*•>."-;-• ^^;j- 1^' UBBARY tCHOCL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Cl'iiss A MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. A MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY : an 5ntio&uction to tbc 1^vno^vlc^c}e of JBoof^s, library /Ifcanagcment, aiiD tbe Brt of Cataloguing, A LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF REFERENCE, A LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN TOPO- GRAPHICAL INDEX OF ANCIENT PRINTING CENTRES, AND A GLOSSARY. WALTER THOMAS ROGERS, F.R.S.Lix. WITH 37 ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON : H. GREVEL «& CO., 33, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 1891. GENERAL Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, I.d., London and Aylesbury. PREFACE. 'nr^HE following work is founded ^on a translation of Sig. G. Ottino's interesting little Mauuale di Bibliogmfia, Milan, 1885. Numerous additions and alterations have been made in the body of the work, and the lists of abbreviations and books of reference entirely revised and enlarged. A list of printing centres, an enlarged glossary, and index have also been added. The illustrations are selected from M. Bouchot's well-known work The Book, published by Messrs. H. Grevel & Co. Although this manual makes no pretence to be a complete summary of the vast subject on which it treats, we feel confident that it will be found sufficiently comprehensive to be of great service and practical utility to book-lovers, and all others whose inclination or business leads them to make a study of Bibliography. W. T. R. East Dulwich, S.E. June 1 89 1. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Invention and Progress of Printing. PAGE Xylographic or Block-Books— Typography— Coster, Castaldi, or Gutenberg ? -Mentz : Fust and Schoeffer— Italy : Subiaco, Rome, Venice, Milan, etc. —France— England : Westminster, London, St. Albans— Other Nations— Progress in the Six- teenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries— The Nine- teenth Century .....•••• ^ CHAPTER II. The Book. Bibliophile and Bibliomane— Rare Books and Good Books- Distinctive Signs of the First Printed Books— On Collecting Books —Abbreviations in English, French, German, and Italian Catalogues— Collation— Cancels— Size— Pagination— Signatures— Catchwords— Register— Date— Colophon— Title- pages — Imprint .....■••• 3^ CHAPTER III. The Ornamentation of a Book. Illuminated Capitals - -Wood-engravings— Copper-plate Engravings — Steel Engravings — Lithography — Chromo-lithography— Zincography— Albertype—Heliotype—Zincotype— Binding . 67 Vin CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. The Library and the Catalogue. PAGE The Library — Inventory, or Accession Book — Book-plates — The Catalogue — Card Catalogue — The Entry : Author, Title, Anonyms, Volumes, Pagination, Size, Editor, Printer, Date, etc. — Rare Works — Specimens of Entries in Catalogue — Iconographic Catalogue — Periodicals and Works in Progress — Arrangement — Bibliographical Systems — Brunei's System — Alphabetic and Systematic Order — On the Superintendence of Books — Restoration of Books — Books to Consult . . 98 Books of Reference 14 9 Topographical Index 168 Glossary 183 Index ........... 205 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. CHAPTER I. THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. Xylographic or Block-Books — Typography — Coster, Castaldi, or Gutenberg?— Mentz: Fust and Schoeffer — Italy: Subiaco, Rome, Venice, Milan, etc. — France — England: Westminster, London, St. Albans — Other nations — Progress in the Sixteenth, Seven- teenth, and Eighteenth Centuries — The Nineteenth Century. Without attempting to trace the origin of printing among the Chinese, Persians, Greeks, or Romans, we may assume it as certain that typography, or the art of printing with movable types, had as a forerunner xylography, or engraving on wood ; and it was the successive appHcation of this art that led to the discovery of printing. The earliest products of wood-engraving were playing cards and single leaf woodcuts, with or without text, known as Hclgeti, or Saint Pictures. At first, probably, these latter bore an image alone,, but as the images closely resembled one another, it became necessary to add the name of the Saint de- picted. To the name was soon added a word or a line, then two lines, and, finally, an entire page of letters I 2 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. was engraved. Several of these pages, printed on one side only of a piece of paper, were placed together in continuous order in the form of a book, thus forming what is now known as a xylographic or block-book, — one of the greatest of bibliographical rarities. Fig. I. — Frontispiece to Terence, published by Treschel at Lyons in 1493. An author writing his book. Heineken, Sotheby, and others have described the various block-books, indicating the different editions of each and the libraries in which they are to be found. The most notable are the following : — Historia Veteris ct Novi Tcstamcnti, or Biblia Paupcrum; in Latin and German. Small folio, about 40 leaves. THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 3 Histon'a Saudi Johannis EvangcUsta- cjiisquc Visionis Apocalypticce. Folio, 48 or 50 leaves. Histon'a sen Providcntia Virginis Marin ex Cantico Canticorum. Small folio, 16 leaves. In these three works there are only a few lines of words scattered here and there among the engraven figure?, whilst in the following, the words — or, better still, the text — are engraven on separate blocks. They are : — Der Entkrist [Historia Antichristi], with an appendix of the signs which will precede the final judgment. Small folio, 39 leaves. Ars Mcmorandi Notabilis per Figuris Evangelistarum. 15 leaves of figures and as many of text, folio. Ars Moriendi, or De Tentationibiis Moricntiimt, or Tentationes Damonis^ in Latin, German, or Dutch. Folio and 4to, 24 leaves partly figures and partly text. Speculum Humana: Salvafionis, or Spieghcl onser Bchoudcnissc. Small folio, 5 leaves of preface and 58 leaves of vignettes, with Latin and Flemish sentences at the foot. Die Kunst Cyromantia of Hartlieb, partly printed on both sides. There remained but one step to be made, and movable types and typography were discovered. Who made this step ? Several cities have contested the honour of having been the cradle of the typographical art, but the palm still remains as incontestably to Mentz, as to Guten- berg remains the honour of having been the inventor of Printing. Among the towns which dispute this glory there are three which will give the greatest field for historical 4 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. or bibliographical studies — Haarlem, Strasburg, and Mentz ; besides these towns, however, a small number of persons, blinded probably by great love for their Fig. 2. — Xylographic figure from the Ars Morioidi, copied in reverse in the A>-t ati Morier. country, have attempted to appropriate to Italy the invention of movable characters, which they attribute to Pamfilo Castaldi of Feltre. THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 5 The following is the basis on which the city of Haarlem founds its claims : — Hadrianus Junius (Adriaen de Jonghe), in his Batavia, a description of Holland, published at Leyden 1588, relates the history of one Lourens (son of) Jan, surnamed Coster. This Lourens Janszoon Coster, walking one day in a wood near Haarlem, split off several pieces of bark from a beech tree, and for amusement fashioned letters from them, which, being placed in order, formed words. It then occurred to him to make a complete alphabet, and to reproduce it on paper with an ink which he had specially pre- pared, thicker than that generally used ; but as by this means he was only able to print the words on one side of the paper, he stuck two leaves back to back, in order to hide the blank pages. He eventually exchanged his wooden type for leaden, and finally tin or composition type, making of his discovery an immensely lucrative branch of commerce. He then engaged some workmen, whom he placed under an oath to preserve his secret. One of these workmen, named Jan, or Johan, and who is supposed to have been Fust (the associate of Gutenberg), had hardly learned the working of the in- vention, when, one Christmas Eve, he fled from Haarlem, carrying off the type and printing implements of his master. By way of Amsterdam and Cologne he reached Mentz, where he was able to draw abundant remunera- tion from his theft. At Mentz he printed, about 1442, with the type of Lourens Janszoon Coster, his late em- ployer, a grammar (at that time much used) entitled Dodrinale Alexandri Galli. These, then, are the claims of Haarlem. What occasioned great doubt as to their 6 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. authenticity is, as Meerman points out, that no Dutch historian makes any mention of Coster until about one hundred and thirty years after his death. This has generally caused the story to be considered as the invention of some fertile brain, but Hessels, in his Haarlem, not Meiitz, has so strongly advocated the claims of Coster that the reader should refer to his work for full particulars. The titles in favour of Italy, or, to speak more correctly, of Pamfilo Castaldi, are based on a chronicle of the seventeenth century, but which refers the reader back to a still more ancient chronicle, which unfortu- nately has never been forthcoming. Father Antonio Cambruzzi has chronicled the follow- ing in his Memorie Istorichc dc Fcltre, of which several MSS. have survived to the present day : — " At this time (1456) flourished Pamfilo Castaldi, Doctor and Poet of Feltre, who discovered the invention of printing books, the most noble art and the most worthy that has ever been discovered in the world ; which having taught to Fust, who lived at Feltre in his house in order to learn the Italian language, he carried it off to Germany and practised it in the city of Mentz, and soon acquired the title of the first printer. . . . Others attribute the invention of this art to a German called Gutenburg, of the city of Argentina (J.c. Stras- burg), but the first inventor, as is clearly shown in the Feltrine chronicle, was Pamfilo Castaldi, and being learned from him by others, was carried into Germany, and from there," etc., etc. The Feltrine chronicle, from which Cambruzzi had extracted the above notice, has unfortunately been lost,. THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. / but even were it still to exist, would that be a proof of the fact ? Others have even gone the length of insist- ing that Castaldi had started a printing-office at Milan, but this assertion has even less foundation than that which is limited to attributing to him the invention of movable type. Fig. 3.— Portrait of Gutenberg, from an engraving of the sixteenth century. The claims of Strasburg and Mentz are as follows, and were founded mainly on documents which have since been destroyed, at the siege of Strasburg in 1870. Johan Gutenberg, who is supposed to have been born at Mentz about 1400, went to Strasburg in 1430, or perhaps even before. In 1438 he formed a partnership with Andreas Dritzehn, Hans Riffe, and Andreas S MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Heilmann, citizens of Strasburg, and pledged himself to divulge to them an important secret which would ensure them a fortune. By the agreement, each partner was to disburse the sum of eighty florins, and shortly after a further sum of one hundred and twenty-five florirns was added. The workshop was in the house of Andreas Dritzehn, who died soon after the second amount was paid. Gutenberg sent to tell the brother of Andreas, because he did not wish any stranger to enter the workshop. He intended to hide the formes which were about the place, in order that no one might discover his secret; but they had already disappeared. This fraud, and the claims of George Dritzehn, who wished to succeed to the partnership rights of his brother Andreas, gave rise to a lawsuit between the partners. The depositions of the five witnesses and of Lorenz Beildeck, a servant of Gutenberg, agreed, and established that in the work- shop in Andreas Dritzhen's house there had been a press furnished with two screws, with pages, formes, etc., and that Gutenberg always recommended the hiding of these formes, in order that no one should be able to discover his secret. In consequence of this lawsuit the partnership was broken up, and Gutenberg, not having been able to accomplish his aims at Strasburg, returned to Mentz about 1445, and again occupied himself there with singular assiduity in the art of printing. In 1449 he concluded an agreement of partnership with Johan Fust, an opulent citizen, who advanced eight hundred guilders to Gutenberg, and later on another eight hundred, taking as security a mortgage luQi miD^tn^mf^rim? opuli me Kto^uotat brETittirquf noa ptcQm tadta^. %t6.z tUifntott|:^ui c^oDus flltit(lat.taxiu0 uaQecca:Uj t Imitit?. fiuattf uaQettoixcrqut mm^ uota^ nmt pnotat.l]iiiIt qufip Ubri nrnHu }|>idm4p$ai| mDtm{aiiut:tcituitQ« unt a t^u film namiqm apim tUoa iormIminuntijtat:^anii£rubtt|ut Cop^it in tEtiuDiiu libera inmtcm io{un0ut rudi'tiuta in titto iuinai : !ra a? natcat Ijiftoria. tmm ftqui* itur rammtquan noa rcpoi^ pnm i Idimuitimtliuarc? roaladiim in f Fig. 4.— Fragment of the Gutenberg Bible, printed in two columns. Beginning of the text in the second column. Original size. lO MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. on the press and other printing materials. Gutenberg^ on his part, brought to the fraternity his invention and experience. Then was it possible for them to under- take the printing of the Bible, which eventually appeared about 1455, and from that moment it may be truly said that printing was invented. The}^ had barely finished printing the third sheet of their Bible before they had incurred an expense of four thousand florins, and other grave obstacles impeded the progress of the workmen. The imperfection of the print, metal, ink, presses, the inequality and disproportion of the type, all contributed to delay them in their undertaking, when they associated with themselves one Peter Schoeflfer, a skilful cali- grapher and a man of genius, who invented the matrix and punches, casting of type, and printing ink. Fust was so fully aware of his talents that he gave him the hand of his granddaughter Christina in marriage. Finall}', the expenses not diminishing, and Gutenberg being unable to pay Fust the interest on the sum borrowed, the latter brought an action against Guten- berg, who was obliged to quit the partnership, and the possession of the printing-office was adjudged to Fust. Gutenberg, who still wished to advance the art of printing at an}' cost, obtained supplies from Dr. Conrad Homery, and founded a new printing-office. In 1465 he was admitted among the courtiers or chamberlains of the Elector Adolph II., and he must have died some time before the 24th of February, 1468, as on that day Homery delivered to the Elector a receipt for the resti- tution of the furniture of the printing-office, at the press of which it is possible were printed the small books THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. I I which were issued about that time without the names of either Fust or Schoeffer. Fust and Schoeffer soon made themselves known by the pubhcation of several remarkable works in folio, all of which bear the names of the printers, with the in- dication of the place and year in which they were printed. Chronologically arranged, they are as follows : — 1457. Psahnonim Codex. Folio. [The first book printed with a date.] 1459. Ibid. 2nd Edition. FoHo. ,, Guil. Diirandi Rationalis Divinorinn Codex Ojficio7'uin. 1460. Cleme7itis Papa V. Cotistilutiomim Codex. 1462. Biblia Latlna [this Bible is printed in two volumes folio, with double columns of forty-eight lines each. The first volume contains 242 ff. ; the second, 239 ff. It is in Gothic character, and is the first Bible with a certain date]. 1465. Liber VI. Decretaliimi. ,, Officia et Paradoxa Ciccj-onis. 1466. Ibid. In 1466 Fust died, and from this time until 1503 we find the name of Schoeffer alone on the books which he printed. The chief seat of the new discovery was at Mentz until 1462 ; but in that year Adolph, Elector of Nassau, supported by Pope Pius II., attacked and took the city by assault, carrying devastation every- where. In consequence of this the working printers of Mentz were scattered over Germany, Italy, and France, carrying everywhere the wonderful art of printing. Already Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio had com- menced to ennoble their language, and the learned. 12 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Greeks, flying from the power of the Turks, were re- pairing to Italy, there to spread the arts and sciences, either by the emanation of their own talents or by the communication and translation of the classical works of their great predecessors. The names of Cardinal Bessarion, Emmanuel Chry- soloras, Theodore Gaza, Andronicus Callistus, Demetrius Chalcondylas, John and Constantine Lascaris, are well known to the literary world ; by them was awakened and developed the love for the study of the Greek language, and the desire to learn the treasures which it enclosed. Not alone, however, did they learn the perfection of the ancient Greek and Latin writers, for not a few men of the West wished likewise to know those works ; Poggio-Bracciolini, Angelo Poliziano, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Julius Pomponius Laetus, Pontanus, and others, soon sought to enlighten their minds by a knowledge of these masterpieces. The Medicean princes established in Florence the first Academy, founded a library, sent the two Lascaris into Greece and Asia to make purchases of MSS., and caused the works of Plato to be translated by Marsilio Ficino. Other Italian princes quickly followed this noble example, as, for instance, Lionello and Borso d'Este at Ferrara ; Filippo Maria Visconti and his successors Francesco and Ludovico Moro Sforza at Milan ; at Mantua the Gonzaga, and at Rome Pope Nicholas V., already celebrated, as Tommaso Sarzano, for his zeal and science as librarian of the Biblioteca Fiorentina, and who, though head of Christianity, drew his greatest THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. I '^ glory from the foundation of the inestimable collection of books in the Vatican. The richest among these princes, Pico della Mirandola, divested himself of his dignity and inheritance in order to be able to give himself up freely to stud}^ and daily conversation with the learned, who formed his habitual companions ; and transmitted to Angelo Poliziano the results of his endless researches and assiduous study. Favoured by such circumstances, printing found among the Italians such a reception as hardly any other nation had accorded to it ; and in fact in 1480 it was already introduced into nearly fifty Italian cities, whilst in the whole of Germany (as it now is) but eighteen cities had received it. Printing was introduced into Italy in 1465, by Conrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, who, making their way to Rome, stopped for a short time at the monastery of Subiaco, where they had, not only shelter, but all manner of encouragement from the monks who lived there ; besides the patronage of the Abbot, afterwards Pope Paul II. They set up their presses, instructed several pupils, and printed three hundred copies of a Donatiis^ but of this first impression it is believed not a single sheet has come down to us. It has been generally supposed, up to the present, that after the Donatiis the}^ had set to work to print their edition of Lactantius ; but Fumagalii, in his learned essay, has ■ Donatus was a grammarian of the fourth century, and one of the masters of St. Jerome. He composed a treatise on reasoning, in eight parts, which Cassiodorus considered to be the most methodical and the best adapted for beginners. The Donatus mentioned above was a grammar in use in the schools of the middle ages, and was an abridgment, in question and answer, of that by Elias Donatus. 14 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. clearly proved that the Cicero dc Oratorc, libri III. ad. O. Fratrcm, had preceded the Lactanthis, which had formerly always been considered the first book of a ceiiain date printed in Italy. The Lucius Carlius Lac- tantius Finnianus dc Divinis Instituiionibus Adversus Gcntcs, etc., is an excessively rare book, printed in semi-Gothic character. At the beginning there should have been a rather long Greek sentence, but, probably from want of type, a blank space was left to be filled in by the pen. In the body of the work some of the quotations are printed in neat Greek characters. After having printed, in 1467, the work of St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei, Sweynheim and Pannartz abandoned the monastery of Subiaco, and at the invi- tation of the illustrious Pietro and Francesco Massimi, they transported their press to Rome, where the fame of their pubhcations had already preceded them. Here in the same year came also a rival to establish himself, Udalricus Gallus, or Ulric Han, of Ingoldstadt, who soon (December 1467) published the Mcditationes Joliannis dc Turrccrciuata, a work which ranks amongst rarities of the first order, and of which only three copies are known. This is the first book ornarnented with woodcuts. The cordial reception and the favour which the ponti- fical government accorded to printers went far towards exciting amongst them a noble contention of emulation, either for the beauty of their type, quality of the paper, or for the correctness and merit of their productions. The same spirit of emulation arose also in Rome among the literati who were the protectors, friends, and heads of the printers, and to them we owe in THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. I 5 great part the reproduction of those subhme works of the ancient authors, which are to this day the deHght of the scholar. In the year 1500 there were altogether working in Rome thirty-seven printers. Johannes de Spira is generally believed to have introduced the art of printing into Venice, and in 1469 he published Cicero's Epistolcv ad Faniiliares. The Doge granted him the first privilege which is recorded concerning printing. In the Cronica Saniida, the date 1469 {cf. Brown's Venetian Printing Press, p. 5), occurs the following entry : " . . . fo presso, attento Parte del stampar sia veniita a luce, chel sia conscesso a Ziianc de Spira stampa VEpistole di tiillio et plinio per 5 anni altri non stani- pino." — Translation :**... in consideration of the art of printing being brought to light, be it conceded to Johannes de Spira to print the Epistolee of Tully, and Pliny, for five years, and let none other print them." Mr. Brown, however, gives an extract of an entry, also from the same MS., under the date 1461, in favour of the claims of Nicolas Jenson to be considered the introducer of printing into Venice. For particulars the reader should refer to this above-mentioned work. To Johannes de Spira succeeded his brother Vin- delin de Spira, and in 1470 Nicholas Jenson brought the art of printing to a pitch of perfection never before reached, and in recompense for his merits Pope Sixtus IV. conferred upon him the title of Count Palatine. Other noted printers of Venice beside Nicholas Jenson were Christopher Valdarfer (printer of the celebrated first edition of Boccaccio's Dccamerone, folio, 147 1), 1 6 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Erhard Ratdolt, Zacherias Calliergi, Ottaviano Scotto, Alessandro Paganino, and finally those famous masters of the art, the Aldi. ^ ■ i-H CQ 1 3 "^ I— I > w' ^ ^ o 1^ "-J 5 •5 vX o iij r* ^t» i^ O •♦ " *i ej C O J r^ ^^ «J ■3 « £1 lil -5 e: oL^ *-i . •• = •3 - ^ &^ ^ u en X -? I - .« ' e^ 2 ►$ .s- ri x: " <^ ^• i '2 ^ s ^ 2 c^ & y • I d "^ X O W Aldus Manutius the elder, the head of this illustrious family of typographers, opened his office in Venice in 1494, founding in his house a small academy of learned men for the purpose of judging the value of manuscripts, THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 1 7 collating the variations of texts, and correcting the printed proofs. He succeeded by this means in printing twenty- eight Greek classics, the first ever published ; perfected various characters ; cast successively nine founts of Greek and fourteen of Latin type ; and finally adopted the character invented by Francesco Raibolim^ da Bologna, v^hich took the name o{ Aldiiic type (now known as Italic, and said to have been cut in imitation of the handwriting of Petrarch, as, according to Mr. Brown, the Greek characters were copied from that of Marcus Musurus). This type w'as first used in the Vergil of 1 501, and was afterwards brought to its present state of perfection and beauty. It is to Antonius Zarotus of Parma that Milan owed the introduction of the art of printing. In 1470 he commenced the long series of his editions with Terence, and in the same year he is believed to have introduced the use of signatures. In 1472 he contracted a partner- ship which resulted in two authentic documents which are also the first concluded for the exercise of printing. After Zarotus comes Philippus de Lavagna, Dionysius Paravisinus, who in 1476 printed ih^ first Greek book, viz., the Greek Grammar of Constantine Lascaris, and in 1 48 1, at the expense of Bonacorsio Pisano, he also printed the Psalms in Greek. Then we have Ulricus Scinzenzeler, and Leonard Pachel, and finally Alexander Minutianus, who by his singular ability made the Milanese printing famous. As Venice presents with Johannes de Spira the first example of a privilege in printing matters, so Milan presents with Minutianus the first famous example of the infraction of such a privilege. 2 1 8 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Many times had the Annals of Cornelius Tacitus been printed both at Milan and in \^enice, but always incom- plete, since they began at the sixth book ; but in the sixteenth century, the first five books of the same were recovered in Germany. The fame of this discovered treasure soon reached Rome, and Pope Leo X., a patron of letters and literary' men, did everything he could to possess him.self of the manuscript. At last he acquired it for five hundred gold scudi, and entrusted it to Beroaldus,- who at that time stood high at Rome for profound learning. Leo charged him to publish it, and gave him the exclusive privilege of printing and selling the works of Tacitus for ten years, and he also announced a penalty of two hundred pieces of gold, with excommuni- cation, against any other person who should dare to print it. It happened that Minutianus was informed by friends that an edition of it was being made at Rome. Desirous of having it, he begged that it might be lent ta him just to read. He eventually obtained the concession of receiving the work sheet by sheet as it issued from the press. From thence seems to have sprung up a strong desire in his soul to honour his press with the publica- tion of the same work ; so, unconscious certainh' of the threatened anathema, he commenced to print it, and ardently prosecuted his work. When this came to the knowledge of the Pope, he, full of just anger, called Minutianus suddenly to Rome. Minutianus, frightened by the unforeseen order, and intending to fly from the sight of the exasperated Pope, or to mitigate his con- ceived indignation, had recourse to men in high authority, and especially to Sebastitin Ferrero, prefect-general of the Royal quarters, in order to be relieved from the THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 1 9 grievous journey to Rome, offering to justify himself by means of letters, and supplicating a remission of the heavy penalty inflicted. He then caused to be presented to the Sovereign Pontiff a humble supplication, in which he first excuses himself on account of his small fortune, and protests that to be the cause of his not drawing near to his Holiness, adding further : — " Now as the interests of family oppose to this my desire, and the smallness of means prevents it, since I cannot personally, I ask pardon for my error by letter ; which I do not doubt to obtain from his Holy Clemency, as my sin was not caused by any cupidity, but by ignorance ; since from this city being sent to me, not the whole body of Cornelius Tacitus, but piece by piece, and having seen how much diligence has been employed by Beroaldus, a learned man, since it issued to light as corrected as was possible, suddenly I bethought myself this year to ex- pound to my auditors this history concerning Augustus, and in order that they should have it more promptly, I consigned it to my bookseller to be transcribed." His prayers were not fruitless, since Leo X., in a letter of the year 15 16, not only gave him absolution from the ecclesiastical censure, but beyond that gave him permis- sion to complete the printing of the same book, and when printed to put them into circulation and sell them in all parts, provided that he made arrangements with Beroaldus. These two letters are to be found at the end of the Annals of Tacitus, printed in the same year by Minutianus, who published not only the first five books^ as Beroaldus had done at Rome, but also all the others, dedicating the edition to Sebastiano Ferrero, to whose patronage he owed the happy issue of his sad difficulty. 20 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. In 1470 Emiliano degli Orsini printed in Foligno the work of Leonardus Aretinus, dc BelJo Italico. In the same year at Verona, one Giovanni da Verona printed the Batrachomyomachia of Homer, translated into Italian terza riina by Georgio Sommariva. In 1471 printing was introduced into Treviso by Girardus de Lisa ; at Bologna by Baldassare Azzoguidi ; at Ferrara by Andreas Gallus ; at Naples by Sixtus Riessinger ; Pavia by Anthonius de Carchano, and at Florence by Bernard and Dominic Cennini. These were followed in 1472 by Cremona, Fivizzano, Padua, Mantua, Mondovi, etc., until there were eighty cities in Italy which had the art of printing before the end of the fifteenth century. To mention every one who has practised the art of printing, even succinctly, would exceed the task which we have set ourselves, which is to compile a practical manual of bibliography, and not to explore the vast field of typographical history. Therefore, if by desire or necessity the bibliophile should wish to study the his- tory of printing in this or that city, or special memoirs of various printers, he will find a list of books on the subject, by English and foreign authors, at the end of this work. Next to Italy, in order of date, comes Switzerland, into which country printing was first introduced in 1465 at Basle ; Munster, Canton of Aargau, had it about 1470, Geneva in 1478, but the Canton of Ticino not until 1746. Printing was introduced into France by Ulric Gering, Martin Krantz, and Michael Friburger, who in 1470 printed at Paris the Epistohv Gasparuii Pcrganicnsis. In Hungary printing was introduced in 1473, by THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 2 1 Andreas Hess, expressly called from Italy by King Matthias Corvinus. The same year printing was Fig> 6.— William Caxton, from Rev. J. Lewis's Life. introduced into the Low Countries, in 1474 i"to Spain, 1476 into Bohemia, into England in 1476-7, into Portugal, for Hebrew only, 14S7, for Portuguese in 2 2 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1495, and finally into Poland, and especially at Cracow, about 1 49 1. Printing was introduced into England, it is now generally agreed, by William Caxton, but this honour has been disputed, even as the invention by Gutenberg was disputed. William Caxton was born in Kent about 1422. He was apprenticed to one Robert Large, a mercer of London, and Lord Mayor. On the death of his master (1441) he went to Bruges, and, according to his own account, he " contynued for the space of XXX yere " in the Low Countries. At Bruges he went into business for himself, and succeeded so well that in 1465 he was appointed Governor of the English mer- chants of that town. About 1470 Caxton entered the service of Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV. of England, and in 1471 he completed, at her desire, a translation of Le Fevre's Rccncil dcs His- toircs de Troye, which he had commenced in 1468-9. Finding copies of the work very much in request, he resolved to learn the then newly-invented art of printing, in order to meet the demand. The Reaiycll, a transla- tion of the Rcatcil, was printed about 1474, and was the first English book printed. Caxton left Bruges in 1476 to practise his new art in England, and settled at the sign of "The reed pale," in the Almonry at Westminster, where the first book he printed was The Dicks and Sayings of the Philosophers, in 1477, a copy of which work was sold in 1889 for ^^650. From 1477 until the very day of his death in 1491, he was employed entirely in translating and printing. Among his early ventures were Chaucer's Canterbury Tah's, and the works of Lydgate and Gower. Mis industry THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF TRINTING. 23 was marvellous, for he himself mentions that he had translated no less than twenty-one books ; and in the fourteen years he lived in England he printed more than 18,000 pages, nearly all of them folio size, and nearly eighty separate books. The works of this printer are very rare and expensive. In 1885 a copy of his Recuycll was sold for iJ" 1,820, and at the same time the unique perfect copy of his Malory's King Arthur, printed in 1485, fetched ^^1,950. Fig. 7. — Mark of W3mkyn de Worde. Among Caxton's assistants were Wynkyn de Worde, -who succeeded his master, and Richard Pynson, both of whom became celebrated printers. As we have remarked above, Caxton has not been left in peaceable possession of the honour of introducing printing into England. Shortly after the Restoration a small quarto volume was discovered in the public library at Cambridge, entitled Exposicio Saudi Hieronymi in Symbolum Apostoloriim ad Papaui Laurentium. At the end it bears the words and date hnpresa Oxonie et 24 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. finita anno domini MCCCCLXVIII. (1468). Now, as Caxton did not print in England until about 1477, many writers have declared Corsellis (the printer of the above) to be the first English printer. Without going into the controversy, it will suffice to say that it is now generally believed that an X has been omitted^ purposely or accidentally, from the date, which should Fie;. S. — Mark of Richard Pvnson. read MCCCCLXXVIII. (1478), thus placing it ten. years later, or one year after Caxton's first book. Let us now follow the progress of printing in later times, not only in our own country, but also in other countries of Europe ; but for the sake of brevity we will only point out a few among the more celebrated typographers who ennobled this art. To Aldus Manutius (b. 1450, d. 15 15), who was the THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 25 first of his illustrious family, succeeded his father-in- law and partner, Andrea Torresani, and on the death of this last, his son Paulus Manutius, and then Aldus Manutius, a son of this last. Paulus, who lost his father at the tender age of four years, had nevertheless Fig. 9. — The Knight, a woodcut from Caxton's Game and Playe of the Chcssc. inherited his tastes, and, coming of age, became like him accomplished, even surpassing him in learning, and in the elegance of his typograph}^, illustrating moreover the text of his editions with learned com- mentaries. His son Aldus, called the Younger, followed with honour in the footsteps of his father and grand- father. At the age of fourteen, endowed with a pre- 26 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. cocious and elevated genius, he gave to the world the work entitled Ortliographice Ratio, and at a more mature age he published the works of his father. At a moment when he appears to have found himself destitute of means, he abandoned Venice and repaired to Bologna, and from thence to Pisa, where he taught belles-lettres ; he afterwards went to Rome, where Clement VIII. confided to him the direction of the Vatican press. During the few years he remained at Rome he printed many works ; but finally, being unable to support his rather laborious condition, he returned to Venice, where he issued many beautiful editions, amongst others the works of Cicero, in ten vols, folio, with the notes and commentaries of his father. The editions of the three Aldi almost always unite a quiet elegance to a scrupulous correctness, for which reason they have always been highly esteemed. Whilst the Aldi were immortalising themselves in the city of Venice, the Giunti were also rendering themselves illustrious in the same city, and in Florence. Those of this name who exercised the typographic art were many, and all of the same family. The most celebrated, how- ever, are those who printed in the two above-mentioned cities, and, above all, Filippo. They commenced to distinguish themselves in Venice with the numerous editions issued by Luc' Antonio from 1482 to 1537, ^^^ afterwards by his heirs up to 1550. In the meantime Filippo printed in Florence from 1497 to 15 17, the date of his death ; his heirs who succeeded him continued print- ing until 1 53 1, when only Bernardo and Benedetto, sons of Filippo, remained. They followed in his footsteps most laudably until 1550, in which year Bernardo died. THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 2/ The various works printed, with rare diligence and skill, by these successful printers, have been much sought after in all times, and some are nowadays very rare, — as, for instance, the Dccamcrone of Boccaccio, quarto, 1527, published by the heirs of Filippo, which, although not as rare as the edition of 15 16, is difficult to find, especially in good condition. Brunet, indeed, says that this is the best edition of the Decanierone that has ever been printed. Contemporaneously with the Giunti, there flourished at Florence Torrentino, Marescotti, and Sermartelli ; also in Rome the Baldi ; and in Venice Marcolini, Giolito, Gardano and Valgrisi ; all printers of high rank. During the same period of time France was also rich in famous printers, who to great learning united that passionate love and delicate taste which would naturally bring the art of typography to a rare perfection. The principal were Josse Badius, Simon de Colines, Corrozet, Etienne Dolet, the Gryphi, Morel, Patisson, Roville, and the celebrated Estiennes or Stephani, of which numerous family Robert I. and Henry II. were the most celebrated. The exactness and magnificence with which these two last ornamented their publications, was not inferior to that attributed to publications of the Aldi, who may be styled their masters. The New Testament in Greek, printed by Robert I. in 1536, and again in 1543, are considered to be perfect models of the art. The history of the seventeenth century is very glorious for Holland, where the Elzevirs published a long series of good works, elegantly printed, which are the delight of the bibliophile. There were twelve printers of this name, but not all of them printed with 28 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. equal skill. The works most sought for are those issued by Abraham and Bonaventure, and by Louis and Daniel. The Casan's ComDicutaria, 1635 (in the genuine edition of which p. 149 is marked 153); Plinii secimdi Historice Naturalis, 1635 y Vergilii Opera,. Tercntii Cojnadia , 1635, Tcstamcntum (Novum) Grcccum Fig. 10. — Mark of Etienne Dolet, printer at Lj'ons, 1542. the Davidis Psaltcrhtni, the Imitatio Cliristi and the Corps Politique, 1653, printed by the Elzevirs, are to be considered masterpieces of the typographic art. At the same period the Dutch reckoned among their best printers Janson Blaeu and Hackus Boom, who issued various editions, Greek and Latin, ann notis variorum. France boasted of \'itre, who executed the printing of the famous Pol3'glot in six languages, by Lisar, in ten THE INVENTION AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING. 29 volumes folio, which took from 162S to 1645 ! Cramoisy, who published the voluminous works known under the name of the Editions die Louvre^ amongst which was the greater part of the Byzantinum, in twenty-six folio volumes : Turnebus, who printed many works, in great part written by himself or translated into French, and all diligently corrected and learnedly annotated by him- self ; and finally Leonard, to whom is owing the greater part of the classics ad itsuiii Dclphini. Fig. II.- — Mark of Bonaventure and Abraham Elzevir, printers at Le3-den, 1626. The eighteenth century had also its famous printers. England and Spain deserve especial mention in this century for the eminent glory of their beautiful typo- graphical productions. The first boasts, with justice, Thompson, Mart3'ns, Baskerville, Brindley, Palmer, Foulis, and many other worthy successors of Caxton. The second may be equally proud of the typographical glory shed by the superb editions issued by the cele- brated Ibarra. His Sallustius, Don Quixote, and the Mozarabic Missal, are veritable masterpieces. Turning to Italy we find Latta and Albrizzi, at Venice ; 30 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lelio della Voipe, at Bologna ; Tartini, Franchi, and the Manni, at Florence ; Manfre and Comino, at Padua ; Remondini, at Bassano ; the Societa Palatina, at Milan, Fig. 12. — Priiiting-oflice of Josse Badiu; at the commencement of the sixteenth century. sustaining with dignity the typographic art, which was finally brought to the height of magnificence b}' Bodoni, who, by the beauty of his publications, awoke envy and admiration in Italy and abroad. His Callimachus and Homer in Greek, Virgil in Latin, Walpole's Castle of Otranto, in English, Telemachus and La Fontaine in French, the Oratio Dominica or Lord's Prayer in one hundred languages, are worthy a place among the works of the best artists. In the midst of such abundance of perfect work, still France stands prominent. Anisson, Coustelier, Barbou, THE INVENTION AND TROGRESS OF PRINTING. 3 I Latour, Simon, and Vincent, in the first part of the century ; and in the second part, Gille, Causse, Panc- koucke, Crapelet, printed the works of classic authors, Latin and French, with such good taste as to leave little to be desired ; but the printers to whom should be given the greatest praise are the Didots, who enriched the republic of letters with the most elegant, correct, and splendid editions. Their Virgil of 1798, Oration of 1800, and the Racine in three vols, folio, are most praiseworthy. Germany and the Low Countries, which furnished to Italy and France the first masters of the art, also had printers who obtained the highest renown for pro- found learning, and for the great skill exhibited in their works. Besides the printers of the fifteenth century, the following merit especial notice : Ulrich Zeli, Brylinger,Coornhert, Herbst, Hervagius, Koburger, Palthenius, Quentel, and Plantin, who worked in the sixteenth century ; Friis, Holma, Moetjens of the seventeenth century, and Breitkopf and Gesner of the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century had, and has, celebrated fol- lowers of the t3'pographic art, both in Europe and America ; and it has at the present time reached such a pitch of perfection that it would be almost impossible to surpass this " Wonderful art which perpetuates The fleeting thought and word." CHAPTER II. THE BOOK. Bibliophile and Bibliomane — Rare Books and Good Books — Distinctive Signs of the First Printed Books — Book-collecting — Abbreviations in English, French, German, and Italian Catalogues — Collation — Size — Pagination — Signatures — Catchwords — Register — Date — Colophon — Frontispiece or Title-page — Imprint. Bibliophiles and Bibliomanes. — Bibliophile is the appel- lation which belongs to persons who love books, and who do not seek them merely by profession or from a mania, but with the sole desire of instruction, and who only acquire those books which they consider the most suit- able to form a collection which shall be valuable for the number and variety of its contents. A bibliomane is one who, possessed of a mania for collecting books, either buys at random or gives chase to the greatest rarities, with the sole object of possessing them. The ■collection of books is a mania, like many others, and the booksellers deplore that it is not more fully developed ; yet, as Mr. Ruskin justly observes in one of his works, it is a harmless mania, for whereas many a man is ruined by his passion for horses, a passion or mania for books but leaves him a better man. If the scarcity of a book has sometimes made it reach in commerce a fabulous price, it is more often the case that this price is rather owing to the bibliomane than to the intrinsic value or rarity of the book. THE BOOK. 33 A great many books have at sales exceeded the price of ;!^iOO, and among these several have exceeded /^ 1,000; as, for example, the Psalmorum Codex of 1457, printed at Mentz by Fust and Schoeffer, a copy of which was sold at Sotheby's, in Sir John Thorold's sale, 1884, for ^^4,950, being the highest Fig. 13. — The Bibliomaniac. Engraving from the Ship oj Fools price ever paid for a single book. Copies of the Bible printed by Gutenberg and Fust in 1450-55; and known as the Mazarine Bible, have been sold at various times at sales for ^2,690, ^^"3,400, and in 1884 for ;!{^3,900 ; the Historic of Troy, printed by Caxton, reached about the sum of ;^ 1,060 ; and, finally, the De- camerone of Boccaccio, printed by Valdarfer of Venice, 3 34 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 47 1, which was purchased at the Roxburghe Library saleini8i3,Jby the Marquis of Blandford, sold foriJ"2,26o. This price, which was without equal at that time for a single volume, appeared so extraordinary to the biblio- maniacs that, in order to commemorate the event, a literary society was formed, called the Roxburghe Club, the members of which agreed to dine together on the 17th of June, that being the anniversary of the above- mentioned sale, and in turn each was to present a volume printed for the special occasion. Rare Books and Good Books. — Psaume, Denis, Gar, Home, and many others who have written on biblio- graphy, have consecrated special chapters to the defini- tion of the rarity of books, making a distinction between rare, rarer, and rarest books. Following Denis, we will give a few practical rules. First of all it will be necessary to distinguish between a ivork and an edition. For example, a certain luork may be very common, but this or that of its various editions may be very rare ; thus, a Virgil is a very common book, and can be purchased for a few pence, whilst the edition of Virgil printed by Aldus in 1501 is worth many pounds. If of a book, or an edition, only a few copies are known to have been printed, or to still exist, its rarity will be absolute; if, however, there are many copies of it, but they are rarely met with in commerce, their value will be relative. Both one and the other of these species of rarity have their grades, and vary according to the time and place in which the book is sought for, and often also according to the fashion, — for the fashion of book-collecting often changes, causing a class of THE BOOK. 35 literature to be much sought after to-day, which to- morrow will be neglected. A work which is very rare may cease to be so when it is reprinted. It is often very difficult to procure a book in one country, when it can be obtained with great facility in another ; thus, the cause of the rarity of a book is also that which determines the degree of rarity of the same. The following then are rare : — 1. Great works, published in many volumes, often illustrated, which, from their high price, are rarely ever acquired by private persons. 2. Pamphlets and all ephemeral publications, which are soon lost if they do not find a home in safety in public libraries. 3. Works of which only a few copies are printed, 4. Works which turn on subjects treated but by few writers, and are only sought for and read by a few. To this class belong books written in little known languages or dialects ; the histories of particular cities. Academies, etc. ; genealogies of private families ; catalogues of libraries ; and, finally, the private con- troversies and polemics of authors. 5. Works which are left imperfect by their authors, and of which the part printed is generally lost. 6. Works published in parts, at different periods of time, and in various places. So much for rare works ; now let us consider books which are rare as works, and as editions. The following works or editions are rare : — I. Those which do not come into commerce, i.e privately printed books. 36 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2. Those which see the hght in distant countries, and of which often only the title is known. 3. Those of which the copies have been for the greater part destroyed by fire, water, etc. 4. Those which from motives of religion, morals, or politics have been prohibited, confiscated, suppressed, or burnt. Finally, the following editions are rare : — 1. Those issued from the invention of printing up to 1500. The value of these (which are known as incnnabulcv) increases almost as rapidly as the years pass by. 2. The editions of the classics published by the Aldi, Giunti, Stephani, Gryphi, and others of the sixteenth century; these editions are still more pre- cious when containing marginal annotations in the autograph of celebrated men of the period. 3. Uncastrated or unmutilated editions of works which have since been issued corrected and mutilated. 4. Editions printed with special type ; copies on parchment, or on special or coloured paper, of which only a few copies are printed. Without entering into a discussion of what con- stitutes the intrinsic goodness of a book, it is sufficient to say that its beauty consists in its being a good size, with large margins ; the letterpress being perfectly squared, whether in a folio or a 24mo ; in the quality of the paper, which should be thick, solid, and white ; in the printing, which should be bright, easy to read, proportionate, and with a proper distance between the lines and words ; and in a diligent correction, — the highest necessity of an}' book. THE BOOK. 37 Distinctions of the First Printed Books. — Jugendre, in a book entitled Disquisitio in Notas Charactcristicas Libroruni a Typographico Inciinabulo ab an MD. Im- prcssoruni, indicates the various signs which distinguish the first typographical productions. These are : — 1. The absence of titles printed on a separate leaf. This sign does not admit of any doubt, since we shall see further on (p. 6o) that the first title-page occurred in 1476, while the titles of chapters were already to be found in the Ciccronis Epistolce of 1470. 2. The absence of capital letters at the beginnings of chapters, books, or divisions of a work. It is a noticeable fact that in the first printed books a space was left blank in which to place the capital letters, which were painted or illuminated by the caligraphers. 3. The rare occurrence of chapters or divisions in a work. 4. The absence of the comma and semicolon. This sign is equivocal, since the comma is found in the first printed books, represented by an oblique stroke, and probably Jugendre only intended to allude to the form of the comma. 5. The inequality and rude shape of the letters. This defect only lasted a short period, as the shape of the characters was soon perfected ; and there exist editions of the fifteenth century which on this score compete with, if they do not surpass, the best modern productions. 6. The absence of pagination, signatures, or catch- words. Of these we shall speak later on. 7. SoHdity and thickness of the paper. 8. Absence of the printer's name, place, and date. 38 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. 9. The great number of abbreviations. Gabriel Peignot adds other distinctive signs of the editions of the fifteenth century, such as the square instead of the round full-stop ; an oblique stroke instead of a dot over i ; the peculiar signs of abbrevia- tion, as 5 for ct (and), ncq^^ and quibT^ for neqiic and qiiibiis, q with a stroke across the tail (a) for qiiani and qiiod^ etc. Generally, however, these signs are not of sufficient certainty to determine the period of an incunabula ; and again, if one thinks of the immense progress made in bibliographical studies from 1740 (the period at which Jugendre wrote) to our day, it will appear evident that we shall have less difficulty in assigning the date of an incunabula than if we were unable to consult the works of Brunet, Graesse, Hain, or of the hundred others who have published special works on the typography of the fifteenth century. On Collecting Books. — ^ Whoever desires a book should, if possible, acquire it himself, especially when it is an ancient, rare, or illustrated book, and thus have an opportunity of examining the state of preservation, the uniformity of the impression, the beauty and goodness of the binding, and seeking for the other requisites which belong to a good copy. It happens, however, that the greater part of the books required must be selected from the booksellers' catalogues, and their worth based only on the information which is furnished by the catalogue itself. This information is generally imparted b}' abbreviations. We give a table of the most used of these abbreviations, selected from English, French, German, and Italian catalogues, in order that the col- THE BOOK. 39 lector may be able to insure that the copy of a work which he has ordered, and which has been sent to him, is actually that which he found described in the catalogue, and that it corresponds with the state of preservation and binding as indicated in the catalogue ; because, in the contrary case, he would always have the right to refuse the copy sent. The abbreviations given are by no means half of those used, but have been selected from booksellers' catalogues which have passed through the compiler's hands within the last six months. Note. — E = English. a., aus. [G.] dfr. [F.] abb., abbild. [G.] abdr. [G.l abschn. [G.] ... abth. [G.] anc. re I. [F.] ... atwi. [G.] antiq. [E.] rtwy?. [G.] ausg. [G.] mit., aiitog. [E., F.] />., has. [F.] B. L. [E.] bd.,bde.\G.'] ... bd., bnd. [E.] ... Mj. [E.] bg., bog. [G.] ... '^Z. [G.] br., brock. [F.] ... br., geh. [G.] ... c. d. R. [F.] ... F= French. G=German. I=Italian. L=Latin. ausschnitt (an extract). a froid (blind tooled). abbildung (copy). abdruck (impression). abschnitt (section or part). abtheilung (division). ancienne reliure (antique binding). anmerkung (note, annotation), antique. auflage (edition). ausgabe (reprint). autograph, autographe. basane (basil or sheep skin). Black letter. band, bande (volume, volumes). bound. paper boards. bogen (sheet). blatt (sheet). broche, brochure (stitched). broschirt, geheftet (stitched). cuir de Russie (Russia leather). 40 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. [F-] c. etfer?n. [F.] c.f. [L.] ca. gr. [L] ca. vcl. [I.] ca. azz. [L] carat, got. [I.] . carat, ton. [I.] , cart. [F.] <:«;-/. (^;-(^rt^. -^/[E.] <:A. ;«. [L.] cl. [E.] f/. M^. [E.] ... cl. ex. [E.] c/.^/. [E.] t/. //. [E.] c/^. />/. [E.] cplt. [F.] ^^'- [E.] cuts [E.] rtT. ;r/. [F.] fl'. J. /. [F.] de^n., dy. [E.] ... dent. [F.] ^(/:[E.] /{/; 7twr., yi nior. [E.] /{/^ russ.., %, russ. [E.] /z/y. [G.] Jifzbd., hfz., hbfrz. [G.] hldrbd., hbldr., Jdbld. [G.] hlwd., hhi., hblwd. [G.] hlzschn [G.] hpgt.Jibprgt., Jiperg. [G.] /zr^^. [G.] z7/?<'i'. [E.] h)ip. [E.] z;?/o/. [F, I.] z«-40 [F.] /;2-8o [F.] iit-i2° [F.] j/^r^. [G.] ^•/. [G.] ... kpfrt. [G.] /^r<5^., Idb., Idr. [G.] /^^. «;«/. [I.] figures sur bois (wood-cuts). in-folio (folio). folio. folgende (sequel). frontispice grave (engraved title). frontispieces. franzband (whole French calf). gilt edges. gilt top edge. gebunden (bound). gedruckt (printed). goldschnitt (gilt edged). gilt. gothique (gothic). gross (large). grandes marges (large margins). grand papier (large paper). half bound. half calf. half morocco. half russia. heft, (number or part). halbfranzband (half boimd). halblederband (;-< bound leather). halbleinwandband (>^ cloth bound). holzschnitt (wood-cut). halbpergamentband (bound in parch- herausgegeben (published). [ment). ibidem (the same). illustrations, illustrated. imperial. in-folio, in foglio (folio). in-quarto (quarto, 4*°). in-octavo (octavo, 8^'°). in-douze (duodecimo, 12°, twelvemo). jahrgang (annual). klein (small). kupfertafel (copperplate engraving). lederband (whole bound leather). legatura antico (antique binding). 42 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. leg. bod. [I.] ... leg. y, tela \\\.. leg. 1/2 pelle\\.-\ „eg. in pel. [I.] leg.ol.\\:\ ... //^.[G.] Ub. [E.] //. [E.] ^/•[E.] Iwd., Iwb., Indb. [G.] m. [G.] w. ant. [F.] w. (^. [F.] m. cit. [F.] »z. rt'. d. m. [F.] w.. rt'. d. t. [F.]... w. rt'. L. [F.] ... ni. e. [E.] ?;/. /. [E.] m. 71. [F.] ;^/. r. [F.] w. z/. [F.] m. viol. [F.] vtacch. [I.] marb. [E.] moiiill. et piq. [F.] WW. [E.] ^6". [K, F., I.] ^6-6-. [E., F., I.] «. rt'. [E.] «. ^. [E.] «./[G.] «. A[K.] «. r. [F.] wfi'j. [E.] legato alia Bodoniana (Bodonian bind- ing)- legato in mezza tela (half cloth binding), legato in mezza pelle (half leather binding). legato pelle (whole leather binding). legatura olandese (Dutch binding). lieferung (number). librarian, librarj". leaves. limp. leinwandband (cloth bound). mit (with). maroquin antique (morocco antique). maroquin bleu (blue morocco). maroquin citron (citron morocco). maroquin double de maroquin (morocco backed with morocco). maroquin double de tabis (morocco backed with watered silk). maroquin du Levant (Levant morocco). marbled edges. morocco lined. maroquin noir (black morocco). maroquin rouge (red morocco). maroquin vert (green morocco). maroquin violet (violet morocco). macchiato (spotted or stained). marbled. mouillures et piqures (damp spots and worm holes). morocco. manuscript, manoscritto (manuscript). manuscripts, mauoscritti (manuscripts). no date. new edition. ncue folge (new series). no place or no printer's name. non rogn6 (uncut). in ntunbers. THE BOOK 43 obi [E., I.] ott. cons. [I.] A[E.J P- [E.] p. d. t. d. R. [F.] p.deH.\_Y.'\ ... p.v.[Y.-] p. vel. [F.] pag. [F., I.] ... pap [E.] pardi. [E., F.] ... pb., pd., ppbd. [G.] perg. pet. f.,p /.[¥.-] pgmt., pgt., perg. [G.] //<;<:. [I.] //•[E.] /c'/'/j'. [E.] //•[E.] _^/^. [E.] pub. [E.] ^■Wfl^f. [I.] i^^'. mouill. [F.] ^•[L-] r. &> g. edges [E.] r^fl'. [E.] rev. [E.] rvo[E.] ... 120, 1 60^ 18°, 640 [E.] I-] volume, volumi (volume, volumes). veau brun (brown calf). veau fauve (fawn calf). veau ecaille (scaled calf). veau jaspe (calf stained or marbled). veau marbre (calf marbled). veauporphyre (calf to imitate porphyry). veau rouge (red calf). various j-ears. velin (vellum). velin de Hollande (Dutch vellum). vergriffen (out of print). vignettes (vignettes).. volume, volumes. with. wohlfeil (cheap). quarto. octavo. i2mo or duodecimo, etc. Collation. — It is indispensable that every volume placed in a library should be collated, in order to ascertain if it be complete. It is also necessary to re- collate the volumes which are given out to re-bind, to make sure that there is no transposition of folios, that all the engravings are in their place and protected by a tissue paper, that the large maps and views are mounted on jaconette and folded so that they may be easily unfolded without the risk of tearing them. The collation of a volume, both before and after binding, is an operation which ought to be performed with great care, as from it alone can one be certain that a book is complete and without defect. This is not merely a mechanical labour, but often requires a knowledge of the material composition of books, and it varies almost with every book. 46 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. The greater part of the iiiainabiilce present very great difficulties on collation, from the absence of the numeration of pages, and signatures, and it is espe- cially these books that, from their antiquity and rarity, need the most scrupulous examination, and almost re- quire careful comparison with a known complete copy. The simplest method of collating a modern book is to verify the pagination and the signatures (q.v.). If the work is in more than one volume assure yourself that the sheets of one volume do not belong to any other volume, and that the final volume reaches the finis, and completes the work ; also be careful to ascertain if there is a separate index, or introductory volume. Books with separate engravings require a special inspection into the number of plates, quality of the proofs, and their arrangement. Concerning their number it is well to ascertain exactly that there are no duplicates substituted for others missing, a thing which happens almost too often. In cases of doubt, it will be well to consult the works of Cicognara, Vinet, and Cohen. There are also some books which should have cancels. Cancels are duplicate sheets or quires which are to be substituted in place of others, either to correct grave errors in the printing, because they have been suppressed by the censors ; or because they contain pieces which have been omitted from the text. Good booksellers' catalogues indicate which are the books that ought to have cancels, and on these materials an interesting special study has been published by Philomneste Junior (Gustave Brunet), to which it will be well to refer in the majority of cases. 9QBS THE BOOK. 47 Siscs of Books. — To exactly determine the size of a book is not always an easy matter. We have seen wise booksellers, and [book] learned bibliophiles, commit errors which after a time gave, and still give, place to serious contentions on the existence, or even less, of a book of a given size. There are a great many recognised sizes of books, of which the following are the principal : — A folio is a sheet folded once, and has two leaves, or four pages, has A 4to An 8vo A i2mo i6mo i8mo 24mo 32mo 36mo 48mo 64mo 72mo 96mo i28mo 4 leaves . or . 8pao es • 8 „ ,, 16 , • 12 ,, ,, 24 , . i6 „ ,, 32 , . i8 „ ,, 36 . . 24 „ ,, 48 . ■ 32 ,. ,, 64 , . 36 „ ,, 72 , . 48 „ ,, 96 . . 64 „ ,, 128 , • 72 „ ,, 144 , . 96 „ ,, 192 , . 128 „ II 256 , These are again subdivided into small, medium, and large, as sm. 4to, medium 8vo, large folio. Aldus Manutius first made the octavo size popular ; the Elzevirs generally used the T6mo and 24mo size ; in the eighteenth century the i2mo was in common use, but at the present time we use indifferently all sizes, the various gradations of the octavo being perhaps the most popular. The size of a book is the result of the number of leaves contained in a printed and folded sheet or folio, whatsoever may be its original dimensions ; and the 48 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. book takes its size name from the number of the leaves or half the number of pages, contained in the sheet. It is not easy to determine at first sight the proper denomination of some sizes, in consequence of the printer having made use of a paper more or less large, and making of the same book impressions on large, ordinary, and sm.all paper : for this reason it is easy to mistake a volume in i2mo for an 8vo, an i8mo for a i6mo, etc. This confusion need not interfere with the arrangement of the volumes on the shelves, but grave bibliographical errors would result from it whenever they should come to be erroneously described on the cards or in the catalogue, because one would be, as it were, creating an edition which had no existence. There are books without pagination, catchwords, or signatures (of each of which we shall speak further on), of which it is extremely difficult to establish the size ; and for these — as all ancient books were printed on hand-made paper —it will be necessary to examine the paper attentively, and to determine the size of it by basing it on the watermark (if there be one), or observing if the water- lines are vertical or longitudinal. The watermark is the semi-transparent ornament or sign introduced by the paper-maker into each sheet to mark its quality or size. If this mark be found in the middle of a page, the book is folio ; if at the bottom, it is quarto ; if at the top, an octavo. Waterlines are those transparent lines which cross the sheet of paper at a distance of about one to three inches apart, and are produced by the wooden or metal supports which are put under the wires of the metallic frame in which the paper is made, so that they should THE BOOK. 49 not bend under the weight of pulp required to form the sheet of paper. These waterhnes always cross the sheet in its narrowest width. Thus a folio is composed of a sheet folded in two, containing four pages, and has the waterlines perpendicular. A quarto (4to) is composed of a sheet folded in four, contains eight pages, and has the waterlines honzontal. An octavo (Svo) is composed of a sheet folded in eight, contains sixteen pages, and has the waterlines perpendicular. A duodecimo, or twelvemo (12°) is composed of a sheet folded in twelve, contains twenty-four pages, and has the waterlines horizontal. A sixteenmo (i6mo) is composed of a sheet folded in sixteen, contains thirty-two pages, and has the water- lines horizontal. The smaller sizes are as follows : — Leaves Pages Waterlines Eighteenmo ( iSmo) 18 36 perpe7idicular Twenty-fourmo (24mo) 24 . 48 perpendicular or horizontal Thirty-tu'omo (32mo) 32 . 64 perpendicular Thirty-sixmo (361110) 36 . 72 horizontal Forty-eightmo (48mo) 48 . 96 . horizofital Sixty-fourmo (64moj 64 . 128 . horizontal Seventy-tu'omo (72010) 72 . 144 perpendicular Ninety-sixmo (96mo) 96 . 192 . perpendicular One hundred and twenty-eightmo (i28mo) 128 . 256 . perpendicular In machine-made papers, which at the present time have almost entirely taken the place of hand-made, the waterlines are no longer visible ; at the same time 4 50 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. catchwords and registers have been abolished. Sig- natures (see p. 54) are now expressed by letters, or Arabic figures, placed at the foot of the first page of each sheet, and from the inspection of them the size of a modern book can be immediately determined; occasionally, however, signatures are entirely omitted. When a work is composed of several volumes the number of the volume is now repeated before every signature, in order to avoid confusing the sheets of one volume with those of any other. The signatures in cipher, etc., correspond to the number of pages given by a folded sheet. In the following tables are indicated their correspondence with the sizes in common use. Signatures in a FOLIO. is- Page Sig. Page 1 Sig. Page I ;ommences I 21 commences iJi 41 commences 161 2 5 00 85 42 165 3 9 23 89 43 169 4 13 24 93 44 173 5 17 25 97 45 ^77 6 „ 21 26 „ lOI 46 181 7 )i -5 27 105 47 185 8 29 28 ,, 109 4S 189 9 33 29 113 49 193 lO 37 30 117 50 197 II 41 31 121 51 , 2or 12 45 32 125 52 , 205 13 49 33 129 53 , 209 H 53 34 133 54 213 15 57 35 137 55 217 16 61 36 141 56 , 221 17 65 37 145 57 22 ^ 18 69 38 149 58 , 229 19 73 39 153 59 233 20 77 1 40 157 60 237 THE BOOK. 51 Sig. Page ^l^ PaRe Sig. Page 6 1 commences 241 66 commences 261 71 commences 281 62 245 67 ,, 265 72 285 63 n 249 68 »» 269 73 „ 289 64 253 69 M 273 74 293 65 257 70 11 277 75 297 Thus a folio volume of 148 pages will have 37 sheets or signatures, and a folio volume of 60 sheets will have 240 pages. Frequently one will find folios with gatherings of six leaves to the signature. Signatures in a QUAR TO (4to). Sig. Page Sig. Page I commences i 26 commences 201 2 9 27 ,, 209 3 17 28 i> 217 4 25 29 II 225 5 33 30 II 233 6 41 31 If 241 7 49 32 n 249 8 57 33 tl 257 9 65 34 II 265 10 73 35 II 273 II 81 36 II 281 12 89 37 »» 289 13 97 38 II 297 14 105 39 II 305 15 113 40 II 313 16 121 41 II 321 17 129 42 II 329 18 137 43 II 337 19 145 44 (1 345 20 153 45 l» 353 21 161 46 II 361 22 169 47 II 369 23 177 48 II 377 24 185 49 II 385 25 193 50 II 393 Thus a quarto volume of 232 pages will have 29^ 52 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. sheets or signatures, and a quarto volume of 45 sheets will have 360 pages. Quartos also frequently have eight leaves to the sheet, or between each signature. Signatures of ax OCTAVO (Svo). Sig, I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 Paire lences i Sig. Page lb commences 241 17 17 257 33 49 iS 19 273 2S9 65 20 305 81 21 321 97 22 337 113 129 -3 24 353 369 145 25 385 161 26 „ 401 V U7 27 417 193 2S 433 „ 209 225 29 30 449 465 Thus a volume in octavo of 25 sheets will have 400 pages, and a volume in octavo of 36S pages will have 2$ sheets or signatures. Some, and especially American boots, have two signatures to every 16 Svo pages. The same rules which serve to establish with exact- ness the size of a book may also serve to show if the book be complete. Whilst in modern books it is suffi- cient to ascertain the number of sheets or signatures, in incunabula it is necessary to take into consideration the pagination, signatures, catchwords ; and to have recourse to the registers when they are to be found. Paginatioii. — The ciphers or numbers of the pages were generally omitted by printers of the fifteenth century. Several bibliographers have affirmed that Johannes de Spira of V^enice was the first to introduce THE BOOK. S3 the numeration of the pages, but it is now almost certain that they were used anterior to his period. Gar, in his lectures on Bibliology, cites a volume printed at Cologne by Ther Hoernen in 1470? in mattna^Q g r^rto efoquctidfTimg ^olu rmmbus conjsxtct* piopi^h^ fcapta tit ^tttcta € ohm' ^rm2 3[rnolbt! t h ^t faoaric bilictetififnme tmpcgffg'fimta [ub annietom im' rnaij' ^zquocnfio mam fiho_^ Fig. 14. — Colophon of Arnold Ther Hoernen, printer at Cologne. -which the folios are numbered. The title of the book is " Sermo Pradicabilis in Festo Prcescjitatioiiis Bca- fissimce Marice. Per impressionem multiplicatus, sub hoc currente anno MCCCCLXX." It is a small 4to of 12 leaves, and 27 lines to the page. Shortly afterwards Linhard Holl, of Ulm, improved 54 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. the form of the numbers or figures, which were ordi- narily Roman. The Arabic ciphers received the form which they now have from two printers of Leipsic^ ci)xa 1489. Signatures. — Signatures are those letters or figures placed at one of the lower corners of the first page of each quire or sheet of printing, by means of which their order is indicated. The letters are used in the alphabetical order, so that the capital letter A signifies the first sheet, B the second, and so on (J, V, and W are generally omitted). If the volume contains more sheets than there are letters in the alphabet, the alphabet is com- menced again at the beginning, adding to each letter its equivalent small letter ; thus sheet 24 would bear the signature Aa, sheet 25 Bb, and so on. Occasionally, instead of the second letter, and indeed generally after Zz, Arabic numerals are used, which go through the volume in numerical order; thus, sheet 46 would bear the signature ZZ or 2Z, sheet 47 3 A, sheet 71 4A, etc. Letter B, or figure 2, is generally the signature of the sheet on which the text commences. Signature Aor i, being used for preliminary matter, is printed last. In many countries, and more especially in France and America, the Arabic numerals are used alone instead of with letters. For a long time bibliographers disagreed as to the introduction of signatures, which was generally attri- buted to John of Cologne, a printer of Venice, 1474; it has, however, now been almost definitely settled that the first book with signatures is JoJiaiinis Nydcr Pra- ceUoriiim Diviiice Lcgis, printed, in folio, at Cologne, by THE BOOK. 5 5 Johan Koelhof of Lubec, in 1472. This invention of signatures as a guide for the printer and binder has also been ascribed to Zarotus of Milan. CatcJnvords. — Catchwords are the single words placed at the bottom of a verso page (the verso page is that to the left of the reader, and the 7-ecto that to the right ), and are the same as that commencing the following page. The catchword was usually placed at the end of each sheets when the book was composed of several sheets, alwa3^s at the bottom of the last page, under the bottom line. They are, however, sometimes placed at the bottom right-hand corner of each page in old books. Their use was to assist the bookbinder in his work, and to prevent mistakes when arranging the sheets. When placed at the bottom of every page they were intended to facilitate the task of the reader (by giving him a word to read as he turned over the leaf), and survived to rectify the errors which might occur in the signatures. It is generall.y agreed that the first to introduce catchwords was Vindelin de Spira, who used them in the first edition of Tacitus, printed by him at Venice^ without date, but believed to be 1468 or 1469. Abbe Rive has demonstrated, however, that this book could not have been printed until the end of 1472. If he is correct, catchwords are found for the first time in the Confessionale Saudi Antoiiini, printed at Bologna, with- out name of printer, at the beginning of the same year 1472. They were used at Paris about 1476, and by Caxton in 14S0. Before 1480, the period at which catchwords came to be generally adopted, they are only to be found in five or six works ; they have now fallen into disuse except in books printed in the antique style. $6 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Registers. — A register was an alphabetical table of the first word of every sheet or chapter, repeated in the form of an index at the end of the book ; by this means the printer originally indicated to the bookbinder the order in which the sheets were to be bound. The register was used for the first time in the books containing the Commentaries of Caesar and the Pharsalia of Lucan, printed at Rome in 1469. Although it is probable that the printers often employed registers before signatures came into use, nevertheless they are very rarely to be found at the end of incunahidci. The reason of this may be, that it being printed on the last leaf of the book, it was most exposed to being torn off; or again it is probable that the bookbinder suppressed it after having made use of it to collate the volume sent to him to bind. Date. — The practice of adding the date to printed works was introduced in the first days of printing ; nevertheless there are not a few volumes which bear neither date, indication of place, nor name of the printer ; the bibliophile has therefore been obliged to divine, as it were, the one and the others, proceeding by conjectures. By comparing the customs of the times, the form of the characters, the marks of the paper, and by examining with care all the distinctive signs of ancient editions, they have succeeded in establishing, almost with cer- tainty, the date, place of printing, and the name of the printer of the greater part of those books in which those indications are wanting. Very often in the dates of the first printed books, one meets with errors caused by design or mistake, or by gross typographical inaccuracy. These errors have THE BOOK. 57 given place to important disquisitions, such as that by Sardini, who proves that the Decor Piiellarum, printed in Venice by Jenson, with the date 1461, should be dated 1471 ; or, as the many essays for and against the date 1469 given by Lavagna to the book Miracoli de la Gloriosa Verzene Maria, which would take away from Zarotus the incontestable merit of having introduced printing into Milan. Again, could the date of the Exposicio Sandi Hieronyuii, said to have been printed at Oxford (see p. 23 ante) in 1468, be proved to be true, it would make our own Caxton the second to introduce printing into England. Various, and not seldom very curious, were the forms in which the early printers put the date to their publica- tions. Many printers made use of the Roman numerals, others of the Arabic, and others again would print the thousands entirely in letters, and sometimes would alter- nate the letters with numbers, e.g. : — Anno millesimo CCCC octogesimo . . . . = 1480 Annodomini Millesimoquadringentesimooctogesimo tercio = 1483 Mil qiiatre cens quatre vingtz et XVII . . . . = 1497 Anno quingentesimo sexto supra millesimum = 1506 Freytag, in his Adparatus Littcraniis, and also Maittaire, in his Annaks Typographici, give a number of examples of this curious method. Those which differ most from the generally adopted method belong especially to the editions executed in Holland in the first century of printing. Truly it would seem as if some of the printers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tried to make their dates as indecipherable as possible, in order to put to the proof whoever should wish to explain them. As these cases do not often present themselves, we have 5^ MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. transcribed several examples with their equivalents in Arabic numerals : — MccccLxxz . 1472. MID . . 1499- Mccccyz 1472. M CD X ci X 1499. Mcccc. II. & LXX 1472. MCCCCXCViiij . 1499- Mccccxxc 1480. MCDXCIX . 1499- MCCCCiiijXXVlII 1488. MD . . . 1500. Miiii c iiii xx Viij . 1488. Ml3 . . . 1500. MCD XCV . 1495- MCDCII . 1502. M iiij D 1496. M D XL IIX 1548. M jjj D . . 1497- MDL . 1550. MCCCCXCviij . 1498. Ml3L . 1550. Colophon. — The subscription, or rather the colophon, is the formula with which all books printed in the fif- teenth century were concluded. It generally commences something after the following form : — Explicit liber qui diciiur, etc. ; followed by the names of printer and place, date, and sometimes even the month and day on which the impression was completed. (This is by no means an uncommon event in books published by Rouveyre, Quantin, and other French publishers of Editions des Bibliophiles.) It, however, often happens, as we have already observed, that all these indications have been wanting ; they have then been written in by the pen of the caligrapher, or rubricator of the initials. As these copyists often wrote erroneous or supposititious dates, they thus increased the bibliophile's difficulty of determining with certainty the exact date of an incunabulu))!. Sometimes the printer, justly proud of the accuracy of his edition, or of having been the first to introduce the art of printing into a certain city, makes a boast of it in the colophon. THE BOOK. 59 In this manner also Johannes de Spira calls himself the first printer in Venice, and to his first production, Ciceronis Epistolce ad Familiares, published in 1469, is affixed a colophon in which the fact is mentioned. Of this book three hundred copies were printed ; now not more than a dozen are known to be in existence, of which six are on parchment. {^tidbocopufculujltiritiiac coplcm^ctad curcbta3 Xx\ ttidudric in aiutatc QDagunti) per^obannc fiift auc*cr (Sctru fctpifflxr b? gcriiPbgpni clcncu t>iot5p ciurclc5 cO conru? matui Anno inrarnacois t)nicC' AV«cccc4)cii» ^nvigiliaanumpcots g-fbH^virgnns mane. Fig. 15. — Colophon of the Liblc printed in 1402 by Fust and Schoeffer, which is the first dated Bible. There are two difierent editions with this date. The above is from the second edition. Christopher Valdarfer, the printer of the celebrated edition of Boccaccio's Decameron, who from Germany had gone to Venice, and from Venice to Milan, printed in that city in 147 1 a Commentary of Servius on Virgil, and in the colophon commends the accuracy of the text. Ludovico Carbone was corrector of this volume, and 6o MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. was probably also author of the colophon, which runs thus : — " In commune bonum mandasti plurima formis Ratisponensis gloria Cristophore. Nunc etiam docti das Commentaria Servi In quibus exponit carmina Virgilii, Divulgasque librum, qui rarior esse solebat, Ut pan-o pretio quisque parare queat. Hunc emite O Juvenes : opera Carbonis ad unguem Correctus vestris serviet ingeniis.'' Translation. [Oh, Christopher, glory of Ratisbon, thou hast published many things for the common weal ; now thou givest the Commentaries of the learned Servius, with which he illustrates the verses of Virgil. Thou spreadest a book which was wont to be rare, in order that each one may possess it at small cost. Buy it, oh young men, diligently corrected by the labour of Carbone ; it will revive your learning.] Again, Bernardo Cennini, the distinguished Florentine goldsmith, who, from simply hearing printing spoken of, or having seen some printed book, cut punches, coined matrices, cast type, and printed the Commentary of Servius to Virgil in 1472, justi}' proud of his success, exclaimed : "Florentinis ingeniis nil ardui est." Frontispiece and Title-page.— The first printed books had no title-pages. A title is found for the first time in the edition of the Calcndariiim of Joan de Monteregio, printed in quarto by Ratdolt at Venice in 1476. It is a wood engraving, which, besides the date and name of the printer, contains twelve Latin verses, which commence — "Aureus hie liber est." THE BOOK. 61 After the verses we find these Hnes printed in r©d : 1476. " Bernardus pictor de Augusta. Petrus Loslein de Langencen, Erhardus Ratdolt de Augusta." We give a facsimile of the title of the Italian edition Vefta cpva diogni parte e un Utro doio . Non fupuiprccioUgeinmarmai Dif kalendario : cfee cratucol'e afu Con gran fjcilita.: magraulauorc Qui numeTo'aureo : e cutn 1 Tegni fuorq Defcripu dil gran polodaognlhr Qiiandoti fole : eluna ecliplifai ■ CJuantc cene fe re^e a fto tbexora In iininrrarKltufaiqualbciralu Qiial faia lanno :giorno ; tempo : e mexe : Cl^etuta ponn-fon daftrokigu- loanhe de monte regio quefto lexe ■■ Coghertal huKoacionongrauefiJ In brcue tempo: e con pocbi pcnexe. Chi tcmecotal Jpexe ^ Scampaninul noraidumprefTon Son qui da baffo di lodKijlon -^ Veneujs. 14- 7*. nt^ 3 2 n > H O 2: Branch. Shelf. Number. Division. No. In the centre space will be placed (printed or en- graved) the vignette, coat-of-arms, or emblem which really constitutes the book-plate. Under this will be the number of the book as entered in the accession register, to the left the press-marks showing its place on the shelves, and to the right its place in the classification. Should it ever be necessary to know the cost, or when and from whom the book had been acquired, refer to the accession number in the register. Do you wish to replace a book which is lying on your table ; the numbers in the arrangement column will indicate in which press and shelf it ought to be placed. Should you THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 105 be desirous to consult other books on the same subject as that which you are reading, the marks in the classifi- cation column will tell you at once to what class, branch, and division you have to refer in your systematic catalogue. If the library consists of several rooms it will be easy to surmount the book-plate by a small ornament with a blank space in which to place the progressive order of the rooms. An artist with but very little ingenuity will be able to draw a very useful book-plate from our model. Catalogues, Card, Shelf, etc. — The order, utility, and importance of a large library, as of a small collection of books, have for their base the perfection, or otherwise, of the catalogues. There are various kinds of catalogues, such as the Author catalogue (alphabetical), the Subject catalogue (alphabetical, systematic, or both combined), and the Dictionary catalogue, which has the authors and subjects arranged together in alphabetical order. Besides these there are the Shelf lists, and the Card catalogue. The Shelf Lists are an inventory of the contents of every press, and hence of the entire library. They give the shelf number or press mark at the top, and below, the author, brief title, number of volumes, and date. These will be found very useful for checking the collection after it has been dusted, or moved. Again, if a gap is noticed on, say. Shelf A 5, by referring to the shelf list of that press one can at once ascertain what book is missing. The library ought to be checked by these at least once a year. In large libraries these lists are generally written on I06 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. loose sheets, but for a small collection they can be bound in a volume. When making the catalogue of a library write each entry or title on a separate card or slip. After the whole collection is thus entered the cards should be arranged in any order required, and placed in drawers for preservation. This will form what is technically known as a Card catalogue. The advantage of this system, even for a small collection, is, that the cards being loose, they can be re-arranged at any moment, and additions can be made without interfering with the existing arrangement. Also, should a printed catalogue be required, these cards can be sent to the printer, while the fair copy of the catalogue remains in the library. As we have said above, the catalogue should first of all be written out on cards or slips. In the com- pilation of these slips, especially of ancient books, one meets with many difficulties, as, for instance, when at times the true title of a work is found not on the title-page, or where it should be, but in the preface, in the body of the work, or at the end of the book in the Colophon. Before writing out the sHp of an early printed work which presents some such difficulties, it will be as well to consult some one of the works which describe these first productions of the printing press, in order to avoid errors in the true title or in the author's name, and also so as not to lose time in a long examination of the book itself, which often- times only ends in uncertainty. With modern books the difficulties are much less; nay, once establish with precision the rules to be followed, and one may say that all the difficulties disappear. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 10/ The transcription of a title requires a minute exact- ness, and the card should contain :— T The name of the author followed by his christian name. 3. Se ex't me with indications of translators, annotators. etc. 3 The number of volumes. A Size • number of pages, engravings, etc. t Mca"i»n of the city in .-hich it was printed, and fte „an,e of the publisher or printer. 6. The date. The card should bear besides the letters or ciphers indicating the locality of the book, and also those indicating its classification in the systematic order. %ta:ako.'s na,„c must be written with d.plomattc precision, as it forms the base of the ^'Ip'-beUc order of the catalogue ; the christian names should follow between brackets, and are indispensable '» l-trngutsh between authors of the same surname. f the name of the author does not figure on the title-page of a book, but the work is known to have been written by a certain author, it should be entered in the catalogue under that author's name between bracke^. For example, the early editions of lV<,va*y, by Sir W. Scott, do not bear the author's name on the title-page, nor indeed do some of his later works, which are described as " By the Author of Waverley. As the author's name is known these should be entered in the catalogue as follows : — [SCOXX (Sir Walter)] Waverley ; or, 'TisSixly Years Since. _^_^^ If the name of the author is abbreviated, or even indicated by a single letter, that will be the word which will supply the name of the author on the slip ; and I08 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. when the author's name is known it should be entered between [ ], e.g., P*** is the author of the Dictionnaire Bihliographiqne. It is well known that P*** is the first letter of the name of the author Psaume ; the slip will therefore be written thus : — P *** [Psaume {Etiemie)\, Dictionnaire Bibliographiqicc, etc. It will be as well to put a cross-reference : — Psaume {Etienne), see P***. If, however, the name of an author, expressed by a single letter or abbreviation, is unknown, the work will be considered as anonymous, until some accident reveals the true name of the author. Pseudonyms, or anagrams, may be considered and treated as the name of the author ; and if this is known it should be written on another slip, and a reference made to the pseudonym or anagram. If, however, the same author has adopted several pseudonyms at various times, they should all be brought together under the author's real name ; e.g., Pisistratns Caxton was the pseudonym of Lord Bulwer-Lytton, who under this pseudonym published My Novel. The first slip should read " Caxton (Pisistratus), My Novel," etc. ; the second should be a cross-reference slip — " Lytton (E. G. Bulwer-Lytton, Lord), see Caxton (P.)." If several authors have collaborated in a work it should be entered under the name of the first on the title-page, with cross-references from the other or others ; for example : — Leland (C. G.) and W. T. Rogers. Dictionary of Americanisms, etc. 2 vols. 4to, Lond. s. a. [Cross-reference] Rogers (W. T.), sec Leland (C. G.). THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. IO9 But if the work does not bear the names of the authors on the title-page it should be considered as anonymous, and a cross-reference shp made from the name of each author who has written m the book, On^aggio dellaSociet. Storica Lombada ^^ ^II Centenano de a Battaglia di Legnano, etc. Contents :-Cantu (C.) I Lombard! e il Barbarossa.-Pii-ovano (G.), Legnano, etc. Make the principal entry under the word Omaggio, ^vith a list of the contents of the volume or volumes, then make as many cross-reference entries as there are authors who have collaborated ; e.g.— Cantu (C), I Lombardi, etc.. see Omaggio della Societa Storica. When an author has two or more names, or if it is difficult to distinguish the surname from the christian name, make the entry under the latter part of the name and a cross-reference entry from the first part, it En-lish ; but if foreign names, enter under the first part with a cross-reference from the latter part. There are a few exceptions to this rule regarding foreign com- pound names, as, for instance, we should write Fenclon not Sahgnac de Lamothe Fenelon ; Voltaire, not Arouet de Voltaire, etc. The greater part of the writings of saints, popes, kings, etc., and of persons belonging to any religious order, only bear their christian name, and should con- sequently be entered with that as the first word of the entry, e.g. :— Augtistine (Saint, Archbishop of Hippo). Confessions, etc. Gregorius VII. Epistolre, etc. Carlo Emantiele I. Letters, etc. Edward VI. Literary Remains, etc. no MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Next arises a grave difficulty. How should we enter a name preceded by an article, or combined with a preposition ? There is on this subject some diver- gence of opinion among the principal bibliographers and no system has yet been proposed which has obtained general approval. In many cases use makes the rule ; thus Camillo di Cavour is entered under Cavour because he is generally known by that name ; whilst on the contrar}- De Rossi or De Amicis cannot be entered under Rossi or Amicis, because their names are always pronounced united with the prefix. Other names have received modification in course of time, so that in the last century Jean de la Fontaine was cata- logued by all bibliographers under Fontaine, whilst now the name Lafontaine, or La Fontaine, is generally used. See on this point Wheatley, Hoio to Catalogue, etc. The same observations suffice for German names preceded by the preposition von, and Dutch names preceded by van. This preposition, which corresponds to the French and Italian dc, di, and our of, may, except in rare cases, be abolished in German names ; thus the speeches of Bismarck would be entered under Bismarck and not under von Bismarck. In Dutch names the same rule should be observed, and in both cases a cross-reference slip should be made. Thus the works of Van der Hoeven would be entered under Hoeven, with a cross reference, " Van der Hoeven, see Hoeven." The bibliographer should never be afraid of making too many cross-references ; they will, it is true, augment the number of entries, but research will be facilitated in an extraordinary degree. The Greek and Latin authors should be entered THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. Ill under the names by which they are best known, as, for instance, Horatius, whose complete name was Quintus Horatius Flaccus, and again Cicero, whose name was Marcus TulHus Cicero, but who was called Tully in the Middle Ages, The Latin form should be used for both Greek and Latin names, and not the English, e.g., Herodotus, not 'Hp6SoTo<;, which would place it under E in the alphabet ; Majiialis and Liviiis, not Martial and Livy. In cases of doubt reference should be made to Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography. The works of an author who has written a work or works in another language than his own, translating even his own name, should be entered under the name which figures on the title, with a cross-reference from the original name when it is known ; thus the works of De Riibeis would be entered under that name with a cross-reference from the original name, e.g., De Rossi, see De Rubeis. If, however, the author has written other works in his own language, they should all be entered together under the name in the vernacular form, with a cross-reference from the Latin or foreign translation. There has been some difference of opinion among bibliographers as to whether the names of authors, especially Latin, should be written in the nominative or genitive. It is best always to adopt the nominative, since it is hardly reasonable that Gregorius VII., author of the Epistolce, should figure in the alphabetical catalogue as Gregorii, simply because the Latin con- struction of the title requires the name of the author to be written in the genitive. Again, in treating very rare books and incunabula, the name of the author should 112 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. above all things be written in the nominative, as it will be repeated in the genitive in the body of the entr}', which will be the exact transcription of the whole title. For such books as these the entry requires special treatment, it being necessary that even the disposition of the title should be exactly indicated, dividing line from line by a transverse sign. We shall give further on a few examples of the method of compiling these entries. Having passed in review the various ways of treating the name of the author, let us now see how we should catalogue anonymous works. Anonymous Books. — All works are anonymous, or are considered as such, when the name of the author is not indicated on the title-page. For the treatment of such works whose real authors are known, although not stated as above, see ante, p. io8. The simplest rules for dealing with those whose authors cannot be ascer- tained are those laid down by Mr. Wheatley, viz. : — No. 17. Anonymous works ^eL^ting to a person or a place to be registered under the name of that person or place. No. 18. Anonymous works with a catch-title, such as the title of a novel, to be registered under the first word of that title. No. 19. Other anonymous works to be registered under the name of the subject wliich is prominently referred to on the title-page and in the language of the title-page. An adjective is frequently to be preferred to a substantive ar a heading. The number of volumes should be in the entry in Arabic figures, directly after the title ; a careful dis- tinction being made between volumes and parts. The size, number of pages, and of engravings, should THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. I I 3 be placed next after the number of volumes. We have already spoken about the sizes of books (p. 47) and the method of determining them ; we will therefore simply repeat that it is imperative that the size should be indicated with great precision, and the same may be said of the number of pages, noticing if they have been originally numbered or not (as often happens in incunabula:^ where the pagination is sometimes put in with a pen or omitted altogether), and observing if there are more than one set of pages in the volume. Thus the pagination of a volume which consists of several parts, separately numbered, and each with a preface also numbered in Roman figures, should be registered as follows : — Bibliografia italia/ia. Giornale dell" Associazione Tipografico- Libraria, etc., etc. Anno xv., 1 88 1. 8vo, pp. Ixxvi. 288. IV., 108; IV., 260. :\IiIano, 1882. With early-printed and valuable works the indication of the place of printing, printer's name or pubhsher, re- quires no less care. In Latin works these should be transcribed, not in the nominative, but in the same case in which they are found on the title-page; one can thus easily ascertain if the book has been published in the city or by the person indicated, or if it has merely been in sale there. For some modern works, and especially high-priced ones, it is as well to indicate separately the town and name of the publisher, and the town and name of the printer. This rule, however, is more observed abroad than in England. As an example of a Latin entr}- we give the following, copied from the Sunderland Sale Catalogue : — 114 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Vtrgilius. Opera. Old red morocco, with red panels. Folio. Mediolani Anthon. Zarotthus. Opera et impendio Johannis Leguano. xx. Januar., 1481. If the name of the town, pubHsher, or printer is wanting on the title-page, the same should be indicated in the entry by a horizontal stroke, or better by the letters s.l. {sine loco, without place), and s. imp. or s. noni. imp. (sine inipressore, without printer). If, however, the indications wanting on the title-page are known to the bibliophile, because they have already been discovered by some bibliographer of authority, then they should be written in the entry, but between brackets, as s.L (but London), s.a. (but 1569), s. imp. (but iyp. de Propaganda Fide). The place of printing, and name of printer or pub- lisher, even if known to be false, may be copied just as they are, provided that when the true ones are known they are put between brackets just after the false. To the name of the printer, especially in ancient books, should be added his christian name or names, or at least the initial letters of them, in order to avoid con- fusion between two printers of the same name. If this is not sufficient, some distinction should be made, as in the case of the Aldi. In this family we have : — Aldus Manutius (called the Elder) .... 1447 — 1515. Paulus Manutius 15 12 — 1594. Aldus Manutius (called the Younger) . . . 1547 — 1597. besides others of the same name. Again, in the Elzevir family we have Louis Elzevir, 1595 — 1616 ; and Louis II., 1640-62. Works printed in various towns, by different or by THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. I 1 5 the same printer, should have in the entry the names of the various towns and printers, e.g. : — Allegri (Alessandro), La prima parte della Rime piacevoh raccolte da Orazio Morandi. 4to. Verona. F. dalle Donne. 1605. seconda parte, raccolte da Jacopo Gneci. 4to. ibid. 1607. terza parte, raccolte da Agnol Minerbetti. 4to. Firenze. A Caneo e F. Grossi. 160S. quarta parte, raccolte da F. Caliari. 4to. Verona. F. dalle Donn-e. 1603. These would then be followed by the description. The date is always written in Arabic numerals, except for iiiciuiabidce, for which they are written in Roman ciphers, repeating them in Arabic numerals between brackets. The omission of a date should be indicated by a horizontal stroke, or better still by the letters s.a. (sine anno). In cases where the date of a bock has been omitted, but is known to a certainty, it should be indicated between brackets, e.g., s.a. (but 1473). For works which will require a long period of time for printing, and of which consequently' the volumes bear various and successive dates, it would be a grave error to indicate the date of the first volume only, or even that of the last ; they require the date to be indicated of both the first and the last ; as, for example, 1806-14, which will show that the first volume was published in 1806, and the last volume of the work in 18 14. An exception to bibliographical rules may be made for the libretti of operas, of which the catchword will be the title of the work, rather than the name of the author of the libretto, or the composer of the score. Who remembers that the author of Liirline was Edward Il6 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fitzball, or that Cammarano wrote // Trovatore ? The entry of libretti of operas will therefore be made with the title of the opera as principal entry, and two cross- references ; one from the author of the libretto, and the other from the composer of the music. For instance, take Lnrline ; it will be catalogued as follows : — Lnrline. Opera by Edward Fitzball. Music bj' W. V. Wallace. Fol. Lond., i860. With cross-references : — Fitzball {Edward), sec Lnrline. Wallace (JV. V.), see Lurline. The full score of operas and other musical works can be entered doubly ; under the author of the words and also the composer of the music, with a cross- reference from the title of the opera or work. Two copies should be made of every entry, one being on a card of a different size and colour to the other ; one copy will then serve for the alphabetical, and the other for the systematic catalogue. The card which is used for the systematic catalogue may even have the title abbre- viated, provided it is so done as not to cause confusion. Even when the cards or slips have been compiled, bearing all the particulars as suggested above, still the cataloguer's work is not finished, for he must not replace the volume without having examined it, nor the card without having added to it, in a note, the result of the examination. He ought, above all, to indicate the condition of the book, since the different states of preservation cause the value of a book to vary enormously. When dealing with any very rare book the height and breadth of the page, including the THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. II7 margins, should be given in millimetres, as a very small difference in the height of a copy over and above the usual size of the volume will greatly increase its value. Such copies are commonly known as " tall copies." No notice need be taken of the size of the covers. If the book is tmcul, i.e., untouched by the binder's knife, or at least, so little as hardly to do away the inequality of the deckle or rough edge of the paper, this ought to be noted, as the rough edges testify to the original size of the paper. Note ought also to be taken of defects or stains of any kind, and mention made if the book has MS. notes, and by whom, as this will tell us who was its original • possessor. The binding should be described, observing if it is the work of any celebrated binder, or merely a copy. State also if the book has belonged to any celebrated bibliophile or library, and if it bears arms, etc., on the back or sides, book-plates, or autograph. When the book con- tains comments or prefaces by persons not mentioned on the title-page, this should be pointed out, or if the text is in a different language from the title. Besides this, for modern books, the cataloguer must notice how many copies have been printed, and whether numbered or not ; how many on special paper, coloured paper, or on vellum ; if the work was printed in parts ; if numbered copies, the number of the copy possessed ; and, for illustrated works, he will state if with copper- plate engravings, wood or steel engravings, or litho- graphs — whether black or coloured, or if proofs before letters, or in what state ; and, if possible, complete the description by giving some characteristic literary anecdote concerning the work of which the title is transcribed. Il8 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. We give below a model of an entry for a rare book, as it would be written on the card when preparing a cata- logue, or for preservation in the card-catalogue case. FRONT. BEMBO (PiETRO). Gli Asolani di messer || Pietro Bembo. || (In fine) Impress! in Venetia, nelle Case d'Aldo Romano nel an- || no M.DV del mese di Marzo ; Con la concessione || della IIlus- trissima Signoria nostra ; che per X || Anni ne luoghi al Venetiano Dominio sotto- || posti nessuno altro gli possa impri || mere, o impressi uendere, || sotto le pene, che || in lei si con- || tengo- || no. Sm. 4to, pp. 97, not numbered. Press-mark. Classification. Press . . . lo ; Class . . . .IV. Shelf ... 3 1 Branch ... 6 Number ... 41 Division . . . — BACK. Good copy, with large margins. Red morocco, gilt edges (Cape). Editio princeps, with the dedication to Lucrezia Borgia (daughter of Pope Alexander VI.), which dedication was afterwards suppressed when the differences between Pope Julius II. and Alfonso d'Este determined Bembo and Aldus, both of whom were devoted to the Pope, to destroy the homage rendered to the wife of a prince who had become an enemy to the sovereign Pontiff. In order to do this it was found necessary to reprint the title-page. Copies, with the dedication and the errata, are, according to Brunet, Founier, Gamba, and Renouard, extremely rare. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. I 1 9 If the title and description are not tco long they can both be written on one side of the card or slip, as in the following entry of a modern book. CHESTERFIELD (Philip Dormer, 4th Earl of). Letters to his godson and successor ; now first edited from the originals, with a memoir of Lord Chesterfield, by the Earl of Carnarvon. 4to, pp. xci, 320 ; ports, and illus. Oxford, 1890. Edition of 525 copies numbered. Copy No. 117. Press- MARK. Classification. Class .... III. Branch . . VII. .. Division ... 3 Press ... 8 Shelf ... 3 Number ... 6 When these are finally copied into the catalogue it will be sufficient to put the number of the press and shelf only against each, these cards being used for reference only, and not to supersede the regular catalogue. Example : — 8—3. Chesterfield {P. D,, 4th Earl), Letters, etc. (That is — Press 8, Shelf 3, from the bottom.) While thus making the slip with great care, the bibliophile has imbibed, as it were, a certain and useful knowledge of the book, which will greatly simplify and determine its arrangement in the library and systematic catalogue. The cataloguing of a manuscript requires even greater 120 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. care. One should indicate whether it is on parchment, vellum, papyrus, charta bombycina, or paper ; the form of the characters, whether they are Gothic, semi-Gothic, circular, or Roman, cursive or chancery ; enumerate the illuminated letters and miniatures, searching for their probable author, or, at least, the school to which they belong ; determine the approximate date from the characters, writing, miniatures, and not pass over even the most minute detail which may serve to identify the MS. possessed. Before the book is finally placed in the library, we would suggest to the bibliophile to make a third card, absolutely special, which will deal exclusively with the illustrations ; with these he may create an iconographic catalogue of great utility. Ancient and modern books contain sketches, views, plans, and illustrations of thousands of various objects. Often these prints are anonymous, but not rarely they bear the name or mark of celebrated artists. To know where to find at once a portrait of this or that person, a view, a plan, or an engraving of this or that artist, may be on many occasions a necessity, or one may wish to identify a certain picture merely from simple curiosity. Now, as one may obtain this result with but little labour, we recommend the bibliophile not to neglect this card. This card also should be made in duplicate, but on different systems ; one will have for its catchword the subject of the print, followed by the name of the artist ; the other, the name of the artist, followed by the sub- ject of the print ; on both will be the name of the book in which the print is to be found. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 12 1 1st card. 2nd card. Books and Rats. Etching, , by Jules Chevrier, in Fertiault, Les Amoureux du Livre p. 12 i 1 Chevrier {Jules). Books and Rats. Etching | 1 in Fertiault, Les Amoureux du Livre, p. I2. | ! These cards should be arranged in two ways : No. 2 cards in alphabetical order, No. i in systematic and alphabetical order. The systematic arrangement may be conveniently divided into nine classes, viz. : — L Religion and sacred subjects. n. Mythology, and Greek and Roman antiquities. III. Historical events. IV. Heraldry', numismatics, emblems. \. Feasts, ceremonies, manners and customs, costumes. VI. Sciences, arts, and trades. VII. Caricatures. Vin. Geographical charts and maps, plans of towns. IX. Portraits. Special slips or check-lists should be made for works in progress of printing, and for reviews and periodicals of every nature. These publications are only placed in the library (and consequently in the alphabetical and systematic catalogues) in complete volumes. It is necessary, therefore, to use special slips, of which we present several models. For works in progress of publishing one will mark on the slip No. i the day each part is received, to what volume it belongs, the number of the part itself, and of the plates it contains. For periodicals it will be sufficient to cancel time after time, on slips Nos. 2-5, the number corresponding with that of the part of the periodical received. 122 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY, In order to illustrate the use of the following slips we have added an entry on each one as a specimen : — No. I. Check-list for Works in Progress. TITLE : Racinet. Costume Historique. Supplied by Press-jnat'k of parts . volumes H. Grevel. Store Room A. 9 • 3- Volume. Part. Plates. 12 March 12, 1S88 12 April 3 — 12 May 10 — 12 June 12 — 12 Nov. 5 — 2 colrd., 10 plain ' Jan. 6, 1889 Mar. 10 — April 25 — Received. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 23 No. 2. Check-list for Monthly Periodicals. TITLE : Blackwood's Magazine. 2/6 per month. Supplied by . . . Hill & Co., 52, Key Street, E.C. Press-i7iark of numbers . Store Room B. volumes . 27 . 6. 1889. >. |6 I S ,Jan. Reed.; 2nd 2 Feb. 5th 3 Mar. 4 .Apr. I St 5 May 6 June I St 7 July 2nd 8 Aug. 9 Sept. 10 II Oct. Nov. 12 Dec. Title and Index. I.St 3rd I St 2iid 5th ISt 1 ISt iDec. 25. 1890. I Jan. 2 Feb. 3 Mar. 4 Apr. 5 May June 7 July 8 Aug. 9 Sept. 10 II Oct. Nov. 12 Dec. Title and Index. Reed. 189I. >> I Jan. 2 Feb. 3 Mar. 4 Apr. 5 May 6 June 7 July 8 Aug. 9 Sept. ID Oct. II Nov. 12 Title _ and Dec. Index. Reed. 1 1892. cZ I Jan. 2 Feb. 3 Mar. 4 Apr. 5 May 6 June 7 July 8 Aug. 9 Sept. 10 Oct. II Nov. 12 Dec. Title and Index. Reed. 1893. Monthly No. P M a 2 Feb. 3 Mar. 4 Apr. 5 May 6 June 7 July 8 Aug. 9 Sept. 10 Oct. 71 Nov. 12 Dec. Title and Index. Reed. 1 124 MANUAL pF BIBLIOGRAPHY. No. 3. Check-list for Bi-Monthly Periodicals. TITLE: Literary ChtircJunan. ^d. per number. Supplied by . Press-mark of mimbers vohmres Skeffington, 163, Piccadilly, W. Store Room B. 50 . 4. 1890. I 14 2 15 3 16 4 5 18 6 19 7 20 8 21 9 22 10 23 II 24 12 13 25 26 1891. I 14 2 15 3 16 4 17 5 18 6 19 7 20 8 21 9 22 10 II 12 13 23 24 25 26 1892. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1893. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1894. I 2 15 3 16 4 17 5 18 6 19 7 20 8 21 9 22 10 23 II 24 12 13 25 26 J Directions. — Tick or cancel each number as received. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE, 125 No. 4. Check-list for Weekly Periodicals. TITLE : Le Monitcur Diploinatiqitc. 22s. 6d. per ann. Supplied by . Press-mark of n 7ivihers . oluincs . H. Grevel, King Street, W.C Drawer 29. 5 • I- 1890. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 27 28 i 40 41 16 29 42 17 30 43 18 31 44 19 32 45 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 33 46 34 35 36 37 50 38 51 39 52 47 1 48 49 1891. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 37 25 38 26 39 27 28 40 41 1 29 42 30 43 31 44 32 45 33 34 35 36 46 47 1 48 49 1 50 51 52 D iW/Z £7«J.— -Tick or c ancel each num ber as receiv ed. 126 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. No. 5. Check-list for Daily Periodicals. P'ront. TITLE : The Daily Graphic. \d. Supplied by . . . Jones & Co., 15, P. N. Sq., E.C. Pfcss-tnark of mimbers . Store Room F. vohi77ies . 35 . I. 1890. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II |.. 1 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 6r 62 63 64 65 •66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 8j 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 lOI 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 no III 112 113 114 115 116 "7 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 See other side. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 27 N 0. 5. Back 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 28s 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 1 363 364 128 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Now that the book has been examined under all aspects, let us pass on to the arrangement of books in the library. Arra7igeinent. — We have already said elsewhere that a S3'stematic arrangement is not always imperative J indeed, in a small library it is preferable, for economy of space and for the general appearance, that the books should be disposed according to sizes ; but whether arranged according to size or subject, the bibliophile must never forget that a book ought not to be sought for, but merely to be taken at will. To obtain this result the place of a book on the shelves should be marked on the two copies of the catalogue card, and in or on the book itself; thus, an3'one finding the title of a book among the cards of the alphabetic or systematic catalogues, will see at once where the book is to be found ; while the indication of the arrangement marked in the book (technically called the press- mark) will show where the book is to be replaced, when done with, without necessitating a fresh reference to the catalogue. And now it only remains to fix the class to which the book belongs, and mark this classification on the card and repeat it in the volume itself. This last operation is but little used, but we believe we have proved its utility when speaking of book-plates. Our examination of the book has already taught us to what class or category it belongs, and in doubtful cases we can always have recourse to the large bibliographies mentioned in the list of books at the end of this volume. When a book contains works on several subjects, a cross- reference card must be made for each. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 29 Let us now consider a few of the bibliographical systems, and see which will be the best to adopt. Bihliograpliical Systems. — The first days of bibliography carry us back to an epoch antecedent to the invention of printing. It was first employed for manuscripts, as is proved by, among other documents, the catalogue of the library of Saint Emmeran at Ratisbon, compiled in 1347. This library was so rich in MSS. that the cus- todians were obliged to compile the catalogue according to a systematic order, dividing it into seven classes, and thus forming one of the first bibliographical systems known. Mr. Edwards, however, in his Memoirs of Libraries, vol. ii., gives a still earlier system, which was employed in the Monastic Librar}' of St. Riquier, A.D. 831. It is divided into five classes, viz. : — I. Bibles and Biblical commentaries. n. Fathers of the Church. HL Grammarians. IV. Historians. V. Service Books. It then became customary to call the order observed in any classification whatsoever, of works, printed or MS., forming a library or catalogue of books, a bibliographical system. The first catalogue of printed books which approaches the character of a bibliographical classification is that which Aldus Manutius in 1498 gave on a single sheet ; a list of Libri Greeci impressi, which contains fourteen articles divided into five classes : — 1. Grammatica. 4. Philosophia. 2. Poetica. 5. Sacra Scriptura. 3. Logica. In the middle of the following century (1546) a 9 I 30 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 into catalogue of Robert Ste phanus was div fourteen classes : — I. Hebraea. 8. Rhetorica. 2. Grseca. 9. Oratoria. 3. Sacra. 10. Dialectica. 4. Prophana. II. Philosophica 5. Graramatica 12. Arithmetica. 6. Poetica. 13. Geometrica. 7. Historica. 14. Medica. The first bibliographical system was published in 1548 by Conrad Gesner, and was in later years brought to perfection by him. There are about 130 bibliographical systems known belonging to all ages : i to the fourteenth century, i to the fifteenth century, 10 to the sixteenth century, 17 to the seventeenth century, 25 to the eighteenth century, and J^ to the nineteenth century. Of this number 46 are German, 41 French, 14 English, 14 Italian, 4 Spanish, 2 Belgian, 2 Arabic, 2 Russian, i Swiss, I Dutch, I Danish, and several American. A critical enumeration of the most important biblio- graphical systems, up to the first year of the present century, was attempted by several bibliographers, as Peignot, Achard, Home, Constantin, Edwards, and more recently by CoUan, Petzholdt, and Viges, all of which authors it may be useful to consult. The bibliographical systems which have appeared up to the present may be divided into two categories — philosophical stxid utilitarian; but none have yet reached the perfection to be desired, perhaps because it is impossible to reach it. In most cases it has proved difficult to obtain an agreement between the divisions and the innumerable subdivisions. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. I 3 I Philosophical systems have generally the defect of presuming in the reader a marvellous aptitude of placing himself in relation v^^ith the spirit of the author ; that is, a force of intelligence superior to the common level, whilst, although the utilitarian systems do not perhaps preserve a strictly scientific arrangement, at least they present in a clearer order the succession of ideas methodically classified. Among all the utilitarian systems we firmly believe that by Brunet to be the best arranged, since it can be applied either to a large library or to a small collection of books, easily lending itself to the enlargement or con- densation of its divisions according to the requirements of the bibliophile who adopts it. In England, for ex- ample, it would not be necessary to have so many subdivisions for the History of France as are assigned to it by Brunet, whilst more would be required for the History of Great Britain. Thus, also, the bibliophile who collected works of art would create many sub- divisions for Pictures, Sculpture, Architecture, Engrav- ings, etc., in place of the single subdivision given by Brunet to Fine Arts. Brunet's system is divided into five large classes, as in the table given on p. 132. These five classes are divided into branches, as in the table ; these branches have divisions and subdivisions. The subdivisions will only be of use in the arrange- ment of a large library, or of a special collection ; for these the reader should refer to the sixth volume of Brunet's Manuel du Libraire (edit. 1860-65) > we shall limit ourselves to presenting the order of the classes, with their branches and divisiojis (pp. 133 ct seqq.). 132 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. o m "S • -^ o «5 r^ ^ rt c o i c^"- i" > O 2 y o •.= -z; .^ rt — E ti ^ — O c. o in O 5 ^ y u rt CO "" K :^ = < s :r s - =■ = ^ '^ > g t-' ^ > O 1 "o"? tn . • 1 1 +j ;^ 2 en cj . ■- -" '-s -: I/-, o -^ II 1 11 § 1 III 1 c ^ O in o o 2 ^ « g 1 ">< _ c in S y £ y i;iS 'o i .^ 5 "H ^. ^. ^ *. ^ ^ ^. ^ ^r U ^ = = = >>■>= 1 d n Coo E o X OS ■g '^ >- g S d V g < Q Z < w u z §1 II 1 1 i II . l-i _o II be Ul O a > U - -- =>>■> =1 d >< o m — i 1 • u C « c o u Z M .2 1-2 1 -S . "1. !3 T3 O O "13 ^ « „ = •!? ^- 2 ^- Si ^2 2|| in - J " U U U 2 D -■-=■> en o ICO O .^ = J= 3 .A ?■ ;5f . > S 5/ bX) £ o s o M s 1! i II Hi 1 II E J u u, r- t: a Ci < — " rf >' > r ~ ri xi •— « THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 33 THEOLOGY. L Holy Scriptures. 1. Texts and versions. 2. Interpretations, and commentators of the Scriptures. 3. Sacred philology. II. Liturgies. 1. Treatises on the rites and ceremonies of the Church, and especially the Divine offices. 2. Liturgies in various languages. 3. ,, of the Greek and Eastern Churches. 4. ,, „ Latin Church. 5. „ ,, Galilean Church. 6. Mozarabic and other special liturgies. 7. Anglican liturgies. III. Coimcils. 1. Treatises concerning the Councils and Synods. 2. Collections of Councils. 3. Councils, general. 4. ,, national, provincial, and diocesan. IV. Fathers of the Church. 1. Introduction to the study of the Fathers. 2. Collections, extracts, and fragments of their works. 3. Works of the Greek Fathers. 4. „ ,, Latin Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers. 5- „ ,, Armenian Fathers. V. Theologiaiis. 1. Scholastic and dogmatic theology. 2. Moral theology. 3. Catechetical theology. 4. Parenetic theology, or sermons, homilies, etc. 5. Ascetic and mystic theology. 6. Polemic ,, ,, 7. Theologians of other than the Roman CathoHc Church. VI. Singtdar opinions. 1. Ochino, Postel, Bruno-Nolano, Beverland, etc. 2. Illuminati and other fanatics. 134 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. VII. Jewish religion. Doctrines, cult, institutions. VIII. Religions of the East. (The history of Paganism and of Oriental religions form an appendix to the history of religions.) 1. Sacred books of various peoples. 2. Mahometanism. 3. Magism, or religion of the ancient Persians ; Brahman ism, or religion of the Indians. 4. Buddhism and Taouism, or religions of China. 5. Sabeism, etc. IX. Appendix to Theology. Philosophical work on the Divinity, etc. 1. Deists, etc. 2. Atheists. JURISPRUDENCE. Introduction. (a) History of legislation and tribunals. (b) Study of jurisprudence. (c) Philosophy of the law. (d) Dictionaries and general treatises. I. Law of nature afid nations. 1. General treatises. 2. International law. 3. Special works relating to the law of nations. II. Constitutio7ial law. III. Civil and criminal law. 1. General treatises. 2. Laws of ancient nations, other than the Romans. 3. Roman law. 4. Law of France. 5. Maritime law. 6. Law of England, Italy, Germany, etc. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. I35 IV. Canon or ecclesiastical law. 1. Introduction. Elementary treatises, dictionaries, etc. 2. Papal letters, canons, decretals, and bulls. 3. General treatises on ecclesiastical law. Special works on canonical matters, etc. 4. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Papal Court. 5. Treatises for and against ecclesiastical authorit}'. 6. French church. 7. Foreign ecclesiastical law, and Statutes of religious Orders. 8. Appendix. Laws of non-Catholic churches. SCIENCES AND ARTS. Introdjiction and Dictiottaries. I. Philosophical sciences. 1. Introduction. History and dictionaries. 2. Philosophy, general, and miscellanies. 3. Logic. 4. Metaphysics. 5. Moral philosophy. 6. ,, ,, , application of. (Economy. Politics, political economy, with applica- tion of this science to Social economy.) II. Physics a7id Chemistry. 1. Physics. 2. Chemistry. III. Natural science. 1. Miscellaneous, Dictionaries, etc. 2. Geology. 3. Botany. 4. Zoolog>', or Natural history of animals. 5. Miscellanies of Natural histor>' and Physics. 6. Phenomena of nature ; Monsters, Prodigies, etc. 7. Cabinets and collections of Natural histor_v, preparation and preservation of objects. 8. Appendix to Natural history, Agricuhure, and Rural economy. 136 MANUAL UF BIBLIOGRAPHY, IV. Medical science. 1. Introduction. 2. General treatises. 3. Anatomy. 4. Physiology. 5. Hygiene. 6. Medical pathology. 7. Semeiology, or works on the signs of maladies. 8. Special diseases, 9. Therapeutics, or the art of healing ; tnateria medica, general and special. 10. Legal medicine. 11. Medical periodicals, journals, etc. 12. Surgery. 13. Pharmacy and Pharmacopoeia. Medical secrets. 14. Veterinary medicine. V. Mathe7?iatics. 1. General treatises, 2. Pure mathematics. 3. Applied mathematics. (Calculation of probabilities : mechanics, astronomy, optics, perspective naviga- tion, etc., military art, engineering.) VI. Appendix to the Sciences. 1. Occult philosophy. (Introduction, history, dictionaries, cabala, magic, apparitions, demons, the possessed, exorcisms, sorcery, etc. Divination by dreams, palmistry, and cards.) 2. Alchemy. (History and collections. Ancient and modern alchemists, chemical medicine.) 3. Astrology. Astrological predictions and other prognos- tications. VII. Arts. 1. Mnemonics, or art of memory, natural and artificial. 2. Writing and other means of representing speech. (Caligraphy, polj'graphy, cryptography, stenography, tacheography, telegraphy, etc. Typography.) 3. Fine Arts. (Introduction, history, dictionaries. Philo- THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 37 sophyof the fine arts, art of design, lithography, etc. ; photography, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture ; music.) VHL Mechanical arts and trades. 1. Dictionaries and general treatises ; collections, industrial exhibitions. 2. Pyrotechny : fireworks, iron founding, glass, etc. 3. Art of turning ; industrial manufactures. Needlework, trades. 4. Treatises on cookery. IX. Gymnastic exercises. 1. Wrestling and fencing. 2. Horse riding, bicycling. 3. Swimming. 4. Dancing. 5. Hunting and fishing. X. Games of chalice, etc. BELLES-LETTRES. « L Lingtiistics. 1. Introduction. (The connection of writing with language, origin and formation of languages, etymology, gram- mar and grammatical essays, comparison of languages, alphabets, polyglot grammars and dictionaries.) 2. European languages, ancient and modern. 3. Asiatic languages. 4. African ,, 5. American ,, II. Rhetoric. Rhetoricians. r. Introduction. 2. Greek. 3. Ancient Latin, and modern rhetoricians who have written in Latin. 4. English, French, Italian, and Spanish. 5. Oriental. 138 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Orators. 1. Greek. 2. Ancient Latin. 3. Modern orators who have written in Latin. 4. Enghsh, French, Italian, and Spanish. 5. Oriental. III. Poetry. Introduction and general treatises. 1. Collections of poetry in various languages 2. Greek poets. 3. Latin ,, 4. French ,, 5. Italian ,, 6. Spanish ,, 7. Portuguese poets. 8. German ,, 9. Flemish and Dutch poets. 10. Scandinavian poets. 11. English poets. 12. Scotch and Irish poets. 13. Illyrian, Servian, Roumanian, Hungarian, Bohemian, Lithuanian, Esthonian, Polish, and Russian poets. 14. Oriental poets. 15. Hebrew and Syriac poets. 16. Arabic, Persian, Armenian, and Turkish poets. 17. Sanscrit, Pali, Hindustani, Cingalese, Chinese, and Malay poets. III.* Poetry (2nd part). Dramatic Poetry. 1. General theatrical history, writings for and against the theatre, and general treatises on the dramatic art. 2. Greek dramatic poets, 3. Latin dramatic poets, ancient. 4. Dramatic poets of the Middle Ages and of modern times who have written in Latin. 5. French dramatic poets. 6. Italian ,, ,, 7. Spanish ,, ,, 8. Portuguese ,, ,, THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 39 9. German and Dutch dramatic poets. 10. Danish and Swedish ,, „ 11. English dramatic poets. 12. Illyrian, PoHsh, and Russian dramatic poets. 13. Turkish, Indian, and Chinese ,, ,, IV. Prose fiction. 1. Apologues, or fables in different languages. 2. Romances, tales, and novels. Appendix to Title /F. 1. Facetiae and burlesques. 2. Dissertations, curious, humorous, etc. V. Philology. 1. Philology. 2. Satires, general and personal. 3. Gnomics, sententise, apophthegms, adages, proverbs. 4. Bon mots, ana, pens^es, etc. 5. Symbols, emblems, devices, enigmas. VI. Dialogues and Conversations. VII. Epistolary writers. 1. Greek. 2. Latin, ancient. 3. ,, modern, — who have written in Latin 4. French. 5. ItaHan, Spanish, and Portuguese. 6. English and German. 7. Oriental. VIII. Polygraphic writers. 1. Greek. 2. Ancient Latin. 3. Modern Latin, or moderns who have written in Latin. 4. French. 5. Italian. 6. Spanish and Portuguese. 7. German. 8. Danish, Swedish, Russian, and Hungarian. 9. English and Anglo-American. 140 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. IX. Collections of works and extracts frojii various authors, miscellanies^ etc. 1. Ancient Greek and Latin. 2. Modern ,, ,, 3. French. 4. Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. 5. German 6. English and Anglo-American. 7. Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian. 8. Different dialects of India, Indo-China, China, etc. HISTORY. I. Introduction. 1. Treatises on the manner of writing and studying history, philosoph)' of history, historical atlases, dictionaries. 2. Geography. 2.* Travels. 3. Chronology. II. Universal history, ancient and moderii. 1. Ancient chronicles. 2. Works on universal history, written since the com- mencement of the sixteenth century. 3. Special treatises on universal history : habits and customs. III. History of religions a}id superstitions. 1. General history of religions. (History of the Christian Church : general and special histories of heresies and schisms.) 2. General history of religions, Part II. Pagan religions (Polytheism and Pantheism) considered from a mythological point of view. IV. Ancient history. 1. Origin of nations. 2. General and special histories of various ancient peoples. 3. Historical miscellanies : civilization, government, etc. 4. History of the Jews. 5. History of the Phoenicians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians, and other ancient peoples. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 141 6. General and special histories of Greece. 7. History of Italy before the time of the Romans. 8. General and special history of the Romans and their Emperors. IV.* Appendix to ancient history. 1. Byzantine Empire. 2. Historyof the migration of the Scythians, Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, Huns, etc., and of their invasions in Europe during the first ages of the Christian era. V. Modern history. Getteral Histories. Europe. Introduction. 1. History of France. 2. History of Belgium, containing the ancient'provinces ot Brabant, Flanders, Hainault, Namur, Luxembourg, Limbourg, Liege, and Holland. 2.* Belgian history, Part II. : Holland. 3. History of Italy. 4. ,, the Ionian Isles, Sardinia, Corsica,'and Malta. 5. ,, . Switzerland. 6. ,, Spain. 7. ,, Portugal. 7.* ,, the Balearic Islands, etc. 8. ,, Germany. 9. ,, Great Britain and Ireland. 10. Scandinavian history. 11. History of Russia. 12. ,, Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukrain. 13. General history of the Ottoman Empire, with thejhistory of the Turkish possessions in Europe, and comprising Moldavia, Bulgaria, and Servia. 14. History of Greece and its islands. 15. „ the nomadic hordes, commonly called Bo- hemians, or Gipsies, who overrun Europe, and whose origin is supposed to be Indian. 142 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Collections relating to the history of Asia, Africa,\ and America, including the history of modern colonics fonnded by Europeans. Asia. 1. General history. 2. History of the Arabians and of Islamism. 3. „ Turkish possessions in Asia, and comprising Syria and Armenia. 4. History of a part of the coast of the Caspian Sea, and of the Caucasian countries. 5. History of Persia, Cabul, Turkestan, etc. 6. ,, India. 7. ,, the Indian archipelago: Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Philippine Islands, etc. 8. History of a part of Central and Northern Asia, com- prising India beyond the Ganges, Thibet, Mongolia, and Tartary. 9. History of China and Corea. 10. ,, Japan. 11. ,, the Russian possessions in Asia. 12. Appendix to the history of Asia : Australia, New Zea- land, and Polynesia. Africa. 1. General historj'. 2. History of Egj'pt and Nubia. 3. ,, the barbaric states, including Algeria. 4. ,, the central, western, and eastern regions ot Africa. 5. History of African islands. America. 1. General history. 2. North America. 3. The Antilles. 4. South America. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 43 t VI. Historical paraJipoiuoics. 1. History of chivalry and noblesse. 2. ,, public solemnities, pomps, and ceremonies. 3. Archaeology. 3.* ,, Part II. Archaeography. 4. Literary history. 5. Biography, specially that of literary men and artists. 6. Bibliography. Collections and encyclopaedic dictionaries. The principal literary, scientific, and political journals. As we have said, among all the bibliographical systems we counsel the book-lover to give preference to that of Brunet, and we have given our reasons for doing so ; nevertheless in practical work some bibliophiles have preferred systems which, by enlarging the number of the classes, render superfluous the branches, divisions, and subdivisions. The following, which from among these systems seems to us to suit all the exigences of the bibliophile, is divided into eighteen classes. I. Religion. II. Jurisprudence. III. Philosophy and Morals. IV. Occult Sciences. V. Moral and political science. VI. Military science. Marine and navigation, VII. Mathematical sciences. VIII. Natural sciences. IX. Medicine, surgery, hygiene. X. Agricultural sciences. XI. Industrial arts. XII. History. XIII. Geography and travels. XIV, Literature, ancient and modern. A. Prose. B. Poetry, c. Drama. 144 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. XV. Fine arts. XVI. Philology. XVII. Education and pedagogy. XVIII. Miscellaneous. (Encyclopsedias, academic statutes, bibliography, hunting, fishing, games, etc.) When once you have decided to what class, branch, and division the book belongs which you have been examining, it should be marked on the catalogue card, and also on the book itself (the final blank flyleaf will be found convenient), and then at last the book is ready to be placed in the library, and the cards (or slips) con- taining the name, etc., of the book can be placed, one in the general alphabetical order, and the other in the systematic arrangement. Alphabetical Arrangement. — Alphabetic classification presents no difficulties whatever, merely requiring a little attention in the rigorous following of the alphabetic order in the syllabic composition of the names. In order to obtain this result commence by separating the catalogue cards into as many divisions as there are letters in the alphabet. The first heap will then be composed of all the cards which commence with words beginning with A, the second heap with those which commence with B, and so on. Then take the A division, and arrange it according to the second letter of the first word, thus : — Aa, Ab, Ac, Ad, etc. ; repeat the same operation for the third letter, e.g., Aab, Aac, Aad, etc., and so on. The diphthongs a, o, //, in foreign languages, corre- spond to a, a, ue. The alphabetical order of the cards should be followed THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 45 strictly, not only for the first, but also for the second and following words. For example : Poor. I Poor Rate Valuation. Poor Law Commission. | Poor Removal Acts. Vowels and letters which are suppressed or elided are treated as if they still existed in the words, e.g. : — Mc as if written Mac. | St. as if written Saint. But, as we have said, the alphabetical arrangement requires but little attention, and after the first attempts the work will become easy and expeditious. Many useful hints on this subject will be found in Wheatley's PVhat is an Index ? and Blackburn's Catalogue Titles, full particulars of which are given in the list of books at the end. As to the systematic catalogue, the cards which com- pose it should be first divided into classes, the classes into branches, these branches into divisions ; then the cards resulting from each division should be arranged alphabetically according to the above system. It may be well to add, for the information of the reader, that a very ingenious catalogue and index box has been lately brought out, called " The Marlborough Card-Catalogue Case." It is made in the shape of a book, and when on the shelf might be taken for one. Preservation and Restoration of Books and Bindings. — The principal and indeed almost the only true requisites for the preservation of books are fresh air and cleanliness. The greatest damage to books and bookbindings pro- ceeds from damp, rats, mice, bookworms, and other 10 146 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. vermin. To combat damp, heat and air are necessary, to obtain which one can always open the windows on fine warm days, while in the winter it will be necessary to use the stove moderately, in order to absorb the natural humidity of the atmosphere. It is not difficult to banish rats and mice as soon as their presence is observed, by seeking and stopping up the holes by which they introduce themselves into the library, and by using some kind of poison, vermin killer, or traps. It is as well, however, not to call in the aid of a cat, as unless well trained the remedy might be worse than the disease. Bookworms were the worst enemies which book- lovers had to combat; they introduced themselves into the library in the binding of the books, and the wood- work of the presses produced them. He who has not seen great volumes partly destroyed by these minute insects, cannot form any idea of the amount of damage they are able to cause. Thanks to the greater interest and care taken in books at the present time, and (as Mr. Blades points out in his Enemies of Books, 1880), the extensive adulteration of modern paper, the bookworm has fortunately become almost a curiosity. A photograph of two leaves of a Caxton mutilated by bookworms is given at p. 57 of the above work. Nothing is more neces- sary to the welfare of the library than cleanliness. Gently beat the volumes outside an open window on a fine day, brush the top edges, wipe them carefully with a warm dry cloth, and clean out the dust from the presses and shelves. This repeated twice, thrice, or four times in the year, is the only true remedy for the preservation of books. THE LIBRARY AND THE CATALOGUE. 1 47 By using care one may easily preserve books in a good state ; cases often occur, however, when one wishes to restore some volume which has been soiled, or perhaps to put into a good state some book which was imperfect or torn when bought. The art of restoring books consists in bleaching the paper on which it is printed, washing out of it all species of stains, repairing the damages caused by worms, tears, etc., and then restoring the paper to its original strength. Ink stains are easily washed out with very dilute muriatic acid, and oil stains with lye, but care must be taken that the chemicals do not touch the printed part, as they may wash out the printing. The stains of fruit or tobacco juice may be simply washed in a bath of pure water containing a few drops of hydrochloric acid. The art of restoring books, even when one knows all the formulae and processes, always requires much practice, much prudence, and much patience ; so we advise any one who has books or engravings which require washing, to hand them over to some specialist in the art, rather than run the risk of spoiling a book, perhaps very valuable ; for by sparing a few shillings in the first instance one may at the end of the account outrun the saving, and that without having very satis- factory results. Reference Books. — In order that the library may not want an essential part of its completeness, a collection of books of reference should be formed by the biblio- phile for use on occasions when further information is required on a subject than is furnished by the owner's knowledge. In point of fact bibliography is not to be 148 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. learned from manuals alone, but also requires much stud}^ and time spent in carefully examining a great quantity of books of all kinds and all ages. For this reason the bibliophile cannot dispense with a collection of books, ahva3^s to be kept hand}', which will facilitate the research that at any moment he may wish to make. This special collection should consist of: — Principal works on Bibliography, Typography, etc. Catalogues of all kinds, of libraries, booksellers', sales, etc. Dictionaries of Biography, ancient and modern. ,, „ Geography „ „ „ „ ,, History „ „ „ ,, ,, Languages „ ,, ,, The bibliophile cannot possess too many catalogues, be they old or new ; simply a list of names or illustrated with notes ; priced or unpriced, they often serve as a guide to the finding of a book, and furnish information as to editions and prices. From the careful examina- tion of many catalogues one may acquire that knowledge of books and their commercial value which is one of the most indispensable requisites of the bibliophile. If possible the book-lover should note up his sale catalogues in the auction room, as it will serve to fix the prices on his memory ; but, if this is not feasible, the prices, etc., should be taken from other copies of the catalogues, at the British Museum or elsewhere. Book Prices Current will also be found of the greatest use for the last few years, as it contains the purchasers' names, and prices of books sold at all the principal book auctions since 1887, and has besides an index for each year. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 1 49 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL WORKS OF REFERENCE.* Allibone (S. A.). — A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the earliest accounts to the middle of the 19th century. 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. and Philad., 1859-71. Ames (Joseph) and Herbert (William). — T3'pographical Anti- quities ; or, A History of Printing in England, Scotland, Ireland, etc. New edition by T. F. Dibdin. 4 vols. 4to. Lond., 1810-19. Antonio (N.). — Bibliotheca Hispana vetus at nova, cura Bayerii. 4 vols. Fol. Matriti, 1783-8. Bandinius (A. M.). — De Florentina Juntarum Typographia ej usque censoribus. 2 parts. 8vo. Lucse, 1791- Barbier (A. A.). — Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes. 3"^^ edition. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1872-80. Beloe (Rev. W.). — Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. 6 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1807-12. Berard (A. S. L.). — Essai bibliographique sur les Editions des Elzevirs les plus precieuses et les plus recherchees, precede d'une notice sur ces imprimeurs celebres. 8vo. Paris, 1822. Berjeau(J. Ph.). — Catalogue lUustre des Livres Xylographiques. 8vo. Lond., 1865. Early Dutch, German, and English Printers' Marks. 8vo. /did., 1866-9. Berlan (F.). — La Invenzione della Stampa a Tipo Mobile fuso Rivendicata all' Italia. 8vo. Firenze, 1882, La Introduzione della Stampa in Milano, a proposito dei Miraculi de la Gloriosa Verzene Maria, colla data del 1469. 8vo. Venezia, 1884. * Any of these works can be supplied by H. Grevel & Co. 150 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bernard (A. J.). — De TOrigine, et des debuts de I'lmprimerie en Europe. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1853. Les Estienne et les types grecs de Francois 1*^^ comple- ment des Annales Stephaniennes, etc. Svo. Ibid., 1856. Bibliophile Francais (Le). — Gazette Illustree des Amateurs de Livres, d'Estampes et de haute Curiosite. 7 vols. Svo. Paris, 186S-73. Nombreuses portraits de bibliophiles celebres, facsimiles de reliures, etc. Bigmore (E. C). and Charles Wyman. — Bibliography of Printing. 3 vols. 4to. Lond., 1880-6. Blackburn (C. F.). — Hints on Catalogue Titles and Index Entries, with a rough vocabulary of terms and abbreviations, chiefly from catalogues, and some passages from journeyings among books. 8vo. Lond., 1884. Blades (Robert H.). — Who was Caxton? a monograph. [By R. H. B.] Svo. Lond., 1S77. (William). — The Life and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer. 2 vols. 4to. Ibid., 1S61-3. I vol. Svo, Ibid., 1S77. Cheap edition. 2nd edit. 8vo. Ibid., \%^2. A Catalogue of Books printed by (or ascribed to the press of) W. Caxton, in which is included the press-mark of every copy contained in the library of the British Museum. Svo. Ibid., 1865. A List of Medals, Jettons, Tokens, etc., in connection with printers and the art of printing. Svo. Ibid., 1869. Typographical Notes. (The early schools of typography, from the Bookworm, March, 1S70. The Entschede type-foundry at Haarlem.) (Privately printed.) Svo. Ibid., 1870. • How to tell a Caxton. Svo. Ibid., 1870. Blades (^W.). — On the present aspect of the question, " Who was the inventor of printing ? " Being a paper, etc. (Privately Printed.) Svo. Lend., 1887. ■ • Bibliographical Miscellanies. Svo. Ibid., 1S90. Some Early Type Specimen Books of England, Holland, France, Italy, and Germany . . . with explanatory remarks. Svo. Ibid., 1875. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. I 5 ' Blades (William).— The Enemies of Books. 8vo. Ibid., 1880. Numismata Typographica ; or, The Medallic History of Printing. Reprinted f^om the Printers' Register. Plates. 4to. Ibid., 1883. Bonnardot (A.).— De la Reparation des Vieilles Reliures. 8vo. Paris, 1858. Essai sur I'Art le Restaurer les Estampes et les Livres ; ou traite sur les meilleurs procedes pour blanchir, detacher, decolorier, reparer et conserver les estampes, livres, et dessins. 2nd edition. 8vo. Ibid., 1858. Book Prices Current : a record of the prices at \vhich books have been sold at auction. (Pubhshed annually.) 4 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1887-90. Bouchot (Henri).— Les Reliures d'Art a la Bibliotheque Nationale. %o plates, classified according to centuries. 8vo. Paris, 1888. The Book: its Printers, Illustrators, and Binders, from Gutenberg to the Present Time. New edition, edited by H. Grevel. ^^y- ^™- Lond., 1890. . Des Livres Modernes qu'il Convient d'Acquerir. 8vo. Paris, 1891. Les Ex-libris et les Marques de Possession du Livre. 8vo. Ibid., 1 89 1. De la Reliure. L'art du siecle, Ihabillement des livres, ses qualites et sa decoration, exemples a imiter ou a rejeter. Illustration de planches et motifs INEDITS, d'apres les dernicres creations des principaux maitres relieurs. 8vo. Ibid., 1891. Les Livres a Vignettes du quinzieme jusqua la nn du dix- huitieme siecle. L'histoire et l'art dans les livres, idee d'une collection de livres documentaires, moyens critiques d'yparvenir. Illustrations. 8vo. 7^/./., 189 1. Boulard (M.S.).— Traite elementaire de bibliographic, contenant la maniere de faire les inventaires, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1804. Boulmier (T.).— Estienne Dolet, sa Vie, ses CEuvres, son Martyre. ^ 8vo. Ibid., 1857. Bradshaw (Henry).— Collected Papers, comprising (i) Memo- randa ; (2) Communications read before the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, etc. 13 plates. 8vo. Lond., 1889. 152 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bradshaw (Henry). — A Classified Index of the Fifteenth Century Books in the collection of M. J. de Meyer, which were sold at Ghent in Nov. 1869. [Memorandum No. 2, April 1870.] List of the Founts of Type and Woodcut Devices used by Printers in Holland in the Fifteenth Century. [Memorandum No. 3, June 1871.] A list of this author's numerous articles will be found at pp. 433-37 of Prothero's Memoir of H. Bradshaw. 1888. British Museum. — List of Bibliographical Works in the Reading Room of the British Museum. 2nd edition. 8vo. Lond., 1889. List of the Books of Reference in the Reading Room of the British Museum. 3rd edition. 8vo. Ibid., 1889. Brivois (Jules). Bibliographic des Ouvrages Illustres du XIX. Siecle, principalement des livres a gravures sur bois. Royal 8vo. Paris, 1883. (Uniform with Cohen, to which it forms a continuation.) Brown (H. F.). — The Venetian Printing Press : an historical study based upon documents for the most part hitherto unpublished. 4to. Lond., 1891. Brunet (J. C). — Manuel du Libraire et de I'Amateur de Livres, contenant : i, Un nouveau dictionnaire bibliographique, dans lequel sont indiques les livres les plus precieux et les ouvrages les plus utiles tant anciens que modernes, avec des notes sur les differentes editions qui en out ete faitcs, et des remarques pour en reconnaitre les contrefa9ons, etc. 2, Une table en forme de catalogue raisonne, ou sont classes methodiquement tons les ouvrages indiqu6s dans les dictionnaires, etc. 5th edition. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1860-65. At the end of the 5th volume is an important "notice sur les heures gothiques imprimees a Paris a la fin du quinzieme siecle et dans une partie du scizieme." Supplement et Dictionnaire de Geographic, par P. Des- champs et G. Brunet. 3 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1870-S0. (G.). — Recherches sur diverses editions Elzeviriennes faisant suite aux C-tudes de MM. BOrard ct Picters cxtraites des papiers de M. Millot, mises en ordre ct complet^es par G. Brunet. i2mo. Ibid., 1866. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. I 5 3 Brunet (G.)-— Etudes sur la Reliure des Livres et sur les Collec- tions de quelques Bibliophiles Celebres. 8vo. Bordeaux, 1873. Livres payes en vente publique 1,000 fr., et au dessus, depuis 1866 jusqu'a ce jour. 8vo. Ibid.,1%77. Les Livres Cartonnes, Essais Bibliographiques. 8vo. Brux., 1878. Livres Perdus. Essai bibliographique sur les livres devenus introuvabies. 8vo. Ibid., 1882. Burton (J. H.)— The Book Hunter, etc. New edition. 8vo. Lond., 1885. Campbell (F. A. G.).— Annales de la Typographie Neerlandaise au XV. Siecle. 8vo. La Haye, 1874. ler^ 2'"«, et 3"*^ Supplements. 8vo. Ibid., 1878-1889. Castellani (C.)— Notizia di Alcune Edizioni del Secolo XV con Conosciute fin ora dai Bibliografi un Esemplare delle quali e Conservato nella Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele di Roma. 8vo. Roma, 1877. Christie (R. C.).— :6tienne Dolet, the Martyr of the Renaissance. 8vo. Lond., 1880. Cicognara (L.). — Catalogo ragionato dei libri d'arte e d'antichita posseduti dal Conte Cicognara. 2 vols. 8vo. Pisa, 1821. Clarke (Rev. A.).— A Bibliographical Dictionary; containing a chronological account of the most curious, scarce, useful, and important books in all departments of literature. 6 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1802-4. The Bibliographical Miscellany ; or. Supplement to the Bibliographical Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1806. (William).— Repertorium Bibliographicum ; or, some ac- count of the most celebrated British Libraries. 8vo. Lond., 18 19. Clegg (James). — The Directory of Second-hand Booksellers and List of Public Libraries, British and Foreign, etc. 3rd edition. 8vo. Lond., 1891. Cohen (H.).— Guide de I'Amateur de Livres a Vignettes (et a Figures) du XVIII. Siecle. 4th edition. 8vo. Paris, 1880. CoUan (— .).— Om Bibliografiska Systemer och Biblioteksme- toder. 8vo. Helsingfors, 1861. 154 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Collier (J. P.). — A Bibliographical and Critical Account of the Rarest Books in the English Lianguage. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1865. Constantin (L. A.). — Bibliotheconomie : instructions sur I'arrange- ment, la conservation et I'administration des bibliotheques. i2mo. Paris, 1839. Conway (W. M.).— The Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century. 8vo. Camb., 1884. Cotton (Rev. H.). — Typographical Gazetteer. 2 series. 2 vols, in I. Oxford, 1831-66. Cousin (Jean). — De I'Organisation et de I'Administration des Bibliotheques, publiques et privees, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1882. Cundall (Joseph). — On Ornamental Art, applied to ancient and modern bookbinding, etc. 4to. Lond., 1848. On Bookbindings, Ancient and Modern. 4to. Ibid., 1881. Cushing (W.). — Initials and Pseudonyms: a dictionary of literary disguises. Series i and 2. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1886-88. Cutter (C. A.). — Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue. (Special report on Public Libraries, U.S.A., Part II.). 8vo. Washington, 1876. De Bure (G. F.). — Bibliographic Instructive ; ou, traite de la connaissance des livres rares et singuliers, etc. 7 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1763-8. Supplement. 2 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1769. De Bury (Richard). — Philobiblon, edited and translated by E. C. Thomas. i2mo. Lond., 1S88. Degeorge (L.). — La Maison Plantin a Anvers. 2nd edition. 8vo. Brux., 1878. Denis (M.). — Annalium Typographicorum V. CI. Michaelis Maittaire supplementum. 2 vols. 4to. Vienna, 1789. De Vinne (Thcod. L.) — The Invention of Printing: a collection of facts and opinions descriptive of early prints, etc. 2nd edition. 4to. Lond., 1877. Dewey (Melvil). — Decimal Classification and Relativ Index, for arranging, cataloging, and indexing public and private libraries, and for pamflets, clippings, notes, scrap book, index rerums, etc. 2nd edit., enlarged and revised. 8vo. Boston, U.S., 1S85. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. I 5 5 Dibdiii (T. F.). — The Bibliographical Decameron ; or ten days pleasant discourse on illuminated MSS., and subjects con- nected with early engravings, typography, and bibliography. 3 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1817. Bibliotheca Spenceriana. 4 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1814. QEdes Althorpianoe. 2 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1822. The Bibliomania, or Book-madness ; containing some. account of the history, symptoms, and cure of this fatal disease. 8vo. Ibid., 1809. 8vo. Ibid., 1875. Didot (A. F.). — Essai Typographique et Bibliographique sur I'Histoire de la Gravure sur Bois. 8vo. Paris, 1863. Dupont (P.). — Histoire de I'lmprimerie. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1854. Ebert (F. A.). — A General Bibliographical Dictionary, translated, from the German. 4 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1837. Edwards (Edward). — Memoirs of Libraries ; including a hand- book of library economy. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1859. Libraries and Founders of Libraries. 8vo. Ibid., 1865. Free Town Libraries, their formation, management, and history in Britain, France, Germany, and America. Together with brief notices of book collectors,and of the respective places of deposit of their surviving collections. 8vo. Ibid., 1869. : Lives of the Founders of the British Museum ; with notices of its chief augmentors and other benefactors. 1 570-1 870. 2 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1870. Egger (E.). — Histoire du Livre depuis ses Origines jusqu'a nos Jours. S'"'^ edition. 8vo. Paris, 188 1. Ersch (J. S.). — Verzeichniss aller anonymischen Schriften in der vierten Ausgabe des gelehrten Teutschlands fortgesetzt, etc. 8vo. Lemgo, 1794. Ex-libris (les) Fran9ais depuis leur Origine jusqu'a nos Jours. Notes sur leur usage et leur curiosite. 8vo. Paris, 1874. Falkenstein (K.). — Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung, etc., with fac-similes. 2nd edition. 4to. Leipz., 1856. Faulmann (Prof. Karl). — Die Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst nach den neuesten Forschungen. Mit 36 in den Text gedr. Abbildgn. u. e. Stammtafel der Familie Gansfleisch- Gutenberg. 8vo. Wien, 1891 156 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fischer (G.). — Essai sur les Moiiumens Typographiques de Jean Gutenberg, Mayen^ais, inventeur de limprimerie. 4to. Mayence, An 10. Franklin (A.). — Dictionnaire des Noms, Surnoms, et Pseudonymes Latins de I'Histoire Litteraire du Moyen Age (iioo to 1530). 8vo. Paris, 1875. Freytag (F. G.). — Adparatus Litterarius, ubi libri partim antiqui, partim rari recensentur. 3 vols. Svo. Lipsiae, 1752-55. Analecta Litteraria de Libris rarioribus. Svo. Ibid., 1750. Fumagalli (C). — Dei Primi Libri a Stampa in Italia e specialmente di un codice Sublacense impresso avanti il Lattanzio. Svo. Lugano, 1S75. Gallardo (B. J.). — Ensayo de una Biblioteca Espanola de libros raros y curiosos, formado con los apuntamientos de . . . B. J. G., coordinados y aumentados por . . . M. Remon Zarco del Valle y . . . J. S. Rayon. 4 vols. Svo. Madrid, 1863-89. Gamba (B.). — Serie dell" Edizioni de' testi di Lingua italiana Opera nuovamente compilata ed arrichita di un' Appendice contenente altre scrittori di purgata favella. 2 parts. i6mo. Milan, 1812. Serie dei testi di lingua e di altre opere importanti nella italiana letteratura scritte dal secolo XIV. al XIX. 4th ediz. 4to. Venezia, 1839. Goedeke (K.).— Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung aus den Ouellen. 2nd. edit. 4 vols. Svo. Dresden, 1S86-91. Goodhugh (William). — The English Gentlemans Librar}' Manual. Svo. Lond., 1827. Graesse (J. G. T.) — Tresor de Livres Rares et Precieux, ou nouveau dictionnaire bibliographique. 7 vols. 4to. Drcsde., 1S58-69. Grasel (Dr. A.). — Grundziige der Bibliothekslehre. With 33 illust. and 11 formularies. Svo. Leipzig, 1890. Gruel (Leon). — Manuel Historique et Bibliographique de I'Amateur de Reliures. Imp. 410. Paris, 1887. Gnigard (J.). — Armorial du Bibliophile (Fran9ais). Roy. Svo. Paris, 1873. Nouvel Armorial du Bibliophile. 2 vols. Roy. Svo. Ibid., 1890. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 157 Guild (R A).— The Librarian's Manual: a treatise on Biblio- graphy, "comprising a select and descriptiv-e ^^t of bibho- iraphical works, etc. 4to. New York, 1858. Hain (L ).-Repertorium Bibliographicutn, in quo hbri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum 1500, typis expressi ordine alphebetico vel simpliciter enumerantur, vel adcuratius recensentur. 2 vols, in 4. 8vo. Stuttgartise, i826-3b. Halkett (S.) and Laing (J.).-A Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britaui. 4 vols. 8vo. Edm., 1882-89. Hannett (John ).-Bibliopegia, or Bookbinding. In 2 parts. 6th edition. 8vo. Lond., 1^65. Hansard (T. C.).-Typographia : the origin and progress of the art of printing. 8vo. Lond., 1825. Heinecken (C. H. von).-Idee Generale d'une Collection Com- plette d'Estampes, avec une dissertation sur 1 ongme de la eravure, et sur les premiers livres d'lmages. ^ 8vo. Leipzig, 1 77 1. Heinsius(W.).-AllgemeinesBiicher-Lexikon: 1700-1815. 5 vols. 4to. Leipzig, 1812-17. Continued to present time by five yearly instalments. Herring (R.).-Paper and Paper-making, Ancient and Modern ^ 8vo. Lond., 1050. Hessels (T H.).-Gutenberg : Was he the Inventor of Printing? An historical investigation embodying a criticism on Dr. Van der Linde's " Gutenberg." 8vo Lond., 1882. The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of Printmg by L T Coster, critically examined . . . from the Dutch by T ' H K with an introduction and classified list of the Costerian Incunabula. 8vo. Idid., 1871. Haarlem the Birthplace of Printing, not Mentz. 8vo. Il?rer., 1869. Histoire de la Bibliophilie. Recherches sur les Bibhotheques des plus Celebres Amateurs, etc. 10 parts. Imp. fol. Pans, 1 86 1-4- Holtrop (J. W.).-Catalogus Librorum Saeculo XV. Impressorum quotquot in Bibliotheca Regia Hagana asservantur. ^ ^ 8vo. Hag. Com., 1856. 158 AIANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Holtrop (J. W.). — Monumens Typographiques des Pays-Bas au XV. Siecle. 130 plates of xylographic and other early impressions. Atlas 4to. La Haj^e, 1857-68. Home (T. H.). — An Introduction to the Study of Bibliography, to which is prefixed a memoir on the public libraries of the Ancients. Illust. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1814. Hulst (F. van). — Chr. Plantin. 2nd edit. Svo. Liege, 1846. Humphreys (H. Noel). — History of the Art of Printing, from its Invention to the middle of the i6th century. 100 illustrations. Folio. Lond., 1867. Masterpieces of the Early Printers and Engravers. Fac- similes from rare and curious books, remarkable for illustr. devices, beautiful borders, decorat. initials, printers' marks, elaborate title-pages, etc. 72 plates. Fol. Ibid., 1870. Index librorum prohibitorum sanctissimi domini nostri Leonis XIII. pont. max. jussu editus. Editio novissima in qua libri omnes ab Apostolica Sede usque ad annum 1S80 proscripti suis locis recensentur. 8vo. Rom^e, 1881. Inventaire des Marques d'Imprimeurs et de Libraires, avec chiffres reproduits en facsimile precedee d'une essai d'in- terpretation de signes speciaux, par P. Delalain. Fasc. I, Ville de Paris. ,, 2, ,, ,, (suite), Lyon, et autres villes de France. ,, 3, Allemagne, Alsace, Autriche-Hongrie, Belgique, Danemark, Espagnc, Grande-Bretagne, Italic, Paj's Bas, Portugal, Suisse. 4to. Paris, 1888-9. Jackson (J.) and W. A. Chatto. — Treatise on Wood Engraving, historical and practical. New edition, witli additional chapter, by H. G. Bohn. Svo. Lond., iSSi. Jewett (C.).^ — On the Construction of Catalogues of Libraries, and their publication by means of separate stereotyped titles. 8vo. Washington, 1853. Johnson (John). — Typograpliia ; or, the Printer's Instructor. 2 vols. Svo. Lond., 1824. Koeler (J. D.). — Sylloge aliquot Scriptorum de bene Ordinanda et Ornanda Bibliotheca. 4to. Francof., 1728. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. I 59 Laborde (Leon de). — Debuts de rimprimerie a Strasbourg ; ou, recherches sur les travaux mysterieux de Gutenberg, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1840. Laire (Fr. X.). — Index librorum abinventa typographia ad annum 1500; chronologice dispositus cum nolis historiam typo- graphico-litterariam illustrantibus. 2 vols. Svo. Senonis, 1791. Lalanne (Lud.). — Curiosites Bibliographiques. i2mo. Paris, 1857. Lama (G.). — Vita del cav Gio. Batt. Bodoni, tipografo Italiano. 2 vols. 4to. Parma, 18 16. La Marche (A. L. de). — Les Manuscrits et la Miniature. Svo. Paris, n.d. Lancetti (V.). — Pseudonimia, ovvero tavole alfabetiche de' nonii finti o supposti degli scrittori con la contrapposizione de' veri, ad uso de' bibliofili, etc. 8vo. Milano, 1836. Lempertz (H.). — Typographische Bilderhefte zur Geschichte des Biicherhandels und der verwandten Gevverbe. Royal fol. Coin, 1853-65. Le Roux de Lincy. — Recherches sur Jean Grolier, sur sa vie et sa bibliotheque, suivies d'un catalogue des livres qui lui ont appartenu. Svo. Paris, 1866. Lewis (J.). — The Life of Mayster Wyllyam Caxton, . . . the first printer in England. Svo. Lond., 1737. Lichtenberger (J. F.).— Histoire de I'invention de I'imprimerie pour servir de defense a la ville de Strasbourg contre les pretentions de Harlem. Svo. Strasb., 1825. Linde (Dr. A. v. der). — Der Haarlemsche Costerlegende. Svo. Gravenhage, 1870. The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of Printing. Trans- lated by J. H. Hessels. Svo. Lend., 1871. Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdruckkunst. 3 vols. 4to. Berlin, 1886. Gutenberg; Geschichte und Erdichtung, aus den Ouellen nachgevviesen. Svo. Stuttgart, 1878 Linton (W. J.). — The Masters of Wood Engraving. Fol. Lond., 1889. Lippmann(Dr. F.). — The Art of Wood Engraving in Italyin the 15th Century. (59 reproductions of examples between 1470-1 505.) Imp. Svo. Lond., 1888. l6o MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lorenz (Otto). — Catalogue General de la Librairie Fran^aise depuis 1840 (1840 a 1885). 1 1 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1867-88. In preparation, Vol. XII., containing the French books published I'rom 1886 to 1890. Lostalot (A. de). — Les Proced<5s de la Gravure. 8vo. Paris, 1882 Low (S.). — The English Catalogue of Books published from ... 1835 to ... 1880. (Continued annually). 3 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1864-S2. Index to the British Catalogue of Books, 1S37-57. [Vol. i.] Index to the English Catalogue of Books, 1856-S0. [Vols. 2 and 3.] 3 vols. 8vo. Ibid., 1858-84. Lowndes (W. T.). — The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature, containing an account of rare, curious, and useful books, published in, or relating to. Great Britain and Ireland, from the invention of printing ; with bibliographical and critical notices, collations of the rarer articles, and the prices at which they have been sold in the present century. New edition, with an appendix relating to the books of literary and scientific societies, by H. G. Bohn. 13 parts in 6 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1857-64. Madden (J. P. A.). — Catalogue d'une Collection Importante d'Incunables, dimpressions Gothiques du XVI. Siecle, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1890. Lettres d'un Bibliographe (facsimiles). 5 series. 8vo. Versailles and Paris, 1868-78. Vol. III. contains " Etudes sur Gutenberg et sur Schoiffer." Maittaire (M.). — Annales Typographic ab artis inventaj origine ad annum 1664. 5 vols. 4to. Hagae, 1719-41. Manni (D. M.). — Vita d'Aldo Pio Manuzio. 8vo. Venezia, 1759. Marius-Michel (MM.).— Essai sur la Decoration Exterieure des Livres. 8vo. Paris, 1878. La Reliure Fran9aise, depuis I'invention de I'imprimerie jusqu'a la fin du 18"^ siecle. 4to. Ibid., 1880. Commercial et Industrielle, etc. 4to. Ibid.,\Z%\. Meerman (G.). — Origines Typographica;. 2 vols. 4to. Hag. Com., 1765. Melzi (G.). — Dizionario di Opere Anonime e Pseudonime di Scrittori Italiani, etc. 3 vols. 8vo. Milan, 1848-59. Mentel (J. ). — De vera Typographic Origine. 4to. Paris, 1650. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. l6l Moreni (D.). — Annali della Tipografia Fiorentina di Lorenzo Tor- rentino. 2nd edition. 8vo. Firenze, 1819. Muther (R.) — Die Deutsche Biicher-Illustration der Gothik und der Friili Renaissance (1460-1530). 2 vols. Fol. Munchen, 1884. Mylius (J. C). — Bibliotheca Anonymorunj et Pseudonymorum Detectorum, ultra 4,000 scriptores, etc. Fol. Hamburgi, 1740. Namur (P.). — Manuel du Bibliothecaire. 8\'o. Brux, 1834. Nicholson (J. B.). — A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding, etc. 8vo. Philad., 1878. Orlandi (P. A.). — Origine e Progressi della Stampa, o sia dell' arte impressoria ; e notizie dell' opere stampate dall' anno 1457, sino air anno 1500. 4to. Bologna, 1722. At pp. 228-37 he has the imprints of 94 printers. Ottino (G.) and Fumagalli (G.). — Bibliotheca Bibliographica Italica. Catalogo degli scritti di bibliologia, bibliografia, e biblioteconomia pubblicati in Italia, etc. 8vo. Roma, 1889. Ottley (W. Y.). — Inquiry Concerning the Invention of Printing, in which the systems of Meerman, Heinecken, Santander and Koning are reviewed, including notices of the Block Books, etc. 4to. Lond., 1863. Inquiry into the Origin and Early History of Engraving upon Copper and in Wood, etc. 2 vols. 4to. Ibid., 1816. Panzer (G. W.). — Annalen der altern Deutschen Litteratur, etc. 4to. Niirnberg, 1788. Annales Typographic! ab Artis Inventae Origine ad Annum 1500, etc. II vols. 4to. Norimb., 1 793-1803. Histoire de I'lmprimerie dans les premiers temps, a Nuremberg, jusqu'en 1500. 4to. Nuremberg, 1789. Passavant (J. D.). — Le Peintre-graveur, contenant I'histoire de la gravure sur bois, sur metal, et au burin j usque vers la fin du XVI. siecle, etc. 6 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1860-4. Peignot (G.). — Dictionnaire Raisonne de Bibliologie. 3 vols, et Supp. 8vo. Paris, 1802-4. Manuel Bibliographique, ou essai sur les bibliotheques anciennes et modernes, et sur la connaissance des livres, etc. 8vo. Ibid., 180K I I 1 62 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Peignot (G.). — Manuel du Bibliophile ; ou, Traits du Choix des Livres, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. Dijon, 1823. Repertoire Bibliographique Universel, contenant la notice raisonnee des bibliographies speciales, etc. Svo. Paris, 181 2. ■ Repertoire de Bibliographies Speciales, Curieuses et Instructives, contenant la notice raisonnee des ouvrages imprimes a petit nombres d'exemplaires, etc. Svo. Ibid., 1810. Petzholdt (J.). Bibliotheca Bibliographica. Kritisches Verzeich- niss der das gesammtgebiet der Bibliographie betreffenden Litteratur des In-und Auslandes in systematicher Ordnung arbeitit. Svo. Leipzig, 1S66. Chronologische Uebersicht von Bibliographischen Systemen. Svo. Dresden, i860. (See also Edwards' " Memoirs of Libraries," vol. ii., pp. 760-850, for bibliographical systems.) Katechismus der Bibliothekenlehre. — Anleitung zur Einrich- tung und Vervvaltung von Bibliotheken. New edition by Dr. A. Grasel. i8mo. Leipzig, 1891. Pieters (C). — Annales de I'lmprimerie des Elsevier, ou Histoire de leur Famille, et de leurs editions. 2nd edition, avec additions. Svo. Gand, 1858-60. Power (John). — A Handy Book about Books, for book-lovers, book-buyers, and book-sellers. Svo. Lond., 1870. Quaritch (B.). — Catalogue of 1,500 books remarkable for the beauty or the age of their bindings, or as bearing indications of former ownership by great book collectors, etc. Imp. Svo. Lond., 1889. Catalogue of the Monuments of the Early Printers in all countries ; comprises titles of 2,610 rare books from the Early Printing presses. Svo. Ibid., 1887. Facsimiles of choice examples of historical and artistic bookbinding in the 15th and l6th centuries. lo'}, -plates tn gold and coIo7i7-s, Imp. Svo. Ibid., iZZ<), General Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts, about 4,500 pages, containing 40,000 articles, 6 vols. Imp. Svo. Ibid., 1887-8. [Index volume to follow.] BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 1 63 Ouerard (J. M.). — La France Litteraire, ou Dictionnaire biblio- grapliique des savants, historiens et gens de lettres de la France, etc. 12 vols. Svo. Paris, 1827-64. La Litterature Fran9aise Contemporaine (1827-49). 6 vols. Svo. Ibid., 1842-57. Les Auteurs Deguises de la Litterature Fran9aise au XIX. Siecle. Svo. Ibid., 1845 Les Supercheries Litteraires Devoilees. 2nd edit. 3 vols. Svo. Ibid., 1869-70. Livres Perdus et Exemplaires Uniques. Svo. Bordeaux, 1872. Recherches sur I'origine et le premier usage des registres, des signatures, de reclames, et des chiffres de page, dans les premiers livres imprimes. Svo. Paris, 1783. Reed (T. B.). — A History of the Old English Letter Founders; with notes, historical and bibliographical, on the rise and progress of English typograph}-. 4to. Lond., 1887. Reference-Catalogue of Current Literature, containing the full titles of books now in print and on sale, with their prices, and an index containing upwards of 68,000 references. Svo. Lond., 1889. Reiffenberg (De). — Des Marques et Devises mises a leurs Livres par un grand nombre d'Amateurs. Svo. Paris, 1S75. Reliure (La), Ancienne et Moderne. Recueil de 116 planches de reliures artistiques des XVI., XVII., XVIIL, and XIX. siecles, ayant appartenu a Grolier, Henri II., Francois I., Diane de Poitiers, etc., avec Introduction par Gustave Brunei. 4to. Paris, 1878. Renouard (A. A.). — Annales de I'lmprimerie des Aide, ou Histoire des trois Manuce et de leurs editions. 3rd edition. Svo. Paris, 1S34. Annales de I'lmprimerie des Estienne, ou Histoire de la Famille des Estienne et de ses editions. 2nd edition. Svo. Ibid., 1843. Requin (I'Abbe). — L'Imprimerie a Avignon en 1444. 20 pages et planche fac-simile. Svo. Paris, 1890. 1 64 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Requin (I'Abbe). — Les Origines de I'lmprimerie a Avignon. Note sur les documents decouverts par M. I'Abbe Requin, par L. Duhamel. 8vo. Paris, 1890. Richard (J.). — L'Art de Former une Bibliotheque. Svo. Paris, 1883. Roth-Scholtzius (Frid.). — Icones Bibliopolarum et Typographorum de Republica Litteraria bene Meritorum, ac incunabulis typographias ad nostra usque tempora. 3 parts. Fol. Norimb., 1726-42. Thesaurus Symbolorum ac Emblematum, id est insignia bibHopolarum et typographorum, etc. Fol. /l>/d., 1730. RouvejTe (Edouard). — Connaissances Necessaires a un Biblio- phile, etc. 3rd edition. 2 vols. Svo. Paris, 1879-80. Sabin (Joseph). — A Bibliography of Bibliography, or a handy book about books which relate to books, etc. Svo. New York, 1877. Savage (W.). — Dictionary of Printing. Svo. Lond., 1841. Saxius (J. Ant.). — Historia Literario-Typographica Mediolanensis, etc. Fol. Mediolani, 1745. Schetelig (J. and G.). — Ikonographische Bibliothek. • I vol. in 4 parts. Svo. Hannover, 1795-97. Schmidt (A. G.) — Gallerie Deutscher Pseudonymer Schriftsteller vorzliglich des letzten Jahrzehents. 4to. Grimma, 1840. Schoepflin (J. D.). — Vindiciae Typographicae. 4to. Argent, 1760. Serna Santander (C. A. de la). — Dictionnaire Bibliographique Choisi, du XV. siecle, etc. 3 vols. Svo. Brux., 1805-7. Memoire sur I'Origine et le Premier Usage des Registres, des Signatures, et des Chiffres dans I'Art Typographique. Svo. /l>/d., an IV. Silvestre (L. C). — Marques Typographiques : on recueil des monogramme-s, chiffres, enseignes, emblemes, devises, rebus et fleurons des libraires et imprimeurs qui ont exerce en France depuis I'introduction de Timprimerie en 1470, jusqu'a la fin du seizieme siecle, etc. 2 parts. Svo. Paris, 1853-67. Sotheby (S. L.) — Principia Typographica : the block-books, or xylographic delineations of Scripture history, issued in Holland, Flanders, and Germany during tlie fifteenth century, etc. 3 vols. 4to. Lond., 1858. [Vol. III. is devoted to the paper-marks of that period.] BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 1 65 Sotheby (S. L.). — The Typography of the Fifteenth Century; being specimens of the productions of the early continental printers, etc. Arranged and edited from the collection of S. Sotheby, by his son S. L. Sotheby. Fol. Lond., 1845. Tarbouriech (A.). — Les Livres d'Heures au Seizieme Siecle. 8vo. Paris, 1865. Techener (J. and L.). — Histoire dc la Bibliophilie, Reliures, etc. Fol. Paris, 1861. Thomas (Ralph). — Aggravating Ladies, being a list of works published under the pseudonym of "A Lady," with pre- liminary suggestions on the art of describing books biblio- graphically. 8vo. Lond., 1880. Handbook of Fictitious Names. 8vo. Ibid., 1868. Timperley (C. H.). — A Dictionary of Printers and Printing, with the progress of literature, ancient and modern, etc. 8vo. Lond., 1839. United States. — Public Libraries in the United States of America : their history, condition, and management. Special report. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education. 2 vols. 8vo. Washington, 1876. Vallee (L.).— Bibliographic des Bibliographies. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1883-87. Van Praet (J. B. B.). — Catalogue des Livres imprimes sur velin, avec date, depuis 1457 jusqu'en 1472, 2 parts. Fol. Paris, 1813. Catalogue des Livres imprimes sur velin de la Bibliotheque du Roi. 5 vols, and Supp. 8vo. Ibid., 1822-28. Catalogue des Livres imprimes sur velin, qui se trouvent dans les bibliotheques tant publiques que particulieres, pour servir de suite au Catalogue des Livres imprimes sur velin de la Bibliotheque du Roi. 3 vols, and Supp. Svo. Ibid., 1822-28. Notice sur Colard Mansion, libraire et imprimeur de la ville de Bruges en Flandre dans le XV. siecle. Svo. Ibid., 1829. Vidal (L. J.). — Conseils pour la Formation des Bibliotheques speciales administratives, communales, professionelles, etc. Svo. Paris, 1S64, l66 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Vinet (E.). — Bibliographie des Beaux Arts. Repertoire raisonne des ouvrages les plus utiles et les plus interessants sur I'architecture, la sculpture, la peinture, la gravure, etc. 8vo. Paris, 1870- Warnecke (F.). — Die deutschen Biicherzeichen [ex-libris], von ihrem Ursprunge bis zur Gegenwart. Mit e. Titelbilde v. E. Doepler V. J. With 26 illust. in text and 26 plates. Berlin, 1890. Warren (J. L.). — A Guide to the Study of Book-plates. 8vo. Lond., 1880. Watt (Robert). — Bibliotheca Britannica, or a general index to British and foreign literature. In 2 parts: Authors and subjects. 4 vols. 4to. Edin., 1824. Weale (W. H. J.). — Bibliographia Liturgica: Catalogus missa- lium ritus latini ab anno MCCCCLXXV. impressorum 8vo. Lond., 1886. Weigel (T. O.). — Collectio Weigeliana : die Anfange der Drucker- kunst in Bild und Schrift : an deren friihesten Erzeugnissen in der Weigelschen Sammlung erlautert von T. O. Weigel und Dr. A. Zestermann. 145 facsimiles. 2 vols. Folio. Leipzig, 1S66. Weller (E. O.). — Repertorium typographicum. Die Deutsche Literatur im ersten Viertel des 16 Jahrhunderts. Im Anschluss an Hains Repertorium und Panzers Deutsche Annalen. (Supplement, 1874.) 8vo. Nordlingen, 1864-74. Wetter (Johann). — Kritische Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst, durch Johann Gutenberg, etc. 8vo. Mainz, 1836. Tafeln. Ob. fol. Wheatley (H. B.) — How to Catalogue a Librarj\ (Book-lovers' Librar3\) Fcap. 8vo. Lond., 1889. How to Form a Librarj'. (Book-lovers' Library.) Fcap. Svo. //j/W., 1 886, What is an Index ? A few notes on indexes and indexers. (Index Society, No. i.) Svo. /^>/(i., 1878. Wheeler (W. A.). — A Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction, including also familiar pseudonyms, surnames bestowed on eminent men, and analogous popular appellations often referred to in literature and conversation. New Edit. 8vo. Lond., 1870. BOOKS OF REFERENCF. I 67 Willems (Alph.).- — Les Elzevier. Histoire et Annales Typogra* phiques. Royal 8vo. Gand, 1880. Wolf (J. C). — Monumenta Typographica, quae artis hujus prae- stantissimae originem, laudem et abusum posteris produnt. 2 vols. 8vo. Hamburgi. 1740. Wright (Thos.)- — Biographia Britannia Literaria ; or, Biography of Literary Characters of Great Britain and Ireland (during the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman periods), arranged in Chronological Order. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1842-6. Zaccaria (G.). — Catalogo Ragionato di Opere Stampate per Francesco Marcolini da Forli, con memorie biografiche . . . da R. de Minicis. 8vo. Fermo, 1850. Zaehnsdorf (J. W.). — The Art of Bookbinding. Illustrated. 2nd edition. 8vo. Lond., 1890. Zahn (G. P. H.). — Proeve van een nieuvv bibliographisch systeem. 8vo. Leiden, 1882. Zambrini (F.). — Le opere volgari a stampa dei secoli XIII. e XIV. indicate e descritti. 4th edit. 8vo. Bologna, 1878. Zenker (J. T.). — Bibliotheca Orientalis. Manuel de bibliographic orientale. 2 vols. 8vo. Leipzig, 1846-61, TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF THE ANCIENT CENTRES OF PRINTING, WITH DATES OF THEIR FIRST ESTABLISHMENT. LATIN-ENGLISH. Abbeville i486. Aarhusitim, Arluisen or Aarlms 1519. Abbatia Sorethana, Schussemied 147S. Abbamico Villa,) Abbatis Villa, / Aberdonia, "j Abredea, 'rAbcydeen 1622. AbredoniaJ Ad Calem, Cni^li 1475. Adrianopolis, Adriaiiople 1554. .ffisernia, Iseniia 1644. .Esis, 1 .fflssium, |- J est 1472. JExium, J Alatum CSkSivyxm, Edinburgh 1507 Alba, Acqiii 1493 AlbaB Alba Graeca Albani (S.)Villa, St. Albans 1480 Alcmaria, Akiuaer 1605. Aldenarda, Oudcnarde 1480. Aldenburgum, Aldenbiirg 1522. Alepum, Aleppo 1706. Alostum (Alost), Aalst 1473. Julgarica, 1 „ » j -- , ^ ' (Belgrade 1552. rraeca, J * -^"^ Alta Villa, r//y/7/^ 1467. Amstelaedamum, ^ ^ , . , , Amsterdam Amstelodamum, V Amstelredamum, J ^ •^' Andegavum, Angers 1476. Andreapolis,S/. .(4»f/r«f's 1551. Aneda, Ediidntrgh 1507. Angolismum, Angonleme 1491. Antverpia, Antwerp 1476. Aquae Bonse, Bonn 1543. Aquse-Grani, A ix-la-Chapellc 1 5 9 1 . Aquae Sextiae, Aix 1552. Aquae Statiellae, Aeqni 1493. Aquilia, Aqitila 1482. Aquincum, ^//f/f? (Q/f;/) 1473. Arse Flaviae, Blanbcuem 1475. Araugia, Aarau 1672. Arelas, 1 , , , , . (Aries I SOI. Arelatum, ) -" Argentina, ^ Argentina Reni, \strasburg\i,(iO. Argentoratum, j Arhusium, Arluisen or Aarluis 1519- Arosia, JVesteras 16 17. TOPOGRArmCAL INDEX. 169 ASCUlUm, 1 . r , .-r-r ' . fAscoii 1477. Asculum Picenum,J Athenae Rauracae, Bask 1462. Atrebatum, Anas 1528. Augusta Bracara, Braga 1494- Augusta Nemetum, Spires 1471. Augusta Perusia, Perugia 1475. Augusta Rauracorum,^ /^^5/ 1 606. Augusta Taurinorum, r?/;/// i474- Augusta Tiberii, Ratisbon {Rcgcnsbttrg) 1485. Augusta Trebocorum, Strasburg 1460. Augusta Trinobantum, London 1480. Augusta Vindelicorum, Augsburg 1468. Auracum, Aurach or Uracil 148 1. Aurelia, Orleans 1 490. Aurelia Allobroguni,G^»£'t/rt 1478. Austriae Civitas, Cividad di Friuli 1480. Avaricum, Bourgcs 1530. Avenio, Avignon 1497.* Babenberga, Bamberg 1460. Bacodurum, Passau 14S1. Bamberga, Bamberg 1460. Bancona, Oppenhcim 1494. Barchino, 1 „ _ . {Barcelona 147S. Barcmo, j ^'-^ Barcum, Barco 1497. Barxino, Barcelona 1475. Basilea, iJrt/e or i?rts/«? 1462. Batava Castra, Passau 148 1. Bergomum, Bergamo 1556. Berna, ^tw^f 1525. Berolinum, Berlin 1540. ' Berona, Mihister 1470. Bipontium, Dcuxponts or Zivey- bruckcn 1596. Bisuntia, ^ „ „„ ^. ,. , Besancon 1407. Bisuntium, .' Biturigae, Bourgcs 1530. Blabjnria, Blaubeuem I475' Bonna, i^o;;;^ 1543- Bononia, Bologna 1471. Bracbara, 1 „ Braclara, J^'"''-^" ^^94. Brangonia, Worcester I54^- Bransberga, ~\ Braunsbcrg 160 1. -Brcslau 1475' Braunsberga, J Bravum Burgi, Burgos 1485. Bresla, 'j Bressavia, j Brixia, Brescia 1472. Brugae _ |iJ„,^,. 1475. Brugse Bearmae, J "^ Brunna, Bri'mn i486. Brunonia, Brunsiuick 1509. Brunopolis, Braunsberg 1601. Brunsviga, Brunsvuick 1509. Bruxellae, Brussels 1474. Buda, S/zf/n H73- Burdigala, Bordeaux 1520. Burgdorfium, Burgdorf 1475. Burgi, Burgos 14S5. Burgum Auracense, Aurach or Uracil 1 48 1. Buscoduca, ) Bois-le-Duc{Her- Buscum-Dueis, j zogenbosch) 1484. Byzantium, Constantinople 1488. Cabelia, 1^, ,,. „o „ , ,. (Cliablis 1478. Cabelium,J ^' Cadomum, Crtt;/ 1480. Caesar Augusta, Saragossa (Zara- gosa) 1475. * For an earlier date (/.f. 144+) s^f Requin, " Origines de I'imprimerie en France " (Avignon 1444). Paris 1891. I/O MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cassel 1539- Cale, Oporto 1540. Caletum, Calais 1582, Galium, ) ^ ,. „ ,,. (Caelt 1475. Callium,J "^ ^'^ Camberiacum, Chanibery 1484. Camboricum, \ ^ , ., , . . ( Cainbna£;e 1 521. Cantabngia, J a j Cantuaria, Canterbury 1549. Capitabriga, Cambridge 1521. Carmanola, Carmagnola 1497. Carnutum, Chartres 1483. Caroli Hesychium, ) Karlsruhe Carolsruha, j 1765. Casale Majus, Casal-Maggiori 1485. Casale S. Evaxii, Casal di S. Vaso 14S1. Caselse, 'I „ , Casella, /C«^^«^^ ^75- Casseletum, Cassella, Castellum Cattorum, Casulae, Casoli 1475. Casurgis, Prague 147S. Chalybon, Aleppo 1706. Christiania, Christiaiiia 1644. Chamberium, Chauibery 1484. Chrysii Auraria, Alteubiirg (Hungary) 1558. Cibinium, Hemiaunstadt 1575. Clavasium, Chivasso 14S6. Cliniacum, \ Cluniacum, / ' 4 j- Coburgum, Coburg 14S2. Codania, Copenhagen 1493. Colla, ■< Collis, /Co//^M78. Colonia, "1 „,.... Co/op-Mf 1466. Colonia Agnppina, J '^ Colonia Allobrogum, Geneva 1478. Colonia Claudia, Cnlogne 1466. Colonia Julia Bomana, Seville 1476. Colonia Munatiana, jB^sfe 1462^ Colonia TJbiorum, Cologne 1466. Colonia Viriata, Madrid 1499. Complutum, Alcald de Henares 1502. Comum, Cotno 1474. Condivincum, Nantes 1493. Conimbria, 1 ^ . , , „ . , . iLounbra I5^o. Conimbrica, J -''' Consentia, Coscnza 1478. Constantinopolis, Constantinople 1488. Corduba, Cordova i486. Coria, Co;7'(f 1489. Corona, Kronstadt 1533. Cracovia, Cracoic 1474. Cremona, Cremona 1472. Cucufati (S.)Monasterium Vallis Aretane, Srt« Colgat del Valles 1489. Culenburgum, Cttlenborg 1483. Cusentia, Cosenza 1478. Cutna, Kuitenbcrg 1489. Damaspo, Damascus 1605. Darmstadium, Darmstadt 1605. Daventria, Dcvcnter 1477. Debrecinum, Debrcczin 1562. Delfi, 1 ^ ,, Delphi,P'^'-^'^477. Derbatum, ) ^ ^ . (Dor pat 1632. Derpalum,J -^ -^ Divio, Z){)o« 1 49 1. Divodurum, J/c/^ 14S2. Dola Sequanorum, ZJJ/t' 1490. Dordracum, "i ,^ , , ^ _ , , ^ Dordrecht or £>or/ Dorarechtum, V Dorteracum, J -' Dresda, Dresden 1520. Duacum, Donay 1561. Dublin um, Dublin 1551. Eblana, Dublin 1551. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 171 Eboracum, York 1509. Edimburgum, -j EdinbrucMum, VEdinburgh 1507. Edinum, J Einsilda, Einsicdcln 1686. Elna, Pcrpigiiait 1500. Elvetiorum Argentina, Strasbitrg, ca. 1460. Emmerani CcBnobium, Ratisbon {Rcgcnsburg) 1485. Engolismum, Angoidcmc 1491, Erfordia, "I ^ ^ Erfurtum,)^'^"''^ ^482. Ergovia, Mihister (Switzerland) 1470. Eslinga, EssUtigcn 1472. Essium, /fs?' 1472. Etona, Eton 1607. Eustadium, Eichstcedt 1470-75. Ezelinga, Esslingen 1472. Eanum, "| „ FanumFortun*,/^""''^S02. Fanum S. Galli, 5;-. Gall 1580. Felsina, Bologna 1471. Ferraria, Fcrram 147 1. Fivizanum, Fivissano 1472. Florentia, Florence 147 1. Forum Julium, Cividad di Friiili 14S0. Forum Livii, For/? 1495. Franccfurtum ad Maenum, Frank- fort-on-thc-Main 1478. Francofurtam ad Oderam, Frank- fort-on-tJie-Oder 1 504. Freiberga in Misnia, Freiberg {Frcybcrg) 1495. Friburgum Brisgoviae, Freiburg in Brisgan 1493, Friburgum Helvetiorum, 'Fri- boiirg {Freiburg) in Switserland 15S3. Frisia, Fricsland 1488. Frisinga, "» Freysingen or Fruxinum, / Freising 1487. Fulginia, \ Fulginium,l^''''^"^'47o. Gaietta, Gaeta 1487. Galgocinum, Galgocs 1584. Galli Fanum, Sf. Gall 1580. Ganabum, Orleans 1490. Ganda, ") _ „ , \Ghent 1483. Gandavum, J ^ ^ Gauda, Gotida 1477. Gebenna, ) _ „ Genava, /^''"^^« '478. Genua, Genoa 1474. Gerunda, Gerona 1483. Giennium, /««? 1500, Gippesvicum, Ipsivich 1542. Glascovia, ^ „, , „ Glascua, j'Gl^'Sozv 1638. Goslaria, Goslar 1595. Gothoburgum, Gothenburg 1650. Gouda, Goiida 1477. Granata, Granada 1490. Gratianopolis, Grenoble 1490. Gravionarium, Bamberg 1460. Gronaicum, 'I _ . , ^ . > Greenwich 1554. Gronvicum, J ■'•'^ Hadrianopolis, Adrianoplc 1554, Hafnia, Copenhagen 1493. Haga, ^ Haga Comitis, |- r/^e Hague 1 500. Haga Comitum, -» Hagenoa, Hagenau 1489. Hala, 1 rr ,, TT 1 ■!«• J I- • (Halle 1520. Hala Magdeburgica.J -^ Halebum, Aleppo 1706. Hamburgum, 1 ,, „ i Hanibttrsi I49i- Hammona, J i> -t:? Harlemum, Haarlem, ca. 1445. Hasseletnm, Hasselt 1480. Heidelberga, Heidelberg 1485. 172 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY, Helenopolis, Fravikfort-on-thc- Main 147S. Herbipolis, Wurzbiivg 1475- Hermanopolis, Hennannstadt 1575- Hesychia Carolina, Karlsruhe 1765- Hispalis, Seville 1476. Holmia, Stockholm 1483. Hyctopolis ad Istrum, Ratisbon {Regeiisburg) 1485. Ilarda,'\ ^ . . Ilerda,,/^"'^"' ■479- Ingolstadium, Ingolsladt 1487. Insula, \ J ■,, ,,„, Insulae, J ^^^ Ispalis, Seville 1476. Juliomagum, Angers 1476. Koburgum, Cobiirg 14S2. Kralia, Kralitz (Moravia) 1579. Kuttemberga, Kuttcnberg 1489. Lantenacum, Lantenac 1491. Lantreguerum, Trcguier 1485. Lauginga, Laugingen 1473. Lausanna, Lausanne I493' Laus Pompeia, Z.0(/? 1587. Lavinga, Laugingen 1473. Leida, Ley den 1483. Leiria, Leiria 1492. Lemovicense Castrum, ) Limoges Lemovicum, / 1495. Leodicum Eburonum, 1 , . ^ ^ ,. ] Li tire 1^50. Leodium, J & ---j Leopolis, Lcniberg 1586. Leovardia, Leitivarden 1597. Lethes fl., £./»/« 1586. Leuphana, Lnneburg 1493. Lignicium, Lignils 1481. Limonum, Poitiers 1479. Lipsia, Leipzig 1481. Lobavia, Loban 1651. Lodeacum, Loude'ac 1484. Londinium, 1 , , „ I London 1400. Londinum, J Londinum Gotborum, Lund 1666. Londonia, London 1480. Loudeacum, Loude'ac 1484. Lovanium, Z,o»ya/';j (Law«;) 1474. Lubeca, 1 r . , , ^ , . . (Lubeck 1475. Lubicensis, J Luca, L/ran 1477. Lucerna Helvetiornm, Lucerne 1527. Lugdunum, Lyons 1473. Lugdunum Batavorum, Leyden 1483. Lunda, ~| Lund Lundinum Scanorum,J 1666. Luneburgum, Lnneburg 1493. Lutetia Parisiorum, Pnr/i 1470. Madritum, Madrid 1499. Magdeburgiim, Magdeburg 1483. Mancunium, Manchester 1729. Manilla, Manila 1590. Mantoa, ^ ,, „ ^ ] Mantua 1472. Mantua, J ' Marionis, Hamburg 1491. Marionis Altera, Li'ibcck 1475. Marsiburgum, 1 „ , Marsipolis, J ^ t/j Martini Monasterium, 5/. Maar- tciisdyke 1478. Massilia, Marseilles 1594. Matisco, Macon 1493. Matritum, Madrid 1499. Mechlinia, \ ,,^ ,. o , ,. . -il/a/// Meissen 1520. Misna, J Moguntia, }^ ^^ Moguntiacum, ) MoMlavia, Moliilev 16 17. Monachium, Munich 1482. Monasterium, Miins/er 14S6. Monasterium B. Mariae de Mon- teserrato, Monasten'o de Nttcstra Senora de Monserrate 1499- Monasterium Ergoviae, Mi'tnsfer 1470 Monasterium Tavestok, Tavistock 1525- Monasterium Wadstenense, Wad- stcnia 1 49 1. Mons Regalis, 1 ,. , _, ^ ". ' \ Monterey 1494. Mons Regius, J Mons Serratus,^ Montis Serrati \Moiisevratc 1499. Monasterium-' Monyorokerekinum, Ebcrau (Hungary) 1589. Moscovia.) ,. ' \ Moscow 1553. Moscua, J ^^^ Murcia, Mnrcia 1487. Mussipontum, Pont-a-Monssoii 15S2. Mntina, Modena 1475. Namnetum, "\ ,r . . „, ' }Nantes I49v NamnetusPortus,J Nanceium, A^«;?ry 1560. Nancianum, Nankin 1620. Neapolis, Naples 147 1. Ifeapolis Casimiriana, Neapolis Nemetum, Neapolis Palatinorum, Neoburgum Cattorum, Neitbitrg 1545- Neocomum, Neufchatel 1533. Neostadium ad Hartam, Ncnstadt 1564. Neitstadt 1564. Pelsna,) „., , ^„_ „, ' \Ptlsen 1475. Plzna, J ^ Ntnicguen 1479- Nicsea, A^!cSo;7rt 1489. Sona, J ^ Sorethum, ^ _ , _ . __ Sc/ntssenricd Sortense Mouas- r „ terium, ^ Spira, Spires 147 1. Stockholmia, Stockholm 14S3. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 175 Stutgardia, Stuttgart i486. SublacenseCoenobium,"; ^ ,. biibtaco Sublacense Monaster- ;- ^ , 1465- lum, J Sylva-Ducalis, ) „ • , t-, q •' . ]-Bois-k-Diic 1484. Sylva-Ducis, J Szegedinum, Sscgcdin 1567. Tarraco, Tarragona 1498. Tarrazono, Tarasona 161 3. Tarvisium, Trcviso 1471. Taurinum, Turin 1474. Ternavia, \ „ „ , YTyrnan 1570. Ternobum, ) ■" Thessalonica, Salonika 1515- Tholosa, Toulouse 1476. Ticinum, Pavia 1471. Tigurum, Zurich 150S. Timalinum, Pucbla dcNavia 16 12. Tirasso, Tarazona 1613. Toletum, ro/co'o 14S6. Tolosa Tectosagum,1 Toulouse Tolosia Pallidea, ./ 1476. Tomacum Neviorum, Tournai 1557- Trajectum ad Rhenum,"\ Utrecht Trajectum Inferius, J 1472- Trajectum Mosae, "\ Macstriclit Trajectum Superius, j 1552. Trebia, Trc'vi 1470. Trecse, Troves 1483. Trecora, ^ _, . . . „ „ vTresruter 14b "5. Trecorium, ) ^ Trevium, Trc'vi 1470. Triboccorum, Strasburg 1460. Tricasses, Troyes 1483. Tridentum, Trent {Trie nt) 1475. Troyga, Trogen 1478. Tubinga, Tubingen 1498. Turiaso, Tarazona 16 13. Turicmn Helvetiorum, \Zurich Turiguir, J 15°^- Turoni, ) _ „ . )- Tours 1493. Turonensium, ) Tusculanum Lacus Benaci, Tos- colauo 1479. Tyrnavia, Tyrnau 1578. Tzenna, Zinna or Zenna 1492. Tzernogavia, Tschernigov 1670 Ubii, Cologne 1466. Ulma, f//;;/, c«. 1470. Tlltrajectum, Utrecht 1472. Ulyssipo, "\ , . , o _, . ' YLisbon 1489. XTlyssipolis, J ^ TTpsalia, Upsala 15 10. Urbinum, U rhino 1484. Utinum, Udina 1476. Vadstena, Wadstenia 149 1. Valentia, Valence (France) 1496. Valentia, ^ rr , ■ /c- • \ _ , ,. ' , Valencia (hpain) Valentia Ede- \ y v 1 1474. tanorum, -' Vallis Beatse Mariae, Marienthal or Marihausen 1474. Vallisoletum, Valladolid 1492. Varadinum, Grossivardcin 1585. Varsavia, "^ ^^^ „ . (Warsaw 1578. Varsovia, J Venetiae, Venice 1469. Venta, Winchester 1545. Vercellae, Vercelli 1485. Verona, Verona 1470. Vesontio, Besanfon 14S7. Viburgum, Viborg 1528. Vicentia, Vicema 1474. Vienna Austriae, Vienna 1482. Vienna in Delphinatu, Vienne 1478. .^ Vigornia, Worcester 1548. Vilna, rF/7;m 15 17. Vindabona, Vienna 14S2. 1/6 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Yinterberga, Winteybcrg 1484. Viriathica, Madrid 1499. Viterbium, Vita-bo 1488. Vratislavia, Bieslan 1475. ■Westmonasterium, 1476. U^esiminslcr Wintonia, IVinchester 1545. Wirceburgum, Wiirzbiirg 1475. Zamora, Zamora 1482. Zamoscium, Zmuosc 1593. Zinna, Zinna 1492. Zwolla, ZivoUc 1479. ENGLISH-LATIN. Aalst, Alostiiin 1473. Aarau, Araiigia 1672. Aarbus, Anrhusiiuu I5I9- Abbeville, ^i!>6(7;;»co Villa, Abbaiis Villa 14S6. Aberdeen, Aberdonia, Abirdca, Abredoiiia 1622. Acqui, ^/ifl, Aqtta' Staticlla' 1493. Adrianople, Adriaiiopolis, Hadii- anopolib 1554- Aix, Aqua- Scxtiw 1552. Aix-la-Chapelle, Aquce Grani 1591. Alcala de Henares, Coinplidmn 1502. Alcmaer, Alcmaria 1605. Aldenburg (Germany), Aldcii- bnrgiini 1522. Aleppo, Alepunr, Clia/rboit, Hale- bum 1706. Alost, Alostum 1473. Altenburg (Hungary), Clirysii Anrarin 155^' Amsterdam, AiustclctdaniurH, Ainstclredamuin 1523- Augers, Aiidcgni'i(iii,Jidiot]!agtttii 1476.^ Angouleme, Aiigolismnni, Eii- golisiiium 1 49 1. Antwerp, Anlvcrpia 1476. Aquila, Aquilia 1482. Arhusen, Aarhusiuui 1519. Aries, Arclas, Arclahiui 1501. Arras, Atrebatuui 1528. Ascoli, Asctilum, Ascnlmn Pice- niiiii 1477- Augsburg, Augusta Vindelicoruui 1468. Augst, Augusta Rauracorum 1606. Aurach, Amacuiu, Burgum Auraccnse 148 1. Avignon, Avcuio 1497. Bale (Basle), Atlienw Rainacor, Basilea, Coloiiia Muiiatiaiia 1462. Bamberg, Babcnbcrga, Baiubciga, Giavionariutn 1 460. Barcelona, Barc/iino, Barciuo, Baixiuo 1475. Barco, Barcuin 1497. Batavia, Batavia 166S. Belgrade, ^l/iifi Bulgarica, Alba Gro'ca, Siiigiduiiuiii 1552. Bergamo, Bcigomum 1556. Berlin, BcioUinmi 1540. Berne, Benia 1525. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 177 Beron Minster. See Mi'inster. Besancon, Bistintia, Bisimtium, i Vcsoittio 1487. Blaubeuern, Ara; Flavian Blabyria 1475- Bois-le-Duc, Bnscoduca, Bttsctiin- Diicis, Sylva-Ducis, Sylva- Dtccalis 1484. Bologna, Bouoiiia, Felsina 147 1. Bonn, Aqnce Bonce, Boiiiia 1543. Bordeaux, Burdigala 1520. Bourges, Avaricum, Bitiirigw 1530- Braga, Atignsta Bracara, Bra- chara, Braclara 1494. Braunsberg, Bransbcrga, Brauns- berga, BnmopoUs 1 60 1. Brescia, Brixia 1472. Breslau, Bresla, Bressavia, Vrati- slavia 1475- Bruges (Briigge), Bnigcc, Brttga: Bcaniice 1475- Briinn, Bntnna i486. Brunswick, Bntnonia, Brnnsviga, Mcsniitiii 1509. Brussels, Bnixcllcc 1474. Buda (Ofen), Aqitincnni, Biida 1473- Burgdorf, Biugdorfiimi 1475. Burgos, Bnivian Btirgi, Biirgi 1485. Caen, Cadonimn 14S0. Cagli, Ad Calein, Caliitm, CalUnui 1475- Calais, Cakhmi 1582. Cambridge, Caiuboriatut, Canta- brigia, Capitnbn'ga 152 1. Canterbury, Cantuaria 1549. Carmagnola, Cannano/a 1497. Casale, Caseice, Casclla 1475. Casale di S. Vase, Casale S. Evaxii 1481. Casal-Maggiori, Casale Maj'iis 14S5. Casoli, Casttla' 1475. Cassel, Cassclla, Casseletiiut, Cas- telliiui Cattonini 1539- Chablis, Cabelia, CabcUuui 1478. Cbambery, Cmubeviacuui, Chant- bcriiiin 1484. Chartres, Carmitnm 1483. Chivasso, Clavashun i486. Christiana, Christiana 1644. Cividad di Friuli, A nstriw Civitas, Forum Jidintn 1480. Cluni, CliniacuuiyCliuiiacitin 1483. Coburg, Cobitrguni, Koburgnni 14S2. Coimbra, Coniinbria, Commbn'ca 1536- Colle, Coda, CoUis 1478. Cologne, Colonia, Colonia Agrip- pina, Colonia Claudia, Colonia Ubiortmi, Ubii 1466. Como, Coniiiiii 1474. Constantinople, Byzantium, Con- stnntinopolis 1488. Copenhagen, Codania, Hafnia 1493- Cordova, Corduba 14S6. Coria, Coria 1489. Cosenza, Consentia, Cuscntia 1478. Cracow, Cracovia 1474. Cremona, Cremona 1472. Culenborg, Culenburguni 1483. Czernigow, Tzemogavia 1670. Damascus, Damaspo 1605. Darmstadt, Darmstadium 1605. Debreczin, Debrccinnm 1562. Delft, Delfi, Delphi 1477. Deuxponts, Bipontium 1596. Deventer, Daventria 1477. Dijon, Divio 1 49 1. Dola Sequanorum, Dole 1490. 12 178 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Dordrecht, Dordracum, Dordrech- iiiin, Dortcrocuni 1 57 1. 'Dor-^a,t,Di'rbatiim,Dcrpatiiui i6t,2. Dort, Dordracittn, Doidrcchittiu, Dorteractim 1571. Douay, Diiacmn 1 56 1. Dresden, Dresda 1520. Dublin, Dubliuutn, Eblana 1551. Eberau (Hungary), Monyorokcrc- kiiiiun 1589. Edinburgh, Alatitm Castnnn, Aiicda, Edinibitrgmn, Edin- bnichhtni, Ediniini 1507. Eichstaedt, Ensfadiiini 1470-75. Einsiedeln, Einsilda 16S6. Eltville, Alia Villa 1467. Erfurt, Erfordia, ErfiirUim 14S2. 'S,%%\S.-a.^^n,EssUiiga,Ezclinga 1472. Eton, Etoua 1607. Fano, Fannui, Famiiii Fortttiiw 1502. Ferrara, Fcnaria 147 1. Fivizzano, Fivizamtui 1472. Florence, Florcntia 147 1. Foligno, Ftilgitiiitiii, Fitlgiitia 1470. Forli, Font III Livii 1495. Frankfort-on-the-Main, Franco- fidtiini ad Maiiuiii, Helciiopolis 1478. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Fraitco- furtiiin ad Oder 11 in 1 504. Freiberg (Freyburg), Frcibcrga ill Mis Ilia 1 495. Freiburg in Brisgau, Fiibiiiguiu Brisgol'ia: 1493. Freysingen, Frisinga, Fru.xinuin 1487. Fribourg (Freiburg) in Switzer- land, Fiibiiigiiin Hilvciioniiii 1585- Friesland, Frisia 14S8. Gaeta, Gaictta 1487. Galgocz, Galgocinimi 1584. Geneva, Auvclia Allobrogitui, Coloiiia Allobrogiini, Gebetma, Gcnava 1478. Genoa, Genua 1474. Gerona, Gcrimda 1483. Ghent, Ganda, Gandaviuii 14S3. Glasgow, Glascovia, Glascua 1638. Goslar, Goslaria 1595. Gothenburg, Gothoburgtim 1650. Gouda, Gauda, Goiida 1477. Granada, Granata 1490. Greenwich, Gro//rt7'«/;;/,Gro;/t'/«//;/ 1554- Grenoble, Gratianopolis 1490. Grosswardein, Varadiniun 1585. Haarlem, Harletiiuui, ca. 1445. Hagenau, Hagcnoa 1489. Hague, The, Haga, Haga Comitis, Haga Coiiiitiiiii, ca. 1500. Halle, //rt/rt, //rt/(7 Magdcbuigica 1520. Hamburg, Haiiibitrguiu, Haiii- niona, Marioiiis 149 1. Hasselt, Hasscktmn 1480. Heidelberg, Hciddbciga 1485. Hermannstadt, Cibiniimt, Her- niaiiopolis 1575- Herzogenbosch. See Bois-lc-Duc. Ingolstadt, Iiigolstadiinu 1487. Innsbruck, CEiiipoiis, Pons CEni 1558. Ipswich, Gippcsviciint 1542. Isernia, yEscrnia 1644. Jaen, Gieiniiiiin 1500. Jesi, ^sis, AE^ssiiait, yEviinii, Essinin 1472. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 179 Karlsruhe, Caroli Hcsycliiitm, Caiolsniha, Hesychia Carolina 1765. Kingston, Pra'/oriiuti, Rcgiopolis 1720. KonigsheTgyRcgioinonliiimBorns- sice 1520. Kralitz (Moravia), Kralia 1579. Kronstadt, Corona 1533. Kuttenberg, Ctttna, Kutleinberga 1489. Lantenac, Lantenacum 149 1. Laugingen, Lauginga, Lavinga 1473- Lausanne, Laiisanna 1493. Leipzig, Lipsia 1481. Leiria, Lciria 1492. Lemberg, Leopolis 1586. Lerida, I tarda, Her da 1479. Leuwarden, Leovardia 1597. Leyden, Lcida, Ltigdnmun Bata- voritni 1483. Liege, Leodicum Ebttronuiu, Lco- diimi 1556. Lignitz, Lignicinm 1 481. Lille, Insula, Insidce 1595. Lima, Lethesjl. 1586. Limoges, Leinoviccnse Castrum, Leniovicuni, Raiiastttni Letno- viciiin 1495' Lisbon, Olysipo, Ulyssipo, Ulyssi- polis 1489. Lobau, Lobavia 1 65 1. Lodi, Laiis Poiiipeia 1587. Loewen (Louvain), Lovania 1474. London, Attgttsta Trin'obanhint, Loiidiniuiu, Londintiin, Lon- donia 1 480. Loudeac, Lodeacum, Lojtdeacunt 1484. Louvain, Lovaniinn 1474. Lubeck, Lnbeca, Lnbicensis, Mar~ ionis Altera 1475- Lucca, Liica 1477. Lucerne, Lticema Hclvctionan 1527- Lund, Londinuin Gotlwriiin, Lun- da, Lnndiniiiii Scanornin 1666. IiUnehuTg, Le!ip/iana,Liineb!irgitin 1493- Lyons, Lngduniiin 1473. Macon, Matisco 1493. Madrid, Cotonia Viriata, Madri- tiaii, Matrittmi, ViriatJiica 1499. Maestriclit, Trajeduin Mosce, Trajedum Siiperius 1552. Magdeburg, Magdebnrgum 14S3. Mainz. See Mentz. Majorca, Patma Balearia 1485. Malines, Mechtinia, Mechlinimn 1581. Manchester, Mancuniuni 1729. Manila, Manilla 1590. Mantua, Mantoa, Mantua 1472. Marienthal, Vallis Beatw Marice 1474. Marseilles, Massilia 1594. Meissen, Miscna, Mis)ia 1520. Memmingen, Memminga 14S2. Mentz, Moguntia, Moguntiacum, ca. 1448. Merseburg, Marsiburguni, Marsi- polis 1473. Messina, Messana 1473. Metz, Divodurmn 1482. Milan, Mediolanuni 1470. Modena, Mutina 1475. Mohilev, Moliilavia 1617. Monserrate (Monasteriode Nues- tra Seiiora de), Monasterium B. Marice de Monteserrato, Mans Serratus, Montis Serrati Monas- terium 1499. i8o MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Monterey, Mons Rcgalis, Mons Regius 1494. Moscow, Moscovia, Mosciia 1553. Miinchen. Sec Munich. Munich (Miinchen), Monachiitm 1482. Miinster, Monasterium i486. Munster (Switzerland), Berona, Ergovia, Monasterium Ergovice 1470. Murcia, Mitrcia 14S7. Nancy, Nancciian 1560. Nankin, Nanciannm 1620. Nantes, Condivincuni, Natiinettts Partus, Nantiietiim 1493- Naples, Neapolis,Parthciiopa 147 1. Neuburg, Ncobtagum Cattorum 1545-^ Neufchatel, Ncocoumnt 1553. Neustadt, Ncapolis Cnsimiriana, Ncapolis Ncmctuin, Ncapolis Palatinorum, Neostadium ad Hartam 1564. New York, Novum Eboracum 1693- Nice, Niccca 1666. Nimeguen, Noviomagns Rhcna- )iHs, Noviomagimn 1479. Nonandola, Nouautula 1480. Novi, Novi 1483. Norwich, Nordovicum 1568. Nozzano, Nozamiiu 149 1. Nuremberg (Niirnberg), Norica, Norimboga I470. Odense, Othouia, Olthinium 1482. OfFenburg, Ojfenlmrgum 1496. Olmutz, Olomticum, Olomutitini 1499. Oporto, Calc 1540. Oppenheim, Baiicona, Oppcit- hcmium 1494. Orleans, Aurclin, Ganabum 1490. Oudenarde, Aldcnarda 1480. Oxford, O.xoiu'a, Oxonium 1478. Padua, Pataviuni 1472. Palermo, Panormum 1477. Pampeluna, Pampalona, Pompei- opolis 14S9. Paris, Lutctia Parisiorum, Pari- siiis 1470. Parma, Parma 1472. Passau, Bacoditrum, Batava Cas- tra, Passavium, Patavia 148 1. Pavia, Papia,'Ticiimm 147 1. Perpignan, JE'/wrt, Pcrpinianum 1500. Perugia, Augusta Perusia, Pcru- sia 1475. Pescia, Piscia 1485. Pfortzheim, Pliorca 1500. Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1686. Piacenza, Placcutia 1470. Pilsen, AW(7 Pelsna, Nova Plzna, Pelsua 1475. Pinerolo, PiuaroUum 1479. Piove di Sacca, Plebisacium 1475. Pisa, /^^Y7 1482. Poitiers, Limonum, Pictavium 1479- Polliano. Polliaiium Rus 1476. Pont-a-Mousson, Mussipoutum, Pons Moncionis, Pons ad Mon- ticulutu, Pontiinusson 1582. Porto, Portesium 1489. Posen, Posnania 1577. Prague, Casurgis, Pahvopragti, Praga 1478. Promenthoux, Proiuontonum 1482. Provins, Provinum, Pruvinum 1496. Puebla de Navia, /'o;/s Nevia; Tiinalinum 161 2. TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I8l Ratisbon, Augusta Tiberii, Eni- nicvaiii Caiiobinin, Hydopolis ad Istntiit, Ratisbona 1485. Regensburg. See Ratisbon. Reggio, Reghim, Regiiini Lepidi, Rhcgiimi 1480. "RdicheTistQin^Richensicniimi 1477. Rennes, Rcdoncs, Rhedones 1484. Reutlingen, Reittlinga, Rnotlinga 1482. Ribe, Ripa 1504. Romanoff, Romanovia 1619. Rome, Roma 1467. Roskyld, Roe Pontes Rocskildia 1534- Rostock, Rliodopolis, Rostochhun 1476. Rouen, Rotoinagitm, Rothomagits 14S7. Rougemont, Rubens Mons 1481. St. Albans, S. Albani Villa 1480. St. Andrews, Andreapolis 1551. St. Gall, Fannni S. Galli, Galli Fannin 15S0. St. Maartensdyke Martini Mon- asterinni 147S. St. Petersburg, Pctropolis 171 1. Salamanca, Sahnantica 1480. Salisbury, Sarisbcria, Sarum, Sams 1635. Salonika, Thessalonica 15 15. Saluzzo, Sahitia 1479. San Colgat del Valles, S. Cucitfati Monasterinin Vallis Arctanc 1489. Saragossa (Zaragoza), Ccesar Angtista 1475. Savigliano, SavilUannni 1470-71. Savona, Sabaic, Sabatis, Savona 1474- Scandiano, Scandiamtm 1495. Schaffhausen, ProbatopoUs 1577. Schiedam, Sclicdamuni 1483. Scbleswig, Slcsvicnm i486. Schoenboven, Sclioonlwvia 1495. Schussenried, Abbatia Sorethana, SoyethiuiijSortcnseMonasteyiunt 1478. Seville, Colonia Julia Romana, Hispalis, Ispalis 1476. Siena, Sa-na, Sena Julia, Senae 1484. Smyrna, Smyrna 1658. Soncino, Soncinum 1484. Soria, Sora, Soria 1489. Spires, Augusta Nemetum, Spira 1471. Stettin, Sedinnni 1570. Stockholm, Holmia, Stockholmia 1483- Strasburg, Argentina, Argentina Reni, Argentoratuin, Augusta Trebocoruni, Elvetiorum Ar- gentina, Triboccorum 1460. Stuttgart, Stutgardia i486. Subiaco, Sublacense Ccenobimn, Sublaccnse Monasterium 1465. Szegedin, Sscgedinnm 1567. Szigeth (Uj-Szigeth-Sarvarj, Sar- variniint 1539. Tarazona, Tarrazono, Tirasso, Turiaso 1613, Tarragona, Tarraco 1498. Tavistock, Monasterium Tavestok 1525. Toledo, Tolctum i486. Toscolano, Tusculanum Lacus Bcnaci 1479. Toulouse, Tliolosa, Tolosa Tec- tosagum, Tolosia Pallidea 1476. Tournai, Tomacunt Nevioriim 1557- Tours, Turoni, Turonensiuni 1493. l82 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY, Treguier, Lantregncnmt, Trccora, Trccoriimi 1485. Trent (Trient), Tridentmn 1475. Trevi, Trcbia, Trcvhiin 1470. Treviso, Tarvisiuin 147 1. Trogen, Troyga 1478. Troyes, Treccc, Tricasses 1483. Tschernigov, Tzemogavia 1670. Tubingen, Ttibinga 149S. Turin, Attgnsia Taiiriiiorimi, Taiirinum 1474. Tyrnau, Tcrnavia, Tcrnobtmt, Tyrnavia 1578. TJdina, Utinmn 1476. TJlm, Uliua, ca. 1470. Upsala, Upsalia 15 10. TJrach, Auyacum, Bitrgum Aiira- ceiisc 1 48 1. TJrbino, Urbinum 1484. TJtreclit, Trajeduni ad Rheniini, Trajedum Infcrms, Ultrajcctimi 1472. TJj-Szigetli-Sarvar, Sarvariniim 1539- Valence (France), Valoitia 1496. Valencia (Spain), Vahiitia,Vale7i- tia Eddanornm 1474. Valladolid, Pincia, Vallisoktiini 1492. Venice, VencHce 1469. Vercelli, Vcrcellce 1485. Verona, Vcroim 1470. Viborg, Vibtirgum 1528. Vicenza, Vkoitia 1474. Vienna, Vindaboua, Vienna Aus- tria: 1482. Vienne, Vienna in Ddphinatn 1478. Viterbo, Vitcrbiitm 1488. Wadstenia, Monastcrium IVad- stcnense, Vadstena 149 1. Warsaw, Varsavia.Varsovia 1578. Westeras, Arosia 161 7. Westminster, IVesfntonnstcritini 1476. Wilna, F//wrt 15 17. Winchester, Venta, Winionia 1545. Winterberg, Vinterberga 1484. Worcester, Brangonia, Vigornia 1548. Wiirzburg, Hcrbipolis, U'ircebnr- giim 1475. York, Eboracuut 1509. Zamora, Ocellodtintui, Scniicc, Zaiuora 1482. Zamosc, Zautosciunt 1593. Zaragoza, Ca-sar Augusta 1475. Zinna, Tzenna, Zinna 1492. Zurich, Tigitntm, Tiiricitin Hd- vctiorjiin, Turiguni 1 508. Zweybriicken, Bipontium 1596. ZwoUe, ZiL'olla 1479. GLOSSARY. ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. bib.=bibliography. cat. = cataloguing. bind.=bookbinding. print. = printing. Addendum, pi. Addenda (Lat.) A thing or things to be added; an addition, or an appendix to a book. Advance Sheets (print.) The whole or portion of a work supplied elsewhere previous to publication ; usually for simultaneous reproduction. Sometimes also called "early copies." Adversaria (Lat.) A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, etc., such as one makes in a commonplace book. Aldlnc (print.) A term applied to the works which issued from the press of Aldus Manutius and his family, from 1490 — 1590. The Aldine mark was an anchor entwined with a dolphin. Allonym (bib.) A false proper name. Alphabetism (bib.) As A B C, X Y Z, etc., often used. (R. T.) Ana. An affix used in connection with the names of eminent men to denote a collection of their memorable sayings or anecdotes concerning them, as Johnsofi/ana, Scaligcrana ; or a collection of anecdotes, etc., concerning any subject, as Typographiana. Also used to denote the sayings, etc., themselves, or the work containing them. Anag7-am (bib.) (Gr. anagraphein, to write back or anew.) The letters of the name or names arbitrarily inverted with or without meaning, eg. Angeliis is an anagram of Galeims. I (bib.) Wanting a name, such as books printed Anonym ) ^vithout the author's name on the title. Gene- Anouymous ( ^^,jy abbreviated to anon. I 84 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. A7iopisthographic (bib.) A term applied to the earliest printed block-books, which were printed on one side of the leaf only, and then pasted back to back. (See also Opisihograpliic.) . /: . \ (Ger.) Second-hand bookseller. Antiqiianits \ ^ ' Apoconym (bib.) Name deprived of one or more initial letters. (R. T.) Apologue (^Gr. apologos). A moral fable, a story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey useful truths. Appendix (pi. appendixes or appendices). Something appended or added as a supplement, or treatise added to a book. Aristony?7t (bib.) A title of nobility used as a proper name. (R.T.). Armarian (Lat. Annarins). The librarian of a monastery, whose duty it was not only to look after the safety and welfare of the books under his care, but also to superintend the writing and transcribing of books, in and out of the monas- tery. He was required also to keep a correct catalogue of the library. Asterisk (bib.) Little star. A sign (*) used to direct the reader to a note in the margin, or at the foot of the page. Two or more asterisks generally denote the omission of some letters or words, or else a defect in the manuscript. Asterisk (print.) A * printed at the bottom of the front page (in the place of the signature) of duplicate leaves supplied to replace any which have been cancelled. Asterisni (bib.) One or more asterisks used instead of a name on a title-page. (R. T.). Auflage (Ger.) Edition. Used to designate a new setting up in type in contradistinction to Aiisgabe, or simple reprint. Atisgade (Ger.) Edition or reprint. (See A///lage.) Ausluioige-Bogen (Ger.) Proof sheets. Auswa/il (Ger.) Selection. Atitoiiyni (bib.) Book published with the author's real name. Band, pi. luinde (Ger.) Volume, volumes. Ini?ids (bind.) The strings on which the sheets of a volume are sewn. If these project from the back of the book they are called raised bands. l^asaiie (Fr.) Sheep skin. GLOSSARY. I 8 5 Bas bleu (Fr.) A blue-stocking, a literary woman. Bastard title (print.) An abbreviated or short title preceding the full title-page. Also called a half-title. Basil (hind.) (Ft, basane). Tanned sheep skin. Beilage (Ger.) Supplement. Biblioclas7)i (Gr. biblion, book, and klasmos, breaking). Destruc- tion of books, or of the Bible. Biblioclast (Gr. biblion, book, and Hastes, breaker). A destroyer of books. (Fr. bibliog/ioste ; Gr. biblion, book, and gnostes, Bibliog?wst \ one who knows). " One knowing in title- Bibliognostic i pages and colophons . . . and all the minutiae \ of a book " (D'Israeli's Ciir. Lit.). Bibliogony (Gr. biblion, book, and gonia, generation). The production of books. Bibliograph (Fr. bibliographc ; Gr. bibliographos). A book writer. Bibliographer. A writer of books, a copyist. One versed in literary history ; having a knowledge of books, their authors, editions, value, etc. One who writes about books. Bibliographic. Of or pertaining to bibliography. Bibliographical. Of, or relating to, or dealing with bibliograph)'. Bibliographically. With respect to bibliography. Bibliographizc. To write a bibliography of. Bibliography (Fr. bibliographic ; Gr. bibliographia. Book- writing). 1. The writing of books. 2. The systematic description and history of books, their authorship, printing, publication, editions, etc. 3. A book containing such details. 4. A list of the books of a particular author, printer, or country, or of those dealing with any particular theme ; the literature of a subject. Biblioklcpt (Gr. biblion, book, and kleptes, thief). A book-thief. Biblioklcptojnaniac. A book-thief regarded as insane. Bibliolatry (Gr. biblion, book, and latrcia, worship). Extravagant admiration of a book. Bibliolater. ( One who entertains such excessive admiration or Bibliolatrist. I reverence. Bibliolatrotis. Given to, or characterised by bibliolatry. I 86 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY, Bibliological. Of or pertaining to bibliolog}-. Bibliologist. A professed student of bibliolog}-. Bibliology (Gr. biblion, book, and login, discourse). Scientific description of books, book-lore, bibliograph}'. Biblio7?ia}icy (Gr. biblion, book, and i?mntcia, divination). Divi- nation by books, generally by verses of the Bible. Biblio?nane (Fr. bibliomane, Gr. biblion, book, and manes, mad). An indiscriminate collector of books. A bibliomaniac. Bibliomania (Gr. biblioji, book, and mania, madness). A passion for collecting and possessing books. Bibliomaniac. One affected with bibliomania. !Mad after books. Bibliomaniacal. Of, relating to, or characterising a biblio- maniac. Biblioinatiian. A bibliomaniac. Bibliojnanianism. I ^., ,. „.,,. . ( Bibliomania. Biblionianism. \ Bibliojnanist. A bibliomaniac. Bibliopegic. Of or pertaining to bookbinding. Bibliopegist. A bookbinder. Biblioiegistic. 1^^ ,. , ,f-,,- ■. i-l-j T^-i 7- X - .• 7 ■ Of, relating to, or befitting a bookbinder. Biblwpegistical. \ Bibliopegy (Gr. biblion, book, and pegia from pcg-niaiai, to fix). Bookbinding as a fine art. Bibliophagist (Gr. biblion, book, and phagos, devouring). A devourer of books. Bibliophagic. Of or pertaining to a bibliophagist. Bibliophile (Fr. bibliophile ; Gr. biblion, book, and philos, a friend). A lover of books ; a book-fancier. Bibliophilic. Of or. pertaining to a bibliophile. Bibliophilism. The principles and practice of a bibliophile. Bibliophilist. A bibliophile. Bibliophilistic. Of or pertaining to a bibliophilist. Bibliophilous. Addicted to bibliophily. Bibliophily (Fr. bibliophilic). Love of books ; taste for books. Bibliophobia (Gr. biblion, book, and phobia, dread). Dread of, or aversion to, books. Bibliopocsy (Gr. biblion, book, and poicsia, making). The making of books. Bibliopole (Lat. bibliopola; Gr. bibliopoles from biblion, book, and poles, seller, dealer). A dealer in books, a bookseller. GLOSSARY. 187 Bibliopolar. \ Qf or belonging to booksellers ; hence Biblio. Bibliopolic. poUcally. Bihliopolical. ) Bibliopolism. The principles or trade of bookselling. Bibliopolist. A bookseller. Bibliopolistic. Of, pertaining to, or befitting a bookseller. Bibliopolery. j _ , „. BibUopoly. \ Bookselling. Bibliotaph (Fr. bibliotaplic ; from Gr. biblion, book, and tapkos, tomb). One who buries books by keeping them under lock and key. Bibliotapliic. Of or belonging to a bibliotaph. Bibliotaphist. A bibliotaph. Bibliot/tec. Belonging to a library or librarian. A librarian. Bibliothcca (Lat. bibliotkeca, library, collection, and Gr. bibliotheke, book-case, library ; from biblion, book, and thckc, repository). A collection of books or treatises, a library. A bibliographer's catalogue. Bibliothecal (Lat. bibliotJiccalis). Belonging to a library. Bibliothecar (Fr. bibliothccaire). A librarian. BibliotJiecarian. A librarian ; also of or belonging to a library, or librarian. BibliotJiecary (Fr. bibliothe'caire ; Lat. bibliothecaniis). i. A library. 2. A librarian. 3. Of or belonging to a library. Bibliotiicque (Old Eng. biblyotheke, -thcicke, -thee, -thek; Fr. bib- liothcqiie ; Lat. bibliotliecd). A library, a collection of treatises. Biblus, -OS \ (Lat. bibhts ; Gr. biblos). The papyrus, or paper Bybhis \ reed ; the inner bark of that plant. ^laCk=letter (print.) The name given to the character of the type which succeeded the Gothic in the fifteenth century. Bleed (bind.) A book is said to bleed if the edges are cut down so as to injure the print. , Blind tooli)ig ihiud.) Ornaments impressed on the covers of a book, but without gilding. Called also antique. Block books (bib.) Books printed, from engraved blocks of wood, on one side of the leaf only. Executed in Holland, Flanders, and Germany early in the fifteenth century. Blue-stocking. A female literary pedant. Said to be derived from the bluestocking clubs, or meetings of ladies in Johnson's I 88 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. time, for conversation with distinguished literary men. Called in France bas blcn. Boards (bind.) r. When a book is covered with paper or cloth covers. 2. The covers of a book. Boards. Oak boards were used by the early bookbinders. Bosses. Knobs of metal attached to tlie sides of books for ornament, or to protect them against injury. Bouqtdn (Fr. bib.) An old or second-hand book. Bojcqjiiner (Fr. bib.) To hunt after old books. Bouquiuerie (Fr.) Old book trade. Bouquineur (Fr.) One who hunts after old books, a stall-reader. Bouquiniste (Fr.) One who sells old books, a second-hand bookseller. Bowdlerise. To expurgate or eliminate any objectionable or indelicate words or passages from a book. The term is derived from the name of Thomas Bowdler, who published an expurgated family edition of Shakespere in 18 18. Brmmfieckig (Ger.) Foxed. Spotted with brown. Broadside. A sheet of paper printed on one side only, or con- taining one large page without columns. The term is applied to such works as copies of a "last dying speech" of some celebrated criminal, and other similar street literature. Broche (Fr.) Sewed, or stitched like a pamphlet. Brochure (Fr.) A small book, stitched, not bound ; a pamphlet. So called from Fr. brocher, to stitch. Broschirt (Ger.) Sewed, or stitched like a pamphlet. Broschure (Ger.) Pamphlet, stitched book. Brimi {Yx.) Discoloured, become brown with age. Ihich (Ger.) Book. Biichbmdcrei {Gex.) A bookbinder's, bookbindery. Bicchdruckerei (Ger.) Printing ofhce. Buc/thandlcr (Ger.) Bookseller. IhicJiIiaiidhing (Ger.) Bookselling business. Cala7}ius (Lat. calamus'). A pen made of a reed sharpened and split at the point, used by the ancients for writing on paper or parchment. Cancels (bind, and i)rint. ) Leaves containing errors, which are cut out and replaced by others properly printed. Tliey are generally marked with an asterisk or a dagger. GLOSSARY. 189 Caput {'L^A.) Headi(or lieading) of a chapter. Carton (Fr.) A cancel {q.v^ Carto7inc (Fr.) In paper boards. Catalogue raisoimc {Yi.) A catalogue of books arranged accord- ing to their subjects. Catch-word (print.) A term used by early printers for the word at the bottom of each page, under the last word of the last line, which word is the first at the top of the following page. Chalcography (Gr. chalkos, copper, and grapheiii, to scratch or write). The art of engraving on copper or brass. Chap-books. The name given to a class of tracts or pamphlets which, principally emanating from the provincial press, were hawked about the country by pedlars and chapmen. Chez le Relicur (Fr.) In the binders' hands. Chronogram (bib.) (Gr. chronos, time, and gramjfia, a writing.) An inscription in which a certain date or epoch is expressed by Roman numeral letters, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrlstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs. By collecting together the capitals we obtain MDCXVVVVII., i.e. MDCXXXII., or 1632. Circa (Lat.) About, applied to an assumed date of publication of a book. Circtiit edges (bind.) Flaps which overlap the edges of some Bibles and Pra3^er Books, especially those intended for the pocket ; also called Ribbofi edges. Clasps (book). The hooks or catches used for fastening the covers together when a book is closed ; formerly used on almost all books. Cliche (Fr.) A stereotype plate, block, cast. Codex (Lat.) Originally wooden tablets coated with wax for writing on were so called ; hence when parchment and paper were substituted for wood and put together in the shape of a book, the term codex was still used. A manuscript ; a book. Codicilli (Lat.) Diminutive of codex {q.v.') Collate (bib.) To compare, or to examine whether two things {e.g., books) of a similar kind agree or disagree. Collation (bib.) The examination of the signatures, pages, plates, etc., of a book, to ascertain if they follow in order and are complete. 1 90 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Colophon (bib. and print.) (Gr. kolophon, a summit, finishing.) The device or note at the end of old books, containing the names of the printer and pubUsher, place where printed, and date. Colportage (Fr.) Itinerant bookselling. Colporteur. One who sells and distributes tracts and religious or secular literature, etc. Conservation (Fr.) Preservation ; referring to the state of a book or binding; d'line conscrvaf. mediocre, in middling condition. Copy. I. Any single book or set of books. 2. The manuscript, reprint, or proof from which the compositor composes. Corner-pieces (bind.) Metal covers protecting the corners of books. Corrigc7idu7n, pi. Corrigenda (Lat.) A word or words to be corrected. Costeriana. " A group of early printed books which have, until recently, been always ascribed to Laurens Janszoon Coster, the reputed Haarlem inventor of printing." {Hessels.) Coupe (Fr.) Cut, leaves cut open ; non coupe, not cut. Cropped (bind.) A book is said to be cropped when the edges are cut down very much. See also Bleed. Croquis (Fr.) A rough sketch. Cross-reference (cat.) A note at the end of an entry in a catalogue referring the reader to some other author, or book on the same subject as the entry itself — eg. England. See also Great Britain. Ctd-de-lampe (Fr.) Head- or tail- piece. Cut. An engraved block or plate, an illustration ; a woodcut. Dccoupe (Fr.) Edges cut off, cropped. Delineavit, Delt. (Lat.) He drew. Delpliin classics {ad nsuni Delphi/!?). A set of Latin classics edited in France (1674-91) by thirty-nine scholars, under the superintendence of Montausier, Bossuet, and Huet, for the use of the Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV. Demonym (bib.) Popular or ordinary qualification or description taken as a proper name, as an Amateur, a Bibliophile, etc. (R. T.) Dentelle (Fr. bind.) A style of ornament resembling fine lace- work. Dcrelie (Vr.) Unbound. Binding gone. Desideratum, pi. Desiderata (Lat.) Anything wanted or desired. GLOSSARY. I 9 I Device (bib.) Printer's emblem or mark. Diviiiity calf (bind.) A dark-brown calf, generally used for theological books. Do7ium (Lat.) A gift ; ex dono auctoris, a gift from the author. Dorc (Fr. ) Dore siir tj'ajiches, gilt edges. Driuk (Ger.) Print, or the printing. Drucker {G&\.) Printer. Duodeci??io (bib.) Twelvemo. (Fr. in-douze ; Ger. duo-dez.) The size of a book composed of sheets folded so as to make twelve leaves, twenty-four pages ; generally written l2mo. Dutch paper. Hand-made papers of various sizes, made in Holland. Eau-forte (Fr.) An etching. Ebarbc (Fr.) Edges trimmed. Editeur (Fr.) Publisher. Editio pri7iceps (Lat.) The first or earliest printed edition of an author. Often of great value to critical scholars, as being a record of readings of MSS., long since lost. Edition. One impression, or the whole number of copies of a book published at once. Edition de luxe (Fr.) An extra large paper, and sumptuous edition of any high-class book, is so called. Editorial. A leading article in a newspaper written by the editor. EiJiband (Ger.) Binding of a book. Einleituiig (Ger.) Introduction. Elzevirs. Elzevir editions — i.e. copies of works printed by the Elzevir famity, at Amsterdam and Leyden, 1595 — 1680. Enchere (Fr.) Vetite a Vetichere, sale by auction. Enchiridion (Gr. encheiridion, a manual). A manual ; a book to be carried in the hand. End-papers (bind.) The blank leaves at the beginning and end of a book. Also called Fly-leaves. Engravitig. The principal varieties of engraving are: — i. Li7te e7igraving on metal plates, usually of copper or steel, in which the line is always incised. 2. Etching, usually on metal, in which the lines are corroded by means of acid. 3. Mezzotint, in which there are no lines whatever, but only shades produced by roughening the surface of the metal. 4, Woodcut, in which the lines which print black have to 192 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. be left in relief, while the surface round them is cut away. {E7icy. Brit. 1878, v. 8, p. 436.) Epigraph (Gr. 'cpigrapJie). i. An inscription. 2. A quotation placed before a book or chapter as a motto. 3. The imprint on a title-page (obs.). Epitome (Gr. epitojnc'). A brief summary or abstract of the chief points in a literary work ; an abridgment, a compendium. Eprcuve (Fr. print.) Proof. Aptdse (Fr.) Out of print. Errat7im, pi. Errata (Lat.) List of errors contained in a book, usually printed on a small slip, and pasted in the book when bound, by the bookbinder. Esta?)ipes (Fr.) Prints. Etching. See Engraving. Exciidebat (Lat.) He printed. Exeviplairc (Fr.) | . <• u 1 ^ -^ , ,1 I A copy of a book. Exe^nplar (Ger.) \ Ex-libris (Lat.) Literally froin the books of. A book plate. Book plates often bear these words with the owner's name, hence the use of them for the mark itself. Extra (bind.) The binding of a book is said to be e.xtra when it has gilt ornaments on side and back, silk head bands, etc. Facsimile (Lat.) An exact copy of anything, especially hand- writing or printed work. ^^"^'f'f (^;>, JPartofawork. Fasciculus (Lat.) | Fatigtic (Fr.) Worn ; as reliurefatiguce, binding worn. Fermoirs (Fr.) Clasps. Feuille, pi. Feuilles (Fr.) Leaf or leaves of a book. Feuilletoji (Fr.) That part of foreign newspapers devoted to light literature, etc., and generally marked off from tlie rest of the page by a thick line. Figures (Fr.) Plates, diagrams, etc. Finis (Lat.) The end (of a book). Fleuron (Fr.) An ornament in tiie form of a wreath of flowers. Fly-leaf (hm^?^ See End-papers. Folio (bib.) The size of a book formed of sheets folded into two leaves or four pages. Fore-edge (bib.) The front edge of a book. GLOSSARY. 193 Forel (bind.) Rough undressed skins of beasts used in early times for binding. Fonnat (Fr. and Ger.) The size (of a book). F?i Cliartanun. (print.) A list of signatures and first words of the sheets of a book, inserted at the end of early printed books — now disused. Registers (bind.) Book-markers fastened to the head band of a book are so called. Rcimpression (Fr.) Reprint. Reliiire (Fr.) Binding ; relie, bound. Reynainders. Surplus copies of works, in which the original publishers had no faith, or are getting rid of before issuing a new edition. They are disposed of to second-hand and other booksellers, and can be bought by the public at a very low price. Reptint, or Excerpt (print.) The whole or part of a book reissued. Rogue (Fr.) Edges cut ; tiofi rogue, uncut. Roiisseur (Fr.) Redness. Tachcs de rousseur, fox marks. Roxburgh (bind.) A style of binding having leather back only, no corners ; cloth, or paper sides. The back has no raised bands, and is lettered at the top, without ornament. The edges are left uncut, except the top-edge, which is gilt. Rubricated (h\h.) Having certain portions printed or written in red, as the directions in a prayer-book, or titles of chapters, and especially the date and place, colophon, etc., of the book or MS. Rmming title (print.) The fi.xed or general title of the volume placed at the top of each page, as distinct from the chapter GLOSSARY. 201 or section headline, sometimes called tjinning headlines. (Jacobi.) Russie (Fr.) Cicir de russie, Russia leather. Sd?mntlich (Ger.) Complete, as Sammtlich Werke. Complete works, in contradistinction to Gesmmticlte Werke, or col- lected works. Scelta (It.) Selection. Scholmm, pi. Scholia (Lat.) (Gr. scholion.) A marginal note, annotation, or remark ; explanatory comment ; specifically, an explanatory remark annexed to the Latin and Greek authors. Schriftsteller (Ger.) An author, writer. Schweinsledef (Ger.) Pigskin. Script (print.) The name of type cut to imitate writing. Scriptorium (fr. Lat. scriptor, a writer). A room set apart in a monastery or abbey for the writing and copying of books. Sculpsit (Lat.) He engraved, sculptured. Sclten (Ger.) Scarce. Sepiuagint (Gr.) A Greek version of the Old Testament, so called because it is said to be the work of seventy, or rather seventy-two, interpreters about 270 or 280 B.C. Sequens (Lat.) Following, as vide p. 351 seqq. ; see p. 351 and following pages. Set-off {^^\m^..) Transfer of ink from one page to another, caused by the sheet being folded, or a book being bound before the printing ink is thoroughly dry. Sex-decimo (bib.) Sixteenmo. Size of a book formed of sheets folded into sixteen leaves or thirty-two pages ; written i6mo. Signatures (print.) The capital letters or figures under the bottom line of the first page of each sheet, to indicate their order in binding. The invention has been attributed to Zarotus, of Milan (1470), and to Koelhof, of Cologne (1472). Sine (Lat.) Sine anno, without date. Stahlstich (Ger.) Steel engraving, steel plate. Sta}'t (bind.) When the leaves of a book spring from the back, and project from the edges, they are said to start. Stereotype (print.) (Stereos, fixed or solid ; ti'tpos, type or form.) A plate of fixed metallic types, produced from a mould of plaster or papier-mache, which has been taken from a page or column of movable type. Much used in newspaper print- 202 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. ing, and also for books for which it is necessary to keep the type standing. By this means two or more casts can be taken from the same mould, and hence several copies of the same work be printed at the same time. Stylus (Lat.) A style, an iron pencil, with a sharp point at one end, used by the ancients to write on wax tablets, plates of lead, etc. The style being broad at the other end was also used to obliterate the writing when done with. Super-extra (bind.) A book finished in the best style, \vith gilding on both outside and inside of the boards. Tabula (Lat.) Plate ; cu7?i tabulis, with plates. TacJies (Fr.) Spots, stains. Tafelii (Ger.) Plates. Tall. The bottom of a book. Taille-douce (Fr.) Copperplate engraving. Tail-piece (print.) (Fr. fleuron, cul-de-latupc.} An ornament placed at the end of a chapter to fill up a vacant space. Tall copy (bib.) A copy of a book on the ordinarj' sized paper, and barely cut down by the binder. {Honic.) Tavola (It.) Plate. Tela (It.) Cloth. Tanoin (Fr.) Witness iq.v.)\ rough edges. Ternion (bib.) Three sheets of paper folded in half, quirewise, or one inside another. This gives six leaves or twelve pages. {Blades.) Theil, pi. Theile (Ger.) Part or parts. Tirage (Fr.) Impression. Titel (Ger.) Title-page. Title (bind.) The space or panel, between the bands, on which lettering is placed. Titolo (It.) Title-page. Titre (Fr.) Title-page. Toile (Fr.) Cloth. T'l^OTW.s (Lat.), Toi/io ( It., Span.), Tome (Fr.) A volume, as Tome i Tomus 2. Tranclics (Fr.) Edges of a book. Truie (Fr.) Pcau de truic, pigskin. Uebersetzung (Ger.) Translation. GLOSSARY. 203 Umriss (Ger.) Outline, sketch. Umschlag (Ger.) Cover, wrapper of a book. Uncut. Books that are not cut open with the paper knife. Uncict edges (bind, and bib.) Edges not ploughed by the binder. Unique (bib.) Without a like or equal ; the only one ; used in booksellers' and other catalogues to indicate books of which only one copy is known, or of which no copy exists in a similar condition or state. Vacchctta (It.) Calf. Vade inecum (Lat. go with me). A manual, a book which a person carries with him as a constant companion. VaricB lectiones (Lat.) Various readings. Variorimi edition. An edition containing notes by various commentators {cum notis variorum). Veau (Fr.) Calf. Verfasser (Ger.) Author. Verge (Fr.) Ribbed; papier verge de Hollandc, Dutch hand- made paper, Vergeures (Fr.) Wire marks {q.v.) Vergriffen (Ger.) Out of print. Verlag (Ger.) Published by (the proprietors). Verletzt (Ger.) Damaged. Verme/irt (Ger.) Enlarged. Verso (bib.) The page of an open book to the left hand of the reader, always the even page. See also Recto. Verzeic/iniss (Ger.) Catalogue. Vient de paraitre (Fr.) Now publishing. Vigesi??io-quarto (bib.) Twenty-fourmo. A book composed of sheets folded so as to make twenty-four leaves ; generally written 24mo. Vignette, i. The flourishes in form of vine leaves, etc., with which the capital letters of ancient MSS. and books were often surrounded. 2. Formerly, any kind of printers' orna- ments, as heads, flowers, and tail-pieces. More recently, any kind of woodcut, engraxang, etc., not enclosed within a definite border. Volumen (Lat.) A volume ; a roll. Vorwort (Ger.) Fore-word ; preface ; introduction. 204 MANUAL OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Vulgate. Popular name for the authorized Latin edition of the Bible, or the Biblia Latina Vulgatcc editiotiis. Wasscrjleckig (Ger.) Damp spotted or stained. Wassert7iarke (Ger.) Water-lines in paper. Water-lines (paper). Transparent perpendicular marks on paper, caused by the supports of the frame in which the paper is made. Called in French pofituseaux, and German wasser- marke. Useful in determining the size of old books. See ante, pp. 48, 49. Water-mai'ks (paper). Semi-transparent ornamental figures representing the size of the paper, or the maker's mark or name to be found on all hand-made papers. The size of old books can be fairly judged from these. See ante, p. 48. Widtmoig (Ger.) Dedication. Wire-mark (paper). Semi-transparent lines on paper, caused by the wires forming the frame in which the paper is made. Called in French vergeures. Witness (bind.) (Fr. temoins.) When the edges of a book are cut, leaves which happen to be turned down at the corner escape the knife. The part which is thus left is called a witness ov proof oi the size of the original margin. Woodc2(t. See Engraviiig. Warmloecher (Ger.) Worm-holes, or " wormed." Wurmstichig (Ger.) Worm-eaten. Xylographic books (bib.) (Ger. xulon, wood ; grapho, to write ; Fr. xylog7'aphie ; Ger. xylographisthe drncke.) Block-books {q.v.) Zerrisseji (Ger.) Torn. Zusactze (Ger.) Additions, addenda. INDEX Abbreviations, English and Foreign, 38, 39-45- Accession catalogue, 102, Adolphll., Elector of Nassau, 10, II. Adriaen de Jonghe, 5. Albertype, 83. Albrizzi (A.), printer, 29. Aldine type, first used, IT; Aldus family, printers, 16, 17, 24-6, 27, 114- mark, 62, 63. see Manutius. Alphabetical catalogue, lib. Anderson, binder, 91. wood engraver, 76. Anisson, printer, 30. Anonymous works, 112, 1 13. Antonio da Siena, El Monte Sando di Dio, 77. 78. Aretinus, De Bella Itabco, 20. Arrangement, 128. alphabetical, 144, US- Arrigoni (Luigi), 89. Ars Moricndi, 3, 4- Askew (Dr.), 89. Astle (Thomas), 87. Augustine (St.), De Uvitate Dei, 14- Austin (William), wood en- graver, 76. Author catalogue, 105. Azzoguidi (Baldassare ), printer, 20. B. Badius (Conrad), printer, 27. Baldi, printers, 27. Baldini (Baccio), engraver, 7b. Barbou (H.), printer and book- seller, 30. Baskerville (John), prmter, 29. Batracho77iyo7nachia, 1470, 20. Baumgarten, binder, 91. Bauzonnet, binder, 91. Bedford (Francis), binder, 91. Beildeck (Lorenz), 8. Bellini (Giovanni), 68. Beroaldus (V.), i^, i9- Berryman, wood engraver, 76. Bessarion (Cardinal), 12. Bewick (Thomas), 75. 76- I Biblia Latina, 1455, 10. 1462, II. , Biblia Paupcrmn, 2. } Bibliographical systems, I2I, j 129-44. Aldus, 129. Brunet, 131-43- I Gesner; 130. i Stephanus, 130. , Bibliographical terms, 160-6. Bibliomane. What? 32. : Bibliophile. What? 32. j Blackburn, Catalogue Titles, ! 145- 206 INDEX. Blades, Enemies of Books, 146. Bladius (Antonius), mark, 63. Blaeu (Jan.), printer, 28. Block-books, 1-4. Boccaccio (G.), 11. Dccanicro7ie, 15, 27, 33, 59. Bodoni (G. B.), printer, 30. Book, first English-printed, 22. first Greek-printed, 17. first with woodcuts, 14. Book-binding, 84-97. at British Museum, 93-5. cloth, 91, 92. curious, 89. Dutch, 87. first dated, 86. good, 95. in human skin, etc., 89. modern, 95-7. Book-bindings, restoration of, 145, 147. styles of, 87. Book-case, 99. Book-plate, specimen, 104. Book-plates, 103-105. Book presses, loi, 102. Prices Cu7rent, 148. rests, loi. Books, block, 1-3. distinctions of first printed, 37, 3«- good, 34. of reference, 149-67. on collecting, 38. preservation of, 145-7. rare, etc., 34-6. relative value of, 34-6. reference, 147, 148. restoration of, 145-7. sizes of, 47-50. stains in, 147. state of, 117-20. to consult, 147, 148. uncut, 117. xylographic, 1-3. Bookseller's shop, temp. Louis XIII., 80. Bookshelves, 99-101. Book-stamps, 103. Book-worms, 145, 146. Boom (Hackus), printer, 28. Bosse (Abraham), engraver, 79. 80. La Maniere de Graver a lEaii'forte, 79. Botticelli (Sandro), engraver, 78- Bozerain, binder, 91. Branston (Robert), wood en- graver, 76. Breitkopf (J. G. E.), printer, 31. Brindley, printer, 29. Brown, Venetian Printing Press, 15, 17. Brunet (Gustave). 46. (J. C), Mamiel dii Libraii'e, 38, 66, 75, 131. bibliographical system, 131- 143- Brjiinger, printer, 31. Byfield (John), wood engraver, 76. Casar Commentaries, 1469, 56. 1635, 28. Calcar (John van), 71, 72. Caliergi (Zacherias), printer, 16. Callistus (Andronicus), 12. Cambruzzi (Father Antonio), 6. Cancels, 46. Capital letters, 37. Carbone (Ludovico), 59. Carchano (Anthonius de), printer, 20. Card catalogue, 105, 106, 118. case (Marlborough), 118. Castaldi (^Pamfilo), printer, 4, 6, 7. Catalogue, 98-148. accession, 102, 103. INDEX. 207 Catalogue {contd.), — alphabetical, 116. author, 105. card, 105, 106, 118. case, 118. dictionary, 105. iconographic, 120, 121. sale, 148. shelf, 105, 106. subject, 105. systematic, 116. Catalogue cards, or slips, 1 1 6. Catalogue entries, specimens, 118, 119. Catalogue rules, 107-21. Catchwords, 37, 55. Causse, printer, 31. Caxton (William), printer, 21-5, 55. 57. mark, 65. works publishedby, 22, 23, 33. Cellini (Benvenuto), 87. Cennini (Bernardo), 20, 60. (Dominic), 20. Chalcondylas (Demetrius), 12. Chapters, 37. titles to, 62. Charles V., 87. Check-lists, 12 1-7. Chromo-lithography, 83. Chrysoloras (Emmanuel), 12. Cicero, De Oratorc, 14. EpistolcE ad Familiarcs, 15, 59. 62. Ciphers, Arabic, 54. Classification, 131-43. Clement VIII., Pope, 26. Cloth binding invented, 91, 92. Codex Syriacus, 84. Colbert (J. B.), 89. Colines (Simon de), printer, 27. Collation, 45, 46. Colophon, 58-60. Combi, printer, 72. Comino (A.), printer, 30. Commelin (J.), mark, 63. Compound names, 109. Confessionale Sancti AntoJiini, 55- Cook (Capt.), Voyages, curious binding, 89. Coornhert, printer, 31. Copper-plate engraving, 77-81. first book with, 79. Corrozet (G.), 27. Corsellis, printer, 24. Corvinus (Matthias), 21. Coster (Lourens Janszoon), printer, his claim to have invented printing, 5, 6. Courteval, binder, 91. Coustelier (A.), printer, 30. Cramoisy (S. ), printer, 29. Crapelet (G. A.), printer, 31. Crofiica Samida, 15. Cross references, 108-21, 128. D. Damp, 100, 145, 146. Dante, Contedia, 148 1, 78. Dates, 56, 115. curious, 57, 58. first book with, 57. mistakes in, 24. Da Vinci (Lionardo), 85. Day (John), mark, 66. Decor Piicllafum, date of, 57. Denis on rare and good books, 34-6. Derome, binder, 85, 91. De Rossi, I Mosaicidclle Chicse di Roma, 83. Diana of Poitiers, 85, 89. Dibden, Bibliographical De- cameron, 70, 89. Bibliotheca Spe7iceria7ia, 71, 78. Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 1477, 22. Dictionary catalogue, 105. Didots (the), printers, 31, 72, 77. Doctrinale Alcxandri Galli, ;. 208 INDEX. Dolet (Etienne), printer, 27. DoJiati/s, 13. Donatus (Elias), 13. Dore (G.), 77- Dritzehn (Andreas), printer, 7,8. (George), printer, 8. Diirer (Albert), 69, 81. title of the Apocalypse^ 82. Duro-flexilc binding, 97. Durii, binder, 91. Dust, 100, 146. Du Sueil, binder, 91. Edges, cutting, 95. Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries, 129. Elzevir (Abraham), printer, 28. (Bonaventure), printer, 28. (Daniel), printer, 28. (Louis), printer, 28, 114. family, 27, 47. mark, 63. Emiliano degli Orsini, printer, 20. England, printing in, 21-4, 29. Engraving, wood, 67-77. copper-plate, 77-81. steel, 81. Este (Borso d'), 12. (Lionello d'), 12. Estienne (the), printers, 27. Etching, 81. Ex-libris. What? 103. Exposicio Sancti Hieroiiymi, 23. 57- Feltre, claims the invention of printing, 4, 6. Me?uoric Istorichcdc Feltre, (y. Ferrcro (Sebastian), 18, 19. Ficino (Marsilio), 12. Finiguerra (Maso), goldsmith and engraver, 77. France, printing in, 20, 27. Franchi, printer, 30. Francis I., 85, 88. Freytag, Adparatiis Litta-arius, 57- Friburger (Michael), printer, 20. Friis (].), printer, 31. Frontispiece, 60-2, 67. to TercHce, 1493, 2. Fumagalli (C), 13. Fust (Johan), printer, 5, 6, 8, 10, II, 33. G. Gallus (Andreas), printer, 20. Udalricus, printer, 14. Gar, Letttire di Bibliologia, 34, 53- Gardano (A.), printer, 27. Gasparinus Pergamensis, Liber Epistolarutn, 20. Gaza (Theodore), 12. Gering (Ulric), printer, 20. Germany, printing in, 7-11, 31. Gesner, printer, 31. Gille, printer, 31. Giolito (Gabriel), printer, 27, 72. mark, 64. Giovanni da Verona, printer, 20. Girardus de Lisa, printer, 20. Giunta (Benedetto), printer, 26. (Bernardo), printer, 26, (Filippo), printer, 26. (Luc'Antonio), printer, 26. mark, 64. Giunta family, mark, 64. Glossary, English and Foreign, 183-204. Goupil's photogravures, 84. Grafton (Richard), mark, 66. Gravina, II Duomo di Monreale, 83. INDEX. 209 Greek characters first used, 14, 17- classics first published, 17. Grolier (Jean), bibliophile, 89, 90. Gryphi (the), printers, 27. mark, 64. Gubitz (F. W.), wood engraver, 76, n. Gutenberg (Johan), printer, 3, 5, 8, 10, 33. Gutenberg Bible, facsimile, 9- H. Haarlem, claims the invention of printing, 4-6. Han (Ulric), printer, 14. Harding (J. D.), artist and lithographer, 83. Heilmann (Andreas), printer, 7.8. Helgcn, or Saint Pictures, i. Heliotype, 83. Henri II., 89. Herbst, printer, 31. Hering, binder, 91. Hervagius, printer, 31. Hess (Andreas), printer, 21. Hessels (J. H.), Haarlem^ not Metitz, 6. Heures, Livres d\ 73-5. Holl (Linhard), printer, 53. Holland, printing in, 27, 28, 31- Holma, printer, 31. Homer, Batrachomyomacliia, 1470, 20. Homery (Dr. Conrad), 10. Horce, 73-5. Home, Introductio7i to Biblio- graphy, 34, 66. Hypne7-oto7nachia Poliphili, 1499, 68. I. Ibarra (J.), printer, 29. Iconographic catalogue, 120, 121. Illuminated initials, 67. Incunabula, 113, 115, 164. Italic type, 17. Italy, claims to the invention of printing, 4, 6, 7. printing in, 13-20, 25-7, 29, 30. J- Jackson (J. B.), wood engraver, 76. Jeffery, bookseller, 89. Jenson (Nicolas), printer, 15, 57. John of Cologne, printer, 54. Spires, printer, 15, 17, 52, 59. Jones, Gratmnar of Ornament, Jungendres, Disquisitio, 37, 38. Junius (Hadrianus), account of invention of printing at Haarlem, 5. Junta, see Giunta. K. Kalthoeber, binder, 91. Koburger (A), printer, 31, 69. Koelhof (Johan), printer, 55. Krantz (Martin), printer, 20. L. Lacroix (Paul), IT, 83. Laxtantius de Divinis histitti- iionibus Adversiis Getiies, ' 1 3 , 14. Laire, Index Librormn, 86. Landino (C), 78. 14 210 INDEX. Langelier (Abel), mark, 63. Large (Robert), 22. Lascaris {Coiistantme), 12. Greek Grammar, 17. (John), 12. Latour, printer, 31. Latta, printer, 29. Lavagna (Pliilippns de), printer, 17, 57- Lawson (R. E.), binder, 91. Lee (James), wood engraver, 76. Le Fevre, Recueil des Histoires de Troye, 22. Reaiyell of the Histofycs of Troye, 22, 23. Le Gascon (N.), binder, 91. Lelio della Volpe, printer, 30. Lemercier (M.), 83. Leo X., Pope, 18, 19. Leonard, printer, 29. Lesne, binder, 91. Lettering, 97. Lewis (Charles), binder, 91. Library (the), 98-148. Libretti of operas, 115, 116. Lisa (Girardus de), printer, 20. Lithography, 81-3. Lorenzo (Nicolo di), 78. Lucan, Pharsalia, 1469, 56. M. Mackinlay, binder, 91. Maioli, bibliophile, 89. Manfre (G.), printer, 30. Manni (U. M.), printer, 30. Manutius (Aldus the Elder), printer, 16, 24, 47, 68, 114, 129. (Aldus the Younger), 24, 25, 26, 114. (Paulus), 24, 114. Marcolini (E.), printer, 27, Marescotti, printer, 27. Margaret, Duchessof Burgundy, 22. Marlborough Card-Catalogue Case, 145. Martyns, printer, 29. Massimi (Francesco), 14. (Pietro), 14. Mazarine Bible, 33. McdUationes JoJiannis de Tiir- recrcmata, 14, 69. Meerman (G.), 6. Mentz, claims the invention of printing, 4, 5, 7, 8, il. Milan, printing at, 17. Minutianus (Alexander), prin- ter, 17-19. MiracoH de la Gloriosa Virgine Maria, 57. Missalc Herbipolcnse, 1481, 79, Moetjens, printer, 31. Montagna (Benedetto), en- graver, 72. Monteregio (J. de), CaleJi- dariu7n, 60, 61. Morel (G.), printer, 27. Moret (B.), mark, 63. Musurus (Marcus), 17. N. Names, compound, 109. foreign, 1 10, 1 1 1. Greek, in. Latin, ill. Nesbit (Ciiarlton), 76. Nicholas V., Pope, 12. Nicolini, Le Case e i Monu- mcnti di Pompci, 83. Notary (Julian), mark, 65. Nuremberg Chronicle, 69. Nyder, Prccceptoritwi Divince Lcgis, 54. O. Orsini (Emiliano degli), printer, 20. O.xford, printing at, 23, 24. INDEX. 21 I Pachel (Leonard), printer, 17. Paganino (A.)i 16. Pagination, 37, 46, 52, 53, 112, 113- Palmer (S.). printer, 29. Palthenius, printer, 31. Pamphlets, 93, 95. Panckoucke (C), printer, 31. Pannartz (Arnold), printer, 13, 14. Paravisinus(Dionysius),printer, 17- Paris, printing at, 20. Parmigiano (F. A.), 81. Pasdeloup, binder, 85, 91. Pasti (Matteo), engraver, 70. Patisson, printer, 27. Paul II., Pope, 13. III., Pope, 87. Payne (Roger), binder, 85, 91. Peignot (Gabriel), 38. Peregrmationes Civitatis Sancti Jerusalem, 79. Periodical lists, 121-7. Petrarch (Francesco), II, 17. Petzholdt, Katechismzis der Bibliot]ieiilc]i7-e, 98, 130. Photography, 83, 84. Photogravure, 84. Photo-lithography, 84. Pico della Mirandola, 13. Pigouchet (Philippe), 74, Piranesi (G.), 81. Pisano (Bonacorsio), 17. Pius II., Pope, II. Plantin (Christopher), printer, 31- mark, 63. Poggio Bracciolini (G. F.), 12. Poliphilo, Hypncrotomachia, 68. Poliziano (Angelo), 12, 13. Pomponius Lsetus (Julius), 12. Pontanus (G.), 12. Potter (P.), 81. Preservation of books, 145-7. Press-marks, loi, 102, 104, 107 128. Printers' marks, 62-6, 71. name, etc., 37, 1 14. Printing centres, 168-82. Printing, first introduced into Poland, 21. Spain, 21. Switzerland, 20. Printing, first privilege granted, 15- origin and progress of, 1-3 1. progress of, in England, 21-4, 29. France, 20, 27. Germany, 7-1 1, 31. Holland, 27, 28, 31. Hungary, 20. Italy, 4, 6, 7, 13-20, 25-7, 29. 30. Spain, 21, 29. Psahnoriim Codex, 1457, 1459, II, 33- Pseudonyms, 108. Ptolemaeus, Costnogfaplna, 79, Punctuation marks, 37. Pynson (Richard), printer, 23. mark, 65. O. Quentel, printer, 31. R. Raibolini (Francesco), 17. Raimondi (M. A.), wood en graver, 72. Ratdolt (Erhard), printer, 16 60, 61. Raynald, The Byrth of Man kytid, 79. Reference books, 149-67. Registers, 56. Rembrandt, 81. 212 INDEX. Remondini, printer, 30. Reni (Guido), 81. Restoration of bindings, 146, 147. books, 146, 147. Richenbach (Johannes), binder, 86. Richter (C. A.), engraver, 76. Riessinger (Sixtus), printer, 20. Riffe (Hans), printer, 7. Rive (Abbe), 55. Riviere, binder, 91. Rome, 14. number of printers in 1 500, 1 5. Rouveyre (E.), 58, loi. Roville (G. de), printer, 27. mark, 63. Roxburghe Club, 34. S. Saint Pictures, or HelgeJi, i. Satuida Cfotika, 15. Sarzano (Tommaso), 12. Schoeffer (Peter), printer, 10, ^i) 33- Scinzenzeler (Ulricus), printer, 17- Scotto (Ottaviano), 16. mark, 64. Senefelder (Aloys), inventor of lithography, 81. Sermartelli, printer, 27. Sermo PrccdicahiUs iiifesto Pra:sentatio7iis B.M., 53. Servius, commentary on Virgil, 59, 60. Sessa, printer, 72. Sforza (Francesco), 12. (Ludovico Moro), 12. Shelf catalogue, 105, 106. lists, 105, 106. marks, loi, 102, 104, 107, 128. Shelving, 100, loi. Signatures, 17, 37, 46, 50-2, 54, 55- Simier, binder, 91. Simon, printer, 31. Sixtus IV., Pope, 15. Sizes of books, how to tell, 47- 50, 112, 113. Slips, catalogue, 106. Sommariva (Georgio), 20. Sonnius, mark, 64. Spain, printing in, 21, 29. Spira (Johannes de), printer, 15, 17, 52, 59. (Vindelin de), printer, 15, 55. Staggemier, binder, 91. Steel-engraving, 81. Stephen (Henry), printer, 27. (Robert), printer, 27. Stephani (the), printers, 27. mark, 63. Strasburg, claims the invention of printing, 4, 6-8. Subiaco, 14. Subject catalogue, 105. Sweynheim (Conrad), printer, 13. 14- Systematic catalogue, 116. T. Tacitus, Annals, 18, 19. Tarditi, binder, 91. Tartagli, binder, 91. Tartini, printer, 30. Textiis Sancti Cuthherti, 87. Ther Hoernen (A.), printer, 53. colophon of, 53. Thompson, binder, 91. printer, 29. (John), wood engraver, 76,77. Thou (C. de), bibliophile. 89. Thouvenin (J.), binder, 91. Tiepolo (L.), 81. Title-page, 60-2. first, 37, 60, 61. to chapters, 62. Topographical index of printing centres, 168-82. INDEX. 213 Torrentino (L.), printer, 27. Torresani (Andrea de), 25. Tottcl (Richard), mark, 66. Turberville, Art of Venerie, 89. Turnebus (A.), 29. Type, 37. U. Uncut books, 117. Ungars (the), 76. Uzanne, Caprices d'un Btblio- philc, 84. Valdarfar (Christopher),printer, 15. 33. 59- Valgrisi (Vincent), printer, 27. mark, 65. Van Dyke (A.), 81. Valturius, De re Militari, 1472, 70. Van Calcar (John), 71, 72. VecelHo, Dcgli Habiti Antichi e Moderni, 72. Venice, printing in, 15, 26, V6rard (Antoine), 73, 74. Vesalius, De Himiani Corporis Fabrica, 1543, 71. Vezzosi, binder, 91. Vincent, printer, 31. Visconti (Filippo Maria), 12, Vitre (A.), printer, 28. Volpe (LeKo della), printer, 30. Vostre (Simon), printer, 74. W. W'ard (Hugh), lithographer, 83. Water-hnes, 48-50, 204. Watermark, 48, 204. Watteau(J. A.), 81. Westall, lithographer, 83. Whittaker, binder, 89, 91. Wier, binder, 91. Wire-mark, 48, 50, 204. Wolfe (John), mark, 66. Wolgemuth, wood engraver, 69. Wood engravers, English, 76. Wood-engraving, 67-77. iirst book with, 68. Worde (Wynkyn de), printer, 23- mark, 23, 65. Wright (T.), wood engraver, 76. X. Xylographic books, 2, 3. Xylography, i, 67. Z. Zaehnsdorf (J.), binder, 91. Art of Bookbi7iding, 91. Zarotus (Antonius), 17, 55. Zell (Ulrich), printer, 31. Zenaro (D.), printer, 72. Zincography, 83, Zincotypy, 84. Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. H. GREVEL & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. XLhc Stubcnr^ fine art Xtbrar^, THE CLASSICAL PICTURE GALLERY FOR 1891: Monthly Magazine of Reproductions from the Art Galleries of Europe. Each Part is., containing Twelve Plates, 4to. Annual Subscription, 145., post free. "Judged by their price, the plates are little short of wonderful. They will be of no little value to the serious student of art, who will be able by its means to compare types and expressions, and refresh his memory in various ways." — Saturday Review. THE CLASSICAL PICTURE GALLERY. Annual Volume for 1890, containing 144 Plates. With Biographical Notices of the Artists, and a Complete Index, i Vol. 410, cloth extra, gilt top. ;^i \s. THE HUMAN FIGURE : its Beauties and De- fects. By Ernst Brucke, Emeritus Professor of Physiology in the University of Vienna, and formerly Teacher of Anatomy in the Academy of Fine Arts at Berlin. Authorised translation. Revised by the Author. With 29 Illustrations by Hermann Paar. Crown 8vo, cloth. 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It sums up the long results of thousands of years of Egyptian civilisation in language precise enough to make the work a handbook for the specialist, and popular enough to ensure its becoming a guide to the antiquarian lore of the country for travellers in Egypt." — Scoisi/ian. Zbc Student's 3fine Brt %ibvnv>s— continued. MANUAL OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES: in- cluding the Architecture, Sculpture, and Industrial Arts of Chaldaea, Assyria, Persia, Sjrria, Judaea, PhcBnicia, and Carthage. By Ernest Babelon, Librarian of the Department of Medals and Antiques in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Translated and enlarged by B. T. A. Evetts. M.A.. of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. British Museum. With 241 Illustrations. Crown Svo, cloth extra, gilt top. lOs. 6a'. " The Ulatiual of Oriental Antiquities, which takes deservedly a high position both for the general accuracy of its statements and the excellent character of its illustrations." — Athenceutii. MANUAL OF EMBROIDERY AND LACE : their Manufacture and Histoi-y from the Remotest Anti- quity to the Present Day. By Ernest Lef^bure, Lace Manufacturer and Administrator of the Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris. Translated and Enlarged, with Notes and New Designs, by Alan S. Cole, of the South Kensington jNIuseum, With 156 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt top. ioj-. 6d. " A book which is not only a comprehensive, well-arranged, and trustworthy history of a delightful art, but a book which is pleasant to see, and pleasant to read, well written and well edited." — Aeademy. MANUAL OF MUSICAL HISTORY : A Bio-Biblio- graphical Survey. With 150 Illustrations of Portraits, Musical Instruments, Facsimiles of Rare and Curious Musical Works. By James E. Matthew, i Vol. Crown Svo, cloth. loj. dd. THE STUDENT'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS TO HOMER. Thirty-six Plates with descriptive Text. By Dr. R. Engelmann and Prof. W. C. F. Anderson, i Vol. 4to. Cloth. OLYMPOS : Tales of the Gods of Greece and Rome. By Talfocrd Ely. With 47 Woodcuts and 6 full-page Photo- graphic Plates. I Vol. Crown Svo, cloth. ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS and BUILD- INGS of GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND. Edited by Constantine Uhde. In 6 Parts, Fol., containing 150 magnificent Photographs of the most remarkable Architectural Monuments. Each Part £,\ 5j. H. GREVEL & CO., 33, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. II. ^ ^ - JB^H rURN LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY »^^ 2 South Hall 642-2253 ^N PERIOD 1 2 3 5 6 ALL BOOKS AAAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS DUE AS STAMPED BELOW J£^N3 1979 .-■-- FEB U 197^ RM NO. DD 18, 45m, ^,7^ UNIVERSITY OF BERKE CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY .EY, CA 94720 10!46(> ♦•" -L?«