T a » STANDARD SPELLKii,, OONTAIMINO EXERCISES FOR ORAL SPELLING; SENTENCES FOR SILENT SPELLING DICTATION. BT EPES SAR6i^'V. 1^ 03 ir V L. s !| •^ IN MEMOmAIA George Davidson EDUCATION DiCPT. Professor of Geography University of California \ ^ STANMRD SPELLER; EXERCISES FOR ORAL SPELLING X^ ALSO. SENTENCES FOR SILENT SPELLING BY WRITING FROM DICL\TIOK. 2* vVniCH THE RKPRESENTATH-E WORDS AND THE ANUMALOC8 WUR "^F TUK KNGMSII LANGUAGE ARE SO CLASSIFIED AS TO INDICATH THEIR rRONUXCIATIOX, AND TO HE FIXED IN TUK MEMORY BY ASSOCIATION. BY EPES SARGENT, &'OTaOR OF -'THB STANDAHIi HPKAKKR," AN'D THS STASDABD SEBICS OF BEADEEa BOSTON: JOHN L. SHOREY. NEW YOJ.IK: W. I. POOLEY & CO. 1870. r^,,j^,/Z Kntrrcd Hcciirding to Art of (■ODgresd. iu tlw year eigbtecu hntxired and iiitj-.p District Court of the Uulad SUtM fot tbt Disirict of Masftachoaetis. PEEFACE Since we Icani tlie orthograpliy of words mainly in oid*^* to be lole to write tlicm correctly, it is matter for surprise that tlic practice of silunt spelling by writing words from dictation is not resorted to more generally in instruction. Experienced teachers are well aware that many learners will spell a word orally with accuracy, who, if they had Ixsen made to write it, would have blundered. In England, aa we learn from Mr. G. F Graham, author of an improved manual of English Spelling, '* the old practice of making pupils repeat words arranged in columns is now nearly superseded by tlie far preferable plan of Dictation Exercises." Mr. Smart, the eminent lexicographer remarks, that " tiic ordinary, and perhaps the shortest way of learn < ing spelling is ly the eye, in the same manner that we learn pronun- ciation by the car." Tho testimony of many eminent American teachers in support of these conclusions might be quoted. The preseiit voiiime has been prepared with the view of combining the advantages of oral spelling with silent spelling, by writing. Some simple introductory exercises arc first given, followed by sentences for writing, some of which are in script type, that may be transcribed by pupils re'(uiring the practice. In l*art Second, wonJs for oral spelling arc classifiea according to their prominent elementary vowel sounds. Following these are classes of words illustrating tho vowel sounds in unaccented syllablea, penultimate and final, and the difficult consonant sounds and iubsti tutes. These are followed by exercises on words containing silent letters ; on Jiomophonous words ; Rules for Spelling ; won-ls alike in form, but diifering in accent ; Prefixes and Affixes ; tho contractions in common use ; tlie singular and plural forms of the pcsscssivo case, &c For convenience of reference, the words for spelling, presented in large type, are in alphabetical order ; and the teacher will not uae M2«Ql>Qr! £V PREFACE the book long before ho will find the great advantages of tliia in enal»lin«r him to turn readily to a given worJ. In copying the die tit ion excrcisei?, tlie pupil can jvlways 8;iti8fy hiniRcif in regard to the pronunciation or syllahicjition of an exemplifying word, by referring to it in the paragraph of a corresponding numljcr in large type. Or- thoepy and orthography are thus simultaneously tiught, as they should be, and this without resort to arbitrary marks and figures which are either not heedod at all, or are a stumbling-block and a mystification tc the young. A few italicized letters are all that are used to indicate one of tne dual sounds of ^, n, 5, and ih, or the presence, in a few instances, of a silent letter. It has been objected by some one to the system of classification that it makes spelling " too easy and mechanical a process ; " that the learner having a formula for an entire class of words, or for the most difficult portions of tliem, may trust too much to the key thus supplied to his memory, and not give suflficient attention to the spell- ing of each particular word. Abundant experiev.oe has proved that the objection is imaginary and fallacious. Any system by ^nich we render a difficult task less difficult must, in tho nature of tnings, bo an advantage. By chissification wo fix an object in the memory, by making it one of a group, instead of an isolated anomaly. In using the present work, tlie skillful teacher will, moreover, by frequent reviews, and by skipping from one class of words to another, make the exorcises as miscellaneous as can be desired, after the way ha»J>een Bmoothed by classification. In instances where authorities differ in regard to the spelling of words, we have generally presented both Webster's and Walker'* orthography ; giving precedence to that of the former, as more sane- ticned l)y usiige in the United States. It is obvious that the fact ot tho existing variance ought to be made familiar to the young ; bul the teacher is left at liberty to enjoin upon his pupils whichever mode ho may prefer. Tlie [>lan adopted in soms spelling-books, of arranging columns of words of cognate signification as synonyms, has not, for good reasons, been followed. In nine CJises out of ten tho words pi-escnted as such arc not strictly synnnymcis ; and tiie young learner, fiX)m l)eing tanght 80 to regard them, acquires a hal>it of coi.fouuUing snodcs of lifiFiM-ence, fatal to precision in the use of language. In the syllabication of words, we have aimed at exhibiting then roots, prefixi«, and affixes, as far as this can U done^ without mislead ■ ng the learner as to the pronunciation. In effeoting this desirabk PREFACE. V oompromiae, perfect consistency, as all lexicographers admit, canno be attained. Diflcrent modes of using the exercises have been employed witli success. The t?aoher may give out an entire sentence from the die* tiition exercises, and require pupils to spell every word orally ; or lie may require them to copy the sentential exercises several times on a slate, and then to write them down from dictation. If the learner is Buflieicntly advanced, he may be directed to form sentences himself, containing the words presented in large type. The black-board may be used with good eliect in drilling a class. Words may be written, divided by hyphens, the accented syllables marked, and a linedrawD through the silent letters, should there be any. A pupil may bo called upon to do this ; and should he make an error, other members of the class may indicate it in any manner the teacher may prefer. It may be well to vary the mode of instruction, in order to keep the attention awake, and give the attraction of varisty to lessons. The mere reading of the sentential exercises, in accustoming the eye to the form and length of words, will be found a most important aid in fixing the orthography in the memory ; and if these exercises were used in no other way, they would still be valuable adjuncts to the 8peHing-)x)ok. Ilomophonous words present some of the greatest difficulties to young learners; and the list of such words, with exercises upon them, \n\\ be found unusuaily complete in this work. Their meaning is generally sufficiently indicated in the sentences in which they are introduced. The power of the accentual mark, of the hyphen, &c., should Ih) thoroughly explained to the learner before he enters upon words of more than one syllable. It will be seen that where the accent is used the hyphen is omitted as superfluous ; the accentual mark indi- cating not only the accent, but the syllabic division. In words where tlic accent falls on the last syllable, the accentual mark is generally omitted, as its omission after the preceding syllable or syllablee sufficiently shows Iriat th3 accent must necessarily fall on tlie last By liable 1* TaKL Ni OP THE ELEMENT aHY SOUNDS IN THE KXGLISir LANGUAGE VOWEL SOUNDS. 1 »1iatofff in f//ther. i. That of I in f/L 2. y *' Vr'ijt ajiasal consonant sountl. 17. ** V, *• »/.au, ^ .'-quid :j!ual cousonaul soup'i 18. " 11 •* i,o\, VJ. ** / *' /ct, a liaw'l consonant sound. 20. «* r " run. COGNATE CONPOwAn-, 80UKD3. •21 22. 23 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. That of/) in /ran, *♦ 6 ♦' Aag, ** V ** rail, ** Ih •' //.in, " //< ♦♦ thmc, *♦ / " rin, •• (/ *' ./:n. > aspirate. 5 vocal. ) aspii-:\te. 5 vocal. a<[>initc. vocal. ) a'-[>irate. 5 vccal. •20. 80.' 31. ?>2. •ill. 34. Chat of A'Sn frinJ, " y " i^un, •« < *• sin, " z •• leal, ** $h " s/jine, ** z •• az ure, > aspira 5 vocal. aspirate. ) ) spnato \ vocal. a>pii-ateL vo'-ul. COMrOUND VOWEL SOUNDS. 3. That of OM in howsc. That of J* in p.n?. •' « *' cube. COMPOUND CONSON.\NT SOUNDS. I. That of cA in cAcst (aspirate). | 2. Tliat ofj injcat (voca:), MODIFIED VOWEL SOUNDS fr. t »* *• ** f/r. u *♦ ♦• ♦* fwr. 5 ** ** " mj/rrh. 7. a obscure, as in rivoL 8. e " •• bri, «, aro vowels. IV and y are vowels when they do not ^egia a ■rord or a- syllable The remaining nineteen letters aro consonants. U' and y aro consonants when they begin a word or a syllable. The letters c, 7, and x, do not api)ear in the preceding Table of Sounds, because as representatives of sound they are not wanted C is equivalent to r or A-; 7, to kw; x, to Iks. For instance, the words city and can are respect- ively pronounced sity and kan; and the words queen and box are respectively pronounced kween and boks. Of the compound sounds, i long is composed of the first and fifth elementary lounds (the a in father and the e in me), rapidly combined in the pronunci ation ; m long, of the seventh and eleventh (the i in fit and the 00 xnfool) ; oi, of the fourth and fifth (the a in/ull and the e in me). Ch is the sound o£tsh: j, o( dzh (the twenty-eighth and thirty-fourth elementary sounds). The union of two vowels in one sound is called a diphthony. "When both rowels aro heard it is called a proper diphthnwj ; as oy, in boy. "When only one of the vowels is heard it is called an imjiroper dipluhony ; as oa in coat. The unioi. "^f three vowels in one sound is called a trip/uhonj ; as iew in view. The diphthongs « and «, pronounced like « long, arc used sometimes in worda derived from the Latin ; but a simple e is now generally used for them in English. A difjraph is a union of two vowels, or of two consonants, in one sound. A syllable is a single sound represented by one or more letters ^ as a, ar^f and. In every syllable there must bo at least one vowel sound. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable, as just ; a word of two sylUb* bles, a dissyllable, as just'ice ; a word of three syllables, a trisylialle, ai justi-fy ; a word of more than three syllables, a polysyllable, as jtmt-t Ji- cation. An elementary sound ii ono which is not produced by the union of any two si more sounds. A cofjnate sound is one related to another. An asjiirate sound is a whispering or hissing sound, in which the breath if ohiefly exercised. A vocal sound ia one which is produced more by the pure, natural tone of the voice. A substitute is a letter, or combination of letters, repref enting the appropriaJ* jound of another letter Vin LETTERS, WOADS, AND SENTENCES. By an tbscure vowel sound wo mean ono in which the absence of aeoent makes the sound less exact. The eccond a in madman Las an cbscuro soond of short a. A simpie word is one that is not compounded ; as /wy, book. A comjtound word is one composed of two or more simple words ; as *aZr< cellar, ux.od-nhed. A jtrimiiivf word is ono not derived from another, but constituting a radical itock, from which others are derived ; as hope, yracf, earth. A derivative word is ono formed from a primitive, with the addition of somt prefix or affix ; as hopeful, grace' less^ earth' en, dis-grace'. Spelling is the art of writing with the proper letters, or of reading by naming letters singly. Accent is a stress of voice upon a syllable of a word. In the word distant, there is an emphasis or stress on the first syllable ; in the word suc'cess', on the second. Every word of more than ono syllable has one of its syllable! accented. (See page 135.) The proper division of words into syllables is called syllabication. "Words so arranged as to have a meaning form a sentence ; that is, every ■entencc tells something. But we must mention what that subject is, before there can bo a speech about it. Having done this, the speech about it natu* rally comes next. Every sentence, therefore, must contain, at the least, two things : 1st. Tha vohich is mentioned. 2ndly. The speech about it. " That which is mentioned' is called the subject, " The speech about the subject" is called the prtdicatet pr speech ; that is, what is predicated or spoken of the subject. There cannot, therefore, be less than two words in a sentence ; because nothing can bo mentioned in less than one word, and no speech can take place about it in less than ono word. For instance, "man walks" is as short a sentence as can be framed ; the subject *' man " being one word, and the predicate or speech-clause " walks" being one word. The question, " Who or what is mentioned?" will alw.ays return the subjeo as its answer. And, " What is said of the subject ? " will return the predicate or speech -clause. It is evident that no mention can be made of anything unless it is named. In Grammar, everything that is named in ono word is called a noun. Ncuns or things named in ono word, form a distinct class of words. Every listinot olass of words is called a Part of Speech. No sentence can be without a noun, or something representing a nonn, M Its subject. But something more than a subject is wanted for a sentcnoe ; there must be a predicate ; that is, something must be said of the subject. If this is done by ono word, that word is called a verb. Verbs, therefore are words which tell dt speak of something. In the simplest form of sentenoQ UMrefcre, the ealjoct is a noun, and the predicate a verb. DIRECTIONS WoRcs are sc classified in this work, that few arbitrary marks are required &f a guide to tho proper sound of letters. Before a, o, u, I, r, /, C has the sound of k ; it has the sound of s before y s also before « and i, except where a different sound is specially indicated by the classification. The digraph ch occurring in words in this volume has always its purs English sound oi tsh (as in child, much, Ac.), except where a lilTercnt sound ia 5|.cciully indicated in the classification. G has its hard sound, as in bag, except where it is italicized, or where tho classification renders this unnccoesary. G is hard (as in tjave) before a, e, and u ; before e, i, and y, it generally has the soft sound of ^' ; but there are many exceptions to this. iV has its aspirate sound, as in sin, except where it is italicized, and then If has the vocal sound of z in zeal. Th italicized, and net classified, has its vocal sound, as in thiv.e ; not ital- icized, it has its aspirate sound, as in think. N italicized has the sound of ng, as in an'gn, van'quiith. N preceding the sound of k in the same syllable has a close sound of ng, as in thank. The italicizing of any other letters, whether vowels or consonants, is to indi- cate that they are silmt, or unsounded. R is rough or trilled when it begins a word or syllable with or without a O'^nsonant element ; as ray, tray. Otherwise situated, it has a smooth or untrilled sound, as in hure, cant, abhor. The habit of rolling or trilling final t in such words as butter, matter, «tc., should be carefully corrected. Words of more than one syllable may be divided by the hyphen (-), and the accentual mark ('). In dissyllables and trisyilables, where tho accent is on the last syllable, it is sufficiently indicated in the absence of the accentual mark, showing that the accent is on no preceding syllable. The hyphen if icmetimcs used to separate the parts of a compound word ; as milk-maid. The mark of the makron (as over the a xnfdtr) is to indicate the b.ng sound :* a vowel ; the mark of tho brtve (as in f Tit, fit) is to indicate the short au ind. When u has the mark of the makron over it, it has its long y sound, as in mHie. When « forms a syllable by itself, it generally has this sound. The dicBresis is sometimes placed over a vowel, as in Creator, to indicate ibut it forms a distinct syllabic, and is not merged in the sound of the pro Deding vowel. The significance of the mark of accent and the hyphen should be dritinctlj •xplained to learners before they enter upon the study of words of more than Dne syllable. The teacher will sometimes put words promiscuously, without regard tf their classification ; skipping, for instance, from a word in which e baa itf iihort sound, to one in which ea is its equivalent. THE ENGLISH ALPHABET. BOMAN LErrras | niLIC UETTERS. ] OLD KNgLIBTI a A a A a a b B b n b J3 c C c c c € d D d D b D c F. e E t (g f F f F f £ g G S G S © h 11 h H 1) C) i I I I 3 J J i J 3 k K k K k K 1 h I L I £ m M m M 111 ill n N n jy u ^ o O o O P P P p V V <{ a q Q q (Q r R r R r 11 8 s s S 3 S T t T t «r U U u U u n V V V V D d vv w w w U) lu s X X X X .X y Y y Y yi I' z Z ^0 Z } z &, cV «? Dimrnoxaa ^ (A E) CE (O E) 8B (a c) oe (o o» SAEGENT'S STANDAED SPELLEE PA.IIT I. PEOMISCUOUS INTrvODUCTORY EXERCISES. 1. Am, an, us, at, ax, be, by, do, go, he, ho, if, in, is, it, lo, me, my, no, of, on, or, ox, she, so, to, up, us, we, ye. 2. And, arm, art, are, ape, ask, all, bad, bag, bar, bat, bed, beg, bet, bid, big, bit, bob, bog, boy, bud, bug, bun, but, cab, cap, can, cat, car. 3. Cod, con, cot, cow, cry, cub, cup, cut, cur, den, did, dig, dim, din, dip, dog, dot, dry, dug, dun, cat, egg, end, fan, far, fat, fed. 4. Fen, fib, fig, fin, lit, fix, fly, fog, fop, for, fox, fry, fun, gag, gap, gas, gem, got, gig, ^in, got, gum, gun, had, hag, ham, hat, hem. 5. Hen, her, hid, him, hip, his, hat, hod, hog, hop, hot, how, hub, hug, hum, hut, ice, ink, its, jag, jet, jib, jig, job, jog, jot, jug, jut, keg. C. Kid, kin, kit, lag, lad, lap, leg, let, lid, lip, lit, log, lop, lot, lug, mad, man, map, mat, may, met, mid, mix, mob, mop, mud, mug. 7. Nag, nap, net, nib, nip, not, nut, off, one» 12 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. our. jut, pad, pan, pat, peg, pen, pet, pig, piu pit, pod, pop, pot, pry, pun, put. 8. Rag, ram, ran, rat, red, rib, rid, rig, rim. lip, rob, rod, rot, rub, rug, rub, rum, rut, sad, sng, sap, saw, sat, sea, see, set, ship, shy, sin, sip, si I; sky, sly, sob, sod, sop, sot, sum, sun, sup. 9. Tan, tap, ten, //le, //ty, tin, tip, too, top, try, tub, tug, twig, two, van, vat, wag, wa5, wax, way, web, wed, wen, wet, were, who, wig, win, wi//i, yam, yes, yet, yon, you. DICTATION AND WRITINO EXERCISES. 1. I am by. Is she in ? if he can go, so can we. Ye may sit by U8. A big ox Let ine ax l^e. lie is sad. Dot the t. See my cap. A cat on top of the ca-b. He or I can go. 2. lie has a bat. Ask us all to go. An ape sat on the rug. Put up tht bar. Go to bed. A boy fed his dog. "Was it a bad egg ? Yes, it was. lie did not cat it. One and one are two. Then do not go. 8. The kit is in her lap Do not let the cub dip his leg in the cup. She is in the car. The cur bit ti»e hog. Get a fan for the fat man. My mug is on the icQ. Fix the wax in the gap. Who is she? 4. I saw a fox. Do not put ink on the map. A rat got in the keg. A gem for the jet pin. Gin is bad for you. Get rid of the jug. Put the pot on the mat. Do not jv.t out thy lip. A tin box. 5. The nag is oil'. See tiie mud fly. See the jib on the sh'p, out at sea. Do not lag so. Let in the lad with the kid. It is dim in tl c fog. A rod fox. A dun 'ow. Tl>e end of all. The lim of tlie sun. 0. Our [»et pig is shy and sly too. AVht hit the hen with the gun ? TiOp off the twig. Nib the two pens. Tiie pad ran with the gig. Did you see the jig? Up on the top of the hut. Jog on. The rim of the sun. 7. The wig of the wag. A bit of yam Mix it in. Sec yon sky. Ten men were in a van. The vat iras wet. Tip up the tub. Tap the sop. II« has a bad won on his arm. Run in the rut. 8. She ran at the mob with her mop. How far? It is a sin to sip rum. Do thy sura. Do not let the bed sag so. A big fin. A sad pun. One of my kin. A gag and a rod for the sot. y. He had him on the hip. Slie dug a pit for the rnm. The lid of the Jar. Mid way in the bog. Do not pry. The men rig the ship. Try to rub it out. Can she win 7 Ixst lier con it TUo hub is in the mud of the pen. He hod a bod fit INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. lU 10. Bid, bide ; bit, bite ; can, cane ; cap, cape ; con, cone ; din, dine ; dot, dote ; fan, fane ; fafc^ fjite ; fin, fine ; hat, hate ; hid, hide , hop, hope , kit, kite ; lad, lade. 11. Mad, made ; man, mane ; mat, mate ; mop, uiope ; not, note ; pan, pane , pin, pine ; rat, rate ; rid, ride ; rip, ripe ; rob, robe ; rod, rode ; rot, rote , van, vane ; win, wine. 12. Babe, bake, cake, came, date, face, fade, gale, gave, gaze, lake, lame, late, mjike, name, pa^e, race, ra^e, rake, safe, same, take, wa^e. 13. Act, apt, ash, band, bang, blab, camp, chat clam, dash, fact, flag, gash, hand, hang, land, lamp ^ash, pang, plan, plat, sand, scan. 14. Arch, barn, card, char, charm, dark, farm, garb, hard, hark, harm, harp, lark, march, marsh, part, scar, scarf, shark. 15. Belt, bend, dent, desk, fell, felt, flesh, held, help, lest, pelt, rend, send, shed, sled, step, tell, vest, vex, well, went, wept, west, yelp, zest. IG. Bring, brim, chin, chip, cling, di.sh, fish, fist, fling, flint, grim, grist, limp, lint, milk, pick, quit, rich, risk, sift, silk, sing, six, thing. 17. Bind, blind, bribe, child, crime, drive, fire, glide, hind, ire, life, mild, mind, price, quite, shine, €lide, smile, spire, twice, wild. 18. Chop, crop, drop, fond, frog, from, frost, shop, trot. — Bold, broke, fold, froze, gold, old, post, Bcold, shore, slope, smoke, sold, stove. 19. Brush, crust, drum, duck, flush, gulf, gusht 2 14 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. hunt, much, scum, such. — Bom, cork, com, foroi, horn, orb, scorch, short, stork, thorn. 20. Couch, count, crouch, crowd, crown, down, loud, now, proud, round. — Boil, broil, choice, coin, join, joy, moist, toil, voice. DICTATION AND WRITINa EXERCISES. ^ . Sued nini vide ti/ilu tM a/?td di7ie. SSiU a tU. Jue %al tan ai a ft/ne tal^. QxJo no^ ¥io^ lo iioh. ^ne did no^ tioU {ne Itnu. rre can ncde ncd cane. rrtne 'made Ine ^ma^ ^nad, and /le did 710^ tt^i7i. «y& vane on lue van. «>% tode a ted. & / toe toi^^i' /liiCe, f ^ . Uue 97iate naa a Tnat. QU/o no^ tov n€9 Of uer^ otd tove. Une faU o/ Ine m,^ Tnan. <76i ao^ me /ine ^ tole. ^/le vtone a ^lane wim ln6 Yiafi. ty^ /u?ie /d?v £/r' Ine dned. ^ne naa a titoh. rrnji ln€n TTZc^ief Jne /ane /&C^. /rnal id a C4>ne9 rrn?/^ do£^ on ne'r f ^ 2 . JaAe Ine ca^e ^toni Ine vave. t^v na/e on ^ne laue. Uue daU and Ine name. Uncu canie uiCe for' Ine tace. ^ nave Ine uinu ^nsi'n a ta4e. ^^^y ^^ ^^7^ • K/itame Ihe Aaae. k/ waac no wai^. ao'^^ on net face. %/^ wi^ fade %/f(>a4e a 7iote of it. ^o/n /&«. 43 t^n a^i €u>t. i^ne ca/mJi fifOJ vy an rNTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 1& 9^ £ic^ jfoi^ a// tyv ^t/a^ cf ca7ici. ^ca7i c4 wett'. tjue uZiiu nave a ^ui^ia. %Jnen cnal a/nd e^^ ctwrn 171 Ine daTtd. ^ A. ^ €aiK> 171 a da/i^ va/i7t. &ui^ Iny ^ca^jf. (^aiH' / tjue7t^ nad ^ ^matcu l/i/iGu^n a r/W/idu. c^e uer^ nat^u. Une ^i/uii^ did no fiaiin tJue cnazni cf {he uai^t. caS>, c/, o^. ^ 5 . ^ d67il 171 '77tu dedH'. t^ dca'T en ni^ /ce&n, ty ne/d ner^ oM. t^fi?^ died id iti me ^ned. %y wit€ neyi, nou, wilA a c:^edL tzvfe le/ehl lo la^e mat dteft. QDond ^/e/jt. rr U7i ^le/i tne77t f Uue iitCTi ij^ in I he wedL ^ 6 . ^^ii7if% Ine diju of /iiu. 0i:icn 77ii£K>, ^zft7U ifoT' '77171 na7id. ^tuia doti^TZ Ine ftiTii, &iijt foT^ lue TTiicC. ^'fi '^' ^^o ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ti44>. £2tiit i6. i^ niint /c^l. SricH, uh Ine cniS %y ti?7i^b a7td di7ta. ^ce ner^ oni7i. z^iCt' ^ {ntt mi77t. tAoaue a ^ia O, tJh, l&j ^u. ^y . Uit/ice i7i 9717^ /ijfe. t^ 7(^icd dtide, c^ {^^ti,7td cni/d i7t Ine fiie. cjfotc qicile ^Tza^ me ^77tivs. /r^nad id Ine fnicef ^yfbi7id in6 niTid ox, t^ /ii c/ iie. ^y ^ne no mi6e Lz^tit^e nef' not to ctime. ^ee Ine dAite- dniTie aude on. ^ne ti^i^ cnai^ ne^ nand 16 INTRODUCTOIC' EXEKCISES a/ioA. ty^ji oul fion /j7id Of a citoA. t^ votcl dco/U. ^'nio/:e ner^ OiU. t^ neu vto/^. ficni {ne fo/il. t-/ 40U.I 711U cio^t, for' no/ci. <7^$ fioz^' 071 Uce dune. tJ',,ot c^/ 70UU lu^ 6iov^. /^. fj/ucu a auc'^ a^ tee dmiA t7i ^nt O^*^ - &jiu^n, Ine czu^i Aoni 971?^ ia^i. ^^ai^ lo in^ X'UC77i a?icl Ine fyoiTzf *j/ie7f ¥tu7it a 4(A}tK t^ a noli //ioi?i. c/^cu77i 07i lue ^oh. /rnen toad due t'0t7i f (Jk^ ^coicu 7ioui^ ca^t 20 . ^ou7U l/i^ mowd nott^. 0\o(id am %y y mif c/iotce. Suot/ ti a7ia mot/ tl. loiTt fdid 171 'Tii^t. io7i. tASotdl loUu /ot/. <^(se7^ voice td toua. Sioucu 071 //le ccticA. K^ne nU fu77i */7i Ine (yiow7i. t^7i 010 id touna. %A&uc^^ coin J "77100^ caze. ^e7ia f7te ^771^ t»edl* 21. A'bly, after, ba'by, basket, bigger, bod y, bo'ny, but'ter, candy, ca'per, clo'ver, cluster, corner, crazy, cri'er, darling, di'al, do'zy, cd'it, enter, ev cr, fe'ver, fi'fer, fifty. 22. Finc'ly, forty, fury, gravy, gru el, hornet, i'vy, lady, lazy, lap'dog, late'ly, let'ter, like'ly limber, linen, li'on, lumber, maker, manly, master merely, mim'ic, naked. 23. Napkin, never, nine'ty, no'bly, num'ber, nutmeg, order, over, pa'per, pancake, party, INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. VI pencil, po'ker, po'ny, puny, pupil, qui'et, racer, r&p'iil, re'al, ri'dcr, river, robin. 24. Ru'in, signal, slipper, slum'ber, so'bc-, solid, spi'der, sto'ry, suni'mcr., sunset, ta'per, tavern, teni'per, tim'ber, tipsy, to'tal, tri'al, truly, ug'ly, under, useful, vary, very, wafer, wary, wi'iy, wo'ful, winter. 25. A-bed', a-bode, a-far, a-go, a-jar, a-like, a-live, a-loft, a-lone, a-long, a-maze, a-mcn, a-mcnd, a-mid, a-new, a-part, a-side, as-sist, at-tend, a-wake, a-way, a-woke, ad-mit, ap-ply, be-fore, x be-gin, be-gun, be-have, be-liind, bc-hold, bc-side, cre-ate, de-lay, de-ny, dis-like. 26. E-lect, en-tire, for-bid, for-get, for-got, here-at, here-by, here-in, here-of, here-on, ho-tel, hu-mane, in-vite, jap-an, lap-el, mis-hap, mis-take, o-mit, per-haps, per-mit, po-lite. 27. Re-buke, re-cite, re-lax, re-late, re-ly, re- tire, se-lect, se-rene, se-vere, sub-mit, un-did, un-do, un-fed, un-fit, un-just, un-lacc, un-less, u-nite, un-kind, un-like, un-pin, un-ripe, un-til, up-hold, up-held, up-lift, up- on, up-set. WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 21 Put the butter in the basket. Tlie darling baby. A stick of candy A. oat in the comer. The cows are in the clover. A cluster of grapes. The 5ld lifer is ci'azy. A dial in the sun. Wake from being dozy ! He cut a oapcr. This fish is bony. Fifty ripe pluras. jMy tody is bigger than his. Enttr the house after mc. You did it ably. The town crier has a fever. 22. A nest of horwets. The fury of the lion. The lady has a lapdog. A likely story. A manly youth. Never mimic thy master. A letter came lately. Taste the gruel. Take away the gravy. A limber cane. The Maker of us all. Clean linen. The day has begun finely. Clothe the 9* i8 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. naked. The iry green. Wood is lumber. Who can count to forty f i lazy cat. 23. Use thy napkin Ninety "nutmegs. A number of pencils. Put dow»i the poker. Be quiet The pony ran. A party on the river. Tbe robin sang. The rider fell. A rapid racer. Is the Tvatch of real gold 7 Eat the pancake. A paper cap. A puny child. Ileed my order. 24. A summer sunset. The taper burns. Tlie time for slumber. A solid timber. A signal for the ship. A shady place. An ugly temper. A red wafer He spoke truly. A blue slipper. The spider will not harm you Do net be tardy. A very useful box. A total loss. The old tavern. A wily fox. Our notions vary. Be wary : do not go on the ice. 25. Let the door be ajar. Begin well. IJehold the sun. Assist them Attend to what I say. She began to cry. Ho is still abed. His abode i§ not far. A long t.>me ago. You amaze me. Amend your way of life. Step Bhide. Go away. I can stand alone. Try to behave better. 1 awoke at six o*«2lock. Admit the bearer. Behind a fence. 2G. The new hotel. I rahde a mistake. Be polite. Permit me to go. I had a mishap. Delay not. I deny thee not. Omit fhat page. The lapel of a coat. Will they elect Mm ? Hereby you shall find out. I love the humane. Perhaps he will invite you. Why dislike her ? An entire day. Do not forget. My sister has some japan work. 27. A serene day. A severe ?torm. Rebuke the bad. Recite thy lesson. Relate the story. Rely on me. You may retire. Select a pen. Submit with a good grace. The cart was upset. Uphold the weak. Uplift the lowly. Unless you are unkind, you will do it. Unite with the good. Shun the unjust Unlace my dress. Ti:e dog is unfed. An unripe plum. Sb« Btood upon a post I will wait until you come. Ace add chest biide brick grope bathe black dent dike drill poke brave brag dregs dime drip rodo case Itmg fret mice clinch strodt crane smack glen mile cling bond flake snap \clve mine flinch clog lace stab knd pride frill mod' ehade stag melt slice skin pond cpace strand neck slime spin luck tape tact seU swine sprig muff JPA_JEIT II. CLASSIFIED EXERCISES. VOWEL SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES I. Tho Sound of A in Far/ •^* Reinciiihcr that where ^ is italicizcMl in words in tliis tjuot, il las the sciuul of ^; s italicized has the sound of z in^aze; th itali- cized has its vocal sound, as in thine. 1. Arcif, arc, barb, bard, bark, bar^e, bath, carp, cart, carve, chaiv/e, chart, darn, dart, farce, gape, harsh, larch, lard, lar/yc, mar, inarl, mart. 2. Par, parch, park, parse, path, shard, sharp, smart, snarl, spar, spark, sparse, star, stanch, stark, start, starve, tar, tart, yard, yarn. 3. Archer, barber, bar'ter, carmine, charter, charter, cart'rid^c, fa7//er, garnet, hartshorn, harvest, jan'ty, larboard, mar'^in, market, pars'nip, part'ner, part'ri^l^e, ram'part, scarlet, starboard, starveling, tartar, var'let. 4. A-kirm', ba-zar, ci-gar, de-part, di^-arai ♦ To TOE Teachkr. — It 13 rocommcnded that the more difficult of th« clas sified exercises be skipped by the learner, in first going through the Speller lie may pass from the iuon<\syIIablcs under the sound of a \n fur, to those undoi the other vowel sounds ; and, when he is sufiieiently fauiiliar with them, he can turn back t( the more didicult words under each division, going regularly through tho exercises in their order. The advantage of n-'t interrupting tht elaiisification will, in the end, more than counterbaianco any little incouve Menec ^hat lUay result, at first, from adhering to system. 20 THE SOUND OF A IN FAR. dis-card, dis-chap/e, em-bark, pc-tard, pla-card, rc-gard, re-mark, re-tard, un-bar. Bar'ber-ry, car'pen-tor, mar'ma-lude, mar'tin-gal. Words in which au, ca, c, a7id ua, have tJie sound of a in Far. In lauf/hy draught, and some other words, t/h has the sound of/. . 5. Aunt, craunch, daunt, draught, flaunt, gaunt, haunch, haunt, jaunt, laugh, launch, staunch, taunt, vaunt. Dauntless, jaundice, laundress, saunter, Taunt'on. Heart, heartless, hearth. Ileark'en, hearty. Serjeant. Guard. WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 1. The blind bard. The bark of the larch. The chart is in the barge We fish for carp. Do not carp at my farce. A cart in the park. Darn my Book. Do not gape. A harsh smart. The barb of the hook. Tar is on the spar. A pot of lard. The star shines. 2. A large farm. jMarl is a kind of clay. The yam is in a snarl. The stocks are at par. Starch ray scarf. Carve -with a sharp knife. Start noc Parse that line. You shall not starve. Hear my charge. A wide path. A hot bath. Stanch the wound. 3. Our barber is an archer. He mounts his charger. A cartridge box A fat partridge. Market is the place for barter. My father knows a car penter. He had a janty manner. Carmine is crimson. I can go no farthei Garnet is a gem. The time of harvest. The margin of the lake. A bi^ parsnip. My partner in trade. Smell of the hartshorn. Starboard is th£ right-hand side of a ship ; larboard, the left. 4. A scarlet dress. A starveling dog. Tartar is sour. The varlet had a cigar. A.larra the city. Unbar the door. Let him depart. Do not debar his coming. Disarm him. Let us embark. Discharge the prisoner. It will retard my going. What did you remark ? Discard evil. A barberry Dush. Quince marmalade. A martingal for the horse. 5. My dauntless aunt took a jaunt to sec a launch. Do not taunt her. A gaunt form. Guard the haunch. A haunt for robbers. They run the gauntlet. A stauncli friend. The sergeant is hearty. Whci-c is Taunton! Bit on the hearth, and hearken. Yellow with the jaundice. She flaunts bx ft gay dress. Lut us saunter along. To vaunt is to brag Avaunt 74 triflers ! Dogs craunch bones. Go to the laundry. ^ SHORT A, AS IN HAT. 21 U. Short A, as in Hat. 1. Alp, bade, bacl<7e, ban5, bland, blank, bran, brand, cash, catch, champ, chap, clad, clamp, clan, clank, cramp, crank, damp, drab, drank, flag, flange, gang, gland, hank, hath, have, lapse, latch, mall^ niansc, match. 2. Patch, plank, quack, qiialT, rant, sash, scalp, scamp, scan, scant, scrap, scratch, shad, shall, shalt, i?ham, shrank, snag, snatch, splash, sprang, stamp, ptrap, talc, thank, thatch, thrash, tract, twang. 3. Ac'rid, arrant, ar'ras, arid, aspect, as'pen, bal'lad, ballot, bannock, barrack, barrel, brandy, cab'in, carol, cassock, catch'up, clam'ber, clar'ct, classic, dandruff, franchise, gallop, gam'ut, gas' trie, g'dth'er 4. Ilad'dock, ham'mock, hand'cuIT, hav'oc, jack'et. jal'ap, jave'lin, la/A'er, mam'moth, matin, mat'tock, max'im, parish, parrot, pat'cnt, planet, rad'ish, ran'sack, ra/A'er, sal'ad, sal'ver, scaffold, shaflop, shanty, tariff, tarry, tassel, tran'script. 5. A-bash', a-dapt, at-tach, at-tack, ca-baL ca-lash, ca-nal, cra-vat, de-camp, de-cant, de-tach, dis-patch, dis-tract, en-act, ex-pand, ex-panse, fi-nance, in-fract, mis-hap, mo-rass, ra-tan, re-fract, re-lapse, re-lax, ro-mance. 6. Ad'a-mant, ap'ri-cot, ar'a-ble, as'ter-isk, bar'ri-er, car'a-van, cat'a-ract, clar'i-fy, clar'i-net, oran'ber-ry, ep'i-gram, far'ri-er, gafax-y, gas'e-ous, magni-fy, man'u-script, mar'i-gold, mar'-i-time, pafli-ate, par'a-pet, par'al-lel par o-dy, sac'ra-menfc, 22 SHORT A, AS IN HAT. s«anc ti-fy, sanc'ti-ty, sal'i-vatc, sas'sa-fras, tap cs- try vag'a-bjnd. 7. A-qual'ic, as-sas'sin, dc-farcatc, dis-as'trouSj e-las'tic, cr-rat'ic, fa-nat'ic, fan-tas'tic, gri-markiiij i-tal'ic, sar-cas'tic. Ai has the sound of short a in jiiaiil and railkr-y. DICTATION AND WRITINa EXERCISES. 1. The lofty Alps. lie ba ambuscade. Form a palisade. The pillars of the colonnade. 6. Never prevaricate. I penetrate his plan. Wine intoxicates. Do no* retaliate. It blew a hurricane. Investigate the case. Incarcerate t)« culprit. You cannot intimidate me. I will interpolate a sentence. 7. Aid the maid to braid the chain. Never break faith. The snail leaves % trail. A quaint sketch. A tender steak. Fail not to gauge the cask. A 6ad sprain. Free from taint. A train of cars. Frail as glass. In jail. We *re twain. They gave him great praise. Take out the stain. He hit me with a flail. 8. The taitifif wore gaiters. The sailor was no traitor. My raiment for A rainy day. Milk from the dairy. The bailiflF is with the plaintiflF. Our iaily bread. The daisy has its name from day^s eye. y. Abstain while you can. He is afraid to declaim. I am under eon- •traint I refrain. I disdain to beg. I maintain it We bewail her fete 26 A, AS IN FALL. 10. The appraiser is the complainant Ascertain who was the assa^ani His estate is under attainder. The remainder appertains to me. 11. Do not stray out of the way to-day. Pay as you go. For ever and aye We make bricks of clay. A blue jay on the spray. Gray hair. Huri in a fray. Pray stay. He holds svay. 12. We gayly play. They went to waylay the mayor. A layman spoke Assay the gold. Delay your gayety. Here is an aflFray. A wayward temper A crayon likeness. 13. Eight skeins of silk. Weigh them. A heinous crime. Awe'gherand ganger. Why inveigh against him ? A heavy freight. Weighty cause. The eighth day. Will you deign to obey me ? Wine whey. Eagles convey their prey to their eyry. Horses neigh. Rein them in. Truth must prevail. A neighbor of mine. The sleigh was upset The queen's reign. Upbraid the wicked. IV. The Sound of A in Fall. 1. All, bald, call, false, gall, hall, halt, malt, Bait, scald, small, squall, stall, wall, waltz, want. Dwarf, quart, sward, swarm, swart, thwart, war, ward, warm, warmth, warn, warp, wart, wharf. 2. All'spice, al'der, al'most, al'so, al'ter, al'ways, bald'rick, bal'sam, cal'dron, co'balt, fal'ter, hal'ter, jack'al, pal'ter, pal'^y, pal' try. Sa'co, thral'dom, water. Quarter, swarYAy, war'ble, warden, warTa.re, warrant, ward'robe. 3. Ap-pair, ba-salt, be-fall, ex-alt, in-stall, re-call, wi^A-al. A-thwart, a-ward, re-ward. — Al'der-man, al'ma-nac, fal'si-fy. — Sub-al'tern. The I in the following words is not sounded. Calk, chalk, stalk, talk, walk. — Calk'er, fal'con, talk'er, fal'con er. Words in which au, augh, and aw, have the sound of a in fall. 4. Awl, brawl, brawn, caw, claw, crawl, dawn, draw, drawl, drawn, fawn, flaw, bawk, jaw, law, A, AS m FALL- 21 lawn, maw, paw, pawn, raw, saw, scrawl, shawl; spawn, sprawl, squaw, straw, thaw, yawl, yawn Cau5e, clause, daub, fault, fraud, gauze, haul, laudj maul, paunch, pau^e, sauce, vault. Aught, caught, fraught, naught, taught. 5. Auburn, auc'tion, audit, August, author, cau cus, caus'tic, cause' way, centaur, faucet, gaudy maudlin, pauper, plau dit, saucer, sau'cy, saus'ao^e vault'er. Awk'ward, baw'ble, draw'er, haw' thorn lawyer, mawk'ish, saw'yer, taw'dry. Daugh'ter haugh'ty, naugh'ty, slaugh'ter. Dis-tr?,i7ght'. 6. Ap-plaud', ap plause, as-sanU^ be c^ase de-bauch, de-fault, de-fraud, ex-haus^;. Bu-shaw ma-caw, wi^A-draw. — Au di-bly, cs«,i3.'li-flow er au'gu-ry, au'to-crat, laud'a-num, straw'ber-ry nau'ti-cal, pau'ci-ty, plaus'i-ble, tom'-a-hawk au'di-ence. — De-fault' er, hy-drauRc, ma-raud'er tar-pau'lin. — A'er-o-naut. In-au'gu-ral. Words in which o, oa, ^/id ough, ha-je the sound ofa in fall. 7. Born, fork, gor<5re, gorse, horse, lord, morn north, scorn, snort, sort, storm, torch, gone. Broad Bought, brought, cou^h,* fought-^ ought, soughi thought, trough.* 8. Border, concord, r.ord'a^e, cor'net, cor'saii corse'let cortex, discord, dormant, florid for'copa form'al, form'er, fort'night, fortress, forward hornet, hornpipe, morbid, moifning^ mortar * Gh here Im the soi^sd of/. 18 normal, orbit, porpoise,* porridge, scornful, Bcorn'er, shoi-t'er, sordid, stormy, thorny, ter'pil. vortex. 9. Ab-sorb', ab-hor, ac-cord, a-dom, as-sort jon-form, de-form, dis-tort, en-dorse, ex-hort ^x-tort, t;r-lorn, in-form, per-form, re-form, re- morse, re-5ort, re-tort, sub-orn, trans-form. 10. Cor pu-lent, ex'or-cwe, hor ta-tive, or'di-nal, Qor^A'er-ly, or'tho-dox, porce-lain, porcu-pme, por'rin-^er, scor'pi-on, sorcer-er, tortu-ous. — A-bor'tive, di^-or'der, im-mor'tal, im-por'tant, ca-lor'ic, in-form'al, re-cord'er, re-form'er. — Me-te-ofic. WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 1 . I want a quart of warm water. A small, bald dwarC All waltz at tie ball in the hall. A horse in the stall. A swarm of bees. The green Bward. A ward of the citj. The covers warp. A wart on my hand. A squall of wind. A swart face. Bitter as gall. Thwart the false boy. Salt bay. Malt liquor. Halt there ! Scal3 the pan. A ship at the wharf. 2. An alder tree. Hear me also. Always busy. Birds warble. A halter for the palfrey. A paltry wardrobe. With cobalt we color glass. Stop your warfare. A swarthy skin. Smell of the balsam. A big quarto. Held in thraldom. Never palter She shakes with the palsy A wardex. is a keeper. The jackal ran. I warrant the watch. 3. A just award. Exalt the lowly. A pillar of basalt. Athwart my path. Recall thy words. Install him into office. Her song inthralls me. You are wise withal. The alderman has an almanac. — A subaltern in ths army. The city of Chicago. — Let us talk as we walk. He is a calker. The falconer made the falcon fly. A bit of chalk. 4. Pause on the lawn to see the fawn. A gauze shawl. The yawl sank L fat pauuch. Shun a brawl. He fed on brawn. He jaught a hawk by the claw. Rooks caw. A clause in a will. Do not dr«^wl. A cold vault The spawn of fish. An Indian squaw. Who taught ycu to sprawl 7 8auo« fo? the goose. Raw meat. Laud the good. A heap cf straw The iM • Pronounoed por'puM. 29 Chaws. FraTjghl with danger. Whose fault ? A flaw in the gem. Do not maul the lad. He goes to pawn his law-books. 6. Auburn hair. Goods at auction. The month of August. A faucet for the cask. Be not haughty, my daughter. The hawthorn bush. Audit my account An awkward author. A caustic remark. He spoke at a caucus. The pauper had a sausage. Cross the causeway. A laurel tree , 1 mawkish style. Naughty boys. Do not falter. Who ever saw a centaur ; An awful slaughter. Hear the plaudits ! A sawyer in the river. A saucj girl. She broke a saucer. Put it in the drawer. My drawers are torn. I %m distraught with woe. 6. The bashaw has a macaw. To debauch is to corrupt. Never defraud, A wicked assault. He was audible to the audience. A good augury. A nautical song. A paucity of good fruit. Laudanum is made from opium* A plausible story. Cauliflower for dinner. The marauders stole a sheep. An Indian tomahawk. Shun the defaulter. A hydraulic ram. Nail down the tarpaulin. — The aeronaut is to go up in a balloon. 7. He brought me a fork. I thought him a lord. He is gone north. A broftid plank. He lit a torch. An acorn fell. A snow-storm. I bought a book. Pigs snort Morn and eve. The dogs fought Scorn a lie. A narrow gorge. Gorse grows there. A bad cough. 8. A border of box. Live in concord. Cordage for the ship. Sound tht cornet. The sel'geant wore a corselet. His wife wore corsets. Snakes lit dormant and torpid in winter. A lormal demand. Two weeks are a fort- night. I took out the thorn with a pair of forceps. A peach orchard. A strong fortress. Move forward. A normal school. Bricks and mortar. A morsel of cake. A sad discord. Sip the porridge. The porpoise is a clums/ fish. A hornet stung her. Lost in a vortex. 9. A forlorn hope. He will endorse the note. Assort the beads. Extorl his consent. I besought him to reform. He felt no remorse. I exhort yoii to resort there no more. A sponge absorbs water.* Abhor evil. Conform to the good. The bad glass distorts. They tried to suborn the witnesa What did he retort ? 10. A corpulent man. A scorpion stung. A porcupine quill. A tort- aous road. A porcelain cup. The wind is northerly. A hortative remark. The orthodox faith. A porringer of milk. Exorcise the evil spirit. H« would be a sorcerer. An abortive task. Caloric is heat. The immoital is?il. What 13 her disorder 7 Important news. Meteoric flashes. To THE Teacher. — In dictating the Exercises, much time, usually occupied \n correcting, may be saved, by requiring the pupils to spell aloud the ezsmpU fjiug words they write down, as tl\e lesson proceedB. 3* 10 THE BOUND OF LONG A IN CARS. V. The Sound of long A in Care. 1 Bare, blare, daje, fare, flare, glare, raro^ scarce, scare, share, snare, spare, square. — Daring, care'ful, parent, wel'fare. — A- ware', be- ware, corn-pare, de-clare, fare-well, in-snare, pre-pare. — Par'en-tage, scar -ci-ty. Ap-par ent, trans- par ent. Words in which ai, ay, c, ea, and. ei, have the scnind of a in care. 2. Air, chair, fair, hair, lair, pair, stair. Bear, pear, swear, tear, wear. Ther^^ where. — Corsair, fairy, gair'ish, pray'er, whereTore. — Af-fair, de- spair, for-bear, for-swear, im-pair, mo-hair, par-terre, re-pair, TAeir. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES 1. A square box. The glare of the sun. A blare is a noiie. Good pen* are scarce. Spare the birds. Scare them not. A rare fish. Give him hia share. The candle flares. — A daring pjirent. Beware the snare. Compare notes. Prepare to go. I hope for your welfare. Then farewell ! — A scar- city of com. I know not her parentage. A transparent door. An apparent crime. 2. Swear not at all. Where ♦ did she wear that dress 7 A tiger's lair. A mohair chair. A fairy story. Wherefore read it ? The corsair fled. A bad afiair. Repair the cart. She is in despair. Forbear to strike. Floweri in the parterre. Do not impair your health. A pair of shoes. A pear to •at. Tear the paper. They took their wives there. ^VL The Sound of A in Ask. According to Walker, and other orthoepists, the a in this class of words has the sound of short a in hat ; according t® Wcbstor and others, it has the sound of a in far. An easy sound, not so clfjse as the one, nor so broad as the other, is now preferred. *need the aspirate in such words as where, vohich, wAen, ^ohey, 4I0., iii which the h is sounded before w, though written after it. Thoy should be audibly distinguished from wear, witch, wen, way, 4o. As words beginning with wh will not unfrcquontly occur, the teacher's attonti»n is particalarly in« rited to the correct enunciation of this combination, the aspirate to whieh li too C2ten ;>miUed altogether. A, AS IN ASK. — LONG E, AS IN BE 31 1 Asp, bask, blast, branch, cask, cast chaff, chance, chant, clasp, class, craft, dance, fast, flask, gasp, glance, glass, graft, grant, grass, haft, hasp, lance, last, mask, mass, mast, pant, pass, past, prance, quaff, rasp, shaft, slant, staff, task, trance, vast, waft. 2. Cas'ket, chandler, jasper, mastiff, pas'eive, pass'port, plas'ter, raft'er, sam'plc, slander. — Ad-vance', a-mass, as-kance, en-chant, en-hance, re-past. — Ad- vantage, dis-as'ter, sala-man-der, ex-am'ple, mo-las'ses, pi-las'ter. — Al'a-bas-ter. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1. An asp bit her arm. A glance in the glass. Quaff from the cask. I set the lass a task. She was lying in a trance. The haft has a clasp. Rasp the slate. By chance I hit her with a lance. The branch fell on the grass. The chaff flew before the blast. Slant the shaft more. Put down the flask. May fair winds waft on the ship ! See the horse prance. 2. Plaster fell from the rafter. A ship chandler. My repast is in a basket. A jasper ring in a casket The mastiff bites. Answer his slander. A passive verb. She looked askance at me. He will enhance his price. An alabaster vase. A salamander safe. The advantage of a good example. Why amass more ? Music enchants me. The pilaster fell. A hogshead of no! asses. VH. The Sound of long E, as in Be, &e. 1. Breve, cede, eke, glebe, mere, mete, scene, sere, theme, th^sQ, — Athlete, con ere te, de cent, de'mon, edict, fre'quent, le'^end, lever, penult, petrel, pre'cept, pre'cinct, re'flux, se'cret. 2. Ac-cede', ad-here, aus-tere, co-here, com plete, con-cede, con-vene, ef-fete, ex-treme, im-pede, o-bese, pre-cede, re-cede, re-plete, re- vere, se-cedo 60 Crete, sii-cere, su-preme. — Ob'so-lete, pe'ri-od« 82 LONG E, AS m BE. ste've-dore. ~ An-te-cede', con-tra-vene, in-ter-cede, in-ter-fere, in-ter-vene, per-se-vere, su-per-sede, Bu-per-vene. — He'li-o-trope. Words in which ca has the soutid of long e. 3. Bead, beak, beam, bean, beard, beast, bleach, bleak, blear, bleat, breach, brea^Ae, cease, cheap, cheat, clean, cleave, cleat, cream, crease, deal, dream, each, ear, east, eave5, fear, fleam, freak, gleam, glean, heal, heat, lead, leaf, leap, lease, leash, least, leave, meal, neap, neat, pea, peak, peach, peat, plea, plead, please, preach. 4. Eeach, read, ream, reap, screak, scream, seat, sheaf, shears, sheath, shea^Ae, sheaves, smear, sneak, speak, squeak, squeal, streak, stream, tea, teach, teak, teal, team, tears, tease, treat, tweak, veal, weal, wean, weave, wheat, yea (also- pronounced yd)^ yeast, zeal. 5. Bea'con, beak'er, bea'ver, dea'con, drear'y, ea'ger, eagle, easel, ea'sy, greasy, mea ger, measles, peacock, reason, seam'stress, sleazy, squeam'ish, treacle, treat'ise, treaty, wea'ry, yearling. 6. An-neal', ap-peal, ap-pear, ap-pease, ar-rear, be-nea^A, be-quea^^, be-speak, be-reave, bo-hea, con-ceal, con-^eal, de-cease, de-feat, de-mc;an, dis-ease, dis-please, en-dear, cl -treat, im-peach, mal-treat, mis-lead, re-lease, re-peal, re-peat, re- treat, re -veal. — Feas'i-ble. In-de feas'i-ble. Words in tohich ee has the sound of long e. 7 Beef, beeves, bleed, breed, breeze, cheek LONG E, AS IN BE. 33 cheer, cheese, creed, creep, deed, deem, deep, eel, fee, feel, fleece, fleet, free, glee, green, greet, jeer, keel, keen, keep, leer, lees, meek, peep, queer, reef reek, reel, screech, screen, seed, seek, see^Ae, sheen, sheep, sheet, sleek, sleep, sleet, sleeve, sneer, sneeze, speech, speed, spleen, squeeze, steed, steep, steer, teeth, three, veer, weed, weep, wheeze. 8. Bee'tle, fee'ble, flee'cy, free'man, greed'y, keep'sake, linseed, meeting, nee'dle, pee'vish, steeple, twee'zers. — A-gree', a-greed, a-sleep, be-seech, be-tween, can-teen, ca-reen, ca-reer, com-peer, de-cree, de-gree, dis-creet, es-teem, ex-ceed, fore-see, fu-see, gen-teoi, gran-dee, grant-ee, in-deed, les-see, mo-rt-en, pro-ceed, ra-zee, re-deem, set-tee, suc-ceed, trust-ee, tu-reen. un-seen, ve-neer. 9. Apo-gee, chant'i-cleer, fil'a-gree, ju'bi-lee, ped'i-gree, per i-^ee. — Ab-sent-ee', auc'tion-eer, dev-o-tee, dom-i~neer, en-^i-neer, fric-as-see, gaz-et-teer, leg-a-tee. mu-le-teer, mu-ti-neer, nom- i-nee, o-ver-seer, pat-ent-ee, pi-o-neer, pri-va-teer, ref-er ee, ref-u-^ee, rep-ar-tee, vol-un-teer. Words in which ei has the sound of long e. As a general rule, the 31st elementary sound (that of 5 in so) takot tt after it, instead of ie; as in sdze, ceil'ing, &c. The exceptions are» fieyc, Ji-nan-cier', and cui-rass-ier^ (pronounced kwe-ras-seer') . 10. Seize, weird. — Ceilmg, ei^Aer, leisure, neither, seizure. — Con-ceit', con-ceive, de-ceit, de-ceive, per ceive, re-ceij?t, re-ceive. — In-vei'gle( o-bei'sance. 84 LONG £, AS IN BE. Wo7'ds in which ie and co have the sou7id ofloiig e. 11. Brief, chief, Bef, field, fiend, fierce, grief^ grieve, lie^e, niece, piece, pierce, priest, shield^ shriek,* sie^e, thief, thieve, tierce, wield, yield. — Prai'rie, se'rie5. — Peo'ple. 12. A-chieve', ag-grieve, be-lief, be-lieve, be-sie^e, cash-ier,\ front-ier, re-lieve, re-prieve, re-lief, re-trieve, sor-tie. — Brig-a-dier, cav-a-lier, jjap-a-pie, fi-nan-cier, gren-a-dier. Words in which i /las the sound of long e. 13. Ca-price', ma-rine, pe-lisse, po-lice, ra-vine ra-lise. — Am'ber-gris, ver'di-gris. — Bom-ba-5in', mag-a-zine, man-da-rin, quar-an-tine, tam-bour-ine WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 1. Cede the glebe to him. We can eke out a meal. A breve is a note in music. Here is my theme. A sere leaf. Mere nonsense. — A concrete aiass. Lift the lever. Smell the ether. The petrel flies. The king's edict Obese is fat. The temper of a demon. Keep my secret. The college precincts. 2. An austere reproof. The parts cohere. Be sincere. Extreme cold. Dogs secrete food. A complete suit. Accede to my request. Adhere to the good. The penult is the last syllable but one. Precede us. Convene th« scholars. You impede the road. The supreme good. Replete with joy. — Ab obsolete custom. A period, or full stop. The stevedore loads the ship. — Persevere in well-doing. Intercede to make peace. Contravene his attempt The new book will supersede the old. Here the noun antecedes the verb Plant the heliotrope. 8. Glass beads. A bird's beak. Bleach the cloth. A crease in my vest. 41ic eaves of the house. A bleak wind. A cheap peach. A long beaixi. Blear-eyed. Lambs bleat. They cease to breathe. A deal of cream. A Aoap tide. A fleam is for bleeding boasts. He nailed on a cleat Each ear. • Give heod to the proper enunciation of sh in words beginning with the com «iination $hr. Do not lay sriek, tred, srub, *'tv> *"''» in^^-ea^ of ahriik, skrmi •^mJif thugt tftnll. LONG E, AS IN BE. 35 Lead as on. Leap year. Heal the sick. A high peak Shell the p«a& Cleave 'he wood. Put in a plea for me. 4. Rsach me the shears. A sheaf of wheat. Sheathe the blade. Th« iheath is old Yeast for the cake. A ream of paper. Read the bock, Bmcar the tree. Speak louder. A veal pie. Pigs squeal. A streak in the east The common weal. Wean the babe. He is no sneak. Take your seat. The stream flows. AVhat is teak ? teal ? 5. The beacon light. The beaver dam. Deacon Smith. A dreary road. Eager to play. An easy chair. Her hands are greasy. The seamstress is weary. She is meager, too. A treatise on corns. Treacle is sweet. A yearling is one a year old. 6. Beneath a tree. Anneal the glass. Appeal to him. Appease his rage» You bereave me of hope. Bohea tea. When did his decease take place 7 What was his disease ? Water congeals. Impeach the witness. It is net feasible. His claim is indefeasible. Repeal the act. The foe retreat. Re- fease the captive. His account is in arrear. 7. Roast beef. A sweet cheese. A breed of sheep. What cheer ? The Oreeze veers. Steer the ship far from the reef. A fleet steed. Sweep the street. Squeeze him and he will screech. A queer sleeve. Slow of speech Xhe vessel's keel. A sleek fleece. Eeed the eel. The angler's reel. Pull up the weed. A green tree. A wet sheet. The earth reeks. Screen him frdm sight. The lees of wine. 8. Linseed oil. The steeple was blown over. A fleecy lamb. A peevish jirl. Tweezers to pull out a thorn. A keepsake for you. Thread the needle. Do not tread on the beetle. A greedy child. — It is agreed between us. A tureen of soup. Be discreet. A full canteen. Careen the boat. The career of the lessee was short. A j^enteel dress. We sat on the settee. Veneer the box. He steps like a grandee. JMoreen curtains. Razee the »hip. Light ^he fusee. One of the trustees of tiis schocL . 9. Wfc call our rooster Chanticleer. A day of jubilee. Filagree woik A oolt's pedigree. — An absentee from home. An auctioaetr's sale. Thv engineer tries to c'omincer. Is the name of our town in the gazetteer ? A muleteer drives a mule. A wes^srn pioneer. The overseer cf an estaic A imart repartee. The mutineer was shot. A Polish refugee. A voIu:it*>ar (n the army. A fricassee of chicken. The people fled. 10. Seize the weird woman. He can touch the ceiling. Either you try So deceive, or do not perceive the truth. A seizure of rum. A moment of leisure. I owe you no obeisance. Receipt my bill. Your 3onceit maked me smile. They could not inveigle him to do wrong. 11. A brief ride. The chief is in the field. Raise the siege. We made the thief yield. He had the look of a fiend. My little niece. Shield bei from harm. A fierce 8tri%. His land is held in fief A tierce of beef Pierce the bag. My liege, ^ cannot- A series of lossea A prairfe on fire 36 SHORT E, AS IN MET. 12. The cashier of a bank. Indians on the frontier. Do you belieye ike l^ill have a reprieve ? He will yet retrieve his fame, and achieve great things. The enemy made a sortie. A brigadier general. Ue was armed cap-a-pie. Our cavalier is no financier. The grenadier wore a cap. 13. My pelisse was in the valise. Report your loss to the police. A deep ravine. I am weary of her caprice. — Ambergris has the smell of w«ix Verdigris is green. She had a bombasin dress. A powder magazine. A fhip in quarantine. A Chinese mandarin. She plays on the tambourine. VIII. The Sound of Short E in Met. 1. Beck, bench, fclench, blend, bless, check, ehess, cleft, clench, crept, crest, deck, dell, delve, dense, depth, dredge, drench, dwell, ebb, ed^e, elk, ell, else, etch, fence, fend, fled^/e, fresh, hed(/e, hemp, hence, kelp, kept, led^e, lens, mend, mesh, next, pence, pledge. 2. Quell, quench, quest, reck, sect, self, sense, sex, shelf, shell, sketch, sledge, smell, smelt, speck^ spell, spend, stress, stretch, swell, swept, tense, tenth, text, theft, ^/lence, thresh, trench, twelve, vend, wed^e, weld, when, whet, yell. 3. Bel'fry, cherub, despot, errand, errant, erring, fet'id, fetlock, (/er'tind, helmet, hemlock in' quest, ket'tle, lev ee, merry, messmate, meth'od, ne^A'er, pellet, pest'er, preb'end, relic, relict, selvedge, sec'ond, sheriff, skeptic, tenet, tepid, velvet, very. 4. A-bet', ac-cess, a-dept, ad-dress, al-le^e, an-nex, as-cend, as-sess, as-sets, at-tempt, a-ven^e, be-hest, be-quest, ca-det, ca-ress, com mence, con-dense, con-fess, con-nect, con-sent, con-tempt^ con-tent, de-fense,* de-fect, de-press. • Defense, offense, pretense, are »o epolt by Webster; but Walker spoils then has dejencf offence, pT:tf^.>:r SHORT E, AS IN MET. 31 6. De-tect, de-test, dis-pense, di>?-sect, dis-sent, di-vest, ef-fect, e-lect, e-rect, ex-cel, ex-cept, ex-empt, ex-pect, ex-pel, ex-pense, ex-press, ex-tent, fi-nesse, fo-ment, ga-zette, him-self, im-pel, im-mense, in-fleet, in-ject, in-spect, in- tense, in-tent, in-trench, in-vent, mo-lest, of-fense, op-press, neg-lect, per-plex, po6-5ess, pre-pense, pre-tense, pre-text, pre-vent, pro-fess, pro-pel. 6. Pro-tect, re-dress, re-flect, re-fresh, re-gret, re-lent, re-pel, re-pent, re-press, re-quest, re-5ent, re-spect, re-trench, re-ven^/e, se-lect, suc-cess, su^r-^est,* sus-pect, sus-pense, tran-scend, trans gress, un-less, por-tent. 7. Ecs'ta-sy, her'e-tic, mem'o-ry, mes'sen-^er, mez'zo-tint, quer'u-lous, rec'om-pense, ret'ro-grade, ret'ro-spect, splene-tic, terri-er. — Au-then'tic, con-tem'ner, de-vel'op, (/e-ner'ic, ma-jestic, pre- ceptress. — Cir-cum-vent', in-ter-cept, rec-ol-lect, rep-re-5ent. Words in which a, ai, and ay, have the sound cfQin met. 8. Said, saith, says. — A'ny, many. — Waist'coat, wainscot. A-gain', a-gainst. Words in which ea has the sound of q in met. 9. Bread, breadth, breast, breath, cleanse, dead, deaf, dealt, death, dread, dreamt, head, health, • According to Walker, and some other orthoepists, the first g of this word ought to be sounded hard, as in hug; but, as we gain in ease and rapidity of enunciation by merging it in the sound of y, custom has sanctioned this depart* »re from rule Pronounce the word ud-jest'. 4 88 SHORT E, AS IN MET. meant, read, realm, spread, stead, stealth, sweat, thread, threat, tread, wealth. 10. Brealc'fast, cleanly, deadly^, fea^A'er, health y, hea/A'er, heav'en, heavy, jeal'ous, lead'en, lea^A'er, leav'en, mead'ow, mea^'ure, pea^'ant, plea^'ant, ready, stead'fast, steady, threat'en, treas'ure, weapon, wea^A'er, zeal'ot, zeal'ous. — In-stead'. — Clean'li-ness, plea^'ant-l^, treach'er-y, trea^'u-ry — Al-read'y, en-deav'or. Words in which so, ei, co, ie, u, a?id uc, have the sound of short < 11. Feoff, friend, guess, guest. — Bury, friend'ly, friend'ship, heifer, jeopard, leopard. — Bui i-al, jeop'ard-y. j^s-thet'ic. Non-pa-reil'. Di-8ef'*j-sis, et-cset'e-ra. WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 1. Sit on the bench. He came at my beck. To blench b to shrink. The fame of chess. The wood was cleft. A dense smoke. Dredge the meat He can etch on copper. I see no one else. Fend off the attack. A ledge of rocks. Kelp is from sea-weed. Go hence ! Look through the lens. 2. Quench the fire. Go in quest of the elk. The smelt swims. A wedge of gold. A sledge hammer. He dug a trench. Weld the pieces. To vend is to sell. The tenth hour. What was the text ? Twelve shells. The stress of the voice. I reck not what they say. She swept the carpet. Stretch the rope. 3. My merry messmate was found in the belfry. He had a kettle en for a hclnet. Tepid water. A fetid smell. I sent her on an errand. Trim tho fetlock A velvet dress. The selvedge of the cloth. A relic of the lost one. Mrs. B., the relict or widow of Mr. B. The prince is a despot. Stnd for the sheriff. The skeptic does not believe. Hemlock is poison. They kold an inquest. My nether garment. A strange tenet. 4. Attempt not to avenge thyself. Condense your remarks. Caress th«i •hild. You allege what is not correct. The cadet has a bequest. What ar« his assets 7 Do not abet the bad. An adept in crime. What is your address . 5. Try to excel. An immense fire. The gazette was sent by express. U seems to me like finesse. What can j^i expect? Exempt firom blftme THE SOUND OP E IN HER. 39 Dissect the luck. Inspect the ship. You depress her by your talk. Why oppress the poor ? My pain is intense. A defect in his title. Do nr.t foment discord. The member elect. Erect the tent. G. You perplex me by your pretext. Do not resent it. I wislx you suc- cess. I possess all I want. Neglect her not. You profess too much. Refresh yourself. Protect the weak. Seek not revenge. I relent Propel the car Malice prepense. You transcend my hopes. Let me suggest that you keep him in suspense. 7. The terrier barks. A retrograde movement. A querulous voice. My memory fails. Call him not a heretic. A fit of ecstasy. A mezzotint print, Recompense the messenger. A splenetic temper. The retrospect of my deeds. — An authentic account. A contemner of things good. Interrogate the preceptress. A generic name. Recollect my charge. Intercept the thief 8, 9. He says he has not any waistcoat. Many are as badly off. She hit her head against the wainscot. She read in his stead. I dreamt a dream. She dealt out bread to the hungry. The sweat of thy brow. He meant well. The realm of death. Cleanse thy breast. Too deaf to hear. In good health. 10. Breakfast is ready. The peasant stood on the heather. A feather for your cap. Pleasant weather. Leaven for the bread. A zealous wilL Hope in heaven. Measure the weapon. Endeavor to be cleanly. Hate bU treachery. Gold in the treasury. A belt of leather. The grass of th« meadow. 11. Guess who is my guest. We will not jeopard our friendship. The leopard has spots. The miser means to bury his gold. Nonpareil type. To feoff is to invest with the fee of land. An aesthetic taste. The heifer lows. Et catera are two Latin words, meaning and so forth. We sometimes use this mark &c. in place of them. A diseresis is a mark used to show the sep- aration of syllables, as in Zoe. IX. The Sound of E in Her. 1. Clerk, err, erst, fern, ^erm, nerb, herd, jerk, ner^/e, nerve, perch, pert, serge, serve, sperm, stern, iwerve, term, terse, verb, ver^e, verse, were, wert. 2. Adverb, adverse, bit'tern, cav'ern, cis'tern, clergy, com'merce, di'ver^, di'verse, ferment, fervid, fifbert, govern, hal'berd, herdsman, hermit, ice'berg, lantern, mer'cer, merchant, mercy, mermaid, mod' em, nervous, nori^A'ern, o'vert, pas'tem, per feet. iO THE SOUND OP B DC HEB. perjure, person, pos'tem, pot'sherd, proverb, sherbet, slat'tern, serv'ant, shepherd, sterling, Mere'fore, trav erse, verdict, vertex. ' 3. Ad-vert', a-lert, a-merce, as-perse, a-ver, a-verse, co-erce, con-cem, con-ver^/e, con-verse, de-fer, de-5erve, dis-perse, di-ver(/e, di-vert, e-mer^e, ex-pert, in-ert, in-fer, in-sert, in-ter, in-verse, in-vert, ob-5erve, per-verse, pre-fer, pre-5erve, re-fer, re-^crve, re- verse, re-vert, sub- merge, sub-vert, su-perb, trans-verse. 4. Con tro-vert, fer til-ize, mer ci-ful, mer cu-ry, per'fi-dy, per'fo-rate, per'ju-ry, per'se-cute, per- son-al, per'ti-nent, ser'pen-tine, ter'ma-gant, uni- verse, ver'te-bral, ver'ti-cal. — E-nerv'ate, in-fer nal, im-mer'sion, im-per'fect, in-ter'nal, in-ter pret, ma-ter nal, pa-ter nal, pre-5erv'er, re-vers'al, su-per - i4al. — Dis-con-cert', in-ter- sperse. — Ad-ver si-ty, re-ver ber-ate. — An-i-mad-vert'. Words in which ea has the sound of c z?i her. 5. Dearth, earl, earn, earth, heard, hearse, learo pearl, search, yearn. — Early, eam'est, earth'ep earthy, learning, pearly. — Re-hearse', re-searcl^ Re-hears'al. Words in which i has the sound ofetn her. 6. Birch, chirp, dir^e, dirk, dirt, firm, first, flirt, mirth, quirk, shirt, skirt, sir, smirch, smirk, spirt^ squirt, stir, third, thirst, twirl, whirl. — Circle, firkin, irk'some, nadir, skirmish, squir rel, stirrup, thirty, virgin. — Hir-sute', in-firm. — Cir'cu-lar. THE SOUND OF E m HER. 41 IVords in which o and ou have the sound of q in her 7. Scoitrj/e, word, work, world, worm, worse, fvort, worth. — Journal, jour'ney,«o'JGurn, workman, worldly, worship, wor^Ay. Ad-joum'. Court'e-sy At-torney. Words in which u, ue, and y, have the sound of q in her. 8. Blur, burn, burst, church, churl, churn, cur, curb, curd, curl, curse, curve, durst, furl, hurl, hurt, lurk, myrrh, nurse, purr, pur^/e, purse, scurf, slur, spur, spurn, surd, surf, sur^e, turf, turn, ur^e, 9. Burden, burdock, burglar, burly, cur'few, furlong, furnish, furry, fur ^Aer, guerdon, gurnet, martyr, murder, murk'y? murmur, myrtle, nursling, purport, purpose, purser, Saturn, sa'tyr, suburbs, surname, Thur^'day, tiir key, turnkey, turnip. - • Sur'ci^^-gle. 10. Ab-surd', con-cur, de-mur, dis-burse, dia turb, in-cur, in-urn, oc-cur, re-cur, re- turn, un-furl. a-5urp. — Sur'^er-y, lit'ur-f/y, tur pen-tine, tur'bu lent. — De-mur'rer, di-urn'al, dis-cur'sive, in-sur' gent, noc-tur nal, pre-cur'sor, sub-ur ban, un-bur'den u-5urp'er. — Re-im-burse'. — Ap-pur te-nant. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 . They were on the verge of ruin. Does not the clerk err ? Sperm cii Which is Ihe verb ? If thou wert port, say so. Thou wast stern. I ivaa erst expert in writing terse verse. Taste of the perch. Serge is a fcin Woolen stuff. The herbs of the field. I love the smell of fern. Swerve not to the right or left. The germ sprouts. 2. A deep cistern. They hid in a cavern. An overt act. A person idverse to my views. The modem clergy. The shepherd stood at the ik* 4# 12 THE soun: op e in her. tern. The iceberg melts. Divers merchants went diverse ways^ A bit:em haa long legs. The mercer's shop. The hermit had a lantern. Crack the filbert The pastern of a horse. A halberd is a kind of spear. Pounds sterling. They rendered a verdict of guilty ! Th(;refore let xis go. Who ever saw a mermaid ? 3. Invert the glass. A superb vase. You deserve a chiding. Dispers* the crowd. I prefer to preserve this flower. You cannot coerce me. Sub- merge the raft. Our roads diverge. Emerge from the water. Observe that bird. Reserve your fire. 4. A pertinent remark. Rains fertilize the ground. C!ontrovert what he Bays The termagant has no mercy. A serpentine walk. Perforate the bladder. The sun is now vertical. You enervate yourself by inertness My immersion was imperfect, but I was well wet. ' Interpret this riddle My maternal aunt. The interment of the dead. The days of my adversity Hear the sound reverberate. I shall animadvert on her conduct 6. A dearth of news. I heard that the earl lost a pearl. Search for it on the earth. I yearn to go home. The black hearse. I was early fond of learning. Be in earnest. Rehearse your part A man of research. 6. Birds chirp. A birch tree. A dirge for the departed. First, throw away the dirk. A quirk of the law. The skirt is too long. A whirl ot dust. Do not stir, sir. The flirt smirks. The coal will smirch thy hand.- A firkin of butter. An irksome skirmish. Hold the stirrup. The squirre. has a nut. Thirty virgins. A circular to the trade. From the zenith tc the nadir. A hirsute chin. 7. Step aside from the worm. A scourge for the liar ! What is his word worth ? What can be worse ? A tiresome journey. Our soj«urn in the world. A worthy workman. Family worship. An attorney at law. Ad- journ the case. Cultivate courtesy. Make a courtesy.* Let us keep a journal. 8. The cur barks. Myrrh is bitter. The churl durst not hurt me. Churn the cream. The nurse has gone to church. The surge rises. Sec the white aurf. Surd is deaf. The bubble burst My purse is empty. Do not slur over your lesson. 9. Turn aside for the man with the burden. A burly burglar broke into rur house. I can go no further. A purser in the navy. The curfew toll*. ?ull up the burdock. A surname is a family name. The suburbs of thi city. We had turnips on Thursday. The martyr was burnt. A murky «ky. A surcingle for the horse. The myrtle grows. The planet Saturn We fish for gurnet. The guerdon of all my toil. The Satyr of the fable What is your purpose ? * When this word meani an aot of respeot made by a woman, it is pronoanoM Imrt'ty, in two syllabies. THE SOUND OF I IN FIT. 43 10. I 3oncar in your views. I demur to your demand. Unfurl thi saiL Disburse the money. Read the liturgy. Put turpentine on the sore. I am past surgery. The turbulent boys disturb me. A suburban cottage. Di nrnal is daily. The emperor is a usurper.* Reimburse the servant. Thif shed is appurtenant to my house. X. The Sound of short I, as in Fit. 1. Bill, bil^e, bridge, brig, brim, bring, chill chink, chintz, cliff, crib, crimp, cringe, crisp, didst, disk, ditch, fifth, filch, film, filth, fist, fix, flitch fringe, frisk, give, glimpse, hitch, inch, kick, lisp, live, mid^e, midst, milch, mill, mince, minx, miss, mix, niche, pinch, pitch, pith, plinth, prince. 2. Quick, quill, quilt, quince, rick, rinse, sick, sill, since, skiff, skill, skim, slim, sprin^/e, squib, squint, stick, stilt, stitch, strict, strip, swift, swill, swim, switch, thick, thill, thrift, thrill, trick, twinge, twist, twit, whiff, whim, whist, whit, wick, width, wind, wish, wisp, wi^/i, withe,! witch, zinc. 3. Bigot, bish'op, blister, civic, crit'ic, distaff, district, frigid, (/ip'sy, impulse, index, influx, injure, insect, instinct, kidnap, limit, limner, linchpin, livelong, mid'riff, minim, mirror, mis' sive, pigmy, pilgrim, pippin, pistol, pitch'er, pivot, ringlet, sand'wich, scrivener, sir'rah, sirup, spig'ot, spirit, splinter, thith'eY, tim'ber., timid, tin'y (or ti'ny),^ vic'ar, viclim, vineyard, vis'or, vivid, witness. » Not " an usurper." Where initial u has its y sound, we use a, as before a consonant, and not an, as before a vowel. *■ Heed the difiFerence between aspirate and vocal th inwithAnd vntht. "Wlier* th vocai (as in thine^ occurs in this volume, it is italicized, except where the •lassifioation renders this unnecessary. 44 THE SOUND OF I IN PIT. 4 A-brid^e', ac quit, ad-mit, af-flict, con-sist con- since, de-pic t, de-sist, dis-miss, dis-tinct e-clij>se, el-lipse, e-quip, e-vince, ex-ist, ex tinct, for-bid, for-give, im-pin^/e, in-flict, in-frin^e, in sist, me-thinks, o-mit, pre-dict, pro-lix, re-scind, re -sist, re-strict, sub-mit, wi^^-in. 5. Chas'tise-ment, dif'fi-cult, div'i-dend, im'- n^e-ry, in'dus-try, in'fi-nite, in'tel-l^t, in'ter-im, ir ri-tate, mil'li-ner, min is-ter, mir a-cle, priv'i-le^e, rick'et-y, taxn'a-rmd, vir'u-lent, vit'ri-ol. — Con-sid'- er, de-liVer, e-lix'ir, em-pir'ic, in-sip'id, sa-tir'ic, sta-tis'tics, sub-mis' si ve. Vi-o-lin . Words in which ai and ia Imve the sound of short i. 6. Cap' tain, cer tain, chap'lain, cliieftain, cur tain, fountain, mount' ain, plant' ain, vil'lain. — Car'ria^e, mar'ria^e. — Min'ia-ture, par'lia-ment. Words in which e, ee, ei, ie, aiid o, have the saund of short i. 7. Been. Sieve. England, pret'ty. Breech'es. Forfeit, mul'lein (or mul'len), surfeit. Kerchief, mar'ried, mischief. Wom'en. Mis'chiev-ous. Words in tohich oi, u, ui, a7id y, 7iace the soitnd of short i. 8. Build, guilt. Crypt, myth. Biscuit, circuit, con duit, guinea. Bus'y, ferule, let-tuce, minute.* Tortoise. Ca lyx, crystal, cyn'ic, ^ym'nast, (/yp'sum hyssop, lyr'ic, mystic, myth'ic, styptic, syl'van, Byn'od, syntax, syrin^/e, sys'tem. Gui-tar. 9. Am'e-thyst, cyl'in-der, hyp'o-crite, inyri-ad. * Bo pronounced u a noon. As an adjective, it is prone unoed ku-hmm > THE SOUND OF I IN FIT. 45 mys'ter-y, oxj-gen, pyr'a-mid, sylla-bub, sylli-ble, syc'a-more, sym'nie-try, sym'pa-tliy, syn o-n^Tn, typ'i-cal, tyr'an-ny. — Dys'en-ter-y. Dys-pep'sy, ^ym-nas'tic, hys-ter'ic. Po-lyg'a-my. Pan-e-^rin Id-i-o-syn'cra-sy. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1. Bilge water has a bad smelL The bridge -was swept away. A chinti Bover. Crimp my ruff. Cringe to no one. Didst thou fall into the ditch ! The disk of the sun. A film ever his eye. A flitch of bacon. A glimpse of Buushine. A milch cow. A niche for the vase. The plinth of a pillar. Mince pie. In the midst of the crowd. 2. Rinse the cup. A rick of hay. The skiff skims the lake. A stitch in time. A springe is a snare. The thill of a wagon. A whiff of smoke. The wick of the candle. The width of the street. A wisp of straw. I felt a twinge. He hit him with a withe. He is not a whit too good. Our sink ia lined with zinc. The witch ran. Which witch ? There is no such thing. 3. Our bishop is no bigot. The district school. Do not injure the insect. The linch-pin broke. A ripe pippin. I ate a sandwich. The scrivener writes. Show some spirit, sirrah ! The witness wore a visor. He found the victim in a vineyard. They went thither. A tiny pitcher, full of sirup. A spigot in a cask. A timid vicar. The livelong day. The limner draws. The index turns on a pivot. 4. Abridge your visit Will they acquit him ? Desist from strife. For- get and forgive. The moon's eclipse. The form of an ellipse. To impinge is to fall against Do not infringe the law. I predict a storm. The princ€ will rescind the decree. You gave me cause for chagrin. 5. Chastisement for the guilty. I commend your industry. The millineor waits. In the interim I will see the minister. A rickety chair. A virulent poison. The imagery of the poem is fine. An insipid elixir. He is an empiric, but no quack. Statistics of the census. Touch the violin. 6. 7. The captain and the chaplain came in a carriage to the marriage Draw the curtain. Sit by the fountain. The villain ran. A miniature likeness. Parliament sits in England. A mullein leaf. Pretty women. A mischievous boy in breeches A sieve for the meal. You shall forfUt your kerchief. 8. They build a house. A crypt is a sort of cave. A myth is a fable. The caiyx of a flower. Be busy. A conduit for water. Put down the ferule. A head of lettuce. Syringe the plants. Wait a minute. Tune the guitar. Itortoise shell I gave the poor man a guinea. A bunch of hyssop. A Vrio poem. 46 THE SOUND OF I IN FINE. 9. An amethyst cup. A stcve-pipe is in the fortn of a cylinder. W« faihale oxygen. A sycamore tree. The pyramids of Egypt. Tell me what you mean by a syllable. Never play the hypocrite. A synonym is a word having the same meaning as another word. An attack of dysentery. Sho has the dyspepsy. She must try gymnastic exercise. On me when dunces are satiric, I take it for a panegyric. Polygamy was common in Utah. An idiosyncrasy or peculiarity, of her constitution. XI. The Sound of I in Pine, 1. Bide, \)h.the, chide, chime, chine, dire, fife, ^be, gripe, hire, hive, kine, mire, prime, prize, rice, rind, rise, rive, scribe, shire, shrive, sire, size, smite, snipe, spice, spike, spile, spine, splice, squire, stride, strike, strife, stripe, thine, thrice, thrive, ti^Ae, tire, tribe, tripe, trite, while, whilst, whine, wind, wire, wise. In the words of the following paragraph gh is unsounded. 2. Blight, bright, fight, flight, fright, high, light, might, nigh, night, plight, right, sigh, thigh, tight, wight. — Af- fright', a-light, de-light. 3. Biped, bi' valve, briny, ci'der, climax, con- trite, di'et, di'ver, dri'ver, exile, fe'line, fi'at, fi'nite, gentile, grind'stone, hind'most, ire'ful, like wise, lilac, mi'ser, pli'ant, ri'ot, ri'val, sat'ire, siren, spi'cy, spi'nal, spi'ral, sti'pend, vi'and*, vi'nous, vi'tal, whilom, wood'bine. 4. A-bide', ac-quire, ad-mire, ad-vise, as-cribe as-pire, as-size, at-tire, bap-tize, be-tide, ca-nino com-bine, con-cise, con-spire, con-trive, de-cide de-file, de-fine, de-prive, de-ride, de-rive, de scribe, de-spite, en-tice, es quire, ex-pire, ig-nite. im bibe, in-cite, in-cline, in-spire, o-bli^e, o-pine, THL BOUND OF I IN FINE. 47 ptjr-spire pre-cise, pre-mi^e, pre -side, re-cline, re-fine, re-quite, re-vile, re-vive, sa-line, sub scribe, sub-lime, sub-side, suf-fice (pronounced siif- fize), su-pine, sur-prise, sur-vive, trans-pire. 5. Al'i-bi, al'ka-li, di'a-gram, di'a-lect, di'a- mond, di'a-ry, di'o-cese, i'ron-y, mi'cro-scope, sci'o list, si'ne-cure, vi'a-duct, vi'o-let. — Ac'o-nite, an'- thra-cite, croc'o-dile, er'u-dite, ex'pe-dite, lioin'i- cide, ma'tri-cide, pan'to-mime, par'a-dise, para- site, par'ri-cide, rec'on-cile, rec'on-dite, sac'ri-fice (pronounced sacri-fize), sat'el-lite, tur pen-tine — El-e-^i'ac. Sta-lac'tite. 6. Ag'gran-dize, author-ize, canon-ize, civ'il ize, col'o-nize, crys'tal-lize, dog'ma-tize, dram'a- tize, e'qual-ize, gal'van-ize, gor'man-dize, bar mo nize, le'gal-ize, mag'net-ize, mor al-ize, organ-ize, pat'ron-izc, pul'ver-ize, re' al-ize, rec'og-nize, sat'ir ize, scan'dal-ize, scru'ti-nize, sig'nal-ize, sol'em- nize, stigma-tize, sym'bol-ize, sub'si-dize, tan'ta lize, tem'po-rize, the'o-rize, tran'quil-ize. E-lec' trize. 7. Ad'ver-tise, com^jro-mise, crit'i-cise, enter prise, cx'er-cise, mer'chan-dise. — A -nat'o-mizt , a-pol'o-^ize, e-con o-mize, e-pit'o-mize, im-mor tal ize, i-tal'i-cize, mo-nop'o-lize, so-liro-quize. 8. Ad-mir'er, af-fi'ance, al-li'ance, ar-ri'val, as-pir'ant, com-pi'ler, com-pli'ance, ccn-ni'vancCj de-fi'ance, de-fi'ner, de-ni'al, en-vi'ron, ho-ri'zonj in-qui'ry, re-ci'tal, re-li'ance, re-pri'sal, re-qui'tal, re-vival, sub-si'dence, sur-vi'val. — Co-in-cide- 48 THE SOUND OF I IN FINE -u-per-fine, su-per-vi^e. — E-bri' e-ty, sa-ti'e-ty, BO-ci'e-ty, va-ri'e-ty. Words in which ei and ie h/nse the sourtd of i in fine. 9. Cries, die, drie^, fie, hie, pie, pied, plies pries, tie, tries, vie. — Hei^/it (or hi^^t), slei^At — Ei'der, mag'pie. ^ Words m which ui, uy, y, ye, and eye, have the sowid of i in fine 10. Cry, fly, pyre, scy/Ae, shy, sky, sly, spry, sty, style, tj^pe. — Dyer, cycle, cypress, hy son, tyrant. — Al-ly , a-2tJry, re-ly. — Guide, guile, guise. — Eye. Rye. Buy er. Dis-guise'. 11. An'a-lyze, an o-dyne, hy'a-cinth, hy'dro-^en, par'a-lyze, pro'to-type, pros'e-lyte. Ster'e-o-type. The final y of numerous verbs has the sound of long i ; as cm'- ci-fy, mul'ti-ply, oc'cu-py, rar'e-fy, rat'i-fy, rec'ti-fy, &c. Sec page 139. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1, 2. A gibe is a tdunt. The snipe flew. A trite saying. The rind of & melon. The squire is the chief man of the shire. You rive my heart. Let me splice it. A tithe is a tenth. WhiLt the sun shines the birds are blithe. Might does not make right The wight vas in a sad plight A blight is on the rose. Sigh not They took to flight in affright Drive a spile into the cask 8. A biped has two feet A bivalve has two valves. A feline tread. A contrite spirit. Such is the fiat of the king. Turn the grindstone (also pronounced grind' stone). The Jew and the Gentile. A lilac bush. A spiral wire. A spinal complaint Byron wrote a satire. Taste the viands The cider has a vinous flavor. 4. He will baptize the child. The coal will not ignite. Describe the icene. To opine is to think. Canine madness. Saline springs. You will survive your surprise. Let that sufl&ce. I do not oblige you to subscribe. He lay supine. Let her lie down, she will revive. Let her lie there a whilo. How long did she lie there? She lay there an hour. A pillow wa& laid ander her head THE SOUND OF IN GO. 49 6. Alibi 13 elsewhere. To prove an alibi, is to prove that you -were no in a certain place. Draw a diagram. Lock through the microscope. A finnecure is an office without care. Aconite is poison. I the sweet Spring violets ! Anthracite coal. Alas ! the parricide ! A pantomime is mute mimicry. Put turpentine on the sore. A heavy sacrifice. An elegiao poem. Stalactites hung from the cavern. G. To dogmatize is to assert confidently. Do not gormandize. Tranquil- izt) your fears. Scrutinize his conduct. Harmonize our plans. Pulverize th.3 stone. Moralize on life. I cannot realize that you arc married. The drops will crystallize. lie tries to aggrandize his family. I did not rccog nize him. Let death solemnize our thoughts. You tantalize me. Will you authorize me to try it? They will canonize the saint. 7. Advertise your loss. Compromise the matter. Criticise my style. A bold enterprise. A room full of merchandise. — You must apologize. Hear Hamlet soliloquize. Italicize the word. Do not lEoiopolizc the food. She means to be electrized. 8. The subsidence of the waters. Thi arrival of the cars. An aspirant to oflSce. One of your admirers. H« seeks an alliance. What shall be his requital ? Good society. A variety of things. Do you coincide with me? Environ him with friends. The environs of the city. Below the horizon. 9. 10. The height of the ti-ee. Sleight of hand. The eider duck. He plies his trade. I was tlio buyer of that scythe. A funeral pyre. A cypress tree. Go to the dyer for my dress. A blind guide. He is free from guile. My right eye. He wore a disguise. The ally of France. 11. Hyson tea. Hydrogen gas. An anodyne soothes pain. Analyze the powder. Do not look awry. A prototype or model. They go to occupy the land. He will ratify the bargain, jlij, meaning yes^ rhymes nearly with my ; but aye, meaning always, rhymes with day. XII. The Sound of long O, as in Go. 1. Bolt, bono, borne, both, choke, cho^e, clo^Ae, Clothes, clove, code, coke, core, cove, clolt, dome, dose, doze, droll, drone, force, ford, for^/e, fort, forth, globe, gore, gross, joke, jolt, /moll, loth, mole, most, node. 2. Porch, port, pose, probe, prone, prose, quote, quoth, scope, score, scroll, shorn, sloth, snore, spoke, stole, stone, stroll, sword (also pronounced sord), throne, torn, troll, i^hole, yoke, yolk, zone. 5 60 THE SOUND OF m OOl 3. Arcove, bol'ster, bo'rax, bro'ker, c5m'post, cro'ny, dolcTul, do'tard, dro ver, fore'man, foremost, fro' ward,* glo'ry, gro'cer, hol'stcr, home'ly, lo'cal, impost, jo'ker, lo'cust, mopish, molt'en, no'mad, only, o'nyx, o'pal, o'ral, o'val, o'vert, port'ly, post'script, proTile, programme, ro'ver, smo'ker, Bolc'ly, stony, tho'rax, to'paz, to' ward,* trum'bone, tro'ver, vo'cal, vo'ter, wo'ful. 4. A-dore', a-lone, a-rose, a-tone, be-fore, be-liold, ca-jole, cum-port, con-dole, con-sole, con-trol, con-voke, de-note, de-plore^ de-vote, dis-close, di-vorce, e-lope, en-gross, ex-plore, ex-port, ex-po5e, fore-bode, fore-go, ig-nore, in-voke, jo-cose, mo-rose, pa-role, pa-trol, por-tray, post- pone, pro-mote, pro-po5e, pro-voke, re-pose, sup-port, sup-po5e, un-roll, ver-bose, wi^/i-hold. 5. An'ec-dote, an'te-lope, an'ti-dote, co'pi-ous, cor'ri-dor, droll'er-y, ep'i-sode, hel'le-bore, hof- o-scope, mis'an-thrope, o'ri-ole, por'ti-co, sto'i-cal, tel'e-scope, vo'ta-ry, zo'di-ac. 6. A-dor'cr, ab-do'men, con-do'lence, cor-ro'sive, de-co'rous, en-rol'ment, he-ro'ic, more-o'ver, Oc-to'- bcr, op-po'nent, pro-por'tion, pro-po'^al. AiP-mo'- oi ac, de-mo'ni-ac. Lo-co-mo'tive. Words in lohich oa has the sound ofo in go. 7. Bloat, boast, boat, broach, cloak," coach, coal. • In tho adjectives to'ward tind/ro'xeard, the i* is soandod; but when foip'ard or towards is a preposition, tho tr is not sounded, and the ow may bo regarded as 3 digraph having tho sound of long o, and then tho word should be dirided tbuf, km/ctd or tou/ardt, rhyming nearly with board or board*. THE SOUND OP O IN 00. 51 ooast, coot, coax, croak, float, foal, foam, goad, goal, goat, groan, hoar, hoard, hoarse, hoax, load, loaf, loam, loaMe, moan, oaf, oak, oar, oath, oats, poach, roach, road, roam, shoal, soak, soap, throat, toad, toast, woad. 8. Boat'swain (familiarly pronounced bosn), co'coa, hoary, load'star, load'stone, rail'road, uproar. — A-float', ap-proach, be-moan, en-croacb re- proach, un-load. Words in which co, oc, oo, and ou, Jiave the sound of o in go. 9. Bourn, course, court, four, gourd, mould (or mold), moult, mourn, pour, soul, source. Doe, foe, hoe, roe, throe, toe, woe. Door, floor. Al'oe^. 10. Co;z'course, coul'ter (or col' tor), foe'man, mould'er, mouldy, poul'tice, poul'try, shoul'der, smoul'der, yco'man. — Dis-course', re-course, re- source. — In'ter-course. Words in w?iich cw, oo, a7id ow, have the sonind of o in go. 11. Blow, blown, bowl, crow, flow, flown, glow grown, growth, low, mow, own, row, shaw, slow snow, sown, stow, throw, trow. Sew, strew Brooch. Bowl'der, bow'sprit, el'bow, minnow^ low'er, own er, rainbow, win'now. The ow in the final syllabic of the foil jwing words should have the distinct sound of long o in go. They are here grouped together because of their liability to perversion. 12. Arrow, bel'low, bil'low, borrow, burrow, callow, faflow; fellow, follow, fur'row, hallow, 52 THE SOUND OF IN GO. harrow, horiow, marrow, mcl'low, morrow, narrow, pillow, sal'low, shad'ow, shallow, sor'row, spar' row, tai'low, Avhil low, wid'ow, willow, yellow.* In dough and though^ owjh has the sound of long o. In hecat^ t< reau^ and other words from the French, eau has the sound. Words ending with o lo7ig. For tbo mode of forming the plural of these words, see page 144. 13. Bra'vo, canto, cargo, cen'to, dit'to, fres'co, grot'to, gua'no, gusto, halo, he'ro, junto, las'so, lim'bo, li;z'go, maw'go, mot'to, negro, presto, quarto, sa'go, sal'vo, solo, stuc'co, ty'ro, ve'to, ze'ro. 14. Buf'fa-lo, call-co, cam'e-o, doml-no, em' bry-o, in'di-go, nun'ci-o, oli-o, stu di-o, ver'ti-go. 15. Al-le'gro, bra-va'do, em-bar go, far-ra'go, ila-min'go, lum-ba'go, mar- telle, me-ri'no (pro- nounced me-reno), mo-roc'co, mu-lat'to, oc-ta'vo, pal-met'to, pi-men' to, pIum-ba'go,po-ta'to, pro-vi'^'o, re-liev'o, si-roc'co, sti-let'to, to-bac'co, to-ma'to, tor-na'do, tci*pe'do, vi-ra'go, vol-ca'no. 16. Bas-ti-na'do, cu-ri-o'so, des-pe-rado, in-nu en'do, ■ man-i-fes'to, mus-co-va'do, pec-ca-dillo, ?ir-tu-o'so. - — Cur-culi-o, in-cog'ni-to, punc-tili-o. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 ?*, Force the bolt. A bone for the dog. A torn flag was borne to the (brt. The yolk of an egg. A shorn lamb. Unroll the scroll. The dolt trolls a song. I am loth to use thesw^rd. The whole knoll is sold. H€ quotes prose. He can pose them both, /orge the steel. Put on thy clothea No more sloth. The joke was gross, not droll. * To this list some authorities add bellows and gallowx; but the cw in theM voris generally has an easy sound of short u, and the final * has the sound of x. The plural oigaUovu b gallowaes; but bellows is both e. singular aud plural noaa THE SOUND OF IN GO. 53 3. I sat in an alcove. A bolster for the bed. Compost for the plants A homely profile. Molten gold. The dotard is froward. An overt act Our grocer plavs on the trombone. An onyx ring. A fine opal. Read tte programme. Only a locust. Oral advice. Add a postscript i. Postpone your jocose remarks. Control your morose temper. You sannot cajole me. Condole with the sad. Support the weak. To ignore a thing is to declare ignorance of it. A verbose report. The patrol were out all night. The prisoner ia out on parole. Do not engross all the room Portray the scene. 5, 6. From the portico I went to the corridor. My bane and antidcta A misanthrope is a man-hater. He told an anecdote. It was an episode in his speech. The antelope ran. The oriole flew. A decorous proposal. A vi.Jit of condolence. A heroic opponent The locomotive is oflf the track Gum ammoniac. 7, 8. Give to oa the full sound of long o in roam, boat, cloak, coat, goat, road, toad, and throat. Broach the subject. The boys co'^st down hill Soak the oats. Woad is a plant. Shoal water. The goal of my hopes. Poach the egg. A boatswain hoary with age. Taste of the cocoa. An uproar on the railroad. The boat ia afloat Do not encroach on my land. 9, 10. A bourn is a bound. The gourd grows. A mould fcr a bullet Birds moult their feathers. A throe of pain. War brings woe. The door fell on the floor. Aloes are bitter. A concourse of people. Poultry is dear. The yeoman shot the focman. A poultice for his shoulder. Our intercourse iras brief. The colter or fore-iron of a plow. 11. A slow growth, I trow. Mow the grass. Row the boat Strew flowers. Sew the shirt. A brooch of gold. A bowlder is a round mass of Btone. A ship haS a bowsprit Lo ! the rainbow ! Winnow the corn. The minnow swims. 12. The arrow fell wide of the mark. The shadow of the willow. A shallow furrow. Tell the fellow to follow. A widow sallow with sorrow. The field lies fallow. A callow bird. Hallow the day. Harrow the land. Al narrow plank. A pillow for the head. A whitlow on her finger. Six pairs of bellows. The gallows stands. The gallowses will be thrown down. 13. 14. The beau struts. Put the dough in the oven. My bureau drawer. A quarto volume. Do. stands for ditto. A cargo of guano (pronounced ^K-ahyio). A halo round the moon. The bravo escaped. The President's veto. She sang a solo. lie paints in fresco. He caught a horse with a lasso. Calico gowns. Cameo pins. Blue as indigo. Enter my studio. She was seized with a vertigo. 15, 1 '5. What a firrago ! Keep this as a memento. Merino sheep. A morocco box. An embargo on commerce. A ripe tomato. A tornado swept over the town. She is a virago. Give the desperado the bastinado. Hear ihe rebel's manifesto. The curcuUo has hurt our trees. Muscovado sugay 5* 54 THE SOUND OF IN NOT. Xm. The Sound of O m Not. 1. Block, blotch, bronze, chops, clock, copse, crock, dod^e, doll, dross, flock, floss, font, fosse, frock, froth, gloss, grog, grot, lock, lod^e, loft, loll, loss, moss, moth, notch, odd, plod, plot, pomp, prong, romp, scoff, scot, shock, shot, soft, solve, spot, stock, strong, thong, throb, throng, tong5, trod, troth. 2. Bonfire, bonnet, hoth'cT, clos'et, cob'blcr, cob'web, coffee, col'ic, college, com'bat (also pro- nounced cum bat), com cty com'ic, com'pend, com'plex, com'rade, congress, conflict, con'ic, conscript, consul, contract, copy, florid, for'a^e, forehead (pronounced /orVec?), forest, frol'ic, gospel, gossip, hol'ly, hopper, hovel, jocund, lob'ster, loz'en^e, mod'est, monad, monster, moral, object, onward, ostrich, pathos, pock'ct, pol'ish, pon'tifl*, po/A'er, prod'uct, progress, prop'er, prospect, province, rob'ber, solace, sofder, sonnet, sor'rel, tonic, tropic, vol'ley, vom'it, yonder. 3. Ab-scond', ab-solve, ac-cost, a-cross, a-dopt, al-lot, a-loft, a-non, be-long, be-troth, be-yond, de-coct, de-spond, de-volve, em-boss, en-sconce, e-volve, ex-tol, for-got, pro-long, in-volve, re-spond, re-sponse, re-volve, re-volt. 4. Al'ba-tross, al'co-hol, al'i-quot, am'a-zon, ap'ri-cot, bod'i-ly, col'lo-quy, col'o-ny, com'a-tose, com'mo-dure, cor'o-ner, doc'tri-nal, dof o-rous, c'qui- UDX, front'is-piece, hol'i-day, holly-hock, lot'ter-y, maa'to-don, mono-tone, nom'i-nal, non'de-scripf, THE SOUND OF IN NOT* 55 ob'e-lisk, par'a-sol, pente-cost, pori-cy, poly glot pro to-col, prov'en-der. Words in which a has tJie sound of o i?! not. 5. Chaps, quash, squab, squad, squash, squat, swab, swamp, swan, swap, swath, wad, wan, wand, was, wast, wash, wasp, watch, what, yacht (pro- nounced yot), 6. Quad'rant, quad'rate, quarrel, quat'rain, quarry, scallop, squab'ble, squad'ron, squalid, squander, swallow, waffle, wallet, wallop, wallow, wal'rus, wanton, wan der, warrant, wassail. 7. Hail-but, quad'ran-gle, quad'ra-ture, quad'- ru-ped, quad'ru-ple, quall-ty, quan'da-ry, quan ti-ty. In knowrcdge, ow has the souTid of o i?i not. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1. A bronze lamp. Floss silk. A fosse or ditch. A copse or wood of email trees. Mutton chops for dinner. A pair of tongs. A strong thong. They throng to the spot. The dross of metals. A lodge in the wood. A moth in the candle. Notch the shingle. She is no romp. Scoff not. 2. They bother the cobbler. Grind the coffee. A cobweb in the closet. A sorrel horse. There is crock on her forehead. In my progress I came in contact with a robber. Congress sits. Solder the pan. A proper object My comrade wrote a sonnet. A doubtful combat. He put the lobster in his pocket. A frolic in the hovel yonder. 3. He hoped to abscond. Accost him. Anon, I will. Emboss the shield. I forgot to extol his conduct. To whom will they betroth her ? Gc across the street. I revolt at the thought. Revolve it in your mind. Your labor devolves on me. 4. He shot an albatross. A ripe apricot. A comatose state. The day of Pentecost. A green parasol. A dolorous ditty. Commodore Hull. A hollyhock in bloom. A nondescript flower. The bones of a mastodon. The frontispiece to a book. He spoke in a monotone. An aliquot fart. 6. Watch the yacht. A swan in the swamp. The chaps t>f a beast. They seem chapfallen. A swath in the grass. A big squash. Thou wast pxeaont if thou wert not» say so. Beware of the wasp. 53 THE SOUND OF 00 IN BOOK. 6, 7. The squadron sailed. A warrant for your arrest Do not "vrallofit in the dirt. Wanton mischief. A swallow's nest. A squalid aspect. Th* wassail cup. Fresh halibut. Knowleo-tund, murti-form, mul'ti-plex — Au-tum'nal, 60 THE SOUND OF SHORT V AS IN TCB. con-current, e-rup'tion, fore-runner, im-pul'sive, oc-cur'rcnce, pro-duc'tive. — In-ter-rupt'. Wards in which o has tJie scund ofu in tub. In OTIC, oTice, the sound of w precede* the o. In tongue^ iLi \s mute. 5. Come, done, dost, doth dove, front, glcvo. love, monk, montli, none, once, on<3, shove, spon^i* son, tongue, won, wont. 6. Bom'bast, bro^A'er, col' or. comely, com'fit com'fort, com' fort, com'ing, com'pass, covert, cov'et doz'en, govern, hon'ey, Monday, money, mon'gre) mori'key, moth'er, noth'ing, on'ion, oth'er, plov'er pom'mel, shovel, sloven, smoth'er, thorough, ton' na^/e, wonder, worry. 7. A-bove',* af- front, a-mong, a-mongst, be come, be-love, con-front, un-done. — Cofan-de? com fort-er, com'pa-ny, con'jur-er, con'sta-ble, cov e-nant, cover-let, covet-ous, some'bod-y, som'e? set, won'der-ful. — Dis-col'or, dis-com'fit, en-com pass, re-cov'er. — Dis-cov'er-y, ef-front'cr-y. Words in which oe, oo, and ou, liave the sound of u in tub. Where gh occurs, in the following words, it has the sound of • 8. Dce5. Blood, flood. Joust, touch, young Chough rough, slough, f tough. Country, coup'k, couplet, courage, cous'm, doub'let, flourish, nour- ish, sou/A'ern, troub'le. Doubloon'. Ernough'. * Initial a, in this and similar words, has a quick, easy loond of short a, M in /a/, Ac, t Bo pronounood when it means the cast skin of o serj^nt. When it meanf • i«tp, miryplact, it should be pronounoed to rhyme with bougk, nnw, ho. IHB SOUND OF U IN MUTE. 61 DICTATION AND WRITiNG EXERCISES. 1. A bluff, blunt, plump judge. He will not budge. Courage he calls pluck. Ill with the mumps. Tliieves skulk. Soap suds. Mulct him in a fine. Plunge in. What lungs ! A duct for water. A fresh bulb. lie had not swum far when he sank. 2. Pass the buckets. The usher made a blunder. Fulsome praise. Let our bumpers be of cold water. A crupper for the horse. Du'cet strains A sumjfter mule. My grocer charges me with sundries. The gunwale of a boat A puncheon of rum. Tap it in the gutter. Come to luncheon. Hear my summons. A stubborn mule. A woodchuck in a hole. A cadgej for the bad. 3. 4. An abrupt manner. Expunge that line Divulge thy secret. A robust youth. An adult, or grown-up person. To succumb is to yield Rotund is round. Occult is hidden. Do not interrupt me. The occiput, or hinder part of the head. A difficult task. The autumnal season. An impulsive temper. An odd occurrence. Rebut his charge. 6, 6. A front seat. A kid glove. Hold thy tongue. Once a month. A wet sponge. None will come. Dost thou know it? Mere bombast, my brother ! An uncomely sloven. The points of the compass. A boiled onion. The pommel of the saddle. A dozen plovers. Govern thy temper. She docs nothing on Monday. Covet not. Birds flew to their coverts. A mongrel goose. A thorough flogging. Shovel the snow. 7, 8. A wonderful somerset. A coverlet for a bed. The constable ar- rested the conjurer. Confront your foe. Perils encompass, but do not dis- comfit him. What effrontery ! A colander for the jelly. Go amongst friends. The hen was tough enough. A cousin in the country. Floods ot Dlcod. Two lines that rhyme are a couplet. The rough slough of a snake My doublet cost a doubloon. The young chough flew. Long may yoi flourish ! Food will nourish her. XVII. The Sound of U in Mute. This is the sound generally known as long u. It has the dipb thongal y sound before it, as in the alphabet, and is sometimeo marked thus : u. Do not confound this sound with long oo. Sec lioraarks, page 57, on the change which long u undergoes when it conies after the trilled liquids r and /, in the same syllable. 1. Cube, cure, duke, dupe,, fume, fu5e, hu^e, mute, pule, pure, tube, tune, use. — Cubit, ducal, durance, duty, hu'mid, music, student, stupid, 6 62 THE SOUND OF U IN MUTE. stu'poi, su'ctj tu'lip, tu'miil, tu'miilt, tu'nic, unit, — Cos'tumc, dci'u^/e, fortune, i^lob'ule, granule, leg'ume, prerudo, pus'tulo, refuse, statute, tribune, tribute, volume. 2.- A-cute', a.s-sume, as-sure, as-tute, com-pute, 3on-sume, de-duce, de-mure, de nude, c-duce, ex-ude, in-ure, ma-nure, ma-ture, ob-scure, ob-tuse, pre-5ume, pro-fuse, re-buke, re-duce, re-futc, ; :e-5ume, se-cure, suf-fuse, tra-duce, trans-mute. Where i occurs in the second syllable of the following words |ive it an easy sound of short i in Jill. 3. Am'u-let, ap'er-ture, cent'u-ry, cal'u-met, ;u'cunubcr, cu'ti-cle, du'ra-blc, ep'i-cure, feb'ri- h^e, fu'^i-tive, fur'ni-ture, lig'a-ture, man'u-script, ain'iflf-ture, min'u-et, mol'e-cule, nu'tri-ment, ret'- cule,p'id'i-cule, riv'u-let, sig'na-ture, sep'ul-ture, \ ib'ter-fur/e, su'i-cide, u'ni-son, u'5u-ry, ver'mi-fuf/e, V )s'ti-bule, vol'u-ble. — Im-por-tune', in-tro-duce, li in-u-mit, op-por-tune, pre-ma-ture. — An-nu'i-ty. } The following words, if verbs, have the a of the last syllabic IcL^, as in fate : if adjectives or nouns, the a has a shorter and efiS.sr sound. To those that are adjectives an asterisk is hero alta .hcd ; to those that may be adjectives or verbs, o iaggcr. The rest .»rc verbs. 4. Ac'cu-rate,* act'u-ate, am'pu-tate, calculate, conju-gate, cd'u-cate, em'u-late, fluc'tu-ate, for'tu- nate,* grad'u-ate, grat'u-late, in'du-rate,t in'su-late, m(»d'i, late, ob'du-rate,* rcg'u-late, sat'u-ratc, spec- u-lato stini'u-late, sup'pu-rate. 5. i.c-cu'mu-late, ar-tic'u-late, t at-ten'u-ate,1 THE SOXJND OP U IN MUTE G3 ja-pii'u-late, co-ag'u-late, con-grat'u-late, dis-sira- a-late, ex-ten'u-ate, iin-mac'u-late,* in-siii'u-ate, im-purtu-nate,* in-oc'u-late, per-ain'bu-late, re- pudi-ate. Sec remarks on unaccented terminations in ar, page 73. 6. Aunu-lar, cir'cu-lar, consu-lar, glob'u-lar, granu-lar, in'su-lar, joc'u-lar, pop'u-lar, reg'u-lar, V^s^'u-lar, si«'gu-lar, tab'u-lar, tit'u-lar, tu'bu-lar. — 0-rac'u-lar, par-tic'u-lar, re-tic'u-lar, ve-liic'u-lar- ver-nac u-lar, ve-sic'u-lar. — Per-pcn-dic'u-lar. 7. An'nu-al, ca/u-al, man'u-al, mu'tu-al, nai'- u-ralVnu'mer-al, oc'cu-pant, pet'u-lant, punc'tu-al, rit'u-al, sens'u-al, virt'u-al. — Ef-fect'u-al, e-venf- u-al, ha-bit'u-al, per-pet'u-al. — In-di-vid'u-al. The e in the last syllable of the following has the sound of short t (as in vien), enounced easily, and without stress. 8. Ar gu-ment, cor'pu-lent, diru-ent, doc'u-ment, Z^ fec'u-lent, flat'u-lent, fraud'u-lent, im'pu-dent- mon'u-ment, op'u-lent, tur'bu-lent, sue cu-lent. — E-moru-ment, in-teg'u-ment. "Where i occurs in the last syllable but one of the following, it aa3 the sound of short i, as in pin. 9.' Al'ti-tude, am'pli-tude, apt'i-tude, at'ti-tude,^ Ibr'ti-tude, grafi-tudq, hab'i-tude, las'si-tude, lat'- \-tude, lon*//i-tude, mag'ni-tude, mul'ti-tudc, plon- \-tude, prom/yfi-tude, qui'e-tude, rec'ti-tude. serv' i. tude, soli- tilde. 10 Be-at'i-tude, com-mu'iii-ty, de-crep'i-tude^^ 64 THE SOUND OP U IN MUTE. dis-qme-tiide, im-mu'ni-ty, im-pu'ni-ty, in-fin' i-tude, si-iniri-tude, vi-cis'si-tude. — Con's ti-tute> ex'e-cute, in'sti-tute, sub'sti-tute. — Dis-trib'ute. — Con-sti-tu'tion, in-sti-tu'tion. — Di-min'u-tive, re- trib'u-tivc. In the last syllabic of the following, gu has the sound of chort u (as in kj), without the stress of accent. 11. Ardu-ous, du'bi-ous, ein'u-lous, fab'u-lous, fu'ri-ous, neb'u-lous, pop'u-lous, post'hu-mous, rapt'ur-ous, scrof'u-lous, sed'u-lous, sin'u-ous, spu'- ri-ous, stu'di-ous, sumpt'u-ous, tremu-loua, tu'ber- ous, vent'ur-ous, wt'u-ous. t^v^>-\ 12. Am-big'u-ous, as-sid'u-ous, bi-tu'mi-nous, cir-cu'i-tous, con-spic'u-ous, con-tempt'u-oiis, con- tig'u-ous, con-tiiiu-ous, de-cid'u-ous, for-tu'i-tous, gra-tu'i-tous, im-pet'u-ous, in-z/enu-ous, lux-u- ri-ous, mi-rac'u-lous, per-spic'u-ous, pro-mis' cu-ous, ri-dic'u-lous, tem-pest'u-ous, tu-mult'u-ous, vo- lup'tu-ous. Words tn which uc has tJie y sound of u in cube, mute, &c. 13. Cue, due, hue, siie. — A'gue, ai'gue, issue, rescue, stat'ue, tissue, Tues'day, val'ue, virt'ue. — Eu-sue', im-bue, in-due, sub-due. — Av'e-^ue, bar'be-cue, res'i-due, ret'i-nue, rev'e-nue. — Con- tinue. Words in which eu, 3au, ow, and iew, have this sounjt 14. Chew, dew, ewe, few, hew, Jew, /cnew, mew mewl, new, newt, pew, stew, view. — Ew'er, mildew. THE SOUND OP U IN MUTE. 65 pew'tci sinew, skew'er, stcw'ard. — Be-dew , es- chew re-new, re-view. — Re-new' al. — Deuce, feud — Feudal, neuter, neutral. — Eu'lo-^y — Ma-neu ver, neu-ral'^ic, teu-ton'ic. — Eu-ro-pe an. — Dea fcer-on'o-my. — Beauty. Beau'ti-ful. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. y backgaujtjue*^ 1. A cube has six equal sides. The die with which we play is a cabe. The plural of die is dice. A dupe of a duke. A tube is hollow. Play a tune. Do thy duty. A humid soil. The students make a tumult. Put them in durance. A tumid style. Statute law. . The tribune of the people. Hark to the prelude ! The length of a cubit. \.. 2. An astute reasoner. A demure manner. jMay I presume to rebuke her? Blushes sufluse his cheek. To denude is to strip. Traduce him not. Compute the amount. An acute lawyer. Educe good from evil. Haul in the manure. The tree exudes gum. An obtuse understanding. A profuse oweat 3. Wear this amulet. An aperture or opening. A ripe cucumber. A century hence. An Indian calumet. A manuscript is writing done by the band. The cuticle or outermost skin. Mucilage is slimy. A furniture warehouse. Disdain a subterfuge. She lost her reticule. Act in unison. The vestibule or entrance. To manumit is to free. A premature growth. •A.n opportune visit. An annuity, or yearly payment. Importune her act. Introduce me. A voluble lady. 4. 5. An accurate account. Conjugate the verb. Amputate the arm. Fortunate man ! You stimulate my hopes. An obdurate l.'cart. Enmlate his worth. He insulates himself. An immaculate reputation. Nothing extenuate. Never dissimulate. An importunate beggar. She perambu- lates the streets. Inoculate the child. The foe will capitulate. Repudiate ill envy. C. A popular speaker. An annxilar form is that of a ring. Tabular •efers to a table ; circular, to a circle ; granular, to a grain ; insular, to au island ; titular, to a title ; jocular, to mirth ; tubular, to a tube ; globular, lo a globe ; consular, to a consul ; secular, to the world or age ; vehicular, lo a vehicle ; oracular, to an oracle ; reticular, to a net ; vesicular, to a vesicle. Our vernacular tongue. A particular person. A perpendiculaJ urall. 7, 8. A punctual scholar. A virtual contract. A casual gain. The ritual of the church. An eventual loss. An impudent argument He grows corpulent. Succulent is juicy. A fraudulent document. Large emolU" ments. i\si integument or covering. Feculent odors. 6* 66 THE SOUND OF 01 IN VOICE. 9, 10. Tic latitude and longitude of our town. An aptitude for study Extreme lassitude. He struck an attitude. Adhere to rectitude. The disquietude of the community. The Beatitudes. Shall he harm us with impunity? Has he an immunity from blame? The vicissitudes of life Betributive justice. The constitution of the country. The altitude of the bill. 11, 12. A sinuous stream. A venturous hunter. An impetuous youth. My brother is not only an ingenious workman, but he has an ingenuous or frank disposition. A circuitous route. Deciduous trees. Spurious coin. Posthumous fame. Perspicuous statements. Gratuitous insults. Aesiau- ous in study. Ambiguous remarks. Contiguous is near. Sedulous efforts. 13, 14. He wore a cue. They will argue the case on Tuesday. Wtdt the issue. Subdue your rage. Continue to love virtue. A long retinua An ample revenue. Beautiful statues. Pewter mugs. A review of troops. A European war. Let us be neutral. An eloquent eulogy. Feudal times The renewal of the feud. A skewer for the cook. Stoop not to maneuver XVin. The Sound of OI in Voice. Avoid the bad habit of making this sound degenerate into that of long i ; as if hin were Zwic, roil^ rile^ &c. 1. Coif, coil, doit, foil, foist, groin, hoist, joint, joist, loin, moil, noi^e, oil, point, poi^e, quoit, roD, soil, spoil, void. 2. Broid'er, cloister, coinaz/e, doi'ly, foi'ble, hoi'den, joiner, invoice, loi'ter, mois^^n, noi'some, noi^'y, oily, ointment, parboil, point'er, poison, sirloin, spoil'er, toil'et, turmoil. 3. Ad-join , a-droit, a-noint, ap-point, a-void, de-spoil, de-void, em-broil, en-join, ex-ploit, pur- loin, Kre-coil, re-joice, sub-join. — Buis'ter-ous, I'qui-poise, moi'e-ty. — Em-broid'er, re-join dor. — Va'ri-o-loid. Woras in which oy has the sound of oi in voice. 4. Boy, buoy (pronounced bwoi/), coy, cloy, hoy THE SOUND OP OU IN HOUSE. 67 joy, toy, troy. — Boyish, convoy, en voy, joy ful, loyal, oyster, royal, viceroy, voy'agc. — Al-loy7 an-noy, de-coy, de-stroy, en-joy, em-ploy. — Cor du-roy. DICTATION AND WKITING EXERCISES. 1. A can of oil. A game of quoits. Do not roil the wine. A tendeJ loin of beef. A coil of ropes. A coif, or sort of cap. Not worth a doit Hoist the joist. Foil his tricks. Hurt in the groin. 2. Noisome ointments. A sirloin of beef. Loiter not. Parboil the meat. "Wipe your hands wi:h a doily. She can broider. An invoice of goods. Shut up in a cloister. She plays the hoiden. 3. An adroit exploit. Recoil from a lie. Boisterous mirth. A moiety is a half. Pen a rejoinder. The scales are in equipoise. Anoint the skin. Enjoin peace. 4. The boy swam to the buoy. Sweets cloy. A hoy is a sort of boat We had a fleet as a convoy on our voyage. A viceroy is in place of a king, A corduroy road. A djsh of oysters. Gold without alloy. XIX. ^e Sound of OT7 in House. In droughty dmghtyy &c., the gJi is unsounded. 1. Bounce, bound, bout, cloud, douse, drou^/^t, drouth, flounce, flour, flout, foul, found, founj;, gou^/e,- gout, ground, grouse, hound, lounge, loul^ mount, mouse, mouth, noun, ounce, oust, pouch, pounce, pout, scour, sscoiit, shout, shroud, slouch, snout, sound, sour, souse, south, spouse, spout, sprout, stout, thou, trout, vouch. 2. Bounty, cloud'y, count'er, county, dis'count, dou^A'ty, flounder, found'er, found'ling, frou'zy, gouty, outlaw, outlay, sour'crout, thousand. 3. A-bound', a-bout, ac-count, a-mount, an- nounce, a-rouse, as tound, ca-rouse, de-nounce, de-vour, de-vout, dis-mount, e-nounce, es-pouse, 68 . THE SOUND OF OU IN HOUSE. ex-pound, pro-founcl, pro-nouncc, re-dound, r6 nouRCC, rC'50uiid, sur-rotind, vouch-safe. 4. Bouud'a-iy, coun'te-nance, coun'ter-pano^ found'er-y, mount'e-bank, par a-mount. — A-cou3'- Uc, en-coun'ter, es-pou'sab, rcn-coun te'r. Words in which ow has the sound of ou in house. 5. Bow, brow, brown, browse, clown, cowl, drown, drowse, fowl, fro\vn, gown, growl, howl, mow, now, owl, plow (also spelt plough)^ prow, pr^wl, row, scow, scowl, sow, town, vow. G. Bow' els, bow'er, chow'der, cow'ard, cow'er, cow' slip, dow'er, dow'las, dow'ry, drowsy, flow'er, fowrer, low'er, pow'der, pow'er, prow'ess, row'el, show'er, tow'el, tow'er, townsman, trow'el, trow'- sers (also spelt trousers), vow'el. ! 7. Al-low', a-vow, en-dow, re-nown. — Dowu- ^rer. — Al-low'ance, a-vow'al, cn-dow'ment, cm- power. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1. Scour tlie pan. The hound found a grouse. Why does the lout lounge? They will oust him from his place. A time of drought, ^ma persons say drouth. Souse the meat. Scouts are out. A spouse is a hiis- band or wife. Seeds sprout. Our cat has a mouse in her mouth. • 2. The banks will not discount my note. Is it for a thousand dollars ? Ihc amount is about ten. A dish of sourcrout. Tl e outlaw fled. A dou^h. ly foe. A frouzy head of hair. A gouty foot I caught a flounder. A large outlay. 3. A profound student Expound the law. Arouse the sleepers. A devout woman. Enounce the word. It will redound to her credit Vouch- safe your attention. She will espouse Mr. B. The troops dismount They will carouse. I renounce their company 4,5. A counterpane for the bed. An encounter with a mountebank, JChe boundary line- Health is of paramount importance. A type foundery. A m UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 6^ an acoustic tube. Plow the ground. To mow is to make mouths an ap» is said to mow. A row is a riotous noise. A mud scow. Cows browse. The wolf prowls. 6, 7. A fish chowd2r. Our townsman is no coward. A trowel for mor. tar. A pj^ir of dowlas trowsers. A powder-horn. A pain in the bowels. The wife's dowi-y. A rowel is the point of a spur. The clouds lower. 1 dmire his prowess. A coarse towel. 0B8CUBE AND UNACCENTED VOWEL SOUNDS. I. A in Unaccented Syllables. A Filial, The sound of unaccented final a, in the following words, has an easy and undecided sound of a in father. 1. Bo'a, chi'na, com'ma, clel'ta, dog'ma, draina 13 a speech to one's self. We lament his apostasy. Millinery goods. 10 — 12. An eligible candidate. An accessible spot. An inexhaustibl« spring. Indelible ink. Man's imprescriptible rights. Incontrovertible proofe. Incompatible with safety. Edible roots. An irresistible attack. All are fallible. An intrepid girl. A turgid style. The water is limpid and gelid. Rancid butter. His flesh is flaccid. The fruit is insipid. 13 — 15. Arctic ice. A scenic display. A laconic saying. A volcanio Eruption. Didactic poetry. An ecstatic mood. An acrostic on Helen's Dame. The eclectic is a chooser. I look to intrinsic, not extrinsic worth. A specific for your spasmodic cough. An aquatic bird. Mosaic work. Arsenic is poison. Organic remains. My prognostic proved true. 16 — 18. A codicil to a will. A hostile missile. Febrile symptoms. A futile attempt. A mercantile library. Juvenile zeal. The bissextile day. A kitchen utensil. A volatile fluid. Shun evil. A weevil in the wheat. A. beryl is a gem. Vaccine matter. Sound the tocsin. Bring out the engine. White as ermine. Rosin the bow. Resin exudes from the tree. A basin of water. My second cousin. A fresh raisin. 19, 20. A verbatim report. A clandestine marriage. Terrapin soup. She lost her moccasins. The harlequin turned a Somerset. An alkaline powder. An alexandrine verse. Shun the libertine. A writ of replevin. Taste the metheglin. A ripe nectarine. Intestine wars. A genuine med- icine. Honor the heroine. 21 — 23. Anise seed. Finis is the Latin for end. Orris root. We have justice gratis. Put down the chalice. The summer solstice. Trellis work Keep thy promise. Mortise the wood. The marquis sat on a dais. The earth turns on its axis. No basis for the slander. A crisis in our affairs. Charcoal dentifrice. Licorice root. A cicatrice is a scar. The bad apprentice had an accomplice. An interstice between the planks. A stroke of paralysis. My amanuensis writes as I dictate. 24 — 28. The duelist was an atheist. An active horticulturist. A mor- alist and a humorist, but no egotist. A granite store. The preterit tense. A decrepit oli man. No respite from toil. An exquisite tune. Our opp^- 8* 90 • IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES Bite neighbor. A massive rock. A large deficit. He made affidavit to the fact. The substantive or noun. The composite order Strike out the expletive. Not positive, but privative. 29 — 32. An adhesive plaster. The possessive case. The superlative degree. An inquisitive girl. Exercise is a preventive of ill health. A provocative of appetite. An interrogative mark. I am apprehensive that the palliative draught will do no good. A retentive memory. Choose the alternative. 33 — 35. Abolish the custom. Accomplish thy task. A skittish colt The lining of a coat. A hireling crew. Boarding and lodging. An inkling of success. An apple dumpling. Free from blemish. Vanquish passion. Cherish the poor. Shoes and stockings. The callow nestling. A brilliant wedding. Without spot or blemish. They brandish their Bwords. Burnish the silver. A churlish refusal. Publish the news. A heap of rubbish. Let me replenish your plate. Varnish the paneL IV. O in Unaccented Syllables. Words ending in om, ome, and on, in which o has an easy and obscure sounds inearly resembling that of short u. 1. At'om, be'som, blos'som, bot'tom, bux'oin, cus'tom, dtike'dom, fa^A'om, free'dom, kingdom, ran'dom, ransom, seldom, symp'tom, transom, venom. Dark'some, loa^A'some, lone'some, tire'- some, wel'come. 2. Ax'i-om, cum'ber-some, frol'ic-some, id'i-om, martyr-dom, mas'ter-dom. 3. Arson, bi'son, canton, carbon, cit'ron, chal'- dron, ci'on (also spelt sci'on), com'mon, demon, dragon, eb'on, fel'on, flagon, gallon, gam'mon, hc^r'on, jargon, lem'on, mam'mon, mel'on, pennon, pis'ton, rib'bon, saffron, ser mon, sam'mon, sex'ton, tal'on, ten' on, wagon. In a^pron and ^ron the sound of the r is transposed, aud thcM rords are pronounced as if a'purn^ ium. IN UHACCENTEP SYLLABLES* 91 In tae following words the o before final n is unsounded. 4. Bacon, bea'con, beck' on, bla'zon, but'ton crim'son, cot'ton, dam'son, deacon, glut'ton, lesson, mason, mut'ton, par don, parson, person, poi'son, prison, rea'son, reck'on, sea'son, trea'son, weap'on Fen'fson. The obscure sound of the o^ ntarly reseiribling that of u shorty is retained in the last syllable of the following. 5. Ben'i-5on, carri-on, cham'pi-on, cinna-monj clar'i'On, garri-son, hal'cy-on, lex'i-con, ofi-5on, scor pi-on, skel'e-ton, sim'ple-ton. 6. A-bandon, 0-ri'on, per-sim'mon. — Al-lu'vi- on, ca-pari-son, cen-tu'ri-on, com-par'i-son, cri- te'ri-on, ob-liv'i-on. Dan'de-li-on. Di-a-pa'son, sem-i-co'lon. Words in which o, in final or unaccented^ has an easy sound of e in her. 7. Act' or, arbor, ar dor, armor, candor, cap'tor, cas'tor, clam' or, doc'tor, do'lor, do'nor, error, fac'tor, fa'vor, fervor, fla'vor, harbor, hec'tor, hor ror, juror, labor, major, mayor, mi'nor, o'dor, pastor, parlor, proc'tor, ra'zor, rec'tor, rig'or, ru'mor, sa'vor, sculp'tor, sponsor, suc'cor, ta'bor, terror, tenor, torpor, tre'mor, tumor, tutor, val'or, va'por, victor, vig'or. 8 An'ces-tor, bach'e-lor, chan cel-lor, cred'i-tor, ed'i-tor, em'per-or, gov'em-or, me'te-or, moni-tor of a-tor, sen'a-tor, vis'i-tor. 9. A-bet'tor, ag-gress'or, as-sess'or, coMecfot, 92 O IN UNACCENTEI SYLLABLES. con-duct or, con-fess'or, con-tract'or, cre-a'tor, cu-ra'tor de-mean or, dic-ta'tor, di-vi'5or, e-lect'or en-am' or, e-qua'tor, im-pos'tor, in-spect'or, Id- struct'or, in-vent'or, nar-ra'tor, op-press'or, pre* cept'or, pro-fess'or, pro-ject'or, spec-ta'tor, suc- cess'or, sur-vi'vor, tes-ta'tor, tor-ment'or, trans- gress' or, trans-la'tor. 10. Al'li-ga-tor, ar'bi-tra-tor, cal'cu-la-tor, com'- men-ta-tor, cul'ti-va-tor, glad'i-a-tor, im'i-ta-tor, in'sti-ga-tor, me'di-a-tor, mod'er-a-tor, nav'i-ga-tor, nu'mer-a-tor, per'se-cu-tor, reg'u-la-tor, spec'u- ?a-tor, ven ti-la-tor. 11. Am-bas'sa-dor, an-te'ri-or, com-pet'i-tor, com-po5'i-tor, con-trib'u-tor, con-spir'a-tor, de-po5'i- tor, ex-po5'i-tor, ex-te'ri-or, in-fe'ri-or, in-te'ri-or, in-qui^'i-tor, pos-te'ri-or, pro-^en'i-tor, pro-pri'e-tor, su-pe'ri-or, ul-te'ri-or. 12. Ben- e -factor, co-ad-ju'tor, in-ter-ces'sor, pred-e^ces'sor, su-per-vi'5or. — Ad-min-is-tra'tor. Ca-lum'ni-a-tor. Words ending in ony and ory, in which o has an easy sound of short in got ; final y an easy sound of short L 13. Ac'ri-mo-ny, al'i-mo-ny, anti-mo-ny, c^r'e- mo-ny, mat'ri-mo-ny, par'si-mo-ny^ pat'ri-mo-ny, test'i-mo-ny. 14. Al'le-go-ry, am'a-to-ry, dil'a-to-ry, dor'mi- to-ry, ex'cre-to-ry, in'ven-to-ry, mi'gra-to-ry, fnon'i-to-ry, nu'ga-to ry, prei'a-to-ry, prefa-to-ry. IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 93 prom'i3-so-ry, prom'on-to-ry, pur'ga-to-ry, reper to-ry, ter ri-to-ry, trans'i-to-ry, vi' bra-to-ry. 15. Ex'pi-a-to-ry, ju'di-ca-to-ry, lab'o-ra-to-ry ob'li-ga-to-ry. — Con-serv'a-to-ry, con-sora-to-ry de-pil'a-to-ry, ob-5erv'a-to-ry, pre-par'a-to-ry, re pos'i-to-ry. — E-jac u-la-to-ry. In-ter-rog'a-to-ry Wards ending in ot unaccented, in which o has an obscule sound Tiearly resembling that ofn in but. 16. Ab'bot, ballot, fag'ot, maggot, pilot, ri'ot, tar'bot. — Char'i-ot, id'i-ot, pa'tri-ot. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 — S. A ohaldron of coal. Four quarts make a gallon. The last cion of the tree. A common felon. The talon of a bird. A tenon is the end of a timber filled to another. The crime of arson. An ebon cloud. The act of a demon. A bad symptom. A ribbon for my apron. An iron flagon. Andirons for the hearth. A besom is a broom. A herd of bisons. 4 — 6. Tough bacon. Blazon his worth. A crimson tint. My champion had no weapon, fialcyon days. The garrison holds out. A faded dande- lion. Make a semicolon. A persimmon tree. She is at her orisons. Venison steaks. A benison on you ! Caparison the steed. The plural of criterion is criteria. Abandon him to oblivion. 7 — 9. A donor is one who gives. They punish the transgressor. Succor the needy. A bachelor of arts. The testator makes a wUl. Assessors were chosen. A dazzling meteor. An instructor of the poor. My tutor Decame a governor. The precursor of ruin. Professor H . The in ventor was no impostor. The collector of the port. 10 — 12. The gladiator was slain. My ulterior views. The coadjutor of th« ambassador. The conspirators fled. The administrator of the estate. An administratrix must 'be a female. My progenitors. A patent venti- lator. The compositor sets type. My predecessor in office. Be an arbi- trator between us. No instigator of mischief. The chief inquisitor. 13 — 16. She spoke with acrimony. Alimony was granted to Iier by the court. Prefatory remarks. An inventory of my goods. Dilatory boys. Predatory attempts. A promissory note. This transitory life. The prom- ontory juts into the sea. A repertory of good sayings. Did yoa put an Interrogatory 7 An ejaculatory remark. The depilatory spoiled my eye- 94 V IS UNACCENTED SVLLABLBS. brow. Lay it before the judicatory. A toiled turbot They vote oy ballot A bundle of fagots. Honor Jie patriot Bring out the chariot. A flower from the conservatcrv. V. tJ in Pinal Syllables t naccented Words ending in urn and us unaccented, m which u huis an eoj] sound of short u, as in us, &c. 1. Arbum, alum, datum, fo'rum, furcrum. ISr'um, lus'trum, nos'trum, oak'um, quo'rum, ros- trum, spectrum, stratum, vel'lum. 2. Cer'e-brum, cra'ni-um, laud'a-num, maxi mum, me'di-um, min'i-mum, o'di-um, o'pi-um. pab'u-lum, pendu-lum, plat'i-num, pre'mi-um spec'u-lum, te'di-um, vac'u-um, tym'pa-num. 3. Ad-den' dum, a-sylum, co-nim'drum, de-co- rum, la-bur'num, ly-ce'um, mo-ment'um, mu-5e'um o-pos'»um, po-ma'tum, ar-ca'num. 4. Al-lu vi-um, com-pend'i-um, de-lir i-um, em po'ri-um, en-co'mi-um, eu-lo'^i-um, ex-ordi-um ye-ra'ni-um, mil-lenni-um, op-pro'bri-um, pal-la - di-um, sen-so'ri-um, stra-mo'ni-um. 5. Col-os-se'um, in-ter-reg'num, mem-o-ran dum. E-qui-lib'ri-um. De-sid-er-atum. 6. Bonus, census, circus, cro'cus, fo'cus, ^e'nus., gram'pus, lo'tus, nonplus, rebus, surplus. 7. Cal'a-mus, ex'o-dus, ^e'm-iis, im'pe-tus, in'-^ cu-bus, mit'ti-mus, nau'ti-lus, nu cle-us, om'ni-bus, pol'y-pus, ra'di-us, stim'u-lus. — As-bes'tus, hi a'tus, i-am'bus, man-da'mus, nar-cis'sus, pro-spoc'- tus, pa-py'rus. — As-pSr'a-gus. Ap-pa-ratua, ig-no-ramus, sal-e-ratus. U m UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 95 Wards in which on in final syllables has an easy sou^ of short a, 8. Bulb'ous, carious, cum'brous, dex'trous, fa' mous, fi'brous, joy'ous, leprous, monstrous, pi'ous, pomp'ous, po'rous, nervous, right'eous (pronounced ri'chus), vis'cous (pronounced vis'kus), 9. Am'o-rous, a'que-ous, clam'or-ous, co'pi-our^ de'vi-ous, en'vi-ous, friv'o-lous, ^en'er-ous, glo'ri- ous, glut'ton-ous, im'pi-ous, infa-mous, li'bel-ous, lig'ne-ous, o'dor-ous, om'i-nous, on'er-ous, peri- lous, pre'vi-ous, pros'per-ous, rav'en-ous, ri'ot-ous, scan'dal-ous, se'ri-ous, tim'or-ous, val'or-ous, va'por- ous, ven'om-ous, viriain-ous, vi'per-ous, ru'in-ous, spuri-ous, trai'tor-ous. 10. Dis-as'trous, e-normous, por-tent'ous, sin- is'trous, so-no'rous, tre-men'dous. 11. Ab-ste'mi-ous, am-big'u-ous, a-nal'o-gous a-nom'a-lous,' a-nony-mous, car-nivo-rous, cen sori-ous, com-mo'di-ous, er-ro'ne-ous, fe-lo'ni-ous ^e-lat'i-nous, gre-ga'ri-ous, il-lus'tri-ous, im-per vi-ous, in-dec'o-rous, in-dus'tri-ous, in-ju'ri-ous^ in-vid'i-ous, le-gumi-nous, lu-gubri-ous, mel-lif- lu-ous, mag-nan'i-mous, ne-fa'ri-ous, ob-strep'er- ous, op-pro'bri-ous, pre-cari-ous, pre-pos'ter-ous, Bu-per'flu-ous. 12. Ac-ri-moni-ous, cer-e-mo'ni-ous, dcl-e-te'- ri-ous, gram-in-iv'o-rous, ho-mo-^e ne-ous, in-stan- ta'ne-ous, mis-cel-la'ne-ous, par-si-mo ni-ous, pu- sil lan'i-mous, sanc-ti-mo'ni-ous, si-mul-ta'ne-ous — Ex-tem-p3-ra'ne-ous, het-e-ro-^e'ne-ous. M U IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. Wot lis in which wcejlnal and unaccented has the sound of yta rhyming vnth her, but enouTiced tvithout stress. 13. Capture, cincture, creature, culture, fail' lire, feature, fig'ure, fixture, flexure, fracture, future, gesture, jointure, juncture, lecture, mixt'- ure, moist'ure, nature, nurt'ure. 14. Ord'ure, pasture, pict'ure, pasture, punct'- ure, rapture, rupture, scripture, sculpture, stat'- ure, stricture, structure, tenure, texture, tinct'- ure, torture, venture, verdure, vest'urg, \iilt'ure. 15. Ad-vent'ure, con-ject'ure, de-bent'ure, de part'ure, im-post'ure, in-dent'ure, pro-ced'ure. — Man-u-fact'ure, per-ad- venture, su-per-struct'ure Ag'ri-cult-ure, hor ti-cult-ure. No'men-cla-ture. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 — 4. A lustrum is a space of five years. Write in my album. A quorum not being present, the house adjourned. The plural of datum ia data ; of stratum, strata ; of arcanum, arcana ; of addendum, addenda. Pomatum for the hair. A state of delirium. A compendium of the new& From the musfium we went to the lycfium. 6 — 7. I made some memoranda in my memorandum book. The ColoB Beum yet stands. A correct census is a desideratum. Other desiderate aie well-ventilated omnibuses and clean streets. A surplus crop, h ci ecus in bloom. The plural of stimulus is s/imw/t. A nucleiis, or kernel. A prospectus of our plan. An asparagus bed. Asbestus is often spell asbestos. Put no saleratus in the bread. A hiatus, or gap. The judge issued a mittimus. That was indeed a nonplus. A tremendous storm. 8 — 10 A viscous fluid. A callous hand. A leprous complaint. A righteous judgment. A cumbrous bundle. The previous question. A libelous charge ; villainous, viperous, and mischievous. Copious rains. An onerous task. Ligneous deposits. 11, 12. Disastrous shipwrecks. Nefarious frauds. Obstreperous hilar {ty. Preposterous conduct A superfluous apology. Abstemious diet Was the animal carnivorous or graminivorous ? A pusillanimous assailant An anomalous word. A hat impervious to rain. Greicarioufl auim&ls. BOUNDS Of F, G HARD, J, K. 97 CONSONANT SOUNDS AND SUBSTITUTES. I. Sounds of F, G hard, J, K. Words in ickich p aiid ph have the sound of t 1. Lymph, nymph, pha^e, phiz, phrase, sphere, aphinx, sylph. — Ca'liph, cam'phor, ci'pher, dauphin, diph'thong,* dolphin, cph'od, graph'ic, hyphen, neph'cWjf orphan, pam'phlct, phalanx, phantom, pharos, pho'nix, pheasant. 2. Phil'tcr, phyi'ic, proph'efc, sapphic (pro- nounced saf'fik), sap'phire (pronounced saf'fJre), seraph, si'phon, soph'ist, spheric, sul'phute, sulphur, trij h'thong, tri'umph, tro'phy, ty'phus, zephyr, phonic. 3. Al'pha-bet, aph'or-ism, at'mos-phere, at'ro- phy, hlas'phe-my, el'e-phant, em'pha-sis, ep'i-taph, eu'pho-ny, hem'js-phere, lith'o-graph, met'a-phor, nc o-phytc, oph'thal-my, par'a-phra^e, para-graph, pha'e-ton, phos'pho-ms, phar'ma-cy, proph'e-cy, proph'e-sy (when a verb), soph'is-try, soph'o-more, spher'i-cal, sul'phur-ous, syc'o-phant, sym'pho-ny, tel e-graph, zo'o-phyte. 4. As-phal'tic, de-ci'pher, em-phat'ic, lym- phat'ic, me-phit'ic, phleg-mat'ic, pho-net'ic, pro- phet'ic, tri-um'phant. 5. A-ceph'a-lous, am-phib'i-ous, a-poc'ry-phal, * In diph'Cmng, triph'thon in which ci has the sound of sh, and u united in sound tvith the preceding syV.abU^ tJie final vowel ofwhicJi is short. 4. Pre'cious, spe'cial, vi'cious. — Aus-pi'cious, ca-pri'cious, de-fi'cient, de-li'cious, ef-fi'cient, es- pe'cial, ju-di'cial, ju-di'cious, lo-^/i'cian, ma-^/i'cian, ma-li'cious, mu-5i'cian, of-fi'cial, of-fi'cious, om-nis'- cience, op-ti'cian, pa-tri'cian, per-ni cious, phy-si'- cian, pro-fi'cient, si-li'cious, suf-fi'cient, sus-pi'cion. * Hie I in ehemUe, machine, machmeryf capuchin, mnd the »e in chandelier, Ao« have the sound of « long. t Pronounced tham-tec^ — the lut a M in mar. BOUND OF SH IN SIHNB. 109 5. Ar-ii fi'cial, av-a-ri'cious, ben-e-fi'cial, pol-i- h'cian, rAet-o-ri'cian, su-per-fi'cial. — Ac-ad-e mi'-cian, a-rith-me-ti'cian, math-e-ma-ti'cian. — Ef-fi'-cien-cy, ju-di'cia-ry, pro-fi'cien-cy. Words in which si in sion final and unaccented has the sound of sh Give the o m sion an easy sound of short u. When si is pre* ceded by s (as in passion) the first s is merged in the sound of sh, and the word pronounced as if written pash'un. In cas'sia^ nxm'sea nauseous^ se and si have the sound of sh. C. Ces'sion, mansion, mis'sion, pas'sion, pen sion, tension, version. — Ac-ces'sion, ad mis'sion, ag gres'sion, as-cension, as-persion, a- version, com mis'sion, com-pas'sion, com-pres'sion, com-pul'sion, con-ces'sion, con-cus'sion, con-fes'sion, con-ver'sion. con-vul'sion, de-clen'sion, de-pres'sion. 7. Di-gres'sion, di-men'sion, dis-cus'sion, dis mis'sion, dis-per'sion, "di-ver'sion, ex-cur'sion, ex- pansion, ex-pres'sion, ex-pul'sion, ex-tension, im- pres'sion, im-pul'sion, in-cur'sion, in-ver'sion, o mis'- sion, op-pres'sion, per-cus'sion, per-ver'sion. 8. Po5-5es'sion, pre-ten'sion, pro-cession, pro fes'sion, pro-gres'sion, re-mis'sion, re-vei'sion, s?e-ces'sion, sub-mis'sion, sub-version, suc-cession SLip-pres'sion, sus-pen'sion, trans-gres'sion. — Ap pre-hen'sion, com-pre-hension, con-de-scension, in-ter-ces'sion, in-ter-mis'sion, man-u-mis'sion, re per-cus'sion, rep-re-hen'sion. An-i-mad- version. Words in which ti has the sound of sh. 9. Ac'tion, cap'tion, cap'tious, cau'tion, diction 10 110 SOUND OF SH IN EHINE. /ac'tion, fiction, fraction, frac'tious, fric'tion, fu;ic'tion, lo'tion, martial, mention, mo'tion, nation, notion, nuptial, option, patient, partial, portion, quo'ticnt, ra'tio, ration, satiate, sec'tion, sentient, station, suction, unc'tion, vitiate. 10. Ab-duc'tion, ab-lu'tion, ab-sorp'tion, ab sirac'tion, a-dop'tion, af-fec'tion, af-flic'tion, ap-pui tion, as-ser'tion, as-sump'tion, at-ten'tion, at-trac' tion, col-lec'tion, con-cep'tion, con-juwc tion, con nec'tion, con-struc'tion, con-sumption, con-trac'tion, con-vcn'tion, con-vic'tion, cor-rup'tion, cre-a'tion, cre-den'tial5, de-cep'tion, de-duc'tion, de-jec'tion. 11. De-scrip'tion, de-5er'tion, de-struc'tion, de- tec'tion, dis-sec'tion, dis-tinc'tion, dis-tor'tion, dis-trac'tion, e-jcc'tion, e-lec'tion, e-mo'tion, c-qua'- tion, es-sen'tial, ex-cep'tion, ex-pa'tiate, ex-ti;ic'tion, ex-trac'tion, fa-ce'tious, for-ma'tion, foun-da'tion, frus-tra'tion, im-pa'tient, in-duc'tion, in-ei'tia, in gra'tiate, in-fla'tion, in-fec'tious. 12. In-sa'tiate, in-scrip'tion, in-ser'tion, in-spec'- tion, in-struc'tion, li-ccn'tious, mi-gra'tion, nar-ra'- lion, ne-go'tiate, ob-jec'tion, ob-struc'tion, o-ra'tion, per-ccp'tion, plan- ta' tion, po-ten'tial, pre-dic'tion, pre-em//tion, pre-scrip'tion, pre-5um/?'tion, pra due tion, pro-mo'tion, pros-tra'tion, pro-tcc'tion, pru-den tial, pul-sa'tion, quo-ta'tion. 13. Re-action, re-cep'tion, re-demp'tion, re-ple'- tion, re-flec'tion, le-frac'tion, re-stric'tion, re-5uinp' tioii, ro-ta'tion, sal-va'tlon, se-cre'tion, se-lec'tion, fieu-ten'tious, stag-nation, sub-jec'tion, sub-scrip'« SOUND OF SH IN SHINE. Ill tioB, sub-st.xatial, sub-traction, tax-a tion, temp-ia! tion, trans- action, trans-la' tion, va-ca'tion, vex-a' tious, vi-bra'[ion, vo-ca'tion. 14 Ab di ca'tion Com pen sa tion 15. Be vi a'tioc ab er ra tion con fis ca tion dil a ta tion ab ju ra tion con fla gra tion dis ser ta tion ab so lu tion con fu ta tion dis si pa tion ac cla ma tion con ju ga tion dis til la tion ;ic cu 5a tion con se era tion el o cu tion tid ap ta tion con se quen tial em a na tion ad mi ra tion con stel la tion em en da tion af fir ma tion con ster na tion em i gra tion ag gra va tion con ver sa tion en er va tion al ter ca tion cor po ra tion e qui noc tial am pu ta tion cul ti va tion ex ca va tion an ncx a tion de bar ka tion ex cla ma tion ap pel la tion dec la ma tion ex ha la tion ap pli <;a tion dec li na tion ex pec ta tion ap pro ba tion ded i ca tion ex pi ra tion ar bi tra tion de fal ca tion ex ult a tion as sig na tion def a ma tion fas ci na tion at tes ta tion de lee ta tion ' fla^ el la tion ben e die tion del e ga tion gen er a tion cal cu la tion dem on stra tion //en u flee tion eel e bra tion dep u ta tion grav i ta tion cir cu la tion des o la tion hab i ta tion cir cum spec tion det es ta tion lie5 i ta tion com bi na tion det o na tion il lus tra tion •soin mu ta tion dev as ta tion im i ta tion 112 SOUND OF SH IN SHINE. Im pli ca'tion 16. Nav i ga'tion Ref or ma'tioD in car na tion ob scu ra tion rep ro ba tion ID cu ba tion ob 5er va tion res ig na tion in flam ma tion oc cu pa tion res o lu tion m flu en tial op er a tion re5 ur rec tion in for ma tion or di na tion ret ri bu tion in ao va tion os cil la tion rev e la tion in spi ra tion os ten ta tion rev er en tial in stal la tion pal li a tion rev o lu tion in sur rec tion pal pi ta tion sal i va tion in ter jec tion per fo ra tion sal u ta tion in ter rup tion per pe tra tion sep a ra tion in to na tion per spi ra tion sib i la tion in tro due tion per tur ba tion sim u la tion in un da tion pes ti len tial spec u la tion in vi ta tion pre con cep tion spo li a tion is la tion prep a ra tion stip u la tion ju ris die tion pre di lee tion suf fo ca tion lam en ta tion pre5 en ta tion su per scrip tioD lib er a tion pres i den tial sup pli ca tion lim i ta tion proc la ma tion trep i da tion lit i ga tion pro mul ga tion trit u ra tion lo CO mo tion pro ro ga tion ul cer a tion mal e die tion pros e cu tion un du la tion mod u la tion prot es ta tion u 5ur pa tion mas ti ca tion prov i den tial vac cin a tion me di a tion pub li ca tion val u a tion med i ta tion rSr e fac tion ven ti la tion mit i ga tion rec ol lee tion vis i ta tion mol es ta tion rec re a tion val e die tion SOUND OP SH m SHINE. 113 17. Ab bre vi a'tion ad ju (li ca tion ad min is tra tion al lit er a tion a mal ga ma tion am pli fi ca tion ap pro pri a tion as sas si na tion as sim i la tion cir cum lo cu tion clas si fi ca tion col ni za tion com mis er a tion con fed er a tion 18. In car cer a tion in oc u la tion in ter ro ga tion mul ti pli ca tion or gan i za tion per e grin a tion pro eras ti na tion pro nun ci a tion ram i fi ca tion re al i za tion re cip ro ca tion Ex e cu'tion er pen i ten tia ry prov i den tial ly Plen i po ten'tia ry 10* Co op er a'tion cor rob o ra tion de lin e a tion de ter mi na tion dis sem i na tion dis sim u la tion e man ci pa tion e quiv o ca tion e vac u a tion e vap ra tion ex am i na tion for ti fi ca tion ^es tic u la tion hu mil i a tion re it er a, tion rep re sen ta tion re tal i a tion re verb er a tion sig ni fi ca tion sol em ni za tion ter gi vcr sa tion trans fig u ra tion va ri e ga tion ver si fi ca tion vo cif er a tion Pro pOr tion al'i ty Cir cum nav i ga'tion in ter lin e a tion Su per er ga'tion 114 ^ BOUND OF SH IN SHINE. Words in which ti has the sound of sh, and is united, in ptonuih ciation, ivith the preceding syllable, the accented vou^l cf whicfi is short. 19. Na'tion-al, ra'tion-al. -:— Ad-di'tion, am-bi'- tion, at-tri'tion, con-di'tion, con-tri'tion, dis-cre'tion, e-di'tion, fic-ti'tious, fla-^i'tious, fru-i'tion, ig-ni'tion, in-i'tial, in-i'tiate, mi-li'tia, mo-ni'tion, mu-ni'tion, Qu-tri'tion, par-ti'tion, per-di'tion, pe-ti'tion, po-si'- tion, pro-pi' tious, se-ditious, sol-sti'tial, tra-di'tion, tu-i'tion, vo-li'tion. 20. Ab-o-lition, ac-qui-ntion, ad-ven-ti'tious, am-mu-mtion, ap-pa-ri'tion, ap-po-si'tion, co-a-li'- tion, com-pe-ti'tion, com-po-si'tion, def-i-ni'tion, dep-o-5i'tion,dis-po-5i'tion, eb-ul-li'tion, er-u-di'tion, ex-hi-bi'tion, ex-pe-di'tion, ex-po-si'tion, im-po-si' - tion, in-qui-si'tion, op-po-5i'tion, pre-mo-ni'tion, prep-o-5i'tion, pro-hi-bi'tion, rec-og-mtion, rep-e- ti'tion, su-per-sti'tion, sup-po-5i'tion, trans-po-5i'tion. — Prac-ti'tion-er. In-i'tia-to-ry, pro-pi'tia-to-ry. Words in which s, followed ly u, has the sound of^. 21. Sure. Censure, fis'sure, press'ure, sugar, sumac, sure'ty. Cy'no-sure. As-sure'. As-sui'- ance, in-surance. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1,2. The marshal's truncheon. A stanchion or prop. On Lake Cham- plain. The charlatan came in a chaise. The chevalier has shaved oflf his mustache. The aeronaut came down in a parachute. An avalanche swept away the hut. The marchioness treated him with nonchalance. The chan- delier fell. Ingenious machines. A gracious smile. A spacious pretence ( use no coercion. Her knowledge seems like prescience. A luscious grape. P&j me in speoie. She pines with chagrin A lobster is orustaoeoos ; as B0X3KD OF SH IN SHINE. 115 oyster, tpstaccoua Champagne wine. By a champaign country, ne mean an open, level country. 3 — 5. A veracious narrative. An argillaceous or clayey soil Farina oeous food. Efficacious medicine. A contumacious boy. A pertinacious blunderer. A voracious fish. A special verdict. A precious baby. An auspicious beginning. A capricious and superficial little lady. An efficient teacher. A sufficient suspicion. A silicious or flinty earth. Her profi- ciency amazes. A politician, but no rhetorician. An officious, avaricious man. A ready arithmetician. Reverence the Omniscient One. G — 8. A balloon ascension. An unjust aspersion. Depression of spirits A long procession. False professions. In possession of property. A per cussiou cap. An animadversion on his transgression. Quick of apprehen sion. The queen's condescension. An excursion into the country. A Fuccession of losses. The secession of our allies must lead to a suspension of hostilities. A nauseous draught. Is it cassia or cinnamon? A new ver sion. An important mission. A fit of passion. 9 — 11. The nuptial ceremony. A fractious child. A partial report. A captious critic. The ratio of in'crease. A sailor's rations. The convention met. They showed their credentials. A portion of the nation. The doctor has many patients. An infectious disease. A facetious youth. The frus tration of my plans. You drive me to distraction. A description of tha Bcene. Expatiate on it Divide 12 by 3, and 4 is the quotient The consumption of fiiel. Inertia is want of action. A solid foundation. My morning ablution. The abduction of the maid. 12,13. Apt quotations. An inspection of troops. Inscriptions on tomb stones. Preemption rights. My heart's pulsation. Prudential policy. Obstructions in the road. Negotiate for the plantation. Filled to repletion Rotation in office. A sententious style. A sum in subtraction. Give him your subscription. Shun temptations. A vexatious taxation. Stagnation in business. A reaction must be near. 14, 15. The adaptation of the parts. An altercation among the students. \ dilatation of the eyes. The confiscation of his property. A severe fla^el etion. Free from molestation. She holds him in detestation. He sought >n assignation. Defamation of character. An aberration from the right Numerous emendations. He accused her by implication. What is his ap- jellation ? A commutation of his sentence. The declination of the star. A minous conflagration. 16, 17. The rarefaction of the air. He was fluent in his protestations V presidential proclamation. His conduct is without palliation. The oscil »«ition of the pendulum. Let there be good ventilation. A reverential sup |»iication. Iii vaccinaiton the first c has the sound of k, the second the %)und of s in so A predilection in her favor. My recollection fails. The ireparaticc for winter. The prorogation of parliament A specimen ot 116 SOUNDS OF T, TH, W, Y, Z, ZH. *l!itcraiion. The Colonization Society. Give mc youi roupcntion A Oorroboration of the fact. Speak without circumlocution or nniplificatiuu. IS. A minister plenipotentiary. A work of supererogation. Procrasii- nation is the thief of time. The circumnavigation of the globe. Never resort to teri/iversation or evasion. A reciprocation of benefits. I met her in my peregrinations. The multiplication table. A mark of interrogation. The realization of my hopes. Study to be accurate in your pronunciation. 19 — 21. A new edition. A rational ambition. Flagitious conduct Munitions of war. A partition of the spoils. A partition of wood. He made deposition to the fact. An ebullition of anger. The attrition of the Btoue has worn a hole. The ignition of the chips. A dishonest coalition. An initiatory explanation. Solstitial weather. A pressure in the money market. The cyno:}ure of all eyes. A fissux'e in the walL A policy of insurance. rv. Sounds of T, TH, "W, Y, Z. ZH. Words in which d has tJie sound f-f t. The words in which d has the sound of t are, for the most part, cither the past tenses of verbs, or the participles of verbs, — as pliaked, tossed, stepped, &.Q. Now, the letter e before d in these words is not sounded ; whence the sounds of k in j)lnck, of s in twiSy and of p in step, cotnc in inunediate contact with the sound of the letter d. But the sound of the letter d is vocal, whilst those of A-, s, and p, are aspirate; so that the combinations kd ^, and ]xl, arc unpronounceable. Hence d is sounded as t, 1. Asked, baked, danced, guessed, inked, laughed, milked, mi.s.sed, puffed, shocked, stamped, strapped, tripped, walked, washed, whipped. Be- trothed. Words tn which th has its aspirate soundy as in thin. 2. Bath, both, breath, breaths, lath, loth, mouth., myth, oath, path, sheath, think, troth, truth, truths, Withe, youth, youths. — An'thcm, author, ba'thos, bismuth, ether, ethics, hundredth, jacinth, meth ZH. 117 3d, sab'bath, thesis, Thu'le, thunder, zenith. — Ba-truth', cn-throne. 3. Am'a-ranth, apa-thy, az'i-muth, ep'i-thet, mb'y-rinth, leth'ar-^3% mis'an-thrope, plcth'o-ric, syn'the sis, the'o-ry. — A-can'thus, au-then'tic, ca *;har'tic, nc-pon'the, pan-the'on, pa-thet'ic. 4. A-nath'c-ma, an-tith'e-sis, a-rith'mc-tic, an tip'a-thy, can-thar'i-des, hy-poth'e-sis, le-vi'a-than, my-thoro-ZyTj pa-rcn'thc-sis, the-oc'ra-cy, the-od'o lite, the-ol'o-^/y, ther-mom'c-ter. Words in tvhich th has its vocal soiaid, as in thine. 5. Bathe, bath5, blithe, booth, booths, breathe, lath5, lithe, mouth (when a verb), mouths, oaths, paths, with. — Burthen, ei'ther, farthing, hith'er, lath'er, leath'er; prith'ee, thith'er, worthy. — Be neath', be-queath, un-sheathe. Words in which u Juts the sound oj w. 6. Ari'guish, larigua^/e, languid, la/i'guor, \m guist, penguin, pinguid, sanguine, suasion, un guent. — As-sua//e', dis-suade, per-suade. — As'- sue-tude, des'ue-tude, suav'i-ty. — Dis-sua'sive, per-sua'sion. Wofrds in which i, preceded by the accent^ and followed ry a vmvelj has the consonant sound of j. 7. Anxious, al'ien, banian, bast'ion, bes'tial, bilious, bill'iards, bili'ion, brill'iant, bull'ion. Chris- tian, clu^/t'ier, coll'ier, cord'ial, court'icr, dahl'ia, fil'ial, flexion, folio, fust'ian, hall'iards, Ind'ian. jun'ior, million, min'ion. 118 SOUNDS OF T, TH, W, Y, Z, ZH. 8. Noxious, onion, pannier, pav'ior, pillion, pinion, poniard, pump'ion, premier, question, ruf fian, Saviour, scuU'ion, senior, spaniel, trill'ion, trivial, trunnion, union, val'iant, vis'ion, viz'ier. 9. A-phel'ion, au-relia, aux-il'iar, bat-tal'ion, be-hav'ior, ce-les'tial, ci-vil'ian, con-^es'tion, com- munion, com-bus'tion, com-pan'ion, com-plex'ion con-cil'iate, con-viv'ial, con-ven'ient, di-^es'tion do-min'ion, ex-haus'tion, e-lys'ium, e-bullient e-moU'ient, es-pal'ier. 10. Fa-mil'iar, in-^/en'ious, me-dallion, mag no'lia, 0-pin ion, pa-villon, pe-cul'iar, per-fid'iou3 ple-be'ian, port-fol'io, pos-till'ion, co-till'ion, punc til'io, re-5irient, re-bell'ion, tri-en'nial, ver-mil'ion • - Ig-no-min ious, su-per-cil'ious. Words in which a has the smmd of z in gaze. The words where s is sounded like z are, many of them, eithei possessive cases or plural forms of nouns, — as stat/^Sy stags , slab's, slabs, &c. In these words (and in words like them) tho sounds of ^ (in stag) and of i (in slab) come in immediate contact with the letter s. But the sound of the letter s is aspirate, whil^ those of b and at to rout. What route do you take ? Undei the rose. Six rows of elms. A rude boy. The holy rood. Rough weather A cleoa ruff. They rung the bells, and wrung out the towels. A wry face. Rye bread. 22. For sale. Ships under sail. I have seen the fish that were caught in a seine. A fair scene. You can see the sea. The ships seem near. A coarse seam. Seize the present. On the high seas. She sees a star. A Russian serf. A boat swamped in the surf. A coat of serge. The roarings of the surge. Sheer nonsense. Shear the sheep. A pair of shears. Sheers for raising weights. The sun shone. A picture was shown. 23. She sighed to quit my side. A good sign. The sine of an arc. A thick -skull. Scull the boat. A drive in a sleigh. Though He slay me, yet will I trust Him. A loose sleeve. Sleave the threads. They slew the fugitive. Slue the sleigh round. A sleight of hand. A slight illness. At a slow rate. Sloe berries. The sole of the foot. The immortal soul. Sow the seed. Is it so you sew my sleeve ? Eagles soar. A sore lip. She had a staid demeanor. He stayed some time. 24. Why stare as you go up stairs ? A beef steak. Drive the stake in the earth. I have all at stake. Step on. The steppes of Asia are like our prairies. Steal not. A steel chain. Climb the stile. A style of writing The stoop of a house. Stoop lower. A stoup of wine. A narrow strait A straight path. Straighten the lead pipe. In straitened circumstances. Do it straightway. A sweet peach. One of the prince's suite. Succor the sufi'ering. Pull up those suckers. Some boys would do that sum men- tally. Mr. Gay's eldest son was sun-struck. 25. A tale-bearer. A fox's tail. Tear up the tares. The dog tax. Tacks for the carpet. He drives a team. These ponds teem with fish. A tier of boxes. She shed tears. There they left their horses. He threw the oat through the window. A throe of pain. Throw a quoit lie throws it well. Throes of anguish. The king *sat on his throne. They wrestled, and he was thrown. High tide. They tied his hands. 26. It is time to pluck the thyme. They towed the boat. Toads are harmless. He hurt his toe. A load of tow. Tliey told the sexton, and he tolled the bell. Two o'clock. Too late. They toled along the fish by throwing bait. A desert tract. They tracked him through the snow. A tea tray. The trey of clubs. A shady vale. She wears a veil (or vail). Bee the veins in her neck. A vain attempt. The vane on the steeple. 27. Boys wade in the stream. They weighed the gold. A wail of Borrow. Cloth woven with a wale. The creaking wain. The moon is on Che wane. Wait a moment. The weight of an ox. Waste not, want not A siira waist. Hard ware. Why wear that cap ? The ocean wave. Waive the question. This is the way. Weigh the meat. Once » week. A weak woman. She will w ^an the infant, I ween. Fine weather. The bell-vethef of the Qock Would you go? A cord of wood. 132 WORDS NEARLY SDHLAR IN SOUND. WORDS NEARLY SIMILAR IN SOUND. there arc shades of diflfcrcncc, which a good speaker will regard in his enunciation, in most of the words here coupled 1. Alms, arms ; a-loud, al-lowed ; bar'on, bar- ren ; borough, burrow ; bri'dal, bri'dle ; calk, cork ; candid, can' died ; cap'i-tal, cap'i-tol ; carat, carrot ; censor, cen'ser , collar, cholcr ; council, counsel ; coun'cil-or, counsel- or ; currant, cur- rent ; cyin'bal, sym'bol. 2. De-serf, des-sert' ; dual, duel ; for'mal-ly, for'mer-ly ; gam'ble, gam'bol ; grisly, gris/'ly ; i die, i'dol ; laud, lord ; lin'e-a-ment, lin'i-ment ; low'cr, lore ; mat'rass, mat'tress ; met'al, met'tle ; med'al, med'dle ; missile, mis'sal ; ot'tar, ot'ter. 3. Ped'al, ped'dle ; pend'ant, pend'ent ; pis' til, pistol ; pit'ied, pit'ted ; prin'ci-pal, prin'ci-ple ; profit, proplvet ; roar, row'er ; sects, sex ; sought, sort ; stalk, stork ; sta'tion-a-ry, sta'tion-er-y ; sub' tile, suZ>'tle ; tal'ents, tal'ons ; trav'el, trav'ail ; vi'al, vi'ol. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERaSES. 1. Carry alms, not arms. She allowed bim to speak aloud. The baron's barren acres. The bridal fea.st. A bridle for the horse. Calk the ship's sides, and put a cork in the jug. I said a candied y not a candid tongue. A capital crime was committed in the capitol. A yellow carrot, bu*, not a carat of gold. In his choler he threw off his collar. Currant wine. Current news. A councilor is a member of a council. Call the counselor at law. 2. A dessert spoon. Never desert a friend. A grisly bear. Gristly moat Formerly you addressed me less formally. Expressive lineaments. Lini* incnts for rkcumatiam. A hair mattress. A chemist's matraos ModilU WORDS DIPFERINQ IN ACCENT. 133 oot with m/ medal. An illuminated missal. He threw a missile. Dttar of roses. They caught an otter. 3. A pedal for the piano-forte. A pendant at the ear. A pendent rock. She pitied me, I was so pitted by the small-pox. A stationary cart. The stationer sells stationery. Subtile air. A subtle rascal. Religious sectp. The glory of her sex. The prophet found neither credit nor profit The pistil of a flower. A double-barreled pistol. lie sought a soit of glue. A man without principle. The principal man of the town The pedJlr ra peddle wooden wares. A bass viol. A vial of medicine. Her travai it ended. We will travel together. WORDS DIFFERING IN ACCENT, ETC. Many English words, spelled alike, are distinguished only by the accent. In such words, when dissyllables, the accent, which in the noun or adjective falls on the Jirst, in the verb generally falls on the second syllable. EXAMPLES. 1. Ab'sent, ab-sent' ; ab'stract, ab-stract ; ae cent, ac-cent ; affix, af-fix ; at'trib-ute, at-trib ute ; augment, aug-ment ; cem'ent, ce-mcnt col'league, col-league ; collect, col-lect ; com' pound, com-pouncl ; concert, con-cert ; con ere te con-crete ; conduct, con-duct ; confine, con-fine j conflict, con-flict ; conserve, con-serve ; con'soitj con-sort ; contest, con-test ; con tract, con-tract ; contrast, con-trast , converse, con- verse ; convert, con- vert ; convict, con-vict ; convoy, con-voy. 2. Desert, de-5ert' ; des'cant, des-cant ; di'^cst, di ^est ; escort, es-cort ; essay, es-say ; export, ex-port ; ex' tract, ex-tract ; ferment, fer-ment , 12 134 WORDS DIFFEKINQ IN ACCENT. fre qiient, fre-quent ; gallant, gal-lant ; im'port, im-port ; im'press, im-press ; incense, in-cense , increase, in-crease ; insult, in-sult ; in'ter-dict, In-ter-dict' ; object, ob-ject ; perfume, per-fume ; permit, pcr-mit ; pervert, per-vert ; prefix, pre- fix ; prelude, pre-lude ; prem'ise, pre-mi^e ; pres'- a^e, pre-sa^e , present, pre-sent ; produce, pro- duce ; proj'ect, pro-ject ; progress, pro-gress ^ pro'test, pro-test. 3. Reb'el, re-bel' ; rec'ord, re-cord ; refuse, re-fu5e ; subject, sub-ject ; surname, sur-name ; survey, sur-vey ; torment, tor-ment ; transfer, trans-fer ; trans'port, trans-port ; upstart, up-start. In the following words, the nouns have the closing s aspirate (as in so), while the verbs have it soft, as in his. 4. A-buse, a-bu5e ; close, close ; dif-fuse, dif- fuse ; ex-cuse, ex-cuse ; grease, grease ; house, house ; mouse, mouse ; rise, rise ; use, use ; com' pro-mise, com'pro-mise. In the following words, the c in the noun becomes an s in the rerb : ad-vice, ad- vise ; de-vice, de-vise ; proph'c-cy, proph'e-sy. To these words most lexicographers add practice, practise ; but Webster spells both noun and verb alike : namely, practice. As there is no difference in the pronunciation, this seems right. The th in teeth, as a plural noun, is aspirate (as in thin) ; as a verb, it is vocal (as in this). The i in lice, when an adjective, Is long ; when a verb, it is short In cojjipac' (a noun) the accent IS on the first syllable ; but on tnc second when it is an adjective. In (jal'lant, meaning brave, A?., the accent is on the first syllable In yal-lant^, meaning polite, the accent is on the second. Id Alt' gust, the name of a month, the accent is on the first ; in the adjective au-gus^, on the second. ^ORDS DIFFERING IN ACCENT. 135 In'va-lid (a uoun) has the accent on the first syllable ; as an ftdjective ^meaning 7mU) it is accentuated thus : in-vaVid. Tho Qoun prec'e-dent is distinguished in a similar manner from the adjective pre-cedent. In alternate the verb has the accent on the first syllable ; the adjective^ oa the second. In the words al-hj and ro^manc^ the accent is on the lasr syllabic, whether they are nouns or verbs. Accent must not be confounded with quantity. In the sub- stantive com' pact, and the adjective cmn-pacf, the quantity of the /owels is the same, although the accent of the syllables is difierent. DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1. Those "w^ho absent themselves are absent. An abstract noun. He abstracted the money. A wrong accent. Accent the word. Put an afl&x to the word. Affix your signature. An attribute of deity. Attribute it to the right cause. A charming concert. Concert your plans. A strong contrast. Conti'ast this with that. A convert is one converted. A con- vict is one convicted of a crime. A concrete mass. Concrpte the particles Pleasant converse. Let us converee. 2. Do not desert us in the desert. An escort of cavalry. They escorted the governor. His first essay. He essayed in vain. An export duty. They export cotton. An extract from Addison. Extract the tooth. The town is in a ferment. Beer ferments. A frequent occurrence. He fre- quents bad society. A sweet perfume. It perfumes the air. A base insult. Insult no one. Do you object ? A wretched object. He presents some presents. The project failed. He will project another. I protest against it. Your protest will not be heeded Let me premise. Your premises are fallacious. 3. A rebel is one who rebels. Record the date. Search the records. A basket for refuse paper. Refuse the gift. A subject for a poem. Man subjects animals to his use. A survey of land. Sur\ey the field. He suf. fered torments. Why torment her ? A transport ship. You transport me by the good news. 4. He heeds not her abuse. Do not abuse him. A close atmosphere. Close the door. A diffuse style. The furnace diffuses warmth. A pool excuse. Excuse her. A pot of grease. Grease the wheels. They effected a compromise. Compromise the matter. The invalid's agreement was k valid. A gallant ship. He was quite gallant to the ladies. The monib of .\ugu3t. An august presence. 136 RULES FOB SPELLma. IIULES FOR SPELLING. 1. Words of one syllable ending with any consonant but/, /, or c preceded by a single vowel, do not double the final consonant; ua man J bcd^ ham. Exceptions. — Add, burr, butt, buzz, ebb, e^g^ err, inn, odd. 2. Words of one syllable ending wich /, /, or 5, preceded by a Bingle vowel, double the final consonant ; as, stiffs full ^ class. Exceptions. — A5, has, his, if, is, gas, of, this, thus, yes, us, was. 3. Words ending in silent e drop « on taking an additional syllable beginning with a vowel ; as, have^ kav'ing ; cure^ cur'a-ble ; sense, sens'i-ble. Blame, move, reprove, sale, and their compounds, arc some- times, though improperly, made to retain e before able. The proper spelling is llamable, &c. Words ending in ge and ce retain e before able, in order to preserve the soft sounds of g and c (the sounds of j and s) ; as, changeable, peaceable, &c. Wo write singeing, springeing, and swingeing, to distinguish these words from si?iging, springing aiid sioinging. Dye has dyeing, to distinguish it from dying ; but eye has eying. The e is retained in verbs ending in oe and ee ; as, shoe, shoe- ing ; fioe, luoeing ; toe, toeiiig ; see, seeing ; agree, agreeing, &e. Words ending with c hard insert k before a syllable beginning with e or i, to preserve the hard sound ; as, frolic, frolicked frolick-ing ; phy^'ic, phys'ickcd, phy^'ick-ing. Words ending in ie change the ie into y on adding ing ; as me, vying ; tie, tying ; lie, lying ; hie, hying ; die, dying. . EXAMPLES. Ad-mire, ad'mi-ra-ble ; a-dore, a-dor'a-ble ; ad ^*e, ad-vi'sa-ble ; blame, bla'ma-ble ;. censure RULES FOR SPELLING. 131 censa-ra-ble ; corn-pare, com'pa-ra-ble , con-oeive con-ceiv'a-ble ; con-sume, con-su'ma-ble ; con- vince, con-vin'ci-ble ; cure, cur'a-ble ; de-bate, de-ba'ta-ble ; de-cline, de-cli'na-ble ; de-duce, de du ci-ble ; de-fme, de-fi'na-ble ; de-plore, de-plOr a-ble ; de-scribe, de-scriba-ble ; de-sire, de sir ?.-ble ; dis-pute, dis'pu-ta-ble ; ex-cuse, ex- cu sa-ble ; force, for ci-ble ; fuse, fu'si-ble ; ig-nite, ig-ni'-ti-ble ; im-a^'ine, im-a^'i-na-ble. Im-prove, im-prova-ble ; im-pute, im-pu ta-ble ; mis-take, mis-ta'ka-ble ; move, mov'a-ble ; note, no' ta-ble ; ob-serve, ob-serv'a-ble ; pal'ate, pal'a- ta-ble ; pro-cure, pro-cur a-ble ; prove, prov a-ble ; rate, ra'ta-ble ; rec'on-cile, rec-on-ci'la-ble ; re- duce, re-du ci-ble ; re-move, re-mov'a-ble ; re-pute, rep'u-ta-ble ; re-solve, re-solv'a-ble ; re-verse, re- vers'i-ble ; sale, sa'la-ble ; sense, sens'i-ble ; size, d'za-ble ; tame, ta'ma-ble ; tithe, ti7/ta-ble ; val'- le, val'u-a-ble. Exceptions. — A-gree'a-ble, chan^e'a -ble, cbar^e'- a-ble, dam'ai/e-a-ble, man'a(/e-a-ble, no'tice -a-ble, peace'a ble, service- a-ble, trace'a-ble EXAMPLES. Add ing to the following words, in accordance with Rule 3. Bathe, bribe, change, chase, come, cringe, dance, fife, gore, grieve, hin^e, like, lod^e, pa^/e, pino^ probe, ride, shame, snore, splice, snueeze, take, tease, trace, trade, tire, wane, wed^e, wmce. 12* 138 RULES FOR SPELLINQ Add lik^ y, amXy or aZ, to the followmg words, in accordano€ mih. Eiilc 3. Ish. Brute, knave, pale, rogue, slave, swine, thieve, whi:e. — r Y, Able, double, fleece, idle, juice, plague, noble, scale, shade, spice. — Artec, Assure, continue, contrive, endure, grieve, insure observe, persevere, pursue. — Al. Arrive, bride, dispose, fes'tive, nature, propose, refuse, revive, u'ni- verse. 4. Words ending in silent c generally retain e on receiving an additional syllable beginning with a consonant ; as movement ^ a-chieve'ment. Exceptions. — Awful, argument, abrid^ent acknowledgment, judgment, duly, truly, wholly. EXAMPLES. Add fid, less, ly, ment, or 7iesSy to the following words, in accordance with llulc 4. Ful, Hope, peace, rue, shame, spite, tune, wake, waste. — Less. Care, cease, cure, force, grace, life, name, shame, shape. — Ly. Bare, home, late, mere, rude, safe, sa^e, tame, wide, wise. — Ment, Ad-vance, com-mence, en-cour'a/jre, en-tice, en-ga^e, in-duce, manage, re-fine. — Ness, Base, feeble, hoarse, i'dle, lame, lar//e, like, pale, ripe, rude. 5. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to before any augmen* but '*, or one beginning with i. Exceptions — The derivatives of dry and shf/ retain the y ; as, dryly, shyly ; dryness, shyness &o RULES FOR SPELLINa. 139 EXAMPLES. Add the augments csf^ cSj cth, and ed, severally, to the following verbs, in accordance with Eule 5 ; thus, f/ldri-fy, gld ri-fi-est^ qldri-Jies, (jld ri-fi-cih, gldri-Jied. Am'pli-fj, ap-ply, cer'ti-fy, clar'i-l'y, com ply^ cru'ci-fy, cry, de-cry, de'i-fy, de-scry, de-fy, de-ny, digni-fy, cd'i-fy, es-py, for'ti-fy, fry, grat'i-fy, im-ply, in-dem'ni-fy, just'i-fy, mag'ni-fy, mod'i-fy, mol'li-fy, mor'ti-fy, multi-ply, no'ti-fy, oc'cu-py, ply, propli'e-sy, pry, pu'ri-fy, qual'i-fy, ram'i-fy, rat'i-fy, rcc'ti-fy, re-ply, sanc'ti-fy, sat'is-fy, scar'- i-fy, sim'pli-fy, spy, stu'pe-fy, sup-ply, test'i-fy, \;£Yy vcr'i-fy, viv'i-fy. Add er, est, fid, less, Zz/, or 7iess, to the following words, in accordance with Hule 5. Er, est, and li/. Busy, cra'zy, clum'^y, dainty, ea'sy, gid'dy, greed'y, hap'py, luck'y, merry, ready, sha'dy, speedy, stinV/y, tar dy, ti'dy, wor//i'y. — FuL Fancy, pity. — Less. Mercy, pit'y, rcm'e-dy. — Ness, Bu5'y, dainty, gid'dy, greed'y, read'y. G. When a rowel precedes the y final, or when inr/ is added, the y IB generally retained. Exceptions. — Paid, laid, lain, saith, said, and most of their compounds, as un-paid, mis-laid. Dai'lij is also a frequent exception. Gayhj and ^aije-tij are generally spelled as here given. EXAMPLES. Add ing to the verbs given in the examples under Eulo 5. Add s, ed, er, and ing, severally, to the following vcrbs; in accord •nee with Rule 6. 140 RULES FOR SPELLINa. Be -tray, de-lay, de-stroy, era-ploy, en-joy, play. 7. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable ending with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, doublf that consonant on taking an augment beginning with a vowel. Exceptions. — The derivatives of gas have only one s ; as, gases, O^si-fy. Xy h, and k, are never doubled in English words ; as, wax, waxen. EXAMPLES. Add ed and my, severally, to the following verbs, in accordance with Rule 7. A-bet', ac-quit, ad-mit, al-lot, be-fit, blot, bud, chat, coni-mit, dot, fit, im-bed, per-mit, plot, quit, send, sub-mit, wed. (In the following,. when ed is added, the e before the final d is silent.) An-nul', beg, brag, con-trol, de-bar, de-mur, dis-til, drum, ex-tol, ex-pel, hem, hop, hum,* im-pel, lag, mob, flap^ pro-pel, rob, rub, sin, sob. Add er, ar, or^ y, est, to the following words, in accordance V/ith Rule 7. Er, Be-gin, big, drum, rob, rub, run, stab, bwim. — Ar. Beg. — Or. Abet. — Y. Crag, gum, nkin, shrub, smut. — Est. Big, M, glad, red, sad. 8. Lut if there are two final consonants, or two vowels preceding a fnia- consonant — likewise if the accent is not on the last syllable, or if the accent is shifted — no doubling takes place.* EXAMPLES. Add ed or ing to the following words, under the foregoing Rale. (Heed the sound of ^ taken by d, after an appirato cod- • The word ex-cel departs from thia rule in ea'cel-lence. But In prtT^-tnc^ %'tereKce, Ao., the rule h>ldl. RULES FOR SPELLma. 141 sonant sound; as in cuffed^ stripped^ missed, &c., pronounced niff, stript, mist, &c. Sec page 116.) Call, chill, con-fess, cufF, cull, dis-tress, ebb, on-gross, err, fell, fill, gall, hiss, hurl, im-press, kill, loll, op-press, pass, puff, pull, quaif, quell, re-press, roll, scoff, shell, smell, snuff, spell, spill Lhrill, till, trans-gress, trill, will, yell. Beam, beat, boil, cheat, clean, com-plain, cool, strain, pail, gain, heal, heap, join, look, mail, nail, rail, sneer, spoil, spout, steam, toil. Ballot, ban'ter, beck'on, beggar, ben'e-fit, bi'as, big'ot, billet, cabin, carpet, com'bat, cov'et, credit, differ, doc'tor, en-vel'op, ex-hiblt, fat' ten, fid'(/et, ui'ter, forfeit, gallop, ^ib'bet, harden, in herit, ^inilt, murmur, offer, par'al-lel, pil'fer, pilot, prof fer> profit, rea'^on, riv'et, suffer, tem'- per, vi^lt, waiu'scot, worship. Remarks. — The folloT»Ing words arc, by many writers and lexicographers, regarded as exceptions to Rule 8, and arc made to double the final consonant before ed, ing, &c. But this devi- ation is condemned by Lowth, Walker, Perry, and Webster ; and present usage is in favor of the reform introduced by the latter, under which these words are spelled in accordance with Rule 8 ; thus, trav'eled, trav'el-ing, trav'el-er ;* jew' el, jew'el-er, &c. Add ed or ing to the following : Ap-parel, barrel, bevel, cancel, carol, cavil, • Walker says : " An ignorance of this Rule (Rule 8) has led many to write bigotted for bigoted, y adding 5, when the Blngular ends with a sound that will unite with the sound of 5: as, lamp, lamps ; date, dates ; woe, ivoes : or by adding es, or s having the sound of es, when the singular ends with a sound that will not unite with the sound of*; as, fox, foxes ; lens, lenses; torch, torches; rose roses; Miss, Misses; excellence^ excellences. Nouns having any other ending than y preceded by a consonant or than /, h, o, s, x, also nouns ending in silent e, form their plurals by adding 5. AMicn c soft (having the sound of s), cr, as po^Miluvian. Pre, or prac, before, as predict. Piieter, or praeter, jxist or beyond, as ^cfematural. 13* 150 PREFIXES AND POSTFIXES. Pro, ftr, forth, or forward, as pronoun, provoke, proceed. Ro, back or again, as retract, rebuild. Retro, backwards, as retrospect. Se, a^ide or apart, as recede. Si'ne, witlwut, as sincewxe. {Sine has also the fonn of fin and sm, as ^mplc, «7icere.) Sub, under or after, as «^^sidc. (Swi has also the forms oi nuc, suf, sag, sup, sus contracted for svhSj as ««:ceed, sufius/Q suggest, supi^ress, sus^pend,) ^ Subtcr, under or beneath, as ^M^ierfuge. Super, above or over, as «^;>errluou3. {Super has also th« French form sur, as w^rmount.) Trans, overfro?n one place to another ^ as tran^ort. Ultra, beyond, as z^^ramundane. 3. Prefixes of Qbeek Origin. A or an, without or pnvatton, as apathy, anonymous. Amphi, both or the two, as amphihioua. ^ Ana, through or tfp, as aTwtomy. Anti, against, as ^7i^zchrist. (ilw^z has sometimes the con tracted form of ant, as antarctic.) Apo, /ro77i or aioay, as opostae^. {Apo has sometimes the contracted form of op, as aphelion.) Cata, dotvn, as catarrh. (CWa has also the form of cat, as cat- echise.) Dia, through, as c^iaphanous. Epi, upon, as epitaph. {Epi has ^Iso the form of ep, as irjjhemeral.) Hyper, over and above, as Aypercritical. Hypo, under, as /ii/pothesis. Meta, change, as wieiamorphosis. (Me?a has also the form of met, as method.) Para, near to, or side by side as if for the purpose of comjtarp ion, and hence sometimes similarity, and sometimes co7itraritty as paradox. {Para has also the form of par, as parody.) Peri, round about, as periph'rasis. PREFIXEd AND POSTFIXES. 15j ftyn, togethtr, as 52/71' thesis. {Syn has also the forms «i/, syi tynii ad system, syllogism, ^ywpathy.) 4. Postfixes oh Affixes. Nouns ending in mi, ant, ar, ard, ary, eer, ent, er, ist, tve^ (/r, ster^ denote the agent or doer ; as, comedia7i, accounta/i^ liar, dot«r^, adversary, chariotce? , stude?!?, maker, elocutions representative, professor, maltster. Nouns ending in ate, ee, ite, denote the person or thing acted upon, being derived from the Latin and French terminations of the past participle atus, itus, and ee ; as mandate, lessee, favorzYe; Nouns ending in acy, age, ance, ancy, enc&f ency, hood, tian sum, ism, ment, many, ness, ry, ship, th, tude, ty or ity, ure, y denote beiiig or a state of being ; as, effemincey, heritage, inherit- avjce, constancy, refereTice, excelleTicy, neighborhood, combus^ioTi, heroism, jndgmeTit, parsi/wowy, loudne^^, adversary, worship, healthy lati^w<;?e, plenty, ability, judicatwre, butchery. Nouns ending in dom, ic, ick, denote jurisdiction ; as, duke- dom, bishopric, bailiwick. Nouns ending in logy denote treating of; as, concho^o^. Nouns ending in let, kin, ling, ock, cle, denote littleness; as braceZe^, lamb^m, gosling, hillock, particle. Adjectives ending in ac, al, an, ane, ar, ary, en, ic or ical. Ue, ine, ory, denote of or belonging to ; as ammoniac, claustra/, meridia7i, munddz?ie, secular, military, brazen, eccentric, puerife, masculiTze, transitory. Adjectives ending in ate, fid, ose, mis, some, y, denote possessing yr abounding in ; as precipitate, skill/z^, verbose, pompo?w, irk- lome, pithy. Adjectives ending in ish, like, ly, denote likeness ; as womanish, foidierZiAre, manZy. — Ish sometimes signifies diminution; as red- itsh, a little red. In most cases it implies some degree of con* wempt. Adjectives ending in ent ip«, denote active capacity ; as r& ^lendeTZ^, peisuasit^e. 152 MARKS USED IN WRITINa AND PRINTING. Adjectives ending in aJblt^ ible, denote passive capacity 4 Adjectives ending in Ze*? denote privation ; as bouse/ew. Verbs ending in ate, en, fy, isk, ise, ize, denote to nia) ai elongate, embolde?i, bcauti/y, embellwA, criticwc, harmonize Words ending in escent denote progression ; as convalej.- ,«/. Words ending in ward denote direction; as u^toard^ <}iOii,iAvardf northward. Words ending in ite^ ote, ot^ an, isk, ard, denote of a partiadar nation, sect, &c. ; as IsraehYc, Sciofc, AustriaTi, IrwA, English, Savoyarfi. MARKS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING Comma, » Parenthesis, Section, • ♦ Semicolon, . • ; Brackets, . [] Asterisk, . * Colon, : Caret, A Dagger, \ Period, • Hyphen, . . Parallels, . 1 Interrogation, 1 Accent, • Ellipsis, . ••• Exclamation, . ! Paragraph, . 1 Diaeresis, . ** Dash, . — Quotation, . (( " Makron, - Apostroplie, » Index, ^ Breve, w The marks of punctuation arc, the Comma ( , ), which usually represents the shortest pause ; the Semicolon ( , ), a longer pause than the comma ; the Colon ( : ), a longer pause than the Bcmi* colon ; and the Period ( . )> 2. full stop. The Interrogation point (?) is used to denote that a question is asked ; as, Who is there 7 The Exclamation point (!) is ex- pressive of any strong or sudden emotion ; as, O, fuavy day The Dash ( — ) is used where a sentence breaks off abruptly, and sometimes to mark off parenthetical sentences , also in cott- Bection with the punctuation-marks, to increase their force. MARKS USED IN WRITINa AND PRINTINO. 153 The Apostrophe ('), a mark differing from the comma only in being placed aho^t the line, denotes the omission of one or moro letters ; as, o'er for over^ ^gan for began. It also marks the separa- tion of the final s of the possessive case from the noun ; as, John^ hat. The possessive case plural is indicated by an apostrophe after the letter s ; as, the trees' leaves. The Marks of Parenthesis ( ) arc used when a word, passage, or mark, which interrupts the progress of the sentence, is in eerted ; as, Honesty {the proverb is an old one) is the best policy Brackets [ ] include an explanation or name not originally in the text, and generally inserted by some other person than the author. • The Caret (a) is used only in writing, to point to something interlined above it. The Cedilla is used under the French c, thus (9), to signify that it is to have the soft sound of s. The Hyphen (-) is used to separate syllables ; also the parts of compound words; as, com-pre-hend^ milk-pail. The Hyphen ia placed after a syllable ending a line, to show that the remainder of the word begins the next line. There are three marks of accent : the mark of the acute accent ."), the mark of the grave (^) accent, the mark of the circumflex {^), which is a compound of the other two. The acute accent is used in English to mark the accent'ed syllable. The other accents are used chiefly in French, and in that language to denote a difference in quantity, not in accent. The circumflex accent over e denotes that it has the long sound of a, as in name; thus, ^ete (pronounced /a?e.) A Paragraph, sometimes indicated by the sign (IF), is a smaL subdivision in writing, which is now generally represented simply by beginning a sentence with a new line having a slight blank space at its commencement. Marks of Quotation (" ") are used to denote that the words of another person, real or supposed, than the author, are quoted Two commas (") are sometimes used to show that something i? understood to be repeated, which was- expressed in the line and word immediately above. The Index, or Hand ([CT*), points out a passage for speciaJ ittention. The Section {^) denotes the division 154 CAPITAL LETTERS. chapter into inferior portions. The Asterisk (*), tbe Obelibk oi Dagger (t), the Double Dagger (^), the Paragraph (If), and Par- allels (II), are marks of reference to the margin, the foot of a page, or some other part of a book. The mark of Ellipsis or omission is formed either by a long dash, or by a suecession of points or stars ; as, ^ * * * 71 for Queen. The Diaeresis ( •• ), a Greek word signifying a division^ divides two vowels, that would otherwise make a diphthong, into two syllables ; as. Creator. It may also be placed over a single vowel to show that it ought not to be merged in a preceding syllable ; as, agedy blessed. The Makron (-), from a Greek word signifying long^ is some- times placed over a vowel to denote that the quantity is long ; as fcitc^ ccde^ pine, roll. The Breve ( "), from the Latin, brevis, short, is placed over a vowel to denote that it is short ; as, hat, yet, HHeruij pit, 7i6t, hut, crystal. Italic letters arc often employed in printing letters, words, or passages, to which the author wishes to call the special attention of the reader, or which he wishes to distinguish for any purposa CAPITAL LETTERS. Capital Letters should be used in the following instances : 1. At the beginning of the first word of every sentence, and tftor every full stop ; as. It was a starlight night. What dc you want? 2. At the beginning of every line of poetry ; as, IIo scndcth sun, lie eendeth shower, — Alike they're needful to the flower ; And joys and tears alike are sent To give the sou4 fit nourishment. As comes to mo or cloud or sun, Father * thy will; not mine, b« done DICIATION \ND WRITING EXERCISES. 155 8. At the beginning of proper names and of adjecti7»;6 derivecj from them, in whatever part of the sentence ; as, I saw John and Thomas. An Italian sunset. An American steam -ship. 4. In epithets, used like the following: Charles the Fat Peter the Great ; William the Conqueror. 5. Titles, when followed by names ; as. The Emperor Napo- leon. They spoke of Queen Victoria ; of Governor Brooks ; of fjeneral Scott ; the Duke of Devonshire. 0. Appellations of the Deity ; as, Lord, Jehovah, Providence, and often in pronouns referring to Him. 7. The pronoun I, and the interjections 0, oh, &c. 8. The days of the week, and months of the year ; as, Febru* ary, Tuesday. 9. The divisions of a printed work; as. Book the first, Section the second, Chapter the third. Volume the tenth, &,c. 10. Nouns denoting a religious sect ; as, A Christian, a Jew, a Lutheran, a Mahometan. 11. Words to which it is desired to invQ importance; as. The army of the Revolution. When will Congress sit ? DICTATION AND WRITING EXERCISES Illustrating the Punctuation-Marks y 8fC. Notwithstanding all his diligence, the general could not reach the city before the enemy. Lend, lend your wings. Alfred the Great was a brave, pious, and patriotic prince. Milton the poet seemed a diflferent being from' Milton the politician. God, who made the world, dwelleth not in temples made with hands. I tt)ld my house, which was not large, for a moderate sum. Napoleon, whose impatient spirit could brook no obstacle, was highly indignant at this con- •^ession. He insisted upon a condition which ultimately jroved fatal to tht arrangement. I met the person whom you introduced. Every teacher must love a boy who is attentive and docile. Study, I beseech you, to store your mind with the exquisite learning of former age» 156 DICTATION AND WRITING fLiERCISES. Boast not, my dear friends, of to-morrow. Antonio, light my lamp, t am obliged to you, ladies, for your kindness. The impossibility of extrl mating himself and his comrades from their dangerous position, drove thfl commander to desperation. Peace of mind being secured, we may smile at misfortune. Wisdom, power, and goodness, are the attributes of the Deity. They passed their time in drawing, working, reading, and playing He is a worthy, liberal, and benevolent man. I came, saw, and conquered. Two, four, six, eight, and ten, are even numbers. He behaved rashly and violently. They rushed into the streets singing, shouting, and screaming violently. I was received civilly and hospitably. Young and old, rich and poor, wise and ignorant, will appear before the iudgment-seat. The captain drew his sword, encouraged his men, and led them on to the conflict. Scipio was called the sword, and Fabius the shield, of Rome. Fill thy heart with goodness, and thou wilt find that the world it full of good. As virtue is its own reward, so vice is its own punishment The slaughter was dreadful ; a few escaped by subterraneous passages, ani made good their flight into the country; others retired into the citadel, which was soon obliged to surrender at discretion, and was razed to the ground ; but by far the greater number perished in the town, under the Bword of an irritated and relentless victor. *• Augustus well knew," says the historian, " that mankind are governed by names; and that they will, in general, submit to real slavery, if they are told that they are in the enjoyment of freedom." Straws swim on the surface; but pearls lie at the bottom. Yesterday the sky was beautifully bright; to-day, all is dark and dreary. Semlr'amis built Babylon ; Dido, Carthage; Rom'ulus, Rome. Patrick Henry commenced by saying, " It is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope." Good and evil are the lot of man. No one must expect either happiness or misery unmixed. Virtue is too lovely and useful to be immured in a cell : the world is her sphere of action. Brutua'a speech over Caesar's body begins thus : " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Collins's Ode on the Passions contains this line : " Through glades and glooms the mingled measure stole.'* old affectation : it is a contemptible weakness. The air was sweet and (iialntive; and the words, literally translated, were these: "The windi roared and the rains fell, when the poor white man, faint and weary, cami and sat under our tree." The Rev.* Dr. Paley. What do you want? Will you come with me? What o*clock ia iti Where is Elizabeth? Here ! dear mother. Hush! you will wake the child * The period is used after eveiy abbreviated word WRITING THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 157 Where have you been all day ? Bravo ! well done ! How beautiful is night Daughter of Faith ! awake ! arise ! illume the dread unknown, the chaos of the tomb. Alas ! poor Yorick. Consider (and may the consideration sink deep into your hearts !) th€ fatal consequences cf a wicked life. A coalition took place. Cooperate with us in the undertaking. Should that time come — but I will not descend to threats. Newton, Franklin, Washington, Napoleon, — different as they were ih many respects, — were all renowned as hard workers. I could nol stop my hiccough.* EXERCISES IN WRITING THE POSSESSIVE CASE ; AND TO Or LUSTRATE THE CONTRACTIONS IN COMMON USE. I picked up a lady's Ian, and have asked several ladies if it belonged to any one of them. A person's manners are apt to influence his fortune. The doctor's horse was got ready at five minutes'' notice. I admired the workman's dexterity. Our country's welfare. Deer's flesh is called ven ison. William's book is torn. What is everybody's business is nobody* s biisiness. Wisdom's voice. Cows' horns are made into combs. The inen's hats were hanging against the wall. Ladies' and gentlemen's shoes for sale here. The tiger's skin is Btriped, the leopard's spotted. The ship's rudder was knocked to pieces. Seven weeks' sickness has made poor Oliver quite thin. The boys' pen> were mixed up with the girls' knitting-needles. I hear the sound of horses* feet. A horse's speed. The swan's neck is long and graceful Ducks' feet are webbed. The contractions in the following sentences are often used id conversation, but rarely in writing, except in dialogues, &c. Do€s n't this fine weather make one happy ? That 's right : you 've done this exercise well. There were n't more than ten persons present. We 've been at play. You 're welcome to go, if your wishes so incline you. Would n't you like to see the new cow ? We 'd rather see her another time. I could n't give the poor man money, for I had nH any. TTiey 'r« all gone. ' T was early dawn. Where'er you go, don't forget ms. IZ^y 'fl jump o'«r thebrooif. • Pronounced Wtfhtp or * i* hof 14 158 ROMAN NUMERALS. Uli'ire *« my hat ? Thou 'dst better walk than ride. WTiate er * I do, I ^11 do it well. Thou ^rt better than Ihou 'dst have us -think. *Tis long since 1 was there. I have uH a minute to waste. There is 7i7 a drop in the can. // •« getting late ; is7i't it? Sha?iH we see you again? .Aren't* U*?y ready ? I said it was Mr. Adam^s book, not Mr. Adams's. ROMAN NUMERALS. The llomans counted up to three by single strokes, supposed to represent the fingers of the hand : thus I. stood for one ; II for two ; and III. for three. A smaller figure placed to the left of a larger is meant to bo subtracted from it : thus IV. means I. (one) subtracted from V. (five) ; that is, four. V. stands for five ; it represents the five fingers of the hand, and was originally written thus, ^ : afterwards, the middle fingers were left out, and the figure stood V. A smaller figure placed to the right of a larger is meant to bo added to it : thus, VL, VII., and VIII., stand, respectively, for six, seven, and eight ; that is, five and one, five and two, and five and three. IX. stands for nine; that is, I. (one) from X. (ten). X. stands for ten ; it represents two fives placed vertically thus : X* XI., XII., XIII. Eleven, twelve, thirteen ; that is, ten and cne, ten and two, ten and three. X IV. Fourteen ; that is, ten and (one from five) four. XV. Fifteen ; that is, five added to ten. XVI., XVII., XVIII., XIX. Sixteen, seventeen, eighteen omctecn. XX. Twenty ; two tens. * Ptr is a contraction of ever, and is pronounced like atV; but ere, thongj) having precisely the same pronunciation, is an adverb, meaning be/ore^ toonm than t Pronounced amt. BOMAN NUMERALS. 159 XXI , XXII., &c. Twenty-one, twenty-two, &0. XXX. Thirty; three tens. XL. Forty ; that is, ten from fifty. L. Fifty ; this letter stands for fifty, as being the half of on« hundred. The Romans expressed one hundred by C, the initial of centum (the Latin for a hundred). In many manuscripts the letter C is found in this form, E. A horizontal line drawn across it gives the lower half, L, and hence the application. LX. Sixty ; fifty and ten. LXX. Seventy ; fifty and two tens. LXXX. Eighty ; fifty and three tens. XC. Ninety ; that is, ten from one hundred C. One hundred (the initial of centum) CO. Two hundred. CCC. Three hundred. CCCC, or CD. Four hundred. D. Five hundred. This letter stands in the same relation to a thousand that L. (fifty) does to C. (one hundred) ; that is, it represents the half of a thousand. The initial letter M, of mil'le (a thousand), was used to represent that number. An ancient form of this letter is ^jQ . A line drawn vertically through this letter leaves on the right-hand side a D, and hence its appli- cation. DC. Six hundred. DCC. Seven hundred. DCCC. Eight hundred. DCCCC. Nine hundred. M. (the initial o^miUle), A thousand. EXERCISEa Express the following sums in Roman numerals : Twenty-nine. Sixty-four. Eighty-seven. Ninety-five. Fourteen hun- dred and fifty-three. Twelve hundred and forty-two. Two hundred and •sight. Four hundred and fifty-seven. Six hundred and forty-three Eighteen hundred and forty-seven. One thousand six hundred and twelve Three hundred and forty-four. Eighteen hundred and fifty-eight 180 NAMES OF PERSONS. Express the following Roman in Arabic numerals : • MDCCX. DCXXIX. CCCXL. MDCCCXL. DCCXXIV CCCXXXm. cxx. Lxxxiv. xvm. vm. xxvii. xxxiv. xlvi. lh XXV LXV. LXXVIL CCX. CVI. XIX. Put the following Arabic into Roman numerals : Book 9. Chapter 7. Sections. Appendix, No. 24. Volume 6. Part 19 Chapter 30. Book 6. Section 13. No. 27. Volume 35. Part 66. Ie the year 1763. The year 1463. The year 1856. The second verse of chapter 12. NAMES OF PERSONS. MASCULINB NAMIS. Aaron, A'bel, A-bi'el, A-bi'jah, Ab'ner, Ad'am, A'bra-liam, A-dol'phus, Al'bert, Al-ex-an'der, Al'- fred, A-lon'zo, Al'vin, Amos, Am'a-sa, Am'bro^e, Andrew, An'tAo-ny, Ar'chi-bald, Ar'te-mas, Ar' thur, Asa, Asaph, Ash'er, Au-gus'tus. Bar'na-bas, Be'la, Benja-miD, Ben'e-dict, Be- no'ni, Be-ri'ah, Be-thu'el, Caleb, Cal'vin, Ce'phas, Charles, CAris'to-pher, Clem'ent, Cy'rus, Daniel, Da-ri'us, Da'vid. Eb-en-e'zer, Edgar, Edmund, Ed' ward, Edwin, Egbert, El-e-azar, E-li'as, E-li'hu, E-li'jah, E-li'- sha, E-li'pha-let, E'noc^, E'nos, E'phra-im, E-ras'- tus, E'than, Eu-^ene', E-ze'ki-el, Ez'ra. • Th6 Arabio numerals are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, They are so called beoauso they were introduced into Europe by the Arabians, whr are believed to have received them from the Uindooa. NAMES OP PERSONS 161 Fer'di-nand, Francis, Frank'lin, Fred'cr-ic, Gaoiv/e, Greg'o-iy, Gid'e-on, Gilbert, Gus-ta'vus, Een'ry, Ilez-e-ki'ah, Ili'ram, Horace, Ilo-ra'tio, Ho'5e-a, Hugh, Humphrey, IcA'a-bod, Tg-na'tius, Tra, r^aac, Is'ra-el. Jacob, Ja'bez, Jai'rus, James, Ja'red, Ja'son, Jed-e-di'ah, Jcr-e-mi'ah, Jer'e-my, Jerome, Jesse, Je'thro, Jo'el, John, Jo'nah, Jo'nas, Jon'a-than, Joseph, Josh'u-a, Jo-si' ah, Jo'tham. Laz'a-rus, Lem'uel, Leonard, Le'vi, Lew'is, Lo am'mi, Lucius, Luke, Luther, Marcus, Mark, Martin, Mafthew, Ma^-thi'as, Mi'cah, Mi'cAa-el, Mo'ses, Na'hum, Nathan, Na-than'i-el, Ne-he mi'ah, Nic/i'o-las, No'ah. 0-ba-di'ah, O'bed, Oc-ta'vi-us, OVi-ver, Pat 'rick, Paul, Pe'leg, Perez, Pe'ter, Phil'ip, Phi'lo, Phin- e-as, Ralph, Reuben, Rich'ard, Rob'ert, Ru'fus, Sam'u-el, Saul, Seth, Si'las, Si'mon, Sim'e-on, Sol'o-mon, Stephen, Sydney, Syl-va'nus, Syl tester. Thad'de-us, The'o-dore, The-oph'i-lus, TAomas, Tim'o-thy, Ti'tus, U-ri'ah, Wal'ter, Will'iam, ZaV- di-el, ZecA-a-ri'ah, Zac-cAe'us, ZacA'a-ry. FEMININE NAME3. Ab'i-gail, Au a-line, A-de'lia, Al'ice, A-man'da, A-me'lia, Anna, Anne, Ar'ri-a, Au-gus'ta, Be Un'da, Bet'sy Blanche,* Car'o-line, Cath'a-rine, • The ch in Blanche and CharlMe has the sound of sh. U* 162 ON DERIVATIVES. Charlotte, Chris-tina, Clar-is'sa, Clom-en-umt| Cor-ae'lia, Cyn'thi-a. Deb'o-rah, Dor o-thy, E'dith, El'ea-iior, E-li'za; E-liz'a-beth, El'len, Em'i-ly, Eni'ma, Em'e-lme, Es'tAer, Eu (/e-nie, Eunice, Fan'ny, Fran ce5, Han- nah, Harri-et, Helen, Hen-ri-et'ta, Is-a-bel'la, Jane, Jo'seph-ine,* Judith, Julia. La-vin'ia, Laura, Lou-i'sa, Lu-cin'da, Lu-cre'tia, Lu'cy, Lyd'i-a, Mad'e-line, Marga-ret, Ma-ri'a, Mary, Martha, Ma-til'da, Nancy, OHve, Pris cilia, Ra'chel, Re-bec'ca, Sa'rah, So-phi'a, Su^an, Vic-to'ri-a ON DEBIVATIVEa A long vowel in a primitive generally (though not always; becomes short in its derivative. EXAMPLES. 1. Break, breakfast ; cave, cavern ; chaste, chastity ; game, gamble ; humane, humanity ; nation, national ; nature, natural ; pale, pallid , prate, prattle ; sane, sanity ; shade, shadow ; slake, slacken ; vain, vanity ; vale, valley. 2. Breathe, breath ; clean, cleanse ; dear, dearth ; deep, depth ; heal, health ; please, pleas- ure ; secret, secretary ; serene, serenity ; sheep, * The i in Josqthin* haa the sound of e long. ON DERIVATIVES. 163 shepherd ; shield, shelter ; steal, stealth ; zeal, zealous. 3. Behind, hinder ; bite, bit ; conspire, con- spiracy ; crime, criminal ; decline, declension ; divine, divinity ; five, fifty ; ignite, ignition ; line, lin e'al ; mime, mimic ; vine, vineyard ; wide, width ; wild, wilderness ; wise, wisdom. 4. Clothe, cloth ; coal, collier ; cone, conic , fore, forehead ; goose, gosling ; hole, hollow ; holy, holiday ; import, important ; know, knowl- edge ; mode, model ; moon, month ; nose, nostril ; poke, pocket ; sore, sorry ; throat, throttle ; tone, tonic. WRITING AND DICTATION EXERCISES. 1. Walk in the shade. The shadow of the stick. You breakfast when you break your fast. A wild beast's cave. A robber's cavern. Vanity is being vain. The vale of Tempe. The valley of the Shadow of Death. They who continue to prate, prattle. A humane man is known for his humanity. A great nation. National customs. That is natural which is according to nature. A pale blue. A pallid hue. A sane mind. An act of insanity. A vain attempt. A proof of vanity. Slake your thirst. He Blackened his pace. A game at cricket. To gamble at cards. 2. We are pleased with what is pleasant. A man of zeal is zealous. Those who cleanse make clean. A deep ditch. The depth of the hole. A ehepherd tends sheep. A dearth of provisions. Things are dear. A serene sky. The serenity of the mind. A secretary keeps secrets. A Bhield shelters us from danger. His wound is healed. In good health. What is breathed forth is the breath. Those who steal do it by stealth. c. A wide ditch. The width of the room. Bite the apple. A bit of bread. A wise man. Solomon's wisdom. A criminal has committed a crime. A vine in the vineyard. A lineal descent. In a right line. Five times ten are fifty. Behind the house. Do not hinder me. Every thing grows wild in a wilderness. Divinity is the state of being divine. They conspired against him, and a conspiracy was formed. When coals are ignited, they are in a state of ignition. Decline a noun of the first decleO' «ion. Mimes are men who mimio. 164 ON DERIVATIVES. 4. A new mode The model of a statue. Knowledge is wliat we Icncw. Colliers carry coals. The forehead is the fore part of the head. Holidayh ^ore formerly kept holy. He imports corn. An important fact. A pig in a poke. Put it in your pocket. Black cloth. Clothed in flannel. A deep hole. A hollow tube. Tonic medicines give tone to the nerves Conic sections are the cuttings of cones. I am sorry you have a sore throat The young of a goose are goslings. A full moon once a month. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. Mni of the Abbreviations, PhraseSy SfC, here used, will be found in the Lists which follow. America was discovered A. D. 1492. The MS. poem was lost. Send me all the MSS. Did it happen on the 3d inst., or the 29th ult ? Henry Hone, Esq. Lieut. Lane. Capt. Leroy. Hon. Chas. King, M. C. Wash- ington, D. C. Rev. Mr. Hope. Messrs. Lawrence & Lovejoy. Horaco Smith, jr. Will you come ? N. B. Answer before night. I was glad to stand once more on terra firma. An impromptu address He has shaved ofl". his mustache. I shall proceed via C.iarleston, S. C, io Columbus. The meeting adjourned sine die. The vote was taken viva voce. A daguerreotype likeness. The reservoir is full. Interesting memoirs. I lost my porte-monnaie. A French vaudeville. A turkois ring. They made him cry peccavi. He was chosen speaker pro ienu He rendered me a quid jno quo. An extempore address. She appeared in dishabille. A small clique of enemies. Smell of the bouquet. A /at simile copy. A protege of Mrs. 0. Does she use rouge? I had a teto-a* tete with her. My vis-a-vis in the dance. Finis is Latin for end. Magna charta (kar'ta), the great charter, so called, was obtainol by thi English barons from King John, A. D. 1215. Give me the minutiae of the aflair. The hoi-scs ran away with the barouche. A bona fide offer. Sh< received a billet-doux. He is a musical amateur. It is not etiquette t4 wear an over-coat at a ball. You shall be my locum tenons in my absence The verbs lay and lie are often misused. Bear in mind that lay is b transitive verb, of which the pretecit and the past participle are laid. Lie k an intransitive verb, of which the preterit is lay and the past participle lain *3o we should say : Come and lie down. Lay the pillow by my side. I la\ down yesterday ; I lie down to-day. Now I lay me down to sleep. Now I lie down to sleep. lie laid his hand on my head. She had lain an hour when they woke her. Go and lie down. The proper use of these words Is one sign of a good education. Was it an 8vo., a r2mo , or a 4to., volume? W. I. Goods. Col. Gard- ner. Gen. Scott. The GOth p. I found his name mentioned on the 7tli %Dd 27th pp. You should learn the difference between meum and tuurn. ABBREVIATIONS lif WRITING AND PRINTING. 165 ABBRETLITIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTINO 1. B Bachelor of Arts. I k. C. Before ChrisU Acct. \ccouiit. A. D. In the year of our Lord. Al. Alabama. r Master of Arts , A \r J Bt-'fore noon ; or, ^' ^^- i In tlie year of the [^ world. Anon. Anonymous. An3. Answer. Apr. April. Atty. Attorney. Aug. Au^st. Ark. Arkansas. i*^ bbl. Barrel. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. Benj. Bonjamin. Ca. Canada. Cal. California. Capt. Captain. C. E. Canada East Chap. Chapter. Chas. Charles. Chron. Chronicles. Co. Company } or. County. Col. Colonel. Coll. College. Com. Commodore. Comr. Commissioner. C Against; or, "^ I In opposition. Const. Constable. Cor. Corinthians. Cr. Credit ; or. Creditor. Ct. or Conn. Connecticut, cts. Cents. C. W. Canada West, cwt. Hundred weight. 1». C. District of Columbia. D. D. Doctor of Divinity. Dea. Deacon. Dec. December. Deg. Degree. Del. Delaware. Dept. Deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. or Ditto. The same. Dr. Doctor -, or. Debtor. 12mo. Duedecimo. E. East. Eccl. Eccleslastes £d. Edition ; or, Editor. e. g. For e.xample. E. I. East Indies. E. L. East Longitude. Eng. England ; or, English. Eph. Ephesians. Esq. Esquire. ttc. And so forth. Ex. Example ; or, Exodot. Exr. K.xecutor. Pa. Florida. Feb February. Fr. France *, or French. Qa. Georgia. "HI Oalatians. Gen. General ; or, Genesis. Gent. Gentleman. Geo. George. Gov. Governor. II. B. M. Her Britannic Maj- esty. Ileb. Hebrews. lihd. Hogshead. Hon. Honorable. hund. Hundred. la. Iowa. lb. or Ibid. In the same place. Id. The same. i. e. That is. III. Illinois. Ind. Indiana, inst. Instant. Isa. Isaiah. J. U.S. (Jesus hominom Sal- vator.) Jesus the Saviour of men. Jac. Jacob. Jan. January. Jos. Joseph. Josh. Joshua. jr. Junior. Kt. Knight. Ky. Kentucky La. Louisiana. Lat. Latitude. lbs. Pounds. Lev. Leviticus. Lieut Lieutenant. LL. D. Doctor of Laws. Lon. Longitude. , Lond. London. L. S. Place of the seal. M. Monsieur. Ma. or Min. Minesota. Maj. Major. Mar. March. Mass. Massachusetts. Mat. Matthew. M. C. Member of Congress. &L D. Doctor of Medicine. Md. Maryland. Me. Maine. Messrs. Gentlemen, or Sirs. Mich. Michigan. Miss. Mississippi. Mo. Missouri- Mr. Master ; or, Mister. Mrs. Mistress. MS. Manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. N. North. N. B. Take notice. N. C. North Carolina. N. E. North East. N. n. New HampshirBL N. J. New Jersey. N. L. North Latitude. No. Number. Nov. November. N. W. North West N. Y. New York- O. Ohio. obt. 0»)edient. Oct. October. On. Oregon. ox. Ounce. 8vo. Octavo. ISmo. Octodecimo. p. Page. pp. Paj^es. Pari. Parliament Penn. Pennsylvania. l)er. By the ; as, per yard hy the yard, per cent. By the hundred. Pet. Peter. Phil. Philippians -, or, Philin „ ,- < Post Master ; o i.M. ^Afternoon. P. 0. Post Office. Pr«3. President, pro. For ; or. In Cavor of Prob. Problem. Prof. Professor. P. S. Postscript Ps. Psalm*. Q. Question ; or. Queen. 4to. Quartf. Q. V. (Quodvi'de.) Whlnk see. Reed. Received Regr. Register. Rep. Representative. Rpv 5 l^everend } or, "^^- \ Revelation. R. I. Rhode Island. Rom. Romans. Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. S. South. Sam. Samuel. S. C. South Caroluia S. E. South East. Sec. Secretary. Sect. Section. Sen. Senator ; or. Senior Sept. September. Serg. Sergeant. Servt Servant. S. L. South Latitude. St. Saint ; or. Street. S. W. South West Tenn. Tennessee. Tex. Te.xas. Thess. Theasalonlana. Tho. Thomas, ult. The last (month). U. S. United States. Va. Virginia, via. By way of. viz. To wit, namely. Vol. Volume. Vt. Vermont. W. West. W. I. West Indies. Wis. Wisconsin. W. L. West Longitude Wm. William, wt Weight yd. Yard. &o. Anlsofortlu 166 FOREIGN WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS, FOREIGN WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS. Abbrkvutioss. — L. Latin ; F. French ; S. Spanish ; I. Italian. k 11 (ah-lah), P. After the manner of. Ad LiBiTCM, L. At pleasure. Ad valorbm, L. According to the value. AiDE-DK-CAMP (aiil-deh-kong'), F. LIAS, L. Otherwise. LiBi, L. Elsewhere. LMA MATER, L. A benign mother ; a ani- versity. Amateur (ah-ioah-ter'), P. Ajtno mcsdi, lu In the year of the world. AxGLi-CE, L. In English. Aqca FORTrs, L. Literally, strong water; nitric acid. AttachA (at-tash-ay'), P. Auto da fk (au-to-da-faO, 8. Act of faith. Baratellb (bag-a-telO, P. Barocchb (ba-roo^hO, P. Ballkt (bal-layO, F. Beau monde (bo mond), F. The gay world. Beaux esprits (boz-es-pree'), F. Persona of wit. Belle (bcl), F. A fine lady. Bkllks lettres (beUletr'), P. Polite liter- ature. Bijoo (be-joo'), F. A jewel. Billet docx (bil-la-doo'), F. A love-letter. Bos jour (bong joqr), F. Good-day. Bon' .mot (bong moj, P. A witty remark. Bo.v vivA.NT (bong ve-vong'). An epicure. Bo.VA FIDE (bo'na fi'de), L. In good faith. Bocdoir (boo-dwahr'), P. A small room. Bouquet (boo-ka'), F- Cabriolet (kab-ri-o-la'), P. Cacoktuks scRiRENDi, L. The itch of Writing. Canaille, F. The rabble. Gapias, L. a law-term ; you may take. Cartoucii (car-toosh'), F. CiiAPERO.v (shap-c-rong'), P. Chateau (shat-to'), F. Chef d'osuvrk (shay-dehrvr^) P. A master- piece. Chkvaux dk frise (shev-o-deh-freez'), P. A spiked fence. Cicerone (Che-cha-ro'ne), I. A guide show- ing works of art. Ci-DEVAXT (see-(leh-vang'), P. Formerly. Clique (cleek), F. A party. OoMME iL FAUT (kom-il-fo'), P. As it ought to be. Compos MKSTrs, L, Of sound mind. Connoisseur (ki)n-a-ser'), F. A skillful judge. Contretemps (kon-tr-tong), F. An unsea- sonable mishap. Con amork (kon a-mo're\ L With sest CONOB (kon-jay''), F. Leave. CuNVKRSAzio.NB (sat-zc-o'ny), I. A social discussion. CoRTicB (kor tazhO, P. An escort OoRSuc(»pi.«, L. Horn of plenty. 'J'.up D'fcTAT (koOHla-tah'), P. A stroke in poUtici. Corp DB GRACB (koo-deh-grass), P. The fln« ishing blow. Coup db main (koo-deh-mangO, P- A takii^ by surprise. Coup d'»eil (koo dehl), P. A glance of tbfl eye ; a hasty view. CcRREN'TK CALAMo, L. With anumingpea CusTOS, L. A keeper. Dagtterreottpe (da-ger'o-type), P. 8o called from Daguerre, one of the inventors. Data, L. Things granted. Debris (deh-bree'), F. Broken remnants. Debut (da-bu), F. Denouement (da-noo-mongO, P. Tte an raveling of a plot. De facto, L. In fact De novo, L. Anew. De profundis, L. Out of the depths. De trop (de-tro'), P. Too much, or too many Dernier ressort (dairn-yair-res-sor'), P Last resort. Devoirs (dev-waurzO, P. Duties. DiEU et mon droit (Dieu-a-mong-drwauO, ] God and my right. Dishabille (dis-ah-been, R An undress. Donna, I. A lady of rank. Double entendre (doobl-ontongdr), P. Double meaning. Douceur (doo-ser'), P. A small gift, or bribe. Dramatis pbrson.«, L. Persons of the drama. E pluribus cnum, L. One of many. Eau de vie (o-deh-veO, F. Bnindy. EccE WO.MO, L. Behold the man. Eclaircisskmext (ek-lair-cis-mongX P. A clearing up, or explanation. Eclat (a-klah'), F. Splendor, appl.ause. Elite (ai-leef), F. Choice, select society. Elbvb (el-ave'), F. A pupil. Encore (ahn-koreO, F- Again. En .massk (ahn mass), F. In a mass. Enno (ahn-wec), F. Weariness. Entriib (ahn-tra'), F. Entrance. Entrs nous (ahntr-nooO, P. Between or confidentially. Entrepot ^hn-tr-po'), P. Depot for goodi Ergo, L. Therefore. Espionage (es-pe-o-nazh'), P. Esto perpetua, L. May it l>e perpetual. Esprit de corps (es-pre-deh-kor'), P. TIm spirit of a body of men. Etiquette (et-e-kef ), F. Et c.ktera, L. Ano,v.o NOM DE PLUME, F. j ^° ^^^"'"^'^ °*'°^- NoN COMPOS MENTIS, L. Notof 3 souud mind. Nol'le PROSEQUI, L. Unwilling to proceed. Nonchalance (non-sha-lan8')i F. Nota be'nb, L.' Mark well. Obiit, L. He or she died. Omnibus, L. For all. On dit (ong de), F. People say Ora PRO nobis, L. Pray for ua. Outre (oo-tray'), F. Exaggerated. Passim, L. Everywhere. Peccavi, L. I have sinned. Penchant (pahn-shahng'), F. Inclination. Perdu (pair-du'), F. Lost. Pinxit, L. lie or she painted it. Plateau (plat-to'), F. Arable land. PoRTE-MONNAiE (port-mon-ay'), F. A flat money-purse. Portmanteau (port-man'to), F. Pos'sE comitatus, L. The power of the county ; an armed body. Post meridiem, L. Afternoon. Post mor'tem, L. After death. Prima facie, L. From the first view ; self evident. Pro bono publico, L. For the public good- Pro hac vi'ce, L. For this time. Pro et con, i. e., pro et contra, L. Fm and against. Pro tem'po-be, L. For the time. Quantum suf'ficit, L. As much as is sof ficient. Qui VIVE (ke veev), F. Who 's there ? Quid nunc, L. What now ? A news seeker Quid pro quo, L. What for what ; tit for tat Quod erat demonstrandum, L. Which waa to be demonstrated. Quondam, L. Formerly. Ragout (ra-gooO, F. Stewed meat. Rendezvous (rahn-day-voo'), F. The plaoe of meeting. Requiesoat in pa'ce (rek-we-es'sat), L Maj he or she rest in peace. Reservoir (rez-er-vwor'), F. Rbscrgam, L. I shall rise. RivEiLLK (re-vale'ye), F. An alarm. HocGK froozh), F. Bet* cclor. 168 FOREIGN WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS. Bivs (sahngr), F. TTlthoaL Basu froid (sang frwor), P. Cold-blooded- ness. Bci'bk facias, L. Cause it to be known. SccLPSiT, L. He or she enpraved it. Skclxi)i:m artkm, L. According tcf art. Sic SKMpKR tyras.nis, L. So may it always be with tyrants. Si'XK Di'K, L. Without day. Bi'.VK QCA KON, L. Indisi)ensable condition. Sobriquet (sob-re-ka'), F. Nickname. Soi-DiSAST (swor-de-sahngO, F. Self-styled. SoiRKK (swor-ra'), F. Evening party. Status qco, L. The same state as before. Bci GENERIS, L. Of a peculiar kind. SuMMUM BO.NXM, L. The chief good. BcKSUM COKOA, L. Raise hearts to God. Tableau (tab-lo'), F. A picture. Tapis (tah-i>e'), F. A carpet. Tk Db'cm LACDAMC8, L. The first words of a Latin hymn, "We praise thee, O Ood'» TxasA nsMA. H Finn eaurtli Tktk-a-tetk (tait-ah tait), F. Head to head a private conversation. TocT K.vsKMBL'k (too-tahn-sahn-blX F. Iba whole uken together. Ta'or meccm, L. Go with me ; a constan companion. Va'le, L. Farewell. Verbatim kt litkrathi, L. Word for word and letter for letter. Yalkt dk Cuambre (ral-a-deh-ehambr'), F. A footman. Vaudeville (vodevil), P. Via, L. lly way of. Vi'CK VERSA, L. The opposite way. Vi'DK, L. See. Vignettb (vin-yetO, F. Vis-l-vis (vecz-ah-veeO, L. Opposite. Vi bt ARMI3, L. By force and arms. Vis ISKRTIA-, L. The force of indolence. Viva vo'cb, L. By the living voice. VivAT, L. A shout of " Long live," &0. Vox popuu vox Dk'i, L. 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