the ends of the branches ; leaflets opposite, 
 usually more or less crenate or serrate ; stipules 0. Flowers her- 
 maphrodite, small ; white or pink, in axillary racemes or panicles. 
 Calyx small, 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5, distinct, imbricate. 
 Disk annular, fleshy, crenate. Stamens 10, alternately long and 
 short, inserted on or outside under the disk ; filaments subulate ; 
 anthers oblong or ovate. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; style short ; 
 stigma 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, pendulous. 
 Fruit a trigonous drupe containing 3 pyrenes, valves septicidal ; 
 pyrenes 1-seeded, bony, cordate with a long apex, surrounded by a 
 broad membranous wing. Seeds compressed, pendulous ; testa 
 membranous ; cotyledons multifid, contortuplicate. 
 
 Leaflets deeply broadly crenate, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent ; racemes 
 
 usually panicled ; drupes ovoid 1. serrata. 
 
 Leaflets entire or shallow- crenate, lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous or only 
 puberulous on the nerves ; racemes usually simple ; drupes oblong-obovoid 
 
 2. glabra. 
 
 1. BOSWELLIA SERRATA, Eoxb. ; F. B. I. i. 528, excl. var. glabra. 
 B. thurifera, Colebr. ; W. & A. 174. 
 
 Deccan, in Hyderabad, perhaps also Bellary, common in 
 N. and C. India. 
 
 A large tree of dry rocky places, with ash-coloured bark of 
 papyraceous texture, conspicuous especially in the hot 
 season. Vern. Hind. Salai. 
 
 2. BOSWELLIA GLABRA, Eoxb. ; Eoxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 207 ; W. & A. 
 174 ; Bedd. Fl. 1. 174. B. serrata, Eoxb. var. glabra, F. B. I. 
 i. 528. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic from the Godavari to Mysore, in dry 
 forests on poor rocky soil. 
 
 A large and conspicuous tree, with yellowish bark which 
 exfoliates in thin flakes, and moderately hard white or 
 brownish wood. It gives a fragrant gum-resin. Vern. 
 Tarn. Kungli, Gugulu ; Tel. Anduga ; Kan. Chitta. 
 
Commiphora.] QVRSERAC'EAE. 169 
 
 2. Garuga, Roxb. 
 
 Large trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, crowded at the 
 ends of the branches ; leaflets opposite, subsessile, crenate ; stipules 
 0. Flowers polygamous, in much-branched panicles. Cah/.r 
 campanulate, 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of 
 the calyx, outside the disk. Disk thin, crenate at the margin, 
 lining the tube of the calyx. Stamens 10, equal or alternately 
 long and short, inserted with the petals ; filaments subulate ; 
 anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid, 4-5-celled ; style erect ; stigma 
 capitate, 4-5 lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Fruit a 
 globose fleshy drupe, with 1-5 bony pitted pyrenes, each 1-seeded. 
 Seed with membranous or crustaceous testa ; cotyledons thin, 
 twice divided into narrow linear lobes, contortuplicate. 
 
 Panicles crowded, short-peduncled, under 6 in. long ; calyx-tube long, 
 deciduous ; ovary villous ; drupe large, -5 in. or more in cliam. ; leaflets 
 usually tomentose, at any rate when young, crenatures short. ..1. pinnata. 
 Panicles slender, few, long-peduncled, often 9 in. long ; calyx-tube short, 
 persistent; ovary glabrous; drupe small, -25 in. in diam. ; leaflets 
 glabrous, crenatures broad 2. Gumllci. 
 
 1. GARUGA PINNATA, Roxb. ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 208; F. 13. I. i. 528; 
 W. & A. 175; Wt. Ic. tt. 1594, 1595; Bedd. Fl. t. 118 ; 
 Brand. For. Fl. t. 13. 
 
 N. Circars, in the forests of Ganjam and Vizagapatam ; 
 Deccan from Hyderabad to Mysore, in deciduous forests ; 
 W. Ghats in S. Canara, Malabar and Coimbatore. 
 A large tree with thick bark and reddish-brown moderately 
 hard wood of fair quality. The fruit is edible. Vern. 
 Hind. Kharput; Ur. Sompotri ; Tel. Garuga; Tarn. 
 Karre vemba. 
 
 2. GARUGA GAMBLEI, King ; W. W. Smith in Bee. Bot. Surv. 
 Ind. iv. 262. 
 
 W. Ghats in Malabar and Nilgiris, up to about 5,000 ft. 
 (Wight, Gardner), Cooiioor and Sigur Ghats (Lawson). 
 A large tree, easily recognized by its long inflorescence and 
 small fruits. 
 
 3. Commiphora, Jacq. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; branches often spinescent. Leaves alternate, 
 3-foliate or imparipinnate ; leaflets sessile or shortly petioluled, 
 
170 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cmnmiphora. 
 
 entire crenate or serrate, lateral ones often small ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers polygamous, small, fascicled or in paniculate dichasia. 
 Calyx cupular urceolate or tubular, 4- rarely 5-6-lobed, valvate, 
 persistent. Petals 4, rarely 5-6, inserted on or under the margin 
 of the disk. Disk cupshaped. Stamens 8-10, inserted on or 
 under the margin of the disk, alternately long and short ; fila- 
 ments subulate or filiform, sometimes dilated at base ; anthers 
 ovate or oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, sessile, 
 2-4-celled ; style short ; stigma 3-4-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, 
 collateral. Fruit an ovoid or subglobose fleshy drupe, 2-6-valved ; 
 pyrenes crustaceous or bony, one only seed-bearing. Seed with 
 membranous testa ; cotyledons contortuplicate, very thin. 
 
 Armed ; flowers few, in fascicles or solitary, leaves small, 3-foliolate, the 
 
 side leaflets smaller than the end one : 
 
 Calyx-lobes as long as the tube, glandular ; leaflets 1-3, dentate above, 
 
 obovate ; branches ending in a sharp spine 1. Mukul. 
 
 Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, glabrous; leaflets 3, entire or 
 broadly crenate, obtuse ; many branchlets, all ending in sharp spines 
 
 2. Kerryi. 
 
 "Unarmed ; flowers many, in long-peduncled paniculate dichasia up to 
 
 5 in. long ; leaves imparipinnate with 2-5 pairs of leaflets, the side ones 
 
 not much smaller than the end one : 
 
 Leaflets glabrous, ovate or orbicular, acute or long-acuminate, usually 
 abruptly, the end one long-petioled ; calyx-tube glabrous without 
 
 3. caudata. 
 
 Leaflets pubescent, ovate or obovate, shortly acuminate, the end one 
 subsessile ; calyx-tube pubescent without 4. pubescens. 
 
 1. COMMIPHORA MUKUL, Engl. Balsamodendron Mi ikul, Hook. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 529. 
 
 Bellary and Mysore (Wight). 
 
 A small tree or shrub, with greenish-yellow bark and soft 
 
 white wood. The gum is used in medicine. 
 
 2. COMMIPHORA BERRYI, Engl. Balsamodendron Berryi, Arn. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 529; Bedd. Fl. t. 126. Protium gileadense, 
 W. & A. 177. 
 
 Dry forests of the N. Coimbatore Hills, planted to make 
 hedges from thence southwards in the Carnatic ; Tinne- 
 velly District (Barber). 
 
 A good-sized tree (Beddome) with many sharp spines. It 
 gives a gum-resin. 
 
Cmwriuin. lU'RSEfiACEAE. 171 
 
 3. COMMIPHORA CAUDATA, Engl. Pro tin m can datum, W. & A. 
 176 ; F. B. I. i. 530 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 125. 
 
 Dry forests of the Deccan and Carnatic in Bellary, Cudda- 
 pah, Mysore, S. Arcot, rare in Travancore and Coimbatore. 
 A deciduous tree with papery bark and greyish soft wood. 
 Vern. Tel. Konda mamidi ; Kan. Konda mavu ; Tain. 
 Kiluvai. 
 
 4. COMMIPHORA PUBESCENS, Engl. Protium 2>nl>rscens, W. & A. 
 176 ; F. B. I. i. 530. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills (Beddoine). 
 A middling-sized tree. 
 
 4. Protium, Burm. 
 
 Trees. Lea res alternate, imparipinnate, rarely 1-foliolate ; 
 leaflets opposite, petiolulate ; stipules 0. Flowers small, her- 
 maphrodite or polygamous, in short branched panicles. Calij.i- 
 small, 4-6-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4-6, inserted under and outside 
 the disk, valvate. DM annular, crenately lobed, fleshy. Stamens 
 8-12, nearly equal, inserted at the base of the disk within the 
 petals, filaments subulate, anthers ovate. Ovary ovoid or sub- 
 globose, 4-5-celled ; style short ; stigma 4-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell, collateral. Fruit a globose or ovoid drupe with usually 
 1-8 pyrenes covered with a fibrous arilliform pulp ; pyrenes very 
 hard, bony. Seed conform to the pyrene ; testa membranous ; 
 cotyledons contortuplicate. 
 
 PROTIUM SERRATUM, Engl. Bursera serrata, Colebr. ; F. B. I. 
 i. 530. Idea indica, W. & A. 177. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of the E. Ghats from Ganjam to the Godavari, 
 in ravines and along streams ; Deccan, in Hyderabad. 
 A large evergreen tree with serrate leaves, very small flowers, 
 a subacid 1-3-lobed fruit and a reddish close-grained wood. 
 Vern. Ur. Sorupotri moi ; Tel. Chitreka. 
 
 5. Canarium, Linn. 
 
 Tall trees. Leaves large, alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 usually petiolulate, opposite, often unequal, stipulate or exstipu- 
 late. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in terminal or 
 axillary often elongate panicles. Calyx cupular or urceolate, 
 3-lobed, valvate, persistent. Petals 3, imbricate or valvate, ovate 
 or oblong, inserted outside the disk. DM annular, entire or 
 
172 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cmiariinn. 
 
 lobed. Stamens 6, rarely only 3, inserted outside the disk ; fila- 
 ments free or connate at the base ; anthers oblong-triangular, 
 dorsifixed, introrse. Ovary ovoid, in <? flowers reduced to a 
 pistillode, 2-3-celled ; style stout ; stigma capitate, 2-3-lobed. 
 Fruit an ovoid or ellipsoid, often trigonous drupe with a 
 1-3-celled, 1-3-seeded stone. Seed conform to the cell ; testa 
 membranous ; cotyledons contortuplicate, often divided. 
 
 CANARIUM STRICTUM, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 534 ; W. & A. 175 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 128. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in moist evergreen forests, up to about 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 A very large, handsome tree with straight white cylindrical 
 stem. The large pinnate leaves when very young are bright 
 yellow turning velvety crimson, when older they are rusty 
 tomentose and at length subglabrous. The flowers are poly- 
 gamous and the stamens have the filaments combined in a 
 tube. The wood is soft and of little value. The tree gives 
 a black resin. Vern. Tain. Karapu kangiliam, Karang kun- 
 thrikam ; Mai. Kunthirikka payin, Thalli ; Kan. Manda dhup. 
 Canarium commune. Linn., is a large tree occasionally found 
 in cultivation. 
 
 Family XXXYIII. MELIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate ; usually pinnate, rarely 
 simple or bipinnate ; leaflets opposite or alternate, generally 
 oblique at the base ; stipules 0. Floiuers regular, hermaphrodite 
 or polygamo-dioecious, in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx 
 usually small, 3-6-lobed, rarely entire or with free sepals, usually 
 imbricate. Petals 3-6, free or rarely connate at the base, some- 
 times adnate below to the staminal-tube, valvate imbricate or con- 
 torted. Disk tubular or annular, free or adnate to the ovary or 
 obsolete. Stamens 4-12 ; filaments connate in a tube or rarely 
 free ; anthers erect, usually sessile on the tube, included or 
 exserted, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscing. Ovary usually free, 
 2-5 -celled ; style simple ; stigma disciform or capitate ; ovules 2, 
 rarely more, collateral or superposed, rarely solitary. Fruit 
 dehiscent or indehiscent, capsular baccate or drupaceous. Seeds 
 sometimes arillate, sometimes winged ; exalbuminous or with 
 fleshy albumen, embryo usually flat, cotyledons fleshy. 
 
MELIACEAE. 173 
 
 Stamens united in a tube : 
 Seeds without wings : 
 
 Cells of ovary with 1-2 ovules : 
 Leaflets usually toothed : 
 
 Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons thin, foliaceous : 
 Flowers elongate : 
 
 Fruit a capsule, chiefly shrubs : 
 
 Leaves simple, entire or obtusely lobed ; ovules 2, super- 
 posed 1. Turraea. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets entire or obtusely lobed ; 
 petioles winged ; ovules 2, collateral ...2. Naregamia. 
 Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire or coarsely lobed ; ovules 
 
 2, superposed 3. Munronia. 
 
 Fruit a fleshy drupe, chiefly trees ; leaves usually bipinnate ; 
 
 ovules 2, superposed 4. Melia. 
 
 Flowers globose ; fruit a 5-celled drupe ; leaves pinnate, 
 
 leaflets entire or serrate; ovules 2, collateral ...5. Cipadessa. 
 
 Seeds exalbuminous ; leaves pinnate, leaflets serrate ; fruit a 
 
 1-seeded drupe ; ovules 2, collateral 6. Azadirachta. 
 
 Leaflets entire ; seeds exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy: 
 
 Flowers and staminal-tube oblong ; ovules 2 ; disk tubular or 
 
 cupshaped 7. Dysoxylum. 
 
 Flowers and staminal-tube globose or turbinate ; ovules 1-2 
 in each cell : 
 
 Anthers included in the staminal-tube or only the tips 
 exserted : 
 
 Anthers 5, isomerous ; seeds exarillate ; disk or 
 
 obscure 8. Aglaia. 
 
 Anthers 6-10, usually 6, in one row ; seeds arillate ; fruit 
 
 a loculicidal capsule 9. Amoora. 
 
 Anthers 10, in 2 rows ; seeds arillate ; fruit a berry 
 
 10. Lansium. 
 
 Anthers exserted or filaments more or less free : 
 Seeds arillate : 
 Berry indehiscent ; filaments more or less connate, 
 
 sometimes free 11. Walsura. 
 
 Capsule loculicidal ; filaments connate below, free at 
 
 apex 12. Heynea. 
 
 Seeds exarillate ; staminal-tube globose, the anthers 
 attached by the backs of their connectives 
 
 13. Beddomea. 
 
 Cells of ovary with 2-12 ovules ; fruit a large capsule, seeds angular ; 
 arillus 14. Xylocarpus. 
 
174 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Turraen. 
 
 Seeds with wings ; leaves pinnate or sometimes bipinnate ; cells of 
 ovary with numerous ovules : 
 
 Staminal-tube cupshaped ; disk conspicuous ; seeds albuminous, 
 
 winged at both ends 15. Soymida. 
 
 Staminal-tube urceolate ; disk annular ; seeds albuminous, winged 
 
 at the upper end Swietenia. 
 
 Staminal-tube cylindric ; disk ; seeds winged below only, exal- 
 
 buminous 16. Ch ukrasia. 
 
 Stamens distinct on a fleshy torus, sometimes with alternating 
 staminodes ; cells of ovary with 8-12 ovules ; seeds albuminous, 
 winged at both ends or only below 17. Cedrela. 
 
 1. Turraea, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, entire or obtusely 
 lobed. Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary clusters or short 
 racemes, bracteate. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, 
 free, elongate, linear-spathulate. Disk annular or obsolete. 
 Staminal-tube cylindric, elongate, toothed at the apex ; anthers 
 8-10, short, inserted just within the mouth of the tube, alternating 
 with the teeth. Ova>ry 5- or more-celled ; style elongate, exsert ; 
 stigma urceolate or capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. 
 Fruit a 4- or more-celled capsule ; cells 1-2-seeded ; valves woody 
 or coriaceous, separating from the winged axis. Seeds oblong, 
 with a broad ventral hilum ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons foli- 
 aceous ; radicle superior. 
 
 TURRAEA VILLOSA, Benn. ; F. B. I. i. 542 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1593. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Anamalai Hills up to 4,000 ft. (Beddome, 
 Fischer) ; hills of Travancore (Wight), not common. 
 A large shrub with membranous ovate acuminate entire 
 leaves up to 4 in. long and large white fragrant flowers up to 
 2 in. long. 
 
 2. Naregamia, W. & A. 
 
 A small branching undershrub. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, 
 petiole winged. Flowers solitary or 2 together, axillary. Calyx 
 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 5, free, elongate, linear-spathulate. 
 Disk annular. Staininal tube long, slender, cylindric below, 
 inflated near the top and sometimes cleft in two parts, obscurely 
 10-crenate at the mouth ; anthers 10, appendaged at the apex. 
 Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each 
 cell, collateral, pendulous. Fruit an ovoid-globose capsule, 
 
Melia.] MELIACEAE. 175 
 
 loculicidally 3-valved, the valves separating from the 3-winged 
 axis, the cells 2-seeded. Seeds pendulous, curved, truncate at 
 both ends, muricate, with a short double membrane along the 
 side next the axis ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. 
 NAREGAMIA ALATA, W. & A. 117 ; F. B. I. i. 542 ; Wt. Ic. t. 90. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, up to 3,000 ft., in forest 
 
 undergrowth. 
 
 An undershrub with pretty white flowers 1-li in. long, the 
 
 leaflets small, cuneate-obovate. Vern. Mai. Nelanaregam. 
 
 3. Munronia, Wt. 
 
 Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; 
 leaflets opposite, entire or coarsely toothed. Floivers hermaphro- 
 dite, elongate, in few-flowered bracteate axillary cymes. Calyx 
 usually with elongate tube, 5-lobed, lobes subfoliaceous. Petals 5, 
 elongate-spathulate, free or partly cohering, spreading. Disk 
 tubular, membranous, sheathing the ovary and base of the style. 
 Staminal-tube cylindrical, 10-toothed at the apex; anthers 10, 
 terminal, apiculate. Ovary 5-celled ; style elongate, slender ; 
 stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit a 
 depressed-globose, 5-lobed, loculicidal capsule ; valves separating 
 from the 5-winged axis. Seeds plano-convex, the hilum ventral, 
 hollowed, the margins fringed with incurved laciniae ; albumen 
 thin ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous ; radicle short. 
 
 MUNRONIA WALLICHII, Wt. 111. i. 147; F. B. I. i. 543. M. 
 neelglierrica, Wt. 111. i. 147, t. 54. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara to the Anamalais and Pulneys, up 
 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A low shrub in thick forest undergrowth. Flowers con- 
 spicuous, pink ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or ovate, pubescent ; 
 capsule pubescent, about '5 in. in diam. 
 
 4. Melia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets 
 toothed, serrate or entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, in large 
 many-flowered axillary panicles. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate. 
 Petals 5, free, much longer than the calyx-lobes. Disk annular. 
 Staminal-tube a little shorter than the petals, cylindric, slightly 
 dilated and laciniate at the mouth ; anthers 10, within the tube at 
 its apex, apiculate. Ovary 5-8-celled ; style cylindric, elongate ; 
 
176 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Melia. 
 
 stigma capitate, sometimes lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, super- 
 posed. Fruit a fleshy drupe with hard woody endocarp ; cells 
 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, elliptic ; testa crustaceous ; albumen 
 fleshy or scanty ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle terete, superior. 
 
 Flowers lilac ; anthers nearly equalling the laciniae of the purple 
 staminal tube; drupe ellipsoid-globose, *5-'7 in. in diam....l. Azedarach. 
 Flowers white ; anthers exceeding the laciniae of the white staminal 
 tube ; drupe ovoid or ellipsoid, 1-1-5 in. long 2. composita. 
 
 1. MELIA AZEDARACH, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 544 ; W. & A. 117 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 160; Bedd. Fl. t. 13. 
 
 Cultivated in most Districts and occasionally found run 
 wild. The Persian Lilac. 
 
 A pretty but not very big tree with a soft red-cedar-like 
 wood, useful for furniture, but little used as it is not a 
 forest tree properly speaking. Vern. Hind. Bakain ; Tel. 
 Taraka vepa ; Tarn. Mallay vembu ; Kan. Bevu. 
 
 2. MELIA COMPOSITA, Willd. ; W. & A. 117; Bedd. Fl. t. 12. 
 M. dubia, Hiern in F. B. I. i. 545 (not of Cav.). 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam ; Deccan in the Nallamalai Hills 
 of Kurnool at 2,000 ft.; W. Ghats from S. Canara to 
 Tinnevelly at low elevations. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with a soft reddish-white wood. 
 Vern. Tarn. Mallay vembu ; Kan. Heb bevu. 
 
 5. Cipadessa, Blume. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, impari- 
 pinnate ; leaflets opposite or nearly so, entire or coarsely serrate ; 
 stipules 0. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary peduncled 
 panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong, free, spreading, 
 valvate. Disk cupular, adnate to the base of the staminal tube. 
 Stamens 5-10 ; filaments united below in a short tube, free above, 
 2-toothed at the apex ; anthers inserted between the teeth, short, 
 apiculate. Ovary 5 -celled ; style short ; stigma clavate-capitate ; 
 ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Fruit a 5-ribbed, 5-celled, hardly 
 fleshy drupe; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds angled; albumen fleshy; 
 embryo curved, the cotyledons oblong; radicle superior. 
 
 CIPADESSA BACCIFERA, Miq. C. fruticosa, Bl. ; F. B. I. i. 545. 
 
 Mallea Rothii, W. & A. 118. 
 
 N. Circars, common on laterite hills, near villages and in dry 
 
Dysoxylnm. ] MET. TA CEA K. 177 
 
 . forests ; Deccan, chiefly in hilly country, up to 4,000 ft, ; 
 W. Ghats, in forest undergrowth up to 5,000 ft. 
 A bushy shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves and small 
 flowers. The wood is red and used for fuel. Vern. Hind. Nal 
 bila; Ur. Kanabili ; Tel. Chend-bera, Purudona ; Tarn. 
 Pulippan cheddi. 
 
 6. Azadirachta, A. Juss. 
 
 Tree. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite, 
 serrate, very unequal at base. Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary 
 panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals f>, much exceeding the calyx, 
 free, imbricate. Disk 0. Stamhuil tube a little shorter than the 
 petals, cylindric, widening above, 9-10-lobed at the apex, the lobes 
 truncate, again slightly toothed ; anthers within the tube opposite 
 to and shorter than the lobes. Ovary 3-celled ; style elongate, 
 slender ; stigma shortly cylindric, 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, 
 collateral. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, endocarp woody. Seed ellip- 
 soid ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, cordate at base ; radicle 
 superior. 
 
 AZADIRACHTA INDICA, A. Juss.; W. & A. 118; AVt. Ic. t. 17. 
 Melia Azadirachta, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 544 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 14. 
 Dry forests of the Deccan and Carnatic ; elsewhere largely 
 planted and often found run wild ; will thrive on black cotton 
 soil. The Neern or Margosa tree. 
 
 A very important and useful deciduous tree with a hard close- 
 grained wood resembling Mahogany. The bark, leaves, 
 flowers, seeds and the oil they give, are all in use for food, 
 medicinal and other purposes. Vern. Hind. Nim. ; Tel. 
 Yapa, yepa ; Tain. Vepa. 
 
 7. Dysoxylum, Blume. 
 
 Trees. Leaves large, alternate or rarely opposite, impari- 
 pinnate or abruptly pinnate ; leaflets entire, opposite or alternate, 
 oblique; stipules 0. Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate. Calij-r 
 subentire or 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, oblong, spreading, valvate or 
 slightly imbricate. Staminal tube cylindrical, dentate or crenu- 
 late at the mouth ; anthers 8-10, included or half exserted, inserted 
 below the apex of the staminal tube. Disk tubular or cupshaped, 
 as long as or longer than the ovary which it surrounds. Ovary 
 free, 2-5-celled ; attenuated into a long style ; stigma broadly 
 
178 FLO PA OF MADRAS. [Dysoxylnm. 
 
 capitate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, superposed or collateral. Fruit 
 a globose or pyriform 1-4-celled loculicidal capsule ; valves 
 coriaceous. Seeds without, rarely with, an arillus ; testa cori- 
 aceous ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy ; plumule often 
 hirsute, enclosed between the cotyledons. 
 
 Calyx cupshaped, subentire, nearly half the length of the petals; leaflets 
 reticulately nerved ; disk tubular, acutely lobed ; ovary 3-5-celled ; 
 
 capsule reddish 1. binectariferum. 
 
 Calyx very shortly 4 -lobed ; leaflets not prominently nerved and 
 reticulate ; disk tubular, slightly toothed : 
 
 Ovary 2-celled ; capsule yellow, rough 2. Beddomei. 
 
 Ovary 4-celled ; capsule purple, smooth 3. ficiforme. 
 
 Calyx deeply 4-lobed ; leaflets with impressed nerves not prominently 
 reticulate but with regular main nerves; disk cupshaped, entire, only 
 just enclosing the 4-celled ovary ; capsule yellow, longitudinally 
 furrowed 4 . ma labaricum. 
 
 1. DYSOXYLUM BINECTARIFERUM, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 546. 
 D. macrocar^tum, Bedd. Fl. t. 150. 
 
 W. Ghats from Coorg to the Anamalais and Tinnevelly, in 
 moist forests, but apparently absent from Travancore. 
 A tree with leaves up to 18 in. long and flowers in 
 racemiform panicles. Vern. Kan. Agil. 
 
 2. DYSOXYLUM BEDDOMEI. Hiern ; F. B. I. i. 548. 
 
 Evergreen forests of Peermerd and the Cardamom Hills in 
 Travancore, up to 3,400 ft. 
 
 A large tree with leaves 12-15 in. long and yellow ribbed 
 capsule. Vern. Tarn. Adanthei. 
 
 3. DYSOXYLUM FICIFORME, Gamble. D. purpureum, Bourd. in 
 Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 349, t. 2. Amooraficiformis, 
 Wt. 111. 147 ; F. B. I. i. 546 in note under D. binectariferum. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the Koni and Rani valleys in 
 Travancore, at 1,000 to 2,000 ft. 
 
 A large tree with leaves 12-15 in. long and purple smooth 
 capsule. Wood reddish-brown, close-grained. Vern. Mai. 
 Kar agil, Puvil agil. 
 
 4. DYSOXYLUM MALABARICUM, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 548. 
 
 W. Ghats from Mysore to the Anamalais and Travancore, 
 
 up to 3,000 ft. White Cedar. 
 
 A very large tree, reaching 120 ft. in height and 5 ft. in 
 
Afilaia.] MELIACEAE. 179 
 
 girth, with pale green leaves and flowers in axillary 
 panicles. Bark grey with white warts. Wood yellowish or 
 light orange, hard and elastic, used in Cochin for oil-casks. 
 Vern. Mai. Veil a agil. 
 
 8. Aglaia, Lour. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, glabrous stellately-pubescent or -lepidote. 
 Leaves alternate, pinnate ; leaflets entire, opposite or subopposite ; 
 stipules 0. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, minute or small, globose, 
 in axillary branching panicles. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 
 5, free, concave, imbricate. Staminal tube urceolate or sub- 
 globose, entire or more or less 5 -toothed at the apex ; anthers 
 usually 5, erect, included or partly exserted. Disk or incon- 
 spicuous. Ovary ovoid, 1-2- rarely 3- celled ; style very short ; 
 stigma simple or lobed ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit a 
 1-2-celled and -seeded berry with a coriaceous pericarp. Seeds 
 with a fleshy aril-like testa ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, super- 
 posed, enclosing the minute villous embryo (corculus). 
 
 Stamens quite included in the tube ; leaflets with main nerves nearly at 
 right angles with the midrib : 
 
 Leaflets 3-7, flowers in close panicles under 6 in. long : 
 
 Leaflets usually more or less elliptic, sometimes lanceolate or ob- 
 lanceolate ; berry ovoid, not depressed ; branches of ? panicle spicate, 
 flowers sessile, of $ cymose, flowers shortly pedicelled ; staminal 
 tube usually somewhat contracted at base, stamens small, on the 
 
 middle of the tube 1. Eoxburghiana. 
 
 Leaflets usually lanceolate, sometimes elliptic ; berry depressed- 
 globose ; branches of panicle cymose, flowers pedicelled ; staminal 
 tube not contracted at base, stamens nearly as long as tube 
 
 2. Barberi. 
 
 Leaflets about 13 ; flowers in lax panicles up to about 15 in. long : 
 Leaflets lanceolate, black when dry, unequally acute at base ; flowers 
 glabrous, pedicelled, black when dry; calyx-lobes acute ...3. Maiae. 
 Leaflets lanceolate, olive-brown when dry, obtusely acute or even 
 rounded at base ; flowers lepidote, sessile, brown when dry ; calyx- 
 lobes obtuse, ciliate 4. canarensis. 
 
 Stamens exsert from the tube : 
 
 Leaflets 3-7, oblanceolate, densely scaly beneath with very prominent 
 oblique main nerves; flowers in close panicles under 6 in. long, 
 pedicels short 5. Bourdilloni. 
 
180 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Aglaia. 
 
 Leaflets up to about 15, conspicuously but not very obliquely nerved, 
 densely stellately tomentose ; flowers in spreading panicles up to 18 in. 
 long; pedicels long, slender 6. minutiflora. 
 
 1. AGLAIA KOXBUEGHIANA, Hiern ; F. B. I. i. 555, in part. 
 Milnea Eoxburghiana, W. & A. 119 ; Wt. Ic. t. 166. 
 
 South Deccan ; W. Ghats, in S. Canara and Malabar. 
 
 A tree with 5-7 leaflets, which are oblong, nearly sessile, 
 
 and up to 6 in. long and 2 in. broad. 
 
 Apparently a rather scarce tree, well figured in Ic. t. 166. 
 
 But there are also two well-marked varieties : 
 
 var. 1. Beddomei, A. Hoxburghiana, Bedd. Fl. t. 130A. 
 
 Leaflets usually 7, narrow lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, 
 
 pale beneath and drying grey, up to 4 in. long and 1 in. 
 
 broad ; flowers pedicelled (in <? at any rate) ; berry globose, 
 
 1'5 cm. in diam. 
 
 E. Ghats, from Ganjam to Godavari ; Hills of the Deccan ; 
 
 Travancore up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A tree with bright <red hard wood and light brown bark. 
 
 Vern. Tel. Yerraaduga; Tarn. Chokkala ; Mai. Punyava. 
 
 Var. 2. conrtallensis, leaflets usually 5, small, oblanceolate, 
 
 very grey when dry, 1-2*5 in. long and '5-1 in. broad ; 
 
 berry small. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Tinnevelly. 
 
 2. AGLAIA BAEBEEI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1915, 346. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills and those of Travancore 
 and Tinnevelly, at about 3,000 ft. 
 
 3. AGLAIA MAIAE, Bourdillon in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
 xii. 349. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Travancore, up to 1,200 ft. 
 
 (Bourdillon). 
 
 A handsome evergreen tree with dark reddish -brown bark 
 
 and sweet-scented wood. The leaves and flower panicles 
 
 are black when dry. 
 
 4. AGLAIA CANAEENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1915, 347. 
 
 W. Ghats of S. Canara. 
 
 5. AGLAIA BOUEDILLONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1915, 346. A. 
 Roxburghiana, Bedd. Fl. t. 130s, not of W. & A. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Travancore, above 3,500 ft. 
 (Beddome, Bourdillon). 
 
Amoora.] MELIACEAE. 181 
 
 6. AGLAIA MINUTIFLORA, Bedd. Ic. t. 193. A. minutiflora, var. 
 travancorica, Hiern in F. B. I. i. 557. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai and Travancore Hills, from 
 1,500 to 3,000 ft., in the evergreen forests. 
 A slender tree with long leaves, large, very tomentose, long- 
 acuminate leaflets and minute flowers in large panicles. 
 The wood is reddish-pink and fragrant. Vern. Mai. Nir 
 mulei. 
 
 Aglaia odorata, Lour., is a small pretty tree sometimes found 
 in Madras gardens. 
 
 9. Amoora, Roxb. 
 
 Trees, the young parts sometimes lepidote. Leaves impari- 
 pinnate ; leaflets oblique, entire. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, 
 small, cf paniculate, ? or in spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-5- 
 lobed. Petals 3-5, thick, concave, imbricate. Disk 0. Staminal- 
 tube subglobose or campanulate, slightly crenate at the mouth ; 
 anthers 6-10, included. Ovary short, 3-celled ; style or short ; 
 stigma pyramidal or disciform, usually vertically lobed ; ovules 1-2 
 in each cell, in <? flowers abortive or absent. Fruit a subglobose 
 coriaceous loculicidally 3-5-valved capsule. Seeds surrounded by 
 a fleshy aril, the hilum ventral ; testa coriaceous ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons superposed or conferruminate, enclosing the minute 
 villous embryo. 
 
 Inflorescence as long as or nearly as long as the nearly glabrous leaves : 
 Petals 3 ; stamens 6-7 ; leaves large, up to 2 ft. long ; leaflets thick, 
 9-17, up to 9 in. long, 4 in. broad; <f flowers in panicles of spikes or 
 
 racemes, 9 flowers in long spikes 1. Rohituka. 
 
 Petals 4; stamens 8-10; leaves moderate-sized, up to 1 ft. long; 
 leaflets rather thin, 5, up to 7 in. long, 25 in. broad ; cf flowers in 
 panicles of racemes, ? flowers in short spikes 2. Lawii. 
 
 Inflorescence much shorter than the lepidote leaves, up to 5 in. long ; 
 
 leaves large, up to 15 in. long; leaflets thin, up to 7 in. long, 3 in. 
 
 broad; flowers very small, petals 4, stamens 6-7 3. canarana. 
 
 1. AMOORA KOHITUKA, W. & A. i. 119 ; F. B. I. i. 559 ; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 132. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, at 
 low elevations and up to 3, 500 ft. in moist forests, especially 
 common and usually with pedicellate male flowers in the 
 Anamalais. 
 
182 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Amoora. 
 
 A moderate -sized evergreen tree with a red useful hard 
 wood, little used. Vern. Hind. Harin-hara ; Mai. Chem- 
 maram. 
 
 2. AMOORA LAWII, Bedd. Fl. t. 133 ; F. B. I. i. 561. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar (Wight), Tinnevelly (Brasier). 
 A moderate-sized tree, apparently scarce. 
 
 3. AMOORA CANARANA, Hiern in F. B. I. i. 560. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais (Beddome), Travancore Hills 
 in evergreen forests up to 3,500 ft. 
 A large evergreen tree. 
 
 10. Lansium, Eumph. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets alternate or 
 opposite, shortly petiolulate, entire. Floivers polygarno-dioecious, 
 5-merous, the <? usually in panicles, the ? in spikes or racemes. 
 Calyx of 5 rounded imbricate sepals. Petals 5, concave, connivent, 
 imbricate. Disk inconspicuous. Staminal tube globose, crenu- 
 late ; anthers 10, usually in two rows, the lower included, the 
 upper partly exserted, sometimes apiculate, the attached filaments 
 prominent. Ovary globose, 3-5-celled ; style very short, thick ; 
 stigma 3-5-lobed, truncate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, attached to 
 the axis. Fruit a 1-5-celled corky or fleshy berry. Seeds solitary 
 or 2, collateral, oblong, imbedded in a pulpy aril ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons transverse ; radicle superior. 
 
 LANSIUM ANAMALLAYANUM, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 558; Bedd. Ic. t. 
 105, Fl. t. 131. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais and the Hills of Malabar, 
 Travancore and Tinnevelly at 1,500 to 3,000 ft. 
 A handsome medium-sized tree of the evergreen forests, said 
 to have a pink, sweet-scented wood and edible fruit. Vern. 
 Tarn. Santhana viri ; Mai. Vandakamin. 
 
 Lansium domesticum, Jack, the " Doekoe " tree of Java, is some- 
 times cultivated for its excellent fruit . 
 
 11. Walsura, Koxb. 
 
 Trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets 1-5, usually opposite, 
 entire ; stipules 0. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary and 
 terminal panicles. Calyx small, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. 
 Petals 5, oblong, slightly imbricate or subvalvate. Stamens 8 or 
 10, linear or subulate, free or partly connate in a tube, the apex 
 
Heynea.-] MELIACEAE. 183 
 
 usually notched ; anthers terminal or inserted in the notches of 
 the filaments. Disk usually annular, fleshy. Ovary short, 
 2-3-celled, sunk in the disk ; style short, obconic ; stigma turbi- 
 nate-capitate, 2-3-toothed at apex ; ovules in each cell 2, collateral. 
 Fruit an indehiscent tomentose berry, 1- rarely 2-celled, 1-2-seeded. 
 Seed enclosed in a fleshy arillus ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, 
 fleshy, plano-convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 WALSURA PISCIDIA, Roxb.; F. B. I. i. 564; W. & A. 120. 
 W. ternata, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i, 563 ; W. & A. 120. 
 N. Circars and Carnatic, in dry evergreen forests, especially near 
 the coast, as at Vizagapatam, Striharikota in Nellore, Pulicat, 
 and in S. Arcot ; Hills of the Deccan, in Cuddapah and Ching- 
 leput ; W. Ghiits, in the Anamalais, Pulneys and Travancore. 
 A moderate -sized tree with trifoliolate leaves, corymbosely 
 panicled flowers, ovoid fruit, '5 in. long, with a white aril 
 and hard dark red black- streaked wood. Vern. Tel. Walursi; 
 Tarn. Walsura ; Mai. Per ilia piccha. 
 
 12. Heynea, Roxb. 
 
 Trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves iniparipinnate ; leaflets 5-11, 
 opposite, petiolulate, entire. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in 
 long-peduncled terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx short, 
 4-5-lobed, lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5, free, oblong, suberect, 
 subimbricate. Stamens 8-10 ; filaments connate more or less in 
 a tube, linear, 2-toothed at apex ; anthers ovate, attached between 
 the teeth, mucronate. Disk annular, fleshy. Ovary sunk in the 
 disk, 2-3-celled ; style slightly obconic ; stigma 2-3-toothed with 
 a thickened base; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, pendulous. 
 Fruit a 1-celled, 2-valved capsule. Seeds surrounded by a fleshy 
 white aril ; testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons hemi- 
 spheric, plano-convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 HEYNEA TRIJUGA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 565. H. affinis, Juss. ; 
 W. & A. 121 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 134. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the forests of Godavari and Vizagapatam, to 
 
 4,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, common from Mysore through Nilgiris 
 
 and Anamalais to Travancore, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A small pretty tree with pinnate long-petiolulate leaves, 
 
 corymbose panicles of small flowers and white arillate seeds. 
 
 Wood grey, moderately hard. Vern. Kan. Kora ; Mai. 
 
 Korakadi. 
 
184 FLOE A OF MADRAS. [Beddomea. 
 
 13. Beddomea, Hook. f. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually lepidote- or stellate-pubescent. Leaves 
 alternate, simple or pinnate ; leaflets entire. Floivers hermaphro- 
 dite, in axillary panicles of racemes. Calyx 4-6-lobed, imbri- 
 cate. Petals 5-6, free, concave, much imbricate. Staminal tube 
 globose, crenulate at the small mouth ; anthers ; 5-6, included or 
 partly exserted, their connectives thick, attached broadly to the 
 tube at their back. Disk inconspicuous or 0. Ovary short, villous, 
 3-celled ; style short ; stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, col- 
 lateral. Frmt an ovoid or obovoid, beaked, furrowed, stellate- 
 pubescent capsule, finally dehiscing in 2-3 cells. Seeds 3-5, 
 exarillate ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, superposed, enclosing 
 the radicle. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 ; calyx small, spreading ; staminal tube thick, enclosing the 
 
 large anthers ; capsule obovoid 1. indica. 
 
 Leaflet 1 ; calyx usually large, enclosing the petals ; staminal tube thin, 
 the anthers small, inserted near the top and partly exsert ; capsule oblong 
 
 2. simplicifolia. 
 
 1. BEDDOMEA INDICA, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 566. 
 
 W. Ghats on the E. slopes of Nilgiris and Hills of Malabar, 
 
 up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub of the evergreen forest undergrowth. 
 
 2. BEDDOMEA SIMPLICIFOLIA, Bedd. Fl. t. 135 ; F. B. I. i. 566. 
 
 W. Ghats from Coorg to Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 
 2,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with rather variable inflorescence, separable 
 into three varieties : (1) large flowers in long stout racemes, 
 (2) small flowers in short panicles, and (3) medium flowers 
 in long slender racemes, but they all agree in foliage. 
 
 14. Xylocarpus, Koen. 
 
 Trees, always littoral. Leaves alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets 
 1-3 pairs, sometimes solitary. Flowers hermaphrodite, in lax few- 
 flowered axillary panicles. Calyx 4-lobed, short. Petals 4, free, 
 spreading, contorted. Staminal tube urceolate-globose, 8-toothed 
 at apex, the teeth again bilobed ; anthers 8, included just under 
 the teeth of the tube and alternate with them. Disk cupular, 
 fleshy. Ovary 4-celled ; style thick, short ; stigma discoid ; ovules 
 2-12 in each cell, Fruit a large globose 4-celled capsule. Seeds 
 
Chukrasia.] MELIACEAE. 185 
 
 6-12, large, thick, angular, pyramidal, convex on the back, 
 arranged radially from the remains of the axis outwards ; testa 
 hard ; albumen ; cotyledons superposed, often conferruminate ; 
 radicle dorsal at one corner. 
 
 XYLOCARPUS OBOVATUS, A. Juss. X. Granatum, W. & A. 121, 
 not of Koen. Carapa moluccensis, Bedd. Fl. t. 136, not of 
 Lam. ; F. B. I. i. 567. 
 
 Swamp forests of East Coast, in the deltas of the Kistna 
 (A. W. Lushington) and Coleroon (Wooldridge). 
 A moderate-sized evergreen tree with coriaceous leaves, grey 
 bark, and a valuable hard dark red wood. Vern. Hind 
 Pussur ; Tarn. Somunthiri. 
 
 15. Soymida, A. Juss. 
 
 Large trees. Leaves alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets opposite, 
 entire or when young crenate-serrate, obtuse, unequal at base. 
 Flowers in large terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx saucer- 
 shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Petals 5, free, spreading, 
 obovate, unguiculate. Staminal tube short, cupshaped, 10- some- 
 times 8-cleft, the lobes again bifid ; anthers short, attached to the 
 cleft of the lobes by their backs. Dish flat. Ovary 5-celled ; 
 style short ; stigma thick, discoid, 5-angled ; ovules many in each 
 cell, biseriate, pendulous. Fruit a woody 5-celled, septifragally 
 5-valved capsule, the valves 2-larnellate, separating from the 
 thick 5-winged axis. Seeds numerous, flattened, winged at both 
 ends ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons foliaceous, 2-auricled at base ; 
 radicle short, superior. 
 
 SOYMIDA FEBRIFUGA, Adr. Juss. ; F. B. I. i. 567 ; W. & A. 122 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 8. Sivietenia febrifitga, Koxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 17. 
 N. Circars, from Ganjam to the Godavari, in dry forests and on 
 laterite hills; forests of the Deccan from Kurnool to Mysore, 
 and the Hills of Chingleput. 
 
 A large tree with greyish-green leaves, thick bluish-grey or 
 brown bitter bark and very hard dark red strong and hand- 
 some valuable wood. Vern. Hind. Rohan ; Ur. Sohan ; Tel. 
 Sumi ; Tarn. Shem ; Kan. Sonibi. 
 
 16. Chukrasia, Adr. Juss. 
 
 Lofty trees. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate or bipinnate ; 
 leaflets alternate or subopposite, entire, unequal at base, acuminate, 
 
186 FLORA OF MADRAS, [Chukrdsia. 
 
 usually pubescent or even velvety. Flowers hermaphrodite, rather 
 large, in terminal panicles. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, with obtuse 
 lobes. Petals 4-5, oblong, free, erect, contorted. Staminal tube 
 cylindric, with 8-10 short crenate lobes at the apex ; anthers erect, 
 inserted within the crenatures and entirely exsert above them. 
 DiskO. Ovary shortly stipitate, cylindric-ovoid. 3-5-celled; style 
 stout ; stigma cylindric-capitate ; ovules many in each cell, biseriate. 
 Fruit a 3-5-celled, septifragally 3-5-valved capsule, the valves 
 2-lamellate separating from the 3-winged axis and often cleft at 
 apex. Seeds many, flattened, broadly winged below ; albumen ; 
 cotyledons orbicular. 
 
 CHUKRASIA TABULARIS, Adr. Juss. ; F. B. I. i. 568 (Chikrassia) ; 
 W. & A. 123 ; Wt. 111. t. 56 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 9. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan up to 4,500 ft., Horsley Konda in Cudda- 
 
 pah, Sandiir Hills of Bellary, Hills of Mysore and Salem ; 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore to Tinnevelly in evergreen forests at 
 
 rather low elevations. 
 
 A very large and beautiful tree with a reddish-brown bark and 
 
 yellowish-brown to reddish-brown wood resembling Mahogany. 
 
 Vern. Hind. Chikrasi ; Tel. Madagari vembu ; Tarn. Aglay, 
 
 Malei veppu ; Mar. Pabba. 
 
 17. Cedrela, Linn. 
 
 Tall trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets numerous, opposite 
 or subopposite, entire or serrate. Flowers hermaphrodite, small, 
 white, in terminal or subterminal panicles. Calyx short, 5-lobed. 
 Petals 5, oblong, suberect, free, imbricate. Stamens 4-6, free, 
 inserted on a 4-6-lobed raised disk, sometimes with alternating 
 staminodes ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong, versatile. Ovary 
 sessile on the disk, 5-celled; style slender; stigma discoid; ovules 
 in each cell 8-12, biseriate, pendulous. Fruit a coriaceous septi- 
 fragally 5-valved capsule ; valves 2-lamellate. Seeds compressed, 
 winged below or at both ends ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat 
 subfoliaceous ; radicle superior. 
 
 CEDRELA TOONA, Boxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 238 ; F. B. I. i. 568 ; W. & A. 
 124; Wt. Ic. t. 161 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 10; Brand. For. FL t. 14. 
 E. Ghats in valleys and moist forest localities, fairly common 
 in Ganjam, less so southwards ; Hills of the Deccan in Kur- 
 nool, Sandur and Mysore ; W. Ghats, common in evergreen 
 forests up to 4,000 ft., especially in the Nilgins and Anamalais, 
 
Dichapetalum.] DICHAPETALACEAE. 187 
 
 Often planted for ornament, or in avenues, or for its wood. 
 The Toon tree. 
 
 A large and beautiful tree with pinnate leaves, lanceolate long 
 acuminate leaflets, a reddish-brown bark and even-grained 
 red soft scented wood, useful for building and furniture, cigar- 
 boxes, etc. Vern. Hind. Tun ; Ur. Mahalimbu ; Tain. San- 
 thana vembu, Thevatharam ; Mai. Mathagiri vernbu ; Kan. 
 Tundu. 
 
 Var. latifolia, C. DC. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. iii. 365, with larger 
 and wider leaflets, rounded at the base but finally acute, the 
 margins often somewhat crenate. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiris and Anainalais, at about 6,000 ft. 
 A large tree and a fairly well-marked variety. 
 
 Swietenia Mahayoni, Linn., the Mahogany tree of the W. 
 Indies, is sometimes found in gardens and avenues, and has 
 been planted in some forest localities for its timber. 
 
 Family XXXIX. DICHAPETALACEAE, Engler. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire ; 
 stipules 2, deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual or polygamous, 
 rarely hermaphrodite, in corymbose cymes ; peduncles sometimes 
 adnate to petiole. Sepals 5, free or connate, often unequal, imbri- 
 cate. Petals 5, free, subperigynous, notched or bifid, with often 
 an inflexed plate adnate to their faces. Stamens 5, subperigynous ; 
 filaments free or adnate to the petals ; anthers oblong, connective 
 often thickened behind, dehiscence longitudinal. Disk of 5 glands 
 or scales or a 5-glandular or -lobed cup. Ovary free, 2-3-celled ; 
 ovules in collateral pairs, pendulous from the apex of each cell, 
 anatropous. Fruit a pubescent drupe, oblong or compressed or 
 didymous ; epicarp sometimes dehiscent and disclosing the puta- 
 men ; putamen 1-3-celled, the cells 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous ; 
 testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons thick ; radicle small, 
 superior. 
 
 Dichapetalum, Dup. Thouars. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Flowers polygamo-monoecious. Sepals 5, 
 unequal, connate at the base. Petals 5, 2-fid. Stamens 5, slightly 
 adnate at base to the petals. Disk of 5 quadrate scales, placed 
 opposite the petals. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a 1-2-celled, sub- 
 didymous drupe with 1-2-seeded stone, 
 
188 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dicluipetaliim. 
 
 DICHAPETALUM GELONioiDES, Engl. CJutilletia gelonioides, 
 
 Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 570. 
 
 W. Ghats from S. Canara to Anamalais and Travancore, up to 
 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with elliptic or elliptic -lanceolate leaves reaching 
 
 6 in. long by 2 in. broad and usually a transversely oblong or 
 
 obcordate drupe with a soft grey epicarp, scarlet fleshy meso- 
 
 carp and crustaceous endocarp, enclosing 2 seeds with fleshy 
 
 cotyledons. 
 
 Family XL. OLACACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes straggling or climbing. Leaves 
 usually alternate, entire ; stipules 0. Flowers small, hermaphro- 
 dite. Calyx small, sometimes accrescent. Petals 5-6, free or 
 slightly connate at base. Stamens as many as and opposite to or 
 twice as many as the petals, sometimes with as many or twice as 
 many staminodes alternate with them. Dis~k usually embracing 
 the base of the ovary. Ovary free, 1-5-celled ; style simple ; 
 ovules solitary or 2-3 in each cell. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; 
 albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo minute, near the apex of the 
 albumen. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the petals, staminodes ; erect thorny shrubs 
 
 or small trees 1. Ximenia. 
 
 Stamens as many as the petals : 
 Staminodes present : 
 
 Staminodes slender, bifid, usually twice as many as the generally 3 
 
 stamens; straggling often thorny shrubs 2. Olax. 
 
 Staminodes short, thick, as many as the stamens ; climbing shrubs 
 
 with tendrils ..3. Erythropalum. 
 
 Staminodes absent ; trees : 
 
 Calyx adherent to the fruit ; anthers oblong, incurved, filaments 
 
 very short 4. Strombosia. 
 
 Calyx not adherent to the fruit ; anthers globose, very small, fila- 
 ments slender 5. Anacolosa. 
 
 1. Ximenia, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with spinous branches. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, entire, shortly petioled. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, 
 rather large, racemose. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, 
 valvate, bearded within, reflexed. Stamens twice as many as 
 
Ola.r.] OLACACEAK. 189 
 
 petals, hypogynous; anthers erect, linear, 2-celled, dehiscing in 
 opposite longitudinal clefts. Staminodes 0. Ovary superior, 
 sessile, 3-4-celled ; style columnar ; stigma simple ; ovule solitary 
 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit an ovoid 1-celled 
 fleshy drupe; stone solitary, putamen crustaceous, 1-seeded. 
 Seed with copious albumen, embryo very small. 
 
 XIMENIA AMERICANA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 574 ; W. & A. 89. 
 
 N. Circars, in dry forests in Yizagapatam and Godavari ; 
 Deccan, in dry forests on stony ground, common in the 
 Sandur Hills of Bellary and Walayar Hills of Coimbatore. 
 A large thorny shrub with small ovate obtuse leaves, bright 
 orange-scarlet edible fruit and yellowish-red hard close- 
 grained wood. Vern. Tel. Uranechra ; Tarn. Chiru-illantai. 
 
 2. Olax, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing, sometimes armed. Leaves 
 alternate, simple, petioled. Flowers in axillary racemes or 
 panicles, sometimes solitary, minutely bracteate. Calyx minute, 
 cupular, truncate or obscurely toothed, enlarged in fruit. Petals 
 hypogynous, valvate, free or more or less connate, usually 3 two 
 deeply or entirely bifid one entire. Stamens usually 3 fertile, 
 attached opposite to the petals at or near the base alternate with 
 6 bifid staminodes ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longi- 
 tudinally. Ovary free, more or less 3-celled, its" base surrounded 
 by a shallow hypogyiious disk ; style simple ; stigma 3-lobed ; 
 ovules 3, pendulous from the tip of a central placenta. Fruit a 
 drupe more or less enclosed in the accrescent calyx ; stone 
 crustaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed inverse ; albumen copious ; 
 embryo minute near the apex of the albumen, radicle superior. 
 
 Small tree ; branchlets angled, transversely ridged, glabrous, yellow ; 
 
 leaves ovate-acuminate, 2-3 in. long, glabrous; flowers -25 in. long in 
 
 small axillary racemes '5 in. long ; drupe '4 in. long, less than half 
 .covered by the enlarged calyx 1. zeylanica. 
 
 Climbing shrubs ; drupe at least three-quarters covered by the enlarged 
 
 calyx : 
 
 Old wood armed with stout curved thorns ; branchlets terete, olive- 
 coloured, pubescent ; leaves obtuse, puberulous beneath, 2-5 in. long ; 
 flowers -3 in. long, in racemes up to 2 in. long ; drupe -4 in. long 
 
 2. scandens. 
 Unarmed ; branchlets glabrous, brown, often prominently lenticellate ; 
 
190 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Olax. 
 
 leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-5 in. long ; flowers 
 4 in. long in racemes or short panicles under 1 in. long ; drupe up to 
 7 in. long 3. Wightiana. 
 
 Erect unarmed undershrub ; leaves narrow, about 1-5 in. long by -25 in. 
 
 broad ; flowers solitary, about '2 in. long ; drupe small, globose. ..4. nana. 
 
 1. OLAX ZEYLANICA, L. ; F. B. I. i. 576 ; W. & A. 88. 
 
 Peninsula (Wight 302). 
 
 An erect shrub or small tree. 
 
 2. OLAX SCANDENS, Roxb. ; Eoxb. Cor. PI. ii. t. 102 ; F. B. I. i. 
 575 ; W. & A. 89. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan. and Carnatic, usually in ravines and 
 
 near streams. 
 
 A rambling or climbing shrub of considerable size, the 
 
 thorns on old wood. Wood yellowish-white, soft. Vern. 
 
 Ur. Boderia ; Tel. Kurpodur ; Tarn. Kadalranchi ; Mar. 
 
 Harduli. 
 
 3. OLAX WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 575 ; W. & A. 89. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills. 
 
 A small tree (Bedd.) or climbing shrub with many branches, 
 
 and usually ovate obtusely acute olive-brown leaves (when 
 
 dry). 
 
 Var. nigrescens, Gamble. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 
 usually nearly black when dry, branchlets with prominent 
 
 lenticels. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Anamalai Hills (Barber), Sivagiri Hills 
 
 (Wight). 
 
 4. OLAX NANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 576. 
 
 N. Circars, at Karaka Konda, Vizagapatam (Barber). 
 A small undershrub giving herbaceous shoots from a woody 
 rootstock, and growing up yearly like those of Grewia 
 sapida and similar plants when killed down by fire or 
 other causes. 
 
 3. Erythropalum, Blume. 
 
 Climbing cirrhose shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, 3 -ribbed, 
 petiolate ; tendrils axillary. Flowers small, in lax axillary cymes 
 with filiform peduncles and pedicels. Calyx adherent, 4-5-lobed. 
 Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5, opposite to and inserted on the 
 petals ; filaments very short ; anthers incurved, 2-celled, the cells 
 opening longitudinally ; connective thick. Staminodes 5, alternate 
 
Ajwcolosa.] OLAC.ICFAE. 191 
 
 with the stamens. Ovary half immersed in the disk, 1 -celled ; 
 style short, conical ; stigma minute, 3-lobed ; ovules 1-3, 
 pendulous from the apex of the cell. Fruit an oblong or obovoid 
 drupe, surmounted by the remains of the calyx ; putamen 
 crustaceous. Seed pendulous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo 
 minute. 
 ERYTHROPALUM POPULIFOLIUM, Mast. ; F. B. I. i. 578. 
 
 W. Ghats in Malabar, Anamalais and Tinnevelly Hills, at low 
 
 elevations. 
 
 A climbing shrub with long-petioled poplar-like subpeltate 
 
 leaves, usually with 3 prominent ribs and 2 smaller basal 
 
 ones ; the fruit oblong-obovoid, yellowish, '7 in. long. 
 
 4. Strombosia, Blume. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, entire, coriaceous. Floivers small, regular, hermaphrodite, 
 in axillary cymes. Calyx cupshaped, more or less 5-lobed. 
 Petals 5, free, valvate, hairy within. Stamens 5, opposite the 
 petals and adnate to them ; anthers 2-celled, introrse. 
 Staminodes 0. Ovary inferior or superior, imperfectly 45- 
 celled, surrounded by a lobed disk ; ovules 4-5, pendulous from a 
 central placenta ; style short. Fruit a drupe, surmounted by the 
 remains of the calyx-lobes and style ; stone crustaceous. See d 
 pendulous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo minute. 
 
 STROMBOSIA CEYLANICA, Gardn. ; F. B. I. i. 579 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 137. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, especially in Travan- 
 
 core, but always scarce. 
 
 A large tree with oblong-lanceolate leaves up to 6 in. long by 
 
 2 in. broad, very small flowers and a pyriform purple drupe 
 
 about 1 in. long. 
 
 5. Anacolosa, Blume. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, petiolate. 
 Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx cupshaped, 5-7-lobed. Petals 
 5-6, free, valvate, hairy within. Stamens as many as and opposite 
 to the petals at their base ; filaments slender ; anthers very 
 small, globose, basifixed, the 2 cells dehiscing longitudinally. 
 Staminodes 0. Disk cupshaped, surrounding the base of the 
 ovary. Ovary 1 -celled ; style conical ; stigma shortly lobed ; 
 ovules 2-3, pendulous from a central placenta. Fruit a drupe 
 
192 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Anacolosa. 
 
 surrounded by the accrescent disk ; stone crustaceous, 1-seeded. 
 Seed pendulous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute ; radicle 
 superior, thicker than the cotyledons. 
 
 ANACOLOSA DENSIFLORA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 580 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 138. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Anamalai and Travancore Hills, up to 
 
 2,500 ft. 
 
 A lofty straight- stemmed tree with oblong leaves up to 6 in. 
 
 long and 2 in. broad, and many fragrant white flowers. 
 
 Wood reddish-brown, moderately hard. Vern. Tarn. Katta 
 
 ockkali ; Mai. Kal rnariikkam. 
 
 Family XLI. OPILIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire. 
 Flowers hermaphrodite or dioecious, small, in axillary spikes or 
 racemes. Calyx small or minute, obscurely 4-5-lobed. Petals 
 4-5, free or connate in a gamopetalous corolla. Disk flesjiy entire 
 or of glands as many as the petals and alternate ^ybh them. 
 Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to thepi. Ovary 
 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruits, drupe. Seed\\ albumen 
 fleshy ; embryo imbedded in the albumen, cotyledons llaear, some- 
 times 3, sometimes combined ; radicle superior. 
 
 Petals free ; flowers in bracteate racemes 1 . Opilia. 
 
 Petals combined in a gamopetalous corolla ; flowers in spikes 
 
 2. Cansjera. 
 1. Opilia, Eoxb. 
 
 Low trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, penni- 
 nerved. Flowers small, 1-3 together in the axils of peltate decidu- 
 ous bracts, in axillary racemes, the racemes in bud cone-like. Calyx 
 minute, annular, obscurely 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong, valvate. 
 Disk of 5 fleshy clubshaped glands alternate with the petals. 
 Stamens 5, opposite the petals, filaments slender ; anthers small, 
 2-celled. Ovary superior, oblong ; style very short ; ovule 
 solitary, pendulous. Fruit a drupe with fleshy pericarp and thin 
 stone. Seed large ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo linear in the 
 centre of the upper part of the albumen ; cotyledons joined 
 together, long ; radicle superior. 
 
 OPILIA AMENTACEA, Roxb. Cor. PL iii. t. 158 ; F. B. I. i. 583 ; Wt. 
 
 111. t. 40. Ximenia ? olacioides y W. & A. 89. 
 
 A rather scarce weak climbing shrub with pale brown branch- 
 
Cans/era.] OPILIACEAE. 193 
 
 lets and lanceolate leaves up to 4 in. long ; racemes slender, up 
 to 1*5 in. long ; drupe oblong, glaucous-green. 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in hilly country especially ; 
 W. Ghats, on the lower slopes of the Anamalais and Pulneys, 
 eastern side. 
 
 2. Can sj era, Juss. 
 
 Climbing shrubs, sometimes armed. Leaves alternate, entire, 
 penninerved. Flowers in short axillary spikes, hermaphrodite, 
 bracteolate. Calyx very minute, 4-lobed. Corolla regular, tubular 
 or urceolate, with 4-5 usually reflexed lobes ; lobes valvate. Disk 
 of 4-5 triangular fleshy glands alternate with the corolla-lobes. 
 Stamens 4-5, opposite the corolla-lobes ; filaments slender, free, 
 between the glands of the disk ; anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary 
 superior, ovoid-conical, 1-celled ; style cylindric ; stigma capitate, 
 4-lobed ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a drupe with a 
 crustaceous putamen. Seed solitary, erect ; albumen copious, 
 fleshy ; embryo small, at the upper end, cotyledons 2-8, radicle 
 superior. 
 
 CANSJERA EHEEDII, Gmel. ; F. B. I. i. 582 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1861. C. 
 scandens, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 103. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in hilly country chiefly ; W. 
 
 Ghats, on the eastern slopes, from Mysore to Tinnevelly. 
 
 A climbing shrub with occasional curved thorns on the shining 
 
 brown lenticellate branches ; branchlets greenish, pubescent ; 
 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate, dull, thinly coriaceous, up to 3 in. 
 
 long; spikes about 1 in. long; drupe orange-red, smooth. 
 
 Family XLII. ICACINACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs often climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely oppo- 
 site ; usually entire but sometimes toothed ; stipules 0. Flowers 
 usually small, hermaphrodite polygamous or dioecious ; inflor- 
 escence various ; often articulate under the calyx. Calyx small, 
 5- (rarely 4- or 6-) lobed or partite, sometimes 0. Petals 5 (rarely 
 4 or 6), usually free, sometimes connate, valvate. Stamens as 
 many as the petals and usually alternate with them, sometimes 
 alternating with staminodes, in ? flowers often reduced to stami- 
 nodes. Dislt cupshaped or 5-lobed, often wanting. Ovary 1-celled 
 with 2 collateral pendulous ovules Fruit usually a drupe with 
 more or less crustaceous endocarp. Seed 1, pendulous, usually 
 
194 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Gomphandra. 
 
 albuminous, sometimes exalbuminous ; cotyledons various, radicle 
 superior. 
 
 Albumen copious : 
 
 Cotyledons small ; petals glabrous within ; erect trees or shrubs : 
 Filaments usually with short clubshaped hairs on the back ; anthers 
 short, pendulous ; ovary erect ; petals connate ...1. Gomphandra. 
 Filaments glabrous ; anthers long, bipartite at base ; ovary obliqne ; 
 
 petals free 2. Apodytes. 
 
 Cotyledons large, foliaceous : 
 
 Erect trees, usually hermaphrodite ; petals villous within ; flowers 
 
 in corymbose cymes ; cotyledons cordate 3. Mappia. 
 
 Climbers, usually dioecious ; cotyledons orbicular or elliptic : 
 Leaves palminerved, dentate : 
 
 Flowers subcapitate on supra-axillary peduncles ...4. Miquelia. 
 
 Flowers in pendulous extra- axillary racemes 5. Natsiatum. 
 
 Leaves entire or coarsely toothed, penniverved ; # flowers in 
 
 filiform spikes, ? in capitate heads G. Pyrenacantha. 
 
 Albumen 0; cotyledons large, fleshy, connate; climbing shrubs with 
 simple entire reticulate leaves and flowers in pendulous spikes 
 
 7. Sarcostigma. 
 
 1. Gomphandra, Wall. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, penninerved. 
 Flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary or lateral cymes. 
 Calyx minute, cupshaped, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, more or less 
 connate into a campanulate corolla, free at apex, valvate, the 
 lobes incurved and hooked. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous, alternate 
 with the petals ; filaments thick, fleshy, often connate, usually 
 with a tuft of clubshaped hairs on the back at the apex ; anthers 
 pendulous from the interior apex of the filaments, dehiscing 
 longitudinally. Hypogynous disk thick, annular or 0. Ovary in 
 (? flowers sunk in the disk : in ? flowers oblong, 1-celled ; style 
 conic ; stigma small or discoid ; ovules 2, collateral. Fruit an 
 elongate drupe, topped with the remains of the stigma, pericarp 
 smooth, somewhat ribbed, endocarp leathery. Seed pendulous, 
 longitudinally surrounded by the raphe ; albumen fleshy, hollowed^ 
 embryo minute with very small cotyledons. 
 
 Leaves membranous, lanceolate, acuminate, main nerves about 6, join- 
 ing in loops ; inflorescence axillary ; filament hairs conspicuous. 
 
 1. polyniorpha. 
 
i Ipodytes.] 1C A CINA CEA K. 195 
 
 Leaves subcoriaceous, very variable in shape, obtuse or obtusely acute, 
 main nerves about 4, irregular, not obviously joining in loops ; inflor- 
 escence usually leaf -opposed rarely axillary ; filament hairs few or none. 
 
 2. coriacea. 
 
 1. GOMPHANDRA POLYMORPHA, Wt. 111. 103; F. B. I. i. 5SQ,inpart. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, Nilgiris and Anamalais in low-level 
 Sholas up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 2. GOMPHANDRA CORIACEA, Wt. 111. 103. G. polymorpha, Wt. 
 Ic. tt. 953, 954; F. B. I. i. 586, in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in Sholas of the Nilgiris, Pulneys, 
 Auamalais and Travancore Hills at from 3,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 2. Apodytes, E. Meyer. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, usually turning black 
 in drying. Flowers hermaphrodite, in terminal or axillary corym- 
 bose cymes. Calyx small, cupshaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, 
 hypogynous, free, valvate. Disk 0. Stamens 5, alternate with 
 the petals ; filaments dilated ; anthers oblong, bipartite at base, 
 2-celled, the cells dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled, 
 obliquely gibbous ; style slender ; stigma small ; ovules 2, 
 pendulous, superposed. Fruit an obliquely ovoid compressed 
 drupe ; stone crustaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous ; 
 embryo small, in the apex of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons narrow. 
 
 Leaves oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins, coriaceous ; petals -25 in. 
 
 long ; ovary hairy 1 . Benthamiana. 
 
 Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, with flat margins, mem- 
 branous ; petals '15 in. long; ovary glabrous 2. BeddomeA. 
 
 1. APODYTES BENTHAMIANA, Wt. Ic. t. 1153 ; F. B. I. i. 588 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 140, var. . 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly Hills above 5,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized tree reaching 40 ft. in height. 
 
 2. APODYTES BEDDOMEI, Mast, in F. B. I. i. 588. A. Bentha- 
 miana, Bedd. Fl. t. 140, var. /3. 
 
 W. Ghats in the evergreen forests of Nilgiris, Anamalais 
 and Travancore up to 3,000 ft. 
 A medium-sized tree. 
 
196 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mappia. 
 
 3. Mappia, Jacq. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, penninerved. Floivers her- 
 maphrodite or polygamous in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx 
 small, 5-toothed. Petals 5, hypogynous, valvate, villous within, 
 apex inflexed. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals ; 
 anthers oblong, dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk cup- 
 shaped surrounding the ovary. Ovary 1 -celled ; style short ; 
 stigma thickened ; ovules 2, pendulous, collateral. Fruit a drupe 
 with thinly crustaceous more or less rugose putamen. Seed 
 pendulous with dorsal raphe ; albumen fleshy ; embryo large with 
 foliaceous cordate cotyledons ; radicle superior. 
 
 Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, acute at apex, rounded or subcordate and 
 unequal at base, more or less densely stellate-tomentose beneath ; 
 petiole stout 1-1*5 in. long ; drupe '5 in. long, putamen rugose, flowers 
 
 fetid, rather large 1. tomentosa. 
 
 Leaves thickly membranous, glabrous or glabrescent ; flowers medium - 
 sized : 
 
 Flowers not fetid ; leaves ovate or obovate, abruptly acuminate, 
 transverse nervules prominent and pale beneath ; drupe 6 in. long, 
 
 flattened, putamen scarcely rugose 2. ovata. 
 
 Flowers fetid ; transverse nervules of leaves slender, not very 
 prominent : 
 
 Leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong, more or less puberulous beneath and 
 
 pale ; rounded at base; petiole under 1 in. long 3. foetida. 
 
 Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, acute at base; petiole 
 
 1-1*5 in. long 4. oblonga. 
 
 Leaves thinly membranous, glabrous, pale beneath, lanceolate-oblong, 
 acuminate both at apex and base; flowers small 5. Wiglitiana. 
 
 1. MAPPIA TOMENTOSA, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 589. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, usually above 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 2. MAPPIA OVATA, Miers ; F. B. T. i. 589 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai, Pulney and Tinnevelly 
 Hills. 
 
 3. MAPPIA FOETIDA, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 589. Stemonurus ? 
 foetidus, Wt. Ic. t. 955. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills up to 7,000 ft. 
 
 A tree with greenish-grey bark and white soft wood. 
 
 4. MAPPIA OBLONGA, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 589. 
 
 AV. Ghats, in Wynaad and Malabar, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
Nnt.xiafuni. ICACINACEAE. 197 
 
 5, MAPPIA WIGHTIANA, Miers. M.ovata, Miers ; F. B. I. i. 589 
 in part. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travancore, at low levels. 
 
 4. Miquelia, Meissn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, membranous, 
 palminerved. Flowers dioecious, subcapitate, with supra-axillary 
 peduncles, <? capitate in racemes, ? solitary. Calyx minute, 
 4-5-lobed. Petals : $ connate in a long pedicel-like tube, limb 
 4-5-lobed, lobes valvate, the tips inflexed ; ? free or nearly so, 
 at length reflexed. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, 
 filaments short, in ? reduced to staminodes. Ovary sessile, 
 1-celled ; style short ; stigma dilated, cupular ; ovules 2, 
 pendulous from the apex of the cell. Fruit an oblong, more or 
 less compressed, drupe ; stone crustaceous, tubercled within. 
 Seed pendulous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo with flat elliptic leafy 
 cotyledons. 
 
 MIQUELIA DENTATA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 593 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais (Beddome). 
 
 A climbing shrub with ovate-oblong or lanceolate acuminate 
 membranous dentate leaves, sharply acuminate at apex, 3- 
 ribbed at base, apparently very rare. 
 
 5. Natsiatum, Ham. 
 
 Climbing subherbaceous shrub. Leaves alternate, simple, 
 palmately nerved. Flowers dioecious, very small, in pendulous 
 extra- axillary racemes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 
 5, free or connate at the base. Stamens 5, alternate with the 
 petals and also with 5 2-lobed staminodes ; filaments short ; 
 anthers sagittate, apiculate, opening longitudinally : in ? replaced 
 by compressed glands. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style short, 2-3- 
 lobed at apex ; stigmas capitate ; ovules 2 collateral, pendulous. 
 Fruit an obliquely ovoid compressed black drupe ; stone 
 crustaceous, 1-celled. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy, embryo 
 with leafy orbicular cotyledons. 
 
 NATSIATUM HERPETICUM, Ham. ; F. B. I. i. 595. 
 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Gairjam at 3,000 ft, 
 (Gamble), 
 
198 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pyrenacantlw . 
 
 A soft climber with long-petioled cordate dentate leaves and 
 slender whitish racemes of minute flowers. 
 
 6. Pyrenacantha, Hook. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or coarsely toothed, 
 penninerved. Flowers minute, dioecious, c? in filiform axillary 
 spikes, ? in capitate heads, monochlamydeous. Perianth deeply 
 4-lobed, lobes oblong, inflexed at tip. Stamens 4, alternate with 
 the perianth-lobes ; filaments short ; anthers small, dehiscing 
 longitudinally. Ovary in cf a villous pistillode, in ? oblong, 
 1-celled ; style ; stigma sessile with many radiating branches ; 
 ovules 2, pendulous, collateral. Fruit a drupe with thin stone 
 provided on the inner surface with numerous obtuse horizontal 
 spines penetrating the albumen. Seed solitary ; albumen fleshy ; 
 cotyledons large, foliaceous. 
 
 PYRENACANTHA VOLUBILIS, Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 108 ; Wt. 111. 
 
 Suppl. tt. 9. 10. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills (Bourne) and Hills of Tinnevelly 
 (Beddome, etc.). 
 
 A much-branched climbing shrub with slender branchlets, 
 narrowly rhomboid lanceolate leaves, 3-5 in. long with 
 a pair of glands at the base, male flowers in filiform 
 spikes, female in pedunculate capitate heads, drupe ovoid 
 orange-red. 
 
 7. Sarcostigma, W. & A. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers dioecious, 
 minute, in distant sessile fascicles on elongate interrupted 
 pendulous lateral spikes. Calyx cupshaped, unequally 4-6-lobed. 
 Petals 4-6, free or united at base into a short tube, valvate, at 
 length reflexed. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous, alternate with the 
 petals : filaments slender ; anthers versatile : in ? reduced to 
 short subulate staminodes. Ovary in 3 conical, ovules none ; in 
 ? sessile, 1-celled, superior ; stigma umbonate, sessile ; ovules 
 2 pendulous from the apex of the cell with thickened funicle. 
 Fruit an oblong somewhat flattened drupe with woody putamen. 
 Seeds pendulous ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, connate ; radicle 
 small, superior. 
 
Sarcostigma.'] AQUIFOLIACEAE. 199 
 
 SARCOSTIGMA KLEINII, W. & A. ; F. B. I. i. 594 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 
 1854. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad, Anamalais and Travancore Hills, at 
 low elevations. 
 
 A climbing shrub with entire coriaceous oblong-lanceolate 
 leaves up to 10 in. long, prominently reticulate, slender flower- 
 ing spikes and drupe 1-1*5 in. long. 
 
 Family XLIII. AQUIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, usually coriaceous 
 and evergreen ; stipules or 2 minute. Flowers regular, small, 
 usually dioecious, <? with imperfect ovary, ? with imperfect 
 stamens, in axillary cymes fascicles or umbels. Calyx persistent, 
 3-6-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5, rarely more, connate 
 below in both <r and ? or in <? only, deciduous, imbricate. 
 Stamens isomerous with the petals and alternate with them, 
 inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments subulate ; anthers 
 shortly oblong, dorsifixed. Disk 0. Ovary free, 3-6 or rarely 
 more celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, collateral, pendulous ; 
 style or very short ; stigma capitate or discoid. Yruit a drupe 
 with 2 or more, 1 -seeded, free or connate, stones. Seed with a 
 membranous testa ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo minute. 
 
 Ilex, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla rotate, petals 4-6, 
 free or connate at the base. Stamens isomerous with the petals, 
 adhering to the base of the corolla in <? , imperfect and often 
 hypogynous in ? . Ovary subglobose, 2-12-celled ; stigmas free 
 (usually so in 3 but ovary imperfect) or confluent on the top of 
 the ovary. Drupe usually globose with 2-12 stones ; pericarp 
 thick, bony, often grooved. 
 
 Leaves entire or rarely with few serratuves near the apex, subcoriaceous 
 or almost membranous : 
 
 Flowers usually 6-merous ; leaves acute at apex; drupe -15 in. in diam., 
 
 tipped by prominent stigmas ; large tree 1. malabarica. 
 
 Flowers usually 5-merous ; leaves coriaceous : 
 
 Leaves elliptic-obovate, 1-2 in. long, mucronate or emarginate at 
 apex, pale beneath, the midrib prominently impressed; small tree 
 with sessile umbellules 2. Thwaitesii. 
 
200 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ilex. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblariceolate, acuminate at apex, narrowed 
 at base, 2-3 in. long, the midrib slightly impressed ; large tree with 
 
 subsessile umbellules 3. Wightiana. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate at apex, rounded at base, 
 2-3 in. long, the midrib slightly impressed ; shrub with peduncles 
 
 about '5 in. long 4. Gardner tana. 
 
 Leaves denticulate-serrate, coriaceous, elliptic, 2-4 in. long ; flowers 
 usually 4-merous, ? larger than & ; large tree 5. denticulata. 
 
 1. ILEX MALABARICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 143 ; F. B. I. i. 600. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad and lower Nilgiris, Anamalais and 
 Pulneys at about 3,000 ft. 
 A large tree. 
 
 2. ILEX THWAITESII, Loesener. I. WalJceri, "Wt. & Gardn. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 600 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills. 
 
 A small densely branched tree, with small leaves. 
 
 3. ILEX WIGHTIANA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 603 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1216. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in the Sholas of the Nilgiri Hills at 
 
 6,000-8,000 ft., less so southwards to the Hills of 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 A large handsome tree with white iiowers and red berries. 
 
 Wood greyish-white, soft but useful in building and in 
 
 turnery. Vern. Badaga Horralu ; Tarn. Velloday. 
 
 4. ILEX GARDNERIANA, Wt. Ic. t. 1217 ; F. B. I. i. 603. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills about Sispara, 6,000 ft., 
 scarce. 
 
 A small tree or large shrub. 
 
 6. ILEX DENTICULATA, Wall.; F. B. I. i. 600; Wt. 111. t. 142; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 142. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sholas of the Nilgiris, Anamalais and Pulneys 
 at 6,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 A large tree, conspicuous in Nilgiri Sholas, by its 
 denticulate leaves and rather large drupes. Wood grey, 
 soft, apt to warp and shrink. 
 
FLORA 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MABM8 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE 
 
 PART II 
 
 CELASTRACEAE TO LEGUAtlNOSAE-PAPILTONATAE 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 ADLAED & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD, 
 BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E,C, 
 
FLORA 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE, C.I.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. 
 
 LATF OF THE INDIAN FOREST DEPARTMENT 
 
 PART II 
 CELASTEACEAE TO LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONATAE 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 I'onban 
 
INTRODUCTION TO PAKT II. 
 
 AFTER the Introduction to Part I was in print, it was found 
 advisable to extend the Part to 200 pages so as to end with a 
 Family and avoid the inconvenience of stopping in the middle 
 of a genus. The present Part, similarly, instead of ending at 
 p. 384, has been extended to p. 390 so as to complete the first 
 Sub-Family of the Leguminosae, and end at a definite point. 
 
 Owing to its having, in consequence of the war, been found 
 advisable not to have the valuable Madras collections sent 
 home, the later genera have had to be done at home without 
 them. Fortunately, the Calcutta specimens had already been sent 
 home and were available. It is proposed to continue Part III 
 with such material as is available in this country. 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE. 
 Liss : March 1918. 
 
FLOKA OF MADRAS. 
 
 Family XLIY. CELASTRACEAE. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, sometimes thorny. Leaves 
 opposite or alternate, simple ; stipules caducous or 0. Flowers 
 regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in dichasia. 
 Calyx small, 4-5-lobed, persistent ; lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5, 
 inserted below the disk or continuous with its margin, imbricate. 
 Disk usually conspicuous, flattened or pulvinate, lobed or entire, 
 rarely 0. Stamens as many as petals and alternate with them, 
 inserted under on or on the margin of the disk ; filaments 
 subulate ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary on the disk or immersed in 
 it, 2-5-celled; style short or 0; stigma simple or lobed; ovules 
 1-2 in each cell. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seed usually 
 arillate; albumen fleshy or 0; cotyledons, when present, 
 foliaceous. 
 
 Fruit a dehiscent capsule : 
 
 Leaves opposite, rarely alternate : 
 
 Petals free ; disk flattened, broad, thick, 4-5-lobed : 
 
 Ovules 2 in each cell ; petals not pitted 1. Euonymus 
 
 Ovules 1 in each cell; petals pitted 2. Glyptopetalum. 
 
 Ovules 4 or more in each cell ; petals usually crested 
 
 3. Lophopetalum 
 Petals more or less combined with the annular disk ; ovules 2 in 
 
 each cell 4. Microtropis. 
 
 Leaves alternate : 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate or racemose : 
 
 Flowers hermaphrodite ; large trees ; capsule deeply 2-lobed 
 
 5. Kurrimia. 
 Flowers polygamous ; climbing shrubs ; capsule 1-3-celled 
 
 6. Celastrus. 
 
 Inflorescence axillary, cymose ; small trees or shrubs, often 
 thorny; capsule 2-3-celled 7. Gymnosporia. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent : 
 
 Seeds albuminous, arillate; leaves small, entire; style lateral in 
 
 fruit 8. Pleurostylia . 
 
 Seeds exalbuminous, exarillate; leaves usually crenate; style 
 
 terminal in fruit 9. Elaeodendron. 
 
 201 r 
 
202 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Euowymus. 
 
 1. Euonymus, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, sometimes climbing by 
 means of stem rootlets. Leaves opposite ; stipules deciduous. 
 Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary dichasioid cymes. Calyx 
 4-5-lobed, spreading or recurved, the lobes imbricate. Petals 
 4-5, imbricate. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate 
 with them, inserted on the disk ; filaments short ; anthers broad, 
 2-celled. Disk large, fleshy, 4-5-lobed. Ovary sunk in the disk, 
 3-5-celled; style short, thick; stigma 3-5-lobed; ovules 2 in 
 each cell. Fruit a 3-5-celled loculicidal capsule, lobed angled or 
 winged, sometimes echinate; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds enclosed 
 in a fleshy aril ; testa thick ; albumen copious, oily ; cotyledons 
 broad, foliaceous ; radicle inferior. 
 
 Cymes 1-3-flowered, peduncles and pedicels stout; flowers '4-'5 in. 
 in diam., petals fimbriate; leaves entire; capsule-valves deeply 
 
 obcordate 1. indicus. 
 
 Cymes 3-7- (rarely 9-) flowered, peduncles and pedicels moderately 
 stotit ; flowers - 3-'4 in. in diam. ; petals not fimbriate but sometimes 
 crispate ; leaves crenulate towards the apex ; capsule-valves slightly 
 
 obcordate 2. crenulatus. 
 
 Cymes usually more than 7 -flowered, peduncles and pedicels slender; 
 flowers usually under 3 in. in diam. ; petals entire : 
 
 Leaves entire or nearly so ; capsule-valves more or less obcordate, 
 elongate : 
 
 Branchlets terete ; flowers *2 in. in diam. ; leaves thin, oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, sometimes obscurely crenate 
 
 3. dichotomus. 
 
 Branchlets quadrangular ; flowers '3 in. in diam. ; leaves thick, 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute, thickened on the margin, quite entire 
 
 4. angulatus. 
 Leaves prominently toothed ; branchlets terete : 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, prominently serrate, acuminate; capsule 
 
 globose 5. serratifolius. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, crenate-serrate, acute 6. paniculatus. 
 
 1. EUONYMUS INDICUS, Heyne ex Wall.; F. B. I. i. 608; W. & A. 
 160. E. Goughii, Wt. Ic. t. 215. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara, Coorg, Wynaad and W. Nilgiris 
 at 3,000 ft., rarely higher. 
 A small tree of the evergreen forests with reddish flowers. 
 
Glyptopetalum.'] CELASTRACEAE. 203 
 
 2. EUONYMUS ORENULATTJS, Wall.; F. B. I. i. 608; W. & A, 
 161 ; Wt. Ic. t. 973 ; Bedd. PI. t. 144. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Pulneys and the Hills of Travan- 
 core and Tinnevelly ; common in Nilgiri and Pulney Sholas 
 up to 8,000 ft., apparently at lower elevations in Travancore. 
 A small evergreen tree with reddish flowers and a brownish- 
 white, hard, close-grained wood. 
 
 3. EUONYMUS DICHOTOMUS, Heyne ex Wall. ; P. B. I. i. 609 ; 
 W. & A., 160. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills, 
 up to 4,500 ft., Travancore. 
 
 A small evergreen tree with pale green flowers and drooping 
 habit, sometimes planted in Travancore. Vern. Tarn. Yini. 
 
 4. EUONYMUS ANGULATUS, Wt. Ic. t. 1,053 ; F. B. I. i. 610. 
 W. Ghats, in Coorg, Nilgiris below Sispara, about 5,000 ft., 
 Bolampatti Hills of Coimbatore, in evergreen forest. 
 
 A small tree with dull purple flowers, the margins of the 
 leaves thickened. 
 
 5. EUONYMUS SERRATIFOLIUS, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 609 ; Bedd. 
 Ic. t, 171. 
 
 W. Ghats of S.-E. Wynaad and Malabar (Carcoor Ghat) 
 at 3,000-5,000 ft., Hills of Travancore. 
 A shrub or small evergreen tree. 
 
 6. EUONYMUS PANICULATUS, Wight; F. B. I. i. 609. E. 
 crenulatus var. laxiflora, Wt. Ic. t. 214 and t. 973 (letter- 
 
 W. Glmts, in the Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly. 
 
 2. Glyptopetalum, Thwaites. 
 
 Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite or subalternate, 
 exstipulate. Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary, dichasioid cymes, 
 sometimes reduced to 3 flowers only. Calyx .small, 4-lobed. 
 Petals 4, with 2 pit-like depressions on the upper surface. Disk 
 large, quadrangular. Stamens 4, inserted at the angle of the 
 disk, connective enlarged ; anther-cells divergent. Ovary im- 
 mersed in the disk, 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style short ; stigma minute ; 
 ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a loculicidal 1-4-celled 
 and -seeded subglobose capsule, the walls coriaceous. Seed more 
 or less covered by a red fleshy aril ; testa thick ; albumen fleshy , 
 cotyledons flat, leafy ; radicle superior. 
 
204 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Glyptopetalum. 
 
 Cyme-peduncles 1-1-5 in. long, 5-7-flowered ; capsule small, under 
 
 5 in. in diam. : 
 
 Leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, serrate except at the very 
 base, acute at apex, cuneate at base, 4-6 in. long, 1-5-2-5 in. 
 broad, nerves slender, hardly prominent: petals oblong, about 
 
 '2 in. long, the pits near the apex 1. zeylanicum. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-obovate, entire or with few serratures at 
 apex, more or less obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, 2-3'5 in. long, 
 1-2*5 in. broad, nerves thick, prominent ; petals ovate, obtuse, 
 about '1 in. long, pits oblique 2. Lawsonii. 
 
 Cyme-peduncles 3-6 in. long, 3-flowered ; capsule large, about '75-1 in. 
 
 in diam. ; leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, entire, 4-6 in. 
 
 long, 2-2*5 in. broad; petals obovate, *3-'4 in. long, without or with 
 
 obscure pits , 3. grandiflorum. 
 
 1. GLYPTOPETALUM ZEYLANICUM, Thw. ; F. B. I. i. 612. 
 
 W. Ghats, Anamalai Hills and Hills of Tinnevelly and 
 
 Travancore at 2,000-3,000 ft, 
 
 A large shrub or small tree, with white hard wood. 
 
 2. GLYPTOPETALUM LAWSONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 
 131. 
 
 W. Ghats, N. slopes of Nilgiris at low elevations (Wight, 
 Lawson), Geddesala Ghat in Coimbatore (A.W.Lushington). 
 A large shrub or small tree, with prominently -nerved 
 coriaceous leaves. 
 
 3. GLYPTOPETALUM GRANDIFLORUM, Bedd. Ic. t. 102 ; F. B. I. 
 i. 613. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Sholas below Devala, S.-E. Wynaad, at 2,000- 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large shrub with oblong entire leaves, large flowers on 
 long peduncles and a large, pale, smooth, rounded, usually 
 4-seeded capsule. 
 
 3. Lophopetalum, Wight. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. 
 Floivers rather large, hermaphrodite, in axillary or terminal 
 dichasioid cymes. Calyx broadly flattened at the base ; lobes 5, 
 broad, obtuse, very short. Petals 5, continuous with the disk, 
 persistent, the upper surface usually cristate or lamellate. Disk 
 large, flat, 5-lobed, Stamens 5, inserted on the disk ; filaments 
 
Microtropis.~] CELASTRACEAE. 205 
 
 subulate ; anthers oblong. Ovary small, immersed in the disk and 
 continuous with it, triquetrous ; style short ; stigma capitate ; 
 ovules 4 or more in each cell, in 2 series. Fruit a coriaceous 
 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, loculicidal capsule. Seeds few or many, 
 rarely winged, arillate ; albumen fleshy ; embryo small. 
 
 LOPHOPETALUM WlGHTIANUM, Am. ; F. B. I. i. 615 ; Wt. Ic. 
 
 t. 162; Bedd. Fl. t. 145. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests and on river banks at low 
 elevations and up to 3,000 ft., from S. Canara southwards. 
 A lofty evergreen tree, with oblong, entire, abruptly acu- 
 minate leaves up to 6 in. long, dull reddish flowers and 
 capsule 4 in. long, sharply triangular in section ; seeds thin, 
 2 in. long. Bark smooth, mottled brown and white ; wood 
 reddish- grey, close-grained, useful in carpentry, but not 
 durable. Yern. Tarn. Venkottei ; Mai. Yenkotta ; Kan. 
 B alp ale. 
 
 4. Microtropis, Wall. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, glabrous, evergreen. Leaves opposite, entire, 
 exstipulate. Flowers in sessile clusters or peduncled dichasioid 
 cymes, axillary or supra-axillary, sometimes unisexual. Sepals 5, 
 imbricate, often unequal. Petals 5, more or less connate at the 
 base with the back of the disk. Disk annular, sometimes 0. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the disk. Ovary free, ovoid or conical, 
 imperfectly 2-3-celled ; style short ; stigma minutely 2-4-lobed ; 
 ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, 1-celled, 
 2-valved, 1-seeded capsule, surrounded at the base by the per- 
 sistent calyx. Seed erect, oblong ; testa more or less fleshy ; 
 albumen thickly fleshy ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle cylindric, 
 inferior. 
 
 Flowers sessile, clustered at the axils of the leaves or of fallen 
 
 leaves : 
 
 Leaves scarcely coriaceous, elliptic or oblanceolate, obtusely acute 
 at apex, long-attenuate at base, I 1 5-4 in. long, 1-2 in. broad; 
 flowers very small, in clusters under '3 in. in diam ; capsule '6-7 in. 
 
 long ; branchlets yellowish, youngest darker 1. Wallichiana. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or somewhat oblanceolate, obtusely 
 acute at apex, cuneate at base, margins reflexed, nerves prominent 
 on lower less so on upper surface, 3-6 in. long, l-2'5 in. broad; 
 flowers small, in clusters about '5 in. in diam.; capsule oblong, 
 '7-*8 in. long ; branchlets black-purple 2. Stoclcsii. 
 
206 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Microtropis. 
 
 Leaves very coriaceous, margins thickened; branchlets black- 
 purple, rough : 
 
 Leaves elliptic- ovate, acuminate at apex, cuneate to almost 
 rounded at base, prominently rugulose above, the nerves 
 obscure on both surfaces, 4-7 in. long, 2-4*5 in broad ; flowers 
 small, in clusters *5-'6 in. in diarn.; capsule ellipsoid, "7 in. 
 
 long 3. latifolia. 
 
 Leaves broadly elliptic or obovate, rounded or slightly emargi- 
 nate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base, margins revolute, 
 cucullate, slightly rugulose above, 2-5 in. long, 1-2'oiii. broad ; 
 flowers small, in clusters '6 in. in diam. ; capsule cylindric 
 when young, ellipsoid when old, channelled, '8 in. long 
 
 4. ramiflora. 
 
 Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary peduncled cymes ; leaves more 
 or less elliptic, obtuse : 
 
 Peduncles very short, '3 -*4 in. long, stout; cyme-branches short; 
 leaves up to 3 in. long 1'5 in. broad ; capsule narrowly oblong, '75 in. 
 
 long 5. densiflora. 
 
 Peduncles *6-l - 5 in. long, slender : 
 
 Leaves when dry olive-grey, usually under 2 in. long; petals 
 orbicular, not clawed, scarcely adherent to the narrow disk ; 
 stamen-filaments short, anthers orbicular, large ; seed testa 
 
 rusty -brown (Wt.) 6. microcarpa. 
 
 Leaves when dry greenish-brown, dark above, pale beneath, 
 usually 2-3 in. long ; petals long-clawed, the claws adherent to 
 the rather broad disk ; stamen-filaments subulate, anthers ovoid ; 
 seed testa crimson (Wt.) 7. ovalifolia. 
 
 1. MICROTROPIS WALLICHIANA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 613. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sarapagi Ghat, Coorg (Beddome), evergreen 
 forests of Travancore about 4,000 ft. (Bonrdillon). 
 A small tree about 30 ft. high. 
 
 2. MICROTROPIS STOCKSII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 132. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Coorg (Hohenacker), Nilgiris, Aiiamalai Hills 
 
 (Barber) ; Tinnevelly Hills at 5,000 ft. (Beddome) ; Concan 
 
 (Stocks). 
 
 A small tree with blackish branches and leaves pale and 
 
 reticulate beneath. 
 
 3. MICROTROPIS LATIFOLIA, Wt. ; F. B. I. i. 613. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar, W. Nilgiris, Bolampatti Hills, at 
 2,000-6,000 ft. 
 
JTim-iwta.] CELA8TRACEAE. 207 
 
 A sDiall tree of evergreen forests with very thick rugulose 
 leaves, obscurely nerved. 
 
 4. MlCROTROPIS RAMIFLORA, Wt. Ic. t. 977 ; F. B. I. i. 613. 
 
 W. Ghats, iii Shola forests of the Nilgiris and Pulneys at 
 
 6,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree, common about Ootacaniund and 
 
 Coonoor. 
 
 5. MlCROTROPIS DENSIFLORA, Wt. Ic. t. 1052 ; F. B. I. i. 614. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the W. slopes of the Nilgiris, scarce. 
 
 6. MlCROTROPIS MICROCARPA, Wt. Ic. t. 975 ; F. B. I. i. 614. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in Shola forests of the Nilgiris and 
 Pulneys at 6,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, with a grey, soft wood. 
 Leaves usually small, but occasionally found up to 4 in. 
 long by 2 in. broad. 
 
 7. MlCROTROPIS OVALIFOLIA, Wt. Ic. t. 976 ; F. B. I. i. 614. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Shola forests of the Nilgiris at 6,000- 
 8,000 ft. 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, closely allied to the 
 preceding and hardly separable from it, but considered 
 quite distinct by Wight. 
 
 5. Kurrimia, Wall. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, glabrous, towards the end of the 
 branchlets, nerves parallel as also the transverse nervules; 
 stipules large, deciduous except at the terminal bud. Flowers 
 hermaphrodite, in axillary, simple or paniculate, racemes. Calyx 
 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading or recurved. Disk fleshy, entire or 
 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted under or on the margin of the disk ; 
 filaments subulate ; anthers ovate, the cells opening by vertical 
 slits. Ovary ovoid, seated on the disk, 2-celled ; styles 2 (rarely 3), 
 slender; stigmas small, capitate; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. 
 Fruit a leathery deeply 2-lobed capsule, each lobe 2-valved, 
 1-seeded; one lobe frequently abortive. Seeds large, thick- 
 stalked, covered completely or partially by a fleshy aril; testa 
 coriaceous, smooth ; albumen fleshy : cotyledons small, flattened ; 
 radicle inferior. 
 
 KURRIMIA INDICA, Gamble n. comb. K. bipartita, Lawson; 
 
 F. B. I. i. 622. Trochisandra indica, Bedd. Fl. t. 120. 
 
208 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Kurrimia. 
 
 W. G-hats, in the Anamalai Hills and Hills of Tinnevelly and 
 Travancore, in evergreen forests, at 3,000-6,000 ft. 
 -A very large tree with coriaceous conspicuously-nerved large 
 leaves, pale yellow flowers and a capsule with 2 oblong equal 
 (when both fertile) lobes 1-5 in. long. The wood is pale 
 greyish-brown and moderately hard. Vern. Tarn. Kadapla. 
 
 6. Celastrus, Linn. 
 
 Climbing unarmed shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or crenu- 
 late ; stipules or minute and deciduous. Flowers polygamous, 
 in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes 
 imbricate. Petals 5, spreading. Disk broad, concave, 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, in $ more or less 
 rudimentary ; filaments short ; anthers oblong. Ovary in <$ 
 flowers rudimentary, conical, 3-lobed ; in $ flowers globose, 
 3-celled ; style short, thick ; stigmas 3, recurved ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell, collateral, erect. Fruit a globose or ovoid, 1-3-celled, 
 loculicidal capsule, 1-6-seeded. Seeds erect, enclosed in a fleshy 
 aril ; testa- chartaceous ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo erect 
 with leafy cotyledons. 
 
 CELASTRUS PANICULATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 617 ; W. & A. 158 ; 
 Wt. 111. t. 72, Ic. t. 158. 
 
 In all Districts, chiefly in deciduous forests. 
 A large climbing shrub with ovate or obovate crenulate leaves, 
 small white flowers in pendent panicles and yellow capsules 
 opening to show the brown seeds covered with a scarlet aril. 
 Vern. Hind. Malkagni ; TJr. Korsano ; Kan. Kariganne ; 
 Tarn. Valuluvai. 
 
 7. Gymnosporia, W. & A. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, usually thorny. Leaves alternate, ex- 
 stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary, solitary or fascicled 
 dichotomous cymes, sometimes on the thorny branchlets. Calyx 
 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, spreading. Disk broad, lobed or sinuate. 
 Stamens as many as petals, inserted below the disk ; filaments 
 slender ; anthers broad. , Ovary attached by a broad base to or 
 sunk in the disk, 2-3-celled ; style usually short ; stigmas 3, 
 capitate or spreading ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a globose or 
 obovoid 2-3-celled 1-4-seeded capsule. Seeds usually arillate, 
 
Gymnosporia.^ CELASTRACEAE. 209 
 
 rarely exarillate ; testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons 
 foliaceous ; radicle inferior. 
 Aril of seed thin, membranous : 
 
 Aril embracing about half of the seed or more, sometimes ; leaves 
 obovate, obtuse, minutely crenate, grey when dry ; flowers minute, 
 in cymes under 1 in. long ; capsules globose, *2 in. in diam. 
 
 1. montana. 
 
 Aril usually embracing nearly the whole seed ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, obtusely acute, minutely crenate -serrate, reddish when dry ; 
 flowers rather large, in capillary cymes about 1 in. long fascicled on 
 
 the branches ; capsules obovoid ; '3 in. in diam 2. rufa. 
 
 Aril of seed fleshy, embracing only the base of the seed : 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, up to 6 in. by 2 in. ; capsule obcor- 
 
 date, '3 in. by - 4 in 3. acuminata. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtusely acute, up to 4 in. by 2'5 in. : 
 
 Flowers large, in panicled cymes up to 4 in. long ; capsule slightly 
 obcordate, nearly *5 in. long ; leaves serrate, cuneate at base 
 
 4. Heyneana. 
 
 Flowers very small. Cymes up to To in. long ; capsule obovoid, 
 4-'5 in. long ; leaves crenulate, reticulate, rounded or subcordate 
 
 5. ovata. 
 
 Leaves obovate, entire, emarginate, 1-2 in. long; flowers very 
 small, in fascicles '5 in. long ; capsule pale, slightly obcordate, *3 in. 
 
 longj 6. emarginata. 
 
 Aril flat, very small, attached to the base of the seed ; leaves obovate, 
 obtuse or emarginate, crenate, cuneate at base ; flowers small, in 
 fascicles of cymes under 1 in. long ; capsule large, slightly obcordate, 
 5 in. long 7. Wallichiana. 
 
 1. GYMNOSPORIA MONTANA, Benth. ; F. B. I. i. 621. Celastrus 
 montana, W. & A. 159 ; Wt. Ic. t. 382. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan, common in dry forests ; N". slopes 
 of Nilgiris. 
 
 A small tree or large shrub with prominent straight thorns 
 often bearing leaves and flowers. Wood light reddish- 
 brown, close-grained. Yern. Hind. Baikal ; Tel. Danti ; 
 Kan. Tandrasi. 
 
 2. GYMNOSPORIA RUFA, Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 620. 
 
 E. Ghats, in Ganjam and Vizagapatani, up to 4,500 ft. on 
 Maheiidragiri ; Hills of N. Coimbatore. 
 A small tree with few straight thorns and red close- 
 grained wood. 
 
210 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Gymnosporia. 
 
 3. GYMNOSPORIA ACUMINATA, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. i. 619. 
 
 E. Ghats, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 4,500 ft. 
 
 (Gamble) ; Hills of Yizagapatam at 3,500-4,500 ft. (A. W. 
 
 Lushington). 
 
 A large shrub with small straight sharp thorns and rather 
 
 thin leaves. 
 
 4. GYMNOSPORIA HEYNEANA, Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 620. 
 Celastrus Heyneana, W. & A. 159. 
 
 W. Ghats, in N. Nilgiris, Pulneys and Travancore Hills, in 
 dry deciduous forest. 
 
 A shrub with rather large leaves, rather large flowers, and 
 few straight stout thorns. Yern. Tarn. Nandunarai. 
 
 5. GYMNOSPORIA OVATA, Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 619, Celastrus 
 ovata, Wall. ; W. & A. 159. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 3,000-6,000 ft., 
 
 most frequent in Nilgiris, N. slopes. 
 
 An unarmed shrub with coriaceous, ovate or orbicular 
 
 leaves and very small flowers, in dense fascicles '5 to 1*5 in. 
 
 long. 
 
 6. GYMNOSPORIA EMARGINATA, Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 621. 
 Celastrus emarginata, Willd. ; W. & A. 160. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry deciduous forests, 
 often on laterite, extending west to the slopes of the 
 Nilgiris and Anamalais. 
 
 A shrub with pale leaves, long straight thorns frequently 
 bearing leaves and flowers, whitish-grey bark and white 
 hard wood. Yern. Ur. Gouro kosai ; Tel. Chinta. 
 
 7. GYMNOSPORIA WALLICHIANA, Lawson; F. B. I. i. 621. 
 Celastrus Wallichiana, W. & A. 159. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore (G. Thomson) ; S. Camatic, in the 
 Thine velly Hills (Wight, Barber, Fischer). 
 A shrub with zigzag branches and long straight thorns 
 frequently bearing leaves and flowers. 
 
 8. Pleurostylia, W. & A. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, 
 exstipulate. Flowers in axillary few-flowered cymes. Calyx 5- 
 lobed, very small. Petals 5. Disk thick, crenulate. Stamens 5, 
 attached below the margin of the disk; filaments short, flat; 
 anthers with the connective broad at the back. Ovary half 
 
Maeodendron.'] CELA8TRACEAE. 211 
 
 immersed in the disk, 1-2-celled ; style short, thick ; stigma 
 broad, peltate ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral. Fruit indehis- 
 cent, 1-2-celled, marked on one side by the remains of the style. 
 Seed 1. rarely 2, erect, covered by the arillus-like testa ; albumen 
 fleshy; cotyledons flat ; radicle inferior. 
 
 PLEUROSTYLIA WIGHTII, W. & A. 157 ; F. B. I. i. 617 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 155. P. Hey net, W. & A. 157. 
 
 N". Circars, in dry forests of Vizagapatam and Godavari ; 
 Deccan, in Cuddapah, Mysore and Coirnbatore ; W. Ghats, in 
 the drier forests of N. Nilgiris, Travancore and Tinnevelly. 
 A small evergreen tree with small somewhat obovate leaves, 
 minute flowers and small white ovoid fruit. Bark grey, 
 tessellated in small squares ; wood light red or greyish, 
 hard, used in Cuddapah to make combs. Yern. Tarn. Chiru 
 piyari, Karuvali ; Tel. Piyari. 
 
 9. Elaeodendron, Jacq. f. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, entire or 
 crenate ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers hermaphrodite, 
 sometimes polygamous, in axillary dichasioid corymbose cymes. 
 Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes often unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, spread- 
 ing. Disk thick, cushion-like, margin sinuate. Stamens 5, inserted 
 into the margin of the disk; filaments slender, at length recurved; 
 anthers subglobose. Ovary adnate to the disk, conical, 2-5-celled; 
 style short; stigma small; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit an in- 
 dehiscent drupe, dry or succulent; stones 1-3-celled, cells 1-, 
 rarely 2-seeded. Seeds erect, exarillate ; testa membranous or 
 spongy; albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy; radicle inferior. 
 
 Leaves ovate or elliptic, sometimes obovate, obtuse or acute, usually 
 pale grey when dry, entire or shallowly crenate; flowers *25 in. in 
 diam. in slender cymes usually tinder 2 in. long, sometimes 3 in. 
 
 1. glaucum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtusely acuminate, reddish-brown 
 or almost black when dry, broadly and deeply crenate ; flowers *4 in. 
 in diam. in rather stout cymes usually 4 in. long 2. paniculatum. 
 
 1. ELAEODENDRON GLAUCUM, Pers. ; F. B. I. i, 623 in part. 
 K RoxburgUi, W. & A. 157 ; Wt. 111. t, 71 ; Bedd. PL 1. 148. 
 Deciduous forests in most forest Districts of N. Circars, 
 Deccan and Carnatic, also on W. Coast. 
 
212 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Elaeodendron. 
 
 A graceful tree with a grey bark and light brown close- 
 grained wood, useful for cabinet work. Yern. Hind. 
 Jamrasi ; Tel. Nirija ; Tarn. Karuvali. 
 
 2. ELAEODENDRON PANICULATUM, "W. & A. 157. E. glaucum, 
 Pers. F. B. I. i. 623 in part. 
 
 W, Ghats, N. slopes of Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 A large tree. 
 
 Family XLY. HIPPOCRATEACEAE. 
 
 Small trees or erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite or 
 alternate, simple, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers usually very 
 small, in axillary dichotomous cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes 
 imbricate. Petals 5, inserted under the disk, imbricate or 
 valvate. Disk fleshy, cupshaped, sometimes ringed at the base. 
 Stamens 3, inserted on or within the top of the disk, at first 
 erect, then recurved. Ovary more or less sunk in the disk, 
 3 -celled ; style 1 ; stigmas 1-3 ; ovules 2 or more in each cell, on an 
 axile placenta. Fruit of samaroid carpels or fleshy and 1-3-celled. 
 Seeds usually many, often angular, sometimes winged ; albumen 
 ; embryo straight ; cotyledons fleshy. 
 
 Fruit samaroid, flattened, dehiscent, the seeds winged below 
 
 1. Hippocratea. 
 Fruit globose, indehiscent, seeds not winged 2. Salacia. 
 
 1. Hippocratea, Linn. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, more or less 
 crenate - serrate ; stipules small, caducous. Flowers in axillary, 
 rarely terminal, cymes or panicles, white or greenish. Calyx 
 small, 5-lobed. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate or valvate. Dish 
 cylindric or cuplike. Stamens 3, at first erect, then recurved, 
 inserted on or within the top of the disk; filaments dilated at 
 base ; anthers 2-celled, cells opening transversely. Ovary 3-celled, 
 sunk in the disk ; style short ; stigmas 1-3 ; ovules 2-seriate, 2-10 in 
 each cell, on the inner angle. Fruit of three flattened carpels, 
 connate below, each 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds compressed, 
 usually winged below; albumen 0; embryo with fleshy connate 
 cotyledons ; radicle inferior. 
 
Hippocratea.~\ HIPPOCRATEACEAE. 213 
 
 Flowers '3--5 in. in diam. : 
 
 Petals triangular lanceolate, valvate ; leaves under 4 in. long : 
 Petals not mucronate at back, glabrous within; leaves sub- 
 coriaceous, elliptic-ovate or -obovate, attenuate at base, margins 
 not recurved ; samaras obovate, emarginate, striate, 1-5-2 in. long, 
 
 broad 1. obtusifolia. 
 
 Petals mucronate at back, puberulous within ; leaves coriaceoiis, 
 oblong, rounded at base, margins recurved; samaras not yet 
 
 known 2. Bourdillonii. 
 
 Petals orbicular, with a narrow claw, imbricate ; leaves coriaceous, 
 elliptic, up to 7 in. long ; samaras oblanceolate, narrow, obtuse, 
 
 striate, up to 3 in. long 3. Arnottiana. 
 
 Flowers '2 in. in diam. ; leaves membranous, under 2 in. long ; samaras 
 1'5 in. long, narrow, acute 4. indica. 
 
 1. HIPPOCRATEA OBTUSIFOLIA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 623; W. & A. 
 
 104. 
 
 E. Coast, from Nellore to Tan j ore in sandy forest tracts ; 
 Deccan, in dry forests of Cuddapah and Kurnool, extend- 
 ing to E. slopes of Nilgiri and Pulney Hills ; W. Coast, 
 scarce. 
 
 A climbing shrub with corky bark and wood of peculiar 
 structure. Yern. Mar. Danshir. 
 
 2. HIPPOCRATEA BOURDILLONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 
 132. 
 
 Travancore, near Colatoorpolay, 300 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 A climbing shrub. 
 
 3. HIPPOCRATEA ARNOTTIANA, Wt. 111. t. 46-47; F. B. I. 
 624. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats forests from S. Canara to Malabar 
 and Travancore. 
 
 A climbing shrub with rather large leaves and long, narrow 
 samaras, at once recognized by the orbicular clawed petals. 
 
 4. HIPPOCRATEA INDICA, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 624 ; Roxb. Cor. 
 PI. ii. 130; W. &A. 104. 
 
 N. Circars, in Yizagapatarn ; Carnatic, in S. Arcot and 
 
 Tanjore ; E. slopes of W. Ghats, in Coimbatore, Madura 
 
 and Tinnevelly. 
 
 A climbing shrub with rather small leaves and small fruit 
 
 samaras. 
 
214 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Salacia. 
 
 2. Salacia, Linn. 
 
 Small trees or climbing or sarmentose shrubs. Leaves opposite, 
 rarely alternate, exstipulate. Flowers small, axillary or extra- 
 axillary, in fascicles or cymes. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Petals 5, 
 imbricate. Disk thick, broad. Stamens 3, inserted on the inner 
 margin of the disk; filaments at length recurved, usually 
 broadened at base. Ovary conical, more or less sunk in the 
 disk, 3-celled ; style very short ; stigma capitate or 3-lobed ; 
 ovules 2-8 in each cell in 1-2 series. Fruit an indehiscent 
 1-3-celled berry ; rind usually coriaceous. Seeds large, angular ; 
 testa thick; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, usually conf erruminate ; 
 radicle inferior. 
 
 Flowers fascicled on axillary tubercles ; ovary enclosed in the disk ; 
 anther-cells dehiscing transversely: 
 Calyx-lobes not fringed : 
 
 Petals clawed at the base; pedicels '15-'2 in. long; branchlets 
 more or less angled ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, crenate- serrate, 
 
 up to 3 in. long; fruit small 1. prinoides. 
 
 Petals broad at the base ; branchlets more or less prominently 
 lenticellate, terete : 
 
 Pedicels '25 in. long; petals '15 in. long, thick; calyx-lobes 
 short, obtuse; leaves coriaceous, ovate- or obovate-oblong, 
 reticulate, 2*5 to 3'5 in. long by 1*5-2 in. broad ; fruit large, 
 
 tuberculate 2. reticulata. 
 
 Pedicels '5 in. long; petals '1 in. long, with white margins; 
 calyx-lobes short, ovate ; leaves chartaceous, oblong, 4-6 in. 
 
 long by 1-5-2 in. broad 3. malabarica. 
 
 Calyx-lobes fringed ; pedicels very short ; branchlets lenticellate ; 
 leaves coriaceous : 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong or -ovate, 2-3 in. long by T5 in. broad, 
 main nerves irregular, oblique ; calyx-lobes shortly fringed ; fruit 
 
 large, smooth 4. macrosperma. 
 
 Leaves elliptic oblong, 5-6 in. long by 2-2'5 in. broad, main 
 nerves regular, nearly horizontal; calyx-lobes long and promi- 
 nently fringed 5. Beddomei. 
 
 Flowers in axillary pedunculate heads or branching cymes ; anther- 
 cells dehiscing longitudinally : 
 
 Peduncles very short ; ovary elongate, conical, much exsert from 
 the disk; leaves elliptic-oblong or -oblanceolate, yellowish when 
 dry ; calyx- lobes entire ; fruit large, tuberculate 6. oblonga. 
 
Salacia.'] RHAMNACEAE. 215 
 
 Peduncles elongate, slender ; cymes up to 5 in. long, often much 
 branched, many-flowered ; ovary rounded, partly exsert from the 
 disk ; calyx-lobes minutely ciliate ; petals usually with white 
 margins ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, obtusely aciiminate, 2-4 in. 
 long by 1-2 in. broad, greyish when dry ; branchlets rough 
 
 1. SALACIA PRINOIDES, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 626; W. & A. 105. 
 
 Hills of the N". Circars in Gaiijam and Vizagapatam. 
 A straggling shrub. 
 
 2. SALACIA RETICULATA, Wt. 111. i. 134 ; F. B. I. i. 627. 
 
 W. Coast, at Quilon in Travancore. 
 
 A climbing shrub with large tuberculate fruit. 
 
 3. SALACIA MALABARICA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 133. 
 
 W. Coast, S. Canara to Travancore, in the plains, in moist 
 
 forest. 
 
 A large climber. 
 
 4. SALACIA MACROSPERMA, Wt. Ic. t. 962 ; F. B. I. i. 628. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad and W. Mlgiris, up to 5,000 ft. 
 A rambling shrub. 
 
 5. SALACIA BEDDOMEI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 133. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais (Beddome). 
 
 6. SALACIA OBLONGA, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 628 ; W. & A. 106 ; 
 
 Wt. 111. t. 47B, Tc. t. 97. 
 
 W. Ghats, from the Nilgiris to Timievelly, E. slopes, up to 
 3000 ft. 
 A climbing shrub or small tree. 
 
 7. SALACIA FRUTICOSA, Lawson; F. B. I. i. 628. 
 
 W. Ghats, in almost all Districts from S. Canara to 
 Travancore and up to 4,000 ft., in evergreen forest. 
 A climbing shrub. 
 
 Family XLYI. RHAMNACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing ; branches sometimes thorny, 
 sometimes bearing tendrils. Leaves simple, alternate subopposite 
 or opposite, usually coriaceous, often 3-5-ribbed ; stipules small 
 or 0, sometimes changed into prickles. Flowers hermaphrodite 
 or polygamous, small, greenish, in lax or dense^ axillary cymes, 
 solitary or disposed in spikes or panicles. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the 
 lobes triangular, valvate, usually keeled within. Petals 4-5 
 
216 FLORA OF MADRAS. [RHamnaceae. 
 
 rarely 0, inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube and shorter than 
 its lobes, cucullate, often clawed. Disk fleshy and filling the 
 calyx-tube or membranous and lining it, glabrous or tomentose. 
 Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, often enclosed 
 within them ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, rarely 
 laterally. Ovary sessile, free or immersed in the disk, 3- rarely 
 2- or 4-celled ; style short, simple or 2-4-lobed ; stigmas terminal, 
 usually capitate. Fruit superior or inferior, 3-, rarely 4-celled, 
 free or girt more or less by the adnate calyx-tube, capsular or a 
 dry or fleshy drupe, sometimes winged. Seeds solitary in each 
 cell, erect, usually compressed ; albumen fleshy, scanty or rarely 
 ; embryo large, the cotyledons flat. 
 
 Fruit superior or only partly enclosed in the calyx-tube : 
 
 Fruit 1-seeded, the style enlarged in a linear- oblong wing ; un- 
 armed climbing shrubs ; seeds exalbuminous 1. Yentilago. 
 
 Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe with 1-4- seeded stone ; armed or 
 unarmed trees or shrubs with 3-5-ribbed leaves ; seeds with scanty 
 
 albumen or none 2. Zizyphus. 
 
 Fruit baccate with 2-4 pyrenes ; seeds albuminous, the albumen 
 often thin: 
 
 Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube ; trees or shrubs usually un- 
 armed, leaves alternate 3. Rhamnus. 
 
 Disk fleshy, filling the calyx-tube ; leaves opposite or sub- 
 opposite : 
 
 Glabrous shrub with many sharp hooked thorns and small 
 coriaceous shining leaves ; flowers in axillary fascicles or 
 
 umbels... 4. Scutia. 
 
 Straggling, more or less pubescent, shrubs with few but often 
 large thorns ; leaves rather large, chartaceous ; flowers in 
 
 spicate panicles 5 Sageretia. 
 
 Fruit when ripe capsular ; leaves alternate ; unarmed, erect or 
 sarmentose shrubs; flowers in short axillary cymes... 6. Golubrina. 
 Fruit inferior, crowned with the persistent calyx ; climbing shrubs 
 with tendrils : 
 
 Fruit of 3 winged indehiscent mericarps ; flowers in spikes or 
 
 racemes; disk lobed between the stamens 7. Gouania. 
 
 Fruit of 3 ovoid dehiscent cocci ; flowers in axillary pedunculate 
 umbels; disk merely angular 8. Helinus. 
 
Ventilago.'] RHAMNACEAE. 217 
 
 1. Yentilago, Gaertn, 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, bifarious, usually crenate ; 
 stipules very small, caducous. Flowers small, in axillary or 
 terminal panicles, rarely fascicles ; bracteoles many, small. 
 Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes spreading, keeled within. Petals 5, deltoid 
 or obcordate, cucullate. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the 
 petals and opposite to them ; connective of anthers thickened 
 and produced above. Disk flattened, 5-angled. Ovary sunk in 
 the disk, 2-celled ; style very short ; stigmas 2, short ; ovules 
 solitary in each cell. Fruit a subglobose, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded 
 nut, prolonged above by the style enlarged in a linear- oblong 
 coriaceous wing, ending in the remains of the stigmas, the base 
 more or less enclosed in the adherent calyx- tube. Seed sub- 
 globose ; testa thin ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy. 
 
 Flowers in axillary and subterminal panicles : 
 Calyx- tube adnate to the lower part of the nut: 
 
 Branchlets stout, grey-puberulous ; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, 
 usually unequally rounded at base, 3-6 in. long by 1*5-3 in. 
 broad; panicles dense, flowers rather large, disk villous; nut 
 and its wing yellow-pubescent, the calyx -tube covering more 
 
 than half the nut 1. calyculata. 
 
 Branchlets rather slender, minutely puberulous ; leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, subobtuse, attenuate at base, 2-3 in. long by about 
 1 in. broad; panicles slender, flowers small, disk glabrous or 
 nearly so; nut and its wing greyish, the calyx-tube covering 
 
 about one-third of the nut 2. Goughii. 
 
 Calyx-tube adnate only to the base of the nut ; disk glabrous or 
 nearly so : 
 
 Branchlets slender, usually pale ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 obtuse or acute, l'5-3'5 in. long by 1-1*5 in. broad ; panicles 
 minutely grey-pubescent, flowers small; nut with grey nearly 
 glabrous wing, the calyx-tube small, adnate to the base of the 
 
 nut 3. maderaspatana. 
 
 Branchlets stout, dark ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
 strongly crenate, 2*5-4 in. long, by 1-1 '5 in. broad ; panicles 
 long- golden- villous pubescent, flowers very small; nut with 
 brown tomentose wing, the calyx-tube saucer-like, embracing 
 
 the base of the nut 4. lanceolata. 
 
 Flowers in axillary fascicles; branchlets slender, pubescent; leaves 
 oblong, r5-4'5 in. long by O'o-l'o in. broad; disk slightly villous; 
 
218 FLORA OF MADRAS. \Ventilago. 
 
 calyx-tube saucer-like, embracing the base of the nut, wings with 
 golden-velvety pubescence 5. lomlaiensis. 
 
 1. YENTILAGO CALYCULATA, Tul. ; F. B. I. i. 631. V. maderas- 
 patana var. (3 ; W. & A. 164. 
 
 N. Circars, from Gaiijani to Godavari in forest tracts ; 
 
 Deccan, in Kurnool forests ; W. Coast, in dry forests of 
 
 Malabar and E. Nilgiris. 
 
 A large and conspicuous forest climber. Yern. Tel. Surati 
 
 chekka. 
 
 2. YBNTILAGO GOUGHII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 134. 
 
 W. Ghats in Coorg and Nilgiris (Gough, Lawson). 
 A climbing shrub. 
 
 3. YENTILAGO MADERASPATANA, Gaertn. ; F. B. I. i. 631 ; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 163 ; W. & A. 164, var. a. 
 
 Deccan forests from Kistna to Mysore and Coimbatore ; 
 W. Ghats, chiefly on E. slopes. 
 
 A climbing slender shrub. The root bark gives a dye, 
 The leaves are very variable in shape, but always dis- 
 tinguishable from those of V. calyculata both in size and 
 venation. Yern. Tel. Surati chekka ; Tarn. Yempadam. 
 
 4. YENTILAGO LANCEOLATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 134. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar and Tinnevelly (Barber, Lawson). 
 A climbing shrub with nearly black branches. 
 
 5. YENTILAGO BOMBAIENSIS, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 631 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 114 (under Zizyphm wynadensis, Bedd. corrected in Index 
 p. iii). 
 
 Moist woods in Wynaad at 3,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 2. Zizyphus, Juss. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, usually armed with sharp 
 straight or hooked thorns, which are transformed stipules 
 thorns solitary or in pairs, usually one straight, the other curved 
 Leaves alternate, subdistichous, 3-5-ribbed. Flowers small, 
 greenish or yellowish, in axillary fascicles or in sessile or 
 peduncled cymes. Calyx with broadly obconic tube and 5 tri- 
 angular acute lobes keeled within, lobes valvate. Petals 5, or 
 rarely 0, cucullate, deflexed. Stamens 5, opposite to and enclosed 
 in the petals and usually longer than them. Disk 5-10-lobed, 
 flat or pitted, the margin free. Ovary sunk in or aduate at the 
 
ZizypKus.i RHAMttACEAE* 219 
 
 base to the disk, 2-4-celled ; styles 2-3, rarely 4, free or connate ; 
 stigmas small, papillose. Fruit a globose or oblong drupe, with 
 a woody or bony 1-4-celled and -seeded stone. Seed plano-convex ; 
 albumen or scanty; cotyledons thick ; radicle short. 
 Petals 5 ; stone hard and thick, more or less rugose : 
 
 Styles 2 ; flowers in fascicles or sessile or short-peduncled cymes : 
 Erect trees or shrubs : 
 Armed : 
 
 Small tree, usually with short thick bole and rounded head ; 
 leaves ovate-elliptic, up to 25 in. long by 1-5 in. broad, 
 fuscous-tomentose beneath ; disk grooved ; drupe oblong or 
 
 globose over '5 in. in diam 1. Jujuba. 
 
 Low much-branched shrubs ; drupe about 3 in. in diam. : 
 Leaves fuscous-tomentose beneath, up to 1*5 in. in diam.; 
 disk grooved ; both straight and recurved thorns strong 
 
 Jujuba var. fruticosa. 
 
 Leaves grey -pubescent on both sides, -5-'75 in. in diam. ; 
 disk pitted ; both straight and recurved thorns slender 
 
 2. nummularia 
 
 Unarmed tree; leaves elliptic, obtuse or slightly acute, glabrous 
 or pubescent on nerves beneath and petiole ; disk not pitted 
 
 or grooved ; fruit globose, yellow 3. trinervia. 
 
 Very thorny large climber; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 1-2*5 in. long, very oblique at base, silky-pubescent; drupe 
 
 *25 in. in diam.; disk pitted 4. Oenoplia. 
 
 Styles 3 ; flowers in pedunculate cymes ; disk smooth : 
 
 Small tree or straggling shrub, armed or unarmed; leaves 
 usually suborbicular, reticulate and pubescent beneath ; drupes 
 globose, grey-tomentose or nearly glabrous, sometimes acute at 
 
 apex 5. Xylopyrus. 
 
 Low shrub with sharp thorns on broad bases ; leaves small, 
 glabrous except on nerves beneath ; drupes globose, glabrous, 
 
 the stones rugose 6. horrida. 
 
 Petals ; styles 2 ; erect small tree or climbing shrub ; flowers in 
 pedunculate cymes making panicles on terminal branchlets; leaves 
 large, elliptic, cordate ; thorns usually solitary, recurved ; drupe 
 1- rarely 2-celled, stone crustaeeous not rugose; disk smooth 
 
 7. rugosa. 
 
 1. ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA, Larnk. ; F. B. I. i. 632; W. & A. 162; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 99 ; Brand. For. PL 1. 17. 
 In all dry Districts, wild in deciduous dry forests and 
 
220 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Zizyphus. 
 
 cultivated in and near villages and tlience ruii*wild on 
 
 waste lands. 
 
 A low much-branched thorny tree with erect often thick 
 
 stem and rounded head, the leaves suborbicular, fulvous - 
 
 tawny beneath. Bark dark grey, nearly black, with irregular 
 
 cracks. Wood hard, reddish, tough and strong, in regular 
 
 use for saddle-trees and many other purposes and a good 
 
 fuel. The fruit is edible. Yern. Hind. Ber; Ur. Boro- 
 
 koli; Tel. Rengha ; Tain. Yellande, Ilantha; Kan. Yelchi ; 
 
 Mai. Cherumali. 
 
 ~VsiY.fruticosa, Haines, a shrub with small leaves, smooth 
 
 very thorny branches and small fruit. Much used for 
 
 fencing purposes. 
 
 Circars, Deccaii and Cariiatic, from Godavari to Tinne- 
 
 velly, chiefly on stony waste lands. 
 
 2. ZlZYPHUS NUMMULARIA, W. & A. 162; F. B. I. L 633. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry stony scrub forests, common 
 on black cotton soil. 
 
 A small shrub with small leaves, divaricating very thorny 
 zigzag branches and small fruit. The stems are cut for 
 fencing purposes. 
 
 3. ZIZYPHTJS TRINERVIA, Roxb. Z. glabrata, Wt. Ic. t. 282; 
 W. & A. 162 ; F. B. I. i. 633. 
 
 W. Ghats on the E. side, in Coimbatore, Nilgiris and 
 Anamalais to S. Travancore at low elevations, in dry 
 localities. 
 
 A small unarmed tree up to 30 ft. high with a hard olive- 
 brown wood. Vern. Tarn. Kottei, Karukava ; Mai. 
 Karkala. 
 
 4. ZIZYPHUS OENOPLIA, Mill. ; F. B. I. i. 634 ; W. & A. 163. 
 
 Almost all Districts, especially in dry forest localities and 
 open bushy places. 
 
 A large, very thorny, straggling or climbing shrub. The 
 branches are used in fencing, and the small black fruits 
 are pleasant to eat. Yern. Hind. Makoh ; Ur. Barokoli ; 
 Tel. Paranu, Pariki ; Tarn. Kottei; Mai. Mulli. 
 
 5. ZIZYPHUS XYLOPYRUS, Willd. ; F. B. I. i. 634; W. & A. 
 162. 
 
 Almost all Districts in dry deciduous forests. 
 
 A large straggling shrub or small tree with globose, 
 
Rltaniuiifi. RHAMNACEAE. 221 
 
 velvety, sometimes nearly glabrous, fruit and 3-celled 
 
 hard nut. The leaves are very white woolly when young 
 
 but nearly glabrous when old. Wood reddish-brown, hard, 
 
 similar to but not quite so good as that of Z. Jujuba. Vern. 
 
 Hind. Katbcr; Ur. Goto; Tel Got; Tam. Kottei ; Mai 
 
 Kotta. 
 
 Yar. <i<-iit. Gamble. Leaves ovate-acurninate, 3-3'5 by 
 
 1*5-2 in., very unequal at base. Berry ovoid, acute at apex, 
 
 '75 in. long, velvety. 
 
 Upper Godavari Forests (Gamble). 
 
 f>. ZIZYPHUS HORRIDA, Roth ; F. B. I. i. 636 ; W. &. A. 163. 
 Deccaii, in Kurnool and Mysore in dry forests and scrub 
 lands. 
 
 A shrub with very thorny branches, occasionally a small 
 tree, the thorns with very broad bases. Leaves sub- 
 orbicular, ovate or elliptic, serrate, nearly glabrous. 
 
 7. ZIZYPHUS RUGOSA. Lamk. ; F. B. I. i. 636 ; W. & A. 162 ; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 339. 
 
 All Forest Districts and up to 6,000 ft. in the W. Ghats, 
 chiefly in dry deciduous forest localities. 
 A large straggling thorny shrub or small tree with large 
 elliptic usually cordate leaves, paniculate flowers and 
 small fruit. Wood reddish, moderately hard. Vern. Hind. 
 Suran ; Ur. Chunu koli ; Tam. Charai ; Mai. Thodali. 
 
 3. Rhamnus, Linn. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, 
 peiimnerved ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite 
 or polygamous, in axillary fascicles or in simple or compound 
 racemes. Cfl/yar-tube urceolate, lobes 4-5, keeled within. Petals 
 4-5 or 0, flat or cncullate. Disk lining the calyx-tube, the margin 
 thin. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals; filaments 
 short ; anthers oblong, in $ flowers very small. Ovary free, 
 globose or ovoid, 3-4-celled ; styles distinct or somewhat connate ; 
 stigmas small, papillose. Fruit a fleshy berry-like drupe, seated 
 on the persistent calyx-tube; pyrenes 2-4, crustaceous. Seed 
 obovoid ; testa membranous or crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; 
 cotyledons flat, recurved at the margins ; radicle short. 
 
 Bi'anchlets ending in spines ; flowers usually 4-merous, long-pedicel- 
 
222 FLORA OF MADRAS. 
 
 late, fascicled in the axils of the also usually fascicled membranous 
 
 leaves ; drupe 1-2-celled 1. virgatus. 
 
 Branchlets without spines ; flowers 5-merous, short-pedicelled, in 
 oymes or racemes ; leaves not fascicled ; drupe 3-celled : 
 
 Leaves subcoriaceoiis, ovate-oblong, closely serrate, usually acute 
 
 at base, nerves prominent, about 8 pairs 2. Wightii. 
 
 Leaves chartaceous, elliptic -oblong, distantly crenate-serrate, 
 visually rounded at base, nerves hardly prominent, about 6 pairs 
 
 3. nepalensis. 
 
 1. R/HAMNUS VIRGATUS, Roxb. R. daJmricus var. liirsutus, 
 Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 639. R. hirsutus, W. & A. 165. 
 
 "W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Puliieys and the Hills of Tinne- 
 velly at 5,000-7,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub or small tree of forest undergrowth with leaves 
 usually small but sometimes reaching 3 in. in length. 
 
 2. RHAMNUS WIGHTII, W. & A. 164; Wt, Ic. 1. 159 ; F. B. I. i. 
 639. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, up to 7,000 ft. 
 A large shrub. 
 
 3. RHAMNUS NEPALENSIS, Lawson ; F. B. I. i. 640. 
 
 E. Ghats, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganj am, 4,500 ft. (Gamble), 
 
 Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam at 3,000 ft. (A. W. Lushing- 
 
 ton). 
 
 A large shrub. 
 
 $. Scutia, Commers. 
 
 Glabrous shrubs, usually armed with sharp-hooked thorns 
 which are abortive branchlets, from the leaf -axils. Leaves oppo- 
 site or subopposite, coriaceous, penninerved. Flowers hermaph- 
 rodite, small, in axillary fascicles or short-pednncled umbels. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate ; lobes 5, ovate, acute, thickened at the 
 apex. Petals 5, clawed, emarginate, flat or cucullate. Disk adnate 
 to the calyx-tube, cupshaped, the margin free, undulate. Stamens 
 5, as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid or globose, sunk in the 
 disk, 2-4-celled; style short; stigmas 2-4, papillose. Fruit obovoid 
 or subglobose, dry or slightly fleshy, girt at the base by the per- 
 sistent calyx-tube ; pyrenes 2-4, crustaceous, compressed ; seeds 
 compressed ; testa membranous ; albumen thin or ; cotyledons 
 plano-convex, fleshy. 
 
Colubrina.'] RHAMNACEAE. 223 
 
 SCIJTIA MYRTINA, Kurz. 8. inclica, Brongn. ; F. B. I. i. 640; 
 
 W. & A. 165 ; Wt. 111. i. t, 73. S. Rheediana, Wt. Ic. t. 1071. 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry deciduous and scrub 
 forest ; W. Ghats, on eastern slopes and up to 6,000 ft. 
 A straggling thorny shrub with small orbicular or obovate 
 coriaceous shining leaves. The branches are cut for making 
 dry hedges. Vern. Tel. Gariki ; Tarn. Tuvadi. 
 
 5. Sageretia, Brongn. 
 
 Straggling or climbing shrubs, usually armed with thorns 
 which are frequently recurved, branches opposite or subopposite. 
 Leaves subopposite, penninerved ; stipules minute, deciduous. 
 Flowers hermaphrodite, very small, sessile in fascicles along ter- 
 minal leafy or leafless thyrsoid branches. Calyx-tube hemi- 
 spheric ; lobes 5, acute, keeled within. Petals 5, clawed, cucullate. 
 Stamens 5, about equalling the petals. Disk cupshaped, filling 
 the calyx-tube, margin free, 5-lobed. Ovary free, enclosed by the 
 disk, 3-celled ; style short, 3-grooved ; stigmas 3, capitate. Fruit 
 globose, 3-celled and -seeded, indehiscent ; pyrenes 3, flattened. 
 Seeds orbicular ; testa crustaceous ; albumen thin ; cotyledons 
 flat, leafy, obcordate. 
 
 Thorns few, straight, short ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually shortly 
 acuminate, 2-4 in. long, 1-1*5 in. broad, main nerves aboiit 6 pairs ; 
 
 thyrse-braiiches slender 1. parviflora. 
 
 Thorns frequent, recurved,, long; leaves elliptic-oblong, abruptly 
 acuminate, 3-6 in. long, l'5-2'5 in. broad, main nerves 8-10 pairs ; 
 thyrse -branches rather stout 2. Jiamosa. 
 
 1. SAGERETIA PARVIFLORA, G. Don. S. oppositifolia, Brongn. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 641 in part. Berchemia parviflora, W. & A. 163. 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Gairjam, 4,500 ft., Reka- 
 palle in Godavari ; Deccan, on Hills, as on Horsleykonda, 
 4,500 ft., in Cuddapah, also in Mysore and Coimbatore; 
 W. Ghats, K and E. slopes of Nilgiris up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 '2. SAGERETIA HAMOSA, Brougn. ; F. B. I. i. 641. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 6,000-7,000 ft. 
 
 6. Colubrina, L. C. Rich. 
 
 Erect or sarmentose shrubs, unarmed. Leaves alternate, petio- 
 iate; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers in very short axillary 
 
224 FLORA OF MADRAS. [ColuMna. 
 
 cymes. Calyx-tube hemispheric, lobes 5, keeled within. Petals 
 5, inserted below the disk, clawed, cucullate. Dislc fleshy, 5- 
 angled, filling the calyx-tube. Stamens 5, enclosed within the 
 petals ; filaments filiform. Ovary subglobose, sunk in the disk, 
 3-celled ; style 3-cleft ; stigmas obtuse, papillose. Fruit a 3-celled 
 subglobose drupe, surrounded below the middle by the remains 
 of the calyx-tube, later on capsular, loculicidally dehiscing, cells 
 1-seeded, Seeds obovoid compressed ; testa coriaceous ; albumen 
 thin ; cotyledons suborbicular, cordate, flattened. 
 
 Glabrous shrub ; leaves ovate, obtusely acuminate at apex^ rounded 
 or cordate at base, l'5-3 in. long, 1-2 in. broad ; cymes slender 
 
 1. asiatica. 
 
 Large shrub with young branches, young leaves and inflorescence 
 golden -pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, 
 rounded at base, 3-6 in. long, l'5-2'5 in. broad ; cymes rather stout 
 
 2. travancorica. 
 
 1. COLTJBRINA ASIATICA, Brongn. ; F. B. 1. i. 642 ; W. & A. 
 166 ; Wt. 111. i. t. 74. 
 
 Coimbatore District (Beddome), often planted, especially 
 near the coast. 
 
 2. COLTJBRINA TBAVANCORICA, Bedd. Ic. 1. 188 ; F. B. I. i. 643. 
 
 E. Coast, in Travancore (Wight, Bedd., Bourdillon). 
 
 7. Gouania, Linn. 
 
 Unarmed shrubs, climbing by means of tendrils on the 
 branchlets and at the base of the inflorescence. Leaves alternate, 
 penninerved, petiolate ; stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers 
 small, polygamous, in fascicles in interrupted axillary or terminal 
 spikes or racemes. Calyx-tiibe short, obconic; lobes 5. Petals 5, 
 inserted below the margin of the disk, cucullate. Disk flat or 
 concave, filling the calyx-tube, with 5 rounded or horn-like lobes 
 alternate with the stamens. Stamens 5, enclosed within the 
 petals. Ovary sunk in the disk, 3-celled ; style 3-cleft ; stigmas 
 minute, papillose; ovules solitary. Fruit coriaceous, inferior, 
 tipped by the persistent calyx-lobes, of 3 separable indehiscent 
 dry naericarps, attached to a central filiform receptacle, and pro- 
 duced on each side in rounded wings. Seeds plano-convex, 
 obovate ; testa hard, shining ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons ovate, 
 cordate at base, retuse at apex ; radicle small. 
 
Helinus.'] RHAMNACEAE. 225 
 
 Disk villous, the lobes rounded; leaves elliptic-ovate, gradually 
 acuminate, rounded at base ; entire or slightly crenate-serrate ; 
 inflorescence densely whitish-pubescent ; mericarps small, '4 in. broad, 
 
 tf in. high 1. microcarpa. 
 
 Disk glabrous, the lobes stellately horned ; leaves ovate, abruptly 
 acuminate, subcordate at base, crenate-serrate ; inflorescence merely 
 puberulous ; mericarps larger, '5-'6 in, broad, '4-'5 in. high 
 
 2. leptostacliya. 
 
 1. GOUANIA MICROCARPA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 643 ; W. & A. 167. 
 
 W. Ghats, ill all Districts from S. Canara and Mysore 
 
 southwards, up to about 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large climbing shrub. Wt. Ic. t. 974 does not agree 
 
 with either this or the next. 
 
 GOUANIA LEPTOSTACHYA, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 643 ; W. & A. 
 166. G. tiliaefolia, Roxb. Cor. PL i. t, 98. 
 
 Forests of the N. Circars (see Boxb. W. & A., etc.). 
 
 A large climbing shrub. Yern. Tel. Penki tiga. 
 
 8. Helinus, E. Meyer. 
 
 Unarmed shrubs, climbing by means of tendrils ; branches 
 slender, angular. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire ; stipules 
 small, deciduous. Flowers small, umbellate, on long slender 
 axillary peduncles. Calyx-tube broadly obconic ; lobes 5, superior. 
 Petals 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, cucullate. Disk 
 epigynous, filling the calyx-tube, 5-angled. Stamens 5, as long 
 as the petals. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; style short, 3-cleft ; 
 stigmas small, recurved ; ovules solitary. Fruit obovoid-globose, 
 3-celled, tardily separating into 3 crustaceous cocci attached to a 
 central axis, the cocci dehiscent interiorly. Seeds plano-convex, 
 shining ; testa leathery, shining ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons 
 large, flat, obtuse ; radicle very short. 
 
 HELINUS LANCEOLATUS, Brand. ; F. B. I, i. 644. 
 
 E. Ghats, hilly country of Ganjam (Barber), Godavari 
 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A slender climber with ovate-lanceolate entire leaves, l-2'5 in. 
 
 long, and flowers in long-stalked umbels. 
 
 Noltia africana, Harv. & Sond. is a Cape shrub which nas been 
 introduced into and has more or less run wild in the Nilgiris, 
 
226 FLORA OF MADRAS. [HeZtmes. 
 
 Species of Pomaderris and Ceanothus are grown in hill gardens 
 as ornamental shrubs. 
 
 Family XLYII. YITACEAE. 
 
 Small trees or erect or climbing shrubs, the latter usually tendril- 
 bearing, stems and branches nodose. Leaves alternate, simple 
 lobed digitate or pedate, sometimes pinnate or bipinnate ; petiole 
 usually thickened at the articulate base; stipules 2. Flowers 
 regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, in panicled umbelled or 
 spicate cymes usually opposite the leaves, peduncles often trans- 
 formed into tendrils or tendril-bearing. Calyx small, entire or 
 4-5-toothed or -lobed. Petals 4-5, valvate, free or connate, 
 caducous. Disk free or connate with the petals stamens or ovary, 
 annular or expanded. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals, inserted at 
 the base of the disk or between its lobes ; filaments subulate ; 
 anthers free or connate, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary usually sunk 
 in the disk, 2-6-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascending, ana- 
 tropous; style short; stigma small, capitate or slightly lobed. 
 Fruit an indehiscent 1-6-seeded berry, often watery. Seeds erect, 
 often rugulose ; albumen cartilaginous sometimes ruminate ; 
 embryo basal ; cotyledons ovate or cordate ; radicle short, 
 inferior. 
 
 Scandent, rarely erect, usually tendril-bearing, shrubs or herbs ; 
 stamens free ; ovary 2 celled, cells 2-ovuled : 
 Flowers polygamo-dioecious : 
 
 Petals 5, deciduous in a calyptra ; stigma obtuse ; flowers in leaf- 
 opposed thyrses often bearing tendrils on the peduncles ; leaves 
 simple, lobed ; seeds pyriform, 2-furrowed on the face, 1-furrowed 
 
 on the back with a prominent chalaza 1 . Yitis. 
 
 Petals 4, spreading or recurved in flower ; stigma 4-lobed ; 
 flowers in corymbiform cymes without tendrils on the peduncles ; 
 leaves pedately 5- or sometimes 1-3-foliolate; seeds globose, oblong 
 or pyriform, 2-furrowed on face, chalazci on back prominent 
 
 2. Tetrastigma. 
 
 Flowers polygamo-moiioecious ; petals 4-5, spreading or recurved 
 in flower ; stigma small or discoid ; flowers in leaf-opposed cymes 
 or thyrses with tendrils on the peduncle ; leaves simple or lobed, 
 sometimes digitate or pedate ; seeds oblong or obovoid, convex on 
 back, 2-furrowed on face X. Ampelocissus, 
 
Ftfis.] VITACEAE. 227 
 
 Flowers hermaphrodite ; tendrils leaf-opposed : 
 
 Petals 5, spreading or sometimes calyptrate ; flowers in terminal 
 or leaf-opposed dichotomous cymes ending in umbellules ; leaves 
 
 trifoliolate ; seeds globose, smooth 4. Parthenocissus. 
 
 Petals 4, at first connivent, then separating : 
 
 Berry usually 1-seeded, the seeds ellipsoid or pyriform ; smooth 
 or facetted or pitted, the albumen with 3 vertical lobes; leaves 
 
 usually simple, sometimes 3-foliolate or digitate 5. Cissus. 
 
 Berry 2-4-seeded ; seeds hemispheric with deep pits, oblong 
 angular or pyriform ; albumen only sometimes with 3 vertical 
 
 lobes; leaves 3-foliolate or pedate or digitate 0. Cayratia. 
 
 Erect shrubs without tendrils; stamens free or connate at their 
 margins, the filaments inserted in the lobes'of a staminal tube ; ovary 
 3-6-celled, cells 1-ovuled; leaves large, simple or 1-3-pinnate. 
 
 7. Leea. 
 
 i. Yitis, L. (reduced). 
 
 Shrubs, usually climbing, with tendrils opposite to the leaves 
 or on the peduncles. Leaves simple, variously lobed; stipules 
 2, deciduous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in leaf-opposed thyrses. 
 Calyx cupular, with 5 obscure teeth. Petals 5, coherent by their 
 tips and deciduous as a calyptra. Stamens 5 ; filaments slender, 
 long in <$ shorter in <$ ; anthers introrse. Disk of 5 hypogynous 
 glands, sometimes confluent. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each 
 cell; styles very short or 0; stigma obtuse. Fruit a 2-celled 
 succulent berry. Seeds 4 or less, pyriform, 2-furrowed on the 
 face, 1-furrowed on the back with a prominent rounded or elliptic 
 chalaza. 
 
 VITIS LANATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 651 in part: W. & A. 131 in 
 part. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Hills of Yizagapatam and Godavari at 
 2,000-3,500 ft. 
 
 A climbing shrub with porous wood, dark brown bark, ovate- 
 cordate slightly 3 -lobed leaves and small globose fruit, the 
 young shoots and under surface of the leaves covered with 
 cinnamomeous wool. 
 
 Vitis wnifera, L. the Yine, is not much cultivated in Madras, 
 but good fruit has been grown in the Deccan Hills as in Mysore 
 and Kurnool. 
 
228 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tetrastigma. 
 
 2. Tetrastigma, Planch. 
 
 Climbing shrubs with simple or forked tendrils, the steins and 
 branches often flattened. Leaven usually pedate with 5-7 leaflets, 
 sometimes 1- or 3-foliolate. ^/owerspolygamo-dioecious, in axillary 
 rarely leaf-opposed cymes, the cymes corymbose, 2-3-chotomous, 
 puberulous. Calyx cupular, scarcely lobed, very small. Petals 4, 
 spreading or recurved in flower, the tip usually mucronate- 
 hooded. Stamens 4, in $ flowers very much reduced and stami- 
 nodial. Disk hypogynons, more or less persistent in fruit. 
 Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short ; stigma 
 4-lobed. Fruit a 1-4-seeded berry, usually succulent, sometimes 
 nearly dry. Seeds globose, oblong or pyriform, convex on the 
 back with a prominent chalaza, 2- or forked-furrowed on the face, 
 often crenately channelled on the sides, albumen ruminate. 
 
 Berry small, about '25 in. in diam., seed smooth, globose ; stems not 
 
 or little tuberculate : 
 
 Leaves usually pedately 5-foliolate, leaflets lanceolate or oblanceo- 
 late, sharply acuminate, distantly but prominently serrate, more or 
 
 less fleshy, not prominently reticulate 1. lanceolarium. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic, obtusely acuminate, entire or 
 nearly so, submembranous, prominently reticulate 2. canarense. 
 
 Berry rather large, over '5 in. in diam. ; seed oblong or pyriform, 
 
 crenate on margin ; stems tuberculate : 
 
 Seed oblong, with a clavate chalaza on back and 2 deep furrows on 
 face, crenatures slight ; leaves large, pedately 5-foliolate, acumi- 
 nate, crenate on margins 3. sulcatum. 
 
 Seed pyriform, chalaza on back oblong, furrows on face shallow, 
 marginal crenatures deep ; leaves small, 3-foliolate or sometimes 
 pedately 5-foliolate, uppermost often 3-foliolate, acute, glabrous, 
 margins shortly serrate 4. muricatum. 
 
 1. TETRASTIGMA LANCEOLARIUM, Planch. Vitis lanceolaria 
 Roxb.; F. B. I. i. 660; W. & A. 128; Wt. Ic. t. 177. 
 V. serratifolia, W. & A. 128. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan to the E. slopes of the Nilgiris up 
 
 to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large climber with flattened stems and dry fruit. 
 
 2. TETRASTIGMA CANARENSE, Gamble n. comb. Vitis cana- 
 rensis, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 655. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad at 3,000 ft. (Lawson). 
 
Ampelocissits.'] VITACEAE. 229 
 
 A climber with trifoliolate leaves and red (or dead white 
 Dalzell) berry, liked by monkeys. 
 
 3. TETRASTTGMA SULCATUM, Gamble, n. comb. Vitis sulcatd, 
 Laws. ; F. B. I. i. 661. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Malabar and W. Nilgiris to the Anamalais 
 
 and Travancore Hills up to 4,500 ft. 
 
 A large climber with thick stems and large green berry. 
 
 4. TETRASTIGMA MURICATUM, Gamble n. comb. Vitis muri- 
 
 cata, Wall. ; W. & A. 660; Wt. Ic. t. 740. V. lanceolaria. 
 
 Laws, in F. B. I. i. 660 in part; Wt. Ic. t. 28 not o/Roxb. 
 
 W. Ghats, in most Districts and up to 6,000 ft., fairly 
 
 common. 
 
 A large climber with prominently warted branchlets. 
 
 3. Ampelocissus, Planch. 
 
 Climbing shrubs, with tendrils on the peduncles. Leaves 
 simple, entire or lobed, sometimes digitate or pedate or biternate. 
 Flowers polygamo-moiioecious, pseudo-hermaphrodite, in leaf- 
 opposed pedunculate cymes or thyrses, the peduncles tendril- 
 bearing. Calyx cupular, with 4-5 obscure teeth. Petals 4-5, 
 spreading or recurved in flower. Stamens 4-5, inserted without 
 the disk ; filaments slender. Disk annular, erect, often vertically 
 5-10-furrowed. Ovary 2-celled, immersed more or less in the 
 disk ; 2 ovules in each cell; style short, conical, often 10-furrowed ; 
 stigma small in $, discoid in (J. Fruit a, 2-3-seeded succulent 
 berry. Seeds oblong or obovoid, convex on the back, 2 -furrowed, 
 with a broad keel (raphe) on the face, often crenately cleft on the 
 margins. 
 
 Disk short, thin, embracing merely the base of the ovary, not 
 
 furrowed : 
 
 Cyme thick-branched, woolly: 
 
 Leaves orbicular-cordate or 3-7-angled or -lobed, eimiamomeous- 
 tomentose beneath, seeds obcordate, crenate on the margins, 2- 
 f arrowed and keeled 011 the face, pitted on the back and with 
 
 prominent ray-like clefts 1. tomentosa. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, the side leaflets semi-cordate, the middle one 
 ovate, greyish browii-tomentose beneath ; seeds obovate but not 
 crenate on the margins, broadly ridged on the face, pitted and 
 
 with shallow rays on the back 2. araneosa. 
 
 Cyme nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves thin, 3- rarely 5-foliolate 
 
230 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ampelocissus. 
 
 the side leaflets semicordate, the end one lanceolate, thinly grey- 
 pubescent beneath , 3. divaricata. 
 
 Disk short, thick, 5-furrowed ; leaves orbicular or cordate, rounded or 
 3-5-angled or -lobed, glabrous ; inflorescence a small compact puberu- 
 
 lous thyrse ; seed oblong, crenate on the margin 4. latifolia. 
 
 Disk elongate, thickened, embracing most of the ovary, 5-furrowed ; 
 leaves orbicular cordate, the margins denticulate-serrate with hard 
 points : 
 
 Flowers in often very large very thick compound cymes, sessile or 
 subsessile in the middle of copious wool; calyx also with long 
 
 hairs 5. erioclada. 
 
 Flowers in sessile umbels with slender pedicels in short racemes, 
 woolly at base at first, later on nearly free from it ; calyx without 
 long hairs 6. Arnottiana. 
 
 1. AMPELOCISSUS TOMENTOSA, Planch. Vitis tomentosa. 
 Heyne; F. B. I. i. 650; W. & A. 130; Wt. 111. t. 57. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in hill forests ; W. Ghats, 
 from Coorg to the Anainalais up to 5,000 ft. 
 A large climbing vine with scarlet flowers ; young shoots 
 and leaves and stems with much cinnamomeous wool, the 
 leaves variable in shape and lobes. 
 
 2. AMPELOCISSUS ARANEOSA, Planch. Vitis araneosus, Lawson ; 
 F. B. I. i. 657. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the ^Nilgiri, Pulney and Anamalai Hills, 
 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem, up to 4,500 ft. 
 
 A slender far-climbing shrub, the leaves sometimes merely 
 
 lobed. 
 
 3. AMPELOCISSUS DIVARICATA, Planch. Vitis divaricata, 
 Wall, ; F. B. I. i. 657. 
 
 E. Ghats in the Madgol Hills of Vizagapatani at 3,500 ft. 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 A slender climber with thin long-acuminate usually 3- 
 foliolate leaves. 
 
 4. AMPELOCISSUS LATIFOLIA, Planch. Vitis latifolia, Roxb. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 652 : W. & A. 130. 
 
 , N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic in hill forest regions, 
 westwards to the Nilgiri and Anamalai slopes. 
 A rather slender herbaceous climbing vine with thin broad 
 variable glabrous leaves, only the young shoots and 
 inflorescence pubescent. 
 
Parthenocissus.'] VITACEAE. 231 
 
 5. AMPELOCISSUS ERIOCLADA, Planch. Viiis erioclackt, W. & 
 A. 130; F. B. Li. 651. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Tinnevelly (Wight, etc.). 
 
 A stout climber with hollow cylmdric stem and large 
 
 thick-branched panicles of cymes. 
 
 6. AMPELOCISSUS AKNOTTIANA, Planch. Vitis indica, W. & A. 
 131 ; F. B. I. i. 653 not of Linn. 
 
 W. Coast and "W. Ghats from S. Canara to Tinnevelly, up 
 
 to 3,000 ft. in Wynaad. 
 
 A slender climbing shrub, the branches and leaves covered 
 
 with much ferruginous wool; the flowers in short dense 
 
 racemes of umbels, the seed convex and rugose on the 
 
 back, hollowed in 2 cavities in front with a sharp ridge 
 
 between. 
 
 4. Parthenocissus, Planch. 
 
 Climbing shrubs with much-branched tendrils , opposite the 
 leaves, the tendril-branches ending in disks which attach them- 
 selves to objects ; stems often short thick-barked. Leaves tri- 
 foliolate, long-petiolate. side leaflets semicordate at base on the 
 outer, narrowly contracted on the inner side. Flowers hermaph- 
 rodite, in terminal or leaf-opposed branched dichotomous cymes, 
 ending in umbellules. Calyx cupular, irregularly 5-dentate. 
 Petals 5, induplicate-valvate, spreading -or sometimes calyptrate, 
 each petal hooded at the tip and with, a usually bifid acumen. 
 Stamens 5, inserted under the disk ; anthers oblong. Disk thin 
 and obscure, adnate to the base of the ovary. Ovary ovoid, 2- 
 celled ; style short, thick ; stigma small, capitate ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell. Fruit a- rarely 2-4-seeded berry. Seeds globose, 
 smooth, with a narrow raplie half -encircling. 
 PARTHENOCISSUS NEILGHERBIENSIS, Planch. - Vitis neilgher- 
 rlensis, Wt. Ic. t. 965. Vitis himalayana, Braiidis ; F. B. I. i. 
 655 in part. V. anctmalayana, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 656. 
 
 W. Ghcits, from the Nilgiris to the Aiiainalai and Puliiey 
 Hills, up to 6,000 ft, 
 
 A vast climber (Lawson) with large leaves, the leaflets often 
 6 in. long, cuspidate -serrate and usually very long-acuminate 
 at the tips. 
 
232 FLORA OF MADRAS, 
 
 5. Cissua, Linn, (modified), 
 
 Shrubs^ erect or climbing, with tendrils opposite to the leaves, 
 occasionally absent in erect species. Leaves simple or lobed, 
 rarely trifoliolate; Flowers hermaphrodite, tetramerous, in 
 umbellately divided cymes opposite to the leaves, the branches 
 ending in nmbellules. Calyx cupshaped, entire or obscurely lobed. 
 Petals 4, triangular-ovate, induplicate-valvate, at first connivent 
 in a calyptrate corolla, afterwards separating. Stamens 4 ; fila- 
 ments slender; anthers usually oblong. Disk small, 4-lobed, 
 adnate to the base of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in 
 each cell ; style subulate ; stigma small. Fruit usually 1-seeded, 
 occasionally with 2 or more, a fleshy berry. Seeds ellipsoid or 
 pyriforni, with an encircling raphe, smooth or facetted or pitted 
 on either side, the testa crustaceous with two interior ridges at 
 the base ; albumen with 3 vertical lobes ; cotyledons reniform, 
 sometimes 3 ; radicle rather large. 
 
 Seeds smooth except for encircling raphe : 
 
 Seeds ellipsoid, pale 5 berry globose, red j stems 4-winged, fleshy, 
 contracted at the nodes ; leaves broadly reniform, entire or lobed 
 
 1. quadrangularis. 
 
 Seeds more or less pyriform ; stems not winged : 
 Leaves usually trifoliolate, rarely only lobed or entire, leaflets 
 lanceolate, the side ones very unequal- sided ; berry black ; slender 
 
 climbers 2. trilobata . 
 
 Leaves ovate acuminate, deeply cordate at base, green when dry, 
 membranous ; berry black ; slender trailers with glaucous-white 
 
 stems 3 . repens. 
 
 Leaves more or less orbicular, cordate at base : 
 
 Erect glabrous shrubs with grey bark and glaucous branchlets, 
 rarely with tendrils ; leaves large, cordate, with shallow in- 
 curved serratures ; fruiting pedicels thick ; berry top globose ; 
 
 seeds smooth , 4. pallida. 
 
 Climbing shrubs with tendrils : 
 
 Glabrous, the stems pale, smooth, leathery, branchlets 
 glaucous ; leaves thick and leathery, poplar-like, cordate, 
 obscurely crenate-serrate, pale when dry ; fruiting pedicels 
 clavate ; berry-top globose, seeds smooth on the face 
 
 5. Heyneana. 
 
 Tomentose, the stems soft, wrinkled, branchlets terete, soft, 
 subglaucous j leaves shallowly cordate, repand-crenate, dark 
 
Cissns.l VITACEAE. 233 
 
 when dry ; fruiting pedicels slender ; berry-top oblong, 
 
 seeds with a faint crescent ridge on the face 6. vepanda, 
 
 Seeds tessellated on either side of the raphe with angular facets : 
 Very tomentose ; pedicels usually recurved in fruit : 
 
 Tomontum grey ; leaves broadly cordate, 5-angled or sometimes 
 -lobed, conspicuously blunt-serrate ; berry blue, glaucous 
 
 7. vitiginea. 
 Tomentum ferruginous; leaves broadly cordate, acuminate, with 
 
 inconspicuous bristly serratures ; berry black 8. adnata. 
 
 Glabrous, the branchlets glaucous ; pedicels erect in fruit ; leaves 
 cordate, rounded above with an abrupt acumen, bristly serrate, 
 
 nearly black when dry 9. glauca. 
 
 Seeds with pits in lines on either side of the raphe : 
 
 Slender climbing plants, glabrous or nearly so ; berries glabrous : 
 Seeds obovoid ; branchlets subangular, red, herbaceous ; leaves 
 ovate, cordate, acuminate, blotched with pink and white on the 
 upper surface, purple on the lower ; berry reddish-purple 
 
 10. discolor. 
 
 Seeds obtriangular ; branchlets 4-winged, soft ; leaves ovate, 
 truncate-cordate at base, green ; berry black-purple 
 
 11. glyplocarpa. 
 
 Fleshy herbaceous plants, very bristly setose, especially the berries ; 
 leaves trif oliolate, the leaflets sharply serrate ; berry bright red, 
 the seeds deeply pitted and crenate on the margins 12. setosa. 
 
 1. Cissus QUADRANGULARIS, Linn. Vitis quadrangularis, 
 Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 645 ; W. & A. 125 ; Wt. Ic. t. 51. 
 
 N. Circars. Deccan and Carnatic, in dry regions, extending 
 
 west to the lower E. slopes of W. Ghats and south to S. 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 A much rambling shrub, the branches climbing over 
 
 bushes to a long distance. Yern. Tel. Nalleru ; Mai. 
 
 C hangalaparaiida. 
 
 2. Cissus TRILOBATA, Lamk. Vitis Rheedii, W. & A. 127 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 653. 
 
 W. Coast and W. slopes of W. Ghats in Malabar and 
 
 Travancore up to 3,000 ft, 
 
 A weak fleshy- stemmed climbing shrub with white berries. 
 
 3. Cissus REPENS ? Lamk. Vitis repens, W. and A. 125 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 646. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats from S. Canara to the Anamalais 
 and Travancore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 E 
 
234 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cissus. 
 
 A weak trailing shrub, the sterns glaucous and glabrous, 
 with ovate-cordate thin leaves. 
 
 4. Cissus PALLIDA, Planch. Vitis pallida, W. & A. 125 ; 
 F. B. 1. i. 647. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan. and W. Ghats in dry forests, especially 
 in the Ceded Districts. 
 
 An erect shrub with large leaves and woody stem, 
 occasionally tendril-bearing and perhaps somewhat scan- 
 dent. 
 
 5. CISSTJS HEYNEANA, Planch. Vitis Heyneana, Wall. ; F. B. 1. 
 i. 647 ; W. & A. 125. 
 
 W. Grhats, from the Nilgiris to the Pulneys and the Hills 
 of Travancore, at low levels, scarce. 
 
 A coarse climber with thick fleshy stems and ovate-cordate 
 pale green poplar-like leaves scarcely serrate. 
 
 6. Cissus REPANDA, Yahl. Vitis repanda ; W. & A. 125 ; 
 F. B. I. i. 648. 
 
 Deccan, in the Hills of Cuddapah, Anantapur and Mysore 
 up to 4,500 ft., Hills of Chingleput ; E. slopes of W. Ghats 
 from Nilgiris to Tinnevelly. 
 
 A climbing shrub with branched and twisted tendrils and 
 pyriform fruit. 
 
 7. Cissus VITIGINEA, L. Vitis Linnaei, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 649 ; 
 W. & A. 126. 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam and Godavari; Deccan and 
 Carnatic, in hill scrub forests chiefly, up to 4,500 ft. and 
 west to the lower slopes of the Pulney Hills ; W. Coast, in 
 Travancore, in secondary forests. 
 
 A small, erect trailing or climbing, grey-tomentose shrub, 
 with blue single- seeded berries. 
 
 8. Cissus ADNATA, Roxb. ; Wt. Ic. 1. 144. Vitis adnata, Wall. 
 F. B. I. i. 649 ; W. & A. 126. 
 
 W. Coast and W. slopes of Grhats, at low levels. 
 
 A slender far-climbing shrub with ferruginous tomentum 
 
 on leaves. 
 
 9. Cissus GLAUCA, Eoxb. Vitis glauca, W. & A. 126 ; F. B. I. i. 
 648. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A stout rambling shrub with glaucous stems and cordate 
 
 cuspidate leaves. 
 
Caijratia.l VITACEAE. 235 
 
 10. Cissus DISCOLOR, Blume. Vitis discolor, Dalz. ; F. B. I. i. 
 647. F. innequai;$, W. & A. 125. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, in evergreen forest, up to 
 4,000 ft, 
 
 A slender climber with red branches and pedicels and very 
 pretty blotched leaves, often cultivated. 
 
 11. Cissus GLYPTOCARPA, Planch. Vitis glyptocarpa , Thw. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 646. 
 
 W. Ghats, W. slopes of Nilgiris at 1,000 ft. (Lawson), 
 Tiimevelly Hills (Barber). 
 
 A slender climbing shrub with winged branchlets and 
 conspicuously pitted seeds. 
 
 12. Cissus SETOSA, Roxb. Vitis setosa, Wall. ; F. B. I. i. 654 ; 
 W. & A. 127; Wt, Ic. t, 170. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry localities, extending westwards 
 
 to the E. slopes of the W. Ghats. 
 
 A herbaceous rambler with fleshy steins and leaves and a 
 
 red hairy berry, the whole plant very acrid. 
 Cissus gigantea, Planch ; Vitis gigantea, Bedd, is a little 
 known species of very large size, near C. repanda, Vahl, with 
 deeply cordate nearly glabrous leaves, in the Anamalai Hills at 
 2,000 ft. 
 
 6. Cayratia, Juss. 
 
 Climbing shrubs with tendrils opposite to the leaves. Leaves 
 alternate, trifoliolate or pedate ; stipules 2, small. F towers herma- 
 phrodite, tetramerous, in axillary or pseudo-terminal corymbs or 
 umbels. Calyx cupular, not or rarely toothed. Petals 4, valvate, 
 sometimes corniculate, more or less cucullate within. Stamens 
 4, inserted round the disk ; anthers introrse. Disk entire, sinuate 
 or lobed, adnate with the ovary. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in 
 each cell ; style subulate ; stigma indistinct. Fruit a 2-4-seeded 
 berry, usually dry. Seeds obcordate, smooth or angular, hemi- 
 spheric pyriform or oblong, convex on the back, with 1 or 2 ventral 
 cavities covered with a membrane, the section of the albumen 
 often making a crescent or a T ; cotyledons small, ovate ; radicle 
 small. 
 
 Seed hemispheric, sect on of seed-albumen more or less crescent- 
 shaped : 
 
236 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cayratia. 
 
 Section of albumen with nearly circular outline, not grooved within, 
 face-cavity deep ; leaves trifoliolate, leaflets large, glabrous, entire 
 or undulate-dentate ; fruiting peduncles 2 in. long, fruit dry 
 
 1. Roxburghii 
 
 Section of albumen somewhat flattened, 2-grooved within, slightly 
 angled on sides, face cavity round, small ; leaves pedately 7-9-folio- 
 late, usually softly pubescent, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate; fruiting peduncles 1-1*5 in. long, fruit rather dry, white 
 
 2. pedata. 
 
 Section of albumen rectangular with incurved ends, 2-grooved 
 within, face cavity the whole length of seed ; leaves 3-foliolate, 
 long and softly villous as are the branchlets and fruit ; fruit 
 
 fleshy, white, nearly 1 in. in diam 3. mollissima. 
 
 Seed pyriform, small, section of seed-albumen T-shaped : 
 
 Seed very acute at base, much rugose above, chalaza on back round ; 
 leaves pedately 5-foliolate, glabrous or pubescent, leaflets sharply 
 
 serrate 4. japonica. 
 
 Seed trigonous, the plane faces pitted, chalaza on back linear with 
 shallow bars on either side ; leaves pedately 3-foliolate, usually 
 
 pubescent, leaflets dentate, rounded or acute 5. carnosa . 
 
 Seed with sharp angles, the base rounded, the face keeled, section of 
 seed-albumen subrectangular ; fruit black ; leaves pedately 5-folio- 
 late, glabrous, leaflets small, sharply serrate ; flower-peduncles and 
 
 pedicels filiform 6. tenuifolia. 
 
 Seed obovate-oblong, furrowed and transversely ridged on the back, 
 2-pitted on the face, the section showing 3 vertical lobes in the 
 albumen ; fruit red ; leaves digitate, the leaflets obovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, the stipules falcate ; flower-peduncles and pedicels fleshy 
 
 7. auriculata. 
 
 1. CAYRATIA ROXBURGHII, Gagnep. VUis Eoxburgliii, W. & A. 
 127; F. B. I. i. 655. 
 
 Tinnevelly Hills, at Conrtallum (Wight). 
 
 A glabrous climbing shrub with smooth black shining 
 
 bark. 
 
 2. CAYRATIA PEDATA, Juss. Vitis pedata, Yahl ; F. B. I. i. 
 661 ; W. & A. 128. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Vizagapatarn and Godavari ; 
 
 W. Ghats and W. Coast in all Districts. 
 
 A large but weak climbing shrub with soft pubescent 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Yar. gldbra, Gamble, 
 
fcea, VITACEAE. 237 
 
 Nilgiri Hills at 3,000 to 6,000 ft, 
 
 A small variety with thin glabrous long -acuminate leaflets. 
 
 3. CAYRATIA MOLLISSIMA, Gagnep. Vitis molliss-ima, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 656. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar and Nilgiris*, in evergreen forest, np 
 to 3,000 ft. (Lawson). 
 
 4. CAYRATIA JAPONICA, Gagiiep. V. tentiifulia. W. & A. 120, 
 in part-, F. B. I. i. 660, in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S.E. Wynaad, W. Nilgiri slopes, at 3,000 ft. 
 
 (Lawson). 
 
 A very slender climber. 
 
 5. CAYRATIA CARNOSA, Gagnep. Vitis cartiosa, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 654; W. & A. 127 ; Wt. Ic. t, 171. 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam and Godavari ; Deccaii and 
 Carnatic, but less common and chiefly in hills; W. Coast 
 and W. Ghats, common. 
 
 A somewhat fleshy twining shrub with usually pubescent 
 but often nearly glabrous leaves and white berries with 
 trigonous seeds. 
 
 6. CAYRATIA TENUIFOLIA, Gagnep. Vitis tenuifolia, W. & A. 
 12i) in- part; F. B. I. i. 660 in purl. Cissus tenuifolia, 
 Heyiie ; Planch. Moiiog. 563. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S.E. Wynaad, at 3,000 ft., Hills of Tinnevelly 
 
 (Barber). 
 
 A very slender graceful little vine with characteristic seeds. 
 
 7. CAYRATIA AURICULATA, Gamble n. comb. Vitis aiu-iculata, 
 Wall.; F. B. I. i. 658; W. & A. 129, in part ; Wt. Ic. t. 145. 
 
 N. Circars, in Godavari (Barber) ; W. Ghats, in the 
 Anamalai Hills, at 3,000 ft. (Gamble). 
 
 A large climber with spongy stems and red succulent 
 berries, the seed-structure more like that of Cissus. 
 
 7. Leea, Linn. 
 
 Small trees, shrubs or herbs; branches striate or furrowed, the 
 pith often very large ; no tendrils. Leaves alternate, usually large, 
 simple or 1-2-3-pimiate ; petiole dilated at the base into sheath- 
 ing stipules. Flowers small, red yellow white or greenish, in 
 leaf-opposed or subtermiiial pednncled corymbose cymes. Calyx 
 cupshaped or funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Petals 5, connate at the 
 base and adhering to the stamina! tube, afterwards revolute, 
 
238 FLORA OF MADRAS. [_Leea. 
 
 induplicate-valvate, hooded at apex and connate in bud. Disk 
 or staminal tube cylindric with 5 lobes, connate at the base with 
 the ovary, furnished within with a dependant toothed mem- 
 branous fold ; lobes entire or more or less prominently notched, 
 sometimes apiculate. Stamens 5, the filaments inserted between 
 the lobes of the disk, inflexed ; anthers attached by their middles 
 within the tube, introrse, free or connate at their margins in bud, 
 dehiscing longitudinally ; connective thick, oblong. Ovary 
 inserted on the base of the disk, 3-6-celled ; style short ; stigma 
 scarcely thickened; ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit a 3-6-celled, 
 usually succulent, depressed-globular, lobed, berry with 3-6 
 seeds attached to the centre. Seeds wedge-shaped with a 
 hard external and membranous inner testa, the latter deeply 
 protruded in about 6 folds into the albumen ; embryo basal with 
 small ovate cotyledons, radicle long. 
 
 Flowers red ; anthers united in bud ; lobes of staminal tube notched ; 
 leaves bipimiate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate,, long* acuminate, dark 
 brown to nearly black when dry, main nerves curved upwards with 
 3-4 serratures each, transverse nervules irregularly subparallel 
 
 1. Wiglitii. 
 Flowers white or greenish white : 
 
 Leaves simple or with few large pinnules ; anthers united in bud ; 
 herbaceous imdershrubs : 
 
 Leaves simple, cordate, hoary puberulous beneath, very large, 
 main nerves distant, slightly curved, branching near the margin 
 into 3-4 small serratures ; transverse nervules irregular ; lobes 
 of staminal tube entire or slightly cleft ; fruit black 
 
 2. macrophylla. 
 
 Leaves with 3-5 large pinnules, the lower ones sessile or nearly 
 so, hoary puberulous beneath, main nerves distant, branching 
 towards the margin into 3-5 serratures ; transverse nervules sub- 
 parallel, branched ; lobes of staminal tube notched ..3. latifolia. 
 Leaves pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, main nerves close and 
 parallel, as also the transverse nervules ; anthers not united in 
 bud ; lobes of staminal tube notched ; tindershrubs : 
 
 Stems, petioles and inflorescence branches with crisp wings; 
 leaflets usually oblong, with one main nerve to each serrature 
 and sometimes an intermediate small one, nearly glabrous ; ripe 
 
 fruits steel-grey 4. crispa. 
 
 Stems, etc., without crisp wings ; ripe fruits black : 
 
Leea.] VlTACflAfi. 239 
 
 Leaflets ovate cordate, main nerves dividing at top, each branch 
 running into a crenature; upper surface usually prominently 
 
 asperous between the nerves 5. aspera. 
 
 Leaflets ovate, long acuminate, more or less acute at base, main 
 nerves of leaves not prominently dividing at top, the serratures 
 having smaller ones between each pair ; upper surface not or 
 only slightly asperous, often punctate 6. Jierbacea. 
 
 Leaves 2-3-pinnate, main nerves more or less distant; anthers 
 
 iinited in bud, large shrubs : 
 
 Lobes of staminal tube entire or nearly so : 
 
 Lobes of staminal tube entire or slightly notched or serrate ; 
 leaflets large and broad, membranous, pubescent, especially on 
 the nerves, ovate- oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, light 
 brown when dry ; main nerves curved, thin, rather distant, 
 each space with several serratures, transverse nervules indis- 
 tinct, irregular 7. robusta. 
 
 Lobes of staminal tube apiculate ; leaflets small, membranous, 
 ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, with stiff hairs on the 
 upper surface and reddish pubescence on the nerves beneath, 
 nearly black when dry ; transverse nervules indistinct, 
 
 irregular 8. Venkobarowii. 
 
 Lobes of staminal tube notched at the apex : 
 
 Leaves glabrous, often very large and much divided, leaflets 
 oblong or elliptic-oblong, chartaceous, dark brown when dry, 
 main nerves distant, curved, forked at top, the smaller branch 
 running into the crenature, usually a second crenature between 
 each pair, transverse nervules many, not prominent ; fruit 
 
 black-purple 9. sambucina 
 
 Leaves pubescent, often scurfy, especially on nerves, under 
 surface with flat circular disks ; leaflets long, oblong, acu- 
 minate, with 2-3 shallow serratures to each main nerve, trans- 
 verse nervules prominent,, parallel ; fruit black . . . 10. aequata. 
 
 1. LEEA WIGHTII, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. 1881, 105 
 L. Staphylea, Wt. 111. t. 58 not of Roxb. 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, W: slopes of Nilgais, Anamalais and 
 Hills of Tiimevelly. 
 An undershrub of evergreen forests. 
 
 LEEA MACROPHYLLA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. i. 664, in part Wt. 
 Ic. t. 1154 ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 137. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar and Nilgiris in forest undergrowth. 
 A. herbaceous plant of Teak and similar dry forests. 
 
240 FLORA OF MADRAS. [_Leed. 
 
 3. LEE A LATIFOLIA, Wall. ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 138. L. cinerea, 
 Laws, in F. B. I. i. 665. L. coriacea, Laws. I.e. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar (Wight,, Barber). 
 
 4. LEEA CRISPA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 665 ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 135. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar and W. Nilgiri slopes. 
 
 A low imdershrub, easily recognized by the crispations of 
 
 the branchlets and petioles. 
 
 5. LEEA ASPERA, Edgew. ; F. B. I. i. 665 ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 
 136. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Ganjani and Godavari ; W. Ghats. 
 
 in Wynaad and Anamalais up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large midershrub of Teak and other rather dry forests. 
 
 6. LEEA HERBACEA, Ham. ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 137. 
 
 Deccaii, Sandur Hills of Bellary at 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large imdershrub, hardly distinct from L. asptra. 
 
 7. LEEA ROBUSTA, Boxb. ; W. & A. 132. L. diffusa, Laws, in 
 F. B. I. i. 667. 
 
 E. Ghats, Hills of N. Circars to the Godavari, up to 
 
 3,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in Malabar and W. Nilgiris up to 
 
 3,000 ft, 
 
 A large shrub with thick often hollow stems and thin 
 
 leaves. 
 
 8. LEEA VENKOBAROWII, Gamble in Kew. Bull. 1917, 26. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais at 3,000 ft. (Gamble), Hills of 
 Travancore (Yenkoba Bow). 
 
 9. LEEA SAMBUCINA, Willd. ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 139; F. B. I. i. 
 666 in part L. Staphylea, Boxb. ; W. & A. 132 ; Wt, Ic. t. 
 78. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Hills of the N. Circars, up to 4,000 ft. ; 
 Deccaii, Seshachellam Hills of Cuddapah at 3,000 ft.; W. 
 Ghats, in all Districts in evergreen forests up to 4,000 ft. 
 Usually a large shrub, but occasionally growing into a 
 small tree up to 30 ft. high. Verii. Tarn. Nyekki. Otta 
 nali ; Mai. Nyeru, Manipofandi ; Mar. Diiio. 
 
 10. LEEA AEQUATA, Linn. ; C. B. Clarke I.e. 163. L. hirta, 
 Boxb. ; F. B. I. i. 668. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam forests (Gamble). 
 
 A large shrub with scurfy pubescent leaves, the glands on 
 
 their uiidersurface, rather scarce. 
 
Tu.)'l>in>.^ STAPHYLEAUEAti. 241 
 
 Family XLYIII. STAPHYLEACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually tri- 
 foliolate or impariphmate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal or 
 axillary panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx of 5 free or 
 nearly free imbricate sepals. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk annular, 
 attached to the base of the calyx, usually lobed. Stamens 5, 
 opposite the sepals ; anthers 2-celled, the cells introrse. Ovary of 
 3 carpels, free or combined ; styles short ; stigmas capitate ; 
 ovules 2 or more in each cell. Fruit of 3 dehiscent capsules or 
 follicles or an indehisceiit berry. Seeds 4, arillate or exarillate, 
 albuminous ; embryo oblique ; cotyledons flat. 
 
 Turpinia, Vent. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with terete branches. Leaves opposite, iinpari- 
 pimiate, the leaflets opposite, stipellate, serrate. Flowers small, 
 regular, in terminal and axillary panicles with opposite branches. 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk an erect ring, lobed 
 or crenate. Stamens 5, inserted outside the disk. Ovary sessile, 
 3-lobed, 3-celled ; ovules 2 collateral or several 2-seriately super- 
 posed. Fruit a subglobose, fleshy berry, 3-celled. Seeds angular 
 without arillus ; testa hard, shining, often mottled ; hilum large ; 
 albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat or plano-convex. 
 
 Leaflets lanceolate, long-acuminate ; flowers small, about *2 in. in 
 diam. ; drupe size of a pea, 1-3-lobed ; filaments glabrous ; disk 
 
 deeply lobed 1 . nepalensis. 
 
 Leaflets elliptic ; abruptly obtuse-acuminate ; flowers about '4 in. in 
 diam. : drupe size of a cherry, 1-3 pointed but not lobed ; filaments 
 shortly villous ; disk evenly crenate 2. malabarica. 
 
 1. TURPINIA NEPALENSIS, Wall. ; W. & A. 156 ; Wt. Ic. t. 972 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 159. T. pomifera, DC. ; F. B. I. i. 698 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in Nilgiri Shola forests at high levels, 
 usually about 5,000 ft. ; Pulneys and Travancore Hills, 
 less common. 
 
 A moderate -sized tree with a soft grey useless wood. 
 Yerii. Badaga, Nila. 
 
 2. TURPINIA MALABARICA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1916, 135. 
 
 W. Coast; W. Ghats in the Anamalai Hills and Hills of 
 Travancore at low levels. 
 
242 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Turpinia. 
 
 A large tree with bright yellow young leaves. Vern. Tarn. 
 Kanali ; Mai. Pamba vetti. 
 
 Family XLIX. ACERACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled ; stipules 0. Flowers 
 regular, polygamous. Sepals and petals isomerous, sometimes 
 wanting. Disk annular or lobed, sometimes small or 0. Stamens 
 4-10, more usually 8, inserted outside or upon, rarely inside, the 
 disk ; filaments free. Ovary of 2 carpels, each 1-2-ovuled. Fruit 
 of 2 indehiscent samaroid mericarps ; albumen 0. 
 
 Acer, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; buds with many scales, the outer short, 
 coriaceous, the inner oblong, membranous, developing later. 
 Leaves entire or palmately lobed or divided or pinnately 3-5-folio- 
 late. Flowers regular, in terminal or lateral racemes or corymbs. 
 Calyx usually 5-, sometimes 4-12-lobed, the lobes imbricate, 
 deciduous. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, or 0, erect, shortly 
 clawed. Disk thick, annular or cupshaped. Stamens usually 
 8, inserted on the disk ; filaments usually shorter in <$ than in 
 $ flowers. Ovary 2- rarely 3-lobed and -celled, laterally com- 
 pressed ; cells 2-ovuled ; style bipartite, the divisions linear, 
 stigmatose on the inner face. Fruit a double samara, indehiscent, 
 the wing large, membranous, thickened at the back. Seeds 
 exalburuinous ; cotyledons irregularly folded ; radicle generally 
 long. 
 
 ACER NIVEUM, Blume ; F. B. I. i. 693. 
 
 1ST. Circars, Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam, about 3,000 ft. 
 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 A large tree with undivided, entire, oblong, acuminate leaves 
 up to 7 in. long, rounded at base and white- glaucous beneath. 
 Samaras incurved so as to be nearly parallel. 
 
 Acer oblongum, Wall., also with undivided leaves, has been 
 introduced from N. India and planted in the Nilgiris with some 
 success. 
 
 Family L. SAPINDACEAE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or rarely climbing herbs. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnate or rarely simple trifoliolate or unifoliolate. Flowers 
 regular or zygomorphic, generally polygamous. Calyx 4-5-lobed 
 
8 A FIND A CEA E . 243 
 
 or of 4-5 sepals, usually imbricate. Petals 4-5, sometimes 0, 
 generally with scales or tufts of hair above the claw. Disk 
 annular or unilateral, rarely (in $ flowers) 0, usually lobed. 
 Stamens 5-10, usually 8, usually inserted inside the disk or, in 
 zygomorphic flowers, behind it, rarely outside ; filaments free, 
 often villous. Ovary usually of 3 carpels, 3-celled, often 3-lobed ; 
 ovules generally 1, sometimes 2, in each cell. Fruit capsular or 
 indehiscent, entire or lobed, sometimes winged. Seeds with or 
 without arils, usually more or less globose ; albumen ; embryo 
 with normally curved or convolute cotyledons. 
 
 Stamens inserted inside the disk, sometimes unilateral : 
 Flowers irregular, zygomorphic ; disk usually unilateral: 
 
 Climbing herbs with biternate leaves, the leaflets dentate ; fruit 
 
 a membranous inflated capsule 1. Cardiospermum. 
 
 Erect shrubs or trees : 
 
 Sepals 4, in opposite pairs ; leaves 1 - or 3-foliolate, the leaflets 
 usually serrate ; fruit indehiscent, 1-2-lobed seeds with a 
 
 short aril, cotyledons folded 2. Allophylus. 
 
 Sepals o, imbricate ; leaflets entire : 
 
 Loaves paripimiate ; fruit 3-celled, not lobed ; seeds without 
 
 aril, cotyledons superposed 3. Lepisanthes. 
 
 Leaves imparipinnate ; fruit 1-3-lobed ; seeds without aril, 
 
 cotyledons thick 4. Erioglossum. 
 
 Flowers regular ; disk annular : 
 
 Ovules solitary ; fruit not inflated, indehiscent, carpels dru- 
 paceous : 
 
 Fruit entire : 
 
 Petals ; leaves paripinnate, the rhacliis not winged, 
 leaflets usually 3 pairs, broad ; oviiles erect ; seeds arillate, 
 
 cotyledons conduplicate 5. Schleichera. 
 
 Petals 5 ; leaves imparipinnate, the rhachis winged, leaflets 
 (5-8 pairs, narrow ; ovules pendulous ; seeds without aril, 
 
 cotyledons much crumpled 6. Filicium. 
 
 Fruit lobed ; leaves paripinnate : 
 Drupes smooth : 
 
 Drupes globose or ovoid, united at sides, sometimes later 
 on separating ; leaves with 2-3 pairs of thick leaflets 
 
 7. Sapindus. 
 
 Drupes oblong, united at base and diverging : 
 Leaves large, with usually 3-5 pairs of long lanceolate 
 leaflets ; seeds arillate 8. Thraulococcus. 
 
244 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cardiospefmunl* 
 
 Leaves small, sometimes bif oliolate ; seeds without aril 
 
 9. Aphania. 
 
 Drupes tubercled or muricate ; seeds with a thick fleshy aril 
 
 10. Nephelium. 
 
 Ovules 2 in each cell; fruit a large inflated, 2-lobed capsule; 
 leaves paripinnate with 2-4 pairs of membranous leaflets 
 
 11. Harpullia. 
 
 Stamens inserted outside the disk when present ; petals ; ovules 2 in 
 each cell ; fruit a membranous winged capsule ; leaves simple, shining, 
 oblanceolate , 12. Dodonaea. 
 
 1. Cardiospermum, Linn. 
 
 Climbing tendril-bearing herbs with wiry stems and branches. 
 Leaves alternate, biternate ; leaflets coarsely dentate. Flowers 
 irregular, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary racemes or corymbs, 
 the lowest pair of pedicels transformed into spiral tendrils. 
 Sepals 4, concave, the outer pair small, the inner large. Petals 
 4, in 2 pairs, the two upper near the stamens with a supra-basal 
 scale, the two lower remote from the stamens with a crested 
 inflexed appendage. Disk unilateral, of 2 glands opposite to the 
 lower petals. Stamens 8, excentric ; filaments unequal, free or 
 connate below. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, 3-fid, the segments 
 bearing inner stigmatic surfaces ; ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit a 
 membranous, inflated, trigonous capsule, loculicidally 3-valved 
 the valves reticulate. Seeds globose, usually with a conspicuous 
 hilum at the base; testa crustaceous; cotyledons large, trans- 
 versely conduplicate. 
 
 Capsules depressed, pyriform, winged at the angles ; leaves nearly 
 glabrous, leaflets acuminate at apex ; flowers small ; seeds black with 
 
 a large, white, heart-shaped hilum 1. Halicacabum. 
 
 Capsules at -first ovate acute, afterwards globose, not winged ; leaves 
 pubescent, leaflets usually obtuse, the end one mucronate ; flowers 
 moderate-sized ; seeds black with a small, orbicular, slightly emargi- 
 nate hilum 2 canescens. 
 
 1. CARDIOSPERMUM HALICACABUM, Liim; F. B. I. i. 670; 
 W.&A. 109; Wt. Ic. t. 508. 
 
 N". Circars and Carnatic, along the whole Coromandel 
 Coast from G-anjam to Tinnevelly ; West Coast, in Malabar 
 and Travancore. 
 The capsules are sometimes small (var. microcarpum, Bl.). 
 
Mlophylus.'] 8APINDACEAE. 245 
 
 2. CARDIOSPERMUM CANESCENS, Wall. PL As. Rar. i. t. 14; 
 F. B. I. i. 670 ; W. & A. 109 ; Wt. Ic. t. 74. 
 Deccan and Carnatic from the Kistna through Mysore to 
 S. Arcot, usually inland, extending to the N. and E. slopes 
 of Nilgiris. 
 
 2. Allophylus, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, 1- or 3-foliolate ; leaflets 
 entire or serrate ; stipules 0. Flowers small, irregular, polygamo- 
 dioecious, pedicelled, in fascicles in simple or branched axillary 
 thyrses. Sepals 4 in opposite pairs, cucullate, imbricate, the 
 outer pair smaller than the inner. Petals 4, small or almost 
 obsolete, generally decimate, naked inside or with a reflexed 
 shaggy scale above the claw. Disk unilateral, usually with 
 4 glands opposite the petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the 
 receptacle inside the disk, in $ flowers surrounding the ovary. 
 Ovary usually 2-lobed and 2-celled, in < flowers merely a pistil- 
 lode ; styles 2, free or connate below, stigmatose on the inner 
 face above ; ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-lobed ; 
 lobes subglobose. Seeds erect, with a short aril ; embryo curved, 
 the cotyledons plicate. 
 
 Leaves in all trifoliolate : 
 
 Thyrses shorter than the leaves, sometimes shorter than the petiole, 
 not branched ; bark of branchlets whitish ; leaflets about 2-5 in. 
 long, serrate crenate- serrate or dentate, usually hoary-tomentose 
 
 beneath ; drupes small 1. serratus. 
 
 Thyrses equalling or longer than the leaves, not or very rarely 
 branched : 
 
 Bark of branchlets brown, young ones and leaves beneath usually 
 tomentose; leaflets about 3-8 in. long, mucronulate- serrate, the 
 nerves reddish ; thyrses single, but sometimes one short branch 
 
 2. serrulatus. 
 
 Bark of branchlets white ; leaflets glabrous, about 5-7 in. long, 
 ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate ; thryses single or in pairs ; 
 
 drupes rather large, *4 in. long 3, distachys. 
 
 Thyrses longer than the leaves, with few branches chiefly near the 
 base ; bark of branches yellowish-brown, the young ones and leaves 
 beneath densely f ermginous-tomentose ; side leaflets ovate, end one 
 
 obovate, all acuminate, 3-6 in. long 4. Rheedii. 
 
 Thyrses longer than the leaves, much branched ; bark of branchlets 
 
246 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Allophylus. 
 
 brown with conspicuous reddish lenticels ; leaflets subcoriaceotis, 
 glabrous, broadly ovate or lanceolate,, obtusely short-acuminate 
 
 5. concanicus. 
 
 1. ALLOPHYLUS SERRATUS, Radlk. A. Cobbe,~Bl.; F. B. Li. 
 673, in part. Ornitrophe serrata, Roxb. Cor. PL i. t. 61. 
 Schmidelia serrata, var. a; W. & A. 110. 
 
 Deccan, in the Hills of Kistna, Kurnool and Cuddapah ; 
 Carnatic, in Chingleput and Hills westward to the foot of 
 the Pulneys and southwards to Cape Comorin ; perhaps on 
 Malabar Coast. 
 
 2. ALLOPHYLUS SERRULATUS, Radlk. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 
 iii. 341. Schmidelia Cobbe, Wight Ic. t. 964/2. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills up to 5,000 ft. ; 
 probably throughout the W. Ghats but more scarce. 
 
 3. ALLOPHYLUS DISTACHYS, Radlk. A. Cobbe,~Bl.; F. B. I. i. 
 673 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Coorg, Wynaad and elsewhere, scarce. 
 
 4. ALLOPHYLUS RHEEDII, Radlk. A. Cobbe, HI.; F. B. Li. 
 673 in part. Schmidelia Rheedii, Wt. Ic. t. 964. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of N". Arcot, Bellary, Mysore and Coimbatore 
 at 3,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anamalais and 
 Travancore Hills up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large shrub or small tree, very ferrugiiious-tomentose. 
 Vern. Mai. Mukannen peru. 
 
 5. ALLOPHYLUS CONCANICUS, Radlk. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara (Barber), Malabar (Beddome) and 
 Travancore (Bourdillon). 
 
 Yar. lanceolatus, Gamble, leaflets lanceolate or oblanceo- 
 late, coarsely serrate near the apex, obtusely acuminate. 
 
 Nilgiris, Anamalai and Pulney Hills (Sauliere) up to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 3. Lepisanthes, Bl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets entire, 
 subopposite ; stipules 0. Flowers regular or irregular, polygamo- 
 dioecious, in axillary or lateral racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, 
 widely imbricate, in 2 rows, outer smaller. Petals 4, sometimes 
 5, the 5th small, erect, clawed, each furnished with 1-2 hooded or 
 reflexed, often cristate scales attached to the claw. Disk regular 
 or irregular, if the latter, crenately lobed and opposite to the 
 
Erioglossum.'] SAPINDACEAE. 247 
 
 petals. Stamens usually 8, erect, the filaments free, equal. Ovary 
 excentric, trigonous, 3-celled ; style simple ; stigma oblique ; 
 ovules in each cell solitary. Fruit 3-celled, 3-sided, thickly 
 coriaceous, tomentose or velvety, the cells hirsute within. Seeds 
 oblong, exarillate, the hilum linear ; testa thick ; cotyledons 
 fleshy, obliquely superposed ; radicle minute. 
 
 Leaflets 2-3 pairs, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, rarely acute, 
 3-10 in. long ; flowers '2--3 in. broad ; petals with 2 scales, the outer 
 reflexed, the inner laciniate ; fruit yellow-velvety, tomentose, 
 
 depressed at apex when ripe 1. tetraphylla. 
 
 Leaflets 5-7 pairs, oblong or oblanceolate, acuminate, 4-10 in. long ; 
 flowers '3-'4 in. broad ; petals with 1 reflexed scale ; fruit hispidly 
 yellow- tomentose, acute at apex 2. deficiens. 
 
 1. LEPISANTHES TETRAPHYLLA, Radlk. Molinoea canescens, 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 60. Hemigyrosa canescens, Thw. ; 
 F. B. I. i. 671 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 151. Cnpania canescens, 
 W. & A. 113. 
 
 Evergreen dry forests of the E. Coast in the Circars and 
 Carnatic, nowhere very common, ascending to 3,000 ft. 
 A moderate-sized rather crooked tree with a white hard 
 wood. Yern. Tel. Korivi ; Tani. Nekota. 
 
 2. LEPISANTHES DEFICIENS, Radlk. Hemigyrosa deficiens, 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 231 ; F. B. I. i. 671. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests in the Wynaad, Anamalais 
 
 and Hills of Travancore, up to 4,000 ft., scarce. 
 
 A small tree with purple flowers and narrow leaflets. 
 
 4. Erioglossum, Blume. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, imparipiimate, exstipulate ; 
 leaflets opposite or subopposite, entire. Flowers irregular, poly- 
 gamo-dioecious, in elongated erect terminal panicles Sepals 5, 
 unequal, orbicular, concave, imbricate. Petals 4, unequal, obovate, 
 the place of the 5th vacant, each petal with a hooded apically 
 lobed woolly scale on the inner face. Disk one-sided, lobed. 
 Stamens 8, one-sided; anthers oblong ; filaments villous. Ovary 
 stipitate, obcordate, 3-lobed, 3-celled; style slender; stigma 
 obscurely 3-lobed; ovules solitary. Fruit indehiscent, deeply 
 1-3-lobed, the segments not separating. Seeds oblong, exarillate ; 
 testa membranous ; embryo straight with thick cotyledons, 
 
248 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Erioglossum. 
 
 ERIOGLOSSUM RTJBIGINOSUM, Bl. E. edule, Bl. ; F. B. I. i. 
 
 672. Sapindus rubigmosus, Boxb. Cor. PL i. 44, t. 62 ; W. & A. 
 
 112. 
 
 Eastern Ghats, in the Hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam, up 
 to 2,000 ft, 
 
 A good-sized tree, the braiichlets young leaves and inflores- 
 cence covered with dense golden-brown tomentum. Leaves 
 up to 2 ft. long with about 6 pairs of leaflets. Yern. Tel. Ishi 
 rashi. 
 
 5. Schleichera, Willd. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, exstipulate, leaflets 
 opposite or subopposite, usually 3 pairs. Flowers regular, 
 poly gamo- dioecious, small, fascicled in interrupted slender 
 racemes or panicles ; pedicels slender. Calyx small, cupular ; 
 lobes 4-6, usually valvate. Petals 0. Disk flat, undulate on the 
 margin. Stamens 5-8, inserted within the disk ; filaments slender, 
 pubescent ; anthers oblong. Ovary ovoid, narrowed to the rigid 
 style, 3-celled ; stigma 3-4-lobed ; ovules erect, solitary ; in $ 
 flowers a villous pistillode. Fruit dry, crustaceous, indehiscent, 
 ovoid, acute, tipped with the style, smooth or sometimes more or 
 less echinate. Seeds erect, with a fleshy aril ; cotyledons con- 
 duplicate, unequal. 
 
 SCHLEICHERA TRIJUGA, Willd.; F. B. I. i. 681; W. & A. 114; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 119; Brand. For. Fl. t. 20. 
 
 All forest Districts, chiefly in deciduous forests and up to 
 3,000 ft., common and important. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with large leaflets, which are bright 
 red when young. The aril of the fruit, which is about '7 to 
 1 in. long, is eaten, and the seeds give an oil. The bark is 
 grey and the wood very hard, light reddish-brown, strong 
 and durable and used for rice-pounders, in oil and other 
 mills and for carts. .The best lac is produced 011 its twigs. 
 Vern. Hind. Kusam ; Ur. Kusamo ; Tel. Puska ; Tarn. 
 Puvan ; Mai. Puvam ; Kan. Chakota. 
 
 6. Filicium, Thw. 
 
 Tree, braiichlets angular, covered, like the leaves, with waxy 
 scales. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 6-8 pairs, subopposite, entire, articulate with the broadly-winged 
 
Sapindus.l SA PINDA CEAE. 249 
 
 rliachis. Flowers small, polygamous, in axillary panicles. Calyx 
 5-lobed ; lobes imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, small, imbricate, 
 without scales. Disk 5-lobed, tomentose. Stamens 5, inserted 
 within the disk; filaments subulate; anthers ovate. Ovary 
 sessile, globose, 2-celled, in flowers merely a pistillode ; style 
 hooked ; stigma simple or bilobed ; ovules solitary, pendulous. 
 Fruit a fleshy drupe. 1-2-celled and -seeded ; putameii mem- 
 branous. Seeds oblong ; testa membranous ; cotyledons folia- 
 ceous, much crumpled ; radicle ascending. 
 
 FILICIUM DECIPIENS, Thw. ; F. B. I. i. 539 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 129. 
 Wins dvcipims, Wt. 111. i. t. 75 ; W. & A. 172. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Malabar and Nilgiris to Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly. up to about 5,000 ft., in somewhat dry localities, 
 
 sometimes planted for ornamemt. 
 
 A handsome tree with elegant fern-like leaves up to 15 in. 
 
 long, the rhachis prominently winged. Wood hard and 
 
 strong, red. Verii. Taut. Ningal ; Hal. Val muriccha, 
 
 Niroli. 
 
 7. Sapindus, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, paripinnate ; leaflets entire, 
 subopposite ; stipules 0. Flowers regular, polygamous, in ter- 
 minal and axillary panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, in 2 series, much 
 imbricate. Petals 4-5 with or without scales on the inner face. 
 Disk annular, lobed. Stamens usually 8, inserted within the 
 disk ; filaments free, usually pilose ; anthers oblong. Ovary 
 entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4 -celled ; style terminal ; stigma 2-4-lobed ; 
 ovule solitary ; in g flowers a villous pistillode with usually 
 3 styles. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, of 1-3 indehiscent drupes ; 
 the drupes ovoid or globose, indehiscent, with saponaceous 
 fibrous pericarp, brittle when dry. Seeds usually globose with 
 two integuments, the outer very hard, the inner membranous ; 
 cotyledons thick, fleshy, unequal, spirally convolute ; radicle 
 inferior, pointed. 
 
 Leaflets 2-3 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, shining above, 
 glabrous or very slightly pubescent beneath ; petals softly woolly on 
 the inner surface except the claw, scales minute or absent ; fruit of 
 3 ferruginous-velvety drupes, almost completely combined 
 
 1. laurifolius. 
 
250 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Sapindus. 
 
 Leaflets 2-3 pairs, oblong, emarginate at apex, dull above, softly 
 pubescent beneath and on nerves above ; petals glabrous on the inner 
 surface except for 1-2 tufts of white hair above the claw ; fruit of 3 
 drupes, combined about half-way up, and then separating, smooth 
 and slightly pubescent when young, later glabrous and wrinkled 
 
 2. emarginatus. 
 
 1. SAPINDUS LAURIFOLIUS, Yahl ; W. & A. 111. S. trifoliatiis, 
 Hiern in F. B. I. i. 682 in part, not o/Linn. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to the Anamalais 
 
 and Hills of Madura, in evergreen and open forests at low 
 
 elevations. 
 
 A stout shady tree. The fruit is used, like that of the 
 
 next, for soap. Vern. Mai. Pasakotta. 
 
 2. SAPINDUS EMARGINATUS, Yahl ; W. & A. Ill ; Bedd. Fl. t. 
 151. 8. trifoliatm, Hiern in F. B. I. i. 682 in part, not of 
 Linn. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, extending to the E. slopes 
 of the Nilgiris and Pulneys and the Hills of Tinnevelly, in 
 deciduous and dry evergreen forests, frequent on the coast 
 as at Striharikota in Nellore ; frequently planted. The 
 Soapnut. 
 
 A common tree, often of large size, chiefly known for its 
 fruits, which are in universal use as a substitute for soap. 
 Bark grey with rough scales. Wood yellow, hard, but 
 little used. Vern. Hind. Bitha ; Ur. Makta maya ; Tel. 
 Konkudu ; Tarn. Pounanga ; Kan. Aratala. 
 
 8. Thraulococcus, Radlk. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves large, alternate, paripinnate or reduced 
 to 1 leaflet ; leaflets lanceolate, opposite or subopposite. Flowers 
 polygamous, in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, concave, 
 imbricate, pubescent. Petals 5, obovate, shortly clawed, furnished 
 with a shaggy scale above the claw. Disk annular. Stamens 8, 
 inserted within the disk ; filaments pilose ; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary 2-3-celled ; style short ; stigma 3-lobed ; ovules solitary. 
 Fruit of 1-3 ellipsoidal drupes only slightly connected at the 
 base; pericarp crustaceous, yellow, finely tomentose. Seed 
 oblong, covered with a white fleshy aril ; testa thin ; cotyledons 
 thick, fleshy, unequal, transverse ; radicle inferior, pointed. 
 
Nephelium.] SAPINDACEAE. 251 
 
 THRAULOCOCCUS ERECTUS, Radlk. Sapindus erectus, Hiern 
 in F. B. I. i. 683. Ntplidium erectum, Thvv. ; Bedd. Fl. Ixxiv. 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad and the Anamalais at 2,000 to 3,000 ft. 
 (Barber). 
 
 A large erect shrub with leaves up to 18 in. long, 3-5 pairs 
 of oblong-lanceolate chartaceous glabrous leaflets up to 
 9 in. long and drupes 1 in. long, usually in pairs. 
 
 9. Aphania, Blume. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, exstipulate ; 
 leaflets 1-6 pairs, sometimes unifoliolate, subopposite. Flowers 
 in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, widely imbricate. 
 Petals 4-6, small, with infolded basal auricles or a basal scale. 
 Disk regular, slightly lobed. Stamens 5-8, rarely 3, inserted 
 within the disk. Ovary 1-3- usually 2-celled ; style slender, 
 bifid ; ovules solitary. Fruit fleshy, deeply divided into 2, rarely 
 3 divergent lobes united only at the base ; endocarp thin, cartila- 
 ginous or crustaceous. Seed exarillate ; cotyledons thick. 
 
 APHANIA BIFOLIOLATA, Radlk. Supimhis bifuliolatus, Hiern; 
 F. B. I. i. 684. Nepheliitm bifoliatum, Bedd. Ic. t. 289. 
 Kolaimalai Hills in Trichiiiopoly (Beddome).' 
 A branching tree reaching 30 ft. in height with one pair of 
 lanceolate leaflets and masses of white blossom. 
 
 10. Nephelium, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, exstipulate ; 
 leaflets entire, subopposite, Floivers small, regular, polygamous, 
 numerous, in terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 4-6-lobed, usually cupular ; lobes short, valvate or slightly 
 imbricate in bud. Petals 4-6, often 0, small, villous, rarely with 
 scales. Disk annular, fleshy, in the calyx- tube. Stamens 6-8, 
 inserted within the disk ; filaments slender. Ovary pubescent, 
 often verrucose, 2-o-lobed and -celled ; style simple. 2-3-lobed ; 
 ovules solitary. Fruit of 1-3 indehiscent globose or ovoid cocci, 
 smooth tubercled or echinate. Seeds ellipsoid or globose, covered 
 by a fleshy arillus ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, usually obliquely 
 superposed. 
 
 Petals present; leaves up to 18 in. long with 4-10 pairs of leaflets ; 
 leaflets oblong-lanceolate to almost linear lanceolate, up to 12 in. 
 
252 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Nephelium. 
 
 long, glaucescent beneath ; calyx deeply lobed, browii-tomentose ; 
 
 fruit with round tubercles or sometimes nearly smooth, red or purple, 
 
 '5-*7 in. in diam 1 . Longana. 
 
 Petals : 
 
 Leaves 3-9 in, long with 2-8 pairs of lanceolate acuminate leaflets, 
 the lowest pair not stipuliform j calyx merely dentate, with golden 
 tomentum ; fruit with conical sharp tubercles, red, 1 in. in diam. or 
 
 more Litchi. 
 
 Leaves 6-15 in. long with 4-6 pairs of elliptic obtuse leaflets, the 
 lowest pair small, very unequally reniform, stipule-like, the rest 
 large ; calyx deeply lobed, villous ; fruit densely covered with soft 
 weak prickles, '75 in. in diam 2. stipulaceum. 
 
 1. NEPHELIUM LONGANA, Camb. ; F. B. I. i. 688; My. & A. 
 113. Euphoria Longana, Lamk. ; Bedd. Fl. t. 156. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to Tinnevelly, 
 common in evergreen forests up to 5,000 ft. The Longaii 
 tree. 
 
 A large handsome evergreen tree, the young leaves red and 
 conspicuous. Bark smooth, yellowish-grey ; wood red, 
 moderately hard but little used. The aril of the seed is 
 edible. A common form has the leaflets narrow, linear- 
 lanceolate and the pericarp nearly smooth, but is not 
 distinct. Yern. Tarn. Puvatti, Katta puvan ; Mar. Wumb ; 
 Kan. Kaiiakindeli ; Mai. Pasakotta. 
 
 2. NEPHELIUM STIPULACEUM, Bedd. ; F. B. I. i. 690 ; Bedd. 
 Ic. t. 103, Fl. 1. 155. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Malabar, Travancore 
 and Anarnalais up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized handsome tree noticeable for the stipule- 
 like pair of lower leaflets. The wood is reddish-brown and 
 hard. Yern. Mai. Paviri mulei. 
 
 Nephelium Litchi, Camb., is the tree which gives the delicious 
 fruit Lichi, the transparent aril being the edible part. The tree 
 comes from China and is sometimes planted in gardens. 
 
 11. Harpullia, Roxb. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, paripinnate, exstipulate ; leaflets 
 opposite and alternate, entire. Flowers regular, dioecious or 
 polygamous, in axillary or subterminal racemes or panicles. 
 Sepals 4-5, erect, equal, imbricate. Petals 4-5, usually clawed, 
 
Dodonaea.l SAP1NDACEAE. 253 
 
 narrowly obovate, without scales. Disk obscure. Stamens 5-8, 
 inserted inside the disk; filaments slender; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary ovoid, 2-celled ; style elongate ; stigma linear, usually 
 more or less twisted ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit 
 an inflated, coriaceous, 2-lobed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved 
 capsule ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds subglobose, usually arillate ; 
 embryo with thick hemispheric cotyledons. 
 
 HARPULLIA IMBRICATA, Thw.; F. B. I. i. 692; Bedd. Fl. t, 158. 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests from S. Canara to the 
 Anamalais and Travancore. up to 4,000 ft. 
 A large tree with pinnate leaves up to 16 in. long, 3-4 pairs 
 of membranous, usually lanceolate leaflets up to 7 in. long, 
 flowers with delicate clawed greenish petals and brilliant 
 orange- scarlet inflated 2-lobed capsules. Bark smooth, 
 greenish; wood white, soft. Yern. Tarn. Nei kottei; Mai. 
 Chittila madakku. 
 
 12. Dodonaea, L. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leave* alternate, simple or pinnate, exstipu- 
 late. Floirer* small, polygamous, in axillary or terminal racemes or 
 panicles. Sejttil* --5. imbricate or valvate. Petals 0. Disk none 
 in (J flowers, small in tf . Stamens 5-10, usually 8. inserted 
 without the disk in J flowers, in g round a small pistillode; 
 filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-6-angled and 
 -celled ; style 3-6-sided, 3-6-cleft at top ; ovules 2 in each cell, 
 collateral or superposed. Fruit a 2-6-sided membranous or 
 coriaceous capsule, septicidally 2-6-valved, the valves winged 
 at the back ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds lenticular or subglobose, 
 compressed, exarillate ; funicle thickened ; testa crustaceous or 
 coriaceous ; cotyleydons spirally convolute. 
 DODONAEA VISCOSA, Linn. ; F. B. I. i. 697. D. Burmanniana, 
 DC. : W. & A. 114 ; Wt. 111. i. t, 52. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, a common shrub often 
 more or less gregarious ; W. Ghats, in Shola forests up to 
 8,000 ft. and often then a small tree ; sometimes planted as 
 a hedge plant. 
 
 A stiff shrub or a small tree with shining simple oblanceolate 
 leaves and 2-3-winged capsules. Bark thin, grey; wood 
 
254 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dodonaea. 
 
 dark brown, very hard and heavy and useful for tool-handles 
 and walking-sticks. Vern. Hind. Sanatta; Tarn. Virali ; 
 Tel, Kan. Bhandaru ; Mcd. Yrali. 
 
 Blighia sapida, Koen., the Akee fruit, is occasionally culti- 
 vated in Madras Gardens. 
 
 Family LI. SABIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple 
 or compound, stipules 0. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or 
 polygamous, usually panicled. Calyx 4-5-partite, imbricate. 
 Petals 3-5, equal or unequal, opposite to or alternate with the 
 sepals, valvate or imbricate. Disk usually small, annular. 
 Stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, inserted at the base of or 
 on the disk ; all perfect or 2 only perfect and 3 without anthers. 
 Ovary 2-3-celled, compressed or 2-3-lobed ; styles 2-3, free or 
 connate or 0; stigmas punctiform; ovules 1-2 in each cell. 
 Fruit of 1-2 dry or fleshy, globose or compressed drupes. Seeds 
 compressed or globose, basil ar ; hilum broad ; testa membranous 
 or coriaceous ; albumen ; cotyledons often contorted ; radicle 
 deflexed. 
 
 Stamens 4-5 all perfect and equal ; drupes compressed ; climbing 
 
 shrubs with simple entire leaves 1. Sabia. 
 
 Stamens 5, 2 only fertile, unequal ; drupes subglobose ; trees with 
 simple or pinnate leaves,, entire or serrate 2. Meliosma. 
 
 1. Sabia, Colebr. 
 
 Shrubs, sarmentose or climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, 
 entire. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, 2-bracteolate, axillary 
 and solitary or in axillary simple or panicled cymes, the bracts, 
 calyx-lobes, petals and stamens all opposite. Calyx 4-5-partite. 
 Petals 4-5. Disk annular, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted at 
 base of the disk. Carpels 2, rarely 3, very slightly connate; 
 styles 2, erect, terminal, slightly connate ; ovules 2 in each carpel. 
 Fruit of 1-2 dry or drupaceous ripe carpels, usually compressed 
 and gibbous with a sub-basal style. Seeds reniform, testa 
 coriaceous; embryo curved. 
 
 SABIA MALABARICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 177 ; F. B. I. ii. 2. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Palghat and Anamalai Hills at 3,000- 
 4,000 ft. (Beddome), 
 
Meliosma. ~ SABIACEAE. 255 
 
 A glabrous climbing shrub with elliptic-oblong acuminate 
 leaves, very small flowers in short axillary cymes and flat 
 reticulate reniform drupes. 
 
 2. Meliosma, Blume. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate, simple 
 or iniparipinnate ; if the latter, leaflets subopposite, the terminal 
 rarely wanting ; leaves or leaflets sometimes serrate, especially 
 when young. Flower* small, irregular, hermaphrodite, in 
 branched terminal or axillary panicles ; bracts caducous. Sepals 
 and their bracteoles 5-9, persistent, forming an uninterrupted 
 spiral round the petals. Petals 3. nearly orbicular, valvate or 
 imbricate. Shi men* ."> ; i> fertile opposite the inner petals, the 
 filaments short, flattened, incurved, furnished at the base with 
 bifid scales expanded upwards in a, cup bearing 2 globose anther- 
 cells bursting transversely and springing back elastically ; 3 
 sterile, deformed, opposite the outer petals, bifid, together form- 
 ing a hood over the pistil. Dixie annular or cupular with 2-5 
 simple or dentate teeth. Omry sessile, 2- rarely 8-celled, con- 
 tracted into a simple or bifid style; stigma simple; ovules 2 in 
 each cell. Friu't a small, obliquely snbglobose, drupe; stone 
 crustaceous, 1-celled, with a basilar rounded projection within. 
 Seed globose ; testa membranous ; cotyledons conduplicate ; 
 radicle incurved. 
 
 Leaves simple ; ovary glabrous 
 
 Leaves membranous, obovate or oblanceolate, usiially glabrous, 
 serrate only when young ; midrib and main nerves raised on the 
 upper surface ; panicles pnberulous, flowers very small, sepals and 
 bracteoles about 5 ; drupe "2 in. in diam., stone deeply rugose 
 
 1. simplicifolia. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous ; elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, usually pubescent 
 beneath, midrib and main nerves impressed on the upper surface ; 
 panicles densely ferruginous pubescent, flowers rather large, sepals 
 and bracteoles about 9 ; drupe '3 in. in diam., stone slightly rugose 
 
 2. Wightii. 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; leaflets opposite or subopposite : 
 
 Ovary pubescent ; leaflets 9-15, lanceolate, entire, pubescent 
 beneath ; panicles rusty-pubescent ; stone nearly smooth 
 
 3. Arnottiana. 
 
256 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Meliosma. 
 
 Ovary glabrous ; leaflets 7-15, oblong-lanceolate or -obovate, ser- 
 rate, nearly glabrous ; panicles puberulous ; stone rugose 
 
 4. pinnata. 
 
 1. MELIOSMA SIMPLICIFOLIA, Walp. ; F. B. I. ii. 5. Milling-, 
 tonia simplicifolia, R/oxb. Cov. PI. iii. t. 254 ; W. & A. 115. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam at 4,500 ft. (A. W. 
 Lushingtoii) ; W. Ghats, at low elevations and up to 
 3,000 ft. in evergreen forests in Malabar, Nilgiris, Anama- 
 lais to Travancore. 
 A small tree with reddish moderately hard wood. 
 
 2. MELIOSMA WIGHTII, Planch. ; F. B. I. ii. 4. Millingtonia 
 pung*ns, Wall. ; W. & A. 115 ; Wt. Ic. t. 964, 3. 
 
 W. Ghats, at high elevations, usually above 5,000 ft. in the 
 
 Nilgiri, Anamalai. Pulney and Travancore Hills in Shola 
 
 forests. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with a dark reddish-brown soft wood 
 
 of little value. Yern. Badaga Tode. 
 
 3. MELIOSMA ARNOTTIANA, Walp. ; F. B. I. ii. 6 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 160. Millingtonia Arnottiana, Wt. 111. i. t. 53. Sapindus 
 ? niicrocarpiis, W. & A. 112. 
 
 W. Ghats, at 4,000-7,000 ft. in Shola forests from S. Canara 
 to Tinnevelly, common and conspicuous. 
 A large tree with thick brown bark and dark reddish- 
 brown soft wood. Yern. Tarn. Knsavi, Thagari ; Badaga 
 Huli Makay ; Mai. Kalavi. 
 
 4. MELIOSMA PINNATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii 6. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam at 3,000-4.000 ft, 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 A medium- sized tree. 
 
 Family LII. ANACARDIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually with acrid or resinous juice. Leaves 
 alternate or rarely opposite, simple or trifoliolate or imparipmnate. 
 exstipulate. Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous 
 or unisexual, in a generally paniculate terminal or axillary 
 inflorescence. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, sometimes accrescent, some- 
 times spathaceous. Petals 3-5, alternate with the sepals, free, 
 rarely 0, imbricate or valvate. Disk flat, cupular or annular, 
 entire or lobed, rarely obsolete. Stamens as many as the petals, 
 rarely twice as many, inserted under or rarely on the disk ; fila- 
 
Buchanania.', ANACARDIACEAE. 257 
 
 merits usually subulate ; anthers 2-celled basi- or dorsi-fixed. 
 Ovary superior, rarely half inferior, 1- or 2-6-celled, rudimentary 
 or 2-3-fid in the <J, sometimes of 5-6 free carpels ; styles usually 
 combined ; stigmas subsessile or capitate ; ovules solitary, pendu- 
 lous from the top or side of the cell or from an ascending basal 
 funicle. Fru.it superior, rarely inferior, a 1-5-celled, 1-5-seeded 
 drupe ; the stone sometimes dehiscent. Seed exalbuminous or 
 very nearly so, embryo straight or curved ; cotyledons plano- 
 convex ; radicle short. 
 
 Carpels 5 or 1 only ; style lateral ; ovule suspended from a basal 
 funicle; leaves simple : 
 
 Carpels 5, 1 only fertile ; drupe lenticular, 2-valved 1. Buchanania. 
 Carpel 1 : 
 
 Stamens 5-10, 1 only or more fertile : 
 Fruit a fleshy drupe ; 1 stamen usually only fertile 
 
 2. Mangifera. 
 Fruit a reniform nut on a fleshy hypocarp, all or most of the 
 
 8-10 stamens fertile 3. Anacardium. 
 
 Stamens 5 fertile ; fruit a globose or ovoid drupe... 4. Gluta. 
 
 Carpels 4-5, rarely 1 ; style apical ; leaves pinnate : 
 
 Petals valvate ; leaves usually with an iiitramarginal nerve : 
 Carpels 5 ; drupe usually large, 1 5 seeded, pericarp fibrous 
 
 5. Spondias. 
 
 Carpel 1 ; drupe small, 1-seeded, pericarp oily... 6. Solenocarpus. 
 Petals imbricate ; leaves without intramarginal nerve ; drupe com- 
 pressed .7. Odina. 
 
 Carpels 3, rarely 1 ; style apical or lateral ; leaves trifoliolate 
 
 8. Rhus. 
 
 Carpels 3, forming a unilocular ovary ; styles apical, free or connate ; 
 leaves simple : 
 
 Styles short, terminal ; stigma 3-lobed ; flowers tetramerous 
 
 9. Nothopegia. 
 
 Styles 3, divergent ; stigmas capitate ; flowers usually penta- 
 merous : 
 
 Ovary in $ or $ semi-inferior or superior ; petiole without spur- 
 like appendages; fruit with a basal hypocarp...lO. Semecarpus. 
 Ovary in $ or $ inferior; petiole with 2-4 spur-like appen- 
 dages ; fruit partly or wholly enclosed in a hypocarp 
 
 11. Holigarna. 
 1. Buchanania, Spreng. 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, usually coriaceous., 
 
258 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Buchanania. 
 
 quite entire; stipules 0. Flowers small, white, hermaphrodite, in 
 terminal and axillary branched panicles. Calyx short, 3-5-toothed 
 or -lobed, persistent, imbricate. Petals 4-5, ovate or oblong, 
 imbricate, at length recurved. Dixk thick, urceolate or cupular, 
 5-lobed. Stamens 8-10, free, inserted at the base of the disk ; 
 filaments linear ; anthers ovate. Ovary of 5-6 free carpels, 
 seated in the cavity of the disk, one fertile, the rest imperfect ; 
 style short; stigma truncate; ovule 1, pendulous from a basal 
 funicle. Fruit a small slightly fleshy lenticular drupe; stone 
 crustaceous or bony, 2-valved. Seed gibbous, acute at one end ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons thick ; radicle superior. 
 
 Inflorescence pubescent ; leaves coriaceous : 
 
 Leaves broadly oblong, obtuse or emarginate, over 6 in. long and 
 2 in. broad, petiole stout, main nerves straight and parallel ; 
 flowers '3 in. in diam., the petals oblong ; drupe black, '3-'6 in. 
 
 in diam 1. Lanzan. 
 
 Leaves narrowly oblong, under 6 in. long, 2 in. broad ; petiole rather 
 slender : 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse or very slightly acute at apex, 
 rusty villous beneath when young, main nerves regular, sub- 
 horizontal, straight and parallel ; flowers '25-'3 in. in diam., the 
 
 petals oblong 2. Barberi. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, glabrous beneath, 
 main nerves ascending, curved and branched ; flowers '15 in. in 
 diam;, the petals ovate obtuse ; drupe red, '6 in. in diam. 
 
 3. lanceolata. 
 
 Inflorescence glabrous ; leaves scarcely coriaceous, obtuse and 
 emarginate, under 6 in. long, 2 in. broad, main nerves curved, 
 irregular, petiole slender; flowers *2 in. in diam., petals obtuse; 
 drupe black, '5 in. in diam 4. angustifolia. 
 
 1. BUCHANANIA LANZAN, Spreng. B. latifolia, Roxb.; F. B. I. 
 ii. 23; W. &. A. 169; Bedd. Fl. t. 165. 
 
 Deciduous forests in all Districts, common, up to 4,000 ft. 
 A tree with conspicuous rough bark tessellated in pro- 
 minent squares, and a greyish-brown moderately hard 
 wood of little value. It gives a copious gum and the 
 kernels of the seeds are collected and eaten. Yern. Hind. 
 Piar; Mar. Chironji ; Ur. Charu ; Tarn. Morala ; Tel. Morli, 
 Sara ; Kan. Nurkul ; Mai. Munga pera. 
 
Mangife ra,] A NA CARDIA CEAE. 259 
 
 2. BUCHANANIA BARBER!, Gamble iii Kew Bull. 1916, 135. 
 
 Travancore, at Nadarai (Barber). 
 
 3. BUCHANANIA LANCEOLATA, Wt. Ic. t. 237; F. B. I. ii. 24. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of Travancore, up to 2.000 ft. 
 A medium-sized tree. The kernels of the seeds are edible. 
 Vern. Mai. Mala mavu. 
 
 4. BUCHANANIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Boxb. ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 262; 
 F. B. I. ii. 23; W. & A. 169; Wt, Ic. t. 101. B. intermedia, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 81. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic. in dry forests from Hyderabad 
 southwards to Travancore. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with rough deeply fissured bark and 
 greyish-brown moderately hard wood of no value. The 
 kernels of the seeds, the best of the three species, are 
 largely collected and eaten. Yern. Tel. Morli sara, Pedda 
 morali ; Tin. Miidamah. Kola mavu the seeds "Sara 
 pappu." 
 
 2. Mangifera, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leave* alternate, petioled. coriaceous, simple, entire; 
 stipules 0. Flower* small, polygamous, in terminal panicles ; 
 pedicels jointed ; bracts deciduous. Cnlyx 4-5-partite ; segments 
 imbricate, deciduous. Petal* 4-5. free or adnate to the disk, 
 imbricate, furnished on the inside with a lobed glandular scale 
 or crest. Ditk fleshy. 4-5-lobed. Stamens 1-5, inserted inside 
 or on the disk, 1 sometimes 2 fertile, the others sterile, slender, 
 tipped with a small gland. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, oblique; style 
 lateral; stigma simple; ovule pendulous from a basal or lateral 
 funicle. Fruit a large fleshy resinous drupe with a compressed 
 fibrous stone. Seed large, ovoid-oblong, compressed ; testa thin, 
 papery ; albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex, often unequal and 
 lobed ; radicle slightly curved upwards. 
 
 MANGIFEEA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 13; W, & A. 170; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 162. 
 
 Hill forests of the E. Ghats, Deccaii and W. Ghats, in 
 ravines up to 4,000 ft.; universally cultivated in gardens, 
 avenues, and " topes," and run wild. The Mango. 
 A large spreading evergreen tree reaching 50 ft. in height, 
 the oblong-lanceolate shining leaves crowded at the ends 
 
260 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mangifera. 
 
 of the branches ; the flowers in dense terminal panicles. 
 Cultivated for its edible, very important fruit, which is 
 eaten fresh, or made into preserves or pickles. Bark rough, 
 dark grey ; wood grey, often streaked, moderately hard, 
 used for planking, packing cases, boats, and other purposes. 
 Vern. Hind. Am. ; TJr. Ambo ; Mar. Ambi ; Tcnn. Mail ; Tel. 
 Mamadi; Kan. Mavu. 
 
 3. Anacardium, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, entire; 
 stipules 0. Flowers small, polygamous, in terminal bracteate 
 panicles. Calyx 5-partite ; segments erect, imbricate, deciduous. 
 Pet ah 5, linear lanceolate, recurved, imbricate. Disk filling the 
 base of the calyx, erect. Stamens 8-10, all fertile or some sterile, 
 one usually longer than the others ; filaments connate at the base 
 and adnate to the disk. Ovary obovoid or obcordate, 1-celled ; 
 style filiform, excentric; stigma minute; ovule solitary, ascending 
 from a lateral funicle. Fruit a reniform nut seated on a large 
 pyriform fleshy body formed of the enlarged disk and top of 
 the peduncle ; pericarp cellular and full of oil. Seed reniform, 
 ascending ; testa membranous, adherent ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 semilunar, radicle short, curved upwards. 
 
 ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALS, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 20; W. & A. 
 168; Bedd. Fl. t. 103. 
 
 Native of America, cultivated and run wild, especially on 
 the sea coast. The Cashew-nut. 
 
 A small tree with short thick trunk, obovate rather large 
 leaves, flowers yellow streaked with pink, in terminal, 
 prominently bracteate, panicles and a greenish-grey nut on 
 a yellow or scarlet fleshy peduncle. Wood reddish-brown, 
 of little use. The nuts are roasted and the kernels eaten 
 for dessert, the peduncles are sometimes eaten but are 
 astringent. The pericarp gives an acrid caustic oil, Vern. 
 Hind. Kaju ; Tel. Jidi mamidi ; Tarn. Kola mavu; Kan. 
 Godambe ; Mai. Paring! mavu. 
 
 4. Gluta, Linn. 
 
 Evergreen trees, with acrid resinous juice. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, entire, coriaceous, crowded at the ends of the branches. 
 Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary or terminal panicles, 
 
Spond/"s. AtiACARDIACEAE. 26i 
 
 Calyx gamosepalous, spathaceous. splitting irregularly, deciduous. 
 Petals 4-6, inserted on the disk and adiiate with it below, imbri- 
 cate, spreading in flower. Disk usually elongate, cylindric; 
 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them ; fila- 
 ments capillary. Ovary sessile on the disk or stipitate, oblique, 
 ]>celled ; style lateral, filiform ; stigma simple ; ovule 1, pendu- 
 lous from a basal funicle. Fruit dry. stalked, more or less 
 globose, sometimes furrowed ; pericarp thick. Seed conform to 
 the pericarp ; testa adherent to the pericarp ; albumen. ; coty- 
 ledons large, thick, plano-convex ; radicle short, obtuse, incurved. 
 GLUTA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 60; F. B. I. ii. 22. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of South Travaiicore and Tiiine- 
 velly up to 3,500 ft. 
 
 A very large tree reaching 120 ft. in height and 5 ft. ift diani. 
 of bole, with sputlmlate leaves up to 6 in. long and cream-- 
 coloured flowers. The bark is smooth, pinkish-grey, and the 1 
 heartwood dark red, mottled with orange and black streaks, 
 valuable for furniture and house-fittings. Vern. Tarn. 
 Shencurani ; Mai. Thodappei. 
 
 5. Spondias, Linn. 
 
 Deciduous glabrous trees. Leaves usually crowded at the ends 
 of the branches, alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets subopposite, 
 usually caudate-acuminate ; stipules 0. Flowers small, poly- 
 gamous, in terminal spreading panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed, 
 deciduous, lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5, spreading, valvate. Dish 
 thick, annular, 8-10-crenated. Stamens 8-10, inserted below 
 the disk, filaments slender. Ovary shortly ovoid or subglobose, 
 4-5-celled, immersed in the disk ; styles 4-5, conniving above ; 
 stigmas spreading ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a 
 fleshy drupe. with woody endocarp surrounded by longitudinal 
 interwoven fibres, 1-5-seeded. Seeds pendulous, oblong; testa 
 membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons elongate, plano-convex ; 
 radicle short, superior. 
 
 SPONDIAS MANGIFERA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 42 ; W. & A. 173; 
 Wt. 111. t. 76 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 169. 
 
 Deciduous forests in almost all Districts, up to about 
 
 2,000 ft., but not very common; frequently planted. The 
 
 Indian Hog-plum. 
 
 A large ti*ee in good soil with large leaflets, sometimes 9 in. 
 
262 FLORA Off MADRAS. [Spondias. 
 
 by 4 in., but small and with smaller leaflets in poor localities. 
 The leaflets have parallel nerves meeting in an iiitra- 
 marginal nerve. The fruit is eaten. Bark smooth, grey ; 
 wood light grey, useless. Yern. Hind. Amra ; Ur. Ambota; 
 Mar. Amb. ; Tel. Aravi mamadi ; Tarn. Kat maa, Mam 
 pulicchi ; Mai. Ambalam. 
 
 S. acmniiiata, Roxb., seems to be only a small-leaved form of 
 the above. 
 
 6. Solenocarpus, W. & A. 
 
 A tree, Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, crowded towards the 
 ends of the branches ; leaflets opposite or subopposite, crenulate. 
 Flowers small, white, hermaphrodite, in branched panicles ter- 
 uiinal on old branches. Calyx minute, 5-lobed, imbricate, decid- 
 uous, Petals 5, ovate, valvate, recurved. Disk annular, creiiately 
 lobed, surrounding the base of the ovary. Stamens 10, inserted 
 at the base of the disk; filaments slender; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary free, sessile, 1 -celled ; style thick, furrowed ; stigma 
 oblique, truncate ; ovule 1, pendulous from one side near the 
 apex of the cell. Fruit a small obliquely oblong, truncate, com- 
 pressed drupe ; pericarp cellular, oily ; stone bony. Seed linear, 
 compressed ; cotyledons linear, plano-convex ; radicle very short, 
 superior. 
 
 SOLENOCARPUS INDICA, W. & A. 171 ; F. B. I. ii. 27 ; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 233. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coorg to the Aiiamalais and Hills of Travan- 
 core and Tinnevelly, up to 2,500 ft., not common. 
 A tree with about 5-7 pairs of oblong acuminate leaflets up 
 to 4 in. long and 1 in. wide with an intramarginal nerve, 
 white small flowers in conspicuous masses and small fruit. 
 
 7. Odina, Eoxb. 
 
 Deciduous trees with stout soft branches. Leaves alternate, 
 imparipinnate, clustered at the ends of the branchlets ; leaflets 
 opposite, entire; stipules 0. Flowers small, monoecious or 
 dioecious, fascicled, shortly pedicelled, in simple or panicled, 
 terminal, fascicled, racemes. Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; lobes 
 rounded, imbricate. Petals 4, imbricate. Disk annular, 8-lobed. 
 Stamens 8, inserted below the disk ; filaments in $ unequal, 
 subulate, the anthers ovate or sagittate, in $ very short and 
 
Jfc/iH.y.] ANACARDIACEAE. 263 
 
 small, the anthers small, sterile. Ovary in abortive, styles 4; 
 in J ovoid or snbglobose, 4- but rarely more than 1-celled ; 
 styles 4, distant, from the 4 corners of the top of the ovary, erect ; 
 stigmas small, peltate ; ovules pendulous from near the top of the 
 cell. Fruit a small compressed ovoid or obovoid thinly fleshy 
 drupe ; stone hard, 1 cell only seed-bearing, irregularly pitted 
 outside. Seed compressed, on a fimicle ; testa membranous ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex, curved ; radicle thick, 
 superior. 
 
 ODINA WODIER, Ruxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 29 ; W. & A. 171 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 60 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 123. 
 
 Deciduous forests in most Districts, often planted in avenues, 
 In good soil a large tree, in poor soils often small and 
 stunted, and in some localities as on the East Coast almost 
 evergreen. Leaflets 3-4 pairs, long-acuminate. Bark thick, 
 grey, smooth ; wood reddish-brown, fairly good but not much 
 used. The copious gum seems rarely to be collected in S. 
 India. Yerii. Hind. Thmgan ; Ur. Moi ; Tel. Gumpini ; 
 Tarn. Wodier, Uthi ; Kan. Godda ; Mai. Kalasan. 
 
 8. Rhus, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often with acrid juice. Leaves alternate, 
 simple 3-foliolate or imparipiniiate, the leaflets entire or serrate. 
 Flowers small, polygamous, in terminal or axillary panicles. 
 Calyx small, 5-partite, the lobes nearly equal, persistent, imbri- 
 cate. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate. Disk cupular, lobed. 
 Stamens 5, inserted below the disk, in flowers as long as or 
 longer than the petals, in $ flowers minute ; filaments subulate ; 
 anthers short. Ovary sessile, ovoid or globose, 1-celled ; styles 3, 
 free or connate ; stigmas simple or capitate ; ovule pendulous 
 from a basal fuiiicle. Fruit a small, dry, compressed drupe ; 
 stone coriaceous, crustaceous or bony. Seed pendulous from the 
 funicle ; testa membranous ; albumen ; embryo curved, with 
 flattish cotyledons ; radicle short, superior. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, the lateral smaller than the 
 
 terminal ; 
 
 Thorny shrub ; leaflets prominently sinuate-toothed, the end ones 
 
 1-1.5 in. long, the side ones '5-1 in. long 1. mysorensis. 
 
 Small unarmed tree ; leaflets entire or slightly undulate, the end 
 one 3-5 in. long, the side ones 1-3 in. long 2. paniculata. 
 
264 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rhus. 
 
 1. RHUS MYSOBENSIS, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 9 ; W. & A. 172. 
 
 Dry stony lands in the Deccan Hill country extending to 
 the N. slopes of the Nilgiris. 
 
 A small shrub with hard reddish-yellow wood. The branches 
 are used for fencing. 
 
 2. RHUS PANICULATA, Wall; F. B. I. ii. 10. 
 
 E. Ghats, Rumpa Hills of Godavari, to 3,000 ft. (Gamble). 
 A small tree with hard reddish-brown wood. 
 
 9i Nothopegia, BL 
 
 Small trees. Leaves alternate, opposite or subopposite, cori- 
 aceous, entire, petiolate ; stipules 0. Flowers small, polygamous, 
 bracteate, in short axillary racemes or panicles of racemes. 
 Valyx small, 4-lobed, persistent, the lobes imbricate. Petals 4, 
 spreading, imbricate. Dish annular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted 
 under the margin of the disk ; filaments subulate, short in <$ ; 
 anthers shortly oblong, introrse, longitudinally dehiscing. Ovary 
 abortive in (J, in $ sessile, ovoid, 1 -celled ; style short; stigma 
 capitate; ovule pendulous from near the top of the cell from 
 a flattened funicle. Fruit a globose, acute or depressed, fleshy 
 drupe, tipped with the style, the flesh cellular containing resin. 
 Seed pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons 
 thick, plano-convex ; radicle very short, usually basal. 
 
 Leaves alternate : 
 
 Drupe with thick pericarp filled with black resin-cells, ovoid, acute 
 
 at apex ; ultimate branchlets pubescent : 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, obovate, shortly and bluntly apiculate, 3-4 in. 
 long by 1-1'5 in. broad, nerves 12-15 pairs, petiole stout, '3 in. 
 long ; $ racemes up to 1 in. long, dense, fascicled or paniculate, 
 
 $ shorter ; drupe '5 in. in diam 1. Colebrookiana. 
 
 Leaves thinly coriaceous, variable, from linear to lanceolate or 
 elliptic, obtusely acute, l'5-5 in. long by '5-1 in. broad, nerves 
 from 15-25 pairs, petiole slender, '1--2 in. long; $ racemes 
 slender, up to '5 in. long, ? rather long, both sometimes sub- 
 terminal ; drupe under "4 in. in diam., blue 2. Heyneana. 
 
 Drupe with thin pericarp, transversely oblong, striate, depressed at 
 
 apex : 
 
 Leaves and branchlets glabrous : 
 
 Leaves oblong, acuminate, up to 8 in. long by 3 in. broad, 
 nerves strong and parallel, about 20 pairs ; petiole twisted, 
 
Nothopeyia.l ANACARDIAGEAE. 265 
 
 5-1 in. long ; racemes slender, 2-3 in. long, paniculate ; petals 
 glabrous ; filaments glabrous or slightly pubescent ; drupe 
 
 red(?) 3. Dalzellii. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or caudate, 3-5 in. long by 
 1-1/5 in. broad, nerves rather obscure, up to 20 pairs ; petiole 
 slender, '2-'4 in. long ; racemes slender, 1-2 in. long, often 
 paniculate ; petals glabrous, filaments villous ; drupe purple (?) 
 
 4. Beddomei. 
 
 Leaves and branchlets rusty- villv/us, leaves linear-oblong or 
 lanceolate, abruptly long acuminate ; nerves parallel, 25-30 
 pairs; petiole '3-'5 in. long; racemes very short, petals densely 
 
 villous within, filaments villou^ ; drupe blue 5. travancorica. 
 
 Leaves subopposite, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, gradually 
 long acuminate ; nerves pa,rallel, 25-30 pairs ; petiole stout, very 
 shaggy, *3 in. long ; racemes very short, petals glabrous, filaments 
 slightly villous 6. aureo-fulva . 
 
 1. NOTHOPEGIA COLEBROOKIANA, Bllime ; F. B. I. it. 41 in- 
 
 part only. Pegia / Colebrookiana, Wt. Ic. t. 236. 
 W. Ghats, in the Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly (Wight) ; 
 Nilgiris (Bourne). 
 
 2. NOTHOPEGIA HEYNEANA, Gamble. N. Colebrookiana var. 
 Heyneana, Hook. f. in F. B. I, ii. 40. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais and Hills of Tinnevelly 
 (Beddome, Bourne) ; Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 
 4,000ft.? (Gamble). 
 
 3. NOTHOPEGIA DALZELLII, Gamble. N. Colebrookiana, Hook, 
 f. in F. B. I. ii. 40, in part only. Glycycarpus racemosus, 
 Dalz. ; Hook. Ic.t. 842. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Camira- southwards to Nilgiris, Pulneys, 
 Anamalais and Travaiicore, rising to 5,000 ft. 
 A small tree with pinkish-yellow hard wood. 
 Var. anyustifolia, Gamble. Leaves narrower and less promi- 
 nently nerved ; inflorescence shorter. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills (Bourne). 
 
 4. NOTHOPEGIA BEDDOMEI, Gamble. N. Colebrookiana, Hook, 
 f. in F. B. I. ii. 40 in part-, Bedd. Fl. t. 164. 
 
 W. Ghats in the Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Anamalai, Pulney 
 and Tinnevelly Hills, up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 5. NOTHOPEGIA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 40. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Malabar, Travaiicore and 
 Tinnevelly, in hills, up to 3,000 ft, 
 
 T 
 
266 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Nothopegia. 
 
 6. NOTHOPEGIA AUREO-FULVA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 40. 
 
 W. Ghats, in hills of Courtallum in Timievelly (Beddome). 
 
 10. Semecarpus, Linn. f. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, coriaceous ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers small, polygamous or dioecious, in terminal rarely 
 axillary panicles, the <$ flowers smaller than the ? or <$ . Calyx 
 usually 5-, sometimes 3-lobed, the segments deciduous. Petals 5, 
 rarely 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, imbricate. Disk broad, 
 annular. Stamens inserted below the disk; filaments filiform, 
 in (J flowers as long as or longer than the petals, in <$ flowers 
 short ; anthers usually oblong, in $ flowers small and imperfect. 
 Ovary in flowers rudimentary or 0, in ? or $ flowers superior, 
 1-celled ; styles 3, divergent ; stigmas capitate or bilobed, rather 
 large; ovule pendulous from a basal funicle. Fruit an oblong 
 or subglobose oblique drupe seated on a fleshy receptacle (hypo- 
 carp) formed of the accrescent disk and calyx-base; pericarp 
 thick, with cavities filled with an acrid resin. Seed pendulous ; 
 testa membranous or subcoriaceous ; cotyledons plano-convex ; 
 radicle superior. 
 Leaves and inflorescence pubescent ; ovary densely villous : 
 
 Petals 5 in all flowers; leaves obovate -oblong, obtuse at apex, 
 rounded at base, glaucous reticulate and more or less hairy 
 beneath, up to 2 ft. long, 1 ft. broad ; drupe black, '75 in. long, 
 
 on an orange hypocarp as long as the drupe 1. Anacardium. 
 
 Leaves and inflorescence glabrous ; ovary glabrous or with a few 
 scattered hairs : 
 
 Petals 5 in all flowers ; leaves thick, obovate-oblong, obtuse at 
 apex, usually acute at base, dark green reticulate and glabrous 
 beneath, up to 20 in. long, 6 in. broad ; drupe very oblique, black, 
 
 1 in. long, on a short broad furrowed hypocarp 2. travancorica. 
 
 Petals 3 sometimes 4 in flowers, 5 in ; leaves thin, oblaiiceo- 
 late, auricled at base, acuminate at apex, up to 15 in. long, 3 in. 
 broad ; drupe oblique, black, '5 in. long, 011 a short broad cuplike 
 hypocarp 3. auriculata. 
 
 J. SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM, Linn, f . ; F. B. I. ii. 30 ; W. & A. 
 168; Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 12; Wt. Ic. t. 558; Bedd. Fl. t. 166. 
 Deciduous forests in all forest Districts. The Marking- 
 nut tree. 
 A moderate- sized tree with brown bark and brownish -grey 
 
Holigartia.} A NA CARDIACS A E. 207 
 
 wood of 110 value. The pericarp of the drupe gives a 
 marking ink and the hypocarp is edible. Vern. Hind. 
 Bhilawa ; Ur. Bhallia ; Td. Jiri ; Tarn. Sheiikottei, 
 Thembarai; Kan-. Gheru ; Mai. Thenkotta. 
 
 2. SEMUCARPUS TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 232 ; F. B. I. ii. 31. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Travaneore imd 
 Tinnevelly, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A very large line tree with grey black-blotched bark and 
 greyish-white wood of no value. Vern. Tarn. Kattu 
 shenkottei : 3Ld. Avukarani. 
 
 3. SBMKCARPUS AURICULATA, Bedd. Ic. t. 187; F. B. I. ii. :)2. 
 
 "VV. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Travaneore and 
 Tinnevelly, up to 3,000 ft, 
 
 A large handsome tree with panicles of small yellow male 
 flowers and inconspicuous greenish females. Bark grey, 
 smooth; wood soft, greyish-white, useless. Vern. Ta,u. 
 Vellei charei ; Hal. Chav*M. 
 
 11. Holigarna, Ham. 
 
 Lofty trees often with acrid juice. Leave* alternate, simple, 
 entire, coriaceous or subcoriaceous ; petiole with one or two pairs 
 of spur-like deciduous appendages. Flowers small, polygamo- 
 dioecious, in axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 superior, shortly 5-toothed, the tube in flowers cup-shaped or 
 sometimes subcylindric. Petals 5. valvate, cohering at the base 
 itnd with the edge of the disk, densely villous inside. Dlxl; lining 
 the calyx-tube, obscure in flowers. Stamens 5, inserted outside 
 the disk ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong-cordiform, versatile, 
 dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary in flowers none, in $ flowers 
 inferior, 1-celled ; styles usually 3. divergent ; stigmas capitate ; 
 ovule pendulous from near the top of the cell. Fruit a resinous, 
 acrid, compressed, ovoid drupe, partly or wholly enclosed in the 
 accrescent calyx and disk (hypocarp ). Seed parietal; testa 
 membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, plano-convex ; 
 radicle lateral. 
 
 Leaves glabrous beneath or midrib slightly pubescent when young, 
 obovatc or oblanceolate, not suddenly broadening above the middle, 
 coriaceous, petiole- spurs deciduous; hypocarp qiiite enclosing the 
 drupe : 
 
268 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Holigarna. 
 
 Tomentum of inflorescence pale golden-brown; leaves obtusely 
 acute at apex, up to 10 in. long, oblanceolate, main nerves 16-20 
 
 pairs; drupe ellipsoid 1. Arnottiana. 
 
 Tomentum of inflorescence dark purple-brown ; leaves obtuse or 
 emarginate at apex : 
 
 Petals of Q flowers very short, rounded ; leaves obovate, up to 
 7 in. long, 3 in. broad, olive-brown when dry, main nerves about 
 
 Impairs; drupe obo void 2. ferruginea. 
 
 Petals of flowers nearly '2 in. long, acute ; leaves spathulate., 
 up to 5 in. long, T5-2 in. broad, usually nearly black when dry, 
 
 main nerves 6-9 pairs 3. nigra. 
 
 Leaves pubescent beneath, oblanceolate, suddenly broadened above the 
 middle, usually long acuminate, petiole-spurs persistent; hypocarp 
 enclosing about two-thirds or three-fourths of drupe : 
 
 Leaves up to 18 in. long, 8 in. broad, midrib on upper surface 
 glabrous or only puberulous even when young; petiole-spurs 
 
 short, golden-tomentose 4. Gra hamii . 
 
 Leaves up to about 15 in. long, 5 in. broad, midrib on upper surface 
 ciliate with long hairs as are margins, at any rate when young ; 
 petiole-spurs slender, long-villous-pubescent 5. Beddomei. 
 
 1. HOLIGARNA ARNOTTIANA, Hook, f.; F. B. I. ii. 36. H. 
 longifolia, W. & A. 169 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 107 not of Roxb. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Malabar and 
 Travancore in low-level forests. 
 
 A large tree with black caustic juice which raises blisters 
 and can be used as a varnish. Bark rough ; wood greyish- 
 white, soft and useless. Yern. Kan. Holigar ; Tarn. Kanm 
 charei ; Mai. Chera. 
 
 2. HOLIGARNA FERRUGINEA, March.; F. B. I. ii. 37. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara (Beddome), Coorg, Anamalnis 
 
 (Barber). 
 
 A large tree of evergreen forests. Yern. Tarn. Charei. 
 
 3. HOLIGARNA NIGRA, Bourd. in Ind. For. xxx. 95. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of Travancore,, at 2000-4000 ft. 
 A large tree reaching 100 ft. in height and 2 ft. in diam. 
 of stem. Bark smooth, grey; wood greyish- white, soft 
 and useless. The juice is black and caustic, and can be 
 used as a varnish. Yern. Mai. Cheri. 
 
 4. HOLIGARNA GRAHAMII, Hook, f.; F. B. I. ii. 37. Seme- 
 carpus Grahamii, Wt. Ic. t. 235. 
 
Moringa.'] MORINGACEAE. 269 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Mysore (Barber) ; Wynaad 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A large tree with large conspicuous leaves. 
 5. HOLIGARNA BEDDOMEI, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 38. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Malabar, W. Nilgiris, Anamalain 
 
 and Travancore, in moist forests up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A lofty tree (Beddome), with black juice. Bark smooth; 
 
 wood light grey, soft and perishable. Vern. Tarn. Pal 
 
 vidinyan. 
 
 Family LIII. MORINGACEAE. 
 
 Trees with soft white wood. Leaves deciduous, alternate, 
 2-3-pinnate, the pinnae and leaflets imparipimiate, opposite, 
 glandular at the base; stipules 0. Flowers large, irregular, 
 hermaphrodite, in axillary panicles. Culyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft, 
 the segments unequal, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 5, unequal, 
 the 2 upper small, the lowest largest. Disk lining the calyx- 
 tube. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disk, declinate, 
 5 perfect opposite the petals with 5-7 alternate sterile antherless ; 
 filaments free, thickened at base ; anthers 1 -celled, dorsifixed. 
 Ovary stipitate, 1-celled; style slender, tubular; stigma truncate, 
 perforated ; ovules many, bi seriate, on 3 parietal placentas. 
 Fruit an elongate, 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, beaked capsule, 
 corky and pitted within. Seeds many, in the pits of the valves ; 
 testa corky, winged or not, albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex ; 
 radicle very short, superior, plumule many-leaved. 
 
 Moringa, Lamk. 
 Characters of the Family : 
 
 Leaves usually 3-pinnate ; leaflets elliptic or obovate, rounded at 
 apex, '5-7 in. long, main nerves obscure ; flowers white ; seed wings 
 
 short 1 . oleifera. 
 
 Leaves usually 2-pinnate ; leaflets broadly elliptic or orbicular, 
 emarginate at apex, 1-1-5 in. long, main nerves distinct; flowers 
 yellow streaked with red ; seed wings elongate 2. concanensis. 
 
 1. MORINGA OLEIFERA, Lamk. 37. pterygosperma, Gaertn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 45 ; W. & A. 178 ; Wt. 111. t. 77 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 80. 
 N. Circars, in Ganjani and Godavari, probably, elsewhere 
 cutivated near villages in the plains, wild in N. India. 
 The Horse-radish tree. 
 
270 FLORA OF MADRAS. {Moringa. 
 
 A graceful tree with corky grey bark and soft white wood. 
 The root has the flavour of horse-radish and the seeds 
 are eaten in curries, and give a valuable oil. Yern. Hind. 
 Sohajna ; Ur. Mnnigha ; Tarn. Moringa ; Tel. Miinga. 
 2. MORINGA CONCANENSIS, Nimmo ; F. B. I. ii. 45 ; Hook. Ic. 
 t. 2596. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan, from Yizagapatam to Guntur, 
 Knrnool and Coinibatore. 
 
 A tree with thick corky bark and white soft wood. Yern, 
 Tel. Konda inunga ; Tarn. Kattu moringa. 
 
 II. CALYCIFLORAE. 
 
 Sepals herbaceous, partially or completely connate in a tube 
 adnate to or enclosing the ovary, persistent or with the upper 
 portion deciduous, rarely free. Disk adnate to the calyx-tube 
 and free from the ovary, or adnate both to ovary and calyx-tube, 
 bearing the stamens on its apex ; rarely epigynons and within the 
 stamens. Petals as many as the sepals or sometimes fewer by 
 suppression, inserted at the apex of the calyx-tube or on the disk 
 lining the calyx, sometimes absent. Stamens variously definite 
 or indefinite, inserted on the margin or inner face of the disk, 
 rarely outside the epigynous disk. Carpels free or connate, 
 usually inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube. 
 
 Family LIY. CONNARACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate, 1-3-folio- 
 late or imparipinnate ; leaflets entire ; stipules 0. Flowers usually 
 hermaphrodite, regular or somewhat irregular, in racemes .or 
 panicles. Calyx usually 5-lobed, generally persistent ; lobes 
 imbricate or valvate. Petals 5, free or slightly connate below, 
 imbricate or rarely valvate. Disk small or none, annular oiv 
 imperfect. Stamens 5 or 10, perigynous or hypogynous, some- 
 times decimate, those opposite the petals usually shorter ; fila- 
 ments filiform, often connate below : anthers short, didymous. 
 Carpels 5, rarely fewer or more, 1-celled ; styles subulate or 
 filiform ; stigmas capitellate, simple or 2-lobed ; ovules 2, col- 
 lateral, ascending, orthotropous. Fruit of 1-, rarely 2- or more, 
 sessile or stalked, 1- rarely 2-seeded follicles, dehiscing ventrally. 
 
CONNARACEAE. 271 
 
 Seed erect, often arillate ; testa thick, sometimes fleshy below ; 
 albumen fleshy or ; cotyledons fleshy in exalbuminous, leafy in 
 albuminous seeds; radicle superior. 
 
 Calyx imbricate ; seeds exalbuminous, arillate ; leaves impari- 
 pinnate : 
 
 Calyx accrescent in fruit, clasping the base of the sessile follicle 
 
 1. Rourea. 
 Calyx not accrescent, clasping- the pedicel of the stipitate capsule 
 
 2. Gonnarus. 
 Calyx valvato ; seeds exalbuminous, arillate ; leaflet 1 
 
 3. Ellipanthus. 
 
 1. Rourea, Aubl. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves imparipinnate ; 
 leaflets subopposite or alternate. Flowers small, in axillary 
 panicles ; pedicels usually slender. Sepals 5, orbicular, imbricate, 
 enlarged in fruit and clasping its base. Petals 5, usually linear- 
 oblong, longer than the calyx. Stamens 10, filaments filiform, 
 alternately longer and shorter, connate in a ring at the base. 
 Carpels 5. of which 4 are usually imperfect; styles slender; 
 stigma c-apitellate. Fruit a sessile curved follicle. Seed erect. 
 arillate ; albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle 
 small. 
 
 ROUREA SANTALOIDES, W. & A. 144 ; F. B. I. ii. 47. Connam* 
 monocarpus, W. & A. 143, not of Linn. 
 
 W. Coast and W. side of Ghats, rising to 3,000 ft., from 
 
 S. Canara to Travancore. 
 
 A climbing or sarmentose shrub with 5-9 elliptic, long- and 
 
 obtusely-acuminate leaflets and follicles about -'75 in. long. 
 
 The leaves and follicles are rather variable in size and shape. 
 
 Yern. Mai. Kuriel. 
 
 2. Connarus, L. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets 
 usually 5, sometimes 3, sometimes more, entire. Flowers in 
 axillary and terminal branched panicles. Sepals 5, connate .at 
 base in a short tube, not accrescent, in fruit embracing the base 
 of the fruiting pedicel. Petals 5, linear or ligulate or oblong, 
 slightly enlarged upwards. Stamens 10, those opposite the sepals 
 with long filaments and perfect anthers, those alternate with them 
 
272 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Connarus. 
 
 shorter and sometimes without anthers. Ovaries 5, densely 
 pubescent, 4 usually imperfect or obsolete, the fifth with a 
 slender style and capitate stigma. Fruit an oblique, stipitate, 
 inflated follicle, the valves glabrous or pubescent within, usually 
 nearly straight on the dorsal, curved on the ventral suture. Seed 
 solitary, girt with a fleshy aril at the base ; testa smooth, shining ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle small. 
 
 Valves of the follicle glabrous within, rather thin : 
 
 Follicle scarlet, turning brown when dry, 1-5-2 in. long, acute at 
 apex, narrowed at base into the pedicel, not striate ; leaflets 
 elliptic, obtusely acuminate at apex, rounded at base, with 3-5 
 
 pairs of main nerves, not prominently reticulate 1. monocarpus. 
 
 Follicle bright red, turning brown when dry, 1 '5 in. long, keeled on 
 the sutures ; acute at apex, narrowed at base into the pedicel, 
 striate ; leaflets elliptic-ovate with 5-6 pairs of main nerves, 
 
 prominently minutely reticulate 2. Wightii. 
 
 Follicle light brown when dry, turgidly inflated, oblong, '75-1 in. 
 long, obtuse at apex, cordate at base on the top of the pedicel, 
 striate ; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 with 7-8 pairs of main nerves 3. Ritdiiti. 
 
 Valves of the follicle velvety within : 
 
 Follicle obovoid, woody, obtuse at apex, narrowed at base into the 
 thick pedicel, T5-2 in. long; leaflets coriaceous, coarsely reticulate, 
 elliptic, with aboiit 5 pairs of main nerves, the loAvest pair rib-like 
 
 from the base ; panicles thickly rusty-pubescent 4. sclerocarpus. 
 
 Follicle oblong, obtuse at apex, rounded at base with a short thick 
 pedicel, much inflated, 1-1 '5 in. long, striate ; leaflets elliptic-ovate, 
 acuminate, with 5-6 pairs of rather obscure main nerves ; panicles 
 thinly rusty -pubescent 5. paniculatus. 
 
 1. CONNARUS MONOCARPUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 50. C. pin- 
 natus, Lamk. ; W. & A. 143. 
 
 W. Coast, from S. Caiiara to Travaiicore, in open forests 
 and waste places. 
 
 A low straggling shrub. Vern. Tarn. Chettupulukodi ; Mai. 
 Nai kuriel. 
 
 2. CONNARUS WIGHTII, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 51. 
 
 W. Coast in Travaiicore and W. Grh;\ts to 1,200 ft. (Bour- 
 
 dillon) in evergreen forest. 
 
 A large woody climbing shrub. 
 
Ellipanthus.'} LEGUM/NOSAE. 273 
 
 .'i. CONNARUS RITCHIBI, Hook, f . ; F. B. I. ii. 51. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats from S. Canara and Coorg to 
 
 Travancore. 
 
 A climbing shrub or small tree. 
 
 4. CONNARUS SCLEROCARPUS, Schellenb. Roiu'ca / sclerocarpa. 
 
 W. &A. 
 
 W. Ghats, scarce in the North as S. Canara, common in 
 the Anamalai and Tinnevelly Hills up to 3,000 ft, 
 A large climbing shrub. 
 
 5. CONNARUS PANICULATUS, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 52. 
 
 N. Circars, in Vizagapatam (Beddome). 
 A large climbing shrub. 
 
 3. Ellipanthus, Hook. f. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves with 1 leaflet, entire. Flowers in 
 short axillary racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, 
 valvate. Petals 5, imbricate, pubescent, longer than the sepals. 
 Stamens 10, 5 long and anther-bearing alternating with 5 short 
 without anthers ; filaments subulate, connate in a tube at the 
 base. Ovary ovoid, densely villous, attenuate into a short style 
 and lobed stigma. Fruit a stalked oblique velvety follicle, valves 
 glabrous within. Seed oblong, girt at the base by a fleshy aril ; 
 testa of two integuments, outer blackish shining, inner brown 
 leathery ; albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex. 
 
 ELLIPANTHUS NEGLECTUS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1917, 26. 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, up 
 to 2,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with elliptic acuminate much reticulate 
 coriaceous leaves, flowers in short rusty-villous racemes 
 fascicled in the leaf-axils and velvety capsule with a large 
 blue-black seed having a pink aril. Yern. Mai. Padappen. 
 
 Family LY. LEGUMINOSAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, 
 usually compound ; stipules 2, usually free; leaflets often stipellate. 
 Flowers usually irregular, hermaphrodite, rarely regular or 
 polygamous, in axillary leaf-opposed or terminal racemes or 
 panicles, rarely solitary, bracteate and usually 2-bracteolate. 
 8<pals 5, combined or free, often unequal, sometimes combined 
 
274 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Genisteae. 
 
 in 2 lips. Petals 5, rarely fewer, usually free and unequal. 
 Stamens normally 10, rarely fewer, sometimes indefinite, peri- 
 gynous or subhypogynous ; filaments free or variously com- 
 bined ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, with, one or more ovules 
 on the ventral suture ; style simple, usually decimate ; stigma 
 capitate, terminal or oblique. Fruit usually dry, a pod splitting 
 open along both sutures, sometimes continuous and in dehiscent, 
 sometimes separating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds usually ex- 
 albuminous ; testa usually hard or leathery, occasionally strophio- 
 otylecl jus fleshy or leafy, the radicle straight or accumbent. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SUBFAMILIES. 
 Flo v< >morphic; stamens definite : 
 
 Corolla papilionaceous ; petals imbricate, the uppermost (standard) 
 the outermost, the 4 others in 2 opposite pairs ; stamens usually 
 
 combined I. Papilionatae. 
 
 Corolla not papilionaceous ; petals imbricate, the uppermost the 
 innermost, the rest similar to each other ; stamens usually free 
 
 II. Caesalpinioideae. 
 
 Flowers regular ; stamens definite or indefinite ; petals valvate, 
 usually united above the base III. Mimosoideae. 
 
 Subfamily I. PAPILIONATAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or digitately 
 or pinnately compound, rarely bipinnate, sometimes ending in 
 tendrils. Flowers irregular, zygomorphic, rarely subregular, 
 hermaphrodite. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed or -lobed or the 
 upper lobes more or less connate, or bilabiate the 2 upper 
 opposed to the 3 lower, rarely spathaceous. Corolla papiliona- 
 ceous, petals 5, free or adnate to the stamiiial tube, the posterior 
 (standard) outside in bud, the 2 lateral (wings) intermediate, 
 the 2 lower inside and usually cohering by their lower margins 
 (keel). Stamens 10, diadelphous (usually 9 and 1, the one 
 (vexillary) opposite the standard), monadelphous or free. Ovary 
 free ; embryo with an inflexed radicle, cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 Tribe I. GENISTEAE. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves simple or digitately 
 '3 - many - f oliolate ; stamens monadelphous; pod dehiscent, not 
 jointed : 
 
 Stamens combined in a tube cleft above : 
 
 Anthers uniform; keel petals scarcely cohering '1. Rothia. 
 
Hedysareae.^ LEGUMINOSAE. 275 
 
 Anthers dimorphous; keel petals cohering in a beak : 
 
 Pod flattened; flowers solitary in the leaf -axils... 2. Heylandia. 
 Pod turgid ; flowers in terminal or leaf -opposed racemes 
 
 3. Grotalaria. 
 Stamens combined in a closed tube : 
 
 Thorny bush ; calyx 2-lipped, the upper 2- the lower 3-lobed 
 
 Ulex. 
 
 Erect shrubs ; calyx with 2 upper lobes connate or free, 3 lower 
 connate Cytisus. 
 
 Tribe II. TRIFOLIEAE. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate, the 
 usually toothed; stamens diadelphons; pod usually d<'his< : 
 jointed : 
 
 Leaves digitately trifoliolate : - 
 
 Petals persistent, adnalc to the staminal tube; pod minut<>, 
 
 indehiscent 4. Trifolium. 
 
 Petals caducous, free from the staminal tube ; pod linear, 2- 
 
 valved 5. Parochetus . 
 
 Leaves pinnately trifoliolate : 
 
 Racemes long; pod short, globose or ovoid 6. Melilotus. 
 
 Ilacemes short : 
 
 Pod straight or curved Trigonella. 
 
 Pod spirally twisted Medicago. 
 
 Tribe III. GALEGE AE. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves imparipinnate, 
 leaflets entire ; stamens usually diadelphous ; pod usually dehiscent, 
 or if indehiscent usually small, 1-2-seeded or membranous-inflated : 
 Anthers apiculate ; hairs fixed by the centre : 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, the staminal sheath tubular ; leaflets 3, 
 
 large, toothed 7. Cyamopsis. 
 
 Stamens diadelphous, the vexillary one free; leaves simple, 
 digitate or pinnate, the leaflets usually small, entire 
 
 8. Indigofera. 
 Anthers obtuse ; hairs basifixed : 
 
 Pod indehiscent, 1-seeded; leaves gland-dotted 9. Psoralea. 
 
 Pod many-seeded ; leaves rarely gland-dotted : 
 Inflorescence terminal or leaf-opposed : 
 
 Alternate filaments dilated 10. Mundulea. 
 
 Filaments not dilated: 
 
 Leaflets parallel-nerved 11. Tephrosia. 
 
 Leaflets with netted venation 12. Millettia. 
 
 Inflorescence axillary; pod long, septate 13. Sesbania. 
 
 Tribe IY. HEDYSAREAE. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes twining or 
 
276 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hedysareae. 
 
 scandent; leaves imparipinnate ; stamens diadelphous or monadel- 
 phous ; pod jointed if more than 1-seeded : 
 Leaflets exstipellate : 
 Stamens monadelphovis : 
 Anthers uniform; leaflets 4; slender herb with large ciliate 
 
 bracts 14. Geissaspis. 
 
 Anthers dimorphous : 
 
 Calyx -tube short ; joints of pod glochidiate, 2-6 
 
 15. Zornia. 
 Calyx- tube elongate, slender : 
 
 Joints of pod small, 1-2, rugose, concealed among upper 
 
 es 16. Stylosanthes. 
 
 its of pod large, 1-3, netted, not separating, ripening 
 
 , he earth . . Arachi s. 
 
 {Stamen^ diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform : 
 Ovule solitary ; pod 1-jointed ; leaves 3-foliolate. . . 17. Lespede~a. 
 Ovules 2-4; pod 1-4-jointed ; leaves 1-3-foliolate 
 
 18. Taverniera. 
 Stamens diadelphous, in 2 bundles of 5 each : 
 
 Pod twisted, enclosed in the calyx, the joints orbicular, turgid 
 or flat ; calyx conspicuous, 2-lipped, usually bristly 
 
 19. Smithia. 
 Pod straight, exserted from the calyx : 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped ; water plants with many close leaflets : joints 
 
 of pod close together 20. Aeschynomene. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; dry shrubs with few leaflets ; joints of pod 
 
 oblong, far apart 21. Ormocarpum. 
 
 Leaflets stipellate; stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, sometimes 
 (Desmodiurti) monadelphous : 
 
 Seed solitary, pod flattened ; leaflets small, 1-3-foliolate : 
 Racemes in terminal, capitate, plumose heads ; leaflets longer 
 
 than broad 22. Leptodesmia. 
 
 Racemes axillary, lax, with distant flowers ; leaflets broader 
 
 than long 23. Eleiotis. 
 
 Seeds 2 or more : 
 Pod not distinctly jointed, continuous within : 
 
 Pod inflated; leaflets 3, obovate, small 24. Pycnospora 
 
 Pod flat, very viscid-pubescent ; leaflets 3, rhomboid, large 
 
 25. Pseudarthria. 
 Pod distinctly jointed : 
 
 Pod twisted so that the joints come face to face : 
 Calyx accrescent, the teeth lanceolate, subequal 26. Lourea. 
 
Phaseoleae.] LEGUMINOSAE. 277 
 
 Calyx not accrescent, the teeth setaceous-pointed, especially 
 
 the lower lip 27. Uraria. 
 
 Pod not twisted so that the joints come face to face : 
 
 Joints of pod turgid 28. Alysicarpus. 
 
 Joints of pod flattened : 
 
 Tree; racemes fascicled on the old wood 29. Ougeinia. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs ; racemes simple or panicled, from the year's 
 shoots, flowers sometimes axillary 30. Desmodium. 
 
 Fribe Y. YICIEAE. Herbs, low or climbing; leaves paripinnate, the 
 eaflets ending in a tendril or bristle ; stamens diadelphous or (in 
 4.brus) 9 monadelphous ; pod dehiscent, not jointed : 
 Stems herbaceous ; stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous, 
 the vexillary one joined to the sheath : 
 Leaflets entire ; style bearded ; seeds with short f unicle : 
 Staminal tube oblique at mouth ; pod compressed : 
 
 Style with dorsal tuft of hairs or bearded round the tip ; 
 
 ovules usually more than 2 31. Yicia. 
 
 Style longitudinally bearded along inner face ; ovules less 
 
 than 2 Lens. 
 
 Staminal tube truncate at mouth ; style bearded along inner 
 face : 
 
 Pod compressed ; style flat, dilated at tip Lathyrus. 
 
 Pod turgid ; style 3-cornered, dilated upwards throughout 
 
 Pisum. 
 Leaflets toothed ; style not bearded ; seeds with a slender f unicle ; 
 
 pod turgid Cicer. 
 
 Stems woody ; stamens monadelphous, the vexillary stamen absent ; 
 style not bearded 32. Abrus . 
 
 Fribe YI. PHASEOLEAE. Climbing or prostrate, rarely erect, 
 lerbs or shrubs, rarely trees ; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, rarely 1- or 
 >-7-foliolate ; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; pod dehiscent, 
 lot jointed: 
 
 Leaves not gland-dotted ; leaflets stipellate : 
 Style not bearded below the stigma : 
 
 Nodes of raceme not swollen ; petals about equal in length : 
 Stamens diadelphous ; stipules and bracts conspicuous, per- 
 sistent ; leaves 3-foliolate : 
 
 Calyx-teeth distinct; style filiform, without a flattened 
 
 part in the middle 33. Shuteria. 
 
 Calyx truncate ; style filiform with a flattened part in the 
 middle 34. Dumasia. 
 
278 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Phaseoleae. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, at first at any rate; stipules and 
 bracts small, deciduous : 
 
 Pod not hooked at the apex ; anthers all fertile ; leaves 
 
 3-7-f oliolate 35. Gly cine. 
 
 Pod conspicuously hooked at the apex ; 5 alternate anthers 
 
 sterile ; leaves 3-f oliolate 36. Teramnus. 
 
 Nodes of raceme more or less swollen, scarcely apparent in 
 Galactia : 
 
 Petals very unequal in length : 
 
 Trees ; anthers uniform ; standard exceeding the keel and 
 
 wings 37 Erythrina. 
 
 Climbing shrubs ; anthers dimorphous ; keel exceeding the 
 
 wings and standard 38. Mucuna. 
 
 Petals nearly equal in length : 
 Stamens cliadelphous : 
 
 Herbs ; pod linear, 2-valved, many-seeded 39. Galactia. 
 Trees or shrubs ; pod woody, lower part thin, seedless, 
 indehiscent, end part 1-seeded, subdehiscent : 
 
 Flowers large, racemose 40. Butca. 
 
 Flowers small, panicled 41 . Spath olobu s . 
 
 Stamens monadelphous : 
 
 Upper lip of calyx large, lower minute ...42. Canavalia. 
 Calyx campanulate, teeth subequal, the upper 2 connate 
 
 43. Pueraria. 
 
 Style bearded below the stigma ; stamens diadelphous : 
 Stigma oblique : 
 
 Keel spiral 44. Phaseolus. 
 
 Keel not spiral 45. Yigna. 
 
 Stigma terminal : 
 Petals very unequal in length ; flowers large, blue 
 
 46. Clitoria. 
 Petals equal in length ; flowers yellow, pink or purple 
 
 47. Dolichos. 
 
 Leaves gland-dotted beneath ; stipels often wanting ; nodes of 
 raceme not swollen ; style not bearded below the stigma : 
 Ovules 3 or more : 
 
 Pod depressed outside between the seeds : 
 
 Seeds with a large grooved strophiole 48 Atylosia. 
 
 Seeds without strophiole, the hilum large Caj anus. 
 
 Pod not depressed outside between the seeds ...49. Dunbaria. 
 Ovules 1-2: 
 
 Calyx accrescent 50. Cylista. 
 
Rothia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 279 
 
 Calyx not accrescent : 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; pod compressed 51. Rhynchosia. 
 
 Leaves digitate ; pod turgid 52. Flemingia . 
 
 Tribe YII. DALBERGIEAE. Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing ; 
 leaves imparipimiate ; stamens moiiadelphous or diadelphous ; pod 
 continuous, indehiscent : 
 Leaflets alternate : 
 
 Flowers small, whitish reddish or pale blue ; pods oblong or 
 linear ; anthers terminal, dehiscing in a vertical slit 
 
 .->:'. Dalbergia. 
 Flowers large, yellow ; pods suborbicular ; anthers versatile, 
 
 dehiscing longitudinally ."34. Pterocarpus. 
 
 Leaflets opposite : 
 
 Pods flattened, thick, almost woody, not winged... 55. Pongamia. 
 Pods flat, thin, winged down one or both sides 5G. Derris. 
 
 Table VIII. SOPHOREAE. Trees or shrubs; leaves imparipinnate, 
 rarely simple; stamens free or very slightly connate at base; pod 
 not jointed, indehiscent or 2-valved : 
 
 Stigma terminal ; pods usually indehiscent : 
 
 Pod monilif orm ; calyx-teeth very short 57. Sophora. 
 
 Pod flat, membranous; calyx-teeth short 58. Calpurnia. 
 
 Stigma oblique ; pod turgid, dehiscent, fleshy or coriaceous ; calyx 
 deeply cleft 59. Ormosia. 
 
 1. Rothia, Pers. 
 
 Annuals. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate, stipules free. Flowers 
 small, solitary, or in short racemes from the axils of the leaves. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate, teeth subeqnal, lanceolate, the 2 upper 
 broader and falcate. Corolla scarcely exserted, the petals long- 
 clawed, standard ovate or oblong ; wings narrow ; keel-petals like 
 the wings scarcely cohering. Stamens monadelphous ; filaments 
 united in a tube cleft above ; anthers minute, uniform. Ovary 
 sessile, linear, many-ovuled ; style straight, filiform ; stigma 
 minute, capitate. Pod linear, slender, compressed, nearly straight, 
 many-seeded, dehiscing at the dorsal suture. Seeds reniform on 
 filiform funicles. 
 
 ROTHIA TRIFOLIATA, Pers.; F. B. I. ii. 63 ; W. & A. 195; 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 199. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic, in dry Districts, in fields 
 and on waste land. 
 
280 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rothia. 
 
 A much branched annual with straight flat pods about 2 in. 
 long and small 3-foliolate leaves. 
 
 2. Heylandia, DC. 
 
 A prostrate herb. Leaves simple, alternate, entire ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers small, solitary, axillary. Calyx-tube turbinate ; teeth 
 lanceolate, 3 lower longer than the 2 subconnate upper. Corolla 
 yellow, much exserted ; standard orbicular with 2 basal scales at 
 the top of the short claw ; wings obovate-oblong ; keel petals 
 connate along the back, narrowed to an incurved beak. Stamens 
 inonadelphous ; ii laments united in a tube cleft above ; anthers 
 alternately short versatile and long basifixed. Ovary sessile. 
 2-ovuled ; style abruptly incurved at base, longitudinally bearded 
 above; stigma terminal. Pod flat, oblong, 1-2-seeded. Seeds 
 reniform on filiform fn nicies. 
 HEYLANDIA LATEBROSA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 65 ; W. & A. 180. 
 
 All dry Districts, on waste land and in open forest. 
 
 A prostrate often very silky- hairy herb with small cordate - 
 
 ovate leaves, pale yellow flowers and small slightly inflated 
 
 pod. 
 
 3. Crotalaria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, or more or less herbaceous undershrubs. 
 Leaves simple or trifoliolate or sometimes 5-7-digitate ; with or 
 without stipules, the stipules sometimes decurrent in wings on 
 the branches. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, 
 rarely solitary, usually yellow but sometimes blue, often large and 
 showy. Calyx-tube short ; lobes linear or lanceolate, subequal or 
 more or less connate in 2 lips. Corolla equal to or exceeding the 
 calyx ; standard with a short claw and callus above it, usually 
 orbicular or ovate ; wings obovate or oblong, shorter than the 
 standard, clawed and usually with minute transverse folds ; keel 
 as long as the wings, its petals connate, much incurved, beaked. 
 Stamens monadelphous, connate in a sheath cleft above ; anthers 
 dimorphous, alternately short versatile with slender filaments and 
 long basifixed with flattened filaments. Geary sessile or stalked, 
 2-many-ovuled ; style long, abruptly incurved at the base, bearded 
 upwards ; stigma small, oblique. Pod sessile or stalked, usually 
 globose or oblong, turgid or inflated, continuous within. Seeds 
 usually many, rarely 1 or 2, without strophiole ; funicle filiform. 
 
Crotalaria.~\ LEGUM1NOSAE. 281 
 
 Leaves simple, the petiole not articulated : 
 
 Stipules decurrent as a persistent Aving to the branchlets; flowers 
 
 yelloAv Alatae. 
 
 Shrub reaching 3-4 ft. in height or more ; leaves up to 4 in. long 
 and 3'5 in. broad, elliptic-obovate, obtuse and inucronate at apex, 
 covered Avith appressed golden shining velvety pubescence ; 
 stipular Aving gradually expanding to a triangular hooked apex ; 
 
 flowers 1 in. long ; pod nearly 2 in 1 . Wiyhtiana. 
 
 Erect undershrubs up to about 2 ft. in height : 
 Leaves densely rusty velvety -pubescent : 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, inucronate, up to 1*5 in. long 
 by 1 in. broad ; stipular Aving widened upwards into a broad 
 recurved point ; floAvers ? in. long ; pod 1 in. long 
 
 2. scabrella. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, up to *9 in. long by "3 in. broad ; 
 stipular Aving narrow with a small sharp point; floAvers *5 in. 
 
 long ; pods up to 1 in. long 3. conferta. 
 
 Leaves thinly rusty- or grey-pubescent, somewhat glaucous 
 beneath : 
 
 Lower leaves ovate, up to 2 in. long by 1 in. broad, upper ones 
 narrowly linear-oblong, about 1 in. long by '1 in. broad; 
 stipular Aving Avith long erect or slightly recurved auricles ; 
 racemes few-flowered ; flowers '5 in. long ; pod 1*8 in. long 
 
 4. Bidiei. 
 
 Leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, grey -pubescent, up to 3 in. 
 long by 1 in. broad ; stipular wing broad, its top shortly 
 auricled ; racemes elongate, many-flowered ; floAvers *o in. 
 
 long; pods 1'2 in. long o. alata. 
 
 Prostrate or diffuse small undershrubs ; racemes few-floAvered : 
 Stems Aviry ; leaves ovate elliptic or orbicular, sparsely pubes- 
 cent, up to 1*2 in. long by '7 in. broad ; stipular Aving narrow, 
 the auricle triangular; flowers - o in. long; pod 1-1*3 in. long 
 
 (3. ovalifolia. 
 
 Stems almost filiform ; leaves orbicular, emargiiiate, sparsely 
 villous, up to '8 in. long by '6 in. broad ; stipular Aving very 
 narrow with a short recurved auricle ; flowers '6 in. long ; 
 
 pod 1 in 7. Bourneae. 
 
 Stipules none or small, not decurrent : 
 
 Racemes all lateral, leaf -opposed, feAv- often only 1-floAvered; 
 
 mostly prostrate trailing herbs D iff usae. 
 
 Pod almost globose, hairy ; racemes 1-2-floAvered, flowers yelloAv, 
 stij ules minute or none : 
 
 U 
 
282 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria.- 
 
 Leaves orbicular-ovate to oblong, up to 1 in. long; pod *4 in. 
 by '3 in., covered sparsely with long stiff golden hairs, seeds 
 
 up to about 20, rather small .8. biflora . 
 
 Leaves orbicular, up to '6 in. long and broad ; pod *25-'3 in. 
 by nearly '25 in., covered thickly with short stiff pale hairs, 
 
 seeds few, 1-4, large 9. globosa. 
 
 Pod oblong : 
 Pod glabrous : 
 
 Stipules absent ; flowers yellow : 
 
 Pod '25 in. long, 8-10-seeded, shortly stalked ; branches 
 long, slender ; leaves ovate-cordate, prominently nerved, 
 3-*4 in. long, sparsely hirsute ; peduncles and pedicels 
 
 filiform, 1-3-flowered 10. filipes. 
 
 Pod '75 in. long, 16-20-seeded, nearly sessile ; branchlets 
 wiry; leaves ovate-oblong, not prominently nerved, 
 5-1 '5 in. long, densely appressed-hirsute ; peduncles 
 
 slender, 1-4-fiowered 11. prostrata. 
 
 Stipules present : 
 
 Small prostrate herbs with small flowers about '25 in. 
 long; pod small, about *25 in. long, many-seeded: 
 Stipules minute, subulate ; leaves round, the base 
 cuneate, those in the centre about 1 in. long, those on 
 the radiating branchlets smaller, all glaucous beneath ; 
 flowers about 3-6 at the ends of slender peduncles, 
 
 sparsely hairy 12. humifusa. 
 
 Stipules lanceolate ; leaves orbicular- oblong, subcor- 
 date and unequal at base, up to 1 in. long, glaucous 
 beneath ; flowers in many -flowered, densely silky-haired 
 
 racemes with short peduncles 13. acicularis. 
 
 Larger suberect herb with larger flowers '5 in. long, 
 
 rusty villous; pod over 1 in. long, very many- seeded: 
 
 Stipules lanceolate, long acuminate ; leaves obovate- 
 
 oblong, obtuse, mucronate, pale beneath, up to 2 in. 
 
 long ; flowers in lax racemes 4-5 in. long 
 
 14. ferruginea. 
 
 Pod hairy, except var. of C. Fysonii ; leaves stipulate: 
 Flowers small, under '3 in. long, the corolla -longer 
 than calyx ; trailing herbs with stems up to 2 ft, long 
 and very variable membranous leaves from.: orbicular 
 to oblong and even lanceolate, usually obtuse ; racemes 
 3-8-flowered ; pod '75 in. long, reflexed, softly hairy . 
 
 15. evolvuloides. 
 
Crotalaria. LEGUMINOSAE. 283 
 
 Flowers medium-sized, *7 in. long; diffuse perennial herbs: 
 Leaves ovate, subcoriaceous, pubescent or glabrous, 
 strongly nerved, obtuse retuse or rarely acute and 
 nmcronate, up to 1-2 in. long; racemes erect, long- 
 peduncled, 2-8-flowered, the corolla reddish-veined ; pod 
 1-1*2 in. long, cylindric, hirsute or glabrous ... 16. Fysonii. 
 Leaves obtuse, membranous, variable, from orbicular 
 (lower) to lanceolate (upper), up to 2 in. long, '4-*9 in. 
 broad ; racemes 1-2-flowered with ovate acuminate 
 bracts, the standard veined; pod about 1 in. long, much 
 
 inflated and very obtuse, sparsely hairy 17. bifaria. 
 
 Leaves acute, very membranous, ovate, up to 2'5 in. long 
 and 1'5 in. broad; racemes slender, 2-3-flowered with 
 recurved lanceolate bracts ; pod about 1 in. long, obovoid, 
 attenuate at base, strigosely hirsute; branchlets very 
 
 silky, suberect 18. hirsuta. 
 
 Flowers large, 1 in. long ; leaves membranous, ovate, acute, 
 mucronate, up to 2'5 in. long, 1-5 in. broad, the stipules 
 long-tailed; racemes long, stout, 2-6-flowered, the standard 
 purple-veined ; pod 1*5 in. long, much inflated, densely 
 
 strigosely brown-hairy 19. multiflora. 
 
 E/acemes terminal, many-flowered, rarely in age opposite the 
 leaves : 
 
 Pod glabrous, or very nearly so (also no. 46. lanata) : 
 Whole plant glabrous ; stipules none ; erect annuals 
 
 Glaucae, 
 
 Leaves narrow-lanceolate, membranous, mucronate, up to 
 6 in. long by '75 in. broad ; flowers large, yellow, the; 
 veined standard 1 in. long, the calyx lobes lanceolate with 
 filiform tips; pod 1-1 '5 in. long, attenuate into the *2 in. 
 
 stalk, broadening upwards 20. lutescens. 
 
 Leaves narrow-linear, membranous, mucronate, up to 8 in. 
 long by -25 in. broad ; flowers smaller, the standard '75 in. 
 long, the calyx lobes lanceolate acuminate; pod l'5-2'5 in, 
 long, attenuate into the '25 in. stalk, oblanceolate 
 
 21. peduncularis. 
 Plants with more or less silky or pubescent foliage : 
 
 Pods 2 or more times longer than the calyx ; erect plants 
 
 with usually elongated racemes Erectae, 
 
 Leaves glabrous on the upper surface : 
 
 Scarcely woody ; racemes elongate, at least 6 in. long -, 
 leaves oblanceolate : 
 
284 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 Stipules and bracts minute,, filiform ; leaves obtuse 
 or retuse at apex, white-puberulous beneath ; pod 
 
 narrowed at base 22. retusa. 
 
 Stipules and bracts ovate-acuminate, reflexed : 
 Leaves usually acute at apex, softly grey-pubes- 
 cent beneath ; pod rounded at base and flatly 
 
 stalked 23. sericea. 
 
 Leaves obtuse at apex, densely ferruginous-silky- 
 pubescent beneath ; pod narrowed at base to a 
 
 flat stalk 24. Leschenaultii. 
 
 Woody shrub ; racemes dense, short, under 3 in. long ; 
 branches, racemes and leaves beneath densely ferrugi- 
 nous-silky ; leaves obtuse or retuse ; stipules and 
 
 bracts lanceolate, small 25. formosa. 
 
 Leaves villous on the upper surface : 
 
 Racemes shortly stalked ; hairs on the branches and 
 leaves dark brown ; pod scarcely 1'5 in. long : 
 
 Leaves oblanceolate-oblong, subacute, mucronate, 
 subcordate at base, up to 3*5 in. long, 1 in. broad, 
 thinly silky above, densely so beneath, margins 
 slightly reflexed; racemes 6-12-flowered, flowers 1 in. 
 
 long 26. barbata. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, obtuse, up to 1'2 in. long, *7 in. 
 broad, strigosely stiff-hairy 011 both surfaces, es- 
 pecially beneath, margins prominently reflexed ; 
 racemes 3-4-flowered, flowers '75 in. long 
 
 27. scabra. 
 
 Racemes few-flowered, on long stalks; hairs on the 
 branches and leaves golden-brown, shining; leaves 
 oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, up to 2 in. long 
 by *7 in. broad, margin not reflexed ; pod about 2 in. 
 
 long, very broad 28. salicifolia. 
 
 Pods shorter or only little longer than calyx, rarely 
 twice as long ; diffuse annuals or low shrubby plants 
 
 Calycinae. 
 Upper calyx-lobes connate except at the tip : 
 
 Flowers very small, under '25 in. long, in terminal or 
 leaf -opposed umbels ; corolla shorter than calyx: 
 Leaves oblong, obtuse, -2--7 in. long : umbels few- 
 usually 3-flowered, mostly leaf-opposed ; pod "25 in. 
 
 long, oblong, 10-12-seeded 29. nana. 
 
 Leaves oblong, usually acute, up to 1'6 in. long; 
 
Crotalaria.] LEGUMINOSAE. 285 
 
 umbels many- (6-8-) flowered, terminal or with 
 axillary flowers below the terminal vimbel also ; pod 
 25 in. in diam., globose, 6-8-seeded ..30. umbel! ata. 
 Flowers over '25 in. long-, in elongate terminal racemes ; 
 corolla equal to or slightly longer than calyx : 
 Leaves oblanceolate or linear, obtuse or retuse. 
 mucronate, 'l-'3 in. broad; flowers *3 in. long, in 
 slender racemes 4-6 in. or even more long; pod 
 ovoid-oblong, up to '3 in. long, 8-10-seeded 
 
 31. linifolia. 
 
 Leaves obovate, cuneate, emarginate, up to '6 in. 
 broad ; flowers '6 in. long, in strong racemes up to 
 9 in. long ; pod oblong, -5-'0 in. long, many- (up to 
 
 25-) seeded 32. tecta. 
 
 Upper calyx-lobes not connate or only connate below : 
 Pods longer than the calyx : 
 
 Plants with long silky hairs, brown at any rato 
 when dry : 
 
 Low suffruticose plants with ascending branches ; 
 racemes short, subcapitate, few-flowered ; flowers 
 4 in. long ; pod oblong, '5 in. by '3 in., seeds 15-20 ; 
 leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, up to 2*5 in. 
 long, '7 in. broad, stipules or minute.. .33. hirta. 
 Erect suffruticose plants ; racemes long, with 
 distant flowers ; flowers '8 in. long ; pod obovoid, 
 1-1-2 in. by -5 in., seeds very many, more than 30 ; 
 leaves linear oblong, up to 3 in. long, - 4 in. broad, 
 
 stipules linear, conspicuous 34. mysorensis. 
 
 Plants with short appressed silky pubescence, grey 
 ' when dry ; stipules ; pods few-seeded, '4-'5 in. 
 long: 
 
 Low diffuse undershrubs, branched from low 
 down ; flowers in racemes terminal on the 
 branches ; leaves thick, cuneate, obtuse or emar- 
 ginate, pellucid-punctate, grey-pubescent, '5-1 in. 
 long by 'l-'2 in. broad ; flowers '4 in. long 
 
 35. albida. 
 
 Erect subglabrous slender undershrubs ; flowers 
 in leafy panicles of racemes ; leaves membranous, 
 oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, not conspicuously 
 pellucid-punctate, up to 3 in. long by '8 in. broad ; 
 flowers '3 in. long 36. epuncta t 
 
286 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 Pods equal to or shorter than the calyx: 
 
 Flowers large, in terminal racemes, the calyx '7-1 in. 
 long; leaves very variable, with minute subulate 
 stipules ; standard obovate, rounded or emarginate, 
 with a tuft of hairs at the back, otherwise glabrous ; 
 pod 20-30-seeded ; whole plant densely apprassed- 
 
 silky 37. calycina . 
 
 Flowers moderately large, in terminal heads, the 
 calyx '5 in. long : 
 
 Standard glabrous at the back except for a tuft 
 of hairs near the top ; stipules ; pod about equal 
 to the calyx : 
 
 Standard apiculate j leaves linear-oblanceolate, 
 up to 2 in. long, clothed like the branches with 
 long pale brown silky hairs ; erect plants 
 
 38. chinensis. 
 
 Standard emarginate ; leaves suborbicular-obo- 
 vate, 'o-'Gin. long, silky-brown-hairy like the 
 branches ; low trailing plants, nearly black 
 
 when dry 39. priestleyoides. 
 
 Standard and keel densely golden-silky-hairy at the 
 
 back, like the flowers, leaves and branches; stipules 
 
 minute ; heads densely capitate ; leaves 1-1 '5 in. 
 
 long, oblong, obtuse ; pod very small, much shorter 
 
 than the calyx ; plant sub-shrubby ...40. speciosa. 
 
 Flowers small, in oblong dense terminal heads, the 
 
 calyx '25 in. long; standard oblong, emarginate, 
 
 glabrous at the back except for a few hairs ; stipules 
 
 minute ; pod "25 in. long by *15 in., 6-8-seeded ; leaves 
 
 membranous, obovate, cuneate, 2-3 in. long, 1-1*5 in. 
 
 broad; erect annuals 1-2 ft. high ...41. dubia. 
 
 Pod hairy (except No. 46, lanata) Eriocarpeae. 
 
 Flowers in single racemes, terminal or terminal and lateral : 
 Annual ; very small plants, scarcely 6 in. high ; calyx ] in. 
 long, the corolla slightly larger ; pod *2 in. long, oblong, 
 silky-villous ; leaves linear, oblong, up to '75 in. long, '1 in. 
 
 broad ; stipules 42. pusilla. 
 
 Slender uudershrubs up to about 2 ft. high, the branches 
 3-4-angled ; stipules present, ovate or lanceolate : 
 
 Branches 3-angled, very slender ; racemes 2-3 -flowered, 
 the flowers under '5 in. long ; leaves membranous ; pod 
 '6-'8 in. long, appressed-silky-villous 43. triquetro. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 287 
 
 Branches usually 4-angled, rather stout ; racemes 3- 
 8-flowered, the flowers over '5 in. long; leaves charta- 
 ceous ; pod 1'2 in. long, with spreading silky hairs 
 
 44. Clarkei. 
 
 More or less stout shrubs or undershrubs, sometimes 
 herbaceous, usually with prominent stipules : 
 Stipules semi-lunate : 
 
 Sterns and branches angular : 
 
 Herbaceous ; branches, inflorescence and leaves 
 almost glabrous ; flowers usually blue ; pod 1-1'oin. 
 long, minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate-deltoid or 
 rhomboid, obtuse or acute; bracts and bracteoles 
 
 minute 45. ver rucosa. 
 
 Shrubby ; branches, inflorescence and leaves beneath 
 softly tomentose ; flowers yellow ; pod 1*5-2 in. long, 
 glabrous ; leaves large, elliptic-ovate or -obovate, 
 apiculate ; bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 
 
 acuminate, '2-3 in. long 46. lanata. 
 
 Stems and branches terete, the uppermost sometimes 
 sulcate; pods sparsely pubescent, 10-12-seeded : 
 Corolla yellow ; leaves moderately thick : 
 
 Large erect shrub, the branches, inflorescence and 
 undersurface of leaves rusty-villous ; standard 
 softly silky-villous without ; leaves ovate, obtuse 
 or emarginate, the transverse nervules many and 
 prominent on the pale undersurface ; stipules 
 
 usually large 47. semperflorens. 
 
 Low herbaceous undershrub, often semi-scandent, 
 the branches, inflorescence and leaf undersurface 
 appressed pubescent; standard only slightly villous 
 without ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, mucro- 
 nate, the transverse nervules few and hardly pro- 
 minent on the pale undersurface; stipules small 
 
 48. Walker i. 
 
 Corolla blue or the standard pale yellow or white, the 
 wings blue ; a low undershrub, the brandies, inflor- 
 escence and undersurface of leaves appressed 
 puberulous ; standard glabrous without ; leaves 
 lanceolate, acute or acuminate, very thin ; transverse 
 nervules prominent 011 upper surface ; stipules small 
 
 49. Heyneana. 
 . . . Stipules subulate or lanceolate, sometimes 0; stems and 
 
288 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 branches furrowed; corolla yellow, large, in long ter- 
 minal racemes ; pod densely dark-brown-velvety : 
 Stipules lanceolate, curved or deflexed ; a densely browii- 
 silky-tomentose shrub ; leaves elliptic- ovate or -lanceo- 
 late, l'5-2 in. broad, mucronate; standard slightly 
 
 villous; pod 1-5-2 in. long 50. obtecta. 
 
 Stipules subulate erect or ; a thinly pale-brown-silky- 
 pubescent shrub ; leaves linear-lanceolate or -oblong, 
 25-1-5 in. broad, obtuse and mucronate or acute ; stan- 
 dard glabrous; pod 1-1'25 in. long 51. juncea. 
 
 Flowers in panicles : 
 
 Pods long, much longer than the calyx : 
 Pods long-stalked, stalk '4 in. long: 
 
 Pedicels of flowers alternate ; leaves obovate- oblong, 
 silky-villous with shining hairs ; pods nearly glabrous, 
 more than 1 in. long : 
 
 Pods 1 in. long without the stalk ; bracts and brac- 
 teoles ovate -lanceolate, spreading, more or less 
 deciduous, not shining on upper surface, the brac- 
 teoles close under the calyx ; calyx-lobes not mar- 
 ginally revolute 52. longipes. 
 
 Pods 1-1-5 in. long without the stalk ; bracts and 
 bracteoles cordate, acute, reflexed, persistent, shining* 
 and viscous on upper surface, the bracteoles '2-'3 in. 
 from the calyx ; calyx -lobes marginally revolute 
 
 53. sJievaroyensis* 
 
 Pedicels of flowers opposite or alternate ; leaves oblaii- 
 ceolate, dully pale-brown-villous ; pods softly puberu- 
 lous nearly 2 in. long ; bracts and bracteoles broadly 
 ovate, acuminate, recurved, persistent, the bracteoles 
 1 in. from the calyx; calyx-lobes marginally revolute 
 
 54. sultperfoliata. 
 
 Pods sessile or very nearly so, 1-1 '2 in. long; leaves golden - 
 silky, often large ; bracteoles close under the calyx : 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles ovate-acuminate, more or less 
 deciduous, spreading, not shining and black (when 
 dry) on upper surface ; calyx-lobes not prominently 
 
 revolute 55. madurensi*. 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles broadly cordate, acute, per- 
 sistent, shining viscous and black (when dry) on upper 
 surface ; calyx-lobes prominently revolute 
 
 56. candicans. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 2H<> 
 
 Pods '8 in. long, longer than the '5 in. calyx ; leaves lanceo- 
 late, long- villous, 2'5-3 in. long by '5 in. broad; stipules 
 minute or ; bracts and bracteoles subcordate, acuminate, 
 
 recurved; seeds 5-7 57. sandoorensis. 
 
 Pods short, scarcely, if at all, longer than the calyx : 
 Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, densely shining silky, 
 3-4 in. long by 1-1-5 in. broad ; stipules subulate small, 
 or ; erect shrubs : 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles ovate, erect ; upper calyx-lobes 
 obtuse; pods ovoid, '4 in. long with recurved persistent 
 
 styles, seeds 2 58. fulva . 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles ovate, cuspidate, recurved ; 
 upper calyx-lobes acuminate; pods oblong, '6-'7 in. 
 long with erect persistent styles, seeds 7-8 
 
 59. pvlcherrima. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucronate, 
 fulvous-villous, 2-3 in. long by '5 to 1 in. broad ; stipules 
 like the bracts ; erect undershrubs : 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles lunulate, recurved ; pods ovoid, 
 4 in. long with curved persistent styles, 1-2-seeded 
 
 60. lunulate. 
 
 Bracts and bracteoles very many, conspicuous, linear 
 with reflexed margins, curved; pods ovoid, '4 in. long 
 
 with recurved styles, 1-2-seeded 61. paniculata. 
 
 Leaves linear-cuneate, obtuse, densely soft fulvous 
 villous, up to 1*5 in. long, '25 in. broad; stipules linear, 
 usually ; bracts and bracteoles ovate, recurved ; pods 
 3 in. long, ovoid, 1-seeded; woody herb... 62. ramosissima. 
 
 Leaves trif oliolate, the petiole articulate Trif oliolatae. 
 
 Seeds 2, the pod obliquely subglobose, small, sessile, beaked : 
 Low diffuse perennial herbs, the branches trailing or (in some 
 forms) somewhat ascending ; racemes short, few-flowered ; leaflets 
 small, obtuse, emarginate, scarcely up to '5 in. long, on very short 
 petioles ; corolla '2 in. long ; pod '2 in. in diam....63. medicaginea. 
 Erect herbaceous or shrubby perennials : 
 
 Racemes long, 6-10 in., many-flowered ; leaflets obovate, emar- 
 ginate, up to 1 in. long on petioles up to 1'5 in.; stipules 
 
 minute; corolla '4 in.; pod '2 in. in diam 64. trifoliastru'm. 
 
 Racemes short, rarely to 6 in. long ; stipules linear : 
 
 Branches and leaves softly grey-pubescent ; leaflets oblanceo- 
 late, obtuse at apex, up to *75 in. long ; flowers *3 in. long ; 
 pods -2 in. in diam 65. Willdenouriana. 
 
290 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 Branches and leaves softly yellow-pubescent ; leaflets obo- 
 vate, rounded at apex, up to 1*5 in. long ; flowers '4 in. long ; 
 
 pods '3 in. in diam 66. Notonii. 
 
 Diffuse woody almost spinescent shrubs; leaflets small ('15 in.), 
 obcordate ; racemes short, 2-6-flowered ; flowers 3 in. long, stan- 
 dard ovate; pod very small 67. rigida. 
 
 Seeds many : 
 
 Pod short, -5-'7 in. long, stalked ; seeds 8-11 ; leaflets obovate : 
 Flowers small, "2 in. long, keel shortly beaked, rounded at 
 base; bracts ovate, acuminate, reflexed; leaflets all equal or 
 nearly so ; pods cylindric, obtuse at both ends, glabrous, 
 
 stalk '2 in 68. orixensis. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized, "5-*7 in. long, keel long-beaked, narrow ; 
 bracts minute, setaceous ; mid-leaflet larger than the side ones ; 
 pods oblong, narrowed at both ends, acute and beaked at apex, 
 
 minutely puberulous, stalk '25 in 69. laevigata. 
 
 Pod 1 in. or more long, stalked, seeds more than 10 ; leaflets 
 usually obovate ; bracts small : 
 
 Stalk of pod short, the pods deflexed ; flowers medium-sized 
 with prominent curved keel, in elongate stiff terminal 
 racemes : 
 
 Pod and its stalk 1 in. long, clavate, recurved, minutely 
 silky -pubescent, 10-12-seeded ; leaflets thick, rather fleshy, 
 
 emarginate, up to 1 '25 in. long 70. clavata. 
 
 Pod and its stalk 1-5-2 in. long, cylindric-falcate, recurved, 
 puberulous when young, at length glabrous, many- seeded ; 
 leaflets membranous, obovate-emarginate or ov r ate-acute, 
 
 mucronate, up to 4 in. long 71. striata. 
 
 Stalk of pod about 1 in. long, the pod cylindric, glabrous, 1-5-2 in. 
 long, 20-30-seeded ; flowers very large with prominent incurved 
 keels, in lax racemes; leaflets membranous, 1-2 in. long 
 
 72. laburnifolia. 
 Leaves usually 5-, sometimes 3-7-foliolate ; pods large, much inflated, 
 
 hooked at apex, glabrous Multifoliolatae. 
 
 Leaflets 5, linear-oblong or rarely narrow oblanceolate ; petioles 
 slender with slender narrowly lanceolate stipules ; flowers '5 in. 
 long in slender erect terminal racemes, the bracts linear-lanceolate, 
 reflexed, pedicels -2 in. ; pods more or less acute at apex, 2-2'5 in. 
 
 long by 1 in. broad 73. quinquefolia. 
 
 Leaflets 5-7, obovate ; petioles long, stout : 
 
 Leaflets glabrous above, appressed silky beneath ; stipules and 
 bracts slender, lanceolate, reflexed; flowers *7 in. long, closely 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 291 
 
 packed in stout erect terminal racemes, pedicels '3 in. ; pods 
 cylindric, obtuse at apex, 2'5 in. long by nearly 1 in. broad 
 
 74. Grrahamiana. 
 
 Leaflets densely velvety on both sides with loose tomentum white 
 when fresh turning golden brown ; flowers nearly 1 in. long in 
 close terminal racemes, pedicels ? in. ; pods cylindric-clavate, 
 2-2*5 in. long, obtuse at apex; bracts velvety, lanceolate, recurved 
 
 75. digitata. 
 
 1. CROTALARIA WIGHTIANA, Grab. ; W. & A. 181. C. rubi- 
 ginosa var. Wic/htiana. Bak. in F. B. I. ii, 69. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Travancore Hills, 
 at 4,000 to 6,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A conspicuous and handsome shrub, with beautiful golden- 
 silky obtuse leaves. 
 
 2. CROTALARIA SCABRELLA, W. & A. 181; Fysoii Hilltops 
 Fl. 104, t. 77. C. rubiginosa var. scabrella, Bak. in F. B. I. 
 ii. 69. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, on the downs, 
 in grass, at about 6,000 ft. 
 
 Similar to the first but smaller and with smaller usually 
 acute leaves. 
 
 3. CROTALARIA CONFERTA, Fyson in Kew Bull. 1914, 183; 
 Hillt. Fl. 104. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills at 7,000 ft., on the downs, 
 in grass. 
 
 4. CROTALARIA BIDIEI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1917, 27. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad and Nilgiri Hills, apparently 
 at about 3,000-4,000 ft. 
 
 5. CROTALARIA ALATA, Hamilt. ; F. B. I. ii. 69. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Gaiijam and Yizagapatam, up 
 to 2,500 ft. 
 
 6. CROTALARIA OVALIFOLIA, Wall. ; Fyson Hillt. Fl. 102, 
 t. 75. C. rubiginosa, Bak. in F. B. I. ii, 69, in part, not of 
 Willd. ; Wt. Ic. t. 885. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, 6,000 to 8,000 ft., on 
 the downs, in grass. 
 
 7. CROTALARIA BOURNEAE, Fyson in Kew Bull. 1914, 183 
 Hillt. Fl. 103, t. 76. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills; Nilgiris at 6,000 ft. 
 (Lawson). 
 
292 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 8. CROTALARIA BIFLORA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 66; W. & A. 190. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, chiefly in open forest lands, up to 
 3,000 ft., westwards to the E. slopes of the W. Ghats. 
 A trailing annual. 
 
 9. CROTALARIA GLOBOSA, W. & A. 190; F. B. I. ii. 66. 
 
 Hills of the S. Carnatic, from Dindigal southwards. 
 
 A trailing annual, scarcer than the former which it 
 
 resembles. 
 
 10. CROTALARIA FILIPES, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. (>{>. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Beddoine). 
 
 A very slender trailer with small bifarious leaves and 
 
 filiform peduncles. 
 
 11. CROTALARIA PROSTRATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 67 ; W. & A. 189. 
 
 E. Coast, on pasture land, especially in N. Circars, but down 
 to Cape Comorin ; more scarce in Deccan and on W. Coast. 
 A somewhat shrubby perennial trailing herb. 
 
 12. CROTALARIA HUMIFUSA, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 67. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, in Wynaad, Anamalais and 
 Travancore, in dry forest undergrowth, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 13. CROTALARIA ACICULARIS, Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 68. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam, in dry forest lands; W. Ghats, in 
 the Anamalai Hills and Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 14. CROTALARIA FERRUGINEA, Grah.; F. B. I. ii. 68. C. evolvu- 
 loides, Wt. Ic. 31, probably. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Beddome). 
 
 15. CROTALARIA EVOLVULOIDES, Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 68 ; W. & A. 
 188, excl. syn. 
 
 Carnatic, in Salem and Coimbatore Districts ; W. Ghats, 
 in Nilgiris, Malabar, Pulneys and Travancore, up to 
 5,000 ft., in dry localities. 
 
 Yar. acutifolia, Gamble. Leaves elliptic, acute, nmcronate, 
 rather prominently nerved. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S.-E. Wynaad. 
 
 16. CROTALARIA FYSONII, Dunn in Kew Bull. 1914, 26 ; Fyson 
 Hillt. Fl. 101, t. 74. 
 
 W. Ghats, in grass or by roadsides on the downs in the 
 Pulney Hills, up to 7,000 ft., Anamalai Hills (Beddome). 
 A trailing perennial subshrubby herb. 
 Yar. glabra, Gamble. Leaves, flowers, and pod glabrous. 
 W. Ghats, on the Pulney Downs (Bourne). 
 
Crotalaria.^ LEGUMINOSAE. 293 
 
 17. CROTALARIA BIFARIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 69 ; W. & A. 188, 
 excl. syn.; Wt. Ic. t. 30. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore and Bellary; Carnatic, in Tanjore 
 (Wight). 
 
 A straggling perennial herb with weak stems and con- 
 spicuously inflated and very obtuse pod. The corolla is 
 yellow or blue. 
 
 18. CROTALARIA HIRSUTA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 68; W. & A. 188. 
 
 Deccan, from the Godavari through Kistna and Guntur 
 to Cuddapah. 
 
 A subshrubby species with rather large very membranous 
 leaves and stems covered with spreading hairs, the stipules 
 and bracts reflexed. 
 
 19. CROTALARIA MULTIFLORA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 69. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anarnalai Hills, at 5,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A subshrubby species with large flowers, apparently 
 scarce. 
 
 20. CROTALARIA LUTESCENS, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 74. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara, at Karkal (? Karikal) (Lawson). 
 An erect annual, reaching 3 ft. in height. It is common 
 in the Konkan so is likely to occur in S. Canara. Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 21. CROTALARIA PEDUNCULARIS, Grab., F. B. I.ii. 74 ; W. & A. 
 186. C. elegant, Bedd. Ic. t. 106. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Coimbatore, Nilgiris, Anamalais and Travan- 
 
 core, up to 5,000 ft., in grassy places. 
 
 An erect annual with grass-like leaves and yellow flowers. 
 
 22. CROTALARIA RETUSA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 75 ; W. & A. 187. 
 
 In all Districts, in fields, waste places and open forest 
 
 lands. 
 
 An erect herbaceous undershrub reaching 3-4 ft. in height 
 
 with conspicuous yellow flowers. It gives a fibre. 
 
 23. CROTALARIA SERICEA, Retz. ; F. B. I. ii. 75 ; W. & A. 186. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam, in forest regions up to 2,500 ft. 
 An erect herbaceous undershrub, corolla yellow with a 
 purple tinge. 
 
 24. CROTALARIA LESCHENATJLTII, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 76 ; W. & A. 
 186. 
 
 "W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at elevations 
 above 5,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem (Lawson). 
 
294 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 An erect herbaceous undershrub with yellow flowers 
 tinged outside with brown or red. 
 
 25. CROTALARIA FORMOSA, Grab. ; F. B. I. ii. 76 ; W. & A. 181 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 980; Fjson Hillt. Fl. 107. t. 79. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the Nilgiris in Sholas and on the open 
 downs above 7,000 ft. 
 
 A low-growing handsome shrub with yellow flowers and 
 dense tawny pubescence. 
 
 26. CROTALARIA BARBATA, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 76 ; W. & A. 181 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 980 ; Fyson Hillt. Fl. 108, t. 80. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the higher Shola forests of the Nilgiris at 
 6,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 A large shrub with conspicuous bright yellow flowers and 
 characteristic dark brown silky pubescence. 
 
 27. CROTALARIA SCABRA, Gamble in Kew Bull . 1917, 28. 
 
 W. Ghats, on Agastyamalai Peak, Timievelly (Barber) at 
 
 about 6,000 ft. 
 
 Apparently a good-sized shrub. 
 
 28. CROTALARIA SALICIFOLIA, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 77 ; W. & A. 
 182. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coorg through Wynaad to Travancore. 
 An erect herbaceous undershrub with bright yellow flowers 
 and much golden-brown pubescence. 
 
 29. CROTALARIA NANA, Burin. ; W. & A. 191; F. B. I. ii. 71 in 
 part. 
 
 Carnatic, near the coast ; W. Coast and W. Ghats, at low 
 
 levels in dry localities. 
 
 A prostrate annual plant, with often erect branches. 
 
 30. CROTALARIA UMBELLATA, Wight ; W. & A. 191. C. nana, 
 Burm. ; F. B. I. ii, 71 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills from S. Canara and Mysore south- 
 wards, up to 6,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 An erect bushy plant, apparently perennial. 
 
 31. CROTALARIA LINIFOLIA, Linn, f . ; F. B. I. ii. 72 ; W. & A. 
 190 excl. syn. 
 
 N. Circars, in Godavari ; Deccan, in Mysore ; Carnatic, in 
 
 Chingleput and S. Arcot. 
 
 An annual slenderly-branched plant. 
 
 32. CROTALARIA TECTA, Roth ; F. B. I. ii. 72. C. viminea, 
 Grah. ; W. & A. 189. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 295 
 
 W. Ghats, at the foot of the Pulney Hills (Bourne), 
 Nagarcoil in Travancore, plains of Tinnevelly. 
 A low uiidershrub. 
 
 33. CROTALARIA HIRTA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 70; W. & A. 182. 
 
 N. Circars, in Godavari; Salem District in Carnatic ; at 
 
 low levels. 
 
 A low small straggling uiidershrub. 
 
 34. CROTALARIA MYSORENSIS, Roth; F. B. I. ii. 70; W. & A. 
 182. 
 
 Deccaii and Carnatic, in hilly country, up to 4,000 ft. ; W. 
 Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anarnalais, Pulneys and Hills of 
 Travancore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 An erect densely silky plant, the hairs at first silvery, 
 turning brown in drying. 
 
 35. CROTALARIA ALBIDA, Heyne ; F. B. I ii. 71 ; Fyson Hillt. 
 Fl. 105, t. 78. 0. montana, Roxb. ; W. & A. 182. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Ganjain and Vizagapatam up to 
 4,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills up to 
 7,000 ft. 
 
 A bushy twiggy uiidershrub with pale yellow flowers and 
 small grey-pubescent thick leaves. 
 
 36. CROTALARIA EPUNCTATA, Dalz. C. cdbida var. epunctata, 
 Baker in F. B. I. ii. 71. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Ganjain up to 4,500 ft. in open 
 
 forest ; W. Ghats, Hills of Tinnevelly. 
 
 An erect slender branching undershrub, with membranous 
 
 leaves. 
 
 37. CROTALARIA CALYCINA, Schrank ; F. B. I. ii. 72. C. anthyl- 
 loides, W. A. 181. 
 
 Almost all Districts in hilly country, among grass and in 
 open forest lands. 
 
 An annual plant reaching 2 ft. or even more in height at 
 low levels, but at high levels reduced to about 6 in. The 
 flowers and fruit are constant, but the leaves are very 
 variable and form 4 fairly well-marked groups : 
 
 Group 1 (anthylloides) . Tall plants, leaves linear, 2-6 in. 
 long, *2-'4 in. broad, usually glabrous above. 
 Group 2 (Roxburghiana). Tall plants, leaves elliptic- 
 lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, '6-' 7 in. broad, usually glabrous 
 above. 
 
296 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 Group 3 (crinita}. Low plants with erect branches^ 
 leaves linear-oblong, 1-2 in. long,'l-*2 in. broad, strigoselj 
 hairy above. 
 
 Group 4. Low plants, branches scarcely 6 in. long, 
 leaves oblong, *5-'S in. long, 'l-'3 in. broad, strigosely 
 hairy above. 
 
 The last group is onlyjfoimd at high levels. Fyson says it 
 
 is called " Rabbits' ears " on the Pulneys. 
 
 38. CROTALARIA CHINENSIS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 73. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar and Coorg, in scrub forest up to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 An erect annual about 2 ft. high, with yellow flowers and 
 golden- brown hairs. 
 
 39. CROTALARIA PRIESTLEYOIDES, Beiith. ; F. B. I. ii. 74. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills (Wight, 
 Beddome), Bababudan Hills of Mysore, up to 5000 ft. 
 A low trailing undershrub with long dark hairs and 
 capitate flowers. 
 
 40. CROTALARIA SPECIOSA, Heyiie ; F. B. I. ii. 73. 
 
 Deccan Hills, in the Ceded Districts and Mysore ; Nagari 
 Hills of N. Arcot and Kambakam Hills of Chmgleput. 
 An erect woody undershrub with beautiful silky leaves 
 and capitate flowers having a silky standard and large 
 lanceolate bract and bracteoles. 
 
 41. CROTALARIA DUBIA, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 73. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad and Anamalais and Hills of Cochin 
 at about 3,000 ft., in dry forest undergrowth. 
 An easily recognised species with dense heads of small 
 flowers and rather large leaves. 
 
 42. CROTALARIA PUSILLA, Heyne ; F. B. T. ii. 70 ; W. & A. 189. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, on dry waste lands. 
 The smallest species of the genus. 
 
 43. CROTALARIA TRIQUETRA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 71. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Mysore and Nilgiris, at about 3,000 ft. 
 A very slender plant with white or pale yellow flowers. 
 
 44. CROTALARIA CLARKEI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1917, 27. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills, up 
 to 5,500 ft. 
 
 A much stouter plant than the preceding, with yellow 
 flowers and thicker leaves. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 297 
 
 45. CROTALARIA VERRUCOSA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 77; W. & A. 
 187 ; Wt. Ic. t, 200. 
 
 Almost all Districts, a weed of roadsides, waste places, 
 gardens and fields. 
 
 A much-branched herbaceous, usually annual, plant with 
 blue, sometimes white, flowers. 
 
 46. CROTALARIA LANATA, Bedd. Ic. t. 105 ; F. B. I. ii. 77. 
 
 W. Ghats, Anamalai, Puluey and Travancore Hills at 
 
 3,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub, reaching 1*2-15 ft. in height. 
 
 47. CROTALARIA SEMPERFLORENS, Yent. ; F. B. I. ii. 78 ; 
 W. & A. 187. C. Wcdlicliiana, W. & A. 187; Wt. Ic. t. 
 982. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at high levels, 
 above 6,000 ft. 
 
 A very conspicuous shrub 011 the borders of Sholas and 
 by roadsides. 
 
 48. CROTALARIA WALKERI, Arn. ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. ii. 16, t. 26. 
 C. semperflorevs var. Walkeri, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 78. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at low levels, 
 up to 6,000 ft, 
 
 A low undershrub with yellow flowers and smaller leaves 
 than the preceding. 
 
 49. CROTALARIA HEYNEANA, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 78; W. & A. 
 187. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travancore ; W. Ghats, in 
 S. Canara, S. Mysore, Wynaad and Anamalais, to 3,000 ft. 
 A low undershrub with blue flowers, very membranous 
 leaves and terete branches. 
 
 50. CROTALARIA OBTECTA, Grah.; F. B. I. ii, 79; W. & A. 185; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 208 and t. 383. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris, above 4,000 ft. 
 
 A large shrub with conspicuous flowers and pods and 
 velvety foliage. 
 Yar. gldbrescens, Baker, branches and leaves glabrescent. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Tinnevelly Hills, about Courtallum, 
 Sispara Ghat in Nilgiris, etc. 
 
 51. CROTALARIA JUNCEA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 79 ; W. & A. 185 ; 
 Roxb. Cor. PL ii. t. 193. 
 
 All Districts, possibly wild in the Circar Hills and W. Ghats, 
 
298 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 but more usually found run wild ; cultivated especially in 
 
 the Circars and Deccan. Sun-hemp. 
 
 A tall shrub reaching 8 ft. in height, with prominently 
 
 grooved and striated stems; cultivated for its valuable 
 
 fibre. Yern. Hind. Sunn; Tel. Shanama; Tarn. Janupa, 
 
 Wuckoo. 
 
 52. CROTALARIA LONGIPES, W. & A. 183 ; F. B. I. ii. 76. 
 
 Carnatic, in the Kollaimalai Hills of Salem (Wight). 
 
 53. CROTALARIA SHEVAROYENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1917, 28. 
 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem (Bidie, Bourne) ; Madura District 
 (Beddome). 
 
 54. CROTALARIA SUBPERFOLIATA, Wight; F. B. I. ii. 79; 
 W. & A. 184. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the E. slopes of the Pulney and Tinnevelly 
 Hills, Hills of Travancore. 
 
 A tall species, at once recognised by the slender racemes 
 with obtuse opposite bracts and usually opposite pedicels. 
 
 55. CROTALARIA MADURENSIS, Wight ; F. B. I. ii. 79 ; W. & A. 
 184. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, on open downs, 
 
 up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A very fine tall-growing handsome plant with yellow 
 
 flowers. 
 
 56. CROTALARIA CANDICANS, W. & A. 184. C. madurensis, Wt. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 79 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, at about 6,000 ft. 
 
 57. CROTALARIA SANDOORENSIS, Bedd. ; Gamble in Kew Bull. 
 1917, 29. 
 
 Deccan, Sandiir Hills of Bellary (Beddome). 
 
 An erect viscous undershrub with very short fulvous hair. 
 
 58. CROTALARIA FULVA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 80 ; W. & A. 183. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Mysore; W. Ghats, in Wynaad and 
 Nilgiris, up to 6,000 ft., scarcer to south. 
 A handsome shrub with golden silky hairs, erect bracts 
 and yellow flowers in close panicles. 
 
 59. CROTALARIA PULCHERRIMA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 80; W. & A. 
 184 ; Wt. Ic. t. 481. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan and Carnatic, from Kambakam in 
 Chingleput to Ramandrug in Bellary, up to 4,500 ft. ; 
 Nilgiris. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMIN08AE. 299 
 
 A very handsome viscous shrub with bright yellow flowers 
 and conspicuous reflexed bracts on the elongated branches 
 of the panicles. 
 
 60. CROTALARIA LUNULATA, Heyne; F. B. I. ii. 80; W. & A. 
 183 ; Wt. Ic. t. 480. 
 
 Deccan, Muchukota in Anantapur; Carnatic,, Hills of 
 Chingleput, Tanjore. 
 
 An erect undershrub, very sticky; flowers yellow; in 
 elongate panicle-branches. 
 
 61. CROTALARIA PANICULATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 81; W. & A. 
 183. 
 
 Deccan, dry tracts in Cuddapah, and South to Salem ; 
 
 old forts in Bellary, Kistna and Guntur; Carnatic, coast 
 
 region from Madras southwards. 
 
 A sticky, bad-smelling, erect undershrub with many linear 
 
 bracts and stipules and yellow flowers. 
 
 Sometimes the bracts below the flowering ones are in threes, 
 
 the middle one ovate acuminate, the others linear, and 
 
 the stipules are often in fascicles. The tonientum is grey 
 
 at first but changes on drying. 
 
 62. CROTALARIA RAMOSISSIMA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 80; W. & A. 
 183. 
 
 Deccan, in dry stony lands from the Godavari to Cuddapah 
 and Mysore. 
 
 A low much-branched woody herb with much silky hair, 
 very sticky ; panicles short, close. Flowers yellow, tinged 
 with purple. 
 
 63. CROTALARIA MEDICAGINEA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 81 ; W. & A. 
 192. C. neglecta, W. & A. 192. C. hemiarioides, W. & A. 
 192. 
 
 A common very variable plant, found in three fairly 
 well-marked varieties, which, however, are more or less 
 connected by intermediates. 
 
 Branches prostrate, weak, very slender, with slender 
 filiform divaricating branchlets and pedicels and racemes 
 with only 2-3 flowers; the. leaflets narrow oblanceolate 
 
 var. 1. typica. 
 
 Branches prostrate and somewhat ascending with 
 shorter branchlets and pedicels and 6-9-flowered racemes ; 
 the leaflets obovate, broader var. 2. neglecta. 
 
800 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria. 
 
 Branches very long, prostrate, racemes terminal, about 
 8-flowered ; leaflets obcordate, about '25 in. long : 
 
 var. 3. hernittmoides. 
 
 Variety 1 seems to be scarce and chiefly confined to the 
 coast of the Carnatic ; variety 2 is common in the Deccaii 
 and Carnatic to the Eastern slopes of the W. Ghats, in dry 
 localities and up to 3,000 ft. ; variety 3, the best marked, 
 chiefly occurs on sandy tracts near the sea coast of Coro- 
 mandel, making large flat rosettes of some size from a thick 
 root stock. 
 
 64. CROTALARIA TRIFOLIASTRUM, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 82 ; 
 W. & A. 191 ; Wt. Ic. t. 421. 
 
 N. Circars and Carnatic, near the coast, from Ganjam to 
 
 Madras. 
 
 An erect perennial with yellow flowers in long racemes, 
 
 reaching 2-3 ft. in height. 
 
 65. CROTALARIA WILLDENOWIANA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 81 ; W.& A. 
 
 191. 
 
 Carnatic, in the plains and low hills from the Kistim 
 southwards. 
 
 An erect perennial with soft grey-villous foliage and yellow 
 flowers. 
 
 66. CROTALARIA JSToTONii, W. & A. 192 ; F. B. I. ii. 82 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 752. C. rostrata, W. & A. 19.1. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills, at elevations 
 of 4,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A pretty erect shrub with yellowish pubescence and bright 
 yellow flowers. 
 
 67. CROTALARIA RIGIDA, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 82 ; W. & A. 191. 
 
 Sea coast of the Carnatic from the Kistna to Negapatam, 
 
 rarer inland from Coimbatore to Tinnevelly. 
 
 A rigid stiff shrub with many thorny-looking branches. 
 
 68. CROTALARIA ORIXENSIS, Rottl. ; F. B. I. ii. 83 ; W. & A. 193. 
 
 N. Circars and Carnatic, scarce. 
 
 A diffuse herbaceous much-branched perennial. 
 
 69. CROTALARIA LAEVIGATA, JLamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 83. C.stipitata, 
 
 W.&A. 193. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Nilgiris and Aiiamalais, up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 A small erect shrub with yellow flowers. 
 
Crotalaria.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 301 
 
 70. CROTALARIA CLAVATA, W. & A. 194 ; F. B. I. ii. 83. 
 
 Carnatic, from Coimbatore southwards, on and near the 
 eastern slope of the Ghats, up to 2,000 ft. 
 A low shrub, flowers yellow. 
 
 71. CROTALARIA STRIATA, DC. ; F.B. I. ii. 84. 
 
 N. Circars, at Chatrapur in Ganjani ; W. Coast, in Travan- 
 
 core. 
 
 An erect herbaceous shrub, reaching 4 ft. in height, with 
 
 flowers yellow striped with red. 
 
 Yar. acutifolia, Trim, in Fl. Ceyl. ii. 19. Stems stouter, leaflets 
 larger, ovate, acute, mucronate, on long stout petioles ; racemes 
 more densely flowered. 
 
 W. Coast in S. Caiiara (Beddome, Barber) ; Nilgiris below 
 
 Coonoor (Fischer) ; Bangalore, in Mysore (Cameron). 
 
 An erect shrub, reaching 5 ft. ; flowers yellow striped with 
 
 purple. 
 
 72. CROTALARIA LABURNIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 84 ; W. & A. 
 193. 
 
 N. Circars and Carnatic, especially near the coast; Deccan, 
 in Mysore ; W. Coast at Quilon, Travancore. 
 An erect shrubby perennial with large yellow flowers and 
 conspicuously long-stalked pod. 
 
 73. CROTALARIA QUINQUEFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 84 ; W. & A. 
 194; Wt. Ic. t. 16. 
 
 Carnatic, W. Coast and W. Ghats, up to 3,000 ft., chiefly 
 
 growing in wet rice fields. 
 
 An erect annual with fairly large yellow flowers. 
 
 74. CROTALARIA GRAHAMIANA, W. & A. 194 ; F. B. I. ii. 85. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai and Pulney Hills and Hills of 
 
 Travancore and Tinnevelly, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 An erect undershrub with yellow flowers and shining silky 
 
 pubescence. 
 
 75. CROTALARIA DIGITATA, Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. t. 16 ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 85 ; W. & A. 194. 
 
 Carnatic, Kollaiinalai Hills of Salem District (Wight). 
 A low erect very velvety shrub with yellow flowers. 
 
 Ulex europaeus, Linn., the "Gorse" or "Furze," has become 
 completely naturalized on the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at high 
 levels. Two species of Cytisus C. albus, Link., the White 
 Broom, with white flowers, and C. mouspessulanus, Linn., a soft- 
 
302 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Crotalaria, 
 
 leaved shrub with yellow flowers and silky pod are found run 
 wild on the Nilgiri Hills. The former is a native of Algeria; 
 the latter common in the S. of France and other Mediterranean 
 regions. 
 
 4. Trifolium, L. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves digitately trifoliolate, the stipules adnate to 
 the petiole. Flowers usually red or white, sometimes yellow, in 
 dense axillary heads spikes or umbels, rarely solitary. Calyy- 
 tube campanulate ; lobes 5, subeqnal, the lower ones sometimes 
 longer. Corolla adnate to the calyx-tube and fading without 
 falling; standard and wings narrow; keel straight, obtuse. 
 Stamens diadelphous ; filaments more or less dilated ; anthers 
 uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, with few ovules; style filiform, 
 incurved above the base ; stigma oblique. Pod minute, included, 
 membranous, indehiscent, 1- or few-seeded. 
 
 Flowers red, in dense rounded heads about 1 in. in diam., subtended 
 by a pair of opposite leaves ; leaflets oblong, stipules broad 
 
 1. pratense. 
 
 Flowers white or pinkish, in globose heads about '7 in. in diam., 
 without leaves and long-stalked ; leaflets obovate, ernarginate, 
 
 stipules narrow , 2. repens. 
 
 Flowers yellow, in leafless stalked heads about *2 in. in diam. - r 
 leaflets very small, obcordate, stipules small 3. dubium. 
 
 1. TRIFOLIUM PRA.TENSE, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 86. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills near the stations at 6,000-8,000 ft., introduced 
 
 and run wild, " Red Clover." 
 
 A perennial erect herb, a useful forage plant. 
 
 2. TRIFOLIUM REPENS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 86. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, in pastures at high levels, introduced and run 
 
 wild, " White or Dutch Clover." 
 
 A perennial creeping herb, also a useful forage plant. 
 
 3. TRIFOLIUM DUBIUM, Sibth. T. minus, Sm.; F. B. I. ii. 86. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, on roadside and waste lands 011 the plateau, 
 introduced and run wild ; INT. Circars (Beddome). 
 An annual herb. 
 
 5. Parochetus, Hamilt. 
 
 A slender, creeping herb, rooting at the nodes. Leaves trifolio- 
 late; stipules free or shortly adnate to the petiole. Flowers 
 
Melilotus.] LEGUMINOSAE. 303 
 
 rather large, on axillary peduncles, solitary or 2-3 in an umbel. 
 Ccdyx-tnbe campanulate ; teeth 5, subequal, the 2 upper connate 
 nearly to the apex. Corolla blue or purplish-white, the petals 
 free from the stamina! tube, exsei*ted ; standard suborbicular, 
 retuse, narrowed into a short claw ; wings falcate-oblong with a 
 narrow basal lobe ; keel petals connected above, oblong-falcate, 
 shorter than the wings, abruptly inflexed. Stamens diadelphous, 
 the vexillary one free, filaments of the rest connate to near the 
 top, anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, linear, multiovulate ; style 
 indexed above; stigma terminal, small. Pod linear, turgid, 
 obliquely acute, 2-valved. Seeds many, on filiform funicles. 
 PAROCHETUS COMMUNIS, Hamilt. ; F. B. I. ii. 86. P. major, 
 Don ; W. & A. 252 ; Wt. Ic. t. 483. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 6,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 A small pretty trailing and rooting herb with pale blue or 
 
 purplish flowers, and clover-like leaves with obcordate 
 
 leaflets. 
 
 6. Melilotus, Juss. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves pimiately 3-foliolate, the 
 main nerves excurrent as marginal teeth ; stipules adnate to the 
 petiole. Flowers small, yellow or white, in slender axillary 
 racemes ; bracts and bracteoles minute or 0. C^y/<tube cam- 
 panulate ; teeth 5, subequal. Petals deciduous, free from the 
 stamiiial tube ; standard obovate or oblong, subsessile ; wings 
 oblong, longer than the obtuse keel. Stamens ]0, vexillary fila- 
 ment free or connate in the middle with the others ; filaments 
 filiform ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, with few 
 ovules ; style filiform, incurved ; stigma terminal. Pod sub- 
 globose or oblong, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent; seeds 1 
 or few. 
 
 Corolla minute, yellow ; pod usually 1- seeded ; annual 1. indica. 
 
 Corolla rather larger, white ; pod often 2-seeded; biennial ...2. alba. 
 
 1. MELILOTUS INDICA, All. M. parviflora, Desf. ; F. B. I. ii. 
 89 ; W. & A. 196. 
 
 Eastern Coast Districts, a cold-weather weed in fields. 
 
 2. MELILOTUS ALBA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 89. M. leucantha, 
 Koch ; W. & A. 196. 
 
 Northern Districts, a cold-weather weed of cultivation. 
 Trigonella Foenum-Graecum, Linn., the Fenugreek, is an annual 
 
304 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mdilotus. 
 
 herb cultivated occasionally, as a pot-herb and medicinal plant. 
 Medicago sativa, Linn., the Lucerne, is occasionally cultivated as 
 a fodder- crop. 
 
 7. Cyamopsis, DC. 
 
 Erect herbs with appressed laterally attached hairs. Leaves 
 pinnately 3-f oliolate (Indian species) ; leaflets toothed ; stipules 
 small, setaceous ; stipels 0. Flowers in axillary racemes, small, 
 purplish ; bracts caducous ; bracteoles 0. Sepals 5, connate in an 
 oblique tube, lowest tooth longest, setaceous. Petals caducous ; 
 standard obovate ; wings oblong, free ; keel obtuse, subiiicurved, 
 the petals connate above. Stamens monadelphous in a tubular 
 sheath; anthers uniform, the connective apiculate. Ovary sessile, 
 many-ovuled ; style incurved at tip ; stigma capitate. Pod linear, 
 subquadrangular, acuminate, septate within. Seeds square, com- 
 pressed, strophiole 0. 
 
 CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA, Taub. C. psoralioides, DC; 
 F. B. I. ii. 92 ; W. & A. 197 ; Wt. Ic. t. 248. 
 
 Eastern plains Districts, cultivated and occasionally found 
 run wild. Cluster-bean. 
 
 A stout annual, 2-3 ft. high, with rather large leaflets and 
 beaked pod. The pods are eaten as a vegetable, and the 
 whole plant is cultivated for cattle-fodder. Vern. Tarn. 
 Koth-averay ; Tel. Goor chikurkai. 
 
 8. Indigofera, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, with appressed laterally 
 attached hairs, sometimes mixed with basifixed hairs, frequently 
 silvery-canescent. Leaves simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate, 
 the side leaflets usually opposite, but sometimes alternate, 
 entire ; stipules usually small, shortly adnate to the petiole ; 
 stipels setaceous or 0. Flowers generally very small, usually 
 reddish or purple, in axillary racemes or spikes, rarely solitary, 
 rarely panicled, each flower pedicelled in the axil of a caducous 
 bract ; bracteoles 0. Calyx minute, campanulate, teeth subequal 
 or the lowest longest. Corolla more or less caducous ; standard 
 ovate or orbicular, sessile or slightly clawed ; wings oblong, 
 slightly adherent to the keel ; keel petals erect, obtuse, with a 
 downward spur on each side near the base. Stamens diadelphous, 
 the vexillary stamen free, the others with connate filaments ; 
 anthers uniform, apiculate. Ovary sessile or subsessile, 1-2- or 
 
Indigofera.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 305 
 
 many-ovulate ; style glabrous ; stigma capitate, sometimes pedi- 
 cellate. Pod usually linear-cylindric, rarely oblong or globose, 
 straight or curved, sometimes angled, sometimes muricate, often 
 torulose, septate within between the seeds. Seeds globose or 
 cylindric and truncate ; strophiole 0. 
 
 Pod 1-seeded; leaves simple; annuals with very small flowers: 
 Pod short, recurved, sickle-shaped, prickly on the broadened 
 ventral suture; green plants nearly glabrous with broadly obovate 
 
 obtuse leaves ] . echinata. 
 
 Pod very small, globose, smooth ; silvery-hoary plants with linear 
 
 to obovate leaves 2. lini/olia. 
 
 Pod 2-many- seeded, linear or oblong or 4-angled ; leaves simple or 
 pinnate : 
 
 Leaves simple, ovate-cordate, densely covered with long white soft 
 hairs; flowers very small, the setaceous calyx-lobes longer than 
 
 the corolla ; pod minute, 2-seeded 3. cordifolia. 
 
 Leaves imparipinnate : 
 
 Flowers solitary, pedicellate ; pods slender, cylindric : 
 
 Herbaceous perennial with slender prostrate reddish branches ; 
 leaflets usually 5, thin, oblanceolate, flat; pedicels filiform, 
 
 3-'4 in. long; pod '4 in. long 4. uniflora. 
 
 Erect much-branched stiff undershrub, young branches silvery 
 pubescent ; leaflets usually 3, thick, oblanceolate, folded : 
 pedicels slender, '2 in. long; pod *6 in. long ... 5. aspalathoides. 
 Flowers in axillary racemes : 
 
 Racemes very short, subcapitate ; pod oblong, 2-seeded : 
 Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets up to 1 in. or more long, black- 
 glandular beneath ; pod pubescent, dentately winged on 
 either side of the sutures, *2 in. long, sometimes 1 -seeded 
 
 6. glandulosa. 
 
 Leaves 7-9-or more-foliolate, leaflets scarcely '5 in. long, 
 not glandular, alternate; pod sparsely white-hirsute, not 
 
 winged; '15 in. long 7. enneaphylla. 
 
 Racemes more or less elongate, not capitate ; pod linear^ 
 flattened or cylindric,, several-seeded: 
 
 Leaves trifoliolate, the under-surface of the leaflets usually 
 with round glands : 
 
 Racemes slender, subcorymbose, up to 1 or T5 in. long } 
 with pedicellate flowers ; pods '6-'8 in. long, not deflexed ; 
 leaflets apiculate, the glands large and prominent 
 
 8. pedicellata. 
 
306 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Indigofera, 
 
 Eacemes short with densely packed shortly pedicellate 
 flowers ; pods deflexed : 
 
 Plants densely clothed with short spreading brownish 
 hairs; pod cylindric, -3-'4 in. long, '1 in. thick, not 
 torulose ; racemes short, scarcely tip to 4 in. long 
 
 9. vestita. 
 
 Plants with sparse appressed brownish pubescence ; 
 racemes very short : 
 
 Pods somewhat stout, '4-'5 in. long, *1 in. thick, 
 narrowly winged on both sides of the sutures, not 
 torulose, about 4-6- seeded; leaflets oblanceolate 
 emarginate, the end one almost or quite sessile 
 
 10. trifoliata. 
 
 Pods very slender, *6 in. long, under '05 in. thick, 
 very faintly winged at the sides of the sutures, 
 slightly torulose, about 8- seeded; leaflets obovate, 
 obtuse or acute, apiculate, the end one very shortly 
 
 petiolulate 11. prostrata. 
 
 Plants with white appressed pubescence ; end leaflets 
 petiolulate : 
 
 Pods '0--6 in. long, brown, with appressed white 
 pubescence, torulose, the sharp apex upcurved, 
 seeds 2-4 ; leaflets membranous, obovate, mucronate, 
 sparsely villous, glands prominent ; racemes up to 
 
 4 in. long 12. Barberi. 
 
 Pods about 1 in. long, tetragonous, appressed grey- 
 pubescent, not torulose, the sharp apex straight, seeds 
 6-10 ; leaflets thick, obovate, obtuse, much appressed 
 pubescent, no glands ; racemes up to 1 in. long, usually 
 
 less, the upper flowers not fertile 13. trita. 
 
 Leaflets 1-4 rarely 5, alternate, densely covered, as the 
 branches and inflorescence, with white appressed hairs; 
 racemes many-flowered, elongate, up to 4 in. long; pods 
 slender, deflexed and then curved upwards, torulose, 6-8- 
 
 seeded 14. oblongifolia. 
 
 Leaflets 5, sometimes 7, thin, the side ones opposite ; racemes 
 slender, pods not torulose : 
 
 Leaflets obovate, obtuse, '5 rarely *7 in. long, stipules 
 lanceolate ; racemes slender, 2-5-flowered, under 2 in. long ; 
 pods spreading, subcylindric, smooth, slender, '75 in. long, 
 
 10-12-seeded 15. glabra. 
 
 Leaflets elliptic obovate, usually acute, up to 1 in. or even 
 
Indigofera.'l LEGUMINOSAE. 307 
 
 I'o in. long; stipules subulate; racemes elongate; pods 
 deflexed : 
 
 Eacemes up to 8 in. long or longer ; pods linear, slender, 
 subtetragonal, curved outwards, 2 in. long, 10-15-seeded 
 
 16. subulata. 
 
 Racemes up to 4 in. long ; pods straight, cylindric or 
 obscurely tetragonal, 1 in. long, 5-6-seeded 
 
 17. marginulata 
 Leaflets 7-13 ; flowers small, under -3 in. long: 
 
 Side leaflets alternate, oblaiiceolate, up to 1 in. long, 
 usually from 9 to 12 ; stipules lanceolate, scarious ; racemes 
 up to 4 in. long, many-flowered ; pods '75-1 in. long, much 
 deflexed, tetragonous, sharp-pointed, straight, 6-10-seeded 
 
 IS. endecaphylln. 
 Side leaflets opposite : 
 
 Racemes 3-6-flowered, short ; leaflets small and narrow, 
 stipules setaceous ; pod flattened, margined, appressed 
 pubescent, slightly torulose, '6 in. long, 10-12-seeded 
 
 19. tenuifolia. 
 Racemes 6- 12- flowered: 
 
 Densely pubescent with gland-tipped viscous hairs ; 
 leaflets small, elliptic- obovate with white appressed 
 hairs as well as the glandular ones, stipules setaceous ; 
 pod cylindric, '8 in. long, mucronate, very hirsute 
 
 20. viscosa. 
 
 No gland-tipped hairs, only appressed white ones ; 
 leaflets up to 1 in. long, linear-oblong or -oblanceolate, 
 often only 5, stipules minute ; pod linear, compressed , 
 pubescent, 1-1*5 in. long, curved at the tip ; racemes 
 
 very short 21 . parviflora. 
 
 Racemes more than 12-flowered : 
 Pods cylindric, more or less curved : 
 
 Branchlets very silvery canescent; pods appressed 
 silvery pubescent, '4--5 in. long, 3-4-seeded, slightly 
 torulose ; leaflets 7-9, obovate, emarginate 
 
 22. articulata. 
 
 Branchlets glabrous, the youngest only slightly 
 silvery canescent; pods green, '5-1 in. long, 6-12- 
 seeded; leaflets 7-11, elliptic-obovate : 
 
 Pods slender, under '1 in. thick, sharply pointed, 
 slightly torulose, 10-12-seeded; racemes usually 
 shorter than the leaves... ...23. tinctoria. 
 
308 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Indigofera. 
 
 Pods stout, over -1 in. thick, obtuse at apex with 
 a small mucro, slightly torulose, 8-10-seeded ; 
 racemes usually longer than the leaves 
 
 24. sumatrana. 
 
 Pods stout, -5-'75 in. long, about '1 in. thick, 
 nearly straight, shortly mucronate, not torulose, 
 about 6-seeded ; racemes slender, up to 7 in. long 
 
 25. longeracemosa. 
 Pods more or less tetragonous : 
 
 Pods straight, imbricately deflexed, densely clothed 
 with soft spreading hairs, '5 to '75 in. long, seeds 
 6-8 ; racemes densely-flowered, 2-6 in. long, pedicels 
 
 very short ; leaflets rather large 26. Jiirsuta. 
 
 Pods linear, curved, much constricted between the 
 elongate joints, 1*5-2 in. or more long; slightly 
 appressed silky ; racemes slender, about 2 in. long, 
 buds canescent; leaflets 7-11, elliptic oblong, 
 slightly appressed-pubescent, up to 1 in. long 
 
 27. constricta. 
 
 Leaflets usually more than 13, occasionally less ; flowers 
 *3 in. long or longer : 
 
 Flowers *3 in. long; stiff shrubs with appressed silvery 
 pubescence; branches striated; leaflets elliptic-oblong or 
 -obovate, emarginate or mucronate, coriaceous, '25-'75 in. 
 long; pods straight, cylindric, acuminate, 1-1*5 in. long, 
 
 grey-pubescent, 8-12-seeded 28. Wightii. 
 
 Flowers over *3 in. long ; shrubs nearly glabrous, not silvery 
 pubescent ; pods glabrous : 
 
 Pods up to 3 in. long, straight, prominently beaked; 
 flowers '4- '5 in. long; leaflets elliptic-oblong, membra- 
 nous, up to 1 in. long 29. galeyoides. 
 
 Pods up to 2 in. long, straight, shortly beaked ; 
 flowers -4-7 in. long ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse 
 or emarginate, apiciilate, subcoriaceous, up to 1 in. 
 
 long 30. pulchella. 
 
 Flowers in panicled bracteate racemes, the bracts leaflet (1-3)- 
 like, stipulate, the true leaves sessile with up to 10 pairs of 
 opposite elliptic- oblong softly pubescent side leaflets, each 
 25-'5 in. long ; pod cylindric, pubescent, '3-'5 in. long, 3-4-seeded 
 
 31. mysorensis. 
 
 1. INDIGOFERA ECHINATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 92; W. & A. 
 198 ; Wt. Ic. t. 316. 
 
Indigofera.~\ LEGUMINOSAE. 309 
 
 N". Circars and Carnatic, along the East Coast. 
 
 A diffuse annual herb with pink flowers and prickly pod. 
 
 2. INDIGOFERA LINIFOLIA, Retz ; F. B. I. ii. 92; W. & A. 198; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 313 ; Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. t. 195. 
 
 Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic, common, often on black 
 cotton soil ; W. Coast, in S. Canara. 
 
 A prostrate annual branching from the ground and lying 
 flat on it or only erect among grass. It has bright red 
 flowers, a minute silvery pod, narrow leaves, and a some- 
 what 2-edged stem. 
 
 Var. Campbellii, Wt. Stem prominently 2-edged; leaves 
 broader, obovate, mucronate. 
 
 Deccan Districts, Kistna to Cuddapah. 
 
 3. INDIGOFERA CORDIFOLIA, Heyiie ; F. B. I. ii. 93; W. & A. 199. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, on stony ground and black-cotton 
 
 soil. 
 
 A prostrate silky annual with minute red flowers. 
 
 4. INDIGOFERA UNIFLORA, Buch.-Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 94; 
 W. & A. 199 ; Wt. Ic. t. 333. 
 
 W. Coast from Malabar to Travancore ; Coimbatore. 
 
 A very slenderly-branched prostrate plant with minute red 
 
 flowers and cylindric pod. 
 
 5. INDIGOFERA ASPALATHOIDES, Yahl ; F. B. I. ii. 94 ; W. & A. 
 199 ; Wt. Ic. t. 332. 
 
 E. Coast of the Carnatic from Nellore to Cape Comorin 
 and ISTagarcoil, on sandy lands ; rarer inland. 
 A stiff silvery hoary undershrub with minute red flowers 
 and straight cylindric pod. 
 
 6. INDIGOFERA GLANDULOSA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 94; W. & A. 
 199 ; Wt. Ic. t. 330. 
 
 Circars and Deccan from the Godavari to Salem, on wet 
 lands, scarcer in Carnatic. 
 
 A stout undershrub with thick rootstock and long pros- 
 trate branches. Flowers red. Yern. Tel. Baragadam. 
 
 7. INDIGOFERA ENNEAPHYLLA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 94 ; W. & A. 
 199 ; Wt. Ic. t. 403. 
 
 Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic, up to 3,000 ft. in hills, on 
 pasture lands, common. 
 
 An undershrub with thick rootstock and prostrate branches. 
 Flowers bright red. Yern. Tel. Cheragadam. 
 
310 FLORA OF MADRAS. ^Indigo/era. 
 
 8. INDIGOFERA PEDICELLATA, W. & A. 200; F. B. I. ii. 95; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 983. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills from 
 5,000 ft. upwards ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem ; in pasture 
 lands and on roadsides. 
 
 An undershrub with thick rootstock and many slender 
 branches, the flowers bright brick-red. 
 
 9. INDIGOFERA VESTITA, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 96. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, N. Coimbatore, S. Malabar and 
 Pulney Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 An undershrub with thick rootstock and very brown-hairy 
 leaves and pods. 
 
 10. INDIGOFERA TRIFOLIATA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 96 in part-, 
 W. & A. 201 in part ; Wt. Ic. t. 314. 
 
 Deccan, in Kurnool, Bellary and Mysore, up to 3,000 ft. ; 
 
 Anamalai Hills. 
 
 An undershrub with long trailing branches ; flowers red. 
 Yar. midticaulis, Gamble. I. multicaulis, DC. A larger plant 
 with stiff erect branches and thicker, more numerous pods, nearly 
 glabrous. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore and Bellary, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 11. INDIGOFERA PROSTRATA, Willd. I. trifoliata, Baker in 
 F. B. I. ii. 96 in part; W. & A. 201 in part. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic in hilly regions from the Kistna 
 southwards ; W. Coast and hills of the W. Ghats, rising to 
 3,000 ft., chiefly in grassy lands. 
 
 An undershrub with long very slender trailing branches, 
 red flowers and almost filiform pods. 
 
 12. INDIGOFERA BARBERI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic from Cuddapah to S. Arcot and the 
 
 Shevaroy Hills. 
 
 An erect canescent undershrub with slender branches. 
 
 13. INDIGOFERA TRITA, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 96; W. & A. 203; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 315, 386. 
 
 S. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic from the Godavari to 
 Travancore, inland to Coimbatore and Madura, roadsides 
 and waste places, common. 
 
 A stiff very grey undershrub up to 3 ft. high, with salmon- 
 pink flowers and long tetragonous sharply-pointed pod. 
 Yern. Tel. Nakanaru. 
 
Indigofera.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 311 
 
 14. INDIGOFERA OBLONGIFOLIA, Forsk. I. paucifolia, Del. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 97 ; W. & A. 201 ; Wt. Ic. t. 331. 
 
 East Coast and Deccan, on the borders of fields in the 
 plains country. 
 
 A stiff grey erect shrub reaching 6 ft. in height, with red 
 flowers, and 1-5 usually 4 alternate leaflets variable in size. 
 
 15. INDIGOFERA GLABRA, Linn. I. pentaphylla, Linn. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 95 ; W. & A. 200 : Wt. Ic. t. 385. 
 
 Plains of the Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, also on the 
 
 Travancore coast. 
 
 A small undershrub with many branches, flowers red. 
 
 16. INDIGOFERA SUBULATA, Yahl ; F. B. I. ii. 96. I. flaccida, 
 Koenig ; W. & A. 204 ; Wt. Ic. t. 387. 
 
 Hills of the Kistna District ; W. Ghats, in the Anamalais, 
 up to 3,000 ft. ; Coimbatore and Salem Districts ; growing 
 among bushes. 
 
 A weak undershrub with long branches, subangular stems 
 and red flowers. 
 
 17. INDIGOFERA MARGINULATA, Grab. ; F. B. I. ii. 97 ; W. & A. 
 204. 
 
 E. slopes of the Nilgiris at 2,000 ft. ; Dindigal Hills of 
 
 Madura. 
 
 A weak undershrub, similar to the last except in pod. 
 
 18. INDIGOFERA ENDECAPHYLLA, Jacq. ; F. B. I. ii. 98. 
 I. Klemii, W. & A. 204. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan, Nellore to Mysore; W. Ghats, in 
 
 Coimbatore and Nilgiris, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A trailing annual or biennial herb with purple flowers. 
 
 19. INDIGOFERA TENUIFOLIA, Rottl.; F. B. I. ii. 94; W. & A. 200. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore and Bellary. 
 
 A small thin undershrub with small narrow leaflets and 
 
 torulose pod. 
 
 20. INDIGOFERA VISCOSA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 95; W. & A. 200; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 404. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, from the Godavari to 
 Madura, in sandy soils. 
 
 A small erect viscous pubescent shrub with many branches, 
 flowers red. 
 
 21. INDIGOFERA PARVIFLORA, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 97 ; W. & A. 
 201. 
 
312 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Indigofera. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic from Mysore to Madura and up to 
 3,000 ft., often in wet places. 
 
 A much-branched annual plant up to 2 ft. high with 
 slender stems, long narrow leaflets and lilac flowers. 
 
 22. INDIGOFERA ARTICULATA, Gouan. ; Pram and E. Baker in 
 Jourii. Bot. 1902, 141. /. caemlea, Roxb.: W. & A. 203; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 365. I. argentea var. caemlea, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 99. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, often on black cotton soil. 
 Surat Indigo. 
 
 An erect shrub, up to 3 ft. high, flowers reddish-yellow, 
 gives an indigo dye. Yern. Tel. Karunili. 
 
 23. INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 99 in part ; 
 W. & A. 202 in part ; Wt. Ic. t. 13(35. 
 
 Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic, also West Coast, cultivated 
 and run wild. Madras Indigo. 
 
 A branching shrub, up to about 6 ft. high. Yern. Hind. 
 Jinjini; Tel. Nili; Tarn. Averi ; Jjpfft.Ajara; Mai. Amari. 
 
 24. INDIGOFERA SUMATRANA, Gaertii. I. tinctoria, F. B. I. ii. 
 99 in part ; W. & A. 202 in part, not of Linn. 
 
 Circars and Deccan chiefly, occasionally elsewhere, culti- 
 vated and perhaps run wild. Bengal Indigo. 
 A twiggy shrub up to about 6 ft. high. Yern. Hind. Nil. 
 
 25. INDIGOFERA LONGERACEMOSA, Boiviu ; Pram and E. Baker 
 in Journ. Bot. 1902, 144. 
 
 South Travancore (Beddome, Lawsoii, Barber). 
 
 A slender shrub with woody branches and leaves with 
 
 rather small very thin leaflets. 
 
 26. INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 98 ; W. & A. 204. 
 
 Almost all Districts, common. 
 
 An annual or biennial densely pubescent erect herb with 
 pink flowers hidden by long subulate calyx lobes, rather 
 large leaflets and conspicuous filiform stipules. 
 
 27. INDIGOFERA CONSTRICTA, Trimeii. /. Jtaccida var. con- 
 stricta, Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 99 in note under I. tinctoria. 
 
 Cochin, at Kavalay, 2,000 ft. (Meebold), but extends prob- 
 ably northwards to N. Kaiiara (coll. Talbot), though rare 
 as in Ceylon. 
 
 An erect shrub, up to about 3 ft. high, with characteristic 
 constricted pod and leaves like those of indigo, though 
 with large leaflets. 
 
I'xoralea.'] LEG UM I NOVAE. 313 
 
 28. INDIGOFERA WIGHTII, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 99; W. & A. 202. 
 
 Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, 4,500 ft. (A. W. Lushington) ; 
 
 Deccan Hills in Mysore, Coimbatore and Salein ; W. Ghats, 
 
 up to 4,000 ft., in iSTilgiris, Anamalais and Pulneys. 
 
 A stiff silvery shrub with small leaflets and yellowish-red 
 
 flowers. 
 
 29. INDIGOFERA GALEGOIDES, DC.; F. B. I. ii. ]oo. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, Malabar to Travancore, up to 
 
 2,000 ft. 
 
 A tall shrub with pale red flowers and very long-beaked 
 
 pods. 
 
 30. INDIGOFERA PULCHELLA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 101 ; W. & A. 
 203 ; Wt. Ic. t. 3<I7. 
 
 Hills of N. Circars, Deccan and W. Ghats, up to r,,i.MM) ft., 
 
 in dry forests. 
 
 A large shrub with handsome purple-red flowers, reaching 
 
 ft. in height. Vern. Ur. Girili ; Tel. Sinilli ; Tarn. 
 
 Xarinci. 
 
 31. INDIGOFERA MYSORENSIS, Rottl.; F. B. I. ii. 102; W. & A. 
 202. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan in Chingleput and Mysore, up to 
 4,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, on dry Nilgiri slopes, but scarce. 
 An erect much-branched, softly grey-pubescent shrub with 
 red flowers and small cylindric pods. The leafy bracts 
 make it appear as if the flowers were solitary in the leaf- 
 rixils. Vern. Tel. Bapanga. 
 
 I found Indigofera anabapttsta, Steud. ; F. B. I. ii. 102 in the 
 Fort at Bellary. It had probably come from a seed casually 
 imported from Sind or Arabia. 
 
 9. Psoralea, Lind. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, punctate with black or pellucid glands. 
 Leaves unifoliolate or imparipinnate, often dentate, stipulate. 
 Flowers capitate spicate subracemose or fascicled, rarely solitary, 
 in the axils of reduced floral leaves ; bracts membranous, often 
 with 2-3 flowers each ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tiihe campanulate, 
 lobes subequal or the lowest the longest, the 2 upper often connate. 
 Corolla little exserted ; standard ovate or orbicular, clawed ; 
 wings oblong, falcate ; keel petals obtuse, slightly connate. 
 Mamens diadelphous or the vexillary filament sometimes connate 
 
 Y 
 
314 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Psoralea. 
 
 with the rest; anthers small, uniform or slightly dimorphous, 
 Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, 1-ovuled; style filiform or dilated 
 at base ; stigma terminal. Pod ovoid or oblong, 1-seeded, inde- 
 hiscent, the pericarp usually adherent to the seed. 
 
 PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 103 ; "W. & A. 198. 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in most Districts, a weed of roadsides 
 and waste places. 
 
 An erect annual, 1-3 ft. high, with blue flowers in dense long- 
 peduncled heads and ovoid pitted pods. Leaves unifoliolate, 
 broadly elliptic, dentate, petioled, covered with large black 
 glands and a few white hairs. The seeds are used medicinally. 
 Yern. Hind. Babachi ; Tel. Bapunga ; Tarn. Karporgam. 
 
 A South African shrub, Psoralea pinnata, Linn., has estab- 
 lished itself about Ootacamund. It has blue flowers and very 
 narrow leaflets. 
 
 1C: Mundulea, DC. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, usually silky-pubescent. Leaves impari- 
 pinnate, the leaflets reticulate and peiminerved ; stipules small. 
 Flowers in terminal racemes, the pedicels fascicled; bracts small; 
 bracteoles 0. Calyx campanulate, lobes short, the two upper 
 often subconnate. Corolla much exserted ; standard large, with 
 2 calluses at the base above the claw ; wings falcate-oblong, long- 
 clawed ; keel petals incurved, abtuse at apex, clawed at base. 
 Stamens monadelphous, the vexillary filament free only at base, 
 alternate filaments slightly dilated above; anthers uniform. 
 Ovary sessile ; ovules many ; style incurved, glabrous ; stigma 
 capitate. Pod large, linear, flat, subindehiscent, the sutures 
 thickened. Seeds reiiiform, estrophiolate. 
 
 MUNDULEA SUBEROSA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 110. Tephrosia sub- 
 erosa, DC.; W. & A. 210; Wt. 111. t. 79. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, from Yizagapatam to Tinne- 
 velly, in dry forests on rocky hills and up to 4,000 ft. 
 A pretty little tree with thick corky yellow bark, close- 
 grained yellow wood resembling satinwood, pink rather 
 large flowers and silky shining leaves. Yern, Tarn. Pii 
 avaram. 
 
 11. Tephrosia, Pers. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate, 
 sometimes reduced to one leaflet ; side leaflets opposite, usually 
 
Tephrosia.-] LEGUMINOSAE. 315 
 
 numerous, all leaflets parallel-nerved, usually silky beneath; 
 stipules free from the petiole, usually lanceolate or subulate, 
 sometimes reduced to spines ; stipels scarce or or, in one case, 
 almost spinous. Flowers reddish or white, in terminal or leaf- 
 opposed racemes or solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, 
 bracteate ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube campanulate, teeth subequal 
 or the lower longer, the 2 upper often slightly connate. Petal* 
 clawed; standard suborbicular; wings obliquely oblong or obo- 
 vate, slightly adherent to the incurved keel petals. Stamens dia- 
 delphous, the vexillary filament at first free below connate above, 
 afterwards quite free ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, linear, 
 many-ovuled ; style incurved, often flattened, glabrous or bearded ; 
 stigma terminal, often penicillate. Pod linear, flattened, con- 
 tinuous within or obscurely septate, dehiscing by both sutures. 
 Seeds many, reniforni elliptic or ovoid ; strophiole usually 0, 
 sometimes small, sometimes rather conspicuous. 
 
 ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTIONS AFTER J. R. DRUMMOND. 
 
 Flower (including calyx) less than '125 in. long; claw of standard 
 more than one-third as long as the limb ; pod not more than 1 in. 
 
 long; style in fruit deflexed 1. tennis. 
 
 Flower (including calyx) at least '125 in. long ; claw of standard less 
 than one-third as long as the limb ; pod l-3'5 in. long ; style in fruit 
 more or less recurved or ascending : 
 
 Petiole angled and compressed, the angles and margins winged, the 
 marginal wings excurrent as a pair of short stipellary spines ; 
 
 leaflet-margin indurated 2. calophylla. 
 
 Petiole not compressed, its margins not winged ; wings exstipellate ; 
 leaflet-margin not indurated: 
 
 Calyx-teeth broadly deltoid, the anterior alone equalling or longer 
 than the tube ; pedicels in fruit manifestly articulate upon the 
 axis : 
 
 Pod more than 2- 5 in. long ; inflorescence not elongate : 
 Terminal leaflet larger than the lateral ones which are about 
 1 in. long, white-silky beneath ; stipules and bracts deltoid- 
 lanceolate, deciduous ; pod closely covered with short dull 
 golden (when dry) toinentum ; seeds oblong-reniform in 
 outline, hardly compressed, '2 by '1 in., smooth; strophiole 
 
 narrowly horseshoe-shaped, chalk-white 3. wynaadensis. 
 
 Terminal leaflet about equalling the lateral, T5-2 in. long j 
 
316 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tephrosia. 
 
 stipules and bracts subulate, persistent; pod clothed with 
 coarse cottony villi, ashy-brown to grey; seeds lenticular, 
 16 by '125 in., margin bluntly keeled, strophiole dull brown, 
 
 anvil-shaped 4. fusca. 
 
 Pod less than 2'5 in. long, usually 1*5-2 in. ; inflorescence 
 elongate; stipules long filiform; leaflets 1-1'5 in. long 
 
 5. noctiflora. 
 
 Calyx-teeth narrowly deltoid or lanceolate below, cuspidate 
 above, all equalling or exceeding the tube (at aestivation) ; 
 pedicels not manifestly articulate upon the axis : 
 Septa of pod manifest, persistent : 
 
 Flowers very few, axillary ; leaflets narrowly oblong-cuneate, 
 terminal * 5 in. or more long, upper surface pale green, lower 
 cinereo-canescent ; pod 1*5 in. long, '15 in. broad, falcate 
 from above the middle, hairs on the valves closely appressed- 
 canescent, on sutures ascending, fulvous ; seed oblong- 
 elliptic, '16 in. long, clay-coloured flecked with brown 
 
 6. pentaphylla. 
 Septa of pod evanescent or obscure : 
 
 Pod entirely covered with dense villous tomentum, arcuately 
 curving from the very base ; flowers in fascicles on a long 
 
 spicif orm rhachis 7. hirta. 
 
 Pod pilose or glabrescent, but never when mature covered 
 with thick villous tomentum : 
 
 Flowers in racemes (casually reduced to few in the axils 
 or at the ends of branches) : 
 
 Racemes axillary ; style bearded : 
 
 Leaflets obovate-cuneate, terminal '75-1 in. by '125- 
 
 25in.,under-surface not silvery 8. maxima. 
 
 Leaflets obovate, oblong or elliptical, base obtuse or 
 (less frequently) bluntly cuneate, terminal '75-5 in. 
 long, under-surface more or less silvery (casually 
 glabrescent) : 
 
 Stipules broadly ovate-deltoid, '25 by '125 in., con- 
 spicuously carinate-striate, brown-scarious ; bracts 
 and bracteoles similar ; leaflets with a distinct 
 (but not indurated) margin; pod densely clothed 
 with laxly appressed- silky fulvous hairs 
 
 9. pulcherrima. 
 
 Stipules linear-lanceolate, '25 by '04 in., obscurely 
 striate, herbaceous ; bracts and bracteoles subulate 
 or almost setaceous ; leaflets not marginate ; pod 
 
Tephrosia.'] LEGUHINOSAE. 317 
 
 sparsely furnished with strigose cottony white 
 hairs : 
 
 Pod at least 2 in. long : 
 
 Pod about 3 in. long ; standard '75 in. long 
 
 seeds mottled 10. canarensis. 
 
 Pod imder 2'5 in. long; standard '35 in. or less; 
 seeds not mottled : 
 
 Stem and peduncles densely clothed, particu- 
 larly on the angle, with ascending hairs ; 
 longest calyx-tooth about '125 in. long 
 
 11. tinctoria. 
 
 Stem and peduncles sparsely furnished with 
 appressed hairs ; longest calyx-tooth about 
 
 075 in. long 12. senticosa. 
 
 Pod less than 2 in. long ; standard '4-'5 in. long 
 
 13. Roxburghiana. 
 Racemes extra-axillary ; style not bearded : 
 
 Stem not procumbent ; racemes normally more than 
 3-flowered : 
 
 Pod parchment-like or horny, normally more than 
 1 in. long : 
 
 Leaflets lanceolate, normally acute 14. lanceolata. 
 Leaflets never truly lanceolate : 
 
 Floral bracts not longer than the pedicels before 
 aestivation, subulate ; pubescence of pedicel and 
 calyx appressed : 
 
 Stem ascending, subulate, glabrescent ; flowers 
 less than '3 in. long, bluish-purple 
 
 15. purpurea. 
 
 Stem erect, branches zigzag, angled, hairy ; 
 flowers more than *3 in. long, rose-coloured or 
 
 scarlet 16. Hamiltonii. 
 
 Floral bracts longer than the pedicels, setaceous ; 
 
 pubescence of calyx spreading. . . 17. Hookeriana. 
 
 Pod papery, less than 1 in. long ; leaves less than 
 
 3 by 1'5 in. ; side leaflets 3-4 pairs, cuneate- 
 
 obcordate 18. Barberi. 
 
 Stems procumbent or (rarely) ascending ; racemes 
 1-3-flowered; pod 9-12 (casually fewer-) seeded, valves 
 closely pilose, the hairs short, white, ascending ; seed 
 irregularly trapezoidal, the testa bony, aril obsolete 
 
 19. procunibens. 
 
318 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Tephrosia. 
 
 Flowers in axillary fascicles ; stipules spinose ; pod dre- 
 paniform, obscurely pubescent, iip to 1-25 in. long ; leaflets 
 obovate-cuneate, terminal '5 in. long or less.... 20. spinosa. 
 
 1. TEPHROSIA TENUIS, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 111. 
 
 East Coast, in the Kistna District, in sandy places. 
 A slender caespitose plant with filiform stems and linear 
 oblong membranous leaflet 1-2 in. long ; flowers pink, on 
 capillary pedicels. 
 
 2. TEPHROSIA CALOPHYLLA, Bedd. Ic. t. 166; F. B. I. ii. 111. 
 
 N. Coimbatore, on dry rocky hills above the Gazulhati 
 Pass, at 3,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 A woody perennial with coriaceous strongly nerved leaflet 
 3-5 in. long, purplish-red flowers in elongate racemes and 
 glabrous pod 2-3 in. long. 
 
 3. TEPHROSIA WYNAADENSIS, J. R. Drumm. 
 
 W. Ghats, Tambracheri Ghat, Wynaad (Barber). 
 
 An erect undershrub, resembling T. Candida, DC., end 
 
 leaflets up to To in. long. 
 
 4. TEPHROSIA FUSCA, W. & A. 210; F. B. I. ii. 114. 
 
 Carnatic, Hills of Dindigal in Madura District (Wight). 
 Apparently a shrub and perhaps not indigenous. Though 
 more woolly it resembles, like the preceding, the North 
 Indian T. Candida, DC. often cultivated in Madras Hill 
 gardens. 
 
 5. TEPHROSIA NOCTIFLORA, Bojer. T. HooJeeriana, Baker; 
 F. B. I. ii. 113 not ofW. & A. 
 
 Madras Presidency (?) (Walker). 
 
 An undershrub with golden-silky deflexed pods and 
 
 narrowly oblong-oblanceolate emarginate leaflets. 
 
 6. TEPHROSIA PENTAPHYLLA, Sweet. T. svnticosa, Wt. Ic. t. 
 370. Galega pentaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 384. 
 
 Deccan, in Bellary District, on black cotton Boil (Wight). 
 A stout much branched undershrub, with very coriaceous 
 stems and leaves. 
 
 7. TEPHROSIA HIRTA, Ham. T. villosa, W. & A. 212 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 113 excl. some synonyms. T. argentea, W. & A. 212 excl. 
 synonyms. T. incana, W. & A. 212. 
 
 All plains Districts, on waste lands and by roadsides, 
 
 ascending the hills to 3,000 ft. 
 
 An erect silky-villous undershrub with pale red flowers. 
 
Tephrosia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 319 
 
 8. TEPHROSIA MAXIMA, Pers.; W. & A. 213 ; Trimen El. Oeyl. 
 t. xxvii. T. purpurea var. maxima, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 113. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, especially along the coast and on 
 
 dry hills inland, to the south end of Travancore. 
 
 A slender often prostrate undershrub with large pale pink 
 
 flowers. 
 
 9. TEPHROSIA PULCHERRIMA, Wight ex Baker. T. tinctoria, 
 Pers. var. pulcherritna, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 112. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Mysore, Malabar, Nilgiri, Anamalai 
 
 and Travancore Hills, at about 3,000 ft. 
 
 A pretty undershrub with pale red flowers and angular 
 
 velvety branchlets and leaves, the end leaflet much the 
 
 longest. 
 
 10. TEPHROSIA CANARENSIS, J. R. Drum in. T. tinctoria, Pers. 
 var. inter rupta, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 112 in part only. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Canara, extending northwards, southwards 
 to Wynaad. 
 
 An erect undershrub with large reddish flowers and leaflets 
 up to 2'5 in. long. 
 
 11. TEPHROSIA TINCTORIA, Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. Ill ; W. & A. 
 211 ; Wt. Ic. t. 388. 
 
 W. Ghats, common in all the region, chiefly between 3,000 
 and 7,000 ft. ; extending eastwards to the Hills of Mysore, 
 Coimbatore, Salem and even N. Arcot. 
 A pretty undershrub with golden-brown pubescence, red 
 flowers and leaflets variable in number from 1 to 13, the 
 end one usually the longest. 
 
 12. TEPHROSIA SENTICOSA, Pers. ; W. & A. 211 not o/F. B. I. 
 
 Deccan, Horsleykonda Hill in Cuddapah, at 4,500 ft. 
 (Gamble) ; Kottayani in Travancore (Raiigachari). 
 A slender undershrub with narrow silvery leaves. 
 
 13. TEPHROSIA ROXBURGHIANA, J. R. Drumin. T. tinctoria 
 var. 7 . W. & A. 211. 
 
 N. Gil-cars, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam, 4,000 ft., Hills of 
 Yizagapatam and Godavari ; Deccan, Saiidur Hills of Bellary . 
 A slender undershrub with usually a single leaflet, rarely 
 more, the stems and under-surface of leaflets white-silky- 
 pubescent. 
 
 14. TEPHROSIA LANCEOLATA, Grab, ex W. & A. 213. T. 
 purpurea, Pers. var. /3. W. & A. 213. T. purpurea, Pers. 
 
320 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tephrosia.. 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 112 in part (Galega lanceaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
 iii. 386). 
 
 N. Circars, on sandy lands near the coast, as far south as 
 
 the Godavari. 
 
 An undershrub with bright purple flowers. 
 
 15. TEPHROSIA PTJRPUREA, Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. 112 in part .. 
 W. & A. 213' in part. 
 
 In all plains Districts, on waste lands and by roadsides, 
 
 very common. 
 
 An erect perennial undershrub with small red flowers. 
 
 Said to give a blue dye resembling indigo. "Vern. Tarn. 
 
 Kat-kolingi. 
 
 16. TEPHROSIA HAMILTOWII, J. R. Drumm. T. purpurea, 
 Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. 212 in part (Galega tinctoria, Roxb. FL 
 Ind. iii. 386 not of Linn.). 
 
 Deccan, in Northern and Western areas, on sandy soils 
 
 (Wight 898). 
 
 A gregarious undershrub with large bright rose-coloured 
 
 flowers. 
 
 17. TEPHROSIA HOOKERIANA, W. & A. 212; not o/F. B. I. 
 
 W. Ghats, on dry soils at Sigur, 1ST. Nilgiris, at 3,000 ft, 
 (Lawson, Gamble) ; Carnatic, at Trichinopoly (Wight). 
 A shrub with brownish silky stems and leaves and small 
 flowers on short pedicels in elongated racemes. 
 
 18. TEPHROSIA BARBERI, J. R. Drumm. 
 
 S. Carnatic at Kudiramalai Teri, Tinnevelly (Barber) ; 
 Tuticorin (Wight). 
 
 A distinct-looking undershrub with reddish flexuose 
 branchlets and small obovate obtuse leaflets, softly villous. 
 
 19. TEPHROSIA PROCUMBENS, Ham. T. purpurea var. pumila, 
 Baker in F. B. I. ii. 113. T. diffusa, W. & A. 213. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, on waste lands in open forest 
 and among grass in pastures, up to 3,000 ft. in the hills. 
 A slender herbaceous perennial with white flowers. 
 
 20. TEPHROSIA SPINOSA, Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. 112 , W. & A. 214 
 excl. cert. syn. ; Wt. Ic. t. 372. 
 
 Carnatic, from the Kistna southwards, on dry barren lands- 
 on the coast and inland to the Hills of Coimbatore, Madura 
 and Tinnevelly. 
 A stiff thorny grey-canescent low shrub. 
 
Millettia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 321 
 
 12. Millettia, W. & A. 
 
 Trees or large shrubs, usually climbing. Leaves imparipinnate, 
 stipulate, the side leaflets opposite, usually stipellate, penninerved. 
 Flowers rather large, showy, fascicled, rarely scattered, on the 
 rhachis of axillary or terminal racemes or panicles ; bracts and 
 bracteoles usually small, caducous. Calyx campanulate, the 
 teeth short. Corolla much exserted; standard ovate or orbicular, 
 emarginate, spreading or reflexed, glabrous or silky on the back ; 
 wings obliquely oblong, clawed ; petals of keel incurved, obtuse, 
 clawed. Stamens inonadelphous, sometimes diadelphous by the 
 vexillary filament being quite free; anthers uniform, ovate. 
 Ovary sessile or rarely stalked, few-ovuled ; style inflexed, 
 glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod linear or oblong or oblanceolate, 
 flat or turgid, coriaceous or woody, late in dehiscing. Seeds few, 
 orbicular or reniform, estrophiolate. 
 
 Standard not auricled at the base : 
 
 Leaves very silky -pubescent beneath, especially when young ; 
 stamens monadelphous ; pods velvety, the endocarp not 
 separable : 
 
 Pubescence very shining, silvery ; leaflets 7-9, oblanceolate, 
 obtuse at apex, main nerves 15-25 pairs ; calyx distinctly 
 toothed ; pods flattened, 3-4 in. long, '75 in. broad... 1. splendens. 
 Pubescence ferruginous; leaflets 5-7, obovate, acute at apex, 
 main nerves 8-10 pairs ; calyx-teeth very indistinct ; pods thick, 
 oblong or trapezoid, turgid, 2-4 in. long, 1-1'5 in. broad 
 
 2. rubiginosfi. 
 
 Leaves not silky, merely slightly pubescent ; leaflets 11-15, obovate, 
 obtuse ; calyx-teeth short ; stamens diadelphous ; pods glabrous, 
 linear, torulose, the endocarp separable, 4-10 in. long, *5 in. broad 
 
 3. racemosa. 
 
 Standard auricled at the base ; leaflets 7-9 pairs, obovate, obtuse ; 
 calyx shortly toothed ; stamens monadelphous ; pod linear, flattened, 
 velvety, 6-9 in. long, 1 in. broad, the sutures thickened 
 
 4. auriculata. 
 
 1. MILLETTIA SPLENDENS, W. & A. 263; F. B. I. ii. 104; 
 Bedd. Ic. t, 295. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills, up to 4,000 ft. 
 A large, very handsome climbing shrub with reddish 
 flowers. 
 
322 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Millettia. 
 
 2. MlLLBTTIA RUBIGINOSA, W. & A. 263; F. B. I, ii. 104; 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 207. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the forests of Tiimevelly and Travancore, up 
 to 5,000 ft, 
 A large climbing shrub with reddish flowers. 
 
 3. MILLETTIA RACEMOSA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 105. Tephrosia 
 racemosa, W. & A. 210. 
 
 1ST. Circars and Deccan, in dry hill forests at low levels, 
 
 from Ganjam to Bellary and Coimbatore. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with thick brown rough bark, 
 
 large leaves, torulose pods and whitish flowers. Yern. Tel. 
 
 Galuga. 
 
 4. MILLETTIA AURIC ULATA, Baker; F. B. I. ii. 108. 
 
 Forests of Ganjam and Yizagapatam, chiefly with Sal, up 
 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A large climber with light brown bark and wood in alter- 
 nate layers of soft woody and bast tissue. It is sometimes 
 found as a nearly erect shrub. Flowers whitish. The bark 
 gives a rough fibre. Yern. Hind. Ganj ; Ur. Bekorlo. 
 
 13. Sesbania, Scop. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or small soft- wooded trees, often prickly. Leaves 
 abruptly pinnate, long, narrow ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, 
 mucronate, deciduous; stipules lanceolate or setaceous, decid- 
 uous. Flowers in lax axillary racemes ; bracts and bracteoles 
 setaceous, usually early deciduous. Calyx canipanulate, with 
 5 short equal teeth. Corolla much exserted, the petals all with long 
 claws ; standard orbicular or ovate, spreading or reflexed ; wings 
 falcate-oblong; keel petals obtuse or subrostrate. Stamens 
 diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary linear, usually stipitate. 
 many-ovuled ; style incurved, glabrous ; stigma capitate. Pod 
 long, linear, narrow, flattened or 4-angled, septate within 
 between the seeds. Seeds transversely oblong, strophiole 0. 
 
 Flowers under - 75 in. long, buds straight : 
 
 Stems without prickles ; standard with 2 appendages at the base 
 which run as keels into the claw ; pods twisted, pendulous : 
 
 Flowers usually *5-'6 in. long, standard appendages long-tailed ; 
 
 pods torulose, 6-9 in. long 1. aegyptiaca. 
 
 Flowers usually '75-1 in. long, standard appendages triangular ; 
 
 pods slightly torulose, 10-12 in. long 2. paludosa. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE. 323 
 
 Stems and leaf-rhachises prickly ; standard without appendages : 
 Flowers *4-'5 in. long ; pod straight, erect, 8-12 in. long, '1 in. 
 
 broad, slightly torulose 3. aculeata. 
 
 Flowers '25 in. long or less ; pod straight, erect, 2-4 in. long, 
 
 much torulose 4. procumbens. 
 
 Flowers 3 in. long ; buds falcately recurved; pods 1 ft. or more long, 
 3 in. broad, falcate, not torulose, the sutures much thickened 
 
 5. grandiflora. 
 
 1. SESBANIA AEGYPTIACA, Pers.; F. B. I. ii. 114; W. & A. 214; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 32. 
 
 Cultivated or found run wild in almost all plains Districts. 
 A soft wooded shrub with yellow flowers, the standard 
 usually purple or purple-spotted. It is used to make 
 hedges and the wood gives a good charcoal for gunpowder. 
 Yern. Hind. Jait ; Tel. Suiminta ; Tarn. Chittakatti. 
 
 2. SESBANIA PALUDOSA, Prain. S. aculeata var. paludosa, 
 Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 115, excl. syn. Aescliynomene uliginosa, 
 Roxb. 
 
 Marshy places 011 W. Coast, Travancore (M. Rama Row). 
 An annual shrub with pith-like steins and yellow flowers. 
 Vem. Hind. Kathsola. 
 
 3. SESBANIA ACULEATA, Poir. ; F. B. I. ii. 114; W. & A. 214. 
 
 Wet places in plains Districts, chiefly in the Carnatic, 
 extending to the hills. 
 
 A soft-wooded prickly shrub with long leaves, arid very 
 many small leaflets and pale yellow flowers. 
 
 4. SESBANIA PROCUMBENS, W. & A. 215 ; F. B. I. ii. 115. 
 
 Coast Districts on the East side, chiefly in rice-fields, but 
 
 scarce. 
 
 A diffuse prickly annual herb. 
 
 5. SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA, Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. 115. Agati 
 grandiflora, Desv. ; W. & A. 215. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens or betel-vine plantations, not 
 
 indigenous. 
 
 A small soft- wooded tree reaching 20-30 ft. high, with 
 
 large showy red or white flowers and long pods. The 
 
 wood is sometimes used for posts, and the young leaves, 
 
 flowers and pods eaten as a vegetable. Vern. Hind. 
 
 Basna; Tel. Avesi ; Tarn. Agati. 
 
324 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Geissaspis. 
 
 14. Geissaspis, W. & A. 
 
 Slender diffuse annual herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 
 2 pairs, obovate ; stipules membranous, produced below the 
 insertion; stipels 0. Flowers very small, yellow or purplish, 
 in long-peduncled axillary racemes ; bracts large, oblique, 
 veined, imbricate, persistent, more or less concealing the flowers 
 and fruit. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the upper entire, the lower 
 obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla longer than the calyx ; standard 
 suborbicular, shortly clawed; wings oblong or obovate; keel 
 petals incurved, obtuse, slightly united at the back. Stamens 
 monadelphous, the filaments free in the upper third ; anthers 
 uniform. Ovary shortly stalked ; ovules 2 ; style incurved ; 
 stigma minute, terminal. Pods 1-2 -jointed, the joints turgid 
 in the middle at first with a flat border, reticulately veined, 
 indehiscent. Seeds subreniform. 
 
 Flowers much shorter than the bracts ; bracts orbicular, the margins 
 with many long stiff brown hairs, the bases long-sagittate ; stipules 
 lanceolate, long-spurred, long-ciliate, persistent ; corolla purplish ; 
 
 leaflets '4-'5 in. long 1. cristata. 
 
 Flowers as long as or longer than the bracts; bracts ovate, mucronate- 
 dentate, the bases shortly sagittate; stipules oblanceolate, shortly 
 spurred, spinous-ciliate, deciduous ; corolla yellow ; leaflets -2-3 in. 
 long 2 . tenella. 
 
 1. GEISSASPIS CRISTATA, W. & A. 218; F. B. I. ii. 141; Bedd. 
 Ic. t. 293. 
 
 W. Coast, from S. Canara to Travancore ; W. Ghats, in 
 Mysore, lower Nilgiris and Malabar, up to 3,000 ft., 
 usually in rice-fields. 
 
 A very pretty plant, conspicuous for its beautiful long- 
 ciliate imbricate bracts. 
 
 2. GEISSASPIS TENELLA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 141. 
 
 W. Coast, plains of S. Canara, in rice-fields. 
 
 A much smaller plant than the preceding, the bracts only 
 
 mucronate-dentate. 
 
 15. Zornia, Gmel. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves digitately 2-4-foliolate ; leaflets gland-dotted; 
 stipules subfoliaceous, gland-dotted, usually peltate; stipels 0. 
 Flowers in interrupted spikes or solitary, on terminal or axillary 
 
Stylosanthes.'] LEGUMINOSAE 325 
 
 peduncles ; bracts geminate, stipular, foliaceous, each pair 
 enclosing a sessile flower ; bracteoles 0. Calyx small, membranous 
 or hyaline, the 2 upper lobes connate in a lip, the 2 lateral small, 
 the lowest as long as the upper. Corolla exserted, the petals 
 clawed ; standard suborbicular ; wings obliquely oblong; keel petals 
 incurved, acute. Stamens rnonadelphous in a closed tube, the 
 free part of filaments about one-third of their length ; anthers 
 dimorphous. Ovary sessile ; ovules many ; style filiform ; stigma 
 minute, terminal. Pod a compressed lomentum of several, 
 smooth or with glochidiate prickles, 1-seeded joints. Seeds 
 subreniform, estrophiolate. 
 
 Leaflets usually lanceolate acuminate, glabrous, rarely ovate, up to 
 1 in. long, dotted with scattered black glands ; standard cordate 
 above the claw; joints of lomentum '1 in. in diam., the prickles 
 
 retrorsely scabrous 1. diphylla. 
 
 Leaves ovate mucronate, up to '6 in. long, glabrous or more or less 
 white-villous, dotted with many minute white glands ; standard 
 narrowed above the claw; joints of lomentum '2 in. in diam., the 
 prickles glabrous 2. zeylonensis. 
 
 1. ZORNIA DIPHYLLA, Pers. ; F. B. I. ii. 147. Z. angustifolia, 
 Sm. ; W. & A. 217. 
 
 All dry Districts especially near the coast ; inland up to 
 
 3,500 ft., often on rocks. 
 
 A diffuse wiry herb with yellow flowers. Leaves usually 
 
 lanceolate, but those near the base are often ovate and 
 
 even emarginate. The bracts and stipules are very 
 
 characteristic. 
 
 2. ZORNIA ZEYLONENSIS, Pers. ; W. & A. 217. Z. diphylla 
 var. zeylonensis, Baker; F. B. I. ii. 118. 
 
 East Coast Districts from Ganjani to Travancore, in sandy 
 places near the sea. 
 
 A diffuse herb with longer branches and stouter rootstock 
 than the former. 
 
 16. Stylosanthes, Swartz. 
 
 Stiff undershrubs. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate ; stipules large, 
 adnate to the base of the petiole ; stipels 0. Flowers small, 
 usually yellow, in dense terminal heads, imbricate with the leaf- 
 stipules and linear lanceolate scarious bracts. Calyx-tube very 
 
326 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_StylosantJies. 
 
 long, slender, filiform ; lobes obtuse, membranous, ciliate, unequal, 
 the upper 4 connate. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx- 
 tube ; standard orbicular ; wings oblong, free ; keel petals 
 incurved, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers dimorphous. 
 Ovary subsessile at the base of the calyx-tube ; ovules 2-3 ; style 
 elongate, filiform ; stigma minute, terminal. Pod sessile, com- 
 pressed, hooked at the apex with the persistent base of the style ; 
 joints 1-2, reticulate or muricate. Seeds compressed, lenticular, 
 estrophiolate. 
 
 STYLOSANTHES MUCRONATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 148 ; W. & A. 
 218 ; Bedd. Ic. t. 294. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry localities, up to 
 3,000 ft. in the hills. 
 
 A stiff undershrub with trifoliolate sharply mucronate leaves 
 and conspicuous sheathing stipules, the pods small, hard, 
 reticulate, flowers yellow. Yern. Tel. Saillee kumpa. 
 Arachis hypogaea, Willd. is the " Ground nut " or " Monkey 
 nut," largely cultivated for its edible seed, from which a valuable 
 oil is expressed. It is an article of considerable trade. 
 
 17. Lespedeza, Michx. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3- rarely 1-foliolate ; 
 leaflets entire without stipels ; stipules free, small. Flowers 
 purple pink white or yellow, in axillary fascicles or racemes or 
 terminal panicles ; bracts small ; bracteoles 2 at the base of the 
 calyx-tube. Calyx-tube campanulate, teeth 5 subequal or the 
 2 upper slightly connate, lanceolate or linear. Corolla exserted ; 
 standard obovate, narrowed to a claw ; wings falcate ; keel 
 petals incurved, obtuse or beaked. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, 1-ovuled ; style fili- 
 form, incurved ; stigma capitate. Pod small, orbicular or ovate, 
 compressed, 1-seeded, flattened, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular, 
 strophiole 0. 
 
 LESPEDEZA SERICEA, Miq. ; F. B. I. ii. 142. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, at 6,000-7,000 ft. (Bourne, 
 
 Fischer). 
 
 An erect undershrub with long slender virgate branches, 
 
 small white flowers tinged with purple, linear cuneate silky 
 
 leaflets and very small orbicular pod. 
 
Smithia.1 LEGUMINOSAE. 327 
 
 18. TaYerniera, DC. 
 
 Much-branched under shrubs. Leaves 1- or pinna tely 3-f olio- 
 late ; leaflets usually obovate or orbicular ; stipules scarious, 
 sheathing, opposite the leaves. Flowers white or rose, in lax 
 axillary racemes ; bracts minute, deciduous ; bracteoles 2, at the 
 base of the calyx. Calyx-tiibe campanulate, teeth 5, subbilabiate, 
 subequal. Corolla much exserted, scarious and persistent; 
 standard obovate, shortly clawed ; wings oblong, much smaller 
 than the standard; keel petals about equal to the standard, 
 obliquely truncate at apex, clawed. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 
 1 ; the vexillary one connate with the others at the middle at first, 
 afterwards free; anthers uniform. Ovary stalked, 1-2-ovuled; 
 style filiform, inflexed ; stigma small, terminal. Pod flattened, 
 compressed, of 1-3 joints usually echinate and transversely 
 ridged. 
 
 TAVERNIERA CUNEIFOLIA, Arn. in Wt. Ic. t. 1055. T. num- 
 
 mularia, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 140 not o/DC. 
 Deccan, in Kurnool and Bellary (Beddoine). 
 A much-branched undershrub with terete hoary branches, 
 3- or 1-foliolate leaves, persistent scarious corolla and 
 glabrous echinate 1-2 -jointed pod. 
 
 19. Smithia, Ait. 
 
 Herbs or uiidershrubs. Leaves pariphmate, rarely iinpari- 
 pinnate, the rhachis usually ending in a bristle ; leaflets small, 
 sensitive, without stipels ; stipules scarious, persistent, usually 
 produced below the insertion (in Asiatic species). Flowtrs 
 yellow or blue, in axillary often unilateral racemes, sometimes 
 collected in terminal heads or panicles ; bracts and bracteoles 
 scarious or membranous, persistent. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the 
 upper entire or emarginate, the lower entire or 3-toothed. 
 Corolla exserted ; standard suborbicular, cuneate at base ; wings 
 obliquely oblong, clawed and auricled ; keel petals obtuse, 
 incurved, clawed. Stamens diadelphous in 2 bundles of 5 each ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, many-ovuled ; style 
 filiform ; stigma small, terminal. Fruit a lonientum of flattened 
 or turgid 1-seeded orbicular joints, folded together inside the 
 calyx. Seeds reniform, strophiole 0. 
 
,328 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Smithia. 
 
 Calyx rigid, with close parallel simple veins ; flowers yellow : 
 Stems not bristly ; calyx-lips equal, acute : 
 Lomentum joints papillose : 
 
 Flowers in short racemes ; lower calyx -lip Avith a few scattered 
 bristles ; leaflets 3-10 pairs, each '2- '4 in. long, bristly only on 
 
 margins and midrib beneath 1. sensitiva. 
 
 Flowers in pairs or single from the leaf -axils ; lower calyx-lip 
 with a tuft of bristles near the apex ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, each 
 3-'6 in. long, very bristly on margins and midrib with smaller 
 
 ones between 2. geminiflora. 
 
 Lomentum joints smooth ; flowers in pairs in the axils of leaves 
 crowded at the ends of the branches; lower calyx-lip bristly 
 along the keel at the back ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, '2-4 in. long, very 
 
 bristly all over on the back 3. conferta. 
 
 Stems conspicuously bristly ; calyx- lips obtuse, the upper much the 
 longer, both very yellow-bristly ; flowers in terminal panicles of 
 racemes ; leaflets glabrous with few bristles, 4-12 pairs, 1-1'5 in. 
 
 long ; lomentum joints reticulate 4. setulosa. 
 
 Calyx membranous, with anastomosing veins : 
 Flowers yellow : 
 
 Flowers in loose racemes with filiform peduncles and pedicels : 
 Leaflets usually 2 pairs ; calyx-lips equal, the upper truncate, 
 the lower 3-lobed ; lomentum joints reticulate and papillose, 
 
 very small, under '1 in. in diam 5. bigemina. 
 
 Leaflets 3 pairs ; calyx-lips equal in length, the upper broad 
 with 3 parallel nerves in the middle, the lower acute scarcely 
 lobed; lomentum joints reticulate with flat margins, '1 in. in 
 
 diam. or more 6. gracilis. 
 
 Flowers in close more or less corymbose racemes with short 
 
 pedicels, lomenta with 4-7 reticulate joints ; leaflets 3-4 pairs: 
 
 Calyx-lips bristly and ciliate with yellow hairs not on black 
 
 bases, upper lip truncate, retuse, lower smaller, obscurely 
 
 3-lobed; racemes short 7. racemosa. 
 
 Calyx-lips with conspicuous bristles on black bulbous bases, 
 upper lip truncate, emarginate, lower smaller, acute, obscurely 
 
 3-lobed ; racemes elongate, one-sided 8. hirsuta. 
 
 Flowers in subcapitate heads on peduncles 1-1-5 in. long, in pairs 
 or threes in the upper leaf axils ; leaflets 4 pairs, up to 1 in. long 
 by '3 in. broad ; lomentum with 3-6 reticulate bordered joints ; 
 calyx-lips merely short-ciliate on the edges, upper lip broad, emar- 
 
 ginate, lower 3-lobed 9. Venkobarowii. 
 
 Flowers in terminal panicles of corymbose racemes one-sided in 
 
Smithia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 329 
 
 fruit ; leaflets 4-5 pairs, often very bristly like the steins ; calyx- 
 lips obtuse,, upper emarginate, lower 3-lobed, softly yellow-bristly ; 
 
 lomentum joints reticulate, bordered 10. blanda. 
 
 Flowers in dichotomously branched lax few-flowered corymbose 
 panicles ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, glabrous, with very few bristles ; 
 calyx-lips accrescent in fruit, the lower the longer, ciliate and 
 with very few bristles ; lomentum joints margined on one side 
 
 papillose 11. salsuginea. 
 
 Flowers blue or purplish, in terminal spherical heads, very numer- 
 ous ; leaflets 9-15 pair, ciliate on the margins and midrib, bristly 
 on the rhachis ; calyx-lips broadly obovate, obtuse, long-bristly 
 toothed on the margins ; bracteoles long ; lomentum joints 
 smooth 12. capitata. 
 
 1. SMITHIA SENSITIVA, Ait. ; F.B. I. ii. 148 ; W. & A. 220 in 
 part, var. a. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Hohenacker) ; W. Ghats, in the 
 Anamalai Hills (Wight). 
 
 A diffuse weed with somewhat woody stems, " bi- or tri- 
 ennial (Boxb.)." 
 
 i>. SMITHIA GEMINIFLORA, Roth ; F. B. I. ii. 149; W. & A. 220 
 in part, var. (3. 
 
 W.^Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, east- 
 wards to Mysore and Coimbatore Hills, up to 4,500 ft. 
 An erect herbaceous plant of grassy places and open forest 
 undergrowth. 
 
 3. SMITHIA CONPERTA, Sm. S. geminiflora var. conferta, Baker 
 in F. B. I. ii. 149. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Ganjam, up to 4,500 ft. on Mahen- 
 
 dragiri ; W. Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara to- 
 
 Travancore, eastwards to Mysore and Coimbatore, up to 
 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 A much branched herbaceous undershrub of open forest 
 
 undergrowth. 
 
 4. SMITHIA SETULOSA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 149; Bedd. Ic. t. 243.. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, in S. Canara, Mysore and Wynaad,, 
 
 up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A tall annual herb up to 4 ft. high, 
 
 5. SMITHIA BIGEMINA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 149. 
 
 W. Ghats, eastern side, in Mysore at 3,500 ft. (Meebold). 
 A much branched annual with very slender wiry stems. 
 
 z 
 
330 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Smithia. 
 
 6. SMITHIA GRACILIS, Bentli. ; F. B. I. ii. 150. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 5,000 to 
 
 7,000 ft. on grassy- slopes. 
 
 A diffuse slender herbaceous plant. 
 
 7. SMITHIA RACEMOSA, Heyne; W. & A. 221. S. Uanda var. 
 racemosa, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 151 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, Bababudan Hills of Mysore (Talbot), Anamalai 
 Hills of Coimbatore at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. (Beddome, Fischer). 
 A small diffuse herbaceous plant. 
 
 8. SMITHIA HIBSUTA, Dalz. S. blanda var. racemosa, Baker in 
 F. B. I. ii. 151 in part. S. blanda var. humilis, Pram in 
 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. 66. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, 
 at 3,000 to 7,000 ft. in wet places ; Hills of Yizagapatam in 
 E. Ghats 3,500 to 5,000 ft. (?). 
 An erect diffuse plant with rather few branches. 
 D. SMITHIA YENKOBAROWII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, ined. 
 Travancore Hills, at Peermade (K. Yenkoba Row.). 
 A trailing herb with rather large bright orange-yellow 
 flowers. 
 
 10. SMITHIA BLANDA, Wall. ; W. & A. 221 ; F. B. I. ii. 151 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 986 except fig. 6 (8. hirsuta ?). 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Mysore, Nilgiri, Anamalai, Travancore and 
 
 Cochin Hills, at 4,000 to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A tall almost shrubby plant reaching 2 ft. or more in 
 
 height and conspicuous for its bright yellow rather large 
 
 flowers. 
 
 11. SMITHIA SALSUGINEA, Hance. S. dichotoma, Dalz. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 150. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Hohenacker, K. Rungachari). 
 An erect annual with reddish branches. The calyx-lips are 
 about equal in fruit, in flower the lower is the longer. 
 
 12. SMITHIA CAPITATA, Dalz.; F. B. I. ii. 150; Bedd. Ic. t. 244. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Mysore, S.-E. Wynaad, the Bolam- 
 patti valley and the Anamalais, at 2,000-3,000 ft., in open 
 grass lands. 
 
 A pretty branching annual at once recognised by the bluish 
 flowers and capitate heads. 
 
Ormocarpiiin.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 331 
 
 20. Aeschynomene, L. 
 
 Erect herbs, undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate with 
 very numerous close sensitive linear leaflets ; stipules setaceous 
 or lanceolate ; stipels 0. Flowers yellow, often purple-striate, in 
 axillary rarely "terminal racemes ; bracts stipuliform ; bracteoles 
 2 at the base of the calyx. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the upper 
 lip entire or bifid the lower entire or trifid, sometimes the lobes 
 subequal. Corolla exsert ; standard orbicular ; wings obliquely 
 obovate, equal to or shorter than the standard, transversely 
 barred; keel petals oblong or falcate, obtuse or acute. Stamens 
 diadelphous, in 2 bundles of 5 each ; anthers uniform. Geary stipi- 
 tate, 2-maiiy-ovuled ; style filiform, incurved ; stigma terminal. 
 Pod a long-stipitate loineiitum with 2-10 flattened 1 -seeded easily 
 separating joints. Seeds subreniform. estrophiolate. 
 
 Stems slender, woody ; flowers small, the calyx membranous, glabrous ; 
 upper suture of the pod straight, up to 1'5 in. long, joints about "15 in. 
 
 in diam., smooth or papillose on the faces 1. indica. 
 
 Stems stout, pith-like j flowers large, the calyx '4 in. long, hispid ; 
 upper suture of the pod indented almost as the lower, up to 2'5 in. 
 long, joints '4 in. long by '3 in. broad, echinulate opposite the seeds 
 
 2. aspera. 
 
 1. AESCHYNOMENE INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 151 ; W. & A. 
 219; Wt, Ic. t. 405. 
 
 In most Districts, in wet pasture land near water, up to 
 3,000 ft, in hilly country. 
 
 A slender undershrub with numerous minute leaflets and 
 viscid inflorescence. Vem. Tel. Tiga jeluga. 
 
 2. AESCHYNOMENE ASPERA. Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 152 ; W. & A. 
 219; Wt, Ic. t. 299. 
 
 Borders of ponds and tanks in the Deccan and Carndtic, 
 not very common. 
 
 A tall soft perennial shrub reaching 10 ft. in height, the 
 stems easily floating. They are used for making sun hats, 
 fishing floats, toys, and for many other purposes. Yern. 
 Hind. Sola ; Tel. Nir jiluza : Tarn. Attuneddi. 
 
 21. Ormocarpum, Beauv. 
 
 Shrubs. Leaves imparipiiinate or 1-foliolate; leaflets alternate, 
 exstipellate ; stipules small, striate. Flowers in short few-flowered 
 
332 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Onnocarpum. 
 
 axillary racemes ; bracts small, scarious ; bracteoles 2, at the 
 base of the calyx-tribe. Calyx-tube campanulate ; lobes 5, the 
 2 upper subconnate broad, the median ones similar, the lowest 
 longer and narrow. Corolla exserted, petals all clawed ; standard 
 orbicular, short ; wings obliquely obovate ; keel petals incurved, 
 usually obtuse, equal to the wings. Stamens at first mona- 
 delphous, the tube cleft above, later on in two bundles of 5 each ; 
 anthers uniform. vary linear, few-ovuled; style filiform ; stigma 
 minute, terminal. Pod stalked,compressed, striate longitudinally 
 and prickly- warfced, the joints oblong, narrow at both ends. Seeds 
 narrowly oblong. 
 
 ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 152 ; W. & A. 216 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 297. 
 
 Deecan, in Cuddapali, N". Arcot and Chingleput, in woods 
 
 and hedges and on waste lands, scarce. 
 
 A low shrub with oblong obtuse membranous leaflets, yellow 
 
 flowers, and prickly pods with 2-4 distant joints. Vern. 
 
 Tel Nal kashina. 
 
 22. Leptodesmia, Benth. & Hook. f. 
 
 Diffuse perennial herbs. Leaves 1- or 3-foliolate ; leaflets 
 small, stipellate ; stipules free. Flowers small, crowded in short 
 terminal capitate racemes ; bracts scariose, imbricate, deciduous. 
 Calyx of 5 subequal setaceous lobes. Corolla small, included; 
 standard suborbicular, clawed ; wings obliquely oblong ; keel- 
 lobes obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform. 
 Ovary sessile, 1-ovuled ; style filiform, incurved ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod small, membranous, 1-seeded, included in the calyx, the 
 valves opening widely. Seed estrophiolate. 
 
 LEPTODESMIA CONGESTA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 152. Nicolsonia 
 congesta, Wt. Ic. t. 1056. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at 4,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 A small trailing perennial with orbicular or orbicular-oblong 
 leaves up to '75 in. long, small reticulate pods and crowded 
 capitate flower-heads yellow or white plumose with the long 
 hairs on the setaceous sepals. 
 
 23. Eleiotis, DC. 
 
 Annual procumbent slender herbs with triquetrous stems. 
 Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets stipellate ; stipules striate. Flowers 
 
Pycnospom.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 333 
 
 single or in pairs, distant, in slender axillary racemes ; bracts 
 large, scarious, striate, deciduous ; bracteoles minute or 0. 
 Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla exserted ; standard 
 obovate, emarginate ; wings oblong ; keel petals obtuse. Stamens 
 diadelplious, 9 and 1, persistent; anthers uniform. Ovary sub- 
 sessile, 1-2-ovuled ; style short, inflexed above ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod a single, boat-shaped, membranous, reticulate, compressed 
 joint, the dorsal margin straight. Seed transversely oblong, 
 subreniform; strophiole 0. 
 
 ELEIOTIS SOBORIA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 153; W. & A. ^>1. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, westwards to the Shevaroy Hills and 
 the lower E. slopes of the Nilgiris and Pulneys. 
 A long-trailing plant with usually a single leaflet about 
 5 in. long and '75 in. broad, emarginate at apex, cordate 
 at base, sometimes with a pair of small leaflets above the 
 petiole ; very small flowers and pod. 
 
 24. Pycnospora, R. Br. 
 
 A low shrub with slender stems. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate ; 
 leaflets stipellate ; stipules free, membranous, striate. Flowers 
 small, purplish, in slender terminal or axillary racemes ; bracts 
 membranous, deciduous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx deeply cleft, the 
 teeth subulate, the 2 upper connate except at apex. Corolla 
 exserted ; standard orbicular, clawed ; wings oblong, oblique, 
 adherent to the obtuse slightly curved keel petals. Stamens 
 diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, many- 
 ovuled ; style inflexed ; stigma minute, capitate. Pod oblong, 
 inflated, 2-valved, continuous within, the thin valves transversely 
 veined, 6-10-seeded. Seeds small, subreniform, with a minute 
 strophiole. 
 
 PYCNOSPORA HEDYSAROIDES, R. Br. ; F. B. I. ii. 153. P. 
 
 nervosa, W. & A. 197. 
 
 Hills of the Carnatic, Shevaroys and Sirumalais to Tinne- 
 velly ; W. Ghats and W. Coast from S. Canara southwards, 
 and to 3,000 ft. in Nilgiris and Pulneys. 
 
 A slender often trailing plant with the habit of Desmodinm 
 and the pod of Crotalaria ; leaflets obovate, prominently 
 nerved, reaching 1*5 in. long. 
 
334 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pseudarthria* 
 
 25. Pseudarthria, W. & A. 
 
 Herbs and undershrubs, villons or viscid-pubescent. Leaves 
 pinnately trifoliolate ; leaflets large, stipellate ; stipules free, 
 subulate, striate. Flowers small, in pairs or fascicled along the 
 rhacliis of a terminal or axillary slender raceme, occasionally 
 paniculate ; bracts and bracteoies subulate like the stipules, 
 Calyx-tube campanulate, cleft to the middle in. 2 obscure lips, the 
 2 upper lobes connate. Corolla exserted ; standard suborbicular ; 
 wings obliquely oblong ; keel petals obtuse, not spurred. Stamens 
 diadelphous, 9 and 1, anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile ; ovules 
 many; style subulate, inflexed ; stigma small, capitate. Pod 
 linear-oblong, flat, continuous within and not jointed, the valves 
 transversely veined. Seeds compressed, reniform. 
 
 PSEUDARTHRIA VISCIDA, W. & A. 209 ; F. B. I. ii. 15 t ; Wt. Ic, 
 
 t. 28G. 
 
 Nearly all Districts from the Godavari southwards, up to 
 3,000 ft. in the hills, common in somewhat damp forest 
 undergrowth. 
 
 A viscid Desmodiiim-like undershrub with leaflets rhomboid- 
 ovate, repand sinuate on the margins, the pods very sticky 
 and adherent, *72 in. long. *25 in. broad, the flowers pink. 
 
 26. Lourea, Neck. 
 
 Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets often 
 broader than long, stipellate ; stipules free, subulate. Flowers 
 white or reddish, usually in pairs in lax terminal racemes ; bracts 
 acuminate, caducous ; bracteoies 0. Calyx campanulate, reticu- 
 lately veined, accrescent, persistent, subequally 5-lobed, the 
 uppermost two lobes sometimes partly connate, all lanceolate. 
 Corolla short ; standard ob ovate or obcordate ; wings obliquely 
 oblong, adnate to the obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or stipitate, few-ovuled ; style 
 subulate, inflexed; stigma capitate. Pod a lomentum of 2 or 
 more 1-seeded indehiscent turgid joints folded up within the 
 calyx, the joints thin- and reticulaUly-valved. Seeds reniform 
 or subglobose, strophiole 0. 
 
 Erect ; end leaflets transverse with two divaricating oblong-lanceolate 
 i'alcately- recurved 3-nerved obtuse lobes, '5 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, 
 side ones obliquely obcordate 1 . Vespertilionis. 
 
tfraria.] LEGUMINOSAE. 335 
 
 Prostrate and trailing ; leaflets snborbicular, emarginate, end one 
 rather broader than long, '25 to "75 in. long 2. obcordata. 
 
 1. LOUREA VESPERTILIONIS, Desv. ; F. B. I. ii. 154; W. & A. 
 221 ; Wt. Ic. t. 285. 
 
 An introduced species, occasional as a weed in waste places., 
 sometimes in gardens. 
 
 A curiously leaved plant, the leaves often clouded with 
 white ; flowers white. 
 
 2. LOUREA OBCORDATA, Desv. ; F. B. I. ii. 154. 
 
 Coimbatore District, at Sengadi, 2,600 ft. (Fischer). 
 
 27. Uraria, Desv. 
 
 Perennial herbs or imdershrubs. Leaves imparipinnate or 3- 
 foliolate, often 1-foliolate, with subulate stipels ; stipules lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, scarious, striate. Flowers in terminal racemes or 
 panicles of racemes, usually purple or yellow, the racemes often 
 elongate ; bracts stipular, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, striate, 
 conspicuous, persistent or deciduous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube 
 short, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-partite, the lower 3-partite, often 
 elongate. Corolla small ; standard orbicular or obovate, clawed ; 
 wings oblong-falcate, adherent to the obtuse keel. Stamens 
 diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly 
 stalked, 2-many-ovuled ; style inflexed, filiform ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod a lomentum of 2-6 small, turgid, 1-seeded, indehiscent joints 
 folded within the calyx, occasionally continuous. Seeds orbicular 
 or subglobose, strophiole 0. 
 
 Upper leaves 5-9-foliolate, the leaflets linear-oblong, clouded ; 
 racemes long, cylindrical ; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, the lower 
 twice the length of the upper, plumose ; lomentum joints 3-6, usually 
 
 white and polished 1. picfa 
 
 Leaves 3- and 1-foliolate intermixed : 
 
 Racemes dense, very hairy ; lower teeth of calyx very long, the 
 upper very small ; lomentum joints usually 2, smooth and faintly 
 reticulate : 
 
 Trailing undershrub with racemes usually under 1*5 in. long ; 
 leaflets 1 or 3, small, ovate, obtuse at apex, mucronate 
 
 2. lagopodioides. 
 
 Erect undershrub with racemes 2-4 in. long; leaflets 1 or 3, large,, 
 usually cordate at base, subacute at apex, mucronate 
 
 3. alopecuroides- 
 
336 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Uraria . 
 
 Bacemes in panicles, slender, up to 1 ft. long, the flowers distant ; 
 calyx-teeth subequal, deltoid-cuspidate ; lomeiitum joints 4-6, 
 brown or black, minutely hispid 4. Jiamosa. 
 
 1. URARIA PICTA, Desv. ; F. B. I. ii. 155 ; W. & A. 221. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Sal forests of Ganjam (Gamble). 
 An erect imdershrub reaching 3 ft. in height, recognised by 
 the narrow white-clouded upper leaflets and white joints to 
 the pod. 
 
 2. URARIA LAGOPODIOIDES, Merr. U. lagopoides, DC. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 156 ; W. & A. 222 ; Wt. Ic. t. 289. 
 
 W. Ghats, E. slopes of the Pulney Hills (Bourne). 
 
 A trailing perennial of grassy lands, the flower racemes 
 
 short and dense, the leaflets rather small and obtuse. 
 
 3. URARIA ALOPECUROIDES, Wt. Ic. t. 290. U. repanda, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. ii.156. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Gaivjam Sal forests ; Hills of Mysore, 
 
 about 3,000 ft. 
 
 An erect undershrub of forest undergrowth, the flower 
 
 racemes elongated, dense ; the leaflets often cordate at 
 
 base. 
 
 4. URARIA HAMOSA, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 156 ; W. & A. 222 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 284. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and W. Ghats, in dry forest under- 
 growth, up to 3,500 ft., common. 
 
 A straggling undershrub with elongate racemes in panicles 
 and often rather large subacute leaflets. 
 
 28. Alysicarpus, Neck. 
 
 Diffuse or erect herbs. Leaves 1-foliolate, sometimes 3- 
 foliolate also ; stipules scarious, acuminate, free or connate ; 
 stipels subulate. Flowers small, in terminal, rarely axillary, 
 racemes or spikes ; pedicels usually in pairs ; bracts scarious, 
 usually deciduous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx glumaceous, slightly 
 campanulate, deeply 4-cleft, the upper segment bifid. Corolla not 
 exserted ; standard obov r ate or orbicular, narrowed to a claw ; 
 wings obliquely oblong, adnate to the keel ; keel slightly incurved, 
 obtuse, usually with a lateral appendage on each petal. Stamens 
 diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly 
 stipitate, many-ovuled ; style filiform, incurved at tip ; stigma, 
 
Alysicarpus.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 337 
 
 capitate. Pod a terete or turgid lomentum of several indehiscent 
 1- seeded joints. Seeds suborbicular, strophiole 0. 
 
 Calyx shorter or very slightly longer than the first joint of the pod, 
 under *15 in. long: 
 
 Pod moniliform, the joints turgid, subglobose, downy with minute 
 hooked hairs ; stem with rather short bristly hairs ; leaflets variable 
 in shape, elliptic or lanceolate, obtuse, inucronulate, often cordate 
 
 at base 1, monilifer. 
 
 Pod not or only occasionally moniliform, the joints turgid, tetra- 
 gonous, reticulate, nearly glabrous ; stems glabrescent ; leaflet 
 variable in shape from linear-oblong or -lanceolate to orbicular, 
 
 usually cordate at base 2. vaginalis. 
 
 Pod not moniliform, carved, the joints flattened, reticulate, with 
 both straight and hooked hairs ; stem with long bristly hairs ; 
 
 leaflet orbicular, inucronate, pubescent 3. hamosus. 
 
 Calyx much longer than the first joint of the pod, at least '2 in. long : 
 Calyx-teeth imbricate in fruit: 
 
 Pod slightly moniliform, joints not transversely ribbed : 
 
 Joints of pod smooth, glabrous ; leaflet linear or linear-oblong 
 1-3 in. long, narrow ; racemes 3-6 in. long, very slendrr 
 
 4. bupleurifolins. 
 
 Joints of pod reticulate, puberulous ; leaflet linear-lanceolate, 
 3-6 in. long, narrow ; racemes 6-12 in. long, rather stout 
 
 5. longifolius. 
 
 Pod moniliform, the joints strongly and closely ribbed trans- 
 versely ; leaves usually 1-, sometimes 3-foliolate, variable 
 
 6. rugosus. 
 Calyx-teeth not imbricate in fruit: 
 
 Flowers in dense terminal white-silky spikes ; leaflets linear- 
 oblong or -lanceolate, 3-ribbed from near the base ; pods monili- 
 form, the joints 3-4, strongly reticulate 7. pubescens. 
 
 Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes on long pedicels ; upper 
 leaves often 3-foliolate : 
 
 Pod only slightly exsert from the lanceolate golden-pilose 
 calyx-teeth, which are '3 in. long, the joints 3-4, large; leaflets 
 ovate, under 1 in. long ; racemes rather close, the pedicels 
 
 5 in. long or less 8. racemosns. 
 
 Pod much exsert from the setaceous pilose calyx-teeth, which 
 are '2 in. long, the joints 5-6, small ; leaflets often up to 1*5 in. 
 long and oblong ; racemes lax, the pedicels '5 in. long or more 
 
 9. parviflorus. 
 
338 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Alysicarpus. 
 
 1. ALYSICARPUS MONILIFER, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 157; W. & A. 232. 
 
 In all dry Districts, especially the E. Coast, on pasture land. 
 A small prostrate much-branched perennial herb ; flowers 
 pink. Yern. Tel. Amera. 
 
 2. ALYSICARPUS VAGHSTALIS, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 158; W. & A. 233. 
 
 In all dry Districts and on both Coasts, on pasture land. 
 A suberect much-branched herbaceous plant. 
 Yar. nummularifolius, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 158. A. nummulari- 
 foUus, W. & A. 232. 
 
 As widely distributed as the type from which it differs in 
 the short dense racemes ; flowers pink. 
 
 3. ALYSICARPUS HAMOSUS, Edgew. ; F. B. I. ii. 157. 
 
 East Coast, at Masulipatam (Bourne) ; Deccan, at Bellary 
 
 (Wight). 
 
 A slender, diffuse, very hairy, herbaceous plant ; flowers 
 
 bluish-purple. 
 
 4. ALYSICARPUS BUPLEURIFOLIUS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 158 ; 
 W. & A. 233. Hedysarum bupieurifolium, Linn. ; Roxb. 
 Cor. PL t. 194. 
 
 In most forest Districts, chiefly among long grass, and up 
 to 3,000 ft. in hilly country. 
 
 A very slender perennial with narrow acute leaflets, usually 
 linear, but basal ones sometimes elliptic or even orbicular. 
 Flowers with orange standard and keel and crimson wings; 
 pod with 4-6 joints. 
 Yar. gracilis, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 158. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Cuddapah and Coimbatore up to 3,500 ft. ; 
 W. Ghats, in the lower Pulneys (Bourne). 
 Leaves linear-oblong, broader and obtuse at apex ; joints 
 of pod 1-3. 
 
 5. ALYSICARPUS LONGIFOLIUS, W. & A. 233 ; F. B. I. ii. 159 ; 
 
 Wt. Ic. t, 251. 
 
 Northern Division (Cleghorn) ; " cornfields near Ongole, 
 Circars " (W. & A.) ; " not infrequent in black cotton soil 
 in the Ceded Districts and Circars'' (Wight). 
 A stout erect undershrub reaching 4-5 ft. in height; leaflet 
 3-6 in. long, reticulate, prominently nerved; pod 3-6- jointed. 
 
 6. ALYSICARPUS RUGOSUS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 159 ; A. Walliclm, 
 
 W. & A. 234. 
 Hills of the Deccan, in Mysore and Coimbatore up to 
 
Alysicartn'*. LEGUMINOSAE. 339 
 
 3,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, in the Anamalais and Pulneys and 
 
 Travancore Hills at similar levels. 
 
 A rather short herbaceous plant with ascending branches, 
 
 short dense racemes, the calyx- teeth ciliate only, and 1- 
 
 sometimes 3-foliolate leaflets, elliptic below, linear-oblong 
 
 above. In addition to this there are also 3 fairly well- 
 
 inarked varieties, viz. : 
 
 Yar. 1, Heyneanus, Baker ; F. B. I. ii. 159. A. Heyneanus, W. 
 A. 234. 
 
 Steins stouter, up to 3 or 1- ft., usually pubescent ; leaflet 1. 
 
 large obovate-oblong ; racemes elongate ; calyx-teeth gla- 
 
 brous or slightly ciliate. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan. 
 Yar. '2, piliftr, Prain in Journ., As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. ii. 2. 384. 
 
 Stems erect, short, with spreading hairs ; leaflet 1, oblong 
 
 below, linear-oblong above ; racemes short, dense, the calyx 
 
 conspicuously long-white-ciliate. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan and Carnatic to 3,500 ft. 
 Yar. 3, styrcicifoUu-s, Baker ; F. B. I. ii. 159. A. styracifolius, 
 W. & A. 234. 
 
 A dwarf diffuse plant with spreading hairs; leaflet 1, lower 
 
 small, upper linear-lanceolate ; racemes short, dense, the 
 
 calyx with spreading hairs. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry places. 
 
 7. ALYSICARPUS PUBESCENS, LawinWt.Ic.t.250; F.B.I.ii.160. 
 
 JST. Circars, in Godavari (Cleghorii). 
 
 An erect herb reaching 3-4 ft. high ; flowers, at any rate 
 
 the wings, purple. 
 
 8. ALYSICARPUS RACEMOSUS, Benth. ; Bedd. Ic. t. 292. A. 
 
 belyaiimensis var. racemosus, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 160. 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjani, 4,500 ft. 
 (Fischer) ; Deccan, Bababudaii Hills of Mysore (Talbot) ; 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, Nilgiris, Bolampattis and Anama- 
 lais, at 3,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 An erect herb with golden pubescence and purple flowers. 
 ( J. ALYSICARPUS PARVIFLORUS, Dalz. Besmodium parviflorum, 
 
 Bak, in F. B. I. ii. 172. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Mysore, Coimbatore, the Anama- 
 lais and Cochin, at 2,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 An erect annual with lax racemes and purplish flowers. 
 
340 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ougeinia. 
 
 29. Ougeinia, Benth. 
 
 A tree. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets large, stipellate ; 
 stipules free, deciduous. Flowers in densely fascicled racemes in 
 leaf -axils and on old wood ; pedicels filiform, fascicled along the 
 rhachis ; bracts small, scale-like ; bracteoles beneath the calyx, 
 minute, persistent. Calyx-tube campanulate, the lobes obtuse, in 
 2 lips, the upper of 2 connate, the lower of 3. Corolla exserted, 
 rose-coloured or white, the petals clawed ; standard suborbicular ; 
 wings obliquely oblong, spurred, slightly adnate to the obtuse 
 incurved keel. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; anthers uniform. 
 Ovary sessile, niany-ovuled ; style incurved, subulate ; stigma 
 capitate. Pod linear, elongate, flat, of 2 or more oblong, large, 
 more or less distinct, scarcely dehiscent joints. Seeds compressed, 
 reniform ; cotyledons foliaceous ; strophiole 0. 
 
 OUGEINIA DALBERGIOIDES, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 161 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 36 ; Brand. For. Fl. t. 23. Dalberyia oojeinensis, Roxb. ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 391. 
 
 Northern Circars, forests of Gairjam, Vizagnpatam and 
 Godavari, up to 4,000 ft ; Deccan, scarce in the forests of 
 Mysore to the N. slopes of the Nilgiris ; sometimes planted 
 for ornament. 
 
 A moderate-sized, often gregarious tree, very pretty when 
 its masses of rose-coloured flowers are open before the new 
 leaves appear. Bark light brown ; wood hard, close-grained 
 and tough, with a light brown heartwood, useful for carts 
 and implements. Vern. Hind. Sandan; Ur. Bandhona; Mar. 
 Tiwas ; Tel. Telia motku. 
 
 30. Desmodium, Desv. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves pmnately 1-3- 
 rarely 5-foliolate ; stipules usually striate, dry, free or united 
 into one leaf -opposed one ; stipels subulate. Flowers usually 
 small, purple or red or white, in copious usually dense, terminal 
 or axillary racemes, sometimes in axillary umbels or fascicles ; 
 bracts single or in threes, striate or subulate and persistent or 
 membranous and deciduous ; bracteoles large and persistent or 
 minute or wanting. Calyx-tube short, campanulate or turbinate, 
 the 2 upper teeth more or less connate, the 3 lower acute or 
 acuminate. Corolla exserted ; standard obovate or orbicular, 
 
Desmodium.] LEGUMINOSAE. 341 
 
 usually narrowed at the base ; wings obliquely oblong, more -or 
 less adhering to the keel, the petals of which are obtuse, often 
 incurved, sometimes spurred towards the claw. Stamens usually 
 diadelphous, 9 and 1, sometimes monadelphous, sometimes with 
 the vexillary filament free in the upper half ; anthers uniform. 
 Ovary sessile or stalked, '2- many -ovuled ; style incurved, some- 
 times sharply; stigma capitate. Pod a lomentum of several 
 1 -seeded joints, the joints usually indehiscent and easily sepa- 
 rating, less often dehiscent at one suture, in one section dehiscent 
 along the whole ventral suture. Seeds compressed, usually reni- 
 form, estrophiolate. 
 
 Pods distinctly divided into several 1- seeded joints: 
 
 Flowers in short dense peduncled axillary umbels ; shrubs with 
 triquetrous stems and 3-foliolate leaves ; stamens monadelphous ; 
 
 pods curved, 4-6-jointed 1. Cephalotes. 
 
 Flowers in elongated racemes : 
 Joints of pods indehiscent : 
 
 Pods with 1-3 usually 2 joints, the joints round, reticulate ; 
 stamens monadelphous, the vexillary one free above the middle ; 
 leaves 3-foliolate : 
 
 Racemes with flower fascicles in the axils of conspicuous 
 bifarious floral leaves each with 2 round leaflets and a ter- 
 minal bristle or rarely an oblong leaflet ; leaves large, mem- 
 branous 2. pulchellum. 
 
 Racemes with flower fascicles in the axils of stipular bracts, 
 
 not leafy ; leaves small, coriaceous 3. biarticulatum. 
 
 Pods with oblong compressed joints, 2-4 times longer than 
 broad, with sticky hooked hairs ; stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1 ; 
 racemes slender : 
 Leaves 3-foliolate : 
 
 Joints of pod 6-8, each twice longer than broad ; leaflets 
 
 chartaceous, lanceolate 4. laburnifolium. 
 
 Joints of pod 6-10, each 3-4 times as long as broad ; leaflets 
 
 membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate 5. laxiflorwn . 
 
 Leaves 1 -folio] ate, the leaflet subcoriaceous, ovate or lanceo- 
 late ; joints of pod 6-8, each 4-5 times as long as broad 
 
 6. ormocarpoides. 
 
 Pods with 1-3 scimitar- or crescent-shaped joints, the lowest 
 stalked ; leaves 3-foliolate, membranous, the lowest pair of 
 nerves starting from the base and prominent ; flowers in few- 
 flowered very lax racemes ; stamens monadelphous : 
 
342 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Desmodium, 
 
 Joints of pod 2-3, 3 times as long as broad, narrowed at base, 
 the upper margin concave, the stalk about '5 in. long ; leaflets 
 
 ovate acuminate 7. laxum. 
 
 Joint of pod 1, 3 times as long as broad, dolabriform, reticu- 
 late, the stalk about '15 in. long; leaflets ovate-rhomboid, 
 
 elongate above, the apex obtuse 8. dolabriforme. 
 
 Joints of pod 1-3, semi- oblong, more or less crescent-shaped, 
 puberulous, the stalk short, about *1 in. long ; leaflets broadly 
 ovate-rhomboid, acute at apex, the margins usually repand 
 
 9. Scalpe. 
 
 Pods slightly curved, with 6-8 square joints, the ventral suture 
 very slightly indented ; leaflet 1, lanceolate, cordate, the petiole 
 broadly winged ; stamens monadelphous, the vexillary one free 
 
 above the middle 10. triquetruni. 
 
 Pods with several moniliform joints, each semicircular; stamens 
 diadelphous : 
 
 Pod straight or slightly indented on the dorsal suture ; 
 stipules subulate with a broad base : 
 Leaflet 1 ; calyx -lobes short, triangular : 
 
 Leaflet ovate or lanceolate, acute, glabrescent on upper 
 surface, membranous ; stems angular ; joints of pod 
 sparsely pubescent with hooked hairs, reticulate 
 
 11. gangeticum. 
 
 Leaflet broadly ovate or deltoid, repand, coriaceous, 
 obtuse or subacute, densely pubescent ; stems round, 
 fulvous-hairy ; joints of pod densely pubescent witli 
 
 hooked hairs 12. latifolium. 
 
 Leaflets 3, the end one rhomboid-lanceolate, the side ones 
 ovate, all acuminate, membranous ; racemes very slender, 
 lax ; pod 4-6-jointed, slightly indented on the dorsal suture, 
 
 joints glabrous, pale, reticulate 13. Wight ii. 
 
 Pod somewhat deeply indented on the dorsal suture as on the 
 ventral, 5-6-jointed, hispid with hooked hairs ; stipules 
 broad, amplexicaul, auricled ; leaflets elliptic or orbicular, 
 
 pubescent ; racemes many, corolla minute 14. diffusum. 
 
 Joints of pods 6-9, reticulate, more or less dehiscent on the ventral 
 suture, the dorsal not or only slightly indented ; leaflets 3 ; 
 stamens diadelphous : 
 
 Pedicels not filiform, deflexed, "2 in. long; flowers large ; leaflets 
 elliptic or obovate, obtuse at apex, mucronate, indistinctly 
 nerved, under-surface Avith innovations very silvery-silky or 
 
Desmodium.~] LEGUMIN08AE. 343 
 
 tawny ; pods slightly curved, slightly indented ventrally, 
 
 1-'15 in. broad 15. rufescens. 
 
 Pedicels filiform : 
 
 Pedicels '4-'5 in. long, spreading ; flowers large ; leaflets 
 lanceolate, acute or slightly obtuse at apex, prominently 
 nerved, under- surf ace softly tawny-villous ; pods curved, 
 reticulate, glabrous, pale when dry, slightly indented veii- 
 
 trally, '2 in. broad ..16. ivynaadense. 
 
 Pedicels *15 in. long, erect ; flowers small ; leaflets elliptic or 
 obovate obtuse, indistinctly nerved, more or less pubescent 
 beneath ; pods straight, fragile, slightly indented ventrally, 
 
 1 in. broad..., 17. polycarpum. 
 
 Flowers in short racemes or axillary ; stamens diadelphous : 
 Leaflet 1, elliptic, cordate at base, emarginate at apex, up to 
 1'7 in. long, sparsely strigose beneath ; racemes up to 1 in. long, 
 crowded, the pedicels recurved, the calyx white- villous ; pod with 
 
 1-3 joints, subglabrous 18. brachystachyum. 
 
 Leaflets usually 1, sometimes 3, the side ones much smaller than 
 the terminal, the latter orbicular, cordate, 1-2 in. long and broad, 
 densely appressed white silky beneath ; racemes crowded, up to 
 1 in. long, pedicels reflexed ; calyx white- or tawny-villous ; pod 
 
 with 3-5 joints, slightly pubescent % 19. retroflexum. 
 
 Leaflets 3, small, never over 1 in. long ; trailing herbs : 
 
 Flowers all axillary, 1-3 together ; pedicels % 35 in. long ; leaflets 
 obovate cuneate, truncate or emarginate at apex ; pods 
 3-5-jointed, straight on the dorsal, indented on the ventral 
 
 suture; 'I in. broad , 20. triflorum. 
 
 Flowers both 1-3 together axillary and 2-6 in small lax 
 racemes ; pedicels '5 in. long ; leaflets elliptic or obovate, 
 rounded at apex ; pods 4-5- jointed, straight on the dorsal, 
 indented on the ventral suture, *2 in. broad 
 
 21. heteropJiyllum. 
 Flowers all in lax racemes : 
 
 Joints of pod 1-2, longer than broad, the dorsal suture 
 straight, the ventral deeply indented ; leaflets obovate, 
 
 emarginate; racemes lax, 6-8- flowered 22. Rottleri. 
 
 Joints of pod 3-4, as broad as long, both sutures distinctly 
 indented ; leaflets very small and even minute, obovate ; 
 racemes terminal, filiform, with filiform pedicels 
 
 23. parvifolium. 
 
 Pods dehiscing in a continuous line along the ventral suture, the 
 5-10 joints not separating ; leaflets 3, the end one large, oblong- 
 
344 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Desmodium. 
 
 lanceolate, vip to 4 in. long 1 , the side ones very small and moving in 
 jerks ; flowers large ; stamens diadelphous 24. gyrans. 
 
 1. DESMODIUM CEPHALOTES, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 161 ; W. & A. 
 244 ; Wt. Ic. t, 373. 
 
 Var. congestion, Prain. D. congestum, Wall. ; W. & A. 224 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 209. 
 
 Northern Circars, Hills of the Deccan and Carnatic, and 
 W. Ghats, up to 3,000 ft., in forest undergrowth, especially 
 with teak in the South, with Sal in the North. 
 A shrub, with white silky triquetrous branchlets, white 
 or yellowish flowers, and 4-6-jointed, nearly glabrous 
 curved pods. Yerii. Tel. Chetenda. 
 
 2. DESMODIUM PULCHELLUM, Benth.; F. B. I. ii. 162. Dicerma 
 pidchellum, DC. ; W. & A. 230; Wt. Ic. t. 418. 
 
 In most dry forest Districts, in forest undergrowth, up 
 to 4,000 ft, 
 
 A shrub, easily recognized by its conspicuous floral leaves, 
 and large ovate-lanceolate repand leaflets ; flowers pale 
 yellow ; pod usually 2-jointed, long-apiculate. 
 
 3. DESMODIUM BIARTICULATUM, Benth.; F. B. I. ii. 163. 
 Dicerma biarticulatum, W. & A. 230 ; Wt. lo. t. 419. 
 
 E. Coast Districts from the Chilka Lake to Cape Comoriii 
 and on W. Coast as far North as Quilon, in sandy places 
 chiefly ; rare inland, Cuddapah and Salem. 
 A slender shrub with small coriaceous cinereous leaves, 
 bright red flowers and 2-jointed reticulate pod, the floral 
 leaves reduced to chaffy stipules. 
 
 4. DESMODIUM LABURNIFOLIUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 163. 
 
 E. Ghats, Hills of Yizagapatam at about 4,000 ft. (A. W. 
 
 Lushington). 
 
 A slender shrub with lanceolate leaflets, whitish flowers 
 
 in long racemes and slender pods with oblong sticky joints 
 
 very easily separable. 
 
 5. DESMODIUM LAXIFLORUM, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 164. D. recurva- 
 tum, Grah.; W. & A. 226; Wt. Ic. t. 374. D. diffusum, 
 DC. Prodr. ii. 335, No. 88 ; Wt. Ic. t. 409. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Mysore, Coimbatore, Nilgiris and Travancore, 
 
 up to 3.000 ft. 
 
 An erect undershrub up to 5 ft. high with angular stems, 
 
Desmodium.] LEGUMINOSAE. 345 
 
 rather large leaves and flowers in fascicles on a long 
 slender raceme, the standard white, wings and keel blue. 
 
 6. DESMODIUM ORMOCARPOIDES, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 164 
 
 W. Ghats,, in Mysore, the Anamalais, Tinnevelly and 
 Travancore, up to 3,500 ft. 
 
 A slender erect undershrub with a single lanceolate 
 acuminate leaflet reaching 7 in. long, and pale violet 
 flowers in few-flowered distant fascicles in lax racemes. 
 
 7. DESMODIUM LAXUM. DC. D. podocarpum var. laxitm, Bak. 
 in F. B. I. ii. 165. D. Gardner*, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 165. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Atapadi, Anamalai and Sivagiri Hills, up 
 to 3.000 ft. 
 
 An erect, usually single-stemmed undershrub with pink 
 flowers and scimitar-shaped joints to the pod. 
 
 8. DESMODIUM DOLABRIFORME, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 165. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Tinnevelly. 
 
 An undershrub with short erect stem, crowded leaves, 
 
 slender erect racemes and single-jointed pod. 
 
 9. DESMODIUM SCALPE, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 165. D. strangulatum, 
 W. & A. 228 ; Wt. Ic. t. 985. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore and Coimbatore southwards at 
 3,000 to 7,000 ft., in shady woods ; Shevaroy Hills in Salem. 
 An erect herbaceous undershrub with rather large brick- 
 red flowers and usually pubescent leaves with prominent 
 stipules. 
 
 10. DESMODIUM TRIQUETRUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 163; W. & A. 
 224. 
 
 N. Circars, forests from Ganjaui to Godavari ; W. Ghats, 
 from S. Caiiara to Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 An erect shrub with leaflets up to 6-8 in. long and tri- 
 quetrous stems ; flowers purple ; pod appressed-pubescent. 
 
 11. DESMODIUM GANGETICUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 168; W. & A. 
 225 ; Wt, Ic. t. 271. D. collinum, Wt. Ic. t. 272. 
 
 N. Circars, forests in the hills, to 3,000 ft. on Mahendra- 
 giri ; W. Ghats, in dry forests at low levels ; Shevaroy 
 Hills of Salem ; in forest undergrowth. 
 An erect undershrub reaching o-4 ft. with white or lilac - 
 tinged flowers. 
 Yar. nwculatum, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 668. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjaui Sal forests (Gamble). 
 
346 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Desmodium. 
 
 A dwarf undershrub reaching about 1 ft. in height ; leaflets 
 ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, usually under 1 in. long. 
 
 12. DESMODIUM LATIFOLIUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 168; W. & A. 
 225 ; Wt. Ic. t. 270. 
 
 N. Circars, forests in the Hills of Godavari; W. Ghats, in 
 dry forests, up to 3,000 ft., chiefly on the east side ; usually 
 in open glades. 
 
 An erect undershrub, up to 6 ft. high, with purple flowers, 
 pod sometimes 1- jointed. 
 
 13. DESMODIUM WIGHTII, Grah.; F. B. I. ii. 169; W. & A. 
 226. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at low levels. 
 A slender erect herbaceous plant with long racemes. 
 
 14. DESMODIUM DIFFUSUM, DC. Prod. ii. 336; W. & A. 226; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 208. D. qumquangidare, Wt. Ic. t. 293. 
 
 Deccan, in Guntur, also rising to 3,000 ft. in Mysore. 
 
 A diffuse straggling plant with angled stems and broad 
 
 stipules, the flowers very small. 
 
 15. DESMODIUM RTJPESCBNS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 171 ; W & A. 228 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 984, 111. t. 79. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, 
 common from 4,000 to 7,000 ft. ; Hills of Coimbatore and 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 
 An erect pretty shrub with purple flowers and silvery silky 
 branches and foliage. 
 
 16. DESMODIUM WYNAADENSE, Bedd. M.S. ex Gamble in Kew 
 Bull. 1918, hied. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri, Anamalai and Travancore Hills, at 
 2,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome erect undershrub with large purple flowers, 
 lanceolate leaflets and curved rather broad reticulate pod 
 with dehiscent joints. 
 
 17. DESMODIUM POLYCARPUM, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 171 ; W. & A. 
 277 ; Wt. Ic. t. 406. D. patens, Wt. Ic. t. 407. 
 
 In all Districts, rising to 3,000 ft. in the hills. 
 An erect or suberect, sometimes trailing undershrub, with 
 leaflets variable in shape and size, usually obovate, purple- 
 blue flowers and very easily disarticulated pods, strongly 
 ciliate on the sutures. Yern. Tel. Adivi utchinta. 
 Yar. triclwcaulon, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 172. 
 
Desmodium.] LEGUMINOSAE. 347 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to the Pulneys, usually at 
 3,000 to 6,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills. 
 
 Stems with spreading grey hairs; leaves more villous 
 beneath, racemes more elongate and lax, pods pubescent 
 all over, not so ciliate on the sutures or so fragile ; some- 
 times white flowers. 
 Yav. Fischer i, Gamble. 
 
 Hills of Coimbatore at Bailur. 3,800 ft. (Fischer) ; Tra van- 
 core Hills, 4,700 ft. (Yenkoba Row). 
 
 Stems grey-pubescent ; leaflets small, obovate, almost 
 truncate at apex, naucronate, white - villous beneath ; 
 racemes close, the flowers large ; pods glabrous, not 
 ciliate 011 the sutures. 
 
 18. DESMODIUM BEACHYSTACHYUM, Grab. ; F. B. I. ii. 171. 
 
 N". Circars, Sal forests of Ganjam, under light cover 
 
 (Gamble). 
 
 A slender imdershrub up to 2 ft. high with deep purple 
 
 flowers. 
 
 19. DESMODIUM RETROFLEXUM, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 170. Uraria 
 ?8tyracifolia, W. & A. 222. 
 
 W. Coast, foot of the Ghats in Malabar (Beddome, Fischer) : ; 
 Pulney Hills, 4,000 ft. (Sauliere). 
 
 A large shrub (Beddome) with purple flowers, the pod: 
 nearly straight on the dorsal suture. 
 
 20. DESMODIUM TRIFLORUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 173; W. & A_ 
 229 in part ; Wt. Ic. t, 292. 
 
 All plains Districts and up to 3,000 ft. in hills, a common* 
 
 weed. 
 
 A wiry much-branched herb, rooting and spreading; 
 
 over the ground like the small clovers ; flowers pink or 
 
 white. 
 
 21. DESMODIUM HETEROPHYLLUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 173- 
 
 D. triflorum, W. & A. 229 in part ; Wt. Ic. t. 291. 
 Plains Districts of E. and W. Coast, scarce. 
 Similar to the last, but larger, the leaflets sometimes - 
 reaching 1 in. in length ; flowers purple. 
 
 22. DESMODIUM ROTTLERI, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 174. 
 Rottleri, W. & A. 231. 
 
 Plains of Mysore (Rottler). 
 
 A small trailing plant with 1-2- jointed pods. 
 
348 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Desmodium. 
 
 23. DESMODIUM PARVIFOLIUM, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 174 ; W. & A. 
 229. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, usually above 
 
 5,000 ft., in grass and on banks. 
 
 A pretty densely caespitose trailer with blue or pink 
 
 flowers. 
 
 24. DESMODIUM GYRANS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 174 ; W. & A. 227 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 294. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Hills of Carnatic, also W. Ghats, 
 up to about 3,000 ft., in grass lands and forest under- 
 growth, widespread, but nowhere very common. The 
 Semaphore plant. 
 
 An erect undershrub with pink flowers, reaching 3-4 ft. in 
 height : the gyrating side leaflets are sometimes absent. 
 
 31. Yicia, Linn. 
 
 Annual or 'perennial herbs. Leaves paripinnate, the rhachis 
 ending in a twisted tendril ; stipules semisagittate ; stipels 0. 
 Flowers subsessile or in peduncled axillary racemes ; bracts 
 small, caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth 
 long, often unequal. Corolla more or less exserted; standard 
 obovate, emarginate, with a broad claw ; wings oblong, oblique 
 adnate in their middle to the shorter keel. Stamens diadelphous, 
 i) and 1, the vexillary one sometimes slightly connate with the 
 rest. Ovary nearly sessile, 2-many-ovuled ; style inflexed, usually 
 with a dorsal tuft of hairs or ring of hairs below the apex ; 
 stigma capitate. Pod compressed, continuous within. Seeds 
 globose or compressed. 
 
 VICIA SATIVA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 178. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, about Ootacamund, run wild. Common Yet eh 
 
 or Tare. 
 
 A slender climbing herb with reddish-blue flowers. 
 
 The following species also occur only in cultivation, or as escapes, 
 or as casual weeds : 
 
 YICIA FABA, Linn. " Bean." cultivated in gardens. 
 
 LENS ESCULENTA, Moench. "Lentil." Vern. Hind. Masur, 
 rare in cultivation. 
 
 LATHYRUS SATIVUS, Linn. "Chikling Yetch." Yern. Hind. 
 Kasari, also rare. 
 
Abrus.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 349 
 
 LATHYRUS APHACA. Linn, has been found as a weed in the 
 Nilgiris. 
 
 PISUM SATIVUM, Linn. ''Pea," and PISUM ARVENSE, Linn. 
 " Field Pea." are found in cultivation. 
 
 CICER ARIETINUM, Linn. " Gram." Vern. Hind. Ghana, some- 
 times cultivated. 
 
 32. Abrus, L. 
 
 Climbing shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate with many pairs of 
 leaflets, the rhachis ending in a bristle ; stipules subscarioua, 
 deciduous ; stipels minute. Flowers in fascicles in dense 
 thickened racemes on axillary peduncles or short branches ; 
 bracts small, deciduous ; bracteoles under the calyx 2, deciduous. 
 Calyx-tube small, campanulate, truncate, the teeth very short. 
 Corolla much exserted ; standard broadly ovate, narrowed into a 
 short claw, slightly adherent to the staminal tube ; wings narrow, 
 oblong -falcate ; keel curved. Stamens 9, in a sheath, the vexil- 
 lary one absent, anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, many- 
 ovuled ; style short, incurved, not bearded ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod oblong or linear, more or less compressed, thinly septate 
 between the seeds, early dehiscent. Seeds globose or compressed,, 
 hilum near the top. 
 
 Leaflets large, ligulate-oblong : 
 
 Leaflets up to '75 in. long, '25 in. broad ; pod thick, 1-1-5 in. long,. 
 
 *o in. broad, wrinkled ; seeds rounded, hard, scarlet or white with a 
 
 ) >lack spot or white only 1. precatorius. 
 
 Leaflets up to 15 in. long, *5 in. broad ; pod thin, flat, 2-2*5 in. 
 
 long, '5 in. broad, smooth; seeds compressed, black ...2. pulchellus. 
 Leaflets very small, linear-ligulate, about '25 in. long, vmder '1 in. 
 broad ; pod compressed, linear-oblong, 1-1'25 in. long, '3 in. broad ; 
 seeds rounded 3. fruticulosus. 
 
 1. ABRUS PRECATORIUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 175 ; W. & A. 236. 
 
 Most Districts, in hedges and among bushes, on open 
 
 lands. 
 
 A rather conspicuous wiry climber with pink flowers and 
 
 usually scarlet seeds with a black end. They are very 
 
 hard, used for jeweller's weights and for necklaces and 
 
 other ornaments. Vern. Hind. Gunchi, Rakti ; Ur. 
 
 Kaincho ; Tarn. Kimtumaiii; MaL Kunni. 
 
:350 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Abrus. 
 
 2. ABRUS PULCHELLUS, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 175. 
 
 S. Canara (Barber). 
 
 A wiry climber similar to the last, but with different pods. 
 
 3. ABRUS FRUTICULOSUS, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 176; W. & A. 
 236 ; Wt. Ic. t. 33. 
 
 Malabar and Tinnevelly, scarce. 
 
 A wiry climber with slender branches and very small 
 
 Acacia-like leaves. 
 
 33. Shuteria, W. & A. 
 
 Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules 
 scarious, striate ; stipels subulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, 
 solitary or in pairs on the rhachis ; bracts persistent, striate ; brac- 
 teoles 2, small. Calyx-tube gibbous, teeth distinct, the 2 upper 
 connate, the lateral ones shorter than the others. Corolla 
 exserted ; standard obovate, narrowed at the base into a claw ; 
 wings oblique, sharply spurred, slightly adherent to the shorter 
 obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous, anthers uniform. Ovary sub- 
 sessile, many-ovuled ; style incurved, not bearded ; stigma capi- 
 tate. Pod linear, flat, recurved, the valves thin, twisted when 
 open, slightly septate. Seeds oblong-reniform, estrophiolate. 
 SHUTERIA VESTITA, W. & A. 207 ; F. B. I. ii. 181, excl. vars. 2 
 and 3 ; Wt. Ic. t. 165. 8. cjlabrata, W. & A. 207. 
 
 N. Circars, on Mahendragiri at 4,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, Hills 
 of Mysore, Nilgiris and Pulneys at 2,000 to 6,000 ft, ; She- 
 varoy Hills of Salem. 
 
 A slender climber with ovate slightly acute mucronate 
 leaflets, the end one subrhomboid, the flowers purplish-red, 
 the seeds brown. 
 
 34. Dumasia, DC. 
 
 Slender twining herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules 
 setaceous ; stipels minute. Flowers yellow, in axillary racemes, 
 solitary or in pairs on the rhachis ; bracts small, narrow ; brac- 
 teoles minute. Calyx-tube gibbous, cylindrical, mouth very 
 oblique, truncate. Corolla exserted ; standard obovate, erect, 
 auricled on both sides above the rather long claw; wings and 
 keel slightly adherent, very long- clawed, the blades small, obtuse. 
 Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary substipitate, 
 
Glycine.~] LEGUMINOSAE. 351 
 
 many-ovuled, linear ; style long, filiform, incurved, flattened at 
 the curve, not bearded ; stigma capitate. Pod subsessile, linear, 
 compressed, torulose. Szeds subglobose, estrophiolate, the testa 
 hard, blue-black. 
 
 DUMASIA VILLOSA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 183. D. congests, W. & A. 
 206 ; Wt. Ic. t. 445. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Mysore, the Nilgiris and Pulneys, above 
 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 A slender climber with ovate obtuse apicnlate often velvety 
 
 leaflets, yellow flowers and a velvety torulose pod. 
 
 35. Glycine, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, twining or prostrate, rarely suberect. Leaves pinnately 
 3-7-foliolate ; stipules small ; stipels subulate. Flowers small, in 
 axillary racemes, solitary or fascicled on the rhachis ; bracts 
 small ; bracteoles setaceous or linear, sometimes long. Calyx- 
 tube campanulate, teeth long or short, the upper connate at the 
 base or for half their length. Corolla hardly exserted ; standard 
 suborbiculate, slightly auricled above the claw; wings narrow, 
 auricled, more or less connate with the shorter obtuse keel. 
 Stamens at first monadelphous, the vexillary one afterwards free. 
 Ovary subsessile, many-ovuled ; style short, incurved ; stigma 
 capitate. Pod linear or linear-oblong, septate between the seeds. 
 Seeds slightly compressed, estrophiolate. 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate ; bracteoles and calyx- teeth long, very villous ; pod 
 
 densely villous, deflexed, torulose 1. javanica. 
 
 Leaves 5-7-foliolate ; bracteoles minute, calyx-teeth short, deltoid; 
 pod flat, appressed pub3S 'out, spreading, not torulose 
 
 2. pentaphylla. 
 
 1. GLYCINE JAVANICA, Linn. ; F. B. 1. ii. 183. Notonia Wightii, 
 W. & A. 208. Johnia Wight Ii, W. & A. 449. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Mysore, Nilgiris and Pulneys, up to 
 6,000 ft, 
 
 An extensively climbing plant with reddish flowers in long 
 dense racemes and large pubescent leaflets, the side ones 
 unequally ovate -cor date, the end one rhomboid-ovate. 
 
 2. GLYCINE PENTAPHYLLA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 184. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad (Beddome). 
 
 A large climbing herb with reddish flowers in long spicate 
 
352 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Glycine. 
 
 racemes, usually 7-foliolate leaves and oblong lanceolate 
 mucronate leaflets, the end one much the longest. 
 
 36. Teramnus, S\\. 
 
 Slender twining herbs. Leaves pinnatelj 3-foliolate ; stipules 
 small; stipels subulate. Floiuers very small, in very slender 
 axillary racemes, solitary or fascicled on the rhachis, sometimes 
 in fascicles or pairs ; bracts small ; bracteoles linear or lanceolate. 
 Calyx-tube campanulate, teeth distinct or the 2 upper connate 
 to the middle. Corolla little exserted ; standard obovate, nar- 
 rowed into the claw ; wings oblong, narrow, adherent to the obtuse 
 keel, both long-clawed. Stamen* monadelphous ; anthers alter- 
 nately perfect and small and sterile. Ovary sessile, uiaiiy-ovuled; 
 style short, thick, not bearded ; stigma capitate. Pod linear, 
 compressed, narrow, septate between the seeds, ending in a hook 
 formed by the persistent style. Seeds slightly oblong, estro- 
 phiolate. 
 
 Leaflets ovate, acute, nearly glabrous, end one up to 2 in. long, side 
 ones 1'5 in.; racemes very slender, nearly glabrous; pod glabrous 
 
 except a few acicular hairs 1 . labialis. 
 
 Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute, strigosely hairy, end one up to 6 in. 
 long, side ones as long or slightly shorter ; racemes slender, villous 
 with tawny spreading hairs ; pod also villous with tawny hairs 
 
 2. mollix. 
 
 1. TERAMNUS LABIALIS, Spr. ; F. B. I. ii. 184. Glyci.-n.fi labialis, 
 Linn. ; W. & A. 208 ; Wt. Ic. t, 168. 
 
 N. Circars, in Godavari ; Deccan, in Mysore and Coimba- 
 tore ; Carnatic, about Madras and in S. Travaiicore, wide- 
 spread but not common. 
 
 A twining herb with ovate acute leaflets, minute reddish 
 flowers and narrow elongate papery hooked pods which 
 open early and twist in spirals. 
 
 2. TERAMNUS MOLLIS, Benth. T. labialis var. mollis, Baker in 
 F. B. I. ii. 184. Glycine mollis, W. & A. 209. 
 
 Brumagiri Hills, Malabar (Beddome) ; Tinnevelly Hills 
 
 (Wight). 
 
 A twining herb. 
 
Kry thrill". LEGUMINOSAE. 353 
 
 37. Erythrina, Linn. 
 
 Trees or rarely undershrubs, the branches, sometimes also the 
 stems, usually studded with prickles. Leaves pinnately 3-folio- 
 late ; stipules small ; stipels gland-like. Flowers large and showy, 
 scarlet or sometimes white, in dense peduncled axillary or ter- 
 minal racemes, in pairs or fascicles on the rhachis ; bracts and 
 bracteoles small or 0. Calyx oblique at the mouth, spathaceous 
 or campanula te with very short teeth. Corolla long-exsert, the 
 petals very unequal, the standard much exceeding the wings and 
 keel. Stamens 10, the vexillary filament free in the upper two- 
 thirds, sometimes altogether, the rest free above, alternately 
 longer and shorter; anthers uniform. Ovary stipitate, many- 
 ovuled; style curved, subulate at the apex, not bearded; stigma 
 capitate. Pod stipitate, falcate, turgid, torulose, dehiscing as a 
 follicle. Seeds ovoid, hilum lateral, oblong, strophiole 0. 
 
 Calyx spathaceous, oblique, split on one side : - 
 
 Calyx split to the base, recurved, 5-toothed at the tip ; flowers very 
 large, the standard 2-2*5 in. long, wings and keel subequal, *5-*7 in. 
 long, the keel petals free; pod 6-12 in. long, thick, torulose, 
 6-8- seeded ; prickles on branches nearly black ; leaflets broadly 
 
 deltoid, acute, membranous 1 . indica . 
 
 Calyx split half-way down, erect ; flowers large, the standard 
 1-1-25 in. long : 
 
 Tip of calyx entire ; wings minute, '2 in. long, keel petals com- 
 bined, "75 in. long; pod stalked, 6-8 in. long, thin, 2-5-seeded ; 
 prickles on branches pale green ; leaflets broadly deltoid- ovate, 
 
 abruptly acuminate, membranous 2. strict a . 
 
 Tip of calyx minutely toothed : wings and keel about equal, 
 
 5 in. long, the keel petals free ; stamens diadelphous ; leaflets 
 
 broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous... 3. mysorensis. 
 
 Calyx not spathaceous, splitting into two lips ; flowers large, standard 
 
 1-5-2 in. long, wings minute, '25 in. long, keel petals combined, '6 in. 
 
 long ; pod 3-6 in. long, thin, torulose, 2-5-seeded ; prickles on branches 
 
 yello wish- white ; leaflets rhomboid ovate, entire or sinuate lobed, 
 
 obtuse, densely tomeivtose beneath 4. suberosa. 
 
 1. ERYTHRINA INDICA, Lam.; F. B. I. ii. 188; W. & A. 260; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 58. 
 
 Planted in hedges and as a support for pepper, perhaps 
 wild on the E. Coast. Coral-tree. 
 
354 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Erythrina. 
 
 A striking tree in flower. Bark yellowish, smooth, shining, 
 papery ; wood very soft and white but fairly durable and 
 in use like that of E. suberosa. Yern. Hind. Mandara. 
 Pangra. 
 
 2. ERYTHRINA STRICTA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 189 ; W. & A. 260; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 175. 
 
 West Coast, in Malabar and Travancore. 
 A moderate- sized tree with corky bark armed with prickles, 
 the wood white, soft and spongy but tough, used for fishing- 
 net floats. Yern. Tarn. Mai. Murukku. 
 
 3. ERYTHRINA MYSORENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull., 1918, ined. 
 
 Mysore at Chikanhalli, 3,000 ft. (Meebold). 
 Apparently a small tree with few or 110 prickles. 
 
 4. ERYTHRINA SUBEROSA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 189 ; W. & A. 
 260. E. sublobata, Roxb. ; W. & A. 261. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in dry forests, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree with thick corky grey 
 bark and white soft wood, fibrous but tough. The wood 
 is used for scabbards, boxes and jars, and for covering 
 with lacquer, it weighs about 19 Ibs. per c. ft. Yern, Hind. 
 Pangra ; Ur. Paldua, Chaldua ; Tel. Mulu moclugu. 
 
 38. Mucuna, Adams. 
 
 Large twining shrubs or herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; 
 stipules deciduous ; stipels minute, subulate. Flowers large, 
 purple or greenish, turning black when dried, fasciculately 
 racemed on usually long axillary or lateral peduncles, sometimes 
 subcymose, the rhachis nodose ; bracts deciduous ; bracteoles small . 
 Calyx-tu\)Q widely campanula te, the lowest tooth long, the lateral 
 short, the upper 2 connate. Corolla much exserted ; standard 
 about half the length of the wings and keel, folded, auricled at 
 base ; wings oblong or ovate, incurved, semisagittate at base ; 
 keel as long as or longer than the wings, incurved, acute or beaked. 
 Stamens diadelphous ; anthers dimorphous, the longer basifixed, 
 the shorter ovate and bearded. Ovary sessile, villous, few- or 
 many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma capitate. Pod very variable 
 in shape and sculpture, usually covered with fine brittle needle- 
 like irritant bristles. Seed orbicular with long linear hilum or 
 transversely oblong with short hilum ; strophiole 0. 
 
Mucuna.] LEGUMINOSAE. 355 
 
 Woody climbers with perennial stems ; seeds large, flat, with long 
 hilum : 
 
 Pods winged on the sutures, large : 
 
 Pods transversely or obliquely plaited on their faces ; flowers 
 dark purple ; bristles orange-red : 
 
 Pods nearly as broad as long, 1 - seeded ; flowers 1*5 in. long; 
 
 leaflets more or less pubescent beneath 1. monosperma. 
 
 Pods twice as long as broad, 2-seeded; flowers 2 5 in. long; 
 
 leaflets nearly glabrous beneath 2. atropurpurea. 
 
 Pods not plaited on their faces which are flat ; flowers pale green 
 or yellow, To in. long; bristles yellowish-brown ; leaflets glabrous 
 
 3. gigantea. 
 
 Herbaceous climbers with annual stems and purple flowers ; seeds 5-6, 
 oblong with an oblong funicular hilum : 
 
 Pods 3-4 in. long, curved, with dark silvery-brown hairs ; leaflets 
 densely golden-silky-tomentose beneath ; flowers l'5-2 in. long 
 
 4. hirsuto,. 
 
 Pods 2-3 in. long, curved like an S anc ^ ridged longitudinally ; 
 leaflets with short appressed white hairs beneath ; flowers 1-1*5 in. 
 long 5. prurita. 
 
 1. MUCUNA MONOSPERMA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 185 ; W. & A. 254. 
 
 N. Circars, near Samulcotta, fide Wight ; Deccan, Hills 
 of Mysore at 2,000 to 3,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, in Wyiiaad at 
 3,000 ft, 
 
 A woody climber with large nearly orbicular plaited pod 
 and single seed. 
 
 2. MUCUNA ATROPURPUREA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 186 ; W. & A. 254. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Mysore and N. Coimbatore at 3,000 ft. ; 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, Sirumalais and Hills of 
 
 Tiiinevelly. 
 
 A woody climber like the last but with oblong 2-seeded 
 
 pods and narrower thinner leaflets. 
 
 3. MUCUNA GIGANTEA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 186 ; W. & A. 254. 
 
 Coast forests about Negapatain and in Malabar, in sandy 
 soils, fide Wight, etc. 
 
 A woody climber with pale green or yellow flowers and 
 broad prominently winged pod. 
 
 4. MUCUNA HIRSUTA, W. & A. 254 ; F. B. I. ii. 187. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at low levels (Bourne). 
 A climber with annual steins and silky shining leaves. 
 
356 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mucuna. 
 
 5. MTJCUNA PBURITA, Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 348, t. xiii ; W. & A. 
 255. M.pruriens, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 187 not of DC. 
 East and West Coast regions, twining among hedges and 
 bushes. Cowhage. 
 
 A slender climber with annual shoots, leaves pubescent. 
 The irritant hairs are very troublesome. Yern. Hind. 
 Kiwach ; Tel Piliadagn kaila ; Tain. Poonaykali. 
 
 39. Galactia, P. Browne. 
 
 Prostrate or twining herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 
 1-5 or -7-foliolate ; stipules small, deciduous ; stipels subulate. 
 Flowers small or moderate-sized, in axillary racemes, paired or 
 fascicled at the very slightly swollen nodes ; bracts setaceous ; 
 bracteoles minute. Oot/^-tube short ; teeth lanceolate or linear, 
 the 2 upper connate into one. Corolla slightly exserted ; standard 
 ovate or orbicular, slightly auriculate ; wings narrowed, adnate to 
 the nearly straight obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers 
 uniform. Ovary subsessile, many-ovuled ; style filiform, beard- 
 less ; stigma capitate. Pod linear, straight or incurved, subsep- 
 tate between the seeds. Seeds somewhat compressed ; strophiole 0. 
 Leaflets elliptic, almost membranous, thinly grey-silky beneath, obtuse 
 or emarginate, mucronate, up to 1*5 in. long 1 , '7 in. broad, main nerves 
 about G ; calyx-lobes narrow, lanceolate, glabrescent ; pod 1 in. long, 
 
 thinly grey-silky 1 . tenuiflora. 
 
 Leaflets linear- oblong, subcoriaceous, very slightly appressed-villous 
 beneath, obtuse, mucronate, lip to 2'5 and even 5 in. long, '5-*7 in. 
 broad, main nerves about 10 ; calyx-lobes rather broad, acuminate, 
 
 glabrescent; pod 1*5 in. long, glabrous 2. long/flora. 
 
 Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, submembranous, densely villous beneath, 
 obtuse, mucronate, up to 3 ! 5 in. long, 1*2 in. broad, main nerves about 
 7-8 ; calyx-lobes broad, acuminate, very villous ; pod villous 
 
 3. mllosa. 
 
 1. GALACTIA TENUIFLORA, W. & A. 206 ; F. B. I. ii. 192. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, not common. 
 
 A slender wiry climber with reddish flowers and small 
 
 leaves. 
 
 2. GALACTIA LONGIFOLIA, Benth. ; Wt. Ic. t. 482. G. tenui- 
 flora, var. lucida, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 192. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of Coimbatore, the Nilgiris and 
 
 Pulneys, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A slender climber distinguished by its narrow leaflets. 
 
Butea.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 357 
 
 3. GALACTIA VILLOSA, W. & A. 207. G. temiijiora var. wllosa, 
 Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 192. 
 
 W. Grhats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, up to 6,000 ft. 
 A slender climber but stouter and with larger leaflets than 
 the others. 
 
 40. Butea, Koxb. 
 
 Trees or large climbing shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, 
 leaflets large; stipules small, caducous; stipels subulate. Flowers 
 large, showy, densely fascicled in axillary or terminal racemes or 
 panicles ; bracts and bracteoles narrow, caducous. Calyx broadly 
 campanulate, the teeth deltoid, short, the 2 upper connate in an 
 entire or emarginate lip. Corolla much exserted ; standard ovate 
 or lanceolate, acute, recurved, equal to or shorter than the keel ; 
 wings falcate, adnate to the much incurved acute keel. Stamens 
 diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, 
 2-ovuled ; style long, incurved, beardless ; stigma very small, 
 terminal. Pod an oblong follicle, the base flat, wing-like and 
 indehiscent, the tip splitting round the single apical seed. Seed 
 obovate, compressed ; hilum small ; strophiole 0. 
 
 An erect tree ; lowest calyx-tooth much shorter than the side ones 
 
 base of pod rounded, almost semi- cordate, breadth of pod 1*5 in. 
 
 1. frondosa. 
 
 A large climbing shrub ; lowest calyx-tooth equal to the side ones ; 
 
 base of pod narrowed ; breadth of pod I in .2. superba. 
 
 1. BUTEA FRONDOSA, Koen. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 21 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 194 ; W. & A. 261 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 176. 
 
 In all dry Districts both in open country and deciduous 
 forests, frequently gregarious, less common in the Circars 
 than in the Deccan. Common on black cotton soil, also on 
 salt lands, 
 
 A deciduous tree, very conspicuous when in flower before 
 the leaves appear, the large flowers being orange-scarlet 
 set in dark velvety calyces, the large leaflets broadly 
 obovate, coriaceous and reticulate. The wood is grey, soft, 
 and said to be durable under water. It yields a red 
 "Kino" gum and the lac insect is grown upon it. Yern. 
 Hind. Dkak, Palas; Ur. Porasu; Tel. Modugu ; Tarn. 
 Porasu ; Mai. Palasin samatha. 
 
358 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Butea. 
 
 2. BUTEA SUPERBA, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 22; F. B. I. ii. 195; 
 W. & A. 261. 
 
 N. Circars, in the forests of Gran jam and Yizagapatam. 
 An immense climbing shrub, the leaves and flowers and 
 pods very like those of B. frondosa, but the flowers rather 
 more yellow and slightly larger. Like it also, it gives a 
 " Kino " gum and the flowers a red dye. 
 
 41. Spatholobus, Hassk. 
 
 Large climbing shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules 
 small, deciduous ; stipels small, subulate. Flowers small, in 
 large terminal panicles extending to the axils of the upper leaves ; 
 pedicels fascicled ; bracts and bracteoles small, deciduous. 
 Calyx campanulate ; teeth lanceolate or deltoid, the two upper 
 connate. Corolla exserted, the petals subequal, clawed ; standard 
 ovate or orbicular ; wings obliquely oblong, free ; keel straight, 
 obtuse, auricled above the claw. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers 
 uniform. Ovary sessile or stalked, 2-ovuled ; style subulate, 
 incurved, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod an oblong, often 
 somewhat falcate, follicle, the base flat, wing-like, reticulate and 
 indehiscent, the tip splitting round the single apical seed. Seed 
 compressed ; hilum small ; strophiole 0. 
 
 Leaflets large, the terminal one reaching sometimes 12 in. long by 
 9 in. broad, usually shining silky pubescent beneath ; corolla cream- 
 coloured ; pod tomentose, stalked, 3-4 in. long by 1-1 i in. broad 
 
 1. Roxburghii. 
 
 Leaflets rather small, tip to 5 in. long by 2 - 5 in. broad, glabrous 
 beneath ; corolla purple ; pod glabrous, sessile, 4 in. long by '75 in. 
 broad 2. purpureus. 
 
 1. SPATHOLOBUS ROXBURGHII, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 193. JButea 
 parviflora, Roxb. ; W. & A. 261 ; Wt. Ic. t. 210. 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in hill forests ; W. Ghats, from 
 S. Canara to Travancore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A large climbing shrub with dark brown rough bark and 
 wood in concentric layers of very porous tissue and bast 
 tissue exuding a red gum. It is very damaging to forest 
 trees. The bark gives a coarse fibre. Yern. Hind. Maula ; 
 Ur. Poraso ; Tarn. Pilacchi valli ; Mai. Athambu. 
 
Cxnovalia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 359 
 
 2. SPATHOLOBUS PURPURETJS, Beiith. ; F. B. I. ii. 194. 
 Travaucore, in Aryanad forests (M. Rama Rao). 
 A large climbing shrub, with papery pods. 
 
 42. Canavalia, DC. 
 
 Climbing or prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; 
 stipules small, sometimes wart-like ; stipels subulate. Flower* 
 showy, in elongated peduncled axillary racemes, fascicled on a 
 nodose rhachis ; bracts minute; bracteoles small, roundish, 
 caducous. Calyx campaiiulate, bilabiate, the upper lip broad, 
 entire or emarginate, the lower smaller, shortly 3-toothed. 
 Corolla much exserted ; standard large, suborbicular, reflexed ; 
 wings narrow, free from and equalling the obtuse incurved keel. 
 Stamens monadelphous, the axillary one shortly free at the base ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary obscurely stalked; ovules many; style 
 incurved, beardless ; stigma terminal, minute. Pod large, linear 
 or oblong, compressed or turgid, with a distinct rib on each valve 
 near the dorsal suture. Seeds ovate, compressed ; hilurn linear. 
 
 Pods flattened, not turgid : 
 
 Pods 6-12 in. long, 1-1-5 in. broad, seeds 8-12 ; leaflets ovate, acute 
 
 1. ensiformis. 
 Pods 4-6 in. long, "5-1 in. broad, seeds 4-6 : 
 
 Racemes many-flowered j climbing herbs with large obovate, 
 
 acute, or obtuse leaflets 2. virosa. 
 
 Racemes few-flowered ; prostrate herbs with rather small, 
 
 orbicular, obtuse or retuse leaflets 3. lineata. 
 
 Pods turgid, broad, 4-6-seeded, beaked ; leaflets ovate, acuminate 
 
 4. obtusifolia. 
 
 1. CANAVALIA ENSIFORMIS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 195. C. gladiata, 
 DC.; W. & A. 253 ; Wt. Ic. t. 753. 
 
 In gardens and on the roofs of huts, cultivated as a vege- 
 table. The Sword -bean. 
 
 A climbing bean with pink or white large flowers. Yerii. 
 Hind. Kadsambal ; Tarn. Segapu ; Tel. Tumbetteii kaya. 
 -. CANAVALIA VIROSA, W. & A. 253. C. ensiformis var. virosa, 
 Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 196. 
 
 In most Districts, especially in the Deccan and Carnatic. 
 A large climber with lilac flowers and short pods. 
 Var. mullis. Canavalia mollis, W. & A. 253. C. ensiformis var. 
 mollis, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 196. 
 
360 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Canavalia. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Mysore, Coimbatore, Nilgiris and 
 
 Pulneys, at 4,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 
 Brandies, leaves and calyx more or less densely hairy. 
 
 3. CAN AV ALIA LINEATA, DC. C. obtiisi/oUa, Bak. in F. B. I. 
 ii. 196. 
 
 Coast sands of the Coromandel and lower Malabar coast. 
 A trailing plant, valuable as a sandbinder (cf. Clegh. 
 Madr. Journ. i. t. 4) and rooting at the nodes, often in com- 
 pany with Ipomaea biloba, Forsk. Flowers pink or lilac, 
 leaflets rather small and orbicular. 
 
 4. CANAVALIA OBTUSIFOLIA, DC. C. cnsiformis var. turgida.. 
 Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 196. 
 
 Banks of canals and backwaters near Quiloii in Travancore 
 
 (K. Venkoba Rao). 
 
 A climber, probably biennial, with pink flowers. 
 
 43. Pueraria, DC. 
 
 Climbing shrubs or herbs, sometimes with tuberous roots. 
 Leaves pinna tely 3-foliolate, the leaflets broadly ovate or 
 rhomboid, sometimes palmately lobed ; stipules herbaceous, 
 basifixed or peltate ; stipels subulate. Flowers purplish or blue, 
 in long often compound axillary racemes, fascicled on the nodose 
 rhachis ; bracts small, deciduous ; bracteoles small. Calyx cam- 
 panulate, teeth 5, the two upper connate in an entire or 2-lobed 
 lip. Corolla exsert ; standard obovate or orbicular with auricles 
 above the claw; wings oblong or falcate, equalling the obtuse 
 keel. Stamens nionadelphous, the axillary one free at the base, 
 sometimes quite free ; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, niany- 
 ovuled ; style filiform, curved, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod 
 linear, more or less flattened, continuous or septate within, 
 sometimes jointed. Seeds suborbicular or transversely oblong; 
 hilum oblong ; strophiole small or 0. 
 
 PUERARIA TUBEROSA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 197 ; W. & A. 205, 449 ; 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 412. 
 
 Hill forests of the N. Circa rs, Deccan and W. G-hats, up to 
 about 3,000 ft,, down to Travancore, nowhere very common. 
 A large climber with huge tuberous roots, blue flowers which 
 appear in the hot season when the plant is leafless, large 
 leaflets with cordate peltate stipules and jointed pods up to 
 3 in. long, covered with long reddish bristly hairs. The 
 
Plweolus.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 361 
 
 tubers are sometimes eaten. Tern. Hind. Tirra ; Tel. Dari, 
 Gnmodi. 
 
 44. Phaseolus, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, rarely undershrubs, twining* or suberect, often prostrate. 
 Leaves pimiately 3-foliolate; stipules membranous, lanceolate, 
 basifixed or peltately attached ; stipules subulate. Flowers in 
 axillary racemes, fascicled 011 the rluichis; bracts and bracteoles- 
 often conspicuous, usually persistent. Calyx campanulate, the 
 lowest tooth the longest, the upper two connate or free. Corolla 
 exserted ; standard orbicular, subauriculate at base ; wings obovate, 
 adnate to the keel, often large ; keel petals prolonged into a 
 spiral beak. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary 
 sessile, many-ovuled ; style enclosed in the beak of the keel and 
 twisted with it, conspicuously bearded down the side below the 
 oblique stigma. Pod linear or falcate, terete or compressed, 
 more or less septate between the seeds. Seeds smooth, the hilum 
 punctate or shortly linear ; strophiole 0. 
 
 Stipules basifixed ; corolla red white or purple, not yellow ; leaflets 
 usually entire : 
 
 Pods narrow, subcylindric, almost straight, many-seeded; flowers 
 
 dull purplish- red I. semierectus. 
 
 Pods broad, subcompressed, more or less recurved : 
 
 Racemes dense ; flowers large, the standard cream-coloured, the 
 wings purple; pods linear, 10-15-seeded, 4-6 in. long, -4-'5 in. 
 
 broad , 2. a.denanthus. 
 
 Racemes lax : 
 Pods few-seeded : 
 
 Flowers small, yellowish-green or dirty white ; pods broad 
 
 and scimitar-shaped, 2-4-seeded lunatus. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized : 
 
 Racemes shorter than the leaves ; flowers lilac to white ; 
 
 pod linear, smooth, '5 in. broad vulgaris. 
 
 Racemes as long or longer than the leaves ; flowers scarlet 
 
 or white; pod curved, scabrous, 1 in. broad multiflorus. 
 
 Pods many-seeded, 3-4 in. long, 'l-'2 in. broad, bordered; 
 
 flowers violet-purple, medium-sized 3. Groliamianus. 
 
 Stipules peltately fixed ; corolla yellow : 
 Pods glabrous : 
 
 Pods cyliiidric ; leaflets distinctly lobed : 
 
 BB 
 
362 FLORA OF MADRAS. iPhaseolus. 
 
 Stipules ovate or oblong, bracteoles ovate ; leaflets 3-lobed, 
 
 the lobes various in shape 4. trilobus. 
 
 Stipules lanceolate as also bracteoles ; leaflets deeply 3-lobed 
 the lobes again variously cut 5. aconitifolius. 
 
 Pods more or less compressed ; leaflets entire or only obscurely 
 
 lobed : 
 
 Stems glabrous or nearly so ; stipules minute, lanceolate, 
 15 in. long, glabrous; bracteoles linear, '25 in. long; leaflets 
 ovate, under 2 in. long, often slightly lobed, acute 
 
 6. Dalzellii. 
 
 Stems clothed with stiff deflexed hairs ; stipules lanceolate, 
 2 in. long, hispid; bracteoles linear, '15 in. long; leaflets 
 broadly ovate, 2-4 in. long, scarcely ever lobed, acuminate 
 
 7. calcaratus. 
 Pods hirsute, slightly compressed : 
 
 Stems erect; leaves large, leaflets entire or rarely slightly 
 
 lobed: 
 
 Pods erect or suberect ; seeds black Mungo. 
 
 Pods spreading ; seeds green radiatus. 
 
 Stems twining ; leaves rather small, leaflets obtuse or acute, 
 
 the side ones and sometimes the terminal lobed 8. sublobatus. 
 
 1. PHASEOLUS SEMIERECTUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 201. P. 
 psoraleoides, W. & A. 244 ; Wt. Ic. t. 249. 
 
 Carnatic, especially near Madras, a weed of waste land, 
 probably introduced. 
 
 An erect herbaceous plant with very narrow pods and 
 many rectangular seeds. 
 
 2. PHASEOLUS ADENANTHUS, G. F. Mey. ; F. B. I. ii. 200. 
 P. rostratus, Wall. ; W. & A. 244; Wt. Ic. t. 34. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travancore. 
 A twining perennial with large showy flowers and flat 
 many -seeded pod. The tuberous root is sometimes eaten. 
 Yern. Tarn. Karalsona. 
 
 3. PHASEOLUS GRAHAMIANUS, W. & A. 244; F. B. I. ii. 201. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills, up 
 to 4,000 ft., also Hills of Coimbatore (Fischer). 
 A slender climber with rather small deltoid leaflets and 
 very narrow, flat, many-seeded pod. 
 
 4. PHASEOLUS TRILOBUS, Ait. ; F. B. I. ii. 201 ; W. & A. 246 
 Wt. Ic. t. 94. 
 
Phaseolus.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 363 
 
 All plains Districts, on fallow lands, waste places, river 
 banks and the sea- coast ; common. 
 
 A diffuse trailing herb, good for fodder and sometimes 
 cultivated for its seeds. Yern. Hind. Mugani; Tel. Pilli 
 persara; Tarn. Pani payir. 
 
 5. PHASEOLUS ACONITIFOLIUS, Jacq. ; F. B. I. ii. 202 ; W. & A. 
 247. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in similar places to the last, but 
 perhaps not truly wild. 
 
 A diffuse trailing plant, cultivated as a fodder crop and 
 for its seeds, in dry sandy lands. Yern. Hind. Moth ; 
 Tarn. Tulka payir. 
 
 6. PHASEOLUS DALZELLII, T. Cooke. P. pauctflorus, Dalz. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 202. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills (Bourne), at 
 
 about 3,000 ft. 
 
 A slender climber with pale yellow flowers. 
 
 7. PHASEOLUS CALCARATUS, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 203; W. & A. 
 245. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Travancore Hills, up 
 
 to 7,000 ft, 
 
 A slender hairy climber with yellow flowers, sometimes 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 8. PHASEOLUS SUBLOBATUS, Roxb. P. trinervius, Heyne; 
 F. B. I. ii. 377; W. & A. 245. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan and Western Ghats, up to 6,000 ft. 
 A slender very hairy climber, very variable in its leaves, 
 the stipules large and prominent. 
 The following species are found in cultivation : 
 P. lunatus, Linn., the " Lima Bean." Cultivated in gardens 
 for its pods and usually white seeds. 
 
 P. vulgaris, Linn., the " French Bean " or " Haricot Bean." 
 Outivated in gardens for its pods. 
 
 P. multifloru*,Willd., the "Scarlet Runner." Cultivated for 
 its pods, especially in gardens in the hills. 
 
 P. radiatus, Linn. Yern. Hind. Mung. Cultivated as a crop 
 for its seeds. 
 
 P. Hungo, Linn. Yern. Hind. Tikari kalai, Urd. Cultivated 
 as a fodder crop and for its seeds, but apparently rare. 
 
364 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Vigna. 
 
 45. Yigna, Savi. 
 
 Twining, rarely suberect, herbs or uiidershrubs. Leaves 
 pinnately 3-foliolate ; stipules basifixed or rarely peltate ; stipels 
 subulate. Flowers in racemes at the end of an axillary peduncle > 
 fascicled on a nodose rliacliis ; bracts small, deciduous ; bracteoles 
 sometimes large and subpersistent. Calyx campanulate, the 
 teeth distinct or the 2 upper more or less connate. Corolla 
 exserted ; standard orbicular, auricled at base ; wings obovate 
 falcate, slightly adnate to the keel; keel petals equalling the 
 wings, incurved, acute or if beaked not spirally. Stamens 
 diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, many-ovtiled ; 
 style filiform or thickened upwards, longitudinally bearded on 
 the inner face ; stigma oblique. Pod linear, straight or incurved, 
 usually acuminate, septate between the seeds. Seeds reniforrn 
 or subquadrate, the hilum short, lateral ; strophiole 0. 
 
 Keel not beaked, a suberect or twining annual with white, pink or 
 yellowish flowers and long glabrous pods with many seeds... Catjang. 
 Keel beaked but not spiral as in Phaseolus : 
 
 Flowers large, 1 in. or more long ; calyx-teeth subequal, about 
 25 in. long, as long as the tube ; leaflets rather small : 
 
 Calyx strigosely hirsute ; petals long-clawed ; leaflets ovate or 
 lanceolate, acute ; pod with nearly black hairs, later glabrous 
 
 1. vexillata. 
 Calyx softly villous ; petals short-clawed ; leaflets ovate, mueronate, 
 
 subobtuse; pod with pale brown hairs 2. Wight ii. 
 
 Flowers medium-sized, under '75 in. long : 
 
 Calyx-teeth unequal, the vipper pair short, connate, the lowest 
 the longest; keel petals very long-clawed ; leaflets large, ovate, 
 acute, the end one deltoid at base; pod densely brown- villous, 
 
 long-acuminate 3. pilosa . 
 
 Calyx-teeth subequal, the upper pair rounded, connate ; keel 
 petals short-clawed ; leaflets large, ovate, acuminate, densely 
 tawny villous on both sides, the end one deltoid or rounded ; 
 pod at first densely villous; afterwards glabrescent...4. Bourneae. 
 
 1. VIGNA VEXILLATA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 206. Phaseolu* 
 pulniensis, Wt. Ic. t. 202. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the S. Canara, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, up 
 to 7,000 ft. 
 A very pretty climber with large reddish-purple flowers. 
 
Clitoria.~] LEGUMINOSAE. 365 
 
 Yar. Stocksii, Bentli. Leaflets broadly ovate, often cordate at 
 base, with more abundant brown silky hairs. 
 
 Kadur Hills of Mysore, at 5,500 ft. (Talbot). 
 
 2. VIGNA WIGHTII, Benth.; F. B. I. ii. 206; Bedd. Ic. t. 296. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad, Coimbatore and Pnlney Hills, 
 
 in grass lands, at about 5,000 ft. "Wynaad Sweet Pea 
 
 (Beddome)." 
 
 Similar to the last, with pink flowers. 
 
 3. YIGNA PILOSA, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 207. Dolichos pilosus, 
 Roxb. ; W. & A. 249. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests, S. Canara to Travancore, 
 at low levels. 
 
 A slender climber with reddish flowers and very long- 
 poiiited velvety pods. 
 
 4. YIGNA BOURNEAE, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, ined. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Puhiey Hills at low elevations (Bourne). 
 A stout climber with prominent oblong-lanceolate peltate 
 stipules, very thickly villous branches and leaves and long 
 peduncled very nodose racemes. Flowers larger than 
 those of V. pilosa apparently reddish-purple. 
 
 Vigna Catjany, Walp. is a suberect annual plant cultivated for 
 its pods, which are eaten like French beans, and for its seeds 
 Yern. Hind. Lobia ; Tarn. Karamani. 
 
 46. Clitoria, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves pinnate, 3-inany- 
 foliolate ; stipules persistent, striate ; stipels small, subulate. 
 Flowers showy, axillary, solitary fascicled or racemose ; bracts 
 persistent, stipule-like ; bracteoles usually large, persistent. 
 Calyx membranous, tubular, the 2 upper teeth subconnate. 
 Corolla much exserted ; standard large, erect, emarginate, 
 narrowed at base ; wings falcate-oblong, spreading, adnate in the 
 middle to the keel; keel shorter than the wings, incurved, acute. 
 Stamens usually diadelphous, the vexillary one sometimes con- 
 nate with the others ; anthers uniform Ovary stipitate, many- 
 ovuled ; style elongate, incurved, bearded along the inner side. 
 Pod linear-oblong, flattened or turgid, many-seeded. Seeds sub- 
 globose or compressed ; strophiole 0. 
 
 CLITORIA TERNATEA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 208 ; W. & A. 205. 
 Cultivated in gardens everywhere, but also common self : 
 sown in hedges and thickets. 
 
366 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Clitoria* 
 
 A very pretty climber with large bright blue prominently 
 bracteolate flowers, the standard having an orange centre. 
 Yern Hind. Khagin; Tel. Nalla-ghentana ; Tarn. Karka 
 kartun. 
 
 47. Dolichos, Linn. 
 
 Twining prostrate or suberect herbs. Leaves piiinately 
 3-foliolate ; stipules basifixed, subpersistent ; stipels subulate. 
 Flowers in axillary racemes or fascicles or solitary ; bracts and 
 bracteoles minute, striate, subpersistent. Calyx-tube campanu- 
 late, the teeth short or long, the 2 upper connate. Corolla 
 exserted ; standard orbicular, auricled at base and with project- 
 ing appendages above the claw ; wings oblong or obovate, slightly 
 adnate to the keel ; keel much incurved, usually with a straight 
 beak. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, 
 many-ovuled ; style thickened upwards and bearded down the 
 inner face or filiform and bearded round the terminal stigma. 
 Pod flat, linear or oblong, recurved, usually tipped with the per- 
 sistent style. Seeds thick or somewhat flattened, hilum short 
 with slender funicle or elongate with thickened subpersistent 
 funicle. 
 
 Style thickened upwards, bearded down the inner edge ; large climb- 
 ing herbs with elongate racemes on tumid nodes Lablab. 
 
 Style filiform, bearded only round the stigma ; nodes not tumid : 
 Twining herbs with tuberous roots, perennial : 
 
 Flowers about 2-8, lilac or pink, on slender peduncles varying up 
 to 2 in. long ; calyx-teeth short ; leaflets broadly deltoid-ovate, 
 the end one often 3-lobed ; pod linear, glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 
 
 '35 in. broad, 6-8-seeded 1. falcatus. 
 
 Flowers about 3-6, yellow, in short cymes under *5 in. long, the 
 petals striate; calyx-teeth long; leaflets elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 
 prominently ciliate on the margins ; pod linear-oblong, glabrous, 
 
 1-1*5 in. long, '4-'5 in. broad, 3-4-seeded 2. ciliatus. 
 
 Erect or somewhat twining herbs, the roots not tuberous, annual ; 
 flowers 1-3 together in leaf -axils, yellow, softly hairy, wings 
 narrow ; calyx-teeth setaceous ; leaflets ovate, acute ; pod linear, 
 1-5-2 in. long, '25 in. broad, 5-6-seeded biflorus. 
 
 1. DOLICHOS FALCATTJS, Klein ; F. B. I. ii. 211 ; W. & A. 249. 
 All Districts, and up to 6,000 ft. in the hills. 
 A slender twiner with pretty lilac or pink flowers. 
 
Atylosia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 367 
 
 2. DOLICHOS CILIATUS, Klein ; F. B. I. ii. 210; W. & A. 249. 
 Carnatic, chiefly near the coast, common about Madras. 
 A slender twiner with cilia te leaflets. 
 
 Dolichos Lablab, Linn, is cultivated in gardens and on sheds 
 for its pods, which are eaten like French beans. There are two 
 varieties, distinguished by their pods, var. typicus, Prain, with 
 rather long narrow pods and seeds with the long axis parallel to 
 the sutures, and var. lignosus, Pram, with shorter broader pods 
 and seeds with the long axis at right angles to sutures. The 
 latter seems the most common in Madras. Yern. Hind. Sem ; 
 Tom. Avarai; Tel. Alsunda. 
 
 Dolichos biftorus, Linn., is the " Horse Gram," largely culti- 
 vated, especially in the Circars and Deccan, on poor soils, for its 
 seeds and as a fodder crop for horses and cattle. Vern. Hind. 
 Kulti; Tarn. Kollu; Tel. Wulawala ; Kan. Hurali. 
 
 48. Atylosia, W. & A. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, erect or twining. Leaves pinnately or rarely 
 digitately 3-foliolate; leaflets with resinous glands beneath; 
 stipules lanceolate or setaceous ; stipels small or 0. Flowers 
 usually yellow, axillary, in pairs or racemes ; bracts usually 
 broad, membranous, deciduous; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube cam- 
 pa 1111 late, the lobes distinct, the lowest the longest, the two upper 
 connate in an entire or bifid lip. Corolla more or less exserted, 
 sometimes marcescent ; standard orbicular, auricled at base ; 
 wings obliquely obovate or oblong ; keel slightly curved, obtuse. 
 Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, ovules 
 3 or more; style filiform, incurved, glabious; stigma capitate. 
 Pod linear or oblong, septate within, the valves more or less 
 transversely or obliquely depressed between the seeds. Seeds 
 ovate or orbicular with a conspicuous strophiole. 
 
 Erect shrubs ; flowers in pairs ; pod not prominently depressed 
 between the seeds : 
 
 Flowers large, peduncled ; leaflets thick, obovate or oblanceolate, 
 up to 3 in. long, densely brown-silky-pubescent beneath; pod 
 oblong, brown-silky, 1-1-5 in. long by '5 in. broad, 3-4-seeded 
 
 ]. trinervia. 
 Flowers small, under '5 in. long, not peduncled : 
 
 Leaflets thin, obovate or oblanceolate, up to 1*5 in. long, grey- 
 
368 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Atylosia. 
 
 silky-pubescent beneath; pod oblong, '5-' 75 in. long by '25 in. 
 
 broad, thinly grey-silky, 2-3-seeded 2. lineata. 
 
 Leaflets thick, linear-oblanceolate, up to 1*5 in. long, densely 
 white-silky-pubescent; pod small, white-silky, '5 in. long by '25 in. 
 
 broad, 2-seeded 3 sericea . 
 
 Climbing shrubs ; pod distinctly depressed between the seeds : 
 Flowers in lax rather stout racemes ; depressions of pod oblique ; 
 leaflets stipellate : 
 
 Petals exserted, marcescent ; bracts large, elliptic, conspicuous in 
 season of bud, then deciduous ; leaflets coriaceous, densely grey- 
 pubescent beneath 4. volubilis. 
 
 Petals included, not marcescent ; bracts ovate cuspidate, decidu- 
 ous ; leaflets chartaceous, thinly pubescent beneath 5. goensis. 
 
 Flowers in slendf-r short racemes ; depressions of pod straight or 
 slightly oblique ; leaflets exstipellate : 
 
 Calyx-teeth short ; pod more than 1 in. long, 5-7-seeded, thinly 
 white-hoary ; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse, grey-canescent 
 
 6. albicans. 
 
 Calyx-teeth long ; pod under 1 in. long, with brown hairs : 
 Leaflets broadly obovate, rugose above, prominently reticulate 
 beneath and white-canescent ; pod 3-4-seeded, shortly villous, 
 
 the apex hooked 7. rngosa, 
 
 Leaflets obovate-oblong, only slightly rugose and reticulate, 
 slightly grey-canescent beneath ; pod 4-6-seeded with golden 
 spreading hairs, the apex straight 8. scarabaeoides 
 
 1. ATYLOSIA TRINERVIA, Gamble n. comb. A. Candollei, 
 W. & A. 257 ; F. B. I. ii. 212 ; Wt. Ic. t. 754. 
 
 W. Ghiits, in the Nilgiri Hills, above 5,000 ft., Hills of 
 
 Travancore, at 7,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome shrub with bright yellow flowers. 
 Yar. major, Praiii. A. major, W. & A. 257. Flowers larger, on 
 longer peduncles; leaflets larger and more silky as are the 
 branchlets. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, about 6,000ft.; Atapadi 
 
 Hills of Malabar, at 5,500 ft. (Fischer). 
 
 2. ATYLOSIA LINEATA, W. & A. 258; F.B.I, ii. 213. A. Lawii, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 93. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore, at 
 
 3,000 to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A compact ashy-grey bush with yellow flowers. 
 
Atylosia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 369 
 
 3. ATYLOSIA SERICEA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 213. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Hills of Vizagapatam, at 4.000 ft. and 
 
 higher (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 An erect white silky shrub with red flowers. 
 
 4. ATYLOSIA VOLUBILIS, Gamble n. comb. A. craxsa, Prain in 
 Journ. As. Soc. Beng. Ixvi, 45. A. mollis, Benth. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 213 in. jxii't. Clitic it* rolnbilix, Blanco. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the Hills of Gaiijam and Vizagapatam, up to 
 3.000 ft, 
 
 A climbing shrub with densely rusty tomentose foliage and 
 yellow flowers. 
 
 5. ATYLOSIA GOBNSIS, Dalz. A. burbata. Bak. in F. B. I. 
 ii. 216. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore, at low elevations 
 and up to 3,500 ft. 
 
 A climbing grey-pubescent shrub with yellow flowers. 
 6. ATYLOSIA ALBICANS, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 215. Cantharo- 
 Hperiui>i (ijbicdiii*. W. & A. 25(5 in j>art. 
 
 E. Ghats, Hills of Vi/a-npatam. at 1,500 ft.; Hills of 
 W. Deccan ; W. Ghfits from Mysore to Travancore, up to 
 5,000 ft., usually in somewhat dry localities. 
 A climbing shrub easily known by its bluish grey striate 
 stems and leaflets. Flowers yellow. 
 
 7. ATYLOSIA BTJGOSA, W. & A. 257 ; F. B. I. ii. 215. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, from 
 5,000 to 7,000 ft, ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A climbing shrub with reticulate leaflets grey-canescent 
 beneath, and yellow flowers. 
 
 8. ATYLOSIA SCARABAEOIDES, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 215. Can- 
 tharospermum pauciftorum, W. fc A. 255. 
 
 N. Circars, from Gaiijam to Godavari ; Deccan, in Mysore 
 and Coimbatore ; W. Ghats, at low levels on the E. side, 
 from Nilgiris to Cape Comorin. 
 
 A slender twining shrub with softly golden -villous pods 
 and yellow flowers. 
 
 Cttjttnus indicus, Spreiig., is the ''Pigeon pea" an erect shrub 
 with corolla yellow or yellow veined with red, cultivated for its 
 seeds especially in forest regions. The leaves are used for cattle- 
 fodder. Yern. Hind. Arhar dal ; Tarn. Tuvarai ; Tel. Kandalu. 
 
370 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dwwbaria. 
 
 49. Dunbaria, W. & A. 
 
 Prostrate or twining woody herbs. Leaves pinnately 3-folio- 
 late, glandular beneath ; stipules setaceous or lanceolate ; stipels, 
 small or 0. Flowers in axillary peduiicled racemes, solitary or 
 paired on the rhachis ; bracts membranous, usually broadly ovate,, 
 very early deciduous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tiibe campanulate, the 
 teeth lanceolate or triangular, the lowest the longest, the 2 upper 
 ones connate in an entire or bifid lobe. Corolla exserted, some- 
 times marcescent ; standard obovate or orbicular with auricles at 
 the base and 2 callosities above it ; wings obliquely obovate or 
 oblong, auricled; keel petals incurved, obtuse. Stamens dia~ 
 delphous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 
 many-ovuled ; style inflexed, filiform or thickened, beardless ; 
 stigma capitate. Pod oblong, compressed, subseptate within, not 
 depressed between the seeds outside. Seeds suborbicular, the 
 funicle expanded but scarcely strophiolate. 
 
 Corolla large, marcescent: 
 
 Sterns and leaves tawny -pubescent, the leaflets thick, broadly ovate,, 
 acute or acuminate ; stipels generally ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; 
 standard over 1 in. long, emarginate ; pod softly tawny-pubescent 
 
 1. ferruginea. 
 
 Stems and leaves with scattered strigose hairs, the leaflets thin,, 
 end one obovate, side ones unequally lanceolate, all acuminate; 
 stipels present; calyx-lobes short except the lowest; standard '75 in. 
 long, obtuse ; pod with long villous hairs 2. Heynei. 
 
 1. DUNBARIA FERRUGINEA, W. A. 258; F. B. I. ii. 217. 
 D. latifolia, W. & A. 258. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Cuddapah and N. Coimbatore ; W. Ghats, 
 in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Travancore Hills, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A stout climber with large yellow flowers. 
 
 2. DUNBARIA HEYNEI, W. & A. 258; F. B. I. ii. 217. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Mysore, Wynaad and the Anamalais, up to 
 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 A climber with yellow flowers ; stipules and stipels 
 
 prominent. 
 
 50. Cylista, Ait, 
 
 A twining shrub. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, with resinous 
 glands beneath ; leaflets ovate or rhomboidal, acuminate; stipulea 
 
Rhynehosia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 371 
 
 lanceolate, deciduous ; stipels subulate. Flowers in axillary some- 
 times panicled racemes ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, mem- 
 branous, caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tribe campanulate, lobes 
 obtuse scarious, accrescent, persistent, the lowest the largest and 
 boat-shaped, the upper 2 connate in an emarginate lip, the 2 lateral 
 shorter. Corolla included ; standard suborbicular, auricled at 
 base with 2 callosities above it ; wings narrow, auricled ; keel 
 incurved, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, anthers uniform. Ovary 
 subsessile, 1-ovuled ; style long, filiform ; stigma terminal, capi- 
 tate. Pod small, oblique, enclosed in the calyx. Seed 1, oblong, 
 not strophiolate. 
 
 CYLISTA SCARIOSA. Roxb. Cor. PL t. 92; F. B. I. ii. 219; 
 W. & A. 259 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1597. 
 
 N. Circars, common in the open forests from Gaiijam to 
 
 Godavari at low levels ; D ocean, in Kurnool and Mysore ; 
 
 Carnatic, in Tinnevelly. 
 
 A climber with yellow flowers concealed in a prominent 
 
 accrescent calyx, the leaflets reticulate beneath and softly 
 
 pubescent. 
 
 51. Rhynehosia, Lour. 
 
 Twining or erect herbs or shrubs. Leaves phmately or sometimes 
 subdigitately 3-f oliolate ; stipules ovate or lanceolate ; stipels subu- 
 late or minute or 0. Flowers in axillary racemes, solitary or in 
 pairs on the rhachis. rarely solitary; bracts usually caducous; brac- 
 teoles 0. Calyx-tube short, lobes subequal, the 2 upper more or 
 less connate, not or only slightly accrescent. Corolla included or 
 exserted ; standard obovate or orbicular with inflexed auricles at 
 the base ; wings narrow ; keel incurved, hardly beaked. Stamens 
 diadelphous; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, usually 2- rarely 
 1-ovuled ; style long, filiform, much incurved ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod round or oblong, more or less compressed, continuous or 
 septate within. Seeds 2, rarely 1, subreniform ; strophiole present 
 or absent. 
 Seeds strophiolate : 
 
 Calyx conspicuous, accrescent ; leaflets ovate, acute ; flowers in lax 
 racemes : 
 
 Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse ; bracts ovate ; pod as long as broad, 
 
 pointed, 1-seeded 1. rufescens. 
 
 Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute ; bracts cordate ; pod twice as long 
 as broad, 2-seeded 2. Heynei. 
 
372 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rhynchosia. 
 
 Calyx not accrescent : 
 
 Calyx-lobes linear, the lowest longest ; leaflets obtuse ; trailing 
 undershrubs or herbs : 
 
 Pod 1 -seeded, orbicular, with few branching transverse veins ; 
 flowers small, in elongate racemes ; leaflets broadly ovate- 
 cuneate, the end one truncate or emarginate, 1-2 in. in diam. 
 
 3. nummularia. 
 Pod 2-seeded ; flowers moderate- sized : 
 
 Flowers in racemes ; pod with close transverse wrinkles on 
 the faces : 
 
 Racemes few-flowered, the peduncle shorter than the 
 leaves, naked ; standard yellow striped with purple ; 
 leaflets suborbicular, deltoid, 3-'4 in. in diameter 
 
 4. aurea. 
 
 B/acemes many-flowered, capitate, the peduncle longer than 
 the leaves with a slender leafless shoot near the middle ; 
 standard yellow, not striped; leaflets orbicular-ovate, 
 
 deltoid, up to 2 in. in diam 5. capitata. 
 
 Flowers solitary on thread-like pedicels with bracts a short 
 way below the calyx ; leaflets coriaceous, obovate, white- 
 velvety beneath and reticulate, mucronate, up to 2'5 in. long; 
 pod oblong, *5 in. long, softly pubescent, not wrinkled on the 
 
 faces 6. filipes. 
 
 Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal ; leaflets acute ; 
 
 erect undershrubs with 2-flowered axillary peduncles; seeds 2: 
 
 Viscous-pubescent, yellowish when dry ; pod indented without 
 
 between the seeds and with a partition within ; leaflets ovate 
 
 acuminate, up to 3 in. long 7. suaveolens. 
 
 Glandular-pubescent but not viscous, greyish-green when dry ; 
 pod slightly indented without between the seeds but with no 
 partition within ; leaflets ovate acute or almost obtuse, up to 
 
 2 in. long 8. cana. 
 
 Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, longer than the corolla, the lowest 
 shortest ; erect undershrub with white-silky, coriaceous, reticu- 
 late, ovate or lanceolate leaflets up to T25 in. long; flowers in 
 short racemes ; pod suborbicular, '2- 3 in. in diam., seed 1 
 
 9. Beddomei. 
 Seeds estrophiolate : 
 
 Calyx-lobes large, foliaceous, '75 in. long ; flowers large, in long 
 racemes with large ovate-cuspidate deciduous bracts ; pod as long 
 as the calyx, densely velvety, with 2 blue-black seeds 
 
 10. cyanosperma. 
 
Khyncliosia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 373 
 
 Calyx-lobes acuminate, not foliaceous : 
 
 Leaflets small, usually obtuse, under 1*5 in. in diam. : 
 
 Racemes slender, lax, 1-3 in. long ; flowers small, '2 in. long ; 
 pod -5--6 in. long, '2 in. broad, nearly glabrous, slightly curved 
 
 11. minima. 
 
 Racemes short, cymose, about '5 in. long ; flowers larger, '5 in. 
 long; pod 1-1*25 in. long, - 4 in. broad, slightly puberulous, 
 
 much curved 12. velutina. 
 
 Leaflets moderately large to large, acute or acuminate, at any 
 rate over 1 in. in diam. even at the ends of the branchlets : 
 Flowers in more or less lax racemes; pod much longer than 
 the calyx, tipped with the persistent base of the style : 
 Pod acute at apex below the base of the style : 
 
 Pod with bulbous-based setose hairs, as well as pubes- 
 cence : 
 
 Corolla yellow; pubescence glandular; leaflets broadly 
 deltoid, shortly acuminate, rarely over 3 in. long; 
 bracts minute, deciduous ; pod sparsely pubescent 
 
 13. viscosa. 
 
 Corolla purple ; pubescence silky ; leaflets broadly ovate, 
 acute, the end one rhomboid, usually over 3 in. long ; 
 bracts lanceolate, subpersistent ; pod tawny-villous 
 
 14. sericea* 
 
 Pod softly grey-tomentose without setose hairs ; corolla 
 yellow veined with red ; pubescence very short, fulvous ; 
 leaflets rhomboid-ovate, very long acuminate, 3-5 in. long 
 
 15. acutissima. 
 
 Pod obtuse at apex below the curved style, minutely pubes- 
 cent ; corolla yellow ; pubescence softly fulvous ; bracts 
 lanceolate, deciduous ; leaflets deltoid, shortly acuminate, 
 
 coriaceous, up to 4 in. long 16. bracteata. 
 
 Flowers in dense almost capitate racemes ; pod only slightly 
 longer than the calyx, acute at tip, slightly villous ; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, acuminate, silky-villous and dotted with red glands 
 bracts lanceolate, persistent; leaflets rhomboid ovate, acute, 
 membranous, 1-2 in. long 17. densiflora* 
 
 1. RHYNCHOSIA RUFESCENS, DC. ; F.B.I, ii. 220; W. & A. 239. 
 
 X. Circars, from Ganjam to Godavari, at low levels 
 Deccan, in Mysore and Bellary ; Carnatic, dry hills of 
 S. Arcot and Chingleput; W. Ghats, in N. Nilgiris, E. 
 Anamalais and Pulneys, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
374 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rhynchosia. 
 
 An erect shrub with trailing branches, yellow flowers and 
 conspicuous calyx hiding the flowers and pod. 
 
 2. RHYNCHOSIA HBYNBI, W. & A. 240; F. B. I. ii. 220. 
 It. codoorensis, Bedd. Ic. t. 297. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore, Cuddapah and Bellary, in hilly country. 
 A herbaceous trailing undershrub with yellow flowers. 
 
 3. RHYNCHOSIA NUMMULARIA. DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 221. Nomis- 
 mia nmnmularia, W. & A. 237 ; Wt. Ic. t. 283. 
 
 Carnatic, in Tinnevelly, also Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A trailing annual herb. 
 
 4. RHYNCHOSIA ATJREA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 221 in part. Nomis- 
 mia aurea, W. & A. 237. 
 
 Carnatic, not uncommon near Madras ; Deccan, in Coim- 
 
 batore. 
 
 A slender trailing annual herb. 
 
 5. RHYNCHOSIA CAPITATA, DC. R. aurea, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 
 221 in part. Nomismia capitata, W. & A. 237 ; Wt. Ic. t. 295. 
 
 Deccan, in the Hills of Cuddapah, Anantapur and Coimba- 
 tore, up to 1,500 ft. ; E. Coast, at Masulipatam (Bourne). 
 A slender climber with flowers in many-flowered heads, 
 softly villous. 
 
 6. RHYNCHOSIA FILIPES, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 221. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at low levels ; 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 
 A slender wide-trailing undershrub with filiform stems 
 and peduncles. 
 
 7. RHYNCHOSIA SUAVEOLENS, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 221 ; W. & A. 
 240. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forest localities, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 in Coimbatore. 
 
 A viscous hairy undershrub with yellow flowers. 
 
 8. RHYNCHOSIA CANA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 222 ; W. & A. 240. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forest localities from the 
 Godavari southwards, up to 4,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in the 
 Nilgiri, Pulney arid Travaiicore Hills, up to 5,000 ft. 
 A glandular undershrub with yellow flowers. 
 0. RHYNCHOSIA BEDDOMEI, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 222. 
 
 Deccan, on rocks on Horsleykonda, at 4,000 ft., and other 
 
 hills in Cuddapah and Bellary. 
 
 A stiff undershrub with bright yellow flowers. 
 
Mhynchosia.^ LEGUMINOSAE. 375 
 
 10. RHYNCHOSIA CYANOSPERMA, Benth.; F. B. I. ii. 222. 
 Cyanospermum tomentosum, W. & A. 260 ; Wt. 111. t. 81. 
 Cylista toDientosa, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 221. 
 
 N. Circars, in the Hills of Yizagapatam, at 4,500 ft. ; 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to Travancore, up 
 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A stout woody climber with large velvety leaves and red 
 yellow or white flowers, the 2 seeds blue-black. 
 
 11. BHYNCHOSIA MINIMA, DC. ; F. B. I ii. 223. R. medicaginea, 
 DC. and R. nuda, DC. ; W. & A. 238. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic and westwards to the foot 
 of the Ghats, in dry places. 
 
 A slender trailing annual with small obtuse leaflets and 
 small yellow flowers. 
 
 Yar. laxiflora, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 223. Leaflets larger and 
 acute at apex ; racemes longer and laxer. 
 Circars and Deccan. 
 
 12. BHYNCHOSIA VELUTINA, W. & A. 238 ; F. B. I. ii. 224. 
 
 Fort St. George (Bulkeley, 1,700) ; Tanjore and Tinnevelly 
 
 (Wight). 
 
 A wide trailing herb with suborbicular leaflets, grey- 
 
 canescent beneath. 
 
 13. RHYNCHOSIA VISCOSA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 225. Dolichos 
 glutinosus, W. & A. 248. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Kurnool ; W. Ghats, Bolampatti Valley 
 in Coimbatore and Lower Pulneys, up to 1,500 ft. ; 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A climber with glandular branches and yellow flowers. 
 
 14. RHYNCHOSIA SERICEA, Span. ; F. B. I. ii. 225. Dolichos 
 tomentosus, W. & A. 248. 
 
 Deccan, Kondapalle in Kistna; W. Ghats, from Mysore 
 to the Pulney Hills, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A climbing shrub with soft silky pubescence and long 
 racemes of purple flowers. 
 
 15. RHYNCHOSIA ACUTISSIMA, Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 226. 
 
 Evergreen forests of the low country of Travancore 
 (Beddome, Rama Rao). 
 
 A slender climber with pale brown tomentum and long 
 acuminate leaflets. 
 
376 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rhynchoria. 
 
 16. RHYNCHOSIA BRACTEATA, Bentli. ; F. B. I. ii. 225. 
 
 Deccan, Mantralakaiiama Pass in Kurnool, 2,000 ft. 
 
 (Gamble). 
 
 A rather stiff climber with tawny pubescence and yellow 
 
 flowers. 
 
 17. RHYNCHOSIA DENSIFLORA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 226; W. & A. 
 239. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anamalais and Pulneys, up to 
 5,000 ft. 
 
 A slender twiner, softly villous, with yellow flowers, the 
 standard often streaked with red. 
 
 52. Flemingia, Eoxb. 
 
 Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs, erect or trailing. Leaves 
 1-foliolate or digitately 3-foliolate ; stipules striate, often deci- 
 duous ; stipels 0. Flowers in axillary or terminal simple or com- 
 pound racemes panicles or sometimes heads ; bracts foliaceous or 
 scarious, persistent or caducous ; bracteoles or minute. Calyx- 
 tube short, teeth subequal or the lowest the longest, usually 
 lanceolate. Corolla little or not exserted ; standard obovate or 
 orbicular, auricled at base ; wings obliquely oblong or obovate, 
 sometimes short, adnate to the obtuse or slightly rostrate keel. 
 Stamens diadelphous, anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile, short, 
 2-ovuled ; style filiform or thickened above ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod small, oblique, turgid, usually 2-seeded. Seeds suborbicular, 
 estrophiolate. 
 
 Leaves unifoliolate ; flowers in axillary and terminal distichous 
 racemes of small cymes, each fof which is hidden within a large 
 folded persistent cordate floral leaf, the cymes with many 
 bracteoles : 
 
 Leaflet lanceolate ; flowers '2-' 3 in. long ; rhachis of inflorescence 
 flexuose : 
 
 Branchlets terete ; floral leaves up to 1 in. long, glabrescent, 
 usually very shortly cuspidate ; lateral nerves of leaflets close, 
 
 usually more than 8 pairs 1. strobilifera. 
 
 Branchlets angular; floral leaves up to *75 in. long, softly hirsute, 
 usually emarginate ; lateral nerves of leaflets distant, usually less 
 
 than 6 pairs 2. bracteata. 
 
 Leaflet orbicular, cordate, cuspidate, 2-4 in. in diarn.; flowers 
 
.-] LEGUMIN08AE. 377 
 
 '-4 in. long; floral leaves much broader than long, deeply 
 
 emarginate ; rhachis of inflorescence straight 3. Chappar 
 
 Leaves 3-f oliolate : 
 
 Flowers very small, in lax panicles of racemes ; leaflets oblanceolate, 
 cuneate, plicate, with strong oblique nerves, 1-5-2-5 in. long; pods 
 
 oblong, glandular-pubescent, under -5 in. long 4. lineata. 
 
 Flowers fairly lai^e, in subspicate axillary racemes ; erect shrubs 
 with scariose bracts and 3-ribbed leaflets : 
 
 Branches prominently triquetrous; bracts linear-lanceolate, 
 -75 in. long, much exceeding the buds; leaflets oblong- 
 lanceolate, up to 1 ft. long, the ribs not very distinguishable 
 from the other nerves ; calyx-lobes white-silky, not glandular 
 
 short, the lowest the longest 5 dricka 
 
 Branches terete or slightly triquetrous; bracts not exceeding 
 the buds; calyx-lobes linear, elongate ; leaflet ribs prominent : 
 Leaflets thin, acuminate, glabrous except on the nerves 
 beneath : 
 
 Racemes short, 1-5-2-5 in. long; calyx-lobes white-silky 
 prominently dotted with black glands as is the almost 
 glabrous under-surface of the leaflets ; petiole not or only 
 
 slightly winged S. congest a. 
 
 3emes long, up to 4 or even 6 in. ; calyx-lobes tawny-silky, 
 without glands; under-surface of leaflets villous on the 
 nerves, not or only slightly glandular ; petiole winged 
 
 7. semialata. 
 
 Leaflets thick, acute or obtuse, pubescent or tomentose 
 
 beneath : 
 
 Calyx-lobes and pod densely covered with red glands (black 
 when dry) : 
 
 Leaflets obovate, obtuse or subacute, reticulate, grey- or 
 
 tawny-silky beneath 8 . Gr ahamiana. 
 
 Leaflets oblanceolate, acuminate, densely softly golden- 
 
 villous beneath a Wightiana. 
 
 ,alyx-lobes covered with hairs springing from yellow glands ; 
 pods not glandular; leaflets small, strongly ribbed and 
 
 nerved and reticulate la WMichiif 
 
 lowers in capitate terminal heads; trailing herbs with small ovate 
 acute leaflets ; calyx-lobes with hairs on yellow bulbous bases pod 
 very small, membranous, 1-seeded H. nilgheriensis. 
 
 1. FLEMINGIA STBOBILIPERA, R. Br. ; F. B. I. ii. 227 exd vars - 
 W. &A. 243; Wt.Ic.t.267. 
 
 cc 
 
378 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Flemingia. 
 
 E. Gh Its, Hills of Yizagapatam ; Deccan, Hills of KurnooU 
 W. Chats, Mysore to Malabar and Travancore, up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 An erect branching shrub, 4-6 ft. high with white flowers. 
 
 2. FLEMINGIA BRACTEATA, Wt. Ic. t. 268. F. strobilifera var. 
 bracteata, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 227. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Anamalais and Hills of Malabar, 
 
 up to 4,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 
 An erect branching shrub, 1-3 ft. high, with pink or purple 
 
 flowers. 
 
 3. FLEMINGIA CHAPPAR, Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 227. 
 
 N. Circars, Sal forests of Gairjam at low levels (Gamble). 
 An erect shrub with conspicuous floral leaves and white 
 flowers, often gregarious. 
 
 4. FLEMINGIA LINEATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 228 ; W. & A. 242 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 327. 
 
 E. Ghats, in the forests of the Upper Godavari (Gamble) ; 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri Hills, fide DC. 
 
 A small erect shrub, with small pinkish flowers. 
 
 5. FLEMINGIA STRICTA, Roxb. Cor. PL t, 248 ; F. B. I. ii. 228 ; 
 W. & A. 241 ; Wt. Ic, t. 329. 
 
 E. Ghats, in hill forests from Ganjam to Godavari, up 
 to 2,000 ft. 
 
 A tall shrub with triquetrous branches, very large stipules 
 and bracts, and flowers striped with pink, yellow and 
 violet. Yem. Tel. Guidda, 
 
 6. FLEMINGIA CONGESTA, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 228; W. & A. 241 ; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 390. 
 
 N. Circars, Sal forests of Ganjam ; Deccan, in Mysore. 
 An erect shrub, 4 ft. high or higher ; flowers streaked with 
 purple and yellow. 
 
 7. FLEMINGIA SEMIALATA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 249; W. & A. 241 
 Wt. Ic, t. 326. F. congesta var. semialata, Bak. in F. B. I. 
 ii. 229. 
 
 N. Circars, Hills of Yizagapatam ; W. Ghats, in Malabar v 
 
 Coimbatore, Cochin and Travancore, up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 An erect shrub; flowers pink with purple and orange streaks. 
 
 8. FLEMINGIA GRAHAMIANA, W. & A. 242; F. B. I. ii. 228. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Puhiey Hills and 
 the Hills of Travancore, 4,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
Itunwrgia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 379 
 
 An erect shrub with red, sticky glands which give a dye 
 (Wants) ; flowers pink. 
 
 i*. FLEMINGIA WIGHTIANA, Grah. ; W. & A. 242. F. congesta 
 var. Wightiana, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 229. 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill, Ganjani, at 4,000 ft.; 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Tinnevelly Hills, 
 in dry localities at low levels ; Shevaroy Hills in Salem . 
 An erect shrub, densely golden- silky, close to-F. Graliamiana, 
 but much less glandular. 
 
 10. FLEMINOIA WALLICHII. W. & A. 242; F. B. I. ii. 229. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wyiiaad and Coimbatore, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 An erect shrub with yellow glands and small reticulate 
 
 leaflets. 
 
 11. FLEMINGIA NILGHERIENSIS, Wight. F. vestifa var. nil- 
 yheriensis, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 230. F. pt-< cumber, Wt. Ic. 
 t. 987. 
 
 "W. Ghats, from the Bababudan Hills of Mysore to the 
 
 Nilgiris and Pulneys. at 4,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 A trailing plant with many yellow glands and purple 
 
 flowers. 
 
 53. Dalbergia, Linn. f. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate, impari- 
 pinnate or rarely 1-foliolate; leaflets alternate, usually 5 or 
 more; stipules usually small, deciduous; stipels 0. Flowers 
 small, usually numerous, in simple or panicled axillary or 
 terminal cymes ; bracts small, subpersistent ; bracteoles 2, usually 
 small and deciduous. Calyx campanulate ; teeth short, distinct, 
 the lowest usually longest. Corolla exserted ; standard ovate 
 obovate or orbicular; wings oblong, free; keel obtuse, the petals 
 joined at the tip. Stamens monadelphous (9 or 10) or isodia- 
 delphous (5 and 5), rarely diadelphous (9 and 1), anthers minute, 
 the cells back to back, dehiscing apically. Ovary stalked ; ovules 
 few; style incurved, short, beardless; stigma small, capitate. 
 Pod indehiscent, samaroid and compressed, sometimes thickened, 
 usually reticulate opposite the seed. Seeds 1-4, reniforrn, com- 
 pressed ; hilum small. 
 
 Standard erect, wings cuneate, rarely truncate or subhastate at base, 
 keel petals cuneate or hastate ; style thick, cylindric, usually short ; 
 stamens usually monadelphous : 
 
380 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dalbergia 
 
 Flowers minute ; bracteoles usually persistent ; inflorescence 
 dichotomously cymose ; small, erect or climbing 1 shrubs : 
 
 Pod thickened, reniform-falcate ; branchlets ending in spines ; 
 flowers in axillary racemes ; leaflets 5-9, - 4-'7 in. long, obovate, 
 
 obtuse or retuse ; seeds 1, rarely 2 1. spinosa. 
 
 Pod samaroid ; flowers in axillary cymose panicles : 
 
 Pod pubescent, broadly oblong ; stem armed, branchlets un- 
 armed ; leaflets 11-15, *2-'6 in. long, elliptic- oblong, emar- 
 
 ginate; seeds 1, rarely 2 or 3 2. multiflora. 
 
 Pod glabrous, narrowly ovate ; branchlets ending in spines ; 
 leaflets 7-11, *3 in. long, elliptic, obtuse or retuse; pod ovate, 
 
 acute at both ends, seed 1 3. coromandeliana. 
 
 Flowers small ; bracteoles deciduous ; inflorescence cymosely pani- 
 culate; leaflets few, suborbicular, cuspidate; pod narrowly ligu- 
 
 late, 1-2- or rarely 3-seeded ; tree Sissoo. 
 
 Standard refract or reflexed, wings hastate or sagittate at base, keel 
 petals hastate, style slender; stamens variously arranged : 
 
 All petals with a slender claw ; stamens usually monadelphous ; 
 standard refract ; climbing shrubs : 
 
 Pod thickened, reniform-falcate ; leaflets 5-7, emarginate, under 
 
 1 in. long; bracteoles obtuse 4. candenatensis. 
 
 Pod samaroid, broadly ligulate ; leaflets 3-5 or fewer, abruptly 
 cuspidate and retuse at apex, up to 4 in. long, 2 in. broad ; brac- 
 teoles subulate 5. rostrata. 
 
 Pod samaroid, oblong, netted- veined ; leaflets 3-5, obtuse or 
 emarginate at apex, up to 2*5 in. long, 1*25 in. wide ; bracteoles 
 
 obtuse 6. rubiginosa. 
 
 Pod samaroid, ovate : 
 
 Leaflets 5-11, cuneate at base, retuse at apex, '75-1 '75 in. long, 
 prominently nerved, ferruginous - pubescent beneath when 
 young ; pod smooth but reticulate opposite the seeds, shortly 
 
 stalked 7. congesta. 
 
 Leaflets rounded at base and apex, obscurely nerved : 
 
 Leaflets 7-11, '5-'75 in. long, shining above, densely rusty - 
 tomentose beneath ; stalk of pod "25 in. long. . .8. Gardneriana. 
 Leaflets 21-31, '5 in. long, elliptic-oblong, rusty-pubescent 
 
 beneath; pod with '75 in. filiform stalk 9. malabarica. 
 
 Pod samaroid, narrowly ligulate; leaflets very many, small, 
 6-*8 in. long, '25 in. wide, linear-oblong, obtuse; pod long- stipitate 
 
 10. acaciaefolia. 
 
 All petals except the cuneate standard with a slender claw, 
 standard reflexed : 
 
Dalberyia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 381 
 
 Stamens usually moiiadelphous, 9 or 10 ; trees : 
 
 Flowers in corymbose panicles fascicled on old wood below the 
 upper leaves or in the axils of older] leaves ; leaflets orbicular, 
 obtuse or emarginate, curved to the petiole at base ; pod usually 
 obtuse at apex with a minute apicule, *7 in. broad ; young 
 
 leaves green , 11 . latifolia. 
 
 Flowers in loose single panicles terminal or axillary to leaves 
 of new shoots ; leaflets obovate acute, rarely suborbicular or 
 obtuse, more or less cuneate at base ; pod acute at apex with 
 a longish apicule, '5 in. broad ; young leaves yellowish 
 
 12. sissoides. 
 Stamens isodiadelphous, 5 and 5 : 
 
 Standard narrow, obovate-oblong, slightly auricled at base with 
 a rather long claw and not thickened above it ; flowers in 
 dense panicles ; leaflets 9-13, elliptic, retuse, nerves not promi- 
 nent; pod short-stipitate, coriaceous, narrowed at both ends, 
 
 1-2-seeded ; tree 13. paniculata. 
 
 Standard broad, obovate, thickened above the very short 
 claw : 
 
 Tree; leaflets 7-11, ovate-oblong, rarely suborbicular, nerves 
 usually prominent ; flowers in loose panicles ; pod long- 
 stipitate, oblong, tapering to both ends, 1-3-seeded 
 
 14. lanceolaria. 
 
 Climbing shrub ; leaflets 11-13, obovate- or ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse, mucronulate, nerves fairly prominent ; pod short- 
 stipitate, oblong, obtuse at apex, 1- rarely 2-seeded 
 
 lo. volubilis. 
 
 1. DALBERGIA SPINOSA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 238; Prain Ann. 
 Calc. x. 35, t. 9. 
 
 Coast forests of S. Arcot (Wooldridge) ; Tnticorin (Wight). 
 A stiff, often climbing shrub with whitish small flowers. 
 Bark blackish -grey, rough; wood in alternate layers of 
 wood and bark tissue. 
 
 2. DALBERGIA MULTIFLORA, Heyne; Prain Ann. Calc. x. t. 18. 
 D. sympathetica, Nimmo ; F. B. I. ii. 234. 
 
 W. Ghats, lower hills from S. Canara to Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A large climbing shrub, often with curiously twisted 
 
 branches bearing spines ; flowers white ; leaflets pubescent 
 
 or glabrous. 
 
382 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dalbergia. 
 
 3. DALBERGIA COROMANDELIANA, Prain Ann. Calc. x. 46, t. 21. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sivagiri Hills of Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 
 An erect spinous shrub with very small leaves and sub- 
 
 acute pod. 
 
 4. DALBERGIA CANDENATENSIS, Prain. D. torta, Grab. ; 
 Prain Ann. Calc. x. 54, t. 42. D. monosperma, Dalz. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 237. 
 
 Coast of Travancore and Malabar, in Mangrove swamps. 
 A stout climbing shrub with the twigs often twisted into 
 spiral hooks ; flowers white. 
 
 5. DALBERGIA ROSTRATA, Grab.; Prain Ann. Calc. x. 60, t. 3H. 
 D. Championii, Thw.; F, B. I. ii. 231. 
 
 W. Ghats, Tambraparni river (Beddome). 
 
 A shrubby climber with cream-coloured flowers, the leaflets 
 
 cuspidate with a retuse tip. 
 
 6. DALBERGIA RUBIGINOSA, Roxb. ; Cor. PL t. 115 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 232 ; W. & A. 265 ; Prain Ann. Calc. x. 63, t. 40. 
 
 N. Circars, in the hills (fide Roxburgh) ; Mangalore in S. 
 Canara (Wight); Coimbatore Hills, at 4,000 ft. (A. W. 
 Lushington, Fischer). 
 A large climbing shrub. 
 
 7. DALBERGIA CONGESTA, Grah. ; F. B. I. ii. 232, excl. syn. 
 D. Gardneriana ; W. & A. 265 ; Prain Ann. Calc. x. 66, t. 43. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, at 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with white flowers and 1-seeded 
 
 coriaceous pod. 
 
 8. DALBERGIA GARDNERIANA, Benth. ; Prain Ann. Calc. x. 66, 
 t. 44. D. coiigeska, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 232 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, at 5,000 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 A climbing shrub with white flowers, rusty-tomentose 
 
 branchlets and 1-seeded thin pod. 
 
 9. DALBERGIA MALABARICA, Prain Ann. Calc. x. 67, t. 46. 
 D. tamarindifolia var. pubescens, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 235. 
 
 W. Coast, in dry forests of S. Canara, S. Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A climbing shrub with white flowers and 1-seeded ovate- 
 oblong thinly coriaceous pod. 
 10. DALBERGIA ACACIAEFOLIA, Dalz. ; Prain Ann. Calc. x. 68, 
 
 t. 47. D. tamarindifolia var. acaciaefolia, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 
 
 236. 
 
Dalbergia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 383 
 
 W. Coast, in dry forests in S. Canara and Tinnevelly. 
 
 A woody climbing shrub or small tree with white flowers 
 
 and very thin 1-2- seeded pod. 
 
 11. DALBERGIA LATIFOLIA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 113; Fl. Br. Ind* 
 
 ii. 231; W. & A. 264; Pram Ann. Gale. x. 80, t. 62. 
 
 N. Circars, scattered in hill forests, more common on the 
 
 Godavari ; Deccan, in forests in all Districts ; W. Ghats, 
 
 in dry forests as far South as the Anamalais. Blackwood 
 
 or Rosewood. 
 
 A large deciduous tree in good soil, a small one in poor soil. 
 
 Bark thick, grey ; wood extremely hard, the heartwood 
 
 dark purple with black streaks, used chiefly for furniture 
 
 but ;dso for agricultural purposes. Flowers white. Vern. 
 
 Hind. Sitsal ; Ur. Sissua ; Tel. Jitegi ; Tarn. Eravadi. 
 
 12. DALBERGIA SISSOIDES, Grah. ; W. & A. 265; Praiii Ann. 
 Calc. x. 81, t. 63. D. lattfolia var. sissoides, Bak. in F. B. I. 
 ii. 231. D. lattfolia, Wt/Ic. t. 1156 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 24. 
 
 W. Ghats, from the Mysore Hills southwards to the Pulneys 
 and Hills of Travancore, at rather low levels but occasion- 
 ally up to 5,000 ft. Malabar Blackwood. 
 A large deciduous tree, giving a fine dark-purple heartwood 
 similar to the timber of D. latifolia, of which it seems to 
 be the moist forest form. Flowers white. Yerii. Tarn. 
 Thothagatti ; Mai. Eetti, Yitti, Karitti. 
 
 13. DALBERGIA PANICULATA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 114; F. B. I. ii. 
 236 ; W. & A. 265 ; Pram Ann. Calc. x. 87, t. 68. 
 
 All dry Districts, in deciduous forests, up to 1,500 ft. 
 A conspicuous tree from its smooth grey bark. The wood 
 is rather soft, yellowish-white, in concentric bands of wood 
 and bast tissue, and of no value, and so the tree is often 
 left standing alone in forests which have been worked for 
 timber and fuel. Flowers white or bluish-white. Vern. 
 Hind. Passi ; Ur. Dhupi ; Td. Patsaru ; Tain. Panni vagei 
 Mai. Vetta tholi. 
 
 14. DALBERGIA LANCEOLARIA, Linn, f . ; F. B. I. ii. 235. D.fron- 
 dosa, Roxb. ; W. & A. 266 in part Wt. Ic. t. 266 ; Pram 
 Ann. Calc. x. 93, t. 76. 
 
 N". Circars and Deccan, scarce, in dry forests in hilly 
 country; W. Ghats, from Canara to the Pulneys and 
 Travancore, at low elevations, in grassy forests. 
 
384 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dalbergia. 
 
 A large and pretty deciduous tree with grey smooth bark 
 and white moderately hard wood of no great value. 
 Flowers pinkish or bluish-white. Yern. Tel. Terra patsaru ; 
 Tarn. Erigei. 
 
 15. DALBERGIA VOLUBILIS, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 191 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 235 ; W. & A. 265 ; Pram Ann. Calc. x. 100, t. 85. 
 All dry Districts, in deciduous forests. 
 A large woody climber with light brown hard wood, the 
 flowers pale blue. 
 
 Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxb., a tree of river beds in the Subhinia- 
 layan tract of N. India and valuable for its hard dark brown wood 
 used for furniture and Ordnance purposes, is often planted in 
 S. India and may sometimes be found run wild. 
 
 54. Pterocarpus, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate, 
 usually coriaceous ; stipules small, deciduous ; stipels 0. Flowers 
 yellowish, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles; bracts 
 small, deciduous ; bracteoles 2, caducous. Calyx-tube campanu- 
 late, somewhat curved ; teeth short, the 2 upper often subconnate. 
 Corolla exserted, the petals all long-clawed; standard orbicular, 
 crisped at the margin ; wings oblique, the margins also crisped ; 
 keel-petals oblique, smaller, slightly connate. Stamens 10, the 
 filaments connate in a tube split above, sometimes split in 2 bundles 
 of 5, sometimes the vexillary filament free ; anthers uniform. 
 Ovary sessile or stalked ; ovules 2-6 ; style filiform, incurved, 
 beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod orbicular, compressed, with a 
 broad wing, the style turned down towards the stipe. Seeds 1 
 rarely 2, oblong or subreniform ; hilum small. 
 
 Flowers axillary, in simple or sparingly branched racemes ; leaflets 
 usually 3, rarely 4-5, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, slightly 
 emarginate ; pod with '35 in. long stipe, concavely curved between 
 
 the stipe and style... 1. santalinus. 
 
 Flowers in terminal panicles ; leaflets 5-7 from elliptic-oblong, obtuse 
 emarginate or even bilobed at apex to ovate acuminate ; pod with 
 2 in. long stipe, convexly curved between the stipe and style 
 
 2. Marsupiuin* 
 
 1. PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS, Linn, f . ; F.B.I, ii. 239 , W. & A. 
 266; Bedd. Fl. t, 22. 
 
Pongawia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 385 
 
 Deccan, in the Hills of Cuddapah, S. Kurnool, N". Arcot 
 and Chingleput, up to 1,500 ft. Red Sanders. 
 A very pretty and valuable moderate-sized tree, found only 
 on a limited area. Bark blackish-brown deeply cleft into 
 rectangular plates ; wood extremely hard, dark claret red 
 to nearly black, used for house-posts, carvings and as a dye. 
 Vern. Tel. Terra chandanum. 
 
 2. PTEEOCARPUS MARSUPIUM, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 116; F. B. I. 
 ii. 239; W. & A. 266 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 21. 
 
 All forest Districts, chiefly in deciduous forest, up to 
 4,500 ft, 
 
 A large deciduous tree, one of the most valuable in the 
 Madras forests. Bark thick, grey, with vertical cracks. 
 Wood very hard, yellowish-brown with darker streaks, used 
 for building, furniture, agricultural and railway purposes. 
 It gives a red gum-resin "Kino," used in medicine. Vern. 
 Hind. Bijasal; Ur. Byasa ; Tel. Yegi ; Tain. Vengai ; Kan. 
 Honne ; Mai. Yenga. 
 Var. cunus. Gamble. Branchlets, leaves beneath, calyx and 
 
 rhachis softly white-silky pubescent ; leaves much smaller ; flowers 
 
 small, in shorter racemes. 
 
 Hills of the Kistna District (Beddonie). 
 
 55. Pongamia, Yent. 
 
 A tree. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite i 
 stipules small ; stipels 0. Flowers in lax axillary racemes, the 
 flowers in fascicles of 2-4 on the rhachis; bracts small, caducous ; 
 bracteoles minute. Calyx campanulate, truncate; teeth obsolete. 
 Corolla much exserted ; standard suborbicular with curved folds 
 above the claw ; wings obliquely oblong, slightly adiiate above the 
 claws to the obtuse keel petals which are joined near the tip. 
 Stamens 10 nionadelphous, the vexillary stamen free below and 
 above ; anthers uniform. Ovary subsessile ; ovules 2 ; style 
 incurved, beardless ; stigma capitate. Pod obliquely oblong, 
 attenuated at both ends, curved at apex, thick, more or less 
 compressed, indehiscent. Seed 1, reniform, rather thick ; hilum 
 small. 
 
 POXGAMIA GLABRA, Yent.; F. B. I. ii. 240; W. & A. 262^ 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 59; Bedd. Fl. t. 177. 
 
 Coast forests and on tidal river banks ; inland chiefly along 
 
6 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pongamia. 
 
 streams and rivers in most Districts, in the hills up to 3,000 ft. 
 Often planted in gardens and avenues. 
 
 A moderate-sized nearly evergreen tree with 5 or more rather 
 large ovate acuminate leaflets and pinkish- white flowers. 
 Bark thick, greyish-brown, tubercled ; wood white, moder- 
 ately hard, used for cart-wheels and other purposes. The 
 seeds give an oil, used for burning and in medicine. Yern. 
 Hind. Karanj ; Ur. Koranju; Tel. Ka,nuga; Tarn. Ponga. 
 
 56. Derris, Lour. 
 
 Climbing shrubs, rarely erect trees. Leaves alternate, impari- 
 pinnate; leaflets opposite; stipules small; stipels usually 0. 
 Flowers in fascicles, rarely solitary, on the rhachis of axillary or 
 terminal racemes or panicles ; bracts small, caducous ; bracteoles 
 ovate or orbicular, small, often caducous. Calyx-tube cam- 
 panulate, nearly truncate ; teeth very short. Corolla much 
 exserted ; standard obovate or orbicular, broad, not auricled 
 and rarely callose ; wings obliquely oblong, often spurred above 
 the long claw, slightly adnate to the incurved obtuse keel. 
 Stamens usually monadelphous, the vexillary filament free below, 
 rarely quite free ; anthers uniform, versatile. Ovary sessile or 
 shortly stipitate, few-ovuled ; style incurved ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod usually thin, sometimes thickened, indehiscent, oblong or 
 obliquely orbicular, winged along the upper or both sutures. Seeds 
 solitary or few, compressed, reniforin or orbicular; hilum small. 
 
 Pod winged along the upper suture only : 
 
 Pod narrow, ligulate, acute at both ends, up to 4 in. long and 
 5-seeded ; leaflets many, elliptic-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or the 
 end one obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, shining above, 1-2 in. 
 
 long 1. scandens. 
 
 Pod broad, obliquely ovate or orbicular, obtuse at both ends, 
 1-1*5 in. long, 1 in. broad, 1-2-seeded ; leaflets usually 5-7, ovate, 
 
 acuminate, subcoriaceous, dull, 2'5-4 in. long 2. uliginosa 
 
 Pod winged on both sutures : 
 
 Wings of pod narrow, the pods more or less flattened : 
 Pods usually pointed at both ends : 
 
 Pods glabrous, 1-3-seeded, up to 3*5 in. long, 1 in. broad, the 
 tip hooked; leaflets oblong- lanceolate or -oblanceolate, up to 
 
 4 in. long, '5-l'5 in. broad 3, canarensis. 
 
 Pods ferruginous-tomentose, 1-2 in. long, '5-'6 in. broad, the 
 
>erris.] LEGUMINOSAE. :*S7 
 
 lower wing very narrow, the apex sometimes obtuse, slightly 
 hooked, the few veins prominent ; leaflets 5-7, elliptic-ovate, 
 coriaceous, greyish-green when dry, 1-1*5 in. or more long, 
 
 75-1 in. broad 4. Benthamii. 
 
 Pods obtuse at both ends, especially at base, ferruginous- 
 tomentose, about 2 in. long, 1 in. broad ; leaflets 5-7, elliptic- 
 obovate, abruptly obtusely acuminate, shining above, coriaceous, 
 
 up to 4- in. long by 2 in. broad 5. brevipes. 
 
 Wings of pod broad, the pod flat, glabrous, reticulately veined, the 
 ;i]M>x acute and hooked: 
 
 Pod 2-4 in. long, 1-1-5 in. broad, ovate or oblong, seeds 1-3; 
 flowers small, monadolphous, in lax panicles; leaflets 5-7, ovate 
 or lanceolate, obtusely and often emarginately acuminate, 
 
 coriaceous, 2-2 '5 in. long 6. Heynenmi. 
 
 Pod 4-5 in. long, 1-1'25 in. broad, oblong, 1 -3- seeded ; flowers 
 large for the genus, diadelphous, in long panicles of racemes ; 
 leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, rounded at base, obtusely 
 acuminate at apex, reticulate, coriaceous, 3-4*5 long, T5-2 in. 
 broad 7. eualata. 
 
 1. DERRIS SCANDENS, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 240.. Dalbergia 
 scandens, Roxb. Cor. PL 1. 192 ; W. & A. 264 ; Wt. Ic. t. 275. 
 
 Almost all forest Districts, from the N. Circars south- 
 wards, chiefly in open places. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with white or pink flowers on 
 drooping branches, the pod sometimes up to 5-seeded. 
 Yern. Tel. Nalla tiga ; Tarn. Tekil. 
 
 2. DERRIS ULIGINOSA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 241. Pongamia 
 uUgmosa, DC. ; W. & A. 262. 
 
 Sea-coast forests and tidal river banks on both sides of 
 the Peninsula. 
 
 A large evergreen climbing shrub with rose-coloured 
 flowers and rather large leaflets. 
 
 3. DERRIS CANARENSIS, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 246. D. oblonga, 
 Benth. ; F. B, I. ii. 242 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. t. 29. 
 
 W. Coast, in evergreen forest and along backwaters. 
 A large climbing shrub with pink flowers. 
 
 4. DERRIS BENTHAMII, Thw. D. paniculata, Benth. ; F.B.I. 
 ii. 242. D. Wiglitii, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 247. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Sivagiri Hills, Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 A slender glabrous climber. 
 
388 FLORA OF MADRAS. [D. 
 
 5. DERRIS BREVIPES, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 244. 
 
 W. Ghats, from the Nilgiris to the Hills of Travancore, 
 up to 5,000 ft., common. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with red flowers, the pods very" 
 little known. 
 
 6. DERRIS HEYNEANA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 244. 
 
 W. Ghats, Hills of Travancore, up to 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large climber with small rose-red flowers in large 
 
 panicles. 
 
 7. DERRIS EUALATA, Bedd. Ic. 42, t. 186, doubtfully of F. B. I. 
 ii. 244. D. platyptera, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 245. 
 
 W. Ghats and W. Coast, from S. Canara and Coorg to 
 
 Travancore, at low levels. 
 
 A very large climbing shrub, with rather large white 
 
 flowers and broadly - winged flat pods. The flowers 
 
 solitary and not fascicled on the rhachis, the diadelphous 
 
 stamens and reticulate leaves easily characterize this 
 
 species. 
 
 57. Sophora, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipimiate ; leaflets opposite or 
 subopposite; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; stipels setaceous 
 or 0. Flowers showy, in terminal racemes or panicles ; bracts 
 linear, caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube widely canipanulate, 
 oblique at mouth ; teeth short, deltoid. Corolla much exserted, 
 the petals clawed ; standard oblong obovate or orbicular ; wings 
 oblong, obtuse, sagittate or hastate above the claw ; keel petals 
 obtuse, cohering, sometimes with a mucro. Stamens 10, free; 
 anthers versatile. Ovary stipitate, many-ovuled ; style incurved; 
 stigma terminal, minute. Pod moniliform, dehiscent or inde- 
 hiscent, the joints turgid, sometimes with 4 wings. Seeds obovoid 
 or globose ; strophiole 0. 
 
 Pod not winged ; standard narrow ; attenuate into a broad claw : 
 Pod velvety, 1-6-seeded, not much constricted between the seeds ; 
 standard obovate ; leaflets more than 21, close, elliptic-oblong-, sub- 
 acute, mucronate, '75-1-25 in. long, densely golden-silky beneath; 
 
 seeds white 1. glauca. 
 
 Pod pubescent, 2-4-seeded, much constricted between the seeds ; 
 standard oblong; leaflets 11-15, distant, lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
 2-3 in. long, slightly brown silky beneath ; seeds red 2. Wightii. 
 
Calpurnia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 389 
 
 Pod crisply 4-winged, especially opposite the seeds, much narrowed 
 between them ; standard orbicular with a slender claw ; leaflets more 
 than 19, elliptic, obtuse or emarginate, '75-1 '25 in. long, prominently 
 reticulate above, very slightly pubescent beneath 3. interrupta. 
 
 1. SOPHORA GLAUCA, Lesch. ; F. B. I. ii. 249; W. & A. 179; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 979. Edwardsia maderaspatana, "Wt. Ic. t. 1054, 
 except the pods. 
 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam, at 3,000 ft. 
 (Fischer and Gage) ; W. Ghats, common on open downs in 
 the Nilgiri Hills, at 5,000 to 8,000 ft. ; Hills of Travancore 
 at Peer made, etc. ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A pretty shrub with white pink or purplish flowers. 
 
 2. SOPHORA WIGHTII, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 250. S. heptaphylla, 
 Wt. le. t. 1155, not of Linn. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, at about 4,000 ft. 
 A small tree with yellow flowers. 
 
 3. SOPHORA INTERRUPTA, Bedd. Ic. t. 165; F. B. I. ii. 251. 
 Edwardsia maderaspatana, Wt. Ic. t. 1054, pods only. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Cuddapah and N. Arcot, at 2,500-3,000 ft. 
 (Wight, Beddome). 
 
 A large shrub or small tree, with corky bark, yellow flowers 
 and curiously winged and jointed pod. 
 
 58. Calpurnia, E. Mey. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets many, oppo- 
 site; stipules small; stipels 0. Flowers yellow, in racemes, 
 axillary or panicled at the ends of the branchlets ; bracts very 
 small ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate, the teeth 
 short and broad, the 2 upper subconnate. Corolla much exserted, 
 the petals clawed; standard suborbicular, erect or recurved; 
 wings falcate-oblong ; keel petals incurved, obtuse, cohering at 
 the back. Stamens 10, free ; anthers versatile. Ovary stalked, 
 linear, many-ovuled ; style subulate, incurved ; stigma capitate. 
 Pod linear, flat, membranous, indehiscent, with a narrow wing 
 on the dorsal suture, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, compressed, 
 transverse ; strophiole 0. 
 
 CALPURNIA AUREA, Bak. in F. B. I. ii. 251. Virgilia aurea, 
 Lam. ; W. & A. 179. 
 Deccan, in the Hills of Mysore and Coimbatore and the 
 
390 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Calpurnia. 
 
 Denkincottah Hills of Salem, up to 5,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in 
 the Courtallum Hills of Tinnevelly. 
 
 A large showy shrub with yellow flowers, leaves with many 
 ovate oblong leaflets 1-1*5 in. long, and flat pods about 3 in. 
 long and '5 in. broad with 3-6 seeds. 
 
 59. Ormosia, Jacks. 
 
 Erect trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite ; stipules 
 small ; stipels usually 0. Flowers in terminal panicles or in 
 racemes from upper leaf -axils ; bracts small ; bracteoles minute, 
 linear. Calyx-tube shortly campanulate, deeply cleft, the upper 
 teeth the shortest. Corolla little exserted, the petals with short 
 claws ; standard suborbicular ; wings oblong, often more or less 
 sagittate at base ; keel petals free, somewhat incurved. Stamens 
 10, free, unequal; anthers versatile. Ovary subsessile, 2-many- 
 ovuled ; style subulate, involute ; stigma oblique. Pod thick, 
 often woody, oblong or elongate, dehiscent, not winged. Seeds 
 obovate or oblong, shining, the testa scarlet or brown-red, some- 
 times arillate. 
 
 ORMOSIA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 45 ; F. B. I. ii. 253. 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara and Mysore to the Anamalais and 
 the Hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, up to 3,000 ft., in 
 evergreen forests, scattered and not common. 
 A lofty tree with stem unbranched for a considerable height, 
 grey smooth bark and white moderately hard wood. The 
 flowers are purple striped with green, the pod red with one 
 red seed and the leaves have 7-9 ovate obtusely cuspidate 
 coriaceous leaflets 2-3 in. long. Yern. Tarn., Mai. Malei 
 manchadi. 
 
 Virgilia capensis, Lam., is a pretty Cape shrub with silvery 
 leaves and pinkish flowers, cultivated in gardens on the Nilgiri 
 Hills. 
 
No. 3. 
 
 FLORA 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE 
 
 PART III 
 
 LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE TO 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDEE THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 LONDON 
 
 ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD. 
 BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, B.C. 
 
FLORA 
 
 PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE, C.I.E., M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S. 
 
 LATE OF THE INDIAN FOREST DEPARTMENT 
 
 PART III 
 
 LEG UHINOSAE-CAESALPIXIOIDEA E TO 
 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE 
 SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL 
 
 1919 
 
INTEODUCTION TO PAET III. 
 
 As indicated in my Introduction to Part II, this one- has 
 had to be prepared with such material as was available in this 
 country, chiefly the Herbaria at Kew and the British Museum 
 and my own collections. But I have recently had, by the 
 courtesy of the Eegius Keeper, the use of the South Indian 
 specimens in the Herbarium of the Koyal Botanic Gardens,. 
 Edinburgh, among which are many of those collected by 
 Roxburgh, Wight, Sir Walter Elliot, Dr. H. Cleghorn, Sir G. 
 Watt and others. I have also been able to use, by the 
 kindness of the Sherardian Professor of Botany at Oxford , 
 the Dubois Collection made more than 200 years ago. 
 
 For the future, I am glad to say that the Madras and 
 Calcutta and .Travancore collections will again be available 
 for the work. 
 
 I have thought it best to close this Part without breaking 
 into the large Family of the Rubiaceae, but Parts I, II and 
 III together will, by ending at p. 577, be still one page ahead 
 of the proper number, 576. 
 
 J. S. GAMBLE. 
 Liss : September 25th, 1919. 
 
FLORA OF MADKAS. 
 
 Subfamily II. CAESALPINIOIDEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs sometimes climbing, rarely herbs. Leaves 
 pinnate or bipinnate, usually with many leaflets, sometimes 
 reduced to 1 pair and these sometimes again more or less connate ; 
 stipels none or rarely minute. Flowers zygomorphic, rarely 
 regular, hermaphrodite, various in size and colour, usually 
 racemose, the racemes axillary, lateral or panicled at the ends of 
 the branchlets. Calyx enclosing the disk; lobes usually 5 or 4 
 from union of the upper pair, separate to the margin of the short 
 or elongated disk, or very rarely gamosepalous, imbricate, rarely 
 valvate. Petals usually 5. rarely fewer or 0. the upper innermost 
 in bud, the others imbricate. St'i-mens 10 or fewer by abortion, 
 rarely numerous ; filaments usually free. Ocary free or on a 
 stalk which is more or less adiiate to the disk. Pod dehiscent 
 or indehiscent, often septate. Szcds various, albuminous or 
 exalbuminous. 
 
 Tribe IX. EUCAESALPINIEAE. Leaves all bipinnate or rarely 
 simply pinnate ; sepals free to the disk : anthers versatile : 
 Flowers in racemes or panicles : 
 Sepals imbricate : 
 
 Pod not Avinged or rarely slightly winged; leaflets rather 
 
 small . . . 60. Caesalpinia. 
 
 Pod broadly winged along the upper suture ; leaflets large 
 
 61. Mezoneurum. 
 Pod produced in a wing at the apex ; leaflets small 
 
 62. Pterolobium. 
 Sepals valvate or subvalvate: 
 
 Pod thin, flat ; leaf rhachis long with many pinnae and leaflets ; 
 
 flowers large 63. Delonix. 
 
 Pod turgid, moiiiliform; leaf rhachis very short with 2-6 pinnae 
 
 with many minute leaflets; flowers small 64. Parkinsonia. 
 
 Flowers in elongate racemes : 
 
 Stamens 10 ; prickly climber with small leaflets and turgid sub- 
 
 torulose pod 65. Wagatea. 
 
 Stamens 5 ; unarmed lofty tree with large leaflets and flat-winged 
 pcd 66. Acrocarpus. 
 
 DD 
 
392 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Cassieae. 
 
 Tribe X. CAS8IEAE. Leaves simply pinnate ; calyx-lobes usually 
 
 free to the base : 
 
 Petals 5 ; stamens 10, sometimes some reduced to staminodes ; 
 anthers usually dehiscing by a terminal pore; leaves abruptly 
 
 pinnate 67 . Cassia. 
 
 Petals ; stamens 2, anthers dehiscing longitudinally ; leaves 
 imparipinnate 68. Dialium. 
 
 Tribe XI. BAUHINIEAE. Leaves of 2 leaflets, usually joined together 
 
 for a portion of their length, sometimes free ; calyx gamosepalous : 
 
 Petals unequal, erect or patent ; stamens 10, sometimes reduced to 
 
 3 or even 1, the rest usually sterile 69. Bauhinia. 
 
 Tribe XII. AMHERSTIEAE. Leaves usually abruptly pinnate; 
 calyx-lobes free to the disk, usually imbricate ; ovary 3-many-ovuled, 
 the ovary stalk adnate to the disk : 
 
 Petals wanting; stamens 3-9 ; calyx-lobes 4 70. Saraca. 
 
 Petals 3-5 . 
 
 Stamens monadelphous, only 3 developed ; leaflets many 
 
 71. Tamarindus. 
 Stamens 5, free, equal, alternating with 5 staminodes 
 
 72. Humboldtia. 
 
 Tribe XIII. CYNOMETREAE. - Leaves abruptly pinnate, 2-many- 
 foliolate ; calyx-lobes free to the disk, imbricate or valvate ; ovary 
 1-2 ovuled ; seed 1 : 
 Petals wanting : 
 
 Leaflets 1 pair ; stigma large, peltate ; pod samaroid below 
 
 73. Hardwickia. 
 Leaflets 4-7 ; stigma minute ; pod thickened below 
 
 74. Kingiodendron. 
 Petals 5; leaflets 1-3 pairs; stigma capitate 75. Cynometra 
 
 60. Caesalpinia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs or climbers, armed or unarmed. Leaves 
 abruptly bipinuate ; pinnae abruptly pinnate ; leaflets many 
 small or fewer and larger ; stipules various ; stipels or converted 
 into thorns. Flowers often showy, yellow or red, in axillary or 
 terminal racemes or panicles ; bracts caducous ; bracteoles 0. 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, connate at base in a disk-lined tube ; the lowest 
 sepal concave outermost. Petals 5, orbicular or oblong, clawed, 
 the uppermost smallest. Stamens 10, free, declinate ; anthers 
 uniform. Ovary sessile, few-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma ter- 
 
Caesalpinia.~] LEGUMINOSAE. 393 
 
 minal. Pod oblong or ovoid, thin, flattened or turgid, sometimes 
 spiny, sometimes torulose. Seeds transverse, ovate to orbicular. 
 
 Pod covered with wiry prickles, oblong-, inflated ; petals narrow ; 
 seeds 1-3, hard, globose, grey : 
 
 Leaves with large foliaceous pinnate stipules ; leaflets elliptic- 
 oblong, obtuse, mucronate, 1-2 in. long ; \>racts lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, -5 in. long ; pods 2-3*5 in. long, 1*5-2 in. broad 1. crista. 
 
 Leaves without stipules ; leaflets elliptic-oblong, acute, 2-3 in. long ; 
 bracts subulate, *25 in. long ; pods 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad 
 
 2. Jayabo. 
 
 Pod with minute bristles, obo void-falcate, turgid, shortly beaked, 
 1*5-2 in. long, *7 in. broad, 2-seeded ; steins leaf-rhachises and pedicels 
 densely prickly ; leaves with many short pinnae each with 10-20 
 
 pairs of small leaflets ; racemes 1-2*5 ft. long 3. mimosoides. 
 
 Pod without prickles or bristles, usually glabrous : 
 Pod flattened, not twisted or torulose : 
 
 Pod obliquely ovoid, beaked, 2-2*5 in. long, 1*25 in. broad, 
 1-seeded ; stems recurved prickly ; pinnae 3-4 pairs, leaflets 2-3 
 pairs, ovate, acute, up to 2 in. long, 1 in, broad ; flowers in panicles 
 
 of racemes 4. Nuga. 
 
 Pod obliquely-oblong, truncate at apex and prominently beaked 
 on the upper suture, 3-4 in. long, 1*5 in. broad, 3-4-seeded ; stem 
 with few prickles ; pinnae 8-12 pairs, leaflets 10-18 pairs, oblong- 
 falcate ; 5 in. long ; flowers in panicles of racemes Sappan. 
 
 Pod oblong, sometimes slightly winged on the upper suture, 
 prominently beaked 34 in. long, 1 in. broad, 6-8-seeded ; stems 
 etc., with many recurved thorns ; pinnae 5-10 pairs, leaflets 8-12 
 pairs, *5-'7 in. long ; flowers in racemes with long pedicels 
 
 5. s.epiaria. 
 
 Pod oblong, straight, thin, 2-3 in. long, '7 in. broad, shortly 
 beaked ; stems nearly unarmed, erect ; pinnae 6-8 pairs, leaflets 
 about 10, obovate, *5-'7 in. long ; flowers in subcorymbose racemes 
 
 pulcherrima. 
 
 Pod torulose, thick, oblong, with a short recurved beak, 1*5-2 in. 
 long, '7 in. broad, 2-4-seeded ; prickles few ; pinnae about 10 pairs, 
 
 leaflets 8-10 pairs, '3-'4 in. long ; flowers in racemes 6. digyna. 
 
 Pod twisted, thin ; stems unarmed ; pinnae 7-8 pairs, leaflets 
 25-30, very narrow, '25 in. long ; flowers small, in short dense 
 panicles Coriaria. 
 
 1. CAESALPINIA CRISTA, Linn. C. Bonducella, Flem. ; F. B. I. ii. 
 254. Guilandina Bonduc. ; W. & A. 280 in part var. minor, DC. 
 
394 FLORA OF MADRAS. ICaescdpinia. 
 
 In most Plains Districts, in hedges and on waste lands 
 
 near villages, especially near the coast. 
 
 A large straggling very thorny shrub with yellow 'flowers. 
 
 The hard grey seeds are used in medicine to give a bitter 
 
 tonic. Yern. Hind. Kat karanj.; Tel. Getsakeia; Tarn. 
 
 Kalichikai. 
 
 2. CAESALPINIA JAYABO, Maza ; Merr. in Interp. Herb. Amb. 
 261. C. Bonduc, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 255. Cuilandma 
 Bcnditc., W. & A. 280 in part var. major, DC. 
 
 Cariiatic, near the coast (?) (G. Thomson). 
 
 A large straggling shrub with yellow flowers and larger 
 
 leaflets than the last. 
 
 3. CAESALPJNIA MIMOSOIDES, Lanik. ; F. B. I. ii. 256 ; W. & A. 
 281 ; Wt. Ic. t. 392. 
 
 \r. Coast and W. Ghats at low levels and up to 4,000 ft. 
 A very prickly climbing shrub with bright yellow flowers. 
 
 4. CAESALPINIA NUGA, Ait. ; F. B. I. ii. 255. C. panieidata, 
 Roxb.; W. & A. 281; Wt. Ic. t. 36. 
 
 W. Coast, on river banks. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with yellow fragrant flowers. 
 
 5. CAESALPINIA SEPIARIA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 256 ; W. & A. 
 282 ; Wt. Ic. t. 37. 
 
 Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic in hedges and open bushy 
 places ; W. Ghats, up to 6,000 ft. The Mysore Thorn. 
 A large straggling thorny shrub with bright yellow flowers, 
 usually very pubescent, but sometimes in the Deccan 
 nearly glabrous as in N. India. Yern. Hind. Aila; Ur. 
 Gilo ; Mar. Chilian. 
 
 6. CAESALPINIA DIGYNA, Rottl. ; F. B. I. ii. 256 ; W. & A. 281. 
 
 N. Circars, from Ganjam to Godavari, chiefly near villages. 
 
 A prickly climbing shrub, with yellow flowers, the upper 
 
 petal streaked with red. The seeds give an oil and the 
 
 pods are said to give a very valuable tanning material. 
 
 Caesalpinia Sappan, Linn., is the Sappaii Wood, a tree with 
 
 an orange-red hard heartwood, which besides being useful in 
 
 turnery gives a red dye. It is only found in cultivation. 
 
 C. pidclierrina, Swartz, is an erect shrub with yellow or scarlet 
 
 flowers with long stamens, very common in gardens. C. Coriarla, 
 
 Willd., the " Divi-divi," is a small branching South American 
 
 tree, cultivated for its pods, which are a valuable tanning material. 
 
Pterolobium.'} LEGUMINOSAE. 395 
 
 61. Mezoneurum, Desf. 
 
 Prickly woody climbing shrubs. Leaves abruptly bi pinnate ; 
 pinnae abruptly pinnate ; leaflets small and numerous or large 
 and few ; stipules small or ; stipels 0. Flowers in axillary or 
 terminal panicles of racemes; bracts narrow, usually deciduous ; 
 liracteoles 0. Calyx very oblique, the tube short ; lobes imbricate; 
 the lowest longest and hood-like. Petals 5, 4 orbicular, spreading, 
 subequal, the uppermost different. Stamens 10, free, exserted ; 
 anthers uniform. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, 2-many- 
 ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma small, capitate. Pod oblong, flat, 
 thin, indehiscent, broadly winged along the upper suture. Seeds 
 transverse, compressed, orbicular or reniform. 
 
 MEZONEURUM CUCULLATUM, W. & A. 283; F. B. I. ii. 258; 
 var. grandis. Baker in F. B. I. ii. 2-">s. 
 
 Malabar and Travancore, in forests up to 2,000 ft. 
 A large climbing shrub, the steins with conical corky protu- 
 berances bearing a pair of hooked thorns; the upper petal 
 short and wide, 2-lobed ; the leaflets 3-4 in. long. 
 
 62. Pterolobium, R. Br. 
 
 Trees or climbing shrubs, armed with recurved thorns. Leaves 
 bipinnate, the leaflets small ; stipules and stipels small, caducous. 
 Flou:ers small, in axillary or terminal racemes, long-pedicellate ; 
 bracts subulate, caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube short, cup- 
 shaped, persistent ; lobes 5, imbricate, the lowest longest. Petals 
 5, unequal, clawed, as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10, free, 
 the filaments villous ; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, 1-ovuled ; 
 style subulate; stigma terminal, dilated. Pod indehiscent; 
 Bamaroid, 1-seeded, ending in an oblong* or falcate wing. Seed 
 large, compressed. 
 
 PTEROLOBIUM INDICUM, A. Rich. ; F. B. I. ii. 259. P. laceram, 
 
 Wall; W. & A. 283; \Vt. Ic. t. 196. 
 
 All dry forest Districts from the Godavari southwards to 
 the lower Pulneys. Common in open places over bushes 
 and small trees. 
 
 A very thorny straggling or climbing shrub with yellow 
 flowers and reddish winged pod. Yern. Tel. Walekaduda. 
 
396 FLORA OF MADRAS. [DeZonir. 
 
 63. Delonix, Eaf. 
 
 Erect unarmed trees. Leaves abruptly biphmate ; leaflets 
 many, small ; stipules small ; stipels 0. Flowers large, showy, 
 in terminal corymbs ; bracts small, caducous ; bracteoles 0. 
 Calyx-tulie very short; lobes 5, valvate, subequal. Petals 5. 
 orbicular, imbricate, clawed, subequal or the uppermost dis- 
 similar; margins fimbriate. Stamens 10, free, declinate, long- 
 exserted; filaments villous below; anthers uniform. Ovary 
 subsessile, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma truncate, ciliolate. 
 Pod elongate, flat, woody, dehiscent. Seeds transverse, oblong. 
 
 Petals yellowish-white, turning orange ; leaflets "5 in. long ; pod 
 
 6-8 in. long, 1 in. broad 1. elata. 
 
 Petals crimson, the claws yellow, the upper petal white streaked 
 with red and yellow; leaflets '25 in. long; pod up to 2'5 ft. long, 
 2 in. broad reqia. 
 
 DELONIX ELATA, Gamble n. comb. Poinciana elata, Linn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 260; W. & A. 282 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 178. 
 
 Planted as an avenue tree and run wild; rare, but found 
 in forests on both sides of the Peninsula according to 
 Roxburgh, Brandis and Beddome, but this is very doubtful. 
 A pretty medium-sized tree with a yellowish-white wood. 
 . The branches and leaves are cut for leaf-manure. Yern. 
 
 Tel. Sankesula ; Tain. Padenarayan. 
 
 Delonix regia, Raf., the Gul Mohr or Flamboyant tree 
 is an introduction, said to come from Madagascar, and is 
 planted in gardens and avenues for ornament and for the shade 
 given by its rounded head, bright green leaves and magnificent 
 trusses of crimson flowers. The wood is soft and white, of no 
 value. 
 
 6f. Parkinsonia, Linn. 
 
 Small armed trees. Leaves bipimiate with a very short main 
 rhachis ; pinnae long, with flattened rhachis bearing many very 
 small leaflets ; stipules spinescent, straight ; stipels 0. Flowers 
 in short lax axillary racemes, pedicels long ; bracts small, 
 caducous ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube short, disk-lined ; lobes 
 membranous, slightly unequal, subvalvate. Petals 5, spreading, 
 with short broad claws, that of the uppermost longer. Stamens 
 10, free ; filaments villous ; anthers uniform. Ovary shortly 
 stalked, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma small, terminal. 
 
Acrocarpus.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 397 
 
 Pod linear, torulose, turgid at the seeds, finally dehiscent. Seeds 
 oblong, elongate. 
 
 PARKINSONIA ACULEATA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 260; W. & A. 284. 
 
 In all dry Districts, a native of Tropical America, run wild, 
 
 often on black cotton soil. 
 
 A small tree or shrub with showy yellow flowers and narrow 
 
 pods, the very small leaflets often early deciduous. Yern. 
 
 Teb. Sinia tumana. 
 
 65. Wagatea, Dalz. 
 
 A climbing shrub with scattered prickles. Leaves abruptly 
 bipiiinate, pinnae 4-6 pair, leaflets 6-7 pair, oblong ; stipules small. 
 Flowers subsessile in long simple or panicled spicate racemes ; 
 bracts minute. Calyx-tube campanulate ; lobes 5, subvalvate, 
 the lowest rather the largest. Petals 5, subequal, erect, *oblong, 
 obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 10, free ; filaments pilose at the 
 base ; anthers uniform, alternate ones shorter. Ovary subsessile, 
 free, many-ovuled ; style slightly clavate ; stigma oblique. Pod 
 oblong, indehiscent, subtorulose, turgid at the seeds. Seeds 
 ovoid. 
 WAGATEA SPICATA, Dalz.; F. B. I. ii. 261; Wt. Ic. t. 1995. 
 
 W. Ghats, in 8. Canara, Mysore and Malabar, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A prickly climber with scarlet calyx and orange petals. 
 
 66. Acrocarpus, Wt. 
 
 An erect unarmed tree. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 3-5 pairs, 
 each with 5-6 pairs of large leaflets, paripinnate ; stipules 
 deciduous ; stipels 0. Flowers in dense axillary racemes, usually 
 deflexed, pedicels short; bracts small, caducous, like the small 
 lanceolate bracteoles. Calyx -tube campanulate, disk -lined; 
 lobes 5, lanceolate^ equal, as long as tube. Petals 5, narrow, 
 subequal. Stamens 5, free, exserted, anthers versatile. Ovary 
 stipitate, many-ovuled; style short, incurved; stigma minute. 
 Pod flat, ligulate, dehiscent, the upper suture winged, 5-10-seeded. 
 Seeds obovate, oblique, compressed. 
 
 ACROCARPUS FRAXINIFOLIUS, Wt. Ic. t. 254, excl. leaf; 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 292 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 44. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai, Travancore and Tinnevelly 
 
 hills, in evergreen forest up to 4,000 ft. ; often planted. 
 
 A very large and UJfty deciduous tree with large buttresses, 
 
398 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acrocarpus. 
 
 the flowers green with crimson stamens, the leaflets elliptic- 
 lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, bright red when young. Bark light 
 grey; wood light red, useful for building and furniture. 
 Yern. Tain. Malam konne ; Mai. Kurangan. 
 
 67. Cassia, Linn. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the rhachis 
 often furnished with glands between the leaflets or on the petiole 
 below them ; stipules various ; stipels 0. Flowers usually yellow, 
 often large and showy, in axillary racemes, terminal panicles 
 or supra-axillary fascicles of 1 or more ; bracts and bracteoles 
 present, various. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 5, imbricate. 
 Petals 5, imbricate, subequal or the lower the largest. Stamens 
 normally 10 but rarely all perfect and equal, 2-5 usually the 
 uppermost, being sometimes wanting or reduced to staminodes ; 
 anthers of the 3 lowest stamens often the longest, all dehiscing 
 by terminal pores or by a short slit. Ovary sessile or stalked, 
 many-ovuled; style incurved; stigma terminal, usually truncate, 
 sometimes ciliolate. Pod variable, dehiscent or indehiscent, 
 terete or flat, usually septate between the seeds. Seeds transverse, 
 rarely longitudinal, usually compressed, albuminous. 
 Sepals broad, obtuse : 
 
 Stamens all antheriferous, but the 2-3 lowest larger than the 
 others and with longer filaments ; pods long, terete, indehiscent, 
 cylindrical, transversely septate : 
 
 Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate, acute, 2-6 in. long ; petals yellow ; pod 
 
 1-2 ft. long- 1. Fistula. 
 
 Leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong, obtuse, 1-2 in. long ; petals rose- 
 coloured; pod under 6 in. long ..- 2. marginata. 
 
 Stamens with 6-7 antheriferous, the rest reduced to staminodes 
 pods usually dehiscent, transversely septate : 
 
 Leaves with 1 gland just above the base of the petiole, none 
 between the leaflets : 
 
 Leaves almost glabrous ; pods compressed, torn lose, the 
 margins thickened : 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate, acuminate, 1-3 in. long ; pods flat 
 
 3. occidentalis. 
 Leaflets 5-10 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, about 1 in. long ; 
 
 pods more or less turgid 4. Sophera. 
 
 Leaves and pods hirsute ; leaflets about 4 pairs, lanceolate, 
 2-4 in. long ; pods slender, flattened 5. hirsuta. 
 
LEGUMINOSAE. 399- 
 
 Leaves with subulate glands between the leaflets, none on the 
 petiole base ; stipules narrow, caducous : 
 
 Leaflets 3 pairs, obovate, obtuse ; flowers small, in axillary 
 
 pairs; pods slender, subtetragonous ; annual herbs 6. Tora. 
 
 Leaflets 3-5 pairs, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 glabrous ; flowers in subterminal corymbs, large ; pods cyliiidric, 
 
 turgid, up to 3 in. long 7. laevigata. 
 
 Leaflets 6-8 pairs, oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose beneath ; 
 flowers in subterminal corymbose racemes, large ; pods flattened, 
 
 up to 5 in. long, pubescent 8. tomentosa. 
 
 Leaves with subulate glands between all the 8-12 pairs of elliptic - 
 obtuse leaflets, and a pair of large obliquely cordate stipules at 
 their bases ; flowers in subterminal but axillary corymbs, large ; 
 pods flat, papery, obtuse at each end, stalked, 4-5 in. long, '7 in. 
 
 broad 9. auriculata. 
 
 Leaves without glands on the petiole or between the leaflets : 
 Pods more than 3 in. long : 
 
 Stipules minute, caducous ; racemes corymbose, forming a 
 long terminal panicle : 
 
 Pods 3-5 in. long, '5 in. broad, flat, long-apiculate, the 
 sutures thin, with straight transverse ridges when dry ; 
 leaflets 10-16 pairs, oblong, 1-1*25 in. long, long-mucronate 
 
 10. montana.. 
 
 Pods 6-9 in. long, *5 in. broad, the apicule deciduous, the 
 sutures thickened, indented between the seeds ; leaflets 
 8-14 pairs, oblong, emarginate, T5-3 in. long, shortly 
 
 mueronate 11. siamea. 
 
 Stipules broad, persistent : 
 
 Flowers in axillary corymbose racemes forming a terminal 
 panicle ; leaflets 10-20 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mueronate, 
 pubescent, 1-1 '5 in. long ; pods flat, thin, with their sutures 
 5-7 in. long, '5 in. broad, transversely ridged 
 
 12. timoriensis. 
 
 Flowers in long-peduncled racemes with broad bracts ; 
 leaflets 5-12 pairs, oblong, large, 2-6 in. long, up to 3 in. 
 broad ; pods membranous, dehiscent, winged at the middle 
 
 of each valve alata. 
 
 Pods less than 3 in. long, oblong,' thin, papery, rounded at both 
 ends, curved : 
 
 Pods 1-1-5 in. long, '5 in. broad, much curved, crested on 
 the valves opposite the seeds; racemes short with small 
 flowers ; leaves with 4-6 pairs of obovate-oblong obtuse 
 leaflets 13. obtusa. 
 
400 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cassia. 
 
 Pods 1-5-2 in. long-, '6-'7 in. "broad, slightly curved, not 
 crested ; racemes long with large flowers ; leaves with 5-8 
 
 pairs of lanceolate acute leaflets angustifolia. 
 
 Stamens 10, all equal, the two lowest with longer filaments ; leaflets 
 4-6 pairs, ovate, acute or obtuse, glaucous ; 1*5-4 in. long, 1-15 in. 
 broad, usually with glands on the rhachis between the leaflets ; 
 pods straight, flat, thin, transversely barred, 6-8 in. long, -5-' 7 in. 
 
 broad, stalked 14. glauca. 
 
 Sepals narrow, usually p^cute, pod small, ligulate, dehiscent ; fertile 
 stamens 5 or 10 : 
 
 Leaflets 2 pairs, ovate, membranous, oblique, about 1 in. long ; 
 flowers axillary ; fertile stamens 5, equal ; pod 1-2 in. long by 
 25 in. broad, ligulate, viscous, glandular like the stems and 
 
 branches 15. Absus. 
 
 Leaflets very many, small, narrow, with a gland on the petiole 
 below them ; stipules conspicuous ; flowers supra-axillary : 
 
 Gland on the petiole stipitate, peltate ; midrib close to the upper 
 margin of the leaflet : 
 
 Stamens 5, fertile, staminodes ; leaflets 20-40 pairs, usually 
 very crispate-villous ; flowers very small, solitary... 16. pumila. 
 Stamens 10, alternately long and short ; leaflets 10-20 pairs, 
 usually glabrous, the rhachis crispate-villous ; flowers rather 
 
 large, 1-3 together in a large bract 17. Kleinii. 
 
 Oland on the petiole sessile : 
 
 Midrib nearer the upper than the lower margin of the sub- 
 falcate leaflet : 
 
 Leaves usually 3-4 in. long, less at base and in young plants ; 
 leaflets 40-60 pairs ; stamens 10, alternately long and short, 
 
 narrow ; pod 1-2 in. long, 16-25-seeded 18. mimosoides. 
 
 Leaves usually only 1-2 in. long, leaflets 16-24 pairs ; stamens 
 sometimes 10, usually 1-3 wanting or reduced to staminodes, 
 broad at top ; pod 1-2 in. long, 8-16-seeded 
 
 19. Leschenaidtiana. 
 
 Midrib nearly central on the oblong leaflet ; leaves 2-3 in. long 
 with about 15 pairs of mucronate leaflets '6 in. long by '1-'15 in. 
 broad; stamens 10, all perfect or 1-3 reduced; pods 1-1*5 in. 
 long, appressed-pubescent, aboiit 10-seeded 20. nigricans. 
 
 1. CASSIA FISTULA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 261 ; W. & A. 285. C. 
 rhomlifolia Roxb. ; Wt. Ic. t. 269. 
 
 Deciduous forests in all Districts, frequently planted in 
 gardens and avenues. The Indian Laburnum. 
 
Cassia.] LEGUMINOSAE. 401 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with pale smooth bark when young, 
 darker and rough when old, at once recognised by its long 
 racemes of bright yellow flowers and long cylindrical pod. 
 The wood is very hard, reddish-brown, strong and durable, 
 especially useful for agricultural work. Yern. Hind. 
 Amaltas ; Ur. Sunari ; Tel. Rela ; Tani. Konnei ; Mai. 
 Konna ; Kan. Kakke. 
 
 2. CASSIA MARGINATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 262. C. Roxburghii, 
 DC. ; W. & A. 286 ; Wt. 111. t. 83 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 180. 
 
 Camatic, in forests from S. Arcot to Travancore, elsewhere 
 often planted for ornament. 
 
 A small deciduous tree with brown bark, short axillary 
 racemes of rose-coloured flowers and a pod like that of 
 the first, only shorter and more torulose. Yern. Tarn. 
 Yakai ; Mai. Kada konna. 
 
 3. CASSIA OCCIDENTALS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 262 ; W. & A. 290. 
 
 All plains Districts, by roadsides and on waste lands, 
 perhaps introduced from W. Indies. 
 
 A diffuse undershrub with yellow flowers. Yern. Hind. 
 Kasondi ; Tel. Cashanda; Tarn. Payaverai. 
 
 4. CASSIA SOPHERA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 262 ; W. &. A. 287. 
 
 All plains Districts, by roadsides and on waste lands. 
 
 A diffuse undershrub with yellow flowers. Yern. Hind. 
 
 Kasondi; TcL Pydi-tangedu ; Tarn. Ponaveri. 
 
 5. CASSIA HIRSUTA, Linn. ; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 
 Ixvi. 2. 474. 
 
 Deccan, in the Babubudaii Hills of Mysore, 4,000 ft. 
 (Talbot) ; Raimmdrug, Bellary (Lushiiigton), also in the 
 Camatic near Madras ; an introduction from America 
 now run wild. 
 A diffuse undershrub with flowers in pairs in the leaf -axils. 
 
 6. CASSIA TORA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 263 in part W. & A. 290 
 /// part. 
 
 All plains Districts, oil waysides, waste places, fallow lands 
 and in forest undergrowth, also in the hills at low eleva- 
 tions, up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 An annual weed, almost an undershrub, with small yellow 
 flowers and very long curved pods with rhombohedral seeds 
 which give a blue dye. Yern. Hind. Chakimda ; Tel. 
 Tantipu; Tarn. Tagerai. 
 
402 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cassia. 
 
 7. CASSIA LAEVIGATA, Willd. ; Pram in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 
 Ixvi. 2.476. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 4,000-6,000 ft., introduced from 
 
 tropical America and now run wild. 
 
 A conspicuous shrub with large yellow flowers. 
 
 8. CASSIA TOMENTOSA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 263 ; W. & A. 286. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 6,000 ft., introduced from 
 
 tropical America and now run wild. 
 
 A conspicuous shrub with large yellow flowers. 
 
 9. CASSIA AURICULATA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 263; W. & A. 290; 
 Trim. Fl. Ceyl. t. xxxiii. 
 
 Circars from Chicacole southwards, but not common ; 
 Deccan and Camatic, in most Districts on dry stony hills 
 and on black cotton soil, often gregarious. 
 A beautiful shrub with large bright yellow flowers. The 
 bark gives a valuable tanning material, the collection of it 
 forming an important forest industry. Vern. Hind. Tarwar ; 
 Tel. Tangedu ; Tarn. Avararn. 
 
 10. CASSIA MONTANA, Heyne; F. B. I. ii. 264; W. & A. 289. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, on dry stony hills and up to 3,000 ft. 
 A handsome shrub with yellow flowers. Vern. Tel. Pagadi 
 tangedu, Konda tangedu. 
 
 11. CASSIA SIAMEA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 264. C. florida, Yahl; 
 W. & A. 288; Bedd. FL t. 179. 
 
 Carnatic, from the Shevaroy Hills southwards common 
 
 in forests (Beddome). Much planted in avenues, etc., and 
 
 now naturalized. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with yellow flowers in bracteate 
 
 corymbs forming a large terminal panicle. Bark grey ; 
 
 wood dark brown to nearly black, hard and durable. Vern. 
 
 Tarn. Manja Koniiei. 
 12. CASSIA TIMORIENSIS, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 265. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the Carcoor G-hat (Lawson) up to about 3,000 ft., 
 low country of Travancore (Bourdilloii). 
 
 A small tree or large shrub with pubescent leaflets and 
 
 calyx, flowers yellow. 
 
 13. CASSIA OBTTJSA, Roxb. ; W. & A. 288 ; Wt, Ic. t. 757. C. 
 obovata, Collad. ; F. B. I. ii. 264. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry places on open lands and 
 
 pastures. 
 
Cassia.] LEOUMINOSAE. 403 
 
 A diffuse perennial herb with pale yellow flowers. The 
 leaves are sometimes used as a. substitute for senna. 
 
 14. CASSIA GLAUCA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 265 ; W. & A. 289. 
 
 W. Ghats, scarce as a wild plant, commonly planted in 
 gardens. 
 
 A handsome shrub or small tree with pale yellow flowers 
 and reflexed bracts. 
 
 Yar. suffruticosa, Prain. C. Bufruticosa, W. & A. 289. 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, chiefly on E. side. 
 A shrub with smaller leaflets, flowers and pod, the leaflets 
 more numerous. 
 
 15. CASSIA ABSUS, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 265 ; W. & A. 291. 
 
 All dry Districts, on waste lands and in open forest. 
 
 A viscous annual or biennial with very small reddish-yellow 
 
 flowers. 
 
 16. CASSIA PUMILA, Lamk.; F. B. I. ii. 266; W. A. 292. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in pasture lands. 
 
 A small diffuse or procumbent undershrub with small 
 
 yellow flowers on very short pedicels. 
 
 17. CASSIA KLEINII, W. & A. 293; F. B. I. ii. 266. 
 
 Deccan, in Cuddapah ; W. Coast in S. Canara, Malabar 
 and Travancore, scarce. 
 
 A diffuse undershrub with rather large yellow flowers, 
 usually with long pedicels. 
 
 1 s. CASSIA MIMOSOIDES, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 266. C. angustissima, 
 Lamk. ; W. & A. 292. 
 
 N. Circars, hills of Gumsur; Deccan, in hills as Horsley 
 Konda and Ramaiidrug, up to 4,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in 
 Malabar, Nilgiris, Anamalais and Travancore Hills, up to 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 A diffuse undershrub with long slender branches and 
 yellow flowers. 
 
 19. CASSIA LESCHENAULTIANA, DC. ; Prain in Journ. As. Soc. 
 Beng. Ixvi. ii. 477. C. WaUichiana, DC.; W. & A. 292. 
 C. mimosoides var. WaUichiana, Baker in F. B. I. ii. 266. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills up to 
 6.000 ft., in grass lands; Deccan, in the hills of Mysore. 
 A suberect undershrub with yellow flowers. 
 
 20. CASSIA NIGRICANS, Yahl ; Pram in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 
 Ixvi. ii. 477 
 
404 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cassia. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Hohenacker) ; Carnatic, near 
 Tuticorinin Tinnevelly (Wight), a coast species apparently. 
 A shrub or undershrub with] yellowish-red flowers, 2-5 
 together on rather stout pedicels some distance above the 
 leaves. 
 
 Cassia alata, Linn., is a handsome shrub or small tree which 
 has been introduced probably from the W. Indies, and is cultivated 
 in gardens and possibly sometimes found run wild. C. angustifolia, 
 Yahl; F. B. I. ii. 264 (C. lanceolata, W. & A. 288) is the Tinnevelly 
 senna cultivated in S. India for its leaves, which afford a purga- 
 tive drug. C. grandis, Linn, f., is a large tree sometimes cultivated 
 for ornament and in avenues. 
 
 68. Dialium, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets subopposite or alternate ; 
 stipules small ; stipels 0, Flowers small, in axillary or terminal 
 panicles of small cymules; bracts and bracteoles small, caducous. 
 Calyx-tube very short ; lobes 5, petaloid, imbricate. Petals small 
 or 0. Stamens 2, rarely 3, free, with short filaments ; anthers 
 erect, oblong, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, 2-ovuled ; 
 style subulate ; stigma small, terminal. Pod ovoid -globose, 
 indehiscent, 1- seeded; exocarp hard or fragile; endocarp usually 
 pulpy. Seed 1, more or less compressed, albuminous ; cotyledons 
 flat. 
 
 DIALIUM TRAVANCORICUM, Bourd. in Ind. For. xxx. 243 with 
 
 fig. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the forests of S. Travancore near Ponmudi at 
 1,000-2,000 ft. 
 
 A very large evergreen tree with globose pods and leaves 
 with 7-11 caudate-acuminate leaflets 2-3 in. long by about 
 1 in. broad. The bark is pale brown and smooth and the 
 wood brownish-grey with darker lines, likely to be useful. 
 Yern. Mai. Malam puli. 
 
 69. Bauhinia, Linn. 
 Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing, the latter often with 
 
 circinate tendrils. Leaves of 2 leaflets, free or more usually 
 adnate into one entire leaf more or less deeply cleft at the apex 
 and palmately ribbed ; stipules usually small, caducous. Flowers 
 more or less zygomorphic, in terminal or rarely axillary racemes 
 
Bauhinia.'] LEGUMINOSAE, 40& 
 
 or in spreading or corymbose terminal panicles ; bracts and 
 bracteoles present, small, often caducous. Calyx-iube cylindric 
 or turbinate, lined by the disk ; limb entire and spathaceous 
 with 5 teeth or cleft into lobes. Petals 5, slightly unequal, erect 
 or spreading, imbricate, usually clawed, the upper petal innermost. 
 Stamens 10 or reduced to 5 or 3 or even 1 fertile, the rest sterile 
 or wanting; filaments free, filiform; anthers versatile, dehiscing 
 longitudinally. Ovary stalked, inany-ovuled ; style short or fili- 
 form ; stigma small or large and peltate, subterminal or oblique. 
 Pod linear or oblong, flattened, continuous within or rarely 
 septate, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds orbicular or ovate, 
 compressed, albuminous. 
 
 Fertile stamens 10 : 
 
 Calyx spathaceous, 5-toothed at apex, the tube short; trees or 
 shrubs : 
 
 Pod dehiscent, thin, *5-'7 in. broad; flowers large : 
 
 Flowers yellow, the standard with a red blotch ; calyx- limb 
 ovate, '5 in. long ; leaflets 1-2 in. long, rounded at apex, 
 connate for about half their length ; pod 4-5 in. long, not 
 
 ridged along the upper suture 1. tomentosa. 
 
 Flowers white ; calyx-limb loi^g acuminate, 1-1*5 in. long ; 
 leaflets 3-6 in. long, acute at apex, connate for nearly 
 two- thirds with a mucro ; pod 4-5 in. long, ridged on each 
 
 side along the upper suture acuminata. 
 
 Pod indehiscent, thick, falcate ; flowers in lax racemes, small : 
 Leaflets connate for two-thirds of their length, 1-2 in. long, 
 rounded at apex; filaments '25 in. long, slender; pod 6-12 in. 
 
 long, '7-1 in. broad 2. racemosa. 
 
 Leaflets free or very shortly connate, under '75 in. long, 
 rounded at apex ; filaments '5 in. long, thick ; pod 3-4 in. long, 
 
 *4 in. broad, twisted rufescens. 
 
 Calyx-tube long, thin, pubescent, with 5 short lobes ; tree with 
 coriaceous, suborbicular, semicordate leaflets, glaucous beneath, 
 connate for three-fourths of length or even more ; flowers small 
 in axillary corymbs ; pod nearly straight, flattened, reticulate, 
 
 beaked, 12-18 in. long, '75-1 in. broad 3. malabarica. 
 
 Calyx-tube very long, leathery, as are the 5 narrow lobes, 1-1 '5 in. 
 long ; climbing shrub with tendrils and free, rounded, ovate, semi- 
 cordate leaflets 2-3-in. long ; flowers large, in. lax axillary racemes, 
 the petals narrow, the anthers very long ; pod very large, flat 
 
 diphylla f 
 
406 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Bauhinia. 
 
 Fertile stamens 3, sometimes 4 or 5 : 
 Trees : 
 
 Flowers small, in large terminal panicles, the petals yellow with 
 purple streaks : leaflets connate almost to the apex, coriaceous, 
 4-6 in. long; pods 5-6 in. long, 15 in. broad, flattened, gradually 
 
 widening to an obtuse tip , 4. retusa. 
 
 Flowers large, the petals purple-pink or white ; pod 6 in.-l ft. 
 long, '75-1 in. broad, flat: 
 
 Flowers white or pink, the uppermost petal darker and 
 variegated, usually appearing before the leaves ; leaflets 
 ovate, rounded at apex, connate for about two-thirds up 
 
 5. variegata. 
 
 Flowers purple or rose, petals all similar, appearing with the 
 leaves ; leaflets oblong, obtuse or subacute at apex, connate 
 
 about half way up and sometimes overlapping 6. purpurea. 
 
 Olimbers : 
 
 Flowers rather large, in corymbose racemes : 
 
 Fertile stamens 3 ; branchlets, leaves beneath, conspicuous 
 tendrils and corymbs densely tawny villous ; leaflets often 
 very large, up to 18 in. long, connate for two-thirds up or 
 higher; pod large, velvety, 9-18 in. long by 2-3 in. broad, the 
 
 seeds flat 7. Vahlii. 
 
 Fertile stamens 4-5; no tendrils; branchlets, leaves beneath, 
 and corymbs finely ferruginous pubescent ; leaflets oblong, 
 connate for about three-fourths up, about 5 in. long ; pod flat, 
 up to 6 in. long by 1 in. broad, slightly pubescent, ridged 
 
 along the upper suture 8. phoenicea. 
 
 Flowers very small, in panicles of cylindric racemes ; fertile 
 stamens 3 ; glabrous, with many tendrils ; leaflets small, when 
 young long caudate-acuminate, when older joined in a nearly 
 entire cordate leaf : pod thin, flat, oblong, 1 -5-2 in. long 9. anguina. 
 Fertile stamen 1 ; calyx-limb spathaceous ; leaflets ovate, semi- 
 cordate, subacute at apex, up to 8 in. long, connate for nearly 
 three-fourths up ; pod flat, narrow, long-beaked monand ra. 
 
 1. BAUHINIA TOMENTOSA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 275 ; "VV. & A. 295. 
 
 Circars and Carnatic, in dry forests from the Chilka Lake 
 to Tinnevelly, especially in Kistna and Guntur Districts, 
 often planted for ornament. 
 
 A shrub with pretty flowers and a tough, nearly black 
 wood. Vern. Hind. Kachnar; Tarn., Tel. Kanchini. 
 
 2. BAUHINIA RACEMOSA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 276 ; W. A. 295 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 182. 
 
Bauhinia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 407 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic in dry deciduous forests ; 
 W. Ghats, on dry slopes and up to 4,000 ft. 
 A small deciduous rather crooked tree with pale yellow 
 flowers. Bark rough, nearly black ; wood brown, hard, a 
 good fuel. The inner bark gives a good fibre for rough 
 ropes. Yern. Hind. Gurial ; Ur. Ambhota; Tel. Are; 
 Tarn. Archi, Atti. 
 
 3. BAUHINIA MALABARICA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 277 ; W. & A, 
 294. 
 
 N". Circars, in the Gumsur Sal forests and in the Godavari 
 forests ; W. Ghats, in deciduous forests, from S. Canara to 
 Travancore, up to 2,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate- sized deciduous tree with cream-coloured 
 flowers. Bark brown, rough; wood reddish-brown, with 
 darker patches, moderately hard, but of little value. The 
 leaves are acid. Yern. Hind. Amlosa; Tel. Puli shinta; 
 Kan. Cheppura. 
 
 4. BAUHINIA RETUSA, Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 279. 
 
 N. Circars, on the slopes of the E. Ghats, in forest, scarce; 
 Deccan, in Mysore, but rare. 
 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark dark brown; 
 wood red with darker patches and streaks, hard and of 
 good quality. It gives a clear gum-like gum arable, but 
 less soluble in water. Yern. Hind. Semla; Tel. Nirpa. 
 
 5. BAUHINIA VARIEGATA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 284 ; W. & A. 296. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccaii and Carnatic, in dry deciduous forest, 
 especially on rocky hills ; often cultivated for its beautiful 
 appearance in flower. 
 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree. Bark grey, with vertical 
 cracks ; wood greyish-brown with irregular darker patches, 
 moderately hard. Yern. Hind. Kachnar ; Ur. Borara ; 
 Tarn. Segapu-manchori ; Tel. Mandari. 
 
 <;>. BAUHINIA PURPUREA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 284; W. & A. 296. 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in deciduous forest* 
 chiefly along water-courses ; W. Coast, in dry forest lands ; 
 often cultivated in gardens. 
 
 A moderate-sized evergreen tree, often bushy, with rather 
 large leaves. Bark grey to brown ; wood dark brown, 
 moderately hard, used for implements. Yern. Hind. 
 Khairwal ; Tel. Kanchanam ; Tarn. Mandari. 
 
 EE 
 
408 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Bauhinia. 
 
 7. BAUHINIA YAHLII, W. & A. 297 ; F. B. I. ii. 279. 
 
 N. Circars, in forests down to the Godavari. 
 A gigantic climber with very thick stem and long branches 
 bearing cream-coloured flowers with shortly- clawed petals. 
 It is destructive to forest trees and has to be cut. The 
 leaves are used as plates and for many other purposes ; the 
 seeds are roasted and eaten. Yern. Hind. Mai j an ; Ur. 
 Shiali ; Tel. Adda. 
 
 8. BAUHINIA PHOENICEA, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 283 ; W. & A. 
 296. B. Benthami, Bedd. Ic. t. 107. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coorg and Mysore to the Anamalais and 
 Travancore, in evergreen forests. 
 
 A very large climber with brick-red flowers, the petals 
 with long slender claws, the anthers long. It is very 
 destructive to forest trees and has to be cut. 
 
 9. BATJHINIA ANGUINA, Roxb. Cor. PL t, 285 ; F. B. I. ii. 284 
 W. & A. 298. 
 
 Malabar and Travancore, near the coast, apparently 
 
 scarce. Snake climber. 
 
 A large very long climber with curious steins alternately 
 
 twisted one way and the other between the straight 
 
 margins. Vern. Naga-mu-valli (Bheede). 
 
 Baiihinia acuminata, Linn., is a pretty shrub often found in 
 gardens in the plains. I have seen no specimens from wild 
 plants. B. rufescens, Lamk., is a tropical African species, 
 cultivated and perhaps run wild on the coast near Madras. 
 B. diphylla, Ham., is an extensively climbing Burmese species 
 sometimes found in Madras Gardens, and at once recognised 
 by its very small leaflets. B. monandra, Kurz, is a Madagascar 
 shrub or small tree, grown in gardens in Madras. 
 
 70. Saraca, Linn. 
 
 Trees or large shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets of 
 few pairs, coriaceous, stipules connate, intrapetiolar ; stipels 0. 
 Flowers showy, yellow orange or red, in short dense often lateral 
 corymbose panicles ; bracts small, deciduous ; bracteoles sub- 
 persistent, coloured. Calyx petaloid, tube elongate, cylindric, 
 enclosing a lobed disk ; lobes 4, ovate or oblong, imbricate. 
 Petals 0. 'Stamens usually 7, rarely 3-4; filaments long, filiform; 
 
Tamarindus.] LEGUMINOSAE. 409 
 
 anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary stipitate, the 
 stipe adnate below to one side of the disk, many-ovuled ; style 
 long, filiform ; stigma small, capitate. Pod flat, oblong, coriaceous 
 or almost woody, continuous within. Seeds obovate-orbicular, 
 compressed, exalbumiiious. 
 
 SARACA INDICA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 271 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 57. Jonesia 
 Asoca, Roxb.; W. & A. 284; Wt. Ic. t. 206. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam and Vizagapatam, in hill forests; 
 S. Canara, Mysore and Travancore, scarce in a wild state, 
 but frequently planted. The Asoka tree. 
 A small tree with brilliant orange-scarlet flowers and 2-3 
 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Wood reddish-brown, 
 soft. Vern. Hind. Asok ; Ur. Oshoko;'lTan. Ashunkar. 
 
 71. Tamarindus, Lmii. 
 
 A tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets many, small, opposite ; 
 stipules minute, caducous ; stipels 0. Flowers in racemes at the 
 ends of branches ; bracts and bracteoles ovate-oblong, coloured, 
 caducous. Calyx-tube turbiiiate, lined by the disk ; lobes 4, 
 lanceolate, membranous, imbricate. Petals 3, imbricate, the two 
 lower reduced to scales. Stamens 3, perfect, the filaments connate 
 about half-way up in a sheath split above, the rest reduced to 
 bristle-like staminodes; anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. 
 Ovary stipitate, the stalk adnate to the disk, many-ovuled; style 
 filiform ; stigma capitate. Pod linear-oblong, incurved, thick, 
 somewhat compressed, with brittle epicarp, pulpy mesocarp and 
 leathery septate endocarp. Seeds obovate-orbicular, compressed, 
 testa hard, albumen 0. 
 
 TAMARINDUS INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 273; W. & A. 285; 
 Bedd. FL t. 184. 
 
 All plains Districts, cultivated and self-sown, probably 
 indigenous in Central Africa. The Tamarind. 
 A large evergreen tree of great importance, having rather 
 small pink yellow-striped flowers, small acid leaflets and a 
 pod whose pulp is made into preserves and also exported as 
 a drug. The bark is dark grey and the wood, very hard and 
 heavy, is of a dark purplish-brown colour and used for many 
 household and agricultural purposes. Yern. Hind. Imli ; 
 Ur. Tentuli; Tarn. Puli ; Tel Chinta, 
 
410 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Humboldtia. 
 
 72. Humboldtia, Vahl. 
 
 Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets 1 to 6 pairs, large, 
 with prominent nerves connected by intramarginal loops; stipules 
 persistent, usually leafy, of two parts the erect stipules proper 
 and a basal usually recurved appendage ; stipels 0. Flowers in 
 racemes, axillary to the upper leaves or on the branches or the 
 stem ; bracts ovate or oblong ; bracteoles large, coloured, per- 
 sistent. Calyx-tube turbinate or narrow, lined by the disk ; 
 lobes 4, subequal, coloured, imbricate. Petals 5 or 3, spathulate, 
 clawed, exsert. Stamens 5 perfect alternating with 5 minute 
 staminodes ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, versatile, dehiscing 
 longitudinally. Ovary stipitate, the stalk adnate to the disk, few- 
 ovuled; style long, filiform; stigma capitate. Pod oblong, oblique 
 or falcate, compressed, dehiscent, coriaceous. Seeds transverse, 
 compressed, albumen 0. 
 
 Leaflets 1 pair, subsessile, lanceolate, acuminate, with a broad gland 
 at base, 5-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad ; stipules lanceolate, the appendages 
 
 absent; racemes very short, on old wood 1. unijuga. 
 
 Leaflets 2 pairs, subsessile, obovate-oblong, obtusely cuspidate, 4-7 in. 
 long, T5-2 in. broad ; stipules lanceolate, the appendages broadly 
 reniform; racemes peduncled, about 6 in. long, axillary ; branchlets 
 
 sometimes swollen 2. Brunonis. 
 
 Leaflets 3 or more pairs : 
 
 E-hachis of leaves terete ; leaflets reticulate : 
 
 Internodes of the branchlets swollen and hollow ; leaflets 3-5 
 pairs, elliptic-ovate, cuspidate, subcoriaceous, 3-4 in. long, 1-2 in. 
 broad ; stipules ovate, the appendages acuminate at ends ; racemes 
 
 about 3 in. long, axillary, erect 3. laurifolia. 
 
 Internodes not swollen; leaflets 3-4 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, coriaceous, 5-10 in. long, rS-2'5 in. broad; stipule.s 
 ovate, the appendages reniform; racemes peduncled, 5-6 in. long, 
 
 tawny-velvety, axillary 4. Vahliana. 
 
 R-hachis of leaves flattened ; leaflets 3-4 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 chartaceons ; 3-4 in. long, 1-1*5 in. broad ; stipules ovate, the 
 appendages small, falcate; racemes short, tawny-velvety, corymbose, 
 
 in fascicles on the stems : 5. Bourdilloni. 
 
 Rhachis of leaves winged, the wings obcordate : leaflets 4-6 pairs, 
 oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, subcoriaceous, 6-15 in. long, 
 1-5-5 in. broad ; stipules lanceolate falcate, the appendages ovate 
 or reniform ; racemes short, axillary or from old wood, corymbose, 
 tawny-velvety .....6. decurrenx. 
 
Humboldtia.^ LEGUMINOSAE. 411 
 
 1. HUMBOLDTIA UNIJUGA, Bedd. Ic. t. 108 ; Fl. t.183; F. B. I. 
 
 ii. 274. 
 
 W. Ghats, in dense evergreen forests in S. Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly, at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree with crimson flowers, said to have a 
 hard durable wood. 
 
 2. HUMBOLDTIA BRUNONIS, Wall. PL As. Rar. iii. t. 233; 
 F. B. I. ii. 274 ; W. & A. 285 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1606. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests of S. Canara, Coorg, Mysore, 
 Malabar and W. Nilgiris. 
 
 A diffuse shrub or small tree with orange flowers, the 
 bracteoles and calyx tawny-pubescent. 
 
 3. HUMBOLDTIA LAURIFOLIA, Yahl ; F. B. I. ii. 273 ; W. & A. 
 285 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1605. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar, apparently very scarce. 
 A small tree or shrub with numerous branches, the inter- 
 nodes of the branchlets curiously fistular, the cavities 
 usually inhabited by small ants ; flowers pink ; pod acute ; 
 glabrous. 
 
 4. HUMBOLDTIA YAHLIANA, Wt. Ic. t. 1607-8 ; F. B. I. ii. 274. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Malabar, Travancore and Tinnevelly, on low 
 
 ground near rivers, Nilgiris (Wight). 
 
 A moderate- sized tree, the flowers white with a buff calyx, 
 
 the pod acute at both ends, tawny-pubescent. Bark dark 
 
 brown ; wood light brown, moderately hard. Yern. Mai. 
 
 Korattbi. 
 
 />. HUMBOLDTIA BOURDILLONI, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 
 Ixxiii. 200. 
 
 W. Ghats, on the,Peermerd Ghat, Travancore, at 3,000 ft. 
 A moderate-sized tree reaching 50 ft. in height, with petals 
 white, veined with pink, the calyx crimson, the pod scarlet, 
 dolabriforrn, 4 in. by 1 in., pubescent. 
 
 7. HUMBOLDTIA DECURRENS, Bedd. ex Oliver in Hook. Ic. PI. 
 t. 2368. 
 
 W. Ghats, in valleys about Ponmudi in C. Travan^xre, at 
 500-3,000 ft., in evergreen forest; Tinnevelly (Beddome). 
 A moderate-sized tree with pink flowers and brown toruen- 
 tose pod 3'5-5 in. long. Young leaves are white and 
 pendulous. Bark bluish-green; wood greyish-brown. Yern. 
 Mai. Kunthaiii. 
 
412 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hardivickia. 
 
 73. Hardwickia, Roxb. 
 
 Large tree. Leaves paripiniiate, leaflets 1 pair with a minute 
 bristle between; stipules small, caducous; stipels 0. Flowers 
 small, numerous, in panicled racemes ; bracts minute ; bracteoles 
 scale-like. Calyx-tube scarcely any ; lobes usually 5, orbicular, 
 petaloid, round the small basal disk, much imbricate. Petals 0. 
 Stamens 10, alternately longer and shorter ; filaments filiform ; 
 anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile, free, 
 2-ovuled; style filiform; stigma large, peltate. Pod a dry 1-seeded 
 follicle, the seed at the apex where the pod dehisces, the base 
 samaroid. Seed pendulous, obovate, compressed, 2-furrowed ; 
 te"sta crustaceous ; albumen ; cotyledons large, 2-grooved. 
 HARDWICKIA BINATA, Roxb. Cor. PL iii. 6, t. 209; F. B. I. ii. 
 270 ; W. & A. 284 ; Bedd. FL t. 26. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in the Upper Godavari forests, Kistna 
 and Guntur, in the Ceded Districts, Mysore, Coimbatore and 
 Salem, often forming gregarious forests. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with small yellowish flowers and 
 Bauhinia-like leaflets. Bark dark grey, rough; wood ex- 
 tremely hard and heavy, dark red, streaked with black or 
 purple, used for agricultural and many other purposes, but 
 difficult to work. The leaves are cut for manure and the 
 branchlets for the fibre of their bark. Yern. Hind. Anjan ; 
 Tel. Tepi; Tarn. Acha; Kan. Kamra. 
 
 73. Kingiodendron, Harms. 
 
 Large tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the lower leaflets alternate, 
 leaflets 4-7 ; stipules minute, caducous ; stipels 0. Flowers very 
 small, numerous, in panicles of racemes ; bract ovate, very small, 
 as are the 2 minute bracteoles. Calyx-tube almost wanting, disk 
 very small ; lobes 5, orbicular, gland-dotted,- imbricate. Petals 0. 
 Stamens 10 equal ; filaments filiform, villous at base ; anthers 
 versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile, villous at base, 
 2-ovuled; style subulate ; stigma minute, oblique. Pod coriaceous 
 or nearly woody, obovate, 1-seeded, the seed at the apex when the 
 pod deMsces. Seed pendulous, compressed ; testa membranous ; 
 cotyledons with balsam-bearing cells. 
 
 KINGIODENDRON PINNATUM, Harms in Eiigl. & Prantl Naturl. 
 
 Pfl. Nacht. 194. Hardtvichia pinnata, Roxb., F. B. I. ii. 270; 
 
 W. & A. 284; Bedd. Fl. t. 255. 
 
Cynometra.l LEGUMINOSAE. 413 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of S. Canara (Bed dome), 
 Malabar, Travancore and Tinnevelly up to 3,000 ft. 
 A very large handsome evergreen tree reaching 100 ft. in 
 height, with very small white flowers. Bark dark brown and 
 green, rough ; wood dark red or reddish-brown with a sticky 
 resin, used for planking and furniture. The resin, like 
 copaiba balsam, is of value. Yern. Tarn. Madayan sarupraiii; 
 
 Mai. Shurali. 
 
 
 
 75. Cynometra, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets usually few ; stipules 
 caducous ; stipels 0. Flowers small, in short corymbs or racemes 
 fascicled in the axils of the leaves or on old wood ; bracts ovate, 
 dry. imbricate, at length deciduous, smaller upwards ; bracteoles 
 none or membranous, coloured. Calyx-tube very short, enclosing 
 the disk; lobes 4 or 5, oblong, imbricate, at length reflexed. 
 Petals 5, oblanceolate, almost included. Stamens 10, rarely many ; 
 filaments filiform ; anthers small, versatile, dehiscing longitudin- 
 ally. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked. 2-ovuled ; style slender ; 
 stigma capitate. Pod variously shaped, turgid or flattened, 
 indehiscent, the pericarp thick, 1-seeded. Seed thick or com- 
 pressed : cotyledons fleshy ; albumen 0. 
 
 Leaflets 1 pair, lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, 1*5-3 in. long, '5-1*25 in. 
 broad, very unequal sided ; pod flat, semicircular, rugose, orange when 
 
 dry, '75 in. long on the inner or straight side 1. travancorica. 
 
 Leaflets 2 pairs, oblanceolate, falcate, acute, the end ones the longest, 
 3-6 in. long, 1*5-2 in. broad, very unequal-sided ; pod turgid, very 
 
 rugose, '5-1 in. long 2. mimosoides. 
 
 Leaflets 3 pairs : 
 
 Leaflets obliquely obovate-oblong, obtusely acuminate and emar- 
 ginate, 2*5-3*5 in. long, 1-1*25 in. broad, unequal-sided, the lowest 
 
 pair the smallest, often only 1 in. long 3. Beddomei. 
 
 Leaflets obovate, emarginate at the blunt apex, cuneate at base, 
 1-1*5 in. long, *5 in. broad, slightly unequal-sided, all pairs about 
 equal ; pod reniform globose, contracted in the middle, smooth, 
 
 broader than long, *6 in. in diam 4. Bourdillonii. 
 
 1. CYNOMETRA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Fl. t. 316; F. B. I. ii. 
 267. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 2,000 to 
 3,000 ft. (Beddome) ; Tambracheri Ghat, Wynaad (Beddome, 
 Barber). 
 
414 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cynomek 
 
 A lofty tree with rosy-white flowers and only 1 pair 
 leaflets, which when young are very thin and creamy-pii 
 in colour. 
 
 2. CYNOMETRA MIMOSOIDES, Wall. C. ramiflora, Linn.; F. B. 
 ii. 267 in part; W. & A. 293; Bedd. Fl. t. 315. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Travancore (Beddome), apparently ve 
 
 scarce. 
 
 A moderate -sized tree with large leaflets and curious 
 
 wrinkled pods. 
 
 3. CYNOMETRA BEDDOMEI, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Ben 
 Ixvi. ii. 478. C. malabarica, Bedd. MS. in Herb. Kew. 
 
 W. Ghats, Tambracheri Ghat, Wynaad (Beddome). 
 
 A large tree with crimson young leaves and flowers 
 
 clusters from conspicuous imbricate bracts. 
 
 4. CYNOMETRA BOURDILLONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1908, 44 
 
 W. Ghats, banks of the Parapar river, S. Travancore, 
 500 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 
 A handsome moderate-sized tree with large clusters 
 flowers, small foliage and remarkable didymous small po 
 Wood hard, yellow ; bark blackish-green. 
 C. cauliflora, Linn., with 2 leaflets and flower racemes from t 
 branches is sometimes found in gardens. 
 
 Subfamily III. MIMOSOIDEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs. Leav 
 bipinnate or less commonly simply pinnate. Flowers sma 
 regular, usually 5-merous, usually hermaphrodite, sometim 
 polygamous, generally in heads or spikes ; bracts small, at tl 
 base of or on the peduncle, usually deciduous ; bracteoles < 
 very small and usually deciduous. Calyx more or less canipan 
 late with usually 5, sometimes 3, 4 or 6 valvate lobes, sometim 
 free. Petals as many as the sepals, valvate, free or connate in 
 lobed corolla. Stamens definite or indefinite ; if definite as mai 
 as or twice as many as the sepals and petals, if indefinite usual 
 very many, free or monadelphous. Ovary free, at the bottom . 
 the calyx. Pod dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes jointe 
 Seeds sometimes arillate, albuminous or exalbuminous ; cotyledoi 
 flat. 
 
Neptunia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 415 
 
 Tribe XIY. ADENANTHEREAE. Stamens definite, the anthers 
 gland-crested at least in an early stage : 
 Flowers in globose heads : 
 
 Small herbs or undershrubs with small thin pods and small 
 leaflets ; lower flower neuter, the stamens reduced to elongate 
 
 staminodes; seeds albuminous 76. Neptunia. 
 
 Large trees with thick woody pods and large leaflets ; all or nearly 
 
 all the flowers perfect; seeds exalbuminous 77. Xylia. 
 
 Flowers in elongate spikes : 
 
 Large tendril-bearing climbers with very large broad pods and 
 seeds; leaflets large and few; seeds exalbuminous ...78. Entada. 
 Erect trees or shrubs with narrow pods and many leaflets ; seeds 
 albuminous : 
 
 Unarmed trees with shortly stalked flowers and bright red 
 
 seeds ; leaflets fairly large 79. Adenanthera. 
 
 Prickly trees or large shrubs with sessile flowers : 
 
 Pods turgid, straight; leaflets distant 80. Prosopis. 
 
 Pods thin, twisted ; leaflets minute, contiguous 
 
 81. Dichrostachys. 
 
 Tribe XY. EUMIMOSEAE. Stamens definite, the anthers not gland- 
 crested; seeds albuminous: 
 
 Pods straight, coriaceous, continuous, dehiscing at the sutures : 
 
 Undershrubs with clavate stigmas Desman th us . 
 
 Large shrubs or small trees with capitate stigmas Leucaena. 
 
 Pods curved, with segmented valves and indehiscent sutures 
 
 82. Mimosa. 
 Tribe XVI. AGAGIEAE. Stamens indefinite, seeds exalbuminous : 
 
 Stamens free; flowers capitate or spicate 83. Acacia. 
 
 Tribe XVII. INGEAE. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous, rarely 
 only 2-3 times as many as the petals ; seeds exalbuminous : 
 Leaves bipinnate : 
 
 Pods not septate between the seeds : 
 
 tPods straight, with thin valves 84. Albizzia. 
 Pods curved or twisted with coriaceous valves 
 85. Fithecolobium. 
 Pods septate between the seeds Enterolobium. 
 Leaves simply pinnate 86. Inga. 
 76. Neptunia, Lour. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, erect, prostrate or 
 floating, the branches often compressed or angled. Leaves bi- 
 
416 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Neptunia. 
 
 pinnate ; leaflets many, small, sensitive ; stipules persistent ; 
 stipels 0. Flowers small, sessile, in oblong or globose peduncled 
 axillary heads ; upper flowers , lower $ , lowest neuter with 
 flattened staminodes ; bracts minute. Calyx campaiiulate, small, 
 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate, free or connate at the base. Stamens 
 in and ^ flowers 10, free, exserted ; filaments slender ; anthers 
 gland-crested ; staminodes in neuter flowers flattened. Ovary 
 stalked, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma minute, terminal, 
 concave. Pod flat, membranous, oblong, 2-valved. Seeds trans- 
 verse, compressed ; with a filiform funicle. 
 
 A floating water-plant ; leaves with 2-3 pairs of pinnae each with 
 8-15 pairs of leaflets, no gland on the rhachis ; flower heads oblong, 
 '5 in. long* ; pods '5-1 in. long, '3-'5 in. broad, obtuse, cuspidate 
 
 1. oleracea. 
 
 Land undershrubs ; rhachis with a gland between the lowest pair of 
 pinnae : 
 
 Erect and moderately stout ; leaves with 3-5 pairs of pinnae each 
 with 10-30 pairs of leaflets ; flower heads oblong, '5 in. long ; 
 
 pods 1-2 in. long, '3 in. broad, obtuse, apiculate plena. 
 
 Prostrate, diffuse and slender ; leaves with 1-3 pairs of pinnae each 
 with about 15 pairs of leaflets : flower heads globose, '2 in. in diam. ; 
 pods '5-1 in. long, '25 in. broad, subacute 2. triquetra. 
 
 1. NEPTUNIA OLERACEA, Lour. ; F. B. I. ii. 285. Mimosa 
 natans, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 119. Desmanthus natans, W. & A. 
 270. 
 
 Circars and Carnatic, in ponds and tanks of fresh water. 
 An annual water-plant, the branches zig-zag, bearing radical 
 fibres at the nodes and spongy floats on the iiiternodes. 
 Yern. Tel. Niru tavulupu, Nidra yung. 
 
 2. NEPTUNIA TRIQUETRA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 286. Desmanthus 
 triquetrus, W. & A. 270; Wt. Ic. t. 756. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in most Districts, in pasture 
 lands. 
 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 N. plena, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 286 is a stouter plant, an intro- 
 duction from America; Shevaroy Hills of Salem (Perrottet). 
 
 77. Xylia, Benth. 
 
 Trees. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 1 pair ; leaflets of few pairs, 
 large ; stipules small, deciduous ; stipels 0. Flowers sessile in 
 globose peduncled heads, the peduncles axillary, fascicled or 
 
Entada.~] LEGUMINOSAE. 417 
 
 racemose ; bracts ; bracteole club-shaped. Calyx tubular- 
 campaiiulate. 5-lobed. Petals 5, valvate, slightly connate at the 
 base. Stamens 10, free, exserted ; filaments slender ; anthers 
 tipped with a stalked gland which is early deciduous. Ovary 
 sessile, inany-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma minute, terminal. 
 Pod large, woody, flat, broadly falcate, septate between the seeds. 
 Seeds oblong, compressed. 
 
 XYLIA XYLOCARPA, Taub. X. dolabriformis, Benth. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 286; Bedd. Fl. t. 186. Inga xylocarpa, DC. ; W. & A. 269. 
 Forests of the N". Circars, on the hills from Ganjain to 
 Godavari, the chief tree of some forests ; Deccan, in Hyderabad 
 and Mysore, but scarce ; W. Ghats, from S. Canara to N. 
 Travancore. 
 
 A deciduous tree with 2 pairs of oblong lanceolate leaflets, 
 the end pair up to 8 in. long, white flowers in globose heads 
 and large woody dolabriform pods. Bark reddish-grey ; 
 wood hard, reddish-brown, durable and useful for sleepers 
 and building purposes but difficult to work. Yern. Hind. 
 Jambu; Ur. Boja, Kongora; Tel.. Konda tangedu ; Tarn. 
 Irul ; Mai. Irumalla. 
 
 78. Entada, Adans. 
 
 Large woody unarmed tendril- bearing climbers. Leaves bi- 
 pinnate, the ultimate pinnae sometimes reduced to tendrils ; 
 stipules small, setaceous ; stipels 0. Flowers very small, sessile, 
 in long narrow spikes, polygamous. Calyx minute, campaiiulate, 
 shortly 5-toothed. Petals free or slightly connate at the base, 
 valvate. Stamens 10, free ; filaments filiform or slightly expanded 
 above ; anthers shortly oblong, gland-crested. Ovary subsessile, 
 maiiy-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma terminal, concave. Pod 
 flat, woody, very large, of many discoid 1-seeded joints which 
 with the persistent eiidocarp breakaway from each other and 
 from the persistent thickened sutures. Seeds large, circular, 
 compressed. 
 
 ENTADA SCANDENS, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 286. E. Pursaefha, DC. ; 
 W. & A. 267. 
 
 Hill forests of the X. Circars; Deccan. in the Nallainalai Hills 
 
 of Kurnool ; W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore, in 
 
 evergreen forests. 
 
 A gigantic climber with very small yellowish flowers and huge 
 
418 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Entada. 
 
 pods ; the leaflets 1-3 in. long, oblong, shining, obtuse or 
 ernarginate. The thick stems are spirally twisted, and the 
 climber is bad for forest trees and has to be cut. The round 
 flat shining seeds are eaten and may be hollowed out into 
 small boxes and other articles. Yern. Hind. Gila ; Vr. Geredi ; 
 Mai. Kaka valli. 
 
 79. Adenanthera, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves bipinnate, the pinnae opposite ; leaflets many, 
 alternate ; stipules minute, caducous ; stipels 0. Flowers in 
 slender spiciform racemes, either solitary and axillary or terminal 
 and panicled; bracts minute, bracteoles 0. Calyx short, cam- 
 panulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, connate below, valvate. Stamens 10, 
 free, scarcely exserted, alternately long and short ; anthers oblong, 
 ending in a stipitate gland. Ovary sessile, inany-ovuled ; style 
 filiform ; stigma small, terminal. Pod linear, torulose, curved, 
 septate within, the valves much twisted after dehiscence. Seeds 
 thick, with a hard shining scarlet or scarlet and black testa. 
 ADENANTHERA PAVONINA, Linn.; F.B. I. ii. 287; W. &A. 271; 
 Wt. 111. t. 84; Bedd. Fl. t. 46. 
 
 Commonly cultivated in gardens and avenues, doubtfully 
 wild. 
 
 A handsome deciduous tree with many ovate-oblong leaflets 
 about 1 in. long, pale yellow flowers and conspicuous pods 
 with scarlet lenticular seeds. Bark grey ; wood hard, close- 
 grained, red, useful for building and furniture. The red 
 seeds are used as ornaments and for jewellers' weights. 
 Yern. Tel. Bandi gurivenda ; Tarn. Ani kundamani ; Mai. 
 Manchadi. 
 
 80. Prosopis, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees with thorns. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae usually 
 few-paired ; leaflets many, small, narrow ; stipules small or 0, 
 .sometimes spinescent; stipels 0. Floixers small, in narrow spikes 
 or subspicate racemes ; bracts and bracteoles 0. Calyx~tu\:>e 
 campanulate, shortly toothed or subentire. Petals 5, valvate, 
 connate at base, at length free. Stamens 10, free, slightly 
 exserted ; filaments filiform ; anthers with a deciduous gland. 
 Ovary sessile or stalked, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma 
 minute, terminal. Pod cylindric or linear, flat or turgid, often 
 
Dichrostachys.] LEGUMINOSAE. 41 
 
 torulose, straight or twisted, septate within, mesocarp thick, 
 
 spongy. Seeds ovoid, compressed. 
 
 PROSOPIS SPICIGERA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 288; W. & A. 271;. 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. t, 63; Bedd. Fl. t. 56; Brand. For. Fl. t. 25. 
 Deccan and Carnatic, from the Godavari southwards, on dry 
 stony lands and on black cotton soil, in open forest, more 
 rarely in thicker forest. 
 
 A small to moderate-sized deciduous tree with many thorns 
 on broad bases, the leaflets distant, linear-oblong, about '5 in. 
 long, the pods cylindric, torulose and pulpy. Bark thick, 
 grey, rough ; wood purplish- brown, hard, a good fuel. The 
 pods are eaten by cattle. Yern. Hind. Jhand ; Tel. Chani ;. 
 Tarn. Perumbe. 
 
 81. Dichrostachys, DC. 
 
 Shrubs, the branchlets often ending in spines. Leaves bipinnate ; 
 pinnae paripinnate ; leaflets usually very small and numerous,, 
 opposite, contiguous ; stipules lanceolate or subulate ; stipels 0. 
 Flowers in cylindric peduncled spikes on short axillary branchlets, 
 the upper flowers <J yellow, the lower ones neuter, with pink 
 filiform staminodes. Calyx campanulate, shortly toothed. Petals 
 5, valvate, connate below. Stamens 10, free, exserted ; anthers 
 ending in stalked glands. Ovary subsessile, many-ovuled ; style 
 filiform ; stigma terminal, truncate. Pod linear, compressed,, 
 twisted up when ripe, continuous within, indehiscent or separating 
 from the suture. Seeds obovate, compressed. 
 DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA, W. A. 271 ; F. B. I. ii. 288; Roxb. 
 Cor. PI. t. 174; Bedd. Fl. t. 185. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, westwards to the dry slopes 
 of the Ghats, in dry scrub forests and on stony hills. 
 A thorny shrub or small tree with thorny branches, pretty 
 tasselled flowers, twisted pods and very small pubescent 
 leaflets. Bark grey or light brown ; wood red streaked with 
 black, very hard and tough and a good fuel. Yern. Hind. 
 Yurtuli ; Tel Yelturu ; Tarn. Yadatalla ; Kan. Wadu. 
 Desmanthns virgatits, "VVilld., is an introduced American uiider- 
 shrub with flowers in small peduncled heads, small straight pods 
 and small leaflets, occasionally found, especially near Madras. 
 
 Leucaena glauca, Benth., is a large shrub with rather large 
 globose heads of white flowers, glaucous foliage with narrow 
 
420 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Dichrostachys. 
 
 acute leaflets and flat strap-shaped pods. Probably North 
 American in origin, it is frequently found in hedges and near 
 villages in India. 
 
 82. Mimosa, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or small trees, usually prickly. Leaves bipinnate ; 
 leaflets small, more or less sensitive, caducous, the rhachis usually 
 prickly ; stipules small ; stipels small, often 2 to each pinna. 
 Flowers small, polygamous, in globose heads on axillary, solitary 
 or fascicled peduncles, the upper peduncles often forming a 
 terminal raceme ; bracts small, deciduous ; bracteole 1, minute. 
 Calyx very small, campanulate, shortly 4-toothed. Petals 4, 
 connate below, valvate. Stamens as many or twice as many as 
 the petals, exserted ; filaments filiform ; anthers small. Ovary 
 stipitate, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma minute, terminal. 
 Pod flat, membranous, of several 1-seeded joints that separate 
 when ripe from each other and from the persistent sutures. 
 Seeds ovoid or orbicular, flattened, albuminous. 
 
 Pinnae of the leaves 1-2 pairs digitately arranged ; stamens as many 
 as the petals; bracteoles stiff, bristly; pods under 1 in. long, "l-'2 in. 
 
 broad, the sutures with many spreading bristles 1.' pudica. 
 
 Pinnae of the leaves more than 2 pairs, pinnate ; stamens twice as 
 many as the petals; bracteoles spathulate ; pods more than 1 in. long, 
 "3 in. broad : 
 
 Leaves under 1 in. long with 3-5 pinnae ; leaflets 7-8 pairs, shortly 
 oblong, semicordate, '05-*15 in. long, under '1 in. broad, pubescent ; 
 peduncles usually longer than the leaves ; pods grey-puberulous, 
 
 the sutures spinose; seeds 5-6 2. hamata. 
 
 Leaves much over 1 in. long, longer than the peduncles ; pods 
 glabrous : 
 
 Leaflets semicordate at base ; sutures of pod with strong recurved 
 prickles : 
 
 Pods usually acutely pointed at tip, 3-6-seeded, '6 in. broad ; 
 leaves 3-4 in. long, pinnae 3-5 pairs about '75 in. apart; leaflets 
 oblong to obovate, up to "25 in. long, the 4-5 pairs distant '2 or 
 
 more in. apart , ovary glabrous 3. polyancistra. 
 
 Pods obtuse at tip, 6-8-seeded, "4-*5 in. broad, sometimes 
 slightly pubescent ; leaves 2-3 in. long, pinnae 5-7 pairs about 
 5 in. apart ; leaflets oblong, the end ones subobovate, up to 
 '3 in. long, the 7-S pairs touching, 'l-'2 in. apart; ovary 
 minutely pubescent 4. Prainia na. 
 
Mimosa.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 421 
 
 Leaflets semirectangular at base ; sutures of pod with few small 
 
 or no prickles : 
 
 Pods little curved, 2-3 in. long, 6-' 7 in. broad, sessile or shortly 
 stalked, rounded or rarely acute at apex, seeds 5-7 ; leaves with 
 5-6 pairs of pinnae 2-3 in. long, pinnules 10-15 pairs, '4>-7 in. 
 
 long 5. rubicaulis. 
 
 Pods much curved, 3-3*5 in. long, '3-'4 in. broad, long stalked, 
 acute at apex and base; leaves with 6-8 pairs of pinnae, 1-1 '5 in. 
 long, pinnules 12-18 pairs, - 2-'3 in. long 6. angustisiliqua. 
 
 1. MIMOSA PUDICA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 291. 
 
 All hot moist localities in the low country, probably 
 introduced from tropical America. The Sensitive Plant. 
 A diffuse undershrub with very sensitive leaves, pink 
 flowers and bristly pods. It spreads very fast and is 
 most troublesome and difficult to eradicate. Yern. Hind. 
 Lajwati; Tarn. Total vadi. 
 
 2. MIMOSA HAMATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 291 ; W. & A. 268. 
 
 Deccan, from the Kistna southwards, often on black cotton 
 
 soil. 
 
 A straggling prickly shrub with minute leaves and pink 
 
 flowers. 
 
 3. MIMOSA POLYANCISTRA, Benth. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 422. 
 
 Deccan, in the Kurnool and Cuddapah Districts. 
 
 A straggling thorny shrub with pink flowers and distant 
 
 rounded leaflets. 
 
 4. MIMOSA PRAINIANA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, ined. 
 
 East Coast, in the Kistna District ; Deccan, in Hyderabad 
 to Anantapur. 
 
 A straggling thorny shrub with pink flowers and rounded 
 leaflets, the pinnae in regular subequal pairs. 
 
 5. MIMOSA RUBICAULIS, Lamk.; F.B. I. ii. 291, in part ; W. & A. 
 268 ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 156. If. octandra, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 200. 
 
 Deccan, forests of Cuddapah, Mysore, Coinibatore and 
 Madura, usually in grassy savannahs and second-growth 
 forests ; W. Ghats, on eastern slopes. 
 A large, very prickly shrub, the flowers pink. 
 
 6. MIMOSA ANGUSTISILIQUA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, ined. 
 
 E. Ghats, at Tummularu, Godavari Agency (Barber). 
 
 A shrub with pink flowers, few prickles and very small 
 
 hirsute leaflets. 
 
422 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acacia. 
 
 83. Acacia, Willd. 
 
 Trees or erect or climbing shrubs, usually armed. Leaves 
 bipinnate, the pinnae even-pinnate; leaflets usually small, opposite ; 
 leaves sometimes transformed into phyllodes; stipules various, 
 often spinescent ; stipels 0. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or poly- 
 gamous, usually 5-merous, in globose heads or cylindric spikes ; 
 peduncles axillary, solitary or fascicled or in terminal panicles ; 
 bracts 1 or 2, on the peduncle; bracteoles 1 to each flower, 
 spathulate or subpeltate. Calyx campanulate, shortly lobed. 
 Petals exserted, more or less united, rarely free. Stamens in- 
 definite, free or very shortly connate at base ; anthers small. 
 Ovary Sessile or stalked, 2-many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma 
 small, terminal. Pod variable, ligulate or oblong, flat and dry 
 or rarely turgid or coriaceous, continuous or septate within but 
 not disarticulating. Seeds transverse or longitudinal, usually 
 ovate or compressed ; funicle often long and conspicuous. 
 4 Erect trees or shrubs with stipular spines, and without prickles: 
 Flowers in globose heads, the peduncles 2-bracteate : 
 Flower-heads on axillary peduncles : 
 
 Pod grey-downy, compressed, deeply indented 011 both sides 
 between the seeds ; flower-heads '5 in. in diam., peduncle 
 bracteate above the middle ; leaves 2-4 in. long with 4-9 pairs 
 of pinnae; leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, '2 in. long; spines 
 straight, large ones slender, white, up to 2 in. long...l. arabica^ 
 Pod cylindric, turgid, usually curved: 
 Peduncles bracteate at the apex : 
 
 Pod 2-3 in. long, '5 in. in diam. ; flower-heads '5 in. in 
 diam. ; leaves 1-2 in. long with 4-8 pairs of pinnae ; leaflets 
 linear- oblong, acute, "15-2 in. long, *1 in. broad; spines 
 
 straight, short, rarely over *5 in. long 2. Farnesiana. 
 
 Pod ' 3-4 in. long, '3 in. in diam. ; flower-heads '2 in. in 
 diam. ; leaves 1-1'5 in. long with about 8 pairs pinnae ;. 
 leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, '12 in. long, '03--04 in. 
 broad ; spines short and slender or stout and strong, up to 
 
 1'5 in. long tortuosa. 
 
 Peduncles bracteate near the base ; pod circinate, about 
 2 in. long, "25 in. in diam.; flower-heads "2 in. in diam.; 
 leaves under 1 in. long with 3-4 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 
 linear-oblong, minute, '06 in. by '01 in., obtuse, glabrous^ 
 spines both short and recurved and long, straight, slender, 
 up to 2 in. long, white with brown spots 3. planifrons. 
 
Acacia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 423 
 
 Pod flattened, straight or curved : 
 
 Leaves glabrous, under 1 in. long; peduncles filiform, 
 bracteate at or below the middle : 
 
 Spines straight, some short thick, the rest white, often 
 hollow, up to 2 in. long, '2 in. diam. at base; pinnae 
 3 pairs ; leaflets elliptic or obovate, obtuse, about 5 pairs, 
 '15 in. by '075 in. ; flower-heads '2-'3 in. in diam. ; pods 
 very thin, flat, curved in a hook, -2 in. broad, 5-7-seeded 
 
 4. eburnea. 
 
 Spines of 2 kinds, short recurved and long slender, white, 
 
 l'o-2 in. long; pinnae 4-6 pairs; leaflets linear-oblong, 
 
 obtuse, '1--125 in. by '025 in. ; flower-heads '3 in. in diam. ; 
 
 "pods linear, variously bent (W. & A.) "...5. Roxburghii. 
 
 Leaves hairy; peduncles fairly stout, bracteate about the 
 
 middle : spines all straight : 
 
 Longer spines slender, white, up to 126 in. long ; branchlets 
 and leaves scurf y-villous ; leaves under 1 in. long with 
 6-10 pairs of pinnae ; leaflets minute, ovate-oblong, "075 in. 
 by '025 in. ; flower-heads '3 in. in diam. ; pods 2-3 in. 
 by "2 in. broad, papery, obtusely pointed, straight or 
 
 curved 6. Campbellii. 
 
 Longer spines stout, up to 25 in. long, *2 in. broad at 
 base ; branchlets and leaves grey- or tawny -tomentose ; 
 leaves up to 3'5 in. long with 6-12 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 
 oblong, -1--15 in. by '05 in. ; flower-heads '5 in. in diam. ; 
 pods 4-6 in. by '5 in., thick, curved, sharply pointed 
 
 7. tomentosa. 
 
 Pod not known ; spines very stout, dark brown, up to 2*5 in. 
 long, '3 in. in diam. at base ; peduncles rather stout, the bracts 
 below the middle ; flower-heads '5 in. in diam. ; leaves glabrous 
 with 2-3 pairs of pinnae; leaflets oblong, obtuse, '25-'4 in. long 
 
 by 'l-*2 in. broad, prominently nerved 8. Wightii. 
 
 Flower-heads in panicles, '2-'3 in. in diam. ; peduncles bracteate 
 at the middle ; spines usually short, straight, up to 1 in. long ; 
 leaves 1-2 in. long, with 5-15 pairs of pinnae; leaflets linear, 
 subacute, about '2 in. long ; pods flat, strap-shaped, 4-8 in. long, 
 
 '3 in. broad 9. leucophloea. 
 
 Flowers in elongate spikes ; peduncles usually 1 -bracteate, bracts 
 and bracteoles early caducous : 
 
 Spines straight, short or long, longest up to 2 in. and '35 in. in 
 diam. at base, often hollow.; flower-spikes 1-1*5 in. long, bracteate 
 a little above the base; leaves glabrous, 1-1 '5 in. long with 2-5 
 
424 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acacia. 
 
 pairs of pinnae ; leaflets oblong, '2 by -04 in. ; pods flat, up to 3 in. 
 
 long by '8 in. brood, curved, obtuse, reticulate 10. Latronum. 
 
 Spines short, hooked ; flower-spikes 2-4 in. long : 
 
 Leaflets 30-50 pairs, linear- oblong, pubescent, nerves obscure ; 
 
 calyx and petals white-villous, petals twice as long as calyx: 
 
 Bark white ; branchlets white-pubescent ; leaflets '25-'35 in. 
 
 long ; petals narrow ; pod 3-5 in. long, '5 in. broad, acute at 
 
 both ends, grey, many-seeded 11. Suma. 
 
 Bark brown; branchlets brown, glabrous; leaflets '1 in. long 
 petals broad ; pod 2-3 in. long, -4 in. broad, acute at both 
 
 ends, brown, few-seeded 12. Catechu. 
 
 Leaflets 20-40 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous, '125 in. long, 
 nerves prominent ; branchlets red; petals 3 times as long as 
 calyx, both glabrous; pod 2-2'5 in. long, brown, obtuse at 
 
 apex with a point, few-seeded 13. Sundra. 
 
 Leaflets 10-20 pairs, '2 5-' 3 in. long, '1 in. broad, oblong, 
 glaucous ; petals rather more than twice the '05 in. calyx, both 
 glabrous or the calyx minutely white pubescent ; pods 3-5 in. 
 
 long, '75-1 in. broad, apiculate, 4-7-seeded 14. ferruginea. 
 
 Leaflets 6-8 pairs, '75-1-25 in. long, '4--5 in. broad, obovate- 
 oblong, glaucous ; petals about twice the '1 in. calyx, both 
 glabrous ; pods 6-8 in. long, 1 in. broad, thick, 6-9- seeded 
 
 15. lenticularis. 
 
 Climbing shrubs, with prickles on stems and leaf rhachises, no 
 stipular spines ; peduncles bracteate : 
 
 Pods thin, flat, coriaceous, the sutures straight, often thickened ; 
 stipules and bracts lanceolate : 
 
 Leaflets more or less distant, not overlapping ; flowers sessile : 
 
 Glands near the base of the petiole flat; leaflets glabrous : 
 
 Petiole gland oblong, up to '3 in. long; pinnae 5-6 pairs, 
 
 leaflets 20-30 pairs, '15 in. apart, oblong, obtuse, truncate at 
 
 base, '5--6 in. long, '125 in. broad; pod 7 in. long, T25 in. 
 
 broad, the sutures thick 16. Hohenackeri. 
 
 Petiole gland elliptic, 'l-'2 in. long, somewhat convex ; pinnae 
 6 pairs, leaflets 10-12 pairs, '2 in. apart, oblong-falcate, acute, 
 subcordate at base, '4-'75 in long, 'l-'3 in. broad ; pod 4-5 in. 
 
 long, 1 in. broad, obtuse, the sutures slender 17. caesia. 
 
 Glands near the base of the petiole conical; pinnae 10-14 
 pairs, leaflets 25-40 pairs, touching but not overlapping, 
 oblong-falcate, apiculate, truncate at base, pubescent beneath, 
 2--3 in. long, -1--2 in. broad; pod 5-6 in. long, '5-'75 in. broad, 
 brown-velvety when young 18. torta. 
 
Acacia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 425 
 
 Glands near the base of the petiole columnar ; pinnae 8 pairs, 
 leaflets 10-17 pairs, oblong, apiculate upwards, obliquely and 
 subequally truncate at base, '4 in. long, - 1-'15 in. broad; pod 
 4-5 in. long, '75-1 in. broad, thin, glabrous 
 
 19. columnaris. 
 
 Leaflets closely set and overlapping, semi-truncate at base ; 
 flowers pedicellate : 
 
 Leaflets %3-'4 in. long, '04-'07 in. broad, linear-oblong, obtuse 
 or acute, ciliate on the margins, otherwise glabrous ; pedicels 
 very short ; pod 6-8 in. long, -75-l'25 in. broad, the sutures 
 
 thick 20. pennata. 
 
 Leaflets '2-3 in. long, '03--04 in. broad, linear, acute, slightly 
 pubescent beneath ; pedicels longer ; pod about 4 in. long, *5 in. 
 
 broad, the sutures only slightly raised 21. canescens. 
 
 Pods thick, fleshy, much wrinkled when dry, depressed between the 
 seeds and often indented on the sutures ; stipules and bracts ovate- 
 cordate : 
 
 Pinnae 4-6 pairs, leaflets about 18 pairs, '5-'75 in. long, '15-'2 in. 
 
 broad; ovary pubescent; pod 1-V25 in. broad 22. rugata. 
 
 Pinnae 8 pairs or more, leaflets more than 20 pairs, '25-'5 in. 
 long, '04-- 1 in. broad ; ovary glabrous ; pod '75 in. broad 
 
 23. concinna. 
 
 1. ACACIA ARABICA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 293; W. & A. 277 ; 
 Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 149 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 47. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry localities. Either 
 gregarious in patches of forest, especially on old tank beds 
 and black cotton soil, or in groups or single trees among 
 fields. Often cultivated and perhaps, although so common, 
 not truly indigenous. The Babul tree. 
 A moderate-sized tree with golden-yellow flowers, long 
 white thorns and characteristic whitish-tonientose torulose 
 pods which are eaten by cattle. Bark dark brown, rough ; 
 wood reddish-brown, hard and strong, useful for agri- 
 cultural and many other purposes. Yern. Hind. Babul, 
 Kikar ; Tel. ISTalla turn a ; Tarn. Karuvelani. 
 
 2. ACACIA FARNESIANA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 292 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 
 52. Vachellia Farnesiana, W. & A. 272 ; Wt. Ic. t. 300. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, cultivated and run wild, 
 
 quite naturalized even up to 5,000 feet. 
 
 A thorny shrub with bright yellow very fragrant flowers 
 
426 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acacia. 
 
 * giving the perfume " Cassie." Yerii. Hind. Wilayati 
 
 kikar ; Tel. Kusturi ; Tarn. Yedda vala ; Kan. Jali. 
 Acacia tortuosa, Willd., is a large thorny shrub or small tree, 
 native of S. America, occasionally found in cultivation in gardens 
 in the low country. 
 
 3. ACACIA PLANIFRONS, W. & A. 276 ; F. B. I. ii. 293 in part ; 
 Trim. Fl. Ceyl. t. 35. 
 
 South Carnatic, in Madura, Tinnevelly and S. Travancore, 
 gregarious ; cultivated in Bellary and elsewhere. The 
 Umbrella thorn. 
 
 A small tree with white flowers and very minute leaflets, 
 having spreading branches which form an umbrella-shaped 
 top. Bark greyish -brown ; wood pale yellow, hard and 
 heavy, used for implements and as fuel. Yern. Tarn. 
 Odai. 
 
 4. ACACIA EBURNEA, Willd. ; W. & A. 276 ; F. B. I. ii. 273 in 
 part. 
 
 Deccaii and Carnatic, from Mysore to Coimbatore and 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A small tree with red-purple corolla and yellow stamens 
 
 and large ivory-white thorns, the pods papery, the leaflets 
 
 few and comparatively large. Yern. Tarn. Chilodai. 
 
 5. ACACIA ROXBURGHII, W. & A. 276. A. planifrons, W. & A. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 293 in part. Mimosa eburnea, R/oxb. Cor. PI. 
 t. 199. 
 
 Deccan, from Mysore and Bellary southwards. 
 
 A small thorny tree, with apparently yellow flowers on very 
 
 slender peduncles. 
 
 6. ACACIA CAMPBELLII, Arn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. 333. 
 
 Circars, in forests near the coast from Godavari to Nellore ; 
 Deccan and Carnatic, especially in Cuddapah ; often on 
 black cotton soil. 
 
 A small branchy tree with apparently pink flowers and a 
 yellowish-white hard wood. Yern. Tel. Marmati ; Tarn. 
 Udai vel. 
 
 7. ACACIA TOMENTOSA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 294 ; W. & A. 276. 
 
 N. Circars, from Ganjam to Godavari ; Deccan, in Coimba- 
 tore, scarce. 
 
 A small tree with greenish-white flowers and large broad- 
 based spines. Yern. Tarn. Anaimalli. 
 
Acacia.', LEGUMINOSAE. 427 
 
 8. ACACIA WIOHTII, Bak. in F. B. I. ii, 298. 
 
 S. Carnatic, in Travancore and Tinnevelly (Wight), on the 
 
 sea coast. 
 
 A small tree with very large spines and rather large 
 
 leaflets. 
 
 9. ACACIA LEUCOPHLOEA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 294 ; W. & A. 
 277 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 48 ; Brand. For. Fl. t. 27. Mimosa leuco- 
 phloea, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 150. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry deciduous forests. 
 A moderate-sized or large tree with pale yellowish-white 
 flower heads in large terminal panicles. Bark grey and 
 smooth when young, dark brown and rough when old; 
 wood reddish-brown, hard and tough, a good fuel. The 
 bark is used in distilling and gives a good rough fibre. 
 Yern. Hiiia. Ximbar, Safed babul; Tel. Telia turna; Tarn. 
 Yelvelam. 
 
 10. ACACIA LATRONTJM, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 296 ; W. & A. 273 ; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 1157. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic from the Kistna river southwards, 
 gregarious on poor soils and forming extensive forests in 
 places as in Guntur, Madura and S. Travancore. 
 A remarkable little tree with the habit of A. planifrons in 
 its umbrella shape, but smaller. It has white flowers and 
 very large white spines in pairs, often hollow and tenanted 
 by ants. Bark dark reddish-brown; wood reddish, very 
 hard, a good fuel. Yern. Tel. Paki tumma ; Tarn. Karodei. 
 
 11. ACACIA SUMA, Buch.-Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 294. A. Catechu, 
 W. & A. 272 excl sijn. ; Bedd. Fl. t. 49. 
 
 N. Circars, common ; Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forests, 
 to Coimbatore and the Shevaroy Hills. 
 A medium sized pretty tree with white bark, white flowers 
 and pubescent leaves with very many leaflets. Wood dark . 
 brown, hard and heavy. Yern. Ur. Gonharea. 
 
 12. ACACIA CATECHU, Willd., F. B. I. ii. 295. Mimosa Catechu, 
 Roxb. Cor. PL t. 175. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam (Gamble). 
 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree with pale yellow flowers. 
 Bark dark greyish-brown, rough; wood red, hard and close- 
 grained. From it the tan " Cutch " is extracted. Yern. 
 Hind. Khair ; Ur. Khoiru. 
 
428 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acacia- 
 
 13. ACACIA SUNDRA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 295; W. & A. 273; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 50. Mimosa Sundra, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 225. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, from the Kistna so utli wards to Cape 
 Comorin, but most common in the Ceded Districts. 
 A moderate-sized tree with yellowish-white flowers, red 
 branchlets and leaves with fewer leaflets than Nos. 11 
 and 12. Bark rusty brown; wood reddish-brown, hard 
 and tough and useful for agricultural purposes, rice- 
 pounders, fuel and " cutch." Yern. Tel. Sandra ; Tarn. 
 Karangali. 
 
 14. ACACIA FERRUGUNEA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 295; W. & A. 273; 
 Bedd. FL t. 51. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forests, to the E. 
 slopes of the W. Ghats. 
 
 A large, deciduous, pretty tree with pale yellow flowers, 
 glaucous leaves, Albizzia-like pods and few spines. Wood 
 olive-brown, very hard, used for building and agricultural 
 purposes. Yerii. Tel. Ansandra; Tarn. Velvelam. 
 
 15. ACACIA LENTICTJLARIS, Buch.-Ham. ; F. B. I. ii. 296. 
 
 N. Circars, forests of Gaiijam (Fischer). 
 A deciduous tree with greyish-white flowers, glaucous 
 leaves, large pods with thickened sutures and few spines. 
 Wood very hard, olive-brown. 
 
 16. ACACIA HOHENACKERI, Cralb in Kew Bull. 1915, 408. 
 
 W. Ghats, Kundahs range of Nilgiris (Hohenacker), Coonoor 
 
 (Bourne). 
 
 A climbing shrub with small recurved prickles and large 
 
 thick pod. 
 
 17. ACACIA CAESIA, Willd. A. Intsia, W. & A. 278 excl. most 
 synonyms. 
 
 Deccan, Hills of Cuddapah ; W. Ghats, in the Anamalais. 
 A climbing shrub with rather large prickles and few rather 
 large leaflets. 
 
 18. ACACIA TORTA, Craib. A. caesia, W. & A. 278 not of Willd. 
 Mimosa torta, Roxb. 
 
 N. Circars, hills of Ganjam and Godavari ; Deccan, in 
 Hyderabad, Bellary, Mysore and Coimbatore; W. Ghats, 
 in dry forest southwards to S. Travancore. 
 A large prickly climbing shrub, sometimes very pubescent, 
 occasionally nearly glabrous. 
 
Acacia.^ LEGUMINOSAE. 429 
 
 19. ACACIA COLTJMNARIS, Craib in Kew Bull. 1915, 410. 
 
 W. Coast and "W. Ghats in S. Canara and Mysore 
 
 (Holienacker, etc.). 
 
 A prickly climbing shrub. 
 
 20. ACACIA PENNATA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 297 in part- W. & A. 
 277 in part. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and E. slopes of W. Ghats, up to 5,000 ft., 
 in moderately dry forest, in ravines and along streams. 
 A large very prickly climbing shrub, nearly glabrous. 
 
 21. ACACIA CANESCENS, Grah. A. pennata var. canescens, F. B. 
 I. ii. 298. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry forests and scrub lands up to 
 5,000ft., southwards to S. Travancore. 
 A large prickly climbing shrub, recognised by its minute, 
 very narrow leaflets and pubescent branchlets and in- 
 florescence. 
 
 22. ACACIA RUGATA, Ham. A. concinna, DC. var. rugata, Baker 
 in F. B. I. ii. 297. 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjain (Barber). 
 
 A stout, prickly, straggling or climbing shrub, chiefly of 
 waste lands, the pods large and fleshy, used like those of 
 A. concinna. 
 
 23. ACACIA CONCINNA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 296 ; W. & A. 277. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic and W. Coast. 
 
 A stout very prickly climbing shrub, chiefly of open waste 
 lands, the calyx red and corolla white, the pods fleshy and 
 rugose, used as a substitute for soap. Vern. Hind. Ban 
 ritha ; Tel Sigekai. 
 
 Several species of Acacia have been introduced from Australia 
 and planted about the hill stations of the W. Ghats. Most of 
 them are, however, only garden plants, but two have been so 
 largely grown to supply timber and fuel that they deserve special 
 notice. They are : 
 
 1. ACACIA MELANOXYLON, R. Br. The Black Wattle. A 
 large tree, easily recognised by its leaves, bipinnate when young, 
 very soon being transformed into oblong-falcate or lanceolate 
 phyllodes. The flowers are white and the pods narrow and much 
 curved. It is largely grown for its excellent timber and as a good 
 fuel tree. 
 
 2. ACACIA DE ALB AT A, Link. The Silver Wattle. A small 
 
430 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Acacia. 
 
 tree with silvery foliage of bipinnate leaves which do not change 
 into phyllodes, yellow very sweet-scented panicles and heads of 
 flowers and narrow pods, the sutures not or little constricted 
 between the seeds. It is largely grown in coppice as a fuel, and 
 the bark is a useful tan, not so valuable, however, as that of the 
 very closely allied A. deciirrens, Willd., which has also been 
 planted to a small extent. It differs by the foliage not being 
 silvery and the pods distinctly constricted between the seeds. 
 
 84. Albizzia, Durazz. 
 
 Trees or shrubs without thorns or prickles, rarely climbing. 
 Leaves evenly bipinnate ; pinnae even-pinnate ; leaflets of various 
 sizes ; stipules usually small, sometimes large and foliaceous ; 
 stipels 0. Flowers in globose heads, rarely in spikes ; peduncles 
 distinct, axillary or in terminal panicles ; bracts 2 or none ; 
 bracteoles under the flowers very small, caducous. Calyx cam- 
 panulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Petals 5, connate in a funnel- 
 shaped corolla. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous at the base 
 filaments long exserted ; anthers very small. Ovary sessile or 
 shortly stalked, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma minute. 
 Pod large, thin, flat, straight, continuous within, indehiscent or 
 subdehiscent. Seeds ovate or orbicular, compressed, exalbumi- 
 nous, the funicle filiform. 
 
 Flowers in globose heads ; trees : 
 
 Leaflets large, usually more than '75 in. long : 
 
 Flowers sessile : 
 
 Leaflets obliquely ovate, broad and rounded at base on the 
 upper, narrower and attenuate on the lower side of the midrib, 
 1-1/5 in. long ; -75-1 in. broad, slightly villous beneath ; calyx 
 tubular, glabrous, 'I in. long; pods thin, orange-brown, '8 in. 
 
 broad 1. procera. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, curved upwards, broadest on the lower side of 
 the midrib, rounded or semicordate at base, '75-1 in. long, 
 2o-'5 in. broad, pubescent beneath ; calyx campanulate, '05 in. 
 long, glabrous; pods moderately thick, brown, 1-1-5 in. broad. 
 
 2. odoratissima. 
 
 Flowers pedicelled: 
 
 Leaflets broadly oblong, curved upwards, broadest on the lower 
 side of the midrib, obtuse or retuse at apex, rounded at base, 
 the end ones semicordate, slightly pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. 
 
Albizzia.'] LEGUMINOSAE. 431 
 
 long., -5-'75 in. broad : calyx tubular, '125 in. long, puberulous ; 
 
 pods thin, straw-coloured, 1-2 in. broad 3. Lebbeck. 
 
 Leaflets oblong, slightly falcate, broadest on the lower side of 
 the midrib, rounded or semicordate at base, appressed pubes- 
 cent when young, ashy-grey when dry ; '5 in. long, *2 in. broad ; 
 calyx campanulate, '05 in. long, puberulous ; pods moderately 
 
 thick, red, l-l'o in. broad 4. Thompsoni. 
 
 Leaflets small, under '75 in. long. 
 
 Leaflets rounded at apex, the midrib nearly central, but slightly 
 nearer the upper edge ; pedicels short. 
 
 Leaflets broad, 1-5 in., half as broad as long, very grey-pubes- 
 cent, base obliquely truncate on the upper, semicordate on the 
 lower side ; calyx tubular-campanulate, puberulous ; pod thin, 
 
 flat, '5-1 in. broad, brown 5. Lathamii. 
 
 Leaflets narrow, '1 in., one-fourth as broad as long, glabrous or 
 ciliate on the edges, attenuate on the upper, rounded on the 
 lower side ; calyx campanulate, puberulous ; pod thin, flat, 
 
 1-1 '25 in. broad, greyish- brown 6. amara. 
 
 Leaflets acute at apex, falcate, semitruncate at base, the midrib 
 close to the upper edge, '1 in. broad, ciliate on the margins and 
 midrib ; stipules large and conspicuous ; pedicels very short ; 
 calyx funnel-shaped, pubescent ; pod '75-1*5 in. broad, thin, pale- 
 brown 7. marginata. 
 
 Flowers in axillary spikes ; leaflets very many, linear, acute, the 
 midrib near the upper margin, villous on the midrib beneath ; pods 
 rather thick, with raised sutures, 3 in. by *o in lophantha. 
 
 1. ALBIZZIA PROCERA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 299 ; Brand. For. 
 Fl. t. 26. Mimosa procem, Boxb. Cor. PI. t. 121. Acacia 
 procero, Willd. ; W. & A. 275. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in hill forests, not very common 
 except along river banks ; W. Ghats, in deciduous forests. 
 Often planted for ornament or in avenues. White 
 Siris. 
 
 A very large deciduous tree, conspicuous for its yellowish- 
 white bark and head of spreading branches. Flowers 
 greenish - white, rather small. Wood brown, hard, 
 resembling walnut, useful for many purposes in building 
 and agriculture. Vern. Hind. Safed siris ; Ur. Sarapatri, 
 Sirsi; Tel. Telia chinduga ; Tarn. Konda vaghe ; Mai. 
 Karun thagara. 
 
 2. ALBIZZIA ODORATISSIMA, Beiith. ; F. B. I. ii. 299 ; Bedd. 
 
432 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Albizzia. 
 
 Fl. t. 54. Mimosa odoratissima, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 120. 
 
 Acacia odoratissima, Willd.; W. & A. 275. 
 Mixed forests in all Forest Districts, up to 3,000 ft. in 
 the hills. 
 
 A large tree, almost deciduous though never quite leafless, 
 with sweet-scented white flowers with yellow anthers. 
 Bark dark grey with irregular cracks ; wood dark brown, 
 hard and close-grained, useful for many purposes, especially 
 for wheels, oilmills and furniture. Yern. Hind. Kala 
 siris ; Ur. Sirsi tentura ; Tel. Chinduga ; Tarn. Karu vagei ; 
 Mai. Puli vaga. 
 
 var. mollis, Benth. Leaflets and leaf rhachises densely grey 
 or tawny-velvety. Coimbatore forests (Cleghorn). 
 
 3. ALBIZZIA LEBBECK, Benth.; F. B. I. ii. 298; Bedd. FL t.53. 
 Acacia speciosa, Willd. ; W. & A. 275. 
 
 All plains Districts, cultivated and run wild, but doubtfully 
 indigenous. Siris. 
 
 A large deciduous tree, with rather large white flowers 
 and very long greenish stamens, the pods characteristic 
 and long remaining on the tree when ripe. Bark brownish- 
 grey; wood dark brown, streaked, hard and useful for 
 building and agricultural purposes. Yern. Hind. Siris ; 
 Ur. Tinia ; Tel. Dirasana ; Tarn. Yagei ; Mai. Yaga. 
 
 4. ALBIZZIA THOMPSONI, Brandis in Ind. For. xxv. 284. 
 
 1ST. Circars, in Gairjam forests ; Deccan, in Cuddapah and 
 
 Coimbatore, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with pale-yellow flowers and pink 
 
 anthers. Yern. Hind. Sailari ; Tel. Kondala. 
 3. ALBIZZIA LATHAMII, Hole in Ind. For. Records iv. 4. 153. 
 
 S. Carnatic, in Tinnevelly and Ramnad, up to 1,200 ft. 
 
 (Wight, Latham, Hole), in dry deciduous forest. 
 
 A much-branched small tree with purplish-red white- 
 
 lenticellate bark, short leaves and small pods. 
 6. ALBIZZIA AMARA, Boivin ; F. B. I. ii. 301 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 61. 
 Acacia amara, Willd. ; W. & A. 274. A. Wightii, Grah. ; 
 W. & A. 274. Mimosa amara, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 122. 
 
 N. Circars, in Yizagapatam and Grodavari; Deccan and 
 
 Carnatic, in dry forest lands to S. Travancore and up to 
 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized deciduous tree with pinkish-white flowers 
 
Pithecolobium.~] LEGUMINOSAE. 433 
 
 and leaves with very many very small leaflets, the young 
 shoots yellow-pubescent. The wood is purplish-brown 
 with lighter bands, very hard and strong, used in building 
 and agricultural work. Yern. Tel. Nalla renga ; Tarn. 
 "WYmja ; Mai. Yaracchi. 
 
 7. ALBIZZIA MARGINATA, Merr. A. stipulata, Boiv. ; F.B.I. ii. 
 300; Bedd. Fl. t. 55. Acacia stipulata, DC. ; W. & A. 274. 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in hill forests ; "W. Ghats, in 
 deciduous forests and up to 3,000 ft. or higher ; sometimes 
 planted as a shade tree for coffee. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with white flowers with pink fila- 
 ments and leaves with very many falcate leaflets. Bark 
 grey, horizontally furrowed ; wood brown, soft, of less value 
 than that of the other species. Yern. Hind. Siran; Tel. 
 Konda chiragu ; Tarn. Pili vagei ; Mai. Potta vaga. 
 Albizzia lophantha, Benth. is an Australian shrub, culti- 
 vated and run wild on the Nilgiris and Pulneys. 
 
 85. Pithecolobium, Mart. 
 
 Erect trees or shrubs, unarmed or with spinescent stipules or 
 axillary spines. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae even-pinnate ; stipules 
 various ; stipels 0. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, in globose 
 heads on solitary fascicled or racemed peduncles, axillary at the 
 ends of branches ; bracts small ; bracteoles under the calyx 
 caducous or sometimes persistent. Calyx campanulate, shortly 
 5-toothed. Petals 5, rarely 6, connate in a tubular corolla with 
 5 valvate lobes. Stamens monadelphous, much exserted ; anthers 
 small. Ovary sessile or stalked, many-ovuled ; style filiform ; 
 stigma minute. Pod strap-shaped, circinate or falcate, sometimes 
 coriaceous, sometimes moniliform, usually dehiscent and much 
 twisted, the sutures not thickened. Seeds ovate or orbicular, 
 compressed, sometimes arillate. 
 
 Stipules, spinose : 
 
 Pinnae 1 pair, each with 1 pair of leaflets reaching 2 in. in length ; 
 flowers in close heads in long narrow terminal panicles; pods 
 
 twisted, coriaceous, the seeds with a white edible aril 1. dulce. 
 
 Pinnae 1-2 pairs, each with 5-8 pairs of oblong leaflets reaching 
 75 in. in length ; flowers in axillary heads on long peduncles ; pods 
 curved, not twisted, thick, with 6-8 moniliform rounded joints with 
 flat circular seeds 2. umbellatum- 
 
434 FLORA OF MADRAS. [PithecoUUum. 
 
 Unarmed : 
 
 Leaflets numerous, small, trapezoid, coriaceous, tawny -villous be- 
 neath, the margins incurved, '3-'5 in. long, glands many, 1-3 on 
 the petiole, 1 half-way between each pair of the 3-12 pairs of 
 pinnae ; calyx and corolla golden-pubescent ; pod 3-4 in. long, 
 curved in a circle, orange within with 4-7 black seeds 
 
 3. subcoriaceiim. 
 
 Leaflets few, large, 1-4 pairs; glands 1 on the petiole, 1 each at the 
 base of each pinna and leaflet ; bracteoles lanceolate, persistent : 
 Pinnae 1-2 pairs, leaflets up to 4 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 glabrous, black when dry, reaching 7 in. long, 2 in. broad, unequal 
 at base ; calyx campanulate, '075 in. long ; corolla twice as long, 
 lobes recurved ; pod spirally curved, the -valves *5-'7 in. broad, 
 
 red within 4. bigeminum. 
 
 Pinnae 1 pair, leaflets 1-3 pairs, ovate, abruptly caudate- 
 acuminate, glabrous, reticulate, green when dry, reaching 6 in. 
 long, 3 in. broad, nearly equal at base ; calyx short-campanulate r 
 05 in. long ; corolla twice as long, lobes spreading 5. gracile. 
 
 1. PITHECOLOBIUM DULCE, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 302; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 188. Mimosa dulcis, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 99. Ing a dulcis, 
 Willd. ; W. & A. 268 ; Wt. Ic. t. 198. 
 
 All dry plains Districts, cultivated as a hedge plant and 
 
 rtfn wild, native of tropical America. 
 
 A tree which, when allowed to grow, reaches a good size 
 
 and gives a useful strong reddish-white wood, a good fuel,. 
 
 pods which are eaten by cattle and foliage which is eaten 
 
 by goats. It makes a good strong hedge. Tern. Tarn. 
 
 Karkapilly. 
 
 2. PITHECOLOBIUM UMBELLATUM, Beiith.; F. B. I. ii. 303. 
 Inga untbellata, W. & A. 270. 
 
 Eastern Districts (Wight, Cleghom) scarce. 
 A low tree with thick moniliform pods, and heads of rather 
 few pedicelled creamy-white flowers with very long stamens, 
 thorns scarce. Yern. Tarn. lyamalai. 
 
 3. PITHECOLOBIUM SUBCORIACEUM, Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 305. 
 P. ana m allay OMiim, Bedd. Fl. t. 189. 
 
 W. G-hats, in the Aiiamalais and the Hills of Travancore 
 above 4,000 ft., in evergreen forests. 
 
 A small tree with pretty greenish-white flowers, foliage and 
 pods. "Wood yellowish, soft. Yern. Tarn. Malei vagei. 
 
Inga.~] R08ACEAE. 435 
 
 4. PITHECOLOBIUM BiGEMiNUM, Mart. ; F. B. I. ii. 303. Inga 
 bigemma, Willd. ; W. & A. 269. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests up to 3,000 ft. from Mysore 
 to Anamalais and Travancore, common in Wynaad ; W. 
 Coast, in S. Canara. 
 
 A small tree with white flowers and broad flat pod curved 
 in a ring and orange-red inside with black seeds. Bark 
 smooth, brown, thin; wood light brown, soft. Vern. T>nn. 
 Kal pakku ; Mai. Mutha kolappan. 
 
 5. PITHECOLOBIUM GRACILE, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. Sc. 1864, 
 44; Brand. Ind. Trees 274. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad forests at 3,000 ft. (Beddome, 
 
 Gamble) ; Coorg (Bourne). 
 
 A slender shrub or small tree with white flowers and long 
 
 caudate points to the leaflets. 
 
 Enterolobium Saman, Pram, the Rain tree is an introduction 
 from S. America, and is often grown as an avenue tree. Its 
 growth is very fast, but the wood is useless. 
 
 86. Inga, Willd. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers in spikes or 
 globose heads, peduncled. Calyx tubular or campanulate, shortly 
 3-5 -toothed. Petals combined in a tubular or funnel- shaped 
 corolla with 3-5 lobes, the lobes valvate. Stamens indefinite, 
 long-exserted, monadelphous ; anthers minute. Ovary sessile, 
 niany-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma minute. Pod linear, coria- 
 ceous, straight or curved, the sutures usually thickened. Seeds 
 obovate or orbicular, compressed, sometimes with a pulpy aril. 
 INGA CYNOMETROIDES, Bedd.; F. B. I. ii. 306. Calliandra 
 cynometroides, Bedd. Fl. t. 317. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Hills of S. Travancore in evergreen forest 
 at 2,500-3,500 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 A middle-sized glabrous tree with thorny branches, having 
 1 pair of leaflets 3-4 in. long, flowers with 3-lobed calyx and 
 corolla and flat glabrous coriaceous pod much thickened at 
 the sutures. 
 
 Family LYI. ROSACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, 
 simple or compound ; stipules free or adnate to the petiole, 
 
436 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rosaceae. 
 
 rarely 0. Flowers usually regular and hermaphrodite. Calyx- 
 tube free or adnate to the ovary, usually 5-lobed, often bracteolate. 
 Disk lining the calyx-tube or forming a ring at its base. Petcds 
 5, rarely 0, inserted under the margin of the disk, usually 
 imbricate. Stamens perigynous, usually indefinite, in one or 
 more series ; filaments generally incurved in bud ; anthers small, 
 didymous. Ovary of one or more free or connate carpels ; ovules 
 1 or more in each carpel ; styles basal lateral or subterminal, 
 free or connate ; stigmas simple, peiiicillate or capitate. Fruit 
 variable, of achenes berries or drupes, rarely capsular. Seeds erect 
 or pendulous, exalbuminous ; testa membranous or coriaceous ; 
 cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short. 
 
 Ovary superior ; the ripe carpels not enclosed in the calyx- tube : 
 Flowers irregular ; ovules 2, ascending ; carpel 1, style basal 
 
 1. Parinarium. 
 
 Flowers regular ; ovules 2, pendulous : 
 
 Carpel 1 : 
 
 Drupe erect ; style terminal : 
 
 Petals large ; endocarp hard, bony Prunus. 
 
 Petals very small; endocarp coriaceous 2. Pygeum. 
 
 Drupe inverted ; style subbasal ; endocarp coriaceous 
 
 Prinsepia. 
 
 Carpels many : 
 
 Ovules 2 ; pendulous ; calyx ebracteolate ; prickly shrubs : 
 
 3. Rubus. 
 Ovule 1, erect ; calyx bracteolate ; herbaceous plants : 
 
 Achenes on a fleshy receptacle 4. Fragaria. 
 
 Achenes on a dry receptacle 5. Potentilla. 
 
 Ovary inferior ; the ripe carpels enclosed in the calyx-tube : 
 
 Carpel 1; petals 0; herbaceous 6. Alchemilla. 
 
 Carpels more than 1 ; petals present ; trees or shrubs : 
 
 Carpels not confluent when ripe ; prickly shrubs with compound 
 
 leaves and adnate stipules 7. Rosa. 
 
 Carpels confluent when ripe ; erect unarmed trees or shrubs with 
 simple leaves and small stipules : 
 
 Flowers in panicles ; ovary 5-celled Eriobotrya. 
 
 Flow r ers corymbose or fascicled : 
 
 Ovary 5-celled ; endocarp cartilaginous Pyrus. 
 
 Ovary 2-3-celled ; endocarp thin ; evergreen trees 
 
 8. Photinia. 
 Ovary 2-5-celled ; endocarp bony ; rigid shrubs 
 
 9. Cotoiieaster. 
 
Pygeum.'] ROSACEAE. 437 
 
 1. Parinarium, Jnss. 
 
 Trees. Leaves simple, alternate, evergreen, quite entire ; 
 stipules subulate or lanceolate. Flowers hermaphrodite, white 
 or pink, in corymbose racemes, bracteate. Calyx-tube campanu- 
 late or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 5, inserted 
 on the mouth of the calyx-tube, sessile or clawed, deciduous. 
 Stamens numerous ; filaments connate at the base in a ring or 
 unilateral bundle, filiform ; anthers small. Ovary adnate to the 
 side of the calyx-tube, 2-celled, the ovules erect; style basal, 
 filiform ; stigma truncate. Fruit an ovoid or spherical drupe, 
 the stone 1-2-seeded, woody or bony. Seeds erect; testa mem- 
 branous ; cotyledons fleshy. 
 
 Leaflets 8-9 in. long, 3 in. broad, elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous 
 racemes stout, axillary or terminal, slightly pubescent, about 4 in. 
 
 long ; flowers white 1. indicum. 
 
 Leaves 4-5 in. long, 1-1 '5 in. broad, lanceolate, glabrous except the 
 silky midrib beneath; racemes slender, drooping, usually axillary, 
 silky- villous, about 2 in. long ; flowers pink 2. travancoricum. 
 
 1. PARINARIUM INDICUM, Bedd. Ic. t. 109, Fl. t. 191 ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 311. 
 
 W. Ghats, about the Carcoor Ghat, S.-E. Wynaad, in 
 moist woods at 2,000-3,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A middling-sized evergreen tree. 
 
 2. PARINARIUM TRAVANCORICUM, Bedd. Ic. t. 189; F. B. I. 
 ii. 311. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Travancore Hills, in evergreen forests 
 at 2,000 ft. (Beddome, Bourdillon). 
 
 A small graceful evergreen tree with straight cylindric 
 stein. Bark smooth, mottled brown and white; wood 
 hard, smooth, pink. 
 
 2. Pygeum, Gaertn. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, alternate, persistent, 
 entire or rarely toothed, sometimes with pitted glands near the 
 base ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers small, in racemes, 
 sometimes <J only by suppression of the ovary ; bracts deciduous, 
 in early bud forming a cone. Calyx-tube obcoiiic .urceolate or 
 campanulate, usually villous within, deciduous usually in a ring 
 
438 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pygeum. 
 
 at the middle ; lobes 5-6, very small. Petals 5-6, sometimes 
 undistinguishable from the calyx-lobes with which they alternate, 
 usually villous. Stamens normally 10, 20 or 30, in one or two 
 rows, often irregular by the absence of some ; filaments slender, 
 incurved ; anthers small. Carpel solitary at the base of the 
 calyx-tube, ovoid or globose ; style subulate ; stigma capitate ; 
 ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Fruit a transversely oblong 
 obscurely 2-lobed indehiscent drupe ; pericarp thin, dry or fleshy ; 
 Cotyledons hemispheric ; radicle minute, superior. 
 
 Leaves entire: 
 
 Calyx-lobes and petals unequal, the latter the longer : 
 
 Leaves ovate to broad-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, 4-6 in. 
 long, T5-3 in. broad, not pitted ; racemes slender, 2-3 in. long, 
 pedicels '1 in. ; stamens more than 30 with long filaments ; ovary 
 glabrous with long slender style ; .drupe *5 by '7 in., dark purple, 
 
 top slightly retuse 1. acuminatum. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute at apex, 2-4 in. long, 1-1 '5 in. broad, 
 rarely pitted ; racemes under 2 in. long, pedicels '1 in. ; stamens 
 about 20 with short filaments ; ovary glabrous with short style ; 
 
 drupe '5 by '8 in., purple, top slightly retuse 2. sisparense. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtusely acute at apex, rounded or subcordate at 
 base and usually pitted ; 4-6 in. long, 2'5-3 in. broad ; racemes 
 reaching 5 in. long, pubescent, pedicels '1--25 in. long; stamens 
 about 20; ovary glabrous, with thick style; drupe "6 by '7 in., 
 
 top not retuse 3. Wightianum. 
 
 Calyx-lobes and petals nearly equal, similar, but the latter more 
 obtuse; stamens normally 30; racemes 2-4 in. long, pubescent, 
 pedicels *1 in. ; leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, up to 7 in. long, 
 2-3 in. broad ; basal glands present or more often absent ; drupe 
 
 6 by 1 in., black, slightly retuse at top 4. Gardneri. 
 
 Leaves crenate- serrate, ovate or ovate-oblong, attenuate at base; 
 petals oblong, '1 in. long, glandular-ciliate, twice the length of the 
 calyx-lobes; stamens 10-15, usually 10 5. Andersoni. 
 
 1. PYGEUM ACUMINATUM, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 360, 
 t. 18; F. B. I. ii. 318. 
 
 E. Ghats, Rumpa Hills of Godavari at 2,500 ft. (Gamble). 
 An evergreen tree, with fairly large leaves. 
 
 2. PYGEUM SISPARENSE, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 238. 
 
 W. Ghats, about Sispara in W. Nilgiris at 6,000-7-,000 ft. 
 (Gamble). 
 
ubus.^ ROSACEAE. 439 
 
 A small tree with small leaves racemes and flowers, the 
 fruit large. 
 
 3. PYGEUM WIGHTIANUM, Bl.; F. B. I. ii. 319. P. ceylanicum, 
 Bedd. Fl. t. 59. 
 
 "W. Ghats, from Mysore to the Nilgiris, Pulneys and 
 Travancore Hills, at 3,000-6,000 ft. 
 
 A large and handsome tree with white flowers, the leaves, 
 fruit and bark smelling of prussic acid. Bark dark brown, 
 rough; wood hard, pink, mottled and streaked. Yern. 
 Tarn. Palan kacchi ; MaL Nai kambagam. 
 
 4. PYGEUM GARDNERI, Hook. f. in F. B. I. ii. 321. P. acumi- 
 natum, Wt. Ic. t. 993. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the hills of Malabar, Nilgiris, Pulneys and 
 Travancore, above 3,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized tree, glabrous except the inflorescence, the 
 leaf-glands only occasionally found. 
 
 5. PYGEUM ANDERSONI, Hook. f. in F. B. I. ii. 320. 
 
 E. Ghats, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 4,500 ft. 
 (Gamble, Fischer). 
 
 A tree or shrub, noticeable for its serrate leaves, glabrous 
 except the margins of the rather long petals. 
 
 3. Rubus, Linn. 
 
 Creeping herbs or erect or climbing shrubs, usually prickly. 
 Leaves alternate, simple or compound ; stipules free or adnate to 
 the petiole. Flowers in terminal or axillary corymbose panicles, 
 rarely solitary, white or red ; bracts various ; bracteoles usually 
 femall or 0. Calyx-tube broad ; lobes 5, persistent. Disk 
 lining the calyx-tube. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted on the 
 mouth of the calyx-tube. Carpels many, on a convex receptacle ; 
 ovules 2, collateral, pendulous ; style subterminal, filiform ; stigma 
 capitate. Fruit a cluster of small fleshy 1- seeded drupes crowded 
 on the receptacle, rarely few. Seed pendulous ; cotyledons plano- 
 convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 Leaves simple, 5-lobed, the under- surf ace, the nerves on the upper 
 surface, the branchlets and inflorescence more or less clothed .with 
 white or fulvous tomentum ; prickles comparatively few, short, re- 
 curved : 
 
 GG 
 
44,0 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rubus. 
 
 Bracts boat-shaped or obovate, entire or dentate at apex ; leaves 
 up to 4 in. long, 3 in. broad, the lobes short, acute, again lobulate 
 
 1. Wightii. 
 Bracts broadly ovate or obovate, laciniate at apex : 
 
 Leaves thick, deeply cordate, prominently and minutely rugose 
 on both surfaces with very small areoles ; bracts and stipules 
 long-flabellately laciniate : 
 
 Leaves orbicular in outline, up to 6 in. in diam., the lobes 
 rounded, scarcely lobulate, the sinuses shallow ; tomentum 
 thick, fulvous ; inflorescence dense... 2. rugosus var. Thwaitesii. 
 Leaves ovate in outline, up to 9 in. long by 7 in. broad, the 
 lobes acute, the end one long and usually again lobulate ; 
 tomentum short, white or pale fulvous ; inflorescence loose 
 
 3. Fairholmianus. 
 
 Leaves thin, shallowly cordate, not minutely rugose, up to 6 in. 
 long by 5 in. broad, the areoles rather large ; bracts and stipules 
 shortly laciniate ; tomentum very thin, tawny ; inflorescence lax 
 
 4. Gardneriamis. 
 
 Bracts pectinately laciniate with linear segments; leaves deeply 
 cordate, not lobulate, rugose with small areoles : 
 
 Petals very small, less than half the length of the calyx- lobes ; 
 leaves up to 5 in. long by 4*5 in. broad, the lobes, especially the 
 end one, acute, the sinuses deep ; inflorescence short or shortly 
 
 paniculate 5. micropetalus. 
 
 Petals nearly as long as the calyx-lobes ; leaves up to 6 in. in 
 diam., the lower lobes rounded or subacute, the end lobe acute ; 
 
 inflorescence large, in spreading panicles 6. fulvus. 
 
 Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, wrinkled, the end leaflet the largest ; 
 stipules subulate; petals white, as long as or longer than the calyx- 
 lobes ; fruit globose, orange 7. ellipticus. 
 
 Leaves pinnately 5-7 f oliolate, usually white beneath : 
 
 Branches glabrous, glaucous, not glandular ; leaves usually 7 -f oliolate, 
 stipules subulate ; petals pink, shorter than the calyx-lobes ; fruit 
 
 globose, black with white tomentum 8. niveus. 
 
 Branches covered with glandular bristles and hairs ; leaves usually 
 5-f oliolate, stipules lanceolate ; petals red, longer than the calyx- 
 lobes ; fruit globose, purple with white tomentum ,.9. racemosus. 
 
 1. RTJBUS WIGHTII, Gamble. R. rugosus, Wt. Ic. t. 225 not 
 of Sm. R. moiuccanus, Hook, f . in F. B. I. ii. 330 in part 
 * only (var. . Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl.). 
 Sivagiri hills, Timievelly (Wight). 
 A small species with pretty vine-like leaves and red fruits. 
 

 s: ROSACEAE. 441 
 
 BUBUS RUGOSUS, Sm. in Bees Cycl. xxx. R. moluccanus, 
 Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 330 in part. 
 Var. Thwaitesii, Focke. W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills at 
 
 high levels, common on Dodabetta at 8,000 ft. 
 
 A large strongly- growing shrub with large purple-black 
 
 fruits. 
 
 3. BUBUS FAIRHOLMIANUS, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist, 
 viii. 6. R. moluccanus, Hook. f. in F. B. I. ii. 330 in part 
 only (var. y. Thwaites Enum. PI. ZeyL). 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills at 5,000-7,000 ft. 
 A large shrub with white tomentum and red fruits. 
 
 4. BUBUS GARDNERIANUS, O. Kze. R. moluccanus, Hook. f. 
 in F. B. I. ii. 330 in part only (var. d. Thwaites Enum. PL 
 ZeyL). R. macrocarpus, Gardn. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Udambadsholay, Travancore Hills, at 5,000 ft. 
 (Meebold) ; E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam at 
 4,500 ft. probably. 
 
 A good-sized shrub with thin leaves, open reticulations to 
 the leaves, many prickles and black fruit. 
 
 5. BUBUS MICROPETALUS, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 
 viii. 6. R. moluccanus, Hook. f. in F. B. I. ii. 330 in part 
 only (var. /3. Thwaites Enum. PL ZeyL). 
 
 Tinnevelly District, at Kalivayalpil (Barber). 
 
 Apparently a small species, perhaps climbing, with deeply - 
 
 lobed leaves, small petals and red fruit. 
 
 6. BUBUS FULVUS, Focke in Biblioth. Bot. Ixxii. 81 (1909). 
 
 W. 'Ghats, in W. Nilgiris, Bababudan Hills of Mysore, 
 Atapadi Hills of Malabar, hills of Coimbatore, at 3,000- 
 6.000 ft. (King, Fischer and others). 
 
 A strong-growing, perhaps climbing, species with large 
 flower panicles and black-purple fruit. 
 
 7. BUBUS ELLIPTICUS, Sm, ; F. B. I. ii. 336. R. Gowreephul, 
 Boxb. ; W. & A. 298; Wt. Ic. t. 230. R. Wallichianus, 
 W. & A. 298 ; Wt. Ic. t. 231. 
 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in the hills above 4,000 ft. ; 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, in open places, usually above 
 . 6,000 ft. 
 
 A large straggling shrub with stiff red hairs and prickles. 
 The orange raspberry-like fruit is edible and good, it can 
 be made into preserves. 
 
442 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rubus. 
 
 8. RUBUS NIVEUS. Thunb. Dissert. 9, fig. 3 not of Wall. 
 R. laswcarpus, Sm. ; F. B. I. ii. 339 ; W. & A. 299 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 232. 
 
 N". Oircars, Deccan and Carnatic, in hills above 4.000 ft. ; 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, on Shola margins and in open 
 
 forest. 
 
 A straggling shrub, the leaves usually very white beneath ; 
 
 fruit edible but dry and the seeds with a woolly coat. 
 Yar. subglaber, Thw. Leaves not white beneath, glabrous 
 
 except on the nerves ; thorns large, recurved from broad 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at high elevations. 
 
 9. RUBUS RACEMOSUS, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 340. 
 
 Nilgiri hills, at high elevations, above 6,000 ft. 
 A straggling shrub very closely allied to R. ni>:eus, chiefly 
 differing in the glandular hairs, especially on the calyx- 
 tube. 
 
 Riibiis Idaeus, Linn., the Raspberry, is found in cultivation in 
 hill stations. 
 
 4. Fragaria, Linn. 
 
 Perennial scapigerous herbs with creeping stolons. Leaves 
 digitately 3- rarely 5-foliolate, rarely pinnate or simple ; stipules 
 adnate to the petiole. Floivers white or yellow, often polygamous, 
 cymose on erect scapes ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles 5, close under 
 the calyx. Petals 5. Stamens many, 1-seriate, persistent ; fila- 
 ments filiform ; anthers didymous. Carpels many, on a convex 
 receptacle ; styles lateral ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Fruit 
 of many achenes, sunk in the surface of the fleshy receptacle. 
 Seeds minute ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 Flowers yellow, solitary, bracteoles broad, 3-5-fid at apex ; leaflets 
 3-5, obovate, usually crenate ; peduncles shortly whitish-villous, 
 25-1 in. long; slender plants with the ripe receptacles red...l. indica. 
 Flowers white, in cymes, bracteoles deeply bifid in 2 lanceolate lobes -, 
 leaflets 3, obovate, coarsely dentate ; peduncles densely golden-villous, 
 1-1 '5 in. long; robust plants with the ripe receptacles white tinged 
 with pink 2. nilgerrensis. 
 
 1. FRAGARIA INDICA, Andr. ; F. B. I. ii. 343; W. & A. 300; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 989. 
 
Potentitta.] ROSACEAE. 443 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills at 6,000-7,000 ft. 
 A small creeping strawberry, the fruit insipid. 
 2. FRAGARIA NILGERRENSIS, Schleclit. ; F. B. I. ii. 344. F. 
 elatior, W. & A. 300 ; Wt. Ic. t. 938. 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 6,000 ft. 
 A stout creeping wild strawberry, the fruit edible and 
 pleasant. 
 
 Fragaria elcttior, Ehrh., the Strawberry, is cultivated in hill 
 gardens. 
 
 5. Potentilla, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or rarely shrubs, perennial or sometimes annual. Leaves 
 digitately or pinnately compound, the leaflets usually lobed; 
 stipules adnate to the petiole. Flowers white or yellow, rarely 
 red, solitary or in corymbose cymes ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles 5, 
 rarely 4. under the calyx. Calyx persistent, tube hemispheric or 
 urceolate, concave at base; lobes 5, rarely 4, valvate. Petals 5. 
 Stamens many, 1- or more-seriate, rarely definite. Carpels many, 
 on a small dry receptacle ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; style per- 
 sistent or deciduous, ventral or terminal. Fruit of many achenes, 
 clustered on the dry receptacle. Seeds minute ; radicle superior. 
 
 Leaves pinnate with 5-7 obovate coarsely-toothed leaflets, whitish 
 beneath, softly golden-villous ; flowers about *5 in. in-diam. ; achenes 
 smooth or very minutely wrinkled, pale, about '1 in. long 
 
 1. Leschenaultiana. 
 
 Leaves digitately 5-foliolate, leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, silky- 
 villous, green l^eiieath, obtusely deeply crenate; flowers about '25 in. 
 in diam. ; achenes dark, deeply wrinkled, scarcely '05 in. long 
 
 2. Kleiniana. 
 
 1. POTENTILLA LESCHENAULTIANA, Ser. ; F. B. I. ii. 350 ; 
 W. & A. 301 ; Wt. Ic. t. 990. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Xilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 6,500 ft. 
 A strong-growing perennial herb with yellow flowers. 
 
 2. POTENTILLA KLEINIANA, W. & A. 300 ; F. B. I. ii. 359 ; 
 Wt. 111. t. 85. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills about Ootacamuiid at 
 7,000 ft. 
 
 A weak, usually prostrate herb with yellow flowers, 
 sometimes stoloiiiferous. 
 
414 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Alchemilla. 
 
 6. Alchemilla, Linn. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, orbicular, lobed 
 or deeply divided ; stipules adnate to the petiole, sheathing the 
 stem. Flowers minute, in corymbose cymes ; bracts many ; 
 bracteoles 4-5, under the calyx-lobes. Cafo/#-tube campanulate, 
 lobes 4-5, valvate. Disk adnate to the calyx- tube, large and thick at 
 its mouth. Stamens 4-5, on the mouth of the calyx-tube. Carpels 
 1-5, stalked or sessile in the calyx-tube ; style basal ; stigma 
 capitate. Fruit of 1-4 achenes enclosed in the membranous 
 persistent calyx- tube. 
 
 ALCHEMILLA INDICA, Gardii. ; F. B. I. ii. 361. A. vulgaris, 
 
 Wt. Ic. t. 229. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 7,000 ft., chiefly at high 
 elevations as on the top of Dodabetta, on open grass-land. 
 A perennial silky herb with prostrate stems covered with the 
 dry remains of the stipules; flowers very small, green; leaves 
 orbicular, 7-11-lobed, serrate. 
 
 7. Rosa, Linn. 
 
 Erect, sarmentose or climbing shrubs, usually prickly. Leaves 
 alternate, iinparipinnate ; leaflets serrate ; stipules adnate to the 
 petiole. Flowers terminal, solitary or corymbose, white, yellow 
 or red; bracts rarely persistent; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube globose, 
 ovoid or flask-shaped, the mouth contracted ; lobes 4-5, imbricate. 
 Petals 4-5, usually large. Disk lining the calyx- tube, thickened in a 
 ring at the mouth. Stamens many, inserted on the disk. Carpels 
 many, rarely few, in the bottom of the calyx-tube; styles sub- 
 terminal, free or connate above; stigma thickened ; ovule solitary, 
 pendulous. Fruit a fleshy calyx-tube (rose-hip) enclosing a cluster 
 of coriaceous or bony achenes. Seeds small, pendulous ; cotyledons 
 plano-convex ; radicle superior. 
 
 ROSA LESCHENAULTIANA, W. & A. 301; F. B. I. ii. 368; Wt. 
 
 Ic. t. 38. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills above 5,000 ft., in Shola 
 Forest ; said to occur also in the Pulney Hills. 
 A large climbing shrub with pink flowers, very glandular 
 leaf-rhachises and peduncles and globose fruit, the styles 
 
Photinia.'] ROSACEAE. 445 
 
 united in a long-exserted column. Bark papery, purplish- 
 red ; wood reddish-brown. 
 
 Roses, of many species and garden varieties, are to be found in 
 cultivation, especially in the Hills. 
 
 8. Photinia, Lindl. 
 
 Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, coriaceous, entire 
 or toothed ; stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers small, white, 
 in corymbose terminal panicles ; bracts deciduous. 0^a?-tube 
 obconic; lobes 5, short, persistent. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 
 20, inserted on the mouth of the calyx. Ovary half-adhering, 2- 
 rarely more-celled ; styles 2, rarely more, free or connate at the 
 base; stigmas truncate; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, ascending. 
 Fruit a small globose or ovoid drupe with 2 pyrenes each in a 
 crustaceous endocarp, each with 2 seeds. Seeds obovoid, tri- 
 quetrous or compressed ; testa coriaceous ; cotyledons plano- 
 convex ; radicle inferior. 
 
 Leaves elliptic ovate or lanceolate, mucronate at apex, crenulate, 
 3-6 in. long, the nerves prominent beneath; flowers '3 in. broad, the 
 claw of the petals usually villous ; seeds triquetrous ... 1. Lindleyana. 
 Leaves elliptic or obovate, obliquely acuminate at apex, entire, 
 3-6 in. long, 1-2*5 in. broad, nerves not prominent ; flowers '15 in. 
 broad, the claw of the petals usually glabrous ; seeds compressed 
 
 2. Notoniana. 
 
 1. PHOTINIA LINDLEYANA, W. & A. 302; F. B. I. ii. 380; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 228. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola Forests of the Nilgiri Hills at about 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 A small tree with dark brown bark and light brown close- 
 grained wood, used only for fuel. 
 
 var. tomentosa, Gamble. Petioles, uiidersurface of young leaves 
 and inflorescence softly tawny-tomentose ; leaves almost 
 entire, serrate towards the apex. 
 
 Nilgiris, chiefly in Sholas towards Sispara at and above 
 7,000 ft. 
 
 2. PHOTINIA NOTONIANA, W. & A. 302; F. B. I. ii. 380; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 991; 111. t. 86; Bedd. Fl. t. 192. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney hills and the hills 
 
446 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Photinia. 
 
 of Malabar and Travancore above 4,000 ft., in evergreen 
 
 forests. 
 
 A good-sized tree with reddish-brown scaly bark and light 
 
 red close-grained wood. 
 
 9. Cotoneaster, Kupp. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs, erect or decumbent. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, usually downy beneath ; stipules subulate, deciduous. 
 Flowers small, solitary or in axillary or terminal cymes, white 
 or pink ; bracts and bracteoles small. Calyx-tube turbinate or 
 campanulate; lobes 5, short, persistent. Pttals 5, imbricate in 
 bud. Stamens indefinite, usually 20, inserted at the mouth of 
 the calyx. Carpels 2-5, adnate to the calyx-tube ; styles free ; 
 stigma truncate ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit an ovoid 
 globose or turbinate drupe with 2-5 1 -seeded bony pyrenes. 
 Seeds compressed, cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle inferior. 
 COTONEASTER BUXIFOLIA, Wall.; F. B. I. ii. 387; W. & A. 
 302; Wt. Ic.t. 992. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 5,000 ft. 
 A rigid, intricately branched shrub with elliptic-ovate 
 acuminate apiculate small leaves, tomentose beneath, white 
 flowers and scarlet fruit. Beddome says the hard, tough 
 wood is used by the Todas to make clubs for killing 
 buffaloes. 
 
 Prunus Persica, Benth. and Hook, f., the Peach; Prunus 
 Avium, Linn., the Cherry ; Pyrus Mains, Linn., the Apple ; 
 Pyrus communis, Linn., the Pear, are cultivated in hill stations 
 for their fruit. 
 
 Prinsepia utilis, Royle, a thorny shrub, introduced from the 
 Himalaya, is now found run wild in the Nilgiri Hills. 
 
 Eriobotrya japonica, LindL, the Loquat, is occasionally 
 cultivated in the Nilgiri Hills for its fruit. 
 
 Family LYII. SAXIFRAGACEAE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate with stipules adnate 
 to the petiole or 0, or opposite exstipulate. Flowers usually 
 hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx usually 5-merous, more or less 
 
Parnassia.'] SAXIFRAGACEAE. 447 
 
 adnate to the ovary; lobes imbricate or valvate. Disk cup-like 
 or sometimes reduced to intra-staminal glands. Petals usually 5, 
 rarely 0, usually perigyiious, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 
 inserted with the petals, equalling or double their number, rarely 
 indefinite. Carpels usually 2, less often 3-5, united in a usually 
 2-, rarely 3-5-celled ovary, with axile placentas, sometimes 
 1-celled with parietal placentas ; ovules many ; stigmas capitate 
 or lateral subcapitate. Fruit an indehiscent capsule or an 
 indehiscent berry. Seeds usually numerous, albuminous. 
 
 Placentas pendulous from the apex of the 1-celled ovary.; dichotomous 
 herbs with opposite leaves; staminodes none, stamens 5 ..1. Yahlia. 
 Placentas parietal ; scapigerous herbs with radical leaves ; staminodes 
 alternating with the 5 stamens 2. Parnassia. 
 
 1. Yahlia, Thunb. 
 
 Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves opposite, entire ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers small, regular, axillary, usually in pairs, white or 
 yellowish. Calyx-tu\)Q hemispheric, adnate to the ovary; lobes 5, 
 valvate. Petals 5, epigynous, short. Stamens 5, inserted on 
 the margin of the epigynous disk ; filaments subulate. Ovary 
 inferior, 1-celled, with 2 pendulous placentas ; ovules many ; 
 styles 2 ; stigmas capitellate. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the 
 apex between the styles. Seeds many, minute, ellipsoid, smooth. 
 
 Flowers subsessile, 2- or often 1-flowered in most of the upper axils ; 
 
 filaments with a small hairy scale at their base 1. viscosa. 
 
 Flowers peduncled, 2- or rarely 1-flowered in most of the upper 
 axils; filaments without a scale at their base 2. oldenlandioides. 
 
 1. YAHLIA VISCOSA, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 399; W. & A. 364; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 563. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, on dry lands. 
 
 '2. YAHLIA OLDENLANDIOIDES, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 399; 
 W. & A. 364; Wt, Ic. t. 562. 
 
 Deccan. and Carnatic, on sandy lands, especially near the 
 sea. 
 
 2. Parnassia, Linn. 
 
 Glabrous, perennial, scapigerous herbs, the scapes 1-flowered, 
 usually with a leaflike bract in the middle. Leaves entire, 
 
448 FLORA OF MADRAS. \JParnassia. 
 
 radical, petioled. Calyx-tuloe free or adnate to the ovary ; lobes 
 5, imbricate. Petals 5, white or pale yellow. Stamens 5, 
 perigynous or nearly hypogynous, opposite the calyx-lobes, 
 alternating with 5 staminodes opposite the petals ; filaments 
 subulate ; anthers ovate. Ovary 1- celled, ovoid ; style short ; 
 stigmas 3-4 ; ovules numerous, on parietal placentas opposite the 
 stigmas. Fruit a capsule, loculicidally 3-4-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, smooth, albumen scarcely any. 
 
 Scapes 6-12 in. high ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate, 1-1-5 in. long- ; 
 petals obovate, conspicuously fimbriate on the margins ; staminodes 
 
 3-5-lobed, the lobes cylindric-clavate 1. Wightiana. 
 
 Scapes 3-6 in. high ; leaves orbicular, cordate, 'o-'To in. long ; petals 
 obovate, not or slightly fimbriate on the margins ; staminodes clavate, 
 entire or more or less 3- or even 5-lobed 2. mysorensis. 
 
 1. PARNASSIA WIGHTIANA, Wall, in W. & A. 35 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 402 ; Wt. 111. t. 21, Ic. t. 945. 
 
 Boggy places on tke Nilgiri plateau at 6,000-8,000 ft 
 
 2. PARNASSIA MYSORENSIS, Heyne in W. & A. 35 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 402; Wt. 111. t. 21. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Mysore, Malabar, Nilgiri and Pulney 
 Hills, above 5,000 ft., in damp places or among rocks. The 
 Nilgiri specimens have the staminodes more prominently 
 lobed than those from the Pulney s. The two species are 
 closely allied and are more distinguishable by the differ- 
 ence of size than by other characters. 
 
 Family LYIII. CRASSULACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, with often a woody rootstock, or undershrubs, usually 
 succulent. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or sometimes 
 pinnate ; stipules 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, 
 usually in cymes. Calyx free, 4-5-, rarely 6-8-lobed. Petals as 
 many as the calyx-lobes and alternate with them, free or connate. 
 Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, hypogynous or 
 epipetalous. Carpels as many as and opposite to the petals, free 
 or connate below, narrowed into the styles with a hypogynous 
 scale at the base of each; ovules numerous, 2-many- seriate, 
 rarely few. Fruit of usually 4-5, rarely fewer, follicles dehiscing 
 at the ventral suture. Seeds many, rarely few or solitary, 
 albuminous. 
 
Kalanchoe.'] CRASSULACEAE. 449 
 
 Stamens as many as the petals ; leaves opposite ; small herbs 
 
 1. Tillaea. 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the petals ; tall erect fleshy herbs : 
 Calyx with a long inflated tube and shortly 4-fid limb; corolla 
 with a much constricted tube ; leaves bulbiferous in the crenatures > 
 
 opposite, sometimes pinnate Bry ophyllunu 
 
 Calyx with a short tube and deeply 4-partite limb; corolla with a 
 flask- shaped tube ; leaves opposite or the upper alternate, sometimes 
 pinnatifid, not bulbiferous 2. Kalanchoe. 
 
 1. Tillaea, Linn. 
 
 Small glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers minute* 
 axillary, solitary or fascicled or cymose, white or red. Calyx 
 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free or connate at the base. Stamens 
 4-5, filaments filiform. Hypogynous scales 4-5 or 0. Carpels 4-5, 
 free ; styles short ; stigmas minute. Follicles 2-maiiy- seeded, 
 rarely 1-seeded. 
 
 TILLAEA PENTANDRA, Royle; F. B. I. ii. 412. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore (Lobb) ; Nilgiris (Hohenacker\ usually on 
 
 walls or rocks. 
 
 A small tufted plant with angular stem, stem- clasping leaves 
 and minute scarious flowers. 
 
 2. Kalanchoe, Adans. 
 
 Erect perennial herbs, with stout fleshy stems and leaves, 
 Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, entire crenate or pinna- 
 tifid. Flowers large, erect, in many-flowered paniculate bracteate 
 cymes. Calyx 4-partite or 4-fid half way down, shorter than the 
 corolla. Petals 4, connate in a flask-shaped corolla tube, the 
 lobes spreading, persistent. Stamens 8, in 2 series, adnate to the 
 corolla-tube. Hypogynous scales 4. Carpels 4, adnate to the 
 base of the corolla-tube, attenuate into long subulate styles ; 
 stigmas obliquely truncate; ovules many. Follicles 4. Seeds 
 very many, oblong-ellipsoid, ribbed longitudinally. 
 
 Calyx divided not more than half-way down ; leaves obovate, nearly 
 entire, up to 6 in. long, much narrowed at base ; calyx tubular, very 
 glandular-pubescent ; flowers yellow, in elongate panicles of cymes 
 
 corolla lobes ovate-oblong 1. glandulosa. 
 
 Calyx divided nearly to the base : 
 
 Leaves simple, crenate, the crenatures broad : 
 
450 FLORA OF MADRAS. (Kalanchoe. 
 
 Calyx-lobes narrow, lanceolate : 
 
 Flowers yellow, in large corymbose bracteate panicles, the 
 inflorescence glandular or glabrous; leaves obovate-spathulate 
 especially the upper ones, up to 4 in. long, 1 in. broad ; corolla- 
 tube in fruit shining, white 2. floribunda. 
 
 Flowers white : 
 
 Calyx and corolla glandular- hairy ; inflorescence in compact 
 corymbs ; leaves obovate, obtuse, up to 5 in. long, 2 in. broad, 
 
 dotted with red spots (Cooke) 3. olivacea. 
 
 Calyx and corolla not glandular-hairy; inflorescence in 
 spreading panicles of cymes; leaves elliptic, narrowed at 
 base, more or less acute, up to 6 in. long, 3 in. broad, tinged 
 
 with red (Cooke) 4. BMdei. 
 
 Calyx-lobes large, ovate; leaves orbicular- obovate, cuneate at 
 base, up to 3 in. long, 2 in. broad ; flowers yellow, in compact 
 corymbose cymes, the inflorescence glabrous; corolla-lobes 
 
 obovate, mucronate 5. grandiflora. 
 
 Leaves pinnatifid, the segments, especially in upper leaves, usually 
 narrow and even linear, sometimes broader ; flowers pale yellow, 
 in paniculate cymes with linear bracts ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
 glandular ; corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, mucronate 6. laciniata. 
 
 1. KALANCHOE GLANDULOSA, Hochst. ; F. B. I. ii. 414. 
 
 Deccan, in hilly country in Mysore (Wight) on dry rock soil. 
 A thick- stemmed succulent plant reaching 2 ft. in height. 
 
 2. KALANCHOE FLORIBUNDA, W. & A. 359 ; F. B. I. ii. 414. 
 
 Deccan, 011 dry hills in Coimbatore at 2,000-4,000 ft. 
 (Fischer, etc.) 
 
 An erect succulent-leaved plant with glandular inflor- 
 escence. 
 Yar. glabra, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 415. 
 
 W. Ghats, on dry slopes from Mysore and N. Nilgiris to 
 the Anamalais and hills of Travaiicore, at 2,000-4,000 ft. 
 An erect succulent, the inflorescence not glandular, and 
 prominently corymbose. 
 
 3. KALANCHOE OLIVACEA, Dalz. ; Cooke Bomb. Fl. i. 467. 
 
 W. Grhats, in the Ananialai Hills at Attakatti and Kadam- 
 
 parai, 3,500-4,000 ft. among rocks (Fischer). 
 
 An erect succulent of an olive-brown colour when fresh. 
 
 4. KALANCHOE BHIDEI, T. Cooke Bomb. Fl. i. 467. 
 
 Deccan, in the hills of Coimbatore at Dimbam and Anai- 
 
Drosera.] DROSERACEAE. 451 
 
 kerai at 3,500-5,000 ft. (Fischer); Pulney Hills (Bourne). 
 An erect succulent reaching 3 ft. high, with large flower- 
 panicles and broad leaves. 
 
 5. KALANCHOE GRANDIFLORA, W. & A. 359 ; F. B. I, ii. 415 ; 
 Wt. 111. t. 111. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, above 6,000 ft. 
 A tall succulent plant with glaucous leaves and showy 
 flowers. 
 
 6. KALANCHOE LACINIATA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 415 ; W. & A. 360 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1158. 
 
 Deccan, on dry slopes in Coimbatore at 1,500 ft. ; W. Ghats, 
 N". slopes of NJlgiris and hills of Travancore at 3,000 ft. 
 A large succulent herb, up to 4 ft. high. 
 
 Bryophyllum pinnatum, Kurz, an introduced plant, is found 
 in gardens and run wild in many places in plains Districts. It is 
 remarkable for forming new plants at the crenatures of the 
 leaves. 
 
 Family LIX, DROSERACEAE. 
 
 Perennial glandular-hairy herbs, insectivorous. Leaves radical 
 or caulme, usually entire ; stipules 2. Flowers hermaphrodite, 
 regular. Calyx 4-5- or more-partite, the sepals free, imbricate, 
 persistent. Petals as many as sepals, usually hypogynous. 
 imbricate, marcescent. Stamens as many as petals ; filaments 
 free or connate at the base. Ovary free or adherent to the base 
 of the calyx, globose or ovoid, 1-3-celled ; styles 3-5 ; ovules 
 numerous, usually on parietal placentas. Fruit a membranous, 
 usually loculicidal 2-5-valved capsule. Seeds many, albumen 
 fleshy, embryo minute. 
 
 Drosera, Linn. 
 
 Perennial herbs with glandular hairs, sometimes with bulbous 
 roots. Leaves rosulate or caulme, the glandular hairs attracting 
 and securing small insects which they can assimilate. Flowers 
 white or pink, racemose cymose corymbose or solitary. Calyx- 
 lobes 4, 5 or 8, erect, marcescent. Petals as many as sepals, also 
 marcescent. Stamens as many as petals. Ovary free, ovoid or 
 globose, 1-celled ; ovules many, parietal ; styles 2-5. Capsule 
 loculicidally 2-5-valved. Seeds many, obovoid-ellipsoid, testa 
 smooth, reticulate. 
 
452 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Drosera. 
 
 Kootstock not bulbous : 
 
 Leaves all radical, rosulate, round- spathulate; scapes leafless; styles 
 
 5, undivided ...1. Burmanni. 
 
 Leaves cauline, alternate, linear ; styles 3, bifid to the base 
 
 2. indica. 
 
 Eootstock bulbous ; leaves cauline, semilunate ; styles 3, short, 
 fimbriate 3. peltata. 
 
 1. DROSERA BURMANNI, Yahl; F. B. I. ii. 424; W. & A. 34; 
 Wt. 111. t. 20 ; Ic. t. 944. 
 
 All Districts, in suitable damp places and to the highest 
 
 points in the hills. 
 
 An erect plant with leafless scapes about 4-6 in. high from 
 
 the rosulate cushion of leaves at the base. 
 a. DROSERA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 424; W. & A. 34; Wt. 
 111. t. 20. 
 
 1ST. Circars, especially in Ganjam ; Deccaii, in wet places in 
 
 the Hills ; W. Coast, S. Canara to Travancore, in swampy 
 
 places. 
 
 A straggling leafy plant, the steins usually 3-4 in., sometimes 
 
 up to. 12 in. long. 
 
 3. DROSERA PELTATA, Sm. ; F. B. I. ii. 424; W. & A. 34; Wt. 
 111. t. 20. 
 
 W. Ghats, on open downs in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills 
 
 above 5,000 ft. 
 
 An erect, pretty plant with slender stems reaching 12 in. 
 
 high and over, the leaves peltate with upturned cusps. 
 
 When being dried it stains the paper red. 
 
 Family LX. HALORRHAGIDACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, often aquatic. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes 
 partly alternate, when submerged often pectinately pinnatifid ; 
 stipules 0. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, small, axillary, 
 solitary or fascicled, sessile or pedicelled. Ccdyx-iiibe adnate to 
 the ovary, lobes usually 4. Petals 4, sometimes 2 or 0, valvate or 
 slightly imbricate. Stamens 8, 4 or 1; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing 
 longitudinally and laterally. Ovary 4-, 2- or 1-celled ; ovules 4, 
 pendulous ; styles as many as cells ; stigmas papillose or plumose. 
 Fruit small, dry or drupaceous, 4-, 2- or 1-celled, indehiscent or 
 separating into carpels. Seeds pendulous, 4 or rarely 1. 
 
Myriophyllum.'] HALORRHAGIDACEAE. 453 
 
 Terrestrial plants with monoecious flowers, $ flowers pedicelled; 
 petals 4 in $ flowers ; stamens 8 ; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded 
 
 1. Serpicula. 
 
 Aquatic plants ; petals : 
 
 Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious, axillary or in spikes; stamens 
 2-8 ; fruit 4-furrowed or separating into carpels ; seeds 2 or 4 
 
 2. Myriophyllum. 
 
 Flowers unisexual, usually monoecious, axillary ; stamen 1 ; fruit 
 indehiscent, 4-celled; seeds 4 3. Callitriche. 
 
 1. Serpicula. Linn. 
 
 Small decumbent branching herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, 
 entire or toothed. Flowers monoecious, axillary, <$ pedicelled, 
 $ sessile. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; lobes 4. Petals: 
 in <$ flowers 4, cucullate; in $ flowers 0. Stamens 8, filaments 
 filiform, anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 4, pendu- 
 lous ; styles 4, short, stigmas plumose ; in <$ flowers pistillodes 4. 
 Fruit a minute, indehiscent nut, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the enclosing 
 calyx-tube ribbed or smooth. 
 
 Glabrous, little branching ; leaves spathulate, entire or 3-toothed at 
 apex ; pedicels short, scarcely '4 in. long ; petals acute at apex ; fruit 
 
 glabrous, ribbed and warted 1. brevipes. 
 
 Hirsute with crisped hairs, much branched; leaves obovate,3-5-toothed 
 at apex ; pedicels long, usually '6 to '8 in. long; petals obtuse at apex ; 
 fruit hairy, not ribbed 2. hirsuta. 
 
 1. SERPICULA BREVIPES, W. & A. 338. S. indica, Thw. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 431 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris and Pulneys, at 6,000-7,000 ft., in 
 wet places. 
 
 2. SERPICULA HIRSUTA,W.& A. 338 ; Wt.Ic.t, 1,001. S. indica, 
 Thw.; F. B. I. ii. 431 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills at 6,000-8,000 ft., on banks, 
 common. 
 
 2. Myriophyllum, Linn. 
 
 Glabrous aquatic herbs with floating stems. Leaves opposite 
 or whorled, the floating ones usually linear- serrate, the submerged 
 ones pectmately pinnatifid. Flowers very small, hermaphrodite 
 or monoecious, axillary or in nearly naked spikes ; <$ very shortly 
 
454 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Myriophyllum. 
 
 pedicelled or sessile, ? sessile. Calyx in $ minute, 4- rarely 
 2-lobed, sometimes ; in $ adiiate to the ovary, 4-furrowed, lobes 
 or 4 minute. Petals in 2 or 4, concave, sessile ; in ? usually 
 0. Stamens 2, 4 or 8. Ovary of 4, rarely 2, carpels; ovules 
 solitary, pendulous; styles short, plumose. Fruit 4-furrowed, 
 separating into 4 or 2 cocci ; embryo straight or curved. 
 
 Floral leaves short, up to '5 in. long, submerged leaves long and much 
 pectinate ; fruit carpels spreading stellately, tubercled ; stamens 8 
 
 1. indicum, 
 
 Floral leaves long, up to 1 in. long or longer, submerged leaves short, 
 often absent ; fruit carpels erect, columnar, muricate ; stamens 4 
 
 2. intermedium. 
 
 1. MYEIOPHYLLUM INDICUM, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 433 ; W. & A. 
 339. 
 
 E. Coast, from Ganjam southwards, in ponds and canals ; 
 W. Coast, more scarce. 
 
 A floating aquatic, with very long steins and many 
 submerged leaves. 
 
 2. MYRIOPHYLLTJM INTERMEDIUM, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 433. M, 
 indicum, Wt. 111. t. 102 except the fruit. Haloragis oligantha, 
 W. & A. 338 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1,061. 
 
 W. G-hats, especially Nilgiris, in wet places and ponds, 
 above 5,000 ft. 
 
 Sometimes floating, with short submerged leaves, more 
 often rooted in mud with only the upper leaves apparent. 
 
 3. Callitriche, Linn. 
 
 Small glabrous aquatic annual herbs. Li.aves opposite, linear 
 or obovate-spathulate, entire, the upper ones often rosulate. 
 Flowers minute, axillary, usually monoecious, solitary or some- 
 times one (J and one $ together ; bracteoles white, membranous., 
 caducous. Calyx and petals 0. Stamen 1, forming $ flower. 
 Ovary in $ flower 4-celled with 4 pendulous ovules ; styles 2, long, 
 subulate. Fruit indehiscent, of 4 carpels combined in 2 pairs, at 
 length separating. Seeds pendulous; testa membranous; albumen 
 fleshy ; cotyledons short ; radicle superior. 
 
 CALLITRICHE STAGNALIS, Scop. ; F. B. I. ii. 434. C. Wightiana, 
 
 Wall.; W. & A. 339; Wt. Ic. t. 1,947. 
 
Callitriche.'] RHIZOPHORACEAE. 455 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, in wet places and ponds 
 about 7,000-8,000 ft. 
 
 A small flaccid herb, rooting at the nodes, the carpels 
 narrowly winged at the margins. 
 
 Family LXI. RHIZOPHORACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or rarely toothed ; 
 stipules interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers regular, usually herma- 
 phrodite, axillary, solitary or in cymes racemes or panicles ; 
 bracteoles usually in pairs at the base of the calyx. Calyx-tube 
 more or less adnate to the ovary, rarely free ; lobes 4-14, valvate, 
 persistent. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and shorter than 
 them, entire emarginate bifid or lacerate. Stamens usually twice 
 as many as the petals, often in pairs opposite to them ; anthers 
 2-celled, rarely multi-locellate. Ovary 2-5-celled or 1 -celled by 
 suppression of the septa ; ovules usually 2 in each cell, pendulous ; 
 style simple; stigma simple or lobed. Fruit usually leathery, 
 indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed 1, pendulous, arillate or not, 
 albumen fleshy or ; embryo in albuminous seeds minute, in 
 exalbuminous seeds elongate, often germinating while the fruit is 
 on the tree. 
 
 Embryo exalbuminous, radicle large, protruded while the fruit is on 
 the tree : 
 
 Bracteoles present at the base of the calyx : 
 
 Calyx-lobes and petals 4, entire ; stamens usually 8 ; ovary 2- 
 
 celled 1. Rhizophora. 
 
 Calyx-lobes and petals 5-6, the petals more or less laciniate : 
 
 Stamens 10-12 ; ovary 3-celled 2. Ceriops. 
 
 Stamens indefinite ; ovary 1-celled 3. Kandelia. 
 
 Bracteoles absent ; calyx-lobes and petals 8-14; ovary 2-4-celled 
 
 4. Bruguiera. 
 
 Embryo albuminous ; radicle minute, not protruded : 
 Calyx-tube with bracteoles, stamens many : 
 
 Ovary semi-inferior, 3-5-celled, 2-ovuled in each cell; leaves 
 
 coriaceous 5. Car allia. 
 
 Ovary superior, 3-celled, 2-ovuled in each cell; leaves membranous 
 
 6. Weihea. 
 
 Calyx-tube without bracteoles, adnate to the base of the 3-celled 
 ovary; leaves membranous, crenate ; stamens 8... 7. Blepharistemma. 
 
 HH 
 
456 FLORA OF MADRAS. IRkizophora. 
 
 1. Rhizophora, Linn. 
 
 Trees ; branches thick, marked by leaf-scars ; aerial roots 
 descending from the stem and branches. Leaves opposite, 
 coriaceous, glabrous, mucronate, entire ; stipules large. Flowers 
 rather large, in axillary 2-3-chotomously divided, few-flowered 
 cymes ; bracteoles connate at the base of the calyx. Calyx 
 4-lobed ; lobes coriaceous, valvate. Petals 4, entire, inserted on 
 a fleshy disk. Stamens 8-12 ; filaments short ; anthers linear. 
 Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; style conical, subulate ; 
 stigma bifid. Fruit coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, ovoid, the 
 persistent reflexed calyx-lobes surrounding its base. Seed pen- 
 dulous, germinating on the tree, the radicle elongate, perforating 
 the apex of the fruit. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, long-mucronate, up to 4 in. broad ; cymes 3-7-flowered 
 on peduncles 1-1-25 in. long ; petals fleshy, lanate on the faces within 
 
 1. mucronata, 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-mucronate, up to about 2 in. broad ; 
 cymes 2-flowered, on stout peduncles about '2 in. long ; petals thin, 
 glabrous 2. Candelaria. 
 
 1. RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 435 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 238. E. Candelaria, W. & A. 310. 
 
 Tidal forests on both E. and W. Coasts. The Mangrove. 
 A glabrous evergreen tree, often appearing buttressed by 
 the mud being washed away from the branching aerial 
 roots, the lower part of the stem dying off ; usually also 
 sending up conical excrescences from the roots, looking 
 like inverted tent-pegs. Bark brown, with vertical clefts, 
 a valuable tanning material ; wood dark red, very hard, an 
 excellent fuel. Yern. Tel. Upoo-poma; Tarn. Kandal. 
 
 2. RHIZOPHORA CANDELARIA, DC. E. conjugate*, Heiisl. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 436 not o/Limi. 
 
 Tidal forests on both coasts ; more scarce than the pre- 
 ceding ; common in the Kistna Delta. 
 
 A glabrous small evergreen tree, similar to E. mucronata. 
 Yern. Tarn. Kandal. 
 
 2. Ceriops, Arn. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees with aerial roots from the stem and 
 branches. Leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, entire, coriaceous. 
 
Kandelia.} RHIZOPHORACEAE. 457- 
 
 Flowers small, in short rather dense axillary cymes ; bracteoles 
 connate under the calyx. Calyx 5-6-lobed, the tube adnate to 
 the ovary. Petals 5-6, inserted at the base of a 10-12-lobed fleshy 
 disk ; emarginate, the apex more or less ciliate. Stamens 10-12, 
 inserted between the lobes of the disk ; filaments slender ; anthers 
 oblong. Ovary semi-inferior, 3-celled, 2 pendulous ovules in each 
 cell; style short; stigma simple. Fruit coriaceous, 1-celled, 
 1 -seeded, with persistent reflexed calyx-lobes. Seed as in Rhizo- 
 phora, the radicle grooved and angular. 
 
 Petals tipped with 3-4 capitate bristles 1 . Candolleana. 
 
 Petals tipped with many ciliae 2. Roxburghiana. 
 
 1. CERIOPS CANDOLLEANA, Arn. ; F. B. I. ii. 436 ; Wt. Ic. t. 240. 
 
 Tidal forests of the W. Coast; Quiloii in Travancore (Wight). 
 A small evergreen tree with many buttresses at base and 
 root excrescences as in Rhizophora. Leaves obovate, usually 
 emarginate. Bark dark red, giving a good tanning material ; 
 wood orange-red, hard, an excellent fuel. Yern. Mai. An 
 kandal. 
 
 2. CERIOPS ROXBURGHIANA, Arn.; F. B. I. ii. 436. 
 
 Tidal forests of the E. Coast, Godavari and Kistna Deltas 
 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 A small evergreen tree similar to the preceding, the leaves 
 
 obovate. Yern. Hind. Goran; Tel. Gatharu; Tarn. Cbiru 
 
 kandal. 
 
 3. Kandelia, W. & A. 
 
 A small tree with aerial roots from the stem and branches. 
 Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, entire. Flowers few, 
 large, in axillary pedunculate dichotomously branched cymes, 
 white; bracteoles connate round the base of the calyx. Calyx 
 5-6-lobed ; tube short, adnate to the ovary ; lobes linear, valvate. 
 Petals 5-6, thin", bifid, the lobes multifid. Stamens many; 
 filaments capillary ; anthers small, oblong. Ovary semi-inferior, 
 1-celled; ovules 6, affixed in pairs to a central column; style 
 slender ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, girt with the 
 persistent reflexed calyx-lobes. Seed as in Eliizophora. 
 
 KANDELIA RHEEDII, W. & A. 311 ; F. B. I. ii. 437 ; Wt. 111. t. 89. 
 Tidal forests of the W. Coast ; less common on E. Coast. 
 
458 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Kandelia. 
 
 A small tree with pretty flowers, the pendulous radicle of the 
 seed very slender, cylindric. Bark reddish-brown ; wood soft, 
 reddish-brown, used only for firewood. Yern. Tel. Thuvar 
 kandan. 
 
 4. Bruguiera, Lam. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with aerial roots from the stem and branches. 
 Leaves opposite, coriaceous, entire. Flowers solitary or cymose 
 on axillary peduncles ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube obconic or 
 campanulate, coriaceous, adnate to the ovary ; lobes 8-14, linear- 
 lanceolate, valvate. Petals 8-14, oblong, 2-lobed or emarginate, 
 involute, with a bristle in the sinus and others, usually 2-4, at 
 the tip of each lobe. Stamens twice the number of the petals, 
 in pairs within the petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers linear, 
 mucronate. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; style 
 filiform ; stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit 1 -celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, 
 coriaceous, crowned with the calyx-lobes. Seed as in Rhizophora. 
 
 Flowers large, solitary, calyx -lobes erect in fruit ; radicle grooved : 
 Petals glabrous except at the base; leaves elliptic, acute, up to 
 
 6 in. long by 2*5 in. broad 1. conjugata. 
 
 Petals densely hirsute on the margins ; leaves elliptic-oblong, 
 acute or acuminate, up to 5 in. long by 2 in. broad 2. eriopetala. 
 
 Flowers small, in axillary cymes; calyx-lobes recurved in fruit; 
 
 petals short, obtuse, slightly hairy ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 
 
 up to 4 in. long, T5 in. broad; radicle almost terete 3. cylindrica. 
 
 1. BRTJGTJIERA CONJUGATA, Merr. in Philipp. Journ. Sc. ix. 
 118. B. gymnorhiza, Lam.; F. B. I. ii. 437; W. & A. 311; 
 B. Rheedii, BL; Wt. Ic. t. 293A. 
 
 Tidal forests of both coasts. 
 
 A rather large evergreen tree with short stout grooved 
 rugose radicle ; root excrescences frequent. Wood red, 
 extremely hard, used for building and fuel. Yern. Hind. 
 Kankra ; Tel. Thuddu ponna. 
 
 2. BRTJGUIERA ERIOPETALA, W. & A. ; F. B. I. ii. 438 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 239s. 
 
 Tidal forests of Travancore on W. Coast. 
 
 A small tree, similar to the preceding but scarce. 
 
Carallia.'] RHIZOPHORACEAE. 459 
 
 3. BRTJGUIERA CYLINDRICA, W. & A. 311. B. caryophylloides, 
 Bl. ; F. B. I. ii. 438; Wt, 111. t. 210. B. malabarica, Am.; 
 F. B. I. ii. 438. 
 
 Tidal forests of West Coast (Wight) ; E. Coast, Kistna 
 delta (Weld, Boileau), S. Arcot. 
 
 A small tree with dark brown bark and red close-grained 
 wood. Yern. Tel. Yurada. 
 
 5. Carallia, Roxb. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate obovate or 
 elliptic, entire or serrulate, glabrous, shining. Flowers small, 
 in short 3-chotomous axillary branching cymes ; bracteoles at 
 base of calyx minute. Calyx-tube campanulate ; lobes 5-8, 
 valvate. Petals 5-8, inserted on a crenulate disk, clawed, entire 
 or bifid, toothed or lacerate. Stamens twice the number of the 
 petals and inserted with them on the disk ; anthers small. 
 Ovary semi-inferior, usually 3-5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell ; 
 style subulate ; stigma 3-5-lobed. Fruit small, globose, usually 
 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed subreniform ; testa granular ; 
 albumen flesh'y; embryo curved. 
 
 Leaves serrulate, ovate, acuminate, shining, 4-5 in. kng, 2-2*5 in. 
 broad, petals orbicular, the margins crenately waved ; stigma 
 
 3-lobed 1 . lucida. 
 
 Leaves entire, obovate, obtuse or shortly acute, the margins revolute, 
 3-5 in. long, 2 in. broad ; petals orbicular-cordate, the margins deeply 
 lacerate ; stigma 4-lobed 2. integerrima . 
 
 1. CARALLIA LUCIDA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 211 ; W. & A. 312 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 605. 
 
 N. Circars, in the lower hills (teste Roxburgh). 
 A small evergreen tree. Yern. Tel. Karalli. 
 
 2. CARALLIA INTEGERRIMA, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 439 in part; Wt. 
 111. t. 90 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 193. 
 
 Deccan, hills of Cuddapah, Kambakam Hill in Chingleput 
 (Bourne) ; W. Coast and W. Ghats, in evergreen forests, 
 up to 4,000 ft. 
 A pretty evergreen tree, sometimes with aerial roots, the 
 
 > flower buds frequently covered with yellow resin. Bark 
 dark grey, thin ; wood red, hard, with a pretty silver grain, 
 useful for carpentry. Yern. Hind. Kierpa ; Tel. Karalli ; 
 Kan. Andipunar; Mai. Yarauga. 
 
460 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Weihea. 
 
 6. Weihea, Spreng. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire or obtusely 
 serrate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled ; bracteoles 2, 
 connate in a cup, at length a short distance below the calyx. 
 Calyx-tiibe shortly turbinate, adnate to the ovary; lobes 4-5, 
 spreading, valvate. Petals 4-5, inserted under the margin of 
 an obscure disk, clawed, spathulate, fimbriate. Stamens 16-30, 
 inserted on the disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong. Ovary 
 superior, 3-ceiled, 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; style filiform ; 
 stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit globose, fleshy, splitting in 3-4 valves, 
 3-4-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds ovoid, arillate, albuminous ; 
 cotyledons flat ; radicle terete. 
 
 WEIHEA ZEYLANICA, Baill. ; F. B. I. ii. 441; Bedd. Fl. t. 194. 
 W. Ghats, in the hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, at low 
 elevations. 
 
 A small tree with thin ovate acuminate leaves and white 
 flowers. Yern. Tarn. Kanun. 
 
 7. Blepharistemma, Wall. 
 
 A tree. Leaves opposite, petioled, membranous, elliptic-oblong, 
 acuminate, crenate. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in many- 
 flowered axillary cymes ; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube campanulate. 
 adnate to the base of the ovary ; lobes 4, erect. Petals 4, clawed, 
 spathulate, lacerate at apex, inserted round an 8-lobed disk, the 
 disk lobes long in <J, shorter in . Stamens 8, inserted on 
 the margin of the disk, small in $ ; filaments ciliate ; anthers 
 oblong. Ovary free, 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style short 
 in <J, longer in J ; stigma shortly 3 lobed. Fruit a fleshy capsule. 
 
 BLEPHARISTEMMA CORYMBOSUM, Wall.; F. B. I. ii. 44]. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, from Coorg to Travancore, up to 
 2,500 ft., in evergreen forest. 
 
 A handsome straight-stemmed tree, in favourable situations 
 reaching a considerable size, with white flowers and greenish- 
 black fruit. Wood pale greenish -yellow, moderately hard. 
 Yern. Mai. Nir kurunda, 
 
Terminalia.'] COMBRETACEAE. 461 
 
 Family LXII. COMBRETACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate subopposite 
 or opposite, sometimes ternate, entire ; stipules 0. Flowers her- 
 maphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, in spikes or racemes 
 often panicled ; bracteolate. Calyx-tube adiiate to the ovary and 
 produced above it, the limb 4-o-lobed, the lobes valvate. Petals 
 4-5 or 0, inserted on the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Stamens 
 as many as, or twice as many as the calyx-lobes, in 2 series ; 
 filaments filiform or subulate ; anthers usually didynious. Ovary 
 inferior, 1-celled, usually crowned with a lobed disk ; ovules 
 usually 2-3, sometimes more ; style subulate ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit coriaceous or drupaceous, generally mdehiscent, angular or 
 winged, sometimes crowned by the persistent calyx. Seed I ; 
 albumen ; cotyledons convolute plicate or plano-convex. 
 
 Petals : 
 
 Calyx-limb deciduous ; erect trees or shrubs : 
 
 Flowers in spikes or racemes 1. Terminalia. 
 
 Flowers in capitate heads 2. Anogeissus. 
 
 Calyx-limb accrescent in fruit; straggling shrubs... 3. Calycopteris. 
 Petals 4-5: 
 
 Calyx-limb persistent ; leaves alternate ; trees or shrubs 
 
 4. Lumnitzera. 
 Calyx-limb deciduous ; leaves opposite ; climbers : 
 
 Calyx-tube not or only shortly produced beyond the ovary 
 
 5, Combretum. 
 Calyx-tube produced more than "5 in. beyond the ovary 
 
 6. Quisqualis. 
 
 1. Terminalia, Linn. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate or subopposite, entire or slightly 
 crenulate, often with glands on the petiole or on the lower part 
 of the midrib beneath; stipules 0. Flowers small, green or 
 white, in spikes, the spikes solitary or in panicles ; hermaphrodite 
 or sometimes the upper flowers of the spike <$ , the lower <$ ; 
 bracteoles small, usually soon deciduous. Cafy^-tube ovoid or 
 cylindric, constricted above the ovary ; limb carnpanulate with 
 5 triangular valvate lobes. Petals 0. Stamens 10 in 2 series, the 
 5 upper alternate with the calyx lobes, the 5 lower opposite them ; 
 filaments subulate, exserted ; anthers small. Disk inside the 
 
462 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Terminalia. 
 
 stamens, 5-lobed, villous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules 2-3, 
 pendulous ; style subulate ; stigma small. Fruit ovoid, smooth 
 or angular or winged with 2-5 equal or unequal wings, indehisceiit. 
 Seed solitary, exalbuminous ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
 Fruit not winged, ovoid or subcompressed : 
 
 Flowers in simple spikes ; leaves clustered at the ends of the 
 branchlets, alternate, obtuse : 
 
 Leaves green, thin, obovate, base cordate, petiole very short ; 
 fruit ellipsoid, more or less compressed, 2-ridged when dry, 
 
 glabrous 1. Catappa. 
 
 Leaves greyish-green, thick, broadly elliptic, cuneate at base, 
 petiole very long ; fruit subglobose, very faintly 5-ridged when 
 
 dry, minutely brown-tomentose 2. bellerica. 
 
 Leaves glaucous, thick, ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, 
 obtuse or emarginate at apex, petiole short ; fruit obovoid, very 
 
 faintly 5-ridged when dry, glabrous 3, pallida . 
 
 Flowers in simple spikes or short terminal panicles ; leaves not* 
 clustered at the ends of the branchlets, opposite or subopposite : 
 Fruit minutely brown-tomentose, ovoid or ellipsoid, faintly 5- 
 ridged when dry ; leaves coriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, 
 tawny -pubescent, up to 5 in. long by 3 in. broad, nerves irregular ; 
 spikes densely tawny-pubescent, as are the branchlets.... 4. Gella. 
 Fruit glabrous, shining : 
 
 Leaves ovate elliptic or obovate, obtuse and usually apiculate 
 at apex, usually rounded at base, under surface glabrous to 
 tawny- villous, up to 7 in. long by 3-35 in. broad, nerves 
 regular, parallel ; spikes nearly glabrous ; fruit obovoid, faintly 
 
 angled, up to 1'5 in. long, 1 in. in diam 5. Chebula. 
 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, unequally 
 
 attenuate or rounded at base, pubescent when young, glabrous 
 
 when old, up to 4 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, nerves fairly regular ; 
 
 spikes slender, rusty-puberulous ; fruit ovoid, covered with 
 
 round spots, '75-l'25 in. long, '5 in. in diam. ...6. travancorensis. 
 
 Fruit with 5 equal angles or wings ; flowers in panicles of spikes with 
 
 linear bracteoles ; leaves often more or less crenate or serrate : 
 
 Fruit with short hard angles or wings, usually notched near the 
 
 top, the lines on the wings oblique and curving upwards ; leaves 
 
 oblong or elliptic, usually crenulate ; bark smooth 7. Arjuna. 
 
 Fruit with long thin papery wings, usually rounded at top, the 
 lines on the wings straight and horizontal. 
 
 Fruit softly and minutely yellowish brown-velvety as are the 
 
ia.^ COMBRETACEAE. 463 
 
 leaves beneath twigs and inflorescence ; leaves coriaceous, elliptic- 
 ovate or -oblong, obtuse and often emarginate at apex, unequally 
 cordate at base with usually 1 or 2 sessile glands at the base of 
 the midrib beneath, up to 9 in. long by 4'5 in. broad; fruit, 
 
 including wings, 1'5 in. in diam 8. coriacea. 
 
 Fruit glabrous, large, usually 2 in. in diam., including wings : 
 Calyx villous with yellowish-brown hairs as are the underside 
 of the leaves, the twigs and inflorescence ; leaves coriaceous, 
 elliptic-oblong, obtuse or even emarginate or slightly acute at 
 apex, rounded or cordate at base, nerves many, prominently 
 parallel, glands near the base of the midrib large and stalked, 
 
 up to 7 in. long, 3 in. broad; panicles dense 9. tomentosa. 
 
 Calyx glabrous without, the leaves, twigs and inflorescence 
 all nearly or quite glabrous ; leaves membranous or chartaceous, 
 elliptic- or obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at apex, narrowed 
 at base, the nerves parallel but not prominent, glands some 
 way up the midrib beneath, stalked, up to 7 in. long, 2'5 in. 
 
 broad; panicles lax 10. crenulata. 
 
 Fruit with 3 unequal wings, 1 long and 2 short ; leaves elliptic or 
 elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate at 
 base, lower subopposite, upper alternate, at first rusty-puberulous, 
 afterwards glabrescent, up to 7 in. long, 2-2'5 in. broad ; panicles 
 with many slender spikes, the flowers small with recurved bracteoles ; 
 fruit rusty-puberulous, the middle wing '5 in. long 11. paniculata. 
 
 1. TERMINALIA CATAPPA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 444; W. A. 
 313; Wt. Ic. t. 172; Bedd. Fl. t. 18. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens and avenues near the coast, intro- 
 duced from Malaya. The Indian Almond* 
 A large deciduous handsome tree with large leaves, which 
 turn red before falling, the trunk often buttressed. Wood 
 red, hard. The nut-kernels with thin spirally folded 
 cotyledons are eaten. Yern. Hind. Deshi-badam ; Td. 
 Yedam ; Tarn. Nat vadom ; Mai. Adamarram. 
 
 2. TERMINALIA BELLERICA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 198; F. B. I. ii. 
 445 ; W. & A. 313 excl. syn. ; Wt. Ic. t/91 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 19. 
 
 Deciduous forests in all Districts, up to about 3,000 ft. 
 A large deciduous tree with long-petioled leaves, pubescent 
 flowers and tomentose fruit. Bark bluish-grey with 
 vertical cracks ; wood yellowish-grey, hard, not durable 
 and little used, but useful if carefully seasoned. The fruit 
 
464 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Terminalia. 
 
 is the Bellerie inyrabolain used in tanning, but of less 
 value than that of T. Chebula. Vern. Hind. Bahera ; Ur. 
 Thara ; Tel:, Tarn. Tani ; Mai. Thani. 
 
 3. TERMINALIA PALLIDA, Brand. Ind. Trees, 308. 
 
 Deccan, in dry deciduous forest, in Cuddapah, Kurnool, 
 K Arcot and Chingleput, chiefly on rocky hills, up to 
 2,000 ft, 
 
 A small subevergreen tree with glaucous leaves, glabrous 
 flowers and fruit similar in character and uses to that of 
 T. Chebula. Yern. Tel. Telia karaka. 
 
 4. TERMINALIA GELLA, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. 27 ; 
 Bedd. Fl. ciii. 
 
 Deccan, Ramandrug Hills of Bellary, Nandidrug in Mysore ; 
 W. Ghats, in the lower E. Nilgiris, Pulneys and Ayanialai 
 Hills, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A tree, probably of large size, with large velvety fruit, 
 dense spikes and coriaceous leaves, the petioles '5-1 in. 
 long, with two glands at apex below the blade. 
 
 5. TERMINALIA CHEBULA, Retz; Roxb. Cor. Pl.t. 197; F.B.I, 
 ii. 446 in part ; Brand. For. Fl. t. 29. 
 
 N". Circars and Deccan, in deciduous forests ; W. Coast and 
 W. Ghats, on dry slopes up to 3,000 ft. The Myrabolam 
 tree. 
 
 A large tree in good soil, a small one in dry rocky places 
 and at high elevations, the leaves usually tawny-pubescent 
 with short petioles up to '5 in. long, bearing 2 glands below 
 the blades, the fruit very variable in size and shape. These 
 fruits, Ciiebulic myrabolams, give a valuable tanning 
 material and a yellow dye. Bark dark brown ; wood 
 brownish- grey, very hard, used in building and for agri- 
 cultural work. Yern. Hind. Harra ; Ur. Karedha ; Tel. 
 Karaka; Tarn. Kadakai. 
 
 Yar. tomentella, C, B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 446. Under surface 
 of leaves villous beneath with reddish hairs. 
 K Circars, in the hills of Ganjam and Godavari. 
 
 6. TERMINALIA TRAVANCORENSIS, W. & A. 314. T. angustifolia, 
 Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 449 ; Bourd. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 
 Soc. xii. 351, t. 4. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of Travancore, up to 2,000 ft. 
 (Bourdillon). 
 
Terminalia.'] COMBRETACEAE. 465 
 
 A lofty tree with glabrous lanceolate leaves, the petiole 
 '75 in. long, without glands. Bark pale brown, smooth ; 
 wood pale brown, hard. Yern. Tarn. Pei kadakai, Mor- 
 gatchie ; Mai. Kotta kadakai. 
 
 7. TERMINALIA ARJUNA, W. & A. 314 (in note) ; F. B. I. ii. 
 47 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 28. T. Bernji, W. & A. 314. 
 
 X. Circars and Deccan, more scarce in Carnatic except 
 in Tinnevelly and on the W. Coast, on the banks of rivers 
 and streams, often planted. 
 
 A large and handsome deciduous tree usually with narrow 
 oblong leaves, the stems often buttressed. Bark pinkish - 
 grey, smooth ; wood brown, variegated with darker streaks, 
 very hard and useful. Yern. Hi ad. Arjuna ; Ur. Arjuno ; 
 Tel. Yermaddi ; Tain. Yella marda, Kula maruthu. 
 
 8. TERMINALIA CORIACEA, W. & A. 315. T. tomentosa var. 
 roriact-a, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 448. 
 
 Deccan, on dry hills in deciduous forest, chiefly in the 
 Ceded Districts and up to 4.500 ft. as at Horsleykonda. 
 A large tree in suitable localities, otherwise often stunted, 
 noticeable for the abundant yellowish velvety down. Bark 
 deeply cracked ; wood hard, dark brown. Yern. Tel. Tani. 
 
 9. TERMINALIA TOMENTOSA, W. & A. 314. T. tomentosa var. 
 ttipica, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 447 ; Wt. Ic. 1. 195 probably. 
 
 N. Circars, deciduous forests of G an jam and Godavari ; 
 Deccan, in Hyderabad and Bellary. 
 
 A large tree with the under-surface of the leaves villous, also 
 the inflorescence; the fruit large, glabrous. Bark rough, 
 much fissured ; wood as in the preceding. Yern. Hind. 
 Asan, Saj ; Ur. Sahaju ; Tel. Tani. 
 
 10. TERMINALIA CRENULATA, Roth ; W. & A. 314. T. tomentosa, 
 var. crenu'ata, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 448. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, up to 
 
 2,000 ft. 
 
 A large tree with nearly glabrous rather thin leaves and 
 
 glabrous fruit. Bark greyish-black ; wood dark brown, 
 
 streaked with black, hard and useful for building and 
 
 agricultural purposes. Yern. Tarn. Karu maruthu ; Mai. 
 
 Thembava. 
 
 11. TERMINALIA PANICULATA, Roth ; F. B. I. ii. 448; W. & A. 
 315; Bedd. Fl. t. 20. 
 
466 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Terminalia. 
 
 S. Deccarj, in the deciduous forests of Cuddapah and 
 Bellaiy ; W. Ghats, in deciduous forests from S. Canara 
 to Travancore, common up to 2,000 ft. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with characteristic fruit. Bark 
 dark brown, cracked ; wood pale brown, smooth, very hard, 
 a useful building wood. Yern. Tel. Neeineeri ; Tarn. Pe- 
 karakai, Yem-maruthu ; Mai. Pillai maruthu. 
 
 2. Anogeissus, Wall. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, petioled, 
 entire. Flowers in dense globose heads on short axillary peduncles 
 or in short cymes; bracts on the peduncles or at the cyme branches 
 often leafy; bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube slender above the 
 ovary ; limb cup-shaped with 5 lobes. Petals 0. Stamens 10, 
 in 2 series; anthers small. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2, 
 pendulous ; style subulate. Fruits packed in dense heads, com- 
 pressed, 2- winged, ending in the persistent calyx- tube and some- 
 times limb. Seed 1 ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or suborbicular, up to 3 in. long, 2-2*5 in. broad, obtuse 
 at apex, rounded or sometimes cordate at base ; flower-heads usually 
 in cymes ; calyx-tube rather short, about '1 in. long, lobes reflexed ; 
 
 fruit broadly winged, the wings rounded, entire 1 . latifolia. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, up to 2'5 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute at apex, 
 narrowed at base; flower-heads usually solitary on bracteate peduncles j 
 calyx-tube long and slender, about '25 in., lobes spreading; fruit 
 fairly broadly winged with dentate wings 2. acuminata. 
 
 1. ANOGEISSUS LATIFOLIA, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 450 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 
 t. 15. Conocarpus latifolia, DC.; W. & A. 316; Wt. Ic. 
 
 t. 994. 
 
 N". Circars, Deccan and Carnatic to S. Travancore, in dry 
 deciduous forests and up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A large deciduous tree, conspicuous by its smooth grey 
 bark and by the leaves turning red before falling. Wood 
 grey, hard, with a small purplish heartwood, strong and 
 tough and useful for agricultural implements, carts, build- 
 ing and fuel. It gives a gum and the leaves are used in 
 tanning. Yern. Hind. Bakli; Ur. Dohu; Tel. Chiriman ; 
 Tarn. Yellay naga ; Mai. Maru kanchiram. 
 
 var. villosa, C. B. Clarke. Leaves densely rusty-villous. 
 S. Deccan, in Mysore and N". Xilgiris. 
 
Lumnitzera.'] COMBRETACEAE. 467 
 
 2. ANOGEISSUS ACUMINATA, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 450 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 16. Conocarpus acuminata, Roxb. ; W. & A. 316. 
 N. Circars, from Ganjam to Godavari, usually on river 
 banks, often cultivated. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with rough dark grey bark and 
 drooping branches. Wood grey, shining, hard, not so good 
 in quality as that of A. latifolia. Yern. Ur. Pasi ; Tel. 
 Panchman, Pansi ; Tarn. Nunnera. 
 
 3. Calycopteris, Lamk. 
 
 A diffuse scandent shrub. Leaves opposite, entire, elliptic or 
 ovate. Flowers in dense axillary racemes, crowded in large 
 panicles towards the ends of the branches. Calyx-tube elongate, 
 5-striate, produced above the ovary; limb 5-lobed, the lobes 
 persistent, recurved or spreading, accrescent Petals 0. Stamens 
 10 in 2 series, short, 5 opposite to 5 alternate with the calyx- 
 lobes ; filaments subulate ; anthers didymous. Ovary inferior, 
 1 -celled ; ovules 3, pendulous ; style subulate ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit narrow, ovoid, 5-ribbed, 1-seeded, surmounted by the 
 enlarged calyx. Seed solitary ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
 CALYCOPTERIS FLOBIBUNDA, Lamk.; F. B. I. ii. 449. Getonia 
 
 floribunda, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 87 ; W. & A. 315. 
 
 N". Circars and Deccan, in deciduous forests or along water- 
 courses up to 2,500 ft. 
 
 A straggling shrub, often climbing, the wood of peculiar 
 structure. Vern. Ur. Kokundia ; Tel. Bandi rnurududu. 
 
 $. Lumnitzera, Willd. 
 
 Littoral glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, 
 coriaceous, obovate-cuiieate, entire or crenate, clustered towards 
 the ends of the branches. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal 
 racemes ; bracteoles 2, on the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube oblong, 
 produced above the ovary ; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, 
 spreading. Stamens 10, in 2 series, sometimes fewer, those of one 
 series often wholly or partially absent. Ovary 1 -celled, inferior ; 
 ovules 2-5, pendulous ; style subulate ; stigma simple. Fruit 
 woody, elliptic-oblong, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes. 
 Seed solitary ; cotyledons convolute. 
 
468 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Lumnitzera. 
 
 LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA, Willd.; F. B. I. ii. 452; W. & A. 316. 
 
 E. and W. Coasts, in mangrove swamps. 
 
 An evergreen tree of shrubby growth with rather small 
 leaves and white flowers. Bark thick, brown, rough ; wood 
 hard, greyish-brown with a darker heartwood, used for posts 
 and as fuel. Yern. Tel. Kadivi, Thandara; Tarn. Tipparathai. 
 
 5. Combretum, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs, usually straggling or climbing. Leaves entire, opposite, 
 petiolate, sometimes alternate or ternate. Flowers polygamo- 
 dioecious, spicate, the spikes often panicled ; bracteoles small. 
 Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary ; limb campanulate or 
 funnel-shaped ; lobes 4-5. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and 
 inserted between them, sometimes 0. Stamens twice as many as 
 the calyx-lobes, in 2 series ; filaments slender ; anthers small, 
 didymous. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2-5, pendulous; style 
 subulate ; stigma simple. Fruit dry, usually indehiscent, with 5 
 ridges or wings, the wings chartaceous. Seed usually solitary ; 
 testa membranous, protruded into the angles of the wings ;. 
 cotyledons plicate, rarely convolute ; radicle superior. 
 
 Flowers small, with campanulate calyx-limb and 5 calyx-lobes and 
 petals, bracteoles linear, as long as flowers ; leaves oblong, abruptly 
 acuminate, up to 6 in. long, 2 in. broad, the transverse nervules many, 
 horizontal, floral leaves cream-white ; fruit with 5 papery wings, 
 
 oblong, 1 in. long 1. decandrum. 
 
 Flowers with 4 calyx-lobes and petals, bracteoles minute ; leaves all 
 green, transverse nervules of leaves irregular, branching : 
 
 Calyx-tube above the ovary widely campanulate ; leaves ovate to 
 lanceolate, often nearly orbicular, pale and thin when dry, variable 
 in size ; fruit with 4 papery wings, nearly globose in outline, '75 in. 
 
 in diam 2. ovalifoUum. 
 
 Calyx-tube above the ovary funnel-shaped ; leaves ovate to nearly 
 orbicular with a short abrupt acumination, up to 5 in. long, 4 in. 
 broad, coriaceous, greenish and shining when dry ; fruit with 4 
 papery striate wings, globose in outline, 1'5 in. in diam. 
 
 3. extensum. 
 
 1. COMBRETUM DECANDRUM, Boxb. Cor. PI. t. 59 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 452. Poivrea Roxburyhii,DC.', W. & A. 317. 
 N". Circars, from Ganjam to Godavari, abundant in open 
 forest land. 
 
Quisqualis.'] COMBRETACEAE. 469 
 
 A large climbing shrub with white honey-scented flowers 
 and creain-coloured conspicuous floral leaves, a troublesome 
 forest climber, difficult to destroy. Yerii. Ur. Atundi ; Tel. 
 Arikota. 
 
 2. COMBRETUM OVALIFOLIUM, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 458 ; W. & A. 
 317. 
 
 N". Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in deciduous forest, up 
 to 2,000 ft.; W. Coast, in S. Canara. 
 
 A large climbing shrub with large panicles of small flowers 
 and rather small fruit. The branches are used for cattle- 
 ropes. Yern. Tarn. Yerragay. 
 
 3. COMBRETUM EXTENSUM, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 458. C. Wiylitia- 
 num, Wall.; W. & A. 317 ; Wt. Ic, t. 227. 
 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Wight). 
 
 A large climbing shrub with large leaves and fruit and 
 
 flowers in panicles of rather dense spikes. 
 
 6. Quisqualis, Linn. 
 
 Large straggling or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, oblong 
 or obovate, entire. Flowers in short axillary or terminal spikes, 
 white or red ; bracteoles small. Calyx-tube produced above the 
 ovary; limb 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 10, short. ' Ovary 1- 
 celled ; ovules 3-4, pendulous ; style filiform, somewhat adiiate 
 to the calyx-tube; stigma subcapitate. Fruit dry, coriaceous, 
 5-angled or 5-winged. Seed 1 ; cotyledons not convolute. 
 
 QUISQUALIS MALABARICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 155 ; F. B. I. ii. 460. 
 \Y. Ghats, Carcoor Ghat in Wynaad (Beddonie) at 1,500 ft. ; 
 Travancore forests at 300 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 A large climbing shrub with calyx-tube about "5 in. long, 
 pink petals, elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate acuminate leaves 
 reaching 5 in. in length, the petioles hardening as rigid 
 spines, and a Combret-u w-like 5-winged fruit about 1 in. long. 
 Quisqualis indica, Linn., is a large straggling or climbing shrub 
 from the Malay Archipelago, with showy long-tubed flowers 
 changing colour from white to orange and red, commonly culti- 
 vated in gardens in the plains. 
 
470 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Nyrtaceae. 
 
 Family LXIII. MYRTACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves entire, opposite or 
 alternate, usually with an intramarginal nerve, and dotted 
 with pellucid glands ; stipules none or minute, deciduous. Flowers 
 regular, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, axillary or terminal, 
 solitary or in cymes or corymbs ; bracteoles usually 2, sometimes 
 0. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and sometimes produced 
 above it, sometimes with a disk at the mouth ; limb of 4 or 5 
 persistent or deciduous lobes, often closed in bud. Petals as 
 many as the lobes of the calyx and alternate with them, inserted 
 on the margin of the disk or the mouth of the calyx-tube, 
 imbricate, sometimes connate and falling as a calyptra. Stamens 
 many, inserted within the petals in one or more rows, often bent 
 inwards in bud; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 
 inferior or semi -inferior, 1- or more- but usually 2-celled, with 
 many ovules, the ovules usually axile, sometimes pendulous ; 
 style simple ; stigma small. Fruit crowned with the calyx- 
 limb, a berry or capsule with many seeds, sometimes only 1, by 
 arrest. Seeds exalbuminous. 
 
 Leaves opposite or very rarely alternate : 
 
 Leaves with 3-5 ribs, very tomentose ; ovary 3-6-celled, many- 
 seeded 1. Rhodomyrtus. 
 
 Leaves penninerved : 
 
 Calyx-limb closed in bud, the lobes in flower valvate ; ovary many- 
 celled 2 . Psidium. 
 
 Calyx-limb 4-5-lobed, the lobes free*; ovary usually 2-celled : 
 Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary ; flowers in cymes, the 
 stamens bent back inwards in bud at the middle : 
 
 Calyx-tube with a thickened staminal disk at the mouth ; 
 
 flowers usually large, the petals falling free 3. Jambosa. 
 
 Calyx-tube without a thickened staminal disk ; flowers 
 usually small, the petals falling off either free or more often 
 
 as a calyptra 4. Syzygium. 
 
 Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary ; flowers solitary or 
 fascicled or in short racemes, the stamens not bent inwards at 
 the middle in bud, but only erect or incurved : 
 
 Ovary with 2 cells and many axile ovules ; flowers axillary 
 or subterminal 5. Eugenia. 
 
Psidium.] MYRTACEAE. 471 
 
 Ovary with 2 cells, each with 4 pendulous ovules ; flowers 
 
 supra-axillary 6. Meteoromyrtus. 
 
 Leaves alternate in older plants, young leaves often different from 
 the later and usually opposite ; petals falling off as a calyptra 
 
 7. Eucalyptus. 
 
 1. Rhodomyrtus, DC. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, 3- or 5-ribbed. Flowers 
 rather large, in axillary 1-7-flowered cymes; bracteoles small, 
 deciduous. Calyx-tuhe turbinate, not or hardly produced beyond 
 the ovary; lobes 5, persistent. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 
 indefinite, free, in many series. Ovary 1- 2- 3-celled, but appear- 
 ing 2- 4- 6-celled by spurious partitions between the pairs of 
 ovules which are arranged in vertical rows ; style filiform ; stigma 
 capitate. Fruit a globose berry with numerous horizontal seeds. 
 Seed compressed, exalbuminous, reniform or orbicular, horizontal ; 
 testa hard ; embryo curved with small cotyledons and long radicle. 
 
 RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA, Wt. Spic. Neilgh. t. 71 ; F. B. I. 
 
 ii. 469. Myrtus tomentosa, Ait. ; W. & A. 328 ; Wt. 111. t. 97*3, 
 
 Ic. t. 522. 
 
 Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, and southwards above 5,000 ft., on 
 open downs, on dry slopes. Hill Gooseberry. 
 A thickly tonientose shrub with grey-tomentose foliage, pink 
 flowers and pleasant fruit, much eaten on the Mlgiris. 
 Fyson says that the Pulney fruit is not so good. Bark 
 thin, red, papery ; wood dark red, close-grained, makes good 
 walking-sticks. Yern. Badaga Thaontay ; Trav. Hills, Koratta. 
 
 2. Psidium, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted. Flowers 
 large, white, on 1- or few-flowered axillary peduncles. Calyx 
 urceolate or obovate, limb undivided in aestivation, separating 
 valvately into 4-5 lobes when in flower. Petals 4 or 5, free. 
 Stamens many, inserted in several series on a wide disk. Ovary 
 many-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell ; style subulate ; 
 stigma peltate or capitate. Fruit a globose ovoid or pyriform 
 berry, usually crowned by the calyx-limb. Seeds many, sub- 
 renif orm ; testa hard ; embryo curved with short cotyledons and 
 long radicle. 
 
 II 
 
472 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Psidium. 
 
 PSIDIUM GTJAJAVA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 468. 
 
 An American plant, cultivated and run wild in most Districts. 
 The Guava. 
 
 A small tree, much cultivated for its fruit. Bark smooth, 
 thin, greenish -grey ; wood greyish -brown. Yern. Hind. 
 Amrud ; Tel. Jama ; Tarn. Segapu ; Kau. Sebe ; Mai. Pela. 
 
 3. Jambosa, DC. 
 
 Trees. Leaves opposite, entire, pellucid-dotted, petioles short. 
 Flowers large, 4-merous, jointed with the top of the pedicel, in 
 terminal or rarely lateral cymes, the branches 3-chotomously 
 divaricate; bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube more or less turbinate, 
 usually attenuate at the base, the mouth produced beyond the 
 ovary and furnished with a thickened staminal disk; lobes 
 rounded, persistent. Petals 4, inserted on the top of the mouth 
 of the calyx, broad, concave, obtuse, falling singly. Stamens 
 very numerous, free, longer than the petals, bent inwards in the 
 middle regularly when in bud, later unfolding. Ovary 2-celled, 
 many-ovuled ; style slender ; stigma slightly acute. Fruit a 
 1-2-seeded fleshy berry, crowned by the calyx-limb and thickened 
 disk. Seeds large, angled ; cotyledons thick, fleshy; radicle small, 
 concealed between the cotyledons. 
 
 Flowers pedicelled : 
 Leaves rounded or cordate at base : 
 Flowers in terminal corymbose cymes : 
 
 Leaf -nerves and intramarginal nerve conspicuous, regular ; 
 leaves cordate at base : 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, 6-9 in. long, l'5-2'5 in. 
 broad; calyx-tube slender, '0--75 in. long; fruit 1*5 in. in 
 
 diam 1. Munronii. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong-, acute or obtuse, 6-9 in. long, 3-3'5 in. 
 broad ; calyx-tube stout, "4 in. long ; fruit 1 in. in diam. 
 
 2. Mundagam. 
 
 Leaf -nerves and intramarginal nerve not conspicuous, the latter 
 irregular and often double ; leaves elliptic, obtusely acute, 
 rounded at base, 3-4' 5 in. long, T5-2-5 in. broad; calyx-tube 
 
 thick, subcylindric, '5 in. long 3. court allensis. 
 
 Flowers in lateral cymes on the old wood ; leaves elliptic -ovate 
 or -lanceolate, long acuminate, the nerves and intramarginal 
 
Jambosa.j MYRTACEAE. 473 
 
 nerve very conspicuous, 4-7 in. long, 2-4 in. broad ; calyx-tube 
 
 short, thick; fruit 1*5 in. in diam., spherical 4. Rama-Varma. 
 
 Leaves narrowed at base ; flowers in terminal corymbose cymes : 
 Leaves elliptic or ovate : 
 
 Leaf-nerves and intramarginal nerve somewhat obscure : 
 Leaves ovate or elliptic, bluntly acuminate, 2*5 in. long, 
 1-2 in. broad; calyx-tube slenderly funnel-shaped below, 
 suddenly broadening above, about '75 in. long ; fruit ovoid, 
 
 1 in. in diam , 5. laeta. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, acute to caudate -acuminate, 3-7 in. long, 
 1-3 in. broad ; calyx-tube shortly and stoutly obconic, about 
 4 in. long ; fruit hemispherical, 1 in. in diam. 
 
 6. hemispherica. 
 
 Leaf-nerves and intramarginal nerve prominent; leaves nar- 
 rowly elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate at both ends, the apex 
 blunt, 3-4*5 in. long, 1-1-5 in. broad ; calyx-tube campanulate, 
 later hemispheric, '2 in. long ; fruit apparently small 
 
 7. Bourdillonii. 
 Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuiniifate at both ends : 
 
 Leaves 1*5-2 in. broad, the nerves and intramarginal nerve 
 fairly prominent ; calyx-tube funnel-shaped, - 5 in. long ; fruit 
 
 globose, 1-2 in. in diam 8. vulgaris. 
 
 Leaves '5-75 in. broad, the nerves and intramarginal nerve 
 
 faint; calyx-tube very slender at base, broadly turbinate 
 
 above, *7 in. long ; fruit globose, '75 in. in diam... 9. occidentalis. 
 
 Flowers sessile ; leaves broadly ovate, very coriaceous, obtuse at apex, 
 
 shining, nerves and intramarginal nerve prominent but irregular, 
 
 4^5 in. long, 3 in. broad ; calyx-tube narrowed below.... 10. Beddomei. 
 
 1. JAMBOSA MTJNRONII, Walp. Eugenia Munronu, Wt. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 472 ; Wt. Ic. t. 546. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, up to 5,000 ft., in 
 evergreen forests. 
 
 A handsome tree with large reddish or white flowers and 
 purplish- green fruit. Yern. Tarn. Ilambili. 
 
 2. JAMBOSA MUNDAGAM, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia Mundagam, 
 Bourd. For. Trees Trav. 182. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Travancore, up to 
 4,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with white fragrant flowers. Bark 
 smooth, brown ; wood brown, rough, used for posts. Yern. 
 Tain. Katta samba ; Mai. Mundagam. 
 
474 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Jambosa. 
 
 3. JAMBOSA COURTALLENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull., 1918, 239, 
 
 W. Ghats, hills of Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 A tree. 
 
 4. JAMBOSA RAMA-YARMA. n. comb. Eugenia Rama-Varma, 
 Bourd. in Ind. For. xxx, 147. t. 2. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly, above 4,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized rare tree with white flowers, large leaves 
 and greenish-pink fruit. 
 
 5. JAMBOSA LAETA, Bl. Eugenia laeta, Ham.; F. B. I. ii. 479. 
 E. pauciflora, Wt. Ic. t. 526. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests from S. Canara southwards, 
 up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A medium-sized pretty tree with rather small leaves, white 
 petals and very long crimson stamens. Bark smooth, 
 white ; wood brownish -grey, hard. 
 
 6. JAMBOSA HEMISPHAERICA, Walp. Eugenia hemispherica, 
 Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 477 ; .Wt. Ic. t. 525 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 203. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, up to 3,000 ft., in 
 evergreen forests. 
 
 A large tree with white or rose-coloured flowers and purple 
 fruit. Bark smooth, blackish ; wood brown, hard. Yern. 
 Tarn. Yellei nyaral ; Mai. Yen nyara. 
 
 7. JAMBOSA BOTJRDILLONII, Gamble in Kew Bull.. 1918, 239. 
 
 W. Ghats, hills of Travancore at 2,000 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 A medium-sized tree. 
 
 8. JAMBOSA VULGARIS, DC. W. & A. 332; W~t. Ic. t. 435. 
 Eugenia Jambos, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 474. 
 
 Cultivated in gardens and sometimes found run wild 
 chiefly on old cultivations. The Rose-apple. 
 A small pretty tree with greenish-white flowers and pinkish- 
 white fruit, edible but not very good. Yern. Hind. Gulab 
 jaman. 
 
 9. JAMBOSA OCCIDENTALS, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia occi- 
 dentalis, Bourd. in Ind. For. xxx. 195, t. 3. 
 
 W. Ghats, banks of the jPeriyar river and elsewhere, always 
 near water. 
 
 A small handsome bushy tree with large white flowers, 
 numerous stamens and greenish-pink globose fruit. Yern. 
 Tarn. Atta samba. 
 
Syzygium.'] MYRTACEAE. 475 
 
 10. JAMBOSA BEDDOMEI, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia Beddomei, 
 Duthie in F. B. I. ii. 476. 
 
 W. Ghats, hills above Trichnagudi, S. Tinnevelly, at 4,000- 
 5,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 A large tree with characteristic very coriaceous leaves and 
 flowers in subterminal corymbs. 
 
 4. Syzygium, Gaertn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, glabrous, often 
 pellucid-dotted. Flowers small, in terminal axillary or lateral 
 cymes, usually corymbose ; bracteoles small deciduous or 0. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate or funnel-shaped, the limb 4- rarely 5-lobed ; 
 no thickened stamina! disk. Petals 4-5, rounded, concave, usually 
 falling off as a calyptrate lid, sometimes singly. Stamens very 
 numerous, free, bent inwards at the middle when in bud. Ovary 
 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell ; style 1 ; stigma simple. 
 Fruit a 1-celled, 1- or few-seeded* berry, globose pyriform or 
 oblong, crowned by the calyx-limb. Seeds globose ; cotyledons 
 fleshy ; radicle small, concealed between the cotyledons. 
 
 Cymes terminal and axillary, rarely from leafless axils : 
 Petals usually free, though deciduous : 
 
 Calyx-tube short, turbinate ; leaves coriaceous, the nerves close 
 
 together : 
 
 Leaves with petioles - 5 in. long, elliptic, caudate-acuminate at 
 apex, acute at base, olive-green when dry, 2-3 in. long, 1-1*5 in. 
 broad ; flowers in dense cymes of umbellules, the branches 
 tetragonus, buds '2 in. long; fruit oblong, *5 in. long 
 
 1. Arnottianum. 
 
 Leaves with petioles about '5 in. long, oblanceolate, obtuse at 
 apex, cuneate at base, purplish when dry, '75-1*25 in. long, *5 in. 
 broad ; flowers in terminal corymbose cymes of umbellules, the 
 
 branches tetragonous, buds '1 in. long 2. Myhendrae. 
 
 Leaves sessile, ovate, obtusely acute at apex, cordate at base, 
 nearly black when dry, r5-2'5 in. long, 1-1'25 in. broad; 
 flowers in corymbs of umbellules 2' 5 in. long, the branches 
 tetragonous, buds '1 in. long 3. Benthamianum 
 
 Calyx-tube elongate, funnel-shaped ; leaves chartaceous or 
 
 coriaceous, the nerves not always close together : 
 
 Flowers usually in short rather few-flowered axillary racemes ; 
 calyx-tube '3-1 in. long ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 
 acute to long-acuminate at apex, 3-5 in. long, 1-1 '5 in. broad, 
 
476 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Syzygium. 
 
 the nerves rather close and parallel ; petals often many ; fruit 
 
 '5 in. long, scarlet 4. Wightianum. 
 
 Flowers in many-flowered terminal and axillary panicles of 
 umbellules ; calyx-tube under '3 in. long, greyish and gland- 
 dotted: 
 
 Leaves ovate, long-acuminate, up to 4 in. long, T5 in broad, 
 usually rounded at base, petiole 'l-'2 in. long ; flower pedicels 
 
 short, slender; fruit '2 in. in diam 5. zeylanicum. 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, up to 3 in. long, *5 in. 
 broad, narrowed at ba^e, petiole '5 in. long ; flower pedicels 
 
 elongate, slender 6. lineare. 
 
 Flowers in umbels of 5-10 at the ends of the branchlets ; calyx- 
 tube resinous-scaly, about '2 in. long, the lobes minute ; leaves 
 elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, '3-' 5 in. long, '2 in. 
 broad, petiole '1 in. long ; pedicels very short...?, microphyllum. 
 Petals usually falling in one piece, calyptrate : 
 
 Cymes terminal, more or less corymbose, sometimes also axillary 
 to upper leaves : : 
 
 Branchlets tetragonous ; flowers small ; calyx-tube scarcely 
 1 in. in diam., turbinate . 
 
 Leaves very coriaceous, elliptic to obovate or even orbicular, 
 up to 6 in. long, 3 in. broad, nerves distant and prominent, 
 but scarcely parallel, petiole very short, thick; inflorescence 
 
 branches stout ; fruit small, globose 8. montanum. 
 
 Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, up to 
 3 in. long, 1-1-5 in. broad, nerves close and parallel, petiole 
 very short ; inflorescence branches slender ; fruit small, 
 
 globose 9. rubicundum. 
 
 Branchlets terete : 
 
 Leaves more than 1 in. broad : 
 
 Leaves membranous, elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate, caudate- 
 acuminate, green when dry, up to 3*5 in. long, T5 in. broad, 
 petiole slender, nerves parallel, close and regular; inflores- 
 cence branches slender, divaricate nearly at right angles 
 
 10. Gardneri. 
 
 ' Leaves coriaceous, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, dark 
 brown when dry, up to 4 in. long, 1'5 in. broad, petiole very 
 short, stout, nerves parallel, reticulate between them ; 
 inflorescence branches moderately thick, ascending 
 
 11. carijopliyllaeum. 
 Leaves less than 1 in. broad : 
 Leaves suborbicular or obovate, often slightly emarginate, 
 
Syzygium.'] MYRTACEAE. 477 
 
 very coriaceous, up to 1 in. long, '75 in. broad, the nerves 
 close ; flowers in close terminal corymbs ; calyx-tube ovoid, 
 "15 in. long ; fruit oblong or obovoid, up to *5 in. long 
 
 12. calophyllifolium. 
 
 Leaves obovate, abruptly obtusely acuminate at apex, 
 cuneate at base, coriaceous, prominently glandular, up to 
 2 in. long, '75 in, broad, the nerves somewhat distant ; 
 flowers in lax terminal and axillary cymes ; calyx-tube 
 
 funnel-shaped, "35 in. long 13. palghatense. 
 
 Cymes mostly axillary, occasionally terminal : 
 
 Peduncles 2-4 in. long, their branches also long, ascending ; 
 leaves chartaceous, ovate, obtuse, narrowed at base and decur- 
 rent on the '75 in. long petiole, 3-4 in. long, 2-2*5 in. broad ; 
 nerves few, distant, irregular, joining in loops only; flower 
 
 buds small, scarcely '1 in. in diam 14. travancoricum. 
 
 Peduncles nearly 1 in. long, their branches stout, divaricating 
 at right angles ; leaves elliptic, usually abruptly acuminate at 
 apex, narrowed at base, up to 6 in. long, 2*5-3'5 in. broad, long- 
 petioled, nerves many, parallel, joining in an intramarginal 
 nerve; flower-buds rather large, about "25 in. in diam. 
 
 15. Chavaran. 
 
 Cymes lateral, usually from the scars of fallen leaves, sometimes 
 also axillary : 
 
 Leaves alternate, suborbicular or ovate, very coriaceous, 
 large, reaching 8 in. long or longer, 6 in. broad ; flowers in cymes 
 with divaricating branches, the calyx-mouth '2 in. in diam. 
 petals calyptrate ; fruit nearly spherical, about '5 in. in diam. 
 
 16. aUernifolium. 
 Leaves opposite : 
 
 Petals free ; leaves obovate to obcordate, thin, pale on both 
 sides, nearly glaucous beneath, the nerves distant, meeting 
 in loops only ; flowers very small in very short branching 
 
 cymes ; fruit spherical, '25 in. in diam 17. malabaricum. 
 
 Petals united, calyptrate : 
 
 Nerves of leaf irregular, distant, anastomozing near the 
 margin, but not producing a clearly marked intramarginal 
 nerve : 
 
 Branchlets terete, pale ; leaves broadly obovate, often 
 nearly orbicular, subcoriaceous, 3-8 in. long, 2-4 in. 
 broad ; inflorescence 2-2'5 in. long, the branches rather 
 stout ; fruit globose or ovoid, -2S--5 in. in diam. 
 
 18. operculatum var. obovatum. 
 
478 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Syzygium. 
 
 Branchlets tetragonous, dark ; leaves elliptic or elliptic- 
 oblong, membranous, 4-6 in. long, 2-3 in. broad ; inflores- 
 cence about 4 in. long, the branches slender, angled. 
 
 19. Stocksii. 
 
 Nerves of leaf joining in a distinct intramarginal nerve : 
 Large tree ; leaves over 1 in. broad, variable in shape but 
 usually 3-6 in. long, usually acuminate, sometimes 
 abruptly, the nerves close and parallel ; flowers some- 
 what large, the mouth of the calyx-tube '2 in. in diam. ; 
 
 fruit oblong ellipsoid or globose 20. Jambolanum. 
 
 Shrub or small tree ; leaves narrow, oblong, 3-4 in. 
 long, under 1 in. broad, the nerves close but slightly 
 irregular ; flowers small, the mouth of the calyx-tube 
 about '1 in. in diam. ; fruit obovoid, '5 in. long, crowned 
 w T ith the cup-like calyx-limb 21. Heyneanum. 
 
 1. SYZYGIUM ARNOTTIANUM, Walp. S. densiflorum, Wall. ; 
 W. & A. 329. Eugenia Arnottiana, Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 483; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 999. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Shola forests of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, 
 Pulneys and Travancore Hills, at high levels, rarely lower 
 than 5,000 ft. 
 
 A large tree with red young leaves and buds, cream- 
 coloured flowers and dark purple fruit. Bark grey rough ; 
 wood greyish-brown, hard and close-grained ; useful for 
 building and fuel ; one of the most important of the hill 
 woods. Vern. Tarn. Naval, Nagay ; Mai. Ayri. 
 
 2. SYZYGIUM MYHENDRAE, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia Myhen- 
 drae, Bedd. MS. ; Brand. Ind. Trees, 325. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Travancore and 
 Tinnevelly, at 3,000-4,000 ft. (Beddonie, Bourdillon). 
 A medium-sized handsome tree reaching 40 ft. in height, 
 the flowers white, very small, the leaves small. 
 
 3. SYZYGIUM BENTHAMIANUM, Gamble n. comb*. Eugenia 
 Benthamiana, Wt. E. Arnottiana var. Benthamiana, Duthie 
 in F: B. I. ii. 484. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, at Sispara, 6,000 ft. (Gardner). 
 Apparently a small tree or large shrub. 
 
 4. SYZYGIUM WIGHTIANUM, Wall. ; W. & A. 330. S. lanceo- 
 latum, W. & A. 330. Eugenia Wightiana, Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 
 485 ; Wt. Ic. t. 529. E. lanceolata, Lam. ; Wt. Ic. t. 530. 
 
Syzygium.j MYRTACEAE. 479 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Pulney and Travancore Hills, at 
 2,000-4,000 ft. 
 
 A moderate-sized tree, with white flowers and scarlet fruit, 
 showy when in full flower and fruit. 
 
 5. SYZYGIUM ZEYLANICTJM, DC.; W. & A. 330; Wt. Ic. t. 73. 
 Eugenia zeylanica, Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 485. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Travancore, in the lower 
 country, on the banks of streams. 
 
 A handsome little tree with white flowers and edible white 
 fruit. Yern. Mai Pula. 
 
 6. SYZYGIUM LINEARE, Wall. Eugenia linearis, Duthie in 
 F. B. I. ii. 486. E. zeylanica, Bedd. Fl. t. 202. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the S. Tinnevelly Hills, on river beds up to 
 
 3,500 ft. 
 
 A small tree, with white flowers. 
 
 7. SYZYGIUM MICROPHYLLUM, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia 
 
 micropliylla, Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 505. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S. Travancore, on river banks, at 4,000- 
 5,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A small much-branched tree with very small leaves. 
 
 8. SYZYGIUM MONTANUM, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia montana, 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1060 ; F. B. I. ii. 488. 
 
 W. Ghats, Shola forests of the Nilgiri Hills, above 5,000 ft., 
 
 common. 
 
 A large evergreen tree with small white flowers in terminal 
 
 corymbs, large leaves and purple fruit. Bark brown, 
 
 granulated and peeling off in small flakes ; w T ood greyish - 
 
 brown, moderately hard, used for building. Yern. Badaga, 
 
 Poo nagay. 
 
 9. SYZYGIUM RUBICUNDUM, W. & A. 330. Eugenia rubicunda, 
 Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 495 ; Wt. Ic. t. 538. E. lissophylla, Duthie 
 in F. B. I. ii. 488. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills (G. Thomson), south to Tin- 
 nevelly and Travancore, up to 3,000ft. in ever green forests. 
 A medium-sized tree with rough branchlets, narrow leaves 
 and small fruit. Bark thin, smooth, pale brown ; wood 
 reddish-brown, rough. 
 10. SYZYGIUM GARDNERI, Thw. Eugenia Gardneri, Duthie in 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 489. E. cymosa, Lam. var. rostrata, Duthie in 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 482. 
 
480 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Syzygium. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai, Travancore and Tinnevelly 
 Hills, up to 4,000 ft. in evergreen forests. 
 An enormous tree with slender branchlets, caudate leaves, 
 white flowers and purple fruit. Bark smooth, white ; wood 
 dark reddish-brown with yellow patches, used for building 
 in Travancore. Yern. Tarn. Nir naval ; Mai. Kari nyaral. 
 
 11. SYZYGIUM CARYOPHYLLAEUM, Gaertn. ; W. & A. 329. 
 Eugenia caryophyUaea, Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 540; F. B. I. ii. 
 
 490. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats from S. Canara southwards, up to 
 
 5,000 ft., especially near streams. 
 
 A small tree with white flowers and black globose fruit . 
 
 Bark smooth, grey ; wood brown, rather soft. Yern. MaL 
 
 Nyara. 
 
 12. SYZYGIUM CALOPHYLLIFOLIUM, Walp. Eugenia calophylli- 
 folia, Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 1,000 ; F. B. I. ii. 494. 
 
 W. Ghats, Shola forests of the Nilgiris above 6,000 ft., 
 common and conspicuous. 
 
 A large evergreen tree with a rounded head, small leaves, 
 white flowers and dark purple fruit. Bark thick, brown, 
 rough ; wood reddish-brown, hard and useful for building. 
 
 13. SYZYGIUM PALGHATENSE, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 240. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Palghat Hills of Malabar at 5,000 ft. 
 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A large tree with conspicuously glandular leaves and long 
 
 calyx-tube. 
 
 14. SYZYGIUM TRAVANCORICUM, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 240. 
 
 W. Coast, in swampy places in the low country of Travan- 
 core, up to 200 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 
 A medium-sized or large tree with long-petioled leaves and 
 small flowers in long-pedunculate corymbose axillary 
 cymes. 
 
 15. SYZYGIUM CHAVARAN, Gamble 11. comb. Eugenia Chavaran, 
 Bourd. For. Trees Trav. 188. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of N. Travancore at low 
 elevations (Bourdillon). 
 
 A very large handsome tree with rather large white flowers, 
 usually in axillary cymes, and large closely-nerved leaves. 
 Wood useful, the trunks sometimes hollowed into boats. 
 Yern. Mai. Chavaran. 
 
Syzygium.] MYRTACEAE. 481 
 
 16. SYZYGIUM ALTERNIFOLIUM, Walp. Eugenia alternifolia, 
 Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 537 ; F. B. T. ii. 497 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 198. 
 
 Deccan, in the hills of Kurnool, Cuddapah and N. Arcot. 
 A large tree with large alternate or subopposite leaves, 
 yellowish-white scented flowers and globose fruit. The 
 wood is dark red, hard and close-grained, and is in con- 
 siderable demand for building purposes. Yern. Tel. Manchi 
 moyadi, Mogi. 
 
 17. SYZYGIUM MALABARICUM, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia mala- 
 barica, Bedd. Fl. t. 199; F. B. I. ii. 497. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad forests of Malabar at 2,000- 
 4,000 ft., generally in swampy places. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with very small flowers in short 
 lateral cymes and small globose fruit, the leaves pale 
 when dry. 
 
 18. SYZYGIUM OPERCULATUM, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia oper- 
 culata, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 498; Wt. Ic. t. 552. E. cerasoides, 
 Roxb. ; Wt. Ic. t. 615. 
 
 Yar. obovatum. E. operculata var. obovata, Duthie in F. B. I. 
 ii. 498. 
 
 N. Circars, forests of Gumsur. 
 
 A moderate- sized tree of rather dry grassy localities r 
 usually in or near the Sal forests, the leaves turning red 
 in the cold season, the flowers greenish, the fruit purple 
 small and edible. Bark grey or light brown ; wood reddish- 
 grey. Yern. Hind. Piaman. 
 
 19. SYZYGIUM STOCKSII, Gamble n. comb. Eugenia Stocksii, 
 Duthie in F. B. I. ii. 498. 
 
 W. Ghats, Wynaad forests about 3,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 A large tree with small flowers in axillary as well as lateral 
 
 corymbose cymes. 
 
 20. SYZYGIUM JAMBOLANUM, DC,; W. & A. 329. Eugenia 
 Jambolana, Lam. ; F. B. I. ii. 499 ; Wt. Ic. t. 535 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 197. E. caryophyllifvlia, Lain. ; Wt. Ic. t. 553. 
 
 All forest Districts, both in the plains and in the hills up 
 to 6,000 ft., usually along river banks and in moister 
 localities, but found even on coast sands on the one side 
 and in W. Ghat Sholas on the other. Often cultivated in 
 avenues and topes and for its fruit. 
 A large evergreen tree with white flowers and purple fruit, 
 
482 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Syzygium. 
 
 the latter in cultivation oblong and edible, good in tarts 
 and puddings, in a wild state usually small and more or 
 less globose. Bark smooth, light grey ; wood hard, reddish- 
 grey, useful for building and agricultural purposes. Yern. 
 Hind. Jaman ; Ur. Jamo ; Tel. Neredu ; Tarn. Naval ; Kan. 
 Narala ; Mai. Naga. 
 
 var. axillare, leaves thin, obovate, abruptly acuminate ; flowers 
 small, in axillary or lateral cymes ; fruit globose, *2 in. in 
 diam. 
 
 "W. Ghats, lower hills of Travancore, in evergreen forests 
 (Bourdillon). 
 
 21. SYZYGIUM HEYNEANUM, Wall. Eugenia Heyneana, Duthie 
 in Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 500. E. salicifolia, Grab. ; Wt. Ic. t. 539. 
 N. Circars and Deccan, in river-beds and along streams, 
 westwards to Coorg, also in S. Travancore. 
 A large shrub or small tree with white flowers and narrow 
 leaves. 
 
 5. Eugenia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, pellucid-dotted. 
 Flowers moderate-sized, solitary or in fascicles or short cymes, 
 axillary or terminal ; bracteoles 2, below the calyx-tube, usually 
 persistent. Calyx-tube nearly globose, not produced beyond the 
 ovary, the limb of 4, rarely 5, persistent lobes ; staminal disk, if 
 present, broad. Petals 4, rarely 5, distinct. Stamens numerous, 
 distinct. Ovary 2-celled, the cells often again divided by false 
 partitions, ovules several in each cell ; style slender ; stigma 
 simple. Fruit a nearly globose, 1- or 2-celled berry, crowned 
 with the calyx-lobes. Seeds 1-2, large ; cotyledons thick, partially 
 combined ; radicle very minute, scarcely distinguishable. 
 Young parts and inflorescence fulvous- or silvery-pubescent : 
 Staminal disk broad : 
 
 Leaves large, elliptic or obovate or suborbicular, very coriaceous, 
 3-5 in. long, 2-3*5 in. broad, floccose near the base when young 
 like the innovations ; flowers large, tawny- velvety, about 1 in. in 
 diam., solitary or in short few-flowered terminal cymes ; fruit 
 
 about '5 in. in diam., densely tomentose 1. floccosa. 
 
 Leaves usually under 3 in. long : 
 
 Flowers on fairly long pedicels ; leaves coriaceous : 
 
 Pedicels solitary, '5-1 in. long, axillary or lateral among the 
 leaves ; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 in. long, '75 in. broad, 
 
Eugenia.'] MYRTACEAE. 483 
 
 tha margins revolute, nerves obscure ; fruit '2 in. in diam., 
 
 rusty-tomentose .' 2, Jossinia. 
 
 Pedicels about 1 in. long, in axillary pairs on a short peduncle ; 
 leaves elliptic to obovate, acute, 2'5-4 in. long, 1-1*25 in. 
 broad, nerves rather prominent beneath with reticulation 
 between; fruit about '5 in. in diam., glabrous... 3. calcadensis. 
 Pedicels '3 in. long, in pairs on the young branchlets below 
 the leaves ; leaves obovate, obtusely abruptly acuminate at 
 apex, acutely attenuate at base, the margins decurrent, 
 ro-2'5 in. long, '7o-l'25 in. broad, nerves slender, not 
 
 prominent 4. disci/era. 
 
 Flowers in nearly sessile clusters; leaves ovate to orbicular, 
 obtuse or retuse, shining, l'5-2'5 in. long, 1-1 '75 in. broad, 
 nerves few, distant, prominent^ fruit globose, grey-tomentose, 
 
 25 in. in diam 5. codyensis. 
 
 Staminal disk not enlarged : . 
 
 Flowers fascicled in the leaf -axils or in very short cymes : 
 Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblanceolate, obtusely acuminate 
 at apex, the base acuminate, margin recurved, 1-2 in. long, 
 25-'5 in. broad, nerves very oblique, not prominent ; peduncles. 
 
 filiform, -3--5 in. long, fascicled 6. Rottleriana. 
 
 Leaves subcoriaceous, elliptic or ovate, obtusely acute, narrowed 
 at base, margins recurved, To-2'5 in. long, '75-l'25 in. broad, 
 nerves obscure ; peduncles rusty-villous, fascicled cymose or 
 sometimes solitary, about *4 in. long ; fruit globose, glabrous, 
 
 about '4 in. long 7. bracteata. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the leaf -axils ; pedicels '5-1 in. long ; leaves 
 short-petioled, lanceolate, long-acuminate, rounded at base, 
 silvery-pubescent beneath, 4-5 in. long, '75-1 25 in. broad, nerves 
 prominent, rather distant, at right angles to midrib; fruit globose, 
 
 shortly appressed-pubescent, about '6 in. in diam 8. argentea. 
 
 All parts glabrous or nearly so : 
 
 Leaves ovate, caudate-acuminate, rounded or acute at base, up to 
 2'5 in. long, 1 in. broad, petiole '2 in. long, slender ; flowers solitary 
 or in pairs, axillary or lateral, pedicels slender, -3 in. long ; fruit 
 
 globose, glabrous, '5 in. in diam 9. Mooniana. 
 
 Leaves ovate, obtusely acute or retuse, cordate at base, up to 3 in. 
 long, 2 in. broad, petiole very short, thick ; flowers in short terminal 
 crowded racemes, slightly pubescent 10. singampattiana. 
 
 1 . EUGENIA FLOCCOSA, Bedd. Fl. t. 200 ; F. B. I. ii. 501. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the S. Tinnevelly Hills at 3,000-4,000 ft. 
 (Beddome). 
 
484 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Eugenia. 
 
 A good-sized tree with white flowers, very velvety on the 
 petals, large leaves and tomentose fruit. 
 
 2. EUGENIA JOSSINIA, Duthie in F. B. I. ii. 500. Jossinia 
 indica, Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 523. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Sivagiri and Courtallum Hills of 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A small tree or shrub. 
 
 3. EUGENIA CALCADENSIS, Bedd. Ic. t. 162 ; F. B. I. ii. 502. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiris at Sispara, Silent Yalley in Malabar at 
 3,000 ft., Oalcad Hills of S. Tinnevelly at 2,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A very pretty little tree with showy white flowers in pairs. 
 
 4. EUGENIA DISCIFERA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 239. 
 
 W. Ghats, hills of Travancore near Chimunji at 4,000 ft. 
 
 (Bourdillon). 
 
 A small tree, the disk of the flowers broad and conspicuous. 
 
 5. EUGENIA CODYENSIS, Munro; F. B. I. ii. 501. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coorg and S. Canara to Nilgiris and 
 Travancore, in evergreen forests, at about 3,000 ft. 
 A shrubby little tree with greenish-white flowers. 
 
 6. EUGENIA ROTTLERIANA, W. & A. 331 ; F. B. I. ii. 502; Wt, 
 Ic. t. 100. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the evergreen forests of Tinnevelly and 
 
 Travancore at 4,000 ft. 
 
 A pretty little tree with small flowers. 
 
 7. EUGENIA BRACTEATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 502 ; W. & A. 331 ; 
 Wt. 111. t. 13. K Willdenoicii, Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 545. 
 
 E. Coast, common on coast sandhills and in evergreen 
 scrub forest from the Chilka Lake southwards ; often 
 cultivated in gardens. 
 
 A shrub, resembling myrtle, with pretty white flowers and 
 red berries. Bark yellowish-grey, smooth; wood grey, 
 hard, close-grained. Yern. Ur. Sagarabatna ; Tel. Arivita ; 
 Tarn. Kaya. 
 
 8. EUGENIA ARGENTEA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 503. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Wynaad forests of Malabar at 3,000 ft. 
 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A shrub or small tree with silvery leaves and conspicuous 
 
 filiform bracteoles under the calyx-tube. 
 
 9. EUGENIA MOONIANA, Wt. ; Wt. Ic. t. 551 ; F. B. I. ii. 505. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, at 2,000-4,000 ft. 
 
Eucalyptus.'] MYRTACEAE. 485 
 
 A small tree with white flowers and globose crimson 
 fruit. 
 
 10. EUGENIA SINGAMPAITIANA, Bedd. Ic. t. 273; F. B. I. ii. 506. 
 W. Ghats, in the Siiigampatti Hills of Tinnevellj at 3,000 ft., 
 in moist forests. 
 A small dense tree with white flowers. 
 
 6. Meteoromyrtus, Gamble. 
 
 Small tree or shrub. Leaves opposite, membranous, penni- 
 nerved, villous when young. Flowers small, solitary, on axillary 
 or supra-axillary pedicels, villous ; bracteoles 2, linear, below the 
 calyx-tube and longer than it. Calyx-tube short, not produced 
 beyond the ovary, furnished with an annular disk at the mouth ; 
 lobes 4, lanceolate, villous, rather longer than the petals. Petals 
 4, suborbicular, pellucid-punctate. Stamtns indefinite, inserted 
 in a ring 011 the disk ; anthers small, opening longitudinally. 
 Ovary 2-celled, about 4-ovuled in each cell, the ovules pendulous 
 from its apex ; style elongate ; stigma subcapitate. Fruit not 
 yet known. 
 
 METEOROMYRTUS WYNAADENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 
 241. Eugenia wynaadensis, Bedd. Ic. t, 161 ; F. B. I. ii. 506. 
 W. Ghats, about Devala in S.E. Wynaad, at 2,000-3,000 ft. 
 A small tree or large shrub with oblong, lanceolate, acuminate 
 leaves, villous when young, afterwards glabrous, the rather 
 distant nerves meeting in a looped iiitramarginal nerve ; 
 flowers on slender pedicels usually supra-axillary, with long 
 linear bracteoles and lanceolate calyx-lobes, the petals 
 pellucid-punctate and ciliate. 
 
 7. Eucalyptus, I/Her. 
 
 Trees. Leaves usually opposite when young, when old different 
 in shape and usually alternate, coriaceous, entire, penninerved. 
 Flowers on axillary peduncles, solitary or in umbels or heads of 
 3-many ; bracts deciduous. Calyx-tube turbinate or campanulate, 
 adiiate at the base to the ovary, truncate at apex, sometimes with 
 very small lobes. Petals 5, united in a calyptra which falls off 
 by the pressure of the growing stamens. Stamens many, free, 
 many-seriate ; filaments filiform ; anthers small. Ovary inferior, 
 3-4-celled ; many ovules in each cell, subhorizoiital ; style slender ; 
 
486 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Eucalyptus. 
 
 stigma small. Fruit a hardened capsule, dehiscing locnlieidally 
 at the mouth. Seeds small, angular or linear-cuneate ; testa 
 membranous ; cotyledons longer than the radicle. 
 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS, Labill. 
 
 An introduction from Australia, largely grown in forests on 
 the Mlgiris and other hills of the W. Ghats and frequently 
 found self-sown. The Blue Gum. 
 
 A lofty tree with very grey young leaves and narrow, green, 
 linear-lanceolate, curved, vertically hanging old ones, white 
 rather large flowers and rugose capsule, all parts very 
 aromatic with a valuable essential oil which is largely 
 extracted. Bark grey, the outer layers deciduous ; wood 
 grey with darker streak, smoderately hard, used in building 
 but most especially for fuel. 
 
 Many other species of the genus are also found cultivated in 
 gardens and plantations on the S. Indian hills. 
 
 Family LXIY. LECYTHIDACEAE. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, entire or shortly toothed, usually 
 crowded at the ends of the branchlets ; stipules 0. Flowers large, 
 solitary or in axillary or terminal racemes. Ccdy%-t\ihe enclosing 
 the ovary; lobes usually 4-6, rarely 2-3, valvate or imbricate. 
 Petals 4-6, rarely more or 0. Stamens many, in several 
 series ; filaments slender ; anthers small, sometimes wanting. 
 Ovary 2-6, rarely more-celled, many-ovuled, the ovules pendulous 
 or horizontal ; style long, slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit a 
 woody, fleshy or fibrous berry, with 1 or many seeds. 
 
 Fruit angular, fibrous, 1 -seeded ; stamens all perfect 
 
 1. Barringtonia. 
 
 Fruit globose or ovoid, fleshy, many- seeded ; stamens partly without 
 anthers . v 2. Careya. 
 
 1. Barringtonia, Forst. 
 
 Trees. Leaves alternate, usually membranous, entire or crenate- 
 serrate, pemiiiierved. Flowers in elongate, terminal or lateral, 
 racemes or interrupted spikes ; bracts small, deciduous ; brae- 
 teoles minute or 0. Calyx-tube scarcely produced above the 
 ovary ; limb of 2-4, rarely 5, lobes ; lobes imbricate or valvate. 
 Petals 4, rarely 5, imbricate, adnate at base to the staminal tube. 
 
Careya.'] LECYTHIDACEAE. 487 
 
 Stamens very numerous, in many rows, connate below ; filaments 
 filiform, all bearing anthers. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled ; ovules 
 2-8 in each cell, pendulous or horizontal ; style long, filiform ; 
 stigma small. Fruit a fibrous berry, globose ovoid or quad- 
 rangular, crowned by the persistent calyx-limb, 1 -seeded. Seed 
 ovoid or ellipsoid, exalbuminous ; embryo large, cotyledons 
 rudimentary. 
 
 Calyx-lobes valvate ; fruit large, about 2 in. long, ovoid ; flowers 
 large, l'5-2 in. in diam. ; leaves large, up to 12 in. long....l. racemosa. 
 Calyx -lobes imbricate ; fruit medium -sized, about 1 in. long, quad- 
 rangular ; flowers rather small, -3-'5 in. in diam. ; leaves up to 6 in- 
 long 2. acutangula. 
 
 1. BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA, Roxb. ; F. B.I. ii. 507; "W. & A. 
 333 ; Wt. Ic. t. 152. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travancore, along backwaters, 
 often planted for ornament. 
 
 A medium-sized ornamental tree with large flowers, cream- 
 coloured with pink stamens, in pendulous racemes, and 
 large brownish-red fruits. Wood white, soft, porous. Yern, 
 Tarn. Samuthram ; Mai. Samuthraccham. 
 
 2. BARRINGTONIA ACUTANGULA, Gaertn. ; F. B. I. ii. 508 ; 
 W. & A. 333 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 204. 
 
 E. & W. Coast Districts along streams and on swampy 
 land ; more scarce inland in the Deccan and Carnatic. 
 A medium- sized tree, conspicuous for its long pendent 
 racemes of pink flowers, succeeded by angular fruits, leaves 
 obovate. Bark dark brown, rough ; wood white, soft, with 
 a pretty silver-grain, used for furniture. Yern, Hind. Ijal ; 
 Ur. Hinjolo; Tel. Kurpa ; Tarn. Adampa ; Mai. Nir perzha. 
 
 2. Careya, Eoxb. 
 
 Trees or a small undershrnb. Leaves alternate, membranous, 
 crowded at the ends of the branches, penninerved, ere n ate -serrate, 
 Floivers large, showy, in racemes or interrupted spikes. Calyx- 
 tube campanulate or funnel-shaped, hardly produced beyond the 
 ovary; limb 4-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Petals 4, imbricate, 
 much longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens very numerous, in 
 several rows, slightly connate at base ; filaments veiy long, 
 innermost and outermost without anthers. Ovary inferior, 4-5- 
 
 KK 
 
488 FLORA OF MADRAS. ~_Careya. 
 
 celled, crowned by an annular disk ; ovules many, in 2 rows in 
 each cell, on vertical axile placentas ; style long, filiform ; stigma 
 small. Fruit a large globose fibrous berry, crowned by the 
 persistent calyx-limb. Seeds numerous, in fleshy pulp ; albumen 
 ; embryo large with obsolete cotyledons. 
 
 CAREYA AEBOREA, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 218 ; F. B. I. ii. 511 ; 
 W. & A. 334 ; Wt. 111. tt, 99 and 100 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 205. 
 All Forest Districts, in deciduous forest, especially in X. 
 Circars, up to 5,000 ft., conspicuous in grassy places. 
 A large deciduous tree with yellowish -white flowers, large 
 obovate- serrate leaves and large globular fruit. Bark thick, 
 dark grey, gives a good fibre and makes slow matches ; 
 wood red, hard, of good quality but little used. Vern. 
 Hind., Ur. Kumbi; Tel. Gada\a, Dudippi ; Tarn. Ayma ; 
 Mai. Perzha. 
 
 Family LXY. MELA8TOMACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely trees. Leaves 
 opposite or rarely whorled. entire or nearly so, often ribbed from 
 the base; stipules 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, in spikes 
 panicles or corymbs, rarely solitary or fascicled, usually bracteate 
 and bracteolate. Disk sometimes present. Calyx-tube free or 
 partly or entirely adherent to the ovary; limb 4-5-lobed, sometimes 
 calyptrate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted on the 
 margin of the tube, imbricate. Stamens as many or often twice 
 as many as the petals and inserted with them ; filaments bent 
 inwards in bud, often alternately shorter and longer ; anthers 
 2-celled, basifixed. dehiscence usually by terminal pores, sometimes 
 by slits; connective often appendaged near the base. Orary 
 4-5-, rarely 3- or 6- or 1-celled ; ovules usually numerous, on axile 
 parietal or central placentas, sometimes few; style terminal, 
 usually filiform. Fruit usually enclosed in the calyx-tube, 
 capsular or baccate, dehiscent irregularly or by slits at the top 
 of the cells. Seeds many (usually 1 in Memecylon) : albumen ; 
 cotyledons small (in Memecylon large and convolute). 
 
 Leaves 3- or more-ribbed from the base ; ovary 4-5 -celled, ovules and 
 seeds many .- 
 Petals 4 or 5 : 
 
 Seeds curved ; flowers usually large and often showy : 
 
OsbecTcia.'] MELASTOMACEAE. 489 
 
 Stamens equal ; fruit opening by pores at its apex 
 
 1. Osbeckia. 
 
 Stamens unequal; fruit bursting irregularly 2. Melastoma. 
 
 'Is straight, stamens equal: 
 
 Flowers moderately large, fleshy and red, petals 4 ; climber 
 
 3. Kendrickia. 
 Flowers rather small, pink or white, somewhat fleshy; epiphytic 
 
 shrubs 4. Medinilla. 
 
 Petals 3 ; seeds straight ; stamens equal ; inflorescence scorpioid ; 
 
 herbs o. Sonerila. 
 
 Leaves not ribbed but penninerved with faint intramarginal nerves; 
 ovary 1 -celled, few-ovuled ; seed 1 6. Memecylon. 
 
 1. Osbeckia, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, usually erect, branches usually 
 4-angled. Leaves opposite or sometimes ternate, entire, 3-7- or 
 sometimes 9-ribbecL Flowers terminal, solitary capitate or 
 panicled, purple-pink or white, often conspicuous; bracts con- 
 spicuous, sometimes involucrate. Calyx-tube urceolate or sub- 
 globose, sometimes much produced beyond the ovaiy, usually 
 covered with bulbous-based bristles which are solitary or in sessile 
 or stalked clusters or on pectinate scales ; lobes 4 or 5, subulate or 
 lanceolate, variously bristly, alternating with as many appendages 
 usually stellately bristly. Petals 4 or o, usually broadly obovate, 
 ciliate. Stamens 8 or 10, equal or subequal ; anthers oblong, 
 truncate attenuate or beaked. Ovary semi-inferior, 4-5-celled, 
 bristly at apex; ovules numerous in each cell on placentas radiating 
 from the axis ; style long, simple. Fruit a capsule opening by 
 pores at its apex. Seeds many, curved, minutely tuberculate. 
 Flowers pentamerous (also, sometimes, 0. cupularis) ; anthers attenuate 
 at tip : 
 
 Calyx-tube with simple bristles only ; leaves 3-5-ribbed, outer pair 
 of ribs very slender : 
 
 Leaves elliptic, "5-1 in. long, -5 in. broad, acute at apex, obtuse 
 at base, pale greenish when dry, bristles on upper surface many 
 small adnate, also few large adnate only at base; branchlets 
 strigose ; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, appendages very short with 
 
 only about 3 bristles 1. minor. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, 1-1 '75 in. long, '5-1 in. broad, acute at apex, acute 
 or obtuse at base, yellowish-green when dry, bristles on upper 
 
490 FLORA OF MADRAS. [OsbecUa. 
 
 surface distant, lineolate, thick, completely adnate except a 
 minute mucro ; branchlets glabrous ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, appendages triangular with few bristles, one long 
 
 2. lineolata. 
 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-2-25 in. long, '5-'75 in. broad, acute 
 at apex, obtuse at base, slightly yellowish when dry, bristles on 
 upper surface slender, adnate except a short point ; branchlets 
 scabrous ; calyx-lobes ovate oblong, rounded and stellately bristled 
 at apex, ciiiate on margins and with few bristles on back, appen- 
 dages short with a small tuft 3. aspera. 
 
 Calyx- tube with simple bristles below, tufts above ; leaves 3-7-ribbed, 
 outer pair slender : 
 
 Calyx-lobes broad, obtuse or retuse, appendages cylindrical with 
 a tuft of many bristles : 
 
 Calyx-lobes many -bristly at apex and in a line on back ; leaves 
 elliptic, acute at apex, rounded at base, 1-1-5 in. long, '75 in. 
 broad, bristles on upper surface slender, half adnate, half free ; 
 
 ribs 3 with a slender intramarginal pair 4. courtallensis. 
 
 Calyx-lobes few-bristly at apex only ; leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate at apex, narrowed at base, 2-4 in. long, 1-1*5 in. broad, 
 bristles on upper surface sparse, slender, half adnate ; ribs 5-7, 
 
 the outer 2 pairs slender A 5. Kleinii. 
 
 Calyx-lobes short, acute, few-bristly at apex, appendages short, 
 cylindrical with about 3 bristles ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 1-2 in. long, bristles on upper surface few, slender, adnate below; 
 
 ribs 5, the outer pair intramarginal 6. Lawsoni. 
 
 Calyx-tube with conspicuous tufts of bristles, rarely simple at the 
 base only : 
 
 Tufts of bristles sessile as are appendages ; calyx-lobes ovate, 
 obtuse, bristly at apex, ciiiate on margins ; branchlets fleshy, 
 glabrous, bluish when dry; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-1'5 in. 
 long, '3-' 5 in. broad, 3-ribbed, lineolate on upper, nearly glabrous 
 
 on lower surface 7. sublaevis. 
 
 Tufts of bristles stalked as are appendages : 
 
 Stalks of bristle-tufts and appendages very short, the bristles 
 woolly, the tufts large, '5-1 in. broad; leaves ovate, densely 
 tawny-bristly on both surfaces, reticulate ; ribs 7-9 
 
 8. reticulata. 
 
 Stalks of bristle-tufts and appendages elongate : 
 Shrubs with many branches ; leaves 5-ribbed : 
 Calyx-lobes obtuse or emarginate at apex, the bristles pale 
 and bulbous -based : 
 
Osbeckia.'] MELASTOMACEAE. 491 
 
 Stems grey, with, long retrorse stiff bristles ; leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, 1 in. broad, the 
 bristles on the upper surface few, long, adnate below in 
 
 branched lineoles 9. travancorica. 
 
 Stems reddish with short, stiff, appressed bristles ; leaves 
 elliptic, acute, 1-3-5 in. long ; -5-2 in. broad, the bristles 
 on the upper surface close, velvety, shortly adnate below 
 
 10. Wightiana. 
 
 Calyx-lobes acute at apex, the bristles rufous, always in 
 tufts ; leaves 1-1*5 in. long, '5-1 in. broad, the bristles on 
 the tipper surface few, only little adnate below 
 
 11. Leschenaultiana. 
 
 Slender shrubs with few erect branches and scarcely woody 
 stems ; calyx-lobes acute, ending in a stellate tuft of bristles ; 
 leaves lanceolate, acute, 3-ribbed, 1-2 in. long, '3-'8 in. broad, 
 sparsely bristly to nearly glabrous above, glabrous beneath 
 
 except on nerves 12. octandra. 
 
 Calyx-tube with thin, flattened, rather sparse pectinate scales, the 
 appendages similar, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, '3 in. long ; leaves 
 lanceolate, long-petioled, 5-ribbed, up to 5 in. long, T5 in. broad, 
 
 shortly scabrous on both surfaces . . 13. wynaadensis. 
 
 Flowers usually tetramerous (4- or 5-merous in 0. cupularis) : 
 Anthers gradually attenuate upwards; erect undershrubs with 
 4-angled stems and fruiting calyx constricted above : 
 
 Densely hispid ; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-tube 
 with scattered tufts of bristles, lobes oblong, glabrous except at 
 apex, margins prominently ciliate-bristly, appendages branched 
 
 14. hispidissima. 
 
 Nearly glabrous ; leaves usually in threes, linear-lanceolate, 
 sparsely hispid- ciliate on margins and ribs ; .calyx-tube glabrous, 
 the lobes with few short ciliate bristles, the appendages slender, 
 
 not bristly 15. rostrata var. pulchella. 
 
 Anthers abruptly beaked, the beaks slender ; herbs or small under- 
 shrubs with 4-angled stems : 
 
 Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes white-ciliate on the margins, appen- 
 dages short and broad with pectinate bristles; leaves linear- 
 lanceolate i 16. chinensis. 
 
 Calyx-tube with both simple and stellate bristles, lobes ciliate, 
 the apices stellate -bristly, as are the slenderly stalked appendages ; 
 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate 17. zeylanica. 
 
 Anthers short, truncate at apex ; herbs or small undershrubs, the 
 stems terete or slightly 4-angled : 
 
492 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Osbecfcia. 
 
 Calyx-tube in fruit '15 in. long with 4 short lobes, each with 
 a stellate cluster of bristles at tip, appendages similarly crowned 
 on very short stalks ; leaves elliptic, subacute, up to 2 in. long, 
 
 1 in. broad, drying greenish 18. truncata. 
 
 Calyx-tube in fruit 25 in. long with 4 or 5 triangular lobes, each 
 with a stellate cluster of bristles at tip, appendages long-stalked, 
 stellately bristle-tipped; leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acute, 
 up to 1*5 in. long by '75 in. broad, drying yellowish... 19. cupularis. 
 Calyx-tube in fruit '25 in. long with triangular ciliolate lobes ; 
 leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, about '5 in. broad, 
 stiigosely hairy above, shortly hispid beneath 20. gracilis. 
 
 1. OSBECKIA MINOR, Triaiia. 0. aspera, Wt. Ic. t. 377. 
 
 W. Coast, in Travancore (Wight, Horsley). 
 A. small shrub with small whitish-hairy leaves and purple- 
 red flowers. 
 
 2. OSBECKIA LINEOLATA, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 241. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at high levels, up to 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 A small erect shrub with glaucous branches and leaves 
 drying yellowish-green, the upper surface with large 
 lineoles, flowers purple-red. 
 
 3. OSBECKIA ASPERA, Blume ; F. B. I. ii. 519 in part ; W. & A, 
 323 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, Courtallum in Tinnevelly Hills (Mitchel). 
 A small undershrub with purple flowers. 
 
 4. OSBECKIA COURTALLENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 242. 
 
 W. Ghats, Courtallum in Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 A small shrub with red-purple flowers. 
 
 5. OSBECKIA KLEINII, W. & A. 323 in note. 0. aspera, BL 
 var. Kleimi, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 519. 
 
 W. Coast, in Cochin and Travancore. 
 
 An erect undershrub with purple-red flowers in terminal 
 
 leafy panicles and rather large leaves, sparsely bristly. 
 
 6. OSBECKIA LAWSONI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1918, 242. 
 
 W. Ghats, Murchison in Travancore, at 2,000 ft. (Lawson). 
 A small erect undershrub with purple flowers in short 
 terminal panicles. 
 
 7. OSBECKIA SUBLAEVIS, Cogn. in DC. Monog. vii. 321. 
 
 W. Ghats from Mysore to Nilgiris, on rocks at about 
 7,000 ft. 
 
Osbeckia.] MELASTOMACEAE. 493 
 
 A small fleshy shrub with smooth glabrous glaucous bluish 
 
 branches and bright purple flowers in small terminal 
 
 corymbose cymes. 
 
 8. OSBECKIA RETICULATA, Bedd. ; Fl. Br. Ind. ii. 520. 
 0. alveolata, Bedd. Ic. t. 168. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalais and Pulneys, at 6,000-7,000 ft. 
 
 A large, very handsome shrub reaching 10-15 ft. in height, 
 
 the whole plant except the deBp purple petals covered with 
 
 ferruginous hairs. 
 
 !> OSBECKIA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. ex Gamble in Kew Bull, 
 ined. 
 
 W. Ghats in the lower hills of Travancore (Beddome). 
 
 An undershrub easily known by its stems being clothed 
 
 with long retrorse bristles. 
 
 10. OSBECKIA WIGHTIANA, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 419 ; W. & A. 
 323 ; Wt. Ic. t. 998. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, at 
 4,000-7,000 ft., often in rocky places. 
 
 A much-branched shrub reaching 8 ft. or more in height, 
 with handsome purple flowers and pale-brown silky foliage, 
 the leaves whitish beneath, like the calyx-tube. 
 
 11. OSBECKIA LESCHENAULTIANA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 520. 
 0. Gardtieriana, Wt. Ic. t. 997. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at 6,000-8,000 ft., 
 in damp places. 
 
 A branching shrub 8-10 ft. high with handsome purple 
 flowers in terminal capitate heads, the calyx and small 
 leaves with rufous hairs. 
 
 12. OSBECKIA OCTANDRA, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 521. virgata, 
 Don in W. & A. 323; Wt. Ic. t. 376. 
 
 W. Ghats, from the Nilgiris to Travancore, at about 3,000 ft. 
 A slender undershrub with small purple flowers and dark 
 foliage, the leaves lanceolate. 
 
 13. OSBECKIA WYNAADENSIS, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 521. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, at about 4,000 ft. 
 A slender erect undershrub with purple flowers in sub- 
 terminal corymbs, large long-petioled leaves and very 
 characteristic comb-like scales on the calyx-tube. 
 
 14. OSBECKIA HISPIDISSIMA, Wt. Ic. t. 1612; F. B. I. ii. 516. 
 
 K". Circars, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam, 4,500 ft. 
 
494 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Gsbecltia. 
 
 (Gamble), Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, at 5,000 ft, (A. W. 
 Lushington). Deccan, in Mysore, at Wostara (Clegliorn). 
 A very hispid erect undershrub with large crimson 
 flowers. 
 
 15. OSBECKIA ROSTRATA, D. Don; F. B.I. ii. 517. 
 
 Yar. pulchella, Triana. 0. recalva, Bedd. M.S. in Herb. Kew 
 and B.M. 
 
 Carnatic, in the Sirumalai Hills, at 3,500 ft., in swampy 
 places (Beddome). 
 
 An erect glabrous shrub reaching 4-6 ft. high, with rosy- 
 purple flowers. 
 
 16. OSBECKIA CHINENSIS, Linn. ; .F. B. I. ii. 515. 
 
 N. Circars, Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, about 4,000 ft. 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 An erect slender undershrub, reaching about 2 ft. in height 
 with pale mauve flowers in capitate leafy heads. 
 
 17. OSBECKIA ZEYLANICA, Willd. ; F. B. I. ii. 516 ; W. & A. 322. 
 
 N". Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, especially near the coast. 
 An erect annual herb with small purple mauve flowers in 
 leafy capitate heads. 
 
 18. OSBECKIA TRUNCATA, Don in W. & A. 322 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 514 ; Wt. Ic. t. 375. 
 
 W. Coast from S. Canara to Travancore. 
 
 An erect annual herb with small purple flowers. 
 
 19. OSBECKIA CUPULARIS, Don in W. & A. 323; F. B. I. ii. 
 514. 0. Leschenaultiana, Wt. Ic. t. 996, not of DC. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Coorg to Nilgiris and Pulneys, at 3,000- 
 7,000 ft., in grass. 
 
 A herbaceous plant from a perennial root stock, the flowers 
 white tinged with pink, calyx-lobes and petals as often 
 5 as 4. 
 
 20. OSBECKIA GRACILIS, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 216 ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 518. 
 
 W. Ghats, Sispara Ghat, in the W. Nilgiris, at 4,000 ft. 
 (Beddome). 
 
 An erect slender plant with purple flowers in few-flowered 
 terminal panicles and narrow leaves, the calyx-tube greyish- 
 blue when dry. 
 
Kend-rickia.'] MELASTOMACEAE. 495 
 
 2. Melastoma, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs, usually erect and bristly. Leaves opposite, entire, 
 petioled, elliptic or lanceolate, 3-7-ribbed. Flowers terminal, 
 solitary or in clusters or panicles, large, purple or sometimes rose 
 or white, usually 5-merous ; bracts conspicuous. Calyx-tube 
 ovoid or campanulate, covered with strigose or paleaceous hairs ; 
 lobes ovate or lanceolate, alternating with subulate appendages. 
 Petals as many as calyx-lobes, broadly obovate, large. Stamens 
 10, alternately long, opposite calyx-lobes, with purple anthers 
 and the connective produced at the base to end in two lobes and 
 shorter opposite petals with yellow anthers and connective not 
 produced but with 2 tubercles in front. Ovary ovoid, more or 
 less adnate to the calyx-tube ; ovules numerous ; style simple. 
 Fruit an irregularly dehiscent or soft berry-like capsule. 
 Seeds minute, numerous, curved, minutely punctate. 
 MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 523 ; W. & A. 
 324; Wt. 111. t. 95. 
 
 E. & W. Coast Districts, rarer inland, in wet places and on 
 the banks of streams, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A handsome shrub with large red-purple flowers, the calyx- 
 tube covered with pale paleacous scales. 
 
 3. Kendrickia, Hook f . 
 
 An epiphytic climbing shrub, climbing like ivy with stem 
 rootlets. Leaves opposite, petioled, fleshy, with two pairs of 
 nerves, one from the base, the other from the midriba short way 
 up. Flowers large in few-flowered terminal umbels ; peduncles 
 stout, 2-bracteolate. Calyx-tube urceolate, fleshy, slightly pro- 
 duced beyond the ovary, rose-purple ; limb of 4 short fleshy lobes, 
 greenish. Petals 4, fleshy, red, spreading. Stamens 8, equal, 
 anthers opening at the summit by one pore ; connective with a 
 horn-like process at the base. Ovary inferior, 4-6-celled ; ovules 
 numerous ; style simple, stout. Fruit a globose capsule, 1-celled 
 by the absorption of the septa, opening at the apex by 4-6 valves. 
 Seeds very many, minute, prismatic. 
 
 KENDRICKIA WALKERI, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 526 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 
 t. 271. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills (Beddome), otherwise a 
 Ceylon plant. 
 
496 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Kendrickia* 
 
 A very ornamental ivy-like climber, the lower steins adhering 
 by rootlets, the branches free and pendent, the leaves various 
 in shape. 
 
 3. Medinilla, Gaud. 
 
 Erect or scandent, often epiphytic, branching shrubs. Leaves 
 opposite or whorled, entire, often fleshy, ribbed from the base of 
 the blade. Floivers pink or white, in terminal panicles or axillary 
 or lateral cymes, 4-5- rarely 6-merous, sometimes solitary; bracts 
 sometimes coloured, usually deciduous. Calyx-tube usually ovoid 
 or cylindric, the limb entire or obscurely toothed. Petals usually 
 4 or 5, ovate oblong or obovate, acute, somewhat fleshy. Stamens 
 twice as many as the petals, equal; anthers opening by a terminal 
 pore ; connective with 2 tubercles in front at the base and a spur 
 behind. Ovary inferior, 4-6-celled, with many ovules on axile 
 placentas ; style filiform. Fruit a berry, crowned by the limb of 
 the calyx. Seeds numerous, ovoid or subfalcate, the raphe often 
 thickened. 
 
 Leaves 3-5-ribbed, elliptic lanceolate, 3-3*5 in. long, 1*5 in. broad, 
 usually acute at both ends, thinly fleshy ; flowers axillary, fascicled, 
 peduncles 1-3-flowered; stamens with very short anthers, the tubercles 
 
 and spur very small 1. malabarica. 
 
 Leaves 3-ribbed, the outer ribs obscure and close to the margin, 
 orbicular, 1*5 in. in diam., very fleshy ; flowers axillary on solitary 
 peduncles ; stamens with long, curved, acuminate anthers, the tubercles 
 and spur prominent 2. Beddomei. 
 
 1. MEDINILLA MALABARICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 157 ; F. B. I. ii. 548. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and * Anamalais, at 3,000- 
 7,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 An epiphytic subscandent shrub, the flowers and their 
 peduncles, the petioles and the bases of the leaves all of 
 a brilliant crimson colour. 
 
 2. MEDINILLA BEDDOMEI, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 548. 
 M. radicans, Bedd. Ic. t. 184, not of Blume. Triplectrum 
 radicans, W. & A, 324. 
 
 W. Grhats, from Coorg to Wynaad and perhaps further 
 
 south, at 2,000-3,500 ft. 
 
 An epiphytic fleshy shrub, rooting from the joints of the 
 
 stems. 
 
Sonerila.] MELASTOMACEAE. 497 
 
 5. Sonerila, Koxb. 
 
 Herbs, sometimes shrubby below, sometimes stemless, often 
 fleshy. Leaves opposite, the pairs equal or unequal, entire or 
 serrulate, ribbed or nerved from near the base or penninerved. 
 Floivers mostly purple reddish or white, in scorpioid cymes. 
 Calyx-tube funnel-shaped canipanulate or hemispheric ; teeth 3, 
 short. Petals 3. Stamens 3, rarely 6, equal, anthers oblong or 
 lanceolate, connective without appendage. Ovary inferior, 3-celled> 
 maiiy-ovuled, the placentas axile ; style simple, filiform ; stigma 
 small or capitellate. Fruit a capsule, enclosed in the persistent 
 calyx-tube, dehiscing apically by 3 valves. Seeds very many, 
 minute, smooth or tuberculate, the raphe forming a lateral 
 appendage. 
 
 Stems erect, elongate : 
 Leaves membranous: 
 
 Small soft herb with very small flowers and small truncate 
 anthers ; stems glandular-pilose, often winged ; leaves ovate, 
 under 1 in. long, with a pair of slender nerves from above the 
 
 base 1. tenera. 
 
 Erect suffrutescent herbs with rather large flowers and acuminate 
 or rostrate anthers : 
 
 Leaves with one slender pair of nerves from the base, a stronger 
 pair a short way up covered with scattered bristly hairs, oblong- 
 lanceolate, subentire, 1-1'5 in. long ; fruiting capsule smooth, 
 
 ribbed 2. Clarlcei. 
 
 Leaves with 2-3 pairs of nerves from the base and a pair or 
 more of nerves a short way up, all ascending almost to the 
 apex and joining in loops : 
 
 Leaves glabrous or nearly so, minutely serrate on the 
 margins : 
 
 Leaves under 2'5 in. long, acuminate at apex, rounded at 
 base, the petiole up to T25 in. long; fruiting capsule 
 
 glabrous 3. Brunonis. 
 
 Leaves 3-4 in. long, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, 
 the petiole about 2 in. long ; fruiting capsule glandular, 
 
 hairy 4. elegans. 
 
 Leaves with ferruginous silky hairs on both surfaces, acute 
 at apex, narrowed at base, the margins ciliate, 1-3 in. long, 
 the petiole about 1 in. ; fruiting capsule with few glandular 
 hairs 5. travancorica. 
 
498 FLORA OF MADRAS. [SonerUa. 
 
 Leaves penninerved with 8-10 nerves on either side of midrib, 
 ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, tjie base subcordate, unequal, 
 3-1 in. long, sharply serrate ; fruiting capsule glabrous 
 
 6. versicolor. 
 Leaves, also stems, thick and fleshy : 
 
 Calyx-tube and lobes glandular-pilose; leaves ovate, acute at 
 apex, rounded or cordate at base, 7-9-ribbed from the top of the 
 usually long petiole, up to 3 in. long by 1'5 in. broad, sharply 
 bristly-serrate, sparsely glandular-pilose or glabrous...?, speciosa. 
 Calyx-tube glabrous, smooth, in fruit funnel-shaped from a thick 
 pedicel : leaves lanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed and shortly 
 auricled at base, conspicuously 3-ribbed from the top of the short 
 petiole, up to 1'5 in. long, '6 in. broad, sharply serrate, glabrous 
 
 8. grandiftora. 
 
 Stems creeping ; calyx- tube in fruit campanulate from a slender 
 pedicel ; leaves ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, slenderly 
 3-5-ribbed from the top of the petiole, up to 1'75 in. long, 1 in. broad, 
 
 sharply bristly-serrate, glabrous 9. pulneyensis. 
 
 Stemless or with only short weak stems ; capsule hemispheric, with 
 a rim : 
 
 Stems up to 6 in. long, quadrangular, sometimes hardly any ; leaves 
 penninerved, ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or cordate often un- 
 equally, at base, up to 4 in. long by 1*5 in. broad, sparsely bristly ; 
 
 peduncles up to 3 in. long with 4-8 flowers 10. Rheedii. 
 
 Stemless : 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually cordate at base ; 
 peduncles more than 4-flowered : 
 
 Slightly crispate-hairy ; leaves with 3-4 pairs of nerves from 
 the base, 2-3 on each side further up, up to 5 in. long, 3 in. 
 broad, acuminate, minutely serrate; petals narrow; capsule 
 
 1 in. long 11. WallicMi. 
 
 Glabrous ; leaves with 2 pairs of nerves from the base, 1 pair 
 further up, up to 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute, crenate-serrate ; 
 
 petals broad; capsule *15 in. long 12. scapigera. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, deeply cordate at base, 2-3 pairs of nerves from 
 the base, others above, up to nearly 1 in. in diam., minutely 
 serrate ; peduncles less than 4-flowered ; petals broad ; capsule 
 
 1--15 in. long 13. rotundifolia. 
 
 1. SONERILA TENERA, Royle 111. t. 45, fig. 2; F. B. I. ii. 530. 
 N". Circars, in Ganjam (Gamble) ; W. Ghats, in Wynaad 
 at 4,000 ft. on rocks, occasional south to Tinnevelly. 
 A small weak herb with small pink flowers. 
 
Sonerila.'] MEL AS TOM ACE AE. 499 
 
 2. SONERILA CLARKEI, Cogn. 8. amabilis, Bedd. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 533. 
 
 W. Ghats, bills of Tinnevelly, at 2,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A small woody plant with mauve flowers. 
 
 3. SONERILA BRUNONIS, W. & A. 321 ; F. B. I. ii. 53 ; Wt. 111. 
 t. 94, Ic. t. 1059. S. Arnottiana, Thw. var. tenella, Bedd. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 532. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Courtallum in Tinnevelly (Wight), Anamalais, 
 at 3,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 
 An erect woody plant with mauve-purple flowers (blue in 
 Wt. Ill t. 94). 
 
 4. SONERILA ELEGANS, Wt. Ic. t. 995-3; F. B. I. ii. 535. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Sispara in Nilgiris, at 6,000 ft, 
 
 A pretty erect herbaceous plant with rather thick stems 
 
 and mauve flowers. 
 
 5. SONERILA TRAVANCORICA, Bedd. Ic. t. 156 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 534. 
 
 W. Ghats, Attraimalai Hills of Travaiicore at 3,500-5,000 ft. 
 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A pretty perennial undershrub with mauve flowers and 
 
 silky foliage. 
 
 6. SONERILA VERSICOLOR, Wt. Ic. t. 1057 ; F. B. I. ii. 535. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiri Hills, 3,000-6,000 ft. 
 An annual undershrub with rose-coloured flowers, one side 
 of the petals darker than the other. 
 Var. axillaris. S. axillaris, Wt. Ic. t. 1058. 
 
 W. Ghats, in W. Nilgiris and Wynaad, about 3,000 ft., 
 distinguished by the racemes being axillary along the stem 
 instead of terminal. 
 
 7. SONERILA SPECIOSA, Zenk. PI. Ind. Coimb. t. 18; F. B. I. 
 ii. 534 ; Wt. Ic. t. 995-2. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore to Nilgiris, where common in 
 ravines, and Travancore Hills, at 5,000-7,000 ft. 
 A very pretty fleshy species with mauve-pink flowers. 
 8. Bensonii, Hook, f . in Bot. Mag. t. 6049 ; F. B. I. ii. 540, 
 seems to be a 6-stamened form of this species. 
 
 8. SONERILA GRANBIELORA, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 535 ; W. & A. 
 322 ; Wt, Ic. t. 995, Spic. Nilg. t, 67. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, 
 usually along streams, at about 6,000 ft. 
 
500 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Sonerila. 
 
 A very pretty fleshy undershrub with purple flowers, some- 
 times paler, the small leaves prominently ribbed. 
 9. SONERILA PULNEYENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 226. 
 "VV. Ghats, in the Pambar Ravine, Pulneys (Bourne). 
 A straggling fleshy plant rooting from the stems, the 
 flowers not known. 
 
 10. SONERILA RHEEDII, W. & A. 321. 
 
 W- Ghats, Coorg to Malabar and Wynaad, at about 3,000 
 
 ft., on wet rocks. 
 
 A small short-stemmed or stemless plant with violet 
 
 flowers. 
 
 11. SONERILA WALLICHII, Benn. ; F. B. I. ii. 538. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Wynaad to the Anamalais, at 3,000 ft. and 
 
 upwards. 
 
 A stemless plant with bright pink or mauve flowers. 
 
 12. SONERILA SCAPIGERA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 538. 
 
 W. Ghats, Bababudan Hills of Malabar (Law). 
 
 A stemless glabrous plant with mauve flowers in many- 
 
 flowered racemes. 
 
 13. SONERILA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 538 ; Bedd. Ic. 
 t. 169. 
 
 W. Ghats, Malabar Hills, Nilgiris and Anamalais, on 
 rocks at 4,000-6,000 ft. 
 
 A small stemless plant with rather large mauve flowers in 
 few-flowered racemes, the peduncles bright red. 
 
 6. Memecylon, Linn. 
 
 Shrubs or trees, glabrous. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, sessile 
 or shortly petioled, nerves inconspicuous, joining a usually incon- 
 spicuous iiitramargmal nerve. Flowers usually axillary (in axils 
 of same year's leaves) or lateral (in axils of fallen leaves on old 
 wood), fascicled or in simple or panicled cymes or urnbellules ; 
 bracteoles 2 or more, at or near the base of the pedicels. Calyx- 
 tube above the ovary campanulate or saucer- shaped, limb truncate 
 or shortly 4-lobed, often coloured, enclosing a frequently rayed 
 disk. Petals 4, blue or white, rarely reddish. Stamens 8, equal ; 
 filaments long; anthers short, opening by slits, the connective 
 thickened at the back, ending in a spur or horn. Ovary 1-celled ; 
 ovules 6-12, on a central placenta; style filiform, simple. Fruit 
 a globose or ellipsoid berry, crowned by the calyx-limb, normally 
 
Memecijlon.'] MELASTONACEAE. 501 
 
 1-seeded. Seed large, testa crustaceous, cotyledons convolute, 
 foliaceous. 
 
 Leaves petioled, acute at base, not cordate, rarely rounded : 
 
 Flowers sessile or very shortly pedicellate, in fascicles on axillary 
 or lateral tubercles : % 
 
 Leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; floAvers axillary : 
 
 Leaves up to 10 in. long by 2'5 in. broad with prominent intra- 
 marginal nerves connected by about 10-16 prominent straight 
 nerves with the midrib; flower-fascicles about '5 in. broad, 
 pedicels very short with lanceolate bracteoles ; calyx-tube 
 
 campanulate, disk rays prominent and raised 1. Heyneanum. 
 
 Leaves up to 4 in. long by 1*25 in. broad, the 6-10 nerves and 
 intramarginal nerve faint ; flower-fascicles '2 in. broad, the 
 few flowers sessile, bracteoles ovate ; calyx-tube campanulate, 
 
 disk-rays very faint 2. Lawsoni. 
 
 Leaves elliptic-ovate, up to 3'5 in. long, T5 in. broad, shortly and 
 obtusely acute to acuminate at apex, narrowed at base, dull and 
 yellowish when dry, intramarginal nerve and about 6 branching 
 nerves often visible ; peduncles very short, fascicled, axillary and 
 lateral, flowers sessile in umbels, with ovate bracteoles and cam- 
 panulate calyx-tube, disk rays not apparent 3. Talbotianum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic or elliptic-obovate, under 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, 
 
 nerves not visible, petiole very short ; flowers axillary or lateral : 
 
 Leaves green when dry ; branchlets very slender, pale ; tubercle 
 
 small, flowers very shortly pedicellate with small bracteoles ; 
 
 calyx above the ovary saucer-shaped, disk rays obscure 
 
 4. Lushingtonii. 
 
 Leaves yellowish when dry ; branchlets slender, nodose, rough , 
 ultimate often quadrangular ; tubercles small, flowers shortly 
 pedicellate with lanceolate bracteoles ; calyx above the ovary 
 
 campanulate, disk rays obscure 5. flavescens. 
 
 Flowers clearly pedicellate, in pedunculate cymes : 
 
 Cymes branched, lateral, the ultimate branches umbellulate : 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate up to 3 in. long by '5 in. broad, obtuse 
 at apex, intramarginal nerve close to the margin, the nerves 
 ascending; calyx above the ovary saucer-shaped, the disk 
 
 clearly but not thickly rayed 6. angustifolium. 
 
 Leaves ovate or ovate -elliptic, under 2 in. long by '75 in. broad, 
 obtuse or emarginate at apex, dull above, yellowish when dry, 
 nerves not visible; calyx campanulate, the disk rays con- 
 spicuous, raised 7. umbellatum 
 
502 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Memecylon. 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute or obtuse or emarginate at apex, acute or 
 obtuse at base, shining above, up to 4 in. long by 1/5 in. broad, 
 when dry the upper surface greenish, the lower brown, intra- 
 marginal nerve and about 8-10 pairs of nerves faintly visible ; 
 peduncles about *25 in. long ; calyx campanulate, the disk rays 
 
 slightly raised* . . 8. edule* 
 
 Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse at 
 base, sometimes shining above, up to 7 in. long by 2 in. broad, 
 nerves and intramarginal nerves slightly visible when dry ; 
 peduncles about *5 in. long, pedicels filiform ; calyx cup- shaped, 
 
 the disk rays conspicuous 9. grande. 
 
 Cymes branched, the ultimate branches not distinctly umbel- 
 late : 
 
 Cyme^ axillary, 3 -flowered, pedicels filiform with bracteoles 
 above the base, peduncles '25-' 5 in. long ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, caudate-acuminate, up to 2 in. long, '7 in. broad; calyx 
 
 cup-shaped, white, disk distinctly rayed 10. gracile. 
 
 Cymes lateral, short, few-flowered : 
 
 Leaves green when dry, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, 
 2-3'5 in. long, '75-1 '5 in. broad, the intramarginal nerve and 
 about 8 pairs of nerves visible but faint j cymes scarcely 
 
 '2 in. long 11. madgolense. 
 
 Leaves yellow when dry, narrowly ovate-oblong, obtuse or 
 emarginate, under 2 in. long, '75 in. broad, intramarginal 
 nerve and about 6-8 pairs of nerves faintly visible ; cymes 
 5 in. in diam. ; calyx in fruit saucer-shaped, disk rays 
 
 apparent; branchlets quadrangular 12. molestum. 
 
 Leaves sessile or nearly so, cordate or sometimes rounded at base : 
 Flowers fascicled, singly or in very short-peduncled cymes on 
 lateral tubercles, or rarely axillary : 
 
 Leaves shortly ('1 in.) -petioled, rounded or slightly cordate at 
 base, ovate- oblong, obtuse at apex, up to 3' 5 in. long by 1 '5 in. 
 broad, intramarginal nerves and about 10 nerves visible ; pedicels 
 2 in. long ; calyx campanulate above the ovary, the teeth acute, 
 
 disk rays faint 13. sisparense. 
 
 Leav.es sessile, cordate at base, ovate, obtusely acute, up to 2'5 in. 
 long by 1*5 in. broad; pedicels '15 in. long; calyx campanulate 
 above the ovary, the teeth acute, disk rays faint 
 
 14. malabaricum. 
 
 Leaves sessile or very shortly (scarcely '1 in.) -petioled, cordate, 
 oblong-lanceolate, aciiminate, up to 6 in. long by 1*5 in. broad ; 
 
Memecylon.'] MELASTOMACEAE. 503 
 
 pedicels '1 in. long; calyx above the ovary saucer-shaped, papillose 
 without, the disk rays faint; flowers lateral or axillary 
 
 15. deccanense. 
 
 Flowers fascicled on axillary or lateral small tubercles : 
 
 Flower-clusters very small, few-flowered ; branchlets quadran- 
 gular ; leaves ovate, obtuse, up to 2 in. long-, 1 in. broad, cordate, 
 sessile ; calyx funnel-shaped, slightly papillose, the disk rays 
 
 faint 16. subcordatum. 
 
 Flower-clusters about '5 in. in diam., usually axillary; branchlets 
 terete ; leaves sessile, cordate, lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, 1-2 in. 
 broad ; calyx-tube above the ovary suddenly widened to saucer- 
 shape, disk rays prominent 17. depressum. 
 
 Flowers in long (-5 -'7 in.) -peduncled, subterminal or axillary 
 
 umbels; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, l'o-2'o in. long, '7-1 in. 
 
 broad ; pedicels '2 in. long ; calyx- tube cup- shaped, lobes acute ; 
 
 disk rays fairly prominent 18. terminate. 
 
 1. MEMECYLON HEYNEANUM, Benth. ; F. B.I. ii. 560; W. A. 
 319. M. jambosoides, "VVt. Ic. t. 277. 
 
 "VV. Ghats, in Wynaad, the Bolumpatti Yalley and Tinne- 
 
 velly Hills up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A shrub with prominently nerved leaves and blue flowers. 
 
 2. MEMECYLON LAWSONI, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 226. 
 
 W. Ghats, in S,E. Wynaad at about 3,000 ft. (Lawson). 
 
 3. MEMECYLON TALBOTIANUM, Brandis in Talb. Bomb. List, 
 ed. 2, appendix. 
 
 W. Ghats, Coorg or Nilgiris (G. Thomson) ; W. Coast, in 
 S. Canara (Hohenacker). 
 
 A tree reaching 30-40 ft. in height with blue flowers and 
 yellow globose berry '25 in. in diam. 
 
 4. MEMECYLON LUSHING TONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 227, 
 
 Deccan, Horsleykonda in Cuddapah at 4,000 ft. (Gamble), 
 Osahatti in Coimbatore (A. W. Lushington) ; W. Ghats, in 
 E. Nilgiris at 4,000-6,000 ft, 
 
 A large shrub with small leaves, pale blue flowers in small 
 clusters and berry '2 in. in diam. 
 
 5. MEMECYLON FLAVESCENS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 226. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiri Sholas at and above 7,000 ft. (Gamble). 
 A large shrub with many branches, usually obovate 
 yellowish leaves, pale blue flowers and greyish berry '3 in. 
 in diam. 
 
 LL 
 
504 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Memecylon, 
 
 6. MEMECYLON ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Wt. ; F. B. I. ii. 562 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 276. 
 
 W. Ghats, in forests near Courtallum in Tinnevelly ( Wight) r 
 usually on river banks. 
 
 A shrub reaching 6-8 ft, in height with purplish-blue 
 flowers and black -purple berries. 
 
 7. MEMECYLON UMBELI.ATUM, Burm. f. M. ramiflorum, Lamk. ; 
 W. & A. 319. M. tinctorium, Koen. ; W. & A. 319 ; Wt. 111. 
 t. 93. M. edule var. ramiflora. C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 563. 
 
 E. Coast Districts from the Kistna southwards ; Deccan, 
 from Cuddapah and N. Arcot to Coimbatore, in forests on 
 the slopes ; "W. Coast, in Travancore. 
 
 A large shrub with yellowish foliage and small yellow 
 berries, the flowers blue. 
 
 8. MEMECYLON EDTJLE, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 82 ; F.B.I, ii. 563 in 
 part only. 
 
 N". Circars, in Ganjam, up to 4,500 ft. on Mabeiidragiri ; 
 Deccan, hills of N". Arcot and Cuddapah, common in dry 
 evergreen forests. 
 
 A large shrub with blue flowers and black-purple, edible, 
 fleshy berry '25 in. in diam., the leaves shining on the 
 upper surface. Bark light brown, rough ; wood light 
 brown, very hard and close-grained, a good fuel. Yern. 
 Ur. Nirasa ; Tel. Alii ; Tarn. Kaya. 
 
 9. MEMECYLON GRANDE, Betz ; F. B. I. ii. 557 ; W. & A. 32,0. 
 M. edule var. ovata, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 564. 
 
 W. Coast Districts from S. Canara to Travancore ; W. Ghats, 
 in the lower Puliiey Hills. 
 
 A large shrub with rather long-peduncled cymes, largish 
 leaves and brownish-black berry '25 in. in diam. 
 
 10. MEMECYLON GRACILE, Bedd. Ic. t. 164 ; F. B. I. ii. 555. 
 
 W. Ghats, evergreen forests of Travancore and Tinnevelly 
 
 at 1,000-3,000 ft., a common undershrub. 
 
 A pretty shrub with zig-zag branches, pale blue flowers 
 
 and globose berry '25 in. in diam. The wood makes good . 
 
 walking-sticks. 
 
 11. MEMECYLON MADGOLENSE, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 227. 
 
 N". Circars, Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam at 3,000-4,500 ft, 
 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 A shrub, the berries about '15 in. in diam. 
 
Memecylon.l MELASTOMACEAE. 505 
 
 12. MEMECYLON MOLESTUM, Cogn. M. edule var. molesta, C. B. 
 Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 564. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills at about 
 6,000 ft. 
 
 A tree reaching 30-40 ft. in height, with bright blue 
 conspicuous flowers, the berries *2 in. in diam. 
 
 13. MEMECYLON SISPARENSE, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 227. 
 
 W. Ghats, on Sispara Ghat in W. Nilgiris, at 5,000 ft. 
 
 (Gamble). 
 
 A large shrub or small tree with flower clusters about 1 in. 
 
 in diam., the petak blue, calyx red. 
 
 14. MEMECYLON MALABARICUM, Cogn. M. amplexicaule var. 
 malabarica, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 559 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in moist sholas of the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills 
 at 4,000-6,000 ft, 
 
 A small tree with bright blue flowers in clusters about 
 '5 in. in diam., the calyx red. Wood greyish-brown, very 
 hard and close-grained, a good fuel. 
 
 15. MEMECYLON DECCANENSE, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 560. 
 M. Heyneinum, W. & A. 319, not o/Beiith. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travancore at low levels. 
 
 A shrub, apparently scarce, the flowers blue with red calyx, 
 
 the berries black, '15 in. in diam., the flowers sometimes 
 
 axillary. 
 
 16. MEMECYLON SUBCORDATTJM, Cogn. M. amplexicaule var. 
 cordata, Wight ; F. B. I. ii. 559. 
 
 S. India, precise locality not known. 
 
 17. MEMECYLON DEPRESSTJM, Benth. M. amplexicaule var. 
 malabarica, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 559 in part. 
 
 W. Coast and lower slopes of W. Ghats in Malabar and 
 Travancore, up to 1,200 ft. 
 
 A shrub, rather variable in leaves, the branchlets sometimes 
 terete, sometimes tetragonous ; berries black, '3 in. in diam. 
 
 18. MEMECYLON TERMINALE, Dalz. ; F. B.I. ii. 558. M. amabile t 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 163 ; F. B. I. ii. 555. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the bills of S. Canara up to 2,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A slender, pretty shrub reaching about 10 ft. in height, 
 with pale blue flowers. 
 
506 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Lythraceae. 
 
 Family LXYI. LYTHRACEAE. 
 
 Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually decussate, rarely alter- 
 nate or verticillate, entire ; stipules or minute, generally 
 deciduous. F 'lowers hermaphrodite, regular or sometimes zygo- 
 morphic, solitary or in axillary dichasia, sometimes paniculate ; 
 bracts and bracteoles small, usually deciduous. Calyx-tuhe per- 
 sistent, cup-shaped campanulate or tubular ; lobes 3-6, valvate, 
 often with accessory appendages alternating with them. Petals 
 as many as the calyx-lobes, alternate with them, inserted on the 
 mouth of the tube, sometimes 0,, frequently clawed and wrinkled. 
 Stamens as many as, or twice as many as, the calyx-lobes or very 
 many, inserted on the calyx- tube. Ovary free, in the bottom of 
 the calyx-tube, 1-6-celled ; the ovules on axile placentas ; style 
 long; stigma capitate. Fruit a dehiscent or in dehiscent capsule 
 opening by valves or irregularly, usually many- seeded. Seeds 
 various in shape, sometimes winged ; cotyledons flat or convolute. 
 
 Low, usually aquatic herbs with very small flowers; calyx mem- 
 branous : 
 
 Placenta in the ovary not continuous with the style : 
 
 Fruit dehiscent, opening in valves, the valves minutely horizon- 
 tally striate 1. Rotala. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent, opening irregularly, the walls not striate 
 
 2. Ammannia. 
 Placenta in the ovary continuous with the style, the fruit oper- 
 
 culately or irregularly dehiscing 3. Nesaea. 
 
 Trees or shrubs ; calyx moderately thick : 
 
 Flowers zygomorphic ; calyx-tube tubular, curved ; shrub with 
 
 under surface of leaves black-dotted 4. Woodfordia. 
 
 Flowers actinomorphic ; calyx-tube not curved : 
 
 Capsule circumsciss ; flowers 6-merous, solitary in the leaf-axils ; 
 
 fleshy 5. Pemphis. 
 
 Capsule 8-6-valved ; flowers 6-merous; stamens many; seeds 
 
 winged 6. Lagerstroemia. 
 
 Capsule irregularly dehiscing ; flowers 4-merous ; stamens 8 ; 
 5 pyramidal 7. Lawsonia. 
 
 1. Rotala, Linn. 
 
 Annual or rarely perennial herbs of wet places, stems often 
 tetragonoue. Leaves verticillate, opposite and decussate or rarely 
 
 
LYTHRACEAE. 507 
 
 alternate, entire, sessile or subsessile ; stipules 0. Flowers very 
 small, solitary and axillary or in terminal spikes or racemes, 
 rarely in umbels, usually sessile ; bracteoles 2. Calyx-tube 
 campanulate or subglobose, often scarious and hyaline; lobes 
 3-6 with often subulate appendages between them. Petals as 
 many as calyx-lobes, inserted between them, usually small, some- 
 times absent. Stamens 1-6, on the calyx-tube opposite the lobes. 
 Ovary sessile or substipitate, 2-4-celled ; ovules many; style 
 columnar ; stigma capitate. Fruit a septicidal 2-4-valved cap- 
 sule, the walls minutely horizontally striate ; placenta central, free 
 at the top, one valve of the capsule crowned with the style. Seeds 
 minute, ellipsoid or hemispheric, usually flattened on one side. 
 
 Flowers and leaves verticillate : 
 
 Petals ; stamens fewer than the 5 calyx-lobes ; bracteoles much 
 
 longer than the calyx ; capsule 2-3- valved 1 . occultiflora. 
 
 Petals present ; calyx-lobes and stamens 3 each ; bracteoles much 
 
 shorter than the calyx; capsule 3-valved 2. verticillaris. 
 
 Flowers and leaves opposite, decussate : 
 
 Flowers axillary or in numerous leafy spikes : 
 Calyx appendiculate, the appendices subulate, sometimes 
 absent : 
 
 Petals minute, subulate, calyx-lobes long-acuminate ; capsule 
 
 4- valved; very small almost filiform herbs 3. illecebroides. 
 
 Petals obovate ; calyx-lobes acute ; capsule 3-valved ; herbs 
 with tetragonous stems : 
 
 Calyx-lobes very short ; petals very small ; floral leaves not 
 conspicuously smaller than those of the stem 
 
 4. leptopetala. 
 Calyx-lobes triangular, acute ; petals rather large ; floral 
 
 leaves usually much smaller than the others 5. densiflora. 
 
 Calyx exappendiculate : 
 
 Stamens longer than the calyx, the calyx-lobes triangular, 
 
 acute ; petals .5, fimbriate ; capsule 3-valved 6. fimbriata. 
 
 Stamens shorter than the calyx, the calyx-lobes acuminate ; 
 
 petals 4, obovate, entire ; capsule 2-valved 7. indica. 
 
 Flowers in close terminal spikes, with cordate floral leaves ;. petals 
 4, rose; capsule 4- valved: 
 
 Petals large, broadly obovate ; stamens included ; leaves rounded 
 
 or suborbicular, shortly petioled 8. rotundifolia. 
 
 Petals small, narrowly obovate ; stamens exserted ; leaves 
 orbicular, sessile 9. macrandra. 
 
508 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Rotala. 
 
 1. ROTALA OCCULTIFLORA, Koelme. 
 
 "W. Coast, in Malabar (G. Thomson, quoted by Koehne). 
 A small water-herb with linear verticillate leaves and long 
 bracteoles. 
 
 2. ROTALA VERTICILLARJS, Linn. ; "W. & A. 303 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 t. 260 A. Ammannia Rotala, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 567. 
 
 E. Coast, from Nellore (Bourne) southwards to Tranquebar 
 
 (Rottler). 
 
 A small herb of ricefields with verticillate linear leaves. 
 
 3. ROTALA ILLECEBROIDES, Koehne. Ammannia pentandra 
 var. illecebroides, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 569. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills, at 3,500 ft. (Fischer) ; no 
 locality (Wight). 
 
 A very slender water-herb with erect slender stems, the 
 leaves ovate-cordate, the calyx-lobes with conspicuous hair- 
 like acumination. 
 
 4. ROTALA. LEPTOPETALA, Koehne. Ammannia pentandra, 
 Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 568 in part. 
 
 Plains Districts, chiefly on the East Coast, in moist places. 
 A herb 3 to 12 in. high with usually erect stems and rather 
 few branches, hardly distinct from R. densiflora. 
 
 5. ROTALA DENSIFLORA, Koehne. R. Roxburghiana, Wt. Ic. t. 
 260 B. Ammannia pentandra, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 568 in 
 part. 
 
 Most plains Districts, in moist places. 
 
 A herb reaching 6-12 in. high with many divaricating 
 
 floriferous branches. 
 
 6. ROTALA FIMBRIATA, Wt. Ic. t. 217. Ammannia pentandra 
 var. fimbriata,C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 569. 
 
 Deccan, in Mysore, in ricefields and on tank borders 
 
 (Wight), Horsleykonda, in Cuddapah, at 4,000 ft. (Gamble, 
 
 Fischer). 
 
 A rather large herb reaching nearly 2 'ft. in height, the 
 
 lower nodes rooting, the leaves linear cordate. 
 
 7. ROTALA INDICA, Koehne. Ammannia peploldes, Spr. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 566. Ameletia indica, DC. ; W. & A. 303 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 257 A. 
 
 Most Districts in ricefields and other wet places, in the 
 
 hills up to 2,000 ft. 
 
 An extensively rooting much-branched herb, the obovate 
 
Ammannia.'] LYTHRACEAE. 509 
 
 spathulate thickly marginate stem leaves much larger than 
 the slender floral ones which make short leafy spikes. 
 S. ROTALA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Koehne. Ammannia rotundifolia, 
 
 Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 566 ; W. & A. 306 in part. 
 All Districts, in ricefields and other wet places, up to 
 7,000ft. in the hills. 
 
 An extensively creeping herb forming large patches, con- 
 spicuous for its terminal spikes of pretty rose-coloured 
 flowers. 
 9. ROTALA MACRANDRA, Koehne. Ammannia rotundifolia, 
 
 W. & A. 306 in part. Ameletia rotundifolia, Wt. Ic. t. 258. 
 W. G-hats, in the hills of Malabar (Bourne), Anamalais 
 (Wight). 
 
 A flaccid herb, creeping aud rooting at base, much 
 branched, scarcely distinct from R. rotundifolia. 
 
 
 2. Ammannia, Linn. 
 
 Annual (or perhaps biennial sometimes) glabrous herbs of wet 
 places, stems more or less tetragonous. Leaves decussate, sessile, 
 often cordate at base ; stipules 0. Flowers small, 4- or rarely 5 - 
 merous, in axillary sessile or pedunculate dichasia; bracteoles 
 pale, membranous. Calyx-tu]ye campanulate, later globose ; lobes 
 4, triangular ; appendages or very short. Petals alternate, when 
 present, between the calyx-lobes, sometimes 0. Stamens 4 or 8, 
 on the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile, incompletely 1-5-celled ; style 
 erect ; stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, breaking up irregularly 
 or circumsciss, the walls very thin, membranous, not striate. 
 Seeds very many, small, a raphe on the inner face. 
 
 Style filiform ; leaves usually auriculate-cordate ; petals present : 
 Capsule as long as or longer than the calyx-tube ; flowers pedicel- 
 late; stamens 4, included; petals small or absent 1. multiflora. 
 
 Capsule hidden in the calyx-tube ; flowers subsessile ; stamens 8, 
 long exserted ; petals *1 in. long 2. octandra. 
 
 Style thick ; leaves narrowed or somewhat cordate at base ; petals ; 
 
 capsules lightly longer than the calyx-tube ; stamens 4... 3. baccifera. 
 
 1. AMMANNIA MULTIFLORA, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 570; W. & A. 
 305. 
 
 All plains Districts, in wet places. 
 A small erect herb with narrow leaves. 
 
510 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Ammannia. 
 
 2. AMMANNIA OCTANDRA, Linn. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 571 ; Roxb. 
 Cor. PL t. 133 ; W. & A. 304. 
 
 East Coast, on tank borders. 
 
 A rather large erect herb with large rose-coloured petals. 
 
 3. AMMANNIA BACCIFERA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 569. A. vesicatoria f 
 Roxb.; W. & A. 305. 
 
 All plains Districts, in wet places. 
 
 An erect herb reaching sometimes 2 ft. in height, the 
 leaves narrowed at the base. 
 
 Yar. aegyptiaca, Koehne. A. salicifolia, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. 
 ii. 569. Leaves more or less cordate at base, the flowers and 
 capsule larger. 
 
 Most Districts of' the Circars and Deccan, and up to 
 5,000 ft. in the Nilgiri Hills. 
 
 3. Nesaea, Comm. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, stems often tetra- 
 gonous. Leaves decussate or verticillate, sessile or shortly 
 petioled; stipules 0. Flowers small, solitary and axillary, or in 
 axillary dichasia ; bracteoles 2. Calyx-tiibe campanulate urceolate 
 or globose, herbaceous, lobes 4-8, appendices usually short or 0. 
 Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted between them, 
 sometimes absent. Stamens 4-many, inserted on the calyx-tube. 
 Ovary sessile, glabrous, 2-5-celled ; ovules many; style or 
 short; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose or ellipsoid capsule, 
 at first opening with an operculum, later irregularly below ; 
 placenta central, running up to the style, the valves remaining 
 as wings. Seeds minute, flattened or hollowed on one side. 
 
 Leaves attenuate at base ; calyx-tube usually pubescent, appendages 
 
 horn-like, prominent 1. lanceolata. 
 
 Leaves cordate and subamplexicaul at base; calyx-tube glabrous,, 
 appendages short 2. brevipes. 
 
 1. NESAEA LANCEOLATA, Koehne. Ammannia lanceolata, 
 Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 570. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in wet places, near the 
 Coast. 
 
 2. NESAEA BREVIPES, Koehne. Ammannia cordata, W. & A. 
 304; F. B. I. ii. 570. 
 
 Circars and Deccan. 
 
Pempliis.'] LYTHRACEAE. 511 
 
 4. Woodfordia, Salisb. 
 
 Shrubs, often arborescent, the branches terete or the younger 
 tetragonous. Leaves opposite, entire, subcoriaceous, with black 
 glandular dots on the under surface. Flowers in short axillary 
 racemes, rarely solitary ; bracteoles 2. Calyx-tube long, slightly 
 curved, contracted above, oblique near the mouth. ; lobes 6, short, 
 with short accessory appendages. Petals 6, very small. Stamens 
 12, inserted near the bottom of the calyx-tube, usually much 
 exserted, the alternate ones longer; filaments filiform. Ovary 
 sessile, 2-celled ; ovules very many on axile placentas; style long, 
 filiform ; stigma minute. Fruit an ellipsoid, membranous capsule 
 included in the calyx, the tube of which is sometimes split by it. 
 Seeds many, cuneate, smooth. 
 
 WOODFORDIA FRTJTICOSA, Kurz. W.floribunda, Salisb. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 572. Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 31 ; W. & A. 308. 
 N. Circars and Deccan, as far south as the hills of Kurnool, 
 in deciduous forests, on dry hill sides and rocky places ; 
 W. Coast, in S. Canara (Wight). 
 
 A large deciduous shrub with scarlet flowers and lanceolate 
 caudate leaves, whitish beneath. Bark thin, grey; wood 
 reddish-white and hard. The flowers give a red dye. Yern. 
 .HYwd. Dawi; Ur. Jatiko ; Tel. Jargi, Seringi. 
 
 5. Pemphis, Forst. 
 
 
 
 Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, thick and fleshy, 
 entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedunculate; bracteoles 2. 
 C?^-tube campanulate, coriaceous, ribbed ; lobes 6, short, with 
 6 shorter appendages. Petals 6, inserted at the top of the 
 calyx-tube, wrinkled. Stamens 12 (or 18), inserted in 2 rows 
 on the calyx-tube. Ovary free, subsessile, 3-celled at the base ; 
 ovules many; style long; stigma capitate. Fruit a coriaceous 
 capsule, nearly globose, circumsciss. Seeds numerous, com- 
 pressed-angular, cuneate, margined. 
 
 PEMPHIS ACIDULA, Forst.; F. B. I. ii. 573; W. & A. 307. 
 Madellondia Griffithiana, Wt, Ic. t. 1996. 
 
 Sea coast and tidal backwaters in Malabar, Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly. 
 
 A large branching evergreen shrub or small tree with grey- 
 
512 FLORA OF MADRAS. , IPemphb. 
 
 silky pubescent small leaves under T5 in. long and pink 
 flowers. 
 
 6. Lagerstroemia, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, distichous or the upper- 
 most alternate, entire, petiolate, often glaucous beneath ; stipules 
 2, deciduous. Flowers often large and showy, in axillaryracem.es 
 often forming terminal usually trichotomous panicles ; bracts 2, 
 at the apex of the peduncles ; bracteoles 2, on the pedicels. Calyx- 
 tube campanulate, coriaceous, smooth or ribbed ; lobes 6, valvate. 
 Petals 6, sometimes more, inserted on the top of the calyx-tube, 
 clawed, the blade wrinkled, the margins crispate. Stamens 
 numerous, inserted near the base of the calyx-tube ; filaments 
 long, exserted. Ovary sessile, 3-6-celled ; ovules many, ascend- 
 ing, on axile placentas ; style long, curved ; stigma capitate. 
 Fruit an ellipsoid woody loculicidal capsule, 3-6-valved. Seeds 
 numerous, flat, erect, falcately winged at the apex, testa hard ; 
 cotyledons orbicular, thin, convolute, 
 
 Ovary glabrous : 
 
 Calyx-tube smooth without : 
 
 Petals white, rather small, shortly clawed : 
 
 Calyx-tube with a ring inside the lobes appressed to the cap- 
 sule in fruit ; leaves greyish and glabrous or shortly pubescent 
 
 beneath, rounded at base 1. parviflora. 
 
 Calyx-tube without a ring; leaves narrowed at base : 
 
 Leaves glabrous or downy and bluish-white beneath up to 
 4 in. long ; flowers scarcely '25 in. broad ; calyx lobes reflexed 
 
 in fruit 2. lanceolata. 
 
 Leaves ferruginous-villous beneath, up to 6 in. long ; flowers 
 
 more than '25 in. broad , 3. Thomsonii f 
 
 Petals variously coloured from white to crimson ; leaves green 
 
 beneath indica. 
 
 Calyx-tube ribbed without ; petals large, mauve ; leaves large, up 
 
 to 8 in. long, green beneath 4. Flos-Reginae. 
 
 Ovary densely villous ; calyx-tube not ribbed, densely fulvous tomen- 
 tose as is the under surface of the leaves 5. Rottleri. 
 
 1. LAGERSTROEMIA PARVIFLORA, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 66 ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 575 ; W. & A. 308 ; Wt. Ic. t. 69 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 31. 
 N. Circars and Deccan as far south as the N". Nilgiris, in 
 deciduous forest. 
 
Lawsonia.] LYTHRACEAE. 513 
 
 A large deciduous tree with rather small white flowers and 
 a woody capsule varying in size. Bark light brown, thin, 
 exfoliating in long scales ; wood hard, useful for building 
 and agricultural purposes. Yern. Hind. Sida, Bakli ; 
 Ur. Sidha ; Tel Chinangi. 
 
 2. LAGERSTROEMIA LANCEOLATA, Wall. ; F. B. I. ii. 576 ; 
 W. & A. 309. L. microcarpa, Wt. Ic. t. 109 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 30. 
 
 Deccan, in the Sandur Hills of Bellary, up to 4,000 ft. 
 (A. W. Lushington) ; W. Ghats and W. Coast, common in 
 deciduous and dry evergreen forests up to 3,000 ft. 
 A large deciduous tree with small white flowers and small 
 capsules. Bark smooth, white, peeling off in papery flakes ; 
 wood reddish-brown, moderately hard, useful and valuable 
 for building and other purposes. Yern. Tel. Yentaku ; 
 Tain. Yevala ; Mai. Yenthekku ; Kan. Billi nandi. 
 
 3. LAGERSTROEMIA THOMSONII, Koehne in Engl. Pflzreich xvii. 
 257. 
 
 " Mysore and Carnatic" (G-. Thomson), probably W. Ghats, 
 apparently very rare. 
 
 4. LAGERSTROEMIA FLOS-REGINAE, Retz; F. B. I. ii. 577. 
 L. Reginae, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 65 ; W. & A. 308 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 413; Bedd. Fl. t. 29. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara through Malabar to Travancore, 
 chiefly along river banks and up to 3,000 ft. ; hills of the 
 N". Circars (Roxburgh) ; much cultivated for ornament, 
 sometimes for timber. 
 
 A large deciduous tree, very handsome from its large 
 mauve flowers, the seed capsules remaining long. Bark 
 smooth, usually grey; wood light red, hard, valuable for 
 building, for ship work and furniture. Yern. Hind. JartU ; 
 Tarn. Kadali, Pu maruthu ; Mai. Mani maruthu. 
 
 5. LAGERSTROEMIA ROTTLERI, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 576. 
 
 Without locality (Bottler). 
 A well-marked but very little-known tree. 
 
 Lagerttroemia indica, Linn., is an ornamental large shrub or 
 small tree, commonly cultivated in gardens, native of China. 
 
 7. Lawsonia, Linn. 
 
 A glabrous shrub, branches terete, branchlets sometimes tetra- 
 gonous, ending in spines. Leaves opposite, entire, lanceolate; 
 
514 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Laivsonia.. 
 
 stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers small, in terminal panicles ; 
 bracts small, deciduous. Calyx-tiibe short; lobes 4, spreading, 
 ovate. Petals 4, obovate, wrinkled and crenate, inserted on the 
 top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 8, inserted in pairs at the base 
 of the calyx-tube and opposite the lobes ; anthers oblong, the 
 connective thick. Ovary subglobose, 2-4-celled ; ovules many, on 
 axile placentas ; style long, thick ; stigma capitate. Fruit a 
 globose capsule, breaking up irregularly, ultimately 1-celled. 
 Seeds numerous, pyramidal, closely packed ; testa spongy ; 
 cotyledons orbicular, flat. 
 
 LAWSONIA INERMIS, Linn. L. alba, Lamk. ; F. B. I. ii. 573 ; 
 W. & A. 307 ; Wt. 111. t, 87. 
 
 All plains Districts, cultivated as a hedge plant, perhaps 
 wild on the Coromandel coast and in the Deccan. The 
 Henna plant. 
 
 A deciduous shrub with white flowers and small leaves which 
 give the "henna" dye. Bark greyish- brown, thin; wood 
 grey, hard. Vern. Hind. Mehndi ; Vr. Manghati ; TeL 
 Gorinta ; Tarn. Marithondi ; Kan. G-orantu. 
 
 Family LXYII. SONNERATIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire ; stipules 0, 
 Flowers regular, small or large, solitary or in panicles; bracts 
 and bracteoles 0. Calyx-tube slightly united with the ovary ; 
 lobes 4-9, valvate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and alternate 
 with them, sometimes 0. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes 
 and alternate with them or very many inserted within the rim of 
 the calyx-tube ; filaments bent inwards in bud. Ocary 2-20- celled, 
 nearly superior ; ovules numerous, in many rows ; style long ; 
 stigma capitate or peltate. Fruit a dry or somewhat fleshy 
 mdehiscent or dehiscent capsule, many-seeded. 
 
 Sonneratia, Linn. f. 
 
 Glabrous sea-coast trees. Leaves opposite, petioled, coriaceous r 
 entire. Flowers large, terminal, solitary or. 2-3 together. Calyx 
 thickly coriaceous ; tube widely campaiiulate, lobes valvate. 
 Petals 4-8 or 0. Stamens numerous, inserted on the circular rim 
 of the calyx-tube, inflexed in bud. Ovary free or adnate at the 
 base to the calyx-tube, many-celled ; ovules many, ascending, on 
 axile placentas ; style long ; stigma capitate. Fruit a subglobose, 
 
Sonnra*ia.] ONAGRACEAE. 515 
 
 10-15-celled, many-seeded berry, supported by the persistent 
 calyx. Seeds small, curved, angular, embedded in pulp ; cotyledons 
 convolute ; radicle short, terete. 
 
 Calyx-lobes 4 ; petals ; stigma large, umbrella-shaped ; leaves 
 
 narrowly oblong 1. apetala. 
 
 alyx-lobes 6 ; petals 6 ; stigma capitate ; leaves obovate 
 
 2. caseolarls. 
 
 1. SONNERATIA APETALA, Buch.-Ham.; F. B. I. ii. 579; W. & A. 
 327. 
 
 E. Coast, in mangrove forests in the deltas of the Godavari, 
 Kistna and Colerooii. 
 
 A moderate-sized evergreen tree with black smooth Jmrk 
 and . reddish-brown wood. It gives, like the true man- 
 groves (lUiizophora), upright root excrescences. Vern. Tel. 
 Kyalanki ; Tain.. Marama. 
 
 ~2. SONNERATIA CASEOLARis, Engl. S. acula, Linn, f . ; F.B.I, 
 ii. 579 ; W. & A. 327 ; Wt. Ic. t. 340. 
 W. Coast, along backwaters from S. Canara southwards. 
 A small evergreen tree with large showy pink-petalled 
 flowers and large depressed-globose fruit. Wood grey, 
 soft, even-grained. It also gives root-excrescences with 
 even softer wood. Vern. Mai. Blatti, Thirala. 
 
 Family LXYIII. ONAGRACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite 
 or alternate, entire or toothed ; in Trapa the submerged leaves 
 pinnatipartite ; stipules 0. Flowers hermaphrodite, axillary and 
 solitary or in terminal and axillary spikes or racemes, regular or 
 sometimes irregular. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary 
 (half-adnate in Trapa) ; lobes 2-5, valvate. Petals epigynous, 
 alternate with the calyx-lobes, rarely 0. Stamens as many as 
 or twice as many as the petals and inserted with them. Ovary 
 inferior (half -inferior in Trapa), 1-6- , usually 4-celled, ovules 1 or 
 many in each cell, pendulous or half-ascending, placentas axile ; 
 style subulate ; stigma capitate or 2-4-lobed. Fruit various, 
 dehiscent or indehiscent, capsular or baccate, 1- or many-celled 
 and -seeded. Seeds usually small ; albumen or a very thin 
 layer. 
 
516 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Jussieua. 
 
 Fruit a many-seeded capsule ; leaves alternate : 
 
 Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes ; ovary 4-celled : 
 Calyx scarcely produced beyond the ovary ; capsule septicidal 
 
 1. Jussieua. 
 Calyx iisually much produced beyond the ovary ; capsule loculi- 
 
 cidal Oenothera. 
 
 Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes ; ovary 3-6-celled 
 
 2. Ludwigia. 
 
 Fruit iiidehiscent, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded: 
 
 Flowers 2-merous; ovary 1-2-celled, the ovules attached to the 
 axis ; small erect land herbs with small fruits having hooked 
 
 hairs 3. Circaea. 
 
 Flowers 4-merous ; ovary 2-celled, the ovules attached to the 
 septum ; floating water herbs with large fruits with 2-4 spines 
 
 4. Trapa. 
 
 1. Jussieua, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrnbs, usually of wet places. Leaves alternate, 
 usually entire. Flowers yellow or white, axillary, solitary ; 
 pedicels with 2 bract eoles. Calyx-tube narrow, scarcely produced 
 above the ovary; lobes 4-6, acute, persistent. Petals 4-6, on the 
 margin, of an epigynous disk. Stamens twice as many as the 
 petals and inserted with them. Ovary inferior, 4-5-celled ; ovules 
 many, axile, in several vertical rows at the inner angle of each 
 cell ; style simple, short ; stigma 4-5-lobed. Fruit a linear, terete 
 or angled, 4-5-celled capsule, septicidally 4-5-valved, crowned by 
 the disk and calyx-lobes. Seeds numerous, small, the crustaceous 
 testa including an empty cell forming the raphe, the embryo in 
 a membranous inner coat ; cotyledons oblong, obtuse. 
 
 Water-plants with floating or creeping stems ; petals 5, white ; leaves 
 obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; seeds with a narrow raphe... 1. repens 
 Erect plants of wet places ; petals 4, yellow ; leaves lanceolate, 
 acute ; seeds with a prominent raphe, appearing didymous in one 
 variety 2. suffruticosa. 
 
 1. JUSSIEUA REPENS, % Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 587 ; W. & A. 336. 
 
 E. and W. Coast Districts, in or on the borders of ponds 
 and tanks and watercourses. 
 
 A pretty water-plant, floating by means of white cellular 
 floats at the nodes of the main stem. 
 
 2. JUSSIEUA SUFFRUTICOSA, Linn. ;*F. B. I. ii. 587. /. villosa, 
 Lamk. ; W. & A. 336. 
 
Circaea.-} ONAGRACEAE. 517 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, in wet places up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 An erect hairy undershrub, reaching 4-6 ft. high, with 
 
 large flowers. 
 
 2. Ludwigia, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, narrowly lanceolate, entire. 
 Flowers yellow, usually axillary, solitary, sessile or nearly so ; 
 pedicels with 2 bracteoles. Calyx-tiibe scarcely produced above 
 the ovary; lobes 3-5, acute, persistent or late deciduous. Petals 
 3-5, inserted below the margin of an epigynous disk. Stamens 
 as many as the petals and inserted with them ; filaments short. 
 Ovary inferior, 4-5-celled; ovules mairy, axile, attached in 2 or 
 more vertical rows to the inner angle of each cell ; style simple ; 
 stigma capitate. Fruit a linear or oblong 4-5-celled capsule, 
 opening by terminal pores or breaking up irregularly along the 
 sides. Seeds very many, small, smooth, with a narrow raphe; 
 cotyledons rounded. 
 
 Capsule inflated, smooth, the seeds in many rows in each cell, not 
 
 distinguishable through the Avails 1 . parviflora . 
 
 Capsule not inflated, slender, the seeds in one row in each cell, 
 prominently distinguishable through the walls.... 2. prostrata. 
 
 1. LUDWIGIA PARVIFLORA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 588; W. & A. 
 336 ; Wt. 111. t. 101. 
 
 Almost all Districts, in rice-fields and other wet places. 
 An erect herb, up to 2 ft. high, the leaves lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate up to 3 in. long, the flowers small, the 
 capsule about '3 in. long. 
 
 2. LUDWIGIA PROSTRATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 558; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 762. 
 
 W. GThats, swamps in the Anamalais at 2,000 ft. (Beddome). 
 A herb at first prostrate, then erect, the leaves lanceolate 
 with very slender petioles, together up to 3'5 in. long ; the 
 flowers very small, the capsule '5 in. long. 
 
 3. Circaea, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves opposite, petiolate, sinuate-dentate, membranous. 
 Flowers very small, white, pedicelled, in terminal and axillary 
 racemes ; bracteoles minute. Calyx-tube ovoid, shortly produced 
 
518 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Circaea. 
 
 above the ovary; lobes 2. Petals 2, obcordate, inserted under 
 the margin of the epigynous disk. Stamens 2, alternate with 
 the petals; filaments filiform. Ovary inferior, 1-2 -celled ; ovules 
 attached to the inner angle of the cells ; style filiform ; stigma 
 capitate. Fruit small, pyriform, indehiscent, hispid with hooked 
 hairs. Seeds 1 in each cell, ellipsoid ; cotyledons flat. 
 CIRCAEA ALPINA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 589; Wt. 111. t. 101. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, at about 7,000 ft., 
 
 in shady places. 
 
 A small, slender herb, reaching about 6-8 in. high, with 
 
 membranous ovate leaves and 3-seeded fruit. 
 
 4. Trapa, Linn. 
 
 Aquatic floating herbs. Leaves dimorphic, the submerged 
 ones opposite, root-like, primatipartite, the floating ones rosulate, 
 rhomboid, the petiole with a spongy swelling near its apex. 
 Flowers axillary, solitary, peduncled. Calyx-tube short, adnate 
 to the lower part of the ovary ; lobes 4, 2 or all becoming spines 
 on the fruit. Petals 4, sessile, white, inserted on the margin of 
 the epigynous, cup-shaped disk. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled, 
 semi-inferior with a conical apex; ovule solitary in each cell; 
 pendulous ; style subulate ; stigma capitate. Fruit large, bony, 
 1-celled, with 4 angles, 2 or all of which spinose, indehiscent, with 
 a short beak through which the radicle is protruded. Seed ], 
 inverted, cotyledons very unequal ; radicle incurved. 
 
 TRAPA BISPINOSA, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 234; F. B. I. ii. 590; 
 W. & A. 337. 
 
 Most plains Districts, floating in tanks, sometimes cultivated. 
 
 The Water-Chestnut. 
 
 A plant with long stems bearing pectinate leaves (stipules, 
 
 according to some authors) beneath the surface and curious 
 
 rhomboid rosulate leaves with swollen petioles on the surface. 
 
 The 2-spined fruit is eaten, either raw or cooked, and gives 
 
 much starch. Yern. Hind. Singhara. 
 Yar. incisa, Wall. Leaves smaller, more deeply incised at 
 
 the margins, less villous ; fruit smaller. W. Coast Districts 
 
 (Wight). 
 
 Oenothera rosea, Ait., and 0. tetraptera, Cav., also perhaps 
 some other species, are found in gardens and apparently run 
 
Casearia.'] 8AMYDACEAE. 539 
 
 wild on the Nilgiri Hills, and sometimes on other hills in the 
 Deccan and W. Ghats. 
 
 Family LXIX. SAMYDACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, petiolate, 
 simple, entire, crenate or serrate, often with pellucid glands; 
 stipules small or 0. Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite, 
 small, in axillary or subterminal fascicles racemes or panicles ; 
 pedicels articulate, bracteolate. Calyx coriaceous, persistent, tube 
 short or long, sometimes adnate to the ovary ; lobes 3-7, imbricate 
 or valvate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes or 0, perigynous. 
 Stamens definite or indefinite, often alternating with staminodes, 
 sometimes fascicled opposite the petals ; anthers didymous or 
 oblong. Ovary 1 -celled, superior or half - superior ; ovules many, 
 on 2-5 parietal placentas ; style 1 with capitate stigma, or styles 
 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal 2-5-valved capsule, the valves alternating 
 with the placentas. Seeds few or many, oblong or angular, 
 sometimes arillate, albuminous. 
 
 Petals ; flowers in axillary fascicles 1 . Casearia. 
 
 Petals present ; flowers in axillary or subterminal, sometimes panicled, 
 racemes ..2. Homalium. 
 
 1. Casearia, Jacq. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, distichous, petioled, entire 
 or serrate, with pellucid transparent glands, usually both as dots 
 and lines; stipules small, lateral, caducous. Flowers small, 
 greenish-yellow, in axillary fascicles (Indian species) ; pedicels 
 jointed above their base, surrounded by many scale-like bracteoles. 
 Calyx inferior, deeply 4-5-lobed; lobes imbricate, obtuse, per- 
 sistent. Petals 0. Stamens normally twice as many as the 
 calyx-lobes, alternating with as many staminodes tufted at their 
 apex, the stamens and staminodes forming a ring attached below 
 to the calyx-tube ; filaments subulate. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled ; 
 ovules many, on (usually 3) parietal placentas ; style simple ; 
 stigma capitate or 3-fid. Fruit a succulent, ellipsoid, 3- or rarely 
 2-valved capsule, angled or ribbed when dry. Seeds many, 
 angular or obovoid, with an enveloping fleshy coloured (usually 
 
 MM 
 
520 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Casearia. 
 
 orange or red) aril ; testa coriaceous or crustaceous ; albumen 
 fleshy ; cotyledons flat ; radicle terete, superior. 
 
 Leaves glabrous : 
 
 Leaves broadly elliptic, coriaceous when old : 
 
 Leaves rounded at base, obtuse or very shortly pointed at apex 
 blade up to 6-7 in. long, 4 in. broad, crenate- serrate, prominently 
 
 reticulate ; capsule '7 in. long, yellow 1. gr<a,veolens* 
 
 Leaves attenuate at base, acuminate at apex, the acumen twisted ; 
 blade up to 6 in. long, 3 in. broad, entire, shining above, not 
 
 prominently reticulate; capsule '7 in. long 2. rubescens* 
 
 Leaves narrowly elliptic, chartaceous when old : 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate, attenuate at base, acute or 
 acuminate at apex, the acumen twisted ; blade up to 5 in. long, 
 2 in. broad, entire or distantly serrate, reticulate beneath j capsule 
 
 '5 in. long or less, orange 3. esculenta* 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex ; 
 blade up to 6 in. long by 2'5 in. broad, entire, pale, main nerves 
 
 prominent ; capsule up to 1 in. long, bright orange 4. varians. 
 
 Leaves obovate, coriaceous, cuneate at base, obtuse or shortly- 
 pointed at apex ; blade up to 4 in. long, 2*25 in. broad, often 
 cucullate, entire, pale, but usually drying nearly black; capsule 
 
 *7 in. long, orange-yellow 5. coriacea. 
 
 Leaves hairy : 
 
 Leaves thick, branchlets and inflorescence softly pale brown- 
 tomentose; leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, unequally rounded at 
 base, acuminate at apex; blade up to 6 in. long, 2*5 in. broad r 
 
 crenate-serrate ; capsule '5-*8 in. long, yellow 6. tomentosa. 
 
 Leaves and slender branchlets and inflorescence rufous-villous ; 
 leaves membranous, oblanceolate, long and sharply acuminate - t 
 blades tip to 5 in. long, 2 in. broad, sharply serrate ; capsule small, 
 orange 7. wynadensis. 
 
 1. CASEARIA GRAVEOLENS, Dalz.; F. B. I. ii. 592. 
 
 K. Circars, in Ganjam, chiefly 011 old cultivated lands. 
 A small deciduous tree conspicuous in forest by its rather 
 large leaves turning red in winter before falling. Bark 
 dark grey ; wood ligh t yellow, moderately hard, even- 
 grained. Veru. Hind. Chilla; Ur. Giridi. 
 
 2. CASEARIA RTJBESCENS, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 593. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the forests of Coorg (G. Thomson) ; hills of 
 
 Travancore, 3,500 ft. (Bourdillon). 
 
 A large shrub, apparently evergreen, the glabrous branchlets 
 
Homalium.'i SAMYDACEAE, 521 
 
 with large leiiticels. The Travancore specimens have more 
 lanceolate leaves. 
 
 3. CASEARIA ESCULENTA, Roxb.; F. B. I. ii. 592. 
 
 E. Coast, in the Circars and southwards; Striharikota and 
 similar forests of the Carnatic ; W. Coast, from S. Canara 
 to Cochin. 
 
 A small tree with many fascicles of flowers from the leaf- 
 axils, apparently evergreen. Roxburgh says the leaves 
 are eaten. Yern. Tel. Kunda jungara. 
 
 4. CASEARIA VARI^NS, Bedd. Fl. t. 208, not q/*Thw. 
 
 Evergreen forests of Travancore up to 3,000 ft. 
 A small glabrous apparently evergreen tree. Bark green, 
 smooth ; wood yellowish -white, even-grained. Yern. Mai. 
 Yella kunnan. 
 
 5. CASEARIA CORIACEA, Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 592. 
 
 W. Ghats, Shola forests of the Nilgiris, Anamalais and 
 
 Pulneys above 6,000 ft. 
 
 An evergreen tree with yellowish-white smooth bark. 
 
 6. CASEARIA TOMENTOSA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 593; Brand. For. 
 
 Fl. t. 31. C. elliptica, Willd. ; Wt. Ic. t. 1849. 
 
 All plains forest Districts of the Circars, Deccan and 
 
 Carnatic, very common in open, much-grazed lands ; rare 
 
 in W. Ghats, W. side. 
 
 A bushy shrub or small deciduous tree in open lands, a 
 
 much larger tree in forest, the oblong leaves generally 
 
 tomentose, sometimes nearly glabrous. Bark thick, pale ; 
 
 wood yellowish-white, close-grained. Yern. Hind. Chilla ; 
 
 Ur. Girari; Tel. Chilaka duddi. 
 
 7. CASEARIA WYNADENSIS, Bedd. Ic. t. 160 ; F. B. I. ii. 594. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the forests of Malabar, Travancore and 
 
 Tinnevelly at 2,000-3,000 ft. 
 
 A small villous tree with slender branchlets and trifid 
 
 stigmas. 
 
 2. Homalium, Jacq. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, crenate or serrate, rarely 
 entire, petiolate ; stipules small or 0. Flowers small, in slender 
 axillary and subterminal, simple or panicled, racemes ; bract at 
 the base of the pedicel often prominent, caducous. Calyx-tube 
 turbinate, adnate to the base of the ovary ; lobes 5-7, narrow 
 
522 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Homalium. 
 
 persistent. Petals 5-7, inserted in the throat of the calyx, per- 
 sistent. Stamens opposite the petals, solitary or in fascicles, 
 alternating with glandular staminodes. Ovary half-superior, 
 1-celled; ovules many, on parietal placentas near the top ; styles 
 2-5, filiform ; stigmas capitellate. Fruit a coriaceous capsule, 
 2-5-valved at the apex. Seeds small, oblong or angular ; albumen 
 fleshy ; cotyledons foliaceous. 
 
 Stamens solitary opposite each petal : 
 Racemes simple, elongate : 
 
 Leaves obovate, obtuse or emarginate and very shortly apiculate 
 at apex, tomentose beneath, repand-crenate, main nerves about 
 12 pairs, parallel and with parallel transverse nervules ; sepals 
 
 and petals very similar 1 . tomentosum. 
 
 Leaves elliptic, abruptly acuminate at apex, glabrous beneath, 
 coarsely crenate, main nerves 6-8 pairs, arching and rather 
 irregular, reticulate between ; petals larger than the sepals 
 
 2. zeylanicum. 
 
 Racemes in panicles ; leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate at apex,, 
 puberulous beneath, crenate, main nerves about 8 pairs, rather 
 irregular and reticulate between ; petals longer and broader than 
 
 the sepals 3. nepalense. 
 
 Stamens in fascicles of 3-4 opposite each petal ; racemes simple, up 
 to 6 in. long ; leaves ovate, bluntly acute or acuminate at apex, 
 glabrous, crenate, main nerves about 7-8 pairs, irregular ; petals 
 much longer than the sepals 4. travancoricum. 
 
 1. HOMALIUM TOMENTOSUM, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 596. 
 
 N. Circars, in the forests of Ganjam (Gamble). 
 A large deciduous tree, the flowers in long racemes, the 
 leaves in young trees' and shoots sometimes up to 10 in. 
 long and 5 in. broad. Bark thin, greyish-white ; wood 
 brown, hard and heavy. 
 
 2. HOMALIUM ZEYLANICUM, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 596 ; Bedd. Fl. 
 t. 210. Blackwellia tetrandra, Wt. Ic. t. 1851. 
 
 W. Ghats, in evergreen forests up to 3,000 ft., common on 
 old coffee estates. 
 
 A large evergreen tree, the young leaves bright red, the 
 flowers fragrant. Bark pale, rough ; wood brownish-red, 
 hard. Yern. Mai. Manthala mukki. 
 
 3. HOMALIUM NEPALENSE, Benth. ; F. B. I. ii. 596. BlackweUia 
 napalensis, Wall. PL As. Ear. t. 179. 
 
Turnera.] PASSIFLORACEAE 523 
 
 E. Ghats, Mahendragiri Hill in Ganjam at 4,500 ft., Rumpa 
 Hills of Godavari (Gamble). 
 
 A tree with creamy-white bark and moderately hard white 
 wood. 
 
 4. HOMALIUM TRAVANCORICUM, Bedd. Fl. 211; F. B. I ii 
 598. 
 
 W. Ghats, hills of S. Travancore and Tinnevelly, in ever- 
 green forests at low levels. 
 
 A medium-sized ornamental tree with greenish-white 
 flowers. 
 
 Family LXX. TURNERACEAE. 
 
 TURNERA ULMIFOLIA, Linn., is a West Indian plant with 
 bright yellow flowers, a common weed of roadsides and waste 
 ground, especially along the Corornandel Coast. The chief 
 varieties are var. elegans, Urb., with ovate coarsely-toothed, and 
 var. any usti folia, Willd., with lanceolate serrate leaves. The 
 former seems the most common on the W. Coast, the latter on 
 the East. 
 
 Family LXXI. PASSIFLORACEAE. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, usually climbing by means of tendrils. Leaves 
 alternate, simple or lobed, frequently glandular beneath, petiole 
 often glandular ; stipules 2, deciduous or persistent, sometimes 
 ; tendrils axillary or 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or 
 unisexual, axillary, solitary racemose or cymose-paniculate, often 
 showy ; bracteoles 3, minute and scattered or foliaceous and 
 forming an epicalyx, rarely 0. Calyx-tube short or long, 
 coriaceous or membranous, persistent; lobes 5, imbricate. Petals 
 0, or 5 attached to the calyx-tube, free or connate, imbricate, 
 often marcescent. Corona of one or more rows from the calyx- 
 tube, tubular or split into erect or radiating filaments, sometimes 
 0. Stamens 5, on a gynandrophore or free at the base, perigynous ; 
 anthers oblong, 2-celled, basi-fixed or versatile, introrsely 
 dehiscing. Ovary superior, on a gynophore or subsessile, 1- 
 celled with 3 parietal placentas and numerous ovules; styles 
 1 or 3 ; stigmas reniform capitate or flattened. Fruit a berry 
 or capsule. Seeds numerous, ovoid or flattened, often pitted, 
 with a fleshy aril ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons leafy ; radicle 
 short, terete. 
 
524 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Passiflora. 
 
 Flowers hermaphrodite, usually large ; corona of corolla conspicuous ; 
 
 fruit a large fleshy berry 1. Passiflora. 
 
 Flowers unisexual, small ; corona small or none ; fruit a capsule 
 
 2. Adenia. 
 
 1. Passiflora, Linn. 
 
 Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, tendril-bearing. Leaves 
 simple or palmately lobed, usually glandular beneath at the base 
 or on the petiole ; stipules slender or leafy. Flower* hermaph- 
 rodite, solitary or cymose ; bracteoles 3. Calyx-tube fleshy ; 
 lobes 5. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Corona 
 of 1 to several rows of numerous usually filiform segments with 
 1 or more membranous folds lower down and a shallow cup 
 surrounding the gynandrophore. Stamens 5, from the gynandro- 
 phore ; anthers oblong, dorsifixed. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled ; 
 styles usually 3. Fruit a fleshy indehiscent berry. Seeds many, 
 arillate, often pitted ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons f oliaceous. 
 PASSIFLORA LESCHENAULTII, DC. ; F. B. I. ii. 599 ; W. & A. 
 352 ; Wt. Ic. t. 39. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, above 5,000 ft. 
 
 A climbing shrub with curious semi-orbicular leaves, rounded 
 
 at base, broadly truncate and 3-cuspidate above, white flowers 
 
 and yellowish ovoid berry with pitted seeds. 
 Passiflora edulis, Sims, the Passion fruit from Brazil, is 
 sometimes cultivated in the hills and may occasionally be found 
 run wild. It has 3-lobed toothed leaves. P. calcarata, Mast., 
 is a Madagascar species with 3-lobed leaves and large prominent 
 stipules, run wild and now common on the Nilgiris. P. foetida, 
 Linn., is a tropical American species commonly run wild near 
 towns and along roadsides in many places in the plains and at 
 once recognised by the moss-like pectinate involucre of the 
 flowers. Several other species are also found in gardens. 
 
 2. Adenia, Forsk. 
 
 Twining herbs or uiidershrubs, tendril-bearing. Leaves entire, 
 palmately lobed or pinnatifid, usually with large glands on the 
 leaves and the top of the petiole; stipules or inconspicuous. 
 Flowers monoecious, usually small, in axillary cymes, the 
 
Carica.'] CARICACEAE. 525 
 
 peduncles often produced into tendrils. Calyx-tube campanulate 
 or tubular ; lobes 4-5. Petals 4-5, inserted on the throat or 
 bottom of the calyx-tube. Male flowers : stamens 4-5, at the 
 bottom of the calyx-tube, opposite as many scales or glands; 
 filaments free or connate ; anthers basifixed ; ovary rudimentary 
 or 0. Female flowers : staminodes 4-5, opposite as many scales 
 or glands ; ovary stalked or subsessile ; ovules numerous, attached 
 to 3 parietal placentas ; style or 3-fid ; stigmas 3. Fruit a 
 loculicidal 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous, arillate, flattened, 
 usually pitted ; funicle long ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons 
 foliaceous. 
 
 Flowers very small ; petals attached to the throat of the calyx-tube, 
 small, obovate ; anthers short, filaments combined in a tube ; corona 
 a fringe of short hairs at the bases of the petals ; leaves ovate, entire 
 or hastate or palmately 3-lobed, glandular at the top of the petiole ; 
 
 capsule 1 in. long 1. Wightiana. 
 
 Flowers rather large ; petals attached to the base of the calyx-tube, 
 linear- spa thulate, long-fringed; anthers long, filaments forming a 
 cup below ; leaves palmately 3-5-lobed, rarely undivided, glandular 
 at the sinuses and base; capsule 2 in. long 2. palmata. 
 
 1. ADENIA WIGHTIANA, Engl. Modecca Wightiana, Wall. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 601 ; W. & A. 353 ; Wt. Ic. t. 179. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry hilly country from N". Arcot 
 southwards, at low levels. 
 
 A tuberous -rooted slender climber with very small flowers, 
 the petioles much twisted. 
 
 2. ADENIA PALMATA, Engl. Modecca palmata, Lamk. ; F.B.I. 
 * ii. 603 ; W. & A. 353 ; Wt. Ic. t. 201. 
 
 Hills of the Carnatic, W. Ghats and W. Coast in moist 
 hilly country at low levels. 
 
 A large tuberous-rooted woody climber, the stems thickened 
 at the nodes, the leaves large and deeply palmate. 
 
 Family LXXII. CARICACEAE. 
 
 CARICA PAPAYA, Linn., the P^/paw tree, a soft- wooded, almost 
 branchless tree, introduced from South America, is cultivated in 
 gardens in the plains Districts for its valuable edible fruit, which 
 is of the size of a small melon with a soft yellow pulp. Yern. 
 Hind. Papaya, Popai. 
 
526 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Cucurbitaceae. 
 
 Family LXXIII. CUCURBITACEAE. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, prostrate or climbing by 
 means of tendrils spirally twisted. Leaves alternate, petioled r 
 simple or lobed or palmately or pedately divided, often cordate 
 at .base ; stipules usually 0. Flowers regular, monoecious or 
 dioecious, yellow or white, solitary paniculate or racemose. 
 Calyx-tube usually adnate to the ovary ; limb rotate campanulate 
 or tubular, lobes 5, rarely 3-6, imbricate. Petals as many as the 
 calyx-lobes, free or gamopetalous, sometimes lobed or fimbriate, 
 valvate or involute in bud. Stamens inserted at the mouth, near 
 the middle or at the base of the calyx-tube, usually 3 ; anthers 
 free or connate, usually 1 1 -celled, the others 2-celled, the cells 
 straight, flexuose or conduplicate, the connective sometimes 
 produced ; in $ flowers staminodes often present. Ovary inferior, 
 usually of 3 connate carpels ; ovules usually many, horizontal, 
 rarely few and erect or pendulous ; placentas usually 3, vertical, 
 parietal or partly intruded, and so spuriously 3-celled; style 1 
 with 3 stigmas, rarely styles 2-4 ; in <J flowers pistillodes often 
 present. Fruit usually a fleshy berry, indehiscent or dehiscing 
 by valves or by a circumscissile lid. Seeds usually many, in pulp 
 or fibre, often compressed ; outer testa often corrugate and 
 margined, inner membranous ; albumen ; cotyledons fleshy or 
 foliaceous, radicle short. 
 
 Ovules horizontal : 
 
 Anther-cells flexuose or conduplicate : 
 
 Corolla rotate or campanulate, 5-partite to the base : 
 
 Petals fimbriate on the margins 1. Trichosanthes, 
 
 Petals entire : 
 
 Calyx-tube of $ elongate ; anthers cohering, included : 
 Pistillodes 1-3, subulate ; tendrils simple ; fruit small, 
 acute at both ends ; slender climbers ...2. Gymnopetalum. 
 Pistillodes glandular or ; tendrils bifid ; fruit very large, 
 
 variously shaped; stout* climber Lagenaria. 
 
 Calyx-tube of $ short ; anthers free or slightly cohering, 
 usually exsert : 
 
 Stamens free, inserted on the mouth of the calyx ; $ flowers 
 ' usually with a large bract; tendrils simple... 3. Momordica* 
 Stamens free, inserted on the tube of the calyx : 
 
Cucurbitacede.'] CUCURBITACEAE. 527 
 
 < flowers in racemes ; fruit fibrous, opening by a stopple 
 
 at the apex; tendrils 2-5-fid 4. Luffa. 
 
 $ flowers solitary or fascicled : 
 
 Calyx-lobes subulate, entire, erect ; scaberulous herbs: 
 Pistillode ; tendrils bifid ; seeds pyriform, sur- 
 rounded by a thick crenulate ring ... 5. Bryonopsis. 
 Pistillode glandular; seeds compressed, usually 
 smooth : 
 
 Connective produced ; tendrils simple... 6. Cucumis. 
 Connective not produced ; tendrils 2-3-fid 
 
 7. Citrullus. 
 Calyx-lobes subfoliaceous, serrate, reflexed; tendrils 
 
 2-fid; large hairy climber Benincasa. 
 
 Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle or lower ; tendrils 
 usually simple : 
 
 Filaments connate ; stigma 1, 3-lobed ; flowers white or yellow ; 
 slender climbing or prostrate herbs ; seeds compressed, margined, 
 
 velvety or scrobiculate 8. Coccinia. 
 
 Filaments free ; stigmas 3-5, bilobed ; flowers yellow, very 
 large ; large climbing hispid or hairy herbs ; seeds compressed 
 
 Cucurbita. 
 Anther-cells straight or curved, not flexuose : 
 
 Disk around the style annular or cupular; tendrils simple, rarely 
 bifid; seeds ovord or subglobose, smooth or rugose, usually 
 
 compressed and margined 9. Melothr ia. 
 
 Disk around the style or obscure ; tendrils simple : 
 Stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx : 
 
 Petiole of leaf with a stipuliform bract; seeds rnarginate, 
 hollowed on one side, convex on the other ; connective of 
 
 anthers not produced at apex 10. Blastania. 
 
 Petiole of leaf not stipulate ; connective of anthers produced 
 at apex : 
 Fruit indehiscent ; seeds marginate, smooth 
 
 11. Kedrostis. 
 Fruit circumsciss near the base; seeds appressed-pilose, 
 
 not marginate, scarcely compressed 12. Corallocarpus. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the mouth of the calyx-tube; fruit 
 depressed-globose ; seeds ovoid, smooth, marginate 
 
 13. Cerasiocarpum. 
 Ovules pendulous : 
 
 Leaves pedate with 3-5 leaflets ; tendrils simple ; seeds verrucose, 
 not winged ; slender climbers 14. Gynostemma. 
 
528 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Trick- santhes. 
 
 Leaves simple ; tendrils simple or bifid ; seeds compressed, with a 
 broad membranous wing ; scandent shrubs 15. Zanonia. 
 
 . Trichosanthes, Linn. 
 
 Herbaceous climbers. Leaves entire or palraately lobed rarely 
 pinnate, denticulate ; tendrils simple or 2-5-fid. Flowers dioecious, 
 rarely monoecious, white ; <$ usually racemose, bracteolate ; ? 
 solitary. Calyx-tube long, cylindric, dilated above ; lobes 5, 
 entire serrate or laciniate. Petals 5, connate at the base, margins 
 long-fimbriate. Stamens 3, inserted in the calyx-tube ; filaments 
 very short; anthers connate, 2 2-celled, the third l-celled,the cells 
 conduplicate ; in J flowers staminodes 0. Ovary inferior, ovoid 
 or fusiform, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas ; ovules very many, 
 usually horizontal; style slender; stigmas 3, entire or bifid; 
 in $ flowers pistillodes 0. Fruit a glabrous ovoid or fusiform 
 indehiscent berry, usually smooth. Seeds many, embedded in 
 pulp, ellipsoid or angular. 
 
 Female flowers without or with very small bracts : 
 
 Leaves entire, cordate, distantly denticulate, prominently reticu- 
 late . 
 
 Male racemes few-flowered, straight ; calyx-teeth short, lanceolate 
 
 1. nervifolia. 
 Male racemes many -flowered, geniculate; calyx-teeth elongate, 
 
 subulate 2. cuspidata. 
 
 Leaves lobed : 
 
 Male racemes without bracts ; leaves deeply and usually acutely 
 lobed, denticulate, the end teeth subulate ; fruit ovoid-fusiform, 
 
 short 3. cucumerina. 
 
 Male racemes with very small bracts : 
 
 Pedicels much shorter than the flowers ; lobes of the leaves 
 rounded, very faintly denticulate ; fruit very long, narrow, 
 
 twisted 'anguina. 
 
 Pedicels longer than the flowers : 
 
 Leaves glabrous on both sides, 3-lobed, with distant subulate 
 
 teeth ; petals rather shortly fimbriate 4. Perrottetiana. 
 
 Leaves densely villous beneath, 5-7-lobed, with shallow 
 sinuses and subulate teeth ; petals long-fimbriate, the 
 
 inflorescence and petiole very villous 5. mllosula. 
 
 Male racemes with large bracts, the bracts broad, laciniate := 
 Calyx-lobes shortly dentate ; leaves very variable, usually 
 scabrous and often deeply lobed , 6. palmata. 
 
Trichosanthes.] CUCURBIT AC EAE. 529 
 
 Calyx-lobes deeply divided, the divisions subulate ; leaves soft, 
 
 not deeply lobed and hardly scabrous 7. Lepiniana. 
 
 Female flowers bracteate, either fw with lanceolate bracts or many 
 with laciniate bracts ; leaves 3-5-lobed, very scabrous above, pubescent 
 beneath, irregularly and deeply serrate 8. anamalayana. 
 
 1. TRICHOSANTHES NERVIFOLIA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 609, in 
 part ; W. & A. 349. 
 
 W. Glmts, in Coorg, Nilgiris and Pulneys, at low levels. 
 A slender twining herb with reticulate leaves and ovoid 
 acute fruit, green with white lines, afterwards red above, 
 the seeds flattened with angular projections on the margins, 
 the faces rugose. 
 
 2. TRICHOSANTHES CUSPIDATA, Lamk. ; W. & A. 349. T. nervi- 
 folia, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 609, in part. 
 
 W. Coast, in Travancore and Malabar. 
 
 A slender twiner with reticulate leaves and characteristically 
 
 geniculate zig-zag racemes. 
 
 3. TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 609; 
 W. & A. 350. T. lobata, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 610. 
 
 Deccan and W. Coast, in plains country and in lower hills. 
 A slender annual climber with rather shortly laciniate 
 small white flowers, deeply 5 -lobed leaves and an ovoid 
 fusiform fruit, green and striped when fresh, scarlet or 
 orange when ripe, up to 3 in. long. 
 
 4. TRICHOSANTHES PERROTTETIANA, Cogn. Monog. 362. 
 
 Carnatic, at Pondicherry (Perrottet, from description) . 
 
 A slender climber with 3-lobed leaves and deep basal sinus, 
 
 the racemes slender, long-peduncled. 
 
 5. TRICHOSANTHES VILLOSULA, Cogn. Monog. 362. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills at 5,000-6,000 ft. 
 A rather stout herbaceous climber with conspicuously 
 villous stems, petioles and inflorescence and very long 
 laciniae to the petals of the rather large white flowers ; 
 the fruit ovoid, acuminate, 2*5 in. long. 
 
 6. TRICHOSANTHES PALM ATA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 606 ; W. & A. 
 350; Wt. 111. tt, 104, 105. T.bracteata,Voigt; Cogn. Monog. 
 375. 
 
 W. Ghats, in all Districts, up to 5,000 ft., common. 
 
 A large woody climber with palmate deeply-lobed but very 
 
 variable leaves, scabrous-dotted above, conspicuous large 
 
530 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Tricliosanthes. 
 
 bracts and a large globose red orange-streaked fruit, not 
 edible. Yern. Tarn. Anacoruthay; Tel. Abuva. 
 Yar. tomentosa, Heyne ; F. B. I. ii. 607. Leaves much less 
 lobed, scarcely scabrous, tomentose beneath; bracts and 
 calyx-lobes more deeply laciniate. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Mysore Hills, Pulneys and Nilgiris at 
 about 3,000-6,000 ft. 
 
 7. TRJCHOSANTHES LEPINIANA, Cogii. Monog. 377. 
 
 Carnatic, at Pondicherry (Lepine) ; W. Ghats, in the 
 Nilgiris and Pulneys. 
 
 A large strong-growing climber with palmately 3-5-lobed 
 leaves and deeply laciniate calyx-lobes. 
 
 8. TRICHOSANTHES ANAMALAYANA, Bedd. ; Cogn. Monog. 378, 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills at 4,000 ft. (Bedd. from 
 
 description}. 
 
 Apparently a large species but very little known. 
 Trichosanthes Anguina, Linn., is the Snake Gourd cultivated 
 'for its long twisted fruit, which may reach 3 ft. in length and 
 3 in. in diam. and is used as a vegetable. In leaves and flowers- 
 it greatly resembles T. cucumerina. Yern. Hind. Chachinda. 
 
 2. Gymnopetalum, Arn. 
 
 Twining slender pubescent or scabrous herbs ; tendrils usually 
 simple. Leaves cordate, 5 -angular or 3-5-lobed. Flowers white 
 or yellow, dioecious or monoecious, <$ solitary or racemose, ? 
 solitary. Calyx-tube elongate, tubular, contracted near the 
 mouth ; lobes 5, subulate. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-partite, the 
 lobes oblong or obovate. Stamens 3, included, inserted on 
 the middle of the calyx-tube ; filaments short, free ; anthers 3, 
 connate, 1 1-celled, the others 2-celled, the cells linear, longi- 
 tudinally conduplicate ; in ? staminodes 3, minute or 0. oar if 
 ovoid or oblong ; ovules numerous, on 3 placentas ; style filiform ; 
 stigmas 3, linear ; in $ pistillodes 1-3, subulate. Fruit an ovoid 
 oblong berry acute at both ends. Seeds many or few, obovoid or 
 oblong, compressed, marginate, nearly smooth. 
 
 GYMNOPETALUM WIGHTII, Arn.; F. B. I. ii. 611; Trim. FL 
 
 Ceyl. t. 43. G. tubiflorum, Cogn. Monog. 388. Bryonia tubiflora, 
 
 W. &. A. 347. 
 
 W. Coast from S. Canara (Hohenacker) to Travancore; W. 
 Ghats, in the Anamalai Hills at 3,000 ft. (Gamble). 
 
Momordica.'] CUCURBITACEAE. 531 
 
 A very slender climber with yellow flowers and membranous 
 leaves, the seeds oblong, truncate at the ends. 
 
 3. Momordica, Linn. 
 
 Climbing annual or perennial herbs ; tendrils simple. Leaves 
 entire, lobed or pedately 3-7-foliolate. Flowers yellow or white, 
 monoecious or dioecious, the $ solitary or racemed, the $ solitary ; 
 bracts present or 0, usually on the peduncle. CaZ?/aj-tube short, 
 campanulate ; lobes 5, ovate. Petals 5, shortly connate below, 
 the corolla rotate or campanulate. Stamens 3, rarely 2; filaments 
 short; anthers at length free, 1 1-celled, the others 2-celled, 
 the cells conduplicate or rarely horsesh oe- shaped ; in f flowers 
 staminodes or of 3 glands. Ovary oblong, 1-celled ; ovules 
 many, horizontal, on 3 vertical placentas ; style long ; stigmas 3 ; 
 in ^ flowers pistillode or glandular. Fruit an oblong or 
 spherical, smooth or rough berry or a 3-valved capsule. Seeds 
 many or few, obovate or flattened, smooth or variously sculptured. 
 
 Male flowers solitary : 
 
 Flowers monoecious ; flower-peduncles bracteate at the middle or 
 near the base ; leaves orbicular-reniform, deeply pedately 5-7-lobed ; 
 fruit fusiform, rostrate, tuberculate ; seeds compressed, subrectan- 
 
 gular, rugose on the faces 1. Charantia. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; bract near the top of the peduncle : 
 Petioles without glands : 
 
 Calyx-lobes linear -lanceolate, acute; leaves ovate, cordate, 
 entire or somewhat 3-5-lobed ; fruit ellipsoid with soft spines 
 
 2. dioica. 
 
 Calyx-lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse ; leaves broadly ovate, deeply 
 cordate, entire or somewhat 3-5-lobed ; fruit ellipsoid, densely 
 
 softly echinate 3 . subangulata. 
 
 Petioles glandular ; calyx -lobes lanceolate, acute ; leaves large, 
 palmate, cordate, usually 3- lobed; fruit ovoid with raised points 
 
 4. cochinchinensis. 
 
 Male pedimcles 2-5-flowered ; flowers monoecious ; bract at the top 
 of the peduncle in , near the middle in ? ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 
 acute ; leaves orbicular, reniform, deeply cordate, shortly 5-7-lobed ; 
 fruit pyriform or fusiform ; seeds broadly ovoid, smooth ...5. tuberosa. 
 Male peduncles many-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; bract very small, 
 towards the base of the peduncle in ? , near the middle in <J ; calyx- 
 lobes lanceolate ; leaves ovate-cordate, denticulate, about 4 in. by 
 
532 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Momordica. 
 
 3 in., 5-7-lobed, the end lobes long and acute ; fruit ovoid, rostrate,,, 
 covered with triangular papillae 6. denudata. 
 
 1. MOMORDICA CHARANTIA, Linn.; F. B. I. ii. 616; W. & A. 
 348 ; Wt. Ic. t. 504. 
 
 All plains Districts, cultivated and commonly found run 
 
 wild. 
 
 A slender twining annual herb with pale yellow flowers 
 
 and an edible fruit of a bright orange colour, with crimson 
 
 pulp, and covered with raised tubercles. Yern. Hind. 
 
 Karela; Tarn. Pava kai. 
 
 2. MOMORDICA DIOICA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 617 ; W. & A. 348; 
 Wt. Ic. tt. 505, 506. 
 
 Plains Districts of the Camatic and W. Coast, in the hills 
 
 up to 4,000 ft. 
 
 A perennial tuberous-rooted climber with yellow flowers- 
 
 and an orange-coloured muricate fruit, up to about 2 in, 
 
 long, sometimes eaten, as are the tubers. Yern. Tel. 
 
 Puagakara. 
 
 3. MOMORDICA SUBANGULATA, Bl.; Cogn. Monog. 443. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara to Wynaad, up to 3,000 ft. 
 
 A pretty climber with large yellowish petals conspicuously 
 
 veined. 
 
 4. MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS, Spr.; F. B. I. ii. 618. M. 
 mfata, Roxb. ; W. & A. 349. 
 
 Deccan and W. Ghats, in S. Canara and Mysore. 
 
 A handsome large climber with large petals, creamy-white 
 
 tinged with yellow, and black claws ; fruit bright red, 
 
 ovoid, 4-5 in. long, covered with conical points, seeds very 
 
 large. 
 
 5. MOMORDICA TUBEROSA, Cogn. M. Cymbalaria, Fenzl; 
 F. B. I. ii. 618. Lu/a tuberosa, Roxb.; W. & A. 1068. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in Mysore, Bellary and Anantapur 
 and down to Tinnevelly, on black cotton soil. 
 A trailing plant with herbaceous shoots from a large 
 tuberous rootstock, petals white, tinged pale yellow, fruit 
 dark green and ribbed, about 1 in. long, said to be edible. 
 
 6. MOMORDICA DENUDATA, Thw.; F. B. I. ii. 618. 
 
 W. Coast, at Quilon in Travancore (Wight\ 
 A slender climber with membranous leaves. 
 
Luffa.] CUCURBITACEAE. . 533 
 
 4. Luff a, Tourn. 
 
 Annual climbing herbs, large or small ; tendrils 2-5-fid. Leaves 
 5-7-lobed, rarely subentire ; petiole not glandular at the apex. 
 Flowers monoecious, yellow or white ; g flowers in racemes, 
 5 flowers solitary, both often from the same axil. CaZt/ar-tube in 
 $ turbinate or campanulate, in $ produced beyond the ovary; 
 lobes 5, triangular or lanceolate. Petals 5, free, spreading, obovate 
 or obcordate. Stamens 3, less often 4 or 5, inserted on the calyx- 
 tube ; filaments free or connate ; anthers exserted, free, 1 1-celled, 
 the others 2-celled, the cells siginoid, often on a broad connective ; 
 in J flowers staminodes 3 or more, thick. Ovary oblong, 1-celled ; 
 ovules many, horizontal, on 3 parietal placentas ; style cylindric ; 
 stigma 3-lobed ; in $ flowers pistillode or glandular. Fruit a 
 large or small oblong or cylindric, smooth or angled or spinous, 
 fibrous berry, usually dehiscing by a circumsciss opening at the 
 top with a stopple. Seeds many, oblong, compressed. 
 
 Stamens 5 ; fruit large, cylindric, 5-12 in. long, smooth, 10-ribbed or 
 somewhat 10 angled ; seeds narrowly winged, smooth on sides ; leaves 
 orbicular-reniform, palmately 5-lobed, scabrous and punctate ; petals 
 
 obtuse .' 1. aegyptiaca. 
 
 Stamens 3 : 
 
 Fruit oblong- cla vat e with 10 sharp angles ; seeds not winged, 
 slightly rugose on the sides ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 
 
 5-7-lobed, scabrous ; petals emarginate 2. acutangula. 
 
 Fruit small, spinous, the spines woolly ; seeds thinly verrucose ; 
 leaves ovate-cordate, slightly 3-5-lobed, scabrous 3. umbellata. 
 
 1. LUFFA AEGYPTIACA, Mill.; F. B. I. ii. 614. L. pentandra, 
 Roxb.; W. & A. 343 ; Wt. Ic. t. 499. 
 
 All plains Districts, especially near the coast, cultivated 
 and run wild, but doubtfully indigenous. 
 A large climbing plant with smooth fruit, edible when 
 young, and when old the fibrous skeleton forms a flesh- 
 brush "loofa." Yern. Hind. Ghia taroi. 
 
 2. LUFFA ACUTANGULA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 713. L. amara, 
 Roxb. ; W. & A. 343. 
 
 Most plains Districts, especially near the E. Coast, not 
 
 common. 
 
 A climber with angular fruit, and usually (var. amara, 
 
534 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Luffa. 
 
 C. B. Clarke) with scabrous and pubescent leaves, the fruit 
 small. 
 
 3. LUFFA UMBELLATA, Roem. L. Kleinii, W. & A. 344 ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 616. 
 
 W. Coast, in Travancore, scarce. 
 A slender branching climber. 
 
 5. Bryonopsis, Arn. 
 
 Annual scaberulous scandent herbs; tendrils 2-fid. Leaves 
 deeply palmately 5-lobed. Flowers monoecious, $ and 5 
 fascicled, often in the same axils. Calyx-tube broadly cam- 
 panulate ; lobes 5, subulate. Corolla campanulate, 5 -partite ; 
 lobes ovate. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; 
 filaments short ; anthers cohering, 1 1 -celled, 2 2-celled, the cells 
 linear, flexuose round the broad connective not produced at the 
 apex ; staminodes in $ 3, small. Ovary globose or ovoid ; ovules 
 numerous, horizontal, on 3 placentas; style slender; stigmas 3, 
 papillose, deeply 2-lobed; pistillodes in $ flowers 0. Fruit a 
 spherical or ovoid-conical pulpy many-seeded berry. Seeds pyri- 
 forra, surrounded by a thick grooved crenulate ring- on either side 
 of which project the swollen faces of the seed. 
 
 BRYONOPSIS LACINIOSA, Naud. Bryonia laciniosa, Linn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 622 ; W. & A. 345 ; Wt. Ic. t. 500. 
 
 Most Districts, in hedges and on bushes, up to 4,000 ft. in 
 
 the hills. 
 A slender climbing annual from a thick permanent rootstock, 
 
 stems angular; berries conspicuous, *5 to 1 in. in diam., 
 
 brick-red when ripe with white vertical lines. 
 
 6. Cucumis, Linn. 
 
 Annual herbs or with a perennial root, climbing or trailing, 
 hispid or scabrous ; tendrils simple. Leaves entire or palmately 
 3-7-lobed or 5-angled, dentate or serrate. Flowers yellow, monoe- 
 cious, short-peduncled, ,-J in clusters in the axils, $ solitary. 
 Calyx-tuloe turbinate or campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla campanu- 
 late ; lobes 5, oblong or ovate, acute. Stamens 3, free, 1 1-celled, 
 2 2-celled, the cells conduplicate, the connective produced above 
 in a crest ; in $ flowers staminodes 3, setiform or ligulate. Ovary 
 in cJ a broad gland-like pistillode, in $ ovoid or globose ; ovules 
 
Cucumis.^ CUCURBITACEAE. 535 
 
 many, horizontal, 011 3 vertical placentas ; style short ; stigmas 3, 
 obtuse ; in <$ flowers pistillode glandular. Fruit a large or small, 
 spherical or elongate, smooth or tuberculate or spinous berry, 
 iiidehiscent. Seeds very many, oblong or elliptic, compressed, 
 usually smooth. 
 
 Fruit smooth, glabrous or pubescent ; leaves suborbicular-reniform, 
 cordate at base ; ovary densely softly villous : 
 
 Annual ; leaves shallowly 5-angled or slightly lobed, softly villous ; 
 cJ flowers in clusters : 
 Fruit ovoid, obtuse at both ends, 1-1-5 in. long ; leaves rather 
 
 small, thick 1 . pubescens. 
 
 Fruit globose ovoid or elongate, large ; leaves large and thin 
 
 . Melo. 
 Perennial ; leaves deeply palmately o-lobed, scabrous ; $ flowers 
 
 usually solitary 2. trigonus. 
 
 Fruit softly spinous ; perennial trailing herb with cinereous very 
 
 scabrid leaves 3. prophetarum. 
 
 Fruit with few scattered tubercular prickles, cylindric, yellowish- 
 green ; $ flowers in fascicles ; leaves with angular lobes sativus. 
 
 1. CUCUMIS PUBESCENS, Willd. ; W. & A. 342; Wt. Ic. t. 496; 
 C. trigonus, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 619, in part. 
 
 E. Coast Districts, on waste ground. 
 
 A climbing or trailing plant, the fruit ovoid, striped dark 
 
 and light green. 
 
 2. CUCUMIS TRIGONUS, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 619, in part ; W. & A. 
 342 ; Wt. Ic. t. 497. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry Districts. 
 
 A prostrate plant from a perennial root stock, the fruit 
 
 yellow or yellow with green stripes. 
 
 3. CUCUMIS PROPHETARUM, Linn ; F. B. I. ii. 619 ; W. & A. 342. 
 
 Deccan, in dry Districts, Bellary (Gamble), apparently on 
 black cotton soil. 
 
 A trailing very scabrous plant with subglobose spinous 
 fruit striped green and white. 
 
 Cucumis Melo, Linn., the Melon, is largely cultivated on the 
 sandy beds of rivers when the stream has subsided to its hot 
 season channel. Yern. Hind. Kharboj. 
 
 Cucumis sativus, Linn., the Cucumber, is grown in gardens as 
 a vegetable. Yern. Hind. Khira. 
 
 NN 
 
536 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Citrullus. 
 
 7. Citrullus, Neck. 
 
 Trailing herbs, hispid or scabrous ; tendrils 2-3-fid. Leaves 
 triangular-ovate, deeply 3-5-lobed, the midlobe elongate, all 
 sinuately pinnatifid. Flowers monoecious, yellow, both $ and $ 
 solitary, rather large. Calyx-tube broadly campanulate, lobes 5. 
 Corolla usually rotate, the petals ovate or obovate, obtuse or 
 emarginate. Stamens 3 ; filaments short, free ; anthers free or 
 slightly cohering, 1 1-celled, 2 2-celled, the cells linear flexuous, 
 the connective not produced ; in $ flowers staminodes 3, setiform 
 or ligulate. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled ; ovules many on 3 vertical 
 placentas ; style short ; stigmas 3, thick, renif orm ; in $ flowers 
 pistillode glandular. Fruit a globose or oblong fleshy, or dry, 
 indehiscent berry. Seeds very many, elliptic-oblong, compressed, 
 smooth. 
 
 Perennial ; fruit globose, up to 3 in. in diam., very bitter ; leaf -lobes 
 
 narrow, thick 1. Colocynthis. 
 
 Annual; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, up to 10 in. in diam., edible; leaf- 
 lobes broad, thin vulgaris. 
 
 CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS, Schrad.; F. B. I. ii. 620; Wt. Ic. 
 
 t. 498. Cucumis Colocynthis, Linn.; W. & A. 342. 
 Deccan, on dry sandy or stony lands. 
 
 A trailing scabrid herb with much cut leaves and globular 
 fruit variegated dark-green and white, the pulp of which 
 affords an important purgative medicine. Yern. Hind. 
 Indrawan ; Tel. Patsa kaya. 
 
 C. vulgaris, Schrad., is the Water Melon, sometimes grown on 
 the sandy beds of rivers for its refreshing fruit. It comes from 
 Tropical Africa. Yern. Hind. Tarbuj. 
 
 8. Coccinia, W. & A. 
 
 Slender scandent or prostrate herbs ; roots sometimes tuberous ; 
 tendrils simple. Leaves petiolate, deltoid or subrotund, angled 
 or lobed, sometimes glandular beneath. Flowers rather large, 
 white or yellow, dioecious, <$ solitary or subcymose, ? solitary. 
 Calyx-tube campanulate, short ; lobes 5. Corolla campanulate, 
 shortly 5 -fid. Stamens 3 ; filaments connate in a column, rarely 
 free ; anthers connate, 1 1-celled, 2 2-celled, cells conduplicate ; 
 in $ flowers staminodes 3, oblong or subulate. Ovary ovoid, 
 
Melothria.'] CUCURBIT 'AGE AE. 537 
 
 oblong or linear; ovules very many, horizontal, from 3 placentas ; 
 style slender; stigmas 3; pistillode in g flowers 0. Fruit an 
 ovoid or oblong indehiscent berry. Seeds ovoid, compressed, 
 margined, the testa smooth velvety or scorbiculate. 
 
 COCCINIA INDICA, W. & A. 347 ; Wt. 111. t. 105. Cephalandra 
 indica, Nand. ; F. B. I. ii. 621. 
 
 Most plains Districts, especially in the Deccan and Carnatic, 
 on hedges and bushes. 
 
 A pretty climber with large white flowers and oblong scarlet 
 fruit with velvety seeds, the leaves variable, generally 
 5-angled with shallow sinuses, but sometimes even on the 
 same plant (var. palmaia, W. & A.) deeply 5-lobed. The 
 fruit is sometimes eaten. Yern. Hind. Bhimb; Tel. Kai- 
 donda; Tam. Kovay. 
 
 9. Melothria, Linn. 
 
 Slender scandent or prostrate herbs, annual or with a perennial 
 root stock ; tendrils simple, rarely bifid. Leaves usually mem- 
 branous, entire or lobed. Flowers small, monoecious or 
 dioecious, yellow or white; in racemes, corymbs or umbels, 
 sometimes fascicled, rarely solitary; $ solitary fascicled or in 
 umbels. Calyx campanulate ; lobes 5. Corolla deeply 5-partite, 
 the lobes entire. Stamens 3, inserted on the tube, rarely at the 
 base, of the calyx; filaments free; anthers free or slightly 
 cohering, 1 1-celled the others 2-celled, or all 2-celled, the cells 
 straight or curved, the connective sometimes produced; in ? 
 flowers staminodes 3 or 0. Ovary ovoid globose or fusiform, 
 constricted below the flower ; ovules usually many, on 3 placentas ; 
 style short, surrounded by an annular disk ; stigmas 3, rarely 2 ; 
 in (J flowers pistillodes globose or annular. Fruit a globose 
 ovoid or fusiform berry, many- or few-seeded. Seeds ovoid or 
 subglobose, usually compressed and margined, smooth or rugose. 
 
 Flowers usually monoecious, $ in racemes, $ solitary ; anthers 
 subsessile ; leaves deltoid, acute or acuminate, up to 2 in. long, 
 2-25 in. broad, membranous, punctate ; fruit fusiform, rostrate ; 
 
 seeds smooth, truncate at base, not marginate 1. zeylanica. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious, <$ usually umbellate, $? solitary or 
 umbellate ; filaments long, the connective not produced : 
 
 Seeds small, much compressed; leaves membranous, simple or 
 
 3-5-lobed : 
 
538 FLORA OF MADRAS. IMelothria, 
 
 Flowers monoecious ; leaves usually rufous-villous beneath, the 
 teeth very short ; berry globose, *25 in. in diam. ; seeds smooth, 
 
 faintly marginate 2. perpusilla. 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; leaves nearly glabrous beneath, the teeth 
 triangular ; berry oblong, '6 in. long, '3 in. broad ; seeds 
 
 marginate 3, mucronata. 
 
 Seeds large, globose, scarcely compressed ; leaves subcoriaceous y 
 variable in shape : 
 
 Flowers dioecious ; leaves cordate, ovate or 3-5-lobed or hastate, 
 the lobes sometimes long, prominently nerved ; fruit oblong, 
 ribbed, up to 2'5 in. long; seeds smooth 011 the faces, the broad 
 
 ring rugose 4. heteropliylla. 
 
 Flowers monoecious ; leaves deeply cordate or sagittate, not 
 lobed though often angulate, prominently nerved; fruit ovoid,, 
 beaked, up to 1 in. long ; seeds smooth on the faces, nearly so 
 
 on the flat ring 5. amplexicaulis. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, $ fascicled, $ solitary; anthers subsessile, 
 the connective apiculate ; fruit small, globose, subsessile ; seeds 
 marginate, slightly flattened, '15 by "1 in. ; leaves and stems more 
 or less scabrous : 
 
 Seeds smooth on the faces ; leaves beneath densely softly villous- 
 
 tomentose 6. leiosperma. 
 
 Seeds rugose on the faces ; leaves beneath shortly hirsute or 
 scabrous 7. maderaspatana. 
 
 1. MELOTHRIA ZEYLANICA, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 626. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad and Pulney Hills, at about 3,000 ft. 
 A pretty, very slender climber, the flowers and fruit on 
 long slender pedicels. 
 
 2. MELOTHRIA PERPUSILLA, Cogn. Zehneria Hookeriana, 
 Arn.; F. B. I. ii. 624. Bryonia Hookeriana, W. & A. 345. 
 B. maysorensis, Wt. Ic. t. 758. 
 
 Deccan, Horsleykonda at 4,000 ft. (Fischer) ; W. Ghats, in 
 the Nilgiris and Pulneys, up to 6,000 ft. ; Shevaroy Hills 
 of Salem. 
 
 A slender climber with small globose berries, red when 
 ripe, and greenish-yellow flowers. The var. subtruncata, 
 Cogn., has the leaves nearly truncate at base. 
 
 3. MELOTHRIA MUCRONATA, Cogn. Zehneria Baueriana, C. B. 
 Clarke; F. B. I. ii. 624. Bryonia maysorensis, W. & A. 
 345 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1609 (but not dioecious). 
 
Blastania.'] CUCURBITACEAE. 539 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, Pulneys and Sirumalai Hills, up 
 
 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 A slender climber with oblong berries, apparently yellow 
 
 when ripe. 
 
 4. MELOTHRIA HETEROPHYLLA, Cogn. Zehneria umbellata, 
 Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 625 in part. Sryonia umbellata, Klein ; 
 W. & A. 345. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, at 5,000 ft.; 
 
 Deccan, in the hills ; W. Ghats, at low levels and up to 
 
 5,000 ft. W. Coast, from S. Canara southwards. 
 
 A climber from a perennial root, with polymorphic leaves 
 
 and large fruit, red and often yellow- spotted or -striped 
 
 when ripe, the small flowers yellowish-white. 
 -5. MELOTHRIA AMPLEXICAULIS, Cogn. Sryonia amplexicaulis, 
 W. & A. 346; Wt. Ic. t. 502. 
 
 Deccan, Carnatic and W. Coast, not common. 
 
 A climber with more or less amplexicaul coriaceous leaves 
 
 and scrobiculate seed, very nearly allied to and difficult to 
 
 distinguish from the preceding species. 
 
 6. MELOTHRIA LEIOSPERMA, Cogn. Mukia leiosperma, Wt. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 623. Sryonia leiosperma, W. & A. 345. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, up to 6,000 ft. 
 A hispid, very villous small climber. 
 
 7. MELOTHRIA MADERASPATANA, Cogn. Miikia scabrella, Arn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 623. Sryonia scabrella, Linn, f.; Wt. Ic. t. 501. 
 
 Most Districts of the Deccan, Carnatic and lower hills of 
 W. Ghats. 
 
 A scabrous climber with small yellow flowers, the berries 
 red when ripe, the leaves variable in shape. 
 
 10. Blastania, Kotschy & Peyr. 
 
 Prostrate or scandent annual herbs, drying black ; tendrils 
 simple. Leaves digitately 5-7-lobed or -partite ; in each axil a 
 broad, rounded, stipuliform, pectinate bract. Flowers minute, 
 monoecious, $ racemose, on slender pedicels ; $ solitary in the 
 same axils. Calyx-tube short, campanulate ; lobes 5, very small, 
 subulate. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-partite. Stamens 3, inserted 
 on the calyx-tube, free ; anthers small, 1 1-celled, the rest 2-celled, 
 the cells short, straight, connective not produced ; staminodes 
 
540 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Blastania. 
 
 in $ 0. Ovary ovoid ; ovules few, horizontal, on 2-3 placentas ; 
 style columnar; stigmas 2, rarely 3; pistillode in flowers 0. 
 Fruit a fleshy globose or subquadrate berry. Seeds usually 2 or 
 3, marginate, obovate, hollowed on one side, convex 011 the other, 
 the testa smooth. 
 
 BLASTANIA GARCINI, Cogn. Ctenolepis Gartini, Hook, f . ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 629. Bryonia Garcini, Willd.; W. & A. 344. 
 
 N. Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, extending westwards to the 
 
 Ghats. 
 
 A slender pretty annual climber with orange or red fruit. 
 
 11. Kedrostis, Medikus. 
 
 Prostrate or scandent herbs, with a perennial rootstock ; tendrils 
 simple. Leaves entire or lobed, dentate or partite. Flowers small, 
 yellow or greenish; monoecious, rarely dioecious ; <J racemose or 
 corymbose ; ? solitary or aggregated, shortly pedicelled. Calyx- 
 tube campanulate ; lobes 5, short. Corolla rotate, 5-partite. 
 Stamens 3, rarely 5, inserted in the calyx-tube ; filaments short ; 
 anthers' short, 1 1-celled, the others 2-celled or all 1-celled if 5 ; 
 cells straight or curved ; connective produced above the cells, 
 usually bifid ; staminodes in ? or 3, very small. Ovary ovoid, 
 beaked, with 2-3 placentas ; ovules few ; style sometimes sur- 
 rounded by a disk ; stigmas 2 or 3 ; pistillode in or glandular. 
 Fruit an ovoid, usually rostrate berry. Seeds few, tumid, marginate, 
 testa smooth. 
 
 KEDROSTIS ROSTRATA, Cogn. Ehynchocarpa foetida, C. B, 
 Clarke ; F. B. I. ii. 627. Bryov.ia rostrata, Rottl.; W. & A. 346. 
 Carnatic (Wight, Rottler). 
 
 A prostrate or scandent herb with orbicular or reniform 
 leaves, small flowers and an ovoid, beaked, red fruit. 
 
 12. Corallocarpus, Welw. 
 
 Prostrate or climbing herbs ; tendrils simple. Leaves roundish- 
 cordate, lobed or palmate, rather thick. Flowers minute, monoe- 
 cious, <$ in small crowded racemes on long peduncles, ? solitary 
 short-peduncled from the same axils. Calyx-tube campanulate ; 
 lobes 5, short. Corolla 5-partite ; lobes ovate. Stamens 3, free, 
 inserted on the calyx-tube ; filaments very short ; anthers all 
 
Cerasiocarpum.'] CUCURBIT 'ACE AE. 541 
 
 2-celled or 1 1-celled, the cells straight, lateral on the thm con- 
 nective, which is often produced and sometimes bifid above ; in 
 $ staminodes or minute. Ovary ovoid, beaked, 2-3-celled ; 
 ovules few, on 2-3 placentas ; style straight, without disk ; stigma 
 3-, rarely 2-4-lobed ; in ^ flowers pistillode minute. Fruit an 
 ovoid usually beaked fleshy berry, circumsciss near the base. 
 Seeds few obovoid or subglobose, often appressed-pilose, very little 
 compressed. 
 
 Peduncles of $ flowers thickened, also of $ , which reach 3 in. long- ; 
 
 tendrils stout; leaves rather thick, deeply 3-5-lobed 1. epigaeus. 
 
 Peduncles of $ flowers very slender, also of $ , which reach 1-5 in. 
 
 long ; tendrils capillary ; leaves thin, 3-lobed 2. gracilipes. 
 
 
 
 1. CORALLOCARPUS EPIGAEUS, Hook. f. ; F. B. I. ii. 628. 
 Bryonia epigaea, Rottl. ; W. & A. 346 ; Wt. Ic. t. 503. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic and westward to the lower hills of 
 the Ghats, in dry country. 
 
 A thick -stemmed climber from a large tuberous roots tock, 
 the leaves rough and variable in their lobes, the fruit scarlet 
 in the middle, the base and beak green. 
 
 2. CORALLOCARPUS GRACILIPES, Cogn. Monog. 650. 
 
 Carnatic, Near Pondicherry (Lepine). 
 A very slender climber. 
 
 13. Cerasiocarpum, Hook. f. 
 
 Climbing glabrous herbs ; tendrils simple. Leaves oblong, 
 cordate at base, entire or hastately 3-lobed. Flowers small, 
 monoecious ; <J in racemes ; 5 solitary, often from the same 
 axils. Calyx-tube campanulate ; lobes 5, minute. Corolla rotate, 
 5-partite, the lobes ovate. Stamens 3, free, inserted on the mouth 
 of the calyx-tube ; filaments very short, broad ; anthers 1 1-celled, 
 2 2-celled ; cells oblong, lateral on the connective, which is 
 membranous and often produced; staminodes in ? 0. Ovary 
 ovoid, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas ; ovules 4-6 ; style columnar ; 
 stigma 3-lobed ; in pistillode 0. Fruit a depressed globose 
 smooth fleshy indehiscent berry. Seeds 2-6 broadly ovoid, not 
 compressed, marginate, surrounded by orange pulp. 
 
 CERASIOCARPUM BENNETTII, Cogn. C. zeylanicum, Hook. f. ; 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 629 ; Trim. Fl. Ceyl. t. 44. 
 
542 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Cerasiocarpum.. 
 
 W. GMts, in S.-E. Wynaad, near Devala, at 3,000 ft. 
 
 (Gamble). 
 
 A pretty climber with membranous leaves up to 5 in. long, 
 
 2*5 in. broad, dentate and acuminate, sometimes hastate at 
 
 base, the fruit bright orange-red. 
 
 14. Gynostemma, Blume. 
 
 Slender climbing herbs ; tendrils simple. Leaves pedately 
 3-7-foliolate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate. Flowers minute, white 
 or greenish, dioecious or rarely monoecious, in diffuse axillary 
 panicles ; pedicels articulate, bracteolate. Calyx rotate, 5-partite ; 
 lobes short. Corolla rotate, 5-partite ; lobes lanceolate. Stamens 
 5, inserted at the bottom of the calyx ; filaments connate in a 
 column below ; anthers 2-celled ; staminodes in $. 0. Ovary 
 spherical, 2-3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous ; styles 
 2-3, bifid at tip ; pistillodes in ? 0. Fruit a globose, indehiscent, 
 1-3-seeded berry. Seeds ovoid or triangular, flattened, verrucose. 
 GYNOSTEMMA PEDATA, Blume ; F. B. I. ii. 633 ; Trim. Fl. 
 Ceyl. t. 45. 
 
 W. Ghats, Nilgiri Hills at 4,000-6,000 ft.; hills of Tinnevelly 
 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A slender climber with long flower- and fruit-panicles, the 
 
 leaflets vine-like, crenate- serrate, the berry greenish. 
 
 JL 
 
 15. Zanonia, Linn. 
 
 Scandent shrubs ; tendrils simple or bifid at the apex. Leaves 
 petiolate, ovate or oblong, entire. Flowers small, dioecious, all 
 racemose or the <$ panicled. Calyx of 3, rarely 4, sepals, broadly 
 oblong or orbicular, membranous, concave. Corolla rotate, 5- 
 partite, coriaceous or fleshy ; lobes narrowed at the apex. Stamens 
 5, free, inserted on a fleshy disk ; filaments very short and thick ; 
 anthers transversely oblong, 1-celled ; staminodes in $ short, 
 alternate with the petals. Ovary elongate, at first 3-celled, later 
 1-celled by absorption of the septa ; ovules 2-many in each cell, 
 on parietal placentas, pendulous ; styles 3, bifid at apex ; pistil- 
 lode in (J 0. Fruit cylindric clavate or hemispheric, terete or 
 subtrigonous, truncate and broadly 3-valved at apex. Seeds large, 
 pendulous, oblong, compressed, imbricate, surrounded by a broad 
 membranous wing. 
 
Tetrameles.'] DATISCACEAE. 543 
 
 ZANONIA INDICA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 633 ; W. & A. 340 ; Wt. 
 
 111., t. 103 (but not monoecious). 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Bababudan Hills of Malabar. 
 
 A stout climbing shrub with large ovate-cordate leaves and 
 
 winged seeds. 
 
 Lag en aria vulgaris, Ser., is the Bottle Gourd, cultivated for 
 its fruit, which has various shapes and is eaten when young, and 
 when old and the shell has dried used for bottles and to make 
 musical instruments. Yern. Hind. Kaddu. 
 
 Benincasa cerifera, Savi, is the White Gourd Melon, occasionally 
 cultivated for its fruit, which is large and fleshy and covered with 
 a waxy bloom. The seeds, which ar compressed and marginate, 
 yield an oil. Yern. Hind. Gol kaddu. 
 
 Cucurbita maxima, Duch., the Squash-Gourd, C. Pepo, DC., 
 the Pumpkin, C. ovifera, Linn, the Yegetable Marrow, and 
 C. moschata, Duch., the Musk Melon, are all large-fruited large 
 climbing or trailing herbs cultivated for thoir fruits. 
 
 Family LXXIY. DATISCACEAE. 
 
 Trees or herbs. Leaves petioled, simple or pinnate, alternate ; 
 stipules 0. Flowers small, regular, dioecious or rarely bisexual, 
 in fascicles racemes or panicles. Calyx-tuhe in short ; in $ 
 adnate to the ovary ; lobes 3-9. Petals 0. Stamens 4 or more, 
 usually opposite the calyx-lobes ; filaments short ; anthers 2- 
 celled, in $ if present reduced to staminodes. Ovary 1-celled, 
 open or closed at the apex ; placentas parietal ; ovules numerous, 
 ascending or horizontal ; styles as many as the placentas and 
 alternate with them, simple or 2-partite. Fruit a coriaceous or 
 membranous capsule, dehiscing at the apex between the styles. 
 Seeds very many, minute ; albumen scanty ; embryo straight. 
 
 Tetrameles, E. Br. 
 
 Large tree. Leaves deciduous, ovate, acuminate, pubescent 
 beneath. Flowers dioecious, appearing before the leaves ; <$ in 
 panicles, ? in racemes, clustered near the ends of the branches. 
 Calyx-tube in very short, in ? connate with the ovary ; lobes 
 4. Stamens 4, opposite the calyx-lobes, inserted round a flat 
 central disk. Ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovules numerous on 4 
 parietal placentas; styles 4, subulate; stigmas club-shaped. 
 
544 FLORA OF MADRAS. \_Tetr ameles. 
 
 Capsule ovoid, membranous, 4-8-ribbed, dehiscing at the apex. 
 
 Seeds very many, minute, ellipsoid ; testa very loose, reticulate, 
 
 membranous. 
 
 TETRAMELES NTTDIFLORA, E/. Br. ; F. B. I. ii. 657; Bedd. 
 Fl. t. 212. T. Grahamiana.Wt. Ic. t. 1956. 
 
 W. Coast and "W. Ghats, in low level forests both evergreen 
 
 and deciduous, up to 2,500 ft. 
 
 A very large deciduous tree reaching 150 ft. in height and a 
 
 considerable diameter, the base supported by large buttresses. 
 
 Bark greyish-white, smooth ; wood coarse and soft, largely 
 
 used on the W. Coast for dug-out canoes. Yern. Tarn., MaL 
 
 Chini. 
 
 Family LXXY. BEGONIACEAE. 
 
 Succulent herbs, sometimes undershrubs ; stem often reduced 
 to a rhizome or tuber. Leaves alternate, rarely subverticillate, 
 more or less inequilateral, entire toothed or lobed; stipules 2, 
 free, often deciduous. Flowers usually showy, white rose or 
 yellow, monoecious, on axillary peduncles bracteate at base, 
 divided above in dichotomous cymes ; bracts and bracteoles 
 opposite. MALE : Perianth of 2 outer valvate sepals with or 
 without an inner smaller pair ; stamens numerous, the filaments 
 free or connate in a bundle ; anthers usually narrowly obovoid, 
 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. FEMALE : Perianth of 2-6 
 sepals, the 2 outer usually large ; ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, usually 
 3-celled and^-winged ; placentas axile, simple or 2 in each cell ; 
 ovules numerous ; styles 2-4, free or connate ; stigmas branched 
 or twisted. Fruit a capsule, usually winged, variously but usually 
 loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds minute ; testa reticulate ; albumen 
 scanty or 0. 
 
 Begonia, Linn. 
 CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY. 
 
 Placentas 2 in each cell ; small plants with tuberous roots : 
 Capsule 3-celled ; sepals of 3 flowers 4, the outer larger : 
 
 Ovary pubescent; leaves ovate, cordate, acuminate; capsule- 
 wings 3, elongate, one especially so, ascending ; stigmas spiral 
 
 1. picta. 
 
 Ovary glabrous; leaves orbicular, cordate; capsule-wings 3, 
 narrow, horizontal, sub-equal ; stigmas branched, curved 
 
 2. cordifolia. 
 
Begonia.] BEGONIACEAE. 545 
 
 Capsule 2 -celled ; sepals of $ flowers 4, the outer larger : 
 
 Stem succulent, rather stout; leaves up to 6 in. long, ovate, 
 unequally often not deeply cordate, nearly entire, acute; capsule- 
 wings 1 broad descending, 2 narrow ; stigmas twisted 
 
 3. integrifolia. 
 
 Stems very slender, scarcely (5 in. long; leaves small, mem- 
 branous : 
 
 Capsule-wings subequal, triangular, ascending ; stigmas reni- 
 form, papillose; outer sepals of $ orbicular, broad; leaves 
 
 unequally cordate, up to 2 in. in diam 4. crenata. 
 
 Capsule-wings narrow, one much longer and broader than the 
 other 2, horizontal; stigmas 3-5-lobed, capitate; sepals of 
 J flowers obovate, narrow ; leaves equally cordate, about 
 
 1 in. in diam 5. canarana. 
 
 Placentas undivided : 
 
 Stemless scapigerous herbs : 
 
 Leaves peltate, reniform- orbicular, broader than long, entire, 
 ciliate; scape longer than the leaves; sepals of $ flowers 4, 
 outer slightly larger than inner; capsule-wings equal and 
 
 equally broad ('2 in.), prominently reticulate 6. albo-coccinea. 
 
 Leaves deeply cordate at base but not peltate : 
 
 Leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, often lobed, acute, pilose, very 
 membranous ; scape slender, as long as the leaves ; sepals of 
 $ flowers 4, orbicular, inner narrow ; capsule-wings subequal, 
 
 broader above (about *15 in.) and truncate 7. subpeltata. 
 
 Leaves orbicular, broader than long, distinctly dentate, white- 
 tomentose beneath, thick ; scape elongate, many-flowered ; 
 sepals of $ flowers 2 only; capsule-wings subequal, broadest 
 
 at the middle ('2 in.; ! 8. floccifera. 
 
 Stems elongate, leaf -bearing ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, sparsely 
 pubescent, membranous ; flowers large ; sepals of $ flowers 4, outer 
 much larger than the obovate inner, anthers long ; capsule at first 
 hispid, the wings subequal, ascending, broadest at top ('3-'4 in.) 
 
 9. trichocarpa. 
 
 Almost shrubby, the stems thick, jointed, leafy, the flowers on 
 axillary peduncles ; sepals in J and ? 2 only, orbicular ; leaves 
 very unequally ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrate ; capsule-wings 
 subequal, rounded or slightly angled near the top where broadest, 
 occasionally slightly acute at top 10. malabarica. 
 
 1. BEGONIA PICTA, Sm. ; F. B. I. ii. 638. 
 N. Circars, hills of Ganjam (Gamble). 
 
546 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Begonia. 
 
 A slender plant of shady banks, the flowers pale rose, the 
 leaves variegated. 
 
 2. BEGONIA CORDIFOLIA, Thw. ; F. B. I. ii. 641. Diploclinium 
 Arnoitianum and cordifolium, Wt. Ic. tt. 1815, 1816, 
 
 W. Ghats, in forests from Malabar to Tinnevelly. 
 
 A scapigerous herb with pink flowers and variegated 
 
 leaves. 
 
 3. BEGONIA INTEGRJFOLIA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 648. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the hills from Canara and Mysore to 
 
 Wynaad. 
 
 A short-stemmed succulent herb with white flowers. 
 
 4. BEGONIA CRENATA, Dryand. ; F. B. I. ii. 651. B. minima, 
 Bedd. Ic. t. 110. 
 
 W. Ghats, from Mysore to "Wynaad, at low levels. 
 A slender herb with small pale pink flowers. 
 
 5. BEGONIA CANARANA, Miq. ; F. B. I. ii. 652. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, from S. Canara (Hohenacker) to 
 Malabar and Wynaad, up to 3,000 ft. 
 A very slender herb with small flowers. 
 
 6. BEGONIA ALBO-COCCINEA, Hook. ; F. B. I. ii. 654. B. 
 Grahamiana, Wt. Ic. t. 1811. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the hills of Tinnevelly about Courtallum. 
 A scapigerous succulent herb with rose-coloured flowers, 
 rather large peltate leaves, and large membranous stipules 
 at the base. 
 
 7. BEGONIA SUBPELTATA, Wt. Ic. t. 1812; F. B. I. ii. 653. 
 
 W. Ghats, probably in Malabar (Wight). 
 
 A very slender herb with membranous leaves. 
 
 8. BEGONIA FLOCCIFERA, Bedd. Ic. t. Ill ; F. B. I. ii. 654. 
 
 W. Ghats, hills of Travancore and Tinnevelly, at 3000 ft. 
 (Beddome). 
 
 A rather large herb with woolly leaves and tall many- 
 flowered scapes. 
 
 9. BEGONIA TRICHOCARPA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 653. 
 
 W. Ghats, Bababudan Hills of Malabar (Law). 
 
 A large fleshy herb with white flowers and large basal 
 
 stipules. 
 
 10. BEGONIA MALABARICA, Lamk.; F. B. I. ii. 655. B. dipetala, 
 Grah. ; Wt. Ic. t. 1813. Diploclinium Lindleyanum, Wt. 
 Ic. t. 1817. 
 
Opuntia.'] CACTACEAE. 547 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri, Anamalai and Pulney Hills, up 
 to 6,000 ft., in moist woods. 
 
 A large almost shrubby much-branching succulent plant 
 with many rose-coloured flowers and large capsule, common 
 and conspicuous. The shape of the capsule-wings is 
 variable : sometimes they are pointed at apex, sometimes 
 truncate, but more usually rounded. 
 
 B. anamaiayana, Bedd., in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 217 is a 
 scapigerous herb with very oblique reniform leaves, the younger 
 very floccose, the older glabrous. The scape is many-flowered, 
 much longer than the leaves, and both $ and ? flowers have 
 only 2 sepals. Anamalai Hills, in moist forests, at 3,000 ft. 
 
 Family LXXYI. CACTACEAE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees with usually succulent stems ; branches 
 often thickened, striated or angled. Leaves usually represented 
 by tufts of spines or by prickles or small tubercles ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to 
 the ovary ; lobes 3-many, small, imbricate. Petals many, free or 
 shortly united at base, imbricate. Stamens very many, free or 
 adnate to the base of the petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers 
 small. Ovary 1-celled ;. ovules very many, horizontal, on parietal 
 placentas ; style terminal, simple, filiform or cylindric ; stigma 
 2-rnany-rayed. Fruit a 1-celled berry with pulpy placentas. 
 Seeds very many, oblong or reniform ; albumen copious scanty 
 or ; embryo straight or curved ; cotyledons free or connate. 
 
 Opuntia, Mill. 
 
 Shrubs, with woody stems ; branches jointed, the joints fleshy, 
 flattened, ovate, tubercled, the tubercles hirsute and spiny. Leaves 
 on youngest joints small, scale-like, deciduous ; on older ones 
 represented by spines. Flowers lateral, showy, yellow orange or 
 red. Calyx-tube bearing small outer lobes adnate to the ovary, 
 the inner lobes at its mouth. Petals many, spreading, connate 
 below. Stamens very numerous, in many series. Ovary of many 
 connate carpels ; ovules many ; style cylindric ; stigmas many, 
 thick, erect. Fruit a pear-shaped, fleshy, tnbercled berry. Seeds 
 compressed ; testa very hard, albuminous cotyledons leaf-like. 
 
548 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Opuntia. 
 
 ANALYSIS, AFTER I. H. BURKILL IN RECORDS BOT. SURVEY 
 
 INDIA, IV. 
 
 Stamens exserted; flowers rose-coloured; spines 0...1. coccinellifera. 
 Stamens not exserted : 
 
 Spines falling except one long one on each cushion; flowers yellow, 
 
 the sepals and petals tinged with red 2. monacantha. 
 
 Several large spines remaining on each cushion : 
 
 Spines all straight, slender, tawny or purplish-black ; flowers at 
 
 opening lemon-yellow, changing to rose-pink 3. elatior. 
 
 Spines some curved, the largest stout, light horn-coloured in 
 life, darkening afterwards ; flowers yellow 4. Dillenii. 
 
 1. OPUNTIA COCCINELLIFERA, Mill. 
 
 Chingleput and Tinnevelly Districts in Carnatic. 
 A Mexican species which is only occasionally found in 
 India and has apparently never spread itself widely; it 
 was introduced at Masulipatam in 1788 with the object of 
 .acclimatizing the cochineal insect, for which it is suited. 
 
 2. OPUNTIA MONACANTHA, Haw. 
 
 N". Circars, common ; Carnatic, about Madras ; Deccan, in 
 
 Coimbatore. 
 
 A species which has spread widely in some localities and is 
 
 at once recognized by its single straight thorns. It was 
 
 introduced very early, certainly before 1 786, probably from 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 3. OPUNTIA ELATIOR, Mill. 
 
 N. Circars, along the coast down to the Kistna river, also 
 near Madras ; Deccan, about Bellary. 
 
 A common species, but frequently mistaken for the next, it 
 is recognized by its rose-pink flowers and was apparently 
 introduced about 1800. 
 
 4. OPUNTIA DILLENII, Haw.; F. B. I. ii. 657; W. & A. 363 
 excl. syn. Cactus indicus, Roxb. ; Wt. 111. t. 114. 
 
 E. Coast from G-anjam to Madras, often quite close to the 
 sea, inland also in various places ; Deccan, in Bellary and 
 Mysore, the most common species, easily recognized by its 
 glaucous-green joints, yellow flowers, purple fruits and 
 curved thorns. It comes probably from the Californian 
 Peninsula and was introduced very early, and before 1786 
 it was established in Madras (Burkill). Many attempts 
 have been made to eradicate it, but unsuccessfully in 
 
Sesuvium.] AIZOACEAE. 549 
 
 general. Its spread is chiefly due to its use as a hedge 
 plant. Yern. Hind. Nagphana. 
 
 Family LXXYII. AIZOACEAE. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, often fleshy, opposite 
 alternate or falsely whorled ; stipules scarious or 0. Flowers 
 regular, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, in cymes or fascicles, 
 rarely solitary. Calyx of 4-5 sepals, free or rarely adnate to the 
 ovary, usually persistent. Petals usually 0, when present small. 
 Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, definite or indefinite, some- 
 times with staminodes ; filaments free or connate in a cup ; anthers 
 oblong. Ovary free, 2-5-celled, syncarpous or rarely apocarpous ; 
 ovules many in each carpel, axile or solitary basal ; styles as many 
 as the carpels. Fruit usually capsular, dehiscing loculicidally or 
 circumscissly, sometimes of indehiscent cocci. Seeds many or 
 1 in each carpel, usually reniform, compressed ; testa membranous 
 or crustaceous, often pitted or tuberculate ; albumen mealy, 
 surrounded by the curved or annular embryo. 
 
 Fruit syncarpous : 
 
 Calyx-tube elongate ; stamens inserted on the calyx-tube ; capsule 
 circumsciss ; petals : 
 
 Ovary and capsule 3-5-celled 1. Sesuvium. 
 
 Ovary and capsule 1-2-celled 2. Trianthema. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-partite ; stamens hypogynous ; capsule 3-5-celled, 
 loculicidal : 
 
 Petals many, small ; seeds arillate \....S. Orygia. 
 
 Petals ; seeds sometimes appendaged 4. Mollugo. 
 
 Eruit apocarpous ; carpels 3-5 , 1 - seeded ; petals 5. Gisekia. 
 
 1. Sesuvium, Linn. 
 
 Herbs or undershrubs. erect or prostrate, branched, succulent. 
 Leaves opposite, entire, fleshy ; stipules or the petioles con- 
 nected by a stipuliform membrane. Flowers axillary, sessile or 
 peduncled, solitary or clustered ; bracteoles 2 or 0. Calyx-tube 
 turbinate ; lobes 5, lanceolate, persistent, coloured within, apicu- 
 late below the tip, hyaline on the margins. Petals 0. Stamens 5 or 
 many, inserted round the top of the calyx- tube ; filaments usually 
 connate at base. Ovary free, 3-5-celled ; ovules numerous on axile 
 placentas ; styles 3-5. Fruit an ovate membranous 3-5-celled, 
 
550 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Sesuvium. 
 
 circumscissile capsule, the axis and placentas persistent. Seeds 
 many, reniforrn ; testa smooth ; embryo annular. 
 
 SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 659. 
 
 E. and W. Coasts, on sea-shore sand. 
 
 A fleshy prostrate rooting stout- stemmed herb, the sepals 
 purplish, the styles 3, the seeds black, shining, leaves linear- 
 oblanceolate or spathulate. 
 
 Yar. repens, E/ottl. 8. repens, Wt. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag, 
 ii. 71 ; W. & A. 361. Leaves much smaller, obovate- 
 spathulate, stems more slender. 
 
 2. Trianthema, Linn. 
 
 Diffuse prostrate branched herbs, glabrous or papillose. Leaves 
 petioled, opposite, unequal, entire, subflesby, the petioles of each 
 pair connected at the base by stipuliform membranes. Flowers 
 small, axillary, sessile or peduncled, solitary or in cymes or 
 clusters; bracts membranous as are the 2.bracteoles. Calyx- 
 tube short or long ; lobes 5, coloured within, mucronate on the 
 back near the tip. Petals 0. Stamens 5, 10 or 15, inserted near 
 the top of the calyx-tube. Ovary free, sessile, usually truncate 
 at apex, 1-2 -celled ; ovules 1 or more in each cell, from a basal 
 placenta ; styles 1 or 2, papillose. Fruit a capsule, circumsciss, 
 the upper part carrying away 1-2 seeds, the lower 2-rnaiiy-seeded. 
 Seeds 1 or more, reniform, rough ; embryo annular. 
 Style 1 . 
 
 Flowers solitary, sessile, sheathed by the base of the petiole ; 
 stamens 10 or 15 ; leaves obovate ; capsule-top mitriform enclosing 
 at least 1 seed, the lower part 3-5-seeded ; seeds with concentric 
 
 muriculate lines -. 1. Portulacastrum. 
 
 Flowers fascicled, nearly sessile, not enclosed in the base of the 
 petiole ; stamens 5 ; leaves oblong or elliptic ; capsule-top an 
 annular depressed cushion enclosing 1 seed, the lower part alsa 
 
 1 -seeded ; seeds with concentric smooth lines 2. triquetra. 
 
 Styles 2 ; flowers in clusters of dichasioid cymes ; stamens 10 or 15 * 
 leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong ; capsule-top truncate with an 
 annular rim enclosing 2 seeds, the lower part also 2-seeded ; seeds 
 with concentric muriculate lines 3. decandra. 
 
 1. TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM, Linn. T. monogyna, Linn. ; 
 
 F. B. I. ii. 660. T. obcordata, Roxb. ; W. & A. 355 ; Wt. Ic. t. 
 
 288. 
 
Mollugo.'] AIZOACEAE. 551 
 
 Most plains Districts, a weed of roadside and waste lands. 
 
 2. TRIANTHEMA TRIQUETRA, Rottl. T. crystallina, W. & A. 
 
 355; F. B. I. ii. 660, not o/Yahl. 
 
 Coast Districts of the Carnatic from Striharikota south- 
 wards, inland to Coimbatore. 
 
 Yar. oblongifolia, Gamble. Leaves longer, up to 75 in., and 
 bioader; calyx -lobes with more acuminate and longer inucros. 
 S. Carnatic, at Tuticorin (K. Rangachari). 
 
 3. TRIANTHEMA DECANDRA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 661 ; W. & A. 
 355; Wt. Ic. t. 296. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, on dry-soil lands, common, a road- 
 side weed. 
 
 3. Orygia, Forsk. 
 
 A diffuse branched glabrous herb. Leaves opposite and alternate, 
 fleshy, entire, petioled ; stipules 0. Flowers in terminal and leaf- 
 opposed lax few-flowered cymes ; bracts and bracteoles scarious. 
 Sepals 5, ovate-cuspidate, the margins hyaline. Petals 0. Stamens 
 numerous, inserted at the base of the calyx, subhypogynous , 
 filaments filiform ; staminodes many, connate at the base. Ovary 
 globose, 5-celled ; ovules many, axile ; styles 5, filiform. Fruit 
 a subglobose papery loculicidal capsule, surrounded by the per- 
 sistent sepals ; cells 5. Seeds many, reniform, compressed, 
 strophiolate, with many concentric raised lines ; embryo annular. 
 ORYGIA DECUMBENS, Forsk. ; F. B. I. ii. 661. Glinus trianthe- 
 moides, Heyne ; W. & A. 362 ; Wt. 111. t. 113. 
 
 Deccan, in Hyderabad, Mysore and Coimbatore. 
 
 A branching herb with flowers in slender cymes, purple red 
 
 staminodes (petals of Wight) and obovate cuspidate fleshy 
 
 leaves. 
 
 4. Mollugo, Linn. 
 
 Branching, often dichotomous, herbs. Leaves often falsely 
 whorled, or alternate, or radical and rosulate, entire, linear 
 obovate or spathulate ; stipules membranous, caducous. Flowers 
 axillary, greenish, solitary fascicled or in cymes or racemes^; 
 bracts minute. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, 
 subhypogynous, alternate with the sepals, often with staminodes 
 
 00 
 
552 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mollugo. 
 
 intermixed. Ovary free, globose or ovoid, 3-5-celled ; ovules 
 many in each cell, axile ; styles 3-5, linear or small clavate. Fruit 
 a membranous, oblong globose or subcylindric, capsule, dehiscence 
 loculicidal. Seeds several in each cell,, rarely 1, reniform, some- 
 times appendaged at the hilum ; embryo annular. 
 
 Flowers in axillary fascicles ; seeds appendaged and with a slender 
 white thread curved round them : 
 
 Leaves densely stellate-hairy, orbicular to obovate and spathulate ; 
 pedicels usually very short ; sepals densely stellate hairy 
 
 1. lotoides. 
 
 Leaves glabrous or slightly crispate-pubescent, usually oblanceo- 
 late but sometimes almost orbicular ; pedicels long, filiform ; sepals 
 
 glabrous 2. oppositifolia. 
 
 Flowers in terminal cymes ; seeds not or minutely appendaged, no 
 curved thread : 
 
 Leaves in whorls at the nodes : 
 
 Cymes corymbosely branched; pedicels long, filiform : 
 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate to obovate ; stems quadrangular ; 
 seeds dark reddish-brown, shining, tuberculate...3. pentaphylla . 
 Leaves linear, very narrow ; stems very slender, terete ; seeds 
 
 golden-brown, reticulate, not tuberculate 4. Cerviana. 
 
 Cyme-branches lengthening into elongated racemes ; pedicels 
 short ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; stems angular ; seeds golden- 
 brown with flattened papillae, not tuberculate, the back furrowed 
 
 5. disticha* 
 
 Leaves all radical, spathulate ; flower-peduncles many, erect, 
 trichotomously branched; pedicels filiform; seeds reddish-black, 
 covered with minute flattened tubercles 6. nudicaulis. 
 
 1. MOLLTJGO LOTOIDES, O. Kze. M. hirta, Thunb. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 662. Glinus lotoides, Loefl.; W. & A. 362. G. dictam- 
 noides, Linn. ; W. & A. 362. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry sandy places, and on waste 
 lands, common. 
 
 A prostrate herb covered with stellate hairs, the leaves 
 usually orbicular, the pedicels sometimes up to '75 in, 
 long, but more usually very short. 
 
 2. MOLLTJGO OPPOSITLFOLIA, Linn. M. Spergula, Linn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 662 ; W. & A. 44. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, in dry places and on waste lands and 
 fallow fields, common. 
 
Gisekia.j AIZOACEAE. 553 
 
 A slender prostrate herb, the leaves eaten and used 
 medicinally. Vern. Tarn. Toora. 
 
 3. MOLLUGO PENTAPHYLLA. Linn. M. stricta, Linn. ; F. B. I. 
 ii. 663 ; W. & A. 44. 
 
 All plains Districts and at low elevations in the hills, a 
 
 common weed. 
 
 An erect slender glabrous herb, the leaves very variable in 
 
 shape. 
 
 4. MOLLUOO CERVIANA, Ser. ; F. B. I. ii. 663 ; W. & A. 44. 
 
 Deccan and Cariiatic, in sandy places, especially near the 
 
 coast. 
 
 A very slender small glabrous herb, many branched from 
 
 the base. 
 
 5. MOLLUGO DISTICHA, Ser. ; F. B. I. ii. 663 ; W. & A. 44 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 3. 
 
 East Coast, in sandy places not far from the sea. 
 
 An erect rather stout long-leaved herb, more or less 
 
 crispate-pubescent. 
 
 6. MOLLUGO NUDICAULIS, Lam. -, F. B. I. ii. 664 ; W. & A. 43. 
 
 Deccaii and Carnatic, in dry places. 
 
 An erect annual herb with rosulate leaves. 
 
 5. Gisekia, Linn. 
 
 Diffuse branched herbs. Leaves opposite or falsely whorled, 
 fleshy, spatimlate, abounding in raphides ; stipules 0. Flowers 
 small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, in axillary fascicles or short 
 cymes. Sepals 5, ovate, herbaceous with membranous margins, 
 many white raphides. Petals 0. Stamens 5-15, hypogyiious; 
 filaments dilated at the base ; anthers oblong. Carpels usually 
 5, distinct, sessile on a small torus, 1 -celled ; ovule 1 in each 
 cell, basal ; styles simple. Fruit of 5 free, membranous, white- 
 papillose, indehiscent, 1- seeded carpels. Seeds vertical, compressed, 
 subreiiiform ; embryo annular. 
 
 GISEKIA PHARNACEOIDES, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 664 ; Roxb. Cor. 
 PL t. 183 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1167. 
 
 Deccan and Carnatic, from the Godavari southwards, on 
 
 waste lands. 
 
 A diffuse usually prostrate herb with fleshy glaucous leaves 
 
 and black minutely pitted seeds. Yern. Tel. Ishi-rash kura. 
 
554 FLORA OF MADRAS. lUmbelliferae. 
 
 Family LXXYIII. UMBELLIFERAE. 
 
 Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves usually alternate, simple 
 or compound, the petiole generally sheathing at base ; stipules 
 or rarely small and scarious. Flowers regular or irregular, 
 hermaphrodite or polygamous, in compound, rarely simple, 
 umbels, the outer flowers of the umbel sometimes radiant ; 
 umbels and umbellules each furnished with involucral bracts or 
 bracteoles, which may sometimes be absent from one or both. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb 5-toothed or 0. Disk 
 epigynous, 2-lobed. Petals 5, epigynous, sometimes unequal, 
 often bifid, with an inflexed apex and a median fold. Stamens 5, 
 epigynous, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, 
 crowned by the disk ; ovule solitary in each cell, pendulous ; 
 styles 2, often dilated at the base into stylopods ; stigmas capitate. 
 Fruit of 2 indehiscent dorsally or laterally compressed mericarps 
 separated by a commissure and attached to and often pendulous 
 from a slender forked carpophore ; the mericarps usually marked 
 by 5 longitudinal primary ridges, often alternating with secondary 
 ones, the pericarp traversed by oil-canals (vittae). Seed 1 in each 
 mericarp, pendulous ; albumen cartilaginous ; embryo minute, 
 near the apex, the radicle superior. 
 
 Umbels simple ; leaves orbicular, undivided ; fruit laterally com- 
 pressed ; vittae : 
 
 Mericarps with 3 ridges, the commisural obscure ; flowers white ; 
 
 pericarp of seed thin 1. Hydrocotyle. 
 
 Mericarps with 7-9 ridges, the primary and secondary similar 
 
 netveined between ; flowers red; pericarp thick 2. Centella. 
 
 Umbels in groups of about 3, sessile in the axils of a cymose panicle ; 
 leaves 3-5-partite ; fruit covered with hooked prickles ; vittae many 
 
 3. Sanicula. 
 Umbels compound: 
 
 Fruit laterally compressed : 
 
 Leaves entire ; flowers yellow or lurid ; mericarp with 5 primary 
 
 ridges, the secondary inconspicuous 4. Bupleurum. 
 
 Leaves usually pinnate or decompound ; flowers white : 
 Involucral bracts and bracteoles absent ; umbels leaf -opposed 
 
 Apium. 
 Jnvolucral bracts and bracteoles usually present : 
 
 Furrows between the ridges usually with 1 vitta...5. Carum. 
 Furrows between the ridges 2-3-vittate 6. Pimpinella 
 
Hydrocotyle.'] UMBELLIFERAE. 555 
 
 Fruit widest at the commissure, circular or somewhat dorsally 
 compressed in section ; primary ridges distinct : 
 
 Frait globose, the ridges prominent ; petals white 7. Seseli. 
 
 Fruit ovoid : 
 
 Flowers yellow ; leaves large with filiform segments 
 
 Foeniculum. 
 Flowers white ; leaves small ; vittae many : 
 
 Bracts prominent 8. Schultzia. 
 
 Bracts none or small 9. Polyzygus. 
 
 Fruit dorsally compressed, the mericarps flattened, the lateral 
 ridges winged : 
 
 Wings of the mericarps with thick margins ; vittae on the faces 
 of the mericarps usually extending to the base ; petals not 
 
 radiant 10. Peucedanum. 
 
 Wings of the mericarps with thin margins ; vittae usually not 
 extending to the base ; petals very often radiant 
 
 11. Heracleum. 
 
 Fruit subterete, not winged; secondary ridges of the mericarps 
 prominent ; petals radiant : 
 
 Fruits glabrous ; involucral bracts none Cor iandr urn . 
 
 Fruits setose ; involucral bracts prominent, pinnate Daucus. 
 
 1; Hydrocotyle, Linn. 
 
 Prostrate herbs, rooting at the nodes, growing in moist places. 
 Leaves orbicular or reniform, palmately lobed, long-petioled ; 
 stipules scarious. Flowers white, small, in simple small axillary 
 sessile or pedicellate umbels ; involucral bracts small or 0. 
 Ccdyx-teeih none or very small. Petals entire, acute, valvate. 
 Fruit laterally compressed, small ; mericarps with 3 primary but 
 without secondary ridges ; vittae 0. 
 
 Leaves 1-3*5 in. in diam., 7-9-lobed ; umbel-peduncles clustered, up 
 to 2 in. long ; mericarps very little compressed, the primary ridges 
 
 obscure 1. javanica. 
 
 Leaves 1-2 in. in diam., 7-9-lobed ; umbels solitary, sessile or very 
 shortly peduncled ; mericarps slightly compressed, the primary ridges 
 
 apparent 2. conferta. 
 
 Leaves 'l-'5 in. in diam., 7-lobed ; umbel peduncles solitary, very 
 slender, up to '75 in. long ; mericarps compressed, the primary ridges 
 angular 3 . rotundifolia. 
 
556 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Hydrocotyle. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE JAVANICA, Thunb. ; F. B. I. ii. 667. H. 
 polycephala, W. & A. 366 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1003. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, in shady places 
 at high levels. 
 
 2. HYDROCOTYLE CONFERTA, Wt. Ic. t. 1002 ; F. B. I. ii. 668. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, at high levels in 
 wet places. 
 
 3. HYDROCOTYLE ROTTJNDIFOLIA, Roxb. ; F. B. I. ii. 668; Wt. 
 Ic. t. 564. H. tenella, D. Don ; W. & A. 366. 
 
 E. Ghats, hills of Vizagapatam, at 5,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, in 
 the Nilgiris and Pulneys, in bogs and on bare wet soil, up 
 to 7,000 ft. 
 
 2. Centella, Linn. 
 
 Prostrate herbs, rooting at the nodes. Leaves orbicular, crenate, 
 palmately nerved, deeply cordate with an angular sinus, long- 
 petioled ; stipules scarious. Flowers reddish, small, sessile, in 
 simple axillary few-flowered umbels ; involucral bracts 2, small- 
 Calyx, truncate. Petals minute, ovate, acute, imbricate. Fruit 
 laterally compressed, the mericarps with about 7-9 subsimilar 
 ridges, the secondary ridges as prominent as the primary, 
 reticulate between them, tittae ; pericarp thickened. 
 
 CENTELLA ASIATICA, Urban. Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 669 ; W. & A. 366 ; Wt. Ic. t. 565. 
 
 All plains Districts in wet places, the borders of ricefields, 
 and on banks, up to 6,000 ft. in the hills. 
 A common trailing and rooting weed with leaves up to 2 in. 
 in diam., orbicular-cordate with rather shallow sinus. 
 
 3. Sanicula, Lmn. 
 
 Erect herbs. Leaves deeply 3-5 -partite, the segments again 
 lobed and mucronate-serrate, chiefly radical and long-petioled. 
 Flowers very small, mostly unisexual, in groups of about 3 umbels, 
 sessile in the forks and on the branches of a cyniose panicle, the 
 bracts sessile, leaf -like; umbellules usually small, few-flowered, 
 with few bracteoles. Calyx-lobes herbaceous, lanceolate. Petals 
 white, with long incurved points. Disk flattened, thickened round 
 the filiform styles. Fruit ovoid, not compressed, the mericarps 
 
Bupleurum.l UMBELLIFERAE. 557 
 
 thickly covered with hooked spiny prickles, without ridges, vittae 
 many. 
 
 SANICULA EUROPAEA, Linn. ; F. B. I. ii. 670. S. elata, Ham. ; 
 W. & A. 367 ; Wt. 111. t. 117, fig. 2 ; Wt. Ic. tt. 334, 1004. 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys above 6,000 ft., in 
 Sholas and similar shady places. 
 
 A perennial herb of wide distribution but variable, the S. 
 Indian form having the leaves acuminately lobed. 
 
 4. Bupleurum, Linn. 
 
 Glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers small, 
 yellow or lurid, in compound umbels ; involucral bracts and 
 bracteoles usually present. Calyx-lobes 0. Petals 5, obovate, 
 inflexed, the apex emarginate. Disk broad, flat. Styles short. 
 . Fruit laterally compressed, slightly constricted at the com- 
 missure ; mericarps subpentagonal, primary ridges distinct, 
 sometimes almost winged, secondary or obscure ; vittae 1-3 
 in the furrows between the primary ridges ; carpophore 2-fid or 
 2-partite. Seed terete, sometimes slightly grooved on the inner 
 face. 
 
 Erect, usually single-stemmed shrub up to 6 ft. high ; lower leaves 
 up to 6 in. long, cauline shorter, obtuse, all mucronate ; bracts and 
 bracteoles broad ; mericarps '3-'4 in. long with 5 corky ridges shortly 
 winged ; vittae 1 in each furrow between them ...1. plantaginifolium. 
 Erect perennial herbs up to 3 ft. high or even more ; bracts and 
 bracteoles narrow, 3-nerved ; mericarps semi-ellipsoid, 5-ridged : 
 
 Leaves linear- oblong, obtuse at apex and mucronate, usually 1-3 in. 
 
 long, '3 in. broad ; mericarps with 1-3 vittae in the furrows 
 
 2. mucronoJum. 
 
 Leaves linear, acute at apex and mucronate, up to -i in. long, *25 in. 
 
 broad ; mericarps with usually 3 vittae in the furrows... 3. virgatum. 
 Erect slender perennial herb up to 1 ft. high ; lower leaves crowded 
 near the base, upper few, all linear mucronate ; bracts and bracteoles 
 lanceolate, hair-pointed ; mericarps semi-ovoid, '1 in. long with dis- 
 tinct ridges ; vittae 1 in each furrow, sometimes 3 at commissure 
 
 4. distich opliy 'Hum. 
 
 1. BUPLEURUM PLANTAGINIFOLIUM, Wt. Ic. t. 281 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 674. 
 W. Ghats, in the Shola Forests of the Nilgiris, above 6,000 ft. 
 
558 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Bupleurum. 
 
 A shrub, often with a single stem up to 6 ft. high, the 
 stem marked by the round scars of fallen leaves. Basal 
 leaves long and narrow with very oblique subparallel 
 nerves ; cauline leaves shorter and broader and very 
 obtuse. 
 
 2. BUPLEURUM MUCRONATUM, W. & A. 370; F. B. I. ii. 676, 
 in part. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris at about 7,000 ft., among bushes, 
 scarce in Pulneys. 
 
 A bushy plant with knotted stems and many leaves, the 
 cauline similar to the radical. 
 
 Yar. ramosissimum, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 676. B. 
 ramosissimum, W. & A. 370 ; Wt. Ic. t. 1007. 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys, at 6,000-8,000 ft. ; 
 Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 
 A low bushy plant with more terete stems and shorter 
 leaves, less obtuse at apex or sometimes acute. 
 
 3. BUPLEURUM VIRGATTJM, W. & A. 370. B. mucronatum var. 
 virgatum, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 676. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, at about 7,000 ft., among 
 grass on the downs. 
 
 A tall erect herb with terete steins and narrow, long and 
 sharply mucronate-acuminate leaves ; the umbels long- 
 peduncled with many rays. 
 
 4. BUPLEURUM DISTICHOPHYLLUM, W. & A. 370 ; F. B. I. 677 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 1006. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, above 7,500 ft., on the open 
 
 downs. 
 
 A slender erect herb, the radial leaves tufted. 
 A small specimen from the Madgol Hills of Vizagapatam, 
 4,000 ft. (A. W. Lushingtoh), seems to belong to B. falcatum, 
 Linn. 
 
 5. Carum, Linn. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound, 
 Flowers white, polygamous, the sterile flowers often with irregular 
 petals ; umbels compound ; involucral bracts few or ; bracteoles 
 numerous, entire. Calyx-teeth small or 0. Petals broad, obtuse 
 retuse or emarginate. Fruit ovoid ellipsoid or oblong, laterally 
 compressed and more or less constricted at the commissure; 
 
Pimpinella.'] UMBELLIFERAE. 559 
 
 mericarps subpentagonal, the inner face flattened ; primary ridges 
 
 usually conspicuous, vittae in the furrows single ; carpophore bifid. 
 
 Seed terete, flat or obscurely channelled on the inner face. 
 CARUM NOTHUM, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 681. 
 
 Mysore (Lobb) ; W. Ghats, on rocks above Sispara in W. 
 Nilgiris, at 7,500 ft. (Gamble). 
 
 A bulbous-rooted herb reaching about 1 ft. in height, with 
 small leaves with linear segments, the mericarps strongly 
 ridged, the umbels of .-ibout 7 rays with linear-lanceolate 
 bracts. 
 Carum Petroselinum, Benth. and Hook, f., is the Parsley 
 
 occasionally cultivated, chiefly in the gardens of European 
 
 residents. 
 
 6. Pimpinella, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, annual biennial or perennial. Leaves simple or com- 
 pound. Flowers in compound umbels, hermaphrodite or poly- 
 gamo-monoecious ; involucral bracts few or 0, bracteoles usually 
 linear small, or 0. Calyx -teeth small, lanceolate. Petals with 
 long inflexed points, entire or emarginate. Styles usually long, 
 sometimes very short. Fruit laterally compressed, usually 
 constricted at the commissure, ovoid ; mericarps subpentagonal, 
 the inner face flattened ; ridges slender, vittae 2-3 in the furrows 
 between them. Seed terete or dorsally compressed, inner face 
 usually flat. 
 
 Fruit glabrous or nearly so : 
 
 Fruit short, ovoid or subglobose, didymous, disk obsolete j styles 
 very short ; leaves trif oliolate, membranous, subglabrous, the 
 leaflets again sometimes divided, narrowed at base, deeply serrate ; 
 
 bracts 0, bracteoles 1-2 or 1. Heyneana. 
 
 Fruit ovoid with conspicuous conical disk and long styles : 
 
 Basal leaves orbicular- or broadly ovate- cordate, with narrow 
 sinus or overlapping, serrate, pubescent, about 3-5-nerved, 
 petioles up to 2 in. long, cauline leaves pinnatifid soon reduced 
 to mere petiole-sheaths ; bracts and bracteoles 0. . .2. Leschenaultii. 
 Basal leaves orbicular-cordate, with broad ('5-in.) sinus, serrate, 
 hispid pubescent on nerves above otherwise glabrous, about 
 10-20-nerved, petioles up to 12 in. long, cauline leaves pinnatifid, 
 gradually reduced to linear petiole-sheaths ; bracts 0, bracteoles 
 few, linear, persistent 3. pulneyensis. 
 
560 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Pimpinella. 
 
 Fruit papillose scabrous, ovoid : 
 
 Fruit densely papillose, disk conical ; styles long and slender ; 
 basal leaves orbicular-cordate,, sometimes 3 -partite, serrate, 
 pubescent, passing in cauline ones to deeply pinnatifid, and finally 
 to a sheath with pinnatifid blade ; bracts and bracteoles many, 
 
 small, linear 4. Candolleana. 
 
 Fruit sparsely papillose, didymous, disk small ; styles short ; basal 
 leaves, if present, ovate-cordate, acute, serrate, glabrous, lower 
 cauline leaves trifoliolate, large, upper also trifoliolate, with 
 slender acuminate serrate leaflets ; bracts 0, bracteoles or 1-3, 
 small 5. monoica. 
 
 1. PIMPINELLA HEYNEANA, Wall. ; F. B. I ii. 684. Hello- 
 sciadium / Heyneanum, DC. ; W. & A. 368. 
 
 Circars and Deccan, in hill forests, scarce ; W. Ghats, 
 from the Coinibatore Hills to Tinnevelly. 
 An erect annual herb, the flower umbels with many long 
 slender rays. 
 
 2. PIMPINELLA LESCHENAULTII, DC.; F. B. I. ii. 687; W. & A. 
 369; Wt. Ic. t. 1005. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris, above 6,000 ft.; on the open 
 downs near sholas with long-petioled basal leaves (Fyson). 
 An erect almost scapigerous perennial with white flowers. 
 
 3. PIMPINELLA PTJLNEYENSIS, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 228. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Bear Shola and in other moist woods in 
 the Pulney Hills, about 6,000-7,000 ft. (Bourne). 
 A tall herb reaching 1-2 ft. high, with long-petioled basal 
 and lower cauline reniform leaves with many palmate 
 nerves, the upper cauline leaves tripartite and lobed ; 
 flowers white. 
 
 4. PIMPINELLA CANDOLLEANA, W. & A. 369 ; F. B. I. ii. 687 ; 
 Wt. Ic. t. 341. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulney s, above 6,000 ft., in 
 grass lands near Shola forests, more scarce to the hills 
 of S. Tinnevelly. 
 
 An erect tawny pubescent tall perennial with orbicular 
 cordate basal leaves and characteristic papillose fruits, the 
 flowers white. 
 
 5. PIMPINELLA MONOICA, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 687. 
 
 N. Circavs, in the hills from Gairjam to Godavari, at low 
 
Schultzia.'] VMBELLIFERAE. 561 
 
 levels, up to 3,000 ft. ; W. Ghats, Mudumalai in Wynaad 
 at 2,000 ft., Anamalais ; Shevaroy Hills of Salem. 
 A tall erect monoecious herb with white flowers and umbels 
 with very slender rays. 
 
 7. Seseli, Linn. 
 
 Herbs. Leaves 2-3-pinnate or twice 3-partite. Flowers white, 
 in compound umbels ; involucral bracts or few, rarely many, 
 bracteoles many. Calyx-teeth minute, lanceolate or linear, or 0. 
 Petals 5, with a long inflexed acumination. Styles short. Fruit 
 oblong ovate or globose, broadest at the commissure, not 
 compressed ; inericarps semi-terete or compressed dorsally, the 
 inner face flat or sometimes concave; ridges strong, obtuse or 
 subacute, lateral hardly larger than the dorsal ; vittae in each 
 furrow solitary, large, others smaller often under the ridges ; 
 disk not prominent. Seed semi-terete, the inner face somewhat 
 concave. 
 
 SESELI INDICUM, W. & A. 371 ; F. B. I. ii. 693. Cnidium 
 diffusum, DC.; Wt. Ic. t. 569. 
 
 Plains Districts of the Carnatic (Heyne). 
 
 An annual herb, usually diffuse, with many branches, 
 white or pinkish flowers and a globose fruit with prominent 
 ridges and straight hairs stellate at the apex. 
 
 8. Schultzia, Spreng. 
 
 Glabrous perennial herbs. Ltaves 1-2-pinnate, ultimate pinnae 
 toothed, pinnatifid or niultifid. Flowers in compound umbels; 
 involucral bracts several, entire or divided, bracteoles numerous. 
 Calyx-teeth prominent. Petals obovate, emarginate, white. 
 Fruit ovate-oblong, the commissure broad; mericarps dorsally 
 compressed, primary ridges slender, furrows between them with 
 2-4 vittae ; carpophore bipartite. 
 
 SCHULTZIA ? BENTHAMI, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I ii. 697. 
 W. Coast, in Canara (Hohenacker). 
 
 A tall herb with short pinnate leaves and rather large meri- 
 carps with 3 prominent ridges on the back followed by two 
 secondary, in section crescent-shaped, the commissure with 4 
 vittae, vittae in the furrows between the ridges in pairs. 
 
562 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Polyaygus. 
 
 9. Polyzygus, Dalz. 
 
 A glabrous herb with tuberous root. Leaves ternately and 
 pinnately decompound, the segments pinnatifid. Flowers small f 
 white, in compound umbels ; involucral bracts very few or - 
 bracteoles few, small, setaceous. Calyx-teeth small or the outer 
 slightly larger. Petals obovate with an inflexed acumination. 
 Styles slender. Fruit small, ovoid, terete, broad at the commis- 
 *sure ; mericarps seniiterete, the primary ridges obscure, furrows- 
 between them broad, 1-3-vittate ; carpophore bipartite. Seed 
 semiterete, flat on the inner face. 
 
 POLYZYGUS TUBEROSUS, Dalz. ; F. B. I. ii. 698. 
 W. Ghats, Canara and Mysore (Law). 
 
 A weak herb with membranous leaves and tuberous root,, 
 very little known. 
 
 10. Peucedanum, Linn. 
 
 Perennial herbs. Leaves pinnately or ternately decompomid r 
 the ultimate segments lanceolate or ovate, rarely linear, entire or 
 toothed. Flowers white yellow or rarely pink, often polygamous, 
 in compound umbels usually with many rays ; bracts of various 
 shapes; bracteoles many, few or 0. Calyx with entire or subentire 
 limb ; teeth small. Petals obovate or cuneate, inflexed at the 
 tip, entire or emarginate. Di*li undulate, the stylopods usually 
 small. Ovary glabrous. Fruit much dorsally compressed,, 
 elliptic oblong or orbicular ; mericarps slightly convex on the 
 back, their margins more or less acutely winged ; the dorsal 
 ridges little elevated ; vittae usually solitary in the dorsal furrows, 
 2-6 on the commissure. Seed flat, the inner face flat. 
 Leaflets oblong or oblanceolate, entire ; mericarps elliptic, %3 in, 
 long, "2 in. broad, with thick dark margins; dorsal furrows l-vittate r 
 lateral 2-vittate, commissure 2-vittate, vittae not conspicuous. 
 
 1. Dhana. 
 
 Leaflets linear-lanceolate, distantly serrate ; mericarps orbicular, 
 "2 in. in diam., the margins pale and rather thin ; dorsal furrows 1- 
 vittate, lateral 1-2-vittate, commissure 4-6-vittate, the vittae con- 
 spicuous but often short 2. anamallayense, 
 
 1. PEUCEDANUM DHANA, Ham.; F. B. I. ii. 709, var. Dalzellii, 
 C. B. Clarke. 
 
 E. Ghats, in Ganjam (Barber) and the Madgol Hills of 
 Yizagapatam, at 3,000 ft. (A. W. Lushington). 
 
Heraeleum.'] UMBELLIFERAE. 563 
 
 A glabrous herb reaching 2 ft. in height, the flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 2. PEUCEDANUM ANAMALLAYENSE, C. B. Clarke in F B I ii 
 710. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anainalai forests (Wight, Beddome). 
 A tall herb with fistular fluted stems and much cut leaves 
 with narrow leaflets. 
 
 Peucedanum sativum, Benth. and Hook, f., the Parsnip, is 
 occasionally cultivated in gardens. 
 
 11. Heraeleum, Linn. 
 
 Perennial or biennial more or less hairy herbs, often of large 
 size. Leaves 1-2-3-pinnate, the segments usually broad, lobed 
 and toothed. Flowers white or yellow, often polygamous, in 
 compound umbels, large and with many rays ; involucral bracts 
 few, simple or 0, rarely many, foliaceous; bracteoles many. Calyx- 
 lobes or small and linear-lanceolate. Petals usually unequal, 
 often radiant, the larger often widely spreading, bifid or 
 einarginate, all with an incurved apex. Ovary usually pubescent. 
 Fruit orbicular, elliptic or obovate, much dorsally compressed, 
 winged, the wing with usually thickened margins ; ridges slender ; 
 vittae usually solitary in the dorsal furrows, 2-4 or rarely more 
 on the commissure, all descending from the short thick stylopod 
 to below the middle of the fruit and sometimes dilated at the 
 ends. Seed much dorsally compressed, plano-convex. 
 
 Lower leaves simple, usually 3-lobed, rarely pinnatifid, densely 
 villous ; outer flowers of the umbelhile usually radiant ; mericarps 
 elliptic, broadly winged, vittae usually 4 on the back, 2 on the 
 
 commissure 1. Hookerianum. 
 
 Lower leaves pinnate : 
 
 Pinnae usually 1 to 2 pairs with a terminal usually 3-lobed, large, 
 glabrous ; petals equal ; mericarps orbicular, broadly winged, vittae 
 
 usually 6 on the back, 4-6 on the commissure 2. aquilegifolium. 
 
 Pinnae 1-3 pairs, small and distant, with a terminal broad 3-lobed, 
 hoary-pubescent ; petals equal ; mericarps elliptic-obovate, thick on 
 the back, vittae usually 4 on the back, 4 and often more on the 
 
 commissure ...3. rigens. 
 
 Pinnae 2-3 pairs, both the side and end ones long and deeply 
 pinnatifid, tawny-pubescent ; petals very unequal, the radiant ones 
 very conspicuous ; mericarps elliptic or very slightly obovate, '3 to 
 
564 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Heracleum. 
 
 4 in. long by '2-'3 in. broad, the wings narrow, vittae on the back 
 
 4, on the commissure usually 2 4. ceylanicum. 
 
 Lower leaves bipinnate, sometimes nearly tripinnate : 
 
 Fruit small, elliptic, '25 by *2 in., wing narrow, vittae 4 on the back, 
 extending down three-fourths of the face, 2-4 and unequal on the 
 commissure; bracteoles lanceolate, *15 in. long; lower leaves 1-2- 
 pinnate, the pinnules broad, pinnatifid, shortly crenate- serrate, 
 mucronate, covered above with scattered scales, hispid on nerves 
 
 beneath 5. Sprengelianum. 
 
 Fruit large, at least '3 in. long: 
 
 Fruit obovate, '45 by '2 in., wing rather broad, vittae 4 on the 
 back, extending down two -thirds of the face, 2 on commissure j 
 bracteoles lanceolate, long acuminate, '25 in. long ; lower leaves 
 much cut, bipinnate, the pinnules deeply lobed, sharply serrate, 
 covered above and on nerves beneath with long soft hairs 
 
 6. courtallense. 
 
 Fruit elliptic, '3-4. by -25--3 in., wing narrow, vittae 4-6 on the 
 back, extending nearly to the base, 2-4 on commissure ; bracteoles 
 lanceolate, '25 in. long; lower leaves 1- to almost 3-pinnate, the 
 pinnules broad, not deeply lobed, shortly serrate, both surfaces 
 
 with short soft hairs 7. Candolleanum. 
 
 Leaves pedately 5-7-foliolate, with lanceolate leaflets cuneate at base 
 and sharply serrate above ; petals unequal ; mericarps apparently 
 unequally winged 8. pedatum. 
 
 1. HERACLEUM HOOKERIANUM, W. & A. 373; F. B. I. ii. 715. 
 Pastinaca Hookeriana, Wt. Ic. t. 1010. 
 
 W. Ghats, open downs -on the Nilgiris above 7,000 ft. 
 An erect herb with white flowers sometimes tinged with 
 red, leaves villous and sticky, nearly all radical and flat on 
 the ground, the stem. 1 to 1'5 rarely to 2 ft. high. 
 
 2. HERACLEUM AQUILEGIFOLIUM, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 715. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Anamalai Forests (Wight). 
 An erect herb reaching 2-3 ft. in height. 
 
 3. HERACLEUM RIGENS, Wall.; F. B. I. ii. 715; W. & A. 373. 
 Pastinaca rig ens, Wt. Ic. t. 1009. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri and Pulney Hills, on open downs 
 above 6,000 ft. 
 
 A tall, erect, greyish-pubescent herb reaching 3 ft. in 
 height, with yellow flowers, the leaves both radical and 
 cauline, remarkable for the distant, more or less orbicular- 
 cordate, slightly lobed leaflets. 
 
Heraclewm.] UMBELLIFERAE. . 565 
 
 Yar. multiradiatum, Gamble. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, at lower levels. 
 
 A larger plant with larger and more cut leaflets and very 
 
 large umbels, often with 30 or more rays 4-5 in. long, 
 
 commissural vittae sometimes up to 10. 
 Var. elongatum, Gamble. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills (Bourne). 
 
 A slenderer plant with thinner leaves, large umbels and 
 
 an elongated fruit almost oblanceolate, '6 in. by *25 in., 
 
 vittae on the commissure 2-4. 
 
 4. HERACLEUM CEYLANICUM, Gardn. ; F. B. I. ii. 716; Fysoii 
 Hillt. Fl. 175. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney Hills, on the downs at high levels 
 
 (Bourne). 
 
 A tall handsome species with much cut fern-like leaves, 
 
 conspicuous white radiant flowers and very large umbels 
 
 with sometimes over 40 rays, some nearly 6 in. long. 
 
 5. HERACLEUM SPRENGELIANUM, W. & A. 372 ; F. B. I. ii. 
 716. Pastinaca Sprengeliana, Wt. Ic. t. 1008. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiri Hills, above 6,000 ft., in grassy 
 
 places near the Sholas (Wight, Gardner), apparently 
 
 scarce. 
 
 A large very leafy plant at once recognized by the small 
 
 fruit. 
 
 6. HERACLEUM COURTALLENSE, Gamble n. comb. H. rigens, 
 Wall. var. Candolleana, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 715 
 in part. Pastinaca ligusticifolia, W. & A. 372 ; Wt. 111. 
 t. 116. 
 
 W. Ghats, at Courtallum in Tinnevelly (Wight). 
 
 A tall leafy plant, with much cut deeply serrate leaves and 
 
 long fruit. 
 
 7. HERACLEUM CANDOLLEANUM, Gamble n. comb. H. rigens, 
 Wall. var. Candolleana, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 715 in 
 part. Pastinaca Candolleana, W. & A. 372. 
 
 W. Ghats, from the Nilgiris to the Anamalai and Pulney 
 
 Hills, above 6,000 ft. common. 
 
 A large leafy plant with broad leaves, shortly serrate. 
 
 8. HERACLEUM PEDATUM, Wt. Ic. t. 342 ; F. B. I. ii. 716. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Pulney and Sivagiri Hills in the under- 
 growth of Shola forest. 
 
566 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Heracleum. 
 
 A trailing and rooting herb of ground vegetation, with 
 small white radiant flowers and pedate leaves. 
 
 Apium graveolens, Linn., Celery, and Daucus Carota, Linn., 
 Carrot, are occasionally cultivated in gardens as vegetables. 
 
 Foeniculum vulgare, Gaertn., Fennel, Anethnm Sowa, Roxb., 
 Dill, and Coriandrum sativum, Linn., Coriander, are some- 
 times cultivated for their leaves and seeds and may occasionally 
 be found run wild. 
 
 Family LXXIX. ARALIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs, glabrous or 
 stellately pubescent, frequently prickly. Leaves alternate, rarely 
 opposite, long-petioled, large, simple or compound; stipules 
 adnate to the petiole, sometimes within its sheathing base, rarely 
 0. Floivers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous, in umbels 
 racemes or panicled heads, with bracts and bracteoles ; pedicels 
 continuous with the base of the calyx or there articulated. Calyx- 
 tube adnate to the ovary ; limb truncate or with small teeth. 
 Petals usually 5, rarely more, valvate or slightly imbricate, 
 separating or deciduously calyptrate. Stamens as many as and 
 alternate with the petals, inserted round an epigynous disk. 
 Ovary inferior, 1- to many-celled ; ovules solitary in each cell, 
 pendulous ; styles as many as the cells, distinct or united. Fruit 
 usually drupaceous or dry, cells as many as the ovary. Seed 
 pendulous ; testa thin ; albumen uniform or ruminate ; .embryo 
 minute, radicle superior. 
 
 Petals imbricate in bud : 
 
 Styles 3-5, free ; leaves compound, often prickly 1. Aralia. 
 
 Styles 5, combined ; leaves pinnate 2. Pentapanax. 
 
 Petals valvate in bud : 
 
 Ovary 2 -celled ; leaves compound Nothopanax. 
 
 Ovary 4-10-celled : 
 
 Pedicels jointed ; leaves pinnate 3. Polyscias. 
 
 Pedicels continuous; leaves digitate 4. Scheffiera. 
 
 1. Aralia, Linn. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or small trees, often prickly. Leaves alternate 
 or whorled, digitate pinnate or compound-pinnate; leaflets serrate 
 or nearly entire ; stipules small, not prominent. Flowers often 
 
Pob./scias.'] ARALIAGEAE. 567 
 
 polygamo-monoecious, in solitary racemed or panicled rarely 
 compound umbels ; pedicels often jointed close under the flower. 
 Calyx truncate or 5-lobed. Petals 5, ovate, imbricate in bud. 
 Stamens 5. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, free or shortly connate 
 at the base. Fruit a small 4-5 -celled and -angled or 2-3-celled 
 and subglobose berry. Seeds compressed ; albumen uniform. 
 ARALIA MALABARICA. Bedd. Fl. cxxi. ; F. B. I. ii. 722. 
 
 W. Ghats, Wynaad to Travancore at 2,000-3,000 ft., in 
 evergreen forests. 
 
 A large shrub or small tree with scattered prickles on the 
 stems and leaves. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate, 
 sharply serrate ; flowers in a spreading panicle of prominently 
 bracteate umbels. 
 
 A leaf specimen from the Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam (A. W. 
 Lushmgtoii) appears to belong to A. foliolosa, Seem. ; F. B. I. ii. 
 723. var. sikkimensis, C. B. Clarke. It is a small, single-stemmed, 
 erect treelet with very prickly leaves and stems. 
 
 2. Pentapanax, Seem. 
 
 Trees or large climbing shrubs, often epiphytic. Leaves alter- 
 nate, simply pinnate with 3-5 or more leaflets or digitate with 
 3-5 leaflets, glabrous. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 
 compound racemes or panicles ofnimbels ; pedicels jointed under 
 the flowers. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 
 5. Ovary 4-5-celled ; styles 45, combined at any rate except the 
 tips. Fruit 4- or 5-celled and -angled or -ribbed. 
 
 PENTAPANAX LESCHENAULTII, Seem. ; F. B. I. ii. 724. Hedera 
 Leschenaultu, W. & A. 377. H. trifoliata, W. & A. 377 ; Wt. Ic. 
 t. 307. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and southwards at high elevations 
 as 011 Dodabetta at 8,000 ft. 
 
 A tree with 3-5 ovate-acuminate bristly -serrated leaflets, and 
 panicles of globose umbels, the fruit not deeply angled. It 
 is sometimes found growing epiphytically on other trees. 
 
 3. Polyscias, Forst. 
 
 Trees or large shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnate; leaflets 
 entire, coriaceous. Flowers in panicles of umbels : bracts small, 
 lanceolate or ; pedicels articulate under the flower. Calyx-limb 
 minutely toothed. Petals 5-8, usually 5, free, valvate in bud. 
 
 PP 
 
568 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Polyscias. 
 
 Stamens 5-8, anthers oblong. Ovary 5-8-celled, the cells 1-ovuled ; 
 styles 5-8, distinct, erect. Fruit a 5 -angled, subglobose berry 
 with 5-8 pyrenes. Seed compressed, albumen uniform. 
 POLYSCIAS ACUMINATA, Seem. ; F. B. I. ii. 727 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 
 213. Hedera acuminata, Wt. Ic. t. 1063. 
 
 W. Ghats, in W. Nilgiris, Anamalais and hills of Timievelly 
 at 4,500-5,000 ft, 
 
 A glabrous tree with long pinnate leaves with many oblong- 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate leaflets, the flower umbels in 
 racemes in a panicle. 
 
 4. Schefflera, Forster. 
 
 Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, digitate, rarely 
 compound-digitate or 1-foliolate; leaflets usually coriaceous, 
 entire or distally toothed ; petioles long ; stipules usually connate 
 within the petiole. Flowers in panicles of umbels or compound 
 racemes, usually terminal ; bracts usually deciduous ; bracteoles 
 or few, sometimes united in a tube; pedicels, if present, 
 not jointed. Calyx-mouth truncate or toothed. Petals 5-6 or 
 many, valvate. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary -veils as 
 many as the petals ; styles small, separate or combined in a 
 column. Fruit a subglobose, 5-6-angled dry drupe. Seeds com- 
 pressed ; albumen uniform. 
 
 Flowers pedicellate ; bracteoles few or none : 
 Styles connate in a cylindric column ; trees : 
 Flowers in umbels: 
 
 Umbels large, nearly 1 in. in diam., many-flowered, in terminal 
 racemes of rather large flowers ; bracts, bracteoles and pedicels 
 woolly; leaflets coriaceous with conspicuous nerves impressed 
 
 above, raised beneath 1. rostrata. 
 
 Umbels small, about '5 in. indiam,, few- (about 12-) flowered, 
 in lateral panicles of racemes and small flowers; bracts, 
 bracteoles and pedicels glabrous ; leaflets chartaceous with 
 
 slender nerves scarcely impressed or raised 2. micrantha. 
 
 Flowers in racemes, in panicles up to 1 ft. long from the wood 
 of the previous year ; bracts, bracteoles and pedicels rusty- 
 pubesceiit ; leaflets glaucous beneath, the nerves not con- 
 spicuous 3. racemosa. 
 
 Styles short, not connate in a cylindric column; straggling 
 shrubs : 
 
Schefflem.] ARALIACEAE. 569 
 
 Leaflets prominently reticulated : 
 
 Leaflets large, 4- in. long or more ; fruit 5-angled : 
 
 Leaflets obovate, rounded or emarginate at apex or very 
 slightly obtusely pointed, the main nerves oblique, petiolules 
 slender, 1-2 in. long ; umbels in racemes in a terminal 
 
 panicle often 1 ft. long 4. s+ellata. 
 
 Leaflets ovate or elliptic, shortly and suddenly pointed at 
 apex : 
 
 Leaflets chartaceous, the main nerves scarcely more 
 prominent than the secondary and the reticulations, not 
 very oblique, about 60 with the midrib ; panicles with 
 
 a rather long rhachis 5. Roxburghii. 
 
 Leaflets coriaceous, the main nerves much more prominent 
 than the secondary and the reticulations, very oblique, 
 about 30 with the midrib ; panicles with a short rhachis 
 
 6. venulosa. 
 
 Leaflets under 2 in. long, coriaceous, obovate, obtuse or 
 emarginate, petiolules -25-'5 in. long ; umbels in subterminal 
 
 stellate-villous racemes about 1 in. long 7. Bourdillonii. 
 
 Leaflets not prominently reticulated, oblong, acute, coriaceous, 
 up to 10 in. long, 4 in. broad, petiole 7-15 in. long, petiolules 
 5-10, 2 in. long or longer; umbels in large panicles up to 
 
 12 in. long 8. Wallichiana. 
 
 Flowers sessile, bracteoles 4 to each flower; leaflets 6-8, oblong-, 
 acute or acuminate, up to 6 in. and even 1 ft. long, petiole about 
 6 in., petiolules stout, 1-2 in. long; flower-umbels in panicles of 
 racemes with stout branches 9. capitata. 
 
 1. SCHEFFLERA ROSTRATA, Harms. Heptapleuruni rostratuni, 
 Bedd. ; F. B. I. ii. 729. Hedera rostrata, Wt. Ic. tt. 1013, 
 1014. 
 
 JSTilgiri Hills, in Kmidahs Sholas, above 7,000 ft. 
 A large tree with 5-9 lanceolate, sometimes denticulate, 
 leaflets, the petiolules about 1 in. long, the nerves con- 
 spicuous, meeting in loops near the margin. 
 
 2. SCHEFFLERA MICRANTHA, Gamble, n. comb. H. rostratum 
 var. micmntha, C. B. Clarke in F. B. I. ii. 729. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, along the W. scarp from Naduvatam to 
 Sispara, about 6,000 ft. 
 
 A tree with about 6 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaflets, 
 the petiolules '5-1 in. long, the nerves not conspicuous nor 
 meeting in loops. 
 
 PP 
 
570 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Schefflera. 
 
 3. SCHEFFLERA RACEMOSA, Harms. Heptapleurum racemosum, 
 Bedd.-Fl. t. 214; F. B. I. ii. 729. Hedera racemosa, Wt. Ic. 
 t. 1015. 
 
 "W. Ghats, in Shola Forests of the Nilgiris, Pulneys and 
 southwards,, at 3,000-7,000 ft. 
 
 A large tree, conspicuous for its large racemose inflor- 
 escence, the leaflets oblong - lanceolate, the petiolules 
 1-2 in. long. Wood soft, grey. 
 
 4. SCHEFFLERA STELLATA, Harms. Heptapleurum steUatum, 
 Gaertn.; F. B. I. ii. 730. Hedera obovata, Wt. Ic. tt. 1011, 
 1012. 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris and Pulneys, up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 A large straggling or climbing shrub with small flowers, 
 
 the petals usually falling as an operculum. 
 
 5. SCHEFFLERA ROXBURGHII, Gamble, n. comb. Aralia 
 digitata, Hoxb. Heptapleurum venul'osum, Seem. ; F. B. I. 
 
 ii. 729 in part. * 
 
 N. Circars, in Ganjam and Yizagapatam, in the E. Ghat 
 
 forests. 
 
 A large straggling or climbing shrub with long racemes. 
 
 6. SCHEFFLERA VENULOSA, Harms. Heptapleurum venulosum, 
 Seem.; F. B. I. ii. 729 in part. Paratropia venulosa, W. & A. 
 377 ; Wt. 111. t. 118. 
 
 Deccan, in hilly country as at Horsleykonda, Chittoor; 
 W. Ghats, on the east slopes ; frequent on trees near 
 villages. 
 
 A large straggling or climbing shrub, with coriaceous 
 shining leaves, sometimes epiphytic. Bark grey, shining. 
 "Vern. Hind. Dain. 
 
 Var. obliquinervia, Gamble. Leaves more coriaceous, the lower 
 1 or 2 pairs of nerves rib-like and curving very obliquely 
 nearly to the top ; flower racemes less congested. 
 W. Ghats, in Wynaad, Malabar and Anamalais up to 
 3,000 ft. 
 
 7. SCHEFFLERA BOURDILLONII, Gamble in Kew Bull. 1919, 228. 
 
 Hills of Travancore, in evergreen forests at about 4,000 ft. 
 
 (Bourdillon). 
 
 An epiphytic shrub about 12 ft. high, growing on large 
 
 trees. 
 
 8. SCHEFFLERA WALLICHIANA, Harms. Heptapleurum Wai- 
 
Alangium.'] ALANGIACEAE. 571 
 
 lichianum, C. B. Clarke ; F. B. I. ii. 730. Paratropia 
 Wallwhiana, W. & A. 377. 
 
 "W. Ghats, in Coorg, Nilgiris, Pulneys and hills of Tiniie- 
 velly and Travancore up to 6,000 ft. 
 
 Apparently a climbing shrub or " somewhat arboreous " 
 (W. & A.), or "a medium- sized tree" (Bourdilloii), with 
 large coriaceous leaflets, the main nerves nearly horizontal, 
 the flowers 6-merous. 
 
 9. SCHEFFLERA CAPITATA, Harms. Brassaici capitata, C. B. 
 Clarke ; F. B. I. ii. 732. Paratropia capitata, W. & A. 378. 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiris and Wynaad, at 3,000-6,000 ft. 
 A striking tree with large coriaceous digitate leaves and 
 stout flowers, inflorescence, the flowers normally 5- often 
 more -merous. 
 
 Nothopanax fruticosum, Miq., is an erect shrub with much cut 
 leaves, frequently grown in gardens as a foliage plant. 
 
 Family LXXX. ALANGIACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, armed or not. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 
 entire or lobed, usually unequal at base, penninerved or palniately 
 nerved from the base ; stipules 0. Flowers white or yellowish- 
 white, hermaphrodite, in axillary fascicles, cymes or corymbs; 
 pedicels articulate with the ovary ; bracts or small and 
 deciduous. Calyx-tnbe adnate to the ovary, limb truncate or 
 4-10- toothed. Petals 4-10 linear, valvate, thickened, recurved in 
 flower. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, 
 or 2-4 times more ; filaments free or slightly connate at base 
 where usually villous ; anthers elongate, linear. Ovary inferior, 
 turbinate, 1-2-celled, surmounted by a disk enclosing the elongate 
 style ; stigma large, capitate ; ovules solitary in the cells, pendulous. 
 Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry, crowned by the calyx-lobes and disk ; 
 testa thick ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons leafy, flattened, cordate 
 at base ; radicle long, terete. 
 
 Alangium, Lamk. 
 CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY. 
 
 Flowers fascicled ; stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals ; buds 
 about '75 in. long, tawny-pubescent ; leaves oblong- or elliptic- 
 lanceolate, more or less 3-5-nerved at the base, berry ellipsoid, 
 pubescent, '75 in. long 1. salvifolium,. 
 
572 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Alangium. 
 
 Flowers in cymes ; stamens as many as the petals ; buds slender, 
 about *5 in. long, nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, broad, entire or 
 lobed with acuminate lobes, palmately 3-5-nerved at the base; berry 
 ovoid, glabrous, "25 in. long 2. begonifolium. 
 
 1. ALANGIUM SALVIFOLIUM, Wang. A. Lamarckii, Thw. ; 
 F. B. I. ii. 741 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 215. A. decapetalum, Lamk. ; 
 W. & A. 325. 
 
 Circars, Deccan and Carnatic, in dry regions, in the plains 
 and low hills, common on roadsides. 
 
 A deciduous small tree, sometimes straggling, sometimes 
 spinous, with pretty white-scented flowers. Bark grey, 
 orange-yellow when young ; wood olive-brown, hard and 
 close-grained, scented, useful for ornamental work and a 
 good fuel. Vern. Hind. Akola ; Ur. Anknla ; Tel. Ankolatnu ; 
 Tarn. Alangi; Mai. Ariirjil ; Kan. Ankola. 
 
 Yar. hexapetalum, Wang. A. hexapetalum, Lamk. ; W. & A. 
 326. Leaves thinner, 3-5-nerved at base, cuspidate - 
 acuminate at apex ; berry larger ; apparently evergreen 
 and usually climbing. 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and Travaiicore. 
 
 2. ALANGIUM BEGONIFOLIUM, Baill. Marlea beyonifolia, Roxb. 
 Cor. PL t. 283 ; F. B. I. ii. 743. 
 
 E. Ghats, Madgol Hills of Yizagapatam above 3,000 ft. 
 (A. W. Lushington). 
 
 A small tree with white flowers and broad lobed leaves. 
 Bark grey ; wood white and soft. 
 
 Family LXXXI. CORNACEAE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, 
 petiolate, entire or angular-lobed or serrate ; stipules usually 0. 
 Flowers small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, in dichotomously 
 branched panicles cymes or heads, white or yellow or sometimes 
 green or lurid. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 4-5-lobed 
 or subtruncate. Petals 4-5, rarely 0, alternate with the calyx- 
 lobes, imbricate or valvate. Stamens as many as and alternate 
 with the petals; filaments short; anthers introrse. Disk epigy- 
 nous, usually fleshy. Ovary inferior, 1-4-celled; ovules solitary in 
 the cells, pendulous ; style simple or sometimes divided. Fruit a 
 drupe or berry, 1-4-celled, with 1-4 bony or crustaceous pyrenes. 
 Seeds oblong, terete, pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen 
 
Mastiseia.] CORNACEAE. 573 
 
 copious enclosing the subfoliaceous cotyledons ; embryo axile, 
 radicle terete or flattened. 
 
 Mastixia, Blume. 
 
 Trees, the branches terete. Leaves opposite or alternate, 
 petioled, entire. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in terminal many- 
 flowered panicles ; bracts small or elongate ; bracteoles 2 at the 
 base of the calyx-tube ; pedicel articulate. Calyx-tube campanu- 
 la te, limb 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, ovate, coriaceous, valvate, the 
 apex inflexed. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals ; filaments 
 short ; anthers oblong-cordate. Disk fleshy, 4-5-lobed. Ovary 
 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous near the top of the cell ; style short, 
 cylindric. Fruit an ovoid or ellipsoid drupe, crowned by the 
 scar of the calyx-lobes ; putamen woody, grooved down one side. 
 Seed ellipsoid ; testa membranous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons 
 foliaceous ; radicle elongate. 
 
 Bracts hardly any ; bracteoles small, linear lanceolate ; leaves 
 elliptic, suddenly narrowed in a twisted acumen, glabrous, drying 
 black or bluish, paler beneath ; inflorescence stout, subglabrous or 
 sparsely puberulous ; flower buds '1 in. in diam.; drupe 1 in. by 
 
 *75 in 1. arborea. 
 
 Bracts leafy, up to '75 in. long ; leaf -acumen not or slightly twisted; 
 flower-buds about '05 in. in diam. : 
 
 Bracteoles conspicuous, linear ; leaves elliptic, glabrous, drying 
 grey, almost glaucous beneath ; inflorescence slender and spreading, 
 
 tawny- villous ; drupe not known 2. Meziana. 
 
 Bracteoles small, lanceolate -acuminate ; leaves elliptic-oblong, 
 glabrous or puberulous when young, drying olive-green, pale 
 beneath;. inflorescence slender but close, densely white-villous ; 
 drupe oblong, 1*25 by '5 in 3. pentandra. 
 
 1. MASTIXIA ARBOREA, C. B. Clarke; F. B. I. ii. 745; Bedd. 
 PI. t. 216. Bursinopetalum arboreum, Wt. Ic. t. 956. 
 
 W. Ghats, from S. Canara southwards, in evergreen forests 
 from 3,000 ft. upwards. 
 
 A large tree with coriaceous leaves and a large greenish- 
 purple drupe. Bark pale brown, lenticellate ; wood greyish- 
 yellow, soft. 
 
 2. MASTIXIA MEZIANA, Wangerin in Fedde Rep. iv. 336. 
 
 W. Coast, in Malabar and northwards (teste Wangerin). 
 A tree with conspicuously bracteate inflorescence. 
 
574 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Mastixia. 
 
 3. MASTIXIA PENTANDRA, Bl. ; F. B. I. ii. 746. 
 
 W. Coast and W. Ghats, in Canara and Malabar to Travan- 
 core, in evergreen forests and on river banks up to 1,000 ft. 
 A very large tree (Bourdillon) with elliptic-oblong leaves 
 up to 6 in. long, 2*5 in. broad. Wood greyish- white, soft. 
 
 III. COROLLIFLORAE, 
 
 Sepals herbaceous, often connate in a usually persistent calyx, 
 more or less adnate to the ovary or free. Petals usually as many 
 as the sepals or sometimes fewer, usually 4-5, rarely 6 or more, 
 very rarely bi seriate, almost always combined in a corolla. 
 Stamens 1-seriate, as many as the petals or fewer, sometimes 
 biseriate and twice as many as the petals, sometimes but more 
 rarely indefinite; filaments usually adnate to the corolla-tube, 
 rarely free. Carpels usually connate, the styles free, sometimes 
 free and then the styles united. 
 
 Family LXXXII. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
 
 Small trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, 
 rarely alternate, simple lobed or imparipiimate ; stipules usually 
 0. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular, in cymes or 
 panicles. Calyx adnate to the ovary ; lobes 3-5, imbricate. 
 Petals connate in a tubular, funnel-shaped or rotate corolla, 
 5-fid, with imbricate lobes. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted on the 
 corolla-tube alternately with the lobes; filaments filiform or subu- 
 late ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 
 inferior, 2-8-, rarely 1-celled ; style terminal ; stigma.capitate, or 
 short with 2-5 lobes; ovules solitary, pendulous, or several 011 
 axile placentas. Fruit a drupe with 1-8 cartilaginous pyrenes or 
 a many-seeded Jberry. Seeds 1 or many in each cell; albumen 
 copious, fleshy ; embryo usually minute with ovate cotyledons. 
 Corolla-limb regular, flowers small ; ovary cells 1-ovuled ; stigma 
 
 lobed 1 . Viburnum. 
 
 Corolla-limb regular or irregular, flowers rather large ; ovary cells 
 many-ovnled ; stigma capitate 2. Lonicera. 
 
 1. Viburnum, Linn. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, simple or lobed, 
 entire dentate or serrate ; stipules inconspicuous or 0. Flowers 
 
Viburnum.] CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 575 
 
 in terminal or subterminal umbels, corymbs or thyrsoid panicles, 
 white greenish or pink ; bracts and bracteoles usually deciduous. 
 Calyx-tube turbinate or cylindric ; lobes 5, short, persistent. 
 Corolla rotate, tubular or campanulate, lobes 5. Stamens 5, 
 inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules 1 in each 
 cell, pendulous ; style short ; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a dry or 
 fleshy drupe, usually 1-seeded; endocarp crustaceous, ridged and 
 furrowed or excavated on one side. Seed compressed ; albumen 
 uniform or ruminate ; embryo minute with small cotyledons and 
 cylindric superior radicle. 
 
 Flowers in erect compound umbels : 
 
 Corolla rotate, the lobes ovate, spreading, bracts persistent ; leaves 
 elliptic, acuminate, entire, the margins recurved, up to 5 in. long, 
 2 in. broad, covered beneath, like the branchlets and inflorescence, 
 with round peltate scales ; drupe oblong, flattened, punctate 
 
 1. acuminatum. 
 
 Corolla tubular, the lobes short, erect ; drupe glabrous ; no peltate 
 scales but tufts of hair in the axils of the leaf -nerves beneath : 
 Corolla glabrous ; bracteoles deciduous ; drupe ellipsoid ; leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire or slightly serrate with 
 about 4-6 pairs of nerves the lower only subopposite. 
 
 2. coriaceum. 
 
 Corolla pubescent ; bracteoles linear, persistent ; drupe ovoid ; 
 leaves ovate, acute, distantly slightly dentate with about 4 pairs 
 of nerves, the 2 lower prominent, opposite or subopposite from 
 
 near the base 3. JiebciMthum. 
 
 Flowers in drooping panicles; corolla cylindric, the lobes hypo- 
 crateriform, spreading ; no peltate scales, but the inflorescence, nerve- 
 axils and petioles villous ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, with about 
 4-6 pairs of prominent, subopposite or alternate nerves; drupe ovoid- 
 oblong, the endocarp with a T-shaped ventral groove ... 4. erubescens. 
 
 1. VIBURNUM ACUMINATUM, Wall. ; W. & A. 388; Wt. Ic. t. 
 
 1021. V. pimctatum, Ham., var. acuminatum, C. B. Clarke 
 
 in F. B. I. iii. 5 ; Bedd. Fl. t. 217. 
 
 N. Circars, Mahendragiri Hill at 4,000 ft. ; Deccaii, in 
 Mysore and the hills of N. Coimbatore ; W. Ghats, from 
 Mysore to Travancore, in evergreen forests at 3,000 to 
 6,000 ft. 
 A small evergreen tree with white flowers. Bark thin, 
 
576 FLORA OF MADRAS. [Viburmtm, 
 
 brown, tessellated ; wood light red, hard and close-grained. 
 Yern. Tarn. Konakaran ; Badaga, Yelle sunde. 
 
 2. YIBURNUM CORIACEUM, Bl. ; F. B. I. iii. 6. V. capitellatum, 
 W. & A. 388. V. hebanthum Wt. Ic. t. 1023, letterpress 
 1022 (?). 
 
 Deccan, hills of N". Coimbatore ; W. Ghats, about Cooiioor 
 in Nilgiris at 6,000 ft., sometimes higher, more common in 
 Pulneys, 011 the margins of Sholas. 
 A small evergreen tree with whitish flowers. 
 
 3. VIBURNUM HEBANTHUM, W. & A. 388; F. B. I. iii. 6. V. 
 capiteUatum, Wt. Ic. t. 1022, letterpress 1023 (?). 
 
 W. Ghats, in Nilgiri Shola Forests at 6,000-8,000 ft. r 
 
 common about Ootacamund. 
 
 A small tree with bright green foliage and a strong, heavy, 
 
 unpleasant smell, the flowers greenish- white. Bark brown r 
 
 thiiij leiiticellate ; wood light reddish -brown. Yern. Badaga, 
 
 Kadambu. 
 
 4. YIBURNUM ERTJBESOENS, Wall. ; F. B. I. iii. 7. V. Wigliiia- 
 num, W. & A. 388; Wt, Ic. t. 1024. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the higher Sholas of Nilgiris at and above 
 7,000 ft., common, less so in the Pulney Hills. 
 A small tree with drooping thyrsi of white or pinkish 
 flowers on red stalks, the fruit red. Bark thin, grey ; wood 
 soft, reddish. 
 
 2. Lonicera, Linn. 
 
 Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled sessile or 
 sometimes connate, entire or sometimes sinuate ; stipules 0. 
 Flowers of various sizes, usually in peduncled pairs, axillary and 
 solitary or in subterminal heads panicles or clusters ; bracteoles 2. 
 Calyx-tiibe ovoid or globose ; limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular 
 campanulate or funnel-shaped, often irregular ; limb 5-cleft. 
 Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules 
 several in each cell in double rows on axile placentas ; style 
 slender; stigma capitate. Fruit a fleshy 2-3-celled berry; 
 the berries in pairs or sometimes more or less united. Seeds few 
 in each cell ; testa crustaceous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo terete. 
 Climbing shrub ; corolla-tube much elongate, 2-lipped ; leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, densely grey-tomentose beneath, up to 3 in. long j berries 
 distinct 1. Leschenaultii. 
 
Lonicera.'] CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 577 
 
 Erect shrub; corolla-tube shortly elongate and gibbous at base, 
 5-lobed; leaves lanceolate, nearly glabrous beneath, up to 2 in. long; 
 berries combined, the pair enclosed in a membranous bract, the calyx - 
 limb with a reflexed ring below the lobes 2. ligustrina. 
 
 1. LONICERA LESCHENATJLTII, Wall. ; F. B. I. iii. 10; W. & A. 
 389 ; Wt. 111. tt. 120 and 121 B. 
 
 Hills of the Deccan, Carnatic and W. Ghats above 5,000 ft. 
 A climbing shrub with light brown papery bark and 
 creamy-white flowers. 
 
 2. LONICERA LIGUSTRINA, Wall.; F. B. I. iii. 12 ; W. & A. 389; 
 Wt, Ic. t. 1025. 
 
 W. Ghats, in the Nilgiris and Pulneys above 6,000 ft. 
 An erect shrub with twisted stems, light brown papery 
 bark, small leaves and creamy-white flowers, sometimes 
 used as a hedge-plant. 
 
FOR^A NO. DDO 
 
M134C05 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY j