UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS.
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
UPON THE
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET
FOR ALKALI.
By G. W. SHAW.
BULLETIN No. 169.
(Berkeley, Cal., May, 1905.)
SACRAMENTO:
w. w. shannon, ::::::: superintendent state printing.
1 905.
BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, Ph.D., LL.D., President of the University.
EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF.
E. W. HILGARD, Ph.D., LL.D., Director and Chemist.
E. J. WICKSON, M.A., Horticulturist.
W. A. SETCHELL, Ph.D., Botanist.
ELWOOD MEAD, M.S., C.E., Irrigation Engineer.
C. W. WOODWORTH, M.S., Entomologist.
R. H. LOUGHRIDGE, Ph.D., Agricultural Geologist and Soil Physicist. {Soils and Alkali.)
M. E. JAFFA, M.S., Assistant Chemist. (Foods, Nutrition.)
G. W. SHAW, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Chemist. (Starches, Oils, Beet-Sugar.)
GEORGE E. COLBY, M.S., Assistant Chemist. (Fruits, Waters, Insecticides.)
RALPH E. SMITH, B.S., Plant Pathologist.
A. R. WARD, B.S.A., D.V.M., Veterinarian, Bacteriologist.
E. W. MAJOR, B.Agr., Animal Industry.
A. V. STUBENRAUCH, M.S., Assistant Horticulturist, in charge of Substations.
E. H. TWIGHT, B.Sc, Diploma E.A.M., Viticulturist.
F. T. BIOLETTI, M.S., Viticulturist.
WARREN T. CLARKE, B.S., Assistant Field Entomologist.
H. M. HALL, M.S., Assistant Botanist.
H. J. QUAYLE, A.B., Assistant Entomologist.
GEORGE ROBERTS, M.S., Assistant Chemist, in charge Fertilizer Control.
C. M. HARING, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian and Bacteriologist.
O. A. COLMORE, B.S., Clerk to the Director.
R. E. MANSELL, Foreman of Central Station Grounds.
JOHN TUOHY, Patron, )
y Tulare Substation, Tulare.
JULIUS FORRER, Foreman, )
J. E. McCOMAS, Patron, Pomona,
J. W. MILLS, Superintendent, Pomona,
In charge Cooperation Experiments of Southern California,
JOHN H. BARBER, Assistant Superintendent, Ontario,
J. W. ROPER, Patron,
HENRY WIGHTMAN, In charge
Southern California Substation.
[■ University Forestry Station, Chico.
ROY JONES, Patron, )
V University Forestry Station, Santa Monica.
WM. SHUTT, Foreman, )
H. O. WOODWORTH, M.S., Foreman of Poultry Station, Petaluma.
The Station publications (Reports and Bulletins), so long as avail-
able, will be sent to any citizen of the State on application.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS UPON TOLERANCE OF THE
SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
By G. W. SHAW.
While acting as agricultural expert for a company interested in the
beet industry in Colorado, the attention of the writer was frequently
drawn to the effect of the soluble-salt constituents of the soil (alkali)
upon the sugar beet. On account of the fact that the general condi-
tions which obtained in the irrigated regions are especially favorable
to the production of high-grade beets, and since in such regions there
are usually to be found many acres of land upon which these sol-
uble salts appear in greater or less concentration and frequently have
killed the normal vegetation, and especially because of much apparent
contradiction in the action of these lands toward the sugar-beet crop,
the writer became interested in attempting to determine the limits of
tolerance of the sugar beet toward alkali, and it is as a contribution to
this work that this bulletin is prepared, reviewing certain work which
was conducted by the writer in 1900 at Grand Junction, Colorado, and
extended during the summer of 1904 at Oxnard, California.
PREVIOUS WORK IN CALIFORNIA.
Certain investigators, notably Drs. Hilgard and Loughridge of this
Station, and Professors Buffum and Slosson of the Wyoming Station,
had already conducted some interesting and suggestive work upon the
relation of alkali to sugar beets. Dr. Loughridge,* in discussing the
toleration of alkali by sugar beets grown in three different localities,
shows it to be:
Sulfates.
Carbonates.
Chlorids.
Nitrates.
Total.
No. 1
No. 2
8,920
7,160
2,360
3,360
3,040
3,360
3,280
1,520
3,280
1,440
560
320
17,000
12,280
No. 3
9,320
From this and other data he concludes that the limit of tolerance for
sugar beets, so far as he has observed, is as follows.
For sulfates over 7,000 lbs. per acref
For sodium chlorid " 1,500 " "
For sodium carbonate " 3,000 " " "
For nitrates " 2,600 " " "
He considers chlorids and nitrates even more injurious than carbon-
ates and sulfates. He says:J "The data and observations recorded
* * prove beyond question that sugar beets of good and even high
* Loughridge, R. H. : California Experiment Station Report, 1895-96, p. 49.
f To depth of three feet in each case.
X Hilgard and Loughridge: California Experiment Station Report, 1894-95, p. 90.
*
4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
grade, both as to sugar and purity, may be grown on land containing
as much as 12,000 pounds of alkali salts per acre to the depth of three
feet; provided that the percentage of common salt does not exceed an
average of 0.04 per cent, or 1,600 pounds per acre." The above figures
are " not final, and good sugar beets might be grown with a higher per
cent of any one of the salts, all other conditions being favorable." In a
later report* it is stated that on soil containing from 7,000 to 12,000
pounds of alkali (in three feet), chiefly glauber salt, excellent sugar
beets were grown at the Southern California substation, but at from
18,000 to 20,000 pounds they failed to produce a crop. Beets grown on
the former soil averaged 14.1 per cent of sugar; purity, 80 per cent.
OBSERVATIONS IN COLORADO.
It is regretted that the circumstances in Colorado did not permit a
more thorough examination of the under soil, for in but few cases was
it possible to extend the work to a greater depth than the top foot —
the writer having removed to California before the completion of the
work contemplated. However, the limited number of analyses taken,
together with field observations and the experience of certain farmers
in the application of water, seems to indicate that in the virgin soil the
heavy per cent of alkali lies above the fourth foot, and that the shallow
irrigation practiced has brought the excessive amounts now in the sur-
face foot from that depth. This evil effect of shallow irrigation has
been augmented by underground seepage from the canals in the locali-
ties which are inclined to sandy loams, by an upward leaching of the
soil.
The following soluble-salt determinations made upon soils producing
either good or fair crops of beets indicate the condition of the top foot
in such fields:
TABLE I. — Soluble Salts in Colorado Soil Producing Fair Crops.
Locality.
Per Cent.
Pounds per Acre-foot.
No
Chlo-
rids.
Carbon-; Sul -
ates. fates.
Total.
Chlo-
rids.
Carbon-
ates.
Sul-
fates.
Total.
7
10
15
+20
1!»
22
23
35
Sec. 13, T. 1S..R.1 E.__.
Sec. 19, T. 1S..R.1 E.._.
Sec. 9, T. 1N.,R. 1 E.—
Sec. 5, T. 1N.,R. 1 E.__.
Sec. 5, T. IN., R. 1 E._._
Sec. 16, T. 1S.,R. 1 E.___
Sec. 15, T. 1 S.,R. 1 E._-
Sec. 11, T. 1N.,R. 2 W. ..
Average .. -
.023
.070
.028
.036
.046
.036
.019
.034
trace
trace
.007
.014
.005
.007
.003
.004
.139
.114
.032
.172
.113
.159
.042
.006
.162
.184
.067
.222
.164
.202
.064
.044
i
920
2,800
1,120
1,440
1,840
1,440
760
1,360
trace
trace
280
560
200
280
120
160
5,560
4,560
1,280
6,880
4,520
6,360
1,680
240
6,480
7,360
2,680
8,880
6,560
S.O.SII
2,560
1,760
.036
.004 .087
.127
1,440 160
3,480
5,080
* Hilgard, E. W. : California Experiment Station Report, 1897-98, pp. 129, 142.
+ An uncultivated soil. Not included in the average.
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
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6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.
While the yield in these fields is not high when considered independ-
ently, yet, as compared with the remainder of the section and in con-
nection with the seasonal yield of the region, it was above the average,
being 8.45 tons per acre, and ranging from 7.76 tons to 20.98 tons, with
an average sugar-content of 16.03 per cent and purity of 81.8 per cent.
The indication here is that while the soluble-salt content of these
soils is high, yet fair and even good beets can be produced even when
the total alkali-content reaches as high as 5,000 pounds in the top foot,
and may perhaps even reach 7,000 pounds, other conditions being
favorable.
In other localities, however, the conditions were quite different, as
will be seen in Table II, showing results from fields failing to produce
crops, although the conditions of cultivation, etc., were as good as in
the former cases.
Comparing, now, the figures in Table II with the limits indicated
above, estimating that the Grand Junction soil carries three fourths of
the alkali in the top foot, we find that on the ground where beets failed,
fifteen out of sixteen samples carried in the top foot much more chlorid
than the total amount named above for three feet, and that the average
was ten times the figure given above. In the single case where the
chlorids were low the sulfates alone surpassed the 9,000-pound limit
for the top foot.
A just consideration of these facts leaves little doubt as to the pri-
mary causes of many of the failures with the beet crop on these soils,
although it is but just to say that large areas in the locality are well
adapted to the beet, and that by a proper discrimination as to soils
these difficulties may be obviated.
OBSERVATIONS AT OXNARD.
Opportunity offered during the season of 1904 to extend observations
along the same line, at Oxnard, California. It may be said at this
point that the general conditions in this locality for the production of
sugar beets, both as to quality and quantity, are exceptionally good,
and the conditions here presented are for special fields and are not
presented as representing widespread conditions.
After a preliminary examination, certain fields were selected for
study, mainly because the appearance of the beets, the general condi-
tion of their crop, and the appearance of the soil, so closely resembled
those observed at Grand Junction, Colorado.
Appearance of Alkalied Beets. — As to the crop in the affected fields,
the condition which -would first attract attention was the "patchy'
appearance of these fields. This was due to a very uneven stand, and
to a considerable irregularity in the size of the plants in the various
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
parts of the fields. Almost equally striking was the prevalence of
chlorosis of the older leaves and a sprangling tap-root, in some cases
entire fields being thus affected, but more often only portions of certain
fields.
The beets of these fields had a distinctly different appearance from
the so-called "blighted" beets, and were not characterized by such an
abnormal development of side roots as usually accompanies the former
conditions. Nor was there the characteristic darkening of the outer
layer of cells of the crown and basal portion of the petioles.
The reader will better perceive the difference in the appearance of a
typical "alkalied" beet and one
affected with the so-called ( ,
"blight," by contrasting the fol-
lowing illustrations:
Fig. 1. Beets stunted by alkali.
Fig. 2. Beet affected by "blight.
This may be due to several causes: (a) The alkali may retard, or
even prevent the germination of the seed; (6) it may destroy the plants
after germination, either on account of its concentration as a whole, or
of some one of its ingredients.
Difficulty in Securing a Good Stand in Alkali Soil. — Often the greatest
difficulty is experienced, in localities subject to alkali, in securing a
good stand of beet plants. This usually is more true of clay than of
sandy soils. An examination of ground destitute of plants will nearly
always reveal either the presence of an alkali-content on the surface of
such spots, or the peculiar fine dust mulch so common in such regions.
Even though the beets are caused to germinate by irrigation in such
cases, the stand is invariably uneven.
In such cases it is undoubtedly true that the density of the soil solu-
8
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
tion has been too great, thus destroying the vitality of the seed, or, in the
case of germination, the plants died very shortly from a constantly
increasing density of the soil solution. This would soon reach such a
degree of density as to so nearly equal that of the plant that passage of
water from the soil into the plant was checked, and starvation from a
lack of water results.
In an investigation as to the strength of the soil solution in the
Colorado analyses, the writer found, for the top foot of the soil, the
following results:
Percentage in Soil Water.
Depth,
Sulfates.
Carbonates (as
Sodium Carbonate).
Chlorids (as
Sodium Chlorid).
Total Alkali.
For 20% water
For 10% water
1.86
3.66
.14
.27
.97
1.93
2.97
5.86
The calculation was made for 10 per cent and 20 per cent because of
an investigation of the amount of water present in a field with heavy
soil and made at the time when the plants were growing and when they
were not. Two days after irrigation there was found to be from 18 to 20
per cent of water in a heavy adobe soil on the side of the plant next to
the water furrow.
The soil in the same field, when it had not been irrigated for several
days, contained but 8 to 12 per cent. In the latter case the plants
had not ceased growing, but were suffering from lack of water. This
concentration of solution, beyond question, had a bearing upon the
retardation or prevention of germination.
EXPERIMENTS IN WYOMING.
At the Wyoming Experiment Station, Prof. E. E. Slosson* experi-
mented with solutions of magnesium and sodium sulfate, sodium chlo-
rid, and sodium carbonate, using seeds of corn, sunflower, peas, wheat,
rye, buckwheat, alfalfa, rape, and scirpus. The effect of sodium car-
bonate was to corrode , disintegrate, and destroy the seed, if more than
small amounts were used; as a result, only the neutral salts were used
throughout the experimentation, since sodium carbonate entirely pre-
vents germination. In summing up the results of a long series of
experiments, he concludes that in all cases the presence of salts in solu-
tion hinders the absorption of water in a ratio increasing with the
osmotic pressure of the solution. Dilute solutions of alkali retard
germination, stronger solutions prevent it entirely. He used solutions
* Slosson, E. E.: Alkali Studies IV, pp. 1-29, July, 1899: Wyoming Agricultural
Experiment Station Report f or 1899.
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI. 9
varying from to 9 per cent. The retarding effect was greatest when
sodium carbonate or sodium chlorid was used. There was a wide differ-
ence shown in the deleterious effects of alkali upon the seeds of different
species.
Prof. B. C. Buffum conducted a series of experiments quite like those
by Professor Slosson. His conclusions are similar, and are as follows:
(1) "The presence of very small amounts of sodium sulfate, sodium
chlorid, magnesium sulfate, or sodium carbonate undoubtedly has a
beneficial effect on the germination of seeds and the growth of plants.
(2) "Of the salts most abundant in the alkali of the arid regions,
those that have the greatest detrimental effects on germination, in order,
are: sodium carbonate, sodium chlorid, sodium sulfate, and magnesium
sulfate.
(3) "The retarding effect of a salt solution on the germination of
seeds is in direct proportion to its osmotic pressure, except where other
factors enter in, such as the caustic effect of sodium carbonate, or where
solutions are very dilute." *
. The presence of over one per cent of sodium carbonate, and over nine
per cent of sodium chlorid effectually prevented the germination of
wheat and rye seeds. In a still later joint report by Messrs. Buffum
and Slosson f are given the results of experiments conducted with the
growth of wheat and alfalfa in sand containing, in addition to a nutrient
solution, amounts of sodium and potassium chlorids and sulfates of
known osmotic pressure. The greatest osmotic pressure used was 7.1
atmospheres — about equal to that of a sodium chlorid solution of one
per cent. This not only retarded the germination of the seeds, but
checked the development of the plants after germination, producing
stunted plants of minimuiri size as compared with the check plants
grown in a nutrient solution.
Since the sugar-tjeet seeds in the fields at Grand Junction must have
been subjected at times to soil solutions very much more dense than
those used by Professors Slosson and Buffum, what they found to have
taken place in pots used in experimentation must have occurred to a
greater degree in the field. The per cent of sodium carbonate in some
fields was sufficient during periods of minimum moisture to injure those
plants fortunate enough to get through when the soil contained its
maximum moisture. The average of 16 to 31 per cent of soluble salts
in the soil solution, even of sulfates, is sufficient to greatly retard germi-
nation, if not to entirely prevent it. The sodium chlorid, on account
of its higher osmotic pressure, has a greater effect than the sulfates.
* Buffum, B. C. : Alkali Studies 111 : Wyoming Agricultural Station Report for 1899.
t Buffum, B. C, and Slosson, E. E. : Alkali Studies V: Wyoming Agricultural Experi-
ment Station Report for 1900.
10
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.
The osmotic pressure exerted by the salts mentioned are estimated by
Professor Slosson as follows:
Salt Per Pressures, in
Cent. Atmospheres.
Sodium chlorid 1 7.4
Sodium carbonate 1 4.3
Sodium sulfate 1 3.9
Magnesium sulfate 1 2.8
Sugar... 1 0.7
OBSERVATIONS AT OXNARD, CALIFORNIA.
At Oxnard this unevenness of stand was marked in many fields,
typical cases being seen in the illustrations referring to fields IX, XI
and XII.
■
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■
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Fig. 3. Field IX, showing both good and poor beets.
The conditions in these fields were especially favorable for observations
upon the tolerance of the sugar beet for alkali.
FIELD IX, OXNARD.
Field IX consisted of 33 acres, all planted to beets. The previous
crops grown on this land had been — in 1902, hay, and in 1903, beets,
which yielded 9 tons per acre, and in this portion of the field the esti-
mated tonnage was 3 to 4 tons only. The field was exceedingly spotted in
appearance, not only on account of the uneven bearing spots, which
occurred in larger or smaller places all over the field, but also on
account of the apparently uneven ripening of the beets. Wherever the
beet leaves still appeared green, examination showed the soil to be
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
11
moist, even to the top of the ground; but where the beets appeared ripe
the ground was dry and hard. The field was winter plowed to a depth
of 12 inches, and seeded on March 5th in rows 18 inches apart; thinned
April 16th, and harvest began August 22d. On the north and east of the
field are irrigation ditches, built in 1902. While previous to that time
alkali was known to exist in the locality, yet it did not show in excess
until after the ditches had been constructed, which suggests the possi-
bility of seepage from that source, although that was not positively
established.
Alkali shows generally over the field, appearing in apparently larger
Fig. 4. Field IX, showing a spot of beets growing in strong alkali.
quantities in the spots where no beets were growing. One of the bare
spots (see Fig. 4) surrounded an island of slightly higher ground on which
were growing beets of poor form, showing the short, stubby and branch-
ing characteristics of strongly alkali soils generally. This beet island,
surrounded by the perfectly bare ground on which there was an efflo-
rescence of alkali, is well shown in Fig. 4. By cross-sectioning the field
at this point, both as to soil samples and beets, we were able to pass
successively through fair beets, poor beets, no beets, and to also reverse
the order on the other side of the spot of beets. This, as well as the
general shape of the alkali spots, is shown in Fig. 5, the location of
good and poor beets, and the point at which the soil samples were taken.
12
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
Analyses showing the distribution of the soluble salts are here pre-
sented:
TABLE III.— Soluble Salts in Field IX, Oxnanl.
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds
per Acre.
Depth.
CO
P
CO
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
c
r*-
P
>
P
CO
p
- 1
1
1
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
H
o
p
>
P
No. IX— 9.
First foot _ ... - . -
.2416
.4328
none
none
.0552
.1104
.2968
.5432
9,680
17,320
none
none
2,200
4J400
11,880
Second foot
21,720
Average and total.-.
.3372
none
.0828
.4200
27.000
none
6,600
33,600
No. IX— 10.
Firstfoot
.5277
.3154
none
none
.2227
.1574
.7504
.4728
21,108
12,600
none
none
8,908
6,280
30,016
Second foot _ .
18,880
Average and total ...
.4215
none
.1901
.6116
33,708
none
15,188
18,896
No. IX— 11.
Firstfoot
.4814
.4213
none
none
•
.1778
.2227
.6592
.6440
.6515
19,240
16,840
none
none
none
7,120
8,920
26,360
Second foot _.
25,760
Average and total. ._
.4513
none
.2002
36,080
16,040
52,120
No. IX— 12.
Firstfoot
.2532
.4672
none
none
.1196
.0288
.3728
.4960
10,128
18,680
none
none
4,784
1,160
14,912
Second foot . . .. .
19,840
Average and total...
.3602
none
.0712
.4344
28,808
none
5,944
34,752
No. IX— 13.
First foot . _.. .
.1789
.2715
.010
.010
.1211
.1957
.3100
.4772
7,160
10,880
400
400
4,840
7,840
12,400
Second foot .
19,120
Average and total. ..
.2252
.010
.1584
.3936
is. o-lo
800
12,680
31,520
No. IX— 14.
Firstfoot
.1891
.2257
.0067
.0067
.0562
.0652
.2520
.2976
7,560
9,040
280
280
2,240
2,600
10,080
Second foot
11,920
Average and total. ._
.2074
.0067
.0607
.2748
16,600
560
4,840
22,000
No. IX— 15.
Firstfoot
.0825
.1284
.0033
.0050
.0562
.0746
.1420
.2080
3,320
5,120
120
200
2,240
3,000
5,680
Second foot .
8,320
Average and total...
.1054
.0041
.0654
.1699
8,440
320
5,240
14,000
Discussion. — In Fig. 7, showing the beets from the respective points of
sampling, may be seen the characteristic appearance of "alkalied beets."
In position 9 the beets in most cases were fair in size, yet now and then
would be shown the " scraggly " tendency of beets growing in strong
alkali soils, which in positions 10 and 14 is shown to the greatest degree.
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
13
In position 15 the beets were apparently about the same as those at 9,
which is also shown in the illustration. At 12 the beets were better
than at either 10 or 14, but distinctly poorer than at 9 and 15. It will
be noted that the beets at 12 presented more fully the alkali character-
Fig. 5. Locations in Field IX where samples were taken.
Fig. 6. Alkali curves for Field IX.
istics than do either 9 or 15. This appearance and condition are par-
ticularly interesting when taken in connection with the curves showing
the alkali conditions which obtained at the points of sampling (see
Fig. 6).
It will be noted from the curves that as the chlorid content of the
14
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
<HV
/Vo JBeets
A/o Beets.
9-u
<?-/Q
Fig. 7. Beets growing on
the stations indicated
in Fig. 6.
soil approaches .20 per cent, the beets inva-
riably become either very much stunted in
size or have been entirely destroyed from the
effects of the alkali. This is especially noticed
at points 10, 11, and 13, Avhile at 12 the beets
become measurably better in size, but on ac-
count of their poor form must still be classed
as poor beets. Here also the chlorid content
of the soil has decidedly decreased. This is
also true of station 14. If we are to draw any
lesson from the data here presented it would
be the comparatively limited effect which the
sulfates have upon the beets, and the great
sensitiveness of the beet to the soluble chlorids.
These results are verified by results secured
by sampling at right angles to the former cross-
section and including samples 18* 12, 16, and
19. The results of which analyses show the
following percentage :
Station . . ______
18.
No
beets.
12.
Poor
beets.
16.
Fair
beets.
19.
Condition of beets. . .. -
Good
beets.
Sulfates
Carbonates
.4063
.0092
.1957
.3602
0000
.0742
.2010
.0044
.0746
.2629
.0101
Chlorids __ .
.0419
Total
.6112
.4344
.2800
.3149
While the time at which the work here re-
ported was necessarily done rendered it general-
ly impossible to secure extended data as to the
sugar-content on the several tracts, it may be
said that the beets on plat IX ranged from 17
to 22 per cent sugar in the beet.
FIELD XI, OXNARD.
In Field XI the conditions w 7 ere much the
same as in the former case, although, owing
to some subirrigation, the beets, wherever grow-
ing, were of much better size. The field had
been in beets for the two years preceding
and had produced good crops each year. This
field lies alongside the waste ditch from the
factorv, and is somewhat lower than the ditch,
which fact has apparently affected the field by
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
15
an upward leaching of the soil, bringing much alkali to the top. While
there were 19 acres of beets originally planted in this field, but 5 acres
were actually harvested, the beets carrying a sugar-content of 14.7 per
Fig. 8. General view of Field XI.
Fig. 9. Field XI, looking in opposite direction.
cent, and a purity of 78.1. In taking the soil samples water was found
at points 1 and 2 at a depth of about 12 inches, while at point 1 the
soil auger could be easily pressed to a depth of 8 feet, on account of the
large amount of water in the soil.
16
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.
The illustrations on page 15 show the appearance of Field XI at
the time of sampling, Fig. 8 looking away from the waste ditch from
point 6 in the line drawing (Fig. 10), while Fig. 9 reverses the view.
Fig. 10 indicates the distribution of the beets in the field, showing,
the stations at which the soil and beet samples were selected, and in
the tables herewith presented are stated the alkali determinations for
the several indicated stations.
Fig. 10. Location of samples for analysis.
TABLE IV.— Soluble Salts in Field XI, Oxnard.
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds per Acre.
Depth.
W
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
-3
o
>
:
GO
<r+
.-D
CD
;
;
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
o
3"
>
CO
No. XI— 1.
First foot _ .
.4764
.0990
trace
trace
.0276
.0186
.02131
.5040
.1176
19,040
3,960
trace
trace
1,120
760
20,160
Second foot ..
4,720
Average and total...
.2877
trace
.3108
23,000
trace
1,880
24,880
No. XI-2.
First foot
Second foot J
.1976
.2152
traee
trace
.0552
.0552
.2528
.2704
.2616
7,920
8,600
trace
trace
2,200
2,200
10,120
10,800
Average and total ...
.2064
trace
.0552
16,520
trace
4,400
20,920
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
17
TABLE IV.— Soluble Salts in Field XI, Oxnard— Continued.
Depth.
No. XI- 3.
Firstfoot
Second foot
Average and total...
No. XI— 4.
Firstfoot
Second foot
Average and total...
No. XI— 5.
Average and total, 2 ft.
No. XI— 6.
Firstfoot
Second foot
Average and total.. _
Percentage in Soil.
CO
O
creep
i — i
n O *-i.
bon
diu
mat
CO
£2£.
i a>
! 0»>
P O
J-j P
■ CO
o
£3
H
o
p
b
p
.1364
.1684
.1524
.2820
.2960
.2890
.013
.3108
.5608
.4358
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
.0828
.0644
.0736
.1012
.4640
.2820
.041
.1676
.2784
.2230
.2192
.2328
.2260
.3832
.7600
.5710
.054
.4784
.8392
.6588
Pounds per Acre.
5,440
6,720
12,160
11,280
11,840
o
creep
W P c-t-
; Ore
; Sp
' co
m G
H
oee=r
o
—
O r - "-!
►
w
1 CD
X
23,120
1,040
12,432
22,440
34,872
trace
trace
3,320
2,560
trace
5,880
trace 4,040
trace I 18,560
trace
trace
22,600
3,280
trace
trace
trace
6,704
11,120
17,824
8,760
9,320
18,080
15,320
30,400
45,720
4,320
19,136
33,560
52,61)6
Discussion. — Collecting the averages from the tables and developing
the curve for the purpose of comparison, we have the following:
Fig. 11. Alkali curve, Field XL
18
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
Mo .Beds.
No JZeets
U=±
J
Fig. 12. Beets from stations
indicated in Fig. 10.
In this location it will be noted that good
beets alternate with no beets. As in the former
case, there appears to be no connection which
one can trace between the relation of good
beets to the percentage of either total alkali
or sulfate within the limits here shown, except
as influenced by the chlorids. The fact that
good beets occurred at station 1 with compara-
tively high total alkali, while at station 2 no
beets were growing, is doubtless because of the
increase in the chlorids as shown in the curve.
Further, the distribution of the alkali was
far different at the two stations, which un-
doubtedly had much to do with the occur-
rence of beets at the one and their failure at
the other station. By referring to the tabular
presentation of analyses it will be observed
that at station 1 practically all the alkali was
contained in the top foot, and thus largely
removed from the more delicate feeding roots
of the beet, which extend very deep into the
soil, as will be seen in Fig. 13.
Influence of Distribution of Salts. — At station
2, however, the concentration was essentially
the same in the second foot as in the first, thus
bringing the salts within the immediate reach
of these delicate feeders of the plant, a fact
which indicates that not only is the total quan-
tity of an alkali constituent a factor, but also,
a ud perhaps even more than this, the distribu-
tion of salt in the soil* which also may explain
why one may often find perfectly bare spots in
a field known to be tainted with alkali, even
though there is but little if any alkali appear-
ing near the surface. Such an occurrence may
also explain the loss of a crop in a similar
field, even though the seed may have germi-
nated well and a good stand of beets have been
obtained. Whereas with a concentration of
the bulk of alkali near the surface the germina-
tion of the seed would be poorer from the
destruction of the germ.
*See also Report of California Experiment Station,
1894, p. 81.
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
19
FIELD IV, OXNARD.
The influence of the distribution of salts around the feeding roots of
the beet also has illustration in Field IV, confirming the idea just pre-
sented, particularly as to chlorids. This was a field of 8 acres, in which
the seed-bed was well prepared and the stand secured was good. The
" *d$h@% ^" _____ -■ 'MUSS r s&i'
a
5H '®>< > BM_k__<r *"%H ^w
<"■'• / '' ; '''-' ,'■ '■''"" '■' ■ ■'■•'
Fig. 13. Root System of Sugar Beet, showing necessity of deep
preparation of soil.
field was irrigated previous to planting and had also been irrigated in
shallow furrows subsequent to planting. The land north, with a slope
toward this field, had been much irrigated, and there seemed to be a
marked tendency for alkali to accumulate on this field. The particular
thing to attract one's attention was the irregular size of the beets. On
20
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
the lower spots, where the water seemed to have stood at the time of
irrigation, the beets were generally good, but on the ridges were found
universally the characteristic "alkalied" beet, small, sprangly, and
stubby. The general cultivation of the field had been poor, the ground
being very hard as a result of flooding the land and failing to properly
work the soil thereafter.
Sample 1, indicated in the table below, is a composite one from three
different places where beets are good, while sample 2 is a composite one
taken in the same manner from contiguous ridges on which the beets
were decidedly poor.
TABLE V.— Soluble Salts in Field IV, Oxnard.
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds per Acre.
Depth.
P
(t>
CO
i
« i
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
o
P
>
P
l— '
1
i — '
p
O
CO
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
E
>
P
No. IV— 1.
Firstfoot
.1980
.0269
.0196
■
.0084
.0041
.0034
.1120
.0930
.0930
.3184
.1240
.1160
7,920
1,080
780
320
160
120
4,480 Y>- 720
Second foot _ -
3,720 ! 4,960
3,720 4fi9.0
Third foot
Av'ge and total, 2 ft..
Av'ge and total, 3 ft..
.1124
.0815
.0062
.0053
.1025
.0993
.2211
.1861
9,000
9,780
480
600
8,200
11,920
17,680
22,300
No. IV— 2.
Firstfoot
.2866
.2627
.2387
.0097
.0097
.0084
.2237
.2516
.2509
.5200
.5240
.4960
11,480
10,520
9,480
22,000
31,480
360
360
320
8,960 1 20,800
10,080 ! 20,960
10,040 1 19,840
Second foot _ ._
Third foot
Av'ge and total, 2 ft. .
Av'ge and total, 3 ft._
.2746
.2627
.0097
.0092
.2376
.2421
.5219
.5140
720
1,040
19,040 | 41,760
29,080 61,600
The sugar-content of beets from the two points was as follows
Sample No. 1
Sample No. 2
Sugar in Pnritv
Juice.
grams.
'450.0
218.0
per cent.
17.0
19.0
so. 2
75.9
If we consider these now in the light of previous observations as to
the tolerance of beets for the several salts, there would seem little
doubt as to the cause of the poor condition of the beets on the high
places. On account of the more rapid evaporation from these high
places the alkali has doubtless been drawn there until it has passed
the tolerance of the beet.
Examining these results we find that in station 1, where the beets
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI. 21
were good, the chlorids are below .15 per cent, but in station 2 they
exceed .20 per cent, which is the same condition which has held in each
of the other cases discussed. No consideration need here be given to
the sulfates, since they are much below the amount found in the former
cases in which the chlorids are about the same, and in some of the
former cases the sulfates even exceed the amount here. Except so far
as it may have had a retarding effect upon the crop generally, it needs
no consideration.
It will further be noted that in the case of station IV-2 the concen-
tration of the alkali is even greater in the second and third foot than
in the top, which alone in this case would perhaps be sufficient to prove
destructive to the crop with even much smaller percentage than is here
shown.
The stronger alkali upon the ridges was doubtless due to the more
rapid evaporation of moisture from these spots, owing to greater surface
exposure, which in turn would tend to draw the alkali salts to them —
a condition usually noticeable in imperfectly leveled fields carrying
large amounts of soluble salts.
A further point worthy of observation is the fact that on the low
spots the alkali is concentrated in the top-foot, and is thus removed
from the great mass of feeding-roots of the beet, thus interfering less
with its nutrition. In the soil from the high places the alkali is more
evenly distributed through the three feet, and is in each foot much
above the limit named by other investigators. A further point of
importance indicated is, that the tolerance of the beet for chlorids is
considerably higher than observed by Dr. Hilgard, for we find fair beets
here growing in an average of 4,000 pounds of chlorid per acre-foot.
That the poorer beets upon the higher places were not due to a too-
limited water-content, resulting from greater exposure, is shown from
the table giving the water-content of the two locations, in which it will
be seen that the higher spots had considerably higher water-content,
which fact was also borne out by observations in the field:
Water-content of Soil Samples from Field IV.
Low Spots. High Spots.
Top foot ". 10.38 16.58
Second foot 15.50 18.91
Third foot 20.38 18.33
This increase of moisture is in perfect keeping with the increased
alkali, which always tends to render the soils more retentive of mois-
ture. This extra amount of moisture, however, is scarcely available for
the plant, and the available water for the plant may even be less, on
account of the high concentration of the soil solution, due to the
large quantity of alkali present. Thus we may even find the plant
actually starving in the midst of plenty, on account of an inability
to secure sufficient nourishment from such concentrated solutions.
.O
u
O
O
O
o
be
bo
X
IB
O
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI. 23
FIELD XII, OXNARD.
This field was selected for study because of the fact that in the midst
of the mother beets which were growing thereon occurred a spot of
comparatively regular shape, as will be seen in Fig. 14. The general
appearance of the field, and especially of the spot of " alkalied" beets,
is shown in Figs. 14 and 15, in the former of which on the right, the
generally stunted condition of the beets is well shown, while on the
left the beets are good. In the latter the same thing is shown as to
the foreground as compared with the background, the line of demarca-
tion between good and poor beets being clearly shown in both illus-
trations.
Good. ~P><?P.t<<i
•X.
Good
E&z&l
Gonri.
• 6
Goo d Mo ihar P ><?.<z,tJ
Fig. 15. Alkali spot on Field XII, showing where samples were taken.
In this field a good stand was secured, as shown in the illustrations,,
but after a few weeks the beets upon this spot ceased to grow. The con-
dition of the plants is very typical of "alkalied" beets. The contrast
of these beets with those taken from the other stations on the same-
plat is shown in Fig. 14.
On this spot we failed to find a single good beet; but entirely sur-
rounding it were beets of both good form and size (see XII, 7, 13, and
14), although in many places could be found the tendency to "sprangle."
(XII, 6.)
Alkali determinations were made upon the soils from the stations-
indicated in Fig. 15, with the following results:
24
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
TABLE VI.— Soluble Salts
in Field XII, Oxnard.
•
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds
per Acre.
Depth.
CO
p— '
?o
c+
(0
CO
i
i
Carbonates(as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
t
CO
i— i
>-»
go
r+
CD
CO
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)...-
o
EC
>
No. XII— 4.
Firstfoot
.3543
.2810
trace
trace
.1949
.1870
.1909
.5492
.4680
.5086
14,160
11,240
trace
trace
7,800
7,480
21,960
18,720
Second foot ._
Average and total. __
.3177
trace
25,400
trace
15,280
40,680
No. XII-6.
Firstfoot
.6048
.5220
.008
trace
.1104
.1196
.7160
.6416
24,200
20,880
45,080
320
4,400
4,760
28,920
25,640
Second foot .
Average and total. ._
.5634
.004
.1150
.6724
320
9,160
54,560
No. XII.
Station 13 — Average
for 2 feet ..
.5648
.4316
.008
.008
.1288
.0920
<
.6944
.5244
45,200
16,280
640
640
10,320
7,360
56,160
40,560
Station 14 — Average
for 2 feet _
No. XII— 7.
First foot . ______'
.9816
.7402
.008
trace
.0736
.1104
1.0632
.8506
39,264
29,600
320
trace
2,944
4,400
42,528
Second foot .
34,000
Average and total. ..
.8609
.004
.0920
.9568
68,864
320
7,344
76,528
No. XII— 5.
Firstfoot
.1535
.2670
trace
trace
.1949
.1870
.3484
.4540
6,140
10,680
trace
trace
7,800
7,480
13,940
18,160
Second foot..
Average and total.. .
.2103
trace
.1909
.4012
16,820
trace
15,280
32,100
No. XII— 1.
Firstfoot
.3193
.3416
trace
trace
.2227
.2320
.5420
.5736
12,760
13,680
trace
trace
8,920
9,280
21,680
Second foot . _ __ _
23,960
Average and total. __
.3304
trace
.2274
.5578
26,440
trace
18,200
45,640
Discussion. — This spot is an especially good illustration of the limits of
alkali tolerance by the sugar beet on account of the clear line of demar-
cation between good and poor beets under otherwise uniform conditions.
That the beet will tolerate a large total alkali, provided the preponder-
ance of the salts present is in the form of sulfates, is clearly shown in
the curves shown in Fig. 16, the total at station 7 being nearly 1 per
cent, 0.86 of which is composed of sulfates. Under these conditions
the field was producing beets of at least fair size, of good sugar-content,
and of good form. These beets continued as far as station 5, when the
condition suddenly changed, and small, stunted, scraggly beets, charac-
teristic of this and other alkali spots of the same locality, occurred, and
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
25
this notwithstanding the total alkali and sulfates have decreased to .40
per cent and .21 per cent, respectively. Looking for the cause of this
stunted condition we note that there has been a rise in chlorid content
to approximately .20 per cent at the spot where the beets become
markedly poor. Further, we note that the condition remains the same
so long as the chlorid content of the soil remains above .20 per cent ?
)0
i
r
r
4
_£
%
I
\fl(Kt
4P>
fxta
F
^onr
l^p.i
*f,sS
_&_oad
_Eteet<i.
.60
SO
40
r
m
8
1
v=-
Ss
o
\
» \
It
4
/
V 4
■^"^
"*/!
9 />
A>0
i
:hjd
;0,
JO
1
1
Fig. 16. Alkali curve for Field XII.
Fig. 17. Beets from Field XII.
but upon falling below this point at station 4 the beets at once improve
and become of normal form, size, etc. (witness Fig. 17, XII, 6, 13, and
14), notwithstanding the sulfates have increased from .32 per cent at 4
to .56 per cent at 6.
From this examination it would appear that on a sandy loam soil,
under proper conditions of culture, we may expect beets to thrive when
the total alkali reaches as high as 1 per cent, provided the chlorids do
26
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
not exceed .20 per cent. Had the sulfates remained as high as '.85 per
<cent, and the chlorids increased as shown, it is probable that the area
of good beets would have been lessened, and the limit of chlorids been
somewhere from .15 to .20 per cent. The effect of the sulfates appears
to be very mild, however, as at station 5 with sulfates as low as .21 per
€ent the chlorid limit is .19 per cent, and it is essentially the same at
station 4, where the sulfates have risen to .32 per cent, or more than
doubled. It would be difficult to find a case in which the effect of the
chlorids is more clearly shown than here, the indication being that in
the absence of carbonates, chlorids are the governing factor and must
he below .20 per cent if we would expect success in the production of
beets.
FIELDS I AND II, OXNARD.
The attention of the writer was called to two different fields in the
same general region. It was said by those familiar with the conditions
covering several years, that on No. I it was impossible to bring a crop
of beets to maturity, even though under very favorable conditions a
stand might be secured. Barley had also failed upon this soil, although
the seed had germinated and the plants lived for a short time. On
Field No. II there had been some difficulty in securing a stand, but when
a, stand was once secured the beets grew very well. A comparison of
the two soils does not reveal any great difference in physical character-
istics, although No. I may carry a little more clay than No. II, but not
enough to make it evident to the eye. A comparison of the soluble
salts, however, shows a very strong contrast.
TABLE VI.— Fields Nos. land II, Oxnard.
Depth— 2 ft.
Field No. I
Field No. II.
Percentage in Soil.
o
CD ^ ^
P-S £B
!±PiO
D.Sa
£jp GO
.3004 trace
.1456 ! none
.3340
.1020
o
SB
.6344
.2476
Pounds per Acre.
cc
a
o
d
O'CCSS
ccps-
O O T
h-O H-
SB
e-t-
oon
din
nat
orids
dium
ilorid
Ui
£B£
o
^■^
1 Ooj
i
, -i SB
; i w
SB
24,000
trace
26,720
11,680
none
8,160
o
7t
SB
50,720
19,840
While it does not appear as to why there should be difficulty in secur-
ing a reasonable stand upon this field, if we accept the evidence previ-
ously presented as to the apparent limits of chlorids, we certainly find
a satisfactory answer as to why the crop does not succeed upon Field
No. I, on which the chlorids are a third higher than the limiting num-
ber on the locations already discussed. Further, the results add still
stronger evidence for the contention that it is unsafe to attempt to grow
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
27
Fig. 18. Good beets from Field IV.
sugar beets upon land carrying .20 per cent or over of common salt,
and on soils carrying even .15 per cent there will be great uncertainty
of a crop, unless
other conditions
are very perfect.
The fact that
these results were
obtained on these
soils under the con-
ditions existing
this year is not
necessarily conclu-
sive that the same
soils under some-
what different con-
ditions of treat-
ment or seasonal
moisture might not
produce good beets
over their entire area; but
it is suggestive that a knowl-
edge of the conditions pre-
vious to planting upon a soil
might save considerable ex-
pense to both the farmer and
the company. With the
rapid methods of analysis
which can now be employed
in making approximate de-
terminations of the alkali in
soils over considerable areas,
there would appear no reason
for continuing to plant beets
upon soils entirely unsuited,
or even precarious for the
crop. It is usually true that
there are but comparatively
few fields so affected with
alkali as to make them un-
certain for crops from this
standpoint, and these doubt-
.,«■;, -, t •! -, . Fig. 19. Good beets from Field X.
ml fields could easily be in-
vestigated from the standpoint of their soluble salts and planting done
in accordance with the results obtained by such examination. It
28
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.
suggests a closer attention to the field of agricultural chemistry by the
sugar companies operating in the arid regions especially. The writer
believes that far too great attention is paid to the factory side of the
sugar industry as compared with the agricultural, and that the highest
results can never be attained, especially in the arid region, until
rational attention be given to agricultural chemistry in connection with
the field operations.
Good Beets Frequently Grow in Strong Alkali Soil. — One who has had
experience in beet fields affected with alkali is soon impressed with the
fact that there seems to be individual beets much more alkali resistant
than those immediately surrounding. Here and there one finds indi-
vidual beets, in the midst of other beets badly "alkalied," making a
strong and healthy growth and carrying a good per cent of sugar and
purity, and maintaining a good form of the beet, viz., a long, straight
and symmetrical root. That such a form is unusual for beets grown
under these conditions, is clearly shown in the illustrations of beets
taken as typical of the alkalied fields here studied.
Below is shown the alkali-content, to a depth of two feet, of the
exact spot in which these beets were growing, and also the sugar-content
of the beet in each case.
TABLE VII.
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds per Acre.
Depth— 2 ft.
GO
P
11
co
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)..-.
o
p
>
P
*—*
cc
p"
a>
co
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)..*..
o
c-t-
p
>
P
IV— 1
.1536
.2986
.0920
trace
.0097
.0042
.0920
.1277
.1278
.2456
.4360
.2240
12,320
23,840
7,360
trace
800
320
7,360
10,240
10,240
19,680
34,880
17,920
IV— 3
IV— 4
Other illustrations of the same thing are shown in the following table,
the beets from which are shown in Fig. 19:
TABLE VIII.
Percentage in Soil.
Pounds per Acre.
Depth.
pi
*—*
p
CO
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
i-3
o
P
P
CO
pi
1 — I
p
r+
<D
CO
1
Carbonates (as
Sodium Car-
bonate)
Chlorids (as
Sodium
Chlorid)
o
P
>
P
.-•
t
X— 5.
First foot
Second foot
.0688
.0511
.0025
.0050
.0326
.1118
.1039
.1679
2,760
2,040
4,800
120
200
1,320
4,480
4,200
6,720
.0722
Average and total- ._
.0600
.0037
.1359
320
5,800
10,920
TOLERANCE OF THE SUGAR BEET FOR ALKALI.
29
The occurrence of so typical beets growing under such adverse con-
ditions, and the development of the beet to such a high state by the
process of continued selection, suggests the possibility of producing by
the same methods a type of beet which shall be much more alkali
resistant than those now being grown in this country, the seed of which
has been produced under the very best of conditions in alkali-free soil
in Europe. Such a beet would meet a need which is now very apparent
in the irrigated regions of America, and would be a decided factor in
aiding to place the agricultural side of the industry on a firmer footing
Fig. 20. Selected beets from strong alkali soils.
than is now the case. The most difficult thing now appears to be to
induce the farmer to so conduct his agricultural operations, especially
as to the selection and preparation of the soil, as to secure such a yield
per acre as to make the industry continually inviting, and in those
regions where alkali is prevalent in the soil it is one of the greatest obsta-
cles to overcome. Further, the development of a more alkali-resistant
beet would make it possible to considerably extend the area now avail-
able, and bring under cultivation to a generally profitable yield a large
amount of land for which it is now difficult to find satisfactory crops.
Note. — It is desired hereby to express thanks to the American Beet
Sugar Company, who assisted in this work by allowing the use of their
laboratory; to Mr. C. L. Colvin, chemist of the above-named company,
for courtesies received; and also to Mr. Frank D. Merrill, who assisted
in certain of the analytical work.
CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.
REPORTS.
1896. Report of the Viticultural Work during the seasons 1887-93, with data
regarding the Vintages of 1894-95.
1897. Resistant Vines, their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting. Appendix to
Viticultural Report for 1896.
1898. Partial Report of Work of Agricultural Experiment Station for the years
1895-96 and 1896-97.
1900. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1897-98.
1902. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898-1901.
1903. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901-1903.
1904. Twenty-second Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1903-1904.
BULLETINS.
Reprint. Endurance of Drought in Soils of the Arid Region.
No. 129. Report of the Condition of Olive Culture in California.
•131. The Phylloxera of the Vine.
132. Feeding of Farm Animals.
133. Tolerance of Alkali by Various Cultures.
135. The Potato- Worm in California.
137. Pickling Ripe and Green Olives.
138. Citrus Fruit Culture.
139. Orange and Lemon Rot.
140. Lands of the Colorado Delta in Salton Basin, and Supplement.
141. Deciduous Fruits at Paso Robles.
142. Grasshoppers in California.
143. California Peach-Tree Borer.
144. The Peach-Worm.
145. The Red Spider of Citrus Trees.
146. New Methods of Grafting and Budding Vines.
147. Culture Work of the Substations.
148. Resistant Vines and their Hybrids.
149. California Sugar Industry.
150. The Value of Oak Leaves for Forage.
151. Arsenical Insecticides.
152. Fumigation Dosage.
153. Spraying with Distillates.
154. Sulfur Sprays for Red Spider.
155. Directions for Spraying for the Codling-Moth.
156. Fowl Cholera.
157. Commercial Fertilizers.
158. California Olive Oil ; its Manufacture.
159. Contribution to the Study of Fermentation.
160. The Hop Aphis.
161. Tuberculosis in Fowls.
162. Commercial Fertilizers.
163. Pear Scab.
164. Poultry Feeding and Proprietary Foods.
165. Asparagus and Asparagus Rust in California.
166. Spraying for Scale Insects.
167. Manufacture of Dry Wines in Hot Countries.
■
168. Observations on Some Vine Diseases.
CIRCULARS.
No. 1. Texas Fever. No. 10. Reading Course in Economic
2. Blackleg. Entomology.
3. Hog Cholera. 11. Fumigation Practice.
4. Anthrax. 12. Silk Culture.
5. Contagious Abortion in Cows. 13. The Culture of the Sugar Beet.
6. Methods of Physical and Chem- 14. Practical Suggestions for Cod-
ical Soil Analysis. ling-Moth Control in the
7. Remedies for Insects. Pajaro Valley.
9. Asparagus Rust.
Copies may be had by application to the Director of the Experiment
Station, Berkeley, California.